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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTHEASTERN
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Bulletin Number 444
1 1981
YORK
L GARDEM
New York State Museum
The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12230
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15
https://archive.org/details/bulletinnewyorks4441newy
Field Guide to Northeastern
FERNS
Eugene C. Ogden New York State Museum
Illustrated by Anne E. Lacy and Kathryn M. Conway
The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Albany, New York 12230
© 1981. The University of the State of New York, the State Education Department.
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Regents of The University (with years when terms expire)
1988 WILLARD A. Genrich, LL.B., L.H.D., LL.D., Litt.D.,
D.C.S. , D.C.L. Chancellor Buffalo
1981 J. Edward Meyer. B.A., LL.B.
Vice Chancellor Chappaqua
1986 Kenneth B. Clark, A.B., M.S., Fli.D.. LL.I)., L. H.D.,
D.Sc. Hastings
on Hudson
1983 Harold E. Newcomb. B.A. Owego
1982 Emlyn I. Griffith, A.B., J.D. Rome
198.3 Mary Alice Kendall. B.S. Rochester
1984 Jorge L. Batista. B.A.. J.D., LL.I). Bronx
1982 Louis E. Yavner. LL.B. New York
1986 Laura Bradley Chodos. B.A., M.A. Vischer Ferry
1987 Martin C. Barell. B.A., I.A.. LL.B. Kings Point
1984 Louise P. MaYteoNI. B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Bayside
1987 R. CARLOS CARBALLADA, B.S. Arcade
198! Floyd S. Linton. A.B., M.A., M.P.A., D.C.L. Miller Place
1981 Salvatore .1. Sclafani, B.S.. M.D. Staten Island
President of The University and Commissioner of Education Gordon M. Ambach
Executive Deputy Commissioner of Education Joseph .1. Blaney
Deputy Commissioner for Cultural Education Robert .1. Maurer
Assistant Commissioner for the State Museum
Patrick T. Houlihan
Director. State Science Service Hugo Jamnback
Chief, Biological Survey Richard H. Monheimer
State Botanist Richard S. Mitchell
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword v
Acknowledgments vi
Introduction 1
Ferns without fernlike dissected fronds 3
Random access key to species with dissected fronds . 5
Keys to groups of species with dissected fronds 19
Keys to species when genus is known 35
Descriptions of species 38
Glossary . 115
Index 117
iii
FOREWORD
THE AUTHOR of this publication was a pioneer in the development of the type of key (ran- dom access) used in this publication. It is his view that identification of plants in the field should not require that all parts of the plant be present. Since the fronds of ferns do not produce spores throughout the year, keys which depend heavily on “fruiting” characteristics are often useless. The users of this guide will find it to their advantage that there are more keys than species, for when one identification route is not successful another may be tried, almost insuring success. The keys in this book have been tested by groups in the field, amateur and professional alike, and by the author and his son on a home computer. This publication has been five years in the making, but we feel it was well worth the effort. We at the New York State Museum are proud to present such a carefully prepared and beautifully illustrated volume.
Richard S. Mitchell
State Botanist
New York State Museum
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. Eugene C. Ogden is a native of Michigan. He received his Ph.D. at Harvard University and taught at the University of Maine before coming to the New York State Museum, where he served as State Botanist until retirement in 1975. He was probably the first to use random access keys in 1953; these are very popular in numerical taxonomy today. He is known worldwide as an authority on dispersal of airborne pollen and as a taxonomist of pond weeds ( Potamogeton ).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Among the many persons who have given much appreciated help, several should receive spe- cial mention: Richard S. Mitchell, State Botanist of New York, gave continuous encouragement and advice and checked all of the illustrations for accuracy. Charles Sheviak, Curator of the New York State Herbarium, supplied specimens for study and illustration. J. Kenneth Dean offered many valuable suggestions. John T. Mickel, Senior Curator of Ferns at the New York Botanical Garden, reviewed the manuscript and suggested several changes and improvements. Warren H. Wagner, Professor of Botany at the University of Michigan, critically checked the plates of illustra- tions before the final inking and supplied material of several rare or difficult species. Anne E. Lacy, professional artist, prepared the 60 plates and the cover from living and/or herbarium mate- rial and from projected slides. Kathryn M. Conway, staff illustrator, prepared all of the other illustrations. My wife, Edith, author of “The Ferns of Maine,” was always available as a consultant on technical characters. My son, Everett, an electronic engineer, fed fern data into his computer, helped prepare the random access key, and sorted the data for the keys to groups of species.
vi
INTRODUCTION
This guide for the identification of the native ferns of New York, New England, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania is prepared primarily for those with little or no botanical training. It is designed especially for field use with fresh specimens. Most of the characters referred to are easily seen, at least with the aid of a ten-power lens and a razor blade or sharp knife (a mini-knife with replace- able blades is excellent). Of course, if only sterile fronds (leaves) are available, the “fruiting” characters (from sori) cannot be determined. Even with fertile fronds, it is sometimes difficult or impossible to be sure of the type of indusium. Fortunately, the characters exhibited by the vascu- lar bundles in the stipes are nearly always easily seen with fresh specimens. For this reason, they are here emphasized more than in most fern identification manuals. They are groups of specialized cells that in cross section (transverse cut) appear much different from the surrounding tissue. Do not confuse with cavities that may be present. Unfortunately these valuable characters can seldom be determined from dried material.
It would be helpful if collectors of ferns for permanent inclusion in a herbarium would indicate on the label or elsewhere the number and shapes of these bundles as seen in cross section ol the stipe near its base and also near the blade. Better yet, a small diagram would also show positions and sizes.
This treatment is conservative, serving to identify generally accepted species. It is not meant to supplant more technical manuals which may profitably be used in conjunction with this bulletin. Although several families of ferns are included here, there is no attempt to indicate this. The purpose is identification, not classification. The species descriptions are listed in alphabetical order for ease of locating, rather than being placed in an order that would show their kinship to each other.
As treated here, 70 species in 29 genera have been reported for our area. Sixty of these are described and illustrated. The other ten, being very rare or perhaps extinct (or very similar to other closely related species) are mentioned and contrasted under the species they most closely resemble. Some -taxa below the rank of species (subspecies, varieties, forms) are mentioned but not in detail. Hybrids are mentioned briefly, if at all; those commonly treated as species in recent manuals are cited as synonyms under one or both parents. Those interested may consult numerous publications where some disagreement will be found. The differences in names and classifications are primarily because of dates of publication, and thus variations in available knowledge about recent critical studies (cytologic, genetic, etc.). This is especially noticeable in the genus Dryop- teris. The species descriptions indicate the appearance of the plants and the usual range of varia- tion but not those forms that might be termed abnormalities. The illustrations attempt to indicate characters that are not as easily described in words.
The scientific names (which are international names) are composed of genus (noun) and epithet (modifier). When infraspecific categories are recognized, those terms are part of the scientific name. Sometimes, following the scientific name, may be found the name of the person or persons who authored the taxon. This author citation is not a part of the scientific name and may be used or not as one wishes. It is for bibliographic purposes and relates to the scientific name as does the name of the author of a book to the book’s title. The complete author citation would include also the name, date, and page of the original publication.
The common names are those frequently used in our area and in floristie manuals. They can be very useful in local areas but sometimes may be confusing as several names may refer to the same plant and, worse, the same name may apply to different species.
Several publications that include our area, in whole or in part, are very useful, especially for the identification of ferns but in many other ways as well. They include;
Blaustein, Elliott H. 1979. Name that Fern. Saffyre Publications.
Brooks, Karl L. 1979. A Catskill Flora and Economic Botany. I. Pteridophyta. The ferns and fern allies. New York State Museum Bulletin No. 438.
Canan, Elsie D. 1946. A Key to the Ferns of Pennsylvania. Science Press Printing Company. Chrysler, Mintin A. and J. L. Edwards. 1947. The Ferns of New Jersey, Including the Fern Allies. Rutgers University Press.
1
Cobb, Boughton. 1956. A Field Guide to the Ferns. Houghton Mifflin Company.
Fernald, Merritt L. 1950. Gray s Manual of Botany. American Book Company.
Mickel, John T. 1979. How to Know the Ferns and Fern Allies. Wm. C. Brown, Publisher. Morton, Conrad V. in Henry A. Gleason. 1952. The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of die Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Volume I. New York Botanical Garden. Ogden, Edith B. 1948. The Ferns of Maine. The Maine Bulletin. University Press, Orono, Maine.
Reprinted by Thorndike Press, Thorndike, Maine and University of Maine at Orono Press. Scamman, Edith. 1947. Ferns and Fern Allies of New Hampshire. New Hampshire Academy of Science, Durham, N. H.
Seymour, Frank C. 1969. The Flora of New England. Charles E. Tuttle Company.
Small, John K. 1935. Ferns of the Vicinity of New York. Science Press Printing Company. Wherry, Edgar T. 1961. The Fern Guide. Doubleday and Company. Photocopy by The Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania.
Wiley, Farida A. 1948. Ferns of Northeastern United States. The American Museum of Natural History of New York City.
If in one or more of these publications a species is called by a different scientific name than the one used here, that name is given as a synonym without author citation. It may or may not be a full synonym according to the original author but is a synonym, at least in part, in one or more of the books suggested as being especially useful for our area. For example: Polypodium vulgare Linnaeus is not a synonym of Polypodium virginianum Linnaeus, but it is a synonym as found in some floras that include the northeastern United States.
2
FERNS WITHOUT FERNLIKE DISSECTED FRONDS
Eight genera of ferns in our area, each with a single species, lack the pinnately dissected fronds usually associated with ferns. They are here illustrated sufficiently for recognition and are excluded from the keys to ferns with dissected blades. Descriptions are found in alphabetical order with the other ferns. These genera are: Adiantum, Azolla , Camptosorus, Lygodium, Marsilea, Ophioglossum, Phyllitis, and Schizaea.
3
RANDOM ACCESS KEY TO SPECIES WITH DISSECTED FRONDS
This key differs from the usual keys found in floristic manuals, for here the user makes all of the choices in any order, being influenced by which characters are most easily determined, rather than in the order chosen by the author of the key. It uses a list of numbers, one through 52, representing the 52 species in the key. For this, the pages of numbers that are supplied in the back of the bulletin (or photocopies of them) may be employed.
The eight species illustrated under FERNS WITHOUT FERNLIKE DISSECTED FRONDS (Page 3) are not included in this key.
Choose any character among the 93 listed that agrees with the material at hand and delete the numbers that follow the chosen statement. Continue in this way with any other characters, in any order, until only one number is left or no further characters are exhibited by the plant material. Reference to the numbered list (page 18) will indicate the possibilities.
For example: if “leafy blades pinnatifid” is chosen, only the numbers 15, 31, 33, and 41 re- main. If we now choose “veins not reticulate and mostly forked two or more times,” we delete 31 and 33, leaving 15 and 41. We might now choose “leafy blades 20-50 cm long” which eliminates 15, leaving only 41. The numbered list of species indicates that the specimen is Polypodium virginianum. Comparison with the description (text and illustrations) should indicate if the correct identification has been made.
An alternate procedure (which does not require a sheet of numbers but merely a bit of scrap paper) is: first choose a statement that agrees, write down only the numbers that do not appear (and thus remain as possibilities), then continue in the usual way.
The numbers following the statements are those of the species that do not agree. This has been found to increase both accuracy and speed. In seeking the identity of a specimen, all keys proceed to this end by eliminating those that do not agree with the characters exhibited by the specimen.
When complete parts with recognizable characters are available, this key should proceed smoothly to one species. Even when some parts are missing or unclear, it may eliminate all but a few in one genus. The KEYS TO SPECIES WHEN GENUS IS KNOWN will help to make the final determinations. If, after the available characters are used, species in more than one genus remain, reference to the DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES should help. These are listed in alpha- betical order by genus and species.
Field use of this key has indicated that among the better characters for early use are: dissection of leafy blades and bundles at base of stipe. However, if some characteristic of the specimen appears to be outstanding, it should be chosen early. If the specimen appears to be very small or very large, then size of frond might eliminate many species. Other useful characters to be used early are stipe length when much shorter or much longer than blade, basal pinnae when much shorter or much longer than middle pinnae, type of dimorphism, and type of indusium. Expe- rience in keying out a few specimens will soon indicate the procedures that work well for you.
5
FRONDS
Dimorphism
Fertile and sterile blades similar in shape: not 9-16, 18, 31-36.
Fertile and sterile blades separate and much different but on a common stipe: not 1-8, 17-52 ( leaving only 9-16).
Fertile and sterile blades much different but on separate stipes: not 1-17, 19-30, 35, 36, 38-41, 43- 45, 47-52 (leaving only 18, 31-34, 37, 42, and 46).
Fertile pinnae much different in shape from sterile pinnae but on the same blade: not 1-34, 37-41, 43-52 (leaving only 35, 36, and 42).
Fertile pinnae slightly different in shape from sterile pinnae and on the same blade: not 1, 3-6, 9- 36, 38-41, 43-52 (leaving only 2, 7, 8, 37, and 42).
Length (mature leafy blade and stipe)
Less than 10 cm long: not 7, 8, 16, 17, 19-24, 26-29, 31-36, 40, 42-47, 51, 52.
10-30 cm long: not 7, 8, 19, 22, 26, 31-36, 40, 47, 52.
30-100 cm long: not 1, 3-5, 11, 15, 17, 18, 41, 48-50.
More than 100 cm long: not 1-6, 9-18, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 31, 37-41, 43, 45, 47-51.
Width (mature leafy blade at widest part)
Less than 6 cm wide: not 6-8, 19, 21-24, 26-36, 40, 43-47, 52.
6-20 cm wide: not 3-5, 10-12, 15, 18, 25, 26, 41, 48-50.
20-30 cm wide: not 1-5, 9-12, 15, 17-20, 24, 25, 31, 37, 38, 41-43, 45-51.
More than 30 cm wide: not 1-5, 7-15, 17-21, 23-25, 27-31, 34, 35, 37-39, 41-43, 45-52 (leaving only 6, 16, 22, 26, 32, 33, 36, 40, and 44).
Persistence
Evergreen: not 6-8, 10-12, 15, 16, 19-22, 30-36, 39, 40, 44-50, 52.
Deciduous: not 1-4, 9, 13, 14, 17, 25, 27, 28, 37, 38, 41, 42.
6
fertile and sterile pinnae
much different
but on the same blade
fertile and sterile blades
much different
but on separate stipes
fertile and sterile pinnae
slightly different
but on the same blade
7
LEAFY BLADES
Dissection (lower part of blade)
Ternate: not 1-8, 11, 12, 17-29, 31-43, 45-52 (leaving only 9, 10, 13-16, 30, and 44).
Pinnatifid: not 1-14, 16-30, 32, 34-40, 42-52 (leaving only 15, 31, 33, and 41).
Once pinnate: not 1, 3, 6, 8-10, 13, 14, 16-30, 32, 34-36, 39, 40, 43-52.
Pinnate-pinnatifid: not 2-7, 11, 13-17, 21, 22, 27, 29-31, 36-38, 43, 44.
Bipinnate: not 2, 4, 5, 7, 11, 16, 27, 30-33, 39, 41, 42, 44, 48, 49.
Bipinnate-pinnatifid: not 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10-12, 15, 24, 31-39, 41-43, 45-50, 52.
Tripinnate: not 1-5, 7, 8, 10-12, 15, 19, 21, 23-26, 28, 31-43, 45-52.
Tripinnate-pinnatifid: not 1-8, 10-12, 15-17, 19-29, 31-43, 45-52 (leaving only 9, 13, 14, 18, 30, and 44).
Quadripinnate: not 1-8, 10-12, 14-17, 19-52 (leaving only 9, 13, and 18).
Length (mature blade)
Less than 4 cm long: not 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 14, 16, 17, 19-47, 49-52 (leaving only 3, 5, 9-13, 15, 18, and 48).
4-10 cm long: not 7, 8, 19, 21-24, 26-29, 31, 32, 34-36, 40, 42-45, 47, 51, 52.
10-20 cm long: not 7, 8, 10-12, 14, 15, 19, 22, 23, 26-28, 34-36, 43, 45, 49, 52.
20-50 cm long: not 1, 3, 5, 9-15, 18, 30, 48-50.
.50-80 cm long: not 1-5, 9-18, 20, 25, 27, 30, 31, 33, 37-41, 45-51.
More than 80 cm long: not 1-20, 22-31, 33, 37-42, 45-52 (leaving only 21, 32, 34-36, 43, and 44).
Ternate: blade divided into three nearly equal parts
Pinnatifid: blade dissected more than half way but not all the way to the midvein
Pinnate: blade dissected to the midvein Crachis) but pinnae not deeply lobed
Pinnate-pinnatifid: blade dissected to the rachis forming pinnae which are deeply lobed
Bipinnate: blade with pinnae dissected to form pinnules, the pinnules with entire or toothed margins but not deeply lobed
Bipinnate-pinnatifid: blade twice fully dissected with pinnules deeply lobed
Tripinnate: blade three times dissected forming pinnae, pinnules, and pinnulets
Tripinnate-pinnatif id: blade with pinnae, pinnules, and pinnulets, the latter deeply lobed
Quadripinnate: similar to tripinnate-pinnatif id but with the pinnulets dissected all the way to the midvein
Length: from base of blade [upper part of stipe] to tip
9
STIPES (of leafy blades)
Length
About V4 or less as long as blade: not 1, 3, 6-8, 10-12, 15, 16, 18, 20-24, 26, 27, 29-31, 33, 36-41, 46, 47, 50, 52.
About V2 as long as blade: not 2, 4, 5, 10-12, 15, 16, 18, 25, 26, 29-33, 36, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47, 52. About % as long as blade: not 2, 4, 5, 10, 12, 16, 18, 19, 25 , 30, 32-35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 52.
About same length as blade: not 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 17, 19, 21, 25, 28, 32-35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 45,
48, 49, 51, 52.
At least IV2 times as long as blade: not 1, 2, 4-8, 17, 19-29, 31, 32, 34-38, 41-43, 45, 48-52.
Hairs
With hairs above the middle: not 1, 3-6, 10, 11, 18-20, 22-24, 26, 28-31, 33, 36, 41, 42, 44, 47,
49, 52.
Without hairs above the middle: not 17, 27, 37, 39, 50.
Scales
With scales above the middle: not 1, 3, 9-21, 30, 34-36, 38, 41, 44, 45, 47, 49, 52.
Without scales above the middle: not 22, 25-29, 39, 42, 43, 50, 51.
Color (fresh specimens)
Greenish above the middle: not 2, 4, 17, 19, 22-29, 33, 37-40, 44.
Brown, straw-colored, or yellowish above the middle: not 1, 3, 5-8, 18, 32, 42, 45, 46.
Reddish, purplish, or blackish above the middle: not 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10-15, 18, 20, 22-30, 32, 33, 39- 49, 51.
10
Hair: slender, linear outgrowth.
It sometimes has a small, spherical, waxy tip, which may be aromatic.
Scale: broad, flattened outgrowth. It is similar to hair but broader at base and usually of firmer texture.
11
UJ V
Bundles at Base of Stipe
With 1 circular or slightly curved or V-shaped or X-shaped bundle: not 6-16, 19, 20, 22-36, 39-47, 52.
With 1 horseshoe-shaped bundle strongly curled in at the ends: not 1-33, 37-52 (leaving only 34, 35, and 36).
With 1 horseshoe-shaped bundle not curled in at the ends: not 1-8, 16-20, 22-36, 39-52 (leaving only 9-15, 21, 37, and 38).
With 2 circular bundles: not 6-16, 18, 21-29, 32-38, 42-45, 47, 52.
With 2 oval, oblong, or linear bundles: not 18, 21-29, 34-38, 41-44, 52.
With 2 bundles of any shape: not 18, 21-29, 34-38, 42-44, 52.
With 3-9 all circular bundles: not 1-21, 30-40, 44-51 (leaving only 22-29, 41-43, and 52).
With 3-9 bundles (at least some linear): not 1-8, 17-42, 45-51 (leaving only 9-16, 43, 44, and 52). With 10 or more bundles: not 1-43, 45-52 (leaving only 44).
PINNAE OF LEAFY BLADES
Number (below the pinnatifid apex)
With 1-4 pairs: not 1, 2, 4-8, 16, 17, 19-32, 34, 35, 37-52.
With 5-8 pairs: not 2, 4-8, 17, 19-29, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45-47, 52.
With 9-14 pairs: not 2, 3, 6-10, 12-15, 18, 19, 21, 32, 43, 45, 47, 52.
With 15-24 pairs: not 1, 3, 9-15, 18, 30, 31, 36-38, 40.
With 25-34 pairs: not 1, 3, 5, 8-18, 20, 22-24, 28, 30, 31, 33, 36-38, 40, 41, 44, 48-52.
With 35 or more pairs: not 1, 3-5, 7-18, 20, 22-24, 27-31, 33-41, 44, 48-52.
12
Bundle: group of specialized cells [conducting tubes and fibers] that, in cross-section, appear much different from the surrounding tissue. Do not confuse with cavities that may be present.
Linear: longer than wide, at least 1.5 times.
Oval: slightly longer than wide.
Pinna [pinnae]: primary division of a dissected blade. It may be undivided or divided one or more times.
13
Length of Lowest Pinnae
About 14 or less as long as middle pinnae: not 1, 3-5, 9-24, 26-31, 33-42, 44, 46-52 (leaving only 2, 6-8, 25, 32, 43, and 45).
About Vi as long as middle pinnae: not 1, 3-5, 9-23, 26-33, 36-47, 50, 52 (leaving only 2, 6-8, 24, 25, 34, 35, 48, 49, and 51).
About % as long as middle pinnae: not 1-3, 10, 12-14, 16-19, 22, 25, 30-33, 37-40, 43-45.
About same length as middle pinnae: not 2, 7, 8, 24, 25, 32, 43, 45.
At least 1 Vi times as long as middle pinnae: not 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 17, 18, 20-29, 31-36, 41-43, 45- 52.
Position of Lowest Pinnae
Opposite or nearly so: not 3, 31, 32.
Alternate: not 5, 10-17, 30, 33, 36-40, 42, 44.
Attachment of Lowest Pinnae
Sessile with a broad attachment: not 1, 3-10, 13, 14, 16-30, 32-38, 42-52 (leaving only 2, 11, 12, 15, 31, 39, 40, and 41).
Sessile with a narrow attachment: not 2, 3, 22-24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 36, 37, 41, 44.
With a stalk: not 2, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12, 31, 32, 39-41, 45, 47-50, 52.
Leafy Margin
Entire (may be lobed): not 1, 2, 5, 16, 19-27, 29, 42, 43, 51.
Ciliate: not 1-38, 41-44, 46-52 (leaving only 39, 40, and 45).
With tiny teeth: not 1, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17, 22, 26, 27, 29, 33-35, 37-40, 42-44, 47, 48.
With large teeth but not bristle-tipped: not 3, 7-10, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 27-29, 31-50, 52.
With bristle-tipped teeth: not 1-21, 25, 28, 30-41, 44-52 (leaving only 22, 23, 24, 26, 27 ', 29, 42, and 43).
14
lowest pair of pinnae broadly sessile
lowest pair of pinnae narrowly sessile
lowest pair of pinnae with a stalk
lowest pair of pinnae alternate
15
VEINS (from a midvein)
Branching
Mostly reticulate: not 1-30, 32, 34-51 (leaving only 31, 33, and 52).
Not reticulate and mostly not forked: not 2, 4, 6, 7, 9-15, 17, 18, 22-24, 26-29, 31, 33-36, 41-44, 48-52.
Not reticulate and mostly forked only once: not 8, 30-33, 44, 47.
Not reticulate and mostly forked two or more times: not 2, 4, 8, 25, 30-35, 39, 45, 47.
Ending
Extend to the margin: not 1-5, 21, 41, 48-51.
Mostly end before the margin, usually with enlarged tips: not 6-16, 19, 20, 30-40, 42-47, 52.
SORI ON LEAFY BLADES
Shape
Circular: not 1-16, 31-36, 44, 52.
Unear: not 9-16, 19-30, 32-36, 39-43, 45-51.
Position
Marginal or nearly so: not 1-16, 19, 22-27, 29, 31-36, 42, 43, 47, 52.
Not marginal: not 9-16, 18, 21, 28, 30, 32-38, 44.
INDUSIA ON LEAFY BLADES
Peltate: not 1-41, 44-52 (leaving only 42 and 43).
Reniform: not 1-5, 7-21, 30-44, 48-52 (leaving only 6, 22-29, 45, 46, and 47).
Peltate or reniform: not 1-5, 7-21, 30-41, 44, 48-52.
Cuplike or hoodlike: not 1-18, 22-47, 52 (leaving only 19-21 and 48-51).
Raylike: not 1-47, 52 (leaving only 48-51).
Laterally attached but not at the pinna margin: not 9-18, 21-30, 32-51.
Only the reflexed margin: not 1-16, 19-36, 39-43, 45-52 (leaving only 17, 18, 37, 38, and 44).
SPOBES
Shape
Plano-convex: not 9-18, 21, 34-38, 44.
Circular or triangular: not 1-8, 19, 20, 22-33, 39-43, 45-52.
Surface
Spiny: not 1-18, 21-52 (leaving only 19 and 20).
Not spiny: not 19, 20.
16
Sorus CsorO: area where the spores are formed.
Linear: longer than wide, at least 1.5 times the width.
Indusium Cindusia): a pale covering over or around a sorus.
Peltate: umbrella-like, circular on top with a central stalk.
Reniform: kidney-shaped, similar to peltate but with a notch or sinus.
Cuplike: attached at base and surrounding the sorus.
Hoodlike: arching over the sorus in a bladder-like fashion.
Laterally attached: attached at one side only.
Raylike: similar to cuplike but splitting into broad or slender structures.
Reflexed margin: no true indusium, sori partly covered by the inrolled margin of the leafy blade. Spore: a single-celled reproductive body.
17
|
Species numbers for random access key |
|
|
1 Asplenium montanum |
27 Dryopteris intermedia |
|
2 Asplenium platyneuron |
28 Dryopteris marginalis |
|
3 Asplenium ruta-muraria |
29 Dryopteris spinulosa |
|
4 Asplenium trichomanes |
30 Gymnocarpium dryopteris |
|
5 Asplenium viride |
31 Lorinseria areolata |
|
6 Athyrium filix-femina |
32 Matteuccia struthiopteris |
|
7 Athyrium pycnocarpon |
33 Onoclea sensibilis |
|
8 Athyrium thelypterioides |
34 Osmunda cinnamomea |
|
9 Botrychium dissectum |
35 Osmunda claytoniana |
|
10 Botrychium lanceolatum |
36 Osmunda regalis |
|
11 Botrychium lunaria |
37 Pellaea atropurpurea |
|
12 Botrychium matricariifolium |
38 Pellaea glabella |
|
13 Botrychium multifidum |
39 Phegopteris connectilis |
|
14 Botrychium oneidense |
40 Phegopteris hexagonoptera |
|
15 Botrychium simplex |
41 Polypodium virginianum |
|
16 Botrychium virginianum |
42 Polystichum acrostichoides |
|
17 Cheilanthes lanosa |
43 Polystichum braunii |
|
18 Cryptogramma stelleri |
44 Pteridium aquilinum |
|
19 Cystopteris bulbifera |
45 Thelypteris noveboracensis |
|
20 Cystopteris fragilis |
46 Thelypteris palustris |
|
21 Dennstaedtia punctilobula |
47 Thelypteris simulata |
|
22 Dryopteris campyloptera |
48 Woodsia alpina |
|
23 Dryopteris clintoniana |
49 Woodsia glabella |
|
24 Dryopteris cristata |
50 Woodsia ilvensis |
|
25 Dryopteris fragrans |
51 Woodsia obtusa |
|
26 Dryopteris goldiana |
52 Woodwardia virginica |
18
KEYS TO GROUPS OF SPECIES WITH DISSECTED FRONDS
The eight species illustrated under FERNS WITHOUT FERNLIKE DISSECTED FRONDS (page 3) are not included in these keys.
To use the keys, choose two characters among the 18 listed on the next page. Follow, as in the familiar mileage chart, to the box which gives the proper key number. For example: if you choose leafy blades pinnate and stipes with three to nine all circular bundles you are referred to KEY 24. Mostly the lower the key number the fewer species in the key. These keys are in numerical order and rapidly located. They are of the dichotomous kind found in many identification manuals. Here you determine which one of the first pair (couplet number 1) most nearly describes the specimen. The statement that is chosen will lead to a species name or to a group of species in a genus or to another pair of statements or to another key.
The combination that is chosen reduces the number of possible species anywhere from 1 to 18 of the 52 species involved. Whenever possible, it usually is wise to choose a combination having few species (a low key number). But do not guess. Make sure the characters chosen agree with the fern to be identified. It is nearly always possible to choose more than one combination leading to different keys, some of which may be easier to use than others.
If a key leads to a genus, refer to the KEYS TO SPECIES WHEN GENUS IS KNOWN, where the genera are listed in alphabetical order.
When the specimen exhibits insufficient characters for making a decision as to which leg of a dichotomous key to choose, it may be necessary to try both legs and compare the end results with the illustrated descriptions or refer to the RANDOM ACCESS KEY TO SPECIES WITH DIS- SECTED FRONDS.
19
20
21
KEY 1
KEY 13
Botrychium simplex
KEY 2
Cheilanthes lanosa
KEY 3
Cryptogramma stelleri
KEY 4
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
KEY 5
Lorinseria areolata
KEY 6
Polypodium virginianum
KEY 7
Polystichum acrostichoides
KEY 8
Polystichum braunii
KEY 9
Pteridium aquilinum
KEY 10
Woodwardia virginica
KEY 11
1. Stipes green throughout, slender; blades with 2-6
pairs of pinnae; veins of pinnules fanlike .
Asplenium ruta-muraria
1. Stipes brown at base, green above; blades with 5-
12 pairs of pinnae; veins obscure
Asplenium montanum
KEY 12
1. Stipes and rachises glabrous or with a few hairs, with scales; fronds usually 40-90 cm long; sori lin- ear, usually curved; indusia laterally attached .... Athyrium filix-femina
1. Stipes and rachises densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; fronds usually 10-30 cm long; sori circular to oblong; indusia only the reflexed,
unmodified, green margin of the pinnule
Cheilanthes lanosa
1. Stipes and rachises densely covered with brownish hairs; fronds not dimorphic, with 12-20 pairs of pinnae Cheilanthes lanosa
1. Stipes hairy only at base, glabrous above, rachises glabrous; fronds dimorphic; sterile fronds with 5 or 6 pairs of pinnae Cryptogramma stelleri
KEY 14
1. Stipes and rachises densely covered with brownish hairs; blades less than 10 cm long; stipes with 1 or 2 bundles Cheilanthes lanosa
1. Stipes and rachises glabrous; blades more than 20 cm long; stipes with more than 8 bundles .......
Pteridium aquilinum
KEY 15
1. Fronds dimorphic; blades not ternate; stipes with 1
bundle Cryptogramma stelleri
1. Fronds not dimorphic; blades ternate, each third
triangular; stipes with 2 bundles
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
KEY 16
1. Blades bipinnate to quadripinnate (rarely only pin- nate-pinnatifid), mostly less than 8 cm long and 5 cm wide; pinnule margins dentate or crenate, stipes weak, greenish ..... Cryptogramma stelleri
1. Blades pinnate above to bipinnate below, mostly more than 10 cm long and 5 cm wide; pinnule margins entire; stipes wiry, purplish or reddish or nearly black, shiny Pellaea atropurpurea
KEY 17
1. Blades less than 10 cm long; first division not ter- nate; stipes with 1 bundle
Cryptogramma stelleri
1. Blades more than 20 cm long; first division usually ternate; stipes with several bundles .............
.Pteridium aquilinum
KEY 18
1. Fronds with hairs on stipe, rachis, and indusia; the second pinnule from the rachis on the lower side of
the lowest pinna usually the longest .
.Dryopteris intermedia
1. Fronds without hairs; the pinnule closest to the rachis on the lower side of the lowest pinna longer than the other pinnules .... Dryopteris spinulosa
22
KEY 19
KEY 26
1. Stipes densely scaly, with 3-9 bundles at base and upward; indusia reniform . . Dryopteris marginalis
1. Stipes without scales above the middle, with 3 bundles at extreme base, soon becoming 2 and
then 1 upward; indusia absent
Polypodium virginianum
KEY 20
1. Pinnae alternate; margins serrulate; fertile pinnae bladelike; sori linear Lorinseria areolata
1. Pinnae opposite or mostly so; margins entire; fer- tile pinnae resemble strings of beads; sori spherical Onoclea sensibilis
KEY 21
1. Fronds dimorphic; veins mostly reticulate
Lorinseria areolata
1. Fronds not dimorphic; veins not reticulate
Polypodium virginianum
KEY 22
1. Fertile and sterile pinnae on separate blades; sterile pinnae (when young) with tuft of hairs at base Osmunda cinnamomea
1. Fertile and sterile pinnae on the same blade;
sterile pinnae without tuft of hairs at base
Osmunda claytoniana
KEY 23
species of Pellaea
KEY 24
1. Stipes without scales above the middle, with 2 or 3 bundles at base Polypodium virginianum
1. Stipes densely scaly, with 4 or 5 bundles at base Polystichum acrostichoides
KEY 25
1. Stipes densely scaly; pinnae auricled, margins with bristle-tipped teeth; stipes with 4 or 5 bundles at base Polystichum acrostichoides
1. Stipes with a few scales when young; pinnae without an auricle; margins entire or shallowly
toothed; stipes with 2 bundles at base
Thelypteris palustris
1. Stipes and rachises with many hairs and scales; stipes with a joint at or below the middle (old stipe bases rather uniform in length); indusia with many hairlike rays Woodsia ilvensis
1. Stipes and rachises with a few hairs and scales; stipes not jointed (old stipe bases uneven in length); indusia with 3-6 short scalelike rays Woodsia obtusa
KEY 27
1. Veins mostly free but reticulate along the midvein; stipes with 5-9 bundles at base; sori in chainlike rows along the midveins . . Woodwardia virginica
1. Veins all free; stipes with 2 bundles at base; sori scarcely in chainlike rows 2
2. Pinnae 15-20 pairs per blade, sessile, lowest pair shorter than middle pinnae and usually pointing downward; stipes with 2 linear bundles at base Athyrium thelypterioides
2. Pinnae 5-12 pairs per blade, stalked, lowest pair usually longer than middle pinnae; stipes with 1
or 2 circular or oval bundles at base
Asplenium montanum
KEY 28
1. Blades pinnate; pinnae of sterile blades 15-25, low- est much shorter than middle pinnae; rachises dark
brown, shiny, with scales
Asplenium platyneuron
1. Blades mostly bipinnate, at least below; pinnae of sterile blades 5-11, lowest as long or longer than middle pinnae; rachises without scales, glabrous or with rough hairs KEY 16
KEY 29
1. Veins mostly reticulate Lorinseria areolata
1. Veins not reticulate 2
2. Blades pinnate; rachises with scales; lowest pair of pinnae much shorter than middle pinnae;
sori short-linear; indusia laterally attached
Asplenium platyneuron
2. Blades pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnate; rachises with tiny hairs; lowest pair of pinnae about same length or slightly shorter than middle pin- nae; sori circular; indusia reniform, often circu- lar but with a sinus Thelypteris palustris
23
2
KEY 30
1. Sterile blades thick, leathery or fleshy; pinnule seg- ments of similar size and shape and mostly about twice as long as wide with ultimate lobes or teeth not parallel-sided and mostly obtuse at apex; ter- minal segments not elongate
Botrychium multifidum
1. Sterile blades thin or slightly leathery; pinnule seg- ments variable in size and shape; terminal seg- ments elongate 2
2. Sterile blades sometimes lacelike in appearance; pinnule segments usually more than twice as long as wide with ultimate lobes or teeth some- what parallel-sided and mostly acute at apex . .
Botrychium dissect urn
2. Sterile blades not lacelike; pinnule segments
about as long as wide with ultimate lobes or
teeth mostly obtuse at apex
Botrychium oneidense
KEY 31
1. Common stipe longer than stalk of fertile blade; pinnae not fanlike, not cuneate at base, acute or obtuse at apex Botrychium matricariifolium
1. Common stipe shorter to longer than stalk of fertile blade; pinnae fanlike, cuneate at base, rounded at apex 2
2. Sterile blade sessile or with a stalk less than 1/5 as long as blade, with 3-10 pairs of pinnae
that are at a right-angle to the rachis
Botrychium lunaria
2. Sterile blade with a stalk 1/3 to 1/2 as long as
blade, with 1-5 pairs of pinnae that usually are oblique to the rachis Botrychium simplex
KEY 32
1. Veins of leafy blades mostly reticulate . . .KEY 20
1. Veins of leafy blades mostly free
Bo trych i u m si mplex
KEY 33
1. Blades less than 8 cm wide; stipes with 1 or 2 bun- dles KEY 13
1. Blades more than 10 cm wide; stipes with more than 8 bundles Pteridiujn aquilinum
KEY 34
1. Stipes and rachises densely covered with brownish hairs Cheilanthes lanosa
1. Stipes and rachises glabrous or nearly so
2. Blades ternate, each third triangular .
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
2. Blades not ternate Cystopteris fragilis
KEY 35
1. Blades bipinnate to quadripinnate (rarefy pinnate- pinnatifid); mostly less than 10 cm long and 5 cm wide; pinnule margins dentate or crenate; stipes weak, greenish Cryptogramma stelleri
1. Blades pinnate above to bipinnate below; mostly more than 10 cm long and 5 cm wide; pinnule margins entire; stipes wiry, purplish or reddish or nearly black, shiny species of Pellaea
KEY 36
1. Pinnae more than 15 pairs, with many small whit- ish gland-tipped hairs, margins serrate; indusia cuplike Dennstaedtia punctilobula
1. Pinnae fewer than 12 pairs, glabrous or with a few hairs, margins entire; indusia absent but with an
indusium-like reflexed margin of the blade
species of Pellaea
KEY 37
1. Fronds with short, glandular hairs on stipes, rachis, and indusia; lowest basal pinnule on lower side of lowest pinna shorter than pinnule next above .... Dryopteris intermedia
1. Fronds without hairs; lowest basal pinnule on lower side of lowest pinna longer than pinnule next above 2
2. Basal pair of pinnules of lowest pinnae opposite or nearly so (4 mm or less apart); the lowest basal pinnule about twice as long and slightly wider at base than the opposing basal pinnule Dryopteris spinulosa
2. Basal pair of pinnules of lowest pinnae alternate (4 mm or more apart); the lowest basal pinnule two or three times as long and much wider at
base than the opposing basal pinnule
Dryopteris campyloptera
KEY 38
1. Blades pinnate above to bipinnate below; stipes with 1 linear, curved bundle . . .species of Pellaea
1. Blades never bipinnate; stipes with 2 or 3 circular bundles at base Polypodium virginianum
24
KEY 39
KEY 42
1. Pinnae sessile; sori circular; indusia cuplike when young, raylike with age Woodsia obtusa
1. Pinnae with stalks, at least the lowest pair; indusia not cuplike or raylike 2
2. Stipes wiry, densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; blades with 12-20 pairs of pinnae; indusia only the reflexed margin of the fertile pinnules Cheilanthes lanosa
2. Stipes glabrous or with a few hairs at base; blades with 5-12 pairs of pinnae 3
3. Fertile and sterile fronds similar; sori linear, not
marginal; indusia laterally attached
Asplenium montanum
3. Fertile fronds longer than sterile fronds; sori marginal; true indusium absent, a false indusium
when young opens flat with age
Cryptogramma stelleri
KEY 40
1. Stipes and rachises densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; indusia only the reflexed, un- modified, green margin of the pinnule
Cheilanthes lanosa
1. Stipes and rachises glabrous or with a few hairs; indusia laterally attached 2
2. Blades with 2-12 pairs of pinnae; stipes with 2 oval bundles at base; sori usually fewer than 15 per pinna KEY 11
2. Blades with 15-40 pairs of pinnae; stipes with 2 long, linear, curved bundles at base; sori
usually more than 20 per pinna
Athyrium filix-femina
KEY 41
1. Veins mostly reticulate, only the outer ones free Lorinseria areolata
1. Veins mostly not reticulate 2
2. Blades 2-7 cm wide; stipes with 1 or 2 circular or oval bundles at base; sori fewer than 15 per pinna Asplenium platyneuron
2. Blades mostly more than 10 cm wide; stipes with 2 linear bundles at base; sori more than 20 per pinna 3
3. Fronds pinnate, margins not lobed; rachises without scales Athyrium pycnocarpon
3. Fronds pinnate-pinnatifid; rachises with a few scales Athyrium thelypterioides
1. Fronds dimorphic; sori absent on leafy blades . .2
1. Fronds not dimorphic; sori oblong-linear, forming
two rows along the midveins
Woodwardia virginica
2. Common stipes 0.5-6 cm long, much shorter than stalk of fertile blade; stalks of sterile blades more than 2 cm long . . .Botrychium dissectum
2. Common stipes 6-20 cm long, much longer than stalk of fertile blade; stalks of sterile blades less than 2 cm long 3
3. Stalks of sterile blades 0-0.6 cm long; stalks of fer- tile blades 0.5- 1.3 cm long; sterile blades pinnate- pinnatifid or bipinnate . . .Botrychium lanceolatum
3. Stalks of sterile blades 0.2-1. 5 cm long; stalks of fertile blades 1-4 cm long; sterile blades pinnate or pinnate-pinnatifid . . . .Botrychium matricariifolium
KEY 43
1. Fertile and sterile blades with separate stalks but with a common stipe; fertile blades not leaflike; stipes more than 1 mm in diameter, with 1 to several bundles in a nearly closed ring . .KEY 30
1. Fertile and sterile blades on separate stipes, both blades leaflike; stipes less than 1 mm in diameter,
with 1 circular or slightly curved bundle .
Cryptogramma stelleri
KEY 44
1. Fronds dimorphic with fertile and sterile blades from a common stipe; croziers absent; rachises and pinnae of leafy blades glabrous; sori absent on leafy blades KEY 30
1. Fronds not dimorphic; croziers covered with silvery-white, glandular hairs; rachises and pinnae with many small, whitish, gland-tipped hairs; sori on leafy blades Dennsteadtia punctilobula
KEY 45
1. Fronds dimorphic; leafy blades without sori
KEY 30
1. Fronds not dimorphic; sori on leafy blades
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
KEY 46
1. Fronds dimorphic; leafy blades less than 30 cm wide; stipe bundles linear and arranged in a ring; sori absent on leafy blades KEY 30
25
KEY 51
1. Fronds not dimorphic; leafy’ blades usually more than 30 cm wide; stipe bundles of various sizes and shapes and irregularly arranged; sori long-linear, marginal Pteridium aquilinum
KEY 47
1. Sterile blades with stalk, evergreen or becoming bronze in color; veins mostly forked several times; bud for following year surrounded by base of stipe KEY 30
1. Sterile blades sessile or nearly so; not evergreen; veins mostly forked only once; bud for following
year exposed at side of base of stipe
Botrychium virginianum
KEY 48
1. Stipes and rachises densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; with 12-20 pairs of pinnae . . Cheilanthes lanosa
1. Stipes and rachises glabrous or with a few hairs; with 5-11 pairs of pinnae KEY 35
KEY 49
1. Sori in chainlike rows along the midveins; stipes with 5-9 bundles Woodwardia virginica
1. Sori scarcely in chainlike rows; stipes with 1 or 2 bundles 2
2. Stipes with hairs or scales above the middle;
blades with 12 or more pairs of pinnae
KEY 12
2. Stipes without hairs or scales above the middle;
blades with 12 or fewer pairs of pinnae
KEY 11
KEY 50
1. Veins mostly reticulate Lorinseria areolata
1. Veins free 2
2. Blades 10 cm or more wide; middle pinnae usually more than 7 times as long as wide; stipes with 2 linear bundles at base; sori usually
1. Fronds dimorphic; veins reticulate
Lorinseria areolata
1. Fronds not dimorphic, veins not reticulate .... 2
2. Pinnae alternate; sori circular; indusia absent. . Polypodium virginianum
2. Sori (at least some) linear or oblong; indusia lat- erally attached
species of Asplenium (except A. montanum and A. ruta-muraria)
KEY 52
1. Sori marginal; indusia only the reflexed, unmodi- fied margin of the pinna species of Pellaea
1. Sori not marginal; indusia laterally attached
species of Asplenium (except A. montanum and A. ruta-muraria)
KEY 53
1. Fertile and sterile blades with a common stipe; fer- tile blades not leaflike; stipes more than 1 mm in diameter, with 1 to several bundles in a nearly closed ring KEY 47
1. Fertile and sterile blades on separate stipes, both blades leaflike; stipes less than 1 mm in diameter,
with 1 circular or slightly curved bundle .
Cryptogramma stelleri
KEY 54
1. Fronds dimorphic; blades less than 40 cm wide; croziers not formed; stipe bundles linear and ar- ranged in a ring; sori absent on leafy blades
KEY 47
1. Fronds not dimorphic; blades usually more than 35 cm wide; croziers in groups of three on young plants; stipe bundles of various sizes and shapes and irregularly arranged; sori long-linear, marginal Pteridium aquilinum
more than 20 per pinna
Athyrium pycnocarpon
2. Blades 7 cm wide or less; middle pinnae usually less than 7 times as long as wide; stipes with 2 oval bundles at base; sori usually fewer than 15
per pinna
species of Asplenium (except A. montanum and A. ruta-muraria)
KEY 55
1. Fronds strongly dimorphic with fertile and sterile blades on a common stipe; stipes fleshy, greenish; sori absent on leafy blades KEY 31
1. Fronds not or slightly dimorphic; stipes wiry, pur- plish or reddish; sori on leafy blades circular or ob- long species of Pellaea
26
KEY 56
1. Stipes and rachises densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; indusia only the reflexed, un- modified, green margin of the pinnule ..........
Cheilanthes lanosa
1. Stipes glabrous or with few to many hairs, scales usually present; true indusia present, at least when young species of Woodsia
KEY 57
1. Stipes and rachises densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; indusia only the reflexed, un- modified, green margin of the blade .
Cheilanthes lanosa
1. Stipes and rachises glabrous or with a few hairs; indusia laterally attached . . . .species of Asplenium
KEY 58
1. Stipes with 1 or 2 bundles; pinnule margins entire or with small teeth that are not bristle-tipped; in- dusia absent or laterally attached KEY 34
1. Stipes with 3-9 bundles; pinnule margins with large bristle-tipped teeth; indusia reniform, often circu- lar, but with a sinus . KEY 37
KEY 59
1. Fronds strongly dimorphic; veins of leafy blades re- ticulate Lorinseria areolata
1. Fronds not dimorphic or only slightly so; veins not reticulate KEY 57
KEY 60
1. Fronds not, or slightly dimorphic; sori on leafy blades; stipes slender, wiry, purplish or reddish . . species of Pellaea
1. Fronds strongly dimorphic, without sori on leafy blades; stipes 2-5 mm in diameter 2
2. Fronds less than 40 cm long; fertile and sterile blades separate but on a common stipe; stipe bundle not curled in at the ends; croziers not formed 3
2. Mature fronds usually more than 50 cm long; fertile and sterile blades on separate stipes, or fertile and sterile pinnae on separate parts of the same blade; stipe bundles strongly curled in at the ends; croziers present on young plants .KEY 22
3. Common stipe 0.5-6 cm long, much shorter than stalk of fertile blade; stalks of sterile blades more than 2 cm long Botrychium dissectum
3. Common stipe 6-20 cm long, much longer than stalk of fertile blade; stalks of sterile blades less than 2 cm long 4
4. Stalk of sterile blades 0-0.6 cm long; stalks of fertile blades 0.5- 1.3 cm long; sterile blades
pinnate-pinnatifid or bipinnate .
.Botrychium lanceolatum
4. Stalks of sterile blades 0.2-1. 5 cm long; stalks of fertile blades 1-4 cm long; sterile blades pinnate
or pinnate-pinnatifid
.Botrychium ma tri ca ri ifolium
KEY 61
species of Dryopteris (except D. cristata)
KEY 62
1. Lowest pinnae sessile or nearly so; sori circular; in- dusia cuplike when young, raylike with age ......
species of Woodsia
1. Lowest pinnae with short or long stalks; indusia not cuplike or raylike 2
2. Sori marginal or nearly so; true indusium ab- sent, sori may be covered by the reflexed margins of the pinnae KEY 35
2. Sori linear, not marginal; indusia laterally at- tached Asplenium montanum
KEY 63
1. Sori marginal; indusia only the reflexed margin of the pinnules KEY 48
1. Sori not marginal; indusia laterally attached or cuplike or raylike 2
2. Sori linear; indusia laterally attached
.KEY 11
2. Sori circular; indusia cuplike or raylike .......
.KEY 26
KEY 64
1. First division of blade temate, each of the three divisions triangular; stipe bundles free to the base of the blade; croziers in groups of three; sori circu- lar; indusia absent .... Gymnocarpium dryopteris
1. Blades not temate; croziers borne singly 2
2. Blades broadly triangular, mostly as wide or wider than long; rachises winged; indusia ab- sent Phegopteris hexagonoptera
2. Blades longer than wide; rachises not winged . 3
27
3. Stipes wiry, densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; indusia only the reflexed margins of the fertile segments Cheilanthes lanosa
3. Stipes glabrous or hairy but not densely so, indusia laterally attached or cuplike or hoodlike or raylike ’ 4
4. Stipe bundles remain separate nearly to the blade species of Cystopteris
4. Stipe bundles soon united upward 5
5. Pinnae with stalks, lower pair usually longer than middle pinnae; sori linear; indusia laterally at- tached KEY 11
5. Pinnae sessile, lowest pair usually shorter than middle pinnae; sori circular; indusia cuplike when young, raylike with age Woodsia obtusa
KEY 65
1. Fronds dimorphic; croziers not formed; stipe bun- dles forming a nearly closed ring KEY 47
1. Fronds not dimorphic; croziers present on young plants; stipe bundles not forming a ring 2
2. Blades mostly 10-20 cm long, with 5-20 pairs of pinnae; stipe bundles oval or short-linear; sori circular to oblong KEY 34
2. Blades mostly 40-90 cm long, with 15-40 pairs of pinnae; stipe bundles long-linear; sori long- linear and curved, usually hooked at one end . Athyrium filix-femina
KEY 66
species of Botrychium
KEY 67
1. Fronds dimorphic; sori absent on leafy blades. . . . species of Botrychium (except B. lunaria and B. virginianum )
1. Fronds not dimorphic, sori borne on leafy blades. 2
2. Stipes about 14 as long as blade; blades mostly
with 30-40 pairs of pinnae; sori circular
Polystichum braunii
2. Stipes about as long as blade; blades mostly with 15-20 pairs of pinnae; sori linear, forming
two rows along the midveins
Woodwardia virginica
KEY 68
1. Indusia absent but often with indusium-like re- flexed margins of the pinnae KEY 48
1. Indusia cuplike when young, raylike with age .... species of Woodsia
1.
1.
3.
3.
1.
1.
3.
3.
5.
5.
1.
1.
KEY 69
Sori oblong-linear, forming two rows along the midveins; veins mostly free but reticulate along the
midveins Woodwardia virginica
Sori circular; veins all free 2
2. Stipes smooth or scurfy above the middle, scales absent or only a few at base, with 3 bun- dles at extreme base, soon becoming 2 and then
1 upward; indusia absent
Polypodium virginianum
2. Stipes with scales at base and often above the middle, with 3-9 bundles at base and upward; indusia peltate or reniform 3
Fronds dimorphic, fertile fronds with much re- duced pinnae on upper part of blade; pinnae auric-
ulate on upper side at base
Polystichum acrostichoides
Fronds not dimorphic; pinnae not auriculate
species of Dryopteris (except D. campyloptera, D. intermedia , and D. spinulosa)
KEY 70
Blades broadly triangular, mostly as wide or wider
than long; raehises winged; indusia absent
Phegopteris hexagonoptera
Blades narrowly triangular to ovate, lanceolate, or elliptic, longer than wide 2
2. Stipes wiry, densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; indusia only the reflexed
margins of fertile segments
Cheilanthes lanosa
2. Stipes glabrous or hairy, if densely hairy then with scales also; indusia never of reflexed
margins 3
Stipe bundles separate nearly to the blade; sori cir- cular species of Cystopteris
Stipe bundles soon united upward 4
4. Sori linear KEY 11
4. Sori circular 5
Blades 8-20 cm wide; mature stipes without hairs or scales; indusia reniform, often circular but with a sinus Thelypteris palustris
Blades 1-5 cm wide, or if wider then stipes hairy and scaly; indusia cuplike when young, raylike with age KEY 26
KEY 71
Veins of leafy blades mostly reticulate, only the
outer ones free KEY 20
Veins of leafy blades not reticulate 2
28
2. Fertile and sterile blades separate, but on a common stipe KEY 31
2. Fertile and sterile blades from separate stipes, or fertile and sterile pinnae on the same blade
3
3. Blades pinnate above to bipinnate below, with 5-11
pairs of pinnae; stipes with 1 linear bundle
Pellaea atropurpurea
3. Blades pinnate below, mostly with 15 or more pairs of pinnae; stipes with 2-5 bundles at base 4
4. Stipes and rachises densely scaly; each pinna with an auricle on the upper side at base; stipes with 4 or 5 circular bundles at base and up- ward; sori circular; indusia peltate, circular
without a sinus . . . Polystichum acrostichoides
4. Stipes and rachises with few or no scales; stipes with 2 oval or linear bundles at base; sori lin- ear; indusia laterally attached 5
5. Blades 2-7 cm wide; pinnae oblong, length less than 3 times the width; sori fewer than 15 per pinna Asplenium platyneuron
5. Blades 10-15 cm wide; pinnae linear-lanceolate, length more than 5 times the width; sori usually more than 20 per pinna . . Athyrium pycnocarpon
KEY 72
1. Blades ternate, each third triangular; stipe bundles
free nearly to the blade
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
1. Blades not ternate 2
2. Blades broadly triangular, at least 2/3 as wide as
long; rachises winged; indusia absent
species of Phegopteris
2. Blades narrowly triangular or ovate or elliptic . 3
3. Stipes densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; indusia only the reflexed, unmod- ified, green margins of the pinnules
Cheilanthes lanosa
3. Stipes glabrous or with hairs; true indusia present, at least on young sori 4
4. Stipe bundles separate nearly to the blade; ra- chises without scales; indusia laterally attached, hoodlike Cystopteris fragilis
4. Stipe bundles soon united upward; indusia
cuplike when young, raylike with age
species of Woodsia
KEY 73
1. Veins mostly reticulate Lorinseria areolata
1. Veins mostly free 2
2. Stipes densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; indusia only the unmodified,
green margins of the pinnules
Chedanthes lanosa
2. Stipes glabrous or with a few hairs; indusia lat- erally attached 3
3. Length of longest pinna usually less than 5 times
its width; sori fewer than 15 per pinna
species of Asplenium
3. Length of longest pinna usually more than 3 times its width; sori usually more than 20 per pinna . . . species of Athyrium
KEY 74
1. Veins of leafy pinnae mostly reticulate, with only the outer ones free KEY 20
1. Veins of leafy pinnae mostly free, rarefy a few reticulate along the midvein 2
2. Fronds strongly dimorphic, fertile and sterile
blades on a common stipe; without sori on leafy blades KEY 31
2. Fronds not dimorphic or only slightly so; sori present on leafy blades 3
3. Blades 10 cm or more wide; middle pinnae usually more than 7 times as long as wide; stipes with 2 linear bundles at base; sori usually more than 20 per pinna Athyrium pycnocarpon
3. Blades 7 cm or less wide; middle pinnae usually less than 7 times as long as wide; stipes with 1 or 2 oval bundles at base; sori usually fewer than 15 per
pinna
species of Asplenium (except A. montanum)
KEY 75
1. Stipes without scales (except a few at base), with 3 bundles at extreme base, these united upward to 2
and then 1; indusia absent
Polypodium virginianum
1. Stipes usually with scales, with 3 or more bundles at base and upward; indusia peltate or reniform 2
2. Pinnae or pinnules auriculate on one side at base; indusia peltate, circular, without a sinus . species of Polystichum
2. Pinnae or pinnules not auriculate; indusia reni- form, often circular but with a sinus
species of Dryopteris (except D. marginalis)
29
KEY 76
1. Sori linear, forming two rows along the midveins; veins mostly free but reticulate along the midveins Woodwardia virginica
1. Sori circular; veins all free 2
2. Rachises with long hairs among the scales; stipes about Va or less as long as blade; basal pinnae Va or less as long as middle pinnae; in-
dusia peltate, circular without a sinus
Polystichum braunii
2. Rachises glabrous or with short hairs; indusia reniform, sometimes appearing to be circular,
but the sinus is usually evident
species of Dryopteris
KEY 77
1. Blades broadly triangular, 2/3 (or more) as wide as long; indusia absent species of Phegopteris
1. Blades narrowly triangular to ovate, lanceolate, or
elliptic 2
2. Pinnae attached to rachis as broadly as their width; sori mostly 1 mm or more in diameter;
indusia absent
Polypodium virginianum
2. Pinnae narrowly attached to rachis; sori 1 mm or less in diameter; indusia present, at least
when young 3
3. Sori linear Aspleniurn montanum
3. Sori circular 4
4. Stipe bundles free nearly to the blade; rachises
without scales; indusia hoodlike
species of Cystopteris
4. Stipe bundles soon united to 1 upward .... 5
5. Blades 8-20 cm wide; mature stipes without hairs or scales; indusia reniform, often circular but with a sinus Thelypteris palustris
5. Blades 1-5 cm wide, or if wider, then stipes hairy and scaly; indusia cuplike when young, raylike with age species of Woodsia
KEY 78
1. Fronds dimorphic or not, with sori on leafy blades;
stipes slender, wiry, purplish or reddish
Pellaea atropurpurea
1. Fronds strongly dimorphic, without sori on leafy blades; stipes mostly 2-5 mm in diameter 2
2. Fertile and sterile blades separate but on a common stipe; stipe bundle not curled in at the
ends; croziers not formed
species of Botrychium
2. Fertile and sterile blades on separate stipes or fertile and sterile pinnae on separate parts of the same blade; stipe bundle strongly curled in at the ends; croziers present on young plants . species of Osmunda
KEY 79
1. Stipes densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; indusia only the reflexed, unmodi- fied, green margins of the pinnules
Cheilanthes lanosa
1. Stipes glabrous or with hairs; indusia present or ab- sent but not as reflexed margins 2
2. Blades pinnatifid to pinnate
Polypodium virginianum
2. Blades pinnate-pinnatifid to tripinnate 3
3. Blades broadly triangular, 2/3 (or more) as wide as long; indusia absent species of Phegopteris
3. Blades narrowly triangular to ovate, lanceolate, or elliptic 4
4. Stipe bundles free nearly to the blade; rachises
without scales; indusia hoodlike
species of Cystopteris
4. Stipe bundles soon united to 1 upward .... 5
5. Blades 8-20 cm wide; mature stipes without hairs or scales; indusia reniform, often circular but with a sinus Thelypteris palustris
5. Blades 1-5 cm wide, or if wider then stipes hairy and scaly; indusia cuplike when young, raylike with age species of Woodsia
KEY 80
1. Blades ternate, each third triangular; stipe bundles
free nearly to the blade
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
1. Blades not ternate KEY 79
KEY 81
1. Fertile and sterile blades separate, but on a com- mon stipe 2
1. Fertile and sterile blades on separate stipes, or blades partly fertile and partly sterile 4
2. Common stipes 0.5-6 cm long, much shorter than stalk of fertile blade; stalks of sterile blades more than 2 cm long . . Botrychium dissectum
2. Common stipes 6-20 cm long, much longer than stalk of fertile blade; stalks of sterile blades less than 2 cm long 3
30
3. Stalks of sterile blades 0-0.6 cm long; stalks of fer- tile blades 0.5-1. 5 cm long; sterile blades pinnate- pinnatifid or bipinnate . . Botrychium lanceolatum
3. Stalks of sterile blades 0.2-1. 5 cm long; stalks of fertile blades 1-4 cm long; sterile blades pinnate or pinnate-pinnatifid . . . Botrychium matricariifolium
4. Veins of sterile blades reticulate; fertile blades with spherical sori that resemble strings of beads Onoclea sensihilis
4. Veins of sterile blades not reticulate; sori not beadlike 5
5. Sterile blades with 5-11 pairs of pinnae
KEY 16
5. Sterile blades with 15 or more pairs of pinnae . . . 6
6. Fertile and sterile pinnae much different,
without sori on leafy pinnae 7
6. Fertile and sterile pinnae slightly different, sori
borne on leafy pinnae 8
7. Fertile and sterile pinnae on separate fronds; stipes with scales, with 2 bundles at base; lowest pinnae very short, Va (or less) as long as middle pinnae. . Matteuccia struthiopteris
7. Fertile and sterile pinnae on separate fronds or on separate parts of the same frond; stipes without scales, hairs may be present, with 1 bundle at base; lowest pinnae about % (or more) as long as middle pinnae KEY 22
8. Stipes densely scaly; each pinna with an auricle, margins with bristle-tipped teeth; stipes with 4
or 5 bundles at base
Polystichum acrostichoides
8. Stipes with a few scales when young; pinnae without auricles; margins entire or shallowly toothed; stipes with 2 bundles at base 9
9. Stipes with 2 circular or oval bundles at base; low- est pair of pinnae equal to or slightly shorter than middle pinnae; veins forked, at least on sterile seg- ments; sori circular Thelypteris palustris
9. Stipes with 2 linear, curved bundles at base; lowest pair of pinnae % or less the length of middle pin- nae and usually pointing downward; veins rarefy forked; sori linear Athyrium thelypterioides
KEY 82
1. Fertile and sterile blades separate but on a com- mon stipe
species of Botrychium (except B. lunaria and B. virginianum)
1. Fertile and sterile blades on separate stipes or fer- tile and sterile pinnae on separate parts of the same blade 2
2. Fertile pinnae not leafy, much unlike sterile pinnae; stipe with 1 large, horseshoe-shaped bundle that is strongly curled in at the ends species of Osmunda
2. Fertile pinnae leafy; stipe bundles 1 or 2, not curled in at the ends 3
3. Sterile blades with 12 or more pairs of pinnae; stipe with 2 bundles at base; sori circular and not marginal; indusia reniform, often circular but with a sinus Thelypteris palustris
3. Sterile blades with 5-11 pairs of pinnae; stipe with 1 bundle; indusia absent KEY 16
KEY 83
1. Fronds strongly dimorphic, without sori on leafy pinnules 2
1. Fronds not or slightly dimorphic, with sori on leafy pinnules KEY 36
2. Fertile and sterile blades separate, but on a common stipe; stipe bundle not curled in at the
ends; croziers not formed
species of Botrychium (except B. lunaria and B. virginianum)
2. Fertile and sterile blades on separate stipes or fertile and sterile pinnae on separate parts of the same blade; stipe bundle curled in at the
ends; croziers present on young plants
species of Osmunda
KEY 84
1. Fronds dimorphic, fertile and sterile blades sepa- rate, but on a common stipe; sori absent on leafy blades KEY 47
1. Fronds not dimorphic; sori borne on leafy blades 2
2. Blades temate, each third triangular; stipe bun- dles free nearly to the blade
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
2. Blades not ternate 3
3. Blades broadly triangular, mostly as wide or wider
than long; rachises winged; indusia absent
Phegopteris hexagonoptera
3. Blades narrowly triangular to ovate, lanceolate, or elliptic, usually longer than wide; indusia present, at least on young sori 4
31
KEY 86
4. Stipes densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; indusia only the reflexed,
unmodified, green margin of the pinnule
Cheilanthes lanosa
4. Stipes glabrous or with a few hairs; true indusia
present, at least on young sori 5
5. Sori circular 6
5. Sori linear 7
6. Stipe bundles free nearly to the blade; rachises without scales; veins of the pinnules extend to the margin; young indusia hoodlike, attached at one side species of Cystopteris
6. Stipe bundles soon united to 1 upward; veins do not reach the margin; young indusia cuplike, soon splitting into rays Woodsia obtusa
7. Stipes without scales above the middle; mature blades 3-15 cm long, 2-7 cm wide, with 2-12 pairs of pinnae KEY 11
7. Stipes with scales; mature blades 30-60 cm long,
10-35 cm wide, with 15-40 pairs of pinnae
Athyrium filix-femi na
KEY 85
1. Blades ternate, each third triangular; stipe bundles
free nearly to the blade
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
1. Blades not ternate 2
2. Blades broadly triangular, at least 2/3 as wide as long; rachises winged; indusia absent .........
species of Phegopteris
2. Blades narrowly triangular or ovate or elliptic 3
3. Stipes densely covered with brownish hairs, without scales; indusia only the reflexed, unmodi- fied, green margin of the pinnules
Chedanthes lanosa
3. Stipes glabrous or with hairs; true indusia present, at least on young sori 4
4. Indusia reniform, often circular but with a sinus, usually with tiny hairs or glands on the
margin; blades 8-20 cm wide
species of Thelypteris
4. Indusia not reniform 5
5. Stipe bundles separate nearly to the blade; rachises without scales; veins of pinnae extend to the margin; young indusia hoodlike, attached at one side species of Cystopteris 3.
5. Stipe bundles unite to 1 upward; veins do not
reach the margin; young indusia cuplike, soon 3. splitting into rays species of Woodsia
1. Veins of leafy blades mostly reticulate, only the
outer ones free KEY 20
1. Veins of leafy blades not reticulate 2
2. Fertile and sterile blades separate but from a common stipe species of Botrychiutn
2. Fertile and sterile blades on separate stipes or fertile and sterile pinnae on separate parts of the same blade 3
3. Fertile and sterile blades much different, without sori on leafy blades; fertile blades feather-like .... Matteuccia struthiopteris
3. Fertile and sterile blades slightly different, sori borne on leafy blades . 4
4. Sori circular; indusia reniform, circular but with a sinus Thelypteris palustris
4. Sori linear; indusia laterally attached 5
5. Stipe bundles oval or short-linear; blades 2-7 cm wide; pinnae oblong, length less than 3 times the
width; sori fewer than 15 per pinna
Asplenium platyneuron
5. Stipe bundles long-linear; blades mostly 10-25 cm wide; pinnae linear-lanceolate, length more than 5 times the width; sori usually more than 20 per pinna 6
6. Blades pinnate, usually with 20-30 pairs of pin- nae; rachises without scales
Athyrium pycnocarpon
6. Blades pinnate-pinnatifid, usually with 15-20 pairs of pinnae; rachises with a few scales .... Athryium thelypterioides
KEY 87
1. First division of blade ternate, each of the three divisions triangular; stipes with 2 bundles at base and upward Gymnocarpium dryopteris
1. Blades not ternate 2
2. Stipes densely scaly, with 3-9 bundles at base and upward; indusia reniform, often circular but with a sinus Dryopteris marginalis
2. Stipes with 1 or 2 bundles at base; indusia not reniform 3
Blades broadly triangular, at least 2/3 as wide as long; rachises winged species of Phegopteris
Blades narrowly triangular to ovate, lanceolate, or elliptic 4
32
4. Stipes shorter than blade, without scales, with 1 large horseshoe-shaped bundle; pinnules with
white, glandular hairs; indusia cuplike
Dennstaedtia punctilobula
4. Stipes with 1 or 2 circular, oval, or short-linear bundles 5
5. Indusia of only the reflexed margins of the pin- nules; stipes with 1 bundle (rarely 2) 6
5. Indusia present, at least on young sori; stipes with 2 bundles at base 7
6. Stipes and rachises densely covered with
brownish hairs, without scales
Cheilanthes lanosa
6. Stipes and rachises glabrous or with short, rough hairs KEY 35
7. Stipes with 2 bundles at base which remain sepa- rate nearly to the blade; rachises without scales; veins ol pinnae extend to the margin; indusia
hoodlike, attached at one side
Cystopteris fragilis
7. Stipes with 2 bundles at base that soon unite up- ward; rachises with or without scales; veins do not reach the margin; young indusia cuplike when young, raylike with age species of Woodsia
KEY 88
1. Stipes with 1 or 2 bundles at base 2
1. Stipes with 3-9 bundles at base and upward ... 3
2. Blades broadly triangular, mostly as wide or wider than long; rachises winged; indusia ab- sent Phegopteris hexagonoptera
2. Blades narrowly triangular to ovate, lanceolate, or elliptic; indusia present, at least on young sori 4
3. Base ol pinnule auriculate on the side facing up- ward; indusia peltate, circular without a sinus .... Polystichum braunii
3. Base of pinnule not auriculate; indusia reniform, of- ten circular but with a sinus
.... .species of Dryopteris (except D. marginalis )
4. Stipe bundles free nearly to the blade or into the rachis; rachises without scales; veins of pin- nules extend to the margin; indusia laterally at- tached, hoodlike species of Cystopteris
4. Stipe bundles soon united to 1 upward; indusia reniform, cuplike, or raylike 5
5. Mature stipes and rachises with hairs and scales; indusia cuplike when young, raylike with age .... Woodsia obtusa
5. Mature stipes mostly without hairs or scales above the middle; rachises without scales; indusia reni- form, often circular but with a sinus
species of Thelypteris
KEY 89
1. Blades broadly triangular, 2/3 (or more) as wide as long; indusia absent species ol Phegopteris
1. Blades narrowly triangular to ovate, lanceolate, or elliptic 2
2. Pinnae attached to rachis for their entire wid- ths; sori (0.5-)l-2 mm in diameter; indusia ab- sent Polypodium virginianum
2. Pinnae variously attached to rachis; sori 0.4-1 mm in diameter; indusia present, at least when young 3
3. Stipes with 1 or 2 bundles at base 4
3. Stipes with 3-9 bundles at base and upward ... 6
4. Stipe bundles free nearly to blade; blades 4-15 cm wide; rachises without scales; indusia hoodlike species of Cystopteris
4. Stipe bundles soon united to 1 upward .... 5
5. Mature blades 1-5 cm wide; indusia cuplike when young, raylike with age species of Woodsia
5. Mature blades 8-20 cm wide; indusia reniform, of- ten circular but with a sinus
species of Thelypteris
6. Mature blades less than 6 cm wide; stipe about Va as long as blade; basal pinnae V4-V2 as long as middle pinnae Dryopteris fragrans
6. Mature blades more than 6 cm wide 7
7. Blades 20-50 cm wide; stipe % to as long as blade; basal pinnae usually shaped like those above, and
about same length as middle pinnae
Dryopteris goldiana
7. Blades 6-20 cm wide; stipes V4 to as long as blade; basal pinnae usually shorter than those above and broader at base, being somewhat triangular ... 8
8. Fertile fronds usually taller and more erect than sterile fronds; blades 6-18 cm wide; basal pin- nae usually broadly triangular and shorter than middle pinnae Dryopteris cristata
8. Fertile and sterile fronds alike; blades 10-30 cm wide; basal pinnae usually narrowly triangular and slightly shorter or equal to middle pinnae Dryopteris clintoniana
33
KEY 90
1. Fronds strongly dimorphic with fertile and sterile blades on a common stipe; without sori on leafy
blades species of
Botrychium (except B. lunaria and B. virginianum )
1. Fronds not dimorphic or only slightly so; sori borne on leafy blades 2
2. Blades broadly triangular, mostly as wide or wider than long, rachises winged; indusia ab- sent Phegopteris hexagonoptera
2. Blades narrowly triangular to ovate, lanceolate, or elliptic; indusia present, at least on young sori 3
3. Stipe bundles remain separate nearly to the blade or into the rachis; rachises without scales; veins of
pinnules extend to the margin; sori circular
species of Cystopteris
3. Stipe bundles soon united to 1 upward 4
4. Blades 1-6 cm wide 5
4. Blades 6-20 cm wide 6
5. Pinnae 7-23 pairs, sessile on the rachis; sori circu- lar KEY 26
5. Pinnae 2-12 pairs, with stalks; sori linear
KEY 11
6. Stipe bundles at base usually about three times
as long as wide; sori linear, curved
Athyrium filix-femi na
6. Stipe bundles at base usually not more than twice as long as wide; sori circular 7
7. Blades pinnate-pinnatilid to nearly bipinnate; stipes glabrous or with a few hairs, without scales above the middle; rachises without scales; indusia reni-
form, often circular but with a sinus
species of Thelypteris
7. Blades pinnate-bipinnatifid to bipinnate-pinnatifid; stipes and rachises with hairs and scales; indusia
cuplike when young, raylike with age
Woodsia obtusa
KEY 91
1. Veins of leafy blades mostly reticulate, only the outer ones free Onoclea sensibilis
1. Veins of leafy blades mostly not reticulate ... 2
2. Fronds strongly dimorphic, sterile and fertile blades much different 3
2. Fronds not dimorphic or only slightly so . .6
3. Sterile and fertile blades on separate stipes; leafy
blades more than 40 cm long
Matteuccia struthiopteris
3. Sterile and fertile blades on a common stipe; leafy blades less than 10 cm long 4
4. Common stipe much shorter than stalk of fer- tile blade; stalk of sterile blade more than 2 cm long Botrychium dissectum
4. Common stipe much longer than stalk of fer- tile blade; stalk of sterile blade less than 2 cm long 5
5. Stalk of sterile blade 0-0.6 cm long; stalk of fer- tile blade 0.5- 1.3 cm long; sterile blade pinnate- pinnatifid or bipinnate
Botrychium lanceolatum
5. Stalk of sterile blade 0.2-1. 5 cm long; stalk of fertile blade 1-4 cm long; sterile blade pinnate or pinnate-pinnatifid
Botrychium matricariifolium
6. Blades broadly triangular, % (or more) as wide as long; rachises winged; sori circular; indusia absent species of Phegopteris
6. Blades narrowly triangular to ovate, lanceo- late, or elliptic; indusia present on fertile blades 7
7. Stipe bundles separate nearly to the blade or into the rachis; rachises without scales; sori circular;
indusia hoodlike, attached at one side
species of Cystopteris
7. Stipe bundles united to 1 below the middle of the
stipe 8
8. Mature blades up to 7 cm wide 9
8. Mature blades more than 7 cm wide ... 10 9. Pinnae sessile or nearly so; sori circular
species of Woodsia
9. Pinnae stalked; sori linear. . Asplenium montanum
10. Lowest pair of pinnae much shorter than
middle pinnae 11
10. Lowest pair of pinnae nearly as long as mid- dle pinnae 12
11. Stipe about 14 to % as long as blade; rachis with
hairs and a few scales; sori linear
Athyrium thelypterioides
11. Stipe about 14 as long as blade; rachis glabrous or with a few hairs, without scales; sori circular Thelypteris noveboracensis
12. Veins of sterile pinnae mostly forked; young fertile fronds with partially inrolled margins; indusia ciliate Thelypteris palustris
12. Veins of sterile pinnae not forked; fertile fronds with flat margins; indusia with tiny glands Thelypteris simulata
34
KEYS TO SPECIES WHEN GENUS IS KNOWN
ADIANTUM
One species in our area A. pedatum
ASPLENIUM
1. Blades pinnate 2
1. Blades pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnate-pinnatifid, at least lower part of blade; rachis green 4
2. Basal pinnae shorter than middle pinnae, usually less than V2 as long; basal lobes overlap- ping the rachis A. platyneuron
2. Basal pinnae about same length or longer than middle pinnae, rarely only % as long; basal lobes not overlapping the rachis 3
3. Rachises and stipes dark brown, without hairs or scales A. trichomanes
3. Rachises and upper part of stipe light green, with hairlike scales A. viride
4. Stipes green throughout, slender; blades with 2-6 pairs of pinnae; veins of pinnules fanlike . . A. ruta-muraria
4. Stipes brown at base, green above; blades with
5-12 pairs of pinnae; veins obscure
A. montanum
ATHYRIUM
1. Blades bipinnate to tripinnate; sori curved, often
hooked at one end A. filix-femina
1. Blades pinnate or pinnate-pinnatifid; sori straight or nearly so 2
2. Blades pinnate; rachises without scales
A. pycnocarpon
2. Blades pinnate-pinnatifid; young rachises with narrow scales A. thelypterioides
AZOLLA
One species in our area A. caroliniana
BOTRYCHIUM
1. Stalks of sterile blades 0-1.5 cm long 2
1. Stalks of sterile blades 2.5-15 cm long 7
2. Sterile blades sessile, bipinnate-pinnatifid to nearly tripinnate B. virginianum
2. Sterile blades pinnatifid to bipinnate 3
3. Sterile blades attached below the middle of the frond; lowest pinnae about as wide as long .... 4
3. Sterile blades attached above the middle of the frond 5
4. Sterile blades sessile or with stalks less than 1/5 as long as blades, with 3-10 pairs of pinnae that
are at a right-angle to the rachis
B. lunaria
4. Sterile blades with stalks Vs to Vi as long as blades, with 1-5 pairs of pinnae that usually are
oblique to the rachis B. simplex
5. Sterile blades sessile or nearly so
B. lanceolatum
5. Sterile blades with stalks 6
6. Pinnae of sterile blades lobed or pinnatifid; bas- al pinnae longer than wide
B. ma tri ca ri ifoli u m
6. Pinnae of sterile blades obovate, not or scarcely lobed; basal pinnae about as wide as long .... B. simplex
7. Pinnule lobes or segments of sterile blades obtuse.
about as long as wide B. oneidense
7. Pinnule lobes or segments of sterile blades acute or obtuse, 2-5 times as long as wide 8
8. Sterile blades thin, membranous or slightly leathery, often lacelike in appearance; pinnule segments variable in size and shape but usually more than twice (often 4 or 5 times) as long as wide with ultimate lobes or teeth somewhat
parallel-sided and mostly acute at apex
B. dissectum
8. Sterile blades thick, leathery or fleshy; pinnule segments of similar size and shape and mostly not more than twice (rarely 3 times) as long as wide with ultimate lobes or teeth not parallel- sided and mostly obtuse at apex
B. multifidutn
CAMPTOSORUS
One species in our area C. rhizophyllus
CHEILANTHES
One species in our area C. lanosa
CRYPTOGRAMMA
One species in our area C. stelleri
35
CYSTOPTERIS
1. Blades narrowly triangular to linear-lanceolate, long-tapering to apex; pinnae 20-40 pairs; basal pin- nae slightly longer than next pair above; veins mostly running to the sinuses between marginal teeth; rachises often with bulblets . . C. bulbifera
1. Blades variable, but usually ovate to ovate-lanceo- late, not long-tapering to apex; pinnae 9-15 pairs; basal pinnae slightly shorter than next pair above; veins mostly running to the marginal teeth; ra- chises never with bulblets C. fragilis
DENNSTAEDTIA
One species in our area D. punctilobula
DRYOPTERIS
(Apparently any of our species of Dryopteris may hy- bridize with other species of the genus, forming sterile or fertile hybrids. This key separates only those recog- nized as distinct species. The user should be aware that intermediates occur.)
1. Mature blades less than 6 cm wide; stipe about Vi as long as blade; basal pinnae V4-V2 as long as mid-
dle pinnae D. fragrans
1. Mature blades more than 6 cm wide 2
2. Sori marginal or nearly so; pinnule margins
with obscure teeth with no bristle at tip
D. marginalis
2. Sori not marginal; pinnule margins having teeth with a bristle at tip 3
3. Blades pinnate-pinnatifid to nearly bipinnate- pinnatihd; basal pinnae nearly equal-sided; teeth tipped with very short bristle 4
3. Blades bipinnate-pinnatifid to tripinnate-pinnatifid; basal pinnae strongly unequal-sided; teeth ending in long bristle 6
4. Blades 20-50 cm wide; stipe % to as long as blade; basal pinnae usually shaped like those above and about same length as middle pinnae D. goldiana
4. Blades 6-30 cm wide; stipe Vi to as long as blade; basal pinnae usually shorter than those above and broader at base, being somewhat triangular 5
5. Fertile fronds usually taller and more erect than sterile fronds; blades 6-18 cm wide; basal pinnae usually broadly triangular and shorter than middle pinnae D. cristate
5. Fertile and sterile fronds alike; blades 10-30 cm wide; basal pinnae usually narrowly triangular and slightly shorter or equal to middle pinnae .......
D. clintoniana
6. Lowest basal pinnule on lower side of lowest pinna shorter than pinnule closest to it; hairs
present on stipe, rachis, and indusia
.D. intermedia
6. Lowest basal pinnule on lower side of lowest pinna longer than pinnule closest to it; fronds without hairs 7
7. Basal pair of pinnules of lowest pinna opposite or nearly so (4 mm or less apart); the pinnule closest to the rachis on the lower side of the lowest pinna about twice as long and slightly wider at base than the opposing pinnule . D. spinulosa
7. Basal pair of pinnules of lowest pinna alternate (4 mm or more apart); the pinnule closest to the rachis on the lower side of the lowest pinna two or three times as long and much wider than the op- posing pinnule D. campyloptera
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GYMNOCARPIUM |
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One species in our area |
G. dryopteris |
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LORINSERIA |
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One species in our area . . . . . |
L. areolata |
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LYGODIUM |
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One species in our area |
L. palmatum |
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MARSILEA |
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One species in our area |
M. quadrifolia |
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MATTEUCCIA |
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One species in our area |
M. struthiopteris |
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ONOCLEA |
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One species in our area |
O. sensibilis |
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OPHIOGLOSSUM |
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One species in our area |
......... O. vulgatum |
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OSMUNDA |
1. Blades bipinnate; pinnule margins serrulate; pinnae stalked; fertile pinnae above sterile pinnae on same blade O, regalis
1. Blades pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnule margins entire; pinnae sessile; fertile pinnae between sterile pin- nae on same blade or on separate blades 2
2. Fertile and sterile pinnae on separate blades; sterile pinnae (when young) with a tuft of hairs at base O. cinnamomea
2. Fertile and sterile pinnae on the same blade;
sterile pinnae without tuft of hairs
. .O. claytoniana
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PELLAEA
1. Fronds usually dimorphic; stipes and rachises with rough appressed hairs; blades grayish green; stalks
of lowest pair of pinnae 1-10 mm long
P. atropurpurea
1. Fronds not strongly dimorphic; stipes and rachises glabrous or with a few spreading hairs; blades bluish green; stalks of lowest pair of pinnae 0-3 mm long P. glabella
PHEGOPTERIS
1. Lowest pair of pinnae longer than the pair next above, and joined to it at the winged rachis; blades mostly as wide or wider than long; rachises with a
few scales P. hexagonoptera
1. Lowest pair of pinnae shorter than the pair next above and not joined to it; blades not as wide as long; rachises with many scales . . . P. connectilis
PHYLLITIS
One species in our area P. scolopendrium
POLYPODIUM
One species in our area P. virginianum
POLYSTICHUM
1. Blades mostly pinnate; lowest pinnae nearly as long as middle pinnae P. acrostichoides
1. Blades mostly bipinnate; lowest pinnae much short- er than middle pinnae P. braunii
PTERIDIUM
One species in our area P. aqudinum
SCHIZAEA
One species in our area S. pusilla
THELYPTERIS
1. Blades much narrowed at base; lowest pinnae
much shorter than middle pinnae
T. noveboracensis
1. Blades scarcely narrowed at base; lowest pinnae about as long as middle pinnae 2
2. Veins of sterile pinnae mostly forked; young fer- tile fronds with inrolled margins; indusia ciliate T. palustris
2. Veins of sterile pinnae not forked; fertile fronds with flat margins; indusia with tiny glands .... T. simulata
WOODSIA
1. Blades 7 cm wide or more YV. obtusa
1. Blades less than 7 cm wide 2
2. Blades 3-7 cm wide 3
2. Blades less than 3 cm wide 4
3. Stipes and rachises with many hairs and scales; stipe with a joint at or below the middle (old stipe bases rather uniform in length); indusia with many hairlike rays YV. dvensis
3. Stipes and rachises with a few hairs and scales; stipes not jointed (old stipe bases uneven in
length); indusia with 3-6 short, scalelike rays
YV. obtusa
4. Stipes and rachises without hairs or scales . . . YV. glabella
4. Stipes and rachises with hairs and scales ... 5
5. Blades with a few hairs; midveins of pinnae with no or few scales; pinnae mostly with 2 or 3 pairs of pinnules or pinna segments YV. alpina
5. Blades with many hairs; midveins of pinnae scaly; pinnae mostly with 4 or more pairs of pinnules or pinna segments YV. ilvensis
WOODWARDIA
One species in our area YV. virginica
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DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES
Adiantum pedatum Linnaeus Plate 1
MAIDENHAIR FERN
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Rich, moist, deciduous woods. Soil variable but plants appear to be more luxuriant at low acidity.
RHIZOMES woody, branched, 1-5 mm in diameter, scaly. CROZIERS clustered, reddish. FRONDS not dimorphic, coming separately but near together from points on the rhizome, mostly 20-60 cm long, not evergreen. STIPE wiry, usually a little longer than the blade, 1-3 mm wide, shiny black or brown, glabrous, often with a few scales at base, with 1 horseshoe- shaped bundle. BLADES circular or semicircular, fanlike, 12-20(-25) cm long, 20-30(-40) cm wide; rachis forked forming two nearly equal parts of the blade, each part bipinnate. PINNAE alternate, usually 10-14 (not paired), oblong, 4-17 cm long, about 4 cm wide. PINNULES 12-20 on a pinna, alternate, oblong, 1-2 cm long, 0.6-1 cm wide, glabrous; margins entire but wavy or lobed on one side. VEINS palmate, many per pinnule, forked two or three times. SORI marginal, linear. INDUSIA oblong, 2-5 mm long, being the re- flexed margin of the pinnule. SPORES tetrahedral.
Adiantum capillus-veneris, SOUTHERN MAID- ENHAIR FERN, ranging as far north as Virginia and Kentucky, is sometimes reported for our area but it probably does not persist.
Asplenium montanum Willdenow Plate 2
MOUNTAIN SPLEENWORT
A. bradleyi in part (which is probably a hybrid of A. m. and A. platyneuron).
NY (rare), Vt (rare). Mass (rare), Ct (rare), RI (rare), NJ, Pa.
Moist, protected, shady crevices in sandstone and other non-ealcareous rocks. Soil acid, pH mostly 4-6.
RHIZOMES short, creeping, about 1 mm in diame- ter, scaly. FRONDS not dimorphic, clustered, 5-20 cm long, evergreen. STIPE shorter than, or about same length as blade, 2-10 cm long, brown at base, green above, not scaly, with 2 oval bundles at extreme base, united just above to form 1 nearly circular bun- dle. BLADES deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 (-15) cm long, 3-6 (-7) cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnate-pinnatifid; rachis green, flattened. PINNAE alternate or subopposite, 5-12 pairs, ovate-oblong, stalked, lowest pair longest. PINNULES of various
shapes and dissections; margins serrate. VEINS ob- scure, free, forked or not, not reaching the margin. SORI few, linear, separate or some confluent, not marginal. INDUSIA fragile, laterally attached. SPORES bilateral.
Resembles a blend of Asplenium ruta-muraria and Cystopteris fragilis.
Asplenium pinnatifidum Nuttall, LOBED SPLEENWORT, a southern species found as far north as New Jersey and Pennsylvania, resembles a blend of A. montanum and Camptosorus rhizophyllus and may have originated as a hybrid of these two species. It has also been called Camptosorus pinnatifidus and x As- plenosorus pinnatifidus.
Asplenium platyneuron (Linnaeus) Oakes Plate 3 EBONY SPLEENWORT
A. bradleyi, in part (which is probably a hybrid of A. p. and A. montanum).
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Crevices in cliffs and shady rocky slopes, sometimes on hummocks in swamps or on sand. Soil variable as to pH; does best in acid soil but often found on ce- ment.
RHIZOMES short, creeping or ascending, 2. 5-3. 5 mm in diameter, with a few scales. FRONDS di- morphic in that fertile fronds are longer than sterile fronds, clustered, (5-)15-50(-60) cm long, evergreen. STIPE much shorter than blade, dark brown, shiny, often with a few hairs or scales, with 1 or 2 circular or oval bundles at base, sometimes V-shaped or X-shaped upward. BLADES linear-lanceolate to narrowly ellip- tic-lanceolate, mostly 10-35 cm long, 2-7 cm wide, pin- nate; rachis dark brown, shiny, with scales. PINNAE alternate, 15-25 pairs on sterile blades, 30-50 pairs on fertile blades, mostly oblong, auriculate, the auricles overlapping the rachis, sessile, lowest pair much short- er than middle ones; margins usually serrate or cre- nate. VEINS free, mostly once-forked, not reaching the margin. SORI short-linear, straight, 8-12 per pinna, often confluent in age, not marginal. INDUSIA fragile, silvery when young, withering in age, laterally attached. SPORES bilateral.
Asplenium resiliens Kunze, BLACKSTEM SPLEENWORT, has been found in Pennsylvania where it may now be extinct. Similar to A. platy- neuron it differs in having the pinnae mostly opposite with a cuneate base, sterile fronds about the same length as the fertile fronds, with a nearly black rachis.
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Plate 1
Adiantum pedatum MAIDENHAIR FERN
39
Plate 2
Asplenium montanum MOUNTAIN SPLEENWORT
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Plate 3
Asplenium plalyneuron EBONY SPLEEN WORT
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A. platyneuron x A. trichomanes and A. platy- neuron x Camptosorus rhizophyllus may be looked for, especially where their parents are found together. They combine the characters of the parent species.
Asplenium ruta-muraria Linnaeus Plate 4
WALL RUE, WALL RUE SPLEENWORT A. cryptolepis
NY, Vt, Mass, Ct, NJ, Pa.
Limestone rocks and cliffs, calcareous shale, some- times on cement. Soil neutral to alkaline, pH 7-9.
RHIZOMES short, creeping, 1-1.5 mm in diameter, scales hidden in the roots, with persistent old stipe bases. FRONDS not dimorphic, clustered, 4-17 cm long, evergreen. STIPE longer or shorter than blade, 1.5-7 cm long, green throughout, with a few scales at base, with 2 circular or oval bundles at base, soon uni- ted above to form 1 bundle. BLADES ovate or triangular-ovate, (l-)3-6(-12) cm long, 2-4 cm wide, bi- pinnate to bipinnate-pinnatifid (at least the lower part); rachis green, flattened. PINNAE alternate, 2-6 pairs, broad-ovate or fanlike, stalked, lowest pair usually longest. PINNULES of various shapes and dissections but often fanlike; margins often serrulate. VEINS mostly free, sometimes a few reticulate, forked or fanlike. SORI few, 2-4 per segment, linear or oblong, separate when young, becoming confluent in age, not marginal. INDUSIA broad, laterally attached, with a few hairs. SPORES bilateral.
Withering when dry but recovering in moisture.
Asplenium trichomanes Linnaeus Plate 5
MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Crevices and other places in rocks of various kinds, moist or dry, open or shaded. Soil acid, pH mostly 5-7.
RHIZOMES short, creeping to erect, 1.5-2 mm in diameter, with many old stipe bases, with scales at the apex. FRONDS not dimorphic, densely clustered, 4- 26 cm long, evergreen. STIPE shorter than blade, wiry, purple-brown, shining, sometimes with a few scales, with 1 or 2 circular or oval bundles at base. BLADES linear, 5-20 cm long, 0.8-1. 7 cm wide, pin- nate; rachis dark. PINNAE opposite or alternate, 9-30 pairs, oval to broad-oblong, unequal-sided but not auriculate, sessile, lowest pair about same length as middle ones; margins crenate or nearly entire. VEINS free, mostly once-forked, not reaching the margin. SORI short, linear, straight, 2-4(-6) per pinna, mostly separate, not marginal. INDUSIA large but fragile, lat- erally attached. SPORES bilateral.
Asplenium viride Hudson Plate 6
GREEN SPLEENWORT
NY (rare), Vt (rare), Me (rare).
Shaded crevices and among fragments of limy rock. Soil nearly neutral.
RHIZOMES short, creeping to erect, about 1 mm in diameter, with a few scales. FRONDS not di- morphic, clustered, 5-15 cm long, usually evergreen. STIPE shorter than the blade, slender, brown at base, green above, usually with a few scales, with 1 or 2 circular or oval bundles at base. BLADES linear to linear-oblong, mostly 6-13 cm long, 0.5-1. 5 cm wide, pinnate; rachis delicate, green, usually with dark hair- like scales. PINNAE opposite or nearly so toward base of blades, alternate above, 9-16 pairs, oval, not auricu- late; margins coarsely toothed or lobed. VEINS free, simple or forked, not reaching the margin. SORI lin- ear, straight, 2 or 3 per pinna, confluent, not marginal. INDUSIA fragile, laterally attached. SPORES bilateral.
Athyrium filix-femina (Linnaeus) Roth Plate 7
LADY FERN
A. angustum, A. asplenioides
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI NJ, Pa.
Moist woods, meadows, stream banks, marshes, etc. Soil acid to neutral, pH 5-7.
RHIZOMES creeping to nearly erect, about 7 mm in diameter, scaly. CROZIERS round-oblong, 1-2 cm in diameter, densely covered with linear, dark brown or purple scales. FRONDS not dimorphic, coming separately (but near together) from points on the rhi- zome, (7-)40-90(-100) cm long, not evergreen. STIPE V2 to nearly as long as blade, greenish or reddish, 1-40 cm long, to 6 mm wide, without hairs, with dark brown or purple scales, with 2 curved bundles at base, sometimes united upward. BLADES oblong to lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, (5-)30-45(-60) cm long, 10-20 (-35) cm wide, bipinnate to bipinnate-pinnatifid (rarely tripinnate); rachis glabrous or with short hairs or scales, green. PINNAE (15-)30-40 pairs, mostly alter- nate, oblong-lanceolate, with a very short stalk, longest 3-15 cm long, usually 1-4 cm wide, lower pin- nae shorter or longer than middle pinnae. PINNULES mostly 20-30 pairs, mostly alternate but often opposite at base, oblong, usually glabrous; margins lobed or toothed. VEINS free, forked, reaching the margin. SORI not marginal, linear, straight or curved, usually hooked at one end, usually 3-10 per segment, separate or semi-confluent with age. INDUSIA laterally at- tached, ciliate, sometimes glandular. SPORES bilat- eral.
42
Plate 4
Asplenium ruta-muraria WALL RUE
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Plate 5
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Plate 6
Asplenium viride GREEN SPLEEN WORT
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Plate 7
Athyrium filix-femina LADY FERN
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Athyrium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) Tidestrom Plate 8
GLADE FERN, NARROW-LEAVED SPLEEN- WORT
Diplazium pycnocarpon
NY, Vt, NH, Mass, Ct, NJ, Pa.
Cool woods, glades, talus slopes. Soil about neutral to alkaline, pH 7-8(-9).
RHIZOMES ereeping, 4-6 mm in diameter, scaly. FRONDS not or slightly dimorphic, fertile pinnae nar- rower than sterile pinnae, solitary or clustered, 60-110 cm long, not evergreen. STIPE about Vi as long as blade, 15-40 cm long, hairy (at least when young), scaly at bases, with 2 curved bundles at base, often united upward. RLADES lanceolate with long, narrow apex, 25-75 cm long, 10-25 cm wide, pinnate; rachis pale green, with a few brown hairs but no scales. PIN- NAE 20-30 pairs, mostly alternate, long-aeuminate, nearly linear, rounded to semi-hastate at base but not auriculate, sessile or the lowest ones with very short stalks, longest 7-12 cm long, lower pinnae shorter than middle pinnae, glabrous except on veins; margins en- tire. VEINS free, once or twice forked, reaching the margin. SORJ not marginal, linear, straight or slightly curved, silvery green when young, about 20-40 per pinna, separate. INDUSIA laterally attached, conspic- uous, glabrous. SPORES bilateral.
Somewhat resembles Polystichum acrostichoid.es but pinnae not auriculate.
Athyrium thelypterioides (Michaux) Desvaux Plate 9 SILVERY SPLEENWORT
Diplaziwn acrostichoides
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Rich, moist woods, stream banks, marshy ground. Soil acid, pH 5-6(-7).
RHIZOMES creeping, 5-7 mm in diameter, scaly. FRONDS not (or slightly) dimorphic, coming sepa- rately (but near together) from the rhizome, (35-)60- 110 cm long, not evergreen. STIPE y?.-% as long as the blade, (10-)25-40(-75) cm long, with a few hairs, scaly at bases, with 2 curved bundles at base, often united upward. BLADES lanceolate to elliptic, ta- pering at both ends, 35-80 cm long, (6-)10-20(-30) cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid to nearly bipinnate; rachis pale green, with hairs and narrow scales (at least when young). PINNAE 15-20 pairs, opposite and alternate, oblong to linear-lanceolate with acuminate apex, ses- sile, 0.7-2 cm long, about 0.4 cm wide, lowest pinnae shorter than middle pinnae and usually pointing downward; segments oblong, obtuse or acute at apex, with yellowish hairs and a few scales; margins entire or serrulate. VEINS free, rarely forked, reaching the
margin. SORI not marginal, linear, straight or slightly curved, 3-7 per segment, separate, but sometimes close together. INDUSIA laterally attached, arching, silvery when young, light brown in age. SPORES bi- lateral.
AzoUa caroliniana Willdenow Plate 10
MOSQUITO FERN
NY, Mass, Ct (?), NJ (?), Pa (?). Occasionally intro- duced but in many areas it may not long persist.
Floating on quiet water.
Small (5-10 mm wide) mosslike plants. RHIZOMES branched at every third leaf. LEAVES with 2 lobes, upper smaller lobe floating and lower larger lobe sub- mersed, greenish or reddish. SPOROCARPS (sporan- gia) of 2 kinds, in the leaf axils. The smaller sporocarps contain a single large megaspore. The larger sporo- carps contain many tiny microspores. These sporocarps are seldom seen in our area.
A. filiculoides is sometimes reported but probably does not persist. High magnification is needed for sep- arating species of AzoUa.
Botrychium dissectum Sprengel Plate 11
LACE-LEAF GRAPE FERN B. ohliquum
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Dry or moist woods, fields, pastures, sandy banks. Soil usually acid.
FRONDS dimorphic, solitary, 10-50 cm long, dwarf forms (V2 size) occur with normal ones, appearing late summer, evergreen but often becoming bronze after freezing weather. COMMON STIPE 0.5-6 cm long, bearing a sterile and a fertile blade, glabrous or with a few hairs, usually with 1 linear, curved bundle in the shape of a nearly closed ring, sometimes divided into 2-4 upward. STERILE BLADE membranous or slightly leathery, ovate to broad-triangular, 4-8 cm long, 3-12 cm wide, with a stalk 2.5-8 cm long, pin- nate-pinnatifid to quadripinnate. STERILE PINNAE opposite, lowest pair longer than middle pairs, gla- brous or with a few hairs; margins wavy or with tiny short teeth. VEINS free, forked. FERTILE BLADE 2-14 cm long, on a stalk longer than the common stipe, bipinnate to quadripinnate, mostly tripinnate. SPORANGIA globular, clustered. SPORES tetrahe- dral.
A highly variable species. The variants are recog- nized as varieties by some and as distinct species by others.
47
Plate 8
Athyrium pycnocarpon GLADE FERN
48
Plate 9
Athyrium thelypterioides SILVERY SPLEENWORT
49
Plate 10
a—-
AzoUa caroliniana MOSQUITO FERN
50
Plate 11
51
Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmelin) Angstrom Plate 12 LANCE-LEAVED GRAPE FERN B angustisegmentum
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Rich soil of moist, cool woods, hummocks, in swamps, meadows, etc. Soil acid, pH usually 4-6.
FRONDS dimorphic, solitary, 5-25(-40) cm long, dwarf forms (% size) occur with normal ones, found spring through summer, not evergreen. COMMON STIPE 6-20 cm long, often 5 times as long as sterile blade, glabrous, with 2 or more linear, curved bundles arranged in a ring. STERILE RLADE thin or some- what leathery (sometimes thick and fleshy in the northern parts of our area), triangular, 1-5 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide, sessile or with a stalk up to 0.6 cm long, pinnate-pinnatifid or bipinnate. STERILE PIN- NAE opposite, lowest pair longest, glabrous, margins entire. VEINS free, forked. FERTILE R LADES 0.1- 1.3 cm long, on a stalk shorter than the common stipe, bipinnate to tripinnate. SPORANGIA globular, clus- tered, greenish yellow. SPORES tetrahedral, yellow- ish.
Botrychium lunaria (Linnaeus) Swartz Plate 13
MOONWORT
NY (rare), Vt (rare), NH (rare), Me (rare).
Open fields and slopes, grassy meadows, limestone barrens and woods. Soil neutral or nearly so.
FRONDS dimorphic, solitary, 4-25 cm long, ap- pearing during early spring, withering in summer, not evergreen. COMMON STIPE 1.5-4(-7) cm long, bearing a sterile and a fertile blade, glabrous, with 1 or more bundles arranged in a ring. STERILE RLADE thin or leathery, oblong, 1-6 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, sessile or with a stalk, pinnate. STERILE PIN- NAE opposite, (2-)3-7(- 10) pairs, each pair about equal in size, fanlike or lunate, cuneate at bases, rounded at apex; margins mostly entire, sometimes notched or crenate. VEINS free, forked. FERTILE RLADE on a stalk longer or shorter than the common stipe, pinnate to tripinnate. SPORANGIA globular, clustered. SPORES tetrahedral, yellowish.
Botrychium minganense Victorin, MINGAN MOONWORT, is recognized as a species distinct from B. lunaria by some modem authorities on ferns. Both are rare with us and they are not easily distinguished.
Botrychium matricariifolium (Doll) A. Braun Plate 14 DAISY-LEAF GRAPE FERN B. neglectum
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Rich woods, swamps, moist shaded slopes. Soil acid to neutral, pH 4-7.
FRONDS dimorphic, solitary, 7-30 cm long, found during spring and early summer, not evergreen. COMMON STIPE 6-16 cm long, bearing a sterile and a fertile blade, glabrous, with 2 bundles at base and 2- 6 upward. STERILE BLADE thin or slightly leathery, oblong or narrowly triangular, 1.5-6 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, with a stalk 0.2- 1.5 cm long, pinnate to pinnate- pinnatifid. STERILE PINNAE opposite or nearly so, lowest pair longer than middle pairs, glabrous; margins entire. VEINS free, forked. FERTILE BLADE 1-7 (-10) cm long, on a stalk shorter than the common stipe, pinnate to tripinnate. SPORANGIA globular, clustered, bright yellow. SPORES tetrahedral, yellow- ish.
Botrychium multifidum (Gmelin) Ruprecht Plate 15 LEATHERY GRAPE FERN B. matricariae, B. silaifolium
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Cool meadows, open fields, moist woods. Soil acid, pH usually 5-6.
FRONDS dimorphic, solitary, 4-25(-50) cm long, dwarf forms occur with normal ones, appearing during spring or early summer, evergreen and usually re- maining green after freezing weather. COMMON STIPE l-5(-8) cm long, bearing a sterile and a fertile blade, glabrous or with a few hairs, usually with 1 lin- ear, curved bundle in the shape of a nearly closed ring, sometimes divided into 2-4 upward. STERILE BLADE leathery and fleshy, triangular, 1-15 cm long, 1-25 cm wide, on a stalk 3-15 cm long, bipinnate to quadripinnate. STERILE PINNAE opposite, lowest pair longer than middle pairs, with a few hairs. STERILE PINNULES usually less than twice as long as wide; margins entire to dentate. VEINS free, forked. FERTILE BLADE 1.2-12(20) cm long, on a stalk longer than the common stipe, bipinnate to tri- pinnate. SPORANGIA globular, clustered. SPORES tetrahedral, yellowish.
A highly variable species.
Botrychium ternatum (Thunberg) Swartz is recog- nized as a distinct species by some modern authorities on ferns. It is rare and not easily distinguished from B. multifidum.
52
Plate 12
B o try c hiu m lanceolatum LANCE-LEAVED GRAPE FERN
53
Plate 13
Botrychium lunaria MOONWORT
54
Plate 14
Botrychium matricariifoUum DAISY-LEAF GRAPE FERN
55
Plate 15
Botrychium multifidum LEATHERY GRAPE FERN
56
Botrychium oneidense (Gilbert) House Plate 16
ONEIDA GRAPE FERN
B. dissectum forma oneidense, B. multifidum var. oneidense, B. dissectum x multifidum
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Moist or wet woods. Soil acid.
FRONDS dimorphic, solitary, 10-45 cm long, ever- green and usually remaining bright green after freez- ing weather. COMMON STIPE 2-4 cm long, bearing a sterile and a fertile blade, glabrous or with a few hairs, usually with 1 linear curved bundle in the shape of a nearly closed ring, sometimes divided, 2-4 up- ward. STERILE BLADE leathery and fleshy, triangular, mostly 5-10 cm long, 6-12 cm wide, with a stalk 5-10 cm long, ternate, bipinnate to tripinnate. STERILE PINNAE opposite, lowest pair longer than middle pairs, glabrous or with a few hairs. STERILE PINNULES 2-3 times as long as wide, obtuse at apex; margins irregularly toothed. VEINS free, forked. FERTILE BLADE 2-20 cm long, on a stalk longer than the common stipe, mostly tripinnate. SPORAN- GIA globular, clustered. SPORES tetrahedral.
Easily confused with two highly variable species, B. multifidum and B. dissectum, often appearing to be a blend between the two. From B. multifidum it is dis- tinguished by the pinnule lobes or segments being only about as long as wide and from B. dissectum by the pinnules being obtuse at apex.
Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock Plate 17
DWARF GRAPE FERN B. tenebrosum
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Cool woods and swamps, meadows, open sterile northfacing slopes. Soil acid, pH usually 5-6.
FRONDS dimorphic, solitary, 2-25 cm long, ap- pearing during early spring, withering by midsummer, not evergreen. COMMON STIPE 1.5-13 cm long, bearing a sterile and a fertile blade, glabrous, with 1 or more bundles arranged in a ring. STERILE BLADE thin or leathery, ovate or oblong, 0.5-4 cm long, 0.2-3 cm wide, stalk 0.5-2 cm long, mostly pin- nate, sometimes only pinnatifid, rarely ternate or bi- pinnate. STERILE PINNAE opposite or nearly so, 1- 4(-5) pairs, each pair about equal in size, fanlike, cuneate at base, rounded at apex; margins entire, sometimes lobed. VEINS free, forked. FERTILE BLADE on a stalk longer or shorter than the common stipe, simple or pinnate or bipinnate. SPORANGIA globular, clustered. SPORES tetrahedral, yellowish.
Botrychium virginianum (Linnaeus) Swartz Plate 18 RATTLESNAKE FERN, VIRGINIA GRAPE FERN
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Moist or dry woods, swamps, meadows. Soil acid to neutral, pH usually 5-7.
FRONDS dimorphic, solitary, 25-75 cm long, dwarf forms rf/2 size) are frequent, appearing spring to fall, not evergreen. COMMON STIPE 7-35 cm long, each bearing a sterile and usually a fertile blade, with a few hairs, with 2 or more bundles, often with 2 linear, curved bundles and 2 circular bundles. STERILE BLADE thin, not leathery, triangular, 4-30 cm long, 4-40 cm wide, sessile or nearly so, bipinnate-pinnatifid to nearly tripinnate. STERILE PINNAE opposite, lowest pair longer than middle pairs, usually with a few hairs; margins with teeth. VEINS free, mostly once-forked. FERTILE BLADE 2-18 cm long, on a stalk about same length as the common stipe, bipin- nate to tripinnate. SPORANGIA globular, clustered. SPORES tetrahedral, yellowish or cream-colored.
The largest and commonest of our species of Botry- chium. The fertile blade is often absent, but evidence of it usually appears as a short stub.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus (Linnaeus) Link Plate 19 WALKING FERN Asplenium rhizophyllus
NY, Vt, NH, Me (rare or extinct), Mass, Ct, RI (rare), NJ, Pa.
On thin soil on rocks, crevices in cliffs, on talus slopes, etc. Does best on limy rock but found also on other rocks. Soil usually about neutral.
RHIZOMES short, erect, about 2 mm in diameter, scaly. FRONDS not dimorphic, clustered, 5-20 cm long, evergreen. STIPES variable in length, dark brown and scaly at base, green and without scales above, with 2 bundles at base, united upward. BLADES lance-linear, cordate at base, with a long ta- pering apex, (5-)10-30 cm long, (l-)1.5-3 cm wide at base, not dissected, lobed at base, without hairs or scales; margins entire. VEINS reticulate, the outer ones free, not reaching the margin. SORI linear, not marginal, borne along the veins. INDUSIA large, lat- erally attached. SPORES bilateral.
Often rooting at the apex of the blade, which is sometimes forked.
Closely related to Asplenium species, with several of which it may form hybrids. These hybrids are by some placed in the genus Asplenosorus.
57
Plate 16
Botrychium oneidense ONEIDA GRAPE FERN
58
Plate 17
Botrychium simplex DWARF GRAPE FERN
59
Plate 18
Botrychium virginianum RATTLESNAKE FERN
60
Plate 19
Camptosorus rhizophyllus WALKING FERN
61
Cheilanthes lanosa (Michaux) D. C. Eaton Plate 20 HAIRY LIP FERN
C. vest it a
NY (rare), Ct (rare), NJ, Pa.
Dry rocky slopes and elitts . Soil mostly acid, some- times neutral, or even slightly alkaline.
RHIZOMES branched, scaly, without hairs. FRONDS not dimorphic, with several clusters from points on the rhizome, 10-30 cm long, evergreen. STIPE shorter than the blade, 2-8 cm long, slender, wiry, dark brown, with dense, septate, brownish hairs but no scales, with 1 curved bundle (rarely 2). RLADES oblong-lanceolate, 8-30 cm long, 2-7 cm wide, bipinnate to tripinnate, mostly bipinnate- pinnatifid; raehis with hairs like those on the stipe, without scales. PINNAE opposite or subopposite be- low, mostly alternate above, 12-20 pairs, deltoid- lanceolate to ovate-oblong, widely spaced below, crowded upward. PINNULES 7-10 pairs on a pinna, hairy on both sides; margins lobed but entire. VEINS free, mostly forked at the ends, not reaching the margin. SORI marginal or nearly so, at the ends ol the veins, circular to oblong. INDUSIA only the reflexed, unmodified, green margin of the pinnule. SPORES te- trahedral.
The blades may shrivel during dry weather but re- vive after rain.
Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmelin) Prantl Plate 21
SLENDER CLIFF BRAKE
NY, Vt, NH (rare). Me (rare), Mass (rare), Ct (rare), NJ, Pa. Often rare or overlooked.
Cool, moist, shady ledges of limestone or other calcareous rock. Soil neutral to alkaline.
RHIZOMES slender, 0.5-1 mm in diameter, hairy, scaly. FRONDS dimorphic, rising from separate points on the rhizome, not evergreen; sterile fronds 7-15 cm long, fertile fronds longer. STIPES of both usually longer than their blades, hairy at base, glabrous above, with 1 tiny circular or slightly curved bundle. STERILE BLADES ovate, 3-6(-8) cm long, 2-5(-6) cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnate (sometimes bipin- nate-pinnatifid); raehis greenish, without hairs or scales. STERILE PINNAE 5-6 pairs, alternate or op- posite, lo zest longest. STERILE PINNULES 1-3 pairs per pinna; margins entire or toothed. VEINS free, forked, not reaching the margin. FERTILE BLADES ovate, bipinnate to tripinnate or quadripinnate. FER- TILE PINNULES linear-lanceolate. SORI marginal, circular to linear. True INDUSIA absent; leaf margin forms a false indusium when young — opens flat in age. SPORES tetrahedral.
Cystopteris bulbifera (Linnaeus) Bernhardi Plate 22 BULBLET BLADDER FERN Filix bulbifera
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Wet, shaded rocks, ledges, ravines, talus slopes, limestone and calcareous shales, sometimes hummocks in limy swamps. Soil neutral to alkaline, pH usually 7- 9.
RHIZOMES with a few brown scales. FRONDS not dimorphic, usually clustered, 30-80(-150) cm long, not evergreen. STIPE shorter than the blade, slender, mostly glabrous, pinkish, with a few scales at base, with 2 oval or oblong bundles at base, these united near the blade or in the raehis. BLADES narrowly triangular to linear-lanceolate, long-tapering, 25-45 cm long, 6-15 cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnate- pinnatifid; raehis glabrous or with a few hairs, with bulblets usually present on the under side. PINNAE 20-40 pairs, nearly opposite at base, becoming alter- nate upward, basal pinnae slightly longer than next pair above. PINNULES or segments glabrous or with a few hairs; margins denticulate. VEINS free, forked or not, mostly running to the sinuses between the teeth. SORI few, not marginal, circular, separate. IN- DUSIA laterally attached, hoodlike. SPORES bilateral, spiny.
Cystopteris fragilis (Linnaeus) Bernhardi Plate 23 FRAGILE FERN, BRITTLE FERN Filix fragilis, C . mackayi, C. protrusa.
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Moist, humus-rich crevices in cliffs, among rocks, mossy slopes, shady alluvial soil, sometimes grassy woods. Soil usually neutral to acid, pH usually 5-7.
RHIZOMES with pale-brown scales. FRONDS not dimorphic, usually clustered, 10-25(-45) cm long, not evergreen. STIPE usually shorter than the blade, mostly glabrous, with a few scales at base, with 2 cir- cular or oval bundles at base, these united near the blade or in the raehis. BLADES variable, usually ovate-lanceolate, (5-)10-20(-30) cm long, (3-)4-8(-12) cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnate or bipinnate- pinnatifid, rarely tripinnate; raehis glabrous, except for a few hairs at the base of the pinnae. PINNAE 9-15 pairs, opposite or nearly so, basal pinnae slightly shorter than the pair next above. PINNULES gla- brous; margins denticulate. VEINS free, forked or not, mostly running to the teeth. SORI few, submarginal, circular, separate. INDUSIA laterally attached, hoodlike, often disappearing with age. SPORES bilat- eral, spiny.
62
Plate 20
Cheilanthes lanosa HAIRY LIP FERN
63
Plate 21
Cryptogramma stelleri SLENDER CLIFF BRAKE
64
Plate 22
65
Plate 23
Cystopteria fragilis FRAGILE FERN
66
Resembles Woodsia obtusa which has a few scales on the raehis; Cystopteris does not. A highly variable species. Cystopteris mackayi and C. protrusa may be distinct species, and are so treated by some authors.
Dennstaedtia punetilobula (Michaux) Moore Plate 24 HAY-SCENTED FERN, BOULDER FERN
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Open woods, rocky places, cleared land, sometimes in wet places, thrives in open sun. Soil acid.
RHIZOMES slender, creeping, branching, 1-3 mm in diameter, hairy, scales absent or few. CROZIERS covered with silvery-white glandular hairs. FRONDS not dimorphic, coming separately from points on the rhizome, (25-)40-80(-120) cm long, not evergreen. STIPE shorter than the blade, 10-22 cm long, mostly 1.5-2. 5 mm wide, chestnut-brown or nearly black be- low, greenish or yellowish above, glabrous or slightly hairy, with 1 horseshoe-shaped bundle that is not (or slightly) curved at the free ends (may be V-shaped in young fronds). BLADES lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, (15-)20-40(-90) cm long, 10-25 cm wide, bipinnate to bipinnate-pinnatifid; raehis slender, hairy. PINNAE 17-30(40) pairs, opposite or alternate, lanceolate, largest 8-12 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, lower ones slightly shorter than middle ones. PINNULES 14-25 pairs per pinna, opposite or alternate, oblong to oblong- lanceolate, 1-2 cm long, with many small, whitish gland-tipped, hay-scented (especially when drying) hairs on upper and lower side; margins serrate. VEINS free, forked or not, not reaching the margin. SORI marginal, small, circular, at ends of the veins. INDUSIA cuplike, whitish. SPORES tetrahedral.
Dryopteris eampyloptera (Kunze) Clarkson Plate 25
MOUNTAIN WOOD FERN, SPREADING SHIELD FERN
D. assimilis, D. austriaca var. austriaca, D. dilatata, D. spinulosa var. americana, D. spinulosa var. dila- tata, Thelypteris dilatata.
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Pa.
Rocky, humus-rich woods, swamp margins, espe- cially at higher elevations. Soil acid, pH mostly 5-6.
RHIZOMES stout, creeping to nearly erect, scaly, with old stipe bases. FRONDS not dimorphic, clus- tered, 45-100 cm long, not evergreen. STIPE shorter than blade, straw-colored, densely scaly, with 3-7(-9) circular bundles near base and upward. BLADES ovate-lanceolate, 30-60 cm long, 20-40 cm wide, bipin- nate or bipinnate-pinnatifid to nearly tripinnate; raehis scaly. PINNAE opposite or alternate, lowest pair obliquely triangular, about as long as middle pinnae.
PINNLTLES narrowly triangular or ovate-lanceolate, the lowest basal pinnule on the lower side of the low- est pinna longer than the other pinnules and three to five times as long and twice as wide as the opposing pinnule; margins with bristle-tipped teeth. VEINS free, forked, mostly not reaching the margin. SORI not marginal, circular, separate. INDUSIA reniform, often circular but with a sinus, glabrous or rarely glan- dular. SPORES bilateral.
Dryopteris elintoniana (D C. Eaton) Dowell Plate 26
CLINTON’S SHIELD FERN, BROAD SWAMP FERN
D. cristata var. elintoniana, Thelypteris c.
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ (?), Pa. Swamps and wet woods. Soil acid, pH mostly 5-6.
RHIZOMES stout, short-creeping, scaly, with old stipe bases. FRONDS not dimorphic, borne in 1 or 2 rows along the rhizome, (15-)35-80(-120) cm long, usually evergreen. STIPE shorter than blade, straw- colored, scaly (at least at base), with 3-7(-9) circular bundles at base and upward. BLADES lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, 30-60 cm long, 10-30 cm wide, pin- nate-pinnatifid to bipinnate-pinnatifid; raehis with a few scales. PINNAE opposite or alternate, 10-15 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, short-stalked, lowest pair triangular and slightly shorter than middle pinnae; margins ser- rate or crenate, the teeth somewhat bristle-tipped. VEINS free, forked, mostly not reaching the margin. SORI not marginal, circular, separate. INDUSIA reni- form, often circular but with a sinus, glabrous. SPORES bilateral.
Similar to D. cristata and sometimes treated as a variety of that species.
Hybrids between this species and other species of Dryopteris are known, notably with D. cristata and D. goldiana.
Dryopteris cristata (Linnaeus) A. Gray Plate 27
CRESTED SHIELD FERN, NARROW SWAMP FERN
Thelypteris cristata
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Wet woods, marshes, swamps, bogs, meadows. Soil acid, pH mostly 5-6.
RHIZOMES stout, short-creeping, scaly, with old stipe bases. FRONDS not dimorphic, except that fer- tile fronds are usually taller than the sterile fronds and less evergreen, borne in 1 or 2 rows along the rhi- zome, (15-)35-80(-120) cm long, sterile fronds usually evergreen. STIPE usually shorter than blade, straw-
67
Plate 24
Dennataedtia punctilobula HAY-SCENTED FERN
68
Plate 25
Dryopteris campyloptera MOUNTAIN WOOD FERN
69
Plate 26
Dryopteris clintoniana CLINTON S SHIELD FERN
70
Plate 27
Dryopteris cristata CRESTED SHIELD FERN
71
colored, scaly (at least at base), with 3-7(-9) circular bundles at base and upward. BLADES linear- lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate-oblong, 15-80 cm long, 6-18 cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid to nearly bipin- nate; rachis with a few scales. PINNAE opposite or alternate, 10-20 pairs, lanceolate short-stalked, lowest pair broadly triangular, about as wide as long, shorter than middle pinnae; margins serrate, the teeth some- what bristle-tipped. VEINS, free, forked, mostly not reaching the margin. SORI not marginal, circular, sep- arate. 1NDUSIA reniform, often circular but with a sinus, glabrous. SPORES bilateral.
Hybrids between this species and other species of Dryopteris are known, notably with D. intermedia (D. x boottii), D. clintoniana, D. marginalis, and D. spinnlo.su.
Dryopteris fragrans (Linnaeus) Schott Plate 28
FRAGRANT SHIELD FERN, FRAGRANT CLIFF FERN
Thelypteris fragrans
NY (rare), Vt (rare), NH (rare). Me (rare).
Dry or moist shaded cliffs and slopes. Soil acid to neutral, pH mostly 5-7.
RHIZOMES stout, erect, scaly, with old stipe bases and old persistent fronds. FRONDS not dimorphic, clustered, 7 -30( -45) cm long, evergreen. STIPE much shorter than blade, straw-colored, densely scaly, with 3-7(-9) circular bundles at base and upward. BLADES linear-lanceolate, 8-25(-35) cm long, 1-6 cm wide, pin- nate-pinnatifid to bipinnate, rarely bipinnate- pinnatifid; rachis with few to many scales. PINNAE opposite or alternate, 15-40 crowded pairs, oblong, sessile or short-stalked, with aromatic glandular hairs on upper and lower sides, lowest pair much shorter than middle pinnae; margins crenate but not bristle- tipped. VEINS obscure, tree, usually not forked, 2 or 3 pairs per segment, mostly not reaching the margin. SORI not marginal, circular, separate but large (1-2 mm) and close together, chocolate-brown. INDUSIA large, reniform, circular but each with a narrow sinus, margin glandular. SPORES bilateral.
Dryopteris goldiana (W.j. Hooker) A. Gray Plate 29 GOLDIE’S SHIELD FERN, GIANT WOOD FERN
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, NJ, Pa.
Rich, moist woods and shaded stream banks. Soil about neutral.
RHIZOMES stout, short-creeping, scaly, with old stipe bases. FRONDS not dimorphic, clustered, 50- 130 cm long, semi-evergreen. STIPE shorter than blade, straw-colored, densely scaly, with 3-7(-9) circu-
lar bundles at base and upward. BLADES triangular to ovate or broad-lanceolate, 25-65 cm long, 20-40(-50) cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnate-pinnatifid golden-green; rachis scaly. PINNAE mostly opposite (at least below), alternate above, 10-20(-35) pairs, lan- ceolate with short stalks, the lowest pair usually slightly shorter than middle pinnae; margins serrate, teeth with a very short bristle at apex. VEINS free, mostly forked, scaly, most not reaching the margin. SORI not marginal, circular, separate or confluent, golden brown. INDUSIA reniform, circular but with a small sinus. SPORES bilateral.
Hybrids between this species and other species of Dryopteris are known, notably with D. clintoniana and D. marginalis.
Dryopteris celsa (Palmer) Small, LOG FERN, ap- parently is closely related to D. goldiana, although it more closely resembles D. clintoniana. It is now gen- erally recognized as a distinct species, having been for- merly treated as a subspecies, or a variety, or a form of D. goldiana. It is rare and local in our area, being reported from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. It differs from D. goldiana in that the blade color is a uniform, dark green (rather than dark and light areas) and the blade tapers gradually to the tip (rather than abruptly to a short acuminate tip). It dif- fers from D. clintoniana in that the lowest pinnae are narrower at base than at middle (rather than wider at base).
Dryopteris intermedia (Muhlenberg) A. Gray Plate 30 FANCY FERN, COMMON WOOD FERN D. austriaca var. intermedia , D. spinulosa var. i.
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Moist woods, rocky slopes, hummocks in swamps. Soil acid to neutral, pH usually 5-7.
RHIZOMES stout, nearly erect, scaly, with old stipe bases. FRONDS not dimorphic, clustered, 20-75 cm long, evergreen. STIPE shorter than blade, straw- colored, with hairs and scales, with 3-7(-9) circular bundles at base and upward. BLADES oblong- lanceolate, 25-50 cm long, 13-25(-30) cm wide, bipin- nate-pinnatifid to tripinnate; rachis with glandular hairs (except on overwintered evergreen blades). PIN- NAE opposite or nearly so, 10-20(-30) pairs, lanceo- late, lowest pair obliquely ovate and about same length as middle pinnae, midveins with hairs. PIN- NULES oblong-lanceolate, second from the rachis on the lowest pinna usually the longest, with hairs; margins with bristle-tipped teeth. VEINS free, forked, mostly not reaching the margin. SORI not marginal, circular, separate. INDUSIA reniform, often circular, but with a sinus, with glandualr hairs which may disappear with age. SPORES bilateral.
72
Plate 28
73
Plate 29
Dryopteris goldiana GOLDIE S SHIELD FERN
74
Plate 30
Dryopteris intermedia FANCY FERN
75
This is our only species of Dryopteris with hairs on the stipe and rachis, although D. marginalis may have some scales that are slender and hair-like on the un- derside of the rachis. A common fertile hybrid (D. cristata x intermedia) also has the glandular hairs. It may be called D. X boottii. D. intermedia also hybri- dizes with other species of Dryopteris, notably with D. spinulosa.
Dryopteris marginalis (Linnaeus) A. Gray Plate 31
MARGINAL SHIELD FERN, EVERGREEN WOOD FERN
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Rocky woods, shaded ledges, talus slopes, clay banks, sometimes hummocks in swamps. Soil variable, often sterile, mostly acid but also neutral or slightly alkaline.
RHIZOMES stout, erect, scaly, with old stipe bases. FRONDS not dimorphic, clustered, (15-)35-100 cm or more long, evergreen. STIPE shorter than blade, straw-colored, densely scaly, with 3-7(-9) circu- lar bundles at base and upward. BLADE ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 25-50(-75) cm long, (5-) 10-25 cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnate, rarely bipinnate- pinnatifid; rachis with scales (some may be slender and hair-like) on the underside. PINNAE opposite or alter- nate, 15-20 pairs, oblong to lanceolate, short-stalked, the lowest pair usually slightly shorter than middle pinnae. PINNULES oblong, obtuse, glabrous; margins with obscure teeth which are not bristle-tipped. VEINS free, forked, mostly not reaching the margin. SORI near the pinnule margin, circular, separate. IN- DUSIA reniform, often circular but each with a sinus. SPORES bilateral.
Fruiting fronds easily distinguished from our other species of Dryopteris by the submarginal position of the sori. Hybrids between this species and other spe- cies of Dryopteris are known, notably with D. cristata, D. goldiana, and D. spinulosa.
Dryopteris filix-mas (Linnaeus) Schott, MALE FERN, rare in Vermont and Maine, is similar to D. marginalis but its sori are not marginal and it usually has more than 20 pairs of pinnae, the lowest pair be- ing much shorter than the middle pinnae.
Dryopteris spinulosa (O. F. Mueller) Watt Plate 32
SPINULOSE SHIELD FERN, EVERGREEN WOOD FERN
D. austriaca var. spinulosa
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Wet woods, swamps, moist rocky slopes. Soil usually acid, pH mostly 5-6.
RHIZOMES stout, creeping, scaly, with old stipe
bases. FRONDS not dimorphic, clustered, 25-65(-100) cm long, evergreen or nearly so, especially the sterile fronds. STIPE shorter than blade, straw-colored, scaly, with 3-7(-9) circular bundles at base and upward. BLADES lanceolate, (10-)20-45(-60) cm long, (6-) 15-25 cm wide, bipinnate or bipinnate-pinnatifid to nearly tripinnate; rachis with a few scales. PINNAE opposite or alternate, ascending, 10-20(-30) pairs, low- est pair obliquely triangular and about same length as middle pinnae. PINNULES lanceolate, acute at apex, the one closest to the rachis on the lower side of the lowest pinna longer than the other pinnules and two to three times as long as the opposing pinnule, segments oblong, obtuse, glabrous; margins with bristle-tipped teeth. VEINS free, forked, mostly not reaching the margin. SORI not marginal, circular, separate. INDU- SIA reniform, often circular but with a sinus, glabrous. SPORES bilateral.
Hybrids between this species and other species of Dryopteris are known, notably with D. cristata, D. in- termedia, and D. marginalis.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (Linnaeus) Newmann
Plate 33
OAK FERN
Phegopteris dryopteris, Thelypteris dryopteris, Dryop- teris disjunct a
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Moist woods, swamp margins, often under conifers. Soil usually acid, pH mostly 5-6.
RHIZOMES branched, blackish, 1-1.5 mm in diameter, scaly. CROZIERS small, green, 3 in a group. FRONDS not dimorphic, coming from separate points on the rhizome, (8-)13-45(-60) cm long, not evergreen. STIPE slender, longer than the blade, gla- brous, with a few scales at base, with 2 circular or oval bundles at base and upward. BLADES triangular to triangular-pentagonal (ternate, each third triangular), 7-20 cm long, 10-25 cm wide, bipinnate-pinnatifid to tripinnate-pinnatifid, borne at a right-angle to the stipe and thus horizontal; rachis delicate, green, glabrous. PINNAE opposite, 5 or more pairs, lowest pair longest and divided into pinnules; only the lowest pair of pin- nae with stalks. PINNULES oblong, pinnatifid, oppo- site, glabrous; margins entire or crenate. VEINS free, mostly not forked, reaching the margin, 2-6 pairs per segment. SORI near the margin, circular, separate, sometimes becoming contiguous at maturity. INDU- SIA absent. SPORES bilateral.
Gymnocarpium robertianum does not occur in our area, except for a single disjunct station in Pennsylva- nia. It differs from G. dryopteris in having the lowest two pairs of pinnae with stalks and the blade with many short glandular hairs.
Plate 31
Dryopteris marginalia MARGINAL SHIELD FERN
77
Plate 32
Dryopteris spinulosa SPINULOSE SHIELD FERN
78
Plate 33
Gymnocarpium dryopteris OAK FERN
79
Lorinseria areolata (Linnaeus) Presl Plate 34
NETTED CHAIN FERN, NARROW-LEAVED CHAIN FERN
W oodwardia areolata
NY (southeast), NH (rare), Me (rare, no voucher), Mass, Ct., RI, NJ, Pa.
Swamps, wet woods, bog margins, shallow water, can grow in full sun. Soil very acid.
RHIZOMES slender, creeping, 3-3.5(-4) mm in diameter, scaly. CROZIERS appear late spring, densely covered with light-brown scales. FRONDS di- morphic, borne singly from points on the rhizome, but may be in mass because of intricate growth of rhi- zomes, 30-80 cm long, fertile fronds usually longer than sterile fronds, not evergreen. STIPE about same length as blade, 1-5 mm wide, with a few scales, sterile straw-colored or greenish, fertile brown-purple to blackish, with 2 circular or linear curved bundles. STERILE RLADES triangular-ovate, 15-40 cm long, (6-)10-17(-20) cm wide, mostly deeply pinnatifid but of- ten pinnate at base; rachis with a few scales. STERILE PINNAE (or segments) 7-10 pairs alternate, linear- lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, lower and middle pin- nae about same length, glabrous, with a few scales; margins entire to serrulate. VEINS reticulate, only the outer ones free and reaching the margin. FERTILE RLADES essentially pinnate with narrowly linear pin- nae, stipe as long or longer than the blade. SORI not marginal, linear or linear-oblong, 4-8 mm long, not confluent (at least when young). INDUSIA laterally at- tached, inconspicuous when young, opening toward the midvein. SPORES bilateral.
Sterile fronds are similar to those of Onoclea sensi- bilis, but they can be distinguished by their alternate pinnae and serrulate margins.
Lygodium palmatum (Bernhardi) Swartz Plate 35 CLIMBING FERN, HARTFORD FERN
NY (rare), Vt (rare), NH (rare). Mass (rare), Ct (rare), RI (rare), NJ, Pa.
Moist woods, wet slopes, boggy places. Can grow on sandy soil but requires water around the roots. Soil very acid, pH 4-5.
RHIZOMES branched, black, about 1 mm in diameter, without scales, with a few septate hairs. FRONDS dimorphic, divided into sterile and fertile parts, usually 40-100 cm long, climbing. STIPE short- er than the blade portion, about 1 mm in diameter, with 1 bundle. STERILE PINNAE alternate, each divided into two stalked pinnules. STERILE PIN- NULES palmately lobed, 2-4 cm long, 2-7 cm wide, glabrous, on stalks 1-2 cm long; margins entire.
VEINS free, forked several times. FERTILE PINNAE above the sterile pinnae, several times dichotomously branched, the ultimate segments 3-5 mm long, 1-2 mm wide. SORI in a double row on the segments. INDUSIA only the pinnule margins modified to later- ally attached, overlapping scales. SPORES tetrahedral.
This is our only fern with the twining habit.
Marsilea quadrifolia Linnaeus Plate 36
WATER CLOVER, PEPPER WORT
NY (rare), Me (rare). Mass, Ct, NJ, Pa. Introduced from Europe.
Shallow water, rooted in mud. Soil mostly neutral.
RHIZOMES elongate, slightly branched, 0.5-0. 8 mm in diameter, glabrous or with hairs, without scales. FRONDS to 40 cm long, depending on water depth. STIPE much longer than blade. BLADES float- ing, submerged or emergent, palmate, with 4 pinnae. PINNAE obovate or triangular, 0.8-2. 7 cm long and wide, nearly glabrous; margins entire or nearly so. VEINS forking with many cross-veins. SPOROCARPS on stalks attached to the stipe near its base, usually 2 per stalk, 4-5 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, with yellowish hairs when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature. SORI with several sporangia in two rows within each sporocarp. INDUSIA delicate. SPORES tetrahedral, of two sizes, each sporangium with many microspores or with one macrospore.
This plant may become weedy, even in pools that become dry for periods of time, since the hard-walled sporocarps persist as propagules.
Matteuccia struthiopteris (Linnaeus) Todaro Plate 37 OSTRICH FERN
M. pensylvanica , Pteretis nodulosa , Pteretis pen- syl va nica
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI (rare), NJ, Pa.
Rich, alluvial soil along streams, moist woods. Soil neutral or nearly so.
RHIZOMES stout, erect, branched, scaly. CRO- ZIERS 2-4 cm wide, green with deciduous light brown scales. FRONDS dimorphic, several in a cluster, not evergreen. Sterile fronds 45-100 (-300) cm long. Fer- tile fronds shorter than sterile, 30-70 (-100) cm long, plumose, remaining upright in winter. STIPE of sterile frond green, much shorter than blade, 6-40 cm long, 2-6 mm wide, each deeply grooved on one side, with 2 linear bundles at base which may be united upward. STIPE of fertile frond similar but about same length as blade. STERILE BLADES elliptic, 50-100 cm long, (12-)15-35(-60) cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid; rachis with whitish hairs. STERILE PINNAE 20 or
80
Plate 34
Lorinseria areolata NETTED CHAIN FERN
81
Plate 35
''Kj, •'■'^1-wSp"
Lygodium palmatum CLIMBING FERN
82
Plate 36
Marsilea quadrifolia WATER CLOVER
83
Plate 37
Matteuccia struthiopteris OSTRICH FERN
84
more pairs, alternate, long-acuminate, sessile, lowest pinnae much shorter than middle pinnae; margins finely denticulate to nearly entire. VEINS of sterile pinnae free, not forked, reaching the margin, 7-9 pairs per segment. FERTILE BLADES elliptic, 15-30 cm long, 5-8 cm wide, pinnate, dark green to blackish, drying to brown. SORI several on a segment, inrolled in the margins. INDUSIA hoodlike, lacerate to ray- like. SPORES bilateral.
Onoclea sensibilis Linnaeus Plate 38
SENSITIVE FERN, BEAD FERN
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, CT, RI, NJ, Pa.
Swamps, marshes, moist meadows. Tolerates full sun. Soil neutral to acid, pH often 5-6.
RHIZOMES slender, branched, mostly 3-5 mm in diameter, with a few scales. FRONDS dimorphic, borne singly from points on the rhizome. Sterile fronds mostly 50-130 cm long, not evergreen, turning brown during late summer and early fall, even before frost. Fertile fronds shorter than sterile fronds, not evergreen but persistent and erect during winter, sometimes for 2 or 3 years. STIPE longer than blade, 15-65 cm long, 1-4 mm wide, buff to brown, glabrous, with a few scattered scales at base and sometimes hemispherical in cross section upward, shallowly grooved, each with 2 linear, slightly curved bundles at base which are united upward. STERILE BLADES broad-triangular, (10-)15-35(-40) cm long, (10-)20-40 cm wide, pinnatifid above to pinnate or pinnate-pinnatifid below; rachis winged, especially upward. STERILE PINNAE 2-16 pairs, usually opposite or nearly so, ob- long-lanceolate, upper ones sessile, lower ones with stalks, lower pinnae longer than middle pinnae, gla- brous on upper side, with a few septate, white hairs on underside; margins entire, sinuate or pinnatifid. VEINS reticulate, outer ones free and reaching the margin. FERTILE BLADES lanceolate to ovate or el- liptic, bipinnate, dark brown with buff rachises. SORI circular to oblong, 3-5 per segment, inside globose leaf-balls which are 1-4 mm in diameter. INDUSIA lateral, hoodlike, opening toward the veins, somewhat leathery but withering early. SPORES bilateral.
Sterile fronds are similar to those of Lorinseria areolata, but they can be distinguished by the oppo- site pinnae and entire margins. Fronds intermediate between sterile and fertile ones are sometimes found, especially where the rhizome has been injured.
Ophioglossum vulgatum Linnaeus Plate 39
ADDER S-TONGUE O. pseudopodum, O. pycnostichum
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Moist meadows, damp woods, boggy places. Soil variable but mostly acid, pH usually 5-7.
RHIZOMES erect, bearing many fleshy roots and one to several fronds. FRONDS dimorphic, scattered, erect or bent in the bud (no croziers formed), 7-36 cm long, divided into sterile (below) and fertile (above) portions. STIPES (1.5-)6-13(-19) cm long, fleshy, green, with 3-6 obscure bundles at base which unite upward. STERILE BLADES oval to ovate, ( l-)4-8(- 12) cm long, (l-)2-3(-5) cm wide, sessile, not dissected, glabrous. VEINS reticulate. FERTILE BLADES lin- ear-cylindric, 1-4 cm long, 0.2-0. 5 cm wide. SORI of two rows of spherical sporangia, green when young. SPORES tetrahedral, spherical, sulfur-yellow.
This taxon may include two species in our area and is so treated by some authors.
Osmunda cinnamomea Linnaeus Plate 40
CINNAMON FERN
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Swamps, wet woods, boggy places, wet meadows. Soil acid, pH usually 4-6.
RHIZOMES large, short, without scales but covered with old roots and winged stipe bases. CROZIERS cir- cular, about 2 cm in diameter, densely covered with whitish hairs which become cinnamon-brown. FRONDS dimorphic, clustered, 50-100 cm or more long, not evergreen. Fertile fronds surrounded by sterile fronds. STIPE of sterile fond shorter than the blade, 2-4.5 mm wide, greenish or pinkish, covered with cinnamon-brown hairs, without scales, with 1 horseshoe-shaped bundle that is much curled in at the ends. STERILE BLADES oblong-lanceolate to linear- lanceolate, 35-100 cm long, 13-25(-30) cm wide, pin- nate-pinnatifid to nearly bipinnate; rachis hairy when young, becoming glabrous with age, except for a tuff of brownish hairs at the base of each pinna. STERILE PINNAE 15-25 pairs, alternate or opposite, oblong- lanceolate, mostly sessile, lowest pair shorter than middle ones. STERILE PINNULES (segments) 15-20 pairs on longest pinnae, apex obtuse or acutish, gla- brous or with a few hairs, without scales; margins entire. VEINS of sterile pinnae free, forked, reaching the margin, 9-12 pairs per segment. FERTILE BLADES completely fertile, narrowly lanceolate to linear, 17-40 cm long, bipinnate, bright green when young, cinnamon-brown in age. SORI short-stalked, spherical, in clusters, confluent. INDUSIA absent. SPORES tripianate, spherical, green.
85
Plate 38
Onoclea sensibilis SENSITIVE FERN
86
Plate 39
Ophioglossum vulgatum ADDER S-TONGUE
87
Plate 40
Osmunda cinnamomea CINNAMON FERN
88
Osmunda claytoniana Linnaeus Plate 41
INTERRUPTED FERN
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Moist woods, swamp margins, ditches, wet or dry meadows. Fertile fronds more often in open areas. Soil acid to neutral, pH mostly 5-7.
RHIZOMES large, creeping, without scales but cov- ered with old roots and winged stipe bases. CRO- ZIERS circular, about 2 cm in diameter, densely cov- ered with whitish hairs when young, becoming brownish. FRONDS dimorphic, clustered, 40-180 cm long, sterile longer than the fertile, not evergreen. STIPE shorter than the blade, 2-5 mm wide, greenish or yellowish, hairy when young, becoming glabrous with age, with 1 horseshoe-shaped bundle that is much curled in at the ends. STERILE RLADES ellip- tic-oblong to broadly lanceolate, 45-90 cm long, 15-30 cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid to nearly bipinnate; rachis with a few hairs (at least when young) but no tufts at the pinna bases. FERTILE RLADES differ only in that l-3(-6) pairs of medial pinnae are replaced by fer- tile pinnae, covered with clusters of sporangia. STERILE PINNAE (on sterile and fertile blades) 10- 25 pairs, alternate or opposite, oblong-lanceolate, mostly sessile, ascending, lowest pair shorter than middle ones. PINNULES (segments) 10-20 pairs on longest pinnae, apex obtuse, glabrous or with a few hairs, without scales; margins entire. VEINS free, forked, reaching the margin, 9-13 pairs per segment. SORI short-stalked, spherical, in clusters, confluent. INDUSIA absent. SPORES triplanate, spherical, green.
Osmunda regalis Linnaeus Plate 42
ROYAL FERN, FLOWERING FERN
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Low woods, marshes, swamps. Soil usually very acid but sometimes nearly neutral, pH mostly 4-6.
RHIZOMES large, short, woody, erect to suberect, without scales but with old roots and stipe bases. CROZIERS densely covered with brown hairs when young, soon becoming glabrous, reddish. FRONDS di- morphic, clustered, 50-180(-350) cm long, not ever- green. STIPE shorter than or about the same length (sometimes longer) as the blade, 2.5-5 mm wide, greenish or straw-colored or reddish, without hairs or scales, with 1 horseshoe-shaped bundle that is much curled in at the ends. RLADES with sterile pinnae below and fertile pinnae above, broad-ovate or broad- elliptic, (20-)25-75(-150) cm long, (15-)25-40(-55) cm wide, bipinnate; rachis with hairs, without scales.
STERILE PINNAE opposite or nearly so, (2-)5-7 pairs, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, with short stalks, 15- 30 cm long, 5-15 cm wide, lowest pair slightly shorter than middle ones. PINNULES 7-10 pairs, alternate or subopposite, oblong, sometimes slightly auriculate, sessile or with a short stalk, without hairs or scales; margins serrulate to nearly entire. VEINS free, forked, reaching the margin. SORI in short-stalked clusters. INDUSIA absent. SPORES triplanate, spherical, green when young.
A hybrid, O. claytoniana x regalis, has been found in Connecticut.
Pellaea atropurpurea (Linnaeus) Link Plate 43
PURPLE CLIFF RRAKE
NY, Vt, Mass, Ct, RI (rare), NJ, Pa.
Ledges and talus slopes, mostly on limestone, some- times on cement walls. Soil neutral to alkaline.
RHIZOMES short, branched, scaly. FRONDS usually distinctly dimorphic, clustered, 8-45 cm long, evergreen. STIPE about 1/2 to 2/3 as long as blade, (l-)5-25 cm long, wiry, purplish or reddish, shiny, rough-hairy or nearly glabrous, with 1 linear, curved bundle. RLADES leathery, grayish green, triangular- ovate to oblong or lanceolate, 10-20(-35) cm long, 5- 10(-20) cm wide, pinnate above, bipinnate below; rachis with rough hairs, dark brown. PINNAE 5-11 pairs, opposite or nearly so, lowest pair as long as pair above (or longer) with 1-9 pinnules. PINNULES ovate, sometimes triangular or hastate, glabrous or with a few hairs; margins entire. VEINS free, forked or not, reaching the margin. SORI marginal or nearly so, circular or oblong, separate or confluent. INDU- SIA absent but with an indusium-like reflexed margin of the pinnule. SPORES tetrahedral.
Pellaea glabella Mettenius Plate 44
SMOOTH CLIFF RRAKE P. atropurpurea var. g.
NY, Vt (rare), NJ, Pa.
Shaded ledges and damp talus slopes, mostly on limestone, but also on shale and sandstone. Soil mostly neutral.
RHIZOMES short, branched, scaly. FRONDS not strongly dimorphic, clustered, 5-30 cm long, ever- green. STIPE dark reddish brown, shiny, usually about 1/2 to 2/3 as long as blade, mostly 5-20 cm long, wiry, glabrous or with a few spreading hairs, with a few long narrow scales, with 1 linear curved bundle. RLADES leathery, bluish green, narrowly oblong or narrowly ovate, 6-12 cm long, 2-5(-8) cm wide, pinnate
89
Plate 41
Osmunda claytoniana INTERRUPTED FERN
90
Plate 42
Osmunda regalis ROYAL FERN
91
Plate 43
Pellaea atropurpurea PURPLE CLIFF BRAKE
92
Plate 44
Pellaea glabella SMOOTH CLIFF BRAKE
93
above, bipinnate below; raehis glabrous or nearly so, shiny brown. PINNAE 5-10 pairs, opposite or nearly so, lowest pair about as long as the pair above and with l-3(-5) pinnules. PINNULES mostly ovate, gla- brous; margins entire. VEINS free, forked or not, reaching the margin. SORI marginal or nearly so, cir- cular or oblong, separate or confluent. INDUSIA ab- sent but with an indusium-like reflexed margin of the pinnule. SPORES tetrahedral.
Similar to P. atropurpurea and by some authors treated as a variety of that species.
Phegopteris conneetilis (Michaux) Watt Plate 45
LONG BEECH FERN, NORTHERN BEECH FERN
P. polypodioides, Dryopteris phegopteris, Thelypteris phegopteris
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Moist rocky woods, cliffs, below dripping ledges, under small waterfalls, etc. Soil variable but mostly acid.
RHIZOMES slender, cordlike, widely creeping, 1-3 mm in diameter, densely covered with hairs and scales when young, losing them with age. FRONDS not di- morphic, solitary or a few in clusters, 8-50(-60) cm long, not evergreen. Mature STIPE longer than the blade, with hairs and scales throughout, with 2 oval or short-linear bundles at base, these united upward to form a curved bundle. BLADES triangular, about 2/3 as wide as long, (4-)10-20(-30) cm long, (2-)10-15(-25) cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid; raehis with a few hairs on both sides and with scales on the under side. PINNAE opposite or nearly so, all except lowest 1 or 2 pinnae pairs broadly sessile at the raehis, basal pair usually pointed downward, with many hairs and scales; margins entire, sometimes eiliate. VEINS free, not or once forked, reaching the margin. SORI submarginal or not marginal, circular, separate. INDUSIA absent. SPORES bilateral.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michaux) Fee Plate 46
BROAD BEECH FERN, SOUTHERN BEECH FERN
Dryopteris hexagonoptera , Thelypteris h.
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Moist or dryish, rich woods and glades. Soil acid, pH usually 5-6.
RHIZOMES slender, cordlike, creeping, 2-4 mm in diameter, densely scaly and with a few hairs. FRONDS not dimorphic, solitary at 5-15 mm inter- vals, 30-60(-90) cm long, not evergreen. Mature STIPE longer than the blade, glabrous or with a few hairs and scales, with 2 oval or short-linear bundles at
base, these united upward to form a curved bundle. BLADES broadly triangular, mostly as wide or wider than long, 10-40 cm long, 15-40 cm wide, pinnate- pinnatifid above to bipinnate-pinnatifid below; raehis with a few whitish or pale brown hairs. PINNAE op- posite or nearly so, the pairs joined at the winged raehis, basal pair usually pointed downward, with a few hairs and scales; margins entire, sometimes eiliate. VEINS free, unbranched to several times forked, reaching the margin. SORI submarginal or not marginal, circular, separate. INDUSIA absent. SPORES bilateral.
Phyllitis seolopendrium (Linnaeus) Newman
Plate 47
HART’S-TONGUE
NY (rare).
Shaded, limestone cliffs and depressions. Soil neu- tral or nearly so.
RHIZOMES erect, scaly. FRONDS not dimorphic, clustered, 10-40 cm long, evergreen. STIPE shorter than blade, 4-12 cm long, 1-2 mm wide, with scales when young, with 2 linear, curved bundles at base, these united upward form an X-shaped bundle. BLADES broad-linear, often cordate-auriculate at base, 15-35 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, not dissected, with a few scales on the undersides, especially along their midveins; margins entire. VEINS pinnate, free, forked. SORI not marginal, linear, oblique to the mid- vein, 3-20 mm long, separate. INDUSIA laterally at- tached. SPORES bilateral.
Polypodium virginianum Linnaeus Plate 48
COMMON POLYPODY, ROCK POLYPODY P. vulgare
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Thin soil (shallow leaf mold) on large rocks and cliffs, rocky banks, sometimes on fallen logs or tree bases, in open woods or swamps. Soil variable, acid to alkaline.
RHIZOMES ropelike, spongy, branched, often partly exposed and matlike, 2-7 mm in diameter, densely covered with brown scales. FRONDS not di- morphic, rising separately from points on the rhizome, mostly 10-30 cm long, evergreen and persistent after new fronds appear. STIPE usually about 2/3 as long as blade, glabrous, scurfy, with scales only at base, with 3 circular bundles at extreme base, these united near the base to 2 and then to 1 toward the blade. BLADES oblong-lanceolate, 5-20(-25) cm long, 2-6 cm wide, pinnatifid or pinnate (rarely pinnate-pinnatifid), raehis winged, without scales, or rarely with a few.
94
Plate 45
Phegopteris connectiUs LONG BEECH FERN
95
Plate 46
Phegopteris hexagonoptera BROAD BEECH FERN
96
Plate 47
Phyllitis scolopendrium HART S-TONGUE
97
Plate 48
Polypodium virginianum COMMON POLYPODY
98
PINNAE (segments) mostly alternate, 10-20 pairs, lin- ear-oblong, glabrous; margins entire or slightly undu- late-dentate with shallow teeth. VEINS free, forked, enlarged at apex, not reaching the margin. SORI not marginal, but they may appear marginal because of their large size, usually separate. INDUSIA absent. SPORES bilateral.
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michaux) Schott
Plate 49
CHRISTMAS FERN
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Moist shady areas in rocky woods. Can tolerate sun if soil is moist. Soil acid to neutral, pH usually 5-7.
RHIZOMES stout, short, creeping and ascending, 6-10 mm in diameter, scaly and with old stipe bases and wilted fronds. CROZIERS about 1 cm in diame- ter, with long silvery-white scales. FRONDS some- what dimorphic in that those with fertile pinnae are longer than the completely sterile fronds and the fer- tile pinnae are smaller and only at the upper part of the blade, clustered, (10-)30-75(-150) cm long, ever- green. STIPE Va to V2 as long as the blade, brown at base, green above, densely covered with persistent scales, with 4 or 5 circular bundles at base and up- ward. BLADES dark green, usually lanceolate, (15-) 20-50(-70) cm long, 4-13 cm wide, pinnate (typical form); rachis green, scaly. PINNAE leathery, opposite at base, alternate above, (10-)20-35 pairs, linear- oblong, acute at apex, each base with an auricle on the upper side, lowest pair about the same length, or slightly shorter than middle pinnae, glabrous on the upper side, with scales (some hairlike) on the under- side; margins with small or large bristle-tipped teeth. VEINS free, forked, reaching the margin. SORI not marginal, in two rows along the midvein, circular, sep- arate but crowded, confluent at maturity. INDUSIA circular, with a wavy margin, peltate, shrivel and dis- appear with age. SPORES bilateral.
Many variations in pinna shape and dissection may be found.
Polystichum lonchites, NORTHERN HOLLY FERN, is represented in our area by a single fragmen- tary collection from western New York. It has not been reported since 1940.
Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fee Plate 50
BRAUN’S HOLLY FERN
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Pa.
Cool, moist rocky humus-rich woods and ledges. Soil neutral or nearly so.
RHIZOMES stout, short, erect, about 5 mm in diameter, scaly, and with old stipe bases. CROZIERS for the next year’s fronds formed during late summer, covered with silvery white scales. FRONDS not di- morphic, clustered, 30-90(100) cm long, not or semi- evergreen. STIPE about Va as long as blade, yellow- green to brown, densely covered with scales and with a few hairs, with 4 or 5 circular or oval bundles at base and upward. BLADES dark green, elliptic, 25-70(-90) cm long, 7-20 cm wide, mostly bipinnate; rachis scaly and with long hairs. PINNAE leathery, nearly oppo- site at base, alternate above, (20-)30-40 pairs, linear- lanceolate, acute at apex, lowest pair much shorter than middle pinnae. PINNULES ovate-oblong to ovate -triangular, acute at apex, slightly auriculate at base, with scales and hairs on the midveins; margins with incurved, bristle-tipped teeth. VEINS free, forked, reaching the margin, with linear scales. SORI on the vein forks, not marginal, circular, separate. IN- DUSIA circular, peltate, with wavy margins. SPORES bilateral.
Pteridium aquilinum (Linnaeus) Kuhn Plate 51
BRACKEN, BRAKE FERN P. latiusculum
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Dry, sandy or sterile soil of fields, sometimes invad- ing open woods. Soil acid to neutral.
RHIZOMES cordlike, branched, blackish, 5-15 mm in diameter, without scales, often with a few hairs at the growing tip. CROZIERS in groups of three, cov- ered with silvery-gray hairs. FRONDS not dimorphic, scattered on the rhizome, 20-lQ0(-150) cm long, not evergreen. STIPE woody, variable in length, dark pur- ple-brown at base, straw-colored above, glabrous, or with a few hairs at base, with several (often more than 10) bundles of various sizes, shapes, and arrange- ments, some of which unite upward. BLADES broad- triangular to ovate, (12-)20-50(-100) cm long, (15-)35-75 cm wide, often ternate, bipinnate-pinnatifid to tripin- nate-pinnatifid; rachis glabrous or nearly so. PINNAE opposite, the basal pair much larger than the others. PINNULES oblong-linear, glabrous or with a few hairs on midveins and margins; margins curled inward, en- tire. VEINS free, forked, reaching the margin. SORI marginal, linear, nearly continuous (a fungus that ap- pears on the underside of the pinnules must not be mistaken for sori). INDUSIA the reflexed margin of the pinnule, silvery-white, delicate. SPORES tetrahe- dral.
Very common and weedy.
99
Plate 49
Polystichum acrostichoides CHRISTMAS FERN
100
Plate 50
Polyatichum braunii BRAUN S HOLLA FERN
101
Plate 51
Pteridium aquilinum BRACKEN
102
Schizaea pusilla Pursh Plate 52
CURLY GRASS NY (rare), NJ.
Bogs, wet grassy depressions, hummocks of mossy humus in sandy areas. Soil very acid.
RHIZOMES short, erect. FRONDS not fernlike, di- morphic, clustered, STERILE FRONDS linear, fili- form, 1-6 cm long, 1 mm wide or less, with no distinc- tion between stipe and blade, curled, glabrous. FERTILE FRONDS 2-12 cm long, stipe much longer than blade. FERTILE BLADES 2-4 mm long, pin- nate, comblike, with about 4-7 pairs of pinnae. PIN- NAE 1.5-4 mm long. SPORANGIA 8-14 per pinna. SPORES oval, 85-100 microns in longest diameter, surface granular-pitted.
Thelypteris noveboracensis (Linnaeus) Nieuwland
Plate 53
NEW YORK FERN Dryopteris n.
NY, VT, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Moist or dryish, shady, rich woods or glades and edges of swamps. Soil moderately acid.
RHIZOMES slender, cordlike, branching, 1.5-2. 5 mm in diameter, scales few or absent. FRONDS not dimorphic, solitary and scattered or 3 or 4 in a cluster, 25-70(-90) cm long, not evergreen. STIPE much shorter than blade, glabrous or with a few hairs, scaly at base, with 2 oval or short-linear bundles at base, these united upward to form a curved bundle. BLADES elliptic, 20-50 cm long, 8-15 cm wide, pin- nate-pinnatifid to nearly bipinnate; rachis glabrous or with a few hairs on the underside, without scales. PINNAE linear-lanceolate, sessile, lowest very short. PINNULES (segments) linear-oblong, with a few hairs on the veins; margins entire or nearly so, ciliate. VEINS free, not forked on sterile segments, rarely forked on fertile segments, reaching the margin. SORI not marginal but usually nearer the margin than the midvein, circular, separate or rarely confluent. INDU- SIA reniform, often circular but with a sinus, persis- tent but may shrink with age, ciliate. SPORES bilat- eral.
Thelypteris palustris Schott Plate 54
MARSH FERN
T. thelypteris, T. thelypterioides, Dryopteris thelyp- teris
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Marshes, swamps, bog margins, wet woods, low meadows. Soil usually slightly acid.
RHIZOMES slender, creeping, 1-2 mm in diame- ter, with very few scales. FRONDS slightly di- morphic, in that fertile fronds usually have longer stipes and the pinna segments are narrrower with par- tially inrolled margins, borne singly and scattered on the rhizome, (10-)20-80(-120) cm long, not evergreen. STIPE shorter or longer than the blade, glabrous or nearly so, with a few scales when young, with 2 circu- lar or oval bundles at base, these united upward. BLADES oblong-lanceolate, 10-40 cm long, 8-20 cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid to bipinnate; rachis with tiny hairs. PINNAE linear-lanceolate, sessile or with a short stalk, lowest pair about same length or slightly shorter than middle pinnae. PINNULES (segments) with some tiny hairs on the midveins, at least when young, sometimes with a few scales on the midveins; margins entire or shallowly dentate. VEINS free, forked (at least on sterile segments), reaching the margin. SORI not marginal, circular, near the mid- vein, enclosed by the inrolled pinna margin when young, separate but crowded, confluent with age. IN- DUSIA reniform, often circular, but with a sinus, frag- ile, usually slightly ciliate, shriveling or disappearing with age. SPORES bilateral.
Thelypteris simulata (Davenport) Nieuwland Plate 55 MASSACHUSETTS FERN, BOG FERN Dryopteris simulata
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Swamps, shaded bog margins, moist woods. Soil very acid.
RHIZOMES creeping, branching, 2-3(-4) mm in diameter, glabrous, with a few scales. FRONDS not dimorphic (although fertile fronds are usually longer than sterile fronds), solitary, 35-55 cm long, not ever- green. STIPE about same length as blade, glabrous, without scales or a few at base, with 2 oval or short- linear bundles at base, these united upward to form a curved bundle. BLADES lanceolate, 18-35(-50) cm long, 8-15 cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid to nearly bipin- nate; rachis glabrous on the upper side, with a few hairs on the underside, without scales. PINNAE lan- ceolate, sessile, lowest pair about same length or a lit- tle shorter than middle pinnae. PINNULES (seg- ments) oblong, mostly glabrous but with a few hairs on the veins; margins entire. VEINS free, not forked, reaching the margin. SORI not marginal but often nearer the margin than the midvein, circular, sepa- rate. INDUSIA reniform, often circular but with a sinus, persistent, with tiny glands on the margins. SPORES bilateral.
103
Plate 52
104
Plate 53
Thelypteris noveboracensis NEW YORK FERN
105
Plate 54
Thelypteris palustris MARSH FERN
106
Plate 55
Thelypteris sinmlata MASSACHUSETTS FERN
107
Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray Plate 56
ALPINE WOODSIA
NY (rare), Vt (rare). Me (rare).
Crevices in shaded rock at high elevations. Soil calcareous or neutral to slightly acid.
RHIZOMES slender, short, with a few scales and with old stipe bases of nearly equal length. FRONDS not dimorphic, in dense clusters, 6-15(-22) cm long, not evergreen. STIPE shorter than the blade, jointed below the middle, nearly black at base, brown to yel- lowish or greenish above, shiny, with a few hairs and scales, with 2 circular or oval bundles at base, these united very near the base forming a V-shaped bundle. BLADES linear- lanceolate, (2-)8-15 cm long, (0.5-)l- 2.5 cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid; rachis glabrous or with a few hairs and a few scales. PINNAE 5-18 pairs, ovate, sessile, lowest pair usually shorter than middle pinnae, glabrous on the upper sides, with a tew hairs on the undersides, scales few or none; margins entire. VEINS free, forked, mostly not reaching the margin. SORI near the pinna margin, circular, separate or con- fluent. INDUSIA cuplike when young, soon raylike, being small disks with long, septate hairlike segments. SPORES bilateral.
Woodsia glabella R. Brown Plate 57
SMOOTH WOODSIA
NY (rare), Y7t (rare), NH (rare), Me (rare).
Wet, shaded ledges of calcareous rock, mostly at high elevations. Soil neutral or nearly so.
RHIZOMES slender, short, with scales and with old stipe bases of nearly equal length. FRONDS not di- morphic, in small clusters, 5-16 cm long, not ever- green. STIPE shorter than the blade, jointed below the middle, greenish or straw-colored, glabrous, with scales at base only, with 2 circular or oval bundles at base, these united near the base, forming a V-shaped bundle. BLADES linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-8 cm long, 0.6-1. 5 cm wide, pinnate-pinnatifid; rachis without hairs or scales. PINNAE 6-23 pairs, nearly cir- cular to triangular, often 3-lobed, sessile, shorter than middle pinnae, glabrous; margins entire or crenate. VEINS free, forked, mostly not reaching the margin. SORI near the margin, circular, separate or confluent with age. INDUSIA cuplike when young, soon raylike, being small disks with septate, hairlike segments. SPORES bilateral.
Woodsia ilvensis (Linnaeus) R. Brown Plate 58
RUSTY WOODSIA, RUSTY CLIFF FERN
NY, Vt, NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI (rare), NJ, Pa.
Dry exposed cliffs, ledges, rocky slopes, often in full sun. Soil usually acid, pH mostly 5-6, but sometimes nearly neutral.
RHIZOMES short, often branched, with many scales and with old stipe bases of nearly equal length. CROZIERS covered with silvery-white hairs. FRONDS not dimorphic, in dense clusters, 5-25 cm long, not evergreen. STIPE shorter than blade (rarely longer), jointed at or below the middle, dark brown, shiny, with hairs and hair-tipped scales, with 2 circular or oval bundles at base, these united very near the base forming a V-shaped bundle. BLADES oblong- lanceolate, 5- 12(- 15) cm long, 1-4 cm wide, pinnate- pinnatifid to bipinnate; rachis hairy and scaly. PIN- NAE (7-)10-16(-23) pairs, ovate-lanceolate, each pinna usually with 4-7 lobes, sessile, lowest pinnae usually slightly shorter than middle pinnae, densely hairy with long rust-brown (whitish when young) hairs, densely scaly; margins shallowly crenate. VEINS free, forked, mostly not reaching the margin. SORI near the margin, usually hidden by the hairs, circular, separate but close and confluent with age. INDUSIA cuplike when young, soon raylike, being small disks sur- rounded by many hairlike segments. SPORES bilat- eral .
Woodsia obtusa (Sprengel) Torrey Plate 59
BLUNT-LOBED WOODSIA
NY, Vt, NH, Me (rare), Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Shaded crevices in cliffs, rocky ledges, talus slopes, on cement, sometimes open woods. Soil acid to neu- tral, pH usually 5-7.
RHIZOMES stout, often branched, with a few brown scales, with stipe bases of unequal length and with persistent old fronds. FRONDS not or slightly dimorphic, in clusters, (10-)25-40(-55) cm long, semi- evergreen. STIPE shorter than the blade, not jointed, dark orange at base, straw-colored or greenish above, hairy and scaly, with 2 circular or oval bundles at base, these united very near the base forming a V- shaped bundle. BLADES lanceolate, 10-25(-40) cm long, (2-)3- 10(- 15) cm wide, pinnate-bipinnatifid or bi- pinnate-pinnatifid, greenish when young, becoming yellowish with age; rachis with glandular hairs and a few scales. PINNAE 8-20 pairs, ovate to ovate- lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, lowest pair shorter than middle pinnae. PINNULES 5-9 pairs, oblong, with obtuse lobes, with small white glandular hairs on
108
Plate 56
Woodsia alpina ALPINE WOODSIA
109
Plate 57
Woodsia glabella SMOOTH WOODSIA
110
Plate 58
Woo fluid ilvensis RUSTY WOODS! A
111
Plate 59
Woodsia obtusa BLUNT-LOBED WOODSIA
112
Plate 60
Woodwardia virginica VIRGINIA CHAIN FERN
113
both surfaces, with scales on the veins; margins cre- nate. VEINS free, forked, mostly not reaching the margin. SORI mostly not near the margin, circular, separate or confluent with age. INDUSIA cuplike when young, soon raylike, being small disks with 3-6 scalelike segments. SPORES bilateral.
Resembles Cystopteris fragilis which has no scales on the rachis.
A somewhat similar species, Woodsia oregano D. C. Eaton, is represented in our area only by variety cathcartiana (Robinson) Morton which is found in our area in but one locality in New York. Among our spe- cies of Woodsia it would appear most like W. obtusa from which it differs by having stipes without hairs and with scales only at base, pinnae with only 2-5 pairs of pinnules, and indusia with long hairlike rays.
Wooduardia virsinica (Linnaeus) J. E. Smith
Plate 60
VIRGINIA CHAIN EERN A nchistea virgi nica
NY, Vt (rare or extinct), NH, Me, Mass, Ct, RI, NJ, Pa.
Swamps, bogs, often in shallow water, does well in full sun. Soil slightly to very acid or, near the ocean, alkaline or brackish.
RHIZOMES woody, creeping, branching, 5-10(-20) mm in diameter, scaly at tips. CROZIERS without hairs or scales, reddish brown. FRONDS not di- morphic, borne singly from points on the rhizome, 45- 140 cm long, not evergreen. STIPE about same length as blade 2-8 mm wide, greenish, reddish or purplish-brown, glabrous, with a few scales at base, with 2 large circular or curved bundles and 3-7 smaller ones. BLADES oblong- lanceolate, 30-80 cm long, 12- 30 cm wide, deeply pinnate-pinnatifid to nearly bipin- nate; rachis greenish-brown, with short hairs. PIN- NAE 15-20 pairs, alternate or nearly opposite, ascending, oblong, sessile, the largest mostly 8-15 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, lower pinnae shorter than middle pinnae, segments 15-20 pairs, nearly opposite, oblong, obtuse, 5-15 mm long, 5-6 mm wide, glabrous, usually with a few scales along the midveins; margins firm, nearly entire but with very tiny teeth. VEINS mostly free, forked and reaching the margin, but reticulate along the midvein. SORI not marginal, forming two rows along the midvein, oblong-linear, separate but contiguous, usually 10-12 on each segment and also others along the midvein of the pinna. INDUSIA lat- erally attached, opening toward the midvein, disap- pearing with age. SPORES bilateral.
114
GLOSSARY
The definitions in this glossary are for use with ferns. Some of the terms have a broader meaning or a slightly different meaning in some other publications.
acuminate: tapering to a long slender point, acute: sharp-pointed; ending in a point less than a right-angle.
alluvial: soil deposited by water, usually rich in or- ganic matter.
alternate: not opposite to each other but attached at different levels, apex: tip or point.
attenuate: tapering gradually to a long tip. auricle: an ear-shaped lobe or appendage, basal: lowest.
bilateral: having two sides that are equal; two-sided;
bilateral fern spores appear to be plano-convex, bipinnate: twice pinnate, blade: broad expanded portion of a frond, bundle: group of specialized cells (conducting tubes and fibers) that, in cross section, appear much dif- ferent from the surrounding tissue; do not confuse with cavities that may be present, calcareous: soil containing lime; pH above 7. cm (centimeter): equal to 1/ 100 of a meter or equal to 10 millimeters; an inch is approximately 2.5 cm long.
ciliate: fringed on the margin with slender hairs, confluent: running into each other or blending to- gether.
contiguous: adjoining; touching its neighbor, coriaceous: leathery in texture, crenate: having rounded teeth, crenulate: with small rounded teeth, crozier (or crosier): an uncoiling frond; young, coiled fern frond; fiddlehead. cuneate: wedge-shaped.
cuplike: attached at the base and surrounding the sorus.
dentate: with teeth, usually directed outward, denticulate: finely dentate.
dimorphic: of two forms; sterile and fertile blades, or parts of blades, appear much different, dissected: cut into lobes or divisions, elliptic: oval or lens-shaped.
entire: margin without teeth; may have large lobes, evergreen: remains green during winter, fertile: with spore-bearing structures, fibrovascular: composed of fiber cells and conducting cells.
fiddlehead: crozier; curled young frond resembling the head of a violin.
free: distinct; separate; veins that are unbranched or forked but whose branches do not unite; not reticu- late.
frond: leaf, including stipe and blade or blades, genus: a closely related group (one or more species), glabrous: without hairs.
hair: slender, linear outgrowth: it sometimes has a small, spherical, waxy tip.
hastate: arrow-head shape but with basal lobes point- ing outward.
herbarium (herbaria): a collection of preserved plants, usually pressed flat, dried, mounted on stiff paper with appropriate labels, and filed for easy access; also the room or building where such plants are stored.
hoodlike: arching over the sorus in bladder-like fashion.
hybrid: result from a cross between unlike organisms, indusium (indusia): a covering over or around a sorus. lanceolate: lance-shaped, narrow, tapers to apex, wid- est below the middle.
linear: longer than wide, with parallel sides; at least twice as long as wide.
lobed: dissection less than half way to the midvein, usually rounded.
lunate: halfmoon or crescent-shaped, membranous: thin and delicate; usually translucent, midvein: middle vein of a blade, pinna, pinnule, or segment; midrib.
muricate: surface with small, sharp projections, neutral: neither acid nor alkaline; with a pH of 7. node: place on rachis where pinnae are borne; place on rhizome where fronds are borne, oblong: short-linear, not more than three times as long as wide.
obovate: inverted ovate; egg-shaped, with broader end upward or outward.
opposite: a pair of parts attached at the same level across from each other, such as pinnae attached at the same level on the rachis. ovate: egg-shaped in outline with the broader end downward or attached to the stalk, palmate: with divisions radiating from a common cen- ter, like the fingers of a hand, may be lobes, pinnae, veins, etc.
peltate: umbrella-like, with a centrally attached stalk, perispore: a loose covering around a spore which is distinct from the spore wall; sometimes called epi- spore.
115
pinna (pinnae): primary division of a dissected blade cut to the rachis; it may be undivided or divided one or more times.
pinnate: blade dissected all the way to the rachis, but the pinnae not further dissected half way to the midvein.
pinnatifid: blade or parts of blade dissected more than half way, but not all the way, to the rachis or to the midvein.
pinnule: secondary division of a blade cut to a second- ary rachis or midvein.
plano-convex: plane (nearly flat) on one side and con- vex (rounded outward) on the other; spores of this shape are bilateral.
rachis: midvein of a dissected blade; continuation from the top of the stipe at the base of the blade through the blade to its apex.
random access: process for obtaining information in tiny order from a storage system; a random access key allows the user to choose any stored character in any order.
raylike: radiating from a center; a raylike indusium is similar to cuplike but splitting into broad or slender structures.
reflexed: turned or curled downward, outward, or backward.
reniform: kidney-shaped; similar to peltate but with a notch or sinus.
reticulate: like a network; anastomosing; veins that join again after dividing.
rhizome: underground stem.
scale: broad, flattened outgrowth; similar to hair but broader at base and usually of firmer texture.
segment: the smallest division (except lobe or tooth) of a dissected blade; the dissection extends more than halfway, but not all the way to the midvein.
serrate: sharp, sawlike teeth pointing toward the apex, serrulate: finely serrate.
sessile: without a stalk at point of attachment, simple: not branched, sinus: cut or notch between two lobes, sorus (sori): cluster of sporangia; area where spores are formed.
species: a group of closely related, mutually fertile in- dividuals, sharing the same characteristics, spinulose: with small spines or bristle-tipped teeth, sporangium (sporangia): container in which spores are produced.
spore: tiny single-celled reproductive body (asexually produced).
sporocarp: organ containing spores or sporangia, sterile: frond or blade lacking sori. stipe: petiole or stalk of the frond, from rhizome to base of blade, succulent: fleshy or juicy.
taxon (taxa): a taxonomic group; refers to an unspeci- fied category, such as genus, species, variety, etc. teeth: projections on the margins, usually with pointed apices, indented less than lk of the distance to the midvein.
ternate: divided into three nearly equal parts, tetrahedral: having four sides; tetrahedral fern spores appear to be circular or nearly so. tripinnate: blade three times dissected, forming pin- nae, pinnules, and pinnulets. triplanate: having three sides; triplanate fern spores appear to be triangular or circular, vein: a strand of conducting tissue; it may be branched or un branched.
venation: arrangement of veins in a blade, winged: a border of thin, flat tissue as on the rachis of some ferns.
116
INDEX
A
adder’s-tongue 85
Adiantum capillus-veneris 38
pedatum 38
alpine woodsia 108
Anchistea virginica 114
Asplenium bradleyi 38
cryptolepis 42
montanurn 38
pinnatifidum 38
platyneuron 38
resiliens 38
rhizophyllus . 57
ruta-muraria 42
trichomanes 42
viride 42
Asplenosorus pinnatifidus 38
Athyrium angustum 42
asplenioides 42
fdix-fetnina 42
pycnocarpon 47
thelypterioides 47
Azolla caroliniana 47
fdiculoides 47
B
bead fern 85
beech fern, broad 94
long 94
northern 94
southern 94
blackstem spleenwort 38
bladder fern, bulblet 62
blunt-lobed woodsia 108
bog fern 103
Botrychium angustisegmentum 52
dissectum 47,57
lanceolatum 52
lunaria 52
matricariae 52
nmtricariifolium 52
minganense 52
multifidum 52,57
neglectum 52
obliquum 47
oneidense 57
silaifolium 52
simplex 57
tenebrosum 57
ternatum 52
virginianum 57
boulder fern 67
bracken 99
brake fern 99
Braun’s holly fern 99
brittle fern 62
broad beech fern 94
broad swamp fern 67
bulblet bladder fern 62
c
Camptosorus pinnatifidus 38
rhizophyllus 57
chain fern, narrow-leaved 80
netted 80
Virginia 114
Cheilanthes lanosa 62
vestita 62
Christmas fern 99
cinnamon fern 85
cliff brake, purple 89
slender 62
smooth 89
cliff fern, fragrant 72
rusty 108
climbing fern 80
Clinton’s shield fern 67
clover, water 80
common polypody 94
common wood fern . 72
crested shield fern 67
Cryptogramma stelleri 62
curly grass 103
Cystopteris bulbifera 62
fragilis 62
mackayi 62
protrusa 62
D
daisy-leaf grape fern 52
Dennstaedtia punctilobula 67
Diplazium acrostichoides 47
pycnocarpon 47
Dryopteris assimilis 67
austriaca 67,72,76
boottii 72,76
campyloptera 67
celsa 72
clintoniana 67
cristata 67
117
dilatata 67
disjunct a 76
filix-mas 76
fra grans 72
g oldiana 72
hexagonoptera 94
intermedia 72
marginalis 76
noveboracensis 103
phegopteris 94
simulata 103
spinulosa 67,72,76
thelypteris 103
dwarf grape fern 57
E
ebony spleenwort 38
evergreen wood fern 76
F
fancy fern 72
Filix bulbifera 62
fragilis 62
flowering fern 89
fragile fern 62
fragrant cliff fern 72
fragrant shield fern 72
G
giant wood fern 72
glade fern 47
Goldie’s shield fern 72
grape fern, daisy-leaf 52
dwarf 57
lace-leaf 47
lance-leaved 52
leathery 52
Oneida 57
Virginia 57
grass, curly 103
green spleenwort 42
Gymnocarpium dryopteris 76
robertianum 76
H
hairy lip fern 62
Hartford fern 80
hart’s-tongue 94
hay-scented fern 67
holly fern, Braun’s 99
northern 99
I
interrupted fern 89
L
lace-leaf grape fern 47
lady fern 42
lance-leaved grape fern 52
leathery grape fern 52
lip fern, hairy 62
lobed spleenwort 38
log fern 72
long beech fern 94
Lorinseria areolata 80
Lygodium palmatum 80
M
maidenhair fern 38
southern 38
maidenhair spleenwort 42
male fern 76
marginal shield fern 76
marsh fern 103
Marsilea quadrifolia 80
Massachusetts fern 103
Matteuccia pensylvanica 80
struthiopteris 80
Mingan moonwort 52
Moonwort 52
Mingan 52
mosquito fern 47
mountain spleenwort 38
mountain wood fern 67
N
narrow-leaved chain fern 80
narrow-leaved spleenwort 47
narrow swamp fern 67
netted chain fern. 80
New York fern 103
northern beech fern 94
northern holly fern 99
o
oak fern 76
Oneida grape fern 57
Onoclea sensibilis 85
OphiogIossu77i pseudopodum 85
pycnostichimi 85
vulgatwn 85
Osmunda cinna77iomea 85
claytoniana 89
regalis 89
ostrich fern 80
118
p
Pellaea atropurpurea ....
glabella
pepperwort .............
Phegopteris connectilis . . . dryopteris ............
hexagonoptera .........
polypodioides .........
Phyllitis scolopendrium . . Polypodium virginianum .
vulgare
polypody, common
rock
Polystichum acrostichoides
braunii
lonchites
Pteretis nodulosa
pensylvanica ...........
Pteridium aquilinum
latiusculum
purple cliff brake
R
rattlesnake fern
rock polypody
royal fern
rusty cliff fern
rusty woodsia
s
Schizaea pusilla.
sensitive fern
shield fern, Clinton’s
crested.
fragrant
Goldie’s
marginal
spinulose
spreading.
silvery spleenwort ........
slender cliff brake
smooth cliff brake .
smooth woodsia southern beech fern ......
southern maidenhair fern .
spinulose shield fern
spleenwort, blackstem
ebony 38
green 42
lobed 38
maidenhair 42
mountain 38
narrow-leaved 47
silvery 47
wall rue 42
spreading shield fern 67
swamp fern, broad 67
narrow 67
T
Thelypteris cristata 67
dilatata 67
dryopteris 76
fragrans. 72
hexagonoptera 94
noveboracensis 103
palustris 103
phegopteris 94
simulata . 103
thelypterioides 103
thelypteris 103
V
Virginia chain fern 114
Virginia grape fern 57
w
walking fern 57
wall rue. 42
water clover 80
wood fern, common 72
evergreen 76
giant 72
mountain 67
Woodsia alpina 108
glabella 108
ilvensis . 108
obtusa .................................... 108
oregana 114
woodsia, alpine 108
blunt-lobed 108
rusty 108
smooth 108
Woodwardia areolata . 80
virginica 114
89
89
80
94
76
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
99
99
99
80
80
99
99
89
57
94
89
108
108
103
85
67
67
72
72
76
76
67
47
62
89
108
94
38
76
38
119
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122
New York Botanical Garden Library
3 5185 00337
659
These publications are available from: GIFT & EXCHANGE
NEW YORK STATE LIBRARY
ALBANY, N.Y. 12230
(Request Price List!)
OTHER BOTANY PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST:
Brooks, Karl. 1979. A Catskill Flora and Economic Botany, Vol. 1, Pteridophyta, The Ferns and Fern Allies. N.Y.S. Museum Bulletin 438, 276 pp. (Fully illustrated)
1980. Vol. 2, Coniferales, The Conifers. N.Y.S. Museum Bulletin 441, 116 pp.
(Fully illustrated)
1980. Vol. 3, Apetalae, Poplars etc., N.Y.S. Museum Bulletin 443, 374 pp. (Fully
illustrated)
Andrus, Richard A. 1981. Sphagnaceae (Peat Moss Family) of New York State. N.Y.S. Museum Bulletin 442, 89 pp. (Fully illustrated)
Mitchell, Richard S. & E. O. Beal. 1979. Magnoliaceae through Ceratophyllaceae of New York State. N.Y.S. Museum Bulletin 435, 62 pp. (Fully illustrated with tables of associated insects and fungi)
Mitchell, Richard S. & J. Kenneth Dean. 1978. Polygonaceae (Buckwheat Family) of New York State. N.Y.S. Museum Bulletin 431, 81 pp. (Fully illustrated with tables of associated insects and fungi)
Ogden, Eugene C. et al. 1976. Field Guide to the Aquatic Plants of Lake George, New York.
N.Y.S. Museum Bulletin 426, 65 pp. (Illustrated)
Ogden, Eugene C. 1974. Potamogeton in New York. N.Y.S. Museum Bulletin 423, 20 pp. (Pondweeds illustrated and mapped)
»er design by Anne E. Lacy