XB W Identification of Plants with FLESHY FRUITS Eugene C. Ogden Richard S. Mitchell 1^^ The University of the State of New York THE STATE OF LEA&NIMC ^ THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12230 RANDOM ACCESS KEYS TO PLANTS WITH FLESHY FRUITS Match the fruit color with length and number of seeds to determine the proper key. FRUITS Less than 1 cm long with 1 seed Less than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed More than 1 cm long with 1 seed More than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed WHITE or GRAY KEY 1 KEY 2 KEY 3 KEY 4 BROWN or TAN KEYS KEY 6 KEY 7 KEYS YELLOW KEY 9 KEY 10 KEY 11 KEY 12 ORANGE KEY 13 KEY 14 KEY 15 KEY 16 RED or PINK KEY 17 KEY 18 KEY 19 KEY 20 BLUE KEY 21 KEY 22 KEY 23 KEY 24 PURPLE KEY 25 KEY 26 KEY 27 KEY 28 GREEN KEY 29 KEY 30 KEY 31 KEY 32 BLAGK KEY 33 KEY 34 KEY 35 KEY 36 Identification of Plants with FLESHY FRUITS Eugene C. Ogden State Botanist Emeritus New York State Museum Richard S. Mitchell State Botanist New York State Museum 1990 Bulletin No. 467 New York State Museum LIBRARY APR - 8 19£1 riF.w voni: The University of the State of Ncty York BOTANICAL GARDEN THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, Nem^ York 12230 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of The University Martin C. Barell, Chancellor, B.A., I.A., LL.B Muttontown R. Carlos Carballada, Vice Chancellor, B.S Rochester Willard A. Genrich, LL.B Buffalo Emlyn I. Griffith, A.B., J.D Rome Jorge L. Batista, B.A., J.D Bronx Laura Bradley Chodos, B.A., M.A Vischer Ferry Louise R Matteoni, B.A., M.A., Ph.D Bayside J. Edward Meyer, B.A., LL.B Chappaqua Floyd S. Linton, A.B., M.A., M.P.A Miller Place Mimi Levin Lieber, B.A., M.A Manhattan Shirley C. Brown, B.A., M.A., Ph.D Albany Norma Gluck, B.A., M.S.W Manhattan James W. McCabe, Sr., A.B., M.A Johnson City Adelaide L. Sanford, B.A., M.A., P.D Hollis Walter Cooper, B.A., Ph.D Rochester Gerald J. Lustig, B.A., M.D Staten Island President of The University and Commissioner of Education Thomas Sobol Executive Deputy Commissioner of Education Thomas E. Sheldon Deputy Commissioner for Cultural Education Carole F. Huxley Assistant Commissioner for the State Museum Martin E. Sullivan Director, Research and Collections Paul J. Scudiere Chief Scientist, Biological Survey Norton G. Miller The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed, disability, marital status, veteran status, national origin, race, or sex in the educational programs and activities w'hich it operates. Inquiries concerning this policy of equal opportunity and affirmative action should be referred to the Department's Affirmative Action Officer, Education Building, Albany, NY 12234. Phone (518) 474-1265. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Everett Ogden, son of the senior author, provided extensive advice and assistance regarding computer techniques; he helped plan the random access keys, checked data using his own computer and supplied printouts at various stages of manuscript prepara- tion in addition to preparing the computer disk and the technical appendices. Mary Beth Vought prepared the plates of drawings and cover illustrations. Stephen A. Spongberg of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, reviewed the manuscript and suggested sev- eral important improvements. Clifford Lamere helped collect plants for study and helped test the keys. iii Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from I MLS LG-70- 15-01 38- 15 https://archive.org/details/bulletinnewyorks4671newy CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments iii Introduction 1 Explanation of Characters 3 Using the Random Access Keys 5 Random Access Keys to Plants with Fleshy Fruits 6 Illustrations 49 Using the Sequential Key 66 Sequential Key to Plants with Fleshy Fruits 66 Genera of Plants with Fleshy Fruits 77 Suggested References 80 Appendix 1 . Using the Computer Key to Plants with Fleshy Fruits 82 Table 1. FRUITKEY.BAS Program Listing 86 Appendix 2. Tabular Data for Random Access Keys 89 V INTRODUCTION Identification of fleshy fruits from plants found growing in the wild becomes espe- cially important when one needs to know if the fruits are harmless or poisonous. This bulletin was written primarily for parents who want to know the names of fleshy-fruited wild plants that might tempt small children to taste them, but it is also intended for physicians and emergency room personnel, who often need to make quick determina- tions regarding potentially poisonous plants. Keys and illustrations provide a rapid method for reducing the likely identity of a fruit to a few possibilities that may then be checked in books on native and naturalized plants. The reader is referred to specific page numbers in the AMA Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants in cases where the fruit identified is of medical interest. For those plants which are potentially harmful, but not covered by the AMA handbook, a caution from Hardin and Arena's Human Poisoning from Native and Cultivated Plants is cited. Information on these plants may be found else- where in the literature. Potential users of this guide should familiarize themselves with its use prior to an emergency situation if possible. This will help to avoid frustration in a crisis. Especially those people with small children may wish to identify in advance the plants in their vicinity that produce fleshy fruits and which might prove harmful if swal- lowed. Characters in the keys have been kept simple, so that the user need not be a profes- sional botanist to make swift and accurate identifications. Since the keys avoid highly technical characters, they may not always lead to a single genus, though they usually do. In a very few cases (depending on key choices and characters available) they eliminate all but two or three genera to be sought among the illustrations or found in popular books on wild plants. Two kinds of keys are offered to aid in identification: random access and sequential. If only the fruits are available it will be necessary to choose the proper random access key (inside the front cover or p. 6), but if stems and leaves are also present, the sequential key (p. 66) may be the key of choice. A random access key is also provided for easy plant identification using a personal computer (IBM PC, XT- AT com- patible) on a 5 1 /4 inch, 360K floppy disk, included in a packet inside the rear cover of this publication. Consult Appendix 1 for instructions. Professional botanists who scrutinize the random access keys will note that certain characteristics are acknowledged for some plants that they technically do not have. Experience in testing the keys has shown that these characters are the ones most often wrongly chosen during the identification process. Accommodation for such common misinterpretations should in no way interfere with fruit identification by those persons applying the characters correctly. Eor example: some plants have only alternate leaves, but these may be tightly spiraled at branch tips and appear to be whorled. Such plants are included under both categories in the random access keys. In addition, some users may not easily distinguish between leaves and leaflets, so genera having alternate leaves with opposite leaflets are included under both alternate and opposite leaves. Fruits that remain green or yellow for long periods before developing the fully ripe color are includ- ed under each of the colors that they may exhibit when fleshy or soft-pulpy. In Caulophyllum (blue cohosh) the naked seeds are berrylike, as are the seeds of yews and fleshy cones of junipers, also treated in the keys. In strawberries and similar plants, the true fruits are seedlike, embedded in a swollen, red, flower receptacle. The whole unit is treated here as a fruit with embedded seeds. Thus, strict adherence to botanical exactness is occasionally sacrificed in favor of facility and speed of identification. 1 Opinions may vary as to whether some fruits are fleshy or merely pulpy. Some of those included here are somewhat pulpy before maturity but drier when mature. We have tried to include those that are sufficiently juicy or soft-pulpy to entice one to taste them. If fruits alone are available, and nothing is known about the plant that produced them, the use of random access keys should still be profitable in reducing the 128 kinds (genera) of plants treated here to a much smaller group. The geographical area covered in this treatment is the northeastern United States and southern Canada to the western boundaries of Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri and the southern boundaries of Missouri, Kentucky and Virginia. 2 EXPLANATION OF CHARACTERS Fruit color The colors used here most often refer to the surfaces of mature fruits, although in some cases maturity may be difficult to determine. Many fruits are green and remain so for a long period before becoming fully mature. During their early development most fruits are firm or perhaps pulpy, but scarcely fleshy, but some remain green and become fleshy at maturity. The colors of some immature fruits are included if young fruits are juicy or pulpy at that stage. If fruits or clusters of fruits exhibit more than one color, one may choose either or both, with the dominant color recommended. People see colors some- what differently. If fruits appear to be blue but are not found in the blue key, try purple. Dark colors may appear black to some. Fruit size One centimeter (cm) equals two-fifths (2/5) of an inch. A centimeter rule is printed inside the back cover for easy measurement. It is best to measure several fruits if possi- ble. Since fruits are variable in size, avoid measuring the smallest or largest ones. Some fruits are composed of small, closely packed fruitlets (example: blackberry), and these are here considered to be a single fruit. In this publication, measurements of compound and multiple fruits always refer to the clusters rather than their subunits. Floral remnants Withered parts of the flower may remain attached to the fruit near the tip (examples: blueberry, apple) or they may persist only at the base, where the fruit attaches to its stalk (tomato, cherry). Such persistent floral parts usually consist of dried sepals and/or sta- mens. In many fruits the persistence of floral parts is not easily determined, so some compensation is made for this in the keys. If in doubt, avoid using this character. Seeds and pits Seeds may be tightly packed, enclosed in a hard, bony structure (the pit of cherry or peach) or more broadly distributed (tomato, cucumber). Because pits may simulate seeds, and the number of seeds within them is often difficult to determine, a pit is count- ed as a single seed in the keys. Woody vs nonwoody Nonwoody (herbaceous) plants have soft stems that usually die back at the end of the growing season, in contrast to the hard, woody stems of trees and shrubs that persist over winter. Some plants are intermediate or are woody at their bases with herbaceous branches; they are here included in both categories. Creeping or climbing Vinelike plants may be creeping (strawberry) or climbing (grape). Most plants neither creep nor climb, but some plants trail and might be mistaken for climbers. Some plants climb by means of tendrils, which are slender, twining appendages attached to the stem at some of the nodes. Spines and thorns Sharp protrusions vary from stiff prickles to hard, woody thorns, and these may lead to quick plant identification when present; however, stems of most plants are spineless. 3 Leaves opposite, whorled, basal or alternate Leaves simple or compound Leaves with or with- out teeth or lobes Leaves petioled, sessile or peltate Note: The point at which a leaf attaches to a stem is called a node. There is a bud in the upper joint (axil) formed by fhe leaf base and stem. The bud may sometimes be small or hidden by the base of the leaf stalk (petiole). Opposite leaves are paired at the node, whereas whorled leaves are borne in threes or more. Alternate leaves occur one per node, but they may appear whorled if tightly spiraled (alternate-leaved plants may also have opposite or whorled, leaflike structures at the fruit bases). When leaves are not present at the same time as mature fruits, their former posifion may be determined by the positions of buds or the scars where leaves were attached. Basal leaves are often clustered, and it is sometimes difficult to determine whether their attachment is opposite or alternate. Most leaves are simple. A simple leaf has a single, flat blade that may be unlobed, lobed or deeply dissected, but lacks discrete units cut all the way to the midvein. Leaves that are divided into distinct blades (leaflets) are said to be compound. A leaf, whefher sim- ple or compound, has a bud in its axil but a leaflet does not. Thus, one can usually deter- mine whether a leaf is simple or compound by seeking the bud. Compensations are made in the keys for leaflefs that are so much like simple leaves in appearance that they are very difficult to distinguish. Teeth (serrations and cientations) are projections from fhe margins of the blades of leaves or leaflets, usually with pointed tips, with a total length less than 1/8 the distance from their tip to the leaf's midvein. Lobes are similar but deeper (more than 1/8 that distance). Margins with or without teeth may also be lobed or unlobed. Sessile leaves have no stalk (petiole); the blade is attached directly to the stem. Most leaves have a petiole, which may be short to very long. The petiole is nearly always attached to the blade at its lower margin, but in peltate leaves it is attached to the lower surface. For some genera in the random access keys all characters assigned to them do not exactly match the tabular data for computers. For example: Cornus species may have red or blue fruits and oppo- site or alternate leaves, but the single alternate-leaved Cornus does not have red fruits. Thus red fruit-color does not appear as an alternative character for it. Apparent contradictions in the num- bering series of the random access keys also deserve explanation. If, for instance, numbers 2-9 are listed as shrubby, but 3 and 5 appear in the listing for vines, it means that those genera can be either shrubs or vines. 4 USING THE RANDOM ACCESS KEYS If you plan to use the computer key from the disk provided, refer directly to Appendix 1 (p. 82) for instructions. If you are using the written keys, refer first to the chart on the inside, front cover (or on page 6) and determine the following three characters of the fruit to be identified: color, size and number of seeds. The chart will indicate one of the 36 random access keys to be consulted. Since fruits often vary in size and color, correct identi- fications may sometimes be made by using any one of several keys. Look down the whole list of choices and pick any character that agrees with the specimen, giving strong prefer- ence to any obvious character with a short list of numbers after it. Method 1 - Jot down the list of numbers that follows the first choice. Each number corre- sponds to the name of a plant genus whose fruits have that trait. Method 2 - Circle the list of numbers that follows the first choice on a prepared sheet of numbers. We find it easier and faster to use a page of prepared numbers. Page 97 pro- vides sets of numbers from one to 128 representing the genera of fleshy-fruited plants. You may wish to use a Xerographic copying machine to make several copies of page 97 to use with the keys. This will allow you to circle and cross out numbers without writing in the book. Once your first key choice has been made, you will have written (method 1) or circled (method 2) a list of numbers with which to work. Choose another character that applies to your specimen and cross off any numbers that do not appear after your new choice. Continue in this way until only one or a few numbers remain. Refer to the list of plant names at the end of the key to find the genus name(s) to which the remaining number or numbers apply. Then consult the illustrations (appearing in numerical/ alphabetical order), beginning on p. 50. Common names are listed under Genera of Plants with Fleshy Fruits (p. 77). Fruits sometimes vary in features such as size, color, etc., and while most of these variations have been anticipated, there may be exceptions. If key characters fail to lead to a plant resembling the specimen in question, one may start over, checking to be sure the right random access key is used, or go to the sequential key. When several characters are available, delay using those about which there is some doubt until the obvious characters are depleted. If a plant exhibits two features listed as contrasting pairs in the key, both may be chosen (e.g. both lobed and unlobed leaves). One possible reason for failure to identify a fruit is that it came from a cultivated plant that does not occur in the wild, and is not covered by this bulletin. Standardized, international, scientific names are used in the keys to avoid confu- sion. Most genera have several common names and some common names refer to more than one genus. Although common names are useful, care must be taken to refer to the scientific or Latin names when looking up plants in botanical publications. The name sumac, for instance, is used for both Rhus (harmless) and Toxicodendron (causing toxic skin irritation). Many books use Rhus to include both the harmless and poisonous species. The name huckleberry refers to Gaylussacia in some regions and to Vaccinhim in others. The term cranberry is used for some species of Vaccinhim and also for Viburnum, which are not even closely related. The elderberry genus (Sambucus) includes certain species with edible fruits and others reported to be poisonous. For more detailed descriptions and information about possible harmful effects, we encourage the use of publications listed under "suggested references" (p. 80). This bul- letin is intended to serve as a means of quick determination of fruit identities, and should be considered only a starting point from which to locate more complete informa- tion and reference sources. 5 RANDOM ACCESS KEYS TO PLANTS WITH FLESHY FRUITS Match the fruit color with length and number of seeds to determine the proper key. FRUITS Less than 1 cm long with 1 seed Less than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed More than 1 cm long with 1 seed More than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed WHITE or GRAY KEYl KEY 2 KEY 3 KEY 4 BROWN or TAN KEYS KEY 6 KEY 7 KEYS YELLOW KEY 9 KEY 10 KEY 11 KEY 12 ORANGE KEY 13 KEY 14 KEY 15 KEY 16 RED or PINK KEY 17 KEY 18 KEY 19 KEY 20 BLUE KEY 21 KEY 22 KEY 23 KEY 24 PURPLE KEY 25 KEY 26 KEY 27 KEY 28 GREEN KEY 29 KEY 30 KEY 31 KEY 32 BLACK KEY 33 KEY 34 KEY 35 KEY 36 6 KEY 1 White or light gray fruits less than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS Covered with thick, pale wax: 79 Not covered with wax: 6 34 47 64 94 122 With minute, silvery scales: 47 Without silvery scales: 6 34 64 79 94 122 PLANTS Creeping or climbing: 64 122 Not creeping or climbing: 6 34 47 64 79 94 122 Growing on tree branches: 6 94 Not growing on tree branches: 34 47 64 79 122 LEAVES Less than 0.5 cm wide: 6 64 More than 0.5 cm wide: 34 47 79 94 122 Opposite or whorled: 6 34 64 94 122 Alternate: 47 79 122 Simple: 6 34 47 64 79 94 Compound: 122 Densely scaly on under surface: 47 Not densely scaly: 6 34 64 79 94 122 With teeth: 79 122 Without teeth: 6 34 47 64 79 94 122 6 Arceuthobium 34 Cornus 47 Elaeagnus 64 Juniperus 79 Myrica 94 Phoradendron (AMA p. 131) 122 Toxicodendron (POISONOUS TO TOUCH! AMA pp. 188, 199) 7 KEY 2 White or light gray fruits less than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS Dense cluster of fruitlets resembling a blackberry; 78 Not resembling a blackberry: 1 31 34 48 49 56 64 77 110 119 With floral remnants at apex: 1 31 34 56 64 77 78 110 119 Without floral remnants at apex; 1 31 48 49 64 78 With 2 seeds: 34 64 119 With 3-10 seeds: 1 31 48 56 64 77 110 With more than 10 seeds: 1 31 49 56 78 PLANTS Woody: 34 48 49 56 64 78 110 119 Not woody: 1 31 56 77 Creeping: 48 49 56 64 77 Not creeping: 1 31 34 48 64 78 110 119 LEAVES Less than 1 cm long: 48 56 64 More than 1 cm long: 1 31 34 49 64 77 78 110 119 Less than 0.5 cm wide: 48 56 64 More than 0.5 cm wide: 1 31 34 48 49 56 77 78 110 119 Opposite: 1 34 64 77 110 119 Whorled or basal: 31 64 Alternate: 1 48 49 56 78 Simple: 31 34 48 49 56 64 77 78 119 Compound: 1 110 Lobed: 1 78 Notlobed: 1 31 34 48 49 56 64 77 78 110 119 With teeth: 1 78 110 119 Without teeth: 31 34 48 49 56 64 77 119 1 Actaea (AMA p. 21) 31 Clintonia (H&A p. 154) 34 Cornus 48 Empetrum 49 Epigaea 56 Gaultheria 64 Juniperus 77 Mitchella 78 Morus 110 Sambucus (AMA p. 147) 119 Symphoricarpos (AMA p. 165) KEY 3 White or light gray fruits more than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS PLANTS LEAVES With silvery scales: 47 Without silvery scales: 64 122 Creeping or climbing: 64 122 Not creeping or climbing: 47 64 122 Less than 0.5 cm wide: 64 More than 0.5 cm wide: 47 122 Opposite or whorled: 64 122 Alternate: 47 122 Simple: 47 64 Compound: 122 Densely scaly on under surface: 47 Not densely scaly: 64 122 47 Elaeagnus 64 Juniperus 122 Toxicodendron (POISONOUS TO TOUCH! AMA pp. 188, 199) 9 KEY 4 FRUITS PLANTS LEAVES White or light gray fruits more than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed Dense cluster of fmitlets resembling a blackberry: 78 Not resembling a blackberry: 1 31 64 98 123 With 2-10 seeds: 1 31 64 123 With more than 10 seeds: 1 31 78 98 123 Woody: 64 78 Not woody: 1 31 98 123 Creeping: 64 Not creeping: 1 31 64 78 98 123 Less than 0.5 cm wide: 64 More than 1 cm wide: 1 31 78 98 123 Opposite: 1 64 98 Whorled: 64 123 Basal: 31 Alternate: 1 78 Simple: 31 64 78 98 123 Compound: 1 Lobed: 1 78 Not lobed: 1 31 64 78 98 123 With teeth: 1 78 98 Without teeth: 31 64 123 1 Actaea (AMA p. 21) 31 Clintonia (El&A p. 154) 64 Juniperus 78 Morus 98 Podophyllum (AMA pp. 6, 136) 123 Trillium KEY 5 Brown or tan fruits less than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS With many fleshy projections: 97 Without fleshy projections: 26 36 52 91 106 128 Asymmetrical, strongly curved: 36 Nearly symmetrical, not strongly curved: 26 52 91 97 106 128 PLANTS Woody: 26 36 97 106 128 Not woody: 52 91 Creeping or climbing: 52 Not creeping or climbing: 26 36 52 91 97 106 128 With spines: 128 Without spines: 26 36 52 91 97 106 LEAVES Opposite: 52 106 128 Whorled or basal: 91 Alternate: 26 36 52 97 106 128 Simple: 26 36 52 91 97 Compound: 52 106 128 With teeth: 26 97 106 128 Without teeth: 26 36 52 91 106 128 26 Celtis 36 Cotinus (AMA p. 199) 52 Floerkea 91 Peltandra 97 Planera 106 Rhus 128 Zanthoxylum 11 KEY 6 Brown or tan fruits less than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS PLANTS LEAVES With floral remnants at apex: 91 108 Without floral remnants at apex: 50 91 128 With 2 seeds: 91 128 With more than 2 seeds: 50 91 108 Woody: 50 108 128 Not woody: 91 With spines: 108 128 Without spines: 50 91 108 Opposite: 50 108 128 Whorled or basal: 91 Alternate: 108 128 Simple: 50 91 Compound: 108 128 With teeth: 50 108 128 Without teeth: 91 128 50 Euonymus (AMA p. 79) 91 Peltandra 108 Rosa (AMA p. 194) 128 Zanthoxylum 12 KEY 7 Brown or tan fruits more than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS Less than 2 cm long: 26 74 91 103 2-5 cm long: 11 63 103 More than 5 cm long: 11 With floral remnants at apex: 26 103 Without floral remnants at apex: 11 26 63 74 91 PLANTS Woody: 11 26 63 74 103 Not woody: 91 LEAVES Opposite: 63 74 Whorled or basal: 91 Alternate: 11 26 63 74 103 Simple: 11 26 91 103 Compound: 63 74 With teeth: 26 63 74 Without teeth: 11 26 91 103 11 Asimina (AMA p. 192) 26 Celtis 63 Juglans (AMA p. 193)) 74 Melia (AMA p. 115) 91 Peltandra 103 Pyrularia (H&A p. 158) 13 KEYS Brown or tan fruits more than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS Less than 2 cm long: 10 50 51 60 83 91 108 123 2-3 cm long: 41 51 83 120 123 More than 3 cm long: 11 22 41 51 72 83 86 120 123 With floral remnants at apex: 10 22 51 60 83 86 91 108 120 Without floral remnants at apex: 11 41 50 72 83 91 120 123 With 2-10 seeds: 10 11 22 41 50 60 91 123 With more than 10 seeds: 10 22 51 60 72 83 86 108 120 123 PLANTS Woody: 11 22 41 50 51 72 108 Not woody: 10 60 83 86 91 120 123 With spines: 86 108 Without spines: 10 11 22 41 50 51 60 72 83 86 91 108 120 123 Growing in water: 83 91 Not growing in water: 10 11 22 41 50 51 60 72 86 91 108 120 123 With a skunklike odor: 120 Without skunklike odor: 10 11 22 41 50 51 60 72 83 86 91 108 123 LEAVES Blades less than 15 cm long: 10 22 41 50 51 60 72 83 108 120 123 Blades more than 15 cm long: 11 51 72 83 91 108 120 Opposite: 22 50 108 Whorled: 123 Basal: 10 60 83 91 120 Alternate: 11 41 51 72 108 Lobed: 10 51 60 72 83 91 120 Notlobed: 10 11 22 41 50 60 72 83 91 108 120 123 10 Asarum 11 Asimina (AMA p. 192) 22 Calycanthus (AMA p. 47) 41 Diospyros 50 Euonymus (AMA p. 79) 51 Ficus (AMA p. 198) 60 Hexastylis 72 Magnolia (AMA p. 194) 83 Nymphaea 86 Opuntia (AMA pp. 185, 196) 91 Peltandra 108 Rosa (AMA p. 194) 120 Symplocarpus (AMA p. 166) 123 Trillium 14 KEY 9 Yellow fruits less than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS With silvery scales: 47 113 Without silvery scales: 8 15 38 52 67 101 113 122 126 With floral remnants at apex: 8 15 38 47 52 113 122 126 Without floral remnants at apex: 8 15 47 52 67 101 113 122 PLANTS Woody: 15 38 47 67 101 113 122 126 Not woody: 8 52 122 Creeping or climbing: 52 122 Not creeping or climbing: 8 15 38 47 52 67 101 113 122 126 With spines: 15 38 101 113 Without spines: 8 47 52 67 101 113 122 126 LEAVES Opposite: 8 52 113 122 126 Alternate: 8 15 38 47 52 67 101 122 Simple: 15 38 47 52 67 101 113 126 Compound: 8 52 122 Less than 5 per plant: 8 52 More than 5 per plant: 15 38 47 52 67 101 113 122 126 Under surface covered with silvery or brownish scales: 47 113 Without silvery or brownish scales: 8 15 38 52 67 101 122 126 Lobed: 8 38 52 122 126 Notlobed: 8 15 38 47 52 67 101 113 122 126 With teeth: 15 38 101 122 126 Without teeth: 8 15 47 52 67 113 122 126 8 Arisaema (AMA p. 33) 15 Berberis 38 Crataegus 47 Elaeagnus 52 Floerkea 67 Lindera 101 Prunus (AMA p. 138) 113 Shepherdia 122 Toxicodendron (POISONOUS TO TOUCH! AMA pp. 188, 199) 126 Viburnum 15 KEY 10 Yellow fruits less than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS Enclosed in a papery husk: 65 95 116 Not enclosed in a husk: 8 15 25 38 44 62 68 80 88 107 108 110 116 124 125 With floral remnants at apex: 8 15 25 38 68 88 107 108 110 124 125 Without floral remnants at apex: 8 15 25 44 62 65 68 80 88 95 116 With 2-10 seeds: 8 15 25 38 44 62 68 80 88 110 124 With more than 10 seeds: 65 95 107 108 116 125 PLANTS Woody: 15 25 38 62 68 80 107 108 110 125 Not woody: 8 44 65 88 95 116 124 Creeping or climbing: 25 68 108 Not creeping or climbing: 8 15 38 44 62 65 68 80 88 95 107 108 110 116 124 125 With spines: 15 25 38 107 108 116 Without spines: 8 25 44 62 65 68 80 88 95 107 108 110 116 124 125 LEAVES Opposite: 8 68 95 108 110 124 Whorled: 8 15 88 107 Alternate: 8 15 25 38 44 62 65 80 95 107 108 116 125 Simple: 15 25 38 44 62 65 68 80 95 107 116 124 125 Compound: 8 88 108 110 Lobed: 8 38 62 95 107 116 124 Not lobed: 8 15 25 38 44 62 65 68 80 88 95 108 110 116 124 125 With teeth: 15 25 38 62 80 88 95 107 108 110 116 125 Without teeth: 8 15 44 62 65 68 80 95 116 124 125 8 Arisaema (AMA p. 33) 15 Berberis 25 Celastrus (AMA p. 53) 38 Crataegus 44 Disporum 62 Ilex (AMA pp. 6, 97) 65 Leucophysalis (see Physalis (AMA p. 132) 68 Lonicera (AMA p. 109) 80 Nemopanthus 88 Panax 95 Physalis (AMA p. 132) 107 Ribes 108 Rosa (AMA p. 194) 110 Sambucus (AMA p. 147) 116 Solanum (AMA pp. 10, 157, 158, 194, 195) 124 Triosteum 125 Vaccinium 16 KEY 11 Yellow fruits more than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS Less than 2 cm long: 8 15 18 38 47 74 81 101 103 111 122 126 More than 2 cm long: 11 101 103 About as long as wide: 8 38 47 74 101 103 111 122 126 Longer than wide: 11 15 18 47 81 103 With silvery scales: 47 Without silvery scales: 8 11 15 18 38 74 81 101 103 111 122 126 With floral remnants at apex: 8 15 18 38 47 81 103 122 126 Without floral remnants at apex: 8 11 15 47 74 101 111 122 PLANTS Woody: 11 15 18 38 47 74 81 101 103 111 122 126 Not woody: 8 122 Creeping or climbing: 122 Not creeping or climbing: 8 11 15 18 38 47 74 81 101 103 111 122 126 With spines: 15 38 101 Without spines: 8 11 18 47 74 81 101 103 111 122 126 LEAVES Opposite: 8 18 74 81 111 122 126 Alternate: 8 11 15 38 47 74 101 103 111 122 Simple: 11 15 18 38 47 81 101 103 126 Once compound: 8 111 122 Twice compound: 74 Lobed: 8 38 122 126 Not lobed: 8 11 15 18 38 47 74 81 101 103 111 122 126 With teeth: 15 38 74 101 122 126 Without teeth: 8 11 15 18 47 81 103 111 122 126 8 Arisaema (AMA p. 33) II Asimina (AMA p. 192) 15 Berberis 18 Buckleya 38 Crataegus 47 Elaeagnus 74 Melia (AMA p. 115) 81 Nestronia 101 Prunus (AMA p. 138) 103 Pyrularia (H&A p. 158) III Sapindus (H&A p. 158) 122 Toxicodendron (POISONOUS TO TOUCH! AMA pp. 188, 199) 126 Viburnum 17 KEY 12 Yellow fruits more than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed Less than 2 cm long: 8 15 25 38 44 51 65 68 82 88 90 95 98 104 107 108 109 116 125 More than 2 cm long: 2 11 22 27 39 41 51 70 82 90 95 98 104 108 109 120 Dense cluster of fruitlets resembling a blackberry: 109 Not resembling a blackberry: 2 8 11 15 22 25 27 38 39 41 44 51 65 68 70 82 88 90 95 98 104 107 108 116 120 125 Enclosed in a papery husk: 65 82 95 116 Not enclosed in a husk: 2 8 11 15 22 25 27 38 39 41 44 51 68 70 88 90 98 104 107 108 109 116 120 125 With floral remnants at apex: 8 15 22 25 27 38 39 51 68 88 98 104 107 108 120 125 Without floral remnants at apex: 2 8 11 15 25 41 44 65 68 70 82 88 90 95 98 109 116 120 With 2-10 seeds: 2 8 11 15 22 25 38 41 44 68 88 104 109 With more than 10 seeds: 22 27 39 51 65 70 82 90 95 98 107 108 109 116 120 125 Woody: 2 11 15 22 25 27 38 39 41 51 68 70 90 104 107 108 109 125 Not woody: 8 44 65 82 88 90 95 98 109 116 120 Creeping or climbing: 2 25 68 90 108 Not creeping or climbing: 8 11 15 22 27 38 39 41 44 51 65 68 70 82 88 95 98 104 107 108 109 116 120 125 With spines: 8 15 25 27 38 70 104 107 108 116 Without spines: 2 8 11 22 25 27 39 41 44 51 65 68 82 88 90 95 98 104 107 108 109 116 120 125 Opposite: 8 22 68 95 98 108 Whorled or basal: 2 8 15 88 107 120 Alternate: 2 8 11 15 22 25 27 38 39 41 44 51 65 68 70 82 90 95 104 107 108 109 116 125 Simple: 11 15 22 25 27 38 39 41 44 51 65 68 70 82 90 95 98 104 107 109 116 120 125 Compound: 2 8 88 108 Peltate: 98 Not peltate: 2 8 11 15 22 25 27 38 39 41 44 51 65 68 70 82 88 90 95 98 104 107 108 109 116 120 125 Lobed: 8 38 51 82 90 95 98 104 107 109 116 Notlobed: 2 8 11 15 22 25 27 38 39 41 44 65 68 70 82 88 95 104 108 116 120 125 With teeth: 15 25 27 38 39 82 88 90 95 98 104 107 108 109 116 125 Without teeth: 2 8 11 15 22 41 44 51 65 68 70 90 95 116 120 125 82 Nicandra (H&A p. 140) 88 Panax 90 Passiflora FRUITS PLANTS LEAVES 2 Akebia 8 Arisaema (AMA p. 33) 11 Asimina (AMA p. 192) 15 Berberis 22 Calycanthus (AMA p. 47) 25 Celastrus (AMA p. 53) 27 Chaenomeles 38 Crataegus 39 Cydonia 41 Diospyros 44 Disporum 51 Ficus (AMA p. 198) 65 Leucophysalis (see Phi/sniis, AMA p. 132), 68 Lonicera (AMA p. 109) 70 Madura (AMA p. 194) 95 Physalis (AMA p. 132) 98 Podophyllum (AMA pp. 6, 136) 104 Pyrus 107 Ribes 108 Rosa (AMA p. 194) 109 Rubus 116 Solanum (AMA pp. 10, 157, 158, 194, 195) 120 Symplocarpus (AMA p. 166) 125 Vaccinium 18 KEY 13 Orange fruits less than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS With floral remnants at apex: 8 26 34 38 126 Without floral remnants at apex: 8 26 33 PLANTS Woody: 26 34 38 126 Not woody: 8 33 34 With spines: 38 Without spines: 8 26 33 34 126 LEAVES Opposite: 8 33 34 126 Whorled or basal: 8 33 34 Alternate: 8 26 33 38 Simple: 26 33 34 38 126 Compound: 8 With teeth: 26 38 126 Without teeth: 8 26 33 34 126 8 Arisaema (AMA p. 33) 26 Celtis 33 Convallaria (AMA pp. 6, 62) 34 Cornus 38 Crataegus 126 Viburnum 19 KEY 14 Orange fruits less than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS PLANTS LEAVES Enclosed in a papery husk; 95 116 Not enclosed in a husk: 8 25 33 34 38 44 50 68 102 107 108 110 116 117 124 With floral remnants at apex: 8 25 34 38 68 102 107 108 110 117 124 Without floral remnants at apex: 8 25 33 44 50 68 95 116 With 2 seeds: 8 25 33 34 With 3-10 seeds; 25 33 38 44 50 68 102 110 117 124 With more than 10 seeds: 50 95 107 108 116 Woody: 25 38 50 68 102 107 108 110 117 Not woody: 8 33 34 44 95 116 124 Creeping or climbing: 25 50 68 102 108 Not creeping or climbing: 8 33 34 38 44 50 68 95 102 107 108 110 116 117 124 With spines; 25 38 102 107 108 116 Without spines: 8 25 33 34 44 50 68 95 102 107 108 110 116 117 124 Opposite; 8 33 34 50 68 95 108 110 117 124 Whorled or basal: 8 33 34 102 107 Alternate: 8 25 33 38 44 95 102 107 108 116 117 Simple; 25 33 34 38 44 50 68 95 102 107 116 124 Compound: 8 108 110 117 Attached at less than 5 nodes: 8 33 34 44 95 Attached at more than 5 nodes: 25 38 44 50 68 95 102 107 108 110 116 117 124 Lobed: 8 38 95 102 107 116 124 Notlobed: 8 25 33 34 38 44 50 68 95 102 108 110 116 117 124 With teeth: 25 38 50 95 102 107 108 110 116 117 Without teeth: 8 33 34 44 68 95 116 124 8 Arisaema (AMA p. 33) 102 Pyracantha 25 Celastrus (AMA p. 53) 107 Ribes 33 Convallaria (AMA pp. 6, 62) 108 Rosa (AMA p. 194) 34 Cornus 110 Sambucus (AMA p. 147) 38 Crataegus 116 Solanum (AMA pp. 10, 157, 158, 194, 44 Disporum 195) 50 Euonymus (AMA p. 79) 117 Sorbus 68 Lonicera (AMA p. 109) 124 Triosteum 95 Physalis (AMA p. 132) 20 KEY 15 Orange fruits more than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS With floral remnants at apex: 8 26 34 38 126 Without floral remnants at apex: 8 26 PLANTS Woody: 26 34 38 126 Not woody: 8 34 With spines: 38 Without spines: 8 26 34 126 LEAVES Opposite: 8 34 126 Whorled or basal: 8 34 Alternate: 8 26 38 Simple: 26 34 38 126 Compound: 8 With teeth: 26 38 126 Without teeth: 8 26 34 126 8 Arisaema (AMA p. 33) 26 Celtis 34 Cornus 38 Crataegus 126 Viburnum 21 KEY 16 Orange fruits more than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS 1-2 cm long: 8 17 25 33 34 38 41 44 50 68 69 95 107 108 109 116 117 123 2-5 cm long: 17 41 95 108 120 123 More than 5 cm long: 70 A compact group of fruitlets: 8 17 34 109 120 Not a compact group of fruitlets: 8 25 33 34 38 41 44 50 68 69 70 95 107 108 116 117 123 Enclosed in a papery husk: 95 116 Not enclosed in a husk: 8 17 25 33 34 38 41 44 50 68 69 70 107 108 109 116 117 120 123 With floral remnants at apex: 8 25 34 38 68 107 108 117 120 Without floral remnants at apex: 8 17 25 33 41 44 50 68 69 70 95 109 116 120 123 With 2-10 seeds: 8 25 33 34 38 41 44 50 68 109 117 123 With more than 10 seeds: 17 50 69 70 95 107 108 109 116 120 123 PLANTS Woody: 17 25 34 38 41 50 68 69 70 107 108 109 117 Not woody: 8 33 34 44 95 109 116 120 123 Creeping or climbing: 25 50 68 69 108 Not creeping or climbing: 8 17 33 34 38 41 44 50 68 69 70 95 107 108 109 116 117 120 123 With spines: 25 38 69 70 107 108 109 116 Without spines: 8 17 25 33 34 41 44 50 68 69 70 95 108 109 116 117 120 123 LEAVES Opposite: 8 17 33 34 50 68 95 108 117 Whorled: 8 17 34 69 107 123 Basal: 33 120 Alternate: 8 17 25 33 38 41 44 69 70 95 107 108 109 116 117 Simple: 17 25 33 34 38 41 44 50 68 69 70 95 107 109 116 120 123 Compound with 3 leaflets: 8 108 109 Compound with more than 3 leaflets: 8 108 109 117 Less than 5 per plant: 8 33 44 109 120 123 More than 5 per plant: 17 25 34 38 41 44 50 68 69 70 95 107 108 109 116 117 Lobed: 8 17 38 95 107 109 116 Notlobed: 8 17 25 33 34 38 41 44 50 68 69 70 95 108 109 116 117 120 123 With teeth: 17 25 38 50 95 107 108 109 116 117 Without teeth: 8 33 34 41 44 68 69 70 95 116 120 123 8 Arisaema (AMA p. 33) 44 Disporum 108 Rosa (AMA p. 194) 17 Broussonetia 50 Euonymus (AMA 109 Rubus 25 Celastrus (AMA p. 53) p. 79) 116 Solanum (AMA pp. 10, 33 Convallaria (AMA 68 Lonicera (AMA p. 109) 157, 158, 194, 195) pp. 6, 62) 69 Lycium (AMA p. 110) 117 Sorbus 34 Cornus 70 Madura (AMA p. 194) 120 Symplocarpus (AMA 38 Crataegus 95 Physalis (AMA p. 132) p. 166) 41 Diospyros 107 Ribes 123 Trillium 22 KEY 17 Red or pink fruits less than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS About as long as wide: 7 8 26 32 33 34 38 40 47 58 71 72 101 106 113 114 115 121 126 127 128 Longer than wide: 8 15 26 34 36 43 47 58 67 72 121 128 Asymmetrical, strongly curved: 36 Nearly symmetrical, not curved: 7 8 15 26 32 33 34 38 40 43 47 58 67 71 72 101 106 113 114 115 121 126 127 128 With stalks: 7 8 15 26 32 33 34 36 38 43 47 58 67 71 72 101 106 113 114 115 121 126 127 128 Without stalks: 8 34 40 106 121 With floral remnants at apex: 8 15 26 34 36 38 40 47 58 113 126 Without floral remnants at apex: 7 8 15 26 32 33 36 40 43 47 67 71 72 101 106 113 114 115 121 127 128 PLANTS Woody: 7 15 26 32 34 36 38 40 43 47 67 72 101 106 113 115 121 126 127 128 Not woody: 8 33 34 58 71 114 115 Creeping: 7 121 Climbing: 32 115 127 Not creeping or climbing: 8 15 26 33 34 36 38 40 43 47 58 67 71 72 101 106 113 114 121 126 128 With tendrils: 115 127 Without tendrils: 7 8 15 26 32 33 34 36 38 40 43 47 58 67 71 72 101 106 113 114 121 126 128 With spines: 15 38 101 113 115 128 Without spines: 7 8 26 32 33 34 36 40 43 47 58 67 71 72 101 106 113 114 115 121 126 127 With spicy-aromatic odor when crushed: 67 106 Without spicy-aromatic odor: 7 8 15 26 32 33 34 36 38 40 43 47 58 71 72 101 106 113 114 115 121 126 127 128 LEAVES Less than 0.5 cm wide: 121 More than 0.5 cm wide: 7 8 15 26 32 33 34 36 38 40 43 47 58 67 71 72 101 106 113 114 115 126 127 128 Opposite: 8 33 34 106 113 121 126 128 Whorled or basal: 8 15 33 34 Alternate: 7 8 15 26 32 33 36 38 40 43 47 58 67 71 72 101 106 114 115 121 127 128 Simple: 7 15 26 32 33 34 36 38 40 43 47 58 67 71 72 101 113 114 115 121 126 127 Compound: 8 106 128 23 Key 17 Continued With 1-3 per plant: 8 33 71 With more than 3 per plant: 7 8 15 26 32 34 36 38 40 43 47 58 67 72 101 106 113 114 115 121 126 127 128 Densely scaly on under surface: 47 113 Not densely scaly: 7 8 15 26 32 33 34 36 38 40 43 58 67 71 72 101 106 114 115 121 126 127 128 Lobed: 8 38 72 106 126 127 Notlobed: 7 8 15 26 32 33 34 36 38 40 43 47 58 67 71 72 101 106 113 114 115 121 126 127 128 With teeth: 7 15 26 38 101 106 126 127 128 Without teeth: 7 8 15 26 32 33 34 36 40 43 47 58 67 71 72 106 113 114 115 121 126 128 7 Arctostaphylos 8 Arisaema (AMA p. 33) 15 Berberis 26 Celtis 32 Cocculus 33 Convallaria (AMA pp. 6, 62) 34 Cornus 36 Cotinus (AMA p. 199) 38 Crataegus 40 Daphne (AMA p. 68) 43 Dirca (AMA pp. 74, 198) 47 Elaeagnus 58 Geocaulon (H&A p. 155, under Comandra) 67 Lindera 71 Maianthemum (H&A p. 156) 72 Magnolia (AMA p. 194) 101 Prunus (AMA p. 138) 106 Rhus 113 Shepherdia 114 Smilacina 115 Smilax (H&A p. 158) 121 Taxus (AMA p. 167) 126 Viburnum 127 Vitis 128 Zanthoxylum KEY 18 Red or pink fruits less than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS Dense cluster of fmitlets resembling a blackberry: 78 109 Not resembling a blackberry: 1 3 7 8 9 12 15 20 21 25 28 33 34 37 38 44 45 48 50 54 56 61 62 68 71 77 80 85 88 95 96 102 105 107 108 110 114 115 116 117 118 119 124 125 127 128 Enclosed in a husk: 95 116 Not enclosed in a husk: 1 3 7 8 9 12 15 20 21 25 28 33 34 37 38 44 45 48 50 54 56 61 62 68 71 77 78 80 85 88 96 102 105 107 108 109 110 114 115 116 117 118 119 124 125 127 128 With a stalk: 1 3 7 8 9 12 15 20 21 25 33 34 37 38 44 45 50 54 56 61 62 68 71 77 78 80 85 88 95 96 102 105 107 108 109 110 114 115 116 117 118 119 124 125 127 128 Without a stalk: 8 20 21 28 34 48 85 119 With 1 fruit or 1 compact cluster per plant: 8 20 34 44 61 88 109 With more than 1 per plant: 1 3 7 8 9 12 15 21 25 28 33 34 37 38 44 45 48 50 54 56 62 68 71 77 78 80 85 88 95 96 102 105 107 108 109 110 114 115 116 117 118 119 124 125 127 128 With wintergreen odor: 56 Without wintergreen odor: 1 3 7 8 9 12 15 20 21 25 28 33 34 37 38 44 45 48 50 54 61 62 68 71 77 78 80 85 88 95 96 102 105 107 108 109 110 114 115 116 117 118 119 124 125 127 128 With floral remnants at apex: 1 3 8 9 15 20 25 28 34 37 38 56 68 77 78 85 88 96 102 107 108 110 117 119 124 125 Without floral remnants at apex: 1 7 8 12 15 20 21 25 28 33 44 45 48 50 54 61 62 68 71 78 80 88 95 96 105 109 114 115 116 118 127 128 With 2 seeds: 8 15 25 33 34 37 71 85 88 105 114 115 119 127 128 With 340 seeds; 1 3 7 8 9 12 15 20 21 25 33 34 37 38 44 48 50 56 61 62 68 77 80 88 96 102 105 109 110 115 116 117 124 127 With more than 10 seeds; 1 28 45 50 54 56 61 78 95 96 107 108 109 116 118 125 PLANTS Woody; 3 7 9 15 21 25 34 37 38 48 50 56 62 68 78 80 85 102 105 107 108 109 110 115 116 117 119 125 127 128 Not woody: 1 8 12 20 28 33 34 44 45 54 56 61 71 77 88 95 96 109 114 115 116 117 118 124 Creeping or climbing: 7 25 37 45 48 50 54 56 68 77 102 107 108 109 115 116 125 127 Not creeping or climbing: 1 3 8 9 12 15 20 21 28 33 34 37 38 44 45 50 54 56 61 62 68 71 78 80 85 88 95 96 102 105 107 108 109 110 114 116 117 118 119 124 125 128 With tendrils: 115 127 Without tendrils: 1 3 7 8 9 12 15 20 21 25 28 33 34 37 38 44 45 48 50 54 56 61 62 68 71 77 78 80 85 88 95 96 102 105 107 108 109 110 114 116 117 118 119 124 125 128 With spines: 15 25 37 38 85 102 107 108 109 115 116 128 Without spines: 1 3 7 8 9 12 20 21 25 28 33 34 44 45 48 50 54 56 61 62 68 71 77 78 80 88 95 96 102 105 107 108 109 110 114 115 116 117 118 119 124 125 127 25 Key 18 Continued LEAVES Opposite: 1 8 21 33 34 45 50 54 68 77 95 108 109 110 116 117 119 124 128 Whorled; 8 12 15 33 34 45 54 88 102 107 Basal: 20 33 45 54 61 Alternate: 1 3 7 8 9 15 25 28 33 37 38 44 45 48 56 61 62 71 78 80 85 95 96 102 105 107 108 109 114 115 116 117 118 125 127 128 Simple: 3 7 9 12 15 20 21 25 28 33 34 37 38 44 48 50 56 61 62 68 71 77 78 80 85 95 96 102 105 107 109 114 115 116 118 119 124 125 127 Compound with 3 leaflets: 8 45 54 88 108 109 116 Compound with 4-10 leaflets: 1 8 88 108 109 110 116 128 Compound with more than 10 leaflets: 1 8 108 110 117 128 1-3 per plant: 8 20 33 54 61 71 88 109 More than 3 per plant: 1 3 7 8 9 12 15 21 25 28 34 37 38 44 45 48 50 54 56 61 62 68 77 78 80 85 88 95 96 102 105 107 108 109 110 114 115 116 117 118 119 124 125 127 128 With stalks (petioles): 1 3 7 8 9 15 20 21 25 28 33 34 37 38 45 50 54 56 61 62 68 77 78 80 85 88 95 96 102 105 107 108 109 110 115 116 117 119 124 125 127 128 Without stalks: 7 8 12 15 33 34 44 45 48 50 54 56 61 68 71 88 95 108 109 110 114 115 116 117 118 124 125 128 With spines: 85 109 Without spines: 1 3 7 8 9 12 15 20 21 25 28 33 34 37 38 44 45 48 50 54 56 61 62 68 71 77 78 80 88 95 96 102 105 107 108 109 110 114 115 116 117 118 119 124 125 127 128 Lobed: 1 8 20 28 38 54 61 62 78 85 95 102 107 109 116 124 127 Not lobed: 1 3 7 8 9 12 15 20 21 25 28 33 34 37 38 44 45 48 50 54 56 62 68 71 77 78 80 88 95 96 102 105 108 109 110 114 115 116 117 118 119 124 125 127 128 With teeth: 1 3 9 15 21 25 28 38 45 50 54 56 61 62 78 80 85 88 95 102 105 107 108 109 110 116 117 119 125 127 128 Without teeth: 7 8 12 15 20 28 33 34 37 44 48 56 62 68 71 77 80 95 96 105 114 115 116 118 119 124 125 128 1 Actaea (AMA p. 21) 38 Crataegus 80 Nemopanthus 115 Smilax (H&A p. 158) 3 Amelanchier 44 Disporum 85 Oplopanax 116 Solanum (AMA pp. 10, 7 Arctostaphylos 45 Duchesnia 88 Panax 157, 158, 194, 195) 8 Arisaema (AMA p. 33) 48 Empetrum 95 Physalis (AMA p. 132) 117 Sorbus 9 Aronia 50 Euonymus (AMA 96 Phytolacca (AMA 118 Streptopus (H&A 12 Asparagus p. 79) pp. 6, 133) p. 158) 15 Berberis 54 Fragaria 102 Pyracantha 119 Symphoricarpos 20 Calla (AMA pp. 43, 197) 56 Gaultheria 105 Rhamnus (AMA (AMA p. 165) 21 Callicarpa 61 Hydrastis p. 140) 124 Triosteum 25 Celastrus (AMA p. 53) 62 Ilex (AMA pp. 6, 97) 107 Ribes 125 Vaccinium 28 Chenopodium 68 Lonicera (AMA p. 109) 108 Rosa (AMA p. 194) 127 Vitis 33 Convallaria (AMA 71 Maianthemum (H&A 109 Rubus 128 Zanthoxylum pp. 6, 62) p. 156) 110 Sambucus (AMA 34 Cornus 77 Mitchella p. 147) 37 Cotoneaster 78 Morus 114 Smilacina 26 KEY 19 Red or pink fruits more than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS 1-2 cm long: 8 15 26 34 38 40 47 72 101 126 127 More than 2 cm long: 127 About as long as wide: 8 26 34 38 40 47 72 101 126 127 Longer than wide: 15 26 34 47 72 101 With stalks (pedicels): 8 15 26 34 38 47 72 101 126 127 Without stalks: 8 34 40 With floral remnants at apex: 8 15 26 34 38 40 47 126 Without floral remnants at apex: 8 15 26 40 47 72 101 127 PLANTS Woody: 15 26 34 38 40 47 72 101 126 127 Not woody: 8 34 Creeping or climbing: 127 Not creeping or climbing: 8 15 26 34 38 40 47 72 101 126 With spines: 15 38 101 Without spines: 8 26 34 40 47 72 101 126 127 LEAVES Opposite: 8 34 126 Whorled: 8 15 34 Alternate: 8 15 26 38 40 47 72 101 127 Simple: 15 26 34 38 40 47 72 101 126 127 Compound: 8 Densely scaly on under surface: 47 Not densely scaly: 8 15 26 34 38 40 72 101 126 127 Lobed: 8 38 72 126 127 Notlobed: 8 15 26 34 38 40 47 72 101 126 127 With teeth: 15 26 38 101 126 127 Without teeth: 8 15 26 34 40 47 72 126 8 Arisaema (AMA p. 33) 15 Berberis 26 Celtis 34 Cornus 38 Crataegus 40 Daphne (AMA p. 68) 47 Elaeagnus 72 Magnolia (AMA p. 194) 101 Prunus (AMA p. 138) 126 Viburnum 127 Vitis 27 KEY 20 Red or pink fruits more than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS 1-2 cm long: 1 3 8 15 17 20 25 33 34 38 44 45 50 54 61 68 69 78 88 95 96 98 104 107 108 109 116 117 118 123 125 127 More than 2 cm long: 17 22 35 41 54 61 72 78 86 95 98 104 108 109 123 127 Dense cluster of fruitlets resembling a blackberry: 78 109 Not resembling a blackberry: 1 3 8 15 17 20 22 25 33 34 35 38 41 44 45 50 54 61 68 69 72 86 88 95 96 98 104 107 108 116 117 118 123 125 127 Enclosed in a papery husk: 95 116 Not enclosed in a papery husk: 1 3 8 15 17 20 22 25 33 34 35 38 41 44 45 50 54 61 68 69 72 78 86 88 96 98 104 107 108 109 116 117 118 123 125 127 With 1 fruit or 1 compact cluster per plant: 8 20 34 35 44 61 86 88 98 109 123 With more than 1 per plant: 1 3 8 15 17 22 25 33 34 35 38 41 44 45 50 54 68 69 72 78 86 88 95 96 104 107 108 109 116 117 118 125 127 With floral remnants at apex: 1 3 8 15 20 22 25 34 35 38 68 78 86 88 96 98 104 107 108 117 125 Without floral remnants at apex: 1 8 15 17 20 25 33 41 44 45 50 54 61 68 69 72 78 86 88 95 96 98 109 116 118 123 127 With 2-10 seeds: 1 3 8 15 20 22 25 33 34 38 41 44 50 61 68 88 96 104 109 116 117 123 127 With more than 10 seeds: 1 17 22 35 45 50 54 61 68 69 72 78 86 95 96 98 107 108 109 116 118 123 125 PLANTS Woody: 3 15 17 22 25 34 38 41 50 68 69 72 78 104 107 108 109 116 117 125 127 Not woody: 1 8 20 33 34 35 44 45 54 61 86 88 95 96 98 109 116 118 123 Creeping or climbing: 25 45 50 54 68 69 107 108 109 116 125 127 Not creeping or climbing: 1 3 8 15 17 20 22 33 34 35 38 41 44 45 50 54 61 68 69 72 78 86 88 95 96 98 104 107 108 109 116 117 118 123 125 With tendrils: 127 Without tendrils: 1 3 8 15 17 20 22 25 33 34 35 38 41 44 45 50 54 61 68 69 72 78 86 88 95 96 98 104 107 108 109 116 117 118 123 125 With spines: 15 25 35 38 69 86 104 107 108 109 116 Without spines: 1 3 8 17 20 22 25 33 34 41 44 45 50 54 61 68 69 72 78 88 95 96 98 104 107 108 109 116 117 118 123 125 127 LEAVES Opposite: 1 8 17 22 33 34 45 50 54 68 95 98 108 109 116 117 Whorled: 8 15 17 33 34 45 54 69 88 107 123 Basal: 20 33 45 54 61 Alternate: 1 3 8 15 17 25 33 38 41 44 45 61 68 69 72 78 95 96 104 107 108 109 116 117 118 125 127 28 Key 20 Continued Simple: 3 15 17 20 22 25 33 34 38 41 44 50 61 68 69 72 78 95 96 98 104 107 109 116 118 123 125 127 Compound with 3 leaflets: 8 45 54 108 109 116 Compound with more than 3 leaflets: 1 8 88 108 109 116 117 1-3 per plant: 8 20 33 45 54 61 88 98 109 123 More than 3 per plant: 1 3 8 15 17 22 25 34 38 41 44 45 50 54 61 68 69 72 78 88 95 96 104 107 108 109 116 117 118 125 127 Peltate: 98 Not peltate: 1 3 8 15 17 20 22 25 33 34 35 38 41 44 45 50 54 61 68 69 72 78 86 88 95 96 98 104 107 108 109 116 117 118 123 125 127 With stalks (petioles): 1 3 8 15 17 20 22 25 33 34 38 41 45 50 54 61 68 69 72 78 88 95 96 98 104 107 108 109 116 117 123 125 127 Without stalks: 8 15 33 44 45 50 54 61 68 69 88 95 108 109 116 117 118 123 125 Lobed: 1 8 17 20 38 61 72 78 95 98 104 107 109 116 127 Not lobed: 1 3 8 15 17 20 22 25 33 34 38 41 44 45 50 54 68 69 72 78 88 95 96 104 108 109 116 117 118 123 125 127 With teeth: 1 3 15 17 25 38 45 50 54 61 78 88 95 98 104 107 108 109 116 117 125 127 Without teeth: 8 15 20 22 33 34 41 44 68 69 72 95 96 116 118 123 125 1 Actaea (AMA p. 21) 3 Amelanchier 8 Arisaema (AMA p. 33) 15 Berberis 17 Broussonetia 20 Calla (AMA pp. 43, 197) 22 Calycanthus (AMA p. 47) 25 Celastrus (AMA p. 53) 33 Convallaria (AMA pp. 6, 62) 34 Cornus 35 Coryphantha 38 Crataegus 41 Diospyros 44 Dispomm 45 Duchesnia 50 Euonymus (AMA p. 79) 54 Fragaria 61 Hydrastis 68 Lonicera (AMA p. 109) 69 Lycium (AMA p. 110) 72 Magnolia (AMA p. 194) 78 Morus 86 Opuntia (AMA pp. 185, 196) 88 Panax 95 Physalis (AMA p. 132) 96 Phytolacca (AMA pp. 6, 133) 98 Podophyllum (AMA pp. 6, 136) 104 Pyrus 107 Ribes 108 Rosa (AMA p. 194) 109 Rubus 116 Solanum (AMA pp. 10, 157, 158, 194, 195) 117 Sorbus 118 Streptopus (H&A p. 158) 123 Trillium 125 Vaccinium 127 Vitis 29 KEY 21 Blue fruits less than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS Spherical: 4 24 34 38 55 64 66 76 87 89 92 100 101 112 115 126 127 Oval or elliptic: 16 29 92 100 112 126 With floral remnants at apex: 16 34 38 55 64 126 Without floral remnants at apex: 4 16 24 29 55 64 66 76 87 89 92 100 101 112 115 127 PLANTS Woody: 4 16 29 34 38 64 66 76 87 89 92 101 112 115 126 127 Not woody: 24 55 100 115 Creeping or climbing: 4 16 55 64 76 89 100 115 127 Not creeping or climbing: 24 29 34 38 55 64 66 87 92 101 112 126 With tendrils: 4 89 115 127 Without tendrils: 4 16 24 29 34 38 55 64 66 76 87 92 100 101 112 126 With spines: 38 64 100 101 115 Without spines: 4 16 24 29 34 55 64 66 76 87 89 92 101 112 115 126 127 LEAVES Less than 0.5 cm wide: 55 64 More than 0.5 cm wide: 4 16 24 29 34 38 55 66 76 87 89 92 100 101 112 115 126 127 Opposite: 4 24 29 34 64 66 87 126 Whorled: 24 55 64 89 Alternate: 4 16 24 34 38 76 89 92 100 101 112 115 127 Simple: 4 16 29 34 38 55 64 66 76 87 92 100 101 112 115 126 127 Compound: 24 89 Peltate: 76 Not peltate: 4 16 24 29 34 38 55 64 66 87 89 92 100 101 112 115 126 127 Lobed: 4 24 38 76 100 112 126 127 Not lobed: 4 16 29 34 38 55 64 66 76 87 89 92 100 101 112 115 126 127 With teeth: 4 16 24 38 76 89 101 126 127 Without teeth: 16 29 34 55 64 66 76 87 92 100 112 115 126 4 Ampelopsis (H&A p. 153) 16 Berchemia (H&A p. 153) 24 Caulophyllum (AMA p. 52) 29 Chionanthus 34 Cornus 38 Crataegus 55 Galium 64 Juniperus 66 Ligustrum (AMA p. 107) 76 Menispermum (AMA pp. 10, 117) 87 Osmanthus 89 Parthenocissus (AMA p. 197, H&A p. 97) 92 Persea 100 Polygonum 101 Prunus (AMA p. 138) 112 Sassafras 115 Smilax (H&A p. 158) 126 Viburnum 127 Vitis 30 KEY 22 Blue fruits less than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS PLANTS LEAVES With floral remnants at apex: 3 5 31 34 38 55 57 64 68 99 125 Without floral remnants at apex: 4 21 24 29 31 42 55 64 66 68 73 89 99 115 127 With 2 seeds: 4 24 29 34 55 64 66 89 115 With 3-10 seeds: 3 4 5 21 29 31 38 42 57 64 66 68 73 89 99 115 125 127 With more than 10 seeds; 31 99 125 Woody: 3 4 21 29 34 38 57 64 66 68 89 115 125 127 Not woody: 5 24 31 42 55 73 99 115 Creeping or climbing: 4 55 64 68 89 115 127 Not creeping or climbing: 3 5 21 24 29 31 34 38 42 55 57 64 66 68 73 99 125 With tendrils: 4 89 115 127 Without tendrils: 3 4 5 21 24 29 31 34 38 42 55 57 64 66 68 73 99 125 With spines: 5 38 64 115 Without spines: 3 4 5 21 24 29 31 34 42 55 57 64 66 68 73 89 99 115 125 127 Less than 0.5 cm wide: 55 64 More than 0.5 cm wide: 3 4 5 21 24 29 31 34 38 42 55 57 66 68 73 89 99 115 125 127 Opposite: 4 5 21 24 29 34 64 66 68 Whorled with 2 whorls: 5 73 Whorled with more than 2 whorls: 5 24 55 64 89 Basal: 5 31 Alternate: 3 4 5 24 34 38 42 57 89 99 115 125 127 Simple: 3 4 21 29 31 34 38 42 55 57 64 66 68 73 99 115 125 127 Compound: 5 24 89 Peltate: 42 Not peltate: 3 4 5 21 24 29 31 34 38 55 57 64 66 68 73 89 99 115 125 127 Lobed: 4 24 38 42 127 Notlobed: 3 4 5 21 29 31 34 38 55 57 64 66 68 73 89 99 115 125 127 With teeth: 3 4 5 21 24 38 Without teeth: 29 31 34 55 3 Amelanchier 4 Ampelopsis (H&A p. 153) 5 Aralia 21 Callicarpa 24 Caulophyllum (AMA p. 52) 29 Chionanthus 31 Clintonia (H&A p. 154) 34 Cornus 42 57 89 125 127 57 64 66 68 73 99 115 125 38 Crataegus 42 Diphylleia (H&A p. 155) 55 Galium 57 Gaylussacia 64 Juniperus 66 Ligustrum (AMA p. 107) 68 Lonicera (AMA p. 109) 73 Medeola (H&A p. 156) 89 Parthenocissus (AMA p. 197, H&A p. 97) 99 Polygonatum (H&A p. 158) 115 Smilax (H&A p. 158) 125 Vaccinium 127 Vitis 31 KEY 23 Blue fruits more than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS Spherical: 38 64 76 84 87 92 101 112 126 127 Oval or elliptic: 29 84 92 101 112 126 With floral remnants at apex: 38 64 84 126 Without floral remnants at apex: 29 64 76 87 92 101 112 127 PLANTS Creeping or climbing: 64 76 127 Not creeping or climbing: 29 38 64 84 87 92 101 112 126 With tendrils: 127 Without tendrils: 29 38 64 76 84 87 92 101 112 126 With spines: 38 64 101 Without spines: 29 64 76 84 87 92 101 112 126 127 LEAVES Less than 0.5 cm wide: 64 More than 0.5 cm wide: 29 38 76 84 87 92 101 112 126 127 Opposite: 29 64 87 126 Whorled: 64 Alternate: 38 76 84 92 101 112 127 Peltate: 76 Not peltate: 29 38 64 84 87 92 101 112 126 127 Lobed: 38 76 112 126 127 Not lobed: 29 38 64 76 84 87 92 101 112 126 127 With teeth: 38 76 84 101 126 127 Without teeth: 29 64 76 84 87 92 112 126 29 Chionanthus 38 Crataegus 64 Juniperus 76 Menispermum (AMA pp. 10, 117) 84 Nyssa 87 Osmanthus 92 Persea 101 Prunus (AMA p. 138) 112 Sassafras 126 Viburnum 127 Vitis KEY 24 Blue fruits more than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS PLANTS LEAVES With floral remnants at apex: 3 31 38 57 64 68 99 125 Without floral remnants at apex: 2 29 31 42 64 68 73 99 127 With 2 seeds: 29 64 127 With 3-10 seeds: 2 3 29 31 38 42 57 64 68 73 99 127 With more than 10 seeds: 31 99 125 Woody: 2 3 29 38 57 64 68 125 127 Not woody: 31 42 73 99 Creeping or climbing: 2 64 68 127 Not creeping or climbing: 3 29 31 38 42 57 64 68 73 99 125 With tendrils: 127 Without tendrils: 2 3 29 31 38 42 57 64 68 73 99 125 With spines: 38 64 Without spines: 2 3 29 31 42 57 64 68 73 99 125 127 Less than 1 cm wide: 64 More than 1 cm wide: 2 3 29 31 38 42 57 68 73 99 125 127 Opposite: 29 64 68 Whorled: 2 64 73 Basal: 31 Alternate: 2 3 38 42 57 99 125 127 Simple: 3 29 31 38 42 57 64 68 73 99 125 127 Compound: 2 Peltate: 42 Not peltate: 2 3 29 31 38 57 64 68 73 99 125 127 Lobed: 38 42 127 Notlobed: 2 3 29 31 38 57 64 68 73 99 125 127 With teeth: 3 38 42 57 125 127 Without teeth: 2 29 31 57 64 68 73 99 125 2 Akebia 99 Polygonatum (H&A p. 158) 3 Amelanchier 125 Vaccinium 29 Chionanthus 127 Vitis 31 Clintonia (H&A p. 154) 38 Crataegus 42 Diphylleia (H&A p. 155) 57 Gaylussacia 64 Juniperus 68 Lonicera (AMA p. 109) 73 Medeola (H&A p. 156) 33 KEY 25 Purple fruits less than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS PLANTS LEAVES With floral remnants at apex: 26 38 52 55 64 126 Without floral remnants at apex: 7 24 26 29 52 55 64 76 87 92 100 101 112 114 127 Woody: 7 26 29 38 64 76 87 92 101 112 126 127 Not woody: 24 52 55 100 114 Creeping or climbing: 7 52 55 64 76 100 101 127 Not creeping or climbing: 24 26 29 38 52 55 64 87 92 101 112 114 126 With tendrils: 127 Without tendrils: 7 24 26 29 38 52 55 64 76 87 92 100 101 112 114 126 With spines: 38 64 100 101 Without spines: 7 24 26 29 52 55 64 76 87 92 100 101 112 114 126 127 Less than 0.5 cm wide: 55 64 More than 0.5 cm wide: 7 24 26 29 38 52 55 76 87 92 100 101 112 114 126 127 Opposite: 24 29 52 64 87 126 Whorled: 24 55 64 Alternate: 7 24 26 38 52 76 92 100 101 112 114 127 Simple: 7 26 29 38 52 55 64 76 87 92 100 101 112 114 126 127 Compound: 24 52 Peltate: 76 Not peltate: 7 24 26 29 38 52 55 64 87 92 100 101 112 114 126 127 Lobed: 24 38 52 76 100 112 126 127 Not lobed: 7 26 29 38 52 55 64 76 87 92 100 101 112 114 126 127 With teeth: 7 24 26 38 76 101 126 127 Without teeth: 7 26 29 52 55 64 76 87 92 100 112 114 126 7 Arctostaphylos 24 Caulophyllum (AMA p. 52) 26 Celtis 29 Chionanthus 38 Crataegus 52 Floerkea 55 Galium 64 Juniperus 76 Menispermum (AMA pp. 10, 117) 87 Osmanthus 92 Persea 100 Polygonum 101 Prunus (AMA p. 138) 112 Sassafras 114 Smilacina 126 Viburnum 127 Vitis 34 KEY 26 Purple fruits less than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed Dense cluster of fruitlets resembling a blackberry: 78 109 Not resembling a blackberry: 3 5 7 9 21 24 29 31 38 48 50 55 64 68 73 95 96 107 110 114 116 119 125 127 Enclosed in a papery husk: 95 116 Not enclosed in a husk: 3 5 7 9 21 24 29 31 38 48 50 55 64 68 73 78 96 107 109 110 114 116 119 125 127 With floral remnants at apex: 3 5 9 31 38 55 64 68 78 96 107 110 119 125 Without floral remnants at apex: 7 21 24 29 31 48 50 55 64 68 73 78 95 96 109 114 116 127 With 2 seeds: 24 29 55 64 114 119 127 With 3-10 seeds: 3 5 7 9 21 29 31 38 48 50 64 68 73 96 109 110 127 With more than 10 seeds: 31 50 78 95 96 107 109 116 125 Woody: 3 5 7 9 21 29 38 48 50 64 68 78 107 109 110 119 125 127 Not woody: 5 24 31 55 73 95 96 114 116 Creeping or climbing: 7 48 50 55 64 68 109 127 Not creeping or climbing: 3 5 9 21 24 29 31 38 48 50 55 64 68 73 78 95 96 107 109 110 114 116 119 125 With tendrils: 127 Without tendrils: 3 5 7 9 21 24 29 31 38 48 50 55 64 68 73 78 95 96 107 109 110 114 116 119 125 With spines: 5 38 64 107 109 116 Without spines: 3 5 7 9 21 24 29 31 48 50 55 64 68 73 78 95 96 107 109 110 114 116 119 125 127 Opposite: 5 21 24 29 50 64 68 95 109 110 119 Whorled: 24 55 64 73 107 Basal: 5 31 Alternate: 3 5 7 9 24 38 48 78 95 96 107 109 114 116 125 127 Simple: 3 7 9 21 29 31 38 48 50 55 64 68 73 78 95 96 107 114 116 119 125 127 Compound: 5 24 109 110 Lobed: 24 38 78 95 107 109 116 127 Not lobed: 3 5 7 9 21 29 31 38 48 50 55 64 68 73 78 95 96 109 110 114 116 119 125 127 With teeth: 3 5 7 9 21 24 38 50 78 95 107 109 110 116 119 125 127 Without teeth: 7 29 31 48 55 64 68 73 95 96 114 116 119 125 FRUITS PLANTS LEAVES 3 Amelanchier 5 Aralia 7 Arctostaphylos 9 Aronia 21 Callicarpa 24 Caulophyllum (AMA p. 52) 29 Chionanthus 31 Clintonia (H&A p. 154) 38 Crataegus 48 Empetrum 50 Euonymus (AMA p. 79) 55 Galium 64 Juniperas 68 Lonicera (AMA p. 109) 73 Medeola (H&A p. 156) 78 Morus 95 Physalis (AMA p. 132) 96 Phytolacca (AMA pp. 6, 133) 107 Ribes 109 Rubus 110 Sambucus (AMA p. 147) 114 Smilacina 116 Solanum (AMA pp. 10, 157, 158, 194, 195) 119 Symphoricarpos (AMA p. 165) 125 Vaccinium 127 Vitis 35 KEY 27 Purple fruits more than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS 1-2 cm long: 26 29 38 64 76 84 87 92 101 112 126 127 More than 2 cm long: 11 38 84 101 127 With floral remnants at apex: 26 38 64 84 126 Without floral remnants at apex: 11 26 29 64 76 87 92 101 112 127 PLANTS Creeping or climbing: 64 76 101 127 Not creeping or climbing: 11 26 29 38 64 84 87 92 101 112 126 With tendrils: 127 Without tendrils: 11 26 29 38 64 76 84 87 92 101 112 126 With spines: 38 64 101 Without spines: 11 26 29 64 76 84 87 92 101 112 126 127 LEAVES Opposite: 29 64 87 126 Alternate: 11 26 38 76 84 92 101 112 127 Peltate: 76 Not peltate: 11 26 29 38 64 84 87 92 101 112 126 127 Lobed: 38 76 112 126 127 Not lobed: 11 26 29 38 64 76 84 87 92 101 112 126 127 With teeth: 26 38 76 84 101 126 127 Without teeth: 11 26 29 64 76 84 87 92 112 126 11 Asimina (AMA p. 192) 26 Celtis 29 Chionanthus 38 Crataegus 64 Juniperus 76 Menispermum (AMA pp. 10, 117) 84 Nyssa 87 Osmanthus 92 Persea 101 Prunus (AMA p. 138) 112 Sassafras 126 Viburnum 127 Vitis 36 KEY 28 Purple fruits more than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS 1-2 cm long: 3 10 29 31 38 50 51 60 64 68 73 78 90 95 96 107 109 116 123 125 127 More than 2 cm long: 2 11 22 35 38 41 51 78 86 90 95 109 120 123 127 Dense cluster of fruitlets resembling a blackberry: 78 109 Not resembling a blackberry: 2 3 10 11 22 29 31 35 38 41 50 51 60 64 68 73 86 90 95 96 107 116 120 123 125 127 Enclosed in a papery husk: 95 116 Not enclosed in a husk: 2 3 10 11 22 29 31 35 38 41 50 51 60 64 68 73 78 86 90 96 107 109 116 120 123 125 127 With floral remnants at apex: 3 10 22 31 35 38 51 60 64 68 78 86 96 107 120 125 Without floral remnants at apex: 2 11 29 31 41 50 64 68 73 78 90 95 96 109 116 120 123 127 With 2-10 seeds: 2 3 10 11 22 29 31 38 41 50 60 64 68 73 96 123 127 With more than 10 seeds: 10 22 31 35 50 51 60 78 86 90 95 96 107 109 116 120 123 125 PLANTS Woody: 2 3 11 22 29 38 41 50 51 64 68 78 90 107 109 125 127 Not woody: 10 31 35 60 73 86 90 95 96 116 120 123 Creeping or climbing: 2 10 50 60 64 68 90 109 120 123 127 Not creeping or climbing: 3 10 11 22 29 31 35 38 41 50 51 60 64 68 73 78 86 95 96 107 109 116 120 123 125 With tendrils: 90 127 Without tendrils: 2 3 10 11 22 29 31 35 38 41 50 51 60 64 68 73 78 86 95 96 107 109 116 120 123 125 With spines: 35 38 64 86 107 109 116 Without spines: 2 3 10 11 22 29 31 41 50 51 60 64 68 73 78 90 95 96 107 116 120 123 125 127 LEAVES Less than 0.5 cm wide: 64 More than 0.5 cm wide: 2 3 10 11 22 29 31 38 41 50 51 60 68 73 78 90 95 96 107 109 116 120 123 125 127 Opposite: 22 29 50 64 68 95 109 Whorled with 1 whorl per plant: 123 Whorled with 2 whorls per plant: 73 Whorled with more than 2 whorls per plant: 2 64 107 Basal: 10 31 60 120 Alternate: 2 3 11 38 41 51 78 90 95 96 107 109 116 125 127 Simple: 3 10 11 22 29 31 38 41 50 51 60 64 68 73 78 90 95 96 107 116 120 123 125 127 Compound: 2 109 37 Key 28 Continued Lobed: 10 38 51 60 78 90 95 107 109 116 127 Notlobed: 2 3 10 11 22 29 31 38 41 50 60 64 68 73 78 95 96 109 116 120 123 125 127 With teeth: 3 38 50 78 90 95 107 109 116 125 127 Without teeth: 2 10 11 22 29 31 41 51 60 64 68 73 90 95 96 116 120 123 125 2 Akebia 3 Amelanchier 10 Asarum 11 Asimina (AMA p. 192) 22 Calycanthus (AMA p. 47) 29 Chionanthus 31 Clintonia (H&A p. 154) 35 Coryphantha 38 Crataegus 41 Diospyros 50 Euonymus (AMA p. 79) 51 Ficus (AMA p. 198) 60 Hexastylis 64 Juniperus 68 Lonicera (AMA p. 109) 73 Medeola (H&A p. 156) 78 Morus 86 Opuntia (AMA pp. 185, 196) 90 Passiflora 95 Physalis (AMA p. 132) 96 Phytolacca (AMA pp. 6, 133) 107 Ribes 109 Rubus 116 Solanum (AMA pp. 10, 157, 158, 194, 195) 120 Symplocarpus (AMA p. 166) 123 Trillium 125 Vaccinium 127 Vitis KEY 29 Green fruits less than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS With floral remnants at apex: 91 97 122 Without floral remnants at apex: 43 71 91 97 114 115 121 122 PLANTS Woody: 43 97 115 121 122 Not woody: 71 91 114 115 122 Creeping or climbing: 115 121 122 Not creeping or climbing: 43 71 91 97 114 121 122 With tendrils: 115 Without tendrils: 43 71 91 97 114 121 122 With spines: 115 Without spines: 43 71 91 97 114 115 121 122 LEAVES Less than 0.5 cm wide: 121 More than 0.5 cm wide: 43 71 91 97 114 115 122 Opposite or basal: 91 121 122 Alternate: 43 71 97 114 115 121 122 Simple: 43 71 91 97 114 115 121 Compound: 122 One to three per plant: 71 91 More than three per plant: 43 91 97 114 115 121 122 Lobed: 91 122 Notlobed: 43 71 91 97 114 115 121 122 With teeth: 97 122 Without teeth: 43 71 91 114 115 121 122 43 Dirca (AMA pp. 74, 198) 71 Maianthemum (H&A p. 156) 91 Peltandra 97 Planera 114 Smilacina 115 Smilax (H&A p. 158) 121 Taxus (AMA p. 167) 122 Toxicodendron (POISONOUS TO TOUCH! AMA pp. 188, 199) 39 KEY 30 Green fruits less than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS Dense cluster of fruitlets resembling a blackberry: 78 Not resembling a blackberry: 71 75 91 95 96 107 110 114 115 116 125 Enclosed in a papery husk: 95 116 Not enclosed in a husk: 71 75 78 91 96 107 110 114 115 116 125 With floral remnants at apex: 75 78 91 96 107 110 125 Without floral remnants at apex: 71 78 91 95 96 114 115 116 With 2-10 seeds: 71 91 96 110 114 115 116 With more than 10 seeds: 75 78 95 96 107 116 125 PLANTS Woody: 78 107 110 115 116 125 Not woody: 71 75 91 95 96 114 115 116 Creeping or climbing: 75 115 116 125 Not creeping or climbing: 71 78 91 95 96 107 110 114 116 125 With tendrils: 75 115 Without tendrils: 71 78 91 95 96 107 110 114 116 125 With spines: 107 115 116 Without spines: 71 75 78 91 95 96 107 110 114 115 116 125 LEAVES Opposite: 95 110 116 Whorled or basal: 91 107 Alternate: 71 75 78 95 96 107 114 115 116 125 Simple: 71 75 78 91 95 96 107 114 115 116 125 Compound: 110 116 One to three per plant: 71 91 More than 3 per plant: 75 78 91 95 96 107 110 114 115 116 125 Lobed: 75 78 91 95 107 116 Notlobed: 71 78 91 95 96 110 114 115 116 125 With teeth: 75 78 95 107 110 116 125 Without teeth: 71 91 95 96 114 115 116 125 71 Maianthemum (H&A p. 156) 75 Melothria 78 Morus 91 Peltandra 95 Physalis (AMA p. 132) 96 Phytolacca (AMA pp. 6, 133) 107 Ribes 110 Sambucus (AMA p. 147) 114 Smilacina 115 Smilax (H&A p. 158) 116 Solanum (AMA pp. 10, 157, 158, 194, 195) 125 Vaccinium 40 KEY 31 Green fruits more than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS 1-3 cm long: 18 74 81 91 103 122 More than 3 cm long: 11 63 Spherical or oval; about as long as wide: 63 74 91 103 122 Elliptic; longer than wide: 11 18 81 91 103 With floral remnants at apex: 18 81 91 103 122 Without floral remnants at apex: 11 63 74 91 122 PLANTS Woody: 11 18 63 74 81 103 122 Not woody: 91 122 Creeping or climbing: 122 Not creeping or climbing: 11 18 63 74 81 91 103 122 LEAVES Opposite or basal: 18 63 74 81 91 122 Alternate: 11 63 74 103 122 Simple: 11 18 81 91 103 Once compound: 63 122 Twice compound: 74 Lobed: 91 122 Notlobed: 11 18 63 74 81 91 103 122 With teeth: 63 74 122 Without teeth: 11 18 81 91 103 122 11 Asimina (AM A p. 192) 18 Buckleya 63 Juglans (AMA p. 193)) 74 Melia (AMA p. 115) 81 Nestronia 91 Peltandra 103 Pyrularia (H&A p. 158) 122 Toxicodendron (POISONOUS TO TOUCH! AMA pp. 188, 199) 41 KEY 32 Green fruits more than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS 1-2 cm long; 38 51 75 78 82 83 90 91 95 96 98 104 107 116 125 More than 2 cm long; 11 35 46 51 70 72 78 82 83 86 90 95 98 104 120 Flattened, wider than long; 96 Spherical, about as long as wide; 35 38 46 51 70 82 83 86 91 95 98 104 107 116 120 125 Ovoid or ellipsoid, longer than wide; 11 35 46 51 72 75 78 83 86 90 91 104 120 Enclosed in a papery husk; 82 95 116 Not enclosed in a husk; 11 35 38 46 51 70 72 75 78 83 86 90 91 96 98 104 107 116 120 125 With soft prickles; 46 107 Without prickles; 11 35 38 51 70 72 75 78 82 83 86 90 91 95 96 98 104 107 116 120 125 With floral remnants at apex; 35 38 46 51 75 78 83 86 91 96 98 104 107 120 125 Without floral remnants at apex; 11 46 70 72 78 82 83 90 91 95 96 98 116 120 With 2-10 seeds; 11 38 46 91 96 104 116 With more than 10 seeds; 35 51 70 72 75 78 82 83 86 90 95 96 98 107 116 120 125 PLANTS Woody; 11 38 51 70 72 78 90 104 107 116 125 Not woody; 35 46 75 82 83 86 90 91 95 96 98 116 120 Creeping or climbing; 46 75 90 116 125 Not creeping or climbing; 11 35 38 51 70 72 78 82 83 86 91 95 96 98 104 107 116 120 125 With tendrils; 46 75 90 Without tendrils; 11 35 38 51 70 72 78 82 83 86 90 91 95 96 98 104 107 116 120 125 With spines; 35 38 46 70 86 104 107 116 Without spines; 11 46 51 72 75 78 82 83 90 91 95 96 98 104 107 116 120 125 Growing in water; 83 91 125 Not growing in water; 11 35 38 46 51 70 72 75 78 82 86 90 91 95 96 98 104 107 116 120 125 With a skunklike odor: 120 Without a skunklike odor: 11 35 38 46 51 70 72 75 78 82 83 86 90 91 95 96 98 104 107 116 125 LEAVES Opposite: 95 98 116 Whorled or basal: 83 91 107 120 Alternate: 11 38 46 51 70 72 75 78 82 90 95 96 104 107 116 125 Key 32 Continued Simple: 11 38 46 51 70 72 75 78 82 83 90 91 95 96 98 104 107 116 120 125 Compound: 116 Peltate: 98 Not peltate: 11 38 46 51 70 72 75 78 82 83 90 91 95 96 98 104 107 116 120 125 Lobed: 38 46 51 72 75 78 82 83 90 91 95 98 104 107 116 Notlobed: 11 70 72 78 82 83 91 95 96 104 116 120 125 With teeth: 38 46 75 78 82 90 95 98 104 107 116 125 Without teeth: 11 51 70 72 83 90 91 95 96 116 120 125 11 Asimina (AMA p. 192) 35 Coryphantha 38 Crataegus 46 Echinocystis 51 Ficus (AMA p. 198) 70 Madura (AMA p. 194) 72 Magnolia (AMA p. 194) 75 Melothria 78 Moms 82 Nicandra (H&A p. 140) 83 Nymphaea 86 Opuntia (AMA pp. 185, 196) 90 Passiflora 91 Peltandra 95 Physalis (AMA p. 132) 96 Phytolacca (AMA pp. 6, 133) 98 Podophyllum (AMA pp. 6, 136) 104 Pyms 107 Ribes 116 Solanum (AMA pp. 10, 157, 158, 194, 195) 120 Symplocarpus (AMA p. 166) 125 Vaccinium 43 KEY 33 Black fruits less than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS PLANTS LEAVES With floral remnants at apex: 16 26 38 55 64 126 Without floral remnants at apex: 4 7 16 19 26 30 55 64 66 76 89 92 101 112 114 115 127 Woody: 4 7 16 19 26 30 38 64 66 76 89 92 101 112 115 126 127 Not woody: 55 114 115 Creeping or climbing: 4 7 16 30 55 64 76 89 101 115 127 Not creeping or climbing: 19 26 38 55 64 66 92 101 112 114 126 With tendrils: 4 30 89 115 127 Without tendrils: 4 7 16 19 26 38 55 64 66 76 92 101 112 114 126 With spines: 19 38 64 101 115 Without spines: 4 7 16 19 26 30 55 64 66 76 89 92 101 112 114 115 126 127 Less than 0.5 cm wide: 55 64 More than 0.5 cm wide: 4 7 16 19 26 30 38 55 66 76 89 92 101 112 114 115 126 127 Opposite: 4 30 64 66 126 Whorled: 19 55 64 89 Alternate: 4 7 16 19 26 30 38 76 89 92 101 112 114 115 127 Simple: 7 16 19 26 30 38 55 64 66 76 92 101 112 114 115 126 127 Compound with 3 leaflets: 30 Compound with 5-7 leaflets: 89 Compound with more than 7 leaflets: 4 Peltate: 76 Not peltate: 4 7 16 19 26 30 38 55 64 66 89 92 101 112 114 115 126 127 Lobed: 4 30 38 76 112 126 127 Notlobed: 4 7 16 19 26 30 38 55 64 66 76 89 92 101 112 114 115 126 127 With teeth: 4 7 16 26 30 38 76 89 101 126 127 Without teeth: 7 16 19 26 55 64 66 76 92 112 114 115 126 4 Ampelopsis (H&A p. 153) 7 Arctostaphylos 16 Berchemia (H&A p. 153) 19 Bumelia 26 Celtis 30 Cissus 38 Crataegus 55 Galium 64 Juniperus 66 Ligustrum (AM A p. 107) 76 Menispermum (AMA pp. 10, 117) 89 Parthenocissus (AMA p. 197, H&A p. 97) 92 Persea 101 Prunus (AMA p. 138) 112 Sassafras 114 Smilacina 115 Smilax (H&A p. 158) 126 Viburnum 127 Vitis 44 KEY 34 Black fruits less than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS Dense cluster of fruitlets resembling a blackberry: 78 109 Not resembling a blackberry: 3 4 5 7 9 30 31 38 48 55 57 59 62 64 66 68 73 75 89 96 99 105 107 110 114 115 116 125 127 With floral remnants at apex: 3 5 9 31 38 55 57 59 64 68 73 75 78 96 99 107 110 125 Without floral remnants at apex: 4 7 30 31 48 55 62 64 66 68 73 78 89 96 99 105 109 114 115 116 127 With 2-10 seeds: 3 4 5 7 9 30 31 38 48 55 57 59 62 64 66 68 73 89 96 99 105 110 114 115 127 With more than 10 seeds: 31 75 78 96 99 107 109 116 125 PLANTS Woody: 3 4 5 7 9 30 38 48 57 59 62 64 66 68 78 89 105 107 109 110 115 125 127 Not woody: 5 31 55 73 75 96 99 110 114 115 116 Creeping or climbing: 4 7 30 48 55 59 64 68 75 89 107 109 115 127 Not creeping or climbing: 3 5 9 31 38 55 57 62 64 66 68 73 78 96 99 105 107 109 110 114 116 125 With tendrils: 4 30 75 89 115 127 Without tendrils: 3 4 5 7 9 31 38 48 55 57 59 62 64 66 68 73 78 96 99 105 107 109 110 114 116 125 With spines: 5 38 64 105 107 109 115 116 Without spines: 3 4 5 7 9 30 31 48 55 57 59 62 64 66 68 73 75 78 89 96 99 105 107 110 114 115 116 125 127 LEAVES Less than 0.5 cm wide: 48 55 64 More than 0.5 cm wide: 3 4 5 7 9 30 31 38 55 57 59 62 66 68 73 75 78 89 96 99 105 107 109 110 114 115 116 125 127 Opposite: 4 5 30 64 66 68 105 109 110 Whorled: 5 55 64 73 89 107 Basal: 31 Alternate: 3 4 5 7 9 30 38 48 57 59 62 75 78 89 96 99 107 109 114 115 116 125 127 Simple: 3 7 9 30 31 38 48 55 57 59 62 64 66 68 73 75 78 96 99 105 107 114 115 116 125 127 Compound with 3 leaflets: 30 89 109 Compound with 5-7 leaflets: 89 109 110 Compound with more than 7 leaflets: 4 5 110 With parallel venation: 5 31 48 64 73 99 114 115 With net venation: 3 4 5 7 9 30 38 48 55 57 59 62 66 68 73 75 78 89 96 105 107 109 110 115 116 125 127 45 Key 34 Continued Lobed: 4 30 38 59 62 75 78 107 109 116 127 Not lobed: 3 4 5 7 9 30 31 38 48 55 57 59 62 64 66 68 73 78 89 96 99 105 109 110 114 115 116 125 127 With teeth: 3 4 5 7 9 30 38 57 62 73 75 78 89 105 107 109 110 116 125 127 Without teeth: 7 31 48 55 57 59 62 64 66 68 73 96 99 105 114 115 116 125 3 Amelanchier 4 Ampelopsis (H&A p. 153) 5 Aralia 7 Arctostaphylos 9 Aronia 30 Cissus 31 Clintonia(H&Ap. 154) 38 Crataegus 48 Empetrum 55 Galium 57 Gaylussacia 59 Hedera (AMA pp. 87, 192) 62 Ilex (AMA pp. 6, 97) 64 Juniperus 66 Ligustrum (AMA p. 107) 68 Lonicera (AMA p. 109) 73 Medeola (H&A p. 156) 75 Melothria 78 Moms 89 Parthenocissus (AMA p. 197, H&A p. 97) 96 Phytolacca (AMA pp. 6, 133) 99 Polygonatum (H&A p. 158) 105 Rhamnus (AMA p. 140) 107 Ribes 109 Rubus 110 Sambucus (AMA p. 147) 114 Smilacina 115 Smilax (H&A p. 158) 116 Solanum (AMA pp. 10, 157, 158, 194, 195) 125 Vaccinium 127 Vitis 46 KEY 35 Black fruits more than 1 cm long with 1 seed FRUITS 1-2 cm long: 19 23 26 38 53 64 76 84 92 101 112 126 127 More than 2 cm long; 23 63 84 101 127 About as long as wide: 19 23 26 38 63 64 76 84 92 101 112 126 127 Longer than wide: 53 84 92 101 112 126 With floral remnants at apex: 26 38 64 84 126 Without floral remnants at apex: 19 23 26 53 63 64 76 92 101 112 127 PLANTS Creeping or climbing: 23 64 76 101 127 Not creeping or climbing: 19 26 38 53 63 64 84 92 101 112 126 With tendrils: 127 Without tendrils: 19 23 26 38 53 63 64 76 84 92 101 112 126 With spines; 19 38 64 101 Without spines: 19 23 26 53 63 64 76 84 92 101 112 126 127 LEAVES Less than 0.5 cm wide: 64 More than 0.5 cm wide; 19 23 26 38 53 63 76 84 92 101 112 126 127 Opposite: 53 63 64 126 Whorled: 19 64 Alternate: 19 23 26 38 63 76 84 92 101 112 127 Simple: 19 23 26 38 53 64 76 84 92 101 112 126 127 Compound: 63 Lobed: 23 38 76 112 126 127 Notlobed: 19 26 38 53 63 64 76 84 92 101 112 126 127 With teeth: 26 38 53 63 76 84 101 126 127 Without teeth: 19 23 26 53 64 76 84 92 112 126 19 Bumelia 23 Calycocarpum 26 Celtis 38 Crataegus 53 Forestiera (H&A p. 155) 63 Juglans (AMA p. 193)) 64 Juniperus 76 Menispermum (AMA pp. 10, 117) 84 Nyssa 92 Persea 101 Prunus (AMA p. 138) 112 Sassafras 126 Viburnum 127 Vitis 47 KEY 36 Black fruits more than 1 cm long with more than 1 seed FRUITS 1-2 cm long: 3 13 31 38 57 64 68 73 75 78 90 93 96 99 107 109 116 125 127 More than 2 cm long: 14 38 78 90 109 127 Dense cluster of fruitlets resembling a blackberry: 14 78 109 Not resembling a blackberry: 3 13 14 31 38 57 64 68 73 75 90 93 96 99 107 116 125 127 With floral remnants at apex: 3 31 38 57 64 68 75 78 96 99 107 125 Without floral remnants at apex: 13 14 31 64 68 73 78 90 93 96 99 109 116 127 With 2-10 seeds: 3 31 38 57 64 68 73 93 96 99 127 With more than 10 seeds: 13 14 31 75 78 90 96 99 107 109 116 125 PLANTS Woody: 3 38 57 64 68 78 90 93 107 109 125 127 Not woody: 13 14 31 73 75 90 96 99 116 Creeping or climbing: 64 68 75 90 107 109 127 Not creeping or climbing: 3 13 14 31 38 57 64 68 73 78 93 96 99 107 109 116 125 With tendrils: 75 90 127 Without tendrils: 3 13 14 31 38 57 64 68 73 78 93 96 99 107 109 116 125 With spines: 38 64 107 109 116 Without spines: 3 13 14 31 57 64 68 73 75 78 90 93 96 99 107 109 116 125 127 LEAVES Less than 0.5 cm wide: 64 More than 0.5 cm wide: 3 13 14 31 38 57 68 73 75 78 90 93 96 99 107 109 116 125 127 Opposite: 13 64 68 93 109 Whorled: 13 64 73 107 Basal: 31 Alternate: 3 13 14 38 57 75 78 90 96 99 107 109 116 125 127 Simple: 3 13 14 31 38 57 64 68 73 75 78 90 96 99 107 116 125 127 Compound: 93 109 With major veins parallel: 14 31 64 73 99 With net venation: 3 13 38 57 68 73 75 78 90 93 96 107 109 116 125 127 Lobed: 38 75 78 90 107 116 127 Notlobed: 3 13 14 31 38 57 64 68 73 78 93 96 99 109 116 125 127 With teeth: 3 38 57 75 78 90 107 109 116 125 127 Without teeth: 13 14 31 57 64 68 73 90 93 96 99 116 125 3 Amelanchier 73 Medeola (H&A p. 156) 107 Ribes 13 Atropa (AMA p. 36) 75 Melothria 109 Rubus 14 Belamcanda (H&A 78 Moms 116 Solanum (AMA pp. 10, p. 153) 90 Passiflora 157, 158, 194, 195) 31 Clintonia (H&A p. 154) 93 Phellodendron 125 Vaccinium 38 Crataegus 96 Phytolacca (AMA 127 Vitis 57 Gaylussacia pp. 6, 133) 64 Juniperus 99 Polygonatum (H&A 68 Lonicera (AMA p. 109) p. 158) 48 ILLUSTRATIONS 1 Actaea 3 Amelanchier 4 Ampelopsis 5 Aralia 6 Arceuthobium 7 Arctostaphylos 8 Arisaema 50 9 Aronia 10 Asarum 11 Asimina 12 Asparagus 13 Atropa 14 Belamcanda 15 Berberis 16 Berchemia 51 52 25 Celastrus 26 Celtis 27 Chaenomeles 28 Chenopodium 29 Chionanthus 30 Cissus 31 Clintonia 32 Cocciilus 53 I 54 41 Diospyros 42 Diphylleia 43 Dirca 44 Disponim 45 Duchesnia 46 Echinoi^stis 47 Elaeagnus 48 Empetrnm 55 56 58 Geocaulon 57 58 73 Medeola 75 Melothria 74 Melia 76 Menispermum 77 Mitchella 78 Moms 79 Myrica 80 Nemopanthus 59 82 Nicandra 60 61 62 63 64 65 USING THE SEQUENTIAL KEY This branching key provides the user with a sequence of paired descriptions to be compared with the specimen to be identified. Each pair of choices offers opposing characters, one of which is to be selected as best describing the plant. At the end of the line chosen, a number indicates the next pair of choices to be considered. Proceed in this way until the name of a genus of plants appears at the end of the line rather than a num- ber. Then consult the illustrations (pp. 50-65) and the listing of Genera of Plants with Fleshy Fruits (pp. 77-79) for confirmation and further information. A major drawback of the sequential key is that lack of knowledge about a single character can impede the identification process, so this type of key may be used effectively only when stems, leaves, fruits, seeds and other parts of the plant are available. Characters for this key were chosen which would' be visible at the time of fruiting rather than flowering. SEQUENTIAL KEY TO PLANTS WITH FLESHY FRUITS 1. Plants thick and pulpy, usually spiny (cacti)... 95 I. Plants not thick and pulpy... 2 2. Stems woody... 96 2. Stems not woody... 3 3. Leaves compound. ..81 3. Leaves simple. ..4 4. Leaves basal, whorled or alternate. ..11 4. Leaves opposite... 5 5. Plants creeping; seeds 4-8; fruits paired. ..Mitchella 5. Plants not creeping; seeds fewer than 4 or 10 or more; fruits not paired. ..6 6. Plants with fewer than 4 leaves. ..7 6. Plants with more than 4 leaves. ..8 7. Seeds fewer than 10 per fruit. ..Convallaria 7. Seeds more than 10 per fruit.. .Podophyllum 8. Fruits with 1 or 2 seeds. ..Cornus 8. Fruits with more than 2 seeds. ..9 9. Fruits 3-seeded...Triosteum 9. Fruits with many seeds. ..10 10. Fruits yellow, each borne in a husk...Leucophysalis (also see Physalis) 10. Fruits black, not in husks. ..Atropa II. Leaves whorled or basal. ..12 11. Leaves alternate. ..26 12. Leaves whorled. ..13 12. Leaves basal. ..18 13. Plants with 1 or 2 whorls of leaves. ..14 13. Plants with many whorls of leaves. ..17 14. Plants with 1 whorl of leaves. ..15 14. Plants with 2 whorls of leaves...Medeola 15. Fruits borne on an erect stalk from near ground level. ..Convallaria 15. Fruits borne from a whorl of leaves, not stalked or on a very short or drooping stalk.. .16 16. Leaves 3 per whorl... Trillium 16. Leaves more than 3 per whorl. ..Cornus 17. Fruits red. ..Asparagus 17. Fruits blue, purple or black.. .Galium 18. Fruits red. ..19 18. Fruits not red. ..21 19. Leaf blades as wide or wider than long. ..20 19. Leaf blades considerably longer than wide. ..Convallaria 20. Leaves with teeth and deep lobes... Hydrastis 20. Leaves without teeth.. .Calla 21. Plants with a skunklike odor; fruit cluster pale, oblong to nearly spherical with embedded seeds. ..Symplocarpus 21. Plants without a skunklike odor; fruits not as above... 22 22. Flowers borne at the water surface with floating (lily-pad) leaves; fruits coiled within their long stalks under water at maturity.. .Nymphaea 22. Flowers and leaves usually not floating; fruits not coiled. ..23 23. Fruit cluster borne within a long sheath with a beak-like tip; leaves numerous, narrowly arrowhead-shaped . . . Peltandra 23. Fruits not borne within a sheath; leaves not as above. ..24 24. Leaves shiny, straplike, clustered at the base of the flower or fruit stalk; veins parallel. ..Clintonia 24. Leaves broad, net- veined with stalks (petioles)... 25 25. Plants with two, soft hairy leaves...Asarum 25. Plants with several smooth leaves. ..Hexastylis 26. Leaves with teeth... 27 26. Leaves without teeth... 41 27. Plants creeping or climbing... 28 27. Plants not creeping or climbing... 33 28. Leaves lobed...29 28. Leaves not lobed...32 29. Fruits red when mature... Solanum 29. Fruits not red. ..30 30. Fruits with 4 seeds... Echinocystis 30. Fruits with more than 5 seeds... 31 31. Leaves mostly 3-lobed...Passiflora 31. Leaves mostly 5-lobed...Melothria 32. Plants creeping; fruits white... Gaultheria 32. Plants climbing; fruits red or green. ..Solanum 33. Fruits not enclosed in husks... 36 33. Fruits enclosed in husks... 34 34. Husks with spines... Solanum 34. Husks without spines... 35 35. Husks split halfway or more to the base...Nicandra 35. Husks split only at the apex...Physalis 36. Fruits blue; leaf single, large, umbrella-like... Diphylleia 36. Fruits not blue; leaves various... 37 37. Fruits red. ..38 37. Fruits yellow, green or black... Solanum 38. Fruitlets in a compact cluster as in blackberries... Rubus 38. Fruits not densely clustered heads of fruitlets... 39 39. Leaves with tiny teeth; plants with wintergreen odor when crushed; fruits with floral remnants at apex...Gaultheria 39. Leaves with coarse teeth; plants without wintergreen odor.. .40 40. Leaves triangular, shallowly lobed; fruits in the leaf axils or borne laterally on a leafless stem...Chenopodium 40. Leaves not triangular, deeply lobed; fruits borne as a single cluster of red berries at the plant apex. ..Hydrastis 41. Fruits white, orange or red. ..42 41. Fruits not white, orange or red. ..55 42. Seeds 1 or 2 per fruit... 43 42. Seeds more than 2 per fruit.. .47 43. Plants with tendrils. ..Smilax 43. Plants without tendrils. ..44 44. Fruits with floral remnants at apex, with 1 seed...Geocaulon 44. Fruits without floral remnants at apex, with 1 or 2 seeds. ..45 45. Plants usually bearing 3 or more leaves; leaves 6-15 cm long...Smilacina 45. Plants with 1-3 (usually 2) leaves; leaves 3-10 cm long. ..46 46. Plants with purplish-red fruits, often mottled with green. ..Maianthemum 46. Plants with red to orange fruits. ..Convallaria 47. Fruits with more than 10 seeds. ..50 47. Fruits with fewer than 10 seeds... 48 48. Fruits with floral remnants at apex...Gaultheria 48. Fruits without floral remnants at apex. ..49 49. Plants with fewer than 5 leaves. ..Convallaria 49. Plants with more than 5 leaves. ..Disporum 50. Fruits enclosed within husks. ..51 50. Fruits not enclosed within husks. ..52 51. Husks with spines. ..Solanum 51. Husks without spines. ..Physalis 52. Plants climbing. ..Solanum 52. Plants not climbing. ..53 53. Leaves triangular, with long stalks. ..Chenopodium 53. Leaves not triangular, stalks absent or short. ..54 54. Leaf stalks absent. ..Streptopus 54. Leaf stalks short but present. ..Gaultheria 55. Fruits yellow.. .56 55. Fruits not yellow.. .62 56. Plants climbing or creeping. ..57 56. Plants not climbing or creeping. ..59 57. Plants with spines. ..Solanum 57. Plants without spines. ..58 58. Leaves with 3 broad, shallow lobes; fruits about 5-6 cm long...Passiflora 58. Leaves with 3-7, narrow, very deep lobes (appearing to be compound); fruits less than 1 cm long...Floerkea 59. Seeds 3-6 per fruit. ..Disporum 59. Seeds more than 10 per fruit. ..60 60. Plants with spines. ..Solanum 60. Plants without spines. ..61 61. Fruits loosely enclosed in 5-angled husks. ..Physalis 61. Fruits tightly enclosed within scarcely-angled husks. ..Leucophysalis 62. Fruits blue, brown or purple. ..63 62. Fruits green or black... 68 63. Fruits blue. ..64 63. Fruits brown or purple. ..66 68 64. Plants not climbing; without spines. ..Polygonatum 64. Plants climbing; with spines... 65 65. Leaves triangular in outline; fruits less than 0.5 cm long. ..Polygonum 65. Leaves heart-shaped or oval but not triangular; fruits more than 0.5 cm long...Smilax 66. Fruits with 1 seed. ..Polygonum 66. Fruits with more than 1 seed... 67 67. Fruits with a hollow to pithy, central chamber... Passiflora 67. Fruits without a soft, central chamber... 68 68. Fruits less than 1 cm long... 69 68. Fruits more than 1 cm long. ..72 69. Plants delicate, creeping; leaves deeply lobed...Floerkea 69. Plants robust, erect or spreading, not creeping; leaves unlobed...70 70. Plants climbing or twining on themselves by tendrils... Smilax 70. Plants not climbing or twining by tendrils. ..71 71 . Fruits few, dangling on slender stalks attached at leaf bases; leaves with roughly parallel veins... Polygonatum 71. Fruits numerous, borne in robust spikes at the branch tips; leaves with veins branching from a strong midvein. ..Phytolacca 72. Plants climbing or sprawling... 73 72. Plants not climbing. ..75 73. Plants with tendrils. ..74 73. Plants without tendrils; fruits green. ..Solanum 74. Fruits black, with 1-6 seeds; plants with or without spines. ..Smilax 74. Fruits green or yellow (to purple-tinged), with more than 10 seeds; plants never spiny... Passiflora 75. Fruits green. ..76 75. Fruits black.. .77 76. Fruits enclosed in husks. ..Physalis 76. Fruits not enclosed in husks. ..Phytolacca 77. Fruit cluster dense, more than 2 cm long...Belamcanda 77. Fruits less than 2 cm long; loosely clustered, if at all. ..78 78. Leaves without stalks, blades with roughly parallel veins... Polygonatum 78. Leaves with stalks, blades with net veins. ..79 79. Fruits somewhat compressed, wider than long... Phytolacca 79. Fruits spherical, about as long as wide. ..80 80. Fruits borne singly in the axils of the leaves. ..Atropa 80. Fruits borne in loose clusters. ..Solanum 81. Leaves alternate.. .86 81. Leaves opposite, whorled or basal... 82 82. Leaves opposite, with 5-9 leaflets. ..Sambucus 82. Leaves whorled or basal... 83 83. Fruits yellow or red; leaves with 3-7 leaflets. ..84 83. Fruits blue, purple or black; leaves with more than 7 leaflets... Aralia 84. Fruits swollen strawberrylike, with many "seeds" embedded in the surface... 85 84. Fruits with 2 or 3 seeds... Panax 85. Fruits dry to pulpy; bracts below the fruit lobed...Duchesnia 85. Fruits juicy; bracts below the fruit not lobed...Fragaria 86. Plants with spines; fruiting head of clustered fruitlets as in a blackberry. .Rubus 86. Plants without spines; fruits not as above. ..87 87. Leaves with teeth... 88 87. Leaves without teeth. ..93 88. Fruits white... 89 88. Fruits not white... 90 69 89. Seeds 2-many, contained within a berrylike fruit.. .Actaea 89. Seeds single, naked, berrylike. ..Caulophyllum 90. Fruits red. ..92 90. Fruits blue, purple or black... 91 91. Leaflets not lobed; seeds usually 5 per fruit... Aralia 91. Leaflets lobed; seeds borne singly, berrylike. ..Caulophyllum 92. Leaves with 3 leaflets; fruits resembling strawberries.. .Duchesnia 92. Leaves of many leaflets; fruits not like strawberries... Actaea 93. Fruits with 1-3 seeds. ..94 93. Fruits with more than 10 seeds. ..Solanum 94. Fruits orange or red when ripe...Arisaema 94. Fruits yellow, brown or purple.. .Floerkea 95. Succulent stems roughly spherical, not jointed. ..Coryphantha 95. Succulent stems flattened, jointed pads...Opuntia 96. Leaves simple. ..97 96. Leaves compound. ..234 97. Leaves opposite... 98 97. Leaves mostly alternate. ..125 98. Leaf margins with teeth... 99 98. Leaf margins without teeth. ..105 99. Fruits l-seeded...l00 99. Fruits with more than 1 seed. ..101 100. Fruits spherical, about as wide as long, with floral remnants at the apex. ..Viburnum (Note: Euonymus sometimes appears one-seeded) 100. Fruits elliptic, longer than wide, black, without floral remnants at apex...Forestiera 101. Seeds 2 per fruit.. .Symphoricarpos 101. Seeds more than 2 per fruit.. .102 102. Fruits black, with 3-4 seeds; branches with a sharp, terminal spine... Rhamnus 102. Fruits not black, usually with 3 to many seeds... 103 103. Leaves usually lobed, hairy; fruit clusters red and orange, globose.. .Broussonetia 103. Leaves not lobed; fruits red, orange, purple or violet-pink... 104 104. Fruits violet-pink to dark rose, in dense clusters along the stems; seeds 2-4, not red-coated (no arils). ..Callicarpa 104. Fruits purple or red, single or in loose clusters in the leaf axils; seeds 3-10, with red coats (arils). ..Euonymus 105. Leaves less than 0.5 cm wide. ..106 105. Leaves more than 0.5 cm wide. ..108 106. Fruits red, with 1 seed...Taxus 106. Fruits white, blue or black.. .107 107. Plants minute, growing on evergreen tree branches; fruits white.. .Arceuthobium 107. Plants terrestrial; berries blue, purple or black (rarely white). ..Juniperus 108. Seed 1 per fruit... 109 108. Seeds more than 1 per fruit. ..119 109. Leaves covered with tiny silvery or brownish scales on the under-surface. ..Shepherdia 109. Leaves without silvery or brownish scales. ..110 110. Fruits with floral remnants at apex. ..Ill 110. Fruits without floral remnants at apex... 114 111. Fruits yellowish green at maturity, 1-2 cm long... 112 111. Fruits not green when mature and fleshy... 113 112. Fruits short-cylindric, about twice as long as wide...Buckleya 112. Fruits only slightly longer than wide...Nestronia 70 113. Leaves with main veins running somewhat parallel to the margin and ending near the apex...Comus 113. Leaves with main veins ending near the margin and not curving toward the apex. ..Viburnum 114. Plants growing on tree branches; fruits white. ..Phoradendron 114. Plants not growing on tree branches. ..115 115. Fruits black or very dark purple.. .116 115. Fruits blue or vivid purple.. .117 116. Fruits less than 1 cm long...Ligustrum 116. Fruits more than 1 cm long...Forestiera 117. Leaf stalks less than 1 cm long...Ligustrum 117. Leaf stalks 1-2.5 cm long... 118 118. Leaves deciduous; fniits waxy on surface, borne in loose, drooping clusters. . . Chionanthus 118. Leaves evergreen; fruits not waxy, borne in small, dense clusters.. .Osmanthus 119. Fruits with 2 or 3 seeds. ..120 119. Fruits with more than 3 seeds.. .124 120. Fruits black.. .Ligustrum 120. Fruits not black.. .121 121. Fruits without floral remnants at apex. ..Chionanthus 121. Fruits with floral remnants at apex. ..122 122. Leaves with lateral veins running somewhat parallel to the margin and arching toward the apex...Cornus 122. Leaves with lateral veins ending near the margin, not curving toward the apex. ..123 123. Fruit clusters at the branch tips. ..Ligustrum 123. Fruit clusters at leaf bases... Symphoricarpos 124. Fruits (or fruit pairs) less than 2 cm long...Lonicera 124. Fruits more than 3 cm long...Calycanthus 125. Leaves less than 0.5 cm wide. ..126 125. Leaves more than 0.5 cm wide. ..129 126. Fruits l-seeded...Taxus 126. Fruits with more than 1 seed. ..127 127. Fruits with floral remnants at apex. ..128 127. Fruits without floral remnants at apex...Empetrum 128. Fruits white.. .Gaultheria 128. Fruits red...Vaccinium 129. Plants creeping or climbing. ..130 129. Plants not creeping or climbing. ..166 130. Leaves with marginal teeth.. .131 130. Leaves without marginal teeth. ..147 131. Plants with tendrils. ..132 131. Plants without tendrils (leaf stalks may twine). ..135 132. Seeds 1-5 per fruit.. .133 132. Seeds more than 10 per fruit... Passiflora. 133. Pith of stems brown. ..Vitis 133. Pith of stems white.. .134 134. Fruits blue...Ampelopsis 134. Fruits black.. .Cissus 135. Fruits l-seeded...l36 135. Fruits with more than 1 seed. ..140 136. Leaves peltate, stalk attached near the margin; the single seed 7-9 mm, flat, ridged and crescent-shaped . . .Menispermum 136. Leaves not peltate; seed not as above. ..137 71 137. Plants creeping or very low and shrubby; fruits red to purple or black.. .138 137. Plants climbing or trailing vines; fruits not red. ..139 138. Low shrubs, forming mats; fruits less than 1 cm long...Arctostaphylos 138. Plants becoming more than 1 meter tall; fruits more than 1 cm long...Prunus 139. Leaf blades 3-6 cm long...Berchemia 139. Leaf blades 6-12 cm long...Ampelopsis 140. Fruits blue...Ampelopsis 140. Fruits not blue. ..141 141. Plants climbing or sprawling vines. ..Celastrus 141. Plants low, creeping... 142 142. Fruitlets clustered in compact heads as in blackberries; plants usually with spines. ..Rubus 142. Fruits not borne as heads of fruitlets... 143 143. Plants with spines. ..144 143. Plants without spines. ..145 144. Fruits with 5-10 seeds. ..Pyracantha 144. Fruits with more than 10 seeds. ..Lycium 145. Seeds 5 or fewer per fruit. ..Arctostaphylos 145. Seeds more than 10 per fruit. ..146 146. Fruits red-glandular.. .Ribes 146. Fruits not red-glandular.. .Vaccinium 147. Fruits l-seeded...l48 147. Fruits with more than 1 seed. ..153 148. Plants with tendrils or twining leaf stalks. ..149 148. Plants without tendrils. ..150 149. Seed crescent-shaped, flat, ridged... Menispermum 149. Seed(s) spherical. ..Smilax 150. Fruits less than 1 cm long. ..151 150. Fruits more than 1 cm long...Calycocarpum 151. Fruits blue to almost black. ..Berchemia 151. Fruits red. ..152 152. Plants low, shrubby, sometimes creeping; leaves 1-4 cm long... Arctostaphylos 152. Plants climbing; leaves 5-15 cm long...Cocculus 153. Fruits white; plants creeping. ..154 153. Fruits not white.. .155 154. Leaves less than 1 cm wide...Gaultheria 154. Leaves more than 1 cm wide...Epigaea 155. Plants with spines. ..156 155. Plants without spines. ..158 156. Plants with tendrils. ..Smilax 156. Plants without tendrils. ..157 157. Fruits more than 1 cm long, with more than 10 seeds. ..Lycium 157. Fruits less than 1 cm long, with 2-10 seeds. ..Cotoneaster 158. Plants creeping. ..159 158. Plants climbing. ..162 159. Seeds 2-5 per fruit.. .160 159. Seeds more than 10 per fruit.. .161 160. Leaves more than 4 cm long; fruits black.. .Hedera 160. Leaves 1-3 cm long; fruits red (purple to black on a rare, alpine species). ..Arctostaphylos 161. Leaves less than 2 cm long; fruits spherical, with floral remnants at apex... Vaccinium 161. Leaves more than 2 cm long; fruits elliptic, longer than wide, without floral remnants at apex. ..Lycium 72 162. Plants with tendrils. ..163 162. Plants without tendrils. ..164 163. Fruits less than 1 cm long with fewer than 10 seeds. ..Smilax 163. Fruits more than 1 cm long with more than 10 seeds. ..Passiflora 164. Fruits black.. .Hedera 164. Fruits red. ..165 165. Fruits less than 1 cm long, nearly spherical... Solanum 165. Fruits more than 1 cm long, elliptic, longer than wide...Lycium 166. Leaves with teeth... 167 166. Leaves without teeth. ..198 167. Plants with spines. ..168 167. Plants without spines. ..178 168. Some spines branched; fruits red or yellow.. .Berberis 168. Spines not branched. ..169 169. Fruit cluster a compact head of fruitlets as in blackberries. ..Rubus 169. Fruits not in heads of clustered fruitlets. ..170 170. Seeds 1 per fruit.. .171 170. Seeds more than 1 per fruit... 172 171. Fruits with floral remnants at apex. ..Crataegus 171. Fruits without floral remnants at apex...Prunus 172. Fruits 2"Seeded...Oplopanax 172. Fruits with more than 2 seeds. ..173 173. Seeds 5-10 per fruit. ..174 173. Seeds more than 10 per fruit.. .176 174. Leaves with blunt teeth... Pyracantha 174. Leaves with sharp teeth. ..175 175. Spines with a bud at base...Pyrus 175. Spines without buds. ..Crataegus 176. Fruits less than 3 cm long. ..177 176. Fruits more than 4 cm long...Chaenomeles 177. Fruits with floral remnants at apex...Ribes 177. Fruits without floral remnants at apex... Solanum 178. Fruits l-seeded...l79 178. Fruits with more than 1 seed. ..183 179. Fruits coated with dense, pale wax...Myrica 179. Fruits not encased in wax,. ..180 180. Fruits with many fleshy projections... Planera 180. Fruits without fleshy projections... 181 181. Leaves with 3 major veins, the lateral ones arching from the base of the blade toward the tip, bases unequally lobed...Celtis 181. Leaves with major veins branching from the midvein, bases nearly equal. ..182 182. Fruits with floral remnants at apex; pith of branches divided by woody plates. ..Nyssa 182. Fruits without floral remnants at apex; pith of branches not divided by woody plates... Prunus 183. Fruits with 2-10 seeds. ..184 183. Fruits with more than 10 seeds. ..192 184. Fruits with floral remnants at apex. ..185 184. Fruits without floral remnants at apex. ..190 185. Fruits with tough cores. ..186 185. Fruits without tough cores. ..188 186. Leaves with stiff, black hairs on the midvein of the upper side of the blade. ..Aronia 186. Leaves without stiff, black hairs on the mid vein... 187 73 187. Core of the fruit with about 10 cavities, with 1 seed per cavity... Amelanchier 187. Core of the fruit with 2-5 cavities with 2 seeds per cavity... Pyrus 188. Fruits blue or black.. .Gaylussacia 188. Fruits red or orange. ..189 189. Plants shrubby, not lax and creeping. ..Pyracantha 189. Plants creeping. ..Gaultheria 190. Seeds 2-3 per fruit.. .Rhamnus 190. Seeds 4-8 per fruit.. .191 191. Buds and leaf stalks purple. ..Nemopanthus 191. Buds and leaf stalks not purple. ..Ilex 192. Fruitlets in a compact cluster.. .193 192. Fruits not clustered. ..195 193. Fruit clusters mostly spherical, red and orange... Broussonetia 193. Fruit clusters cylindric, white to rose-purple or black... 194 194. Trees; not spiny; fruitlets with floral remnants at apex. ..Moms 194. Shrubs; often spiny; fruitlets without floral remnants at apex...Rubus 195. Fruits less than 2 cm long. ..196 195. Fruits more than 2 cm long.. .197 196. Leaves lobed...Ribes 196. Leaves not lobed...Vaccinium 197. Plants with spines. ..Chaenomeles 197. Plants without spines. ..Cydonia 198. Fruits l-seeded...l99 198. Fruits with more than 1 seed. ..216 199. Fruits more than 4 cm long...Asimina 199. Fruits less than 3 cm long. ..200 200. Leaves and fruits covered with tiny, silvery scales. ..Elaeagnus 200. Leaves and fruits without silvery scales... 201 201. Plants with spines. ..202 201. Plants without spines. ..203 202. Fruits red or yellow.. .Berberis 202. Fruits black. ..Bumelia 203. Leaves lobed and unlobed; fruits blue to dark purple. ..Sassafras 203. Leaves not lobed. ..204 204. Fruits white, covered with white wax...Myrica 204. Fruits not white or covered with wax... 205 205. Fruits oval to pear-shaped, 1.5-3 cm long, brown, yellow or green... Pyrularia 205. Fruits not pear-shaped... 206 206. Fruits strongly curved, brown or red...Cotinus 206. Fruits not strongly curved. ..207 207. Fruits with floral remnants at apex. ..208 207. Fruits without floral remnants at apex. ..210 208. Fruits red. ..Daphne 208. Fruits blue or black. ..209 209. Leaves with lateral veins running parallel to the margin and ending near the apex of the blade; pith of branches not divided by woody plates... Cornus 209. Leaves with lateral veins running toward the margin, not ending near the apex of the blade; pith of branches divided by woody plates.. .Nyssa 210. Fruits blue, purple or black.. .211 210. Fmits yellow, orange, red or green. ..213 211. Leaves mostly clustered in fascicles at the ends of short shoots, their tips broadly rounded.. .Bumelia 211. Leaves not in fascicles on short shoots; tips sharply to bluntly pointed... 212 74 212. Leaf bases with unequal lobing; major veins arching from the base toward the tip...CeItis 212. Leaf bases nearly equal; major veins branching off the midvein. ..Persea 213. Fruits spherical, without stalks, red. ..Daphne 213. Fruits oval or elliptic, stalked. ..214 214. Plants spicy-aromatic when crushed. ..Lindera 214. Plants not spicy-aromatic. ..215 215. Leaf bases nearly equal; young stems pliant, easily bent without breaking. ..Dirca 215. Leaf bases unequal; young stems stiff, not easily bent without breaking. ..Celtis 216. Fruits with 2-10 seeds. ..217 216. Fruits with more than 10 seeds... 227 217. Plants with spines... 218 217. Plants without spines... 219 218. Fruits noticeably longer than broad. ..Berberis 218. Fruits spherical, not noticeably longer than broad. ..Cotoneaster 219. Fruits 2 cm long or more. ..220 219. Fruits less than 2 cm long. ..221 220. Fruits 4-15 cm long, usually longer than wide; without a cup of flower remnants at base...Asimina 220. Fruits 2-6 cm long, about as wide; with a persistent crown of tough flower parts at base...Diospyros 221. Fruits with floral remnants at apex. ..222 221. Fruits without floral remnants at apex. ..225 222. Fruits red. ..223 222. Fruits blue or black.. .224 223. Plants with spines. ..Cotoneaster 223. Plants without spines. ..Gaultheria 224. Fruits with 2 seeds... Cornus 224. Fruits with 10 seeds. ..Gaylussacia 225. Seeds 2-3 per fruit. ..Rhamnus 225. Seeds 4-8 per fruit... 226 226. Buds and leaf stalks purple. ..Nemopanthus 226. Buds and leaf stalks not purple. ..Ilex 227. Fruits more than 5 cm long. ..228 227. Fruits less than 5 cm long... 229 228. Fruits conelike, red, pink or brown, the red seeds hanging out by threads at maturity. .Magnolia 228. Fruits not conelike, spherical, yellow-green to brown. ..Madura 229. Leaves lobed...230 229. Leaves not lobed...231 230. Fruits red, without floral remnants at apex...Solanum 230. Fruits not red, with floral remnants at apex. ..Ficus 231. Fruits with floral remnants at apex. ..232 231. Fruits without floral remnants at apex.. .233 232. Fruits red; plants with wintergreen odor when crushed. ..Gaultheria 232. Fruits not red; plants without wintergreen odor...Vacdnium 233. Fruits less than 1 cm long, spherical, as wide as long...Solanum 233. Fruits more than 1 cm long, elliptic, longer than wide...Lycium 234. Stalks of the compound leaves opposite... 235 234. Stalks of the compound leaves alternate... 236 235. Leaves with teeth. ..Sambucus 235. Leaves without teeth. ..Phellodendron 236. Fruits of clustered fruitlets in a compact head as in blackberries. ..Rubus 236. Fruits not heads of fruitlets... 237 75 237. Fruits less than 1 cm long. ..238 237. Fruits 1 cm long or more. ..247 238. Fruits with 1-10 seeds. ..239 238. Fruits with more than 10 seeds. ..246 239. Fruits white or yellowish; with 1 seed. ..Toxicodendron 239. Fruits not white or yellowish; with 1 or more seeds. ..240 240. Fruits red or brown. ..241 240. Fruits blue, purple or black.. .243 241. Plants with spines. ..Zanthoxylum 241. Plants without spines. ..242 242. Fruits with 1 seed. ..Rhus 242. Fruits with more than 1 seed...Sorbus 243. Plants creeping or climbing. ..244 243. Plants not creeping or climbing. ..Aralia 244. Leaves with 3 leaflets. ..Cissus 244. Leaves with 5 or more leaflets... 246 245. Leaves with few palmately divided leaflets. ..Parthenocissus 245. Leaves divided into many small leaflets (twice pinnate). ..Ampelopsis 246. Fruits with floral remnants at apex; plants often with spines. ..Rosa 246. Fruits without floral remnants at apex; plants without spines. ..Solarium 247. Fruits more than 3 cm long. ..248 247. Fruits less than 3 cm long. ..249 248. Vines; leaflets 5, not toothed. ..Akebia 248. Trees; leaflets 5-19, with teeth. ..Juglans 249. Seed 1 per fruit. ..250 249. Seeds 2 or more per fruit.. .253 250. Leaflets fewer than 20, borne along a single leaf stalk.. .251 250. Leaflets many, borne on branched leaf stalks... Melia 251. Leaflets 3, usually toothed. ..Toxicodendron 251. Leaflets 5 or more, usually not toothed... 252 252. Leaf stalks red when fresh; leaflets nearly equal at base, oval with abruptly pointed tips. ..Toxicodendron 252. Leaf stalks greenish, not red; leaflets with unequal bases and elongated, lance-shaped tips...Sapindus 253. Fruits with 3-10 seeds; plants without spines; trees... Sorbus 253. Fruits with more than 10 seeds; plants usually with spines; shrubs. ..Rosa GENERA OE PLANTS WITH FLESHY FRUITS FOUND GROWING WILD IN NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 1. Actaeaspp. baneberry (AMA 21) 2. Akebia quinata five-leaf akebia 3. Amelanchier spp. shadbush, service-berry 4. Ampelopsis spp. pepper-vine (H&A 153) 5. Aralia spp. sarsaparilla, spikenard, Hercules-club 6. Arceuthobium pusillum dwarf mistletoe 7. Arctostaphylos spp. bearberry, manzanita 8. Arisaema spp. Jack-in-the-pulpit, Indian turnip (AMA 33) 9. Aronia spp. chokeberry 10. Asarum canadense wild ginger 11. Asimina spp. pawpaw (AMA 192) 12. Asparagus officionalis asparagus 13. Atropa belladonna belladonna (AMA 36) 14. Belamcanda chinensis blackberry lily (H&A 153) 15. Berberis spp. barberry 16. Berchemia scandens supple-jack, rattan-vine (H&A 153) 17. Broussonetia papyrifera paper mulberry 18. Buckleya distichophylla buckleya 19. Bumelia spp. bumelia, iron wood 20. Calla palustris wild calla, water arum (AMA 43, 197) 21. Callicarpa americana beauty-berry, French mulberry 22. Calycanthus spp. Carolina allspice (AMA 47) 23. Calycocarpum lyonii cupseed 24. Caulophyllum spp. blue cohosh (AMA 52) 25. Celastrus spp. bittersweet (AMA 53) 26. Celtis spp. hackberry, sugarberry 27. Chaenomeles spp. Japanese quince 28. Chenopodium capitatum Indian-paint, strawberry-blite 29. Chionanthus virginicus fringe-tree, old-man's-beard 30. Cissus incisa possum grape, marine-vine 31. Clintonia spp. clintonia, dogberry, bluebead (H&A 154) 32. Cocculus carolinus coralbeads, snailseed 33. Convallaria spp. lily-of-the-valley (AMA 6, 62) 34. Cornus spp. dogwood, osier, bunchberry 35. Coryphantha (Mamillaria) vivipara mamillaria, bird's-nest cactus 36. Cotinus spp. smoke-tree (AMA 199) 37. Cotoneaster spp. cotoneaster 38. Crataegus spp. hawthorn, thorn apple 39. Cydonia oblonga quince 40. Daphne mezerium daphne, mezerium (AMA 68) 41. Diospyros virginiana persimmon 42. Diphylleia cymosa umbrella-leaf (H&A 155) 77 43. Dirca palustris leatherwood, rope-bark (AMA 74, 198) 44. Disporum spp. fairy-bells, mandarin 45. Duchesnia indica Indian strawberry, false strawberry 46. Echinocystis lobata wild cucumber, wild balsam apple 47. Elaeagnus spp. oleaster, Russian olive, silverberry 48. Empetrum spp. crowberry 49. Epigaea repens trailing arbutus, mayflower 50. Euonymus spp. burning-bush, spindle-tree, strawberry-bush (AMA 79) 51. Ficus carica fig (AMA 198) 52. Floerkea proserpinacoides false mermaid 53. Forestiera acuminata swamp privet (H&A 155) 54. Fragaria spp. strawberry 55. Galium spp. bedstraw 56. Gaultheria (Chiogenes) spp. wintergreen, checkerberry, snowberry 57. Gaylussacia spp. huckleberry 58. Geocaulon lividum northern comandra (H. & A. see Comandra) 59. Hedera helix English ivy (AMA 87, 192) 60. Hexastylis (Asarum) spp. heart-leaf 61. Hydrastis canadensis golden-seal, orange-root 62. Ilex spp. holly, winterberry, black alder (AMA 6, 97) 63. Juglans spp. walnut (AMA 193) 64. Juniperus spp. juniper, red cedar, ground hemlock 65. Leucophysalis grandiflora large white-flowered ground cherry (see Physalis AMA 132) 66. Ligustrum spp. privet (AMA 107) 67. Lindera spp. spicebush, benzoin 68. Lonicera spp. honeysuckle (AMA 109) 69. Lycium spp. matrimony-vine (AMA 110) 70. Madura pomifera osage orange (AMA 194) 71. Magnolia spp. magnolia (AMA 194) 72. Maianthemum canadense false lily-of-the-valley, Canada mayflower (H&A 156) 73. Medeola virginiana Indian cucumber-root (H&A 156) 74. Melia azederach Chinaberry, pride-of-India (AMA 115) 75. Melothria pendula melonette, creeping cucumber 76. Menispermum canadense moonseed (AMA 10, 117) 77. Mitchella repens partridge-berry, twinberry 78. Morus spp. mulberry 79. Myrica spp. bayberry, wax myrtle 80. Nemopanthus mucronata mountain holly 81. Nestronia umbellula nestronia 82. Nicandra physalodes apple-of-Peru, shoofly (H&A 140) 83. Nymphaea spp. white waterlily 84. Nyssa spp. sour gum, tupelo, pepperidge 85. Oplopanax horridus devil's-dub 86. Opuntia spp. prickly-pear cactus (AMA 185, 196) 87. Osmanthus americanus wild olive, devilwood 88. Panax spp. ginseng, groundnut 89. Parthenocissus spp. woodbine, Virginia-creeper (AMA 197, H&A 97) 90. Passiflora spp. passion-flower, maypops 91. Peltandra spp. arrow arum, tuckahoe 92. Persea borbonia red bay 93. Phellodendron japonicum Japanese cork-tree 94. Phoradendron serotinum (flavescens) American mistletoe (AMA 131) 78 95. Physalis spp. ground cherry, husk tomato (AMA 132) 96. Phytolacca americana pokeweed, pokeberry, pigeon-berry (AMA 6, 133) 97. Planera aquatica planer-tree, water elm 98. Podophyllum peltatum may apple, mandrake (AMA 6, 136) 99. Polygonatum spp. Solomon' s-seal (H&A 158) 100. Polygonum perfoliatum mile-a-minute-weed 101. Prunus spp. cherry, plum (AMA 138) 102. Pyracantha coccinea (Cotoneaster) fire-thorn 103. Pyrularia pubera oilnut, buffalo-nut (H&A 158) 104. Pyrus (Malus) spp. apple, pear, crabapple 105. Rhamnus spp. buckthorn (AMA 140) 106. Rhus spp. sumac 107. Ribes spp. currant, gooseberry 108. Rosa spp. rose (AMA 194) 109. Rubus spp. blackberry, raspberry, baked-apple-berry 110. Sambucus spp. elderberry (AMA 147) 111. Sapindus drummondii soapberry (H&A 158) 112. Sassafras albidum sassafras 113. Shepherdia canadensis soapberry 114. Smilacina spp. false Solomon's-seal 115. Smilax spp. greenbrier, catbrier (H&A 158) 116. Solanum spp. nightshade, bittersweet, horse nettle, potato (AMA 10, 57-158, 194, 195) 117. Sorbus spp. mountain ash 118. Streptopus spp. twisted-stalk, mandarin (H&A 158) 119. Symphoricarpos spp. snowberry, wolfberry, coralberry (AMA 165) 120. Symplocarpus foetidus skunk cabbage (AMA 166) 121. Taxus spp. yew (AMA 167) 122. Toxicodendron (Rhus) spp. poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac (TOXIC TO HANDLE!, AMA 188, 199) 123. Trillium spp. trillium, wakerobin, birthroot 124. Triosteum spp. feverwort, horse gentian, wild coffee 125. Vaccinium spp. blueberry, cranberry 126. Viburnum spp. arrow wood, highbush cranberry, wild raisin 127. Vitis spp. grape 128. Zanthoxylum spp. prickly ash, Hercules-club 79 SUGGESTED REEERENCES Brockman, C. F. 1968. Trees of North America. Golden Press, New York, NY. Dwelley, M. 1973. Spring Wildfloivers of New England. Down East Enterprises Inc., Camden, ME. . 1977. Summer and Fall Wildfloivers of New England. Down East Enterprises Inc., Camden, ME. . 1980. Trees and Shrubs of New England. Down East Enterprises, Camden ME. Elias, T. S. 1980. Trees of North America, van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany. 8th. ed, American Book Co., New York, NY. Gleason, H. A. 1952. The Neiv Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern U. S. and Adjacent Canada. Lancaster Press, PA. (3 vols.) & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of Vascular Plants of the Northeastern U.S. and Adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand, New York, NY. Hardin, J. W. & J. M. Arena. 1974. Human Poisoning from Native and Cultivated Plants. 2nd ed., Duke Univ. Press, Durham, NC. Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. Prentice-Hall, NJ. . 1965. Deadly Harvest: A Guide to Common Poisonous Plants. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY. Lampe, K. F. & R. Fagerstrom. 1968. Plant Toxicity and Dermatitis. A Manual for Physiciajis. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants. Amer. Med. Assoc., Review Press, Chicago, IL. Lewis, W. H. & M. P. F. Elvin-Lewis. 1977. Medical Botany. Plants Affecting Man's Health. Wiley & Sons, Toronto, Canada. Muenscher, W. C. 1975. Poisonous Plants of the United States. MacMillan Publ. Co., New York, NY. Marderosian, A. der, & L. Liberti. 1988. Natural Product Medicine. G. F. Stickley Co., Philadelphia, PA. Miller, D. 1986. Berry Finder. A Guide to Native Plants with Fleshy Fruits for Eastern North America. Nature Study Guild, Berkeley, CA. Newcomb, L. 1977. Newcomb's Wildflozver Guide. Little, Brown, Boston, MA. Peterson, L. A. 1977. A Field Guide to Edible Plants. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. Peterson, M. G. 1973. How to Know Wild Fruits. Dover Publications, New York, NY. Peterson, R. T. & M. McKenny. 1968. A Field Guide to Wildfloivers. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. 80 Petrides, G. A. 1958. A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. Reader's Digest Books. 1982. North American Wildlife. The Reader's Digest Association. Pleasantville, New York, NY. Symonds, G. W. D. 1958. The Tree Identification Book. W. Morrow & Co., New York., NY 1963. The Shrub Identification Book. M. Barrows & Co., New York, NY. Westbrooks, R. G. & J. W. Preacher. 1986. Poisonous Plants of Eastern North America. Univ. North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. 81 Hardware required Starting the Program Program Operation Appendix 1. Using the Computer Key to Plants with Fleshy Fruits Contributed by Everett Ogden Random access keys lend themselves particularly well to computerization. Indeed, the term "random access" comes from the computer term "random access memory", whose elements may be addressed in any order. The program on the enclosed disk eases the identification process by keeping track of the characters selected and displaying a list of plants that may have those characters. You will need a computer compatible with the IBM PC, XT or AT, equipped with a disk drive capable of reading a 5 1/4" 360K floppy disk. The display must be 80 charac- ters by 25 lines, either color or monochrome (color preferred). There are two files on the enclosed disk. FRUITKEY.EXE is the only one needed to run the program. FRUITKEY.BAS will be useful only to those who want to modify the program as described below. Although the program can be run by merely inserting the disk provided into a floppy drive and typing a command, you will not want to risk dam- age to your disk by constantly using it. You should copy the file FRUITKEY.EXE to either another floppy disk or to a suitable subdirectory on a hard disk for frequent use. Then you can address the copied disk or subdirectory where the file is stored and run the program by entering the command: ERUITKEY The opening screen of the program should appear. Figure 1 shows the screen when the program is first run, or when R has been select- ed to reset it to the starting point. Select by number the characters matching the plant you are trying to identify. When you enter the first character, the top of the screen will change to display a list of numbers corresponding to those kinds of plants (genera) that have not been eliminated by your choice. An asterisk appears next to the character to indicate that it has been chosen. For those people using a color display, the character also changes color. All characters that apply to your specimen may be chosen. For instance, if fruits on the plant are both red and orange, both may be selected. Continue entering characters that apply to your plant until only one genus number remains, or the available characters are exhausted. Then look up the remaining numbers in this manual and go to the illustrations starting on p. 50 for further information. Other reference books are recommended to complete or verify the identification (see p. 80). If you think that one of your choices was incorrect, you may undo its effect by entering the negative of its number. For example, if you choose character 15 but later decide the choice was a poor one, you may enter -15 to remove it. Attempts to use a char- acter more than once or to unuse a character that has not been used are ignored. Figure 2 shows the screen when characters 10, 16 and 18 have been selected. To see the plant names associated with the remaining numbers, press N. Figure 3 shows an example of the name display. 82 Press R to reset the program to identify another plant. Press Q to quit. You will be returned to the DOS command prompt. Random Access Fleshy Fruit Key Select character by entering its number Unuse character by entering its negative FRUITS 1 White or tight gray 4 Orange 7 Purple 2 Brown or tan 5 Red or pink 8 Green 3 Yellow 6 Blue 9 Black 10 Less than 1 cm long 11 1-2 cm long 12 More than 2 cm long 13 With floral remnants at apex 15 With 1 seed 14 Without floral remnants at apex 16 With 2-10 seeds 17 With more than 10 seeds PLANTS 18 Woody 20 Creeping or climbing 22 With spines 19 Not woody 21 Not creeping or climbing 23 Without spines LEAVES 24 Opposite 25 Whorled or basal 27 Simple 29 Lobed 31 With teeth 26 Alternate 28 Compound 30 Not lobed 32 Without teeth Character? N: Names R: Reset Q: Quit Figure 1. Opening Screen 3 4 5 7 9 15 21 25 29 30 34 37 38 48 50 56 66 68 80 85 89 94 102 105 109 110 115 116 117 119 127 128 57 59 62 64 FRUITS 1 White or light gray 2 Brown or tan 3 Yellow 4 Orange 5 Red or pink 6 Blue 13 With floral remnants at apex 14 Without floral remnants at apex 7 Purple *10 Less than 1 cm long 8 Green 11 1-2 cm long 9 Black 12 More than 2 cm long 15 With 1 seed *16 With 2-10 seeds 17 With more than 10 seeds PLANTS *18 Woody 19 Not woody LEAVES 24 Opposite 25 Whorled or basal 26 Alternate Character? 20 Creeping or climbing 21 Not creeping or climbing 27 Simple 28 Compound 29 Lobed 30 Not lobed 22 With spines 23 Without spines 31 With teeth 32 Without teeth N: Names R: Reset Q: Quit Figure 2, Screen with Characters 10, 16 and 18 Selected 83 Program Description 3 Amelanchier 89 Parthenocissus 4 Ampelopsis 94 Phoradendron 5 Aral ia 102 Pyracantha 7 Arctostaphylos 105 Rhamnus 9 Aroni a 109 Rubus 15 Berber is 110 Sambucus 21 Callicarpa 115 Smi lax 25 Celastrus 116 Solarium 29 Chionanthus 117 Sorbus 30 Cissus 119 Symphoricarpos 34 Cornus 127 V i t i s 37 Cotoneaster 128 Zanthoxylum 38 Crataegus 48 Empetrum 50 Euonymus 56 Gaultheri a 57 Gaylussacia 59 Hedera 62 I lex 64 Juniperus 66 Li gust rum 68 Lonicera 80 Nemopanthus 85 Oplopanax Press RETURN to continue Figure 3. Names of Remaining Choices (Genera) This section is primarily for those who wish to construct their own random access keys by modifying this program. Those who wish merely to run the program as listed may skip this. One goal in writing the program was to make the code as generic as possible except for the data statements. Thus a different key could be constructed simply by changing the data statements, with few or no changes to the program itself. There are limits to how much information can be displayed on one screen, so a key with many more characters or genera might require some changes to the way the program operates. Lines 10 through 120 create the variables to be used and load the data statements (starting at Line 1000) into the appropriate arrays. Lines 50 and 60 create all of the sim- ple (non-array) variables. This is important for two reasons. It helps the programmer to keep track of the variable names used, and creating all simple variables before array vari- ables can speed up program execution noticeably in Microsoft BASIC. Line 130 initial- izes an array to keep track of the deletions and a string to flag the used characters. Lines 140-200 paint the screen. Line 180 calls a subroutine (lines 400-440) to print the character list in red if the character has been used and cyan if not. Line 210 calls a user input subroutine (Lines 500-610). This was originally a simple LINE INPUT statement which worked well with all tested versions of Microsoft BASIC except IBM's. An error in IBM's code prevents INPUT statements from working proper- ly on the bottom line of the screen. Lines 230-260 check the validity of the input. If the user pressed N, R or Q, Line 230 jumps to 900 to print the names, 130 to start over or 999 to end the program. If the input is a valid number, either positive (to use a character) or negative (to unuse it). Lines 270-290 get the deletion list for that character and, for each deleted genus in the list, either decrement or increment the corresponding element in the deletion array, depending on the sign of the input. Finally, Lines 300-360 reprint the list of remaining genera, change the color of the selected character and return for the next input. 84 Line 1000 begins the data statements specific to this key. It contains a number for each genus (128), characters (32) and menu items (35: 32 characters plus the headings FRUITS, PLANTS and LEAVES), and the title. Lines 1010 through 1320 contain the dele- tion lists. Each is a string of 128 digits, (one for each genus) and there are 32 such strings (one for each character). Line 1010 holds the deletion list for character 1, and Line 1320 corresponds to character 32. As a programmer's convenience, the middle two digits of the line number are the same as the character number. In each string, the leftmost digit corresponds to genus 1 and the rightmost to genus 128. A "1" means that the plant might exhibit that character, and a "0" means that it does not. Note that if you are mak- ing up your own key and are unsure whether a particular genus can have a certain char- acter, it is safest to say that it can ("1") to avoid an incorrect deletion. Lines 2000-2190 hold the genus names. Lines 3000-3350 hold the menu items (list of characters) in a format of row number, column number and text to print. The program expects the characters to be listed first, and it prints them in cyan. Any entries beyond the number of characters are assumed to be headings and are printed in bright yellow. 85 Table 1 FRUITKEY.BAS Program Listing 10 REM R.A. Key to Fleshy Fruits 20 REM Everett Ogden, 04/08/89 30 REM Data by Eugene C. Ogden 40 DEFINT A-Z 50 DIM CL, CN, CHAR, TAXA, I, J, K, MENU, SN, GREEN, CYAN, RED, YELLOW, WHITE, BRIGHT 60 DIM Z$, CHS, INS, KYS, DLS, ESCS, TAXAS, USEDS, CMNDS, STARS, TITLES 70 CMNDS = "*NnRrQq": Z$ = "0": GREEN = 2: CYAN = 3: RED = 4: YELLOW = 6: WHITE = 7: BRIGHT = 80 READ TAXA, CHAR, MENU, TITLES 90 DIM NM(TAXA), NM$(TAXA), TAXAS(CHAR), CHARS(MENU), CHLOC(MENU, 2) 100 FOR I = 1 TO CHAR: READ TAXAS(I): NEXT 110 FOR I = 1 TO TAXA: READ NMS(I): NEXT 120 FOR I = 1 TO MENU: READ CHLOCd, 1), CHLOCd, 2), CHARSd): NEXT 130 FOR I = 1 TO TAXA: NMd) = 1: NEXT: CHS = STRINGS(CHAR, "0") 140 CL = 1NT(TAXA / 20) + 1: IF (TAXA MOD 20) <> 0 THEN CL = CL + 1 150 KEY OFF: CLS : COLOR YELLOW: LOCATE 2, INT((80 - LEN(TITLE$)) / 2): PRINT TITLES 160 LOCATE 4, 22: PRINT "Select character by entering its number" 170 LOCATE 5, 22: PRINT "Unuse character by entering its negative" 180 GOSUB 400 190 LOCATE 25, 1,1: COLOR WHITE: PRINT "Character? "; 200 LOCATE 25, 40: COLOR GREEN: PRINT "N: Names R: Reset Q: Quit"; : COLOR YELLOW 210 LOCATE 25, 12: PRINT " "; :LOCATE 25, 12: GOSUB 500 220 LOCATE 25, 20: PRINT SPACES(20); 230 ON INTCINSTRCCMNDS, LEFTSCINS, 1)) / 2) GOTO 900, 130, 999 240 CN = ABS(VALdNS)): IF CN <= CHAR AND CN >= 1 THEN 260: REM Entry in range 250 BEEP: LOCATE 25, 20: COLOR BRIGHT + RED: PRINT "NO CHAR. INS; : COLOR YELLOW: GOTO 190 260 SN = SGN(VALdNS)): IF SN = 1 THEN USEDS = "1" ELSE USEDS = "0" 270 DLS = TAXAS(CN): I = 0 280 IF MIDS(CHS, CN, 1) = USEDS THEN 190 ELSE MIDS(CHS, CN, 1) = USEDS 290 I = INSTRCI + 1, DLS, ZS): IF I THEN NMd) = NMd) - SN: GOTO 290 300 FOR I = 1 TO CL - 1: LOCATE 1,1: PRINT SPC(79); " "; : NEXT 310 LOCATE 1, 1: COLOR YELLOW: FOR I = 1 TO TAXA: IF NMd) < 1 THEN 330 320 PRINT USING " ###"; I; 330 NEXT 340 IF MIDS(CHS, CN, 1) = "1" THEN COLOR RED: STARS = "*" ELSE COLOR CYAN: STARS = " " 350 LOCATE CHLOC(CN, 1), CHLOC(CN, 2): PRINT STARS; CHAR$(CN); 360 GOTO 190 400 FOR I = 1 TO MENU 410 IF I > CHAR THEN COLOR BRIGHT + YELLOW: STARS = " ": GOTO 430 420 IF MIDSCCHS, I, 1) = "1" THEN COLOR RED: STARS = "*" ELSE COLOR CYAN: STARS = " " 430 LOCATE CHLOCd, 1), CHLOCd, 2): PRINT STARS; CHARSd); 440 NEXT: RETURN 500 INS = "": KYS = "": WHILE LENdNS) < 4 AND KYS <> CHRS(13) 510 KYS = INKEYS: IF LEN(KYS) <> 1 THEN 510 520 IF LENCINS) > 0 THEN 560 530 IF INSTRC'NnRrQq", KYS) <> 0 THEN INS = KYS: RETURN 540 IF INSTR("-0123456789", KYS) <> 0 THEN INS = KYS: PRINT KYS; : ELSE BEEP 550 GOTO 610 560 IF INSTR("0123456789", KYS) <> 0 THEN INS = INS + KYS: PRINT KYS; : GOTO 610 570 IF KYS <> CHRS(8) THEN 600 580 INS = LEFTSCINS, LENCINS) - 1) 590 LOCATE 25, 12: PRINT INS; " "; : LOCATE 25, 12 + LENCINS): GOTO 610 600 IF KYS <> CHR$(13) THEN BEEP 610 WEND: RETURN 900 CLS : J = 1: K = 1: FOR I = 1 TO TAXA: IF NM(I ) < 1 THEN 950 910 IF J = 25 THEN J = 1: K = K + 20: ELSE 940 920 IF K > 61 THEN K = 1: LOCATE 25, 1: COLOR GREEN: ELSE 940 930 PRINT "Press RETURN for more"; : COLOR YELLOW: LINE INPUT INS: CLS 940 LOCATE J, K: PRINT USING "### "; I; : PRINT NM$(I); : J = J + 1 950 NEXT: LOCATE 25, 1: COLOR GREEN: PRINT "Press RETURN to continue"; 960 LINE INPUT INS: CLS : GOSUB 400: CN = 1 : GOTO 300 999 CLS : SYSTEM Table 1 Continued 1000 1010 DATA DATA 1020 DATA 1030 DATA 1040 DATA 1050 DATA 1060 DATA 1070 DATA 1080 DATA 1090 DATA 1100 DATA 1110 DATA 1120 DATA 1130 DATA 1140 DATA 1150 DATA 1160 DATA 1170 DATA 1180 DATA 1190 DATA 1200 DATA 1210 DATA 1220 DATA 1230 DATA 1240 DATA 1250 DATA 1260 DATA 1270 DATA 1280 DATA 1290 DATA 1300 DATA 1310 DATA 1320 DATA 128, 32, 35, "Random Access Fleshy Fruit Key": REN TAXA$ data 7/5/89 1 0000100000000000000000000000010010000000000001 1 1 0000001000000010000000000001 1 1 00 00000000000010001000000000001000000001001100000 0000000001 1 000000000010001 000000000100001000000001 1 1 00000001001000000001010000000 01001000010000010000010010100000000000100100001 010000010010001001000100101000000000011010010010001100000000010010110100010000011 10000010100001001001011001111101001000101011100 000000010000000010000000110000001100010010010000010000000000000000011100000000000 00000000000001000000100001 1 11000001100100110100 101000111001001010011100110100011111110110111011010001010100110000111011000011010 00011010000001101001101111111001111111010111111 011110000000000100001001000010100100010001000000000000101000000101010000100100000 00100101001000000111000000000010010000000001110 011010101110000000001101010010100010010010000001011100100001000100010000100101000 00101100101001100011000001011010101001100101110 000000000010000001000000000000000010000000100100001000000000001000000110011001001 11001000110001 1 110000110010010001 110001 11001000 001110101000110100100010010001100000010000000001000010101010011101010000101101000 00100001101100100101000101011010111000000001110 101111111001001100111001110111111101110101111011110101111110110111110011101111110 00010111011011110111100111111011111111011011111 101000010100101011110010110010100100010101011010011011001001100110011001111101001 11100110111101101101011001110110001110001101110 010000000010010010000110001000000010011010000100001001000000101000000101000001000 11101000100001001001011000110000000000100100010 101011011100001101010100111100100111111100000110001100111111000100010000001011001 01111010010000111100111001101001000101101011100 110101110011111110111011110111111001000111111111110111100000111111111111110101110 11000111111111111111000110010111111010111100011 000101110010001101100011010011011101010100100010000110100100001101100011010100101 00100101011010010011010010000111110000011000111 111110111111001000011101100011101100110011010101010000111011110101010010100010010 00010011010100100100101100011000111101000110011 100000000100110010000100001100100010001000001000111001010001100010001101001001000 11001000100001101100000001110000001010100101000 011111101010001111101110111011010101111110100011111010011010011101111101010101111 00110101001110010001111111111111011101011001111 100010010101110000010001000100101110000001011100000101110101100010000010101010000 11001010110001101110000000011000111010101110000 010100100100000100000010100001010000100000001101110101110011000100011000001110000 01000001100000000011100001110000011000011001010 101011011111111011111101011110101111111111111011011011111101111111111111110001111 11111110011111111101111111111111101111111111101 000010000000001000100000101000000010110000000110000000000000000100001100000000000 0001 1 00000000000001 1101101110001011 000000000001 111111111111110111111111111111111101001111111111111111111111111111111011111111111 11101111111111111101111111111111111111111111110 100111010000100011001101000011001100000000001000010111000000001101010000010010001 00000100000111001000000110111101001101011010101 010010010101101010110001000000101100000000001000000001100001100100001000100000000 0100001 1010000000000100001000000000000101 1 00000 111110111010111110100011111101011101111111111111101101011110111010101111011101110 10110001101001110111111111110110111110011001011 001101101111111111111110111111111101111111110111111110111111110111111111101111111 11110100111011111111111101010011111011110111110 11011 0010000000000000001000001000000000000001000000101000000001000000000010000000 0000001 1 0001000000000000101 1 1 1 00001100001000001 100100010100000010010011000101000000010001000100001101000011110000000001001101000 11010000110001001010101011010010001000001010110 111111111111111111111100111111111101111110111011110111111111011111111111110111111 11100111011111110111111110111111111111111111111 101110101000001110001001111101000000011001001100010011011000111000000000011101110 10110011100001011001101111111000001101001001111 010001110111111101110110010110111101100110110011101110111111010111111111100110111 01100100111111100110010110000111111011111111101 Table 1 Continued 2000 REM Taxa names for NM$( ) updated 06/28/89 2010 DAT A Actaea , Akebi a , Arne I anch i er , Ampe I ops i s , Ara I i a , Arceuthobi urn 2020 DATA Arctostaphylos,Arisaema,Aronia,Asarum,Asimina,Asparagus,Atropa 2030 DATA Belamcanda,Berberis,Berchemi a,Broussonetia,Buckleya,Bumel i a, Cal la 2040 DATA Call icarpa,Calycanthus,Calycocarpum,Caulophyl lum,Celastrus,Celtis 2050 DATA Chaenomeles,Chenopodium,Chionanthus,Cissus,Clintonia,Cocculus 2060 DATA Conval laria,Cornus, Coryphantha,Cotinus,Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Cydonia 2070 DAT A Daphne , D i ospy ros , D i phy 1 1 e i a , D i rca , D i sporum, Duchesn i a , Ech i nocys t i s 2080 DATA E laeagnus,Empetrum,Epigaea, Euonymus, F icus, F loerkea, Forest iera 2090 DATA Fragar ia,Gal ium, Gaul theria,Gaylussacia,Geocaulon, Hedera, Hexastyl is 2100 DATA Hydrastis, 1 lex, Juglans, Juniperus,Leucophysalis,Ligustrum,Lindera 2110 DATA Lonicera,Lycium,Maclura,Maianthemum,Magnolia,Medeola,Mel ia,Melothria 2120 DATA Menispermum,Mi tchel la,Morus,Myrica,Nemopanthus,Nestronia,Nicandra 2130 DATA Nymphaea , Nyssa , Opl opanax, Opunt i a , Osmanthus , Panax, Parthenoc i ssus 2140 DATA Passi f lora,Pel tandra,Persea,Phel lodendron,Phoradendron,Physal is 2150 DATA Phytolacca,Planera,Podophyl lum,Polygonatum,Polygonum,Prunus 2160 DATA Pyracantha,Pyru lari a, Pyrus,Rhamnus, Rhus, Ribes, Rosa, Rubus,Sambucus 2170 DATA Sapindus,Sassaf ras,Shepherdia,Smi lacina,Smi lax,Solanum,Sorbus 2180 DATA St reptopus,Symphoricarpos,Symplocarpus,Taxus, Toxicodendron, Tri Ilium 2190 DATA Triosteum,Vaccinium, Viburnum, Vitis,Zanthoxylum 3000 REM Character list updated 04/08/89 3010 DATA 9, 2,"1 White or light gray" 3020 DATA 10, 2, "2 Brown or tan" 3030 DATA 11, 2, "3 Yellow" 3040 DATA 9, 26, "4 Orange" 3050 DATA 10, 26, "5 Red or pink" 3060 DATA 11, 26, "6 Blue" 3070 DATA 9,42, "7 Purple" 3080 DATA 10,42, "8 Green" 3090 DATA 11, 42, "9 Black" 3100 DATA 9, 56, "10 Less than 1 cm long" 3110 DATA 10, 56, "11 1-2 cm long" 3120 DATA 11, 56, "12 More than 2 cm long" 3130 DATA 13, 1,"13 With floral remnants at apex" 3140 DATA 14, 1,"14 Without floral remnants at apex" 3150 DATA 13, 45, "15 With 1 seed" 3160 DATA 14,45, "16 With 2-10 seeds" 3170 DATA 15,45, "17 With more than 10 seeds" 3180 DATA 17, 1,"18 Woody" 3190 DATA 18, 1,"19 Not woody" 3200 DATA 17,22, "20 Creeping or climbing" 3210 DATA 18, 22, "21 Not creeping or climbing" 3220 DATA 17, 57, "22 With spines" 3230 DATA 18, 57, "23 Without spines" 3240 DATA 21, 1,"24 Opposite" 3250 DATA 22, 1,"25 Whorled or basal" 3260 DATA 23, 1,"26 Alternate" 3270 DATA 22, 26, "27 Simple" 3280 DATA 23, 26, "28 Compound" 3290 DATA 22, 43, "29 Lobed" 3300 DATA 23, 43, "30 Not lobed" 3310 DATA 22, 61, "31 With teeth" 3320 DATA 23, 61, "32 Without teeth" 3330 DATA 8, 4, "FRUITS" 3340 DATA 16, 4, "PLANTS" 3350 DATA 20, 4, "LEAVES" 88 APPENDIX!. Tabular Data for Random Access Keys GENUS NUMBER 1 1 1 1111 1234 5678 90 12 3456 FRUITS 1 White or light gray 1000 0 100 0000 0000 2 Brown or tan..... 0000 0000 0 110 0000 3 Yellow 0 100 000 1 0010 0010 4 Orange 0000 000 1 0000 0000 5 Red or pink 10 10 00 11 1001 00 10 6 Blue 0 111 1000 0000 000 1 7 Purple 0 110 10 10 1110 0000 8 Green 0000 0000 00 10 0000 9 Black 00 11 10 10 1000 110 1 10 Less than 1 cm long 10 11 1111 100 1 0011 11 1-2 cm long 10 10 000 1 0 100 10 10 12 More than 2 cm long 0100 0000 00 10 0100 13 With floral remnants at apex 1010 1101 1100 001 1 14 Without floral remnants at apex 110 1 0111 001 1 1 1 1 1 15 With 1 seed 000 1 0 111 00 10 001 1 16 With 2-10 seeds 1 1 1 1 1011 1111 00 10 17 With more than 10 seeds 1000 0000 0 100 1100 PLANTS 18 Woody 0111 1110 1010 00 11 19 Not Woody 1000 1001 0101 1100 20 Creeping or climbing 0101 00 10 0100 000 1 21 Not creeping or climbing 1010 1101 1111 1110 22 With spines 0000 1000 0000 0010 23 Without spines 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 110 1 LEAVES 24 Opposite 100 1 110 1 0000 1000 25 Whorled or basal 0100 1001 0 10 1 10 10 26 Alternate 1111 10 11 10 10 1 1 1 1 27 Simple 0011 0 110 1111 1 1 1 1 28 Compound 110 1 1001 0000 0000 29 Lobed 100 1 000 1 0 100 0000 30 Not lobed 1 1 1 1 1111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 With teeth 10 11 10 10 1000 00 11 32 Without teeth 0 100 0 111 0 111 1 1 1 1 89 GENUS NUMBER 1112 7890 2222 1234 2222 5678 2333 9012 FRUITS 1 White or light gray 0000 0000 0000 0010 2 Brown or tan 0000 0100 0 100 0000 3 Yellow 0 100 0100 1010 0000 4 Orange 1000 0 0 0 0 1100 0000 5 Red or pink 1001 1100 1101 0001 6 Blue 0000 1001 0000 1010 7 Purple 0000 1101 0 100 1010 8 Green 0100 0000 0000 0000 9 Black 0010 0010 0100 0110 10 Less than 1 cm long 001 1 1001 1101 1 1 1 1 11 1-2 cm long 1 1 1 1 0010 1100 1010 12 More than 2 cm long 1000 0 110 0010 0000 13 With floral remnants at apex 0101 0100 1111 0010 14 Without floral remnants at apex 1011 1011 1101 1 1 1 1 15 With 1 seed 0 110 0011 0 100 1101 16 With 2-10 seeds 000 1 1101 1000 1110 17 With more than 10 seeds 1000 0100 001 1 0010 PLANTS 18 Woody 1110 1110 1110 1101 19 Not Woody 000 1 000 1 000 1 0010 20 Creeping or climbing 0000 00 10 1000 0101 21 Not creeping or climbing 1 1 1 1 1101 0111 1010 22 With spines 00 10 0000 1010 0000 23 Without spines 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 1 1 1 1 LEAVES 24 Opposite 1100 110 1 0000 1100 25 Whorled or basal 1011 000 1 0 0 0 0 0010 26 Alternate 1010 00 11 1 1 1 1 0101 27 Simple 1 1 1 1 1110 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28 Compound 0000 000 1 0000 0100 29 Lobed 1001 0011 000 1 0100 30 Not lobed 1 1 1 1 1100 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 With teeth 1000 100 1 1 1 1 1 0100 32 Without teeth 0111 0 110 0101 1011 90 GENUS NUMBER 3333 3456 3334 7890 4444 1234 4444 5678 FRUITS 1 White or light gray 0 100 00 00 0000 001 1 2 Brown or tan 0001 0000 1000 0000 3 Yellow 0000 0110 1001 0010 4 Orange 1100 0100 1001 0000 5 Red or pink 1 1 1 1 1101 10 11 10 11 6 Blue 0100 0100 0100 0000 7 Purple 0010 0100 1000 000 1 8 Green 0010 0000 0010 0 100 9 Black 0000 0100 0000 000 1 10 Less than 1 cm long 1101 1101 0111 10 11 11 1-2 cm long 0 100 0101 0101 1010 12 More than 2 cm long 0010 0110 1000 0 100 13 With floral remnants at apex 0111 1 1 1 1 0000 0110 14 Without floral remnants at apex 1001 000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 With 1 seed 110 1 0101 00 10 00 10 16 With 2-10 seeds 1100 1100 1101 0101 17 With more than 10 seeds 0010 0010 0000 1000 PLANTS 18 Woody 0101 1 1 1 1 1010 0011 19 Not Woody 1110 0000 0101 1100 20 Creeping or climbing 0000 1000 0000 1101 21 Not creeping or climbing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1011 22 With spines 0010 1100 0000 0110 23 Without spines 1101 0011 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 LEAVES 24 Opposite 1100 0000 0000 1000 25 Whorled or basal 1100 0000 0000 1000 26 Alternate 110 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27 Simple 1101 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0111 28 Compound 0000 0000 0000 1000 29 Lobed 0000 0100 0100 0100 30 Not lobed 1101 1 1 1 1 1011 1011 31 With teeth 0000 0110 0100 1100 32 Without teeth 110 1 1001 1011 001 1 91 GENUS NUMBER 455 5 90 12 5555 3456 5556 7890 6 6 6 6 1234 ERUITS 1 White or light gray 1000 000 1 0000 000 1 2 Brown or tan 0111 0000 000 1 0010 3 Yellow 00 11 0000 0000 0100 4 Orange 01 00 0000 0000 0000 5 Red or pink 0 100 0 10 1 0 100 1 100 6 Blue 0000 0010 1000 000 1 7 Purple 0 111 0010 000 1 000 1 8 Green 00 10 0000 0000 0010 9 Black 0000 1010 1010 0 111 10 Less than 1 cm long 110 1 0 111 1110 1101 111-2 cm long 0 110 1100 100 1 1001 12 More than 2 cm long 0010 0100 0000 1010 13 With floral remnants at apex 00 11 0011 1 1 1 1 000 1 14 Without floral remnants at apex 110 1 1110 0000 1 1 1 1 15 With 1 seed 000 1 10 10 0100 001 1 16 With 2-10 seeds 0100 001 1 1011 1101 17 With more than 10 seeds 1110 0 10 1 000 1 1000 PLANTS 18 Woody 1110 1001 1010 0111 19 Not Woody 000 1 0111 0101 1000 20 Creeping or climbing 1101 0 111 00 11 0001 21 Not creeping or climbing 0 110 1 1 1 1 110 1 1 1 1 1 22 With spines 0000 0000 0000 000 1 23 Without spines 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 1 1 1 1 LEAVES 24 Opposite 0 10 1 1100 0000 0011 25 Whorled or basal 0000 0110 0001 1001 26 Alternate 1011 0101 1110 1110 27 Simple 1111 10 11 1111 1101 28 Compound 000 1 0100 0000 0010 29 Lobed 00 11 0 100 0011 1100 30 Not lobed 1101 1111 1111 0111 31 With teeth 0100 1101 1000 1110 32 Without teeth 10 11 10 11 1 1 1 1 0101 92 GENUS NUMBER 6 6 6 6 5678 6777 90 12 7777 3456 7778 7890 ERUITS 1 White or light gray 0000 0000 0000 1110 2 Brown or tan 0000 000 1 0100 0000 3 Yellow 10 11 0100 0 100 000 1 4 Orange 000 1 1100 0000 0000 5 Red or pink 00 11 1011 0000 110 1 6 Blue 0101 0000 100 1 0000 7 Purple 000 1 0000 100 1 0100 8 Green 0000 0110 0110 0100 9 Black 0 10 1 0000 1011 0 100 10 Less than 1 cm long 1 1 1 1 001 1 10 11 1 1 1 1 11 1-2 cm long 100 1 1001 1 1 1 1 0100 12 More than 2 cm long 0000 0101 0000 0 100 13 With floral remnants at apex 000 1 0000 0010 1100 14 Without floral remnants at apex 1111 1 1 1 1 1101 0111 15 With 1 seed 0110 00 11 0101 00 10 16 With 2-10 seeds 0101 0010 1000 1001 17 With more than 10 seeds 1000 110 1 00 10 0100 PLANTS 18 Woody 0111 1101 0 101 0 111 19 Not Woody 1000 00 10 1010 1000 20 Creeping or climbing 000 1 1000 00 11 1000 21 Not creeping or climbing 1111 1 1 1 1 1100 0 111 22 With spines 0000 1100 0000 0000 23 Without spines 1 1 1 1 1011 1111 1 1 1 1 LEAVES 24 Opposite 0101 0000 0100 1000 25 Whorled or basal 0000 1000 1000 0000 26 Alternate 1010 1 1 1 1 0111 0111 27 Simple 1111 1 1 1 1 10 11 1 1 1 1 28 Compound 0000 0000 0 100 0000 29 Lobed 0000 000 1 00 11 0100 30 Not lobed 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 110 1 1 1 1 1 31 With teeth 0000 0000 0 111 0 111 32 Without teeth 1111 1 1 1 1 1001 10 11 93 GENUS NUMBER 8888 1234 8888 5678 8999 90 12 9999 3456 ERUITS 1 White or light gray 0000 0000 0000 0100 2 Brown or tan 0010 0 100 0010 0000 3 Yellow 1100 000 1 0100 0010 4 Orange 0000 0000 0000 0010 5 Red or pink 0000 110 1 0000 0011 6 Blue 000 1 0010 1001 0000 7 Purple 0001 0110 0101 0011 8 Green 1110 0100 0 110 0011 9 Black 000 1 0000 1101 1001 10 Less than 1 cm long 0000 1011 1011 0111 11 1-2 cm long 1111 00 11 0 111 1011 12 More than 2 cm long 0111 0100 0100 0010 13 With floral remnants at apex 1011 110 1 0010 000 1 14 Without floral remnants at apex 0110 0011 1 1 1 1 nil 15 With 1 seed 100 1 0010 1011 0100 16 With 2-10 seeds 0000 1001 1010 1001 17 With more than 10 seeds 0 110 0100 0 100 0011 PLANTS 18 Woody 100 1 1010 1001 1 100 19 Not Woody 0110 0101 0 110 0011 20 Creeping or climbing 0010 0000 1100 0000 21 Not creeping or climbing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 001 1 nil 22 With spines 0000 1100 0000 0000 23 Without spines 1 1 1 1 0 111 1 1 1 1 11 11 LEAVES 24 Opposite 1000 0010 0000 1110 25 Whorled or basal 0010 000 1 1010 0000 26 Alternate 0 101 1000 1101 0011 27 Simple 1 1 1 1 1010 0 111 0111 28 Compound 0000 000 1 1000 1000 29 Lobed 0110 1000 0 110 0010 30 Not lobed 1 1 1 1 0011 1011 nil 31 With teeth 0101 1001 1100 0010 32 Without teeth 10 11 00 10 0111 11 11 94 GENUS NUMBER 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 nil 9990 0000 0000 0111 7890 1234 5678 9012 FRUITS 1 White or light gray 0100 0000 0000 0 100 2 Brown or tan 1000 0010 0101 0000 3 Yellow 0100 1011 001 1 1110 4 Orange 0000 0100 001 1 1100 5 Red or pink 0100 1101 1111 1100 6 Blue 001 1 1000 0000 000 1 7 Purple 0001 1000 0010 110 1 8 Green 1100 001 1 00 10 0100 9 Black 00 10 1000 10 10 1101 10 Less than 1 cm long 1011 1100 1 1 1 1 1101 11 1-2 cm long 0110 1011 001 1 10 11 12 More than 2 cm long 0100 10 11 0001 1000 13 With floral remnants at apex 1110 0111 00 11 0 100 14 Without floral remnants at apex 1 1 1 1 1000 1100 1011 15 With 1 seed 100 1 1010 0100 00 11 16 With 2-10 seeds 0010 0101 1000 1100 17 With more than 10 seeds 0110 0000 001 1 1000 PLANTS 18 Woody 1000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 nil 19 Not Woody 0111 0000 0000 1100 20 Creeping or climbing 0001 1100 00 11 1000 21 Not creeping or climbing 1110 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 nil 22 With spines 000 1 110 1 1011 1000 23 Without spines 1110 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 LEAVES 24 Opposite 0100 0000 1101 1110 25 Whorled or basal 0000 0100 0010 0000 26 Alternate 1011 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1011 27 Simple 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 1001 28 Compound 0000 0000 0101 1110 29 Lobed 0101 0101 0 110 1001 30 Not lobed 1011 1 1 1 1 110 1 nil 31 With teeth 1100 110 1 1 1 1 1 1100 32 Without teeth 001 1 00 10 1100 001 1 95 GENUS NUMBER 1111 1111 3456 1 1 1 1 1112 7890 1111 2222 1234 1111 2222 5678 ERUITS 1 White or light gray 0000 0010 0110 0000 2 Brown or tan 0000 000 1 0010 000 1 3 Yellow 100 1 000 1 0 10 1 1100 4 Orange 000 1 100 1 00 11 0100 5 Red or pink 1 1 1 1 1110 1011 1 1 1 1 6 Blue 00 10 0000 0000 1110 7 Purple 0 10 1 0011 00 10 1110 8 Green 0 111 000 1 1100 1000 9 Black 0 111 0000 0000 1110 10 Less than 1 cm long 1 1 1 1 1110 1101 1 1 1 1 11 1-2 cm long 000 1 1100 0110 1110 12 More than 2 cm long 0000 000 1 0010 0010 13 With floral remnants at apex 1000 10 11 0101 1100 14 Without floral remnants at apex 1 1 1 1 0 10 1 1110 0011 15 With 1 seed 1110 0000 1100 0111 16 With 2-10 seeds 0111 10 10 0011 0011 17 With more than 10 seeds 000 1 0101 00 10 1000 PLANTS 18 Woody 10 11 10 10 1100 1 1 1 1 19 Not Woody 0 111 0101 0 111 0000 20 Creeping or climbing 001 1 0000 1100 1010 21 Not creeping or climbing 1101 1 1 1 1 1111 1101 22 With spines 10 11 0000 0000 000 1 23 Without spines 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 1110 LEAVES 24 Opposite 100 1 10 10 1101 0101 25 Whorled or basal 0000 000 1 0 110 0000 26 Alternate 0 111 1100 1100 1011 27 Simple 1 1 1 1 0 111 10 11 1110 28 Compound 000 1 1000 0 100 000 1 29 Lobed 000 1 0000 0101 0110 30 Not lobed 1 1 1 1 1111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 With teeth 000 1 10 10 0 100 1 1 1 1 32 Without teeth 1 1 1 1 0111 1 1 1 1 1101 96 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 97 New York Botanical Garden Librai 5185 00~7 00/ 41 centimeters ISSN 0278-3355 ISBN 1-55554-188-3 I .V- i • ^ ■ i'-j'y . 89-7338 89-520