Fat Peete le ete Set, ale alba eee Wi { Wy at iS) G A oy ate Ay : sa | ’ ~ a a iP y ~¥ “rite. A MMM cake CA WWW WW WO coc OU Yee Ue G UCU rereu LLU Yo YM uM IS GOY AS SUA CUE SUE EEC YUSU VGN YM CUPOVR YUE eo eek Y ee tek 5 gy ly v OG GANGS 8 S vid v aed re Thy WV RS SAS Uv Vids YY a yy i ge ei YW UY 7 ot ee oc oa, v RS, . se WOU ef iY oY eWay v) ¢, , = HES ECE & ) DD. DE .. SS >> > 3 =. 222 >> DD WW fats, y y Wy Wi V WWW BVA ie vy, / ‘ SARA ehh ed teh heehee eee Vv V Be UVa ie) Wh AVIVA “ ue mn y any. a8 v > SS re > 2» BRS ps 5 oe = a a : La y . ee Dy Sys * ee » ye = , Se ae 2) Dp 3-55 2D? SQ», <, 2A Srp > a Se DSS S> >> =o . OR Tet Mov ay iy us WY Wy >> lv LV Wty Wy Pa Ww ve Esty Fike ty jy » ran se “ ry y, : wee : -— 5 P) 4 Published monthly by the Cre, _ University of the State of New York BULLETIN 305 DECEMBER 1903 New York State Museum FREDERICK J. H. Merrit Director Bulletin 73 ARCHEOLOGY 8 ‘ METALLIC ORNAMENTS (6 ar acer OF THE NEW YORK IN ETHNOLOGY, WILLIAM M. BE cape S. #, 1904 pREPBR A RY. OA Sab OER PAGE PAGE Merson authorities. 3... 22222. 22-.2 “3 || SStlver"cresses: : 2. 22 2 ece tes acces ae Wnfrocuchion:: «>. 9) si0f'2-2/ st Se 7 | Crosses and crucifixes of other mate- Native copper ornaments......-.--- 14 Nels = co.cc .o. en seth gatos wee a 45 Te a ee eee ee VOse) “Goins. cope a eee ees oes seine 49 FPendants'or-bangles.-....-:..---.. 19 | Honorary medals and gorgets...... 50 Mae soe Seu a coos aaa teas -2c8 20 | Religious medals...... 2.2.2.2. -..- vic) Bracelets; 2-5 ha. eee 21 SCOOCHES..ccaae sects leccs Meso 74 Brass tubes in leather belts....-... 2Ae| Weadbands oc. 22.) s2 sos s..0e ee 94 mimall “images. 4 225.552 Boos eee 26)=|Miseellaneous.:.:-. 0226 sa-- > NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM with extended arms, and a halo above the head. If intended for the crucifixion, the cross does not appear. All those included in the foregoing paragraph have been recently gathered from this old town whence hundreds have been taken before. Mr Clark said that De Witt Clinton had a gold finger ring from this place, procured at the time of his visit. Fig. 339 was sent to the writer by the late Rufus A. Grider, but the design is somewhat indistinct. A medium sized heart appears above the usual base, and there are other figures. This is from the Mohawk valley, where the old mission sites have yielded many. The writer regrets that he could not have given more attention to this class of articles, in visiting several notable collections, but time would not allow of this. Though of small size each one has minute details which must be preserved, and much time is often required to make out the design on account of corrosion. A great many, quite distinct and as full of interest, could doubtless be added to those here portrayed. Fig. 364 is an illustration of a novel ring. A coil of iron wire several times encircled a finger, preserving the bone and as much | of the flesh as came in contact. This was found in Fleming. Fig. 368 is a small coil of copper wire which may have served as a ring. This was found at Brewerton by Dr Hinsdale. When the Iroquois made silver fashionable, bronze rings disap- peared, and for two centuries their silver successors have fairly well held their place. They have disappeared more by being worn out than through a change of fashion, none having been made for many years. Fig. 363 shows one the writer bought of an old Oneida woman. The general form is well preserved, but, if there were ornamental details, they have been worn away. Mrs Converse was fortunate in getting two fine examples here illustrated from her drawings. Fig. 360 has two hands clasped over a heart. Fig. 361 has two hearts united. The symbolism is evident in both cases, though the Indians possibly may have cared little for this. Fig. 362 is the largest silver ring the writer has seen, and, as it was prob- ably worn only on great occasions, it is in fine preservation. It was METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 4I given to Albert Cusick’s mother by her second husband Sah-go- hone-daté-hah, “The one that spares another,” a Tuscarora chief. When seen by the writer it had a string of 96 beads of mourning wampum attached to it. Among the Onondagas Ka-ne-ka-ah, “ Round thing,” may mean a simple ring. En-neah-hah’-sen represents one for the finger. The former word is used for a hoop, but not for a wheel. Fig. 383 is in Theodore Stanford’s collection in Munnsyille. It has an octagonal seal, containing a flaming heart beneath what may be an elongated star or a radiant cross. The ordinary rings are found on the Oneida sites about Munnsville, but most of those col- lected have already disappeared. =3 The five following rings are from Pompey, dating between 1655 and 1680. Fig. 389 has no emblems, but is of bronze. It had a setting which has been lost. Fig. 390 shows a person supporting the dead Christ. Fig. 391 may have been intended to show the letter L, but, while the work is sharp, the design is doubtful. Fig. 392 has stars, crossed arrows, etc. Fig. 393 has a circle, lines and dots. Fig. 394 is in Mr Frey’s collection. There are human figures on each side of the crucified Christ. A plain pewter ring was found at Hoffman’s Ferry, which was a camping place. As these were common during the past century, the age and use are both uncertain, but, from the location, it seems to have had an Indian owner. Surface finds of this kind are subject to doubt. Silver crosses The finest foliated silver cross, used by Indians, which the writer has seen, was found on the banks of the Maumee river, Ohio, and was exhibited at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901. This is 134 inches long and 84 inches wide. It weighs 8 ounces, and is a Roman cross, each limb having foliated ends. One nearly as large, and perhaps as heavy, belongs to Mr Walter C. Wyman of Chicago. It is 124 inches long, and 8? inches wide, and is more highly orna- mented than any of these large crosses which the writer has seen. Three limbs have the usual foliation, but the upper one terminates 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM this abruptly. At the intersection are four ornamental quadrants, forming a quatrefoil with the surface ornamentation. The base bears longitudinally the name of the former owner, Pandikaikawa, an Ottawa chief. Two other fine crosses are in the same collection, but they are of a different character. An account of these was given in the Chicago Evening Post, Oct. 8, 1898. Two much like this, but without the central quadrants, were figured and described by Mr Charles C. Jones in the Smithsonian Report for 1881, p. 619. The drawings are half size, and show both faces of each cross. In these the rings for suspension remain. One cross is 83 inches long by 74 wide; the other is 8 inches long by 74 broad. They were taken from a grave-mould at Coosawattee Old Town, Murray co. Ga., in 1832, and are fine examples. Mr Jones said: “Indian relics were found associated with them. We incline to the opinion that they may properly be referred to the expedition of Hernando de Soto.” As will be seen, their true date is the latter part of the 18th century, or possibly later. In New York and Canada they were in use but a few years ago. To show how little these were thought of as symbols, it may be said that on one of the Georgia crosses the owner had engraved an owl and a horse’s head. Morgan said that birds and beasts were sometimes engraved on them, and two had the name of Montreal stamped in the center. The writer obtained all his double crosses from one pagan family. Fig. 198 is from Morgan’s report in 1852, and is a reduced figure of a cross 10 inches long and 6 wide. This he had from a Cayuga at Grand River reservation in Canada. It is of the common form. Fig. 209 is a smaller one from the League of the Iroquois, the size of which is conjectural, but it is apparently about 5 inches long. In the center it approaches the character of Mr Wyman’s fine Ottawa cross. Fig. 205 is a reduced drawing of a fine silver cross in the Rich- mond collection, which is 93 inches long and 7} wide. The ring for suspension remains. Each limb is foliated, and the name of Montreal is stamped in the center. The writer did not learn its history, but many seem to have been made at Montreal for general trade purposes, and they are usually without any religious symbols METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 43 “on the surface. They may be considered mere ornaments. This also appears from Sir William Johnson’s journal of Sep. 17, 1761, when he left some at Detroit for purposes of trade. They were to ‘be sent to Mackinac. He said: “I counted out and delivered to Mr Croghan some silver works, viz, 150 earbobs, 200 brooches or breast buckles, and 90 large crosses, all of silver, to be sent to Ensign Gorrel.” Stone. Johnson, 2:464 The smaller silver crosses are usually ornamental, and have from one to three crossbars. Those with two are most common, and have been widely distributed. A fictitious antiquity and rarity have been ascribed to these under the name of the patriarchal cross. All of the writer's examples he had of the Onondaga Indians, as stated before. Mr David Boyle figured a fine double-barred silver cross from Beausoleil island in the Georgian bay. - It is like fig. 207 but larger, being 44 inches high. Two others were with it. He said of this: Double-barred crosses of this kind are now, it seems, unknown in connection with Catholic worship, and it is somewhat singular that, ‘since we received these relics of the old Hurons, another one almost identical in size and pattern should have found its way to our col- lection from the Northwest, where it was picked up during the late rebellion. . . Regarding the peculiar form of cross from Beau- soleil island, Dean Harris of St Catharines, writes: This small, ‘dual cross is permitted to be worn only by patriarchs of the Latin ‘church. It is also sometimes carried as a processional cross, and, ‘as Richelieu was bishop and cardinal, it is possible that he used such a cross either as pectoral or processional. In all probability these ornaments were sent out to Canada during his régime, and, receiving the blessing of the priest among the Hurons, would have served the double purpose of being ornamental and of being used in devotion.” Boyle, 1891, p. 64 As Richelieu died in 1642 and the Hurons were overthrown at the close of that decade, while this form of silver ornament did not come into use among the Indians till a century later, this ingenious conjecture fails; but the writer has shown that the double-barred crucifix was used in New York in the 17th century. The makers of mere ornaments since then had little care for the original use or meaning of articles, so long as they were attractive to the eye, and would sell. 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Some Indian chiefs have been represented wearing the triple cross,. but otherwise the only one reported and figured is Mr Wyman’s.. . The central bar of this is longer than the others, and all the limbs: are foliated. Tasteful open work adds to the effect, but the general character is that of similar double crosses. This form has been: called the pontifical, but is purely ornamental in design. The figure: furnished is 33 inches long by nearly 2} in the widest part. Like his others, this is from a Michigan grave. Mr Wyman has also a fine silver double cross, 4% inches long and 2$ broad, with a ring for suspefision. The base is broad, and the ends of the limbs foliated, the upper crossbar being shorter tham the lower. This isa common feature. Crosses of this form and size: have been found in many places, and he has several. Fig. 207 is a smaller one of this form, from the Rose hill farm, east of Geneva,. N. Y., and is of actual size. Though made for suspension, the broad’ base would allow a standing position. These are like the Canadian: crosses mentioned above. Fig, 203 shows one of several from the Onondaga reservation,,. belonging to the writer. They are smaller than the last, and of a slightly different form. The Indian owner had over a dozen of these, and they were common among western Indians. Fig. 201 is a cross of the same form in the collection of Mrs Converse, prob- ably made from the same pattern, but with surface tracery. There were earlier double crucifixes of the same general form from which the merely ornamental cross may have been derived. There was. a small ring for suspension, now usually lacking. Fig. 212 is an ornamental double cross with several openings. All the limbs are foliated, and there is a ring for suspension. The general character is that of Mr Wyman’s triple cross, but it is. smaller. The writer had this from an Onondaga squaw, from whom a friend obtained its counterpart. The form seems rare, and both sides are ornamented. Small silver Roman crosses seem much rarer, and none have been reported perfectly plain. Fig. 206 is of one with scalloped edges, from East Cayuga, a site occupied 150 years ago. Fig. 202 is of another which the writer bought of an Onondaga Indian in Igol. METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 45 Though nearly the same in size and design, they have not the same number of crenulations. Another was found at Portsmouth O., but they are everywhere rare. Crosses and crucifixes of other materials Silver articles, as a rule, were in little use by the New York In- dians in the 17th century, but other materials naturally overlapped the introduction of these. Copper, brass and bronze were at first the favorites for ornament, but pewter or lead was used, and even iron had a place. Fig. 196 is a cross of lead from the (McClure site in Hopewell, commonly known as Onaghee. Circular projec- tions tip the three lower limbs, and it is probable that a similar one has been lost from the top, where the customary perforation would have weakened it. It is a good deal battered, but there seems to have been a human figure on its face. Crucifixes have often been found on nearly all Iroquois sites of the last half of the 17th century. The coming of the Jesuit missionaries in 1654 marked a new era of this kind, though French and Huron captives may have brought some earlier, or they may have been among the spoils of war. Previous to that time most European articles came from the Dutch. Mr Clark noticed the finding of “a curious brass image” in Pompey, just before his history was pub- lished. He also said: | A valuable cross of gold was several years ago found in the west part of Pompey, and was sold for $30. The significant I. H. Ss. was upon it. Numbers of crucifixes and crosses have been found. Brass crosses are frequently found, with those letters, and the initials of the Latin title put upon the cross at the crucifixion, I. N. R. I., and so are medals of the same metal. Clark, 2:273 After mentioning a brass dial plate and a paint box of the same metal, Mr Clark speaks of “another more perfect one beautifully wrought,’ as though meaning another box. His figure, however, is of the two sides of a crucifix, with a loop at the top and a fluted base. The obverse has Christ with extended arms, and a halo and I. N. R. I. above the head. Under the feet are the crossbones and skull. This side has a beaded border. On the reverse angels crown 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the Virgin Mary, over whose head is the dove, and under her feet the skull and crossbones. Clark, 2:280. This is from the fort of 1696. On adjoining lands, Mr Clark said, “ brass crosses have frequently been plowed up, and some of the most perfect and highest finished ones have over the head of the Saviour the letters 1. N. R. I. Most of the crosses found in other places have the letters 1. H. s.”’ Clark, 2:281. This was more than 50 years ago, and they are occasionally found yet, as well as on earlier sites. A few representative early forms will be illustrated, and the reader will readily see the difference between these, with their many sym- bols, and the ornamental forms already described, in which these are lacking. Most of these are either of brass or lead: Fig. 194 is the obverse of a fine brass crucifix belonging to the late Hon. George S. Conover of Geneva N. Y. He had several of these. This has a beaded border. Christ has his arms extended, a halo and 1. N. R. I. are above his head, and the skull and cross- bones beneath his feet. The reverse has the Virgin Mary with the moon beneath her feet, and the dove descending from above. On the arms on this side are the words 1ksvs MARIA. Mr Conover had this from a burial place on the Read farm, lot 32, town of Seneca. Mr Conover said: ‘““As many as 50 crosses are known to have been found in this burial ground, and probably a great many more, as in : former times, when the field was plowed, it was not an uncommon thing to find a number of crosses and other emblems with religious devices.” Fig. 217 is a fine brass crucifix from the Rose hill farm, east of Geneva N. Y., obtained by Dr W. G. Hinsdale. The obverse has Christ with the usual emblems, but with the head bent down. On the reverse are the Virgin and child, with emblems near the ends of the arms. The pointed top of this crucifix is perforated, and forms nearly a true pitch. Fig. 214 is a brass crucifix from Cayuga county, having a beaded edge. The only emblems accompanying the figure of Christ are the halo and inscription above the head. The obverse of this is not recalled. METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 47 Fig. 195 is a brass crucifix obtained by Dr Hinsdale in Pompey. The head of Christ is bent unusually low, and the loop rises in a triangular form from the cross. Fig. 204 is a small crucifix from Pompey, the limbs ending in trefoils. Each of these includes a small circle, but the general design has become obscure through use. Fig. 211 is a beautiful brass cross with several perforations. The ends of all the arms are ornamented, and I. H. S. appears on the upper arm. Dr Hinsdale met with this in Pompey. It is an un- usual form. Fig. 213 is from a figure furnished by Dr Hinsdale of a curious bronze crucifix belonging to a boy in Pompey. It has two cross- bars, and each limb is angularly expanded at the end. On the obverse the arms of Christ are extended on the upper limbs, I. N. R. 1. appearing above his head. SALVATOR is on the lower crossbar, and MVNDI on the lower limb. On the reverse the Virgin occupies the center, with the sun above her head. MATER is on the lower crossbar, and DEI on the lower limb. With this was fig. 219, a fine but small brass crucifix with each arm terminating in trefoils, each of which incloses a human face. Christ and the inscription I. N. R. I. are on the obverse; the reverse has two angels crowning the Virgin Mary, and above her head is the sun. Fig. 216 is from the Onondaga fort of 1696 and is much like fig. 213, having two crossbars and similar expansions at the ends of the arms. The design is somewhat obscure and no letters appear. Fig. 218 is from the same site. The figure of Christ is on the obverse as usual. The reverse shows the descending dove, the Virgin, and the angels on the crossbar. Fig. 208 is a small cross from the Mohawk valley, figured by Mr S. L. Frey. The limbs terminate in trefoils, and there is some sur- face decoration, this being a mere ornament of comparatively recent days. It is of silver, and the loop at the top is broken. Fig. 215 is also one of Mr Frey’s illustrations, but is an older article. Both sides are adorned with emblems, the obverse having I. N. R. L., the crown of thorns, nails and hammer, ladder, skull and crossbones; while the reverse has the heart in the center, the spears beneath, and other emblems on the limbs. \ 48 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fig. 210 is a brass crucifix from Munnsville, of a larger size and with more emblems, but with much the same arrangement. One end of the crossbar differs from the other. Fig. 158 shows both sides of a thin brass crucifix found by Dr Hinsdale among the salt vats near the Ganentaha spring, the seat of the French mission house of 1656. It is of antique appearance, but in fine preservation, and the natural impulse is to connect it with this mission. The French inscription strengthens this. On comparison with recent memorials of modern religious missions, the writer is inclined to ascribe it to our own day. The obverse has Christ on an inscribed cross, and with the knees unusually drawn up. Each limb of the cross terminates in a trefoil outline, and these each include two or three small bosses on the obverse. The reverse is quite plain, and has SOUVENIR on the short, and DE MIS- SION on the long bar of the cross. In the Hildburgh collection is a crucifix in which the lower limb but slightly exceeds the other three in length, these being alike in extent. Mr Henry E. Kingman, of Owego, kindly sent an account of two brass crucifixes he found at that place in 1901, none occurring there before. One was perfect; the other broken at the base. The robed figure mentioned is the Virgin, and the general character like some before described. He said: On one side is the Saviour crucified, with a skull and crossbones at the bottom. Above Christ's head are the letters I. H. S., but these letters are not distinguishable on the perfect cross. On the broken one they can readily be read. On the reverse is the Saviour in his robes, while above his head is a crown, and above the crown a dove. On either side of the head is a cherub. The crucifix is 1% inches long from the tip of the loop to the base, and 14 inch in width. The other crucifix is wider. A fine but small brass crucifix is from Pompey, having an extreme length of 14 inches. It is foliated in a peculiar way. There are semicircular projections on each side of the limbs, but the inter- mediate projection is long, narrow and pointed. On the obverse is a figure of Christ with extended arms. The reverse has the Vir- gin, the angels and the dove. Fig. 381 is of this. METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 49 Mr Stanford, of Munnsville, has a cross of some size, with expand- ing arms, suggesting the Maltese cross, but with the proportions of the Roman. Crosses and crucifixes seem rarer on the Mohawk and Oneida sites than farther west. Those of Onondaga have been most prolific, but they are now everywhere rare as compared with those found by early settlers, and are valued accordingly. Coins The most common coins found on Iroquois sites and used for ornaments are the liards of the 17th century. The value is about half that of the English farthing. They were at first a silver coin, ‘but in the reign of Louis 14 became restricted to copper. On the coin the date follows the inscription, and shows several issues. In numismatic records they are described as dated in 1656 and subse- ‘quently. On Indian sites they are perforated for attachment or sus- pension, and are often too much worn to make sure of the date; but in New York this seems always during Louis 14’s reign. Those reported as having the date of 1650 may be safely referred to 1656, a slight erosion affecting the date. In Cayuga county 44 were found in a pewter mug, which had suffered only by early use. All were of the middle of the 17th century. The obverse has a crowned bust, with the inscription in capitals: Glee bilo Roy- de, Hr. et. de..Na.;” reverse,“ Liard: de France,” across the surface. On the lower part are three fleurs-de-lis, and above these a letter, showing at what place they were made, for there were several. A stood for Paris, B for Rouen, and examples -of both these are found at Indian hill, Pompey. In Onondaga county they seem restricted to the place first visited by the French in 1654, and where the Onondagas remained till 1682. There they often occur. Fig. 303 shows both sides of one found at that place, which has two perforations. Fig. 304 is another with but one hole. Fig. 297 is from the same site, and has R instead of Roy. This has two perforations. The writer has since had in his hands liards from Pompey of the D and E issue, the former being from the Lyons mint. 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM A smaller coin has a head on the obverse, face to the left, with OVR. D. C. D., with the rest indistinct. Fig. 396 is of this. On the reverse are four fleurs-de-lis, the upper one above a castle tower. Part of the inscription is AN. 1639. DOVR. One better preserved. is in Theodore Stanford’s collection, appearing in fig. 397. On the obverse is the King’s head. LOVS remains on one side, and FR. ET. NA. on the other. The reverse now barely suggests the lilies. The date is 1640; then comes a cross, and then the letters DOVR. DE. TOV. Both these are of copper, and they are slightly wider than our present cent. No coins o: older date have been reported from New York Indian sites. Honorary medals and gorgets Though the Indians preferred substantial presents, they were not insensible to honorable distinctions. They thought powder and ball a better means of defense than the king’s arms, but tokens of personal rank they valued. So that Robert Livingston made a shrewd suggestion on returning from Onondaga in 1700, when he recommended to Governor Bellomont: That his Ma‘’s armes be sent to all the 5 Nations and put up on each Castle, and if your Lord? thought fit, that some of their Chief Sachems had a badge or the King’s armes cut in silver to hang about their necks upon solemn days, I presume it would be acceptable. O’Callaghan, 4:651 Whether this was at once done does not appear, but Queen Anne: did not forget the wise suggestion. At his first conference with the Five Nations, in August 1710, Governor Hunter introduced a new feature. The queen had been greatly impressed by the visit of the New York Indians to London, and took a warm interest in her forest allies, regarded by her as subjects. On this occasion Governor Hun- ter said: Her Maj‘ has sent them as a pledge of her protection, and as a memoriall to them of their fidelity, a medall for each Nation with her Royall effigie on one side, & the last gain’d battle on ye other, which as such she desires may be kept in your respective Castles for ever, she has also sent her Picture on silver twenty to each nation METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 5I to be given to y® Chief Warriors, to be worn about their necks as a token that they shall allwaies be in a readinesse to fight under her Banner against the common enemy. O’Callaghan. Col. Hist. 5:222 Very proud, doubtless, were these hundred warriors, but the cus- tom begun by the English two centuries ago, and by the French still earlier, has come down to our own day. In July 1721 the governor of Pennsylvania presented the Seneca chief Ghesont with a gold coronation medal of the king, charging him “to deliver this piece into the hands of the first man or greatest chief of the Five Nations, whom you call Kannygoodk, to be laid up and kept” as a token of friendship between them. Hazard. Minutes, 3:130 Possibly the plate mentioned in Penhallow’s /ndian ]Vars was silver medals or badges. The Six Nations and Scaghticoke Indians were well received in Boston in 1723, and the lieutenant governor “gave each of them a piece of plate, with figures engraven thereon, as a turtle, a bear, a hatchet, a wolf, etc., which are the escutcheons of their several tribes. And the more to oblige them to our interest, they had a promise made of one hundred pounds a scalp, for every Indian that they killed or took.” Penhallow, 1:101 In the Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal for January 1899, Mr R. W. McLachlan gave an account of medals awarded to Canadian Indians. In this are many interesting particulars, the author being a specialist in these, and putting many early notices in an accessible form. The following observation is of general. in- terest: Size was of great importance to the red man, who was no admirer of miniature medals. Some were struck exceeding three inches in diameter. These.were for the great chiefs, for there were smaller medals for lesser lights. . . While we may be inclined to believe that more minor than great medals were distributed, as there could not help but be more lesser than “ Great Chiefs,” this fact is not borne out by the number of existing medals; the larger medals are by far the more abundant. This may, in a measure, be accounted for by the fact that the minor chiefs more readily parted with their medals; and that, too, at a time when there were few collectors in the country to secure and hand them down to posterity, while the great chiefs’ medals passed from father to son as an insignia of office. . . Old silversmiths relate that, as late as 60 years ago, f- ee Se NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the Indians used to bring in their medals to have them made over — into gorgets and armlets. McLachlan, 2:4 Mr McLachlan quotes the earliest mention of medals in Canada, in 1670-71, from volume 4 of the Archives of that country: A savage of the Sault, (Caughnawaga), named Louis Atouata, godson of the King, who preserves as a precious thing the medal of which his Majesty made a present to him. A medal was struck about 1670, for the friendly Indians of Vir- ginia, but had no relation to New York, while most French medals came there at one time or another. Mr McLachlan also describes a medal of 1693, in five sizes. The obverse has “the head of Louis 14, with flowing hair, and on the reverse those of his son the dauphin and the three sons of the latter.” But one original is known, but restrikes have been made. This writer also quotes an account of medals used in Canada in 1723, and placed after death on the biers of Indian chiefs. In another paper in the Proceedings of the American Numismatical and Archaeological Society of New York, 1883, p. 17-20, he gave two quotations not found in O’Callaghan’s New York colonial docu- ments. Governor Vaudreuil wrote thus Sep. 21, 1722: I have received the letter with which the council has honored me, and the twelve medals bearing the portrait of the King; eight small and four large. I have continued to be careful not to be too lavish with this favor among the Indians, and to give them only to those who by their services to the nation deserve them, and to those whom I desire to bind to our interest by this mark of honor. The reference is to an established custom. He quotes also from Beauharnois under date of Aug. 25, 1727: Since the death of M. de Vaudreuil, the Rev. Father Jesuits have not asked medals for the chiefs of the settled Indians, for whom it was customary for them to ask some. The Rev. Father de la Chasse, to whom the Marquis de la Vaudreuil had given one, tells me it is absolutely necessary to provide some more. I have received proof of this. The Indians from above, when they come down to Montreal, would not relieve me from promising them to several who have served us well among their tribes. I pray you to enable me to satisfy these savages, and to send me a dozen small medals and six large ones. METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 53 On the same subject Governor Beauharnois wrote again, Oct. 15, 1732, to the Count de Maurepas: I thank you, My Lord, for the twelve medals you had the good- ness to send me for the Indians. His Majesty may be assured that I will make the most of them, and that I shall not distribute them except to Chiefs, whose services and attachment to the French will be known to me. As there are many such to whom I have promised such a token of honor, and as the adventure of our Iroquois and Hurons against the Foxes places me under the obligation of giving a few to the principal Chiefs of the expedition, I beg you, My Lord, to order that some be sent me next year, so that I may be enabled to invest them with this mark of honor, which also renders them more respectable among their people. O’Callaghan. Col. Hist. 9:1036 Sir William Johnson gave “three silver gorgets to three of the principal warriors” of the Ganuskago Indians, at Fort Johnson, Feb. 26, 1756. At the same place, July 12, he “ put medals round the necks of the Shawanese and Delaware chiefs, and also to the chief Sachem of the River Indians, accompanied with the usual ex- hortation, also gave silver Gorgets to some of their head Warriors.” O'Callaghan. Col. Hist. 7:160 He held a council at Onondaga lake that year. When the Onon- daga speaker had concluded his address, July 2, “ Sir William then rose and put a medal about the Speaker’s neck and declared him a Sachem of that Council, charging him to be steady to his Mae s interest.” O’Callaghan. Col. Hist. 7:149 To take off the medal was to renounce friendship or allegiance, and this the French encouraged when English medals were worn. A Seneca chief, who wore an English medal in 1775, said to Governor Vaudreuil: “I tear off the medal of. the King of England, which hangs from my neck and trample it under foot.” O’Callaghan. Col. Hist. 10:378 The year before, the La Presentation Indians had sent to M. “ce Duquesne “the medals the English had presented to some of that village who had furtively assisted at the Council at Orange.”’ O’Cal- laghan. Col. Hist. 10:263 Two Iroquois chiefs gave up their English medals to Vaudreuil in Aug. 1756. Of another he said: “I have appointed this Onon- 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM daga a chief, and have decorated him with the King’s medal, in con- sideration of the proofs he has afforded me of his fidelity,” the Onon- dagas being then almost equally divided. Jn December of that dis- couraging year to the English, an Oneida chief gave up two English medals to the French, saying: Father. We can not retain two medals which we have formerly had the folly to accept from our brethren, the English, as a mark of distinction. We acknowledge that these medals have been the true | cause of our errors, and that they have plunged us into bad busi- ness. We strip ourselves of them; we cast them from us, in order not to think any more of the English. O’Callaghan. Col. Hist. 10:513 The gorgets are not usually described, but many were given to the Five Nations and Delawares. The following description, given to the French in 1758, seems that of a well known medal: The Governor of Philadelphia has held a great council with them, at which he has distributed a great quantity of belts, calumets of peace, and more than 40 silver gorgets. A chief of the Five Nations has carried to the Commandant of Niagara one of those gorgets on which was engraved a Sun, with an Indian and a Squaw feeding a fire, and an Indian smoking a great calumet with an Englishman under the shade of the tree of peace. O’Callaghan. Col. Hist. 10:839 An affecting incident took place soon after Sir William Johnson’s death. Some Onondagas were at Johnson Hall, Sep. 12, 1774, and the Bunt’s eldest son produced the various marks of the baronet’s regard, Then (according to the old custom after such an event) he laid them down consisting of a silver hilted sword, laced hat, medals, flags, &c. before Col. Johnson, observing that his dear friend, being now no more, these things must be restored to Col. Johnson for his disposal. Then a noted Chief and particular friend of Sir Wm . Johnson’s arose, took off his medal &c. and did in like manner as the former, as did some others. . . Then Col. Johnson put the medals &c. about their necks and returned the several articles they had surrendered. O’Callaghan. Col. Hist.°8:498 A similar thing occurred at the Canandaigua conference, held by Col. Pickering in 1794. There was a condolence at the opening. Red Jacket said they returned gifts to the donors when any one died, METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 55 and he returned to the commissioners a silver gorget which had belonged to a dead chief, and which had been given him by the United States. ; These were not considered equal in value to medals. In 1741 the Marquis de Beauharnois invested an Iroquois chief of the Sault with a gorget, till he could give him a medal as a mark of rank, but all medals had not this character. The finest of the English silver medals which the writer has seen belonged to Mr John Jones, of Baldwinsville N. Y. It came to him as an heirloom, and was said to have been from the body of an Indian chief. The history is not very clear. Though it has been roughly handled by children, it is in good preservation, owing to the deep border and high relief. On one side is the British coat of arms, with the usual mottos. On the other is a fine head of George 2, facing the left. The inscription around the border is SEONG ot DG. MAG RB RIE RAY Ea. Es REX Hs in roman capitals. As this monarch reigned from 1727 to 1760, the medal would come between these dates, and probably during the old French war. It is 1 inches across, and is quite heavy. Fig. 280 shows the obverse of this. In American Colonial History illustrated by Contemporaneous Medals, this issue is described: Obverse: GEORGIVS II. D. G: MAG: BRI: FRA: ET: H: REX: F, D. Bust of the King, laureate, facing the left, without drapery. Reverse. The Royal Arms within the Garter and with supporters, helmet, crown and crest; upon the Garter, DIEU. ET. MON. DRorT. Silver, cast and chased, with loop and ring. Size 30. Betts, p. 177 The medal here represented accurately corresponds with this description, and must be considered one of this issue. American medalists are of the opinion that these are the 30 brought to New York by Sir Danvers Osborne in 1753, for distribution to the Indians, reference to which is made in a following paragraph. Everything agrees with the family tradition. There is another familiar Indian medal of an earlier date, and about the size of a silver dollar, which has been found in New York. It will be observed that Indian medals not found here, or which 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM have no connection with New York, are not illustrated in this paper- Several colonial and Canadian medals are thus passed over. The. medal just referred to was found when the Erie canal at Oriskany was enlarged in 1849. Some graves were opened, contain- ing 10 or 12 skeletons, with ornaments and medals. On one was. a head of George 1, with the title, George, king of Great Britain, in capitals. On the reverse was an Indian behind a tree, with bow and arrow, shooting at a deer. This part of the account is clear, but some other statements are erroneous. For instance, a medal of George I is said to have been dated in 1731. The other medals were dated from 1731 to 1735. Some of the later Georges used the same design. Besides one of these medals from the lower Mohawk valley, some- what. indefinitely reported, Mr Conover described one from the Read farm in Seneca, which was taken from the Indian cemetery there, and from which he deduced its age. He described it as “a. copper or brass medal of about 14 inches in diameter. On one side of this medal was the representation of an Indian with a bow and arrow in the act of shooting at a deer, a tree being between them,. and the rays of the rising sun being alongside of the top of the tree. On the reverse was a medallion likeness, and around it and near the edge of the circumference the words, George, king of Great Britain. As the reign of George 1 was from 1714 to 1727, and such tokens were only presented to those Indians who were of importance among their own people,” and this could not be secured in youth, he inferred that it must have been given to an old man. who was buried with it in the first half of that century. As the medal might have been preserved in the family, the conclusion does not follow as to the date of the cemetery, as Mr Conover’s farther statement shows: There has also been lately found what at first seemed a small lead bullet, which had been flattened, but, upon its being cleaned from the dirt and corrosion, it proved to be a leaden seal, such as was used in colonial times, and which had the date of 1767 cut on its face. In the above account Mr Conover should have said the obverse had the head of the king, but this is a mere technicality. In the METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 57 series of newspaper articles by him, from which this is quoted, he recorded many things worthy of preservation. A careful and judici- ous writer, he did much excellent local work. One of these figures of medals appears in Miner’s History of Wyoming from an example found on the Susquehanna in 1814, and now said to be in a collection at Carbondale Pa. Fig. 289 is from his picture of this, but, though he said it bore the date of 1714, this does not appear. In that year George 1 began to reign. Mr McLachlan writes: In 1859 two medals were turned up among other Indian remains, on the banks of the Ohio river. The older of these has on the obverse the head of George 1, and the other the head of George 2. The reverses of both have a representation of an Indian aiming at a deer. More of this class of medals have been found in Pennsylvania and Virginia than elsewhere, and they are divided into these two reigns. As all may occur in New York, a brief description of some of these is given. They are of brass. One like the medal described by Miner, but smaller and found in Virginia, is now in Wilkesbarre. Another, found at Tunkhannock Pa., has a large Indian throwing a spear at a small deer on the left. This is quite thick. Another Virginia example has on the obverse a laureated head of George 1 facing the left. The inscription is Georgius—Mag. Bri: Fra. et. Hib. Rex. in capitals. Reverse: Indian at right, nearly erect, bending forward under a tree which follows the curve of the rim, holding a bow, etc. A running deer under a tree at the left. Betts, p. 83 Another Pennsylvania specimen has the king’s laureated bust to the left, in armor. The inscription is Georgius II. D. G: Mag. Br. Fr. et. Hib. Rex. in capitals. Reverse: Indian at right under a tree, shooting at a deer running away under a tree at the right. Betts, p. 84 | This should probably be the left, as in the other cases, for the reported arrangement would not suit the requirements. In another medal it is possible the spear described may have come from a wear- ing away of the bow, changing the appearance. As no figures have been given, the descriptions are followed. 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In a letter to the writer Mr McLachlan says: Another medal for the Indians is referred to in an article in the Historical Magazine for September 1865, page 285, which states that “Sir Danvers Osborne, after he had been appointed Governor of New York in 1753, brought out, among other presents for the Six © Nation Indians, 30 silver medals, his majesty’s picture on one side, and the royal arms on the other. . . These medals seem to have disappeared, possibly a stray one may be found in some collection.” Sir Danvers Osborne died two days after his installation in office, and there is no reference to these medals in the succeeding Indian councils. The Baldwinsville medal is one of those described. A remarkably fine bronze medal found in the Onondaga valley in 1893, between the old Indian fort and the present reservation, has no reference to the Indians and yet may have belonged to one of them. It is finely executed, and was found by Mr George Slocum, in whose hands it still remains. Fig. 311 shows the obverse and fig. 312 the reverse. On the obverse is a fine bust of the duke of Cumberland, with the legend in capitals around the edge, WILL: DUKE:.CUMB: BRITISH: HERO. The other inscriptions are in capitals. Under the bust and following the rim is a scroll inclosing the words “BORN 15 APR. 1721.” Next the rim, on the reverse, are the words, “REBELION JUSTLY REWARDED;” and under a group, in two straight lines, is the continuation “| AT CARLILE | ANNO 1745. |” A bareheaded officer leads forth two prisoners on the left; one of them a Scotchman with a rope around his neck; the mounted duke points with his sword to the right, as though order- ing them to execution. This is not mentioned among the war medals of the British Museum. A very interesting series of medals was designed expressly for Indian use, but the exact date is in question. An unused example is figured in the Medaillier du Canada, or Canadian Coin Cabinet, published at Montreal in 1888 by Joseph Leroux M. D. The brief description follows: “837. Obv.: View of the City of Montreal. MONTREAL. D. C. F. Rev.: Plain, in order to write the name of the Indian chief to whom the medal was awarded. Size 32, rarity 8.” METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 59 This retains the ring in the loop above, but this is commonly lacking. On the obverse the city is represented with houses, church spires and the British flag, and has lines of defense between it and the water. A small cartouche below incloses the letters D.C. BF. The reverse is perfectly smooth in this case. In others the Indian’s name is in script above, following the rim. The name of the nation is in capitals, in a straight line across the center. As Mr McLachlan has given special attention to these medals, some quotations are here made from his letters to the writer in 1891. He differs from the latter regarding the date, connecting them with Sir William Johnson’s western trip in 1761. He says: He is at Oswego, ready to sail on July 21, 1761: “ Got everything on board the vessel, then met the Onondaga chiefs. When assem- bled, I bid them welcome. . . Then delivered the medals sent me by the General for those who went with us to Canada last year, being twenty-three in number.” The taking of Montreal was almost the only engagement in which the New England Algonquin tribes acted with the Iroquois. Montreal was invested, at the con- quest, by an army in which the Indians under Sir William Johnson took a prominent part, and there is no reason why the view of Montreal should have been used for any other occasion than the conquest. In regard to other points, he adds that in his opinion an actual instead of conventional view of Montreal would have been given when better known: The D. C. F. is a stamp such as jewelers use to stamp their plate. It has been stamped on after the medal was cast. That the name of the tribe should be spelled differently from Sir William Johnson does not matter, for the item states that they were ordered by the General, probably Amherst.. He therefore would adopt his own spelling. Medals given after the Revolution bear the head of George 3 and the royal arms. In a letter of June 4, 1902, Mr McLachlan maintains his position and adds: I have claimed that the medal was made in New York. This is borne out by the medal described by Betts, page 227, which bears the same maker’s mark. The medal is too crude in workmanship to be of English manufacture. The New York Indian medal clearly 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM proves that the maker was not a Canadian. Hence the medal could not have been revolutionary. As is well known in history, the bulk of the Indians that came to Montreal were from Michigan and other western districts, while those who were at the capitulation of Montreal were Mohicans and Iroquois. We find none of the Montreal medals among the tribes that were under the French influ- ence previous to the conquest. All I have seen or heard about bear the tribal names, Mohicans, Mohawks and Onondagas. This to me is a most convincing argument. These three tribes would not have been singled out to the exclusion of the great numbers of the western tribes. Another strong proof is that we have no other medal that could have been distributed in 1761 by Sir William Johnson, as described in the entry in his diary. Then the inscription scratched on my medal must be counted of some value as evidence. All of Mr McLachlan’s arguments have been stated, and due weight should be given to them and to the rank of their author, from whom the writer is compelled to differ, though with some hesitation. I do not find it proved that these medals were made’ in New York and not in Montreal. Some of the best silversmiths were in the latter place at both dates mentioned. If they were made in New York, it must be remembered that that city was in British hands through nearly the whole of the revolutionary war, and was in con- stant communication with Quebec and Montreal. There are two medals directly relating to the conquest of Canada and the taking of Montreal, which Johnson might have used. The inscription scratched on Mr McLachlan’s medal is clearly erroneous in date, as will appear later. The omission of western tribes on the medals found is no more singular than the omission of four of the Six Nations. It is negative evidence at best. Thus, while it would be unwise to say that the true date is not that of 1761, there is but a presumption in favor of that date. Some reasons against it will appear in the descriptions of these and other medals, but others may be briefly stated here. Conventional views of cities were then customary, as may be seen on old powderhorns and seals; Montreal was the seat of the Indian agency during the Revolution and the headquarters of warlike opera- tions; the spelling of Onondagos is that of Col. Claus, the agent, and not that of Johnson; the River Indians were constantly employed by METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 61 the British government, had villages in the Mohawk territory, and virtually belonged to that people. In the Revolution 60 of them are ~ said to have fought on the English side. It is improbable that John- son had 23 medals with names and nations inscribed, for distribution at Oswego. They would have had a general character, whereas these were filled out from time to time for personal services. Some, held in reserve, were never engraved. Lastly, some of these names correspond with those of chiefs attached to early land treaties with the State of New York. In 1761 Johnson also had similar medals for the Oneidas, but none of these have been found. He was at Oneida Old Castle, July 16, and said: _ I then acquainted them that General Amherst had sent me, some __ time ago, medals for such persons as went to Canada with the army last year, which I was now ready to deliver, were the persons here to whom they belonged. As they were not, must keep them till I had an opportunity of delivering them myself, that no mistake might be committed. Stone. Johnson, 2:432 Mr J. V. H. Clark described one several times examined by the writer: A silver medal was found near Eagle village, about the size of a dollar, but a little thinner, with a ring or loop at one edge, to:admit a cord by which it might be suspended. On one side appears in relief, a somewhat rude representation of a fortified town, with several tall steeples rising above its buildings, and a citadel from which the British flag is flying; a river broken by an island or two, occupies the foreground, and above, along the upper edge of the medal, is the name Montreal. The initials, Dp. c. F., probably of the manufacturer, are stamped below. On the other side, which was originally made blank, are engraved the words CANECYA, Onon- dagoes. . . There is no date on this or any other of the medals. But this must be at least older than the Revolution. Clark, 2:274 This should be Canetya in script and Onondagos in capitals. Fig. 281 shows this medal as drawn by the writer at Mr L. W. Ledyard’s, Cazenovia N. Y. in 1882. It was in his possession for many years. If of revolutionary date, as the writer thinks probable, the Caneiye of the medal might correspond with the Onondaga chief Kaneyaagh, of the treaty of 1788. 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mr McLachlan kindly furnished figures of some medals. Fig. 282 shows one of these, and his description follows: Obverse, Montreal; in the exergue, DCF stamped in a sunk oval. A view of a walled town with a body of water in the fore- ground, into which a small stream flows. There are five church spires ranged along the middle of the town, and a flag displaying St George’s cross to the right. Reverse. Plain; Onondagos is en- graved in capitals across the field, and the name Tekahonwaghse in script at the top. Some one has, at a later time, scratched across the lower part with a sharp pointed instrument, in three lines, | Taken from an Indian | cheif in the AmERrtcAN | Wak, 1761.{ Mr Betts also illustrated and described this medal. In the addition there is an evident error for there was no war in that year, but, if it were 1781, it would correspond with the American war, as the English termed that of the Revolution. Allowing this date, Tekahonwaghse might be Takanaghkwaghsen, an Onondaga chief who signed the treaty of 1788, or Tagonaghquaghse, appointed chief warrior of that nation in 1770, and perhaps the chief of 1788. Mr McLachlan had this medal from the Bushnell collection. He added, “ I know of another in the collection of James Ollier of New York. Iam under the impression that it is also in silver, and that it * No account could be obtained of this. Fig. 283 is a similar silver medal, bought by Mr McLachlan in London. On the reverse this has Mohawks in the field, and Aruntes bears the name Onondagos.’ above. It is in extra fine condition. This name does not appear among the many on record in the French war, nor is there any resembling it, but “ The Answer of Thayendanegea a Sachem, and of Ohrante a warrior of the Mohocks to the Right Hon !e Lord George Germaine”, London, May 7, 1776, is preserved in full. O’Callaghan. Col. Hist. 8:678 Those familiar with the great variations in spelling Indian names, and the rank of this person, will have little doubt that Ohrante and Aruntes are the same. It is a curious coincidence that this well pre- served medal was obtained in London, where Ohrante spent some months. In another place the Mohawk warrior is called Oterough- yanento, Indians often having two names. In the writer’s exhaustive list of Iroquois personal names this nowhere else appears, but it is an unexpected gratification to link the three Iroquois names op- METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 63 tained on these medals with well known persons of the revolutionary period. Concerning these two Mohawks, Guy Johnson wrote in London, Jan. 26, 1776: “The Indian Chief who accompanied me, with his companion, are persons of character and influence in their country; they can more at large speak on any matters that may be required of them.” O’Callaghan. Col. Hist. 8:657 Fig. 284 is another medal of which Mr McLachlan says: It is in the government collection at Ottawa, and came from the collection of Mr I. F. Wood of New York. This is in pewter, and has Mohicrans in the field, either misspelled in the copy or the original. Above is Tantalkel. Judging from the medal given to Tanialkel of the Mohicans, we infer that his services could not have been valued so highly as those of the Onondaga warrior, for his reward is in the baser metal. How one of that tribe came to receive a medal is explained when we learn that 70 River Indians accom- panied Johnson to Montreal. Another Mohican fared better. The Albany Argus, Sep. 27, 1875, described a silver medal found by Mr Kelly of Ballston Spa N. Y. The obverse was as usual. On the reverse,as reported, was Mohicans in capitals, and Son Gose in script. Mr Joseph E. Wescot pur- chased it of the finder, and sold it in 1902 to Mr E. Hallenbeck, 749 Liberty st., Schenectady. Through the kindness of the latter, the writer is not only able to give an accurate figure, but to settle the spelling of a word in doubt. It is Mohigrans, the engraver having mistaken in his orders G for C, and R for K. It was easy to do this. The Indian’s name is-also Songose. This medal was found on the Kelly place, near the bank of the Mourning kill and the old Canadian trail. It is somewhat worn, but in good condition. It is remarkable that so many have the name of this nation. Fig. 388. In the work of C. Wyllys Betts, already mentioned, he speaks of another Mohican silver medal, on the reverse of which was Madoghk, with the nation’s name engraved in the usual way. He also takes note of the doubtful spelling, now cleared up by the writer’s exam- ination of the Hallenbeck medal. The error was made in all. The Mohicans became so closely linked with the Mohawks as to share their fortunes and that of the Johnson family. Some of 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM them are mentioned in the raids in the Mohawk valley. The medals can hardly be referred to Burgoyne’s luckless campaign, for each was engraved for a particular person, nor were the Onondagas yet in the field. None known bear the Oneida name, a significant fact, © for they were on the American side. Nor were they among Butler’s ‘ presents in the winter of 1777-78, who gave “in particular 300 of Burgoyne’s silver medals to their young warriors.” Halsey, p. 204. They are not all of silver. In a description of American medals of the Revolution by J. T. Fisher of Philadelphia, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. 6 of 3d series, is one of these medals, but without place or name of Indian, and with another misspelling: ‘‘ Medal—prob- ably for distribution among the Indians. Obverse, A view of Mont- real, and above it the name MONTREAL. Reverse, The name MOHIGHANS.”’ In Le Medailher du Canada is a figure of the French Oswego medal of 1758. A better one is given by Mr Betts. As medals were very freely distributed about that time, some of these may have been placed in Indian hands, though of this there is no proof. It is nearly 14 inches wide. All the letters are capitals. “Avers: 3ust to the right. LUDOVICUS XV. ORBIS IMPER'ATOR. 1758. Rev.: Four towers. Wesel, Oswego, Port Mahon, Expug, Sti Davidis arce et solo aequata.” Leroux, p. 177 Leroux assigns a number to Indian use, but some are later than the colonial period. One has George 3 and Queen Charlotte face to face. Another may be like the fine one recently obtained from the Ottawas by Walter C. Wyman. This has a bust of George 3 to the right, and the arms of Great Britain on the reverse. There are several of this character to be mentioned later. Mr McLachlan discredits Stone’s statement that the medals of 1761, “ by order of Amherst, were stamped upon one side with the baronet’s coat of arms,’ nor does there seem any direct proof of this. He adds: I have in my collection 10 or 12 medals relating to the Indians. One. of these represents a lion watching a wolf, with a church and schoolhouse surrounded by trees in the background. This, to my METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 65 mind, relates to the conspiracy of Pontiac. French medals are now very rare; only one or two are known. After the conquest the Indians had to give them up, or exchange them for medals bearing the bust of George 3. I think it was not customary to strike medals specially for the occasion, but to give the Indians copies of some popular medal of the time; later medals bearing the arms of Great Britain, with only the name and title of the king on the obverse, for inscription. Such are all the medals of George 3, with the single exception of the lion and the wolf. The one last mentioned has a fine bust of this monarch as a young man in armor. The inscription is simply GEORGIUS III. DEI GRATIA. There is nothing suggestive of Indian life on the medal, and Mr McLachlan merely gives it as his opinion that it referred to the Pontiac war. He states, however, that this was struck as a peace medal for a conference with the Indians at Niagara in 1764, followed by the treaty of 1765. He adds: One of these medals, found in the grave of Otussa (Pontiac’s son) is now in the cabinet of the United States mint at Philadelphia. A considerable number of these medals must have been struck, as two reverse dies were used. The two varieties were found in 1889 buried in one grave in Michigan. McLachlan, 2:14 The reverse of this large silver medal has no legend. A lion lies on the turf in the foreground, a wolf drinks at a stream, a church and house are in the background. Without an Indian symbol its Indian use seems clear. Three others of this monarch’s reign are ascribed to 1762 and’ 1764, and two of these refer to New York, Medalists suppose them to have been struck for Canadian chiefs at the close of the French war. They are quite as likely to have been given to New York Indians, and there is no reference to Canada, as on some of earlier date. The one ascribed to 1762 has the youthful bust of George 3 in armor, and the British arms on the reverse. One of 1764 has his bust in armor to the right, with the inscription, GEORGIUS III. DeG MERI PRA. ET. HIB. REX! B.D. On the ‘reverse, “Happy while united,’ in capitals. In exergue, 1764. Indian holding a pipe, seated near an officer on a roll of tobacco. Back- ground, city and harbor of New York. Betts, p. 226 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Another has the same obverse, and the same date and legend on the reverse. An officer is in the foreground of the landscape, and an Indian is seated in a rustic chair on a river bank, on the right. On a rocky bank is a house, and there are three ships beyond. Betis, p. 227 Some medals of George 2 are of special interest. War had not prospered. Pennsylvania had suffered severely, but in 1757 a pre- liminary treaty was made with the Delawares and Shawnees. The Six Nations were balancing between the English and French, and great efforts were put forth for their support. So a medal was pre- pared in 1757, appropriate to the times. On the obverse is a laureated bust of George 2 in armor, with the inscription, GEORGIVS. II. DEI. GRATIA. On the reverse is the legend, in capitals, “ Let us look to the Most High, who blessed our fathers with peace.” In exergue, 1757. The field has a man seated under a tree on the right, offering a calumet to an Indian seated on the other side of a council fire. The sun is above the Indian on the left. This medal occurs in silver, copper and pewter, and is sup- posed to be the first struck in America. It was made for the Friendly Association for regaining and preserving peace with the Indians. Betts, p.179. This is the one mentioned in the Canadian documents. Two, relating to the conquest of Canada and the capture of Mont- real, seem more likely to have been those given by Johnson to the Indians in 1761 than those which Mr McLachlan assigns to that period, as they were issued in time and relate to that event. One has a laureated head of the monarch, with the inscription, GEORGE II, KING. On the reverse is the legend, CANADA SUBDUED. In exergue, MDCCLX. S. P. A. C. A pine tree rises in the center, under which is a weeping woman seated on the ground. On the left a beaver crawls up the bank. Betts, p. 192 Another, issued by the same society, has points of resemblance and is of the same date. On the obverse is a river god reclining, with a bow, quiver and ax below him. A beaver climbs up the bank, and overhead is a shield with Amherst’s name. The legend in capitals is, ““ The conquest of Canada completed.” The reverse METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 67 has a mourning woman seated under a tree. To the left is an eagle, and to the right an ax, etc. The legend is, “ Montreal taken MDCCLX.” In exergue, “Soc. promoting arts and commerce.” Leroux, p. 166. As these have Indian symbols, and one of them Amherst’s name and that of Montreal, they seem to suit in every way Johnson’s lavish distribution of medals at Oswego, when sent him by his leader. Red Jacket’s medal has been made the subject of controversy. Fig. 411 is taken from an article in Harper’s Magazine, 1866, in which its history is given. A note says: It is said that there are in existence other medals, each purporting to be the genuine Red Jacket medal. Possibly copies of it may have been made when it was at one time or another in pawn in the hands of those to whom Red Jacket had pledged it for whisky. But none of these copies were ever owned by Red Jacket himself. The original medal, from which our drawing was made, is, as we write, open to public inspection at the jewelry establishment of Messrs Browne and Spaulding, in Broadway, New York, by whom, with the assent of the owner, it was placed at our disposal for illus- tration. We have in our possession the most abundant proof that it is the genuine, and only genuine, medal presented by Washington te Red Jacket. Harper’s, 32:324 It then belonged to General Ely S. Parker, a Seneca chief. In 1890 a medal was presented to the Red Jacket Club of Canandaigua, as having belonged to that chief. Mr William C. Bryant, of Buffalo, wrote to Hon. George S. Conover on the subject, in the following - words: Buffalo, Feb. 3, rSor FRIEND CoNovER: There is no rational ground for doubt that the medal worn by General Parker is the one presented by President Washington to Red Jacket. This medal was a familiar object to all Buffalo residents while the old chief lived; and, after his death in 1830, it was well known that it descended to, or became the prop- erty of Jemmie Johnson, Red Jacket’s nephew and the successor of Handsome Lake, the great Iroquois prophet. Soon afterward, and shortly before Johnson’s death, it became the property or possession of General Parker, its present owner. In 1851 or 1852, when a boy, [ visited Jemmie Johnson at his cabin, and he exhibited the medal to me. It should be remembered that the Red Jacket medal is not a unique article, but one of many which were stricken off by the 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM government when Red Jacket was alive, for presentation to distin- guished chiefs of the Iroquois Confederacy. There are, perhaps, two or three specimens similar in appearance to the Red Jacket medal still extant. Probably the one presented to the Red Jacket Club of Canandaigua is one of this class of medals, contemporaneous with that of Red Jacket. That it was ever worn by the old chief is not probable. Sa-go-ye-wa-tha had only one medal, and of this he was very fond and proud. During his career he owned several tomahawks and gave away at least two of them, whose subsequent history can still be traced; but he seemed to cling to this medal as if it were a most precious heirloom or sacred amulet. I was present at the Six Nations mourning council, when General Parker was invested with the title of Door Keeper (Don-e-ho-ga-wa), one of the 50 grand sachemships of the Confederacy. This was, I think, in 1850. He then wore the Red Jacket medal, and in open council it was exhibited to many of Red Jacket’s compeers, none of whom doubted its authenticity. To this Mr Conover added: A few years since the Cayuga Indians residing in Canada em- ployed an attorney in Buffalo to urge a claim against the State for a portion of the annuity paid by the State to the Cayugas in the United States, they having been deprived of the same since the War of 1812. Among other matters put in the hands of this attorney was a silver medal, a facsimile of which is to be found in the printed law case. This medal is of the same size, and substantially the same as the Parker medal, having the same inscription on one side, viz, “ George Washington, President, 1792.” This medal is claimed to have been presented to O-ja-geht-ti, or Fish Carrier, at that time the head chief of the Cayuga Indians, and has been in the possession of every successor in office, who has been uniformly styled by the same name from that day to the time of the present Fish Carrier. The medal presented to the Red Jacket Club at Canandaigua, I understand, is about one third smaller in size than either of the two above named. Mr L. H. Morgan says of these: The government has long been in the habit of presenting silver medals to the chiefs of the various Indian tribes at the formation of treaties, and on the occasion of their visits to the seat of govern- ment. These medals are held in the highest estimation. Red Jacket, Corn Planter, Farmer’s Brother and several other distin- guished Seneca chiefs have received medals of this description. Washington presented a medal to Red Jacket in 1792. It is an elliptic plate of silver, surrounded by a rim, as represented in the METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 69 figure, and is about 6 inches in its greatest diameter. On each side it is engraved with various devices. The medal is now worn by Sose-ha-wa, (Johnson) a Seneca chief. Medals of seashell, inlaid with silver, were also used. Morgan, p. 388 At the reinterment of Red Jacket in 1884, Gen. Parker exhibited this medal. “It is of silver, oval in shape, 7 inches long by 5 inches broad. The general had dressed it in black and white wampum; the black indicating mourning and the white peace and gladness.” The above long diameter includes the loop. A copy of this medal is now in the National Museum, Washing- ton, and data obtained thence made a difference in date and size: The original of Red Jacket’s medal is engraved. It is oval, 5% by 4 inches. It was presented by President George Washington, in 1795, to the Indian Red Jacket, who, with a number of chiefs of the Six Nations, visited Philadelphia, then the seat of government, at the invitation of the first president. Obverse: figure of Red Jacket presenting to General Washington the pipe of peace. In the background a man plowing and a pioneer cabin; beneath, the in- scription “ George Washington, President, 1795.” Left field, a pine tree. Reverse: the American eagle, with clouds and rays above and 13 stars below; in beak a scroll, with “ E Pluribus Unum.” Mr J. V. H. Clark described a brass medal found near Indian hill, Pompey, in 1821: It was without date, on one side of it was a figure of Louis 14, king of France and Navarre. On the reverse side was represented a field, with three flowers-de-luce, supporting a royal crown, sur- rounded by the name of Nalf Lanfar & Co. It was about the size of a Spanish pistareen, had been compressed between dies, characters and letters distinct. Clark, 2:255 On a neighboring site a brass medal was found, on which was a horseman with drawn sword. On the other was “‘ William, Prince of Orange’, with a crest or coat of arms; the date was obliterated. William, Prince of Orange flourished in 1689, and was conspicuous in the affairs of New York for several years previous. This medal may have been a present by him to some distinguished chief. Clark, 2:258 That medals and coins should be sometimes found near the old colonial forts is to be expected, but they have seldom been reported, and have no necessary connection with Indian life. A fine gold 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM piece found near Fort Brewerton, and bearing the arms of the duke of Brunswick, has been shown the writer. From the same place came a copper medal, 14 inches in diameter, having an erect woman, with shield and cornucopia on the obverse, and the legend, “ Honor obtain’d through virtue,” on the reverse. It is some years since the writer has seen this, but he has the impression that it was once a familiar form, as far as the obverse is concerned. Religious medals A much larger class of medals was of a religious character, usually of small size and varied forms. Mr Clark described a large one: ; In July 1840 was found, on the farm of Mr William Campbell, by his son, on lot number three, La Fayette, a silver medal, about the size of a dollar, and nearly as thick. On one side is a device, sur- mounted by an angel on the wing, stretching forward with its left hand, looking down upon those below with a resolute, determined and commanding countenance. Far in the background is a lofty ridge of mountains. Just beneath and away in the distance, is seen an Indian village or town, towards which the angel is steadily and earnestly pointing. Above this overhangs a slight curtain of cloud or smoke. Between the village and the mountain are scattering trees, as if an opening had just been made in the forest; nearer are seen various wild animals sporting gayly. In bolder relief are seen Europeans, in the costume of priests and pilgrims, with staves, ex- hibiting by their gestures and countenances, hilarity, gladness and joy, winding their way up the general ascent towards the mountain,. decreasing in size from the place of departure, till lost from view. Among them are wheel carriages and domestic animals, intermixed. On the right is a fair representation of a cottage, and a spacious - commercial warehouse, against which are leaning sheaves of grain. The whole is surrounded by the following inscription in Dutch: GEHE AUS DEINEM VATTER LAND, 1 b. M., XIL, V. 1, and at the bottom across, LASST HIER DIEGVTER. On the op- posite side there is a figure of the sun shining in meridian splendor, casting its noontide rays over a civilized town, represented by churches, stores, dwellings, etc., with various domestic animals, and numerous persons engaged in husbandry and other pursuits. In bolder. relief stand Europeans in the costume of the 15th and 16th centuries, engaged as if in animated and joyful conversation and greetings, and by various attitudes manifesting happiness and joy. On the right is represented a section of a church, at the door of which stands a venerable man, with head uncovered, with his hands METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS Wj extended, as if welcoming these persons to a new and happy habita- tion. This side is surrounded by the following inscription: VND DV SOLLT EIN SEEGEN SEYN, 1 b. Mos., XIL., V. 2, and across the bottom as follows: GOTT GIBT SIEWIEDER. Clark, 2:274 This is a great amount of detail for one medal. The quotations are from the German Bible, and relate to Abraham’s migration. Clark questioned whether the medal might not be a relic of the Zeisberger mission of 1750, but the site where it was found had then ‘been long abandoned, and it suggests the encouragement of emigra- tion from the fatherland. It may be referred to the end of the 17th century. Mr Clark gives figures and descriptions of several small medals, but those which follow are mostly those examined by the writer, and are but a sample of those abundant during the Jesuit missionary period. Fig. 296 shows one which differs from the rest in having a German inscription, and its age may be uncertain. It was found on an Indian camping site near Baldwinsville in 1880, and is of brass, elliptic and thin. On one side is a border of 15 stars, inclosing a cross placed above the letter M. Below is a flaming heart, with another pierced by a sword. On the obverse is the Virgin Mary, with a halo around the head and drooping palm branches in each hand. She seems to be treading on a serpent, but this is corroded and may be a date. The German inscription follows the border in a double line. It is now indistinct and the writer made it out as idilows:- GREE PA GEN... , .. NDE EMPFANGEN. RITE Pike UNS. the auner dine is, De “W: ZU: Dy UNSRE ZU; FURCHT. NEHMEN. As some letters are doubtful Mr Stewart Culin suggested that the opening words might be Gehe fagen, and the last but one Flucht. The medal has disappeared, and the inscrip- tion remains in doubt. It may be recent, as the writer has exam- ined a smaller silver one of 1830, found at Mobile in 1868, closely resembling this. It has but 12 stars, and the double inscription is in English: “O Mary, conceived without sin, Pray for us who have recourse to you,” 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This differs greatly from the German inscription above, and has been rather common in the century just past, but there are early examples which are similar. Mr Clark described a small brass medal found in Pompey, and in good preservation. It had: The figure of a Roman pontiff, in a standing position, in his hand a crozier, surrounded with this inscription: B. virg. sin. P. origt con., which we have ventured to write out Beata virgo sine Peccato originalt concepta, or as we might say in English, The blessed Virgin conceived without original sin. On the other side was a representa- tion of a serpent, and two nearly naked figures looking intently upon it. This one is very perfect in all its parts, and the letters as plain as if struck but yesterday. Clark, 2:273 6 He described two others from a later site. One was “an octa- gonal brass medal nearly an inch in diameter, having a figure with the name St Agatha, and the Latin word Ora, a part of the Gregorian chant. Also a silver medal half an inch long, with a figure inscribed _St Lucia, and the same fragment of a chant.” Clark; 2:280 Fig. 298 shows the first of these, and fig. 300 the second. His figure has Ora. P. N. in the latter instance, and these letters seem to have been obliterated in the other. This gives the familiar Ora pru nobis. Many of this class of medals have been found in Cayuga county, but most of these have been dispersed. Mr Betts described one from Scipioville, on the obverse of which is a female saint, facing the right. The inscription is Santa. Rosa. de. Lima. Ord. He said that this saint is still very popular in Canada. On the reverse is a head of St Paul, facing the left, with arms crossed and holding a crucifix. Betts, p. 32 3 Though these medals are usually of brass, some are of lead and silver. Fig. 291 is of lead, and was found at Indian castle in Pompey. It is elliptic in outline, showing a bust with uplifted hand, and is perforated at the base. Fig. 294 is of silver and from the same place. It is circular and suggests a coin, but the writer re- calls none like it. A lion holding arrows is on one side, and on the other three lines of letters and a date partially effaced. The date, as well as the site, is of the 17th century. There is a single per- foration. METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 73 Fig. 292 is a heart-shaped medal, with an embossed heart in the center, and a dotted border. It was found at Scipioville. Fig. 293 is from the same place, and is larger than most examples. It is elliptic in outline, with a fine half length figure and a partially effaced inscription relating to Francis Xavier. Fig. 301 came from the same site and is octagonal. A fine bust, with raised hand, has an inscription around it, of which “ Francis, Ora P.” can yet be read. Fig. 302 is a fine example from the same place and of the same form. A cross, with a halo of rays, is above what may be either altar or font, on either side of which are kneeling figures. Fig. 295 is another octagonal medal from Cayuga county, with the bust of a man and a child. Fig. 299 shows both sides of an elliptic medal from a small site near the entrance of Onondaga creek into the lake, and which was much frequented about the year 1700. On both sides are figures apparently in ecclesiastical garments, with hoods thrown back. The inscriptions are partly effaced, but the following iiavepemttaced on one, side: STO) -.. ANNES» >. CAPISER: On the other appears S. P. A. S. (a chalice here in the border) CHALIS.S.... ON. There is a prominent loop above. An elliptic silver medal, recently found in Pompey, is too much defaced for definite description. Two brass medals are in Mr Stanford’s collection at Munnsville. Fig. 385 is the largest of these, and has on one side a head of Christ with a halo. The inscription is IESVS FILIVS DEI. On the reverse is a head of the Virgin Mary, also with a halo, and the words MATER DEI. Fig. 384 is a smaller medal, with the Virgin and child on the obverse. On the reverse is the sun above, and below this a figure which may be altar, candlestick or font, being somewhat worn. On either side is a kneeling angel. A fine brass medal was found by the Rev. W. H. Casey at Union Springs, in the autumn of 1902. It is in excellent preservation and is 14 inches long, including the loop, and nearly 14 wide. On one side is a fine head of Christ and SALVATOR MUNDI; on the other a head of the Virgin Mary and MATER CHRISTI. It was seen too late to illustrate here. 74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Brooches About the beginning of the 18th century, Iroquois taste in orna- ment took a decided turn. Glass and porcelain beads were still in favor, but the brass and bronze ornaments began to give place to silver. The change came gradually, but very decidedly, and in the end affected all Indian tribes. Loskiel said: “ The rich adorn their heads with a number of silver trinkets of considerable weight. This mode of finery is not so common among the Delawares as the Iroquois, who, by studying dress and ornament more than any other Indian nation, are allowed to dictate the fashion to the rest.” By the middle of that century the Indians had everywhere become critical in this matter. La Presentation (at Ogdensburg) was settled in 1749, and reference is made to silver articles in the account of the settlement in Lettres edifiantes et curieuses. The matter of rival trade, as between New York and Canada, was as burning a question then as now, and the latter had the same disadvantage of position in winter, enhancing the price of goods. Toronto and Niagara could have stopped, it is said, “all the savages, had the _ stores been furnished with goods to their liking. There was a wish to imitate the English in the trifles they sold the savages, such as silver bracelets, etc. The Indians compared & weighed them, as the storekeeper at Niagara stated, and the Choeguen (Oswego) bracelets which were found as heavy, of a purer silver and more elegant, did not cost them two beavers, whilst those at the King’s posts wanted to sell them for ten beavers. Thus we were discred- ited, and this silver ware remained a pure loss in the King’s stores. To destroy the Trade the King’s posts ought to have been supplied with the same goods as Choéguen and at the same price.” O’Callaghan, p. 437 William Smith published his History of New York in 1756. He said of the Indians, “ Many of them are fond of ornaments, and their taste is singular. I have seen rings affixed, not only to their ears, but to their noses. Bracelets of silver and brass round their wrists, are very common.” Smith, p. 69 Heckewelder described the funeral of a woman in 1762: “ Her garments, all new, were set off with rows of silver brooches, one row METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 75 joining another. Over the sleeves of her new ruffled shirt were broad silver arm spangles,”’ etc. A good deal of wampum and many silver ornaments were placed elsewhere. A note says of the brooches, “a kind of round buckle with a tongue, which the Indians fasten to their shirts. The traders call them brooches. They are placed in rows at the distance of about the breadth of a finger one from the other.” Heckewelder, p. 270 In Col. Proctor’s journal of May 3, 1791, he relates his visit to the Onondaga village 3 miles east of Buffalo. They had 28 cabins, ‘ and were “well clothed, particularly. the women, some of whom were dressed so richly, with silken stroud, etc., and ornamented with sO many silver trappings, that one suit must be of the value of at least thirty pounds.” Penn. Archives, 4:591 Miss Powell was at Buffalo in 1785, and gave an account of Capt. David, a clean, handsome and graceful Indian: His hair was shaved off, except a little on the top of his head, to which his ornaments were fastened; and his head and ears were painted a glowing red. Round his head was fastened a fillet of highly polished silver. From the left temple hung two straps of black velvet, covered with silver beads and brooches. On the top of his head was placed a foxtail feather, which bowed to the wind, as did two black ones, one in each ear. A pair of immense ear- rings, which hung below his shoulders, completed his headdress, which I assure was not unbecoming, though I must confess, some- what fantastical. His dress was a shirt of colored calico,—the neck and shoulders covered so thick with silver brooches as to have the appearance of a net; and his sleeves were much like those the ladies wore when I left England, fastened about the arm with a broad bracelet of highly polished silver, engraved with the arms of Eng- land; four smaller bracelets round the wrist, of the same material; and around his waist a large scarf of very dark colored stuff, lined with scarlet, which hung to his feet; part of this scarf he generally drew over his left arm, which had a very graceful effect when he moved. And his legs were covered with blue cloth, made to fit neatly with an ornamental garter bound below the knee. Ketchum, 2:96 These accounts fully show the abundance of silver ornaments in that century. Elkanah Watson noticed the same thing at the treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1788. Many of the Indian women were dressed 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ‘in the richest silks, fine scarlet clothes, bordered with gold fringe, a profusion of brooches, rings in their noses, their ears slit, and their heads decorated with feathers.” These things bear out the state- ment made by an Onondaga to the writer, that 50 years ago some families had each a bushel of such ornaments. In speaking of personal adornment, Loskiel said that Indian women were well dressed: The Delaware men pay particular attention to the dress of their women, and on that account clothe themselves rather meanly. There are many who would think it scandalous to appear better clothed than their wives. Loskiel, 1:51 The women wore petticoats, reaching a little below the knee. ce Some wore garments “ of printed linen or cotton of various colors, decorated at the breast with a great number of silver buckles, which are also worn by some as ornaments upon their petticoats. They adorn their ears, necks and breasts with corals, small crosses, little round escutcheons, and crescents, made either of silver or wampom.” Loskiel, 1:52 Heckewelder speaks much to the same purpose: The wealthy adorn themselves besides with ribands and gartering of various colors, beads and silver brooches. These ornaments are arranged by the women, who, as well as the men, know how to set themselves off in style. . . The women, at the expense of their husbands or lovers, line their petticoat and blue or scarlet cloth blanket or covering with choice ribands of various colors, on which they fix a number of silver brooches, or small round buckles. Heckewelder, p. 203 Quotations regarding the lavish use of silver ornaments, specially in the latter part of the 18th century, might be multiplied. It may be well to add what Mr Morgan has said of this feature of Seneca dress. The short overskirt of calico, called by them Ah-de-d-da- we-sa, and reaching above the knee, usually had one or two rows of brooches on each side, as the writer often has seen them. Morgan adds: The Indian female delights in a profusion of silver ornaments, consisting of silver brooches of various patterns and sizes, from METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS Ha those which are 6 inches in diameter, and worth as many dollars, down to that of the smallest size, valued at a sixpence. Silver ear- rings and finger rings of various designs, silver bracelets, hatbands- and crosses, are also found in their paraphernalia. These crosses, relics of Jesuit influence, are frequently 8 inches in length, of solid silver, and very valuable, but they are looked upon by them simply in the light of ornament. Morgan, p. 386 The last remark should be always borne in mind. The writer has- bought many of these ornaments of many Indians, but they were without significance to them. If a meaning is suggested, they will good-naturedly assent to anything; they do not think of one them-. selves, as Mr Morgan found. Apparently the brooch was an evolution from the gorget, for some metallic ornaments of this kind were tied on, not buckled. Such. ornaments are rare, and may never have been common. As far as known, they are circular, and like the brooch of that form except, in: the center. Fig. 17 is a silver one of this kind, having four inter- lacing rings inside of the outer circle. There is no place for or sign of a buckle, and it was probably tied or sewed to the garment, for there is no reason to think it was suspended. This was found in the town of DeWitt N. Y. and is in the Richmond collection. Fig.. 21 is a smaller one of the same design from the Mohawk valley, which belongs to Mr Frey. A large and handsome one from Ohio was shown at the Pan-American Exposition. In this a slender outer ring inclosed an open six pointed star, bisected by an inner circle. Fig. 160 is of copper and has no central opening. It is from the site of 1677 in Pompey, and is unfortunately broken. Like wampum, the silver brooches partially answered the purpose of money. The Onondagas often placed them in pawn, but some- times parted with them at a fixed value. Some visitors at Oquaga,. in 1769, observed this there. ‘‘Some of the women wear silver brooches, each of which passes for a shilling, and are as current. among the Indians as money. Brant’s wife had several tier of them in her dress, to the amount perhaps of 10 or 15 pounds.” Halsey, p. 143. That is, she wore from 200 to 300 of these; and this seems. no rare example. 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The brooch proper has a central opening, across which a tongue extends, like that of a buckle. The cloth is pinched up and passed through this opening, the tongue penetrating it twice, when it is drawn back, and the brooch is firmly in place. When they were plentiful, the smaller ones were usually arranged in two lines down the center of the overskirt in front, and across the front of the lower edge. The larger ones were reserved for the upper part of the dress. Sometimes small ones were arranged on ribbons. Most of the smaller forms were very abundant. In those of similar outline quite a variety was obtained by varying the perforations and the surface ornamentation. The latter was mostly made with punches, but the graver was occasionally used. Those formed of brass are extremely rare, the writer having obtained but two among the hundreds of silver ones which he has seen. There are early ex- amples in graves. Of these the writer has seen several from graves in Wisconsin. They were mostly circular, but one stellar brooch had broad and short rays. Preliminary to further descriptions it may be said that Mrs Harriet Maxwell Converse furnished an illustrated paper on “ The Iroquois Silver Brooches ” for the State Museum report for 1900. Many of the illustrations will be recognized here, nearly half coming from the writer’s collection and the remainder, also found in the paper mentioned, from that of Mrs Converse, there being a mutual inter- change of figures. Fig. 31 is a fine brass brooch which the writer obtained at Onon- daga. It is a circular ornament of good size, with crenulated and embossed edge. To show the rarity of this material employed in such a use, it may be said that an Indian friend was surprised at it, never having seen one of the kind before. The writer afterward secured another circular brooch of brass which was plain and much smaller. ; The simplest and perhaps earliest form of the brooch seems to have been that called the round buckle, allusions to which have been quoted from several authors. It is frequent yet, either plain or ornamented. With the three double-barred silver crosses, de- scribed by Mr Boyle in Canada, was a piece of cloth decorated with 20 of these. Dr Evarts, of Silver Creek N. Y., showed the writer METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 79 35 plain rings buckled on a piece of cloth, which he had from the neighboring Cattaraugus (Seneca) Indians. The writer has many of various styles of finish, and might easily have had more. In the 18th century they were cheap ‘as compared with others, and were lavishly employed. A few are shown. Fig. 35 is one out of a number the writer obtained at Onondaga. Fig. 38 is out of another lot he had from the same place. These are rounded on the face and flat on the back. It is quite a common size. Fig. 23 is a larger size from the same place, and mate in the same way. Fig. 25 differs from these in being broader and flat. The writer had this also from Onondaga, but it is not so common as the last. Many of these simple forms have some surface orna- mentation. Fig. 19 was found in the Mohawk valley, and is small, elliptic, and has many transverse grooves. Fig. 24 has the same style of ornament, but is larger and circular. It is also a Mohawk example. Fig. 85 preserves the circular form, but has broad undulations on the surface. This and the next three the writer had from Onon- daga. Fig. 88 differs from the last in having the indentations only on the outer edge of the surface, and in their being separate instead of continuous. Fig. go is a flat ring, with distinct indentations on each edge of the surface. It is a fine and rather rare form. Fig. gi is worked so as to show a continuous series of semicircles all around the center of the surface. This is not a frequent style now. Fig. 74 has nine bosses on the surface, with intervening cross lines. The writer got this at Onondaga, and has seen none like it. Fig. 46 was given to the Buffalo Historical Society by Mrs Van Rensselaer, with other fine brooches. It has the ring form, but of an angular style. At each angle is a boss, the intervening space being narrower and with three cross grooves. Fig. 73 has a similar character, but the curved spaces between the bosses have no grooves. This came from the Tuscarora reservation. Fig. 20 is the smallest of the circular brooches, which the writer ‘has seen, that can not be classed with the ring brooches or round buckles. Small as it is, eight small circles adorn the surface. It is almost flat, and came from a grave in Cayuga county. 80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM No brooches are more effective than those having the form of a star, and the writer has been fortunate in securing many figures and examples of these. They are usually flat, but fig. 1 has a slightly convex surface. This is of a large size, and has a heart-shaped opening in the center, and 20 short embossed rays. They never have sharp points, as these would be inconvenient. This came from the Cattaraugus reservation. It is more highly ornamented than most of these. Fig. 2 shows a fine star brooch, with eight rays and an ornamented surface. This the writer had from Onon- daga. Fig. 3 is another Cattaraugus star brooch, with 16 short embossed rays. It is otherwise perfectly plain. Fig. 5 is another from Cattar- augus, with eight rays. The writer obtained three of these, and they are the smallest of the kind he has seen. They were probably used on ribbons. For its size this is well ornamented. Fig. 4 is a fine, large star from Onondaga, with 12 embossed rays. In the figure dark spaces show all the perforations except the central one. Fig. 6 is a small star brooch from the Tuscarora reserva with seven rays. The surface decoration is simple. The following five the writer obtained at Onondaga. Fig. 7 isa star of 13 rays with a well ornamented surface. Fig. 8 has 12 rays, and is much smaller and simpler. Fig. 9 is one of the prettiest he has found. The edges of each of the nine embossed rays are slightly concave, and the surface ornaments are made to correspond. Fig. 10 is the largest he has obtained or seen. It is quite thick, has 12 embossed rays, and the surface is neatly adorned. The full width is over 3} inches. This fine ornament belonged to Chief Abram La Fort, or Te-hat-kah-tous, who died in 1848. Fig. 15 has 12 embossed rays and neat surface decorations. Fig. 49 is also from Onondaga, and has 12 short rays. This belonged to Miss Reming- ton, once employed in mission work there. Fig. 11 is a small star in the writer’s collection, sent him by Dr C. B. Tweedale, and which was found in a grave in Huron county, Ont., Canada. It has a plain surface and eight embossed trays. The writer has many drawings of Canadian brooches, some METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 81 very fine, but they do not differ essentially from those of New York, where many of them were probably made. Fig. 12 is a small and plain star of 12 rays, which the writer had from the Aliegany reservation. Fig. 16 is a fine star from the same reservation. It has 14 quite short embossed rays. Fig. 13 is a fine star with eight broad rays and bosses, belonging to the Buffalo Historical Society. Fig. 14 is in the Richmond collection and is quite peculiar. The central perforation is quite large, and the 12 long rays terminate in circular points, which are not embossed. ‘The surface decoration is simple. This is one of a number of Seneca brooches in this collection. Mrs Harriet Maxwell Converse secured a large and interesting collection of brooches, part of which now belongs to the State. The writer is indebted to her for figures of many of these, a number of which will be used in this paper. Fig. 22 is a large circular brooch, with a plain rim and an included star with embossed points. Both the dark and light spaces in the figure show perforations. The star has 12 rays. This fine brooch is of a rare type. The three following are also Mrs Converse’s. Fig. 32 is large and circular. The 16 projecting bosses have incurved edges between them, and the slightly convex surface is finely ornamented with perforations and tracery. The circular brooches have raised centers as a rule. Fig. 48 is a very pretty and peculiar brooch. Included in the edge are 16 very small bosses, with convex edges between them. The perforations are of an unusual form, and the tracery of a rare char- acter. Fig. 61 has a broadly undulated edge, and the border decora- tion is not of acommon type. Mrs Converse died Nov. 18, 1903. Fig. 18 the writer obtained at Onondaga. It has 24 projecting bosses on the plain circular edge. There are circular, semicircular and elliptic perforations and some tracery. About two dozen follow which the writer had from the same place. All which succeed are circular till otherwise distinguished. Fig. 27 has a crenulated edge and three rows of nearly semi- circular perforations. Fig. 29 has a similar border, and semicircular, elliptic and triangular openings. Fig. 33 has the same edge, two tows of semicircular and one of elliptic perforations. Fig. 34 is 82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM large and fine, with a broadly crenulated border. Besides the large central one, the perforations are ‘semicircles, rectangles, hearts and triangles. Fig. 34a is of good size, with a crenulated border, and three rows of semicircular openings. Fig. 39 is a handsome brooch,. with 16 small bosses at the intersection of the crenulations in the border. There are three lines of semicircular openings, and another of quadrilateral forms. Fig. 41 has small bosses closely set around. the rim, and is of small size. All the perforations are angular, and nearly or quite quadrilateral. Fig. 42 is much like the last but in every way smaller. The central aperture corresponds with that, but the four openings outside of this are semicircular. Fig. 43 has the frequent crenulated edge, a line of semicircular, and another of elliptic openings, but between each of the last is a small boss, amounting to six in all. They are rarely found in this. position. Fig. 50 is a very pretty but small brooch, with crenulated border. The perforations are elliptic and point to the center. Fig. 53 is small, and has small bosses closely set around the edge. The perforations are elliptic and triangular, and the tracery of unusual design. Fig. 54 is large, with broad crenulations. The openings. are two lines of semicircles and one of long triangles. Fig. 58 has a plain edge, with bosses projecting all around it. The apertures: form a single line of semicircles. It is a simple but very handsome ornament. Fig. 59 is a very simple style, with crenulated edge and one row of semicircular apertures. Fig. 60 has the same edge, with a line of semicircular openings and another of hearts and circles. Fig. 63 is a small but showy brooch. Medium sized bosses intersect the angles of the crenulated edge. The apertures are semicircles, ellipses and triangles. Fig. 64 has a crenulated edge, a line of crescents, and another of ellipses. Fig. 65 differs from the last in. tracery, and in having an inner circle of stars. Fig. 67 has a crenu- lated border, and for apertures semicircles, ellipses and triangles. Fig. 68 has broader crenulations than most, and two lines of semi-- circular apertures. Fig. 69 is very simple but effective. The crenulations are of moderate width, but halfway to the central aperture is a line of ae METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 83 eight large circular openings. Fig. 77 is one of the plainest kind. The edge is simple, and a star appears in tracery on the otherwise plain surface. Fig. 79 is a pretty brooch with broadly undulated edge. There are eight pyriform apertures, but the graceful tracery gives a pleasant effect. Fig. 89 is of unusual character. Small bosses appear at intervals around the otherwise plain edge, and there is a circle of apertures of the indented shield form. The sur- face decorations are small circles and dots. After the above was in print the writer obtained a fine circular brooch 4b inches across, but not as heavy as the La Fort star. It has 23 obtuse points, two rows of diamond perforations, a row of shield form apertures, and delicate tracery. It came from the Senecas. Some others have been noted but not figured here. Besides his own circular brooches from Onondaga, selected above, the writer has figured many in the hands of Indians there, or in those of friends who have since parted with them. Some of these will follow, simply credited to Onondaga. Fig. 26 is a fine example of these. It has large bosses on the edge, with double crenulations between them; inside of the border is a line of cordate and triangular apertures, with openings between these and the heart-shaped opening in the center. Fig. 28 is another large brooch with crenulated edges and many perforations. A double row of these, of triangular form, gives the effect of a central star. Fig. 30 is about half the diameter of the last, and has the common crenulated edge. The apertures are lines of crescents, circles and triangles. Fig. 36 is quite small, and has a crenulated edge. The only decoration is a line of small circles on the surface. Fig. 40 has broad crenulations. The apertures are semicircular and quadrilat- eral. Fig. 45 has also broad crenulations. One line of ellipses is parallel with the edge; the others point to the center. This has less tracery than the last. Fig. 57 is a rare form. Every third crenulation slightly projects, giving the border an angular appear- ance, and there are six circular apertures besides the central one. The tracery is tasteful. Fig. 76 has a crenulated border and a line of elliptic apertures. 84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fig. 80 is small, but of an unusual design. The border is crenu- lated, and within are alternate crescent and cordate apertures, four of each, the latter pointing to the edge. The following, in the writer’s collection, come from the Allegany reservation. They are circular, but others from that place are of other forms. Fig. 52 has the broad crenulations finely serrated, a rare feature. There are lines of semicircular, pyriform and very small circular apertures. Fig. 70 has a crenulated border, and two lines of semicircular openings within. Some other Allegany circular brooches follow. Fig. 51 is a small brooch with crenulated edges. The apertures are crescent and pyriform. Fig. 66 is a very pretty example. The crenulations are alternately long and short, and the perforations are semicircular and triangular. The central aperture is angular, and the tracery adds much to the beauty of this ornament. Fig. 71 is unique. There are eight short projecting points united by. curved edges, and two lines of diamond form apertures. Fig. 75 has a plain rim and eight triangular openings. The effect is that of an included star. Fig. 81 has a broadly undulating edge, and a line of elliptic openings pointing to the center. Fig. 84 has a finely crenulated border and a circle of small bosses within this. All the openings, including the central one, are quadrilateral. This is a rare feature in a circular brooch. The following are in the Buffalo collection. Fig. 37 has broadly crenulated edges, with an inner line of semicircular openings. Within this is another line of six elliptic apertures, alternating with those which may be called cuneiform. The tracery is of small circles and arrow points. Fig. 44 has a crenulated border and a line of triangular openings. An inner line of crescents and delicate tracery adds much to the effect. Fig. 47 has a crenulated edge, and lines of crescent and elliptic openings. Fig. 58a is crenulated, and the apertures are cordate and elliptic. It is a very pretty brooch. The writer secured a number on the Tonawanda reservation, but there was but little variety among them. Fig. 62 is one of these. It has a plain rim, but the single line of semicircular openings gives a starlike appearance to the center. Fig. 82 has very promi- METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 85 ment crenulations, and lines of crescent, elliptic and triangular open- ings. There are many like this. | . Three Seneca circular brooches are shown from the Richmond collection. Fig. 56 has a close line of small bosses along the border, and there are four long quadrilateral openings toward the central one, which is both large and angular. Fig. 72 has a similar line of bosses. The apertures are elliptic and triangular. Fig. 78 has a simple rim, and the only aperture is the central one. On the sur- face are triangles and other tracery. Fig. 199 is taken from a figure by L. H. Morgan, showing a circular brooch of what is now a very extreme size. The apertures are a line of ellipses, one of large and one of small triangles. Fig. 55 was not mentioned among Mrs Converse’s circular © brooches. The border is broadly crenulated, and 13 cordate aper- tures point to the center. Surface tracery unites some of the hearts so as to form a six pointed star. Her collection comprises some of the rarest forms now to be obtained, and these will successively follow, except the Masonic forms. The localities are unimportant and will be omitted. Fig. 92 is grotesque and involved. There are animal heads at two opposite angles, of no very certain species. The artist may have had some native kind in mind, but the surface decoration might suggest the leopard and tiger. A grotesque face protrudes beyond the point of the buckle, which probably amused the red man greaily. Of course heraldic meanings might be attached to every point, adding greatly to its poetic charms, but without awakening any response in the mind of the Indian wearer. Fig. 99 shows an eagle with broadly expanded and conventional tail. One wing is naturally raised, the other conventionally, and considerable ornament is added. This should be dated since the rise of the American republic. Fig. 155 has its counterpart in the Toronto collection; and the writer is inclined to think it an extremely con- ventionalized variant of the preceding, as may appear by reversing ‘it. Mrs Converse kindly sent her own interpretation of these brooches, which is much more tasteful and poetic than the prosaic 86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM views of the writer, and will be gladly received by those fond of recondite studies. Of fig. 92 she says: This is the most curious and ingenious form. I have never seen: a duplicate of this brooch. It symbolizes the totems, or family union and the man, including the story of their warrior ancestors,. and tells the story of the union of the Wolf and Bear. The upper figurehead represents the Bear. The lower, the Wolf, united by a human face, signifying the head of the family. The figure of the: Wolf terminates in the war club. The Bear holds the war club,. and the pin or buckle unites the two. The Bear chief had married the Wolf woman. Both descended from sachems or head chiefs. Fig. 99 represents a combination of the great Eagle, guardian of the dews and war, or sky and earth. At the spread of the tail the small winged symbols indicate his duty in the air. The flat half circles tell the sign of his earth or war office. The simplest brooch is not an accident of the graver’s tool. Each stroke is a symbol in hieroglyphs, understood by the expert sign-reader. Fig. 155 is rare, inasmuch as the design is not common. It is the symbol of the warrior. One end forms the tomahawk, the other a war club. Fig. 86 may be called either pyriform or cordate, the central aper- ture being the latter, while the opening above changes the general design to the pyriform, There are basal projections, and those at the top suggest the general figure of acrown. The surface is plain. Mrs Converse considers some of the figures above the cordate forms as owls’ heads, taking these for emblems of silence and secrecy. This one she describes as a “heart. Owl defined by the open mouth only. Eyes closed.” Fig. 87 she calls “very rare. Finely engraved.” The writer has seen but one resembling this, and that was by no means as elaborate and fine. The general form is that of a heart with a coronet above, but with unusual surface decoration. Fig. 95 is another unique brooch, with several half circular pro- jections, and a fanlike ornament above, which may be a variation of the more common form of the crown, surmounting the open heart below. This general plan appears in very many brooches, with endless changes. Mrs Converse thought, this “ represents the flaring tail of a bird, yet the heart is on ‘guard in the center. Evi- dently a totem bird.” Fig. too is also unique. Both heart and METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 87 crown are much conventionalized, and the point of the former is turned to one side and projects beyond the center. Fig. 136 is cordate, with the base curving to one side. The -crown above is hardly recognizable as such at first, and is much ‘ ornamented. Mrs Converse described this as “a single heart, sur- ‘mounted by the horns of a chief, typical of the faithful love of who- ever presented it to the chief or sachem.” It is a rather frequent form. lig. 146 is a fine example of the simple heart with an elegant form of the crown. Mrs Converse’s interpretation is ingenious: “ Horned or chief’s brooch; the three branches denote three chiefs in family succession.” The triple character of the crown appears ‘in nearly all, there being a small central projection with a broader -one on each side. In rare instances there are more. Fig. 148 has the heart and crown, the former turning aside and ending in an eagle’s head. The definition of the owner is pretty: “The eagle defending the life or heart of its owner.’ A great ‘many of the single or double heart brooches end with eagles’ heads, and come within the era of the American republic. It would be easy to interpret them as meaning that the crown or royal rule, through the heart’s blood of the colonists freely shed, terminated ‘in the republic whose symbol is the eagle. Some of the writer’s Onondaga brooches will follow. Fig. 94 is fine and perhaps unique. It has the crown and heart form, with the point turned to one side. The crown has no points, and ‘includes a cordate perforation in its center, surrounded by other forms. Its large size allowed more surface decoration than is usual in these. Fig. 96 may be called a double heart, surmounted by a ‘crown in which are several cordate apertures. The basal termina- ‘tions are two eagles’ heads. A friend had one from the Oneida Indians precisely like this, and it is by no means a rare form. Sev- eral of the same class are in the writer’s collection. Fig. 1o1 is a little smaller than the last, and the apertures in the crown are cres- ‘cents and quadrants. It is like one owned by Mrs Converse, of which she wrote: “ Rare. A crown terminating with double eagle- hheaded snake. This serpent has a power over the land and sea. ‘The wavy lines signifying water, the long or land line, and two 88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM dots signify day, sun and moon, or the journey, the rest and the start.” This does not agree with the interpretation of fig. 148. Fig. 105 can hardly be considered Indian work, though obtained: from an Onondaga. There is the familiar heart, with some worn ornament at the end, but the pelican above shows a white man’s. taste and thought. As far as known, it is unique. Fig. 147 is a fine cordate brooch, with a crown resembling in a general way that im fig. 146, but of a more elegant design. This has a little surface decoration. Fig. 149 is cordate, with another form of crown, where circles replace the frequent points. Fig. 151 is cordate, and has ‘the rounded crown with basal points. Several of these differ little except in the apertures. Some belonging to Onondagas follow. Fig. 83 is a large brooch. formerly worn by Aunt Susannah. It is of a kite or diamond shape, with ornamental edges and tracery. Fig. 102 has a generally cor- date form and a suggestion of the crown above. It is quite a de- parture from the typical form, but the resemblance will at once be seen, as in other cases. There are projections at the sides and base.. Fig. 103 has much the same character, but has tracery and circular apertures. Fig. 104 is intermediate between these two. Fig. 137 has the heart with a conventional and elaborate crown. The base curves to one side, and an eagle’s head may have worn away. Fig. 140 the writer had from Onondaga. In the center of the crown and on either side are sharp projections. Mrs Converse thought these crowns with apertures were intended for owls’ heads, to which they bear a curious resemblance. Some Tuscarora forms of this class follow. Fig. 93 is of a general diamond form, with undulating edges and four bosses in the margin. There are several apertures and some tracery. Fig. 150 is quite broad for its size, and is a double heart surmounted by a low crown. The basal point curves to one side. The following illustrations of this class are of brooches from the Allegany reservation. Fig. 97 is a very simple cordate example, with the base turned to one side. The metal forms a narrow band all around the broad aperture. Fig. 141 has the frequent combination of heart and crown, the latter having sharp projections on each side, METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 89 three circular apertures in the crown, and some surface decoration. Usually the lower aperture has a double curve, to emphasize the cordate form. Fig. 142 has the feature mentioned, but is otherwise much like the last. Fig. 143 differs in having a projection in the upper circles, thus giving each of those apertures a crescent form. Fig. 145 has the heart with the point turned to one side, and the highly conventionalized crown. Like fig. 137, the latter has no central projection. The surface is covered with tracery. Fig. 138 is in the Richmond collection, and is a rare form of the heart and crown brooch. Both lower sides have strong cross cor- rugations, and the crown has a finely crenulated border, as well as the frequent three projections. In the crown are four circular apertures. Two are shown from the Cattaraugus reservation. Fig. 139 has the usual combination of heart and crown, the two upper apertures having the crescent form. Fig. 144 is one of the neatest examples the writer has seen. The apertures are so formed as to bring out the outlines in the most graceful way. Fig. 98 is a remarkable Tuscarora brooch, linking this type to the common lyre forms, not long since so abundant. It is large, and has the usual lyre base and sides, but, instead of expanding, it contracts at the top as in cordate forms. Fig. 125 is another small and odd Tuscarora brooch, which is somewhat contracted at the top, and unusually expanded at the base, where there is a short projection on each side. Fig. 128 is a large lyre-shaped brooch in Mrs Converse’s collec- tion, on which she makes this note: ‘‘ Uncommon. Found in Canada. Two hearts surmounted by a crown, symbolizing friend- ship.” This one is unusually large, but the general type is one of the commonest on the New York reservations. The writer has seen large numbers of them; and, when Major F. H. Furniss was adopted by the Senecas in 1885, his future Seneca mother placed a long black ribbon around his neck, on which were 34 silver brooches of what the writer calls the lyre pattern. This had belonged to Red Jacket’s wife, according to tradition. The necklace was considerably over three feet long, and the brooches were about an inch long and § of go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM an inch wide. The original string had been divided some years before, and 15 of the brooches had been arranged on a ribbon in the form of a cross. This was given to Mrs Converse, who was adopted at the same time. The natural inference is that she re- ferred to the size rather than form. Fig. 132 is also hers, but it is smaller and the base is different. It will be observed that what she considers the top of some of these the writer makes the base, thus changing the character. Fig. 127 is the common size, and the writer had this from the Allegany reservation. It differs from the next mainly in the rounded points and small details of decoration. Fig. 129 was ob- tained from the same source. Fig. 130 the writer got of the Onon- dagas. It is slender for so large a size. Fig. 133, obtained with the next at the same place, is also slender and has rounded points. Fig. 131 is a large size, and has a remarkably angular base. The class of brooches now to be illustrated by a few examples out of very many, is a very curious one, and definitely proves that orna- ment and not meaning was the great object in the manufacture and use of all. These ornaments, now to be considered, embody the square and compasses, with more or less accessories in the way of decoration, and sometimes these are highly conventionalized. The origin is plain when the resemblance is almost lost and this loss has led to some erroneous interpretations. A friend writes: I fail to find in illustrations of jewelry ornamentation of either the French, English or Dutch, designs that have been actually fol- lowed in the hammered coin brooch of the Iroquois. In fact, I credit him with entire originality, very curious in some cases, and again there are suggestions of the white man’s work ingeniously inter- graven with his own conceptions of art not so rude or savage, that it has not developed genius and invention. This question will not be discussed now; but it is true that the designs of Indian brooches for the most part seem American designs. It is very difficult—perhaps impossible—to find these designs practi- cally anticipated in any other land. So much the writer had reason to believe. Then came a revelation concerning these Masonic METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS gI ‘brooches, too many for Indians to use with any reference to their meaning. All these illustrations had been prepared, and work was progressing on these notes, when one day came a catalogue of curios from England, The Amateur Trader of Miss Clara Millard, Tedding- ‘ton, Middlesex. No. 4188 of this had an illustration which was the close counterpart of fig. 110 in size, form and details. The descrip- ‘tion is “ XVII. CENTURY masonic emblem, in jargoons and paste. Exact size. £2 12s 6d.” Was the Indian silver brooch copied from this, or this from the brooch? The same question might be asked of other forms. ‘The silver brooch of the Indians did not exist in ‘the 17th century, and the age of the above ornament may also be ‘doubted. ; After this was in print a learned German friend pointed out to ‘the writer several brooches of what he said were Scandinavian and -other types in his collection, but there has been no time to study the subject, and illustrations of this are not now recalled. Out of a large number of these Masonic brooches, over a score have been selected for illustration, in themselves far more in number than all the Indian Free Masons known. Joseph Brant was a well known member of the fraternity, and Red Jacket has been claimed. There may have been a few others, but these were common orna- ‘ments. The writer has nine still in his collection, after parting with -some to his friends. He might easily at one time have trebled the number. This abundance is proof that they had no significance to ‘most of their wearers. ; Fig. 124 was the first of these that attracted the writer’s attention, -and it now belongs to the Masonic Veterans of Central New York. The base is a half circle with ornaments, and above this the square -and compasses are plainly seen. This was long worn-by Aunt Dinah, a very old Onondaga woman. Traditionally it first came from Brant’s family to her, and was naturally supposed to be a jewel worn by him. Now that the form is known to be so common, this ‘may be doubted. Several examples follow from Mrs Converse’s fine collection. Fig, 108 adds many things to the simpler form, which is easily de- tected under these accumulated ornaments. Several fine bosses add to its effect. The forms of apertures used in this appear in several g2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM others. Fig. 110 is a smaller and simpler form, almost identical with the English one mentioned except in material. Like that, it has a curved base, and the sun and moon between this and the square. Another interesting thing in connection with this is men- tioned by Mrs Converse. She said: “It was given me by the grandson of Red Jacket. It proved from that Red Jacket was a Mason, and wore this brooch for pass. In further investigation, while working at the Red Jacket monument at Buffalo, I heard of a man who had sat in a lodge with the great Sa-go-ye-wat-ha.” The brooch hardly proves this, the other evidence is hearsay, but, if Red Jacket was a member of the craft, it would appear on some of its records. He was too well known to be easily overlooked in such a matter. Fig. 113 is smaller and less elegant, but has the same features. in a more conventional way. Fig. 117 is larger and more elaborate. Fig. 119 is one of the simplest forms, having but two apertures, but these are large. The surface is covered with tracery. Fig.. 120: is quite conventional, but the leading features of other forms are readily detected. Fig. 126 is simple, with but little surface decora- tion. Fig. 109 is a Seneca brooch, differing from some other elaborate ones only in minor details. This has six bosses, which are smaller than in most others. This and the next are in the Richmond collec- tion. Fig. 114 is a large and quite frequent form with many acces- sories. By omitting the outside loops the design would become much like those of a simpler and more distinct character, a fact easily tested. Fig. 106 shows a fine example from the Tuscarora reservation, having 15 large and small bosses. On either side, at the top are angular projections, terminating in embossed ends. These adjuncts belong to several. Fig. 111 is in the Richmond collection, and presents the feature mentioned in a less common way. Fig. 116 is in the Buffalo collection, and is one of the rarest of these small forms, as well as one of the most beautiful. Did it stand alone, its character might not be understood, but in a series this is evident. The base has a border of small bosses, except in the middle, and the lateral projecting points at the top are ter- minated by others. The tracery adds some peculiar features to the design. METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 93 What was said of the character of the last seems partially true of the Tuscarora brooch in fig. 122. Its Masonic character is ex- tremely obscure taken by itself, but a comparison with others on the same plate reveals a strong likeness to them. Fig. 112 shows a very fine embossed brooch at Onondaga, hav- ing projections at the base. All vary in details and somewhat in outline. The simpler forms have a uniformly curved base; others add various ornaments. ; The remaining illustrations of this class are from the writer’s. collection. They are usually large and have been quite abundant. Fig. 118 is highly conventional, but otherwise quite plain. Fig. 107 is the smallest that has met the writer’s eye. It is embossed, and has the general character of some of the larger forms, but the base has a series of broad curves between the bosses. Both these are from Onondaga, and all but one of those which follow. Fig. 115 is a frequent and rather plain form, with some conventional features. The writer obtained four of these out of a number like them. Fig. 121 shows the original features of the class more plainly, and is very neat in design and finish. The base is a simple curve. Fig. 123 adds the interior bars found in several others, and has projections at the base. Fig. 152 was obtained at Cattaraugus, and is an elegant ornament in every way.. At the top it has the rare feature of red glass neatly set. Fig. 159 shows one belonging to Mrs Converse, which has a glass setting near the center of the base. It is quite conventional. The glass setting has been ob- served in very few. So many of this class remain that the numbers: must once have been great One fine and unique article, obtained by the writer from an Onon- daga woman, is shown in fig. 223. It is a large silver pendant, with a center of green glass of diamond form. The edges of the pendant are parallel with this, but have broad expansions opposite the angles of the glass, giving it the appearance of an equilateral and massive cross. ; A few examples are given of a class once very abundant, and _ much used for adorning ribbons. They differ very little in outline, but very much in details and size. The figures illustrate the largest and smallest in the writer’s collection. They might be called either quadrilateral or octagonal, for the broad angles form four short O4 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sides having indentations. The sides proper consist of two bars, concave in outline, uniting so as to form a broader, ornamented surface at each angle. The buckle crosses from point to point. Those represented are all from the Onondaga and Tonawanda reservations. One unique form is not described. . Fig. 164 is the smallest the writer has seen. The angles are ornamented with lines and small circles. Fig. 163 is the largest in his collection, and may be as large as any. The surface orna- ments are like the last, but the divisions of the angles are more protuberant than usual. Fig. 161 has surface ornamentation nearly all over. Fig. 162 is plainer. Fig. 165 and 167 have both bars ornamented, but not the angles. They are among the handsomest collected. Fig. 166 is much like these, but the angles are orna- mented. The writer has a few simple silver brooches, which are open and almost as slender as those which are simple rings or round buckles, but they are angular. Fig. 134 shows one of these which is square, but with the angles rounded. The tongue of the buckle reaches from one of these to that opposite. Fig. 135 isa similar one which has the angles indented. The Onondagas call the brooch Ah-ten-ha-né-sah, shining orna- ment. Headbands The silver headband is a long strip of sheet silver, straight on the lower edge but usually with points of some kind on the upper, and with some pretty pattern between. The Onondagas call these Ta-yone-non-aich-han-hust'-ah. The whole headdress, which once often included this, was called Gos-té-weh by the Senecas. Part of this, as given by Morgan, but without feathers, is shown in fig. 157. Quite commonly, however, the headband encircled an ordinary hat, and in this way the writer has seen several used by one person, one -being placed above another. Usually the wearer had but one, which served as a foundation for other ornaments. They were secured by strings in the holes at the ends. They are now difficult to obtain. The writer’s inquiries on sev- eral reservations have been unsuccessful, nor can they now be found among the Iroquois of Canada. That the State Museum has now several of these rare articles is due to the intelligent zeal METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 95 of Mrs H. M. Converse, whose opportunities have been exception- ally good, and whose own fine collection of silver ornaments is well known. Fig. 386 is a Seneca headband drawn by the writer, and reduced from the actual size, like all those which follow. The six others illustrated are in the State Museum, and were carefully drawn there from the objects themselves. They are faithful representations of these. - Fig. 399 is 13 inches deep. The upper edge is cut into half circles, inside of each of which is a triangular perforation. Alter- nating with each of these, below is a line of vertical hearts, cut through the band. Another line of narrow openings is below these. Fluting and tracery elsewhere adorn the surface. Fig. 400 is nar- rower, and has embossed points on the upper edge. There is a central row of narrow elliptic openings, and some tracery. Fig. 401 has similar points above, narrow elliptic openings below these, and a line of open hearts farther down alternately point toward each other. Fluting and tracery also appear. This is about 14 inches deep. Fig. 402 is of the same depth, and has broad crenulated lobes above with tracery following the outline. In the center of the wide lobes are kidney-shaped or broad cordate perforations, pointing up- ward. Below each of these is an open diamond, cut horizontally and with a boss at each angle. Alternate with these are open hearts pointing upward. Fig. 403 is a narrow and simple band, the only decorations being fluting. Fig. 404 is 1% inches deep, and’ has very broad crenulated lobes above. There is a central line of alter- nate perforated stars and diamonds, with some fluting and tracery. The state collection of these is a very good representative one, but among those formerly used there must have been a great variety of detail. Miscellaneous Some ornaments occur which can not be classified. Fig. 156 is one of these, and was found on Indian hill in Pompey in the year 1901. It is of pewter and is V-shaped, with the angle rounded. There are protruding angular points and bosses. Another of simi- lar character has more the form of a buckle. Broken iron, brass, and pewter buckles are sometimes found. - ‘90 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM A handsome ornament of variously colored beads was also plowed up on Indian hill in Pompey the same year. The beads were kept in place by the brass wire on which they were strung. There was a large circle of these, with several pendants of beads attached. In 1902 the writer found there other glass beads, pre- served on brass wire. Fig. 224 is a large open heart of brass wire from Fort Plain. A wire loop is soldered in the angle above. Fig. 225 is a heavy cop- per pendant, found on the sand plains near Rome N. Y. Of this two views are given. ‘The disk below has a large ring in the heavy loop above. This may have been of the 17th century, or early in the 18th. Of about the same date is a fine brass ornament in Mr Stanford’s collection, 34 inches long by 14 wide. The upper half is lyre- shaped and open; the lower open and circular, but with a projection at the base. Both halves form one piece. In the openings hang open, six pointed stars, nearly filling the space. Fig. 395 shows this. It suggests an ornament from harness. Fig. 285 is from Indian castle in Pompey, and is a flat and nar- row piece of brass, rounded on the upper surface and terminating in a trefoil at the broader end. Near that end is an elliptic per- foration, which may have been for attachment or suspension, but probably the former. Fig. 380 is a broader article of the same kind, and from the same place. The lobes of the trefoil are rounder, and the perforation is circular, as in most other cases. Still another is from the same place. In every case meeting the writer’s eye, the base has been broken, The Onondaga specimens might have been worn in the hair or attached to the dress, being straight. Mr Stanford’s specimens, at Munnsville, require a different view. In two of these, longer than those from Onondaga, the base is abruptly bent upward. Each of these is about 44 inches long. A third is of quite a different char- acter, and not far from the same length in a direct line. Two abrupt curves make the actual length much greater. Viewed from the side, it suggests the curved handle of an old-fashioned door- latch, or the handles sometimes used with shawl straps. About the middle of this curve it is nearly 2 of an inch wide. There can be little doubt that this was an ornamental handle of some kind. The others may have had a secondary use after being broken. METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 97 Fig. 286 is a neat little article of brass, found a mile west of Cana- joharie. The portion ornamented with cross lines has the outline of a broad trowel, and there is a narrow rectangular base. There are no present means of attachment, and it may once have been longer, though showing no signs of breakage. Fig. 287 is a slender and angular piece of copper, which is evi- dently a fragment. Its general form suggests that it may have been one of the tobacco tongs, often given to the Indians. This came from Indian hillin Pompey. A heavier one, of slightly differ- ent form, is in the Stanford collection. One odd relic from a recent Cayuga site is a silver watch seal of considerable size. The handle is in the form of a dolphin, and the seal has crossed arrows between the letters K. M. This might have come among the spoils of war, by gift or purchase. With its Indian owner it was merely a pretty ornament, easily suspended and worn. Such an object would be attractive to any savage mind when plunder was to be had. But nothing that an Indian might carry off need excite surprise. When the Huron towns were destroyed in Canada in 1649 and 1650, and two of the missionaries were killed, the Onondagas carried off two little books belonging to the latter, and Father Le Moyne recovered them at Onondaga in 1654. Though not ornaments, there are figured here several unique recent copper relics which have been lent the writer at the last moment. They are in form like the old bone needles, flat and per- forated, and of interest as a survival of an early form in a later material, like the conical and triangular arrowheads of copper. As nothing of the kind has ever been described before, it seemed best to include them now. These are from Indian hill in Pompey, and ‘they have been reported from no other place. They are about as thick as needles of bone, but rather wider than most of these. Fig. 376 is broad, and is broken at the perforation. Fig. 377 is nar- rower and has a rounder point. It had two perforations. Fig. 37 is longer, and has a long and narrow hole. Fig. 379 is unper- forated, and is pointed at both ends. Such needles have been used in netting snowshoes. These have since been placed in the State Museum. Their age is not far from 250 years, and they are all that the writer has anywhere seen. 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Addenda Since the bulletin on bone articles was prepared, a number of interesting relics have been reported. The finest of these are in the small collections of L. William H. Klinkhart and his friends, in Canajoharie N. Y., and were all found in that vicinity. The writer has examined some of them. One small and broad bone comb has. three human heads projecting above the upper rim in a curved line. - This is about 13 inches high. Another terminates above in a long- bodied quadruped in a standing posture. Below the opening are two human faces. This is more than double the length of the last, being over 3 inches high. It is from Wagner’s hollow. Another may be a pin, or part of a comb with a single long and perfect tooth remaining. One tooth certainly has been lost, but the fracture has been repaired, and the part is neatly finished where it might have widened into a comb. The top curves, and two human faces are in the open work below the upper rim, as in the last. This fine article is 33 inches high, and came from the Otstungo site. Its importance is in showing the resemblance of some work on this- early site to some of clearly historic date. A human figure of horn has the hands under the chin, and the head is disproportionately large. It is 2} inches high and was found at Wagner’s hollow. There are the usual awls; perforated beaver and elk teeth, cylindric bone beads, perforated deer phalanges, some of which are fine. The longest.awl is over 8 inches in length. One conical bone point has a lateral perforation. This article is over 3 inches long, and came from the recent site in Rice’s woods. One fine bone harpoon has two long barbs on one side, and is perforated. At the broad base are longitudinal grooves, like those on a harpoon of Mr Richmond’s from the Mohawk valley, but more and longer. Another of the same length is about half as wide at its plain base. This has two barbs on one side, and on that edge is. a projection in which is the perforation. These notable harpoons are each 62 inches long, and come from Wagner’s hollow, where others have been found. The occurrence of a much worked Fulgur carica on the Cayadutta site is of interest, as marine shells are rare on early Iroquois sites in New York. The base, outer whorl and some projections have beer cut away, and a long slit cut in the remainder toward the base. The tht METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 99 whole shell shows age. This was found by Mr Percy M. Van Epps of Glenville. In his collection and those of his friends, the writer found many interesting articles, mostly of stone. As the Mohawks had no towns in Schenectady county, pottery is rare there, as well as recent articles. The Bigelow collection has received a number of the curious orna- ments made from the concave and convex ends of bones, pierced for suspension. They are from Pompey sites of the pre-colonial period. One retains traces of red paint. One massive and carved bone bead is from the Christopher site. Mr Bigelow has also recently obtained a fine tube from near Three River Point, and a banner stone from Savannah N. Y. Both are of striped slate. A bayonet slate weapon and a remarkable flattened bird amulet are among his recent additions. Mr Theodore Stanford, of Munnsville, has a fine cylindric bone arrowhead with barbs, and also a worked bone, about half as thick as wide. This is 3 inches long and an inch wide at the broad end, which is notched all around. Near that end is a lateral perforation. The general form is flat, with rounded edges. The writer has also examined Mr R. D. Loveland’s fine collection in Watertown N. Y., which is rich in clay pipes from neighboring forts. A few have stems fitted to bowls which were found on the same sites and are of the same character. They are not always cer- tainly parts of the same article, though of the same age. Some per- fect examples are unique, as well as some imperfect. One of the former, a small clay pipe, is like a high shoe in outline, but much compressed. Dr A. A. Getman has a broken one of similar form. In September 1go1, the writer was present when Mr Oren Pomeroy took out of a Jefferson county camp site a fine clay pipe bowl, hav- ing a human face before and behind. This form is rare. On the same visit, Dr R. W. Amidon presented him a small clay pipe bowl, perforated for the insertion of a stem. In the Loveland collection one peculiar long and broad flat awl has deep notches on each edge above the base. Another fine ex- ample has been beautifully mottled by fire. A bone arrowhead is one of the remarkable articles in this collection. It is angularly shouldered but not strictly barbed, and has a long and moderately slender perforated tang. Recently Mr Loveland obtained a pipe 100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM resembling fig. 220 of the bulletin on earthenware, with several frag- ments. Three examples of a curious canoe-shaped pipe bowl have also been found by him. Unio shell beads are also now in his collection. Two articles are of high interest, though simple, and will be illus- trated later. They are of carved wood, which fire has charred but not destroyed. With one exception they are probably the oldest remains of this kind in New York. Several interesting collections have been examined in and about Gienvilie N. Y., through the kindness of Mr Percy M. Van Epps. In one of these is a woman’s knife unfinished, of the red slate of Washington county, showing that it was made not far away. Several fine bird pipes of stone have been found, one of which is in Col. Camp’s collection at Sacketts Harbor, the gem of which is a massive and highly polished stone pipe resembling a flying squirrel. It is 64 inches long, by 22 broad. He has also a thin and highly polished stone tube. A beautiful shell gorget comes from Savannah N. Y., and is nearly 4 inches across. Other interesting finds will not be mentioned now. At the last moment a supplementary note seems required. In Sep- tember 1903 Mr John Mackay, of Niagara Falls, opened an ossuary of the Neutral nation close by the Tuscarora reservation, of the approxi- mate date of 1620. Iron axes and brass kettles were found in this, shell and metallic ornaments, sword blades and pipes, with a few glass beads. The metallic beads were made from strips cut from old kettles and rolled into cylinders, from 2 to 11 inches in length. Of more interest were 24 rude rings of the same material, most of them rolled into cylinders and bent into a circular form. A flat one served for a finger ring and still encircled the finger bone. The others were larger, from { to 1} inches across, some overlapping and some just meeting at the ends. A large one is 2} inches across, doubled, beaten flat, and then brought into a circle like the rim of a hat. A strip of metal is folded over the ends and also beaten flat. The writer obtained one unique brooch too late to figure or describe, to which reference has been made on page 94. It may be called of a diamond form, each side being a narrow bar, curved over outside at each end and forming a short hook. It measures 14 by 14 inches. METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS Io! EX PEANATTON OF PLATES Page numbers refer to fuller descriptions in bulletin. Plate 1 ‘Nee 1 Large star brooch from Cattaraugus reservation. Ex- cept where noted, all brooches are of silver........... 80 2 Medium star brooch from Onondaga reservation........ 80 3 Medium star brooch from Cattaraugus reservation...... 80 4 Medium star brooch from Onondaga reservation ....... 80 5 Very small star brooch from Cattaraugus reservation... 80 ‘6 Small star brooch from Tuscarora reservation........... 80 7 Medium star from Onondaga reservation.............. 80 8-9 Small star brooches from the same reservation........ 80 Plate 2 10 Very large star from Onondaga reservation............. 80 Ee SiiAll stat trom. Canadian Staveley ice. s tse 'clste'e 6 ole one 80 eZzaomiall star trom Allepany fesetvation... i: osc 10 ss 81 Beeledinin. stat DrOOEM LOM bittdlO. solic. tec eet ae 81 14 Large star from Tonawanda reservation. Not embossed. 81 15 Small star from Onondaga reservation..... Peas A as) he 80 Plate 3 16 Medium star from Allegany reservation........ Bate ers 81 17 Early form of circular brooch, town of DeWitt N. Y..... eh 18 Embossed circular brooch from Onondaga reservation.. 81 19 Small and elliptic brooch from the Mohawk valley...... 79 2a. omalhcircular broocrirom Cayuga grave. oo. 0.2.63 5 79 21 Early form of circular brooch from the Mohawk valley... 77 22 Large circular brooch with included star. Mrs Con- MeTserreDilecHomens sen eer es Nad bobs astoees 81 23 Simple ring brooch from Onondaga reservation......... 79 24 Ornamented ring brooch from the Mohawk valley...... 79 25 Flat ring brooch from Onondaga reservation........... 79 102 26 27 - 28 29 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Plate 4 Embossed circular brooch with heart and star. Onon- daga resetwation =< 2.2 t swe ee coe oe eee Medium circular brooch from the same place............ Large citcular brooch from the. same. ..72.. =. ose Medium citcular brooch fromthe same. 7... cic -meeeee e Small circular brooch. Onondaga reservation.......... 31 Embossed brass circular brooch from the same place.... Plate 5 32 Fine and large circular brooch in the Converse collection. . 33 Medium circular brooch from Onondaga reservation.... 34 Large.circular brooch-irom the sate place)... 22 nee 34a Medium circular brooch from the same.............055 35 36 37 38 39 40 small ring brooch fromthe same. .):....> s.ai%en aimee small circular brooch from the’sameé place.’. 4... sae Medium circular brooch from Allegany reservation...... Small ring brooch from Onondaga reservation.......... Large, embossed, circular brooch from the same........ Plate 6 Circular brooch. This and the next three from Onon- dasa; reservation. ¢ ..\.9..0s esa ee tron oe 41-42 Small circular brooches with embossed edges........ 43 44 45 46 47 48 Small circular brooch, with bosses near the center....... Medium circular brooch from Allegany reservation...... Large circular brooch from Onondaga reservation....... Ornamented ring brooch from Buffalo..............00. Medium circular brooch from Allegany reservation...... Embossed and unique circular brooch in Converse collec- Star brooch from Onondaga reservation..............+- Small circular brooch from the same place........-..... Small circular brooch from the Allegany reservation..... Circular brooch with peculiar edge, from the same....... Small circular brooch with embossed edge. Onondaga reservation is). 05055 ce i Soe pel es PAGE 83. 81 83. 81 83 78. METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 103 Plate 7 PAGE 54 Large circular brooch from Onondaga reseryation....... 82 55 Medium circular brooch, of fine design. Converse col- NECH@ MN aes Ate nec vars tee Gr neo chap teptett lena dante nde e! «0 a a hale 85 56 Small circular brooch with embossed border. Tona~- Ret LEGICURts Ara) agape att, aed R rt aie one e rt mete Se sils 9% laatfl-e 85 57 Unique circular brooch from Onondaga reservation..... 83 58 Circular brooch with projecting bosses, from the same.... 82 58a Circular brooch of fine design, from the same place..... 84 Beeomall ciscular brooch trom, the-same ./5./..... stots etn. bes 82 Mon Gircular -prooch itor the same. jos. ata flee eee ciel: 82 61 Medium circular brooch in Converse collection.......... 81 62> Smiall-circular brooch from, Vonawanda, .< .: i\f.c.. etn. 84 63 Fine but small embossed circular brooch from Onondaga BOSC MOM es cyt ctesa eC es or eh dn weapon are bob a whaauahe 82 Plate 8 ‘64-65 Small circular brooches from Onondaga reservation.. 82 6 Larger circular brooch from Allegany reservation....... 84 67-69 Small circular brooches from Onondaga reservation.. 82 7o Small circular brooch from Allegany reservation........ 84 yee nigiie circular brooch irom. the same. ...¢ «5... (steno feces 84 72 Circular brooch with embossed border from Tonawanda.. 85 73 Ornamented ring brooch from Tuscarora reservation.... 79 74 Flat and embossed ring brooch from Onondaga reserva- IGE ie BE eee Bae oy CI RAR Re a ree EE 79 75 Small circular brooch from Allegany reservation........ 84 76 Small circular brooch from Onondaga reservation....... 83 77 Plain circular brooch from the same place.............-- 83 Zee oimall ciccular brooch from: Tonawanda’ a: <0. ...3.0.2.+ 85 Plate 9 79-80 Small circular brooches from Onondaga reservation. .83, 84 81 Small circular brooch from Allegany reservation......... 84 2-omiall circulars brooch from Tonawanda.: ..... 5... 05.008 84 83 Large quadrilateral brooch from Onondaga reservation... 88 84 Small circular embossed brooch from Allegany.......... 84 I04. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PAGE. 85 Ring brooch with undulated surface. Onondaga reser- WAETOIS (2s fol oirovs cba terievs oo lesahy creis © eh eee tater a teel see epee 79 87 Unique heart and crown brooch in the same collection.... 86: 88 Ring brooch with scalloped surface. Onondaga reserva- 89 Unique embossed circular brooch from the same place... 83. go Flat ring brooch with scalloped edges, from the same..... 79 gi Ring brooch with undulated surface, from the same place. 79 g2 Unique brooch with animal heads. Converse collection .85, 86. 93 Quadrilateral embossed brooch from Tuscarora reserva- Plate 10 94 Large heart and crown brooch. Onondaga reservation.. 87 95 Medium heart and crown brooch. Converse collection... 86 g6 Heart and crown brooch with eagles’ heads. Onondaga FESETVALIOM © pian nie ae soca See es or da eee 87 97 Simple heart brooch. Allegany reservation............. 88 98 Large and unique lyre brooch. Tuscarora reservation.... 89: 99 Unique and large eagle brooch in Converse collection. .... 85, 86- 100 Unique heart and crown brooch in the same collection.... 86. 101 Heart and crown brooch with eagles’ heads. Onondaga PESERVACOM fa ac caatate ake ie abalerots co tenant ee ee 87 102 Very simple heart and crown brooch from the same place. 88. 103 Conventional heart and crown brooch from the same..... 88. 104 Simple heart and crown brooch from the same.......... 88. 105 Unique heart and pelican brooch from the same place.... 88% Plate 11 106 Masonic embossed brooch. ‘Tuscarora reservation...... g2 107 Masonic brooch of small size. Onondaga reservation.... 93. 108 Masonic embossed brooch. Converse collection...... gl 109 Masonic embossed brooch. Tonawanda..............- gz 110 Red Jacket’s brooch. Converse collection.............. QI, 92 METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS 105 PAGE 111 Masonic brooch not embossed. Tonawanda........... 92 112 Masonic embossed brooch. Onondaga reservation...... 93 113 Masonic brooch of small size. Converse collection..... g2 114 Masonic brooch unembossed. Tonawanda............. 92 Plate 12 115 Masonic brooch, plain and conventional. Onondaga GESEU NM MOM netted te oye sae steno sre ope ete ore efieuelen > Suaee eee 46- Brass cruciix trom Pompeys: ....20)..0 Ae teen See 47 Lead ‘cross or crucifix from Hopewell... 2.205. Soe 45 Plate 18 Seneca: silver beads, of, slender form... ... 2 «cee eee 18. Ornamental silver «cross; from Canada... <> «040 as Very. ldreercireular Senéca, brooch. 2. 2s 1. ee: cee ee 85 Seneca earring with eagle and pendants................ 34. Plate 19 Small double cross. Converse collection... .....2....-.. 44. Small crenulated cross from Onondaga reservation....... 44 Small double cross from the same place: . . 0.) <.. . stone 44. Small foliated brass crucifix from Pompey.............. 47 Large silver cross in Richmond collection, reduced in thie Heise ose ce wey oleic ae ia knee ee oe ee Small crenulated silver cross from a Cayuga grave...... 44 Fine double silver cross found near Geneva N. Y........ 43, 44. Small foliated silver cross from the Mohawk valley...... 47 Seneca foliated silver cross, with ornamented center..... 42° Plate 20 Both sides of brass cross with emblems. Munnsville.... 48 Fine brass ornamental cross from Pompey. Arareform. 47 Double ornamental silver cross from Onondaga reserva- PAT ee nie ab es Sen oe en RE ee posi Os 95 alain 44. Rare double brass crucifix from Pompey..............+- 47 Brass crucifix from Cayuga prave. . <2... 0s. ls sales eee Small brass cross with emblems from the Mohawk valley.. 47 Double brass crucifix from the fort near Jamesville...... 47 Fine brass crucifix found near Geneva N. Y.........--- 46: Plate 21 Brass crucifix from the fort near Jamesville............. 47 Small foliated brass crucifix from Pompey...........+-- 47 METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS I0Q PAGE 220 Perforated and flat brass, nearly half circular. Pompey ( CETIVRS: 8 hie, Bee 6 ai aN hae ne ha A Ae co ae a 30 221 Perforated brass disk or gorget. Fabius............... 30 222 Larger but like the last, and found in Pompey........... 30 ——223 Massive silver pendant with glass setting. Onondaga ESE Bayete Teac, ree eee aa!) Leen ne tay tps aciie 0 oh es set axe ane 93 224 Cordate ornament of brass wire from Fort Plain........ 96 225 Heavy copper disk-and sin®tront Rome IN: Yo...2-.2. 96 226 Small and perforated brass crescent from Pompey....... 30 Plate 22 227 Large and perforated brass disk from the Genesee valley.. 29 225 Pewter medal trom Honeoye Balls. 0. ii cee se 2 oe oo Hage Peguuewice mecalemond Uribe Smltilh Yi... eae stems ote eles oes 28. Zaoerewter medal tron Hopewell. eit... okies oe cle Se ee see 27 22m rewter medal trom Indian full; Pompey 2... 6026.5 oe. 28 Pe AC WLCTMECA ETON ACLOD. ots tln site o1 6s cee ee we ol'se nee» ox 28 Z2a%) Pewter medal from~-lutnam county; NOY 3.4 oie eee 28. - Plate 23 234 Long and cylindric brass bead from the Cayadutta fort FEL OMGCOUMLV entry Tae ANS Lit Beas as Ceca Be 16 235 Long and perforated silver tube from Pompey.......... 19 236-38 Native copper beads found together near Schenectady. 16 239 Cylindric native copper bead found near the Seneca river.. 15 240 Very small globular copper beads from Victor.......... 18 241 Small globular copper beads from Ontario county....... 18 24 SiiilaG beads iron Hopewelle. ic tia nce obs ee 18 243 Long brass cylindric bead from the Mohawk valley...... ir 244 Long brass cylindric bead from the south line of Pompey. 17 245 Long brass cylindric bead from the Garoga fort in GAA ne eet re ete REG od 1 o's We Swe eS 16: 246 Spirally coiled brass bead from Oneida valley........... 18 247 Spirally coiled brass bead from a Cayuga grave......... 18 248 Cylinder of coiled brass from a grave at Canajoharie..... 17 249 Fine cylindric brass beads from Pompey Center......... 17 110 250 Long and slender silver bead from Onondaga reservation. 251 252 253 278 279 280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Thicker and with spirai ornament. In the same lot... Plain and slender. This and the next in the same lot... . Thicker and slightly ornamented.......<-..-2au6 0 See Plate 24 Long and slender brass bead from Indian hill in Pompey. Thicker and shorter bead from Pompey Center....... sg Shorter cylindric brass bead from the fort in Ephratah... Fine cylindric brass bead from Pompey Center.......... Conical zinc bangles with hair. Onondaga reservation... Conical copper bangle with hair. Cayuga grave........ Conical copper bangle from Indian hill, Pompey........ Chain of brass wire found near Fort Plain.........0..5. Very large copper bangle from Indian hill, Pompey... Copper bangle from:Canayohartie. «25 ...068 Snag om iantls Spherical brass. bell from Pompey: Center... . 22%... tan Small spherical brass bell from Fleming... ........% ates Bali of “brass “bell from Pompey - PAs $2. 3.3 oes stint Spherical silver bell from Ontario county.............. Pewter human figure from Indian castle, Pompey........ Pewter animal figure from Indian hill, Pompey.......... Pewter bird from Hopewellei. 225 > wan ose eee Pewter animal figure from Honeoye Falls............... Plate 25 2 Iron turtle from Indian castlé4n Pompey... ... 0. 25.2). Pewter turtle from the same place.::.. 2. 22°. churaaeeee Metallic animal figure found near Watervale, Pompey.... Perforated and rectangular brass plate found near James- Leather belt with brass tubes from Fleming............. Leather belt with brass tubes from Honeoye Falls........ Pewter ring from Pompey... / 2... ©. 2:2 2-\seees eeee Brass ring with crucifixion. Pompey.....:.. 00000. 4 £5 Silver medal of George 2, from Baldwinsville.......... PAGE 18 18 18 18 17 17 16 17 19 METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS III Plate 26 PAGE 281-82 Onondaga silver medals.............-+2+-see+eeee- 61, 62 283 Mohawk Sircstesan dil Seemed x, Lame tna ane a ae cee 62 PeeieMomcan pewter medal. > 30 Plate 27 PAGE bLGiize Meal Of GCOTSO. Ls s saree sic ee «Pa eae ase es - 57 290 Flat strip of perforated brass from Cayuga county...... 30 291 Elliptic pewter medal with bust, from Indian castle, LECSTETY Dh RUE eyepiece ot eae Beng PG ie era seal ta Wi eer a WZ 292 Heart-shaped brass medal with embossed heart. Scipio- ll Pa fat R A tara es IN rosso 2 ater ee ae ee 73 293 Large and elliptic brass medal with half length figure. Sed MAC PLACE Nat tase on eerie us ais aie behets brace: be Sine 8, Sea Fe 294 Perforated silver coin, with lion on one side and letters Get HeROuMeG: eOMIDEY, «scr Aeece a nraiv = cles wieel el ensiel shit ale OIE: 295 Octagonal brass medal with man and child. Cayuga SOTISIIRY Aitere oe Baie GO De ora IOS ie roa ee Saco chee sca rieucacno 73. 296 Elliptic German medal from Baldwinsville.............. 71 297 Perforated copper coin from Indian hill, Pompey........ 49 Z95eOcase@ual btass miedal.o St-Agatha.. Pompey..:..-. 72 299 Fine elliptic brass medal from Onondaga lake.......... 73 300 Octagonal silver medal of St Lucia, from Pompey....... 72 301 Octagonal brass medal of St Francis, from Scipioville.... 73 302 Octagonal brass medal, with cross, altar and kneeling SIEM EnONAT Mlee SANG ld Cee ves ers We at sesso wane! See eS 73 goq Pertorated copper coin irom OMpey? «ob. oes oie oS esis 49 Plate 28 q04, Pertorated copper ‘coin from: Pompey..-.icn sin wo oes s 20 ee 49 305 Bracelet of coiled copper wire from Fleming............ 22 1i2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 306 Large and grooved copper bracelet from Cattaraugus.... 22 307 Small bracelet of coiled copper wire from Pompey....... 22 208 Small copper bracelet from the same:place. <1... ae 22 200 Bracelet of coiled copper wire fron: Fleming. |. 5. eee 22 210 Copper. bracelet. from Munnsvillee 3.2 ae "22 Plate 29 271 Obverse ‘of bronze Carlisle medal? n>. G2. Satie ss eee 58 are WReverse of ‘this medal: . 4); 2020s eee. ee 58 313 Heavy bronze ring with bust of a king. Pompey........ 39 .gi4 Bronze ring with full tace: Fleming: 0.0.02. 2 e 37 315 Bronze ring with face turned to the edge. Brewerton.... 38 276 Bronze ring with full face, “Fleming -<. Je. 3.0 .e. woeee 37 317 Bronze ring with mitred head. Pleming. 0.4.) 4072.6 37 318 Bronze ring with face and: key. ‘Pompey.: .. 4.0% ¢..< .223 2s. 37 330 Ring with L, heart and crown. Fleming’......2> eee Plate 34 399-401 Silver headbands in State Museum.......... Plate 35 4o2 Headband in State Muse ..00 0 eg. seer. 403 Plain headband in same collection............... 404 Headband in State Museum.............002000: Plate 36 405-10 Silver bracelets in State Museum............. Plate 37 4r1°Red-Jacket medals. » 0). 3.455.. 1 ae eee Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 5 ra a ee ; 2 a ~ i S 2 Mate: cette Patten 2 p ~ a” ~ y 2 Fe” oan nw a on “Sie. . a . ger - aq ba he. Sak ee. | #3 KASD edt a. pele ny ‘ SE a ‘ x Plate 6 Plate 7 Plate 8 t era 52, il ; Plate Plate 10 Plate 11 Plate 12 Plate 13 144 146 147 14 15 Plate 16 76 1 174 Plate 17 Plate 19 ‘ seal Seed (ec. fae ee ee ae see we ee ' 9. Pannn- noe ios Plate 20 e ping | ihheesdinsell conmtiitiltaal ee oe om rk Plate 21 Plate 22 228 227 233 Plate 23 3 24 248 235 23 Plate 24 257 255 254 264 a ot ec | Plate 25 Plate 26 ONONDAGOS © “S £ We * ONONDAGOS | Phi en Srey ern dadion ss Gheit ix the AMERICANS AR. i761, 7 282 Plate 27 Plate 28 /AaDd», - Le Oa A fe “ENANCS Sti 309 Plate 29 Plate 30 353 354 Plate 31 366 Se i Nie a cue cine eet Cre Plate 32 Plate 33 | ae | MOHIGRANS | es Plate 34 Ke al Mh Ae | ne , vi =a “4 an a i aa ee mi uit] ih RRA E AE «. Li mo : WVVARR 6 S23 pl ae Re ee age iin cca ie aa aM AN uth cleat so J y a | me AN AA! Aa | oe es Romer: a 4 “Shy! alate m ac = - & , ‘ i = Wve a dl (i) fy i) = aasil if : a ie 7 ee it ‘iil i fi : nay ta eee: a: y Plate 35 i a 1 'é 2 ii hy 1% A ay a i) tind A) & is Go ¢ ty ; :) 4 S ml opm gan % i sown in) nt < \| i am g Att WI (yn) vy . i F nl it: me i i <> fe: ; > Vet Mat | Mg uf ie = P il me ff tH i ‘i re f il 402 Al wi | | y f uh he mt nee | og yf nh 407 PN iil rw 408 wil Plate 36 Plate 37 GEORGE WASHINGTON PRESIDENT i ae LAN DoE: Xx Allegany reservation, brooches from, 81, 84, 88, 90, IOI, 102, 103, 104, 105, 100. Amidon, R. W., clay pipe presented | to Dr Beauchamp by, 99. Armlets, 23. Baldwinsville, medals from, 55, 58, T10, Iii; medal from near, 71. Ballston, silver medal from, 63, 114. Bangles, 19; explanation of plates, IIo. Beads: -Q,- 10; copper, (145, from ossuary of Neutral nation, 100; as ornaments, 9; explanation of plates, 109; recent, 16-19; silver, 18. Beauchamp, W. M., crosses belong- ing to, 44; collection of brooches, 83, 84, 87, 93, 100. Beauharnois, Gov., letters from, 52- 53- Beausoliel island, cross from, 43. Bells, 20-21. Belts, 24-20. Betisn iG Wayllivss cttedy:35a553 57402, 63, 64, 65, 66, 72. Bigelow collection, 99. Bird pipes, 100. Bone articles, 98. Bone ornaments, 9. Boughton hill, beads medals from, 28. -Bourke, John G., cited, 3, 24. Boyle, David, cited, 3, 25, 43. from, 18; Bracelets, 21-24; brass, 22, 23; ex- planation of plates, II1-12, 113, 114; silver, 22, 23. Brant, Joseph, mentioned, 23, 32. Brass beads, 16-18. Brass bracelets, 22, 23. Brass brooch, 78. Brass crosses, 45-48. Brass gorgets, 29-31. Brass implements, 9-10. Brass medals, 72. Brass pipes, 13. Brass rattles, 21. Brass rings, 36. Brass tubes in leather belts, 24-26. Brereton, John, cited, 3, 13, 24. Brewerton, native copper from, 16; rings from, 38, 40, 112, 113. Bronze rings, 36, 37, 4I. Brooches, 74-94; explanation plates, Io1-6. Broome county, see Windsor. Bruyas, Jacques, cited, 3, 9; men- tioned, 35. Bryant, William C., cited, 3; letter from, 67-68. Buffalo Academy of Science col- lection, 18, 23. Buffalo Historical Society, brooches belonging to, 79, 81, 84, 02, 102; brooches from, IOI, 102, 105. Bushnell collection, 62. of Camp, Col., collection, roo. Canada, brooches from, 80, IOI. Canadian Indians, medals awarded EON ate Canajoharie, cylinder of coiled brass from, 17, 109; bangles from, 19, I10; Ornaments from, 97, III; bone articles from, 98. Canandaigua conference, 54. Carr, Lucien, cited, 3, 12. Cartier, mentioned, 12. Casey, Rev. W. H., medal found by, 73: Cattaraiigus reservation, bracelets from, 23, I12; brooches from, 8o, 89, 93, IOI, 106; earrings from, 33, 107. Cayadutta fort, brass bead from, 17, 109; marine shell, 08. 116 Cayuga county, bangles from, 109, 110; beads from, 18, 109; strip of perforated brass from, 30, III; brooch from, 79, Io1; coins from, 49; brass crucifix from, 46, 108; medals from, 72, 73, ments from, 97; ring from, 38, Tes ASICS Cayuga; Fleming; Union Ill; orna- also. East Scipioville; Springs. Chase’s woods, beads from, 17. Christopher site, bone articles from, 99. Clans WsaVe0 i. cited) some) 27. 30, 40, 45, 46, 61, 60, 70, 72. Clay, earrings from, 33, 107. Clay pipes, 99. Clinton, De Witt, finger ring owned by, 40. Clothing of New York Indians, 7- 12, 76. Clute, beads belonging to, 106. Coins, 49-50; explanation of plates, GUN I Cold Spring, medal from, 28, 109. Collars, 24. Conover, George S., cited, 3; brace- lets owned by, 23; crucifix belong ing to, 46; medals described by, 56; on Red Jacket medal, 68. Converse, Harriet Maxwell, cited, 4, 85-88; bracelets collected by, 23; collection of brooches, 81, 89, QI.-93> IOI,’ 102; 103, -104;. T05, 100; zeal in collecting, 95; cross be- longing to, 44, 108; death, 81; earrings obtained by, 32, 33, 34, 107; paper by in State Museum report, 78; rings owned by, 40, Te: Copper articles of native ore not in use in New York in 1600, 14. Copper ax, 16. Copper beads, see Beads. Copper bracelets, 21-24. Copper ornaments, 9, 14-16. Copper relics, 97. Corlaer, see Van Corlaer. 125 a native, ‘ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Costumes of New York Indians, 7-12, 76. Crosses, 45-49; explanation of plates, 108; silver, 41-45. Crucifixes, 45-49; explanation of plates, 108. Curler, see Van Corlaer. David, Capt., account of, 75. Deers-hair, 8, 9. De Soto, mentioned, 12. De Witt, brooches from, 77, ror. Earrings, 31-35; plates, 107-8. Kast Cayuga, cross from, 44, 108. Ephratah, beads from, 16, 109, 110. Erie county, see Tonawanda reser- vation. Evarts, Dr, earrings obtained by, 33; small brooches, 78. Explanation of plates, IOI-14. explanation of Fabius, brass disk from, 30, 109; flat brass piece from 30, IIT. Feathers, 9, 12. Finger rings, 35-41. Fisher, J. T., cited, 4, 64. Fleming, brass bell from, 20, 110; leather belts from, 25, 110; brace- lets from, 22, III, 112; rings from, 37, AO; T06, T12, TDs eoumbles from, 21. Fort Brewerton, medal from near, 70. Fort Bull, bracelet from, 23. Fort Plain, chain of brass wire from near, 18, I10; ornament from, 96, 109. French mission house of 1656, cross from, 48. Frey, S. L., beads found by, 16, 17; brooch belonging to, 77; cited, 4, 15; collection, 41; cross figured by, 47; medals owned by, 29. Fulton county, brass beads from, 17, 109. See also Ephratah. Furniss, F. H., mentioned, 8o. Garoga fort, beads from, 16, 109, II. INDEX TO METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS Genesee valley, brass disk from, 29, 109. Geneseo, bracelets from, 23, 113. Geneva, bracelet from, 23, 113; crosses from-near, 44, 46, 108; Rose hill farm, cross from, 46, 108. Georgia, crosses from, 42. Getman, A. A., clay pipe belonging to, 99. Glenville, collections, Ioo. Gold cross, 45. Gold finger ring, 40. Gorgets, 21, 29-31, 50-70, 100, 109, 109. Gosnold, mentioned, 13. Grider, Rufus A., ring given by, 40. Hallenbeck, E., mentioned, 63. Halsey, Francis Whiting, cited, 4, 64, 77. Hazard, Samuel, cited, 4, 51. Headbands, 94-95, 106, IT4. Headdress, 32. Heckewelder, J. G. E., cited, 4, 20, 31, 74-75; 76. Henry, Alexander, cited, 4, 15, 23. Herkimer county, see Indian castle. Hildburgh, W. L., collection, 18, 31, 36, 48; pendants owned by, 19; bells owned by, 20. Hinsdale, W. G., rings obtained by, 38, 40; crosses obtained by, 46, 48; brass crucifix obtained by, 47. Hoffman’s Ferry, rings from, 41. Honeoye Falls, leather belt from, 26, 110; small image from, 26, I10; medal from, 27, 109. Hopewell, McClure farm, beads from, 18, 109; pewter bird from, 26, 110; cross from, 45, 108; medal from, 27, 109; rings from, 38, I12. Hudson, Henry, cited, 7, 9. Hunter, Goy., quoted, 50. Images, small, 26-27; explanation of plates, IIo. Indian castle, brass crescent from, | 30, -100; ‘earring from, 32, 32) tO7: gorget from, 77, 106; small 117 images from, 26, 110; medal from, 72, tll; pewter medal from, 72, Il1; ornament from, 96, 111; sil- ver tube from, 19, Iog. Indian hill, bangles from, Ig, I10; beads from, 17, 110; bracelets from, 22, 112; copper coins from, 49, 111; copper disk from, 31, 106; earrings from, 32, 107; small im- ages from, 26, 110; medals from, 28, 109; brass medal from near, 69; copper needles from, 97, 114; ornaments from, 97, III; pewter ornament from, 95, 1060; brass plates from, 31, 113; rings from, 39. Jamesville, see Onondaga fort of 1690. Jefferson county, beads from, 17; clay pipe from, 99. See also Sack- etts Harbor; Watertown. Jesuit rings, 37. Johnson, Crisfield, cited, 4, 36. Johnson, Guy, quoted, 63. Johnson, Sir William, cited, 43; mentioned, 53, 54, 59, OI. Jones, Charles C., cited, 4; crosses described by, 42. Jones, John, medal belonging to, 55. Kelly, medal found by, 63. Ketchum, William, cited, 4, 75. | Kingman, Henry E., cited, 4; cruci- fixes from, 48. Klinkhart, L. William H., collec- tions, 98. La Fayette, medal from, 7o. La Fort, Abram, brooch belonging to, 8o. Lead cross, 45, 108. Lead medals or ornaments, 14, 27- 20, 72. Ledyard, L. W., medal owned by, 61. Leroux, Joseph, cited, 4, 64, 67. Livingston, Robert, mentioned, 50. _ Livingston county, see Geneseo. 118 Woskiels (GAH cited, As 22™ 30; 931, 32, 74, 76. Loveland, R. D., collection, 99. Mackay, John, opened ossuary of Neutral nation, Ioo. McLachlan, R. W., cited, 4-5, 51-52, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64-65; medal belonging to, 62, ITT. Madison county, see Munnsville. | Masonic brooches, 90-93; explana- tion of plates, 104-6. Massachusetts, belts from, 24. Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections, 5. Medals of lead, 27-29; honorary, 50-70; religious, 70-73; explana- tion of plates, 109, I10-12, 114. Michigan, gorgets from, 29-30; crosses from, 44. Millard, Clara, cited, 5, 91. Miner, Charles, cited, 5, 57. Mohawk valley, beads from, 17, 109; brooches from, 77, 79, 101; cross from, 47, 108; medal from, 29, 114; rings from, 40, 113, 114. Mohican silver medal, 63, I14. Monroe county, see Honeoye Falls. Montanus, Arnoldus, cited, 5, 8. Montgomery county, see Canajo- harie; Fort Plain; Otstungo site; Rice’s woods; Tionontoguen; Tribes Hill; Wagner’s hollow. Montreal medals, 58-64. Moose hair, 9. Morgan, L. H., cited, 5, 36, 42, 68- 69, 76-77, 85; mentioned, 34. Moseley, C. F., belts found by, 26; small image found by, 26; medal belonging to, 27. Munnsville, bone articles from, 99; bracelets from, 22, 112; coin from, 50, 114; cross from, 48, 49, 108; medal from, 73, 114; ornaments from, 96; brass ornament from, 96, 114; rings from, 38, 41, 112, 113, II4. pewter NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Nelson, James, medal furnished by, 28, 109. Neutral nation, 100. New Hampshire Historical Society. Collections, 5. North Carolina, belts from, 24. ossuary of 1620, O’Callaghan, E. B., cited, 5, 7, 8, 50, 51, 53, 54,62, 63; 74. Ohio, cross from, from, 77. Ollier, James, medal belonging to, 62. : Onaghee site, beads from, 18. Oneida county, see Fort Bull; Oris- kany; Rome. Oneida valley, beads from, 18,109; pendants from, 19. Onondaga county, coins from, 49. See also Baldwinsville; Brewer- ton; Fabius; La Fayette; Pom-- pey; Pompey Center; Watervale. Onondaga fort of 1654, see Indian hill. Onondaga fort of 1696, beads from, 19; bells from, 20; bracelets from, 22; crosses from, 45, 46, 47, 108; medal from, 27; pendants from, 19; brass plate from, 30, IIO. Onondaga lake, brass crucifix from, 48, 106; brass medal from, 73, III. Onondaga reservation, bangles from, 19, 110; beads -iremmete: 110; bracelet from, 23; brooches from, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 87-88, 93, 94, IOI, 102, 103, 104, I05, 100; crosses from, 44, 108; earrings from, 33, 34, 107; silver pendant from, 93, 109; rings from, 40, I13. Ontario county, beads from, 18, 109; silver bells from, 20, I10; brass crucifix from, 46, 108; ear- rings from, 31; rings from, 36, 113. See also Geneva; Hopewell; Seneca; Victor. Ontonagon river, near, IS. Oriskany, medals from, 56. 45; brooches native copper INDEX TO METALLIC ORNAMENTS OF NEW YORK INDIANS Ornaments, names of, 9. Osborne, Sir Danvers, medals brought to New York by, 55; ~ mentioned, 58. Otstungo site, bone articles from, 08. Owego, crucifixes from, 48. Palatine Bridge, beads from, 113. Parker, Gen. Ely S., cited, 5; medal belonging to, 67. Pendants, Io. Penhallow, Samuel, cited, 5, 51. Pewter ornaments, 14. Pewter pipes, 13. Pickering, Col., mentioned, 54. Pipes, brass and pewter, 13; clay, 99; stone, 100. Pipestone, 20. Plates, explanation of, 101-14. Pomeroy, Oren, clay pipe found by, 99. Pompey, bangles from, 19, 110; beads from near, 17, 109, I10; brass bell from, 20, I10; pewter bell from, 2I, 114; bone articles from, 99; bracelets from, 22, 112; brooches from, 77; coins from, 4Q, II4; copper coins from, IIT; silver coin from, 72, III; brass crescent from, 30, I09; crosses from, 45, 108; brass crucifixes from, 47, 48, 108, 114; copper disk from, 31, 106; earrings from, 32, 33, 107; gorgets from, 77, 106, 109; small images from, 26, I10; medals from, 28, 72, 73, 100, IIT, 114; brass medal from near, 60; copper needles from, 97, 114; nose ring from, 22, II4; ornaments from, 96, 97, III, I14;+ pewter ornaments from, 95, 100; brass plates from, 31, 113; rings from, 38, 39, 41, TIO, I12, 113, 114; silver tube from, I9, I00. Pompey Center, brass beads from, 17, 109, 110; bells from, 20, 110; brass piece from, 30, I09, 15, 119 Porcupine quills, 9, 12. Powell, Miss, cited, 32, 75. Erocton, Gol, cited, 75: Putnam county, see Cold Spring. Red Jacket, mentioned, 54; medal, 67, I14. Relations des Jésuites, 5, 22. Religious medals, 70-73. Remington, Miss, brooch belonging to, 80. Rice’s woods, bone article from, 98. Richmond collection, 16, 28, 36, 42, 77, 81, 85, 89, 92, 108. Rings, 35-41; from ossuary of Neutral nation, 100; explanation of plates, 112-13. Rome, bracelet from, 23, 113; cop- per disk and ring from, 96, 109. Sacketts Harbor, bird pipes, 100. Saratoga county, see Ballston. Savannah, banner stone from, 99; shell gorget from, 100. Schenectady, copper ax from near, 16; copper beads from near, 16, 109. Schenectady county, see Hoffman’s Ferry; Schenectady. Schoolcraft, Henry R., cited, 5, 19, 29. Scipioville, rings from, medals from, 72, 73, III. Seneca, Read farm, crucifix from, 46; medal from, 56. Seneca brooches, 81, 85, 92. Seneca headband, 95. Seneca river, beads from near, 15, 109. Shell beads, see Beads. Shell gorget, 100. Shells as ornaments, 9. Silver beads, 18. Silver bracelets, 22, 23. Silver crosses, 41-45. Silver earrings, 32. Silver gorgets, 20. Silver headbands, 94. Silver medals, 55, 72. Bone ieee 120 Silver ornaments, Io, 36, 74. Silver rings, 35, 40. Slocum, George, medal found by, 58. Smith, William, cited, 5, 74. Stanford, Theodore, collection, 41, 49, 50, 73, 96, 97; bone articles owned by, 99. Stone, William ‘[.,, cited, 5, 3% 43; 61. eh Stone mold for casting lead or pewter ornaments, 14. Stone pipes, 100. Stone tubes, roo. Sweet grass, 9. Tattooing, o, 12. Thimbles, 21. Thomas, Cyrus, cited, 5-6, 21, 25; 36. Three River Point, tube from, go. Tioga county, see Owego. Tionontoguen, beads from, 17, I09. Tonawanda reservation, brooches from, 81, 84, 92, 94, IOI, 103, 104, 105, 106; silver headband from, | QS) 2ra.o-'" Toronto collection, 25, 85. Tribes Hill, medal from, 28, tog. Tuscarora reservation, from, 79, 80, 88, 89, 92, 93, I01, 103, 104, 105, 106; ring from, 4o- ADT gt ee Tweedale, C. B., brooch found by, So, TOT. Union Springs, medal from, 73. brooches | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Van Corlaer, cited, 7, 9. Van Epps, Percy M., cited, 6, 16; beads belonging to, 16, 109; shell found by, 99; acknowledgments to, I00. ; Van Rensselaer, Mrs, gift to Buffalo Historical Society, 79. Vaudreuil, Gov., letter from, 52. Verazzano, mentioned, 12. Victor, beads from, 18, 109; medal from, 28, I09. Wagner’s hollow, bone articles from, 98; harpoons from, 98. Watertown, clay pipes from near, 99. Watervale, small image from, 26, 110. Watson, Elkanah, cited, 6; men- tioned, 75-76. Wayne county, see Savannah. Wescot, Joseph E., mentioned, 63. West Virginia, bracelets from, 21. Wilkinson, J. B., cited, 6, 35. Williams, Roger, cited, 6, 13. Wilson, James Grant, cited, 6, 7. Windsor, recent Indian occupation, 35- Wisconsin, gorgets brooches from, 78. Wood, I. F., collection of, 63. Wood, William, cited, 6, 11. Wood ornaments, 9. Wyman, Walter C,. cited) 765 gorget owned by, 29; silver cross belonging to, 41; crosses belong- ing to, 44; medal belonging to, 64. frome eee University of the State of New York New York State Museum PUBLICATIONS Postage or express to places outside of New York State must be paid in addition to the price given. On Io or more copies of any one publica- tion 20% discount will be given, the buyer to pay transportation. Editions printed are only large enough to meet special claims and probable sales. When the sale copies are exhausted, the price for the few reserve copies is advanced to that charged by secondhand booksellers, in order to limit their distribution to cases of special need. Such prices are inclosed in []. All publications are in paper covers, unless binding is specified. Museum annual reports 1847-date. 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Report Price Report Price Report Price 12 (1892) $.50 16 $x 19 $.40 14 *75 17 75 20 +50 15, 2V. 2 18 -75 21 -40 In 1898 the paleontologic work of the State was made distinct from the geologic and will here- after be reported separately. Paleontologist’s annual reports 1899-date. See fourth note under Geologist’s annua! reports. Bound also with museum reports of which they forma part. Reports for 1899 and 1900 may be had for 20c each. Since igor these reports have been issued as bulletins. Entomologist’s annual reports on the injurious and other insects of the State of New York 1882-date. Reports 3-17 bound also with museum reports 40-46, 48-55 of which they form a part. Since 1808 these reports have been issued as bulletins. 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Descriptions and illustrations of edible, poisonous and unwholesome fungi of New York have been published in volumes 1 and 3 of the 48th museum report and in volume r of the goth, srst, 52d, 54th and ssth reports The descriptions and illustrations of edible and unwholesome species contained in the goth, stst and 52d reports have been revised and rearranged, and, combined with others more recently prepared, constitute Museum memoir 4. Museum bulletins 1887-date. O. To advance subscribers, $2 a year or 50¢ a year for those of any one division: (1) geology, economic geology, mineralogy, general zoology, archeology and miscellaneous, (2) paleontology, (3) botany, (4) entomology. Bulletins are also found with the annual reports of the museum as follows: Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report - 12-15 48, V. 1 20-25 52, V. 2 35-36 54, V.2 16-17 ga 26-31 Ga 37-44 Ns 3 18-19 Gane 32-34 Gir kes 45-48 SeaNe ce! 49-54 55) V- I The figures in parenthesis indicate the bulletin’s number as a New York State Museum bulletin. Geology. G1 (14) Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and- Westport Town- ships, Essex Co. N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. 7pl. 2 maps. Sep. 1895. oc. : UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK G2 (19) Merrill, F: J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections of the New York State Museum. 162p. 119pl. map. Nov. 1898. [50c] New edition in preparation. G3 (21) Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. 1pl. map. Sep. 1808. 5c. G4 (48) Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and Borough of Queens. 58p. il. ppl. map. Dec. 1901. 25c. G5 (56) Merrill, F: J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of 1901. 42p. 2 maps, tab. Oct. 1902. Toc. G6 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer Co. In preparation. Crystalline Rocks of the Northeastern Adirondacks. In preparation. Kemp, J. F. Crystalline Rocks of Warren and Washington Counties. In preparation. Woodworth, J. B. Glacial Geology of New York. In preparation. Economic geology. Egl (3) Smock, J: C. Building Stone in the State of New York. 152p. Mar. 1888. Out of print. Eg2 (7) —— First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in New York. 6+70p. map. June 1889. Out of print. Eg3 (10) Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sep. 180. 40c. Eg4 (11) Merrill, F: J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries in New York. 9g2p. 12pl. 2 maps, I1 tab. Ap. 1893. 40¢. Eg5 (12) Ries, Heinrich. Clay Industries of New York. 174p. 2pl. map. Mar. 1895. 30c. Eg6 (15) Merrill, F: J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. 224p. 2 maps. Sep. 1895. 50¢. Eg? (17) —— Road Materials and Road Building in New York. 52p. 14pl. 2 maps 34x45, 68x92 cm. Oct. 1897. I5c. Maps separate soc each, two for 15¢. Eg8 (30) Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 136p. il. 3 maps. Nov. 1899. I5c. Eg9 (35) Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses. 4506p. 140p]. map. June 1900. $1, cloth. Egl0 (44) Lime and Cement Industries of New York; Eckel, E. C. Chapters on the Cement Industry. 332p. Iotpl. 2 maps. Dec. Igol. 85c, cloth. Egll (61, Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and other Sandstones in New York. 108p. 18pl. 2 maps. Mar. 1903. 35c. Mineralogy. M1 (4) Nason, F. L- Some New York Minerals and their Localities. 20p. rpl. Aug. 1888. [zoc] M2 (58) Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New York State Museum. rsop. il. 39pl. 11 models. Sep. 1902. 4o0c. M3 (70) New York Mineral Localities. I10p. Sep. 1903. 20¢. Paleontology. Pal (34) Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of East- ern Montgomery County; Prosser, C: S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Mohawk Valley and Saratoga County, N. Y. 74p. 1opl. map. May 1900. I5¢. Pa2 (39) Clarke, J: M.; Simpson, G: B. & Loomis, F: B. Paleontologic Papers 1. 72p. il. 16pl. Oct. 1900. Ir5c, Contents: Clarke, J: M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of the Chenango Valley, N.Y. ——Paropsonema cry ptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone (Portage Beds) of Western New York. ——Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Uppner Devonic of New York. ——The Mates Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. Simpson, G: B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals. Loomis, F: Be Siluric Fungi from Western New York. Pa3 (42) Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their Taxonomic Equivalents. 114p. 2pl. map. Ap. 1901. 25¢. Pa4 (45) Grabau. A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and Vicinity. 286p. il. 18pl. map. Ap. 1901. 65c; cloth goc. MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS Pad (49) Ruedemann, Rudolf; Clarke, J: M. & Wood, Elvira. Paleon- tologic Papers 2. 240p. 13pl. Dec. 1901. 40¢. Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill. Clarke, J: M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with Bituminous Shales of the Marcellus Stage. Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co. N. Y. Clarke, J: M. New Agelacrinites. — Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of New York, Ireland and the Rhineland. Pa6 (52) Clarke, J: M.. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 28op. il opl. map, 1 tab. July 1902. 4oc. Pa? (63) —— Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples Quadrangles. 2 maps. In press. Pa8 (65) —— Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the New York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth. Pa9 (69) —— Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p. 52pl. 8 maps. Nov. 1903. $z, cloth. Zoology. Zl (1) Marshall, W: B. Preliminary List of New York Unioni- dae. 20p. Mar. 1892. 5c. Z2 (9) —— Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y. 24p. ipl. Aug. 1890. 0c. Z3 (29) Miller, G. S. jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. 124p. Oct. 1899. 5c. Z4 (33) Farr, M. S. Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Ap. 1900. 25c. Z5 (38) Miller, G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North America. 106p. Oct. 1900. I5c. Z6 (40) Simpson, G: B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris and Limax maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl. Ocho TT 256; Z@ (48) Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p. 2pl. map. Ap. 1901. 0c. Z8 (51) Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F.C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Batrach- ians of New York. 64p. il. Ipl. Ap. 1902. I5c. Eckel, EF. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States. Paulmier, F.C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York. Z9 (60) Bean, T. H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb. 1903. $1. cloth. Z10 (71) Kellogg, J. L. Feeding Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria. 30p. 4pl. Sep. 10903. Ioc. Farr, M. S. Birds of New York. Jn preparation. Letson, Elizabeth J. Catalogue of New York Mollusca. In preparation. Entomology. Enl (5) Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 32p. il. Nov. 1888. roc. En2 (6) —— Cut-worms. 36p. il. Nov. 1888. zoe. En3 (13) —— San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York State.) S4p:.7pl:- Aps Te0s. . 156: En4 (20) Felt, E. P. Elm-leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. spl. June 1808. 5c. See Enrs. En5 (23) —— 14th Report of the State Entomologist 1808. rsop. il. opl. Dec. 1808. 20¢. En6 (24) —_ Memorial of the Life and Entomologic work of J. A. Lint- ner Ph.D. State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist’s Re- ports 1-13. 316p. ipl. Oct. 1899. 35c. Supplement to 14th report of the state entomologist. En7 (26) Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York In- sects. 36p. il. Ap. 1899. Sc. Ens ae — Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. spl. May 1899. SC. En9 eae — 15th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 128p. June I5¢. En10 (86) —— 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 118p. 16pl. Mar. I90I. 25c. UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Enll (37) —— Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54p. il. Sep. 1900. Joc. Enl2 (46) Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in New York State. o4p. il. 15pl. June 1901. 25c. En13 (47) Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the Adirondacks. 234p. il. 36pl. Sep. 1901. 45c. Enl4 (53) Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 232p. il. 6pl. Aug. 1902. 3oc. Enl5 (57) —— Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug. 1902. I5¢. This isa revision of En4 containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared. En16 (59) Grapevine Root Worm. 4op. 6pl. Dec. 1902. réc. See Enio. * ae Vay —— 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. 1120p. 6pl. y 1903. 206. Enis (68) Needham, J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p. 5s2pl. Aug. 1903. 8oc, cloth. Eni9 (72) Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov- 1903. 20c. This is afrevision of Enr6 containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared. Felt, E. P. & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. In press. Felt, E. P. 19th Report of the State Entomologist 1903. In preparation. Botany. Bol (2) Peck, C: H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of New York. 66p. 2pl. May 1887. Out of print. Bo2 (8) Boleti of the United States. o6p. Sep. 1889. [5oc] Bn3 (25) Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. 5pl. Oct. 1899. Out of print. Bo4 (28) Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 20¢. Bo5 (54) —— Report of the State Botanist 1901. 58p. 7pl. Nov. 1902. 400. Bo6 (67) —— Report of the State Botanist 1902. 1096p. 5pl. May 1903. 50c. — Report of the State Botanist 1903. In preparation. Archeology. Arl (16) Beauchamp, W: M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Im- plements of New York. 86p. 23pl. Oct. 1897. 25c. Ar2 (18) —— Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines. 104p. 35pl. Nov. 1897. 25c. Ar3 (22) —— Earthenware of the New York Aponeiies 78p. 33pl. Oct. 1808. 25c. Ar4 (32) —— Aboriginal Occupation of New York. 1oop. 16pl. 2 maps. Mar. 1900. 30c. Ar5 (41) Wampum and Shell Articles used by New York Indians. 166p. 28pl. Marc. 1901. 30c. Ar6 (50) Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. 112p. 43pl. Mar. 1902. 30c. Ar? (55) Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. g4p. 38pl. June 1902. 25¢. Ars (73) Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. 122p. 37pl. Dec. 1903. 306. — History of the New York Iroquois. Jn press. — Perch Lake Mounds. Jn preparation. voriginal Use of Wood in New York. In preparation. Miscellaneous. Msl (62) Merrill, F: J. H. Directory of Natural History Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Ap. 1903. 3o0c. Ms2 (66) Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Nat- ural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p. June 1903. 75c, cloth. Museum memoirs 188o-date. Q. 1 Beecher, C: E. & Clarke, J: M. Development of some Silurian Brachi- opoda. o6p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. Out of print. 2 Hall, James & Clarke, J: M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 350p. il. 7opl. 1808. $1, cloth. 3 Clarke, J: M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co. N. Y. 128p. gpl. Oct. 1900. 8oc. MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS (continued ) 4 Peck, C: H. N. Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 106p. 25pl. Nov. 1900. 75¢. This includes revis2d descriptions and ‘iaserations of fungi reported in the ggth, 51st and 52d reports of the state botanist. 5 Clarke, J: M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of New York State. 196p. 21pl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth. 6 —— Naples Fauna in Western New York. Jn press. ' ‘ Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. Jn preparation. - Merrill, F: J. H. Geology of New York City and Vicinity. Jn preparation. Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the Lower Beds. Jn preparation. ' Natural history of New York. 3ov. il. pl. maps. Q. Albany 1842-94. DIVISION I zOOLOGY. De Kay. James E. Zoology of New York;’or, The New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals * hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri- ate illustrations.- 5v. il. pl. maps. .sq. Q. Albany 1842-44. Out of print.. Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W: H. Seward. 1,8p. v.I ptr Mammalia. 13+146p. 33pl. 1842. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. v.2 pt2 Birds. 12+38o0p. 141pl. 1844. - Colored p/ates. v.3 pt3. Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+o8p. pt4 Fishes. 15+415p. 1842. - pty-4 bound together. ’ ; v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 7gpl. 1842. _ 300 Bes ected color plates. , v.5 pt5 Mollusca. 4+27rp. gopl. pt6 Crustacea. op. 13pl. 1843-44. Hand-colored plates: pt5;-6 bound toyether. DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York: com- prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith- erto discovered = the State, with remarks on their economical and med- - ical properties. il. pl. sq. Q. Albany 1843. Out of print. v.1 Flora of the Sete of New York. 12+484p. 72pl. 1843. 300 copies with hand-c..lored pla‘es. v.2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843. 300 copies with hand-colored plates. : . DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York: com- prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl. _ sq. Q. Albany 1842. Out of print. v.1 Bes Economical Mineralogy. pt2 Descriptive Mineralogy. 24+536p. 1842. 8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text. 5 DIVISION 4GEOLOGY. Mather, W: W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard- ner & Hall, James. Geology of New York. 4v. il. pl. sq. Q. Albany _ 1842-43. Out of print. v.1 ptr Mather, W: W. First Geological District. 37+653p. 46pl. 1843. v.2 pt2 Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10+437p. 17pl. 1842. y.3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842. v. 4 ptq Hall, James. Fourth Geological District. 22+683p. t1opl. map. _ 1843 DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York; comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution ,of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological ‘formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri- apo productions of the State. 5v. il. pl. sq. Q. Albany 1846-54. Out of print Vv. ant of the State, their Composition and Distribution. 11+371p. tpl. 1 y.2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 42pl. 1849. With hand-colored plates. ~y.4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Bosace: and z UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK v.13 Fruits, etc. 8+340p. 1851. . y.4 Plates to accompany v: 3. 95pl. 1851. “ Hand-color d : v.5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+272p. 5opl. 1854. ~ \v ich hand-colored }-Jates. DIVISION G6 PALEONTOLOGY. | Hall, James. Palaeontology of New York. il. pl. sq. QO. Albany 1847-94. Bound 21 cloth. yv.1 Organic Remains_of the Lower Division of the New York System. 23+338p. gopl.. 1847. Out of print. v.2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System, 8+362p. 104pl. 1852. Out of print. v.3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helder bets Group and the Oriskany: ; Sandstone. pti, text. 12+532p. 1859. 1$3.50] — pt2. 143pl. 1861. [$2.50] Sv. Chemung Groups. 11+1+428p. ggpl. 1867. $2.50. a v.5 ptt Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderberg, -: Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18+268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50. _ — — Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham- * ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62+293p. 5ipl. 1885. $2.50: —— pt2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder- x berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. av. 1879. v. I, text. ca 15+492p. v. 2, 120pl. $2.50 for 2 v. ‘ v.6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and Upper Helderberg and Hamil ee ton Groups. 24+298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50. “| v.7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oriskany, Upper Heldeniiten: a Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill Groups. 6417236p. 46pl. 1888. — Cont. supplement to v. 5, pt2. Pteropoda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. — 42p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50. v.8 ptr Introduction to the Study of the Genera of the Paleozoic Brachi- opoda. 16+367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50. Ne — pt2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+304p. 84pl. 18094. $2.50. i Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York sind et the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexedthereto. 242p. O., 1053. : Handbooks 1803-date. 714x124 cm. a In quantities, 1 ccmt for each 16 | ages or Icss. Single copies postpaid as below. > HS New York State Museum. 52p. il. 4c. nae Outiines history and work of th: museum with list of staff 1902. The OE H13 Paleontology. 12p. 2¢. Biiet outline of State Museum work in pal ontology unter heads: Definition; Relatio biolozy; Relation to stratiz elie di History of paleont, ley in New \ ork, 124p. Se. Mtineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared spec 4 for the use of teachers and students desir ing to acquaint themselves more intimately witht j classic rocks of this state. 3 H16 Entomology. 16p. 2c. H17 Economic Geology. /n preparation. H18 Insecticides and Fungicides. 20p. 3c. H19 Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations: 32 . Maps. Merrill, F: J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State York; issued as part of Museum bulletin 15 and the 48th Museum Repo: dee 59x67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. Scparate eae oul “int, — Geologic Map of New York. 1901. Scale 3 miles to 1 inch, form $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudson shect 6oc. 33 Tne lower !udson sheet, geoiogica!ly colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, P , Weschester, New York, Richmond, Kings. Queen, and Nassau counties, and parts of S Ulster and Suffolk counties; also nor:heastern New Jersey and part of weszern onnecti J — Map of New York showing the Surface Conberratn an Sheds. 1901. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. Bc: i OARS AAR AR Aaa h AAMAaAN AARAA~ pwaneinnarnnn AV TAR RAR ala‘! WAN DARIAR I NRAAS Asan raon AAs GRE RR AAA ANAAAN PAA AAs sae AMAaan, NAG “Al ana WAAAANAAAaaanre 2. 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