Juncaceae (Rush Family) of New York State Steven E. Clemants New York Natural Heritage Program LIBRARY JUL 2 3 1990 NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Contributions to a Flora of New York State VII Richard S. Mitchell, Editor Bulletin No. 475 New York State Museum The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12230 NEW YORK THE STATE OF LEARNING Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15 https://archive.org/details/bulletinnewyorks4751 newy Juncaceae (Rush Family) of New York State Steven E. Clemants New York Natural Heritage Program Contributions to a Flora of New York State VII Richard S. Mitchell, Editor 1990 Bulletin No. 475 New York State Museum The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12230 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of The University Martin C. Barell, Chancellor, B.A., I. A., LL.B Muttontown R. Carlos Carballada, Vice Chancellor , B.S Rochester Willard A. Genrich, LL.B Buffalo Emlyn 1. Griffith, A. B., J.D Rome Jorge L. Batista, B. A., J.D Bronx Laura Bradley Chodos, B.A., M.A Vischer Ferry Louise P. Matteoni, B.A., M.A., Ph.D Bayside J. Edward Meyer, B.A., LL.B Chappaqua Floyd S. Linton, A.B., M.A., M.P.A Miller Place Mimi Levin Lieber, B.A., M.A Manhattan Shirley C. Brown, B.A., M.A., Ph.D Albany Norma Gluck, B.A., M.S.W Manhattan James W. McCabe, sr., A.B., M.A Johnson City Adelaide L. Sanford, B.A., M.A., P.D Hollis Walter Cooper, B.A., Ph.D Rochester Gerald J. Lustig, B.A., M.D Staten Island President of The University and Commissioner of Education Thomas Sobol Executive Deputy Commissioner of Education Thomas E. Sheldon Deputy Commissioner for Cultural Education Carole F. Huxley Assistant Commissioner for the State Museum Martin E. Sullivan Director, Division of Research and Collections Paul. J. Scudiere Chief Scientist, Biological Survey Norton G. Miller State Botanist Richard S. Mitchell The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed, disability, marital status, veteran status, national origin, race, or sex in the educational programs and activities which it operates. Inquiries concerning this policy of equal opportunity and affirmative action should be referred to the Department's Affirmative Action Officer, Education Building, Albany, NY 12234. Phone (518) 474-1265. PREFACE OUR GOAL in producing this series is to present a useful and authoritative account of the plants of New York State. These contributions are intended to reflect the knowledge and taxonomic opinions of special- ists who prepare the manuscripts while following a generalized format for consistency. Inclusion of ecolog- ical, distributional, medical, and economic information on each species is also one of our major aims. Habitat references, flowering times, pertinent synonymy, etc., often apply specifically to New York plants rather than to the entire species. Complete illustration should facilitate identification of specimens for those who are not formally trained in botany. Descriptions are original, ordered, and as complete as possible to provide sequential cross-referencing. Distribution maps accompany species of seed plants, ferns, mosses, lichens, and some groups of fungi. These are plotted by counties to eliminate pinpointing endangered habitats, while offering an accu- rate visual picture of past collecting. Maps are based on the master file at the New York State Museum, Albany, and supplemented by available data (specimens examined by the authors) from herbaria housing significant New York collections. Specific data or literature citations for any map may be obtained, on approval, from the museum. We hope that these bulletins will serve individuals with interest in the flora, as well as to provide information for State and Federal agencies, conservation organization, industry, and the scientific commu- nity. With these works go our hopes for the preservation and wise use of a precious and lifegiving resource — our State’s plantlife. The New York State Flora Committee The steering council of the New York State Flora Committee met for the first time on January 19, 1976, and established as its goals the promotion of study of the State’s plant resources and the publication of this series of museum bulletins. These contributions will be continually updated after publication for possible incorporation into larger volumes at a later date. Members of the council at the time of this publication are: Richard S. Mitchell, Chairman, State Botanist, N. Y. State Museum, Albany (Vascular Plants) Charles J. Sheviak, Curator of Botany, N. Y. State Museum, Albany (Vascular Plants) Norton G. Miller, Chief Scientist, N. Y. State Biological Survey, Albany (Bryophytes) Clark T. Rogerson, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx (Fungi) George J. Schumacher, Biology Dept., SUNY, Binghamton (Algae) Gordon C. Tucker, N.Y. State Museum (Vascular Plants) CONTENTS PAGE Preface iii The New York State Flora Committee iii Contents iv Acknowledgments v Important Note v Legend vi Juncaceae 1 J uncus ! Luzula 47 Excluded Taxa 54 Appendix I (Associated Fungi) 55 Appendix II (Associated Insects) 58 Bibliography 60 Index to Latin Names 67 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The illustrations for this treatment are by Deborah Morrison Vriesen. The appendices were reviewed by J. Kenneth Dean (insects and fungi), Timothy McCabe (insects), Clark Rogerson and John Haines (fungi), to whom I offer my thanks. I thank Dick Mitchell for suggestions and encouragement throughout this project. Thanks also go to Ralph Brooks, Ken Dean, Bill Crins, Gordon Tucker and Norton Miller for suggestions on the manuscript. I would like to express my gratitude to the staff and curators of the follow- ing institutions for their cooperation and hospitality when I visited their collections: The New York State Museum (NYS), The New York Botanical Garden (NY), Cornell University (CU, BH), Brooklyn Botanic Garden (BKL), Philadelphia Academy of Science (PH), Rochester Academy of Science (ROCH), Buffalo Museum of Science (BUF) and the herbaria of Harvard University (A, GH) and to Missouri Botanical Garden (MO) for sending me a loan. I also thank Chuck Sheviak, Herbarium Curator at New York State Museum, for arranging the loan of specimens from some of the above mentioned herbaria. Label data from these collections have been transcribed and will be transferred into the master file of plant distribution at the New York State Museum. Dr. Paul Redfem of Southwest Missouri State University and Dr. John H. Beaman of Michigan State University kindly assisted in loans of specimens to Deborah Morrison for the illustrations. Thanks to Pat Keman for additional assistance with the illustrations. The classification system employed in this flora is that of Arthur Cronquist (1981). IMPORTANT NOTE All economic uses, folklore, medical and pharmaceutical notes, uses as foodstuffs, etc., are compiled from the literature and do not represent an endorsement by the authors or the New York State Museum. Some of the uses may, indeed, be dangerous if incorrectly employed. Some are not effective and are presented for historical interest only. v LEGEND FOR ALL MAPS IN THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATION THE FOLLOWING SYMBOLS APPLY Solid dot — specimen seen by author: data on file at the State Herbarium (NYS) Circle — field observation with location data and observer’s name on file (NYS) Hollow triangle — literature citation on file (NYS) FOR ALL ILLUSTRATIONS IN THIS PUBLICATION, THE FOLLOWING LETTER-DESIGNATIONS APPLY: A. Habit sketch G. Auricle B. Perianth with fruit H. Cross-section of leaf C. Seed with testa removed or stem D. Seed with testa intact I. Summit of sheath E. Close-up of stem J. Glomerule F. Inflorescence K. Tuberous rhizomes VI Juncaceae (Rush Family) The Juncaceae: a cosmopolitan family of annual and perennial herbs (shrubs in Pr ionium), particularly prominent in cool-temper- ate and mountainous regions of the world. Eight genera and about 300 species are recognized. J uncus and Luzula are widespread in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, whereas the other six genera are restricted in range and found only in the Southern Hemisphere. Miocene fossils of members of Juncaceae are known, and Juncus seeds are commonly found in Quaternary deposits. Some species of Juncus are used for basket making and thatch, or grown as horticultural oddities, and several species are consid- ered weeds, but Juncus effusus L. is the only species that has significant horticultural or economic importance. FAMILY DESCRIPTION Perennial or annual herbs (rarely shrubs), from erect or horizontal subterranean stems (rhizomes), these rarely absent; plants some- times stoloniferous. Stems terete to compressed, occasionally with subcuticular sclerenchyma bundles. Leaves simple, alternate, parallel-veined, cauline to basal. Often all leaves are basal or nearly so; the sheaths may be open or closed, usually auriculate; the blades are flat, involute, terete, or ensiform, entire or rarely serrulate, occasionally ciliate. Occasionally all leaves or the basal ones are reduced to cataphylls. Inflorescences are sympodial, terminal, and usually apical monochasia (sometimes appearing lateral by the prolongation of the erect, stem-like lowest bract), simple to decompound dichasia with monochasial branches, glomerulate with the glomerules in racemes, panicles or spikes (rarely single-flowered). Flowers usually bisexual, occasionally cleistogamous; bracteoles 2, immediately subtending the perianth, or bracteoles may be absent. The perianth is composed of 6 free tepals in 2 whorls (rarely 1 whorl suppressed, or tepals 4). Stamens are 3 or 6 (rarely otherwise), free. Ovary single, superior, tricarpellate and unilocular, trilocular, or imperfectly trilocular (with incomplete septa), the placentation is axile, parietal, or basal. Fruit is a loculi- cidal capsule with three or many seeds; seeds always more numerous than the locules. Seeds are tailed or not, and may bear a large caruncle. Embryo small and straight with a terminal cotyledon and a lateral plumule embedded in starchy endosperm. KEY TO GENERA 1 . Seeds many, without caruncles; leaves glabrous; sheaths open 1 . Juncus 1 . Seeds three per capsule, usually with caruncles; leaves ciliate, especially at the summit of the closed sheaths ..............2. Luzula 1, JUNCUS Common Name: Rush Authority: Linnaeus, Species PI. I, p. 325, 1753 There are about 240 species of Juncus , native to all continents except Antarctica. They are most diverse in the Northern Hemisphere. Rushes can be found in a wide variety of habitats from aquatic to xeric. Some species (particularly ./. effusus) are used in weaving, thatching, and making candle wicks. Only a few species are planted as horticultural oddities. Description: Plants with bisexual flowers; stigmas 3, filiform, mostly erect and entwined (spirally twisted) prior to anthesis and spreading at anthesis; style 1, cylindrical or filiform, short (sometimes obscure) or long; ovary tricarpellate, unilocular, trilocular, or imperfectly trilocular (i.e. with incomplete septa, usually trilocular below and unilocular above); ovules anatropous; placentation axillary or parietal depending on the number of locules; fruit a many-seeded loculicidal capsule; seeds numerous, usually ellipsoid or ovoid, sometimes tailed (the tails are extensions of the outer integument); embryo small, straight, imbedded in starchy endosperm; stamens 3 or 6 (rarely otherwise), when 3 then opposite the outer tepals; filaments linear; anthers oval to elliptical, opening by vertical slits; perianth two whorls of three tepals each; tepals free, inner and outer tepals usually similar; flowers sub- tended by two bracteoles (prophylls) or bracteoles absent; pedicels long, short or nearly absent, the flowers often clustered into multi-flowered glomerules; bracts pre ,ent at the base of the pedicels and peduncles; inflorescence monochasial or dichasial, usually with monochasial branches or in glomerules, the glomerules 1-2 or many in racemes or panicles, or flowers borne singly; lowest bract usually leaf-like, occasionally stem-like; leaves flat, involute, ensiform or terete, sometimes septate; sheaths open (in ours); cataphylls often present at stem base; stems erect or sometimes decumbent; rhizomes usually present, horizontal or ascending; stolons occasionally present; root system fibrous. GUIDE TO IDENTIFYING RUSHES Because many immature, overly mature and sterile collections of J uncus are to be found in herbaria, the following notes on identification of such specimens may be helpful. Certain terms employed in the key to J uncus species are also defined, and the subgeneric classification of Juncus is discussed. The genus Juncus is often divided into two groups, based on the presence or absence of bracteoles. Bracteoles (also known as prophylls) are small bracts inserted on the pedicel immediately below the perianth. Care must be taken not to confuse the bracte- oles with the two bracts inserted on the peduncle at the base of the pedicel. For example, ./. pelocarpus plants, without bracteoles, appear to have bracteoles because the pedicel is very short and the bracts subtending the pedicel seem to subtend the perianth. Similarly, ./. bufonius , with two bracteoles, appears to possess four, because the pedicel is very short and the bracts subtending sim- ulate bractioles. In New York State there are three subgenera with true bracteoles (Genuini, Poiophylli and Pseudotenageia) and five subgenera without them (Graminifolii, Ensifolii, Juncus, Alpini and Septati). Glomerules are densely crowded, head-like cymes of flowers. Plants of the subgenera with bracteoles usually lack glomerules, while those of the subgenera without bracteoles usually have them. Pedicels and peduncles within the glomerules are often very difficult to differentiate. Fortunately only a few species in the subgenera with bracteolate individuals appear to have glomerules. Juncus bufonius var. halophyllus has loose clusters of 2-3 flowers at the ends of monochasia, but elsewhere in the inflorescence the flowers are inserted singly at the nodes; ./. effusus var. conglomeratus has dense, spherical masses of flowers that might be interpreted as glomerules, but its inflorescences are pseudolateral (see below). In addition, only one New York species that lacks bracteoles also lacks glomerules: ./. pelocarpus has flowers inserted singly or in pairs at the nodes of the inflo- rescence. Further division of bracteolate and ebracteolate groups into subgenera is based predominantly on vegetative characters. The more important of these are leaf traits, such as the shape of the leaf in cross-section, the occurrence of septations and the presence or absence of a blade. The following paragraphs enumerate characteristics of the subgenera and list significant charac- ters used to separate species: A. Subgenus Genuini (including ./. effusus , ./. inflexus , J. filiformis and ./. arcticus): flowers bracteolate, the inflorescence appearing lateral due to an erect lowest bract that often simulates a continuation of the stem. These species often produce “shoots” that appear to be sterile stems but are actually leaves; therefore, some keys describe the leaves of these species as terete. In the key to Juncus species to follow (couplet 1 ), the presence or absence of leaves should be determined using only fertile shoots. Species of this subgenus are easily separated vegetatively if the underground portion is collected. The key to species within this subgenus begins at couplet 2. B. Subgenus Poiophylli: flowers bracteolate; inflorescence terminal; annual plants. Juncus bufonius (species 5) is the only New York representative of this subgenus. It is easily identified by the proportionally large inflorescence. The only other species with a comparable inflorescence is ./. pelocarpus , which lacks bracteoles and is perennial. R. E. Brooks (pers. comm.) does not believe that this subgenus is distinct from the next, and discourages separating the two. C. Subgenus Pseudotenageia (including ./. trifidus , J. gerardii, J. compressus , ./. secundus , ./. tenuis , ./. dudleyi , ./. dichotomus and J. greenei): flowers bracteolate; inflorescence terminal; perennials. The leaves of plants of this subgenus are variable; they may be broadly channeled with margins slightly incurved or subterete (tightly involute) and slightly grooved. In all instances they have enlarged cells on the abaxial surface and lack septa. Species of this subgenus are often distinguished by their vegetative characters. The key to species with broadly channeled leaf blades begins at couplet 8, and the key to species with subterete leaves begins at couplet 16. D. Subgenus Graminifolii: the flowers lack bracteoles; inflorescence terminal, glomerulate; leaves flat. ./. marginatus (species 14) is the only New York representative of this subgenus. It is the only New York species with flat, grass-like leaves (the broad surface of the blade facing the stem) that lack septa. E. Subgenus Ensifolii: the flowers lack bracteoles; inflorescence terminal, glomerulate; leaves conduplicate and flattened, with an edge toward the stem (as in Iris). Juncus ensifolius (species 15) is the only New York state representative of this subgenus. It has leaf blades that are conduplicate, with the two folds of the blade fused near the sheath. The blade is flattened, but with a different orientation to the stem than in ./. marginatus. F. Subgenus Juncus: the flowers lack bracteoles; inflorescences terminal (occasionally appearing lateral), glomerulate; leaves terete, not septate. Juncus maritimus (species 16), the only New York state representative of this subgenus, may be extirpated. A relative of this species, ./. roemerianus reaches New Jersey and could possibly occur in southern New York. G. Subgenus Alpini: the flowers lack bracteoles; inflorescences terminal, glomerulate; leaves terete, septate toward the apex. Juncus stygius (species 17) is the only New York representative of this subgenus. It has the largest capsules and seeds of any of our native rushes. Its inflorescence consists of one or a few capitate clusters, each cluster with few flowers. Technically, this species has transverse septa near the apex of the leaf blade, but they are so inconspicuous that the species is keyed here as 2 if it lacked septa. Juncus stygius has rarely been collected in New York State, and it is only to be expected in the Adirondacks or elsewhere north of the Mohawk Valley. H. Subgenus Septati: the flowers lack bracteoles; inflorescence terminal, glomerulate; leaves terete, septate. Except for J. ensi- folius, all New York specimens with obviously septate leaves are in this subgenus. Species in this subgenus are difficult to identify vegetatively because the keys are based on technical floral characters; however, several informal groups may be identified among New York specimens that are fairly easy to distinguish vegetatively. Informal Groupings and Distinctive Species: I. Juncus pelocarpus (species 18) lacks glomerules; the flowers are inserted singly or in pairs along the inflorescence branches. This species is often found totally submersed under water and sterile. 2. Juncus militaris (species 27) is a robust plant, with two cauline leaves, whose sheaths are inflated; the lower cauline leaf is very long, surpassing even the inflorescence. It is the only New York species that occasionally produces clusters of long, fili- form leaves along the rhizome. 3. Juncus scirpoides group (including J. torreyi, J. nodosus, J . scirpoides and J. hrachycarpus): plants with narrow, subulate tepals and spherical glomerules (when mature). Plants of the first two species listed have slender, horizontal rhizomes, occa- sionally with thick, tuberous nodules; there are 6 stamens, and the lowest bracts usually overtop the inflorescence. Both of these species are found throughout the State (see couplet 28). The second two species always have thick, tuberous rhizomes (without nodules), 3 stamens per flower, and the lowest bracts are much shorter than the inflorescence. Both are restricted to Long Island in New York State (couplet 31). 4. Juncus canadensis group (including J. canadensis , ,/. brevicaudatus, J. subcaudatus, and ./. brachycephalus): these are usual- ly distinguished from the J. acuminatus and J. articulatus groups by their tailed seeds. Other, less reliable, characters include the nature of the sheath and the tepals. The green part of the sheath (not the scarious margin) usually arches at the summit with prominent ribs in the J. canadensis group, whereas, in the next two groups, the green part of the sheath usually tapers at the summit and has faint nerves. The outer tepals are usually stiffly ribbed, whereas, in other species of subgenus Septati, the outer tepals are usually not stiffly ribbed, though they may be ribbed or nerved. The key to species in this group begins at couplet 23. 5. Juncus acuminatus and J. articulatus groups have different stamen numbers. Members of the J. acuminatus group (including ./. acuminatus and J, debilis) have 3 stamens per flower (couplet 32), while flowers of the J. articulatus group (including J. articulatus and ./. alpinoarticulatus) have 6 stamens (couplet 29). Note that the stamens sometimes break-off in very mature specimens, so remnants of the filaments may be obscure and difficult to detect. KEY TO JUNCUS SPECIES I. Inflorescences terminal, the lowest bract erect to ascending, flat, involute or terete; basal leaves present (usually along with cat- aphylls); cauline leaves present or absent..... (5) 1 . Inflorescences appearing lateral, the lowest bract terete, erect, seeming to be a continuation of the stem; basal leaves absent, only cataphylis present; cauline leaves absent .............(2) 2. Sterns densely tufted on short, inconspicuous rhizomes; anthers about the same length as the filaments; stamens 3 or 6 .....(3) 2. Stems well spaced along creeping rhizomes (or rarely solitary); anthers either much longer (3-5 times) or shorter (1/3- 1/2 the length) than filaments; stamens 6... ...............(4) 3. Stamens 3; mature capsules olive-green to brown, the apex obtuse to truncate or sometimes retuse............ 1 . J effusus 3. Stamens 6; mature capsules reddish-brown to castaneous, the apex acute to obtuse 2. J. inflexus 4. Anthers 3-5 times the filament length; tepals brown with castaneous bands between the midvein and the margins; rhizomes 4-6 mm in diameter....................... .3. J. arcticus var. I it tor alls 4. Anthers 1/3-1/2 the filament length; tepals green to stramineous, without castaneous bands; rhizomes 1.0-1. 5 mm in diameter.. ................4. J. filiformis 5. Leaves flat or broadly channeled .(6) 5. Leaves terete or tightly involute and narrowly channeled [they may be flattened in pressing] ......(15) 6. Flowers in dense head-like clusters (glomerules); leaves 1.5 mm or more wide; bracteoles absent 14) 6. Flowers borne singly on the inflorescence branches; leaves usually less than 1.5 mm wide; bracteoles present (7) 3 Plants annual with soft bases; inflorescences 1/4-9/10 the height of the plant; basal leaf sheaths without auricles. .. .5. ./. bufonius Plants perennial, often tufted, with short (inconspicuous) to long rhizomes; inflorescences usually less than 1/4 the height of the plant: leaf sheaths with auricles (8) 8. Auricles lacerate, the free portion deeply cleft, commonly 3-lobed; inflorescence with 1 to 3 (rarely 4) Powers in a helicoid cyme (monochasium); capsule distinctly beaked; leaf blades serrulate 6 . trifidus 8. Auricles entire or occasionally erose, the free portion uncleft, rounded or tongue-shaped; inflorescence usually with many flowers (at least more than 3) in a compound cyme (a dichasium with monochasial branches); capsule rounded to retuse at the apex, unbeaked; leaf blades entire (9) Uppermost leaves attached at or above the middle of the culm; inner tepals 1 .5-2.0 (-3.0) mm long, with broad, scarious mar- gins near the obtuse apex; rhizomes elongate laterally; culms not tufted ..(10) Uppermost leaves attached much below the middle of the culm, usually arising from the lower 1/5 of the culm; inner tepals 2.5- 5.2 mm long, without broad scarious margins, apex acute to acuminate; underground stems short, erect or ascending and incon- spicuous; culms tufted ( 1 1 ) 13 13 15. 15. 17. 17. 19. 19. 21 21 10. Stamens 1.5-2. 2 mm long; anthers 2-6 times the filament length (usually about 3 times); capsules about equaling the perianth 7. ./. gerardii 10. Stamens 0.8- 1.0 mm long; anthers less than 2 times the filament length (usually equaling the filament length); cap- sules usually exceeding the perianth 8. ./. compressus Capsules trilocular; placentation axile, with partitions extending to a central axis; leaf tips rarely surpassing half the height of the plant; auricles membranaceous, rounded, the free portion scarcely prolonged 9. ,/. secundus Capsules unilocular or imperfectly trilocular: placentation parietal, the partitions extending at most half-way to the central axis of the capsule; leaf tips usually surpassing half the height of the plant; auricles varied (12) 12. Auricles scarious or hyaline, the free portion narrowly deltoid to tongue-shaped, 1-2 (-6) mm long; sheath margins scari- ous, friable 10. ./. tenuis 12. Auricles cartilaginous to membranaceous, the free portion rounded, less than 1 mm long; sheath margins cartilaginous to membranaceous, brittle but not friable (13) Auricles cartilaginous, yellow and glossy; inner leaf sheaths brown 1 1. ./. dudleyi Auricles membranaceous, stramineous, not glossy; inner leaf sheaths pinkish ..12. ./. dichotomies 14. Leaf folded (conduplicate) and connate above, with one edge facing the stem [as in //7s]; leaves with incomplete septa; capsules ellipsoid, 3. 0-3. 5 mm long, tapering to a short beak 15. J . ensifolius 14. Leaf not folded or connate, with the leaf surface facing the stem [as in grasses]; leaves lacking septa; capsules obovoid to globose, 1 .8-2.9 mm long, blunt to rounded at the apex 14. ./. marginatus Leaves involute, with an evident, but shallow, adaxial groove; bracteoles present (16) Leaves terete, usually septate, never channeled; bracteoles absent (17) 16. Capsule included to slightly exserted from the perianth; tepals spreading from the base of the capsule 12. ./. dichotomus 16. Capsule exserted: tepals appressed to the capsule (18) Seeds not tailed; capsules castaneous or darker 13. ./. greenei Seeds distinctly tailed, the tail at least half the length of the seed body; capsules golden tan /. vaseyi (report only) 18. Leaf blades with cross-partitions at regular intervals (septate) [if this is not evident in a dry leaf, lay the leaf on a hard sur- face and run your fingernail along it] (20) 18. Leaf blades without cross-partitions (not septate) (19) Capsules 2. 5-3. 5 mm long; seeds 0.8- 1.2 mm long; inflorescence with 50-100 clusters of flowers (glomerules); lowest bract 7- 16 cm long 16. ./. maritimus Capsules 6-7 mm long; seeds 3.0-3. 5 mm long; inflorescence often capitate, with 1-3 glomerules; lowest bract 0.6- 1.4 cm long 17. ./. stygius var. americana 20. Flowers in clusters (glomerules) of usually 3 or more; inflorescence a raceme or panicle of glomerules usually less than 1/4 the total height of the plant (21) 20. Flowers borne singly or in pairs; inflorescence a compound cyme [technically a dichasium with monochasial branches] usually 1/4 or more the total height of the plant 18.,/. pelocarpus Lowest cauline leaf surpassing the inflorescence, the blade 50-70 (-90) cm long; filiform leaves produced from the rhizome 27. ./. militaris Lowest cauline leaf never surpassing the inflorescence, the blade usually 2-30 cm long (rarely up to 50 cm); filiform leaves not produced (22) 22. Seeds 0.7- 1.9 mm long, tailed; seed body covered with a semi-opaque, whitish veil; leaf sheath usually distinctly ribbed, the ribs arching to the base of the blade (23) 22. Seeds 0.3-0. 7 mm long, not tailed; seed body clear yellow-brown, not veiled; leaf sheaths smooth or nerved, rarely deeply ribbed, the nerves or ribs usually tapering to the base of the blade (26) 4 23. Outer tepals obtuse to subacute; capsules 2. 4-3. 8 mm long; seeds with short tails (ca. 1/10 the body length) 19. ./. brachycephalus 23. Outer tepals acuminate; capsules 3. 0-4. 8 mm long; seeds with short or long tails (24) 24. Inflorescence narrowly cylindric, the branches erect; capsules exserted more than 0.7 mm beyond the perianth; glomerules 2-5 flowered; seeds with tails 1/3 - 1/2 the body length 20. ./. brevicaudatus 24. Inflorescence ovoid or broadly ovoid, the branches stiffly ascending to divergent; capsules exserted less than 0.6 mm beyond the perianth or included; glomerules 5-many flowered; seeds with tails 1/3 to equal the body length (25) 25. Seeds with tails 2/3 to as long as the body; all inflorescence branches similarly stiffly ascending to spreading .21 . ./. canadensis 25. Seeds with tails about 1/3 the body length; some inflorescence branches divergent 22. ./. subcaudatus 26. Stamens 6 [in very mature fruiting materials, remnants of the filaments may be found opposite the inner tepals] (27) 26. Stamens 3 (30) 27. Lowest bract longer than the inflorescence; capsule subulate, the valves cohering at the apex after dehiscence; tepals subulate; glomerules spherical (28) 27. Lowest bract shorter than the inflorescence; capsule lanceolate, the valves not cohering; tepals lanceolate; glomerules hemispherical to turbinate (29) 28. Outer tepals 2.4-4. 1 mm long, equaling the inner tepals; auricles with free portions 0.5- 1.0 mm long 23. J . nodosus 28. Outer tepals (3.7-) 4. 2-6.0 mm long, longer than the inner tepals; auricles with free portions 2-4 mm long 24. J. torreyi 29. Inflorescence branches ascending; inner tepals obtuse to acute, slightly shorter than the outer ones 28. ./. alpinoarticulatus 29. Inflorescence branches spreading; inner tepals acute to acuminate, about the same length as the outer ones or slightly longer .... 29. ./. articulatus 30. Tepals subulate; glomerules globose; rhizomes tuberous (31) 30. Tepals lanceolate; glomerules usually hemispherical to turbinate; rhizomes never tuberous (32) 31. Capsules subulate, exserted; valves cohering at the apex after dehiscence 25. J. scirpoides 3 1 . Capsules ovoid, included; valves not cohering after dehiscence 26. ./. brachycarpus 32. Tepals 2. 6-3. 5 (-3.9) mm long; capsule about equaling the perianth; plants erect 30. J. acuminatus 32. Tepals 1.8-2. 3 (-2.5) mm long; capsule exserted; plants weakly erect to decumbent 31. J . debilis A. Juncus Subgenus Genuini Buch. Perennials; rhizomatous; leaves absent (rarely with one cauline leaf near the inflorescence), with only basal cataphylls present; inflorescence appearing lateral because of the erect, stem-like lowest bract (rarely the inflorescence is obviously apical); bracteoles 2; seeds not tailed (rarely short tailed). 5 I. J uncus effusus L. Common Names: Common Rush, Smooth Rush, Soft Rush, Candle Rush Type Description: Linnaeus, Species PI. I, p. 326, 1753 Habitats: Swamps and their edges, marshes, moist mead- ows and moist or saturated soils; often conspicuous in pasture meadows where it is shunned by grazing ani- mals Habit: Erect, densely cespitose, terrestrial to semiaquatic perennial herbs Flowering: June-July Fruiting: July-October General Distribution: Eurasia to North and South America; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to Mexico and Florida Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas erect and entwined to spreading, 0.5- 1.0 mm long; style 0. 1-0.2 mm long; ovary ovoid to obovoid; fruit a trilocular, olive green to brown, ellipsoid to broadly ovoid capsule, 1. 7-3.0 mm long, subequal, apex obtuse to truncate to retuse, sometimes apiculate, broadly mucronate; valves 1.1 -1.5 mm broad; seeds obliquely fusiform to ellipsoid, light brown, 1.0- 1.2 mm long, ends often dark pointed, tegmen with transversely elliptical areolae (appearing scalariform under low magnifications); stamens 3, 1.0- 1.6 mm long; Filaments reddish brown; anthers yellowish-white, equal to the filament length or slightly shorter; tepals spreading, green to stramineous sometimes with brown bands between midvein and margin, lanceolate, apex acuminate or occasionally cuspidate, margin scarious; inner tepals 1. 9-3.0 mm long, 0. 5-0.7 mm broad; outer tepals 1.9-3. 6 mm long, 0.5-0. 8 mm broad; bracteoles scarious, widely ovate, 1.0- 1.5 mm long, apex acute to cuspidate; pedicels 0-5 mm long; bracts scarious, narrowly lanceolate, 2-8 mm long, apex acuminate to cuspidate, margin entire; rachis 2-20 mm long; inflorescence appearing lateral, sympodial, a decompound dichasium often with monochasial branches, diffuse to capitate, 1. 5-4.0 cm long; monochasia 2-4 flowered, erect to depressed, 5-20 mm long; lowest bract erect, terete, seemingly a continuation of the stem, 10-29 (-35) cm long, exceeding the inflores- cence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves absent; basal leaves absent; cataphylls 1-4, dark red to dark brown, 3-23 cm long, summit of sheaths rounded, long mucronate; stems erect, terete, (50-) 60-100 (-130) cm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 1-5 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, subepidermal schlerenchyma bundles pre- sent, densely cespitose; rhizomes erect to ascending, dark brown, 2-4 mm thick; roots few, to 1 mm diameter (2n = 40, 42). Infraspecific Variation: J uncus effusus sensu lato is a widespread, polymorphic species that has been widely studied in Europe (Agnew, 1968; Hard and Segerstad, 1940; Krfsa, 1962), in North America (Fernald & 6 Wiegand, 1910; Harriet- Ahti, 1980; Sohmer, 1970) and in New Zealand (Edgar, 1964). A testament to the complexity of this species complex is that, after all these studies, there is still no consensus on the taxonomy of the group. Juncus effusus is often subdivided into two assemblages based on anatomy: 1) the conglomeratus group with few, coarse, subcuticular scle- renchyma bundles, and 2) the effusus group with numerous, fine, subcuticular sclerenchyma bundles. Edgar (1964) found that other characters (such as number and disposition of the first leaves) supported this division of the complex in New Zealand; unfortunately these observations have not been extended to North American taxa. Representatives of both groups occur in New York; J. effusus var. pylaei and J. effusus var. conglomeratus have few, coarse bundles and ./. effusus var. solu- tus has numerous, fine bundles. Some authors treat the infraspecific taxa of the J. effusus complex as distinct species, but so much morphological overlap occurs that the taxa can not always be reliably identified. In Europe only two taxa occur, ./. effusus sensu stricto and J . conglomeratus , yet the situation is not much clearer there. At their extremes, the two taxa are eas- ily separated, but they frequently intergrade (Agnew, 1968; Krisa, 1962). KEY TO VARIETIES 1 . Inflorescence a densely congested, nearly spherical cluster of flowers; sheath of the primary bract inflated la. J. effusus var. conglomeratus 1. Inflorescence diffuse, spreading, rarely somewhat congested but never subspherical; sheath of the primary bract not inflated (2) 2. Stems coarsely sulcate with 10-20 strong ridges (subepidermal sclerenchyma bundles) just below the inflorescence; outer tepals (2.4-) 2. 7-3. 6 mm long, usually longer than the inner tepals, usually green with brown bands between the midvein and the scarious margin; stems 1. 0-3.0 (-4.0) mm broad immediately above the cataphylls 1 b. J . effusus var. pylaei 2. Stems smooth or with 25-30 fine striations (weak subepidermal sclerenchyma bundles) just below the inflorescence; outer tepals 1.9-2. 8 mm long, usually about the same length as the inner tepals, stramineous, usually without brown bands between the midvein and the scarious margin; stems (2.1-) 3. 0-5.0 mm broad immediately above the cataphylls lc. J. effusus var. solutus la. Juncus effusus var. conglomeratus (L.) Engelm. in Gray Synonyms: J. conglomeratus L., J . effusus var. compactus of authors, not Lej. & Courtois, J. leersii T. Marsson Origin: Europe Flowering: July Fruiting: July General Distribution: Europe; in North America this variety is introduced in a few widely scattered localities from Newfoundland to Quebec south to New York Ploidy: 2n = 40, 42 Note: Plants of this variety is often difficult to separate from compact-headed individuals of the following variety. lb. Juncus effusus var .pylaei (La Harpe) Fern. & Wieg. Synonyms: ./. effusus var. costulatus Fern., J. effusus var. decip- iens of Amer. authors, not Buch., J. pylaei La Harpe Origin: Northeastern North America Flowering: (April) June-July (August) Fruiting: late June-October General Distribution: Eastern North American frorn Newfoundland to Ontario south to Minnesota and North Carolina, a few specimens from Montana and Idaho have also been referred to this variety Ploidy: (2n = 40) Note: This variety occurs over much the same range as the next and may intergrade with it. 7 lc. J uncus effusus L. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. Synonyms: effusus ssp. solutus (Fern. & Wieg.) Hamet-Ahti Origin: Temperate, eastern North America Flowering: June-July (late August) Fruiting: mid June-October General Distribution: Newfoundland to Minnesota south to Mexico and Florida, and a single collection from British Columbia. Ploidy: unknown Note: This variety occurs over much the same range as the pre- ceding one, and may intergrade with it. A fourth variety, ./. effusus var. effusus, should be expected in New York. Typical effusus resembles ,/. effusus var. solutus in its numerous, fine sclerenchyma bundles and open inflorescence, but differs in having soft perianth segments that spread from the base of the capsule and in its ovoid to globose capsules. Typical ./. effusus has been introduced to eastern North America, where it has become established in certain areas, but there are currently no verified records from New York State. Importance: Juncus effusus is the common rush used in weaving, particularly for floor mats, baskets and chair seats, and it is cultivated in China and Japan for that purpose. The pith is used as a candle and lamp wick; when mashed and treated with alkali it makes a fiber that can be spun into thread. In Asia and the Pacific, decoctions of the pith are considered antilithic (used to counteract bladder stones), pectoral, discutient (used to dissolve stones), diuretic and depurative, the seeds are con- sidered cathartic, while the roots are diuretic, used especially to treat strangury (slow and painful urination). The Cherokee made an emetic by boiling J . effusus together with soft bulrush ( Scirpus tabernaemontanii Gmeh), crown vetch ( Coronilla varia L.), wood-vetch Vicia caroliniana Walt, and the bark of poison ivy [Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze], The result- ing decoction was drunk every day for four days and reboiled before each use. The pith has been used as a convenient medi- um to keep fistulous sores open for healing purposes. Cultivars, selected for their cork-screw or twisted stems, have long been grown as horticultural curiosities. Such forms are reported in horticultural literature as “cv. Spiralis,” J. spiralis or J. effusus spiralis. Forms with color banding on the leaves are called “Zebrinus” (with white stripes) and “Aureus Striatus” (with yellow). 8 2. J uncus inflexus L. Common Name: Blue Rush Type Description: Linnaeus, Species PI. I, p. 326, 1753 Synonym: ./. glaucus Ehrh. Origin: Uncertain; the species is a widespread native in Eurasia and Africa Habitats: Wet soils along streams, ditches and on wet, sandy and peaty hillsides. In Europe it grows in fens, wet grasslands and other damp, open, usu- ally calcareous habitats Habit: Erect, cespitose and stool forming, perennial herbs Flowering: July Fruiting: July-September General Distribution: Asia, Africa, and Europe; in North America it is locally naturalized in New York, Michigan and Ontario. Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.8- 1.0 mm long; style 0.4-0. 5 mm long; ovary ellipsoid; fruit a trilocular, reddish- brown or castaneous, ovoid to widely ellipsoid and slightly trigonous capsule, 2. 5-3.0 mm long, exserted, apex obtuse to acute and mucronate; valves 1.3- 1.5 mm broad; seeds obliquely ovoid, brown, 0. 3-0.5 mm long, ends darkened, tegmen with transversely elliptic areolae; stamens 6, 1 .0-1.5 mm long; filaments reddish-brown; anthers yellowish-white, equal to the filament length or slightly longer; tepals spreading, stramineous to reddish-brown with castaneous to reddish bands between midvein and margin, lanceolate, apex acuminate, margin scarious; inner tepals 2. 5-3.0 mm long, 0.5-0. 8 mm broad; outer tepals 3. 0-3. 5 mm long, 0.6-0. 8 mm broad; bracteoles scarious, ovate to widely ovate, 1 .0-1.5 mm long, apex acute; pedicels 0-4 mm long, flowers which appear to be on long pedicels are on single-flowered peduncles; bracts scarious, ovate to lanceolate, 1 .5-3.0 mm long, apex acuminate, margin erose or entire, bracts near flowers bracteole-like in size and appear- ance; rachis 3-40 mm long; inflorescence appearing lateral, sympodial, a compound dichasium often with monochasial branches, open, 2. 5-6. 5 mm long; monochasia 2-3 flowered, erect to spreading, 5-10 mm long; lowest bract erect, terete, seemingly a continuation of the stem, 11-23 cm long, exceeding the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves absent; basal leaves absent; cataphylls 1-4. dark red, 2.0-10.5 cm long, rounded, usually long mucronate, mucro to 1.5 mm long; stems erect, terete, 33-95 cm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 1-2 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, subepidermal sclerenchyma-bundles present, cespitose and forming dense round stools; rhizomes erect, reddish-brown to black, 3-5 mm thick; roots few, up to 2 mm diameter (2n = 40, 42). Importance: Juncus inflexus has been reported to be poisonous to cattle in Asia and Europe when eaten to the exclusion of everything else. The poison causes irritation of the stomach and diarrhea, followed by nervousness and progressive blind- ness. The animal may die of cerebral hemorrhage preceded by convulsions. The stems are sometimes use to make baskets and mats. It is also occasionally grown as an ornamental and is known as “Jonc des jardiniers” in parts of France. 9 3. J uncus arcticus Willd. var. littoralis (Engelm.) Boivin Common Names: Baltic Rush, Arctic Rush Type Description: Willdenow, Species PI. II, p. 206, 1799 Synonyms: J. arcticus L. ssp. littoralis (Engelm.) Hulten, ./. balticus Willd. var. littoralis Engelm., ./. balticus var. littoralis forma dissitiflorus Engelm. ex Fern. & Wieg.,7. litorum Rydb. Origin: The species is widespread in arctic and boreal Eurasia and North America; var. littoralis probably originated in boreal or temperate, eastern North America Habitats: Wet, sandy or gravelly shores and flats between sand dunes, especially along the Great Lakes; moist meadows, swamps, fresh and saline marshes Habit: Erect, rhizomatous, perennial herbs Flowering: June- August Fruiting: July-August General Distribution: Juncus arcticus sensu lato is arctic-cireumboreal, ranging widely across Eurasia and North America; var. littoralis is transcontinental in North America from Labrador to British Columbia south into more temperate Missouri and Pennsylvania. Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 1.0- 1.5 mm long; style 0.8- 1.0 mm long; ovary ovoid; fruit an imperfectly trilocu- lar, reddish-brown, ovoid and slightly trigonous capsule, 3. 0-4.0 (-4.5) mm long, included to slightly exserted, apex acute and mucronate; valves 1.0- 1.5 mm broad; seeds oblong, dark brown, 0.7-0. 8 mm long, often dark pointed, tegmen with transversely rectangular areolae; stamens 6, 1. 5-2.0 mm long; filaments castaneous; anthers yellowish-white, 3-5 times the filament length; tepals erect to slightly spreading, brown with castaneous bands between midvein and margin, narrowly lanceolate, 2. 5-4.0 mm long, 0.5- 1.0 mm broad, apex acuminate to cuspidate, margin scarious; bracteoles scarious, ovate to widely ovate, 1-2 mm long, apex acute; pedicels 0-5 mm long, flowers which appear to be on long pedicels are on single- flowered peduncles; bracts scarious, lanceolate, 2-5 mm long, apex acute to cuspidate, margin entire to erose; rachis 5-70 mm long; inflorescence appearing lateral, sympodial, a simple to compound dichasium usually with monochasial branches, diffuse to capitate, 1-17 cm long; monochasia 2-6 flowered, erect to spreading, 3-50 mm long; lowest bract erect, terete, seemingly a continuation of the stem, 9-17 cm long, longer than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves absent; basal leaves absent; cataphylls 1-4, brown to castaneous, 1.5-13 cm long, rounded, occasionally long mucronate; stems erect, terete, 6-9 dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 1.0-2. 5 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, without subepidermal sclerenchyma-bundles, closely or loosely arising from creeping rhizomes; rhizomes horizontal, dark brown to blackish. 4-6 mm diameter; roots few, up to 2 mm diameter (2n = 40, 80, 84). 10 Infraspecific Variation: The inflorescence of J. arcticus var. littoralis varies from diffuse to congested. The extremes have been recognized as forms under the names J. balticus var. littoralis (typical) and J. balticus var. littoralis forma dissitiflorus Engelm. The distinction is minor, and forma dissitiflorus has not been transferred to ,/. arcticus var. littoralis. Taxonomic Note: Juncus arcticus and J. balticus are often considered distinct at the species level, treated as members of a widespread species complex. Juncus arcticus sensu stricto is an arctic species. It is distinguished from ./. balticus sensu lato (including J. arcticus var. littoralis) by the ratio of anther to filament length and by the inflorescence type. Juncus arcticus sensu stricto has anthers 0. 5-0.7 mm long, no longer than the filaments and few-flowered, compact inflorescences, whereas ./. balticus sensu lato has anthers 0.8- 1.8 mm long, usually two or more times the filament length and few to many-flowered, congested to open inflorescences. Although these species appear distinct at their extremes, the anther/filament ratio of J. arcticus is also found in J. balticus var. hankei (E. Mey.) Buchenau (Buchenau, 1906) and the few-flowered, compact inflo- rescence of J. arcticus is approached in J. balticus var. montanus Engelm. (Buchenau, 1906). Hulten (1962) and Hylander (1953, pp. 177-179) have shown that J. arcticus and J. balticus in northern Europe are usually found in slightly different habitats, but they occasionally grow together. When the two species grow together, they intergrade. Snogerup (1980), on the other hand, records hybrids between J. arcticus and ./. balticus as well established in Fennoscandia and in the Alps, but there they are reported to have low pollen fertility and to reproduce only vegetatively. The morphological and ecological inter- grade and the presence of well established hybrids between the species suggest that the taxa are not distinct at the species level. The current treatment follows several recent authors (Hulten, 1962; Balslev, 1983; Boivin, 1979) in recognizing a sin- gle species, J . arcticus to include the entire complex. Within J . arcticus sensu lato , variety littoralis is one of the more dis- tinctive taxa; it is the only variety with very large anther-filament length ratios (4:1 -5:1). Importance: Juncus arcticus sensu lato is sometimes planted as a curiosity. Juncus balticus var. japonicus Buch. from China is called “Dragon ’s-beard” and is reported to have medicinal uses (Read, 1936). 4. Juncus filiformis L. Common Name: Thread Rush Type Description: Linnaeus, Species PI. I, p. 326, 1753 Origin: Arctic Habitats: Wet, sandy or rocky shores, river banks, wet meadows, ditches, seepage areas, wet mountain summits and talus slopes, usually at higher eleva- tions in New York State Habit: Erect, rhizomatous, terrestrial to semiaquatic perennial herbs Flowering: June-August (September) Fruiting: late June-early October General Distribution: Circumboreal; in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to Oregon, Colorado, Minnesota, and West Virginia Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.5-1. 0 mm long; style 0.3-0. 5 mm long; ovary ellipsoid to ovoid; fruit an imper- fectly trilocular, light brown, broadly ovoid to nearly globose and occasionally slightly trigonous capsule, 2. 5-3.0 mm long, included to more commonly exserted, apex obtuse and mucronulate; valves 1 .5-1.8 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid to obovoid, light brown, 0.5 mm long, ends dark pointed, tegmen with transversely elliptical areolae; stamens 6, 1 .0-1.5 mm long; fila- ments light brown; anthers white. 0.3-0. 5 times the filament length; tepals spreading, green to stramineous, margins broad and scarious; inner tepals lanceolate or occasionally oblong, 2.0-3. 0 (-3.5) mm long, 0.5-0. 8 mm broad, apex obtuse or acute (acuminate); outer tepals lanceolate, 2. 5-3.0 mm long, 0.5- 1.0 mm broad, apex (acute) acuminate to aristate; bracte- oles scarious, widely ovate, 1.0- 1.4 mm long, apex rounded; pedicels 1-6 (-13) mm long; bracts scarious, ovate, 1-2 mm long, apex acute, margin entire; rachis 30-90 mm long; inflorescence appearing lateral, sympodial, a simple to compound dichasium often with monochasial branches, congested to capitate, 3-27 mm long; monochasia 2-3 flowered, erect or spreading, 5-20 mm long; lowest bract erect, terete, seemingly a continuation of the stem, 6-21 cm long, exceeding the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves absent; basal leaves absent; cataphyils 1-4, stramineous to reddish, 1-7 cm long, rounded, usually long mucronate, mucro to 1 mm long; stems erect, terete, 10-35 cm tall to the base of the inflores- cence, 0.5- 1.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, subepidermal sclerenchyma-bundles present, closely set along creeping rhizomes; rhizomes horizontal, stramineous, 1.0-1. 5 mm thick; roots few, to I mm diameter (2n = 40, 70, 80, ca. 80, 84). 12 B. Juncus Subgenus Poiophylli Buch. Annuals; rhizomes absent; leaves flat or subterete; inflorescence terminal; bracteoles 2; seeds not tailed. 5. Juncus bufonius L. Common Name: Toad Rush Type Description: Linnaeus, Species PI. I, p. 328, 1753 Origin: Uncertain; a cosmopolitan species Habitats: Damp sandy to clay soils of clearings, road- sides, paths, shores, fresh and salt water marshes and other open areas Habit: Erect to spreading, terrestrial to semi-aquatic, annual herbs Flowering: June-November Fruiting: late June-November General Distribution: Cosmopolitan; throughout North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to California and Florida Description: Flowers bisexual, usually cleistoga- mous; stigmas 0.8- 1.5 mm long, caducous; style 0.1- 0.2 mm long; ovary ovoid; fruit a trilocular, tan to brown or green, ovoid to ellipsoid capsule, (2.5-) 3.0- 4.0 (-4.9) mm long, included, apex acute to obtuse or rounded, rarely truncate; valves 1.1 -1.5 mm broad; seeds obliquely obovoid to barrel-shaped or ovoid, light brown, 0.3-0. 5 mm long, ends very short, dark, pointed, the tegmen with transverse, elliptical areolae; stamens 3 or 6, 1. 5-2.0 mm long; filaments whitish; anthers white, 0.3- 1.0 times the filament length, rarely much longer; tepals appressed to spreading, stramineous, lanceolate, margins broad and scarious; inner tepals 3. 0-4. 8 (-5.8) mm long, 0.7-0. 9 (-1.3) mm broad, apex subacute to acuminate; outer tepals 3. 5- 6.0 (-7.3) mm long, 0.9-1. 2 mm broad, apex acuminate; bracteoles scarious, ovate to widely ovate, 1. 5- 2.0 (-3) mm long, apex acute to acuminate; pedicels 0.1 -0.3 mm long; bracts scarious, ovate to lanceolate, 2-7 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire, lower bracts leaf-like; rachis 2-3 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a compound to decompound dichasium with monochasial branches, diffuse to com- pact, 1-15 cm tall, 1-12 cm broad; monochasia 1-7 flowered, erect to spreading, 5-80 mm long; lowest bract erect, channeled, 1.2-7. 5 (-12) cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 1-5, sheaths open, 0.5-1. 5 cm long, auricles rounded, scarious, not prolonged, blades flat or chan- neled, 1.5-5. 5 cm long, 0.3-1. 0 (-1.5) mm broad, apex acuminate; basal leaves 1-4, sheaths open, 0.1 -0.3 cm long, auricles scarious, rounded, not prolonged, blades flat to slightly channeled, 0.5-6. 5 cm long, 0.5- 1.0 (- 1.5) mm wide, apex acuminate; cataphvlls 0-2 per stem; stems erect or ascending to horizontally spread- 13 ing, sometimes slightly recurved, usually branching near base, (0.05-) 0.5-3. 7 (-5) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0.5-1 .0 mm diameter immediately above the basal leaf sheaths; rhizomes absent; roots numerous, up to 0.2 mm in diameter. (2n = 30, ca. 30, 32, 34, ca. 54, ca. 60, 80, 108, ca. 120, 120). Infraspecifie Variation: Juncus bufonius sensu law is a confusing assemblage of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid entities. Thorough studies of the group in Europe (Cope and Stace, 1978, 1983, 1985; Van Loenhoud and Sterk, 1976) have shown that, in Europe, five segregate taxa occur, four diploids [J.foliosus Desf. (2n = 26), J. ambiguus Guss. (2n = 34), J. hybridus Brot. (2n = 34), and J. sorentinii Pari. (2n = 28)] and one tetraploid/hexaploid (J. bufonius). All four diploids are fairly dis- tinct from each other, but the tetraploid/hexaploid complex (J. bufonius sensu stricto) appears to include elements from all four diploid taxa. When found growing sympatrically with one of the diploid taxa, J. bufonius populations may exhibit some of its attributes, a circumstance suggesting genetic bridges between ploidy levels. Cope and Stace also showed (1983) that there are no characters that will always separate segregate taxa; instead, there are “rnode[s] of variation” requiring several characters to distinguish them. The complex is treated here as a single species, contrary to Cope and Stace, because: a) there are apparently no effective genetic barriers to hybridization among the various members of the complex, b) the characters used to separate the taxa are not reliable, and, c) there are difficulties in separating the members of this complex without resorting to chromosome counting. Two varieties are recognized here, one a diploid, J . bufonius var. halophilus Fern. & Buch. (=,/. ambiguus) and the other a hexaploid-tetraploid, ./. bufonius var. bufonius. KEY TO VARIETIES 1. Inner tepals acute to acuminate; inflorescence open; capsule acute to subacute or rarely truncate, clearly shorter than the inner tepals ...5a. J. bufonius var. bufonius 1 . Inner tepals mostly rounded, occasionally acute, often emarginate and mucronate at the tip; inflorescence partly to whol- ly contracted; capsule truncate, as long as or ionger than the inner tepals ...,5b. J. bufonius var. halophilus 5a. Juncus bufonius L. var. bufonius Synonyms: Juncus bufonius var. genuinus Coutinho Origin: Northern Hemisphere Habitats: Muddy, sandy or gravelly shores of streams, lakes, and ponds, sometimes in brackish areas such as coastal dunes, often associated with agricultural fields; these areas have a high water table, at least seasonally, and little or no competition from other species Flowering: June-early August Fruiting: Late June-November General Distribution: Cosmopolitan; but native only to Eurasia, North Africa and North America Ploidy: 2n= 108, other counts include ca. 54, ca. 60, 80, and 100- 110 5b. Juncus bufonius L. var. halophilus Fern. & Buch. Synonyms: ./. ambiguus Guss., J. bufonius var. ambiguus (Guss.) Husnot, J. bufonius var. ranarius (Song. & Perr.) Hayek, ./. bufonius ssp. ranarius (Song. & Perr.) H i it. , ./. bufonius ssp. ambiguus (Guss.) Schinz & Thell., ./. ranarius Song. & Perr. Origin: North Atlantic shore of North America Habitats: Halophytic, occurring along the coast on mud and sand flats above high-tide and on margins of saline and brackish lakes; also occurring inland on bare mud and disturbed ground near salt-works, in roadside ditches, and on highly basic sub- strates Flowering: June-July Fruiting: August-November 14 General Distribution: Europe, North America and parts of North Africa and Asia; in North America from Labrador to Saskatchewan south to Colorado and New York Ploidy: 2n = 34 (other counts include 30 and 32) Importance: Juncus bufonius is often a weed in agricultural fields, but it is also considered good to excellent forage for all classes of livestock in the western United States. C. Juncus Subgenus Pseudotenageia Krecz. & Gontsch. Perennials; rhizomes present; leaves flat or canaliculate; inflorescence terminal; bracteoles 2; seeds with or without tails. 6. Juncus trifidus L. Common Names: Highland Rush, Arctic Rush Type Description: Linnaeus, Species PI. I, p. 326, 1753 Synonym: Juncus trifidus ssp. carolinianus Hamet- Ahti; J. trifidus var. monanthos of Amer. auth. not (Jacq.) Bluff & Fing. Origin: Arctic Habitats: Dry, granitic conglomerate or quartzite ledges in New York; elsewhere also occurring on dry barrens and sands Habit: Erect, cespitose, perennial herbs Flowering: June- July Fruiting: June-August General Distribution: Europe, Asia and North America; in North America from Newfoundland to Quebec, south to northern New England, New York and disjunct in North Carolina Rarity Status: Listed as Threatened by NY State; NYNHP rank G5 SI Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 1. 5-3.0 mm long; style 1. 5-2.0 mm long; ovary ellipsoid; fruit an imperfectly trilocular, lustrous brown, ovoid, trigonous, rostrate capsule, 2. 5-3. 7 mm long (including the beak), the body of the capsule included to slightly exserted, the beak up to 0.7 mm long, exserted, apex tapering to the beak; valves 0. 5-0.8 mm broad; seeds oblong and irregularly angled, light brown, 0.8- 1.0 (-1.3) mm long, ends with short appendages, tegmen with trans- versely elliptical areolae; stamens 6, 1. 7-2.0 mm long; filaments brown; anthers yellow, 1.5 times the filament length; tepals spreading, deep reddish brown often with green midveins, lanceolate, margins scarious; inner tepals 2. 0-3. 2 mm long, 0. 7-1.0 mm broad, apex acute; outer tepals 2. 5-4.0 mm long, 0.7-1. 0 mm broad, apex acuminate to apiculate; bracte- oles scarious, ovate to widely ovate, 1.0- 1.5 mm long, apex acute to acuminate and often lacerate; pedicels 1-11 mm long. 15 usually very short; bracts sheathing, auricle prolonged and often lacerate, blades flat, 2. 5-6.0 cm long, apex acuminate, essentially like the lowest bract; rachis 2 mm long; inflorescence monopodial, a simple monochasium or a single flower, 0. 5-1.0 cm tall, 0.2-0. 5 (-1.0) cm broad; monochasia 2 (-3) flowered, erect, 3-7 mm long; lowest bract erect, sheath 2-4 mm long, auricle prolonged and often lacerate, blades flat, 2. 5-6.0 cm long, exceeding the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 1-2 (-4), often just below the lowest bract, sheaths open, 0.2- 1.1 cm long, auricles lacerate, prolonged 1-2 mm, blades flat or channeled, 5-6 cm long, 0.5 mm wide, apex acuminate, margin serrulate; basal leaves 4-6, sheaths open, 1.0-3. 5 cm long, auricles hyaline, three parted, lacerate, prolonged 2. 5-4.0 mm, blades channeled. 0.2- 1.5 (-13) cm long, apex acumi- nate, margin serrulate; cataphylls several to many, mucronate; stems erect, terete, 0.5-2. 6 (-4) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0. 3-0.6 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, cespitose to mat-forming; rhizomes erect and branching, dark reddish brown, 0.5-0. 8 mm diameter; roots few to numerous, up to 0.2 mm in diameter (2n = ca. 20, 30). Infraspecific Variation: Hamet-Ahti (1980) has recently suggested that the eastern North American representatives of./. trifidus (including all New York materials) are distinct from European plants. She based the North American taxon (./. tri- fidus ssp. carolinianus Hamet-Ahti) on the relative lengths and positions of the upper cauline leaves, and the presence of a blade on the basal leaves. In the New York materials studied, these characters are variable. Some specimens from the same site, mounted on the same herbarium sheet, have a cauline leaf just below the inflorescence appearing much like a primary bract, while others have cauline leaves at some distance below the inflorescence. Because of such variation, it seems inadvis- able to recognize subspecies within this taxon. 7. J uncus gerardii Loisel. Common Name: Black Grass Type Description: Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J. Bot. 2: 284, 1809 Synonyms: ./. bulbosus of authors, including L. ( 1762) not L. (1753), ./. bulbosus var. gerardii (Loisel.) Gray, J.fucensis St. John Origin: Probably the Arctic Zone Habitats: Salt marshes, brackish meadows and inland salt marshes, escaping inland along railroads and roadsides where salt is applied Habit: Erect, cespitose to mat-forming, perennial herbs Flowering: late May-August Fruiting: late June-September (April) General Distribution: Europe, Northern Asia and North America; in North America along the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to Virginia, on the Pacific coast from British Columbia south to Washington; also adventive along railroads and roadsides from Quebec to Manitoba south to Colorado, Utah, Kansas and upstate New York (though the population near Salina, NY is possibly native) 16 Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 1 .5-2.5 mm long; style 0.5- 1.0 mm long; ovary ovoid; fruit a trilocular, brown, ovoid to widely ellipsoid capsule, 2.0-3.4 mm long, slightly exserted, apex obtuse to rounded, mucronate; valves 1.2-1. 5 mm broad; seeds oblong, light brown, 0. 5-0.6 (-7) mm long, ends blunt and darkened, tegmen with transversely elliptical areolae; stamens 6, 1.5-2. 2 mm long; filaments stramineous; anthers light yellow, 3 times the filament length; tepals appressed, stramineous with deep reddish brown bands near the margin, margins scarious near the apex; inner tepals elliptic, ( 1.5-) 2.0- 3.0 mm long, 0.8- 1.0 mm broad, apex obtuse to rounded; outer tepals ovate, elliptic, or oblong, 2. 0-3. 2 mm long, 0.7- 1.0 mm broad, apex acute to obtuse; bracteoles scarious, ovate to widely ovate, 0. 7-2.0 mm long, apex acute and erose; pedicels 1-5 mm long; adaxial bracts scarious, lanceolate. 1. 5-4.0 mm long, apex retuse and erose, margin entire; abaxial bracts scarious to herbaceous, lanceolate, 2-6 mm long, apex long acuminate, or lower and well developed bracts with blades and prolonged, pointed auricles; rachis 3-6 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a decompound dichasium with monochasial branches, usually obpyramidal or obovoid, 2-11 cm tall, 1.0-3. 5 cm broad; monochasia 1-2 flowered, erect to ascending, 5- 25 mm long; lowest bract erect, sheath 3-20 mm long, auricles slightly prolonged with acuminate or retuse apices, blade flat, 1-5 cm long, shorter than to equaling the inflorescence; cauline leaves 1-2, sheaths open. 2.0-4. 5 cm long, auricles rounded, not prolonged, blades flat to involute, 5-20 cm long, 0.5 mm wide, apex acuminate or bifurcate with two acuminate tips; basal leaves 3-6, sheaths open, 1. 5-8.0 cm long, auricles not prolonged, blades flat, 3-20 cm long, apex acuminate or bifurcate with two acuminate apices; cataphylls 1-2; stems erect, terete or sometimes compressed, 1.0-7. 5 dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0.7-2. 0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, cespitose or loosely arising from creep- ing rhizomes, often forming extremely dense mats; rhizomes horizontal, branching, burnt red to tan, 1.0- 1.5 mm diameter; roots few to numerous, up to 0.5 mm diameter (2n = 80, ca. 80, 84). Infraspecific Variation: Plants from the north fork of Long Island, with long cymes and long perianth parts, approach ./. gerardii var. pedicellatus Fern.; other New York specimens represent typical gerardii. Importance: Juncus gerardii is occasionally harvested as salt-hay. In Russia it has been said to equal quack grass in quality and to be of lactiferous value, but in some parts of Russia its feeding value is reported to be medium to low. In pasture and in hay it is eaten readily by cattle, but much less so by other kinds of livestock. The flowers are also eaten by rabbits. 17 8. J uncus compressus Jacq. Common Name: Compressed Rush Type Description: Jacquin, Enum. Stirp. Vindob.. p. 235, 1762 Synonym: ./. bulbosus of authors, including L. (1762), but not L. (1753). Origin: Eurasia Habitats: Saline, disturbed habitats in New York; in Europe, damp grasslands and pastures, meadows, roadsides, edges of fields, riverbanks and disturbed ground, preferring loamy or clay soils Habit: Erect, cespitose, perennial herbs Flowering: June-July Fruiting: July-August General Distribution: A native of Eurasia; natural- ized in North America from Newfoundland to Manitoba. Montana, Wyoming and Colorado south to Utah. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan and New York Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 1.0 mm long; style 0.5 mm long; ovary obovoid or ellipsoid; fruit an imperfectly trilocular. light brown, widely ellipsoid (almost globose) to ovoid or obovoid, slightly trigonous capsule, (2.0-) 2. 5-3.0 mm long, exserted, apex obtuse to truncate, mucronate; valves 1 .5-1.8 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid to oblong or obliquely obovoid, light brown, 0. 3-0.5 mm long, ends blunt and slightly darkened, tegmen with numerous transversely elliptical areolae; stamens 6, 0.8- 1.0 (-1.5) mm long; filaments stramineous; anthers light yellow, 1-2 times the filament length; tepals appressed, light to dark brown with a green central band and occasionally with reddish-brown bands near margin especially near apex, lanceolate-ovate to elliptic, 0.8 mm broad, hyaline margins; inner tepals 0.7- 1.2 mm long, apex obtuse to round- ed; outer tepals 1. 5-2.0 (-3.0) mm long, apex obtuse or bluntly acute, usually slightly convex; bracteoles scarious, ovate lanceolate to widely ovate or triangular ovate, 0. 7-2.0 mm long, apex obtuse to acute: pedicels 1-5 mm long; adaxial bracts scarious, lanceolate, 1-3 mm long, apex bifurcate, margin entire; abaxial bracts scarious, lanceolate, 4-5 mm long, apex long acuminate to apiculate; rachis 2-5 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a decompound dichasium with monochasial branches, 0.3-0. 7 cm tall, 1.0-3. 5 cm broad; monochasia 1-2 flowered, erect to ascending, 5-25 mm long; lowest bract erect, flexuous. Oat or folded, 2.0-7. 5 (-13) cm long, often longer than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 1-2, sheaths open. 3-5 cm long, auricles membranaceous, rounded, prolonged less than 1 mm, blades with a broad central chan- nel, 5-20 cm long, 0.7- 1.0 mm broad, apex acuminate; basal leaves 2-4, sheaths open, 4. 5-7. 5 cm long, auricles membrana- ceous, rounded, not prolonged, blades Hat, rarely subterete and channeled, 10-20 cm long, 1.0- 1.5 mm wide, apex acuminate; cataphvlls several: stems erect, flattened. ( 1 .0-) 2. 0-5. 5 (-8) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 1-2 mm diameter imme- diately above the basal leaf sheaths, closely set along creeping rhizomes; rhizomes horizontal, brown, 1.5-2. 5 mm diameter; roots numerous, up to 0.5 mm in diameter (2n = 40, 44). 18 9. Juncus secundus Beauv. ex Poir. Common Name: Rush Type Description: Beauvois ex Poir., Encycl., Suppl. 3, p. 160, 1813 Synonym: Juncus tenuis var. secundus (Beauv. ex Poir.) Engelm. Origin: Eastern North America Habitats: Dry fields and rock ledges, nearly always associated with acid, sandy soil Habit: Erect, cespitose, perennial herbs Flowering: June-early July Fruiting: late June-August General Distribution: Maine to Indiana, south to eastern Oklahoma, northern Alabama and northern Georgia Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 1.5-2. 5 mm long; style 0.2-0. 3 mm long; ovary ovoid; fruit a tnlocular, stramineous, ovoid to short-cylindric, trigonous capsule, 2.0-3. 3 (-4.7) mm long, included or equaling the perianth, apex rounded to slightly retuse; valves 1.0- 1.8 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid, light brown, 0.5-0. 6 mm long, ends pointed, translucent or darkened, tegmen with transversely elliptical areolae; stamens 6, 1.0- 1.5 mm long; filaments scarious; anthers light yellow, 0.6- 1.0 times the filament length; tepals spreading stramineous, lanceolate, (2.5-) 2. 9-3. 5 (-4.5) mm long, 0.8- 1.0 mm broad, apex acuminate, margin scarious; bracteoles scarious, ovate to widely ovate, 1.0- 1.3 mm long, apex acute to rounded and often erose; pedicels 0-3 mm long; adaxial bracts scarious, slightly sheathing, 1-2 (-5) mm long, apex bifurcate, margin entire; abaxial bracts scarious, lanceolate, 1.0-2. 2 (-8) mm long, apex acuminate or prolonged into a short blade, margin entire; rachis 2-7 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a decompound dichasium with monochasial branches, the flowers secund along the monochasia, diffuse, (2-) 3.0-6. 5 (-14) cm tall, 1-4 cm broad; monochasia (1-) 3-5 (-7) flow- ered, erect to ascending and often incurved, 5-25 mm long; lowest bract erect, flat, 1. 5-6.0 (-10) cm long, shorter to equaling the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves absent; basal leaves 1-4, usually less than 1/3 the plant height but never more than 1/2 the plant height, sheaths open, 1. 5-9.0 cm long, auricles membranaceous, rounded, slightly prolonged, blades broadly channeled, 5-15 (-20) cm long, 0.2-0. 7 mm wide, apex acuminate; cataphylls 1-2; stems stiffly erect, terete, (0.6-) 1.5-4. 8 (-6) dm to the base of the inflorescence, 0.5- 1.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, often pink to light purple near the base, loosely or densely cespitose; rhizomes erect, stramineous, 1-2 mm diameter, forming hard crowns; roots numerous, up to 0.2 mm diameter (2n = ca. 42). Intraspecific Variation and Hybridization: This species is said to hybridize with other members of the J . tenuis complex (Brooks, pers. comm.). 19 10. Juncus tenuis Willd. Common Names: Slender Yard Rush. Trail Rush Type Description: Willdenow. Species PI., 5th ed., II. p. ' 214, 1799 Synonyms: ./. bicornis Michx., J. macer S. F. Gray Origin: North America Habitats: Open, moist, often sandy habitats, meadows, swamps, fields and roadsides Habit: Erect, cespitose, perennial herbs Flowering: June-early August Fruiting: June-October Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 1 .5-2.5 mm long; style 0.2-0.3 mm long; ovary ovoid; fruit an imper- fectly trilocular, green to stramineous, ovoid capsule, (2-) 2. 5-4. 7 mm long, included or equaling the perianth, apex obtuse to slightly refuse, usually mucronate; valves 1.0- 1.6 mm broad; seeds obliquely ovoid to ellipsoid, light brown, 0.3-0. 6 mm long, ends blunt, darkened and slight- ly tailed, tegmen with transversely elliptical areolae; sta- mens 6, 1.0-1. 5 mm long; filaments stramineous; anthers light yellow, 0.4-0. 6 times filament length; tepals spreading, green to stramineous to reddish brown with a green central band, lanceolate, 2. 5-4. 5 mm long, 0.8- 1.0 mm broad, apex acute to subulate, margins scari- ous; bracteoles scarious, ovate to triangular ovate, 1.1- 1.6 mm long, apex obtuse to acute to cuspidate; pedicels 0-3 mm long; adaxial bracts scarious, lanceolate, 1-4 mm long, apex bifurcate, margin entire; abaxial bracts leaf-like, sheaths scarious, auricles slightly prolonged, blade herbaceous, linear or nearly absent, 2. 5-8.0 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire; rachis 2-7 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a compound to decompound dichasium with monochasial branches, the flowers some- times secund along the monochasia, diffuse to congested, 3-11 cm tall. 1-7 cm broad; monochasia 1-7 flowered, ascending to divergent, sometimes incurled, 5-50 mm long; lowest bract erect, flat, 7-10 cm long, longer than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves absent; basal leaves 3-4 (-7), sheaths open, auricles scarious, oblong or narrowly triangular, prolonged 1-2 (-6) mm, blades broadly channeled, 10-15 cm long, 0.5- 1.0 mm wide, apex acuminate; cataphvlls 0-2; stems erect, terete to slightly flattened, 1-4 (-6) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 1 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, tufted; rhizomes erect, brown to black, 1.5 mm diameter; roots numerous, to 0.5 mm diameter (2n = 30, 32, ca. 40. 40. 1 80, 84 reported from Europe)). Interspecific Variation and Hybridization: Juncus tenuis is a highly variable and widespread member of a complex that includes ./. secundus , ./. tenuis , ./. dudleyi and ./. dichotonuis as well as other species. Hybrids between ./. tenuis and related species (particularly ./. dud- leyi and ./. secundus) are known and add to the apparent 20 variability in the complex (Brooks, pers. comm.). This group has been revised by Wiegand (1908), and Brooks (pers. comm.) is currently working on a revision of the group. Species of this complex are distinguished from one another using leaf cross- sections, auricle shape and texture, and in the degree of carpel fusion. Identification of specimens in this complex requires that several characters be used. Infraspecific Variation: Specimens with arched to recurved, short pedicels and close set flowers on the upper sides of the pedicels have been called J. tenuis var. williamsii Fern., but intergradation makes this distinction hardly worthy of recogni- tion. More robust plants with diffuse, elongate inflorescences, small flowers and small capsules, do appear to warrant recog- nition. These are called J uncus tenuis var. anthelatus Wieg., usually found in wet areas, and flowering 1-2 weeks earlier than typical J. tenuis of drier habitats. Brooks (pers. comm.) recently found allozyme markers that distinguish var. anthelatus from typical J. tenuis , and he has proposed raising var. anthelatus to species status (Brooks, ined.), but morphological over- lap has prompted recognition of these taxa at the varietal level in this treatment. KEY TO VARIETIES 1 . Inflorescence congested to open, usually not diffuse; branches of the inflorescence erect to divergent; longer monochasia usually 1-2 cm long; perianth (2.8-) 3. 5-4. 5 mm long 10a. J. tenuis var. tenuis 1 . Inflorescence diffuse; branches of the inflorescence erect to ascending, often incurved; longer monochasia 3-5 cm long; perianth 2. 5-3. 5 (-4.0) mm long 10b. J. tenuis var. anthelatus 10a. Juncus tenuis Willd. var. tenuis Synonyms: J. hicornis var. williamsii (Fern.) Viet., ./. macer var. williamsii Fern., J. macer forma williamsii (Fern.) F. J. Herm., J. tenuis var. williamsii Fern., J . tenuis forma williamsii (Fem.) F. J. Herm. Origin: Temperate North America Habitats: Open, frequently disturbed places including roadsides, pathways and lake shores; often in compacted soils General Distribution: In North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to Mexico and Florida but much less frequent in the southeastern United States than the next variety; now widely introduced throughout the world Ploidy: 2n = 30, 32, 40, [80, 84 reported from Europe] 10b. Juncus tenuis var. anthelatus Wieg. Synonyms: J. macer var. anthelatus (Wieg.) Fern., J. macer forma anthelatus (Wieg.) F. J. Herm., J . tenuis forma anthelatus (Wieg.) F. J. Herm. Origin: Eastern North America Habitats: Moist and wet sandy meadows, swamps, and fields General Distribution: Maine to Indiana south to Missouri and Georgia Ploidy: 2n= ca. 40 21 11. J uncus dudleyi Wieg. Common Name: Dudley’s Rush Type Description: Wiegand, Torrey Bot. Club Bull. 27: 524. 1900 Synonyms: J . tenuis var. dudleyi (Wieg.) F. J. Herm. in I. M. Johnston, Juncus tenuis var. uniflorus Farw. Origin: North America Habitats: Damp to dryer, calcareous, marly or sweet soil, rarely in damp, sandy soil, usually in sunny places Habit: Erect, cespitose perennial Flowering: June-July (September) Fruiting: late June-September General Distribution: Newfoundland to British Columbia south to Arizona, Texas and Virginia; naturalized in Europe and elsewhere 1mm Description: Flowers bisexual: stigmas 1. 5-2.0 mm long; style 0.2-0. 3 mm long; ovary ovoid; fruit an imperfectly trilocu- lar, green to stramineous, ovoid capsule, (I.7-) 2. 9-4. 2 mm long, included, apex rounded to slightly retuse; valves 1. 6-2.1 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid or obliquely ovoid, light brown, (0.3-) 0.4-0. 5 (-0.6) mm long, ends translucent or dark pointed, tegmen with transversely elliptical areolae; stamens 6, 1.3- 1.5 mm long; filaments whitish; anthers light yellow, 0.5- 1.0 times the filament length; tepals spreading, lanceolate, green to stramineous, usually with reddish-brown bands between midrib and margin, apex (acute) acuminate, margins scarious; inner tepals (3.3-) 3. 5-5.0 (-5.2) mm long, 1.0- 1.2 mm broad; outer tepals 3. 5-5.0 (-5.4) mm long, 1.2- 1.3 mm broad; bracteoles scarious, ovate to triangular ovate, 1. 2-2.0 (-2.3) mm long, apex acute to obtuse; pedicels 0-5 mm long; adaxial bracts scarious, lanceolate, 1-4 mm long, apex bifurcate, margin entire; abaxial bracts leaf-like, sheath scarious, auricles prolonged and often acute, blade herbaceous, linear, 2.5-25 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire; rachis 2-7 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a compound to decompound dichasium with monochasial branches, compact, 1-7 cm long and 1.0-2. 5 cm broad; monochasia 1-3 flowered, ascending to divergent or recurved, 5-20 mm long; lowest bract erect, flat, 3.5-16 cm long, usually longer than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves absent; basal leaves 2-4, sheaths open, 1-12 cm long, auricles cartilaginous or coriaceous, yellow-brown and glossy when dry, rounded, prolonged less than 1 mm, blades broadly channeled, 10-34 cm long, 0.5- 1.0 mm wide, apex acuminate; cataphylls several; stems erect, terete, 1.6-6. 8 (-8) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0.8- 1.2 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, densely or loosely cespitose; rhizomes erect, brown to stramineous, 0.8- 1.3 mm diam; roots numerous, up to 0.5 mm thick (2n = 80, ca. 84). Infraspecific Variation and Hybridization: Juncus dudleyi is usually easily recognized by cartilaginous, yellowish-brown, auricles, but the species apparently hybridizes with other members of the tenuis complex, particularly with ./. tenuis (Brooks, pers. comm.). Hermann and others have suggested that there is too much overlap to warrant recognition of separate species, and he has transferred J. dudleyi as a variety of J. tenuis. In New York, at least, the overlap is not great enough to cause difficulty in identification, and this treatment follows Wiegand (1900) in recognizing ./. dudleyi as a distinct species. Importance: This species is an important forage plant in the northern Great Plains. As a rule, it seems somewhat more palat- able than J. tenuis , especially to cattle and horses. It is occasionally grazed up to 80%. 12, Juncus dichotomus Ell. Common Name: Forked Rush Type Description: Elliott, Sketch. Bot. S. Carolina I, p. 406, 1817 Synonyms: Juncus dichotomus var. platyphyllus Wieg., J platyphyllus (Wieg.) Fern., J. tenuis var. dichotomus (Ell.) Wood, J. tenuis var. platyphyllus (Wieg.) Cory Habitats: Moist to wet sands, usually in open areas, marshy shores, clearings, sometimes in wet low- land forests, meadows and swamps, often brackish Habit: Erect, cespitose, perennial herbs Flowering: June Fruiting: late June- August General Distribution: Maine south along the coast to Florida and west to southeastern Oklahoma and east Texas Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 1.7-2. 6 mm long; style 0. 2-0.3 mm long; ovary ellipsoid to ovoid; fruit an imperfectly trilocular, lustrous reddish-brown or stramineous, ovoid to obovoid, trigonous capsule, the angles slightly ridged, 2. 6-4.0 mm long, included to equaling the perianth, apex rounded to slightly refuse; valves 1. 4-2.0 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid, often asymmetrical, light brown, 0. 2-0.4 mm long, ends dark pointed, tegmen with transversely elliptical, nearly isodiametric areolae; stamens 6, 1. 2-2.0 rnm long; filaments whitish to stramineous; anthers light yellow, 0.5- 1.0 times the filament length; tepals spreading, lanceolate, green to strami- neous with stramineous bands between midrib and margin, apex acuminate to subulate, margin scarious; inner tepals 3. 1-3.8 (-4.5) mm long, 0.5-1. 2 mm broad; outer tepals 33-3.9 (-4.7) mm long and 0.7-1. 2 mm broad; bracteoles cartilaginous, ovate to widely ovate, 1.0- 1.7 mm long, apex acute to obtuse; pedicels 0-7 mm long; adaxial bracts scarious, lanceolate, 1-4 mm long, apex bifurcate; abaxial bracts leaf- like, sheath scarious, auricles slightly prolonged, blade herbaceous, linear, 1-6 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire; rachis 2-7 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a compound to decompound dicha- sium with monochasial branches, usually obovoid, diffuse, 2-11 cm long, 1.5-3. 5 cm broad; monochasia 1-3 (-5) flowered, erect to ascending, occasionally incurved, 5-25 (-45) mm long; lowest bract erect, tightly involute and appearing terete with a slight adaxial channel, 3-20 cm long, equaling or much longer than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves absent; basal leaves 2-4, sheaths open, 2-11 cm long, auricles membranaceous to cartilaginous, rounded, slightly prolonged, 23 blades tightly involute with a slight adaxial channel, appearing terete, 3.5-23 cm long, 0.5-1. 2 mm diameter, apex acuminate; cataphylls 1-3; stems terete, erect, 0. 9-8.0 dm to the base of the inflorescence, 0.5- 1.7 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, densely cespitose; rhizomes horizontal, tan to brown, 3-4 mm diameter, roots numerous, up to 1 mm diameter (2n = 80). Infraspecific Variation: Typical ./. dichotomus has terete leaves and is therefore easily separated from other members of the ./. tenuis complex; however, flat-leaved individuals of this species (known as ./. platyphyllus) are frequently encountered, particularly at the northern end of the species range. Brooks (pers. comm.) has found both forms growing in the same popu- lation on numerous occasions and occasionally they have been found in the same clump. Brooks has also found the two forms to be electrophoretically similar. Therefore, it seems advisable not to recognize varieties of this species. 13. Juncus greenei Oakes & Tuckerman Common Name: Greene’s Rush Type Description: Oakes & Tuckerman, Airier. J. Sci. 45: 37, 1843 Origin: Northeastern North America Habitats: Wet to dry sandy soils, rarely rocks; on beaches, lake shores, sand dunes, roadsides, old fields and hills, from sea level to 1500 ft elevation Habit: Erect, densely tufted, perennial herbs Flowering: mid June-July Fruiting: late June-October General Distribution: Eastern North America, from Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Iowa, Ohio and New Jersey Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 1.5-2. 5 mm long; style 0.2-0. 3 mm long; ovary ellipsoid to ovoid; fruit a trilocular, reddish-brown to castaneous, ellip- soid to ovoid, slightly trigonous capsule, (2.5-) 3.2- 3.6 mm long, exserted, apex truncate to slightly retuse; valves 1.3- 1.5 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid to oblong, light brown, 0.5- 0.6 mm long, ends dark pointed and usually short tailed, tegmen with transversely elliptical areolae; stamens 6, 1.4- 1.7 mm long; filaments stramineous; anthers light yellow, equal the filament length; tepals appressed, green to reddish-brown with stramineous bands between midrib and margin, margins broad and scarious; inner tepals ovate, 2. 5-2. 9 (-3.5) mm long, 0.8- 1.2 mm wide, apex acute to acuminate; outer tepals ovate to narrowly ovate, 2. 8-3. 2 (-4.2) mm long, 0.8- 1.2 mm broad, apex acuminate to aristate; bracteoles cartilaginous, ovate to widely ovate, 0.9- 1.5 mm long, apex acute to rounded or apicu- late; pedicels 0-3 mm long, flowers which appear to be on long pedicels are on single-flowered peduncles; adaxial bracts scarious, lanceolate, 1-4 mm long, apex bifurcate, margin entire; abaxial bracts leaf-like, sheaths scarious, auricles slightly prolonged, blade herbaceous, linear, 1 .5-8.0 mm long, apex acuminate, or bracteole-like in size and appearance; rachis 4-12 24 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a compound dichasium with monochasial branches, congested, 2. 0-3. 5 cm tall, 0. 5-4.0 cm broad; monochasia 1-3 flowers, erect to ascending, 3-35 mm long; lowest bract erect to ascending, terete with a slight channel, 4-15 (-22) cm long, longer than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves absent; basal leaves 2-3, sheaths open, 2. 5-8.0 cm long, auricles scarious, often darkened, rounded, not prolonged, blades tightly involute with a slight adaxial channel, appearing terete, 5-20 (-30) cm long, 0.5 mm diameter, apex acuminate; cataphylls 0-2; stems erect, terete, 2. 5-4. 6 (-7) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 1-2 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, tufted; rhizomes erect, brown, 1 .0-1.5 mm diameter; roots few, up to 0.5 mm in diameter (2n = 80). 25 I). Juncus Subgenus Graminifolii Buch. Perennials; rhizomes present; leaves flat or involute (rarely canaliculate); inflorescence terminal, the flowers glomerulate; bracteoles absent; seeds without tails. 14. Juncus marginatus Rostk. Common Name: Grass-leaved Rush Type Description: Rostkovius, De Junco p. 38, pi. 2, f. 3, 1801 Origin: Eastern North America Habitats: Wet banks, marshes and sandy lake margins Habit: Erect, rhizomatous, perennial herbs Flowering: June-July Fruiting: July-September General Distribution: Nova Scotia to Minnesota south to Texas and Florida Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.8-1. 2 mm long; style 0.2-0. 3 mm long; ovary globose to obovoid; fruit a trilocular. brown with red speckles, globose or obovoid capsule, 1 .8-2.9 mm long, exsert- ed. apex blunt or rounded; valves 1.3-1. 7 mm broad; seeds fusiform, light brown, 0.5-0. 7 mm long, ends short bluntly tailed, tegmen coarsely costate, with punctate transverse lines; stamens 3, 1.7-2. 1 mm long; Filaments purplish or white; anthers dark purple, 0.2- 0.5 times the filament length; tepals appressed, green with reddish speckles and reddish-brown bands between midvein and margins, ovate, margins very broad and scarious; inner tepals 2. 0-3. 3 mm long, 1.2- 1.4 mm broad, apex rounded, occasionally aristate; outer tepals 1.8-3. 2 mm long, 0.8- 1.0 mm broad, apex aristate, often spreading at the tip; bracteoles absent; glomerules 2-20 flowered, narrowly hemispherical to spherical, 3-7 mm diameter; peduncles erect or ascending, 0.5-2. 5 cm long; adaxial bracts strami- neous with reddish striations, sheathing, 2-6 mm long, apex bifurcate, margin entire; abaxial bracts herba- ceous, lanceolate, 4-12 mm long, apex long acuminate, margin entire; rachis 4-11 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a panicle of 5-200 glomerules, obpyrami- dal and open. 1. 2-8.0 cm long, 1-7 cm broad; lowest bract erect to spreading, sheath 7-10 mm long, blade flat, 1-8 cm long, shorter to slightly longer than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 2-5, sheaths open, 1-8 cm long, auricles rounded, scarious, not prolonged or prolonged to 1 mm, blades flat, 2-35 cm long, 1.0-3. 5 (-6) mm wide, apex acuminate, dark- pointed; basal leaves 2-3, sheaths open, 1.0-9. 2 cm long, auricles rounded, scarcely prolonged, blades flat, 2-25 cm long, 1.0-3. 5 (-6) mm diameter, apex acumi- nate, dark-pointed; cataphvlls absent; stems erect, compressed, 2-11 dm to the base of the inflorescence, 1.0-3. 5 mm diameter immediately above the basal leaves, bulbous-thickened at the base, cespitose; 26 rhizomes erect or knotty and horizontal, stramineous, 1. 5-5.0 mm diameter; roots numerous, up to 0.5 mm in diameter (2n = 38, 40) Infraspecific Variation: The varieties of J. marginatus are frequently treated as distinct species: ./. marginatus and ./. biflorus , but intergradation blurs the distinction between them. In the southeastern United States these intermediates are par- ticularly frequent, consequently a recent treatment for the southeastern United States (Godfrey and Wooten, 1979) has con- sidered these taxa to be members of a single, polymorphic species without distinct varieties. In New York, however, the mor- phological extremes within the group are fairly distinct and recognizable, showing little intergradation; two varieties are recognized here. KEY TO VARIETIES 1. Glomerules 5-15 per inflorescence, 6-20 flowered; rhizomes not coarse, thin, usually inconspicuous; stamens usually shorter than the outer tepals 1 8a. J . marginatus var. marginatus 1 . Glomerules 20-200 per inflorescence, 2-5 flowered; rhizomes coarse, thick; stamens usually longer than the outer tepals . 18b../. marginatus var. odoratus 14a. Juncus marginatus var. marginatus Common Name: Grass-leaved Rush Synonyms: J. marginatus var. vulgaris Engelm., J . marginatus var. paucicapitatus Engelm. Origin: Eastern North America Habitats: Wet banks, marshes, sandy lake margins General Distribution: Nova Scotia to Ontario south to Texas and Florida Ploidy: 2n=38, 40 14b. Juncus marginatus var. odoratus Torr. Common Name: Large Grass-leaved Rush Synonyms: J. aristulatus Michx., J. biflorus Ell., ./. marginatus var. aristulatus (Michx.) Cov., J. marginatus var. biflorus (Ell.) Chapm., J. odoratus (Torr.) Steud. Origin: Probably southeastern United States Coastal Plain Habitats: Moist soil and meadows, near the coast General Distribution: Massachusetts to Michigan and Missouri south to Texas and Florida Ploidy: Unknown 27 E. J uncus Subgenus Ensifolii (Snogerup) Snogerup Perennials; rhizomes present; leaves ensiform, imperfectly septate; inflorescence terminal, the flowers glomerulate; bracte- oles absent; seeds without tails. 15. Juncus ensifolius Wikstrom Common Name: Ensiform Rush Type Description: Wikstrom, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 2: 274, 1823 Synonym: Juncus xiphioides var. triandrus Engelm. Origin: Western North America Habitats: Wet places, often along streams Habit: Erect, rhizomatous, perennial, terrestrial and wetland herbs Flowering: June Fruiting: July General Distribution: South Dakota to Alaska south to California and Texas, disjunct in northern Wisconsin and southeastern New York; also intro- duced into Europe Rarity Status: This species has only recently been recognized as occurring New York State, where it is known from only two localities. It is ranked G5, SI by NYNHP. Description: Flowers bisexual: stigmas 0.5-0.6 mm long; style 0.5-0. 7 (-1.5) mm long; ovary ovoid; fruit an imperfectly trilocular, dark brown, elliptic, 3. 0-3. 5 mm long, equaling the perianth to exserted (included), apex tapering to a short beak; valves 0. 8-1.0 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid, light brown, 0.4-0. 6 mm long, ends dark and acute, tegmen reticulate; stamens 3 (or 6), 1 .3- 1 .5 mm long; filaments white; anthers yellow, equaling the filament length; tepals appressed, stramineous to red- dish-brown, lanceolate, apex acuminate, margin scarious; inner tepals 2. 2-2. 6 (-3.5) mm long, 0.5 mm broad; outer tepals 2.7-3. 1 (-4.0) mm long, 0.6-0. 7 mm broad; bracteoles absent; glomerules 15-70 flowered, spherical or rarely hemispherical, 8 11 mm diameter; peduncles erect or spreading, 1-11 cm long; adaxial bracts scarious, sheathing, 2-6 mm long, apex bifurcate, margin entire; abaxial bracts scarious, lanceolate, 4-12 mm long, apex long acuminate to aristate, margin entire; rachis 4-10 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, 1-2 glomerules or a panicle of 3-1 1 glomerules, open, 4-7 cm long, 3-5 cm broad: lowest bract erect, equitant. 1.2-3. 9 cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 4-6, sheaths open, 4-10 cm long, auricles absent, blades equitant (folded along the midrib with the edges connate above the sheath), 4.5-12.1 (-30) cm long, 1. 5-4.0 (-6) mm wide, apex long acuminate, dark-pointed; basal leaves 1-2, sheaths open, 3. 5-6.0 cm long, auricles absent, blades equitant, 6.0-12.5 cm long, 1. 5-4.0 (-6) mm wide, apex long acuminate, dark-point- ed: cataphylls absent; stems erect, flattened and narrowly winged, (2-) 4. 0-5. 5 (-8) dm to the base of the inflorescence, 1.7- 28 3.5 mm diameter immediately above the basal leaves, scattered or loosely clustered along creeping rhizomes; rhizomes hori- zontal to erect, stramineous, 1.5 mm diameter; roots numerous, up to 0.5 mm diameter (2n = 40). Infraspecific Variation: New York plants are var. ensifolius, distinguished from other varieties by their 3 stamens. C. Hitchcock noted, however, that flowers with 3-stamens and with 6-stamens can be found on the same plant, sometimes even in the same head, suggesting that a second variety, J . ensifolius var. montanus (Engelm.) C. Hitchc. should possibly be lumped with var. ensifolius. F. Juncus Subgenus Juncus Perennials; rhizomes present; leaves terete, not septate; inflorescence terminal, the flowers glomeruiate; bracteoles absent; seeds with tails. 16. Juncus maritimus Lam. Common Name: Seaside Rush Type Description: Lamarck, Encycl. 3: 264, 1789 Origin: Mediterranean Region Habitats: Coastal salt-marshes and saline meadows; the New York population was on coastal sand dunes Habit: Erect, rhizomatous. halophytic, perennial herbs Flowering: July-September Fruiting: September General Distribution: Europe and north Africa; intro- duced into North America only in New York from 1863 to 1903, then apparently extirpated Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.5- 1.0 mm long; style 1.0- 1.2 mm long; ovary narrowly ovoid; fruit a trilocular, stramineous, ovoid to ellipsoid, trigonous capsule, 2. 5-3. 5 mm long, equaling the peri- anth or exserted, apex acute to obtuse, mucronate; valves 1.0- 1.3 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid, dark brown, 0.8- 1.2 mm long, with long translucent tails about 0.5- 1.0 times the length of the body, tegmen coarsely costate; stamens 6, 1.4- 1.9 mm long; Filaments dark; anthers white, equal to more com- monly twice the filament length; tepals appressed, stramineous, margins scarious; inner tepals narrowly elliptical, 2. 3-2. 5 mm long, 0.6-0. 7 mm broad, apex obtuse; outer tepals lanceolate, 2. 8-2. 9 mm long, 0.9- 1.0 mm broad, apex acute, mucronate; bracteoles absent; glomerules 2-4 flowered, obovoid, 5-7 mm diameter; peduncles erect or ascending, 0. 5-5.0 cm long; adaxial bracts scarious, incurled or sheathing, 2-6 mm long, apex bifurcate, margin entire; abaxial bracts herba- ceous, lanceolate, 4-15 mm long, apex long acuminate, margin entire; rachis 5-10 mm long; inflorescence occasionally appearing lateral, sympodial, a panicle of 50-100 glomerules, lax to occasionally congested, 5-19 cm tall, 2-5 cm broad: low- est bract erect and occasionally appearing to be a prolongation of the stem, sheath inflated, 2.9-3. 5 cm long, blade terete, 7- 16 cm long, longer than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves absent; basal leaves (1-) 2-4, sheaths open, (2-) 7- 29 9 cm long, auricles absent, blades terete, 40-60 cm long, 1-2 mm diameter, apex acute and dark-pointed; cataphylls 3-5; stems erect, terete, 5-6.5 (-10) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, (1.0-) 2. 2-3. 2 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, closely set along creeping rhizomes; rhizomes horizontal, brown, 4. 5-6.0 mm diameter; roots few, up to 0.5 mm diameter (2n = 40, 48). Note: This species was collected North America only in New York in the later part of the nineteenth century; it is presumed extirpated. If any populations are found that are suspected to be this species, the plants should be closely compared with J. roemerianus Scheele, which reaches its northern distributional limits in New Jersey. Importance: Juncus maritimus was commonly made into pen-brushes, and it was used to draw hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt. G. Juncus Subgenus Alpini Buch. Perennials; rhizomes present; leaves terete or canaliculate, often transversely septate; inflorescence terminal, the flowers glomerulate; bracteoles absent; seeds tailed. 17. Juncus stygius L. var. americanus Buch. Common Name: Moor Rush Type Description: Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 987, 1759 Synonym: Juncus stygius ssp. americanus (Buch.) Hulten Origin: Arctic Habitats: Wet, mossy peat of bogs and bog pools Habit: Erect, rhizomatous, perennial herbs Flowering: August Fruiting: August General Distribution: Juncus stygius sensu la to is cir- cumboreal; var. americanus is North American, ranging from Newfoundland to Alaska south to British Columbia, Minnesota and New York. Rarity Status: NYNHP rank G4G5, SH. Not seen in the State in the 20th Century. Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.2-0. 5 mm long; style 1.0-1. 2 mm long; ovary lanceolate; fruit an imperfectly trilocular, greenish-brown, ellipsoid, trigonous capsule, 6. 0-7.0 mm long, exserted, apex acute, mucronate; valves 1.7-2. 5 mm broad; seeds fusiform, white, 3. 0-3. 5 mm long, with white tails 2-3 times the body length, tegmen with indistinct, rectangular areolae; stamens 6, 3. 6-4.0 mm long; filaments stramineous, flexuous; anthers yellowish-white, 0.2-0. 3 times the filament length; tepals appressed, 4. 5-5.0 mm long, 1.0 mm broad, margins broad and scarious; inner tepals whitish to reddish brown, lanceolate to elliptic, apex obtuse to suba- cute; outer tepals stramineous to reddish-brown, lanceolate, apex acuminate; bracteoles absent; glomerules 1-4 flowered. 30 obovoid, 5-10 mm diameter; peduncles erect, 0. 5-1.0 cm long; bracts scarious, ovate, 4. 5-5.0 mm long, apex acute to acuminate, margin entire; rachis 2-13 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, 1-2 glomerules or a compact raceme of 3 glomerules, 0.8-2. 0 cm tall, 0.3- 1.2 cm broad; lowest bract erect, terete, sheath reddish, 0.6- 1.4 cm long, blade terete, 4-7 mm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex a dark blunt point; cauline leaves 1-2 (-3), only one leaf above the middle of the stem, sheaths open, 0.1 -0.4 cm long, auricles rounded, scarious, not prolonged, blades terete or slightly flattened, papil- lose near the base, 2.5-7. 1 cm long, 0.5- 1.0 mm in diameter, apex a blunt, dark point; basal leaves 1-2, sheaths open, 2-3 mm long, auricles rounded, slightly prolonged, blades terete or slightly flattened, 10-17 cm long, 1 .0-1.5 mm diameter, apex blunt and darkened; cataphylls absent; stems erect, terete, 2. 1-3.3 dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0.8- 1.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, solitary or loosely cespitose, short, slender stolons present; rhizomes erect, tan, 0.8- 1.0 mm diameter; roots few, up to 0.2 mm in diameter. Infraspecific Variation: North American materials are J. sty gins var. americana Buchenau. This variety differs from the typical European one in that the plants have evenly tapered, large capsules, longer seeds and longer styles. H. Juncus Subgenus Septati Buchenau Perennials (rarely annuals); rhizomes present; leaves terete or subterete, with transverse septa; inflorescence terminal, the flowers glomerulate; bracteoles absent; seeds with or without tails. 18. Juncus pelocarpus E. Meyer Common Name: Brown-fruited Rush Type Description: E. Meyer, Syn. Luzul. p. 30, 1823 Synonym: Juncus conradii Tuck, in Torrey Origin: Northeastern North America Habitats: Damp shores, pools and wet sands Habit: Erect, rhizomatous, aquatic to terrestrial, peren- nial herbs Flowering: July-August Fruiting: August-October General Distribution: Newfoundland to Ontario south to Minnesota and Delaware Description: Flowers bisexual (flowers are occasional- ly replaced by subulate fascicles of leaves); stigmas 1.0- 1.6 mm long; style 0.3-0. 5 mm long; ovary nar- rowly ovoid; fruit a unilocular, lustrous, dark brown, narrowly ovoid, rostrate capsule, 1. 5-3.1 mm long (including the beak), capsule body equaling the peri- anth to slightly exserted, apex gradually tapering to an exserted beak, beak up to 0.7 mm long; valves 0.6-0. 9 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid, light brown, 0.3-0. 5 mm 31 long, ends dark pointed, tegmen reticulate; stamens 6, 1 .3-1.9 mm long; filaments stramineous; anthers yellowish-white, 2- 3 times the filament length; tepals loosely appressed, dark brown, ovate to lanceolate, apex obtuse to slightly acute, margins scarious; inner tepals 1.8-2. 8 mm long, 0. 7-0.8 mm broad; outer tepals 1.6-2. 3 mm long. 0.7-0. 8 mm broad: bracteoles absent; monochasia 2-6 flowered, ascending to erect or incurled, 5-30 mm long; bracts subtending pedicels, scarious, ovate, 0.7-1. 3 mm long, acute to slightly mucronate; peduncles 0. 2-4.0 cm long; adaxial bracts stramineous, often with a reddish midvein, sheathing. 1-6 mm long, apex retuse, margin entire: abaxial bracts herbaceous, lanceolate, 3-10 mm long, apex acute, erose. margin entire: rachis 1-5 mm long; inflorescence sympodiai, a dichasium with monochasial branches, broadly ovoid to obpyramidal, (3-) 8-16 cm tall, (1-) 5.5-10 cm broad: lowest bract erect, terete, septate, 1. 5-4.0 cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex acuminate and blackened; cauline leaves 1-4, sheaths open, 0.7-3. 0 cm long, auricles strami- neous, rounded, slight prolonged, blades terete, septate (though often obscurely so), 1.5-11 cm long, 0.5- 1.0 mm diameter, apex acuminate and black tipped; basal leaves 1-2. sheaths open, 1.5-4. 5 cm long, auricles not prolonged, blades terete, sep- tate, 3-12 cm long, 0.5- 1.0 mm diameter, apex acuminate; cataphylls mucronate; steins erect, terete, 0. 6-3.4 dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0.6- 1.4 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, loosely to densely set along slender horizontal rhizomes; rhizomes horizontal, tan, 1.0- 1.5 mm diameter; roots few, up to 0.2 mm in diameter (2n = 40). 19 .Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. Common Name: Small-headed Rush Type Description: Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 474, 1868 Synonyms: J. canadensis var. brachycephalus Engelm., J. polycephalus var. depauperatus Torr. Origin: Northeastern North America Habitats: Calcareous marshes, meadows and wetland shores Habit: Erect, rhizomatous, perennial herbs Flowering: May-June Fruiting: June-August General Distribution: Nova Scotia to Ontario south to Illinois, Ohio and New Jersey Description: Flowers bisexual: stigmas 0.6- 1.0 mm long; style 0.5-0. 6 long; ovary lanceolate; fruit an imperfectly trilocular. light brown, ovoid to prismatic, trigonous capsule, 2. 4-3. 8 mm long, exserted, apex acute to obtuse, mucronate or slightly beaked; valves 0.7- 1.2 mm broad; seeds fusiform to ellipsoid, light brown, 0.8- 1.2 mm long, with short tails ca. 1/5 the body length and a thick raphe along one side, tegmen reticulate with numerous transverse lines; stamens 3-6, 1.2- 1.5 mm long; filaments white: anthers white, 0.5 times the filament length; tepals loosely appressed, 3-nerved, green to light brown. 32 lanceolate, apex obtuse to subacute, margins broad and scarious; inner tepals 2. 0-2.8 mm long, 0.6-0. 8 mm broad; outer tepals 1.8-2. 5 mm long, 0. 5-0.6 mm broad; bracteoles absent; giomeruies (1-) 2-6 flowered, ellipsoid. 2-5 mm diameter; glomeruie bracts scarious, ovate, 1 .0-1.2 mm long, apex obtuse; peduncles ascending or spreading to divergent, 1-5 cm long; adaxiai bracts scarious, sheathing, 2-6 mm long, apex bifurcate, margin entire; abaxiaf bracts herbaceous, lanceolate, 2-13 mm long, apex acuminate to caudate, margin entire; rachis 2-4 mm long; inflorescence sympodiai, a raceme or panicle of 5-80 giomeruies, ovoid to obpyramidal and open, 5-25 cm tail, 1-14 cm diameter; lowest bract erect, sheath green, 0.1- 0.2 mm long, auricle scarious, rounded to truncate, prolonged to 0.5 mm, blades terete, septate. 1-5 cm iong, shorter than the inflorescence, tapering to a blunt tip; cauiine leaves 1-2, sheaths open, 2. 5-4. 5 mm long, auricles scarious, rounded, pro- longed to 1 mm, blades terete, septate, 3-20 cm long, 0.5-2.0 mm diameter, tapering to a blunt tip; basai leaves 1-3, sheaths open, 1-4 cm long, auricles scarious, rounded, prolonged 1.0-1. 5 mm, blades terete to compressed, septate, 0.2-12 cm long, 0. 5-2.0 mm diameter, apex tapering to a blunt tip; cafaphylls 1-2; stems erect, terete, 2-7 dm tall to the base of the inflores- cence, 1. 2-2.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, densely cespitose; rhizomes erect to inclined, stramineous, 1 .0-1.5 mm diameter; roots few to many, up to 0.2 mm in diameter (2n = 80). Infraspecific Variation: Plants with six stamens have been called /. brachycephalus forma hexandrus Martin. 20. Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. Common Name: Narrow-panicled Rush Type Description: Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 474, 1866 Synonyms: J. acuminatus of American authors before Engelm. (incl. Torrey) but not Michx., J. canadensis var. brevicaudatus Engelm., J . canadensis var. coarctatus Engelm., J. coarctatus (Engelm.) Buch. Origin: Northeastern or northern, central North America Habitats: Wet soil, marshes and boggy shores Habit: Erect, densely cespitose, perennial herbs Flowering: July-August Fruiting: July-October General Distribution: Newfoundland to Manitoba south to Minnesota, Pennsylvania and at higher ele- vations in North Carolina; also introduced in British Columbia Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.9- 1.2 mm long; style 0.2-0. 3 mm long; ovary narrowly ellipsoid; fruit an imper- fectly bilocular, pale to more commonly dark brown, narrowly ellipsoid to prismatic, trigonous capsule, 3. 5-4.8 mm long, exserted, apex acute, mucronate or slightly beaked; valves 1 .0-1.2 mm broad; seeds fusiform, light brown, 0.9- 1.2 mm long, with white tails 1/3- 1/2 the body length, tegmen reticulate with numerous transverse lines; stamens 3, 1. 5-2.0 mm long; fila- 33 merits white; anthers white, 0.3-0. 5 times the filament length; tepals 3-nerved, green to light brown often reddish near the apex, lanceolate, margins scarious; inner tepals 2. 6-3. 2 mm long, 0. 5-0.6 mm broad, apex acuminate to rarely obtuse; outer tepals 2. 3-3.0 mm long, 0.6-0. 7 mm broad, apex acuminate; bracteoles absent; glomerules (1-) 2-7 flowered, ellipsoid, 2-6 mm diameter; glomerule bracts scarious, ovate, 1. 5-2.0 mm long, apex caudate; peduncles erect or ascending, 0.5-3. 5 cm long; adaxial bracts scarious, sheathing, 2-4 mm long, apex acute, margin entire; abaxial bracts herbaceous, lanceolate, 3-7 mm long, apex acuminate to caudate, margin entire; rachis 3-5 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, 2 glomerules or a raceme or panicle of 3-35 glomerules, usually erect and cylindrical, sometimes more open and obovoid, rarely congested, 3-12 cm tall, 1-5 cm broad; lowest bract erect, sheath 0. 1-0.2 cm long, auricles scarious, rounded, prolonged to 0.5 mm, blade terete, septate, 1. 8-7.0 cm long, shorter to longer than the inflorescence, apex tapering to a dark, blunt tip; cauline leaves 1-2, sheaths open, 2-3 cm long, auricles scarious, rounded, prolonged to 0.5 mm. blade terete, septate, 2.5-15 cm long, 0. 5-2.0 mm diameter, apex tapering to a dark, blunt tip; basal leaves 1, sheaths open, 1. 3-4.0 cm long, auricles scarious, rounded, prolonged to 0.5 mm, blades terete, septate, 1.5-25 cm long, 0. 5-2.0 mm broad, apex tapering to a dark, blunt tip; cataphvlls 1 or absent; stems erect, terete, 1.4-5. 5 (-7) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0. 5-2.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, densely cespitose; rhizomes erect, stramineous, 1.0- 1.5 mm diameter; roots numerous, up to 0.2 mm in diameter (2n = 80). Taxonomic Note: This species is closely related to J. canadensis , differing from it in having short tailed seeds, exserted cap- sules and an erect inflorescence with few-flowered glomerules. 21. Juncus canadensis J. Gay ex La Harpe Common Name: Canada Rush Type Description: J. Gay in La Harpe, Essai Monogr. Jonc. p. 46, 1 825 Synonyms: Juncus canadensis f. apertus Fern., J . canadensis f. conglobatus Fern., J . canadensis var. longicaudatus Engelm., J . canadensis var. sparsi- florus Fern., J. longicaudatus (Engelm.) Mackz., J. polycephalus var. paradoxus Torrey Origin: Eastern North America Habitats: Acid bogs, brackish and calcareous marshes Habit: Erect, cespitose, perennial herbs Flowering: July-August Fruiting: July-October General Distribution: Newfoundland to Minnesota south to Louisiana, Tennessee and Georgia Description: Flowers bisexual: stigmas 0.5-0. 9 mm long; style 0.2-0. 3 mm long; ovary ovoid; fruit an imperfectly trilocular, light to dark brown, lanceolate trigonous capsule, 3. 3-4. 5 mm long, equaling the perianth or exserted, apex rounded, mucronate; valves 0.8-0. to prismatic, 9 mm broad; 34 seeds fusiform, light brown, 1.1 -1.9 mm long with very long, whitish tails 1.0- 1.5 times the body length, tegmen reticulate with numerous transverse lines; stamens 3 (rarely 6), 1.5- 1.6 mm long; filaments whitish; anthers white, about half the fila- ment length; tepals loosely appressed, rigidly 3-nerved, stramineous, with broad green to reddish-brown bands between the midrib and margin, lanceolate, apex rigidly acuminate (subulate), margins scarious; inner tepals 2. 9-4.0 mm long, 0.5-0. 7 mm broad; outer tepals 2. 7-3. 8 mm long, 0.5-0. 7 mm broad; bracteoles absent; glomerules 5-10 flowered and obpyramidal up to 50 (-90) flowered and spherical, 3-10 mm diameter; glomerule bracts scarious, ovate to lanceolate, 2. 0-2. 5 mm long, apex acuminate; peduncles erect or ascending, 1-10 cm long; adaxial bracts scarious, sheathing, 2-4 mm long, apex acumi- nate, margin entire; abaxial bracts herbaceous, lanceolate, 3-13 mm long, apex acuminate to caudate, margin entire; rachis 8-10 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a raceme or panicle of glomerules, open to congested, 2-20 cm long, 1-10 cm broad; lowest bract erect, sheath 0. 1-0.3 cm long, auricle scarious, rounded and prolonged 1 mm or less, blade terete, sep- tate, 3-7 cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex tapering to a dark blunt tip; cauline leaves 2-3, sheaths open, 2. 5-8.0 cm long, auricles rounded, scarious, prolonged to 1 mm, blades terete, septate, 7-22 cm long, 1. 5-3.0 mm in diameter, apex tapering to a dark acute tip; basal leaves 1 (-2), sheaths open, 2-9 cm long, auricles scarious, rounded, prolonged 0.5 mm, blades terete, channeled toward the base, septate, 2-22 cm long, 0.5-3. 5 mm diameter, apex tapering to a dark acute tip; eata- phylls 0-2; stems erect, terete, (1.5-) 3-10 (-12) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0. 5-4.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, cespitose; rhizomes erect, stramineous, 1. 5-4.0 mm diameter; roots few, up to 0.5 mm diameter (2n = 80). Infraspecific Variation: There is great variation in the (lower size, shape of the glomerules and in the size and shape of the inflorescence in ./. canadensis. Femald (1945) recognized two varieties and two forms within New York (./. canadensis var. canadensis , ./. canadensis var. sparsiflorus Fern., J . canadensis forma apertus Fern., and J . canadensis forma conglobatus Fern.). J uncus canadensis var. canadensis is said to have spreading to ascending inflorescence branches or congested inflo- rescences and the dowers are generally shorter than those in var. sparsiflorus, whereas ./. canadensis var. sparsiflorus has stiffly erect branches in the inflorescence and the dowers are generally longer than those of var. canadensis. The two forms are segregated under var. canadensis', forma apertus has turbinate to hemispherical glomerules, while forma conglomeratus has irregular, globose glomerules or undefined doral masses in congested inflorescences. These varieties and forms simply serve to dilineate parts of the broad morphological range of variation encountered in ./. canadensis, and do not appear to rep- resent distinct taxa. The species is treated here as a single polymorphic entity without infraspecific taxa. Taxonomic Note: Juncus canadensis, ./. subcaudatus and ./. brevicaudatus are often confused. Indeed, Engelmann first described the latter two species as varieties of J. canadensis. They can be convincingly separated from ,/. canadensis only when one has developed a thorough understanding of the range of variation within ./. canadensis. Their seeds usually have shorter tails than those of typical J . canadensis, but in immature specimens this character is often very difficult to assess. Juncus subcaudatus has some divergent branches in the inflorescence, but occasionally ./. canadensis has these too. Juncus brevicaudatus also usually has the capsules exserted. 35 22.Jun.cus subcaudatus (Engelm.) Cov. & S. F. Blake Common Name: Rush Type Description: Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 474, 1866 Synonym: J uncus canadensis var. subcaudatus Engelm. Origin: Eastern North America Habitats: Mossy woods, bogs and other wet places Habit: Erect, cespitose, perennial herbs Flowering: August Fruiting: August-October Rarity Status: Listed as Rare by NY State; NYNHP rank G5, S 1 General Distribution: Nova Scotia to New York south- west to Missouri, and southeast to Georgia. Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0. 8-1.0 mm long; style 0.2-0. 3 mm long; ovary ellipsoid; fruit an imperfectly trilocular, stramineous, ovoid to prismatic, trigonous capsule. 3.0-3. 7 mm long, exserted, apex acute to rounded, mucronate; valves 1 .0-1.2 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid, light brown, 0.7-1. 2 mm long, with tails ca. 1/3 the body length and a conspicuous white raphe along one side of the body, tegmen reticulate with numerous transverse lines; stamens 3, 1. 7-2.0 mm long; filaments white; anthers white, 0.3 times the filament length; tepals loosely appressed. rigid and usually 3-nerved. greenish, becoming light brown, lanceolate, apex acuminate, margins scarious; inner tepals 2. 1-3.2 mm long, 0.7- 1.0 mm broad; outer tepals 1 .9-3.0 mm long, 0.5-0. 7 mm broad; bracteoles absent; glomerules 5-10 (-20) flowered, obpyramidal to subspherical. 3-9 mm diameter; glomerule bracts scarious, ovate. 1 .0-1.2 mm long, apex apiculate; peduncles spreading-ascending to horizontal, the lower branches divaricate to reflexed, 0. 5-7.0 cm long; adaxial bracts scarious, sheathing, 2-6 mm long, apex acute or bifurcate, margin entire: abaxial bracts herbaceous, lanceolate, 3-27 mm long, apex acuminate to caudate, margin entire; rachis 3-4 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a raceme or panicle of 3-35 glomerules, obpyramidal and open, 2-16 cm tall, 0. 5-8.0 cm broad; low- est bract erect, sheath 0.6- 1 .0 cm long, auricle scarious, prolonged to 1 mm, blade terete, septate, 1 -8 cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex tapering to a dark, acute tip; cauline leaves 1-3, sheaths open, 1 .6-4.2 cm long, auricles rounded, scari- ous. prolonged to 1 mm, blades terete, septate, 4.5-15 cm long, 1-2 mm in diameter, apex tapering to a dark, acute tip; basal leaves 1. sheaths open, 1-3 cm long, auricles rounded, scarious, prolonged to 0.5 mm, blades terete, septate, 0.3-12 cm long, 0.5- 1.0 mm diameter, apex tapering to a dark acute point; cataphvlls 1 or absent, strongly colored; stems erect, terete, 1. 5-6.0 (-9) drr tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0.7- 1.2 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, cespitose; rhizomes erect, shamineous, 1 mm diameter; roots few, up to 0.2 mm in diameter. Taxonomic Note: J uncus subcaudatus is closely related to ./. canadensis and was at one time considered a variety of it. It dif- fers from ./. canadensis in its shorter-tailed seeds, its weaker growth habit (./. canadensis is stiffly ascending and usually noticeably stouter), and in its broad inflorescence with branches loosely ascending to divergent. 36 23. J uncus nodosus L. Common Name: Knotted Rush Type Description: Linnaeus, Species PI. ed. 2, I, p. 466, 1762 Synonyms: J uncus nodosus var. genuinus Engelm., J . nodosus var. vulgaris Torrey, J. paradoxus E. Mey. Origin: Northern North America Habitats: In swamps and on wet banks and shores Habit: Erect, rhizomatous, terrestrial perennial herbs Flowering: June-August Fruiting: Late June-October General Distribution: Newfoundland to Alaska south to California, Texas and Virginia Description: Flowers bisexual: stigmas 0.5-0. 9 mm long; style 0. 1-0.2 mm long; ovary lanceolate; fruit a unilocular, brown, lance-subuloid, rostrate capsule, bearing seeds only below the middle, 3. 6-4. 6 mm long (including the beak), exerted, apex acute to the sometimes curving beak, beak up to 1 mm long; valves 0.4-0. 7 mm broad, usually coherent at the summit long after dehiscence; seeds oblong or ellipsoid, light brown, 0.5 mm long, one or both ends dark pointed, tegmen reticulate with numerous transverse lines; stamens 6, 1.2-1. 5 mm long; Filaments white; anthers yel- lowish-white, 0.5- 1.0 times the filament length; tepals loosely appressed, green to light brown, lanceolate-subulate, 2.4-4. 1 mm long, 0.5-0. 8 mm broad, apex sharply acuminate, margins narrow and scarious, often reddened near the apex; bracteoles absent; glomerules 6-20 flowered, spherical, 6-9 (-12) mm diameter; glomerule bracts scarious, ovate, 1.2-1. 5 mm long, apex acuminate; peduncles erect to spreading, 0. 3-3.0 (-5) cm long; adaxial bracts scarious, sheathing, 4-5 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire; abaxial bracts herbaceous, lanceolate, 5-29 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire, the lower bracts occasionally leaf-like; rachis 3-6 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a raceme or panicle of glomerules or occasion- ally a single terminal glomerule, cylindric to obovoid, 0. 6-6.0 cm long, 0.6-3. 5 cm broad; lowest bract erect to spreading, sheath 0.5- 1.4 cm long, auricles dark yellow, truncate, blade terete, septate, 1-13 cm long, equaling the inflorescence or more commonly much longer, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 2-4, sheaths open, 2-7 cm long, auricles rounded, dark yellow, carti- laginous, prolonged 0.5- 1.0 mm, blades erect, terete, septate, 6-30 cm long, 0.5- 1.0 (-1.5) mm diameter, apex acuminate; basal leaves 1, sheaths open, 3-4 cm long, auricles cartilaginous, prolonged 0.5- 1.0 mm, blades terete, septate, 3-10 cm long, 1.0-1. 5 mm diameter, apex acuminate; cataphylls absent; stems erect, terete, 1.7-5. 5 (-7) dm to the base of the inflorescence, 0. 7-2.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheath, closely to loosely arising from creeping, thread-like rhizomes; rhi- zomes horizontal, stramineous, 0.2- 1.0 mm in diameter, rarely producing tuberous thickenings; roots few, up to 0.2 mm in diameter (2n = 40). Importance: Reported to be good forage, averaging 60-80% grazed by horses and cattle. 37 24. J uncus torreyi Cov. Common Name: Torrey's Rush Type Description: Coville, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 303, 1895 Synonyms: ./. megacephalus (Torr.) Wood, not M. A. Curtis, ./. nodosus var. megacephalus Torrey Origin: North America Habitats: On wet, usually sandy shores, often in shal- low water Habit: Erect, coarsely rhizomatous, perennial herbs Flowering: July-August Fruiting: July-October (ieneral Distribution: New York to British Columbia south to California, northern Mexico. Texas and Virginia; adventive along railroads and roadsides in New England and New Jersey. Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.9-1. 2 mm long; style 0.1 -0.2 mm long; ovary lanceolate; fruit a unilocular, brown, lance-subuloid, rostrate capsule, bearing seeds only below the middle, 4. 5-5. 7 mm (including the beak), equaling the perianth to slightly exerted, apex tapering to the beak, the beak up to 1 mm long; valves 0.3-0. 7 mm broad, usual- ly coherent at the summit long after dehiscence; seeds oblong to ellipsoid, light brown, 0.4-0. 5 mm long, one or both ends dark pointed, tegmen reticulate with numerous transverse lines; stamens 6, 1. 3-2.0 mm long; filaments white; anthers yel- low, about half the filament length; tepals loosely appressed, green to stramineous, lanceolate-subulate, apex sharply acumi- nate, margin scarious; inner tepals (3.0-) 3. 5-4. 6 mm long, 0.5-0. 7 mm broad, outer tepals (3.7-) 4. 2-6.0 mm long, 0.7- 1.0 mm broad; bracteoles absent; glomerules 25-100 flowered, spherical, 10-14 mm diameter; glomerule bracts scarious, ovate, 4-7 mm long, apex aristate; peduncles erect to spreading, 0. 5-4.0 cm long; adaxial bracts scarious and sometimes red-tinged, sheathing, 4-10 mm long, apex bifurcate, each fork acuminate, margin entire; abaxial bracts leaf-like, sheath scarious, 2. 5-9.0 mm long, auricle prolonged, blade herbaceous, linear, 6.5-1 1 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire; rachis 10-15 mm long; inflorescence sympodial. a raceme or panicle of 3-23 glomerules, congested and often globose, 2. 0-5. 5 cm tall, 2. 0-5. 5 cm broad; lowest bract erect or spreading, sheath 0.6- 1.7 cm long, auricles rounded and prolonged 1 mm, blade terete, not notice- ably septate, 4-12 cm long, longer than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 2-5, sheaths open, the lower sheaths sometimes inflated, 3-12 cm long, auricles scarious, prolonged 2. 5-4.0 mm, blades terete, septate, 13-30 cm long, 1-3 mm in diameter, apex acuminate; basal leaves 1-3, sheaths open, 7-9 cm long, auricles scarious, prolonged 2-4 mm, basal sheath occasionally bladeless, blades terete, septate, 20-30 cm long, 1-2 mm broad, apex acuminate; cataphylls absent; stems erect, terete, (4-) 5. 5-8.0 (-10) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 1. 5-4.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, loosely arising from a creeping rhizome; rhizomes horizontal, stramineous to gray, 2-3 mm in diameter, usually with few to numerous tuberous thickenings, 5-6 mm in diameter; roots few, up to 0.2 mm in diameter (2n = 40). Importance: This species is eaten by livestock, but it is less favored than ./. nodosus. 38 25. J uncus scirpoides Lam. Common Name: Sedge-rush Type Description: Lamarck, Encycl. 3: 267. 1789 Synonyms: ./. polycephalus var. crassifolius Torrey, ./. polycephalus var. tenuifolius Michx., 7. scirpoides var. genuinus Buch., 7. scirpoides var. meridionalis Buch. Origin: Southeastern United States Habitats: Wet sandy shores, commonest on the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Habit: Erect, coarsely rhizomatous, terrestrial, perenni- al herbs Flowering: July-September Fruiting: August-October General Distribution: New York to Michigan, Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri, south to Texas and Florida Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.6- 1.0 mm long; style 0.2-0. 3 mm long; ovary lanceolate; fruit a unilocular, stramineous to brown, lance-subuloid, trigonous capsule, 2. 9-4.0 mm long, exerted, apex tapering to a subulate beak; valves 0.5-0. 6 mm broad; seeds oblong, light brown, 0.4 mm long, ends acute and slightly darkened, tegmen reticulate with numer- ous transverse lines; stamens 3, 2. 0-2. 3 mm long; filaments white; anthers yellow, 0.15-0.25 times the filament length; tepals loosely appressed, light brown to reddish, lanceolate, apex long acuminate, margins narrow and scarious; inner tepals 1.9-2. 9 mm long, 0.3-0. 5 mm broad; outer tepals 2.0-3. 1 mm long, 0.4-0. 6 mm broad; bracteoles absent; glomerules 20-60 flowered, spherical, 6-10 mm diameter; glomerule bracts stramineous, lanceolate, 1.5-2. 5 mm long, apex acuminate; peduncles erect or ascending, 1.0-7. 5 cm long; adaxial bracts scarious, sheathing, 2-7 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire; abaxial bracts stramineous, lanceolate, 3-1 1 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire; rachis 1-7 mm long; inflores- cence sympodial, 1-2 glomerules or a raceme or panicle of 2-15 glomerules, open to congested, 3-13 cm tall, 1-5 cm broad; lowest bract erect, sheath 6-20 mm long, blade terete, not noticeably septate, 1-6 cm long, shorter than to slightly longer than the inflorescence, apex blunt; cauline leaves 2-3, sheaths open, 0. 5-5.0 cm long, auricles broadly acute, membrana- ceous, prolonged 2 mm, blades terete, septate, (0.5-) 1.6-26 cm long, 1-2 mm in diameter, apex blunt; basal leaves 0-1, sheaths open, 1. 5-5.0 cm long, auricles membranaceous, prolonged 2 mm, blades terete, septate, 2.5-10 cm long, 1-2 mm broad, apex blunt; cataphvlls 1-2; stems erect, terete, 0. 8-6.0 dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0. 5-2.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, closely or loosely set along creeping rhizomes; rhizomes horizontal, tuberous, 1. 5-2.0 cm long and 2. 0-4. 5 mm in diameter; roots few, up to 0.3 mm in diameter (2n = 44). 39 26. Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. in Gray Common Name: Rush Type Description: Engelmann in Gray. Man. ed. 5, p. 542. 1867 Origin: Eastern North America Habitats: Damp clay-rich or peaty soils Habit: Erect, rhizomatous, perennial herbs Flowering: May-June Fruiting: June-August Rarity Status: NYNHP rank G4G5. SH. Last collect- ed in New York State, in 1943. General Distribution: Massachusetts to Illinois south to Texas and South Carolina Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.6-0. 9 mm long; style 0.3-0. 5 mm long; ovary ovoid; fruit a unilocular, brown, obconic or ovoid capsule, 1.8-2. 7 mm long, included, the capsule only I/2-2/3 the length of the perianth, apex abruptly acute, mucronate; valves 0.5-0. 7 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid to oblique-oblong, light brown, 0.3-0.4 mm long, ends acute and darkened on one side, tegmen reticulate with numerous transverse lines; stamens 3, 1.2-1. 7 mm long; filaments white; anthers white, 0.25-0.5 times filament length; tepals loosely appressed, stramineous, lanceolate-subulate, apex acuminate, margins scarious; inner tepals 2. 2-3. 2 mm long, 0.5-0. 6 mm broad; outer tepals 3. 2-3. 8 mm long, 0. 5-0.8 mm broad; bracteoles absent; glomerules 30-100 flowered, spherical, 8-10 mm diameter; glomerule bracts scarious, lanceolate, 1.8-2. 2 mm long, apex subulate; peduncles erect or ascending, 1-4 cm long; adaxial bracts scarious, sheathing, 2-5 mm long, apex acute, margin entire; abaxial bracts herbaceous, lanceolate, 9-12 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire; rachis 5-10 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, 1-2 glomerules or a raceme or panicle of 3-10 (-20) glomerules, open to congested, 1-4 (-10) cm tall, 1-2 (-4) cm broad; lowest bract erect, sheath 0.7- 1.0 cm long, auricle deltoid, prolonged 1 mm, blade channeled, septate, 1. 5-3.0 cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 2-4, sheaths open, 2. 5-6.0 cm long, auricles rounded, scarious, prolonged 0. 5-3.0 mm, blades terete, septate, 3-50 cm long, 1-2 mm diameter, apex acute; basal leaves 1-2, sheaths open, (1.5-) 4. 5-6.0 cm long, auricles scarious, rounded, prolonged 0. 5-2.0 mm, blades terete, septate, 4.5-35 cm long, 1-2 mm diameter, apex acuminate; cataphylls 1 or usually absent; stems erect, terete, (3-) 4. 5-8.0 (-9) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0. 8-2.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, arising from creeping rhizomes; rhizomes horizon- tal, tuberous, white, 2-5 cm long and 3-4 mm broad; roots few to many, up to 0.2 mm in diameter (2n = 44). 40 27. J uncus militaris Bigel. Common Name: Bayonet Rush Type Description: Bigelow, FI. Boston, ed. 2, p. 139, 1824 Origin: Northeastern North America Habitats: Shallow water on sandy, gravelly, or peaty margins of lakes and ponds Habit: Erect, emergent, rhizomatous, perennial herbs Flowering: June-August Fruiting: July-October General Distribution: Newfoundland to Ontario south to Michigan and Maryland Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 1.0- 1.2 mm long; style 0. 1-0.2 mm long; ovary elliptical; fruit a unilocular, lustrous, stramineous to brown, narrowly ovoid, trigonous, rostrate capsule, 2. 3-3. 3 mm long, subequal to the perianth, apex tapering to a conspicuous beak; valves 0.4-0. 5 mm broad; seeds obovoid, dark brown, 0.5-0.6 mm long, one end abruptly short point- ed, legmen reticulate with numerous transverse lines; stamens 6, 1. 6-2.0 mm long; Filaments white; anthers white, equal the filament length or longer; tepals appressed, stramineous or reddish, lanceolate, 2. 3-3. 2 (-4.0) mm long, 0.7-0.9 mm broad, apex aristate, margins scarious; bracteoles absent; glomerules (3-) 5-13 flowered, obpyramidal to hemispherical, 3-6 mm in diameter; glomerule bracts scar- ious, ovate, 1 .2-1.4 mm long, apex cuspidate; peduncles erect or ascending, rarely spreading, 0.5-8.0 cm long; adaxial bracts stramineous, sheathing, 2-10 mm long, apex bifurcate or truncate to rounded, margin entire; abaxial bracts herbaceous, lance- olate, 4-13 mm long, apex caudate, margin entire to lacerate near the apex; rachis 13-18 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a panicle of (20-) 50-100 glomerules, open, obpyramidal, 4-15 cm tall, 3.5-12 cm broad; lowest bract an inflated sheath with or without a short blade, sheath stramineous, 1-2 cm long, acute, blade (when present), terete, septate, 2 cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 2-3 (2 in ours), the upper leaf a bladeless sheath (in ours), the lower (submedi- an) leaf usually well developed, sheaths open, often inflated, 2. 5-5. 5 cm long, auricles (on submedial leaves) scarious, round- ed, prolonged 0.2 mm, blades terete, septate, 50-70 (-90) cm long, 4-6 mm in diameter, tapering to a blunt apex; basal leaves absent; cataphylls 1 , 4-20 cm long, apex acute with a mucro up to 7 mm long; submersed leaves filiform, 30-40 cm long, arising from the rhizomes; stems erect, terete, 3-15 dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 3-6 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheath, arising from creeping rhizomes; rhizomes horizontal, stramineous, 2.0-2. 5 mm diameter; roots numer- ous, up to 0.5 mm in diameter. Infraspecific variation: All New York specimens seen have had a single, elongate medial leaf and a sterile sheath above it, and are ./. militaris forma militaris as, contrasted with ./. militaris f. subnudus Fern., with the median leaf and bladeless sheaths absent and ./. militaris f. bifrons Fern, with a well developed blade on the second leaf. 41 28. Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix in Vill. ssp. nodulosus (Wahlb.) Hamet-Ahti Common Name: Alpine Rush Type Description: Chaix in Villars, Hist. PI. Dauph., vol. I, p. 378, 1786 Synonyms: J . alpinoarticulatus ssp. americanus (Farw.) Hamet-Ahti, J. alpinoarticulatus ssp. fuscescens (Fern.) Hamet-Ahti, ./. alpinus Vill., ./. alpinus var. americanus Farw., J . alpinus var. fuscescens Fern., ./. alpinus var. insignis Buch., J. alpinus ssp. nodulosus (Wahlb.) Lindman, ./. alpinus var. rariflorus Hartm., ./. nodulosus Wahlb., ./. rari- florus Hartm. Origin: Boreal Northern Hemisphere Habitats: Wet meadows, sandy and gravelly often cal- careous shores Habit: Erect, rhizomatous, perennial herbs Flowering: June-September Fruiting: July-October General Distribution: Circumboreal: in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to Washington state. New York and New England Description: Flowers bisexual: stigmas 0.7- 1.0 mm long; style 0.2-0.3 mm long; ovary oblong to ellipsoid; fruit an imper- fectly trilocular, lustrous, stramineous to chestnut brown, oblong to oblong-ovoid, trigonous capsule, 2. 3-3. 2 mm long, equal- ing the perianth to exserted, apex abruptly tapering to a broadly acute, obtuse or rounded, mucronate tip; valves 0.8- 1.2 mm broad; seeds oblong to ovoid, light brown, 0.5-0. 7 mm long, one end dark pointed, tegmen reticulate with numerous trans- verse lines; stamens 6, 1 .2-1.4 mm long; filaments white; anthers white, about half the filament length; tepals loosely appressed, greenish to stramineous, lanceolate to oblong, margins scarious; inner tepals 1 .6-2.2 mm long, 0. 5-0.6 mm broad, apex obtuse; outer tepals 1.8-2. 5 mm long, 0.5-0. 8 mm broad, apex obtuse to acute, mucronate; bracteoles absent; pedicels some flowers with pedicels to 4 mm long, rising out of the glomerules; glomerules 2-5 (-10) flowered, obpyramidal, 2-6 mm in diameter; glomerule bracts scarious, ovate, 2-2.5 mm long, apex cuspidate; peduncles erect or ascending, rarely spread- ing, 1-8 cm long; adaxial bracts scarious, sheathing, 1-5 mm long, apex emarginate, margin entire; abaxial bracts herba- ceous, lanceolate, 3-23 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire; rachis 3-23 mm long; inflorescence a panicle of 5-25 glomerules, usually cylindrical and open, 3-18 cm tall, 1-6 cm broad; lowest bract erect, sheath green to brown, 1 .2-1.7 cm long, blade terete, septate, 2-6 cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 1-2 (-5), sheaths open, 1 .5-4.0 cm long, auricles scarious, rounded, prolonged less than 0.5 mm, blades terete, somewhat flattened with a basal fur- row, septate, 5-12 cm long, 0.5-2.0 mm diameter, apex blunt; basal leaves 0-2, sheaths open, apex of sheath acute, blade 42 (when present) terete, somewhat flattened, septate, 1.5-5. 5 cm long, 0.5- 1.0 mm diameter, apex blunt; cataphylls 1, often pink; stems erect, terete, (0.1-) 1. 5-3.0 (-5) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0. 8-2.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, arising along creeping rhizomes; rhizomes horizontal, stramineous, 1. 5-2.0 mm diameter; roots numerous, to 0.2 mm diameter (2n = 40 [2n = 80 from unvouchered specimens probably misidentified]). Infraspecific Variation and Hybridization: Hamet-Ahti (1980) has demonstrated that the correct name for this taxon is ./. alpinoarticulatus , not J . alpinus. She has demonstrated that J . alpinus is an illegitimate, superfluous name, since it is based on the same type (Haller, 1321) as ./. alpinoarticulatus. Juncus alpinoarticulatus hybridizes with, intergrades with, and is purported to be one of the parents of, J . articulatus (Riebe, 1978; Zandee, 1981). It is often very difficult to distinguish speci- mens of these two species. At their extremes these species are distinct, yet there is an area of overlap. In general, ./. alpinoar- ticulatus has ascending inflorescence branches, abruptly tapering capsules and obtuse (to acute) inner tepals, whereas J . articulatus has spreading inflorescence branches, capsules tapering throughout the upper half and acute to acuminate inner tepals. Juncus alpinoarticulatus is the most variable species in the ./. articulatus complex. Lindquist (1932) revised the tax- onomy of J. alpinus, recognizing four varieties. Among them he lists ./. alpinus var. rariflorus (= ./. alpinoarticulatus ssp. nodulosus), the only morphological type that occurs in New York. Recently Hamet-Ahti (1986) recognized two subspecies (J. alpinoarticulatus ssp. americanus and J . alpinoarticulatus ssp. fuscescens) in North America. She distinguished ./. alpinoarticulatus ssp. americanus from the european subspecies, citing the ratio of capsule to perianth length, yet she did not say what this ratio difference was. She further recognized ./. alpinoarticulatus ssp. fuscescens, stating that “It is not quite clear whether this taxon deserves the subspecific rank (rather than varietal rank under ssp. americanus)...” yet she does not discuss how ssp. fuscescens differs from ssp. americanus. Any distinction between ssp. americanus and ssp. nodulosus is unknown, and the distinction between ssp. americanus and ssp. fuscescens is unreliable. In the present treatment, all New York plants are considered to be J. alpinoarticulatus ssp. nodulosus. 29. Juncus articulatus L. Common Name: Jointed Rush Type Description: Linnaeus, Species PI. I, p. 327, 1753 Synonyms: J. articulatus var. stolonifer (Wohl.) House, J. articulatus var. obtusatus Engelm. (see taxonomic note),./, lampocarpus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. Origin: Probably Europe Habitats: Wet ground, in a wide variety of habitats Habit: Erect, tufted, perennial herbs Flowering: June Fruiting: July-September General Distribution: On nearly all continents: in North America from Newfoundland to Alaska south to California and North Carolina Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.8- 1.4 mm 43 long; style 0. 2-0.3 mm long; ovary ellipsoid or ovoid; fruit an imperfectly trilocular, lustrous, dark brown, ellipsoid or ovoid capsule, 2. 8-4.0 mm long, exserted. apex acute or obtuse, mucronate; valves 0.5- 1.5 mm broad; seed bodies obovoid, light brown, 0.5 mm long, dark pointed at one end, tegmen reticulate; stamens 6, 1.1 -1.5 mm long; filaments white; anthers white, about equal to the filament length; tepals loosely appressed, green to stramineous, or dark brown with stramineous flecks, ovate to lanceolate, 1.8-2. 6 mm long, margins scarious; inner tepals 0.6-0. 7 mm broad, apex acute to obtuse; outer tepals 0. 6-0.8 mm broad, acute or acuminate; braeteoles absent; glomerules 3-10 flowered, obpyramidal to hemispherical, 6-8 mm diameter; glomerule bracts ovate, 2. 1-2.8 mm long, apex acuminate to cuspidate; peduncles erect to reflexed, 0.7- 4.0 cm long; adaxial bracts stramineous, sheathing, 1-5 mm long, apex truncate, erose, margin entire; adaxial bracts herba- ceous, lanceolate, 3-12 mm long, apex acuminate, margin entire; rachis 5-10 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, panicle of 3-30 (-50) glomerules, obpyramidal and open, 3. 5-8.0 cm tall, 2. 5-8.0 cm broad; lowest bract erect, terete, septate, 1.0-3. 5 cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves (1-) 3-6, sheaths open, 1.2-3. 1 mm long, auricles scarious, rounded, prolonged 0.5- 1.0 mm, blades terete, somewhat flattened, septate, 3.5-12 cm long, 1.0-2. 5 mm diameter, apex acuminate; basal leaves 0-2, sheaths open, sheath apex acute, blades (when present) terete, somewhat flattened, septate, 3.5-12 cm long, 1.0-2. 5 mm in diameter, apex acuminate; cataphylls 1; stems erect or sometimes floating and branching at the nodes, terete, 0. 5-6.0 (-10) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 1-2 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, arising along creeping rhizomes; rhizomes horizontal, stramineous, often coralline-tuberous, 1-2 mm diameter; roots numerous, up to 3 mm in diameter (2n = 80). Infraspecific Variation and Hybridization: Studies of hybrids between J . articulatus and ./. acutiflorus (Timm & Clapham, 1940) and between ./. articulatus and ./. alpinoarticulatus ssp. nodulnsus (Riebe, 1978) suggest that./, articulatus arose as a hybrid between ./. acutiflorus and ./. alpinoarticulatus ssp. nodulosus or species closely related to these two. Anatomical data neither support nor deny this contention (Zandee and Haasnoot, 1983). Much of the difficulty in distinguishing ./. articulatus from ./. alpinoarticulatus may arise from the parental relationship of./, alpinoarticulatus to ./. articulatus. Three varieties of ./. articulatus were reported for New York State by House (1924); ./. articulatus var. articulatus , var. stolonifer (Wohl.) House, and var. obtusatus Engelm. J uncus articulatus var. stolonifer (Wohl.) House, has creeping stems that root at the nodes and flowers like the typical variety. It is considered here to be a form not worthy of recognition. Juncus articulatus var. obtusatus was described by Engelmann (1865) as a “form with obtuse 5-flowered green heads in a spreading and often almost level-topped panicle, obtuse, mucronate sepals and obtuse short mucronate capsule...” Specimens with obtuse sepals, obtuse capsules and spreading inflorescences are infrequent in New York, and these are probably best treated as intermedi- ates between ./. alpinoarticulatus and ./. articulatus. rather than as a variety of ./. articulatus , until further study can deter- mine the nature of these variants. 44 30. Juncus acuminatus Michx. Common Name: Sharp-fruited Rush Type Description: Michaux, FI. Bor. Amer. I: 1803 192, Synonyms: J . acuminatus var. legitimus Engelm. in Gray, ./. pallescens E. Mey., ./. paradoxus E. Mey., ./. pond'd Wood Origin: North America Habitats: Damp soils Habit: Erect, cespitose, perennial herbs Flowering: June-July Fruiting: June-September General Distribution: Nova Scotia to Minnesota and British Columbia, south to Chihuahua and Michoacan (Mexico), Texas and Florida Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.3-0. 7 mm long; style 0.2-0. 3 mm long; ovary ellipsoid or ovoid; fruit a unilocular, stramineous to light brown, ellipsoid to narrowly ovoid to ovoid-prismatic, trigonous capsule, 2. 8-3. 5 (-4.0) mm long, equaling the perianth or slightly exserted, apex obtuse, mucronate; valves 0.8- 1.0 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid, light brown, 0.3-0. 4 mm long, one end dark pointed, tegmen reticulate with numerous transverse lines; stamens 3, 1. 3-2.0 mm long; filaments white; anthers white, about 0.3 times the filament length; tepals loosely appressed with the tips spread- ing, green to stramineous to reddish-brown, lanceolate, 2. 6-3. 5 (-3.9) mm long, apex sharply acuminate, margins scarious; inner tepals 2-3-nerved, 0.4-0. 5 mm broad; outer tepals unnerved, 0.5-0. 8 mm broad; bracteoles absent; glomerules (2-) 10-20 flowered, hemispherical, (or up to 50 flowered and spherical), 3-9 mm in diameter; glomerule bracts scarious, ovate, 2.0-2. 5 mm long, apex cuspidate; peduncles ascending or spreading, 1-1 i cm long; adaxial bracts scarious, sheathing, 2-6 mm long, apex truncate or acute, erose or lacerate, margin entire; abaxial bracts herbaceous, lanceolate, 3-7 mm long, apex acuminate to caudate, margin entire; rachis 5-15 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a raceme or panicle of 5-20 (-50) glomerules, obovoid and open (to congested), 3-15 cm tall, 1-7 cm broad; lowest bract erect, sheath green, 0. 1-0.3 mm long, auricle membranaceous, rounded, prolonged 0.5 mm, blade terete, obscurely septate, 0. 8-4.0 cm long, shorter than the inflo- rescence, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 1-2, sheaths open, 1-7 cm long, auricles scarious, rounded, prolonged 1.0- 1.5 mm, blades terete to laterally compressed, septate but occasionally obscurely so, 2-40 cm long, 0. 5-2.0 (-3) mm diameter, apex acuminate; basal leaves 1-2, sheaths open, 2. 0-7. 5 mm long, auricles scarious, rounded, prolonged 1.0- 1.5 mm, blades terete to strongly compressed, septate, (1-) 7-20 cm long, 0. 5-2.0 (-3) mm in diameter, apex acuminate; cataphylls 1-2; stems erect, terete, 1. 4-8.0 (-10) dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 1-3 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheath, cespitose; rhizomes horizontal, dark reddish brown, 1-2 mm diameter; roots numerous, to 0.3 mm diameter (2n = 40). 45 31. Juncus debilis Gray Common Name: Weak Rush Type Description: A. Gray, Man. ed. 2, p. 481, 1856 ( pro parte) Synonyms: Juncus acuminatus var. debilis (Gray) Engelm. in Gray, ./. radicans Schlecht. Origin: Northeastern North America Habitats: Wet places, along shores and sometimes sub- merged Habit: Weakly erect, cespitose, perennial herbs Flowering: June-July Fruiting: June-August Rarity Status: listed as threatened by NY State; NYNHP rank G5 SI (ieneral Distribution: Rhode Island to Missouri, south to Texas and Florida Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.8- 1.0 mm long; style 0. 1-0.2 long; ovary ellipsoid or ovoid; fruit a unilocular, greenish stramineous to cinnamon brown, narrowly ellipsoid to lanceolate, trigonous capsule, 2. 8-3. 7 mm long, exserted, apex acute, mucronate; valves 0.9- 1.0 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid, light brown, 0.3-0. 4 mm long, one end dark pointed, tegmen reticulate with numerous transverse lines; stamens 3, 1.3-1. 5 mm long; filaments white; anthers white, about half the filament length; tepals appressed, slightly ribbed, green to cinnamon brown often red near apex, lanceolate, 1.8-2. 3 (-2.5) mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm broad, apex sharply acuminate, margins narrow and scarious; bracteoles absent; glomerules 2-10 flowered, obpyramidal, 2-5 mm diameter; glomerule bract ovate, 1.3- 1.7 mm long, apex cuspidate, scarious with a reddish midvein; peduncles ascending to divari- cate, 0.5-5. 5 cm long; adaxial bracts scarious, sheathing, 1-5 mm long, apex retuse to obcordate, margin entire; abaxial bracts herbaceous, lanceolate, 2. 2-3. 5 mm long, apex acuminate to caudate, margin entire; rachis 1-5 mm long; inflores- cence sympodial, a raceme or panicle of 3-50 glomerules, open, 1. 5-7.0 cm tall, 0. 5-4.0 cm broad; lowest bract erect, sheath green, 0.6- 1.0 cm long, auricle scarious, rounded, prolonged 0.5 mm, blades terete, septate, 1-5 (-8) cm long, shorter than to slightly longer than the inflorescence, apex acute; cauline leaves 1-3, sheaths open, 1.5-5. 5 cm long, auricles scarious, rounded, prolonged 1.0- 1.5 mm, blades terete, septate, 3.5-12.5 cm long, 0.5- 1.0 mm diameter, apex blunt to acuminate; basal leaf 1 (or absent) , sheaths open, 2. 0-2. 5 cm long, apex truncate and sometimes lacerate, with scarious margins, blades terete, septate, 1-5 cm long, mm diam, apex blunt to acuminate; cataphylls 1 or absent; stems erect or geniculate at base, terete, 1.0-2. 5 dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 0.5- 1.0 mm in diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, cespi- tose; rhizomes erect, stramineous, 1 mm diameter; roots numerous, up to 0.4 mm in diameter. Note: This taxon might be more appropriately treated as a variety of J. acuminatus , but, until a definitive study is carried out, the common practice of recognizing it at the species level will be followed. 46 2. LUZULA Common Name: Wood Rush Authority: DeCandolIe in Lamarck & DeCandolle, FI. Fr. ed. 3, vol. 3, p. 158, 1805 A genus of about 80 species worldwide, mostly in cool climates. Many species distinctions in this genus are confused by dines and polyploid complexes. The presence of diffuse centromeres in the chromosomes has resulted in numerous aneu- ploid and endonuclear polyploid derivatives within the genus without loss of genetic material. Lazula species show a great deal of environmental variation in color and size of the flowers, capsules and seeds, the relative lengths of anthers and fila- ments and the texture of the leaves, to name a few. Such characters often appear to be phenotypic modifications dependent on exposure to sun and humidity, as well as heat and cold regimes. Species of the genus have few uses. They are readily eaten by deer in the tundra (particularly L. spicata and L. parviflora), and some species have medicinal uses. Description: Plants with bisexual flowers; stigmas 3, filiform, erect and entwined or spreading; styles 1, cylindrical or fili- form, short; ovary 1, superior, tricarpel late, unilocular, with 1 basal ovule per carpel, becoming a 3-seeded loculicidal cap- sule; seed usually with a large caruncle, the small, straight, broad embryo imbedded in starchy endosperm; stamens 6 or 3, free; filaments linear; anthers ellipsoid, opening by vertical slits; perianth of 6 similar lobes (tepals) in two whorls; tepals free, inner and outer whorls usually similar; flowers immediately subtended by 2 bracteoles (prophylls); pedicels long or short to nearly absent, the flowers commonly clustered into multi-flowered glomerules; inflorescence cymose, either an umbelliform, decompound or spike-like cyme, or a cyme of glomerules; inflorescence bracts leaf-like; leaves flat, usually ciliate with closed or open sheaths and tufts of long hairs at the throat (in our species); stems erect or spreading; rhizomes and stolons often present; root systems fibrous. KEY TO SPECIES OF LUZULA 1 . Inflorescence a simple (rarely compound), umbelliform cyme; flowers single; seed with a curved caruncle as large as the seed body........................ 1 . L. acuminata 1. Inflorescence a diffuse, decompound cyme, a spike-like cyme, or a cyme of glomerules; flowers single, clustered or in glomerules; seed either without a caruncle or with a short, straight caruncle (2) 2. Inflorescence a decompound cyme; flowers single or in few-flowered clusters. (3) 2. Inflorescence a cyme of glomerules or a spike-like cyme; flowers clustered into many-flowered glomerules (4) 3. Inflorescence a flat-topped, decompound cyme; flowers in loose clusters of 3-7; seed with a short, straight caruncle......... .....2. L. luzuloides 3. Inflorescence a nodding, decompound cyme; flowers single or rarely in pairs; seed without a caruncle, but with a small tuft of hairs........................ ....................3. L. parviflora 4, Inflorescence an arching, spike-like cyme; leaves linear and channeled 4. L. spicata 4. Inflorescence an erect cyme of glomerules; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, flat 5. L. campestris 47 A. Luzula Subgenus Pterodes (Griseb.) Buchenau Perennials; flowers borne singly; seed with a long basal appendage. 1. Luzula acuminata Raf. Common Name: Hairy Woodrush Type Description: Rafinesque, Autik. Bot. p. 193, 1840 Synonyms: June aides pilosum (L.) Cov. var. michi- ganese Farw., ./. pilosum (L.) Cov. var. saltuense (Fern.) Farw., ,/. saltuensis (Fern.) A. Heller, Luzula saltuensis Fern.. L. carolinae var. saltuensis (Fern.) Fern., L. pilosa var. americana Schultes & Schultes Origin: Eastern North America Habitats: In most types of woods, including oak, northern hardwoods and drier areas of wooded swamps Habit: Erect, stoloniferous and rhizomatous, perennial herbs Flowering: May-June Fruiting: June-August General Distribution: Newfoundland to Manitoba south to Alabama and Georgia Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 1.7-2. 5 mm long; style 1. 0-1. 6 mm long; ovary pyriform; fruit a unilocular, yel- lowish-green to stramineous to brown, pyriform to ovoid capsule, 2. 7-4. 2 mm long, exserted, apex broadly acute, mucronate, valves 1.2-2. 5 mm broad; seeds subglobose, brown or purple, 1 .0-1.3 mm long (not including the caruncle), caruncle curved, 0.6- 1.0 mm long; stamens 6, 1.2- 1.7 mm long; filaments white; anthers yellow, over twice the filament length; tepals loosely appressed, stramineous to dark brown, lanceolate, 2. 5-3. 5 (-4.0) mm long, 0.8- 1.3 mm broad, apex acuminate to cus- pidate, margins scarious; bracteoles scarious, broadly ovate, 0.9- 1.9 mm long, apex truncate to acute; pedicels 1-5 cm long, rarely branched from immediately below the flower; adaxial bracts brown or scarious with brown flecks, sheathing, 2. 5-5.0 mm long, apex truncate, erose, margin entire (rarely ciliate); abaxial bracts herbaceous, lanceolate, 3-10 mm long, apex acuminate, margin ciliate; rachis 2-6 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, an umbelliform raceme, irregularly spherical in shape and open, 2-6 cm tall, 3-6 cm broad; lowest bract erect, flat, green, 1-3 cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex tapering to a blunt, callus tip, margin ciliate; cauline leaves ( 1 ) 2-4, sheaths closed, 0.1 -0.3 cm long, auricle absent, copious cilia present at the mouth of the sheath, blades linear, 1 .5-6.0 cm long, 2-4 (-5) mm broad, apex tapering to a blunt callus tip, margin ciliate or entire; basal leaves 2-5, without sheaths, blades flat, 8-32 cm long, 3-12 mm wide, apex tapering to a blunt callus-tip, margin ciliate; stems erect, terete, (1-) 2-4 dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 1.0- 1.5 mm diameter at the base, arising from creeping rhizomes and stolons; stolons to 6 cm long, 1-2 mm in diameter; rhizomes horizontal, 1-2 mm in diameter; roots numerous, up to 0.2 mm in diameter (2n = 18, 48; all chromosomes CL-type). Infraspecific Variation: Plants from south of our range with highly branched inflorescences have been referred to Luzula acuminata var. carolinae (S. Wats.) Fern. All New York specimens are referable to Luzula acuminata var. acuminata, based on their simple or only slightly branched inflorescences. 48 B. Luzula Subgenus Anthelata (Griseb.) Buchenau Perennial or annuals; flowers borne singly, in pairs or sometimes in larger groups; seeds with a short to inconspicuous basal appendage, or appendage absent. 2. Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott Common Name: Forest Woodrush Type Description: Lamarck, Encycl. 3: 272, 1789 Synonyms: Juncus luzuloides Lam., J . nemorosus Poll., Juncoides nemorosum (Poll.) Cov., Luzula nemorosa (Poll.) E. Mey. Origin: Europe Habitats: Woods and Meadows; in New York it is often found in fields and lawns Habit: Erect, stoioniferous and rhizomatous, terrestrial, perennial herbs Flowering: June Fruiting: June General Distribution: Eurasian; introduced into North America and now found from Nova Scotia to Minnesota south to eastern Pennsylvania and south- ern New England Description: Plants bisexual; stigmas 0.9- 1.2 mm long; style 1.0- 1.4 mm long; ovary ovoid; fruit a unilocular, reddish-brown, ellipsoid, rostrate capsule, 1.5- 1.8 mm long (not including the long apicuia), included, apex apiculate, apicula 0.4-0. 6 mm long; valves 0.9- 1.0 mm broad; seeds oblong, dark brown or purple, 0.7- 1.0 mm long, with a pale, pronounced raphe on one side of the seed, caruncle straight, 0. 1-0.2 mm long; stamens 6, 1.5- 1.9 mm long; filaments white; anthers reddish-brown, 2-3 times the filament length; tepals appressed, yellow-white to stramineous, lanceolate, apex acuminate, margins scarious; inner tepals 2.2-2. 3 mm long, 0.7-Q.8 mm broad; outer tepals 1.7-2. 1 mm long, 0.6-1.0 mm broad; bracteoles scarious, broadly ovate, 1.2- 1.5 mm long, apex acute; pedicels 0-1.0 mm long, the flowers commonly in loose clusters of 2-10; peduncles spreading or ascending 0.1 -7.0 cm long; adaxial bracts stramineous with brown flecks, sheathing, 1-5 mm Song, apex acute or truncate, lac- erate and ciliate, margin entire; abaxial bracts herbaceous, linear to lanceolate, 2-24 mm long, apex long acuminate, margin cil- iate; rachis 1-2 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a decompound dichasium, obpyramidal to broadly ovoid, 3. 5-7.0 cm tall, 5- 7 cm broad; lowest bract erect, flat, green, linear, (4.5-) 9-12 cm long, longer than the inflorescence, apex long acuminate, margin ciliate; cauline leaves 3-4, sheaths closed, 0.3-0.5 cm long, auricles absent, copious cilia present at the mouth of the sheath, blades linear, 10-25 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, apex long acuminate, margin ciliate; basal leaves 5-8, sheaths closed, 4.0- 4.5 cm long, auricles absent, copious cilia at the mouth of the sheath, sheaths occasionally absent, blades flat, 1. 0-3.5 cm long, 3-6 mm, apex long-acuminate, margin ciliate; stems erect, terete, 4. 5-7.0 dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 1.5-2.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal sheaths, arising from creeping rhizomes and stolons; stolons 1 .0-1.5 mm diameter; rhi- zomes horizontal, 1 .0-1.5 mm diameter; roots numerous, up to 0.2 mm in diameter (2n = 12, 24). 49 Infraspecific Variation: All New York materials are of ssp. luzuloides , with whitish perianth segments and lax inflores- cences. Luzula luzuloides ssp. curpina (Rochel ex Ascherson & Graebner) Chrtek & Krisa, also from Europe, has a more condensed inflorescence and perianth segments suffused with red. 3. Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. var. melanocarpa (Michx.) A. Gray Common Name: Small-flowered Woodrush Type Description: Ehrhart, Beitr. vol. 6, p. 139, 1791 Synonyms: Juncoides parviflorum var. melanocarpum Howell, Juncus melanocarpus Michx., Luzula melanocarpa (Michx.) Desv., L. melanocarpa var. pallida Hook.. L. parviflora ssp. melanocarpa (Michx.) Hamet-Ahti, L. spadicea var. melanocarpa E. Mey. Origin: Eastern North America Habitats: Cool, montane woods (in New York State) Habit: A stoloniferous and rhizomatous, perennial herb Flowering: June-July Fruiting: June-August General Distribution: Labrador to Saskatchewan south to Minnesota, New York and New England Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.5-1. 3 mm long; style 0.5-0. 8 mm long; ovary ovoid; fruit a unilocular, stramineous to red-brown or black, ellipsoid capsule, 1. 6-2.2 mm long, exserted, apex acute, mucronate; valves 0.8- 1.2 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid, dark brown, 1.1 -1.4 mm long, caruncle a tuft of hairs at the placental end; stamens 6, 0.8- 1.2 mm long; filaments white; anthers white, equaling the filament length; tepals loosely appressed, brown or pale brown, lanceolate, 1. 6-2.0 mm long, 0.5-0. 7 mm broad, apex acute, margins scarious; bracteoles translucent brown, ovate, 0.9- 1.2 mm long, apex acute to acuminate, minutely lacerate; pedicels 0-9 mm long; peduncles loosely spreading or reflexed, 0.1-15 cm long; adaxial bracts brown to stramineous, sheathing, 1-15 mm long, apex truncate, erose and scarious, margin entire; abaxial bracts herbaceous, linear to lanceolate, 2-17 mm long, apex long acuminate, margin ciliate; rachis 15-30 mm long; inflorescence sympodial, a diffuse decompound dichasium, 6- 12 cm tall, 3-10 cm broad, flowers borne on the branches singly or in pairs; lowest bract erect, flat, green, linear, 1-4 cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex acuminate, margin ciliate; cauline leaves 4-6, sheaths closed, 2. 0-4. 7 cm long, auricles absent, copious cilia present at the mouth of the sheath, blades broadly lanceolate to linear, 3-12 cm long and 8-10 mm wide, apex acuminate, margin ciliate; basal leaves 4-8, sheaths absent, blades lanceolate, flat, 6-29 cm long, 4-12 mm broad, apex acuminate, margin ciliate; stems erect, terete, 4-10 dm tall to the base of the inflorescence, 1. 5-2.0 mm in diame- ter immediately above the basal leaves, arising from creeping rhizomes and stolons; stolons to 4 cm long, 1-2 mm in diame- ter; rhizomes horizontal, 1- 2 mm diam; roots numerous, up to 0.2 mm in diameter (2n = 24). Infraspecific Variation: A number of varieties of this species have been named, but New York specimens are all var. melanocarpa , based on their rather diffuse inflorescences and the often dark capsules. 50 C. Luzula Subgenus Luzula Perennial; flowers giomerulate; seeds with conspicuous basal appendage. 4. Luzula spicata (L.) DC. ex Lam. & DC. Common Name: Spiked Woodrush Type Description: Linnaeus, Species PI. 1, p. 329, 1753 Synonyms: Juncus spicatus L., Juncoides spicatum Kuntze, Luzula ohtusata Steud. Origin: Northern Hemisphere, possibly the Arctic Zone Habitats: Alpine cliffs and talus slopes (NY); alpine meadows, gravels, peaty openings elsewhere Habit: Erect, cespitose, perennial herbs Flowering: June Fruiting: June-July General Distribution: Arctic-circumboreal: in North America from Greenland and Newfoundland to the Canadian arctic and Alaska, south to California and New Mexico, Colorado, northern New York and northern New England Rarity Status: This species is known in New York State from only two adjacent sites in the high Adirondacks. It has an NYNHP rank of G5, S 1 . Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.9- 1.0 mm long; style 0. 3-0.4 mm long; ovary globose; fruit a unilocular, strami- neous to dark red-brown, globose capsule, 1.4- 1.6 mm long, exserted, apex acute; valves 0.9- 1.1 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid, brown, 1.1 -1.2 mm long, caruncle 0.2 mm long; stamens 6, 0.6-0. 8 mm long; filaments yellow; anthers yellow, 3 times the filament length; tepals loosely appressed, brown, ovate, 1. 6-2.0 mm long, 0.6-0. 8 mm broad, apex long acuminate with a delicate bristle tip, margins scarious; bracteoles scarious, ovate, 1. 2-2.0 mm long, apex acute or truncate; glomerules 5-9 flowered, irregularly shaped, 4-6 mm diameter; peduncles up to 10 mm long, but glomerules usually sessile; bracts scarious with brown flecks, lanceolate, 1.5-2. 5 mm long, apex acuminate, margin ciliate; rachis 1-3 mm long; inflorescence sympo- dial, a spike-like raceme of glomerules, cylindrical and congested, 1.0-3. 5 cm tall, 0.4-0. 5 mm broad; lowest bract flexuous, flat to involute, green, linear, 1. 5-3.0 cm long, shorter than or equaling the inflorescence, apex long acuminate, margin cili- ate; cauline leaves 1-3, sheaths closed, 0. 1-0.4 cm long, auricles absent, copious cilia present at the mouth of the sheath, blades linear, channeled, 4-8 cm long, 0.5- 1.0 mm wide, apex acuminate, margin ciliate; basal leaves numerous, sheaths absent, blades channeled, 5-20 cm long, 0.5-1. 5 mm wide, apex acuminate, margin ciliate; stems erect, terete, 2.0-3. 5 dm tall up to the base of the inflorescence, 0.6- 1.0 mm diameter immediately above the basal leaves, cespitose; rhizomes erect- ascending, 1-2 mm diameter; roots numerous, up to 0.2 mm in diameter (2n = 12, 14, 18, 24, 36). 51 5. Luzula campestris (L.) DC. in Lam. & DC. Common Name: Common Woodrush Type Description: Linnaeus, Species PI. I, p. 329 (pro parte ) Synonyms: Jancoides campestris Kuntze, J uncus campestris L. Origin: Uncertain: Native to North America. Eurasia and North Africa Habitats: In a wide variety of sites, including most types of woodlands, swamps, bogs, fields and open ground, often occurring with L. acuminata Habit: Erect, cespitose or rhizomatous, perennial herbs Flowering: May Fruiting: May-July General Distribution: Circumboreal; common in the northern and cool-temperate regions; in North America, from the arctic south to Florida, Texas and Nevada Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 0.8-1. 3 mm long; style (0.3-) 0.5-0. 8 mm long; ovary ovoid; fruit a unilocular, stramineous to reddish brown, obovoid to ellipsoid capsule, 1.9-2. 3 mm long, included to exsert- ed. apex rounded, mucronate; valves 1.3- 1.5 mm broad; seeds ellipsoid, dark brown, 0.6-0. 9 mm long (not including the caruncle), caruncle straight or curved, 0.4-0. 6 mm long; stamens 6, 0.9- 1.7 mm long; fila- ments white; anthers yellow, 2-3 times the filament length; tepals loosely appressed or with the tips spread- ing. stramineous to brown, lanceolate, 1. 8-3.0 mm long, 0.6- 1.3 mm broad, apex aristate, margin scarious; bracteoles scarious, deltoid, 1 .0-1.8 mm long, apex aristate; glomerules 5-12 flowered, cylindrical to spherical, 4-9 mm diameter; peduncles erect to reflexed, 0.1-10 cm long; adaxial bracts stramineous, sheathing, 3-4 mm long, apex truncate, margin lacerate and hyaline; abaxial bracts herbaceous, linear-lanceo- late, 3-19 mm long, apex long acuminate, margin lacer- ate or entire; rachis 9-15 mm long; inflorescence sym- podial, a raceme of 3-10 glomerules, ovoid, obovoid, or globose, 1 .5-6.0 cm tall, 1-5 cm broad; lowest bract erect or ascending, flat, green, linear, 2-4 cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, apex callus-tipped, mar- gin ciliate; cauline leaves 1-2, sheaths closed. 0. 1-0.4 cm long, auricles absent, copious cilia present at the mouth of the sheath, blades linear-lanceolate, 3-10 cm long, 2-5 mm wide, apex blunt, callus tipped, margin ciliate or entire; basal leaves numerous, sheaths absent, blades linear-lanceolate, flat, 5-25 cm long, 2-6 mm wide, apex blunt, callus tipped, margin ciliate; stems erect, terete, 1-5 dm tall to the base of the inflores- cence, 0. 5-1.0 mm in diameter immediately above the basal leaves, arising from creeping rhizomes and stolons; stolons up to 1 cm long, 1-2 mm wide (or 52 absent); rhizomes horizontal, 2-4 mm in diameter, occasionally forming bulbils; roots numerous, up to 0.2 mm in diameter (2n = 12, 18?, 24, 36). Infraspecific Variation: Luzula campestris sensu lato comprises an exceedingly difficult complex. The presence of diffuse centromeres, complicated by high levels of polyploidy and environmentally induced variation in this complex, have made the task of sorting out morphologically distinct entities very demanding. In Eastern North America the complex is represent- ed by three native diploid taxa: L. campestris var. bulbosa Wood, L. campestris var. echinata (Small) Fern. & Wieg. and L. campestris var. pallescens Wahl, one native, multi-level polyploid series, L. campestris var. multiflora (Retz.) Celak, and one rarely introduced diploid taxon, L. campestris var. campestris which occurs outside New York. Members of the polyploid series may exhibit traits of all four diploids, making clear morphological distinctions impossible. The following key is intended to be only a guide to the varieties of L. campestris , since there are so many intermediate forms that a definitive key is not feasible. When trying to place a varietal name on a plant, it is wise to consider all the diagnostic characters and weigh the evidence before assigning a trinomial. KEY TO VARIETIES 1 . Peduncles (at least some of them) divergent or reflexed; glomerules subspherical 5a. L. campestris var. echinata 1 . Peduncles nearly all erect or ascending; glomerules ovoid to cylindric (2) 2. Plants with white, coralline tubers; glomerules (in New York plants) less than 5 mm broad; plants not cespitose 5b. L. campestris var. bulbosa 2. Plants without white, coralline tubers; glomerules 4-9 mm broad; plants cespitose (3) 3. Tepals 1. 8-2.0 mm long; mature glomerules 4-5 mm broad 5c. L. campestris var. pallescens 3. Tepals 2. 5-4. 5 mm long; mature glomerules 6-9 mm broad 5d. L. campestris var. multiflora 5a. L. campestris var. echinata (Small) Eern. & Wieg. Synonyms: June aides campestris var. echinatus (Small) Cov. & S. F. Blake, ./. echinatum Small, ./. intermedium var. echinatum (Small) House, Luzula echinata (Small) F. J. Hermann Origin: Eastern United States Habitats: Woods, fields and clearings Habit: Erect, loosely cespitose, perennial herbs General Distribution: Massachusetts to southrn Illinois south to Alabama and Georgia Ploidy: 2n = 12; all AL-type chromosomes Note: As here recognized, this variety includes var. mesochorea , a poorly defined taxon described under L. echinata by F. J. Hermann. 5b. L. campestris var. bulbosa A. Wood Synonyms: Juncoides bulbosum (Wood) Small, ./. campestre var. bulbosum (Wood) Cov. & S. F. Blake, Luzula bulbosa (Wood) Rydb., L. multiflora var. bulbosa (Wood) F. J. Hermann Origin: Southeastern United States Coastal Plain Habitats: Dry, sandy woods and fields. Habit: Erect, rhizomatous, bulb-forming, perennial herbs General Distribution: Massachusetts to eastern Kansas south to east Texas and Florida Ploidy: 2n = 12; all AL-type chromosomes Variation: A widespread variety with narrow glomerules in the Northeast, but with larger glomerules further south and west. 53 5c. L. campestris var. pallescens (Wahl.) Wahl. Synonyms: Luzula pallescens Wahl., L. sudetica var. pallescens (Wahl.) Aschers., L. campestris var. pallescens (Wahl.) Bess. Origin: Northern Eurasia Habitats: Woods Habit: Erect, cespitose, perennial herbs General Distribution: Introduced from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan south to northern! New York and central Vermont: Eurasia Ploidy: 2n= 12, 12-18, 36 Variation: This variety may be confused at times with L. bulbosa, since they both usually have short perianths and narrow glomerules. 5d. L. campestris var. multiflora (Retz.) Celak Synonyms: Juncoides intermedins (Thuill.) Rydb., Juntas inter- medins Thuill., ./. liniger T. Purton, ./. mnltiflorns Retz., ./. nemorsns Host., Lnznla campestris ssp. multiflora (Retz.) Buch., L. erecta Desv., L. intermedia var. multiflora Spenner, L. multi- flora (Retz.) Lej., L. multiflora var . frigida Buch., L. multiflora ssp. frigida (Buch.) Krecz. Origin: A hexaploid derivative of several taxa Habitats: Found in a variety of habitats, including woods, swamps, fields and clearings Habit: Erect, cespitose, perennial herbs General Distribution: Newfoundland to Alaska south to California Ploidy: 2n = 12, 18, 24, 28, 36, 48 for North American materials; all AL-type chromosomes Variation: The most widespread and variable variety of this species found in New York, this taxon is probably of poly- phyletic origin, having arisen on more than one occasion when two diploid taxa hybridized. Importance: The rhizome of Luzula campestris is used as a diuretic in India. EXCLUDED TAXA Juncus diffusissimus Buckley, reported by McVaugh (1958, p. 95-96). The specimens on which this report was based were apparently at MO, but no specimens matching this species (or annotated as such by McVaugh) have been seen at MO. The report is probably based on records of,/, debilis , with which there is some nomenclatural confusion. Juncus vaseyi Engelm. is reported from Jefferson Co., valley of the Black River by Femald (1904, p.41), yet no specimens from New York are known at GH or elsewhere. It may have been based on specimens of./, greenei, though this seems unlikely for Femald. Juncus coriaceus Mackz., has been reported for New York State, but the specimen on which the report was based (Bicknell, 447) is J. dichotomus. 54 APPENDIX 1 FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH PLANT SPECIES IN THIS TREATMENT by Steven E. Clemants To be included in this list, a fungus must occur on a host species covered in this treatment, somewhere in the United States or Canada. Abbreviations of state names indicate citations only. A double asterisk (**) indicates that a NY specimen with host information has been seen. A single asterisk (*) indicates that the fungus occurs in New York, and is known to associate (elsewhere) with a host treated here. MASTIGOMYCOTINA CHYTRIDIALES Physoderma sp., on leaves of J . pelocarpits (Mich.) ASCOMYCOTINA CLAVICIPITALES Epichlotyphina (Pers. ex Fr.) Tul., on ./. effusus (N.H.) PHYLLACHORALES Phyllachora junci (Alb. & Schw.: Fr.) Fuckel [-EndodotheUa junci (Fr.) Theiss. & Syd.J, stem spot on ./. effusus (Ga., Ohio), J. tenuis (Ga., N.Y., Wise.), and J uncus sp. (Iowa, N.S., Oreg.) [common fungus on dead stems and leaves of J. effusus and./, effusus var. conglomeratus in Britain] Phyllachora therophila (Desm.) Arx & E. Muller, on ./. effusus (N.S.) [on ./. effusus and ./. inflexus in Britain] DOTHIDEALES Didymella juncina (Berk. & Rav.) Sacc. [=Sphaeria juncina Berk. & Rav.J, on stems of ./uncus sp. (S.C.) Dothidella junci (Fr.) Sacc., on ./. effusus ** and ./. tenuis ** Monascostroma innumerosa (Desm.) V. Hoehnel, on J uncus sp. (Nova Scotia) Mycosphaerella lineolata (Roberge in Desm.) Schrot., on overwintered leaves of Juncus sp. (Canadian East Arctic) Mycosphaerella muhlenhergiae (Ell.) Wehm., on Juncus sp. (Wash.) Mycosphaerella recutita (Fr.) Johanson, on dead stems of J. effusus** Mycosphaerella tassiana (De Not.) Johanson [-Sphaerella tassiana De Not.], on Juncus sp. (Wash.), and Luzula sp. (B.C.) Mycosphaerella tulasnei (Jacz.) Lindau, on ./. arcticus (s.l.) (Calif.) PLEOSPORALES Clathrospora hakeri Wehm., on Juncus sp. (Colo.) Clathrospora juncicola (Ellis & Everh.) Wehm., on stems of J. arcticus (s.l.) (Colo.) Clathrospora pentamera (P. Karst.) Berk, on ./. arcticus (s.l.) (B.C.) Comoclathris permunda (Cooke) E. Muller, on Luzula spicata (B.C.) Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) von Arx & Oliv. [= Ophioholus graminis Sacc.], “Take-all", on Luzula parviflora (Wash.) Leptosphaeria alhopunctata (Westend.) Sacc., on ./. maritimus [probably ./. roemerianus ] (Miss.) Leptosphaeria marina Ellis & Everh., on stems of./, maritimus [probably ./. roemerianus ) (N.C.) Leptosphaeria neomaritima Gessner & Kohlm., on stems of J. maritimus [probably./, roemerianus ] (N.C.) Massarina gloeospora (Berk. & Curtis) Barr [= Metaspheria defodiens (Ellis) Sacc.], on dead stems of./, effusus , ./. canadensis**, J. dichotomus** and Juncus sp. (N.J., N.Y.) Ophioholus junci J. Miller & Burton, on stems of./, effusus (Ga.) P araphaeosphaeria michotii (Westend.) O. Erilsson ex Shoemaker & O. Eriksson [-Leptosphaeria michotii (Westend.) Sacc.], on ./. articus ssp. littoralis**, on dead fallen stems of./, effusus var. solutus**, and on ./. tenuis (Okla.) |on ./. inflexus in Britain] 55 Phaeosphaeria caricinella (P. Karst.) O. Eriksson [ -Leptosphaeria caricinella P. Karst.), on overwintered herbage of J. a ret i cus (s.l.) (Calif.) Pleospora herbarum (Pers.: Fr.) Rabenh. var. herbarum [-P. discors (Mont.) Ces. & De Not.], on Luzula campestris (B.C.) Pyrenophora trichostoma (Fr.) Fuckel, on ./. arcticus (s.l.) (Calif.) LEOTIALES Cistella fugiens (Buckn.) Matheis, on dead stems of J. effusus** Crocicreas melanosporum (Rea) S. Carp., on petioles and peduncles, on overwintering stems of J. arcticus (s.l.) (Calif., Colo., Utah) Lachnum diminution (Roberge & Desni.) Rehm, on dead stems of./, effusus ** Lachnum luteodiscum (Pk.) Haines \— L. albidoroseus (Rehm) Nannf.]. on ./. effusus** Loramyces juncicola Weston, on./, militaris (Mass, R.I.) Microscypha sp.. on./, effusus** Mollisia palustris (Roberge ex Desm.) P. Karst., on dead stems of J. effusus** [on rotting stems of./, effusus and ./. infle.xus in Britain] Nimbomollisia stictoidea (Cooke & Ell.) Nannf., on stems of J uncus sp. (N.J.) Niptera guestphalica (Rehm) Dennis \=Beloniopsis guestphalicnm (Rehm) Nannf.]. on ./. effusus (Ga.) HYSTERIALES Glyphium elation (Grev.) Zogg, on ./. arcticus (s.l.) (Calif.) BASIDIOMYCOTINA USTILAGINALES Cintractia junci (Sehw.) Trelease, inflorescence smut on ,/. acuminatus** (Miss.), ./. bufonius (Nev., Pa.), ./. dudleyi** (Ontario, Wise.), ,/. effusus (N.J.), ./. greenei (Wise.), ./. tenuis** (N.S. to Wise, and Iowa south to Texas, Va., and Colo.), and J uncus sp.** (Conn., Iowa, Miss., N.C.. Pa., Wise.) Cintractia luzulae (Sacc.) Clint., inflorescence smut on Luzula campestris (Ind.) Entorrhiza casparyana (Magnus) Lagerh., smut, on ./. articulatus (B.C.) Tolyposporium junci (Schrot.) Woron., inflorescence smut on ./. bufonius (Oreg., Wash.) and Juncus sp. (Oreg.) Urocystis junci Lagerh., stem smut on ./. arcticus (Nev., Wyom.) Ustilago luzulae Sacc., on Luzula campestris (Ind.), and L. campestris var. echinata (111.) Ustilago vuijekii Oudem. & Beijer. smut on Luzula parviflora (Alberta., B.C., Wash.) U REDIN ALES Puccinia obscura Schrot., rust (II. Ill) on Luzula acuminata** (Out., N.S.). L. campestris** (N.S. to Kans. and Wise., Alas, south to Sask., Idaho, and Calif.), L. parviflora (B.C. south to Idaho and Calif.), and on Luzula sp. (Iowa, N.Y., Wise., and Wash, to Calif.) Uromyces junci (Desm.) Tul.. rust (II, III) on ./. arcticus (s.l.) (in the west from Man. to Wash, south to Calif, and in the east from Kans., Mich., Pa., P.E.I.), ./. dudleyi (Man.), ./. effusus (Fla.. Mass.). J . filiformis (Sask.), ./. tenuis (Kans.), ./. torreyi (Neb.. Wash, Wise.), and Juncus sp. (Calif., Idaho, Nev., N.C., S.C.) Uromyces junci-effusi Syd.. rust (II. Ill) on ./. arcticus (N.S., Wyom.), ./. brevicaudatus**, J. effusus** (N.S. to Ont. south to Fla., Ala., Mo., and Wash.). ,/. ensifolius (Idaho, Wash., Oreg., Mont.), J . filiformis (N.S.), ./. tenuis**, and Juncus sp.** (Ariz., Mont, to Calif, and Wash.) Uromyces silphii Arth., rust (II. Ill) on ./. acuminatus (Idaho, Alaska), ./. arcticus ssp. littoralis (Wise.), ,/. dichotomus (Del., Fla., Ga.. N.J., Term.)../, dudleyi** (Colo., Conn., Ind.. Mich., Neb., Ont., Oreg., Pa., Term., Wash.),./, effusus (Fla., Ont.), ./. greenei (Conn.), ./. marginatus (Neb.), ./. tenuis** (N.S. and P.E.I. to Wash, south to Calif., Ariz., Tex. and N.C.) APHYLLOPHORALES Flagelloscypha sp., on dead stems of./, effusus** 56 AGARICALES Melanotus caricicola (C. Orton) Guzman, on J. effusus (Ont.), and on Juncus sp. DEUTEROMYCOTINA HYPHOMYCETES Arthrinium cuspidatum (Cooke & Harkn.) Tranz. [= A. bicorne Rostr.], sooty patches on dead stems, on dead stems of J. arcticus (Calif.), on Juncus sp. (Oreg., Wash.) [on leaves of J. gerardii in Britain] Cercospora junci MacGarvie & O’Rourke, on J. brachycephalus (Wise.)., on leaves of/, brevicaudatus (Wise.), on leaves of /. greenei (Wise.), on ./. tenuis (Wise.) [on dead leaves of J. effusus in Britain] Cercospora juncina Sacc., on J. canadensis (Ont.) Epicoccum purpurascens Ehrenb., on stems of J . effusus** Fusarium sp., on dead J. effusus stems** Helminthosporium palousense Sprague, on J. ensifolius (Wash.) Heterosporium sp., on J. arcticus (Wash.) Ramularia junci Peck [=? Cercospora junci J. Davis], leaf spot on living leaves of./, marginatus** SPHAEROPSIDALES Ascochyta luzulicola Sprague, on dried foliage of Luzula parviflora (Alaska) Coniothyrium junci Ellis & Everh., on dead scapes of /. arcticus (s.l.) (Oreg.) Dinemasporium state of Phomatospora dinemasporium Webster, on dead stems of/, effusus ** Discella tenuispora Cooke & Harkn., on stems of /. arcticus (s.l.) (Oreg.?), and on stems of Juncus sp. (Calif.) Leptostroma juncacearum Sacc., on Juncus sp. (Idaho, Wash.) [on /. effusus and./, conglomeratus in Britain] Melanconium juncinum (Cooke & Harkn.) Powell, on stems of /. arcticus (s.l.) (Utah) Phoma junci Preuss, on stems of Juncus sp. (N.C., Va.) Placosphaeria junci Bubak, on J, tenuis (Wash.) Septoria chanousiana Ferr., on Luzula campestris (Idaho, Oreg., Wash.), L. parviflora (Alaska), L. spicafa (Oreg., Wash.), and Luzula sp. (Mont.) Septoria minuta Schrot., on Luzula campestris (Alaska, Wise.) Sphaerellopsis filum (Fr.) Sutton, on Juncus leaves (Southeastern U.S.) Stagonospora caricinella Brun., on dried basal leaves of J. bufonius (Alaska) 57 APPENDIX II A LIST OF SOME INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH PLANT SPECIES IN THIS TREATMENT. by Steven E. Clemants HEMIPTERA Pentatomidae Podops (Amaurochrous) cinctipes Say., common on cattails, in saltmeadows, and on J . gerardii and doubtless other rushes Rhytidolomia senilis (Say), near beach in rushes and grasses Tingidae Lopus decolor (Fall.), ovipositing in the stem of J. dudleyi, on J. dudleyi and other species Miridae Mimoceps insignis Uhl., on sedges (Juncus sp.?) HOMOPTERA Cicadellidae Helochara communis Fitch, on Juncus sp. Chermidae Livida maculipennis Fitch, creating infertile, deformed, inflorescences, the floral organs being produced as a moderately dense cluster of slender, linear bracts, this gall has been seen on several species in the subgenus Septati including/, bre- vicaudatus and J. canadensis Aphidae Geoica squamosa C. Hart, on roots of Juncus sp. Macrosiphum granaria Kirby, on ./. tenuis Prociphilus erigeronensis (C. Thomas), on ./. effusus Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linnaeus), on J . effusus Brachycaudus (Saltusaphis?) insessa Walker, on ./. militaris (not reported from NY) Sipha glyceriae (Kaltenbach), on Juncus sp. Thripsaphis cyperi F. Walker, on rushes (not reported from NY) Schuzaphia (Toxoptera? ) graminum (Rondani), on ./. tenuis COLEOPTERA Chrysomelidae Donacia pusilla Say, on rushes and on Carex stricta LEPIDOPTERA Coleophoridae Coleophora sp., case bearer on capsules of./, dichotomus , ./. effusus and ./. tenuis Coleophora biforis Braun, on Luzula campestris. (not reported from NY) Coleophora caespititiella Zell., on seeds of Juncus sp. |on ./. effusus , ./. conglomerate, J. gerardii , ./. articulate, and J. inflexus in Britain] Coleophora concolorella Cham., on seeds of Juncus sp. Coleophora cratipennella Clem., on seeds of Juncus sp. Coleophora fagicorticella Cham., on seeds of Juncus sp. Coleophora quadrilineella Cham., on seeds of Juncus sp. (not reported from NY) Tortricidae Bactra futfurana (Haworth), larva on Juncus and Scirpus [mines stems of J. conglomerate in Britain) Bactra verutana Zeller, larva normally boring in Juncus sp. (not reported from NY) Satyridae Oeneis jutta (Hubner), feeding on ./. articulate (not reported from NY) 58 DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae Cecidomyia sp., forming deformed fruit on Juncus Procystiphora coloradensis Felt, infesting leaf sheath of Juncus sp. Procystiphora junci Felt, infesting leaf sheath of Juncus sp. Agromyzidae Phytobia capitata (Zetterstedt), almost certainly on Juncus spp. though no larvae have been found Phytobia longipennis (Loew), larvae forming leaf and stem mines on various Juncus sp. Phytobia luctuosa (Meigen), larvae forming yellowish leaf mines, pupating in leaf blade, frass deposited in single lump, on Juncus sp. 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Studies in the Juncus articulatus L. - ./. acutiflorus Ehrh. - J . anceps Laharpe - J. alpinus Vill. aggregate. 1. A cytotaxonomic survey. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Ser. C, Biol. Med. Sci. 84(2): 243-254. & J. Haasnoot. 1983. Studies in the Juncus articulatus L. - J. acutiflorus Ehrh. - J. anceps Laharpe - J. alpinocarticulatus Chaix aggregate. 2. Comparative anatomy of the panicle axis, culm and leaf. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Ser. C', Biol. Med. Sci. 86(2): 275-304. 65 INDEX TO LATIN NAMES Note: Boldface indicates a name used in this treatment for a species known to occur in New York State. Juncoides bulbosum 53 campestris 52 echinatum 53 intermedium 53 intermedius 54 nemorosum 49 parviflorum 50 pilosum 48 saltuensis 48 spicatum 51 Juncus acuminatus 33,45,46 alpinoarticulatus 42 alpinus 42 ambiguus 14 arcticus 10 aristulatus 27 articulatus 43 balticus 10 bicornis 20 biflorus 27 brachycarpus 40 brachycephalus 32 brevicaudatus 33 bufonius 13 bulbosus 16,18 campestris 52 canadensis 34 coarctatus 33 compressus 1 8 conglomeratus 7 conradii 31 coriaceus 54 debilis 46 dichotomus 23 diffusissimus 54 dudleyi 22 effusus 6 ensifolius 28 fdiformis 11 fucensis 16 gerardii 16 glaucus 9 greenei 24 inflexus 9 intermedius 54 lampocarpus 43 leersii 7 liniger 54 litorum 10 luzuloides 49 macer 20 marginatus 26 maritimus 29 megacephalus 38 melanocarpus 50 militaris 41 multiflorus 54 nemorosus 49 nodosus 37 nodulosus 42 odoratus 27 pallescens 45 paradoxus 37,45 pelocarpus 31 platyphyllus 23 polycephalus 32,34,39 pondii 45 pylaei 7 radicans 46 ranarius 14 rariflorus 42 scirpoides 39 secundus 19 spicatus 51 stygius 30 subcaudatus 36 tenuis 20 torreyi 38 trifidus 15 vaseyi 54 xiphioides 28 Luzula acuminata 48 bulbosa 53 campestris 52 carolinae 48 echinata 53 erecta 54 intermedia 54 luzuloides 49 melanocarpa 50 multiflora 51,53 nemorosa 49 obtusata 51 pallescens 54 parviflora 50 pilosa 48 saltuensis 48 spadicea 50 spicata 51 sudetica 54 67 89-7836 CAI) #89-707 New V r\ r-L- o . 3 5185 00337 3519