WARBLER

BULLETIN

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The Natural History Society of Maryland

VOL XI SCPTCMBCX 1940 OCTOBER m. 1

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MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK

Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday’s.

/:• '

The Natural History

Volume XI

SEPTEMBER 1940 OCTOBER

Number 3.

THE HYBRID WARBLERS OP MARYLAND

By Henri C» Seibert

The concept of species has been an Intriguing problem to biolo¬ gists^ and no less intriguing have been the definitions of this taxonomic unit by various authorities® Today , however, with the ad¬ vance in genetics and the enlargement of collections, the concept of species is assuming bolder outlines. Species do exists as the majority of taxonomists are convinced (Mayr, 194® , in spite of the instability of earlier definitions. However,, since this paper is not concerned with the development of the species concept, nor with speciation, the subject will be dropped. It was merely brought up to demonstrate the fact that one definition of species, that they are closely related groups Incapable of interbreeding or of producing fertile hybrids, is not necessarily an infallible, if a good, one. There Is ample evidence to show that some ngood” species do inter¬ breed and produce fertile hybrids. Two such instances occur among the warblers of eastern North America. it has now been proven that Lawrence's warbler ( Vermlvora lawrencei ) and Brewster's warbler (V. ieucobronchialis ) are hybrids "resulting from the mating of the golden-winged warbler (V. chrysoptera) and the blue-winged warbler (V. pinus). . . . . .

The blue-winged warbler is a greenish bird with a yellow fore¬ head, throat, breast, and underparts; a fine black line runs through the eye, the wings and tail are blue-gray, and the wings have two white bars. The golden-winged is a blue-gray warbler, whitish below, with a yellow cap and wing patch, black cheeks and throat. The females are similar but duller, and in the latter species the black Is reduced to gray.

In 1874 a curiously colored warbler was found in the collection of D. B. Dickinson and described by H. Herrick (1874) as a new species which he called Lawrence's warbler. This bird had the ap¬ pearance of the blue-winged, but in addition possessed a black throat and cheek patch. Some dozen or more specimens were collected and Its Identity as a hybrid was soon suspected by taxonomists. It was

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placed on the hypothetical list of the A.O.Uo in 1895, hut in 1910 it was dropped entirely.

On the other hand Brewster's warbler was more of a problem and ornithologists were puzzled for a much longer time. The bird resembles the golden-winged warbler but lacks the black throat (see cover), and the cheek patch is replaced by a thin intraocular stripe. The type of this species was collected in 1870 in Newt on vi lie, Massachusetts, by William Brewster (1876). At that time ho main¬ tained that both this and Lawrence's warbler were hybrids (1881). However Ridgway (1885) held that Brewster's warbler was a true species, but later changed his mind (1887) and postulated that Brewster's was a white phase of the golden-winged and Lawrence's a yellow phase of the blue-winged. Suchctet (1896) likewise considered leucobronchialis a leucochroic phase of chrysoptora, but lawrencei an intermediate form.

Applying the law of sterility between species, of which we have already spoken, Maynard (1905) claimed that Brewster's warbler was an incipient species. Scott (1905) held a similar view but believed these two hybrids to bo mutants of pinus. The fact that these species had been overlooked by earlier ornithologists strongly convinced Scott "that from one of these warblers (probably H. pinus) there began to occur 'mutations' that have increased in geometrical progression and have finally grown sufficient in number to become themselves a parent stock..." Again when referring to lawrencei he states "I believe that here again we have a mutation from H .” pinus, which has not flour¬ ished to the extent that has H. lcucobronchialTs . " Scott's misconcep¬ tion of mutations and his fallacy in assuming that those species were overlooked previously because of their rarity, if not complete absence, are ably brought out by Allen's (1905) rejoinder.

Those conjectures might have boon prolonged had not additional observations finally brought proof of the interbreeding of the s o birds. Faxon in one of his papers (1911) reviews the published observations made on those hybrids and concludes "In dealing with the observations . . . one is seriously embarrassed in many cases by the insufficiency of the evidence adduced to show that the birds observed wore mated." However he himself reports the mating of a pair of goldon-v/ingod warblers whose offspring wore all golden-winged . On the other hand he also found two male goldcn-wingcd warblers mating with two female Brewster's. Of these unions, one family consisted of Brewster's en¬ tirely and the other of Brewster ' s and one golden-winged. Throe years later (Faxon, 1913), to clinch the argument, ho observed the mating of a golden- winged with a bluc-wingcdj the offspring were all Brew¬ ster ’ s .

The question why those two species of birds intermix and produce offspring and other equally closely related species do not is still unanswered. Certainly the fact that the breeding range of the two species overlaps in certain areas (especially s.o. N.Y. arid n.N.J.) favors a condition for the production of hybrids. There certainly must bo other reasons.

With the rediscovery of Mendel's work in 1900 it was only natural that his laws should be applied to this problem. It was not very long after that Nichols (1908) postulated the existence of two pairs of alleles which from his description were assumed to be linked. These wore :

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In this arrangement leucobronchialis would have the genotype P-W-, chrysoptcra ppW-, pinus P-ww, and lawrencei ppww.

A cross between chrysoptcra and pinus would heterozygous condi t i o n PpWw o r Br e w s 1: or * s w a r b lor . ]?1 hybrids would then result in the familiar 9:3:3 being the most abundant and Lawrence's the least.

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of these Brewster ' s

Morss (1926) also interpreted this cross as a simple dihybrid type of inheritance. However he called yellow dominant over pale and plain over black. It is to be noted that while the same contrasting characters have been selected as were used by Nichols , the dominancy of yellow has been reversed. This conception is stated to fit Chap¬ man 5 s data (1907) very well and as a matter of fact it does work out better in most eases than Nichols' methods. None of these systems, however, explains the intermediate forms that have been found between the hybrid's and the true species. It is entirely probable that there may be a more complex mode of inheritance which Involves more than a pair of alleles.

Whatever their no characteristics unique

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hese birds apparently exhibit to their hybridity. According to Forbush

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(1927) lawrencei resembles the blue-winged in habits,

Concerning the latter, Beebe (1904) wrote that the song o lawrencei was similar to a blue-winged warbler, but the first phase was a typical chrysoptcra syllable, Eames (1889) records the song of leucobronchialis as similar to chrysoptcra except in one trifling point'.- "Apparently Brewster’s does "not differ from the others to any extent in behavior. (For further notes see Chapman, 1907, and Forbush 1927).

male

Since none of those species Is very common in Maryland, the following notes and records are appended. (Asterisk Indicates records on file in the Department of Ornithology, Natural History Society of Maryland . )

Verrriivora chrysoptcra

Washington: 90-5-2 (W.W.Cooke); 90-5-5 (ITSNM 150710); 88-5-4

(Kirkwood); 85-5-8 (ITSNM 104684); 85-5-10 (ITSNM 295192); 07-5-12 (USNM 204770); 79-5-11 (ITSNM 295193); 89-5-17 ( ISM 123168); 92-5-17 (USNM 289194, 295195); 89-8-8 (Kirkwood): 89-0-11 (USNM 289191); 89-8-17 (USNM 175655); no date (USNM 82340); extremes - 24-4-24, 82-5-20, 89-8-8, 24-9-14 (Cooke). Rawlings: 99-7-21 (USNM 204778).

Swanton: 99-7-20 (USNM 165424).

Kins ingt on : 96-5-6 ( AMNH ) .

handover: 37-5-3 (Cvering*-) .

Laurel: 94-7-8 (specimen collected - Marshall*-).

Avalon: 36-5-12, 34-5-5, 36-8-18, 36-8-25, 34-9-9, 32-9-12 (Armstrong*-) .

Glenartncy: 34-5-5 (one), 34-5-12 (common) (Hampo*-).

Frankl intown : 93-9-5 (Gray) reported in Kirkwood.

Waverly: 92-5-29 (Wholcy) reported in Kirkwood.

Tows on: 92-5-7 (one taken, several seen - Kirkwood) .

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Kolb 1 s Hollow Lit » Lake Park

95-6-10 (Kirkwood).

"bred quite plentifully

thi:

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pair observed by Eifrig (1920). 36-8-20 (one - Hampe#).

Vemivore pinus

Upper Poconokc River: 35-5-5 (Seibert#)*

Washington: 17-4-24, 91-4-26

v Obi

rholser, 1915), 91-4-26

(VI. W. Cooke ) ; 02-4-30 84-5-4 (USNM 295189)

(USNM 188171 ) ; 97-5-2 (TJSNM 221741); 96-5-3 (US® 295190); 82-5-15 (uSNK

87636, 87637); 89-8-13 (USNM 123165); 01-8-25 (USNM 188226)

(Oborholsor, 1905 ) ; 80-6-? McCormick (1383) reports

no date (USNM 82828); 05-5-26 (four eggs - Richmond, 1888). b re e d ing roco rd .

Cabin John: 33-9-10 (G-rinnoll).

Cove Point: 38-5-1 (Seibert#).

Landover: 37-3-20 (Overing#).

Laurel: 91-4-26 (TJSNM 295186); 89-5-14 (USNM

OORl f

295187,

263575, Avalon: Wat apse o Baltimore

295185)

89-5-15 (USNM 175653)

33-4-30, 36-8-17, 36-9-3, 33-9-4, oo-

89-5-24 (USNM 221092) 33-9-16 (Armstrong#)

Park: 36-8-30 (one - Iiampe#) .

: 95-5-5, 93-5-16 (Wholcy) 91-S-18, 94-9-21 ( fray )

reported in Kirkwood. 39-5-2, 33-9-8 (Seibert#); 35-5-8 (NHSMd 110); Kirkwood, also . p.vcs following breeding records 92-6-11 and 14, young just out of nest; built, on 27th contained an egg but nest with three young just hatched; young; 94-5-29 nest with four fresh Towson: 40-5-5 (Seibert#).

Baltimore Co.: 88-8-15 (USNM 274747),

93-5-20 nest half later deserted; 93-6-13 93-7-12 another nest with

p T rv eg U GO ° •

Havre do Grace; 40-5-5, 40-5-11

Conowingo: 34-5-6, 35-5-19 (Seibert#)

(Beasley#) .

Vermivoru lawroncei

Plummer’s Island: 07-5-12 ("more like chrysoptora than the type", USNM 204770 - Osgood). ~

Verm Ivor a lcucobronchialis

Beltsvillc: 95-5-1 (taken by A. H. Thayer. "A typical male",

USNM 150120 - Richmond, 1895).

Loch Raven: 40-5-7 (collected by H • C. Seibert, NHSMd 284).

As can bo seen from the above data, the blue-winged and golden-winged warblers arrive in Maryland In the latter part of April and reach its northern boundary by the first week in May. The southern migration takes place in the latter half of August and early September. While there arc several breeding records for the blue-winged warbler, none so far as I am aware has boon recorded for the golden-winged, except for Eifrig1 s (1904) record. Records of the hybrids in Maryland arc scarce and the recent capture of a specimen of V. lcucobronchialis is rather noteworthy. “

This bird was c olio c ted near a small stream in a damp woody are

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near the Cromwell Bridge road in the Loch Raven Area, It Is a typi¬ cal adult male specimen, underparts pure white, upperparts grayish. The crown and the wing coverts arc yellow and there is a thin black stripe through the eye. There is no trace whatsoever of a. black cheek or throat that" is characteristic of the gold.en-wi.nged warbler.

So far as can be ascertained, this is only the second definite¬ ly known occurrence of this bird in Maryland.

I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr, Friedmann and Dr. Hasbrouck of the National Museum, and Mr* Zimmer of the American Museum for their kindness in looking up Maryland records.

REFERENCES

Allen, J.A. 1905. The probable origin of certain birds.

Science, 22 : 431-34.

Beebe, ~C.W* 1S04. Breeding of Lawrence's warbler in New York City. Auk, 21:387.

Brewster, W. 1876* Description of a new species of Helminthophaga . Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 1:1.

“T8S1 , On “the' relationship of Ee lminthophaga leuco- bronchi alls Brewster, and Helminthophaga lawroncei Herrick; with some conjectures respecting certain other North American birds. Bull. Nutt, Ornith. Club, 6:218-25.

Chapman, F.M. T*9'0'7 . " The Warblers of North America. New York.

Cooke, May T. 1929. Birds of the Washington, D.C . Region.

Free * Biol. Soc . Wash. 42 : 1-80 .

Cooke, W.V7. Bird- Lore, 6:91-92.

Lames, E.K. 1889. Notes' on the blue-winged warbler and its allies In Connecticut, Auk, 6:505.

Eifrig, C. 1904. Birds of Allegany and Garrett counties, western

Maryland . Auk, 21 : 234- 50 .

1920* In the haunts of Cairn’s warbler. Auk, 37:551-58. Faxon, W. 1911. Brewster’s warbler. Mem . Mas . Comp . Zool . , 40:57-80 1913. Brewster’s warbler ( H e ImlnthopFiTTa leucobronchialis Mem. Mus . Ccmp. Zool . , 40; 311-16”

Forbush, E.E. 19^7. ” Birds of Massachusetts and other New England States .

Grinnell, J. 1933. Bird-Lore, 35:323.

Herrick, H* 1874. Description of a new species of Helminthophaga .

Free* Nat. Acad. Sc., p«220. . . .

Kirkwood, A. 1895. A list of the birds of Maryland. Transactions of the Maryland Academy of Science, 2:241-382.

Maynard

^ 'sJ o

J. 1905* Warblers of New England

74:249-78

Mayr, E. 1940. Speciation phenomena in birds. Amer . Nat.

McCormick, L.M. 1883. Auk, 1:397. !i Avifauna Columbiana71" - a protest. Morss, N. 1926. Mendelian inheritance in hybrid warblers. Amer. Nat 60:384-87. ' ““

Nichols, J.T. 1908, Lawrence's and Brewster's warblers and mendelian inheritance. Auk, 25:186.

Oberholser, H.C. 1905".”” Wilson Bull., 52:85.

1915

Bird- Lore ,

7:211

Osgood, W.K. 1907. He lm in t ho ph i 1 a lawroncei near the Li strict of Columbia. Auk, 5:342-43. " ’

Ri chmond , C.W. . An annotated list of birds breeding in the Dis¬

trict of Columbia. Auk, 5:18-25.

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RIdgway, "R, 1885. Helminthophlla leucobronchialls, Auk, . 2 ;359~63 • 1887 , A "manual ' of " North American" birds, p, 486,

Scott, W o E , D . 1905. On the probable origin of certain birds. Science, 22 : 271-82 .

Suchetet, A. 1896, Des Hybrides a l*Etat Sauvage* pp. 786-791.

THE PRINCIPLES AND USE OF LIGHT FILTERS IN NATURAL HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHY

By Edward L# Crosby, Jr.

If it were possible to prepare on a commercial scale, and to market in large quantities, plates and films exactly suited to each of the many types of photographic subjects, light” filters would be quite unnecessary. But in spite of the amazing variety of negative materials available, there remains the necessity of using filters in much of the technical photography being done today. The purpose of this article is, of course, not to discusss the science of photography with filters nor to treat comprehensively of the practical application of filters to photography, but rather to provide an introduction to the use of filters, to the end that a technical improvement in photo¬ graphy, will, when possible, be the result.

A photographic light filter (rof erred to hereinafter as a fil¬

ter) is a transparent, before the camera len:

ter and the type of film with which it cussion will confine itself to the use

colored screen, usually placed immediately the color depending upon the use of the fil¬ ls used. The present dis- of filters for black and white

photography. There are two types of filters first, the filters in which the coloring matter

phy sic ally s p e aking °

_ Is a stain in a. thin

film of gelatin, which is optically transparent and smooth. Such gelatin filters are made by dyeing the melted gelatin, and allowing it to dry in a thin sheet on polished glass. When dry, the film Is stripped off and cut to size. These filters require considerable care in handling, for the gelatin easily becomes fogged and finger¬ printed. It Is common practice to cement this film with Canada bail¬ or circular stand much more

sam, also of optical quality, between two thin square optical "flats:' of glass. A filter of this type will abuse, and can be readily cleaned. The second general type of filter is the "optical" or "pot glass" variety, being solid, colored glass. These filters are made as follows: a small quantity of selected lens quality glass is melted down and stained to the desired color

then cast into cylindrical bars which are carefully annealed to

It is pre¬

vent cooling stresses and to ensure the quality of the finished pro¬ duct, After cooling, the bars are cut up with an abrasive- type saw (such as that used for gem cutting) into circular flats which are then polished plane-parallel. Filters of this type arc preferable, if well made, for field photography because of their obvious stability and simplicity. Unfortunately they cannot now be obtained in sufficient variety to warrant their adoption for laboratory use.

To successfully use filters, we must first understand what they There is only one thing to learn about the action of a filter:

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that is, a filter of a given color, transmits or passes light of this color most and absorbs or fails to transmit the light of the corres¬ ponding complementary color. This rule may be illustrated by ref¬ erence to fig. 1. For example, a yellow filter transmits yellow most, and absorbs its complement, blue,

etc

.se;

blue -green.

P

stood that fill

but absorb;

3

red,

most, ii

It

A blue-green filter must be further under¬

do

not render all colors equally well, and besides

that, the eye itself emphasizes certain colors. Fig. 2 shows a color response curve of the eye. The height of the curve at any point shows the relative response to the color of light Indicated. It is clear from this curve that our eyes render greens and blue- greens the bright est and violets and rods the least bright, while ultra-violet light and Infra-red light arc invisible. nN-Cn

ago, had a sensitivltv curve

able years

be seen here that this film was absolutely green, somewhat sensitive to blue-green ar to blue and violet. It is not surprising inferior color rendering and It can be understood

film, the only kind avail- shown in fig. 3. It can

no matter how brilliant

they were, were rendered blacl two types of modern, general purpose films. The first one orthochroma t ic, or simply "ortho11 s Its curve is shown in

blind to rod, yellow, and d entirely too sensitive rig that these films yielded

why reds and ye 11 O'* are

is called

There

4

in a

we observe that it

IOC l

nil colors with about the

nine intensity,

except red. The second Is called panchromatic, or 11 pan11 for short, and we can tell from its curve that its sensitivity Is fairly equal to all visible colors. Some brands and types of pan films are ly more sensitive to red than to the other colors, while some are slightly higher on the violet end.

s 1 i ght ■

Having examined the action of filters and the response of films

0 o

film-

let us consider the photographed with N.C absolutely nothing colors to which the film is sensitive

together

If a scene were the negative would have

blue filter were used with this

rod filter,

sc

It Is also apparent

on it, for the red filter screens out the very

shat i;

ilm. It would appear much the same as If it were made without the blue filter, because the colors elimi¬ nated by the blue filter, i.c. red and yellow, would not have recorded

on the film at all . materials, filters

With the development of ortho and pan negative

jpri

sensitive to most >1

or

ig into popularity, for with a film that is all colors, one may emphasize any of these colors he wishes, by merely selecting the appropriate filter. Now If we remove from the image, some of the colors to which a film is sensitive, wo must compensate for it by exposing the film for a longer time to the action of the remaining colors. The amount of this necessary increase in exposure time Is called the "factor11 of the filter and varies with the sene filter for different films, because the films arc not exactly alike in their color sensitivity character¬ istic. Ail film manufacturers publish factors of filters for their films .

In practice, filters are used for a variety of purposes, and the outstanding uses will now be dealt with. A yellow filter is used to render clouds, and to keep the sky from photographing dead white. It accomplishes this, of course, by screening out the ultra-violet light, which is responsible for the brilliance of the sky. As might be ex¬ pected, a rod filter will exaggerate this effect, and with a cherry- red filter, it is easily possible to produce a jet black sky with fleecy white clouds therein. Naturally the bluer the sky, the more

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specific and pronounced is the filter's action. It is well, in this connection, to remember that filters cannot perform miracles . They merely remove the color opposite or complementary to them. Note should also be made of the fact that over-exposure with its flatness, or lack of contrast, will lessen the effect of a filter and there¬ fore, moderate under-exposure will increase the effect, because it increases contrast in general.

The most valuable application of filters to the scientific photographer, is that of ff juggling” the color rendering, so that it will most clearly illustrate what ho has to photograph. Let us cite an example. If we should like to photograph a light blue flower in surroundings which are generally green, our pan film will not separate the- two colors enough that the flower will stand out, and it will ap¬ pear to be about the same gray halftone as the foliage. We can make the flower appear darker by using a green, or yellow-green filter.

This will make the grass lighter, and the flower somewhat darker « Exactly the reverse effect is easily obtained: a light violet filter will lighten the flower, and will darken the surrounding greens.

This principle Is of great interest, inasmuch as it Is almost uni¬ versally applicable in nature photography.

It has been found, also, that in copying black and white material, a red filter will Increase the negative contrast appreciably#

For further information on filters, the following works are considered standard authorities.

"The Photography of Colored Ob jects” . . , . » Eastman Kodak Company.

"Wratton Light Filters” ................. Eastman Kodak Company.

COLLECTING AND PRESERVING FOSSILS

By Oscar L. Holm.

Such a title at the beginning of an article of this nature is at first glance an ambiguous one, for a fossil is an evidence of pre¬ historic life and is already preserved. However, there are some evidences that may be collected which need careful treatment after exposure to air and handling. In order to preserve them for later study or exhibition, and It is the purpose of the author to present in this article some of these methods of preservation and collection.

collected

It might bo pertinent to c

of what value

’C

it ion a;

here in pages of explan stratigraphical position, or as tions of animal relationships In

onslder at this point why fossils are they? The value might bo presented to their purpose in determining Indications of climate, or indi oa¬ th e past; or as tho evidences of

think o thrills

r* c.; i

X O u

fossil-hunting trip

aoes not

o

thinking, rather,

o;

die

organic evolution; or as indications of ancient geography, etc. The average person, however, on his fin any of the above values f finding specimens of ; the ground of which he has read, of matrix; and of the hope of fii Like the archaeologist, he hunt

He Is

nclcnt time, of seeing specimens in covered by their protecting blanket ndlng that which no one has yet found, for evidences that may be part of his

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HARD ROCK LOCALITIES

CORAL

WINGED- SHAPED SHELL

SHARK T S TOOTH

own or parent organizations ! collection, and he experiences the thrill of the explorer as he uncovers ancient remains . Unlike the collectors who trade or buy specimens of rare value, he digs his own out of the earth. In time, if he follows his hobby, - which began, perhaps, as in Idle curiosity when he picked up what looked like the remains of an ancient animal embedded in the ground, - he will find stretching before him a panorama of animals and plants that existed millions of years ago. Should he pursue his hobby further, he will begin to see Its value in evolution, climate, and geography. Whatever urge takes one out on a trip, there is no one who returns unthrilled upon having brought back with him an evidence of an animal that existed some thirty million to sixty million years ago.

The equipment needed for field work depends entirely on the locality of the fossil regions. If the matrix out of which one digs the speciiicns is to be of clay or soft material, an oyster knife with a fairly large handle is adequate, A spatula with a fairly well pointed and not too flexible blade will do, also. A large handle on these tools enables one to work comfortably with a good grip. If the material to be worked Is fairly hard or rocky, a geologist's hammer or a bricklayer's hammer are excellent tools. However, any ordinary hammer and a cold chisel will work just as well. In fact, in some instances a long chisel and hammer are essential parts of equipment. Quito a few fossils will be found with most of their parts exposed, and these may be lifted easily. However, the collec¬ tor is surer of getting a perfect specimen if he uses the above tools and brings with him a goodly portion of the matrix surrounding the fossils .

In addition to tissue paper and new protect them. A few are valuable In carrying ly misplaced fossils. A

the tools, one

ful If one breaks a fossil in the field, fit together. The red paint can be used broken, and later In the laboratory they red marks. Sometimes in wrapping broken from each other and if there arc a great them together becomes a long and

should take a quantity of soft papers to wrap the fossils when found and thus small pill boxes, or some boxes of similar size, e,nd protecting the small, fragile, and easi- small can of red paint and a brush are help-

tedious

or finds broken parts that to mark the parts that are can be fitted easily by the parts they become separated many parts alih task .

putting

A notebook should be carried and notes made of the localities, position of the specimen in the earth, and the associated fossils found with the specimen. This Is valuable to the collector for Identification and for reference when future trips are made to the same locality. Some system of labeling, such as a card with a num¬ ber on It, should be placed with the specimens In order to have them correspond with the notes. Some type of carrying bag should be taken so that many fossils may be brought away at the same time. A canvas bag carried over the shoulder is fine but has limited capacity. I have found that an ordinary slat basket affords about the simplest method of carrying many fossils. A paper market bag is helpful also, but will not stand much weight a,nd Is, of course, valueless in wet weather or wet localities.

In summing up the equipment needed, I should say the following are the bare essentials of collecting, and the most easily obtained;’

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SOFT ROCK LOCALITY

UNIVALVE

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hammo r and chisel,, large -handled spatula, notebook, and a slat basket.

and newspaper.

Once one has the equipment, he has but to select a locality and he can make many trips to the same place and come away with new specimens after each trip. A Maryland Geological Survey map will show localities of various types, so all one needs to do is pick a

irea

and hunt. Road cuts and canals furnish areas seldom

Eroding rockv hill sides and seashore cliffs offer fertile

ne arby worked

fields. Some old faces of quarries contain a great deal of fossil material. Areas that contain limestone may havo the casts of im¬ pressions of many animals. Certain ploughed fields in the autumn, when there are no crops to interfere, also yield fossil materia]..

ossil material when

A beginner who fears he may no he secs it has several alternatives of initial effort. He may first depend on his powers of observation which will enable him to note

a

objects that appear to bo different from their matrix, such as a small piece of black bone jutting out from a bank of grey clay, or white shell in a bank of dark earth, or curious formations in an otherwise smooth slab of rock. The beginner may also visit museums where slabs of fossil material, in their natural matrix, are shown.

Ho may examine the pictures of fossils in various fossil books or Maryland Geological Survey plates and learn what fossils may be found and also their locality. The first two methods used together are the best, however,

for a beginner

Anyone first starting to collect

fossils should be cautious about picking up what appear to he fossils that are lying about free from their matrix. This is particularly true of beach localities where both bone and shell material are found that arc not always fossil forms.

The fun and thrill of finding and collecting fossils in the favorable seasons is no less than the thrill and fun of working in the laboratory when the season for field trips is unfavorable. The collector usually brings back from trips many specimens that are too heavily covered with earth for him to fully appreciate what he has, but he soon learns to wait and proceed cautiously in the gradual revelation of the complete specimen. This is done after the specimen is dry, if the matrix was wet when brought in from the field.

In taking fossils from soft localities, if he is not sure how far into the earth the fossil goes, the collector has to cut around It, keeping a safe margin of earth between his blade and the speci¬ men. The cutting should be from the side and top first and the last cut on the under portion. If the specimen should bo heavy, as in the case of whale mandibles, and the collector cuts at tiie bottom first and then sides and top, the weight of the specimen is sometimes sufficient to make a broken object of what might have boon a whole perfect piece. It Is a simple matter to remove the earth in the laboratory at a later time but It Is inadvisable while In the field.

Maryland localities which have the soft matrix arc the Chesa¬ peake Bay regions in the exposed cliffs (Calvert) and road cuts. It is vory easy to collect specimens in places such as these, for hero they arc readily discernible in the darker matrix. They occur in abundance in those regions --- for example, largo areas contain coral and shells of all sorts. The commonest of all the shells arc the

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SOFT ROCK LOCALITY

ACTUAL SHELL PROM SOFT LOCALITY

CAST OF SAME TYPE OF SHELL

IMPRESS I OH OF SAME TYPE OF SHELL

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oyster shells, turret- shaped coiled shells, conch-

clam- like shell;

like shells, pocten shells, and various other bivalve and univalve shells as shown in the illustrations. Bone material is also found in the soft matrix. Whale, reptile, and fish vertebrae have been found, as well as complete whale skulls (six feet in length) and whale mandibles. The material is abundant in these Chesapeake Bay regions, and these arc the best of all Maryland localities for a be¬ ginner to initiate his collection.

Working in rock or hard material is a great temptation to the beginner for in most cases thousands of specimens seem to stare at him. One blow from his hammer, it is true, can break off great chunks of rock, but it never seems to break in just the right place, and potentially fine specimens become splinters of rock. It is best to bring along with the specimens the slabs of rock in which they aro embedded and wait until some later time to clean them. Sometimes valuable impressions arc uncovered in the laboratory that might have gone unnoticed in the field.

The back yards of the residents of Hancock, Maryland, and the hills beside the roads in that area contain many fossils found In the hard rock matrix. The shale on the side of the railroad cuts in that area yield fossil material also. The commonest of the specimens found In this locality arc the wing- shaped shells with their varia¬ tions, coral of both the cup and honeycomb type, the colled shells of the Gastropod group, and other bivalve and univalve shells shown in the illustrations. Early relatives of the insects, the Trilobites

are found in these localities as Crlnoids .

well as the rod-shaned stems of tho

The fossils, once removed from their matrix, need special care. Some are fragile and soft. The smaller ones must be wrapped in soft tissue paper to protect them on the return trip. The tiny fossils can be placed iri small boxes lined with soft tissue. The larger but fragile specimens can be wrapped and amply protected by newspaper.

The fossils taken from tho hard matrix usually need little protection. Wrapping them in a newspaper, however, is a precaution that is ad¬ visable. These precautions assure the collector of his specimens* safety until they roach the laboratory.

Materials needed in a laboratory are as follows : any flat pan filled with sand | an old toothbrush; a soft-bristled paint brush; any type of tools for picking, such as teasing noodle, umbrella stay, thin knife, etc.; a solution of gum arable or gelatine; and some liquid cement . The flat pan filled with sand offers a sufficiently soft base on which the fossil may be placed for cleaning, and the pan provides a means of catching the excess dirt. The specimen which Is dry may be cleaned with cither tho hard-bristled toothbrush or the soft-haired paint brush, depending on the fragility and size of the specimen. G-roat care must be exercised in the cleaning of the speci¬ men to avoid brushing away fragile protuberances of the fossil, or the sometimes scaloy exterior of shells. The small pointed instruments serve as a means of cleaning depressions and orifices not easily reached by the brushes.

some

Once the specimen has been cleaned, it should be treated with substance that will tend to harden the exposed surfaces. Gum

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arable or gelatine serves such a purpose, it is inexpensive, and it will dissolve in warm water. This may he applied m the some manner as paint „ Several coats can he put on hut one is usually sufficient if the specimen has been covered well the first time. If the fossil is to he marked in any way for cataloguing, a small touch of white enamel on an under surface will offer a permanent base for numbering „ India ink is an excellent substance with which to number. The fossil thus treated Is ready for display or any other purpose suitable to the collector.

Often in the cleaning of a specimen, one Is unfortunate enough to break it. If the collector has patience and plenty of liquid cement this mishap Is soon remedied. An application of cement to both broken surfaces will first fill in the porous material and when hardened will give a better adhering surface. After the break has been repaired, it may be treated and prepared just as were the other specimens .

One of the headaches o of specimens that are quite true in the case of bone mat under tons of earth, it is t must be brought home to the Anyone who was a. fan of the ments the most difficult of at first were obscure, fcowev many fits and the job Is don hundreds of bone fragments a

f the collector of fossils broken and shattered. This is especially erial. Even though broken In its repose oo valuable to be overlooked, and it, too, laboratory to be cleaned and treated, jig- saw- puzzle craze finds in bone f rag- all eye-teasers. The connections which or, gradually fall into place to form

o. Patience is rewarded when out s i n g 1 c c omp 1 e t e bone is made.

oi

Collections made fo for careful study of the locality, them,

and type of matrix fossils, the ab o ve

o r gan i z a t Ion s o

However, if

or scientific data call found with

depth from which they were taken, one pursues the hobby of collecting

know ledge of spec im en s

follows as logically as does the card Index file of

one's own collection. Collecting for classroom observation material cr for building up a private collection docs not involve so many de¬ tails. The thrill of collecting shells at a seashore Is experienced again In the finding of shells of some ancient seashore. Seeing large vertebrae of a huge prehistoric animal in a museum Is as noth¬ ing when a collector picks up for his own one from its surrounding earth. Even the experienced collector cannot suppress the war-whoop that rises when he views a "find” for the first time. Maryland is rich In its extensive fossil material. It but awaits those persons with sufficient curiosity and scientific zeal to reveal the purpose in collecting remains of ancient animals, be they casts, impressions, animal tracks, glacial marks, rain-drop marks, or bone.

OBSERVATIONS IN THE VICINITY OP LOCK RAVEN IV Further Mammal Notes

By C. Haven Kolb, Jr.

In the Bulletin for September, 1938 (Vol. 9, pp., 1-5) I listed fourteen species of mammals known to be from the Loch Raven Area.

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Twelve of these had been observed In the wild living state and two were known only from their remains. In the past two years a number of additional notes have been accumulated, more specimens have been taken, and n ew species have been added to the list. I now report briefly on these developments in systematic order.

Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) This species suffers heavily from automobile traffic c Pew' of these roadside casualties are pre- servable, but I have in my collection the skull of a female which was found dead on July 23, 1939 on the Cromwell Bridge Road. The marsu- pium contained five young, perhaps a week or two old. Although in¬ creased traffic in the summer months usually results in more highway deaths, two 'possums were found on the road during the severe winter of 1939-40, when the country was covered with ice and sno w. One of these was not in the territory now being considered; the other was a rather small male which was found on the Loch Raven Road near the Morgan Mill Road on February 18, 1940. The latest roadside record is of a non-breeding female found on the Dulaney Valley Road on August 25, 1940.

Raccoon (Procyon lotor) This species has not yet been observed alive, nor have’ specimens’ been taken. However, on August 25, 1940, numerous tracks were found along the lake shore and they were identi¬ fied as belonging to this species by Mr. Hampe . On a number of pre¬ vious occasions I have seen scats on waterside rocks containing remains of crayfish and have supposed them to be a sign of this spe¬ cies .

Weasel (Mustela noveboracensis ) Known from a specimen reported by Henri Seibert TBuTletin N.H.S.Md., 10:21).

Skunk (Mephitis nigra) This species was reported in my 1938 list on the basis of numerous carcasses found along the roadside.

On December 26 of that year I came across a fine living one in a little grove of pines near the Dulaney Valley Road bridge across the lake (Bridge Ho. 2). This animal was a black one with only the top of the head white. It paid no attention to me but proceeded about its business at a slow lope, passing within tv/enty feet of me. On February 4, 1939, while I w as hunting for birds, a man accosted me and asked me if I would shoot a "cat” for him. It turned out that he and a companion were trapping and had a skunk caught In a gully near Kelly Branch. They had captured one other skunk the same day. One of these two was similar in coloration to the one I had seen in December, while the other was normally striped down the back with white. The men told me that the skins of the more nearly black ani¬ mals brought more money but that they smelled worse. I saw no skunks during the winter of 1939-40 but frequent tracks in the snow showed that even with the very severe weather they did not hole up for very long at any one time.

Fed Fox ( Vulpes fulva ) The remains of one were found at a den entrance along the edge of one of the pine plantations, February 22, 1940. The cause of death could not be ascertained. This den may now be again occupied, for abundant tracks were found along the nearby lake shore on August 25, 1940. During the winter of 1939-40 the lake was frozen over for a long period and the tracks of this species were noted frequently leading from one shore to another. Late one after-

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noon one was seen trotting out across the ice, apparently starting on a hunting expedition.

Groundhog (Mamota monax) This is another species which is vulnerable' to highway traffic.” A specimen in the collection of the Society was picked up early on the morning of August 28, 1939, on the Dulaney Valley Road. It was still breathing when found, but died later.

Red Squirrel (Sciurus hudsonicus loquax) ho further sight ob¬ servations" are to "be reported but 1 have a male in my collection killed by a dog at the old dam on March 26, 1939.

Meadow Mouse (Microtus pennsylvanicus ) On March 6, 1939,1 found a young male- which had be on caught among some weed stems. (See Jour, of Mammalogy, 20:375-376). During the winter of 1939-40 I tv/ ice saw meadow mice abroad during daylight hours. In the spring a spot was found in one of the older pine plantations where two or three barred owls (Strix varia) had roosted during the winter. Among the hundreds of pellets found there, at least ninety percent con¬ tained the remains of meadow mice.

Muskrat (Ondatra zibethica) Hunting, trapping, and fishing are suppo scdl'y taboo on the city watershed, but I have seen many instances of all three practices. Muskrats are taken in some numbers from the marshes at the heads of the various estuaries. On January 3, 1940, a skinned carcass was found being used as bait at a steel trap which had apparently been set for a fox. The tracks of muskrats are soon very commonly In the mud along the lake shore and the burrows can be found in any of the marshes and along the banks of the tributary streams. I have seen no lodges during the past two years.

Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) During the summer of 1939 deer were several tim.es observed- in the same locality in which one had been noted In 1938. Tracks had been seen In the spring, and a deer was reported as killed on the road by an automobile. At first I supposed that it was the same one that I had observed the previous year and so I ceased to look for deer sign, thinking that it had been a lone stray and was no w eliminated from the fauna by death. However, during May I again began to see deer sign and on June 15 saw the doer themselves. I was traveling through a dense thicket of box older where all undergrowth is shaded out by the trees when I happened to look up and saw about fifty yards away the hindquarters of an animal that I knew at once was a deer. I immediately froze in my tracks. After a f ew moments the animal moved forward and I was able to see the rest of the body. It was a doe and she turned to 3-Ook straight at me with mild curiosity. She directed her ears toward me, stamped her forefeet a few times, and then lost interest. Presently she turned and walked away quietly to a spot which I could see but dimly. I was about to try to follow when I became aware of another deer which had appeared in her place. This was a buck with horns partly grown and, of course, still heavily covered with velvet,, Later I searched on several occasions for a possible fawn but with¬ out success. However, as already reported in the Bulletin (Vol. 10, p. 21) Henri Seibert and I saw a doe, a buck, and a young deer, prob¬ ably born in the spring on August 28, 1939.

The heavy snows during the winter of 1939-40 promised to give

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15

an opportunity to trace the wanderings tracks. No tracks were founds however. Raven area during the deer were seen here less, deer may still he for on August 25, 1940, another portion of the city property

during

of Loch Raven deer by their in this part of the Loch Furthermore, no indications of and summer of 1940, Neverthe- considered a part of the Loch Raven fauna wo saw fresh tracks along the lake shore in

and a half across

entire winter the

pnng

about a mile

the lake from the first station

Exclusive of bats, which have not been studied, the Loch Raven mammal fauna now stands at 16 species.

DISPLAYS IN THE MODERN MUSEUM By Gorman J. Bond

In recent years, Natural History- repositories of skeletons and skins to vast institutions providing facilities for educational and scientific, work in many fields.

Despite an anathema which many people have held for museums, a re¬ markable gain in public attendance has been shown in the last few decades. One of the most important reasons for this increase has been the constant development and perfection of newer methods in the art of Taxidermy, followed by the introduction of the Habitat Group.

At the turn of the century, most museums offered only long rows of poorly mounted specimens arranged in stiff, stereotyped positions and supplied only with printed labels describing their scientific and venacular name and the location in which they were found. Such

displays were n< public Interest and alas attract

of course, conducive therefore it is little

to attracting and holding

the

s ome av;

of our mere modern ;rage man.

Institutions

wonder that those museums,

lacked the appeal to

This does not mean however that important and valuable scienti: Ic work was not being done in these Institutions, for certainly the opposite was true, but merely that little attention was given to exhibiting this work to the public.

However, with the development

groups and a steadfast desire to actual mounting but In the scone

s began to

animal, museum displays groups or dioramas were met wit I some museums still clung to the older

of new methods of preparation of achieve perfection not only in the depicting the environment of the enter a new era. These habitat

Instant success by the public, but type of presentation.

Probably the greatest drawback to this new type of exhibit was the expense, but regardless of the amount of money spent, one thing was found to be important; that was, the necessity of having the exhibit tell a story. Whether animals, Insects, flowers, or minerals were employed, a point of interest was found to bo an absolute essen¬ tial. In the field of education, those groups formed and still form an Important function, especially for younger people, as they provide in most cases an almost unrivaled form of acquainting them with the inner 'workings of nature.

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For how many tunity to visit life surrounding gressive

children, or even adults, would have the oppor- mud flat at low tide and observe the multitudinous them? And yet, by their mere attendance to a pro¬ museum, these things and many more await the interested.

would have the

Artificially yes, but realistically and accurately beyond question,

This realism and accuracy has been achieved only through much experimenting and hard work on the part of the preparators. Aside from the no w much used sculptured taxidermy, the use of plastics, rubber compounds, and plaster casts for fishes has given some compe¬ tition to older materials and methods. Brief descriptions of other recently developed exhibits would include the seasonal changing group, which displays the seasonal change occurring in some animals and birds, the Illusion being created by having a group of animals in winter pelage placed directly above a group of exact duplicates in summer coats. The regulation of indirect lighting causes the image of the upper figures to be reflected to the observer’s eye by a pane

oi

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1 igures.

thus ob s curl ng th e

behind, the glass. Thus it is seen that by lighting the

lower figure, the image passes through the glass and the upper figure which is in darkness is not seen. The single-lens reflex camera is an example of this method of sight by properly placed glass reflector

Other recent innovations in habitat group arrangement are too

numerous tiv museums

to mention, but an outstanding method of

in large g

chieving perspec-

roups has boon experimented with by several 1;

:his Includes the use of large

irgo

background, and. placed one behind the other, scene representing the varying dep^

n;

oi

panes of glass used as a each painted with a perspective: the c omp 1 e t e d

background thus gives forth a remarkable feeling of depth and realism

While Natural History Museums arc not confined to the displ

ilone

to

bore scorns to have boon any others, Yot flower

ay oi

more

3, insects

attention given

minora

birds and an irna 1 s to these subjects than

and other natural history subjects have all helped to give realism to habitat groups as accessories and as the objects of very Interesting and Informative displays relative to their own particular field.

The epitome of perfection in natural history groups may bo viewed at the American Museum of Natural History in New York city, the Field Museum in Chicago, and more recently in the National Museum in Wash¬ ington, D.C., the last mentioned institution having just recently installed, a modern group which can well rate with the finest In the country ,

While some of the facts mentioned here may seem, trite and a mere repetition of what everyone already knows, it at least sums up the progress made in the field of museum display work; a field of" work which has had much to do with the revival of public interest In Natural History Museums in recont years.

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NOTES PROM FIELD AND LABORATORY Additional Lobes on the Leaves of Sassafras

As is well known and shown by the specific name, the leaves of sassafras (Sassafras variif olium) are of several shapes. Simplest is the plain ovate shape (TT which, however, is not usually the commonest. A deep indentation often cuts off a portion of one side, producing. a mitten shape (2) which may be either left-handed or right- handed. Mien the indentation occurs on both sides of the same leaf the usual three-lobcd leaf (3) of mature trees is produced.

In the fall of 1939 I found a sassafras at Loch Raven which had carried the process of location a step further, producing leaves of four and five lobes by the formation of additional indentations. Almost all the leaves on this young tree were of one of the typos illustrated below;

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18

A Migration of Night hawks

Lato in the afternoon of September 2, 1940, at about six o’clock I observed a migration of night hawks ( Chordeiles minor ) at Towson. The line of flight was straight south over tli'e ridge on which the tovm is built. The birds were scattered, coming singly or in two’s or three’s and they came in a wide band, individuals being noted as far west and east as vision extended. Altogether about twenty-five birds were seen to pass in about five minutes’ time and undoubtedly many were missed on both sides. Just when the flight began and terminated I have no means of knowing. The birds apparently wore feeding as they migrated, for one would dip away from the course momentarily as though pursuing some insect, but always it would immediately afterwards resume the southward course. The flight was an alternation of periods of rather rapid flapping of the wings with short periods of gliding. Mr. Joseph Bures tells me he observed a flight of nightliawks at Druid Hill Park the same day.

C. Haven Kolb, Jr.

"INAGUA"

Dodd, Mead Company has just published a book " Inagua" by Gilbert C. Ivlingel, a Trustee of our Society and a member of our Department of Marine Research.

"Inagua" is an interesting and popular account of Mr. Klingel’s expeditions to this island in the West Indies, conducted under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History and the Natural History Society of Maryland. Mr, Klingel’s first West Indian Her- petological Expedition took place In 1930.

Written in Mr. Klingel’s usual pleasing style, "Inagua" gives a vivid account of the animal and plant life on the Greater Inagua Island, the topography of the island, and his many interesting adven¬ tures, including the shipwreck in which he and another of our members, Mr. Wallace Coleman, wore cast on- Inagua ’s shores.

Many of the photographs illustrating the book have been exhib¬ ited at various times at the Society, and on the screen in lectures to the members.

"Inagua" was dedicated by Mr. Klingel to our president, Edmund B. Fladung.

NOTES FOR AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1910

Meetings a

August 23 25

Soot. 13 15

nd Lectures at the Society

Meeting Bird Club.

Bird Walk.

Meeting Bird Club.

Bird Walk.

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19

All talks discontinued during the months of July, August, and September .

Junior Division

August 3

10

17

24

31

Lecture by Mr, Edward McColgan, "Nesting Habits and Photography of Hawks" .

Talk by Romeo Mansueti, "Skinks of Maryland" .

Talk by William Miller, "Work in Clifton Park Area", Discussion of Program by Joseph Bures, Henry Eichhorn, and Romeo Mansueti,

Talk by John Hill, "Vegetative Propagation".

Talk by Elias Cohen, "Impressions of a Nature Councillor" .

Sept • 7

14

21

22

28

Discussion on General Approach to the Study of Natural History by Messrs. Elra M« Palmer, Herbert C. Moore,

C. Haven Kolb, Jr., and Henry Edchhorn.

Lecture by Mr. Elra M. Palmer, "The Ghost Crab".

Talk by Henry Eichhorn, "Approach to Taxonomy" .

Field Trip.

Tall: by Joseph Schreiber, "Recent Advances in Mineralogy. Talk by Romeo Mansueti, "Recent Advances in Herpetology". Talk by Joseph Bures, "Recent Advances in Bird Art".

Exhibitions, Lectures and School Loans

August 7 - Camp Whitly, Grachur Club, Lecture by Mr. Elra M. Palmer,

"Snakes of Maryland" .

14 - Camp Whitly, Grachur Club, Lecture by Mr. Elra M. Palmer,

"Snakes of Maryland" .

July and August, each week for eleven weeks a Geology Forum was conducted by Mr. John B. Calder at Camp Hi Catoctin.

Five walks were conducted to Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, and Hancock, Maryland, by Mr, Calder.

Sept , S

24 -

27 -

28 -

Enoch Pratt Free Library, Central Branch, Three week exhibit of Maryland Minerals especially featuring our new book, "Minerals of Maryland" .

Enoch Pratt Free Library, Branch No. 8, "Mineral exhibit". Lecture to St. Katherine’s Church Boy Scout Troop by Joseph Bures, "Reptiles".

To Tow son Nursery? Loan of Manimals .

.

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A year!s subscription to our bi-monthly Bulletin, a copy of our now publication "Minerals of Maryland" and our book "Snakes of Maryland" will make an appreciated Christmas present for a lover of nature. The first number of the present Volume of our Bulletin and also our December Christmas issue, will be sent in a special Christmas package containing the publications described above with a card stat¬ ing the donor of the gift .

The total cost - -§2.00 postpaid.

Person to whom you wish Christmas Offer sent.

Name ......................... ...... . . .

Address .....................................

City or Town . . . .State . . .

SENDER

Name . . . . . . .

Address . . . . . .

City or Town ..................... .State . . . .

Tear out this sheet and mail with check or money order to:

The Natural History Society of Maryland 2103 Bolton Street Baltimore, Maryland

.

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Society of Maryland

xt

NOVEMBER

Wm:2

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume XI

NOVEMBER 1940 DECEMBER

Number 2

CHRISTMAS GREENS

By Earl H« Palmer

As tlie Christmas Season approaches, we of the Christian faith turn our thoughts to the knotty problem of decorating our churches, homes, and places of business. Questions arise not only as to why we use evergreens, mistletoe, laurel and holly, but also as to the identi¬ ty of the various species. Most of us know that the custom of using Christmas greens originated with the ancients. Few, however, realize that the ancients were pagans who believed In fairies, spirits, and many gods .

The origins of evergreen decorations are lost in the maze of antiquity. The most likely of many wild conjectures Is the one that the ancients offered winter hospitality to the many spirits and fairies that dwelt in the leafless haunts of the forests. Accordingly, they placed a spray of evergreens, berried holly, or laurel over their doorways and In their windows .

The earl 7/ Romans decorated their homes with evergreens during the festival known as Saturnalis or Kalendal in the month of January. When the Christians first came to Rome they refused to observe this pagan custom and when the era of persecution began, those who did not have their homes decorated with the appropriate evergreens during the festival, were dragged away to their death. Later, during this period, they decorated their houses, not in honor of the Nativity, but merely as a means of self-defense. The Church fathers frowned on the prac¬ tice, however, and it v/as discontinued. Even today, in those countries that were under the sway of the Roman Emperors, the people seldom use evergreens to decorate their houses.

In England and Germany, however, the use of evergreens around this time of the year was universally observed. In these countries, then pagan, the winter solstice was considered a very important turn¬ ing point in the year. At this time, the Feast of the Yule, the mistletoe, holly. Yule log, and evergreens were signs used to commem-

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21

orate the return of the ’’burning wheel” » (1)

At one time, Ivy was used a great deal for decorations 0 This plant was the symbol of the Wine-god, Bacchus, and was usually used outside the home® The heathen frequently used ivy to make coronals in honor of Bacchus ,

Holly, to the pagan mind, was extremely hateful to witches and goblins o In western England, it was customary for the maidens to place berried holly on their beds to keep away the goblins. The Germans be¬ lieved that holly was a charm against lightning.

Since Christian interpretations have been applied to the many pagan customs, a wreath made of the prickly leaves and blood-red berries of the holly was thought to bring forth to the beholder the Image of the Savior's crown of thorns.

Pew plants have had a more varied role in the lives of man than the mistletoe. To the ancients, it was held sacred, especially by the Druids of Britain and Gaul. The Gauls and Celts believed a spray of berried mistletoe held miraculous virtues and cures for every disease including poisoning.

The mistletoe is spoken of by the early Greeks as having super¬ natural powers. It was this plant (known to the Greeks as the Golden Bough) that enabled Aeneas to descend into hell and return safely.

Even in Scandinavia we find the plant being used to fashion an arrow that slew the beloved Sun-god, Baldur.

In other parts of the world it was the symbol of the Goddess of Love; and, whoever passed under it was to receive a kiss of forgive¬ ness. It Is this later idea that has been preserved through the years with some modifications, and is prevalent today. The hanging of mistle¬ toe over the doorway is a pledge of peace and forgiveness.

Laurel was used by the early Romans as an emblem of triumph.

All conquering generals were presented with a laurel coronal on pass¬ ing through the Triumphal Arch. Today the laurel still symbolizes triumph - the triumph of the Christ Child over death.

The origin of the Christmas tree is one of great Interest to many scholars. Dr. Tille, an eminent student of folklore, regards the Christmas tree as the union of two elements; namely, the Roman custom of decking the houses with evergreens during the Kalends of January and the early belief of the superstitious Christians that the apple and other trees blossomed every Christmas.

The Christmas tree, as we know It today, appears to be of Germanic origin. A citizen of Strasbourg, in 1605, writes of a tree decorated, during this season, with gilded nuts and apples, and be¬ decked with glimmering balls. We find mention of the Christmas tree

(1) The "burning- wheel” was a terra used to designate the Sun. The pagans, on the Birthday of the Sun (December 25), used to light whe els and bonfires to help the Sun relight his dying lamp.

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in England in 1789. It was- introduced into France around 1840. By the end of the 19th Century, the Idea of decorating evergreen trees at Christmas time was universal throughout the Christian world*

A well known letter from Pope Gregory I to Augustine of Canter¬ bury advises him to permit and even encourage such harmless pagan customs as were capable of Christian Interpretation. Thus we find a

g the Incorporation of many heathen customs into the

of these customs wore ob¬ it seems only natural that they be continued as traditional observance of Christmas.

pope sanctioning the incorporation of Feast of the Holy Nativity. Since ltinny served around the time of the Nativity,

In America, the Christians continue to observe the Christmas Season with the traditional evergreens. Copying from the Germans, we do not consider ou]

tree, hun g w i t li up for all visitors to admire.

homes proper-j.^ s h Imme ring t i n s c 1

ly decorated unless a Christmas md brightly colored balls, is s

greens

The spruce, fir, pines, cedar and hemlock trees arc the ever- of universal acceptance as Christmas decorations.

The best and surest method of Identifying these trees is to look at the cones. However, the young trees and. frequently the older trees do not boar the cones every season; then too, the cones may not be within reach. Therefore, the best all-around way of identification is by the leaves or needles.

To most people, all!, evergreen needle-leaved trees arc pines. Nothing can be further from the truth, even though the pines (genus Pinus ) arc the largest and most widely distributed of the conifer trees .

There are about 70 species of the genus Pinus in the world, 36 being found in North America. Besides these native pines there arc many exotic species planted for ornamental purposes.

The pines are generally considered to be the most important of all the timber trees, not only for the production of wood but also for economic values. They are found In a wide range of climates and soils. Frequently the pines are found in sand along the sea coast; then again we see them growing on mountain tops where they reach the timber line;

In both Instances they help to hold the soils in place. Many water¬ sheds arc planted with members of this genus. In the commercial world the pine forests arc of even greater importance, not only to the lumber¬ men and carpenters but also to the manufacturers of paper and naval stores .

The pines arc considered as being of two classes: tho Soft Pines and the Hard Pines. The Soft or White Pine group has few repre¬ sentatives in North America. They arc the ones that have caused so much trouble to the foresters who are trying to stamp out the European blister rust. The Hard Pine group is by far the more numerous.

Tho genus Pinus Is characterized by two kinds of leaves - pri¬ mary, which are linear, scale-like, and deciduous; and secondary or ordinary foliage, which are linear, triangular, or semi-circular in cross section, generally In clusters of two to five and usually sheathed

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at the base. Stamina to flowers are borne at the base of the season’s growth and produce a yellowish pollen. The pistillate aments gen¬ erally occur at or near the terminal part of the new growth. Wind is the chief agent of pollination. The cones, which are formed as a result of pollination, mature at the end of the second or third year. They are composed of scales, woody in structure, with the seeds in pairs, at their base. In Maryland there are approximately nine species to be found, eight of which are common: Pinus strobus, L.

(White Pine), P. resinosa. Ait. (Red or Norway Pine), P. palustris, Mill. (Longleaf Pine), P. virginiana. Mill. (Jersey or Scrub Pine),

P. echinata. Mill. (Shortleaf Pine), P. pungens. Lamb. (Mountain Pine), P. taeda, L. (Loblolly Pine), P. rigida. Mill. (Pitch Pine) and P. serotina, Michx. (Pond Pine).

Of all the pines, the most sought after for Christmas use is the Pinus strobus or White Pine. In Maryland, this tree occurs in the mountains and nearby regions. It prefers the fertile, well drained areas, but it has been observed growing in dry sandy soils. If left undisturbed P. strobus will attain a height of fifty to sixty feet and a diameter of one to three feet. The most distinguishing features are (1) the soft, slender, bluish-green leaves in a sheathed cluster of five, about two and one-half to five inches long; and (2) the long- stalked cones which vary in length from four to ten inches, cylindri¬ cal in shape, slightly curved, and covered with unarmed scales that are slightly thickened at the apex. The bark is thin and greenish- brown on young branches while it is thick and dark gray on the older trees and trunks.

The wood is light and soft. It Is used extensively in making boxes, matches, toothpicks and models.

P. virginiana, the Jersey or Scrub Pine is also in demand at this time of the year. This species is found in great abundance in the Coastal Plain region of Maryland, though it is common In most gullies, old fields and cut-over areas. The distinguishing feature of this tree is its twisted, dark green, and rather stout leaves which are one and one-half to two and one-half inches long and are borne in clusters of two surrounded by a sheath. The cones are thin, slightly curved and small, about two inches long. They have sharp prickled scales. The bark, which is smoother than that of any other native pine In Maryland, is reddish-brown and broken into very thin, shallow plates .

The v/ood is very durable but light. It Is frequently used for fence posts and rough building although it warps easily.

The Yellow or Short-leaf Pine, P. echinata, Is also in demand. This species is common throughout the State but not in large quanti¬ ties. The leaves are In clusters of two and three and are sheathed. They are dark green, slender and flexible, slightly toothed, and three to five inches long. The cones, which are the smallest of Maryland’s pines, being one and one-half to two Inches long, cling to the twigs end branches for many years. The scales are slightly enlarged at the apex and have soft prickles. The bark Is reddish-brown and scaly,

The wood is of commercial Importance and is manufactured into lumber for use in general construction and carpentry.

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The cones of all the pine trees are used for decorations at Christmas time. Many people paint and hang thorn on the trees; others use them for floral designs of all sorts and descriptions. With the aid of paints, paint brushes, ribbons, and various evergreens, plus a good imagination, one need not spend much money on such designs.

Next to the pines in importance for Christmas trees is that small group of plants known as firs. There are only ten species native to the United States out of approximately twenty-three. All are evergreens of great commercial value. The firs (genus Abies) have but two representatives in the East; Abies balsamea, (L.) Mill. (Balsam Fir), and A. fraseri, (Pursh) Poir. (Southern Balsam Fir).

Both of these firs may be found in the high Alleghenies. However, the writer has never seen them growing in their native habitat in Maryland. The Balsam Fir (A. balsamea) may be found in our State but the A. fraseri is not found north of Virginia.

The firs are lovers of a cold climate and high altitude, all species being found primarily on mountains. They have a fairly strong ''central leader" that makes an ideal support for the heavy top ornaments that many Christmas decorators like.

The "Abies" have one outstanding character that distinguishes them from all other evergreen trees; namely, the round leaf scars that appear when the leaves are pulled off the twig. The reason can readily be seen if one examines a leaf (needle) which has a broad, oval base at the point of attachment. The apex of the leaf is blunt, often notched, and the underside of the soft foliage is conspicuously marked by two silvery lines. The leaves are borne all around the twig and branch but they have a tendency to curve upward or to spread out like the hemlocks.

Abies balsamea (Ealsam Fir) is the only representative in the East that is used extensively for Christmas trees. It grows to a height of about ninety feet and a diameter of about three feet. The bark, on the older trees is reddish-brown and rough, while on the younger trees it is grayish-brown and marked by projecting resin blisters. The dark green leaves are flattened, three-quarters inch long, blunt at the apex, and very fragrant upon drying. The cone is erect, dark purple and oblong; two to four inches long. The scales are broad, round and deciduous. (They add greatly to the beauty of an evergreen floral design). The tree is easily uprooted by wind and is quickly damaged by rot and fire. It Is short lived and not suited for cultivation over a long period of time.

The so called Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia, (Lam) Britt®), is not a member of the true fir genus. It is found In the Pacific northwest and is used in that section of our country for Yuletide decorations. It has been shipped to the East in recent years for the same purpose; and as a result, requires our attention.

The loaves are stemless, like the true firs, slender, and more flexible than the "Abies". The needles or leaves are three-quarters to one and one-quarter inches long. The cones are unique In that the three-forked bracts protrude from beneath the thin scales. The easiest way to identify this tree is by the trim red and pointed buds that can be seen on the branch-tips.

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25.

The spruces (genus Picea) contain about eighteen to twenty species,, of which nine are found in the United States. Two are native to Maryland, and a third cultivated extensively (P. abies). The spruces are perhaps the easiest of all the Christmas trees to identify. All that is necessary Is to grab a handful of the leaves and squeeze.

If It feels as though many needles are sticking you,, itJs a spruce.

The reason is rather simple - the leaves are pointed,, stiff and dia¬ mond-shaped in a cross section . Another and less painful way of Identifying this group of trees is to examine the twig from which several "needles" have been removed. It will be rather rough in ap¬ pearance because the needles are attached to small woody bases which remain on the twigs even after the leaves have fallen. The central stem or leader is very stiff and strong, able to bear the burden of he avy ornom en t s .

In Maryland we find Pc mar i ana, Mill*, B.lbP^ (Black Spruce), and P. rubens, Sargent, (Pied Spruce) native to our State. P * abies, (L.) Karsten, (Norway Spruce) Is the cultivated exotic species that thrives so well that It Is the most common of the spruces found in the State .

In their native haunts the Red and Black Spruces are to be found In the mountainous regions of Maryland.. Of the two the Red Spruce (P, rubens) is the more common. Its leaves are small, four¬ sided, yellowish-green and somewhat rounded at the apex. They point outward In all directions from the twig and are without true leaf stalks .

The cones are smaller than P. abies, being only two inches long* The scales are roundish and reddish-brown in color and entirely mar¬ gined. The bark is thick and rather rough. The cones are usually borne along the twigs.

The tree grows to a medium height with a straight trunk. Its lower branches droop, while those in the middle stand, out straight, but the topmost branches seem to point upward.

P. abies (Norway Spruce) greatly resembles the Red Spruce in general appearance. The easiest way of distinguishing these two species Is by the longer cones of the Norway Spruce (four to seven inches), which hang like a pendant from the end of the branchlets.

The scales have a finely toothed margin, and are rather stiff.

The cones of the spruces can be used with excellent results in floral designs and unique tree decorations if one uses his imagination.

The last, but by no means the least important of the needle- evergreens to figure as Christmas trees arc the Hemlocks. This genus, Tsuga, has but eight species in the world, four of which arc native to North America and only one to Maryland, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere (Hemlock) .

It Is of great commercial value not only for its lumber and bark but also as a Christmas Tree. If left undisturbed, it grows to a height of 80 feet. It is a lover of outdoors and soon drops Its leaves when brought into the house. In spite of this, it is still used extensively at Yulctide.

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26

Unlike the spruces, the foliage is soft, flat and blunt tipped. The bases of leaves are narrow and possess a slight twist so that they point in all directions of the compass. They are dark green and shining above but are dull below with a white line on each side of the midrib. These characteristics give the tree a somewhat lacy appear¬ ance .

The cones are short, about three-quarters of an inch long, and hang from the branchlets. The crown of the tree seems to be top heavy which gives it a wilted appearance. The bark is grayish or reddish- brown and about an inch thick. It is rich in tannic acid, - and as a result, large stands of Hemlock are raised for this important sub¬ stance .

In the eastern part of the United States, most of the Christmas Trees reach us from the forests of New England, New York State and Eastern Canada. The cutting of the Christmas free is definitely a seasonal industry. Once cut, the trees are graded as to kind, size, and condition before being shipped. The prices are set in market lists, but by the time they reach the householder the trees have passed through many hands, and a few more pennies arc added on. But it is worth the additional cents to have just the kind of Christmas Tree you want and to have the pleasure of seeing the children's faces light with joy on Christmas morning as they behold that masterpiece of decoration.

Ilex apaca. Ait. (American Holly) plays an important part in the Christmas trade. Extensively used in wreaths, the Holly Is cut in great numbers by professional and amateur woodsmen. There are three genera of the Holly family ( Aquif oliaceae ) with something like 300 species in the world.

The above mentioned species is native to Maryland. The tree is not as abundant as in previous years due to the large numbers that are cut for Christmas use.

The American Holly is small (thirty feet high), evergreen, with a light gray and roughened bark. The simple, alternate loaves are the most distinguishing features of the plant. They are thick, flat, oval shaped, with a wavy margin bearing spiny teeth. The leaves re¬ main attached to the twigs for two or three years before they drop.

The fruit, which ripens in fall. Is about the size of a pea, bright red in color, and technically known as a drupe.

The I. apaca is generally found in the Coastal Plain area of the East, The deciduous form. Ilex verticillata, L. ( Winterberry ) , is in demand for its brilliant red berries, which are used with the Holly and other Christmas greens. (2)

The Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia, L.) Is universally used in making wreaths and chains at this time of the year. There arc five or six species in this genus, but only K. latifolia reaches tree- size (ten to forty feet high) . The simple leaves are alternate, oblong,

(2) Both of the above species are in danger of complete destruction because of extensive cutting. It must be borne in mind that the I. apaca has two forms - pistillate and staminate trees.

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entire -margined, and acute at the apex. The mature 1 eaves are thick- ish, dark green, rather glossy, and persist for at least two years.

The familiar flowers, which appear in May and June, are ar¬ ranged in a corymb approximately four inches in diameter. The corolla is white and five parted.

Laurel is one of the few broad- leafed plants that remain green during the winter months. It is found in great abundance from New Brunswick to Florida. Slight inroad has been made into this species of Christmas green despite the 10,000 tons that are used, on a maxi¬ mum, in this country during the Feast of the Nativity. The species roots easily and sends up new shoots when cut close to the ground.

In some sections Mountain Laurel Is considered a Y/ee d.

The Ground Pine of Club Moss (genus Lycopodium) is probably the most widely used of evergreen p lants for the manufacture of wreaths. Of the hundred species that occur in the world only two or three are used for the above mentioned purpose in the United States.

Most commonly seen on wreaths is the Crowsfoot (Lycopodium complanatum, L«). This species, a native of Maryland, Is found in cool, dense woods and thickets. The flat, wide-creeping prostrate stem is generally found growing beneath the surface of the ground.

The prostrate stem (often six inches to two feet long) puts up the erect and irregularly forked aerial stems with which we are familiar. These aerial stems produce branches that are somewhat flattened, two or three forked, and fan-like in shape. (3) The Crowsfoot is general¬ ly wired or glued to the artificial wreaths or those that are made of the American H oily.

L. obscurum, L. (Ground-pine or Bunch-evergreen) is frequently used In the actual making of wreaths. This species, found in moist woods, ranges from Newfoundland to North Carolina. The species' name, obscurum, comes from the inconspicuous sporophyls t hat the plant bears.

The creeping stem of this plant is deep in the ground and gives off but few upright aerial branches. These branches vary from four to ten inches high and are very tree-like. It is this tree-like appear¬ ance that makes this species in demand at Christmas time. The leaves are six and eight ranked and are rather spreading with an upward curve .

Besides its use In the making of wreaths, the Ground-pine Is frequently used In the Christmas tree garden as the imitator of trees, which it so ably resembles.

L. lucidulum, Michx. (Trailing evergreen or Shining Club-moss) is also used at this time of the year. The leaves, which remind one of the Hemlock, are dark green, shining, and rather wide spread. The plant, a lover of \pry damp woodlands, is found from Newfoundland to South Carolina; it does not appear to be very abundant locally, either growing, or in the Christmas markets. The most common usage this plant seems to have is for table and mantle decorations, where it geeatly on-

;5) The Lycopodiums do not produce flowers; but, like the ferns, produce by means of spores.

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28.

hanccs the beauty of the pine cones and berried holly.

Often, as we walk through the stores at Christmas time, we see bowls of moss, ferns, and a red-berried plant for sale. This rod- berried plant, with its oval, dark green leaves, is known as Partridge- berry (Mitchella repens,L«). There are but two species of Mitchella - one in the United States (occurring in Maryland) and one in Japan.

Mitchella bears flowers in June and July - with white blossoms that are always in pairs. The flower has a corolla tube (1/4 of an inch long) and four petal lobes. The fruit is a red drupe (stone- fruit) which is much sought after by the winter birds. In its native haunts, the Partridge-berry forms a thick mat on the woodland floor.

It ranges from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward to Texas and Minnesota.

The most unusual of the various Christmas greens is the Mistle¬ toe. This plant, a member of the genus Phoradendron, is a parasite, growing on the branches of various trees. In the Christmas markets we generally find the waxy berries which vary from pink to white.

If the berry is crushed open, a sticky seed will be found.

This seed adheres to the branch or twig of a tree and germinates, sending rootlets into the branch where thev begin to absorb the watery matter of the host. Fortunately the Mistletoe can manufacture some of Its food from this source. Eventually, and If many seeds take root on a host plant, that plant will die from lack of food reaching Its grow¬ ing roots and twigs. The gathering of Mistletoe, therefore, is really of benefit to our forests, as well as to the boys who wait patiently for the girls to pause expectantly under a spray of the mystic plant.

Abb re vi	at Ions of Botanists'	names s
Ait .	- Alton, William
B.S.P.	- Britton, Sterns,	Poggenburg
Britt .	- Britton, N.L.
L.	- Linnaeus
Lamb ,	- Lambert, Aylmer
Michx .	- Ml chaus, Andre
Mill.	- Miller, Philip
Poir ,	- Poiret, Jean
References :
Bes3.ey,	F.W., Forest Trees	of Maryland

Forestry Department, University of Maryland, 1930

Britton, N.L. and Brown, Addison, An Illustrated Flora of the

Northern United States, Candda7~^^r"the~^rTFfsh Possessions, Vol. I, N.Y., Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913 ’

Brockman, C. Frank, "What Kind, of Christmas Tree Is Yours?" Nature Magazine, Vol. 26, December, 1935, No. 5. 335-337

Crippen, T.G., Christmas and Christmas Lore London, Blackie and Sons, LUT'D . , 1923

29

Ewer, Jusdon, "Partridge Berry--Plant of Christmas Cheer"

Nature Magazine, Vol. 26, December, 1935, No. 5. 342-43

Frazer, Sir James G-. , The Golden Bough, Vol. 10 N.Y., The Macmillan Co,, 1935

Hosmer, Ralph S. "Are Christmas Trees Wrong?"

Nature Magazine , Vol. 4, December, 1924, No. 6. 325-37

Illicit, Joseph S., Pennsylvania Trees

Department of Forestry, Bulletin No. 11 Harrisburg, Penna., 1919

J.M.F. "Mistletoe"

Frontiers, Vol. 3, December, 1938, No. 2. 56-57

Miles, Clement A., " Christmas in Ritual and Tradition -- Christian and Pagan

N.Y., Fred. A. Stokes Co., 1912

Ricker, P.L., "Our Christmas Greens"

Nature Magazine, Vol. 4, December, 1924, No. 6, 351-54

"Our Christmas Greens"

Nature Magazine, Vol. 6, December, 1925, No. 6. 357-360

Stanford, E.E., "Know the Evergreens"

Nature Magazine, Vol. 30, December, 1937, No. 6. 333-35

Van Dorsal, Wm. R., Native Woody Plants of the United States

Misc. Pub. 303 - United States Department*' of Agriculture Washington, Government Printing Office, 1938.

FEEDING BIRDS IN WINTER By Edmund B. Fladung

'Winter is here again. With winter comes snow and ice which cause great suffering to our feathered friends, the birds.

Many of the mammals hibernate over the winter, and those that do not, such as the squirrels and chipmunks, make provision for themselve s , storing up acorns, nuts and other edibles.

Nature has not endowed birds with means of looking ahead in this sense and making provision for these colder months. Those which remain with us over the winter depend on the seeds and berries that are left from the summer, and the grubs that have entrenched themselves beneath the bark of trees. When the snow and ice cover the ground and trees, their food supply is greatly reduced. It is then that man must come to their aid.

Attracting birds about one 1 s home entails very little trouble or expense. With some thought they can even be attracted to the very window sills. Baby chick food (finely cracked corn and other grain)

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Bird Feeding Station

30

makes an excellent food for cardinals and the other sparrows, and costs hut a few cents a pound. Much table waste can be utilized. Stale bread broken into small bits; apple skins, spinach, kale, carrot tops and even cabbage, finely ground, are readily eaten, es¬ pecially when mixed with bread crumbs.

For woodpeckers and titmice, a piece of suet tacked to a tree makes alluring food. Any store keeper will give one a piece of suet. Also fat or the rind of roast and steak can be used to good advantage for this purpose.

For those persons living in the suburbs or thickly populated communities, care should be used in setting out the food so that cats cannot reach the birds. One must always bear in mind that cats are one of the worst enemies of birds.

On farms and in outlying districts, where bobwhite and pheasants may occur, care should be used to place grain under thick cover, not only to assure safety for the birds, but to keep their food from being covered by drifting snow.

One of our members at the Society made suet cups by melting suet and scraps of fat from meats and then pouring the hot liquid, mixed with cracked corn and other seed, into small paper drinking cups. While the fat was still warm, a bent wire was inserted, and after the fat had cooled, the paper cup was broken away leaving a perfect form of suet. (See Fig. 1) This was suspended from the branch of a tree, and made an excellent food for all kinds of birds.

Here is an opportunity, not only to aid the birds, but to study them at close range. It is astonishing how many species of birds that one would not see otherwise any other time can be seen this way during the winter.

The writer lives in the suburbs of Baltimore, but has seldom seen a nuthatch or tufted titmouse other than in the winter time. Downy woodpeckers are rarely seen about his place during the summer, but all winter they hover about a piece of suet tacked to a tree.

A simple type of bird feeder and a most efficient one, can easi3.y be made by any handy person. A few pieces ,f wood, a few nails and some half inch mesh wire are all that is required. (See illustration Fig. 2).

Here is a list of birds one can look for, if provision is made to feed them during the winter months; junco, white-breasted nuthatch, white -throated sparrow, winter wren, cardinal, Carolina chicadec, blue- jay, mockingbird, song sparrow, English sparrow, starling, downy woodpecker, bob-white and tufted titmouse.

FULGURITES

Fulgurites arc hollow glass tubes formed when lightning strikes sand or rock, the great heat fusing the sand .or rock into unusual forms. Some specimens are short and thin, like a soda straw; others, several inches wide and three or four feet in length. They are es¬ pecially noted in regions visited by storms. Sand dunes arc some¬ times good collecting grounds.

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31.

A LIST OP BIRDS RECORDED AT HERRING RUN, BALTIMORE

By Conrad P. Kenney

Herring Run, situated in the northeastern section of the city, at the northern extremity, is composed mainly of deep ravines, rocky gorges, and swift running, small streams.

Farther downstream, in the rear of Morgan College, there are open fields, farms, and orchards, and sparsely grown-over woods. In the period of a five months1 survey, January, 1940 to October, 1940, sixty-two species of birds had been recorded from this area. The ornithological possibilities of the area were then realized and^the survey was extended to the point where Herring Run joins Back River. Prom the point where the river crosses Harford Road to the inter¬ section at Philadelphia Road the area is largely park, and though it Is thickly populated and used daily, numerous species are still at¬ tracted. With the extension of the survey grounds, twenty-nine additional birds were recorded, giving a total of ninety-one. Since a more complete list is in preparation, and will include the reports from all over the city, dates and nesting data have been eliminated. The prime purpose of the list is to Impress upon one the fact that there can be found, in a small limited region, enough material with which to work on indefinitely, so as to eventually compile and ob¬ tain valuable information on migratory and nesting birds In one's own backyard .

1.	Gavia immer immer	16.	Colinus virginianus virginianus
2 .	Common Loon Colymbus aurltus	17.	Bob -white Oxyechus vociferus vociferus
3.	Horned Grebe Ardea herodias herodias	18.	Killdeer Philohela minor
4.	Great Blue Heron Casmerodius albus ogretta	® o 1 — 1	Woodcock Actitis macularia
5.	American Egret Florida caerulea caerulea	20.	Spotted Sandpiper Larus argent atus smith so nianus
6 .	Little Blue Heron Cathartes aura septentrionalis	21.	Herring Gull Larus atricilla
7.	Turkey Vulture Accipiter striatus velox	22.	Laughing Gull Columba livia
8.	Sha r p - sh Inn e d H awk Accipiter cooper!	23.	Rock Dove or Domestic Pigeon Zenaidura macroura carolinensis
9.	Cooper’s Hawk Buteo lineatus llneatus	24.	Mourning Dove Coccyzus americanus americanus
10.	Northern Red- shouldered Hawk Buteo borealis borealis	25.	Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus
11.	Eastern Red-tailed Hawk Buteo platypterus platypterus	26.	Black-billed Cuckoo Otus asio naevius
12.	Broad-winged Hawk Circus hudsonlus	27.	Screech Owl Strix varia varia
13.	Marsh Hawk Pandion haliaetus carolinensis	28.	Northern Barred Owl Chordeiles minor minor
14.	Osprey Palco columbarius c o lumbar ius	29.	Eastern Nighthawk Chaetura pelagica
15.	Pigeon Hawk Palco sparverius sparverius	30.	Cliimney Swift Archilochus colubris
	Sparrow Hawk		Ruby-throated Hummingbird

32

31. Megaeeryle tile yon ale yon

E a s t e rn ’’ B o']. ted Kirigfi s he r

32 . Cel apt $s auratus lutcus

Northern”' Flicker

33 . Helancrpcs erythroccphalus

Red-headed Woodpecker

34 . Sphyrapicus varius varius

Yell ow-Fe Hied Sap sucker

3 5 . Dry ohatc s pub esccns modi anu s

Northern Downy Woodpecker 3 6 • Tyr minus tyr annus Kingbird

37. Myiaphus crinitus boreus

Northern Cre'stcd Fly cat cher

3 8 . Sayornis ph o c b e

Eastern Rhoebe

39. My io chance virens

Eastern Wood Peowee

40. Iridoprocnc bicolor

Tree Swallow

41. Riparla r ip aria riparia " Bank Swallow

42. Hirundo crythrogaster

Barn Swallow”" ~

43. Progne sub is sub is

Purple Martin

44. Cyanocitta cristata cristata

Blue Jay'

4 5 . Corvus b rachy rhyncho s b r a chy rhyncho s

Eastern Crow

46 . Penthostes atricapillus atricapiilus

Black- capped Chickadee

47. Penthestcs , . .carol inens is carolinensis

Carolina Chickadee

48 . Baoolophus bicolor

Tufted Titmouse

49. Sitta carolinensis carolinensis

Northern Whi to -breasted Nut¬

hatch

50. Sitta canadensis

Red-breasted Nuthatch

51. Certhia familiari s amcrlcana

Brown Creeper

52 • Troglodytes aodon acdon House Wren

53 . N annus hi emails hi emails

Eastern Winter Wren

54 . Thryothorus ludovicianus Tudovlcianus "

Carolina Wren

55. Tclnatodytes palustris palustiis

Long-billed Marsh Wren

56 . Minus polyglot t os polyglot t os

Mockingbi rd

• D'am^bella carolinensis

Catbird

. T oxo stoma rufum Brown Thrasher

* Turdus migrator ius sp.

Eastern Robin . Hyloclchla mustelina Wood Thrush

. Hyloclchla fusees cons Veery

. Sialia si alls sialis Eastern Bluebird

* Corthylio calendula calendula

Eastern Ruby-crownei Kinglet

. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris

' Starling

. Viroo olivacous Red- eyed V'ireo

* Dendroica aestiva aestiva

Yellow Warbler

* Dendroica coronata

Myrtle Warbler . Seiurus aurocapillus Ovenbird

. Geothlypis trichas trlchas Maryland Yell ow- throated

Warbler

• Icteria virens virens

Yellow-breasted Chat . Wilsonia canadensis Canada Warbler ’

• Setophaga rut icilla

American Redstart

. Mniotilta varia

Black and White Warbler c

• Passcr domcsticus domesticus

English Sparrow

. Agelalus phoenicous phoenlceus Rod-winged Blackbird

* Molothrus ater atcr

CowbirG

9 Icterus spurius Orchard" ' Oriole . Icterus galbula

Baltimore Oriole

• Pl^anga ery throne las

Scarlet Tanager

* Ricbrcondcna cardinalis caidinalis

Eastern Cardinal

• Pass°rina cyanea

Indigo Bunting « Spinus trist is tristls Eastern Goldfinch . Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus

Red-eyed Towhee

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84. Junco hycmalis hycmalis

S'la’te- colored Junco

85. Splzella arborca arborea

Eastern Tree Sparrow

86. Spizella passerlna passerina

Eastern Chipping Sparrow

87 . Spizella pusilla pusilla

Field Sparrow

88. Zonotrichla leucophrys leucophrys

White*- crowned Sparrow 89 • Zonotrichla albicollis

White - throated Sparrow 90. Passcrella lllaca lliaca Fox Sparrow

91 • Melosplza molodia melodia Song Sparrow

THE JUNCOS OF MARYLAND By Joseph A. Bures

There arc four known forms of Juncos occurring in Maryland:

Junco aikeni, the White-winged Junco, which is placed on the hypo¬ thetical list; Junco hycmalis hycmalis, the Slate-colored Junco, by far the most common representative of the genus; Junco hycmalis carolincnsis, the Carolina Junco, a close runner-up, and Junco croganus montanus, the Montana Junco-, remaining on the list by rea¬ son of one authentic record.

The White -winged Junco, whose breeding range is the Black Hills of the Dakotas and the Bear Lodge Mountains of Wyoming, and whose winter range extends from South Dakota to Colorado, has been reported as "seen" (Chapman, 1932) on four occasions in New England, and several individuals have been trapped by bird-banders in New York and Pennsylvania. (The Auk, 1926, p. 245).

In Maryland there exists one record, that of C. W. Beckham, who shot a male specimen near Ilchcstcr, Baltimore County (The Auk, 1885, p. 306). He says, "Shot near Ilchcstcr, a male specimen of J. hycmalis with very distinct white wing bars, quite as well marked as in typical J. aikeni."

This species can be easily recognized in the field, due to the presence of two very distinct white wing bars; in addition, it is slightly larger, and the three outer tail feathers arc completely or largely white.

Beckham (The Auk, 1885) suggests doubt as to the validity of his specimen being aikeni, and calls it a "male specimen of J. hycmalis"; this is interesting to note because Hcllnayr (Birds of the Americas, 1938) suggests the possibility that the White -winged Junco may prove to be merely a strongly marked local race of the Slate- colored Junco.

The SMatc-colorcd Junco is an abundant migrant and common win¬ ter resident. It arrives during October and until May is the species most often encountered in the field. The dates are October 3 (Tyrrell, 1935), to May 2 (Armstrong, 1932). The species has been recorded from every county and every type terrain; it can be found from the rocky, lichen-covered rocks of the Gunpowder Gorges (near Ashland, Maryland), to the sand spits at Curtis Bay and the tidewater marshes at Back and Middle Rivers.

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The Carolina Junco is the only Junco that commonly broods in Maryland. J.h. carolincnsis breeds in numbers in the higher parts of Garrett and Allegany Counties (above 2000 feet) and in winter migrates to the adjacent lowlands, where it mingles with flocks of J.h* hy email s.

It is a common breeder Finzel. Preble (1900) found of a mossy bank within a few Route 40, In Grantsvillc, on close to the road.

around Bit t Inge r, Grantsvillc, and a nest with four eggs beneath the edge feet of a highway. Similarly, near June 20, 1S34, Brooks found a nest

The Carolina Junco can be easily differentiated Slate-colored Junco in the field as the Slate-colored ly darker head than backj whereas the Carolina’s head similar in hue, without any marked color variation.

from the

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The Montana Junco Is Included in the Maryland list by reason of the single record noted by Robert Ridgway in the Auk, 1890, Vol. VII, p. 289. He states, ”0n April 28, my son, A. W. Ridgway, shot a female of this subspecies near Laurel, Maryland. It was shot cut of a flock of several, in which, my sen thinks, were others of the sane kind, but lie may have been mistaken.”

Ridgway identified this bird as Junco hycmalis shufcldti. How ever, later examination of the specimen, which is in the National Museum Collection, has proved it to be Junco oreganus mo lit anus .

In comparison with the other Juncos, this bird’s head and breast arc blacker, and the sides arc very decidedly brownish-pink.

This species can be considered an accidental vagrant in Mary¬ land.

SOME INSECT SUPERSTITIONS IN MARYLAND

Frank Cowan in his "Curious Facts in the History of Insects”, a rare little book, published by J, B.Lippincott in 1865, refers to several Insect superstitions in Maryland.

"If a Katy-did enters your house, an unlocked- for visitor will speedily conic. If It sings there, some of your family will be noted for fine musical powers. These superstitions obtain in Maryland," (P.131)

"If a Blacksmith (Snap, ’Hatch, or Click-beetle) enters your house, a quarrel will ensue which may end in blows. This super¬ stition obtains in Maryland." (P.55)

"If a Butterfly alights upon your head, it foretells good news from a distance. This superstition obtains in Pcnnsvlvania and Maryland.” (P.229)

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35.

THE SOCIETY’S QUESTIONNAIRE

A Society of our kind has throe distinct types of service to render. The first, service to science, the second, service to the public, and lastly, service to our members .

The service to our members should really be our first and chief consideration, for without their aid the other two types of service could not bo given.

In our scheme of survey the above functions of the Society were seriously considered, and to ascertain the opinion of our mem¬ bers a questionnaire was mailed to each, member. The results were highly satisfactory, as the members as a whole not only responded, but expressed themselves pleased with the services rendered them .

The first group of questions concerned our lecture program. Ninety-five per cent of the members stated the lectures were "in¬ teresting” or " very interesting". The other opinions varied, but none was derogatory to this program. A second question in this group was regarding the subject of the lecture. Eighty per cent of the members preferred mixed subjects : travel, exploration, animals, birds, plants, etc. The balance showed a special preference for birds, plants, archaeology, geology, mineralogy, and outdoor activi¬ ties. An important question concerned the best evening suited for lectures. Tuesday evening was almost the universal choice.

The second group of questions related to our educational courses. Heretofore, courses had been held in the following order, one each year: Mineralogy, Entomology, and Ornithology, the last year's courses. The following order of preference was expressed: Marine Life, Modeling, Geology, Archaeology, Photography, Entomology and Herpetology,

The third group of questions related to our Bulletin. Nearly everyone expressed himself pleased or satisfied. The consensus of opinion as to the kind of articles preferred was as follows: semi- scicnt if ic wholly scientific 15 general or mixed articles

42-J^. Some suggestions offered were to have a cover to the Bulletin, to have a frontispiece and more illustrations. The only negative thought was that the Bulletin should be published on time. This delay unfortunately cannot be avoided when the Editor must depend on the various department workers and members at large for his articles. With the Bi-monthly issuance of the Bulletin, we trust this will be somewhat overcome.

The fourth series of questions concerned our Museum. The general opinion was very favorable but there was great variance as to what exhibits impressed the members most. This seemed to depend solely upon the member's inclination to the subject in his or her particular field, but nearly all members expressed themselves special¬ ly interested and pleased with the habitat groups and suggested that we should Install more of them.

The last series of questions referred to our School Service.

As this was of interest only to school teachers, councillors, raid nature teachers, only these persons filled out this part of the

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questionnaire. Teachers and persons who needed our loan material, etc. had availed themselves of it. They all expressed themselves pleased. Their comments were excellent and most helpful. Mounted birds and plant materials were most in demand and more nature photographs were suggested.

The whole questionnaire was indeed a success. The Trustees and Staff were pleased to see that the membership was satisfied, and also to receive the many helpful suggestions.

E . B . Pladung

"/’T'/'T'VC'/'b " W

NATURE PHOTOGRAPHIC CONTEST AND EXHIBIT

The Society’s first contest and exhibition of Nature Photog¬ raphy was held from November 26th to November 29th inclusive.

The Society has conducted a number of exhibitions of Nature Photography at various times, but this is the first time a com¬ petitive contest was hold where prizes and ribbons were awarded. One hundred and twenty prints were entered In the contest.

The winners were as follows:

Class No.	1	WILD LIFE
1st	Prize	Great Blue Heron
2nd	Prize	Mat ing Ghost C r ab s
3rd	Prize	Young Robin

by August Selckmann by Elra M. Palmer by Elra M. Palmer

Class

No.

1st

2nd

3rd

2 CAPTIVE AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS

Prize Tulip Tree In Bloom by Elra M. Palmer Prize Geese on a Country Roadside by Paul Hurlock

Prize Friends - Faun and Baby Boy by Howard B. Owens

Class

No. 3 1st Prize 2nd Prize 3rd Prize

SCENIC

Pelican Pond by Edward McColgan

Little Bushkill Falls by Howard B. Owens Sunrise by Elra M. Palmer

Class No. 4

1st Prize 2nd Prize

SPECIMEN

Pectin, Ancient and Modern by Oscar Holm Wood Mortar and Stone Pestle by Howard B.

Owens

Class No, 5 OPEN ^ CLASS Best photograph of the exhibit

Award to Elra M. Palmer for Tulip Tree in Bloom from Class No. 2 above.

Class No. 6 LIMITED CLASS

Award to Paul Hurlock for Geese on a Country Roadside from Class No. 2 above.

The Society awarded Green Ribbons for special meritorious work. Awards wore as follows:

To Irving E. Hampe for a series of six Sparrow Hawks - photo-

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37 .

graphs showing the birds from ten days to thirty days old.

To Elra M. Palmer for a series of hand colored plant photo¬ graphs .

To Erwin Raabe for the best print of Junior Members exhibiting.

The Committee was so pleased and encouraged with the success, interest, and enthusiasm shown in the contest that plans are already underway for a similar contest next year.

With the winter upon us, some fine opportunities can be had for unusual nature photography. There are a number of plants which lend themselves much better as subjects of photography duri. g the winter, especially when snow is upon the ground. Animal tracks and winter birds are worthy of consideration. Winter scenery makes fine subjects especially for shadow effects.

The Committee trusts more members will enter next yearfs con¬ test and will now start taking their pictures with this in view.

NOTES FROM FIELD AND LABORATORY

Bird-banders working in cooperation have banded over 22,000 Herring C-ulls with colored celluloid bands. The various combinations of colored bands denote the location of the colonies of breeding Gulls. The resultant observations made at various localities along the Atlantic seaboard have given an insight into the movements of this species. In addition, careful observation of the plumage, has been valuable in working out the sequence of the yearly molt.

The first record for the Baltimore area was made by the writer in January, 1940, (Bull. N.H.S.Md. Vol. X,No. 5). Another observa¬ tion may now be added to that record. On December 10, 1940 at the Fish Market in Market Place, Baltimore, Maryland I observed an Im¬ mature Herring Gull with a red band on each leg In addition to the usual metal band of the Biological Survey. According to the list published by the Gull Survey, this bird was banded at the Isles of Shoals, N. H. in 1939.

Irving E. Hampe

THE NUMBER OF BIRD SPECIES RECORDED FROM MARYLAND

Members of the Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy arc frequently asked, "How many different kinds of birds arc found in Maryland?" Heretofore, the answer to this question has been more or less a guess. Now, however, we are able to give more definite In¬ format ion .

The data on the Maryland avifauna which has been accumulated by the Department during the course of the last decade was recently brought together for the first time and systematically tabulated.

By no means have all the existing records been yet discovered” the literature has not been completely worked nor all Maryland data from

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collections assembled. Moreover, as yet no critical study has been made of the bases on which some species are attributed to our region. Nevertheless, we are able to claim for Maryland, a provisional list of 333 avian forms.

C. Haven Kolb, Jr.

BACKYARD MAMMALS

the

Do you know ho w many mammals can be found on the lawns and

of the average suburban house? At first one thinks of

so Irrel

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but in addition to these five one i; little four-footed friends visit

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It turned up early, being attracted' by the food in the bird banding traps and even though easily caught, it could be depended on to wriggle out of the trap or squirm out of the hand. The chipmunk was always found amusing and friendly.

Then a mouse was caught that looked odd and when identified proved to be a young white foot, one of our wild varieties. This tiny graceful creature with its smooth grey fur and white underside and feet, is far from repulsive, but it is to be feared that it will go no farther in the good graces of the ladies.

The next mammal was not at first known by our sense of sight, but the whole neighborhood learned of its presence. It was, of course, that much sought fur bearer with the black pelt and the white longi¬ tudinal stripes, the skunk.

The cottonto.il has also appeared on numerous occasions, hopping along with surprising confidence. Two unexpected visitors nay be added. When what was thought to be a young rat was shot with an air rifle, a closer inspection revealed an animal apparently half mole, half mouse with heavy digging feet and a pair of perfectly good eyes. The curator being consulted, he advised that it was another type of mouse, quite a rarity for a backyard visitor.

The last on our list Is our well known friend the f possum, which twice wandered Into our sparrow trap and furnished an amusing photograph for our collection.

Ten mammals in all, - cannot our members add to the number of our four-footed visitors? There may be others. For Instance, the mole is not recorded in this list of backyard visitors, nor are the bat, and the rarer rod squirrel.

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NOTES FOR OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER, 1940

Meeting s and Lectures at Society

October 1 15 18 20 27

November 19 26

27, 28, 29 29

Lecture by Mr. Benjamin Kurtz, "Yucatan. "

Talk by Mr. C. Haven Kolb, Jr., "Plant Ecology." Meeting of the Bird Club.

Bird Walk to Loch Raven.

Talk by Mr. Charles Ostrander, "The Quartz Minerals of Maryland . "

Lecture by Mr. William S. Pike, "Scenic Southwest." Exhibition of Nature Photographic Contest; Members' night .

Exhibition, City-wide.

Meeting Bird Club.

Meeting of the Board of Trustees.

Junior Division

October 5

12

19

26

November 2 9

16

23

30

Talk by Romeo Mansueti, "Patapsco State Forest Reserve in Relationship to Herpetology."

Lecture by Mr. Edmund B. Fladung, "Insects as Food." Lecture by Mr. T. Milton Oler, Jr., "Elephants, Past and Present."

Talk by Elias Cohen, "Adaptations of Animals to Their Environment s . "

Address by Mr. Herbert C. Moore, "Activities of the Junior Division."

Talk by Louis Hughes, "Trip Through Southern Pennsylvania." Talk by Elias Cohen, "Recent Information in Regard to Reptiles . "

Nature Quiz - Prizes won by Ellas Cohen, Joseph Bures, Romeo Mansueti, John Norman, Milton Vincent, Joseph Schreibor and Erwin Raabe.

Talk by Irwin Schloss, "The Japanese Beetle."

Our Boy Scout Troop

Meetings were held on Monday evenings during the month of October and November. Special events were scheduled for the evenings. All Sunday's during these two months wore spent at camp Kahagon.

Lectures, Loans and Exhibitions to Outside Organizations

October 12 Novemb or 5 6

19

20

22

25

Loan of wood specimens to School No. 221.

Loan of Mammals and Birds to Sears Roebuck Company. Lecture to Baltimore City College by Mr. Fred Miller, "The Black Snake . "

Lecture to Boy Scout Troop No. 179, Community Center, on "Reptiles and Their Habits", by Joseph Bures. Lecture to Women's Civic League, Northwood Garden Club, on "Winter Birds" by Joseph Bures.

Loan of Insect displays to St. Martin's School.

Loan of Mammals and Birds to Mano Swartz Company.

The Natural

JANUARY 1941 FEBRUARY

NO. 3

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday’s.

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume XI JANUARY 1941 FEBRUARY Number 3

PRIMITIVE MAN

By Joseph S. Didusch, S.J.

The quest for the most primitive links in the chain of human ancestry has led anthropologists to many divergent fields. In 1922* a molar tooth was found in Nebraska which was thought to be very distant from the great ape types but closely related to the teeth found near the skull of Java Man, Pithecanthropus erectus. The being to which the tooth belonged was provisionally named Hesperopithecus haroldi cooki. Casts of the tooth, which was so badly ground down by long wear that the entire crown was gone, were sent to twenty- four leading Universities of the world for further study. The tooth was Identified as the upper molar of a species of Prosthennops, an extinct genus of wild hog related to the modern peccaries. It is not likely that primitive human fossil remains will be found in our comparatively young North American Continent.

Darwin is quoted as having said that Africa would prove to be the "cradle of mankind" . And, in fact, an ancient skull, Aus¬ tralopithecus, was found there in 1925, in Bechuanaland, eighty miles north of Kimberly.

As far back as 1903, Schlosser, a German anthropologist, recognizing in a parcel of Chinese bones whi ch had been labeled "Dragon's Bones", the tooth of an unknown human race or ape species, declared that the remains of early man would some day be found in Chinese fossil beds. Our Immediate concern will be with these and the more recent discoveries in Java.

In 1927, Dr. Davidson Black, Professor of Anatomy at the Rockefeller Medical College of Peking, began the excavation of a cave near Chou Kou Tien, thirty-seven miles southwest of Peking.

Two years later the first skull of Peking Man, Sinanthropus pekinensis, was unearthed. A reconstruction of the head would presumably make the Individual to whom the skull belonged, a young man with a long face, thick bone ridges over the eyes, a receding forehead and prac¬ tically no chin. Since this first discovery there have been found in this, one of nature's most famous charnel houses, fragments repre-

OCT 7 ~ 1949

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2* Peking and North China Skulls Compared

Courtesy Natural History Magazine ana Father ae Charain

41

senting approximately forty individuals, including eight fairly well preserved skulls, some teeth and jaw hones, one cervical vertebra, a nearly complete femur and a few fragments of other leg bones. The last three of the eight skulls were found in two days, in November, 1936. (Illustration 1). When compared with a modern skull from North China, it will be seen that the ancient brain case is more elongated and quite low, and that the eyebrow ridges are more pro¬ nounced. (Illustration 2). In these characteristics Peking Man conforms more to the simian than to the human type. Besides, the skull is arched, as in the chimpanzee and other apes, and not oval, as in modern man. There is also a ridge on the top of the cranium, running lengthwise from the front to the rear. But Peking Man was undoubtedly human. The capacity of his brain case is computed as ranging from 900 cc. to 1220 cc . , the average capacity of the modern human brain case being about 1250 cc. For his sustenance he was able to make tools and Implements, many of which have been found in the cave. And the large quantities of charcoal and ashc-s which have been discovered with the remains are a factual proof of his ability to build a fire.

The finding of a large number of other mammalian bones, some of which arc said to have been broken artificially, lends further interest to the Chou Kou Tien cave. Among the extinct forms arc. a water buffalo, a big camel, two rhinoceroses, an antelope with twis¬ ted horns and a fallow deer with unusually flattened antlers and thick skull and jaw. Two types of bears, a huge extinct hyena and a sabre-toothed tiger were probably temporary occupants of the cave. Other forms, the roebuck, Sika deer and big-horned sheep, arc still extant In China.

With the material at hand, Mrs. Lucilo Swan, an American sculptress residing at Peking, attempted a reconstruction of the skull of Peking Man under the direction of the noted paleontologist, Dr. Franz Weidcnreich, Honorary Director of the Cenozoic Research Laboratory, National Geological Survey of China. This was done by adapting parts derived from several individuals of both sexes from the same location. From this reconstruction of the skull a restora¬ tion of the head w as made. (Illustration 3). The features and hair were modeled directly on a plaster cast of the skull, "the thickness of the softer parts being determined from measurements made on female heads of different present-day races recorded by various authors” (Weidcnreich) . This congeries of cranial and facial bones and tis¬ sues taken indiscriminately from both sexes and from individuals of an ancient and several modern races, is offered, under the caption of "Peking Woman", as the latest contribution to p«.±eont ological science. The procedure does not inspire confidence and the claim that the restoration is a faithful representation of this ancient human race may reasonably be accepted with considerable reservation.

We now come to Java Man. In August of 1891, Dr. Eugene Dubois, then a Dutch health officer, found in Trinil, Java, on the left bank of the Solo River, among a great number of vertebrate fossils, the bones and teeth of a large, man-like mammal. "I have named it", he says, "Pithecanthropus erectus (the Erect Ape-man) because I consider It as a connecting link between the apes and man". The bones to which Dubois refers consist of a femur and a skullcap. The thigh bone Is long and straight and rescmbJ.es In all respects that of modern man,

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3 • Peking Woman

Courtesy Natural History Magazine ana Dr. Franz Weiaenreich

42

except for a large bony outgrowth on the Inside of the upper half. This" Is a pathological' condition which still occurs at the present time and is due to a chronic inflammation of the muscles., known as ossifying myositis. Though the femur is human the skullcap is quite different from any modern human type. (Illustration 4). It is small low and flat, and the eyebrow ridges are very pronounced. Dubois as¬ sumed that both bones belonged to the same individual. But the lack of conformity between them at once aroused considerable doubt and discussion. According to Cunningham, the English anatomist, "the fossil cranium described by Dubois is unquestionably to be regarded as human. It is the lowest human cranium which has yet been des¬ cribed. It represents many Neandertal characters but stands nearly pis much below the Neandertal skull as the latter docs below the ordinary European skull" . Rudolph Virchow maintained that the skull¬ cap did not belong to a man but boro the closest resemblance to the skull of the gibbon. In a later article (1924) Dubois claimed that "the form of the skull is on the whole not human, nor does it repre¬ sent a transition between any man-like apes and the human type". Finally, in 1937, he came to the conclusion that Java Man was a giant gibbon and that both modern man and Java man descended from a cornmon primitive ancestor which bore a closer resemblance to the gibbon than to any of the groat apes, the gorilla, chimpanzee and orang- outan. More than twenty years ago Professor J. Howard McGregor of Columbia University, made a reconstruction of the skull and a rcstora tion of the head of Java Man along distinctly human lines, and the prevailing opinion is that the first Java skull is human. The fossil is preserved in the Teyler Museum, Haarlem, Holland.

Java Skull, Number

Kocnigswald, of Bendoeng,

site of the first fo:

II,

Jav

depo

was discovered by Dr. Richard von , in August, 1956

, not far from the

its. It resembles the Dubois skull in almost every detail, but is more complete. It consists of a lower jawbone and a cranium which Is rather badly broken. The jaw¬ bone contains several teeth and the sockets from which the others

V, ,

have been loosened. The third molar and shows no trace of

or wisdom tooth is very large

the reduction commonly found In modern human

eye tooth is small nd not simian. The crown of the molars shows more extensive wrink-

dontition. On the other hand, the socket of the

ling than in modern man

but lei

:han

of the ears and the articulation of the same as in the human skull. (Illustrat: classifies the skull as human.

in Peking Man.

j aw wi th t: .on 5) . Dr

The position ) skull are the von Kocnigswald

Java Skull, Number III, was found in the same district, in 1938. It consists of a fragment of a small, probably juvenile skull and conforms with the two previously found fossils, especially in the pronounced longitudinal crest on the top of the cranium.

The latest and most important discovery in Java was made in January, 1939. The remains consist of three-quarters of a brain case, including the base, and fragments of an upper and lower jaw. There is a large cleft In the skull which extends through the cap and bo.se and, besides, both skull and jaw bones have been crushed. (Illustration 6). This is the largest of the Trinil skulls and is thought to be that of a male, whereas numbers I and II arc regarded as female skulls. The jaw bones are proportionately large and the upper projects further beyond the face than In any other fossil so

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6. Java Skull, Number IV

Courtesy Natural History Magazine ana Dr. Franz Weidenreich

43

far discovered. The molar teeth arc large,- hut the canines are smalOL and are separated from the incisors by a gap or diastema. This con¬ dition is found in apes and other mammals .. Dr. Weidenreich regards the skull as human.

There has been considerable speculation regarding the an¬ tiquity of these two early human races. Perc Tailhard do Chardin,

S. J. , one of the collaborators of the Peking laboratory, is of the opinion that Peking Man lived several hundred thousand years ago. Professor Weidenreich states, "there is no doubt that Pithecanthropus Skull, Number IV, represents the most primitive typo of fossil man ever found, and lived 300,000 to 400,000 years ago”. In his article, "Geological Dating of Human Evolution in Asia"

Augu:

1 i“

1940), Dr. Hellmut de

;rra concluo.es

( Scientific Monthly "To me it seems mos

probable that Java Man lived at the time of the Second Pluvial

just

as Poking Man ex'

s tod during

the early Middle Pleistocene which

corresponds to

3? ears ago). The Pithecanthropus race

second glaciation (perhap

s the ear lies

400,000 to 500,

000

v/a;

t

navmg

a

to the

range from very early Pleistocene time (600,000 years ago)

Second Pluvial (450,000 years ago) and possibly Second Interpluvial1 Other lei;

sources place Peking Man at

million years

ago

Specialists in the study of ancient human remains (paloo- anthropologist s ) arc not in agreement regarding the origin in time of the races represented by the fossil remains Which have boon dis¬ covered during the past eighty years and more. From time to time they have given expression to their views graphically in the form of family trees. One of the more recent of these is that of Dr. William K. Gregor/, of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, (Illustration 7).

Certain ape species are thought to have existed long before the coming of man. The first of these (No. I), Notharctus osborni, lived in the early geological age, the Eocene. The fossils consist of a skull and jaw which wore found in Wyoming and are preserved in the Museum of Natural History, New York.

In the next or Oligocenc Propliopithecus haockeli (No. 2 is a fossil jaw which was found Mu s c urn , Ge rm any .

age lived a human-like prototype,

. The only remnant of this species in Egypt and is in the Stuttgart

The Miocene deposits of Europe have yielded fragments of an anthropoid (man-like) ape known as Dryopithccus , The word "drus" in Greek means "tree" and especially the oak tree, and this species gets its name, "Oak Ape", from the impressions of oak leaves which were found with a fossil jaw at St. Gaudcns, in southern France, in 1356. Among other remains of presumably the same species was a femur which was discovered at Eppelshcim, on the Rhine. These large arboreal apes were much like the gibbons of the East Indies.

According to Dubois, Java Man li\cd in the Pliocene Age. Dr. Arthur Keith, the British anthropologist, places him In the Miocene and Dr. Gregory in the early Pleistocene. (No. 4). Dr. Dubois found the first skull of Java Man in a f ossilif erous bed which lies at the present level of the Solo River. Between 1891 and 1894 he removed

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PLEISTOCENE

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MIO-PLIOCENE

7 • Anthropoid Family Tree (Gregory)

Courtesy Natural History Magazine ana Dr. William K. Gregory

from this bed. which is about four foot in thickness, fossil remains representing about twenty-seven different kinds of mammals, most of them belonging to species which are no longer extant.

The arrow in the

illustration points to the

Man and do signal Pleistocene age

;cs him as , In this

later arrival thaj

a

chronological

uijlu po si non Java Man in the

of Peking

iccord with Professor Weidenreich and

dating Dr. Gregory is in Dr. do Terra.

Four more races occur still later in the same period. The first of these (No. 5) is Piltdown Man, Eoanthropus dawsonii, the "Dawn Man of Dawson". The first fragment of the skull was found by chance. Charles Dawson, a lawyer by profession, while walking along a famroad near Piltdown, FI etching" (Sussex), England, observed that the road had been repaired with some peculiar brown flint material not common in that region. On inquiry he learned that it had been dug from a gravel pit on the farm. On a subsequent visit one of the men who wore working the pit gave him a small portion of an unusually thick human parietal bone. The right and left parietal bones form tho greater part of the roof and sides of the brain case of the skull. In the autumn of 1911 he picked up another and larger piece belonging to the frontal region of the same skull and including a part of the left eyebrow ridge. This he took to Dr. A. Smith Wood¬ ward of the British Museum of Natural History who was so much im¬

pressed with the importance of the discovery that he undertook with Dawson a systematic search of the pit. In the spring of 1912 their

efforts were rewarded with the finding of the greater part of a

fossil human skull. The brain capacity of this skull is estimated as 1397 cc., which is somewhat above that of the average English¬ woman (1300 cc . or 7S.33 cu. in.) but below the capacity of a modern Englishman (1477 cc. or 90.13 cu. in.). Piltdown Man Is thought to have lived at a time ranging from 275,000 to 400,000 years ago.

The fossils arc preserved in the British Museum of Natural History.

Heidelberg Man (No. 6) is placed on a branch of the main stem. So far, only one specimen of the remains of this ancient race, the famous Heidelberg mandible, has been found. The discovery was made In a sandpit near the village of Mauer, about ten miles to the south-east of Heidelberg, Germany. The pit had been explored by geologists for many years on account of tho fossil remains of ex¬ tinct faunas that lay burled in its deeper strata and because of their conviction that no site in Europe was more likely to yield the bones of Pleistocene man. For twenty years Dr, Otto Schoetensack, Professor of Geology at the University of Heidelberg, made almost daily visits to the pit. At last, on August 21, 1907, Roesch, the owner of the pit. Informed him that on the previous day he had found tho lower jaw of a primitive man, in good preservation and with all the teeth. The bed in which the jawbone lay was covered by a series of deposits 78 feet deep. There wore twenty-four strata and in the lower of these were found the remains of other extinct animals, those of a lion, a cat, a dog, two kinds of boars, a species of bison and early forms of a horse, rhinoceros and elephant.

From this solitary fragment it is rather difficult to visu¬ alize Heidelberg Man. Dr. Keith classifies him as primitive variety of Neandertal Man. As in Neandertal Man, the pulp cavities of the teeth are large, the bodies and crowns distended and the roots short.

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They are similarly arranged in an arch that is flat in front and widely divergent on the sides. The more massive proportions of the jawbone constitute, according to Dr. Keith, a difference in degree rather than in kind and from the nature of the jaw and teeth he con¬ cludes that the brain of Heidelberg Man may have been as large as that of Neandertal Man. The fossil is preserved in the Museum of the University of Heidelberg.

Next to Heidelberg Man, on the same branch, is Neandertal Man. (No. 7). The first fossil skull of this race was found in 1848 at Forbes Quarry, Gibraltar, but was not recognized as such until 1857. In 1862 the skull was brought to the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, where it has since been kept. Neandertal Man gets his name from the Neander Valley, Germany, where, near Hochdal, between Duessoldorf and Elbcrfeld, a skull similar to the Gibraltar skull was found in 1857. Other discoveries of remains of

this anc the more	lent type have important of	been made in vhich arc;	various parts of Europe, some of
1887	Spy I and II	Belgium	Skull and parts of skeleton.
1889- 1905	Kaprina	Moravia	Parts of ten skulls and skeletons .
1908	La Chap o llc- aux- Saint s	Correze, France	Skul 1 and sk e le t on .
1908	Le Moustier	Dordogne, Franco	Skull and. skeleton of boy.
1909	La Ferrassie	Dordogne , France	Partial skeleton.
1910	La Ferrassie	Dordogne , France	Skeleton .
1911	La Quina	Charento, Franco	Skull and partial skeleton.
1911	Jersey	English Channel	Teeth .

One of the most interesting of the Neandertal types Is the La Chape llc-aux- Saint s . The cave in which the skeleton was found, was quite small. The roof was so low that a man could, not assume an erect position under It. At Its widest part it measured, about thir¬ teen feet and its greatest depth from the low entrance on the face of the limestone terrace was less than twenty feet. The skull was broken and parts of the face and skeleton were missing. However, these were supplied, by the two skeletons found at La Ferrassie. The age of the La Chapello individual has been variously estimated. He may have been under forty or over fifty years of age. The teeth which are set in massive jaws, are In a bad condition. All of the molar or chewing teeth have been lost from disease, presumably caries. In size the skull greatly exceeds that of any average modern man. The capacity of the brain case, 1600 cc., (97.63 cu. in.) is at least 120 cc. (7.32 cu. in.) above the modern average and seems inconsistent

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46

with the beetling eyebrow ridges and huge jaw. Like all men of the Neandertal race, the La Chape lie individuals were of short stature, the men being about 5 feet 3 inches and the women about 4 feet 10 inches tall, or about the size of the modern Japanese.

The Cro-Magnon is the last of the early human races. (Nc.8). The name, Cro-Magnon, is derived from a small rock shelter, northeast of the village Los Eyzies, in the heart of the cave district of the Vezere Valley, Dordogne, southern France. Here, in 1868, workmen engaged in building a railroad, found five skeletons. Of these, two wore men, one of advanced age and known as the "Old Man of Cro-Magnon", and the other probably in the prime of life. A third was a woman, thirty or forty years of ago. The other skeletons were too fragmen¬ tary to warrant certain identification. Since the discovery of these skeletons a number of others, with the same characteristics and from the same period, have been found in the same vicinity. In some In¬ stances the skeletons were adorned with necklaces, bracelets and girdles made of perforated shells and mammal teeth. Since 1872, fourteen skeletons of the Cro-Magnon typo have been found in the grottoes of Grimaldi, in the principality of Monaco, on the Riviera., Some of these also were adorned profusely with ornamental shells from the Mediterranean and canine teeth of the deer, and were covered with red ochre which was evidently used to paint either the bones or the body.

Men of the Cro-Magnon type show none of the conspicuous characteristics of Neandertal Man. The brows lack the heavy ridges; the eye-sockets Instead of being large and round, are very narrow;

the jaws posse:

men being considerably over fessor Richard Swann Lull says our

typical chin. They were

race of giants, the six feet tall. Of Cro-Magnon Man Pro- "All his features

species in its finest expression".

are diagnostic of

Among the modern races of men. Dr. Gregory lists the Au¬ stralian Black Follow (No, 9), one of the most primitive of exis¬ ting human races; the Hottentot (No. 10), representing the Negro group of races; the Chinese (No. 11), representing the Mongolian group; the American (No. 12), representing the Caucasian group.

Among the

ip e s

are, A, the Gorilla (African); B, the

Chim¬

panzee (African); C, the 0 rang- out an (Borneo); D, the Gibbon (India)

In any conjecture respecting the origin of man and the an¬ thropoid (man-like) apes it must be noted that though certain ape species may have existed before the coming of man, they cannot on that account be regarded as the progenitors of the human race. The theory that man had descended from the ape has long since fallen in¬ to discard. The assumption of some anthropologists that man and ape wore born of the same ancestor has no foundation in fact*

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47.

TPIE QUEST OF THE RAVENS By W. Bryant Tyrrell

The Raven usually brings to one's mind the lonesome and melan¬ choly poem by Edgar Allan Poe,, "The Raven” and not thoughts of this rather rare and interesting bird, which at one time was much more abundant throughout the United States than it is today. Unlike the common Crow, which seems to thrive near civilization, the Raven has retired, and is today as much a bird of the wilderness as it used to be, being found only in remote and inaccessible regions. The first time that I ever came in contact with this bird was in the spring of 1928 in the virgin white pine forests along the shores of Lake Supe¬ rior in the Northern Peninsula of Michigan. The next time was in a widely separated region, in the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia, in the spring of 1937. It is with these Ravens that we have worked during the past four years. (*-)

In the north Ravens usually build their nest in the tops of the tallest pines, using the same nest for several years, but in the mountainous country, they usually select some Inaccessible crevice or ledge on a cliff or rock face. It was in such a location that we found their nests in the Shenandoah National Park. The nests are rather large structures, the one we found in 1940 measuring 38 by 32 inches, with the inner nest about twelve inches in diameter and seven inches deep. The nests are composed of sticks about the size of a pencil with a lining of shreds of grapevine bark and what looked like sheep's wool. From three to seven greenish eggs splotched and spotted with olive, about the size of small chicken eggs, are laid in the first week of March. The incubation period Is about throe weeks,

and the young stay in the nest four or five weeks, though the adults

have to look after and feed them for some time after their leaving the nest.

We wore climbing Old Rag, one of the mountains in the Park, in the early part of May, 1937, when near the top we heard the hoarse croak of these birds, and looking up, saw them flying high above us.

After considerable search we found their empty nest tucked away on

an almost Inaccessible ledge. Though the nest was empty the four young were huddled in another crevice not far away and much easier to reach. Osborn Heard, one of the members of the Mountain Club of Maryland, managed to climb to this crevice, but before he could roach the birds, three of the four flew away on faltering wings; however, he did catch the fourth, which he lowered to us, and we took a few pictures of it before It too flew away.

On Saturday, March 25, 1938, a group of us again visited Old Rag, Os, my son Arthur, and I climbing the mountain with bedding and food to pass in a wind swept cave near the summit, one of the coldest and most miserable nights w e have ever spent. During the night while the temperature dropped considerably below freezing, Arthur and I lay huddled in our blankets as close together as we

T* ) Ravens are to be looked for also In the mountains of Maryland. There have been records of the species from South Mountain. In 1930 Kirkwood (Auk 47:255) reported one in Baltimore County, the only recent record from the eastern part of the state.

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48

could get, with all of our clothes on, half numb with the cold, now

xnd then getting some

PCStlOkSia o j. v_/ jj , i!.i v/ u u a. j nux

fared better for lie had a feather-lined sleeping bag.

sleep, but mostly waiting, hoping for

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clear sparkling dawn Arthur and I were up, but

fully an hour after we had had a bountiful breakfast in front of a good fire that we were thoroughly warmed. The three of us spent the morning scrambling over rocks looking for the nest, hoping that we might find it cither where it was last year or nearby on another ledge, but with no success. About noon the rest of the party joined us and then Bill Kemper, one of the rock climbing group, protected by a rope securely fastened around his waist, climbed down to last

year's nest been used.

only to find it empty, with no evidence

it

having

In 1939 I was unable to accompany the Mountain Club on the trip to Stony Man Mountain in the Shenandoah National Park, when on climb¬ ing down the face of a cliff, they found another nest. This trip was also in May and the young birds were about ready to fly.

Early in the spring of 1940 we again thought of and planned for our trips in quest of the Ravens, now knowing of two nesting loca¬ tions, and hoping that we might bo fortunate enough to find at least one nest. Our hopes were more than realized, for we found nests on both Old Rag and. Stony Man, one nest containing five and the other three young. So the rainy afternoon of Saturday, March 30, saw three of us, the other two being Miss Alice Brown and Mr. Heard on our way to Old Rag. When we reached the Skyline Drive, the fog was so thick that we could not sec more than two car lengths ahead of us, which naturally necessitated slow travel. After some trouble we reached the Old Rag Shelter, one of the attractive open shelters in the Park, beautifully built of dead chestnut by the C.C.C. boys. About dusk the rain stopped, for a short while and we had a most glorious view to the west with the distant mountains lost in a beautiful deep blue haze, over which hung billows of fleecy white clouds. As dusk deep¬ ened Into darkness with Old Rag silhouetted against the eastern sky, and with the rain again pattering on the roof of our shelter, we crawled into our sleeping bags and were soon e,sleep.

The sun rose over Old. Rag in a clear and sparkling sky, and it was not long before wo saw a Raven, then two, and then throe circling high over the top- of the mountain. A warm and abundant breakfast was most welcome after a not too warm or comfortable night, and by seven o'clock we were on our way up the mountain, going by the saddle trail, which, though it is the steeper, is not as long as the ridge trail. About 10 o'clock we were on top the mountain, hunting over the cliffs and rock faces near where we found the nest in 1937, but after several hours of searching we found no indication of either a nest or a roost¬ ing place, I was on the way to the spring near the summit when I met some other climbers who said they knew where a Crow was nesting on a ledge, and that the nest contained six eggs on March 9. Of course, the Crow was our long sought for Raven. I hurriedly called Alice and Os, and then Miss Hannah Bonncll, one of the other group, piloted us to the nest, which was on a ledge of rock not too difficult to reach with the use of a rope dropped over the edge of a large rock to the ledge about six feet below, on which the nest rested. There In the nest we saw not eggs but a pile of nearly naked young, though wo could not toll how many there were . Os went down to the nest to

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49

photograph them and when he finally got them untangled he counted five. They were the homeliest young birds I believe I have ever seen, nearly naked, with bulging bellies that seemed about ready to burst and the corners of their mouths extending out and hanging down like jowls. Their eyes were not open and they could only utter a feeble, weak noise. They reminded us for all the world of grotesque gargoyles. After returning them to their nest, I concealed myself as best I could at the base of an old dead pine tree about 100 yards away, while the others returned to the trail making as much noise as' they could, hoping to distract the attention of the adults from me, so that the Ravens would return to feed or cover their young. But though I sat as still as I could in a cramped position, numbed by the cold," neither of the adults returned to their nest. They would fly over, craning their necks looking down at me, fly towards the nest, no doubt sec that the young were there, and then fly off over the rocks and be lost to view. After about an hour of this I gave up, returned to meet the others, and then back to the car and home.

On Saturday, April 13, five of us set out for Old Rag, and again it was a miserable day, cloudy with a strong cold wind blowing.

Though it was cold and dreary there was one highlight by which we shall always remember it. It was the seeing of one of the rare Saw- whet Owls. We were going down the Old Rag Fire Road towards the shelter when one of us spotted the little fellow on a branch over¬ hanging the road. We stopped the car and in the gathering dusk, for it was nearly six o'clock, took one picture of it before it flew.

And that was the only time in thirty years of roaming the fields and woods that I have ever seen this, the tiniest and rarest of our Owls .

The next day about 10 o'clock wo visited the nest. As usual Os went down to the nest ledge, and although it was a cold day with a strong cold wind blowing, we believed that the temperature of the young in their nest was higher than our body temperature. After Os photographed the young he sent them up to us, and we too photographed them. They now looked like Ravens; the feathers were growing out of their steel blue sheaths, pushing off the down that remained. Their feet and legs were large enough so that we could band them with num¬ bered aluminum bands furnished us by the Biological Survey, each band bearing an identification number and the notation "Notify the Bio¬ logical Survey, Washington, D.C.", and it is hoped that whoever finds a banded bird either dead or alive will report it, and so help to complete its life history.

Usually when we arrived at the nest the adults were nowhere to be seen, but on this occasion with calling of the young when we were handling them, the adults soon appeared. One of them, which I pre¬ sume was the female, would get excited while we would be working with her babies, though she never came very close to us. She would perch on a nearby dead stub or limb and hammer away at it with her heavy bill, breaking off good size chunks and then after fumbling them around in her bill she would shake them vigorously before dropping them to the ground.

It was late when we got back to the car from Old Rag but we decided to go to Stony Man to see if we could find the nest there.

Os and Bill had been in the party the year before when the nest was found, and so they were able to go directly to it, and as we had

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50

hoped., tho birds v/ere using the same nest again. Bill was lowered over the cliff to the ledge on which the neat rested and there he found three young about the same size of those in the other nest.

He banded them, but did not send them up to us for it was getting late, and as it was, we did not reach the car until after dark.

The adults at this nest were of quite a different temperment from those at the other nest. When we were still some distance away they flew over us excitedly, alternately scolding us and calling to their young, and when Bill reached the nest, the calling of the young so excited the adults to fever pitch that they swooped down to within ten feet of him. We tried to get some pictures of them swooping down, but it was too dark.

The worst day of all that we experienced on Old Rag was the 21st of April. Up near the nest the ground was covered with snow, the trees and the exposed rocks were all coated with ice, and there was a cold wind that must have been blowing thirty or forty miles an hour. The young birds, however, appeared warm and comfortable in their nest which w as well protected from both wind and snow. Only one of tho birds was sent up, and it was returned as soon as possi¬ ble. They were all well feathered now, 'with little or no down show¬ ing, and had the characteristic appearance of a Raven. It was interesting to watch the young bird when we put it on the rock above the nest. It did not seem to have sense enough to keep its head in¬ to the wind, and often got its feathers rumpled and once was almost blown off the rock. It was not able to stand on its feet yet, but managed to move along on its legs. On being informed by Os that it was cold on the ledge with only the rope to hang on to, we returned the young bird, and pulled Os up.

May 4th was a changeable day with the usual, though not so cold wind, blowing on top Old Rag. When we arrived at the nest it was empty with no signs of the birds about. But when we were about to leave one of the adults flew over, fussed around a little and went on. The young had flown after having been in the nest about five weeks .

On the next morning, which was beautifully clear and quite warm, we were up early and off to the nest on Stony Man. When Bill looked down Into the nest he saw the young, but as he climbed down tho cliff one of them flew with faltering wings, then a second one, and finally the third left just before he reached the nest. It was comical to watch them as they flew, often losing their balance as the different currents of air struck them, and awkwardly righting themselves as they flew on. And so we left them, with the old birds calling their separated family together.

It was with a feeling of deep regret that we realized that our visits to the Raven’s nests were over for a year, but we are planning and looking forward to our trips to the nests another year, only hop¬ ing that the Ravens will again be there.

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51

SOME NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF A SMALL LAND CRAB,

(SESARMA CINEREUM, BOS Q) ON THE MAGOTIlY RIVER, MARYLAND

By T. Milton Olcr, Jr.

One afternoon in August of 1938, while entering a small creek or arm of the Magothy River, I noticed a movement on a fallen tree t runic that projected out over the water. At first I thought that it was a large spider but upon closer observation I could see that it was a crab. It scurried back into a crack in the rotting wood and disappeared. I went ashore and rolled the log aside and ex¬ posed two of the crabs, which immediately ran toward the cover of¬ fered by the roots overhanging the water. I managed to get my hand over one of them, but he wiggled through my fingers leaving one of his ambulatory legs as a mememto of our short acquaintance.

There were seven of us in the party, and though we searched all up and down the bank, turning over all the fallen logs in the vicini¬ ty, we could not find any more of these small crustaceans.

I returned to the same place each evening for a week but did not even catch a glimpse of any of the crabs. The following Sunday morn¬ ing 1 again returned, this time with my wife and small son, and as we poled slowly along against the tide my son noticed one of the crabs crawl under the root of an old stump that had fallen into the water.

We sat quietly for about five minutes when three of the crabs crawled out from crevices in the stump and began feeding on something they were picking out of the mud covering the roots that were exposed by the receding tide. We caught all three end took them back to the house where we placed them in an enamel basin with a little river water in it. Two of them were males and one was a female. The next evening we caught two more females at the same place. The following week we returned to the city and I put the crabs in a ten gallon aquarium, the bottom of which I covered with earth, graduating it from nothing at one end to about three inches deep at the other.

I then put about half an inch of city water in the low end, leaving most of the earth above the water. I put the aquarium down in the basement and when I went back to look at it about an hour later two of the crabs were missing. I hunted all over the basement but could not locate them, and upon looking in the aquarium, again, I saw that another one was climbing up the side. Had I not seen it, I would never have been able to understand how they ever managed to got out. Their legs terminate in a very sharp point and the putty exposed in the corner of the aquarium offered an excellent hold for these spikes. I placed a piece of fly screen over the aquarium and then put a saucer full of water on the floor, hoping that the other crabs would come to it when they started to dry out. When I returned, in about an hour, both crabs were in sight, about five feet from the water. I did not wait to see if they would go to it and moisten themselves, but caught them and returned them to the aquarium.

From "The Grapsoid Crabs of America" in the library of the Natural History Society and with the assistance of Mr. Gilbert C. Klingel, of the Department of Marine Research of the Society, I tentatively identified the specimens as Sesarma cinereum. This, identif icat ion was subsequently confirmed by the United States National Museum in Washington, D.C.

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The next week-end when I returned from the shore I brought several pieces of water-logged wood and a hand full of seaweed with me, and placed them in the aquarium. The crabs would crawl all over the wood and weed, continually feeding on something too small for me to see. When feeding this way they use one claw and then the other to convey the food to their mouths in a most dainty manner.

All five of the crabs lived through the winter of 1939-40.

How they managed to do so is beyond me. Sometimes I would not even look at them for two or three weeks. However, I never let the mud in the aquarium become completely dry and once in a while I would give the crabs a bit of lettuce, celery, or a piece of apple to nib¬ ble on. The last week in April I found the shell of the smallest crab, but could not find the crab, so I presume that it sloughed and was eaten by the others. The first week in May two more crabs dis¬ appeared in the same manner, leaving nothing but their upper shell to remember them by. This left the two largest crabs still alive, a mal e and f emu 1 e .

We moved down to the shore in July, and for the next six weeks the crabs had to get along the best they could. I would run out to the house once a week to replenish the water and would bring a little seaweed up from the shore with me and place it in the aquarium.

During those weeks although we hunted all along the South Shore of the Magothy and the Southwest Shore of Gibson Island wo could not find a single Sesarma in any other than the first locality. In search ing. this way we got to know each snag and piece of driftwood by heart-

One Sunday some of the Junior members of The Natual History Society stopped at the shore and went for a walk up the beach looking for snakes. My son went with them, and at the entrance of a marsh about a mile from the Sesarma locality, upon turning up a log that had drifted in recently, they uncovered two of the crabs, which es¬ caped into the water. We returned later that evening and again the next day, but there were no crabs to be found.

On a visit to the locality the following morning we turned over the log, and two Sesarma ran up into a crevice between the old snags of roots. No amount of poking with small twigs would dislodge them, so we carried the log up on the sand far enough away from .the water where we would have a chance to catch them, and then pounded the log on a piece of driftwood until the crabs were shaken loose from their hiding place. We caught them and put them in a jar with a little water In It, so that we could carry them to the city, but wo must have injured one, a female with eggs, as she was dead the next morn¬ ing.

The other crab was put in the aquarium with the two left from the original group which had been in captivity for just a year. The :aew tenant was a little larger than the other two but made no move tc molest them and they did not attack him. All went well for about two weeks. One morning when putting water in the aquarium I was very much chagrined tc find the newest crab making a meal of one of the others, having already finished eating the second of tho original crabs as Its ^ empty shell testified. Apparently both of tho crabs sloughed during the night, and I happened along just as the last one was dis¬ appearing.

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After finding the Sesarma liked meat I varied hie diet with bits of raw beef now and then, and over these he showed much greater enthusiasm than he did lettuce, etc.

At this writing January 12, 1S41, he is apparently in the best of health after having been in captivity for about five months.

M.J.Rathbun in "The Grapsoid Crabs of America” writes as follows regarding the habits of Sesarma cincreum: "Lives under logs, drift, and roots, on wharves and piling . pouncT'on muddy and sandy shores, near stale or brackish water, sometime in mangrove swamps.

In some situations makes burrows. Mr. J.D. Mitchell says of them: 'They will go on board coasting boats and make trips of several days or a week, hiding under ropes or anywhere out of sight or reach.

They prowl and feed mostly at night, but I have seen them come on deck and pick up scraps while the sailors were eating.' "

The colony of crabs that we have been observing on the Magothy River lives entirely under the roots of trees that are alternately above and below water as the tide fluctuates. In this colony they have not made any burrows probably because there is ample cover with¬ out them. It is interesting to note though that twelve hours after the crabs were placed in the aquarium the earth was honeycombed with holes ,

In the natural habitat the crabs arc extremely shy and In order to sec them one has to sit very still for from five to ten minutes after they have been disturbed, and they take flight upon the slight¬ est movement. In the aquarium they seem to lose some of this shyness and will take a piece of beef from the feeder's hand and retreat into a hole to devour It.

They apparently have a sense of feeling in the tip of their legs one would not ordinarily associate with such a hard and sharp organ. If a piece of beef is placed outside the crab's burrow in such a place that the crab can not possibly see It, he will stick a leg out and feel the meat and Immediately come out and get It. If a stick or anything other than food is placed there he will feel it and then retreat further into the burrow.

THE SADDLE -BACK

Most caterpillars are hamless even If they look more or less ferocious, like the Hickory. Horn-devil, the larva of Citheronia regalis . But there is one species found in Maryland, the Saddle¬ back (Sibine stimulea), a green caterpillar with what appears to resemble a purplish-^Txrown saddle on Its back, which possesses sting¬ ing bristles comparable to the sting of a nettle.

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RARITIES OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY

By Frank C • Yingling

Occasionally eerie creatures fror.i the depths of the sea arc Brought to light" and fall Into the hands of scientists, who eventual¬ ly place them in their proper classification. Some of these aquatic inhabitants such as the male Shark ( Rhine odon) arc gigantic, while others such as the Bat Fish ( Og c o c epiialusT^are grotesque.

There arc also great fish stories that have been handed down through the years, as well as items regarding unusual fish, re- j erred to in our daily papers. The most widely read about is that of the nSea Serpent”, a creature of untold length, which is sup¬ posed to possess a mane such as that of a horse. This fish, scien¬ tists have found to be none other than the Oar Fish (Regalecus ) , specimens of which measure over a 100 feet in length. . .

The Bat Fish Is the only one of the three rare fish mentioned above that has been observed in the Chesapeake Bay and then only from an observation in the southern part .

Within the past few years there have been, however, several fish rarities from the Chesapeake, which have been mentioned in the news¬ papers or have come under my observation. These oddities though not as astounding as the Whale Shark or the Oar Fish, arc worthy of note inasmuch as they are rare in the northern part of the Bay, - mainly the Maryland sector.

One of the frequent Items appearing in the papers a few years back was that of the shark. Many years ago the shark was quite common in the Chesapeake, but of late it is rarely seen or taken in the northern section of this Bay. The records of the Bureau of Scientific Inquiry show that in 1876 a Man-eater (Great White Shark) was seen in the buy, but in all probability this record was a mistake. In 1920, a nine foot specimen of shark (species undetermined) was taken, and a ten foot shark was observed in Back Creek, Annapolis. In 1921 several small Hilbert's Sharks were caught in the waters around Crio- field, Maryland.

During the late summer of 1933, an exceptionally heavy crop of sharks was observed in the Bay. Most of the observations were made by fishermen, who suggested that the sharks were following the schools of rockfish, which were rather abundant during that season.

Another periodic recurrence of these fish was In the summer of 1936, especially in the waters in the vicinity of Annapolis and Herring Bay . On August 9, 1936, a local fisherman caught in his net off Love Point a seven foot specimen, which tipped the scales at 400 pounds. From the description and photograph that I had received it was in all probability a Milbcrt's Shark ( Carcharhinus milberti), which is of course one of the harmless varieties.

g few days previous to the taking of the shark of August 9th, a slightly larger one was caught in a net south of Poolcs Island.

There arc several explanations for these occurrences of sharks

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in tlie Bay. Some claim that it is a result of the increased salin¬ ity of the water, due to the deepening of the Chesapeake and Dcla- Y/are Canal. Others claim it is from the change of the currents in the Bay. The abundance of the schools of rockfish is another theory »

Prom 1930 until the past year, I have obtained several records of the Cutlass Pish (Trichiurius lepturus ) . This fish, from reports of fishermen, is rarely observed' in "the upper part of the Bay, and its appearances have been noted from the records of Dr. R. V. Truitt of the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory at Solomons, Maryland.

The Cutlass Pish reaches a maximum size of five feet and is readily recognized by its large mouth which is lined with formidable f ang- 1 ike tec th .

On July 17, 1930, a specimen eleven inches in length was taken in a haul seine. On August 4, 1931, another specimen which measured eighteen inches in length was taken at Barren Island, Dorchester County. On September 30, 1933, a twenty-seven inch Cutlass pish was taken at Honga, Hoopers Island. This record is from Mr. W. Bryant Tyrrell, and is the largest one that I have a record of for the Chesapeake Bay. The last record of this fish was on July 26, 1935.

It was taken in a haul seine at Cove Point, Calvert County, and was twenty-six inches in length.

On November 30, 1937, a fish of grotesque appearance was taken In a pound not at the mouth of the Clioptank River between Black Walnut Point and Sharps Island, The fishermen in the vicinity wore unable to identify the specimen and shipped it to Baltimore to Dr. William Beebe, who was visiting our city at that time. Dr. Beebe identified it as the Electric Stargazer, (Atroscopus guttatus) .

The specimen was eight inches in length. The Stargazer Is rare in the upper part of the Bay, this being the only specimen of which I have record. Small specimens are frequently taken in lower regions of the Bay in the Virginia waters.

The Rabbit Pish ( Lagocephalus laovigatus) Is a fish of rare occurrence in the upper Bay. I ’have only one record of this fish.

The specimen was caught at the ’’Gooses" by an angler and weighed six and one-quarter pounds. This fish belongs to the Puffer family (Tetraodontidae ) , and Is quite capable of Inflating Itself, It roaches a maximum size of two feet and seems to prefer the ocean more than the Bay,

On July 28, 1934, a rather odd form was observed floating on the surface of the Bay in the vicinity of Swan Point, Rock Hall,

Kent County. The fish when taken from the water was found to bo in dying condition. The specimen was a Sailfish (Istiophorus amcrican- us), seven feet in length, weighing sixty- two pounds’. It was 'col¬ lected by a Mr. W. J. Brunsfiold of Rock Hall, Maryland.

The Gar Pike (Lepisostcus osscus ) was according to Uhler and Lugger, common in the brackish waters around the Potomac and Pataps- 00 Rivers. During recent times it is seldom observed or taken In tbc waters of the Chesapeake Bay by fishermen. I have obtained a single record of a specimen killed in shoal water by the blow of an oar. This fish, forty-four inches long, was captured in the vicinity

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56

of Solomons Island. The skin of this Gar is now in our collection of fishes and was collected Toy Mr, W. Bryant Tyrrell.

In these records of uncommon fish, there have Been mentioned only those that have been identified properly, or noted by authori¬ tative sources.

There are many records of rare fish observed years ago that are not included here because of uncertainty in identification.

Notes from Field and Laboratory

TROUESSART ’ S LITTLE BROWN BAT AROUND BALTIMORE

There are about eight species of bats in Maryland. Most of the records of the species are supported by one or more specimens.

Last year (August 10, 1940), I was fortunate enough to collect a live bat, which I tentatively identified as the Common Little Brown Bat - Myotis lucifugus lucifugus (Le Conte). It was collected In the area behind the Arbutus Memorial Cemetery, near Arbutus, Baltimore County, Maryland. However, Mr. Irving Hampe, Curator of the Department of Mammalogy of the Natural History Society of Mary¬ land, after closer observation, came to the conclusion that the specimen was a female example of the Trouessart fs Little Brown Bat - Myotis keenii septentrionalis (Trouessart ) . This was verified by examination at the United States National Museum. This species has only been reported by Goldman and Jackson (1939) from Plummers Island,

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57.

Montgomery County, Maryland. This species is probably common in Maryland . " It is usually distinguished from, the Common Little Brown Bat" by its unusually long ears, which extend noticeably beyond the tip of the muzzle, and its long and more slender tragus.

While in quest of herpetological specimens, I pealed a piece of bark off a dead standing tree, and was startled by the sudden swift movement of something rocketing by me. Observing where it flew, I made a bee-line there. The bat had flown In a straight course to another tree about fifty feet away. This tree was also withering away. I thought that perhaps the animal had probably fallen to the ground because of its unfamiliarity with the bright sunlight, hut closer observation In the area in which it had flown revealed that It was snugly nestled under some bark on the decayed tree. It was so camouflaged, that it was difficult to detect on the tree. It twit¬ tered and squeaked like a mouse whenever I tried to touch or pick it up. Whenever' 1 put my hands near it, it would open its mouth as If it were going to bite. The specimen is no w in the Society’s mam- malogical collection.

References

Goldman, E. A. and Jackson, H. H. T - Natural History of Plummers Island, Maryland - IX. Mammals - October 11, 1959 - Proc . Biol. Soc . Wash.- Vol, 52, pp. 131-154.

Romeo Mansueti

NEW MAMMAL RECORDS FOR LOCH RAVEN

Sixteen species of mammals have been recorded as occurring in the Loch Raven Area (C. Haven Kolb, Jr., Bulletin N.H.S. of Md«, Vol. XI, No, 1, pp. 12-13). Two additional species may now be added to the list. Four complete skulls of the Least Short-tailed Shrew (Crypt otis parva) and a skull of the common House Mouse (Mus musculus mus cuius ) were found in owl pellets collected among some dense "pines on December 22, 1940.

Twenty-one pellets, all recent, were examined. In addition to the above mentioned species the pellets contained the remains of twenty Meadow Mice (Microtus p. pennsylvanicus ), cne Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicanda t alp o i d e s T ie White-footed Mous e ( Peromyscus leu copus noveboracensis ) ,and one passerine bird (FringcTlTdae? ) . “ A total of twenty-eight individuals. . .

On August 25, 1940, in company with Mr. Kolb, I visited this area and Inspected the den of a Red Fox ( Vulpes fulva) . Near the entrance I found the lower mandibles of one” Skunk (Me phi t i s nigra), one Woodchuck (Marmot a monax), and one Muskrat (Ondatra zibet hie a) . Although these species have been recorded from. Loch Raven they seem worthy of note due to their presence near the fox don as a possible clue to the diet of the fox in this region.

Irving E. Hampe

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A RECENT RECORD OF ASIO WILSONIANUS FOR MARYLAND

To my knowledge, the Long-eared Owl has not been recorded in this state since Fisher (Pro. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 48, pp . 159- 1S8) noted one bird on Plummer's Island, March 5, 1922.

In rearranging my portfolio recently, I came across a portrait of one of these birds; the data line reads, "Male, shot yesterday, October 10, 1939 ........ Middle River" . Unluckily the bird was too

badly mutilated for preservation, and only the painting now remains in my possession.

This bird, like many others, came to me through someone who, knowing of my interest and need for specimens, left it at ray house with a data line and locality tag. Such birds are usually found, sometimes killed by vehicles, sometimes frozen, or otherwise, and are in such a deplorable state that only a painting could properly illustrate the remaining vestige of what the bird once was.

Rarely does a painting serve the above purpose; more often it Is used either as a check for field identifications by bird students; for the portrayal of the bird in nature; or for a graphic represen¬ tation of color variations within a species, genus, or family.

Jos eph A . Bure s

IN

MEMORIUM

During the month of December, 1940 the Society lost by death a most valuable member, Dr. J. Kingsley Noble. Dr. Noble was Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles and also Curator of Experimental Biology of the American Museum of Natural History, New York.

He was associated with our Society since its founding and worked In cooperation with our Department of Herpetology. The Society suffers by his death the loss of a helpful associate and a good friend ,

NOTES FOR DECEMBER, 1940 AND JANUARY, 1941

Lectures and Meetings, Etc .

December 1 3

6

26

27

January 3 7

21

Bird Walk to Loch Raven.

Lecture by Dr. Edmund B. Kelly - "A Trip to G-alapagos on the Fiddler's Green", with moving pictures.

Special Nature Photograph Exhibit.

Bird Walk to Loch Raven.

Bird Walk to Middle River.

Meeting of Committee of Junior Division.

Meeting of Department Heads.

Tall; by Mr. Price Piquett - "Recent Changes in Agricul¬ ture in Maryland and Their Effects on Insect Problems." Lecture by Mr. Elra M. Palmer - "Some of Maryland's Less Familiar Crabs." Illustrated.

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Junior Division

December 7 - 14 - 21 - 28 -

January 4 - 11 -

18 - 25 -

Talk by Joseph Bures - "Winter Birds."

Discussion on Biological Survey.

Christmas Party.

Business Meeting - Articles of Reconstruction of Junior Division approved. Committee appointed: Irving Raabe, Irving Ncserkc, Louis Hughes and Henry Eichhorn. Business Meeting - By-laws adopted. Election of officers: Rennert Smelser, Chairman,, Romeo Man sup ti , Vice-chairman, and Elias Cohen, Secretary.

Debate "Should Hawks and Snakes Be Protected." Affirma¬ tive - Irving Neserke, William Norman, and Elias Cohen. Negative - Rennert Smelser, Tom Kincaid and William Miller. Judges - Mr. E. B. Fladung and Mr. Herbert C. Moorefield. Debate won by negative.

Lecture by Mr. Oscar Helm - "Paleontology,"

Talk by Joseph Bures - "The Origin of Birds."

Our Scout Troop

December 2 - Lecture by Mr. Frank Mitchell - "Men Who Come and Go.”

All meetings were held on Sundays at Camp Kahagon dur¬ ing improvements in building.

Lectures, Loans and Exhibitions

December 3

12

13

January 5

14

15

17

21

27

31 & Feb .1

Lecture to Troop 122 by Elias Cohen - "Superstitions about Snakes,"

Loan of Birds to Conservation Commission.

Talk to Ethical Club, Forest Park High School by John and William Norman - "Snakes of Maryland."

Lecture to Eutaw Place Temple, Discussion group, by Elias Cohen - "The Serpent in Religion."

Loan of Insects, School No. 82,

Loan of Insects, School No. 223.

Lecture to School No. 82 by Mr. Elra M. Palmer - "In¬ sects of Maryland."

Lecture to Scout Club, Baltimore City College by Mr.

C. Haven Kolb - "Birds of Maryland."

Loan of Archaeological Specimens to Beltsville Grammar School .

Lecture to Western Maryland College by Mr. Elra M. Palmer - "Some of Maryland’s Less Familiar Crabs." Educational Exhibition at Outdoor Life Show, Cambridge, Maryland •

On January 8, 1S41 the "Maryland Forest Association" was re¬ organized and called the "Maryland Forest and Parks Association." The President of our Society, Edmund B. Fladung, and another of our members, Mr. Hammond Brown, were elected Vice-presidents of the new association .

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OL XI

MARCH 1941 APRIL

MO. 4

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK

Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday’s.

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume XI MARCH 1941 APRIL Number 4

THE SEASON

Who can consider himself so wise that he dare predict the course of natural events in the mecurial month of March? Blizzards lay a white blanket upon the land but in a few days the rays of the ascending sun have transformed snow and icc to muddy brown rivulets rushing to flood the bottomlands. Yet a day or two more and the river is again coated with icc and deluded ducks are forced back to the Bay. The end of the month may find humid thunderstorms alternat ing with cold sleet. But no matter the weather” the fitful starts and stalls of our unsteady atmosphere arc not to bo taken seriously. Par above It the golden orb Is slowly rising from the southern horizon, and when at last on the twenty-first ho crosses the great celestial equator the new year is truly born.

And then we sail serenely into the unfurling greenery of April. Per, hero in cur Maryland, April is not a month of showers. It Is a month of blue skies, of warm, yellow sunlight, which pulls the early herbs up through the woodland soil with an irresistible power ; it Is a month of groon meadow grass and of variegated pastel shades where the flowering maple woods shimmer gauzily before the tender yellow-green of the tulip trees. It Is a month of unfolding, of expanding, of rapid development. He who would know Its flowers must seek quickly, for the flora of this early springtide, though It may withstand frost and snow, yet is it soon withered by the waxing power of the sun.

Long is the list of familiar flowers which greet us on our vernal r amblings* The little stars of the chickwecd twinkle along the roadside ditches while yet the woods arc bare. And then come bloodroct and anemone , toothwort and hopatica and the little files of the saxifrages along the rocky ledges. But the open, sunny wood- soon gone; unfurling forest leaves form dark, green-

whore may-apples and trilliums arc at home. And so.

lands are shadowed

glade s

herald of tills later blooming, Jack-in-thc-pulpit greets you from

our cover,

loading you

on into the full flower of May

C. Haven Kolb, Jr.

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61

SOME TREE DISEASES WHICH NOW OCCUR OR MAY BE ENCOUNTERED

LATER IN MARYLAND

By Hollis J. Howe

City Forest er, Baltimore* Maryland

While Maryland has teen rather fortunate, so far. In escaping certain tree diseases prevalant elsewhere, our quota is rather ex¬ tensive and varied. Those commonly encountered are: leaf -spot, leaf- scorch, leaf-blister, rusts, die-backs, canker, root-rot and wilts. Many of these will be discussed but It is not here intended to be exhaustive .

Some of the more common leaf diseases are not important, aside from their weakening effect when added to that from some other cause, such as winter injury or drought, and many of them are comparatively easy to control. Timely application of a fungicidal spray before in¬ fection occurs is essential, as the purpose is to ''protect1' and not to "cure". The number of applications necessary varies with the leng¬ th of time the leaves are forming and with weather conditions. Inter¬ mittent rains may wash off the fungicide, in which case it should be promptly renewed. Some of the more common diseases in this group are: Leaf-blotch of buckeye and horse-chestnut, leaf-spot of catalpa, leaf- spot and shot -hole of cherry, black leaf- spot of elm, leaf spot and scorch ( anthracnose ) of maple, leaf-scorch of white-oaks, leaf- blister of nearly all oaks, leaf-spot of butternut and black walnut, and leaf and twig-blight of sycamore. (This last, by the way, has no relation to the London plane disease to be discussed later).

The most common rusts affecting trees, of course, are the three cedar rusts and the white-pine blister rust. Both have alternate hosts and, If either host is destroyed, the parasite dies. The cedar rust only slightly disfigures the cedars but is injurious to crabs, quince, hawthornes, and apples. Generally speaking, if we insist upon one host in our plantings we must do without the other. The five- needle or white-pine blister-rust is said to infect currant and goose¬ berry 100 miles from the nearest infected pine, but a distance of 900 foot seems safe to protect healthy pines from infected currant and gooseberry bushes.

There are many forms of die-back. Some only kill the twigs, whereas others may proceed from these down the branches to the trunk, as in the case of Sphaeropsis of apple, Austrian pine, oaks, etc. Generally, control may be obtained by cutting diseased branches and burning them, followed by a spray of Bordeaux mixture just as growth begins, again when half completed and finally when complete. Fire- blight of hawthorn e , pear and apple can be controlled by cutting back beyond the affected parts. Heavy pruning, fertilizing or otherwise stimulating growth is discouraged. Tools should be sterilized between each cut, however.

Canker- forming diseases are common. They may be caused by para¬ sites or by mechanical injury. Dead patches of bark, with dead wood beneath, varying in size and appearance, fall In this category. A crown canker of dogwood caused by injury due to balling and burlaping of the roots was described by Dr. D. S. Welch of Cornell In December^ Uo8. Even lawn-mower injury can cause canker, according to C.E. Temple,

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Sections of Plane Tree Wood showing penetration of fungus in the pith rays .

62

formerly of the University of Maryland. Control of canker can often be obtained by cleaning away affected parts, sterilizing with con¬ centrated lime -sulphur and water-proofing. The twig blight and canker disease of Lombardy poplar makes planting of this variety unwise.

Simon poplar is recommended by some as a substitute. It has been found that this variety also becomes diseased, however.

The root rots are caused by many fungi and nearly all trees and shrubs are susceptible. Phytophthora root-rot, alone, has been re¬ ported on twenty species. Heavy, poorly-drained soil seems to pro¬ vide a media. Walnut has recently been seriously affected. Yews also arc susceptible. Broken, bruised and insect-infested roots pro¬ vide avenues of entrance for many decay-causing fungi. Such wounds should be disinfected and water-proofed. Girdling roots often pro¬ vide a way for rots to enter. More care should be exercised, when planting, to properly treat and spread out the roots of every plant.

Probably the Wilts are more properly what we think of as "Blights l They are the most difficult of all to control as they invade the water-conducting tissues, reducing the supply to the leaves, and re¬ sulting in die-back which may involve the whole tree. The Butch Elm disease and the closely related Cephalosporium and Verticilium wilts of elm are good examples of "wilt". The brownish coloring of the spring wood shows both in cross and longitudinal section. The Verticilium wilt of maple has been especially bad with us in recent years, per¬ haps because we have been more "fortunate", if it can be called so, than others, so far as rainfall is concerned. The fungus invades the roots, but, in spite of cutting out, it spreads through the whole tree, ultimately. There is no control.

By now we have forgotten, perhaps, the botanical name for the chestnut; but we have not forgotten what happened to it. We hope we can save the elms. They are dying where the Dutch Elm disease is

more or less unknown, due to a virus disease that is even more serious,

perhaps, as it is so baffling. Persimmon wilt is killing a game-food tree and a source of golf-club heads. The mimosa, a relative of the sensitive plant, is dying in the South. (It is reported from as far north as Richmond . )

Let us now consider the "London" plane disease. It is a serious threat to this otherwise healthy tree.

In addition to an estimated 150,000 park trees, the writer is responsible for perhaps another 150,000 street-trees on our approxi¬ mately 1,000 miles of streets. About 30,000 of these are planes. We

have lost over 1,500. There are practically no plane trees in our

parks, unlike Washington, where landscape architects have used,, them to such an extent as to about equal the 18,000 on their streets. The planes arc dying there by the hund.reds .

The London plane Is a city street-tree, and until now, should never have been used for any other purpose. Nov/, It should probably not be used at all in the known infected area. We are beginning to find out about it. It is a cross between our native Sycamore and the "Orienta.1 Plane" (the name by which it has been known in the past.)

But. individuals may resemble one parent more than the other. This variation, by the way, is hoped, to enable the selection of a more or

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less immune "clone1'.

It is quite definite that the disease is caused by a fungus of the genus Ceratostomclla . The species may appear to be in doubt.

The disease occurs in epidemic form and we ' should remember that the Dutch Elm disease is also a Ceratostomclla.

Unlike the Dutch Ehn disease, there is, as yet, no known insect vector. Also unlike that disease, the fungus penetrates not only the vertical ducts, but the transverse pith rays, Into the heart-wood and on to the outer bark and wood opposite the original point of in¬ fection. There is conclusive proof that a branch infection can re¬ sult from an infected cut on the opposite side of the stem. This brings us to the conclusion that all tools should be sterilized after being used on one tree and before proceeding to be used on another one

It has been indicated that the fungus can penetrate healthy bark. This has not as yet been verified. It seems doubtful. There are usually, however, an abundance of abrasions on the t runic: and branches of any street tree to admit infection. Its bark is quite spongy and readily broken. Our worst infections have invariably been where greatest abuse has been Inevitable.

Recent results in disease control through tree therapeutics arc so encouraging as to warrant thorough research by the II. S. Department of Agriculture.

Tree therapeutics involves an attempt on the part of the appro¬ priate governmental agency to make further investigations along scientific lines whereby tree diseases may become possible of correc¬ tion without the expenditure of large sums for eradication and dis- couragment of propagation in order to control them.

More than twenty millions of dollars have already been spent, most of which was for eradication, in an attempt to control the Dutch Elm Disease. This last Is only one of several diseases of the elm tree, however.

Perhaps an even more serious disease is the Virus Disease of elms now definitely on the up-grade in the entire Ohio River Valley generally, and in spite of funds being very properly provided joint¬ ly for these two ailments last year. The new and serious "bleeding canker of maples", which has recently become highly prevalent and destructive, also affects the elms. A die-back disease Is also so serious among the elms as to be extremely alarming. It occurs general ly throughout the range of this tree.

The Persimmon Wilt has been progressing with "explosive" rapidi¬ ty and, since 1938, has spread from Tennessee north to Virginia, soutb to central Florida, and west to eastern Oklahoma and Texas. This tree is of prime importance, not. only in soil conservation and as food for gome and domestic animals, but is a natural material for the manu¬ facture of shuttle-blocks and golf-club heads, as has already been stated.

A few years ago. Boxwood Canker was so serious as to have caused hundreds of thousands of dollars in losses to commercial collectors of

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64

that most aristocratic and historic of plants. It remained for a now retired plant pathologist at the University of Maryland to bring out a therapeutic treatment for this disease, locally. But, when this was done. It was so late that the average person now hesitates to buy boxwood at any price .

One of the best-loved small trees of the South is the mimosa.

It, however, appears to be doomed due to a vascular wilt of fairly recent origin. Only within the last few days the writer refused to accept a gift of one of these trees for our parks, believing only too surely that the effort and expense of transplanting it would be a total loss.

An even more recent disease of one of our small, yet nonetheless, valuable trees Is that of the red-bud or Judas Tree. This early blooming associate of the Flowering Dogwood, and the Benzoin (the Shrub), are affected with this disease of such recent appearance as to have only been described in the literature on January 15, 1941.

One city In Louisiana and one in Kansas aro planting this tree promiscuously, in the hope of becoming known as "The Red Bud City".

The disease, however, is so wide-spread, even now, around the Chesa¬ peake Bay Region, at least, that seeds or even fair-sized shrubs have but the most remote possibility of surviving. The seeds referred to may quite probably already be infected.

To call attention to what might appear to be of less Importance, but certainly nonetheless significant, as it concerns one of our most dearly loved plants, it seems pertinent to state that holly cuttings at the Beltsvillo Horticultural Station have given cause for concern, due to a disease, and, so recently, as to have been described only last December. The disease has been checked, apparent¬ ly by introducing chemicals into the cutting beds--a form of thera¬ peutics. Certain other experiments of this sort will be referred to briefly.

The contol of Cedar Rust on apples appears to be possible of ac comp II slime nt by therapeutics. Known before, it should not have necessitated the cutting-down of large numbers of splendid cedars over a wide area, as has been the case. Perhaps the greatest strides in therapeutics have been made in connection with fruit production to date .

Current literature is encouraging with reference to such diseases as the Bleeding Canker of Hardwoods (maple, beech, elm, and oak); one experiment being reported as 85.4$ effective, to be exact. The yellowing of the leaves of Pin Oaks and American Elm shows promise of correction. Shot-hole of peach may be yet another example. Thanks to fairly liberal appropriations in the past, the diseases of the Elms and the Plane tree have had the surface scratched in this direction. Present anticipated funds are inadequate for any very comprehensive work of this sort in the future.

The writer is not unmindful of the importance of emergency ap¬ propriations. The fact remains, however, that, in view of the inde¬ terminate length of the war, it w/ould seem unwise to defer appropriat¬ ing a comparatively nominal amount.

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The war emergency will, no doubt , cause a relaxing of our quarantine. It will increase traffic by land, air and sea. New diseases are invariably introduced in this way . We should prepare to resist them now or expect them to take the up-grade in the mean¬ time •

BREEDING BIRDS OF THE CAMBRIDGE AREA, MARYLAND By Ralph W. Jackson

The following breeding records are the result of several years of field work in Dorchester and Talbot Counties mainly in the area adjacent to Cambridge. This work was carried on from 1910 to 1926 intensively, after which interest in other fields of natural history compelled ornithological activities to be drastically curtailed.

From 1916 to 1921 Mr. Harry N. Harrison was in the field in this region also and he has very kindly given me full access to his copious notes .

In this summary only those species are included that have actual¬ ly been found nesting. Several species are known to nest in this area but the actual nest ha.s not been found. This would include all of the following:

Wood Duck

Black-crowned Night Heron

Virginia Rail

Sharp- shinned Hawk

Chu ck- wi 1 1 s - wi d o w

Cedar Waxwing

Black and White Warbler

Yellow Warbler

There Is a known colony of Black-crowned Night Herons on Elliot's Island, I saw the egg of a Sharp-shinned. Hawk in the egg collection of a boy many years ago which was collected about five miles south of Cambridge on the Egypt road. The Chuck-wills -widow is heard here con¬ stantly in some sections every summer . I recall finding a nest of Cedar Waxwing when I was quite a small boy. A Warbler's nest found at the base of an oak tree was subsequently deserted but could have been none other than the Black and 'White 'Warbler. The Yellow Warbler is constantly seen in the Lakesville-Bishop Head area in summer and presumably breeds there.

Under each species are given the number of nests examined, the average number of eggs in each nest and the extremes, so as to show the variation,” the average and extreme dates for complete sets.

But orides virescens vires cens (Linnaeus). Green Heron. A com¬ mon summer resident breeding in thickets and on the edge of second growth woods near water. Data on four nests observed by Mr. Harrison and eight nests observed by the writer give: average set, 4(5): average date, May 10, (May 4, 1919 - May 27, 1917).

Ixobrychus exilis exills (Gmelin). Least Bittern. I have found

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this species nesting only once. May 10, 1916, near Blackwater Bridge, with four eggs.

Anas rubripes tristis Brewster. Black Duck. It is a matter of common knowledge to the people who live in the lower part of the county, where there is an abundance of marsh land, to remark upon the nesting of the Black Duck. In this vast area of marsh land, well known for its wonderful supply of muskrats and duck ponds, the Black Duck builds Its nest in the high reeds that fringe the ponds and streams. At other times, especially In wet years, they build up under the myrtle bushes In high land. Near Cook’s Point at the extremity of Beckwith's Neck I found a nest of this species in the hollow top of a pine stump and surrounded by water. Data on five nests give: average set, 10 (8-11); average date. May 7, (May 19,

1918 - Aug. 24, 1914).

Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied. Turkey Vulture. A regular breeder nesting in hoTlow stumps or logs. In old houses or in thick places in cut-over timbcrland . Data on twenty nests observed by the writer and five by Mr. Harrison give: average set, 2 (1-4); average late, April 25, (April 13, 1918 -May 10, 1917). On April 26, 1919 and 1922 I collected from the same stump a clutch of four eggs.

Accipitor cooporl (Bonaparte). Cooper’s Hawk. Breeds sparing¬ ly in this section, nesting in pines usually, though they have been found in oaks and the beech. Data on two nests observed by Mr. Harrison and four by the writer give: average set, 4 (3); average date. May 10 (April 29, 1914 - May 27, 1917).

Buteo borealis borealis (Cmelin). Red-tailed Hawk. A common breeder until about 1920 when the bounty law for hawks in Maryland began to exact Its toll. Nests exclusively in pine trees and usual¬ ly the tallest in the woods, the nest commanding a good view of the surrounding territory. Data on seven nests observed by Mr. Harrison and twenty by the writer give: average set, 2 (1-3); average date, March 26 (March 19, 1923 - April 18, 1920).

Buteo lineatus lineatus (Cmelin). Red-shouldered Hawk. As ex- t rcneXy scare e breeding bird near Cambridge. Three nests give the following data: April 23, 1913, two eggs; April 11, 1919, three eggs; May 18, 1919, two eggs.

Haliaectus leucoccphalus leucocephalus (Linnaeus), Bald Eagle.

As the big timber is being cut off, this bird is retreating and each season finds It becoming scarcer. Data on eight nests give: average set, 2 (3); average date, February 22 (February 21, 1924 - April 3,

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Pandion hali actus carolinensis (Cmelin). Osprey. A common nesting species, especially along the large rivers. Data on twenty- nine nests by Mr. Harrison and seventy-eight by the writer give: average set, 3 (2-4); average date. May 5 (May 4, 1919-May 23, 1920).

Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linnaeus). Bobwhite. Des¬ pite 'the heavy"tolI gunners take, this familiar bird is holding its own. Due to climatic conditions they arc very plentiful some years and other years quite scarce. A set of twenty-five eggs was found

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67

June 23, 1917 in a hay- field.

Rallus elegans elegans Audubon. King Rail. This bird is plenti¬ fully "distributed in the marsh sections of the county or oven any- where that fresh or brackish water exists to any amount. A nest found by Mr. Harrison in a pond created by the excavations of a brick company on the outskirts of Cambridge contained twelve eggs on May IS, 1919. A set found by the writer on May 19, 1913 near Sewards contained eleven eggs.

Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Bangs. Florida Gallinulc. Only one instance of the breeding of this bird has come to my notice, a nest of seven eggs being found near Blackwatcr Bridge, May 10, 1916.

Oxyechus vociferus vociferus (Linnaeus). Killdeer. Always with us excepting” during severe winter weather, this species, familiarly known among the farmer folk as, "Killdec” , is a very common breeding bird. Unlike the Spotted Sandpiper, the Killdeer often nests remote distances from water. Data on six nosts observed by Mr. Harrison and seventy nests observed by the writer give: average set, 4 (3); average date, April 18, (March 16, 1919-July 10, 1918).

This county, being deficient in limestone, farmers frequently make lime by burning the shells of oysters ( Ostrea virginica Gmelin). The places where kilns arc made in the fields are aTways strewed with shells which bleach white and are often used as nesting sites by Killdecrs. The reason is quite evident as the white of the shells and that of the breast and underparts of the bird match admirably. Acting upon this idea a few years ago I made two plots about ten by twelve feet in the meadow of my farm and strewed thoreon about two bushels of oyster shells. Later on I had the satisfaction of seeing both spots used as nesting sites and they have continued to use them for breeding purposes each season.

Philohela minor (Gmelin). Woodcock. On several occasions Mr. Harrison and I, when in the wo ode, have seen young of different stages or growth and each of us have found the egg shells where once was the nest. However, I have not found the bird incubation so can¬ not give any dates for eggs.

Actitis macular i a (Linnaeus). Spotted Sandpiper. A common summer resident, nesting in a diversity of situations. I have found their nests in grass along the beach, under slight cover in cultivated fields, in orchards, in wheat and hay fields but never at any time far from water. Data on three nests observed by Mr. Harrison and twenty observed by the writer give: average date. May 15, (May 11, 1911- June 30, 1919); average set of eggs, 4.

Sterna hirundo hirundo ( Linnaeus ) . Common Tern. A small breeding c olony" of this ancFthcTToTXowing species was visited by Mr, Harrison and the writer on June 15, 1919 at Long Island, a small island to the north of Holland Island. Originally this island was about one-fourth mile in length but the waters of the Chesapeake have consumed a good portion and divided what was once one island into throe small islands. The Terns were found on the northernmost, island only. The Common Tern was occupying the highest portion and nests were found in a variety of situations from the edge of high water to some concealed

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68

under small shrubs . As nearly as we could ascertain from the number of nests, we estimated the colony of Common Terns at thirty pairs.

Data on twenty-three nests give* average set of eggs 3 (2-1). A re¬ turn visit was made by the writer to this colony on June 20, 1920.

The size of the colony had decreased to about twenty pairs and from appearances, some of the crabbers of Holland Island were gathering the eggs daily, as confirmed by the numerous footprints on the island and the empty nests.

Sterna aiitillarum ant ill arum. (Lesson). Least Torn. On a sand spit on the same low island that the above species was found breed¬ ing we found a colony of Least Terns. Barely above high water, the eggs were resting in small hollows in the sand. At this date the birds were just commencing to lay and many nests had only a single egg therein. The colony numbered about thirty-five pairs. In 1920 the writer visited this colony but the birds had evidently moved some¬ where else as only one pair was observed and these were not breeding. On Barren Island, the south end of which is high sand, three pairs wore found breeding on June 22, 1919, while in 1920 this colony had increased to twelve nesting pairs. At a place to the north of Barren Island and called at Hooper Island, "The Marshes" a colony of at least forty pairs was noted on June 20, 1920, and where on the previous year there was not a single bird. Data on seven nests observed by Mr. Harrison and thirty- two observed by the writer give; average sot of eggs,* 2 (3); average date, June 15, (June 22, 1919). This species can be considered an erratic breeding bird along the bay shore. The chief factor against its incres.se in that section lies with the faulty selection of breeding grounds. All of the places that this species has been observed nesting, with the exception of Barren Island, are quite low and a rise of eight inches or a foot of water above the daily high water mark would completely submerge the nesting grounds. Barren Island is too close to Upper Hooper Island for safety to the birds and cattle are also allowed to range over the whole south end of the island.

Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus). Mourning Dove. Locally, this species is fast becoming scarcer cud there are several factors among which are gunning with a long open season and small nest complement. Data on three nests observed by Mr. Harrison and three nests observed by the writer give* average set, 2t average date, April 20, (April 18, 1920-May 30, 1919).

Coccyzus americanus amerlcanus (Linnaeus). Yellow-billed Cuckoo. A rare breeding bird, only one nest found on July 11, 1917 containing one chick and two eggs.

Otus asio Nacvius (Gmelin). Screech Owl. This owl is locally rare as I have only observed it nesting on three occasions. April 3, 1913, four eggs. April 18, 1914, four eggs. April 26, 1918, three eggs.

Bubo

virgmr anus

virgin:

common resident end resort to the old nest a single instance of their

mu s (Gmelin).

Great Horned Owl. A

pparcntly holding its own. They invariably of the Red-tailed Hawk and I do not know of resorting to hollows In trees. Data on

three nests observed by Mr. Harrison and twenty by the writer give

average

set, 2 (3)

average

date, February 22 (January 27,1923-March

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30, 1919 ) .

Strix varia varia Barton* Barred Owl* This owl is not plenti¬ ful and'”s3eriTs~Fes’-6rictccl to the large tracts of timber. General It

>0.11 L..' LOW -1. W. _L Q V

it; resorts to natural hollows in trees but once a nest was found in that of a Red-tailed. Hawk and again the nest of a squirrel was used. Data on one nest observed by Mr. Harrison and seven by the writer

_ _ _ _ _ , 2 (1-5); average

April 5, 1921)

give; average set, 2 (1-3); average date, March 23 (March 11, 1922-

Ant r o s t omu s vocife rus voc 1 f o ru s ( W ils on ) «. Whip -poo r~ wi 1 1 «.

he" suirldclFtidifths though its nest is seldom Three nests have been found by the writer with two eggs each

A common bird during

on

the following dates; May 3,1919 (two nos-

q ^ o b i 9

April 24, 1922,

Chordeiles virgin! anus virginianus (Gmelin). Night hawk • A

», T9lP”noar Cain's Ditch by flushing bird

single egg found June

.thin

'our feet of egg

was subsequently deserted.

Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus), Chimney Swift. A

common no suing

bird. Data on four nests found by Mr. Harrison and fifteen by the

writer July 5,

.ve

1915) .

average

set 4 (3-5)

average

date June 10 (May 9, 1918-

Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus). Ruby- throated Hummingbird.

A. common breeding bird often showing a fondness for nesting over the roadways in woods. Data on five nests observed by Mr. Harrison and nine by the writer give; average set, 2; average date. May 25 (May 19, 1919- July 11, 1918).

Megaceryle alcyon a Icy on (Linnaeus). Belted Kingfisher. A common nesting bird along the river banks. Data on twelve nests give; average set, 7 (6); average date. May 16 (June 4, 1911).

Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs. Northern Flicker. A common breeding bird. Data, on a single nest found by Mr. Harrison and sixteen found by the writer give; average set 7 (6-8); average date May 7 (April IS, 1910- June IS, 1918).

Ceophloeus pileatus pileatus (Linnaeus).

_ _ Pileated Woodpecker.

The Wood Cock, as this bird is known locally, is often heard in the

md swamps. In the vicinity of Blackwater

and nests. A nest in a rotten sweet gum tree found by the writer on April 29, 1918 contained one egg.

large lowland forests Bridge it is frequently met with

A nest tain ed

m a four

dead

eggs

pine near on May 2,

Church

1919.

Creek found by Mr. Harrison con-

Centurus carolinus (Linnaeus). Red-bellied Woodpecker. A rare

Harrison found a single nest in Cane-tuck Swamp

breeding bird. Mr near Blackwater Bridge on May 2, 1919

containing

three

eggs

Dryobates villosus villosus (Linnaeus). Hairy Woodpecker.

A rather rare breeding bird though common during the winter months.

A set of four eggs was found by Mr. Harrison on April 20, 1919 and I found a set of three on April 26, 1919.

Dryobates pubes cons me dl anus (Swains on). Downy Wo ope eke r. This

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70

bird is found regularly with us at all seasons, confining its nidi- fication to the woodland exclusively. Two nests found by Mr. Harri¬ son and three by the writer give: average set 5 (3-6); average date May 7 (May 5, 191 9 -May 29, 1918).

Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus). Kingbird. A common breeding bird of the farmlands . "Data on six nests observed by Mr. Harrison and twelve nests by the writer give: average set, 3 (4); average date, June 3 (May 25, 1918- July 7, 1918).

Myiarchus crinitus horeus Bangs. Crested Flycatcher. A common breeding bird.' Data" on one nest observed by Mr. Harrison and thirty- seven by the writer give: average set, 5 (3-6); average date, June 1 (May 25, 1916- July 15, 1913).

Sayornis phoebe (Latham). Phoebe. In this flat country bridges are very low to the ground and unsuitable to this bird. With us it is a rather rare breeder nesting in deserted houses close to wood¬ land. A single nest found April 15, 1917 contained five eggs.

Empidonax virescens (Vieillot). Acadian Flycatcher. Fairly common breeding bird. They show a preference locally for the beech tree In nesting. Data on two nests observed by Mr. Harrison and four by the writer give: average set 3; average date, June 8 (June I, 1919- July 11, 1918).

Myiochanes virens (Linnaeus). Wood Pewee. An abundant breed¬ ing bird. Data on five nests observed by Mr. Harrison and twelve by the writer give: average set, 3 (2); average date, June 9 (June 8, 1918- July 24, 1918).

Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow. Nests in dead pine stubs that dot the vast marsh area. One examined on May 19,

1918 held one egg.

Riparia rlparia riparla (Linnaeus). Bank Swallow. In the high banks along the Chop tank River, this bird nests commonly: elsewhere it is rare. Data on four nests give: average set 5 (4-7); average date. May 19 (May 18, 1913-Junc 9, 1918).

Stelgidopteryx ruf icollis serripennis (Audubon) . Rough winged Swallow, Nests wi t h" the pro ceding species. Data on four nests give: average set 6 (7); average date. May 18 (May 16, 1920-May 19, 1918).

Hirundo erythrogaster Boddaert. Barn Swallow. A common nest¬ ing bird. Data on ten nests give: average set 5 (4); average date June 2 (May 14, 1916- July 5, 1914).

Progne subis sub is (Linnaeus). Purple Martin. An abundant nesting bird where suitable boxes are provided. However, in the vast marsh area of this county, I have found them nesting In original habitat in hollow trees. Data on three nests found by the writer and one found by Mr. Harrison give: average set 5 (4-6); average date June 5 (June 3, 1919- June 17, 1919).

Cyanocitta crlstata cristata (Linnaeus). Blue Jay. As a breed¬ ing bird this species must be considered scarce. Only once have I

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71

found it breeding: May 12, 1S24 when 1 collected a sot of four eggs.

Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos (Brchn) . Crow, A common breeding "bird. Data on three nests found by Mr, Karri son and thirty- six by the writer give average sot 5 (5-7); average date, April 5 (March 29, 1919-May 1, 1919).

Corvus ossifragus (Wilson). Fish Crow. Breeds along the Bay and the larger rivers, building its nest in the very top of the tallest pine. Rarely it nests in cedar trees. Two nests found by Mr. Harrison and three by the v/riter give: average set 5 (4); average date May 10 (May 9, 1920-May 12, 1919).

Penthestes carolinensis carolinonsis (Audubon) . Carolina Chica- dee. This bird is generally distributed but is not common. Data on four nests found by Mr. Harrison and twelve found by the writer give: average set 7 (6-9); average date May 3 (April 16, 1913-May 18, 1912).

Baeolophus bicolor (Linnaeus). Tufted Titmouse. A common breeding bird. This bird readily adapts itself to nesting in hollow logs erected in trees. Data on seven nests found by Mr, Harrison and forty-six found by the v/riter give: average set 7 (5-8); average date May 6 (April 20, 1915-Juno 26,1918).

Sitta pusilla pusilla (Latham). Brown-headed Nuthatch. In pine woods along rivers this bird is found in small numbers. Mr. Harrison found a nest with five eggs on May 5, 1920 at Bolingbroke, Talbot County, Maryland. The writer found a nest containing six eggs at Cook's Point, Dorchester County, on May 7, 1920.

Troglodytes aedon aedon (VIeillot). House Wren. A common breeding bird. Data on five nests give: average set 7 (6); average date May 25 (May 20, 1916- July 5, 1918).

Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus (Latham). Carolina Wren. Old deserted houses seem to be a favorite nest site but they desert upon the slightest provocation. It is a rare breeding bird. A nest found on June 22, 1918 contained a single egg which was subsequently deserted. A second nest found May 24, 1925 contained four young ready to fly.

Minus polyglot to s polyglottos (Linnaeus) . Mockingbird. Apparently not holding its own. Data on five nests give: average set 4 (3-5); average date May 30 (May 14, 1915-July 10,1917).

Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus). Catbird. A common breeding bird. Data on twelve nests give: average set 4 (5); average date May 20 (May 15, 1916- June 20, 1917).

T oxo stoma rufum (Linnaeus) . Brov/n Thrasher. A common breeding bird. Data on two nests found by Mr. Harrison and seven found by the writer give: average set 4 (3); average date May 18 (May 4, 1910- June 4, 1911).

Tardus mlgratorius (subsp?) Linnaeus. Robin. A common breeder. Data on seventeen nests give: average set 4 (3-7); average date April

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Hylocichla mustclina (Gmelin). Wood Thrush. A regular breeder. Data on two nests found by Mr. Harrison and four found by the writer give: average set 4: average date May 17 (May 13, 1922-July 7, 1918).

Sialis sialis sialis (Linnaeus). Bluebird. This bird is de- cr easing in numbers in late years. Data on twenty-three nests give: average set 5 (4-6); average date April 20 (April 7, 1913-July 16, ISIS).

Polioptila caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus). Blue-gray Gnat catcher .

In open woodland this bird is a regular breeder. Data on one nest found by Mr. Harrison and five found by the writer give: average set 5 (4); average date May 23 (May 16, 1915-May 25, 1918).

Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris Linnaeus. Starling. A common breed¬ ing bird around farm dwellings’ where it ig displacing hole and cavity nesting native birds. The first instance of its breeding in this region v/as on May 2, 1920 when a set of five eggs was found in a telephone pole. Data on four nests give: average set 5; average date May 2 (May 2, 1920-June 10, 1925).

Vireo griseus griseus (Boddaert). White-eyed Vireo. Only once have I observed this" b ircT* breeding when a nest was found near Spring- dale on May 9, 1917 with one egg and a Cowbird egg.

Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus). Red-eyed Vireo. A common breeding bird, being found in mixed timber with a preponderance of white oaks. Data on three nests found by Mr. Harrison and three by the writer give: average set, 3; average date, June 6 (May 29, 1916- June 16, 1918)

Vireo gilva gilva (Vieillot). Warbling Vireo. This bird usual¬ ly nests in the shade trees around farms and in town. Possessed with a quarrelsome disposition only one pair will be found near a farm dwelling and its aggressiveness keeps all birds away from the vicini¬ ty of its nest. Data on nine nests give: average set 4 (3); average date. May 30 (May 27, 1918- June 22, 1925).

Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert). Prothonotany Warbler. Mill ponds and fresh water streams are the favorite habitats of this water loving species. A set was collected May 31, 1931 at Higgin's Mill Pond with five eggs.

Dendroica dominie a dominie a (Linnaeus). Yellow-throated Warbler. On May "9 , 1920 a bird was seen nest-building at Oyster Shell Point. Later on May 23rd the tree was revisited but the nest was found de¬ serted. Mr. Harrison collected a set on May 16, 1919.

Dendroica pinus pinus (Wilson). Pine Warbler. An abundant breeding bird. Data on three nests found by Mr. Harrison and four found by the writer give: average set 4; average date April 30 (April 19, 1920-May 20-1919) .

Dendroica discolor discolor (Vieillot). Prairie Warbler. A rare breeding bird only one hesB having been found. On June 2, 1920 a nest was found containing one egg of the Warbler and one of the Cow-

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73

bird and subsequently deserted.

Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus). Ovenbird. Fairly common breeding bird. A“~set'was collected May 19, 1925 alongside a road

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Oporornis formosus (Wilson). Kentucky Warbler. A nest found by Mr, Harrison on' May 16, 1918 contained three slightly incubated eggs. The bird is generally distributed in open woodland.

Gcothlypis trichas trichas (Linnaeus), Maryland Yellowthroat . Fairly common breeding bird, Mr, Harrison found a nest containing five fresh eggs on May 23, 1919.

Icteria virens virens (Linnaeus), Yellow-breasted Chat, Cut over woodland- with"”it s corresponding growth of young trees is a favorite nesting site for this common breeding bird. Lata on one nest found by Mr. Harrison and two nests found by the writer give: average set, 4 (5); average date May 30 (May 25, 1919- June 2, 1920) ?

Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus). English Sparrow.

Most abundant around farm dwellings and in towns. First sets can be collected April 15,

Sturnella magna magna (Linnaeus). Meadowlark. An abundant breeding- bircP of the hay, fields and pastures. Data on three nests found by Mr, Harrison and eighteen found by the writer give: average set 4 (3-5); average date May 16 (May 13, 1917-July 25, 1922).

Agelaius phoeniccus phoenicous (Linnaeus). Red-winged Black bird. Probably our most abundant breeding bird. A species of myrtle growing in salt marshes is a favorite nesting site. Data on twenty - seven nests give: average set 4 (3-5); average date May 13 (May 10, 1912- June 16, 1917).

Icterus spurius (Linnaeus). Orchard Oriole. A fairly common breeding bird. Data on sixteen nests give: average set 5 (4); average date May 25 (May 20, 1916-June 8, 1922).

Icterus galbula (Linnaeus). Baltimore Oriole. This bird is not common and hardly holds • ' its own. Data on one nest found by Mr, Harrison and five nests found by the writer give: average set 5 (6); average date May 23 (May 21, 1918-May 25, 1915).

Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (Linnaeus). Purple Grackle, A very abundant breeding bird showing a strong preference for cedar trees.

Data on thirty-one nests give: average set 5 (4-6); average date May 2 (April 25, 1925-May 25, 1920).

Mole thru s ater ater (Boddaert). Cowbird. A very common breed¬ ing bird. Eggs have been found In nests of Chipping Sparrow, Field Sparrow, Cardinal, Red-eyed. Vireo, Summer Tanagcr, Towhcc, Pine Warbler Prairie Warbler, Wood Thrush, Kentucky Warbler, Yellow- throated Warbler and Maryland Yellow throat. The earliest date upon which a Cowbird !s eggs have been found was April 30, 1920 and the latest was July 11, 1914.

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Piranga rubra rubra (Linnaeus). Summer Tanager. A common nesting bird in the open oak woods. Data on seven nests found by Mr. Harrison and nine nests found by the writer give: average set 4 (3-5) ; average date, June 6 (May 25, 1918-July 4, 1918),

Richrnondena cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus). Cardinal. Fairly common. Data on four nests found by Mr. Harrison and three nests found by the writer give: average set 3 (4); average date. May 15 (May 10, 1911-Juiy 4, 1918).

Spinus tristis tristis (Linnaeus). Goldfinch. These late breeders prefer peach trees for nesting sites. Data on eleven nests give: average set 4 (5); average date, August 14 (August 3, 1919- September 9, 1911).

Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus). Towhee. Abundant in small tracts of woodland and especially in young second growth timber. Data on four nests found by Mr. Harrison and four nests found by the writer give; average set 4; average date. May 16 (May 9, 1919-May 31, 1910).

Ammodranitms savanna run australis (Maynard) . Grasshopper Sparrow, An abundant nesting bird in hay fields, This bird will often nest under small bunches of hay left after the first cutting of hay. By placing small bunches at random after the hay has been removed from a field, Grasshopper Sparrows can be induced to use these tufts as a nest site. Data on thirty-eight nests give: average set 4 (3-5); average date June 5 (May 20, 1927-August 18, 1914).

Spizclla passerina passerina (Bechstein) . Chipping Sparrow. A common nesting bird! Data on twenty-seven nests give: average set 4; average date April 30 (April 24, 1919- July 7, 1910).

Spizella pusilla pusilla (Wilson). Field Sparrow. A common nesting bird. Data on twenty- one nests give: average set 4; average date May 10 (May 2, 1916-August 20, 1919),

Melospiza mclodia melodia (Wilson) . Song Sparrow. Abundant nesting bird. Data on twenty nests give: average set 4 (3-5); average date May 6 (April 30, 1918-August 15, 1920).

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE RAVEN IN MARYLAND

Though the Raven is an uncommon bird in Maryland, there are a few definite records for the state, most of which are from the western, mountainous part. In October, 1880 F. C. Kirkwood collected one near Hagerstown; a pair was seen several times between May 12-16 and June 17-21 at Finzel by E. A. Preble of the U.S . Fish and Wild Life Ser¬ vice; Eifrig (the Auk XXI 1904 p. 238) reported a colony of about 25 pairs that were said to nest on the cliffs at Rock Gap, about six miles from Cumberland, and also the finding of a nearly full grown young on Will's Mt. March 28, 1904 (the Auk XXII 1905 p. 312); on November 8, 1929 F .C .Kirkwood collected one near Sunnybrook, Balti¬ more County, the skeleton of which the author now has.

W. Bryant Tyrrell

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PYRITE FROM MARYLAND

oy

Bryant Mather ^

Abstract

The fifty localities for pyrite in Maryland mentioned by Ostrander and Price (Natural History Society of Maryland Booklet - 1940) are here tabulated., and thirty-four additional localities are also listed. A tabulation of forms noted on Maryland pyrite crystal is presented,, and a description is given of a form, hitherto not re¬ corded on Maryland pyrite. Twenty-five new localities in Frederick and Washington Counties and the material from them are described,, Elongated and "folded” crystals are described, and a mechanism for the explanation of the origin of malformed crystals is presented*

Baltimore City :

Baltimore County:

Howard County:

Loo alities for pyri te in Maryland, ( Compiled' from Os brands r and' Price (1940)) .

Gwynns Falls Gneiss Quarry Jones Falls Gneiss Quarry

Jones Falls at the Twenty-Ninth Street Bridge

Wright Quarry

Woodberry Trap Quarry

Hilton Quarry

Gatch Quarry

Loch Raven to Montebello Water Tunnel

National Park Service Quarry Hollofield Trap Quarries Mi If o rd T rap Quarry Butler Quartzite Quarry McMahon Quarry H. T. Campbell Quarry Gunpowder Quarry Maryland Calcite Quarry Blue Mount Quarry Arunde 1 Gne i s s Quarry

Old Maryland Mica Mine Ilchester Feldspar Quarry Frost Quarry

Woodstock Granite Quarry Glenelg

Tunnel Feldspar Mine

Montgomery County: Glen Echo

Ford Gold Mine Maryland Gold Mine Montgomery Gold Mine Miller Gold Mine Huddle stone Gold Mine

1" - Assistant Curator of Mineralogy, Field Museum of Natural History Associate, Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Society of Maryland .

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Carroll County:

Frederick County:

Harford County:

Cecil County:

Springfield Mine Patapsco Mine Albaugh Limestone Quarry Hyde Limestone Quarry Winfield Gold Prospect

New London Mine Dolly Hyde Mine Liberty Mine Mountain View Mine Frederick Gold Mine

Scarboro

Dinning Rutile Prospect Cardiff Serpentine Quarry Standard Lime and Stone Co. Quarry Upper Baker Quarry Near Conowing o Dam

Port Deposit Quarry Wiant Serpentine Quarry Keystone Trap Quarry

Garrett County: Savage River Valley

Additional localities for pyrit e in Maryland .

Baltimore County:

Bare Hills Copper Mine Beaver Dam Marble Quarry Sumraerfield Station

Near Vineyard St at ion

Ref. Collected by Mather do .

Collected by C.W. Hayes (Williams - 1886)

Mather (1937)

Howard County: Carroll County:

Near Hollofield Fire Tower

Carroll Mine Mineral Hill Mine West of Eldersburg Liberty Mineg

Mather (1937)

Ansted (1857) Collected by Mather do .

Dana (1898)

Frederick County:

West of Chimney Rock West of Thurmont Jerusalem Ellert on

v ^ x Catoctin

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Middletown

near Sykesville,

(2) 3*

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Creek, between Myersville and ,9,10,11)

South of Crompton Gap (21)

Weverton view point (22)

West of Catoctin - Lander (23)

West of Point of Rocks (24)

Mountville Copper prospect (25)

Near Reno School (12)

Carroll Co* " not to be confused with

Mine” in Frederick Co.

3-::- - Numbers in parentheses refer this paper.

to sketch map (Plate 1)

"Liberty references :

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Washington County: Cavetown (1)

East of Eakles Mills (13,14)

Eakles Mills (15)

Between Boons boro and Rohrersville (16) Southeast of Locust Grove (17) Rohrersville (18)

Northeast of Trego (19)

Beeler Summit (20)

Forms noted on Maryland Pyrite CrysTaTs"

Ostrander and Price (1940) note that the cube (100), the octahedron (111), and the positive pyritohedron (210) have been found on Maryland pyrite crystals. Other forms known to the author to have been observed on- Maryland pyrite are: the trapezohedron (211), the diploid (321), the trisoctahedron (221) and the negative pyritohedron (120). Forms other than the cube are rare and a sum¬ mary of known occurrences in Maryland is given below:

Form

(HI)

(210)

(211)

(221)

(321)

(120)

Localities Reference

Jones Falls Gneiss Quarry Ostrander and Price

E.T .Campbell Quarry Summerfield Station Scarboro Liberty Mine

Gwynns Falls Quarry

Jones Falls Quarry PI *T • Campbell Quarry

Summerfield Station Southeast of Locust Grove (17)

(p. 13). do, (p. 29).

Williams ( 1886,1887 ) . Collected by Mather Dana (1898) N.B.: ''Liberty Mines, near Sykesville, Carroll County. "

Collected by Mather N.B. Striations parallel the unique edge of the pentagonal face prove it not to be (120).

Williams (1887). Ostrander and Price ( D e 29 ) 0

Williams (1886,1887). This paper.

Summerfield Station do , do .

Williams (1886,1887). do . do .

Southeast of Locust

Grove (17) This paper.

New localities for pyrite in F'redTerTck and Washington Counties,

Maryland". ~ ' .

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South Mountain uplift in the summers of 1938 and 1940, twenty-five new localities for pyrite were found. All the crystals, with the exception of two from locality (17) southeast of Locust Grove, show only" the form (100) with striations resulting from oscillation with (210). Most of the crystals are more or less altered to "limonite"

Twinned or intergrown crystals were found at a number of locali ties. Malformed crystals were abundant at most localities.

Description of localities and material f rom each.

1»5 Cave town z A hand specimen (1938, #35) of Toms town lime¬ stone (Cambrian), oriented on the outcrop before collecting, was taken from a weathered exposure on the north side of the Western Maryland Rail¬ way, one-half mile west of Cavetown. Stretched, altered pyrite cubes (typical dimensions” 8x1x1 mm.) were aligned in parallel position on a cleavage surface. OriengationQof the long edges of the crystals was 110° - 35 E.; a read¬ ing conforming perfectly with hundreds of read¬ ings of linear stretching in the region of the uplift. It Is believed by the author that this specimen proves that the malformation (elonga¬ tion) of the crystals is the result of linear stretching in the cleavage parallel to the axial plane of the major folding of the region. The block diagram (fig. 1.) shows the relation of the elongation of the crystals to the cleavage parallel to the axial plane of the anticlinorlum

4 - uLimonitefr z a discredited mineral species, shown to be a mixture for the most part of goethite and hematite.

5 - The numbers refer to the sketch map.

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Since the rocks of the region have been de¬ formed as a unit, and since pyrite crystals collected from all formations show malforma¬ tion,, it is suggested, that regional stress, associated with the deformation that produced the ant iclinorium, is the agency responsible for the malformation of the crystals. (See further discussion of this question under localities #13 and #21.) (Sp. #35 - 1938.) (NB. 11, p. 60, 7-18-38.)

2, West of Chimney Rock: About twenty-five cubic crystals were found

in an outcrop of the Weverton sandstone (Cambrian), on the road leading into the Catoctin Recreational Demonstration Area (NPS) just west of Chimney Rock. The crystals ranged in size up to 18 x 11 x 8 mm, and were apparently lying in a bedding plane. (NB. 21, p. 43, 6-14-40.)

3. West of T hurra on t :

4. Jerusalem:

5. Ellerton

6. Shady Grove:

,8,9,10,11:

Eight weathered, cubic pyrite crystals were found in a sandstone outcrop (probably a mem¬ ber of the Harpers formation ( Cambrian) ) , in an orchard just east of Hunting Creek. (NB# 21, p. 40, 6-14-40# )

Pyrite is found associated with epidote, chal- copyrite, chlorite, and other minerals filling cavities in "greenstone” ( Catoctin metabasalt ) in road cuts along the "Dual Highway" from Hagerstown to Frederick. All the specimens found were anhedral and were but slightly altered. (NB. 10, p. 32, 6-15-38.)

Large stretched cubic pyrite crystals, almost entirely altered to "limonite", were collected from massive greenstone. The outcrop is on the east side of the road to Wolfsville just north of Ellerton. The largest crystal measured: 33 x 5 x 5 mm. (NB. 12, p. 106, 9-19-38,)

Unaltered pyrite showing no crystal faces was found at a locality similar to #4, in an out¬ crop of the Catoctin metabasa.lt on the east side of the Myersville - Ellerton Road at Shady Grove. Here the ca.vities in the metaba¬ salt also contain calcite, specularite and prochlorite. (Sp. 11, 20 - 1938) (NB. 10, p. 52, 6-20-38.)

Catoctin Creek between Myersville and Middle- town: Large weathered crystals are found sparingly distributed in the massive metabasalb

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at five localities in this vicinity, an association quite similar to #5. The "llio- nite", inside the pseudomorph, formed by the alteration of the pyrite, has a spongy texture, and the unreplaced sulfide nuclei are trans¬ gressed by numerous veins of iron oxide. Eighteen crystals were collected, all were cubic, showing oscillation striations with (210). None was twinned or intergrown, a few showed well developed "block structure1'

(cf. Buerger 3.932). Some were elongated and tabular (e.g. 12 x 8 x 5 mm.) (Sp. 54 - 1938) (NB. 11, pp. 47,49,53,54. - 7-15,17-38.)

12. Near Reno School' A considerable number of altered pyrite cubes

were found in an outcrop in a small grove on top of a hill southwest of the point shown as elevation 651 on the Frederick County topo¬ graphic map (M.G-.S. 1927). The geologic map of this county, (Jonas (Stose) and Stose,

1938), indicates that this hill is composed of rocks of the Loudoun formation (Cambrian)' actually, the rock is an acid metavolcanic, probably rhyolite tuff. The crystals are found in quartz, and a majority of them are intergrown or twinned, and are largely re¬ placed by cellular limonite. The maximum edge dimension of those crystals collected is 20 mm. (Sp. 23 - 1940) (NB. 21, p. 75, 6-22-40.)

13. East of Eakles Mills: Pyrite crystals were collected in a corn¬

field, just east of the structural and topo¬ graphic nose that marks the northern end of Elk Ridge. The outcrops in the field were Toms town limestone, but all of the crystals were found loose in the soil. Of the 38 crystals collected, 3 show twinning or inter¬ growth, many show curved faces, several are elongated (10-| x 4 x 3 and 7x4x3 mm.), and one shows a very interesting "folded" face (fig. 2). The maximum dimension of the largest crystal is 27 mm. (Sp. 102 - 1940) (NB. 23, p. 6, 7-19-40.)

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It. is not clear how the ''folded" face was produced hut the general malformation of the crystals from this region and the relations observed at Cavetown suggest that it, like¬ wise, is a result of the regional deformation.

14, East of Eakles Mills: A short distance southwest of locality

#13, on the west flank of the nose, pyrite crystals are found in the Weverton sandstone. These crystals are cubic, malformed, greatly altered, and seem to be confined to quartz veinlets. (NB. 23, p, 8-9, 7-19-40.)

15, Eakles Mills: Along Little Antietam Creek at Eakles Mills

small, completely oxidized, cubic pyrite crystals are found sparingly distributed in the Toms town limestone. (NB. 12, p. 79, 9-2-38.)

16, Between Boonsboro and Rohrersville : In the Toms town limestone,

on the east side of the road, just south of the hill south of the point shown as eleva¬ tion 508 (M.Cr.S, 1927), a few altered pyrite cubes were found. The largest one measured:

25 x 24 x 13 mm. (NB. 11, p. 73, 7-29-38.)

17, Southeast of Locust Grove: A large boulder of very unusual

lithology was found along the road just west of the point Indicated as elevation 956 (M.G.S, 1927), about one-half mile southeast of Locust Grove. The boulder is a conglomerate of flat, medium to large (3 x 4 x -J-" ) fragments of Catcctin metabasalt mixed with coarse, well rounded white quartz sand, and cemented with a siliceous cement. The lithology would suggest referring it to the basal Loudoun conglomerate, but its location is such that It could not naturally have rolled there from any known outcrop of the Loudoun formation. The other rocks of the vicinity are predominantly hill- wash from the outcrops of the Weverton forma¬ tion high on South Mountain, Seven specimens of this material were collected - (#152,-1940)? Approximately 50 small pyrite crystals were counted in the specimens. All were partially and some were completely altered to "limonite". The maximum dimension of the largest crystal is 5 mm. A majority of the crystals are domi¬ nantly cubic (100), although a few are so mal¬ formed that they are cry st allograph! cally indeterminate. Two small crystals whose habit was apparently pyritohedral were removed from the matrix and examined with a binocular microscope .

The larger crystal (diameter 4 mmj showed a clear pyritohedral habit, well developed

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striations parallel to the long edges of the pentagonal faces, and good etch-figures normal to the striations . (fig. 5 l The smaller crystal (fig. 6), likewise was of pyritohedral habit, and showed good oscillation striations* The stri¬ ations in this case were parallel to the plane of symmetry of the pentagonal face, or In other words, normal to those in the former case* This crystal was of e quant propor¬ tions, is 2*5 mm.’ in diameter, and has a smaller Individual Intergrown at one edge. Following the rule 5 set forth by Tut ton (1911) and illustrated by figures 3 and 4, these two crystals are seen to be examples of the positive and nega¬ tive pyritohedron. Thus the larger crystal has the form (210) and the smaller, the form (120). This latter is the first Maryland pyrite crystal on which the rare form (120) has been observed, and Increases to seven the number of crystal forms known on Maryland pyrite. The oscillation striations on (120) are said by Tutton (1911) to be the re¬ sult of oscillation with (412) or (211). (NB. 23, p. 86, 87, 8-13-40).

18, Rohrersville : On the east side of the road to Boonsboro just

north of the town, pyrite crystals were collected from an outcrop of rhyolite tuff. The lithology at this locality was very similar to that at #12. Six crystals, showing very little malform¬ ation were collected. One was twinned or Inter¬ grown at 55°. The maximum dimension of the largest was 9 mm. (Sp. 107-1940, NB. 23, p. 31, 7-29-40).

19. Northeast of Trego: Small amounts of anhedral pyrite were ob¬ served in outcrops of the Catoctin metabasalt, near the fault contact of that formation and the Toms town limestone, in a tributary of Little Antietam Creek just east of the B. & 0, R.R.

o’ - The rule given by Tutton (1911) p. 168 is here quoted because it does not seem to be given by any of the more widely used American texts: " . . . . the much rarer variety ... (120)... shows striations

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of symmetry of the pentagonal face . In this..... manner are

the left (positive) (210) and the right (negative) (120) varieties distinguished in the .... case of pyrites.”

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The pyrite was associated with asbestos and the occurrence resembled that at localities #4 and #6. (NB. 23, p. 94, 8-13-40).

20. Beeler Summit: An association almost identical with that at

locality #19 was observed along the west side of the B. & 0. R.R. at Beeler Summit. (NB. 23, p .51, 8-1-40).

21. South of Crampton Gap: The Weverton sandstone forms large out¬

crops along the summit of South Mountain, just east of the Appalachian Trail from Crampton Gap to Weverton. In one of these outcrops located about one-half mile south of Crampton Gap, a number of pyrite cubes replaced by hematite were observed. An almost exactly similar occurrence was noted at the Devil fs Race Course, about one mile west of Monterey, Pennsylvania, in the northward extension of this ridge. The crystals at both places were almost equant, reflecting the resistance to deformation that is a prominent characteris¬ tic of the rock containing them. The author suggests that the degree of elongation of pyrite cubes reflects the susceptibility of the rock in which they are found to linear stretching and that, consequently, this elonga¬ tion may be used as an index of def ormability of the rock. (NB. 22, pp. 49,91j 6-30,

7-14-40, Sp. #67 - 1940).

22. Weverton View Point: Small pyrite cubes were found in the

Weverton sandstone at the end of South Mountain, just east of the Appalachian Trail view point, overlooking the Potomac River. The rock at this locality is cut by a great many quartz veinlets and the pyrite crystals seem to be confined to these veinlets. The largest crys¬ tals found here had a maximum dimension of 8mm. (NB. 22, p. 96, 7-15-40).

23. West of Catoctin - Lander: Pyrite crystals were collected from

a quartz dike cutting the granodiorite south of the point indicated as elevation 417 on the Frederick County topographic map (M.G.S. 1927), on the west side of the road from Jefferson. This locality is about one-half mile north of the Potomac River. The crystals are partially altered, much Inter grown, and have a maximum edge dimension of 6 mm. (NB. 21, p. 90,

6-24-40," Sp. #43 c - 1940).

24. West of Point of Rocks: A considerable number of oxidized py¬

rite cubes were observed in the gray Loudoun phyllite along the B. & 0. R.R. on the north side of the Potomac River, just west of Point of Rocks. (NB. 22, p. 15, 6-26-40).

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25. Mountville Copper Prospect: A small amount of anhcdral pyrite

was observed in the Catoctin metabasalt at the old copper prospect on the crest of Catoc¬ tin Mountain northwest of Mountville. Associated minerals were malachite, azurito and epidote. This occurrence resembles #4. (MB. 22, p. 33, 6-27-40).

Acknowledgment s

The author wishes to express his thanks for the valuable assis¬ tance in the field in the season of 1940 rendered by his wife, Mrs. Katharine IC. Mather, research associate. Department of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History^ and to her and Mr. Henry Herpers, Assistant Curator of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History for their helpful comments and their careful reading of the manuscript. Published by permission of the Director, Field Museum of Natural History.

Works to which reference is made

Ansted, David T. 1857. !

Buerger, Martin J. 1S32 .

Dana, J.D.

1898.

Holden, Edwin F.

Some Remarkable Mineral Veins. (2) On Some Copper Lodes near Sykesviile, Maryland . Quart. Jour. Geol, Soc* London. 13, pp. 240-254.

The significance of ’’Block Structure” in Crystals. Amer. Min. 17, 177-191.

Manual of Mineralogy and Petrography 12th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

ISIS. Limonite Pseudomorphous after Pyrite from

York County, Pa. Amor, Min. 4, 68-69. (finds Limoni ti zed pyrite in ,!a slaty schist, inter- bedded in the Cambrian limestone” . . .the cube is the only form present.)

Jonas, Anna I. (Stose, Anna J. ) and Stose, George W,

1938. Geologic Map of Frederick County. 1/62500

Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore.

Maryland Geological Survey

1927 • Map of Frederick County showing the Topography

and Election Districts. M.G.S. Baltimore.

Mather, L. Bryant 1S37 .

Ostrander, C.W., 1940.

mtton, A. E.

1911.

, Jr .

A Report on the Geology of the Patapsco State Park of Maryland. Proc. Nat. His. Soc. Md.

#5, p„ 23. and Price, WoE.

Minerals of Maryland. Nat. His. Soc. Md.

92 pages.

Crystallography and Practical Crystal Measure¬ ment. Macmillan and Co. Ltd., London, p. 168.

Date incorrectly cited as ”1897” in Ostrander said Price (p. 83)

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Williams, G. H.

1886. On a remarkable Crystal of Pyrite from Balti¬ more County, Maryland. Johns Hopkins Uni¬ versity Circular. 6, pp • 30-31.

1887. Notes on the Minerals Occurring in the

Neighborhood of Baltimore „ Johns Hopkins University. 18 pages.

REMOVING CLAY AND IRON PROM CRYSTALS WITH SULPHURIC ACID, HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND TIN CHLORIDE

By William J. Engelbach

I have found the following method a very satisfactory one for removing clay and iron from crystals* Dark brown discolored crystals are changed to bright clear specimens.

The idea is to reduce iron with stannous chloride (tin chloride) as the iron is dissolved in sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid) .

Place your crystals in a granite or enamel pan containing two glasses of water (one pint); add one-half wine glass or two table- spoonsfull of sulphuric acid and then add a. few crystals of tin chloride. Boil for ten minutes. Continue to add more tin chloride while the iron color still shows. Then add one-half wine glass of hydrochloric acid to the sulphuric acid and boil for about ten more minutes. It is well to wash specimens in weak ammonia water after cleaning.

If a yellow follows the cleaning of milky quartz clusters, it will usually disappear in about one week.

Do not use the acids on the following specimens: iron sulphides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, etc.), wemerite, fluorite, apatite, magnesium, serpentine, calcite, limestone, aluminum, zinc or lead specimens.

Clean copper specimens in ammonia water.

NOTES FOR FEBRUARY AND MARCH

Lectures and Meetings

February 4 - Talk by Mr. Harry Robertson, "Lizards of Maryland.1'

8 - Bird walk to Loch Raven.

11 - Motion Pictures, "Story of the Salmon - its life His¬ tory . "

18

25

March 4 18

Talk by Mr. Allan Bonwill, "Blackwater Marshes." Motion Picture, "Glimpses of the Sea Ports of China." Talk by Mr. Oscar Helm, "The Historical Story of the Oyster. "

Talk by Mr. Howard Owens, "Mirage."

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March 25 - Annual Meeting. President's address. Motion pictures, "Marshland Denizens"; "Isle of Peril."

Junior Division

February 1 8 15

22

March 1

14

15 22 29

Talk by John Norman, "The Shelled Reptiles."

Discussion on the Lake Roland area.

Talk by Sidney (Jailer, "Parasites and Their Relation¬ ship to Man."

Lecture by Mr. Edmund B. Fladung, "Maryland, the State of Many Natural Interests,"

Talk by Irvin Schloss, "Insect Morphology."

Meeting of Department of Entomology.

Talk by Henry Eichhorn, "Special Microscopy."

Talk by Elias Cohen, "Polymorphism in the Hymenoptera. " - Lecture by Mr. Elra M. Palmer, "The Fiddler Crabs of Maryland • "

Our Scout Troop

February 11- Meeting. Motion Pictures. Meeting every Sunday dur¬ ing February and March.

Lectures, Loans and Exhibitions

February 12-

14-

18-

March

25-

4-

10-

24-

28-

Lecture to the Girls' Club of ■ the Equitable Trust Com¬ pany by Mr. Edmund B. Fladung, "A Story of Maryland,

Its Wonders, Geology and Natural Resources,"

Lecture to Boy Scouts of America, Laurel, Maryland by Mr. Irving E. Hampe, "Bird Study as a Hobby."

Lecture to Photographic Club of Baltimore City College by Mr. Elra M. Palmer, "Nature Photography."

Loan of Mammals to School No. 94.

Loan of Shells to Baltimore City College.

Lecture to Junior Division of the Maryland State Game end Fish Protective Association by John and William Norman of the Junior Division of this Society, "Snakes of Maryland."

Loan to Garrison Junior High School - Indian Artifacts. Meeting of the Maryland State Forest and Park Associa¬ tion at the Society,

Loan to the Eastern High School - Insects.

Loan to Sparrows Point Junior High School - Insects.

NOTICE

On February 19th Mr. J. Hammond Brown, a member of this Society, was elected President of the Outdoor Writers' Association of America. Mr. Brown is also a member of our Troop Committee, Trustee of the Baltimore Aquarium, and President of the Maryland Game and Fish Pro¬ tective Association.

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COVER; JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT

The photograph on the cover of this issue was taken by our president, Edmund B. Fladung, and Is one of a number which he has presented to the Society.

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be Natural History Society of Maryland

01. XI MAY 1941 mi

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MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday’s.

t

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume XL MAY 1941 JTJNE Number 5

A PILGRIMAGE TO OOP AN

By Elizabeth T. Miller and Benjamin T« Kurtz

A pilgrimage means "a long journey, especially to some sacred place". Copan in northern Honduras is just such a place. It is most decidedly a distant spot as far as inaccessibility is concerned, and without a doubt very sacred.

Copan was the nerve centre of the Mayan religion during their gloriously productive Golden Age, and the Indians from miles around traversed the hills of Guatemala and Honduras to pay tribute to their deities .

For hundreds of years, various persons from the outside world have had their reasons for setting foot upon the sacred soil of Copan. Hernando Cortez, during his breath-taking conquest of New Spain in 1524, passed very close to the great city, but it was so completely covered by jungle, that although only three leagues away, he never saw it.

According to Huarros, the historian of Guatemala, "Francisco du Fuentes visited Copan in 1700", and particularly mentions the traditionally romantic stone hammock.

We nov/ skip the years until 1836, when Colonel Galindo was commissioned by the government of Central America to visit the site and it was at this time that Europe was first enlightened about the unique culture of the Maya.

Our greatest informant, of course, has been the amazing John Stevens, American explorer and diplomat, who in 1840 made such a comprehensive study of most of the important Mayan sites in Central and Middle America, that those who are interested, have him and his able assistant, Frederick Catherwood, who did the magnificent draw¬ ings of numerous details, to thank profusely.

Stevens was especially lured to Copan to view the stone hammock of which Du Fuentes spoke so dramatically, and which, notwithstanding it weighed tons, could be rocked by a touch of the hand. Although the Indians living near the ruins assured Stevens that their grand-

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The Torch Bearer

The rear stair of Temple 11 is guarded by a sentinel on either side, and this one is in the best condition. The figure is life-size. Ke is kneeling and holds a torch in his left hand. Note the conventionalized flames which are carved in stone rising from the torch.

The mysterious type of head on the Torch Bearer seems to be evolved from the part monkey and part human form. The Maya had excellent models for monkeys and as late as 1840 John Stevens says that hundreds of monkeys crept out of the ruins of Copan and watched Catherwood as he worked on his drawings, but now there is not a living monkey in the vicinity. Monkey dieties are not un¬ known among the Maya. It may be noted that to this day the Hopi Rain Priests dance with snakes in their mouths.

88

fathers had seen this miracle of structure, he could find no trace of it.

The British Isles added their very important contribution to the constantly Increasing interest In the Maya, when about forty years ago, A. P. Maudsley, the English explorer, gave to posterity the most wonderful and extensive collection of photographs 0 The inestimable value of these can be appreciated when one realizes the thunderous earthquakes that have more than once destroyed the most magnificent temples In Copan.

For many years the great sculpture of this ancient city has poured Into the most famous museums of the world, until you would think that very little would remain to thrill the contemporary visitor. Surely, not even Athens, itself, could have produced such an inexhaustible supply of masterpieces 1

Exactly one hundred years after John Stevens, our modest ex¬ pedition set out in January, 1940 on our pilgrimage to the sacred city, and before we reached the first sculptural stone we had many exciting moments. No one could fail to have been thrilled by the gigantic mountains, affording unbelievably beautiful views, mid the hair-pin turns on the one-way road.

After three days of hazardous driving, we arrived at the Spanish Colonial village of Copan, where our charming host was Gustave Stromsvik, who is the director of the Carnegie interest in the ruins.

About a mile from the village lies the ancient city, some two thousand feet above sea-level, and surrounded by magnificent pine forests. From these pines come some of the ingredients of copal, the incense of the Maya, and to this day, they use this most fragrant f ami gat i on of evil.

Only the municipal center of the sacred city has been partially cleared of forest, but that in Itself is quite extensive.

Let us climb a high pyramid and look around. Directly below us and to the North, lies the great Plaza,, more than 850 feet long and 300 feet wide. It Is here that the monolithic time markers stand. These hugh sculptured stones are carved with the most lavish orna¬ mentation, and, most amazing of all, they were created entirely with stone chisels.

They probably represent great personages of the day, as they are not only portrayals of human figures but almost suggest portraits of real characters.

Turning slightly to our right, we realize that wo are looking aovn on a pyramid 125 feet high, the entrance to its lofty temple being made by ascending a stone stair-case consisting of ninety steps, twenty-five feet in width.

The risers to the steps were completely carved with hiero¬ glyphics composing an inscription of twenty-five thousand glyphs.

Presently we are conscious of the sound of rushing water over

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A Time-marker i n the Great Plaza (Left)

More foolishness has been written about this magnificent stela, than has ever been perpetrated on the great Pyramid at Gizeh in Egypt „ The large forms at the top of the monument have been interpreted by the misinformed as elephant heads, giving rise to the theory that Maya Indians were contemporary with the Mastadon, but these carvings really represent the beaks of fabulous birds. Apparently all the sculpture of Copan was coated with a thin lay¬ er of stucco and brilliantly painted. This stela dates from about 300 A.D.

A Cei ba T ree (Right)

This giant Ceiba sprouts from the front stair of Temple 11.

89.

rocks, and. turning to the east, we see the lovely Copan River me¬ andering through the jungle, swerving like a crystal snake out of its ancient course 0 It has undermined the river front of the sacred city .

Suddenly It dawns on us that all of the mighy civic buildings of Copan stand on an artificial acropolis 125 feet high and on this river side It extends for 624 feet.

Scanning the surrounding landscape, we can see ruined mounds and sculptured stones on every side. Some of the ruins extend into the ravines and canyons for the distance of ten miles «

Copan Is truly fabulous J We are perched high on the pinnacle

of Temple 11, as It is officially called, but we gain an extra height

by sitting on the roots of a giant Ceiba tree (the wild cottonwood). The roots are eight feet thick and the urunk disappears about one hundred feet above our heads into the surrounding foliage of lesser trees, and bevond this height we cannot see the branches. As this noble monarch grows out of Temple 11, we may ask -- how old Is Copan?

No one can tell In what year the great city was actually founded

but its present form probably did not appear much before the first century of our era.

It Is believed by our best authorities that Copan reached its zenith in spiritual consciousness and physical accomplishment in about 500 A*D. Undoubtedly some of the structures we have observed are much older than this, and others arc unquestionably more recent, but 500 A.D. Is a very satisfactory period for the hieroglyphic stair¬ way and part of the Great Plaza, when all sources of information have been considered.

Before we descend from the shade of cur spreading Ceiba Tree, lot us contemplate "The Glory that was Maya". Not only did the- Maya of this Old Empire create fabulous cities of stone, they invented zero for the use of position value in numeration six centuries be¬ fore it was discovered by the Hindu people.

years

The Mayan Indians were multiplying and dividing before our European ancestors could do so.

one "cnousana

But these most advanced of all Indians never evolved to the knowledge of metal tools, and must therefore be classed as men of

the stone ago • The fact that their sky-scraping pyramid temples were carved laboriously with stone Implements places them among the most brilliant artisians on our planet.

Although many attempts have been made by historians to rob the Maya of the originality we know they possessed, by searching for the origin of their culture somewhere in Egypt or other parts of the Old We rid, a study of their cities will show how entirely original and different they were from anything the Old World has to offer.

Let us descend from our lofty height, and we will now Inspect the monuments of Copan at close range .

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This defiant head adorns the top of the Stadium in the Eastern Court. It is about four times life size. Note how the roots have pushed the head dress forward, and also that the re¬ mains of paint can still be seen in the hair.

The Frame to the Interior Door of Temple 22 — »

This constitutes one of the most elaborate carvings ever attempted by the American In¬ dian. Its meaning and symbol¬ ism are unknown.

90.

We present the reader with a small portfolio of photographs taken by the authors, so that he may judge for himself the Maya as an artist.

Surely the Mayan Indians were the M01d Masters of the New World”.

THE KING CRAB ( Limulus polyphemus )

By Elra M. Palmer

The King Crab or Horseshoe Crab, as it is frequently called, is really not a crab or even a crustacean, but is usually now classified as an arachnid. The Limulus differs from the ordinary type of arach¬ nids (spiders, scorpions, etc.) by possessing gills; book lungs and trachae are the usual respiratory organs of the arachnids.

The King Crabs are one of the few living marine arachnids. At one time there were apparently innumerable species of marine arach¬ nids, as is evidenced by the great variety of eurypterids found as fossils in the Silurian and Devonian deposits. No living species of eurypterids are known. They appear to have become extinct by the close of the Paleozoic era. The King Crab which we find living in our bays to-day can really be considered an unusual animal with a long pedigree.

The Limulus are burrowing animals and live in the sandy bottoms of the bays and inlets all along our Atlantic Coast. They move by a "crawling hop”,, or mole-like, push themselves forward In the sand and are rather sluggish in their movements. The body of the animal is composed of three divisions, the unsegmented, horse-shaped ceph- alothorax, the abdomen, and the spine-like telson or tail. There are six pairs of appendages surrounding the mouth which is located In the center of the ventral surface of the cephalothorax. The first pair of appendages are called the chelicerae, are anterior of the mouth, and are used to hold food. The sixth pair of appendages are terminated with movable leaf -like projections which enable the animal to push itself around in the sand. On the ventral surface of the abdomen are six pairs of gill plates or books. The anus is found at the base of the telson.

The food of the Limulus consists principally of burrowing worms and other soft-bodied invertebrates. The food is held by the chel¬ icerae, a small pair of pincer-like appendages. This crab literally chews its food with its logs, the base of the walking legs being equipped with bristles which tear apart the food before it is swal¬ lowed.

The King Crabs, having a hard exoskelcton, grow by a series of moults. The carapace splits at the anterior and the animal works its body out of the shell in such a manner that the slough remains intact. The tests or moulted shells are frequently found in the debris of the tidal zones in the bays and inlets of the Atlantic Coast.

The largest specimen we obtained was taken at Cape Henlopen in the Delaware Bay. This animal measured two feet in length. A num¬ ber of tests and small specimens have been taken at Miles River, and largo animals are occasionally taken in the Chesapeake Bay.

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91 »

L -

BLACKWATER

A STORY OP THE MARSHLANDS IN DORCHESTER COUNTY, MARYLAND By Allan H. Bonwill

This is a true frontier, this wide marshland, a borderland be¬ tween land and water, almost as primitive today as In the beginning of its known history. It is a sparsely settled region. Man is here, but a few built-up causeways, a few isolated trappers cabins, are the only evidences of his coming. Twenty feet off the road, it is wilder¬ ness, and you feel yourself a very tiny part of the wide landscape.

There is a definite sense of space on these marshes, like that felt- on a sea-beach, or on an open prairie. There are stretches here where we can look for nine miles across acres upon acres of marshland - the great dome of the sky above us, and around us only a few stretches of open water, and the miles of waving grasses reach¬ ing to the horizon.

It is a true marsh. Reeds and grasses are the dominant forms of plant life here, while trees take precedence in a true swamp.

The only trees to be found here are those which grow on the tiny islands, and on the solid lands bordering the marsh. No tree lives on the marsh itself.

Geologically, it is a changing land. Many forces are at work here. The land itself, the Talbot terrace, part of the ancient re¬ gion known as Appalachia, is slowly sinking. The islands which we see today, with a bare elevation of two to three feet, are presum¬ ably the surviving tops of the ancient hills.

This slowly sinking land is continuously being overrun by the waters backed up by the tidal action of the salty Chesapeake Bay, tending to make this section a salt-marsh. The Blackwater River, however, with its tributaries, is continuously pouring out its slow flood of silt-bearing fresh water, which flows softly and gently down through this wide water-covered section, slowly dropping its burden of fine mud and silt over the whole area. This silt is caught and held by the tangled roots and living vegetation of the march plants, which, with the river, serve as important agencies in building up the land.

So, here, we have four forces - the sinking land, the salty bay- water, the silt-bearing river, and the soil-building plant life.

These ^forces are waging a slow v/ar against each other, two trying to make it an area of water, two trying to build more land.

However, there is still another struggle going on here, on the wide marshlands. This is the constant v/ar for dominance between the salt water of the bay, and the fresh water of the Blackwater River. Exceptionally high tides, and drought years, or periods of little rainfall, result in increased saltiness of the marches, as addition¬ al water seeps in from the bay. Heavy spring rains, or other periods Goccossivc rainfall, result in an extra amount of fresh water and silt coming down from the Blackwater.

This fluctuation In saltiness bears directly upon the plant life

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92

of the marshes, and naturally, upon the animal lifo dependent upon those plants. As the up-surging salt tide meets the slow downward flood of the Blackwater, there is a struggle for supremacy. The stronger wins, naturally, hut as the conqueror absorbs and mingles with the conquered, it in turn takes on some of the characteristics of the conquered, so neither side is ever wholly victor. This re¬ sults in these wide areas of transitional marshlands - a scene of perpetual struggle, neither salt nor fresh, but verging in turn upon each. These are the marshes of which I speak - the transitional marshes of the Blackwater section.

Plants, naturally, have a difficult time, in this slow battle of land versus water, of salt water versus fresh. They must be ever alert to adapt themselves to the new condition, and woe unto the plant which cannot do so. Then there is tragedy on the marshes.

Occasionally we find stretches of land which are dry enough in normal times to enable trees to live there, but which, at times of high water, whether because of exceptional salt tides inflowing from the bay, or because of excessive fresh floods from the rivers, be¬ come unfit habitat for tree life. And so come about those areas we sometimes see, with acres upon acres of loblolly pines, their dead trunks still standing, starkly black and white, against the blue sky. Sometimes we find that the water has taken the area permanently - at least as permanently as we can speak of anything in this constantly changing area - and at other times we find the acres of dead pines with green seedling coming up about their feet, seeded there post¬ humously by the pines themselves, by means of the cones which have kept some seeds safe, even though there was water enough over the land to kill the parent trees.

The kinds of plants range themselves like a vast army - not an army of battle, but an army of settlers going into a new land. There are the pioneers, capable of enduring greater hardships than the others - these are the halophytic or salt-resistant plants which take their place in the vanguard, and venture out into the saltier sec¬ tions, nearer the deep water. From there back, the flora appears to be in regular borders along the water, changing from one kind to another, as the water changes in depth, and as it changes in salt content.

There are definite zones of plants, we find. Near the water's edge, and growing out into it along the marges,, where the water depth is less than a foot, we find the three-square sedge, Scirpus olnyia, the predominant member of this family in the Blackwater re- gion. This section of the marsh will likely be a network of canals or leads and dotted with houses, in the shallower sections, for it is the home and the feeding ground of the muskrat. This plant can stand a^higher degree of salt than most plants associated with it, and it is one of the pioneers, venturing well out into the water, in drier areas, its close relative, Scirpus americanv s, is found. Comparing these two sedges, we find both with the character! st ic triangular stems, but the olnyia is always found in the wetter loca¬ tions, has a more deeply channeled stem, and bears its seeds close ■.o^the tip of the stalk. Americanus, on the other hand, is in the drier areas, and has an extension of the stalk past the seed tip. As we progress downstream to real salt marsh, we find Scirpus robustus.

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Blackwater Marshes

93

a grassier relative, with tubers on the roots, and leaves around the stem. Its roots are less tender and succulent than those of the olnyia, which form our marshes here, and are so well loved by the muskrats of the Blackwater .

Going from water toward land, we pass through areas where very little grows except the distichlus, or salt grass, and the Spartina patens or marsh hay, also sometimes called small cord grass. This last is sometimes harvested for the farm animals of the section. The distichlus bears its seeds in clusters, and is not digitate. It appears erect when growing. Spartina patens, on the other hand, has narrow leaves, is more or less digitate^ and always appears to have been recently rolled on by a herd of elephants, at least. It is al¬ ways lying down, and is hence sometimes called bent grass.

Proceeding shoreward, or landward rather, since there is no true shore he^e, we come into the areas of panic uni, or switch grass, as we approach drier land. This is a tall feathery grass, growing on higher ground. Often associated with it is the marsh mallow. Hibiscus moscheutos, with its dozens of three foot stalks bearing great rose and white flowers, resembling individually the florets of a hollyhock, though different from that plant in its manner of growth.

Where there is panicum, you may walk, more or less safely, as far as water is concerned. Where there is marsh hay, beware. Where there is three-square, you may possibly leap from tussock to tussock, but hip boots will be your safest footwear.

After the panicum, still moving landward, we find wax myrtle, and bayberries, shrubs both, which mingle with and are found be¬ tween the panicum on the water side, and the dark green of the long- needled loblolly pines on the land side. This tree is the chief one to be found in this area, there being almost a pure stand of it on many of the islands, and on the parts of the mainland bordering the marshes. It extends farther into the marsh than any other tree, though of course it does not grow out on the marsh proper, where water is found in large quantities.

In this zone we find a richer flora than in any other. Many shrubs, vines, and small trees appear about the pines, - among them the wild swamp rose, Rosa Carolina, a glory of bloom in June, and a riot of color in the "fall when its prolific red seedpods glow against the landscape's tawny grasses and blue sky.

The loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, or commonly called sometimes Foxtail pine, may be readily determined by its long needles, arranged in groups of threes, and by Its straight trunk and bushy head, often assuming a rounded contour, or occasionally a rounded contour with a flat, level top.

The dwarf sumac, Rhus copallina, is bright with berries, like the rose, in fall and winter, and is also found with this pinus association. Other trees are the black oak, black locust, holly, sassafras, persimmon, beloved of the opossum, alders, cherry, sweet- gum, and red cedar. Additional shrubs and vines include blackberries, catbrier, bull brier, and the trumpet vine.

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Besides these zones of plant life, we often find isolated colonies of needlegrass, Juncus ro erne rl anus, a true rush, which, grows in large plats, from its running rootstock. This prefers brackish marshes. Cattails, too, both the broad and narrow leaved varieties grow in islands of vegetation, within the zones of other types of plant life, in colonies, like the needlegrass.

The animal life of the Blackwater is as varied as its vegeta¬ tion, and varies from place to place with the vegetation. The great flocks of wildfowl which find refuge here are at home in the water, and in the marshes adjacent to the water. The rivers, the ponds and the canals are often bright with the colorful plumage of the mallards, gray with flocks of Canada geese, or dotted black or white with an occasional black duck or snow goose. Yellow-legs, and other shore birds, wade in the shallows among the three-square sedges, and perch unconcernedly, as do the ducks, on the slight; hillocks of the muskrat houses, often the only vantage points available on the wide stretches of the Blackwater.

Wherever we find the three-square sedge, we are likely to find muskrats - or, muskrat houses and trails rather, since the animals themselves are wary and elusive in the extreme. Sometimes the houses arc widely scattered, but in other sections we might almost step from house to house, for as far as the eye could reach. Here the marsh was almost denuded by the animals, with numerous small canals, trails and runways crisscrossing it in a veritable network.

The islands, the higher lands, have as different a fauna as they have a flora - racoons, opossums, foxes, an occasional weasel, squirrels, rabbits and chipmunks are all found here. The carnivores make the islands their headquarters, and sally forth upon the neigh¬ boring marshes at night, keeping fat and sleek on Mushquash, the muskrat, as his Indian friends used to call him.

An occasional 'coon or fox will adopt a muskrat house as his den, and live entirely on the marshes, subsisting completely on muskrats. Such an animal is known as a march coon, and will most likely end his life as a fur collar, for the trappers resent any poaching by four footed hunters on their own territories. Muskrats are the money crop of the marshlands, and the enemy of the muskrat is the enemy of man - especially when his skin is also worth money, dead or alive.

The marshes are fairly quiet by day, except for the abundant bird life, but by night they are very much alive.

Night comes slowly over the marshes, for there are no trees here, and no hills to obscure the sinking sun, while the water holds and reflects the light for as long as the sun is even a degree above the horizon. Long fingers of light reach out between the dark is¬ lands, making each muskrat house stand out, as far as we can see, across the wide marshes. The ducks and geese, the teetering yellow- legs, have gone to roost now, as have the noisy crowds of red-winged blackbirds in the cattails, and the scattered coveys of quail on the pine islands.

Now, the marsh wakens in reality - this is muskrat time. The

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sroo.ll whining noises of tho female, and the deeper notes of the mole, are* heard in the canals and leads all through the marshes. Muskrats, as far as we can determine, mate every month in the year except December, though more frequently from the end of February until the middle of April, so there is not only the seasonal activi¬ ty here that we associate with most animals, but a continuous busy¬ ness, which makes the thickly populated muskrat community a teeming center, as night comes on. Many rats will live in one house, but all are usually members of one family. The muskrat is a community minded animal - and an interesting and valuable animal as well.

This, then is the Blackwater-a transitional marsh, poor in many things usually considered adjuncts of- a rich land, but rich be¬ yond measure in wildfowl, in native beauty, in animal life, and in value to us as a reservoir for these too rapidly vanishing parts of the American scene.

REFERENCES :

1. Scott i Introduction to Geology.

2. Shrove, Chrysler, Blodgett and Besley: Plant Life of Maryland.

3. Martin and Uhler: Food of Game Ducks in the United States and Canada.

4. Smith: Muskrat Investigation, 1930-1934.

5. Lantz: The Muskrat as a Fur Bearer.

6. LeCompte: Muskrat Industry.

7. Check List of marsh plants of the United States by Hotchkiss.

8. Tolchester Quadrangle Folio, Geological survey.

9. Flora of the Patuxent Research Refuge.

THE OCCURRENCE OF THE RED-BELLIED SNAKE IN FREDERICK COUNTY, MARYLAND

Recently Conrad Kenney, Joseph Bures, John and William Norman, and I took a collecting trip to the Catoctin Recreational Area in Frederick County, Maryland, After fair success in collecting in this park, we visited Mr. Gordon Gaver's famous ’’Snake Farm” in Thurmont . After viewing his collection, we decided to do some collecting near his establishment in quest of "Rattlers”. Upon crossing the road directly opposite Mr, GaverTs thatched snake house, Conrad Kenney lifted a piece of cardboard lying at the edge of the road and discovered a small brown snake. The snake quick¬ ly slipped through the blades of grass, but John Norman prevented its escape. To our amazement it proved to be a female specimen of the Red-bellied Snake, Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer). Mr.Gaver informed us that he had never seen this species around Frederick County. Thus it seems that this specimen represents the first record of the species in that area. It was taken at about 5:00 P.M., on July 27, 1941, on tho U.S, Route 15.

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NOTES ON S Ol/IE LATE FALL, WINTER, AND EARLY SPRING BIRDS OF COLD SPRING HARBOR, N.Y.

By Henri C. Seibert

Many of the bays and harbors of the north shore of Long Island furnish ideal areas for water birds, either as an over winter refuge or as a temporary resting place for transients. Following are some observations on birds at Cold Spring Harbor during the fall, winter, and early spring of 1940-41. As a guide, Boulton and Nichols1 paper is the basis of many of the comparisons referred to in the discussion.

Cold Spring Harbor consists of an inner section and an outer, separated almost completely by a narrow sandbar. South of the har¬ bor is a series of lakes connected with each other and emptying into the inner harbor.

Common Loon (Gavia immer) . One seen in the inner harbor, November 10th.

Green Heron (Butorides virescens virescens). Several until Septem¬ ber 17th. The tide in the harbor has a drop of three or more feet, and when it goes out, it exposes mudflats that are fre¬ quented by this and the following species.

Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli ) • These birds are more numerous than the green herons. As many as ten were recorded at one time. Most of the birds were immature and disappeared by the middle of September. However B. and N. state that the species has wintered in the vicinity and this statement is borne out by the fact that an immature male was found dead on February 16th (specimen in the author's collection) although no live birds have been seen during the winter months.

Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias herodias ) . This heron also left with the others "hut has since come back. The first one seen this spring was April 3rd.

Canada Goose (Branta canadensis canadensis). Two arrived March 14th, and by the end of the month there were as many as eight. There were still two on April 15th.

Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos ) . Several pairs of mal¬ lards were recorded during July and August; by October there were four pairs, and on December 16th, there were six pairs.

By April 15th, there were still two pairs on the inland lakes.

Black Duck (Anas rub ripe s ) . This species was very common in the inner harbor! Their numbers run as follows: September 17th,

59; December 14th, 100; January 8th, 200; January 19th, 450; January 28th, 600; February 12th, 800; March 13th, 400; April 4th, 100. During the worst weather, when the harbor was frozen, these ducks huddled on the ice and showed very little activity, but when the temperature went up they would all migrate to the sandbar and along the shore lino and thaw out in the sun. For¬ tunately the harbor was never frozen for protracted length of time, and as soon as the water opened up sufficiently the ducks

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returned to their normal activities. However, several must have died for I found at least two bodies on the sandbar. By April 10th they were all gone with the exception of about a dozen that only came to the harbor at low tide.

Pintail (Dafila acuta tzitzihoa) . Seen only once on February 12th, in a Tloclc of black duck* six males and six females.

Baldpate (Mareca americam: ) . Here from December 6th to February

1st; three pairs, both the above species are regarded as "un¬ common transient visitors," but Mclteever (1240.1 believes it to be a "probable winter resident".

Ring-necked Duck (Nyroca collar! s ) . Regarded as "casual in Novem¬ ber and January, two records." A third record, March 31,1940, is given by McKeever. A male and female were seen on the first lake April 3rd and 4th.

Greater Scaup (Nyroca marila) • Although in the field this species is difficult to separate from the lesser scaup, I did have several opportunities for favorable observations close at hand and in good light. On these occasions, the birds were all of this species. This is by far the commonest duck in this area. For the most part they stayed out in the outer harbor, but later in winter and early spring, many acquired the habit of entering the inner section where they were quite common until April 4th. By that time the birds had dispersed far out into Long Island Sound and I was no longer able to see them. On November 11th there were about 1,000 individuals, but on Febru¬ ary 12th, I estimated well ovor 10,000. Both sexes were presort, although it appeared that there were more males; whether this was actually the case, I do not know, as the females were not quite so conspicuous. March 15th I found the remains of a scaup of which there was enough left to further confirm the identity of the species. The length of the wing was 22 mm. and the white extended to the fourth primary.

Lesser Scaup (Nyroca aff inis ) . The presence of this species is pure¬ ly speculative as none was actually identified. It is possible that a few were here at one time or another.

Golden-eye ( Glaucionctta clangula americana) . Several pairs were seen in the inner harbor f rom N o vernb e r 30th to March 31st.

There were as many as 100 in the outer harbor on February 23rd. These birds associated freely with the scaups and the red¬ breasted mergansers.

Bufflehead ( Charitonetta albeola ) . One seen at Lloyd's Neck,

December 22nd.

Old-squaw ( Clangula hy emails ) . A pair at Lloyd's Neck, December 14th.

Whit c-winged Scoter (Melanitta deglandi ) • Fairly common in the outer limits of the harbor; occasionally a few would come in closer, and on March 27th, two dozen came into the outer harbor and stayed a few days .

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Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator) . A common sight in the harbor, although not very numerous. From four to five pairs seen nearly every day from January 19th to April 10th. On April 6th, however, there were 46 in the inner harbor, mostly gathered around the little stream coming from the first lake. One day I watched a merganser about to swallow a fish when it was immediately chased by a herring gull. The merganser dove and reappeared a few feet away. Again the gull flew at it and again the merganser dove. This was repeated four times until finally the victim reappeared with no fish; the gull then paid it no more attention and both got on amicably thereafter.

Woodcock (Philohela minor). On March 29th, I was told that wood¬ cock were performing their aerial courtship displays not far away. At 6:30 in the evening I went to the designated spot and found a large shrub and bush field, fairly open, and sur¬ rounded on all sides by woods. First intimation that these birds were present was the ground call of the male, a sound that resembles closely the call of the night hawk . Suddenly there was the whistling noise of the bird as it rose steeply and began to circle the spot where presumably the female was stationed. The whistling increased in speed and intensity as the display reached a climax. By this time the bird was 200 feet up, at which point the whistling noise was broken up by a few, somewhat musical, twitters. After this brief song, the bird dropped down very rapidly and almost in a straight line to the spot from which it had arisen. The ground call was soon repeated again at short intervals for several minutes before the performance was repeated. There were at least three pairs in the neighborhood and on moonlit nights, their aerial dis¬ plays lasted until midnight. I could find no nests.

Herring Gull ( Larus argentatus smithsonianus ) . Beginning in Septem¬ ber, the gulls became more and more numerous each day. By the eighth of January there were at least 200 every day, and 500 by March 15th. By April the population began to dwindle and the adults were being replaced by non-breeding birds. At low tide they gather around the inlet and catch small fish and dig up mussels along the shore. One adult male was found dead on the first lake, February 10th; (specimen in author's collection) the cause of its death was undetermined. Wing - 690 mm., bill 51 mm.

Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus) • First seen October 14th. Al¬ though never numerous, these birds were always present. The most seen was 30 on February 9th, but usually the total ran less than ten. There were still two left on April 15th. As far as I could see these large gulls never molested the others.

Ring-billed Gull ( Larus delawarensis ) . B. and N. call this species "locally, rare transient visitant" . This season the birds were present all winter long. July 3rd there were 3; September 9th, 10; January 5th, 15; February 9th, 50; March 31st, 15; and April 15th, 12. On March 21st, I found a dead specimen on the

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sand "bar but only the wing and head could be saved. Wing -560 mm., bill - 36 mm.

Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla). These gulls were common up un¬ til October. On November 10th, I saw 6, on December 3rd, 10; after that they were no longer present.

Mourning Dove (Zenaidura macroura carolinensis). One seen February 2nd, also a pair arrived April 2nd that "have remained ever since .

Kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon alcyon). One apparently stayed all

winter and was recorded as ' follows: October 15th, December 22nd, January 21st, February 2nd.

Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus villosus ) . One seen April 1st and 15th.

Brown Creeper ( Certhia familiaris americana) • Immature male found November 10th. Not seen again until April 4th, (Specimen In N.H.S. MD.)

Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis ) . One seen February 1st.

Purple Finch ( Carpodacus purpureus purpureus ) . A singing male and a female, April 4th.

Pine Siskin (Spinus pinus pinus ) . A large flock came April 1st.

By April l5th there were only one or two individuals left.

Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra pusilla) . A male and female were seen on March 31st; I had a feeling there were more than just this pair, but I didnot see them. Listed as "rare winter visitant • 11

Myrtle Warbler ( Dend.ro ica coronata ) . A small flock stayed during the winter; 10 seen January 22nd and 20 on February 9th. A much larger flock was observed from March 29th to the middle of April.

Boulton, R. and J, T. Nichols, A list of the birds of Oyster Bay and vicinity, Long Island. Birds of Long Island, No. 2. 1940.

McReever, C. K. Further notes on the birds of the Oyster Bay region. Birds of Long Island, No. 3. 1940.

THE SOCIETY'S NEW PIN

The Society's new pin showing the organization's seal in miniature ^has received favorable comment. The seal proper is gold- plated, with the Maryland seal which is attached thereto, in colors.

Pins may be purchased at the office at cost.

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NOTES ON THE BROWN KINO SNAKE LAMPROPELTIS RHOMBOMACULATA (HOLBROOK)

By Francis Groves

Information concerning the Brown King Snake is conspicuous by its absence - and little wonder. The species is "spottily" dis¬ tributed over a comparatively small area - ranging from Maryland to central Florida and Alabama - and within these confines it is any¬ thing but abundant. Moreover, secretive habits add to the improb¬ ability of encountering it in the field.

Even when the collector is so fortunate as to acquire a speci¬ men, the chances of learning anything of its habits are still de¬ cidedly slim, for captives almost invariably become sluggish, refuse to feed and eventually die of starvation.

In view of these facts, the following data, although based on the observation of a single specimen, seem worthy of presentation.

On June 19, 1936, a female Brown King Snake was brought to me by a gentleman who was very vague concerning the exact locality of capture. The only information I could obtain from him was that the snake had been found that same day, prowling in a woods "somewhere near Washington, D.C."

This snake was larger than average, which in Maryland is about two and one-half feet, and was in prime condition. A description follows :

Structure; Cylindrically stout, with a short abruptly tapering tail. The head is but slightly distinct from the neck. The eye Is of normal size and has a reddish iris with a bluish pupil. The scales are smooth and In twenty-one rows at mid-body. There are seven upper labials, the third and fourth of which enter the orbit ; one preocular; anal plate entire.

Coloration; Medium brown ground color with a number of rather indistinct dorsal blotches of a slightly darker brown. These blotches are three to four scales long and eight scales wide. A series of smaller blotches of the same color is present on each side, alternating in position with the dorsal blotches. From a short distance the snake appears to bo entirely brown. Belov/, the color is dull white with irregular blotches of pale yellow.

Measurements ; Total length ------- 41 inches

Length of tail ------ 4-7/8 inches

Length of head ------ 7/8 inch

Width of head ------ 7/I6 inch

Greatest diameter - - - - 6/8 inch

Habits ; As a captive this snake was very sluggish, spending most of "its time quietly coiled In a corner of the cage. When startled it would rapidly vibrate its tail; yet it never attempted to oite and submitted to handling with good grace.

On July 11, 1936, between 1:00 P.M. and 6:30 P.M., the snake deposited fifteen, yellowish- white, leathery shelled eggs. These

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were laid singly, but after six were laid, became adhesive one to another in a cluster. An average time of three minutes was re¬ quired by the reptile to deposit each egg with an average interval of twenty minutes bet ween each actual deposition.

The whole clutch was removed from the cage, without opposition from the mother and placed in damp sphagnum moss. Unfortunately the story of the eggs ends here as all failed to hatch. Very prob¬ ably their undoing was caused by excessive moisture in the incubating medium.

On the day after the eggs were laid, I placed a two foot Common Water Snake in the cage with the Brown King. This was the first food offered to her, but she refused to be interested. Later, dur¬ ing the course of the summer, a mouse and an English Sparrow were offered as food but she was indifferent to both. Once she was fed by forcing beaten egg down her throat with a medicine dropper and again a live, newly-born Queen Snake (Natrix septemvittata) was fed to her by forcibly placing it in her mouth and starting it on the way down her throat. When the little serpent had progressed that far the King Snake yielded and completed the swallowing.

Finally, in September, the reptile fed of her own accord. The meal was a quite large Fence Lizard (Sceloporus) which she constricted in her coils for nearly half an hour before swallowing it. A few days later the snake died.

Conclusions drawn from observation of a single specimen are not altogether reliable; yet in this case there is room for several in¬ teresting comparisons.

First, the temperament of the snake in question conforms to most individuals of the Common King Snake (Lampropeltis getulus getulus ) which are, as a rule, rather sluggish in confinement and gentle in their behavior toward man.

Secondly, with regard to the eggs, it seems reasonable to sup¬ pose that fifteen is very close to the maximum number in a clutch for this species, since the number of eggs in a clutch is largely dependent on the size and physical condition of the female parent and this snake was quite a bit larger than the average and was in excellent condition.

Finally, the choice of the lizard and the rejection of the mouse as food must, I think, have been caused by some temperamental quirk rather than any predilection on the part of the snake, for most of the snakes of the genus Lampropeltis, while they do devour lizards, seem to prefer rodents above all else on their menu. The rejection of the sparrow must be omitted from consideration for it might possi¬ bly have been too large for the reptile to handle even had it been so inclined.

These conclusions, I repeat, must be considered with reservation. Their reliability can be determined only in the light of future ob¬ servation.

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102

ASBESTOS

By William J. Engelbach

The word "asbestos" is derived from the Greek word meaning "unquenched", probably due to the fact that it was found to be in¬ combustible. It was also called " amiantus" by the ancients, meaning "undefiled", because of the simplicity of the means of restoring it, when soiled, to its original purity.

Both in ancient and modern times various silicate minerals closely resembling one another in their finely fibrous texture and flexibility have been and are still confused under the name asbestos. The name was originally given to a fibrous variety of actinolite of the amphibole group. It is now generally conceded to come under two main headings or groups, amphibole asbestos, and serpentine asbestos.

The finely fibrous texture of asbestos Is due to the enormous extension in one direction of single crystals, which form the mass. Such a characteristic might indeed be assumed by many kinds of min¬ eral specie.s,but members of the amphibole, and serpentine group are of the greatest predominance and importance.

Asbestos of both varieties have been mined to a small extent in Maryland. A tremolite variety of the amphibole group was mined com¬ mercially in Harford County, near Pylesville. The fine, white silky fibers often reached the length of eighteen inches. A ligniform variety was worked near Hollofield, Baltimore County. The serpentine variety "chrysotile" is found in very thin veins in the serpentine areas of Baltimore and Cecil County.

In the amphibole group tremolite is the most important source of asbestos. It is a calcium magnesium silicate CaMgg( OH) gCSt^C)-, )2; color white or greyish in distinct crystals either long blaaea or short and stout; specific gravity 2.9 to 3.2; hardness 5,0 to 6.0. Asbestiform tremolite is found in long parallel fibers or in matted and tangled masses such as mountain-leather, mountain-cork, mountain- wood or chips, and mountain wool. Tremolite was originally found In Italy, hence the name Italian asbestos. It was found in the met¬ amorphosed limestones of the hilly districts.

Actinolite-asbestos, another of the amphibole group, is a cal¬ cium magnesium iron silicate; Cag(MgFe ^(OH^Si^O...,) . Actinolite is found In bright green to greyish green crystals, either short or long bladed, columnar or fibrous, granular to massive.

Serpentine occurs in nature as large rock**masses . The rock is often traversed by veins of fibrous material of the same chemical com¬ position called chrysotile. In the trade it is known as asbestos or Canadian asbestos. It occurs in small veins seldom more than an inch or two In width. At Bare Hills, Maryland, it seldom exceeds an eighth of an inch. The fibers are arranged perpendicular to the walls of the vein. The ancients quarried serpentine asbestos in Cyprus. It was used for wicks in the lamps of the temples, and was woven into napkins which could be cleansed by fire, and into cremation shrouds. When crushed it separates into cottony fibers. Chrysotile is decomposed by Sulphuric Acid (HgSO^) and Hydrochloric Acid(HCl). Because of its

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solubility in Sulphuric Acid Epsom Salts are easily made from it.

At a red heat it loses water and the fibers can be fused in a bunsen- flame, Chrysotile can be used commercially for textile purposes,

Chrysotile is a hydrous magnesium silicate, H^Mg^SioOo • Its color is green shading into grayish white and occurs in silky fibers. Specific gravity 2*9 to 3,2; hardness 5,0 to 6,0. A coarser variety known as Baltimorite, which occurs in veins about one inch thick, is found at Bare Hills, Maryland.

Both tremolite and serpentine asbestos are used for the same purpose, but serpentine asbestos is employed in far larger quantities. Spun asbestos is largely used for steam packings, fireproof curtains, aid as cloth twine and rope. It finds a variety of applications as an insulating material. Asbestos fiber is used for coating steam and hot water pipes and cold storage plants and as a lining in safes, stoves, and furnaces. For use as a constructional fireproof material it is made into bricks, boards, millboards, plasters, and paints, being often mixed with other materials.

The so-called asbestic largely used for wall plaster is prepared by grinding the poor material and waste which consists of narrow veins of asbestos still enclosed in the serpentine rocks. In the laboratory, asbestos is used for filtering (white tremolit e-asbestos is best for this purpose), for stoppings in combustion tubes and in the form as card, for supports. Asbestos paper or twine soaked in sodium silicate and afterwards treated with calcium chloride solution can be used for repairing glass apparatus.

Notes from Field and Laboratory AN EARLY SEASON FOR REPTILES’ EGGS?

At noon on June 7th, Mr. Thomas Kincaid, known to Junior Cir¬ cles of the N.H.S. of M., while hunting with a younger friend and myself, discovered something interesting. A narrow path beside a clearing was bordered by a steeper bank of turf, at the base of which was a burrow about two inches wide. This had either been opened or Its entrance enlarged by a little digging. Lying on the displaced earth were the shells of three eggs of a snake. One end of each had been torn to ribbons — not merely slit in several spots, as often occurs in hatching — the tattered integuments following a roughly spiral line of fissure. The shells were empty except for a slight trace of fluid albumen, and all were infested with small ants.

Kincaid explored the burrow, which was not more than a foot long, and ended in a pocket or chamber about the size of a fist. It was in soft, rich earth, just moistened by five days of rain. No other animal remains were in or near it.

It was clear that the eggs had been dragged out and emptied by come mammal small enough to penetrate the burrow after opening or enlarging its mouth. But how early could fertile eggs have been deposited?

Knowing of one case of fecundation in October (species uncer¬ tain), where gestation must have coincided with hibernation, the possibility had to be considered. But in such case deposit could not

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be later than April, and the shells of eggs thus far advanced would be somewhat earth-stained and remotely spherical. Instead, they showed the fresh white of all newly laid reptile eggs, and a definite¬ ly elongate form. Longitudinal measurement was impossible, but the medial diameters were respectively 19, 20 and 21 mm.

The robbing of the clutch had certainly taken place within 24 hours. This was clear from the freshness of the displaced earth, and from the traces of fluid albumen remaining in the shells and still attracting ants. The previous day, the first clear one for nearly a week, had been favorable to burrowing in the moist earth, while the fresh scent probably attracted the enemy during the follow¬ ing night. Prom all the evidence, I could only infer that the eggs had been deposited on June 6th. This is early enough to be worth recording, but not incredible. The warm weather which continued un¬ broken from April 7th to 16th of this year could have promoted breed¬ ing earlier than usual, with eight weeks to spare for gestation before deposit at the above date.

Four species of this locality could lay eggs of the proportions given i Elaphe obsoleta, Coluber constrictor, Heterodon contort rix.

Lamp rope It is triangulum. Coluber, however, was excluded by smooth integuments having no trace of the invariable granulation. Lamp ro¬ pe It is is nearly extinct hereabouts, and its eggs usually cohere, whereas these were all separate, and even their torn ends showed no exterior signs of former cohesion. The earthy burrow with its temi- nal chamber was exactly characteristic of Heterodon, but the eggs were too elongate to be typical of this species. Moreover, the female remains with her eggs, and any intruder small enough to negotiate the undisturbed channel of the burrow would probably not have dared to fa.ee the mother. Elimination, therefore, seems to point to a young female of Elaphe obsoleta, leaving the slender fruits of her first maturity to "a fate which her presence might have prevented.

While this species seems to prefer wood-pulp in general, moist earth would not be an impossible medium of incubation.

William H. McClellan, S.J.

A Note on Early Bird Migration

Few realize that the fall migration has begun before the nest¬ ing season in this region is fairly over. Two groups of birds are particularly to be looked for - the shorebirds and the warblers. Many of the former can be noted by the third week in July, drifting southward after a quick northern breeding season in June. The warbler migration is usually somewhat later. However, early birds are occasionally seen. Such was a Canada Warbler (Wilsonia canaden¬ sis.) found on July 31, 1941 at Loch Raven. This date Is nearly a month earlier than the appearance of most of this species. It is Interesting that this date equals the earliest known from the well- worked Washington region.

C. Haven Kolb, Jr

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NOTES FOR APRIL AND MAY

Lectures and Meetings

April 8

15

18

22

25

29

May 2 3

4

6

9

11

13

16

18

- Lecture by Dr, W. Gardner Lynn, "Fifty Years Tropical Research in Jamaica."

- Motion Picture, "The Heritage We Guard."

Lecture by Mr. John B. Calder, "The Extensive Geology of Maryland,"

Opening of Geology course.

- Talk by Mr. Richard E. Stearns, "Florida Shell Heaps." Lecture by Mr. John B. Calder, "The Waters of Maryland as a Sculptor." Geology course.

Motion Picture - "The Oyster and the Oyster Industry of Maryland."

Lecture by Mr. John B. Calder, "How Maryland Mountains and Valleys Were Formed." Geology course.

- Annual Chess and Checker Tournament,

In chess - 1st prize, Mr. Herbert C. Moore; 2nd prize, tie between Mr. Edward McColgan and Mr. William Moore - field.

In checkers - 1st prize, tie between Sidney Galler and William Miller; 2nd prize, Romeo Mansueti; 3rd prize.

Miss Helen Klinke.

Geology trip to Jones* Falls Region.

Motion Picture - "Canadian Rockies and Forest Fires,"

- Lecture by Mr. Oscar Helm, "From Molten Rock to Reptilian Tenants." Geology course.

Geology trip to Western Maryland and vicinity, Hancock, Berkeley Springs, etc.

Talk by Mr. Irving C. Hampe, "Maryland Mammals."

- Lecture by Mr. Oscar Helm, "From Reptilian Tenants to Man." Close of Geology course.

Annual Rocks and Minerals trip to Copper Deposits of Carroll County.

Geology trip to Miocene Fossil Deposits of Governor's Run and Calvert Beach, in Calvert County.

Junior Division

April 5 12

19

26

May 10

17

24

General discussion.

Symposium of Survey area. The following read papers: Joseph Bures, Elias Cohen, Harold Levy, Romeo Mansueti, John Norman, Irving Raabo and Milton Vincent.

Talk by Henry Eichhorn, "Morphology of Paramecium." Debate. "Resolved? Man is Helping the Existence of Wild Life." Affirmative : John Norman, Sidney Galler, Henry Eichhorru Negative : Miss Janet Byrnes, Joseph Bures, Irving Raabe .

Judges: Rennert Smelser, Romeo Mansueti and Thurman Sewell.

Debate won by affirmative.

Motion Picture - "Seeing Maryland and the Canadian Rockies. "

Motion Picture - "Water Folk and Microscopic Studies." Talk by Robert Buxbaum, "Raising Marine Life in an Aquarium."

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May 31 - General Meeting.

Scout Troop

April 21 - Annual Meeting of Society's Boys Scout Troop. Addresses

by Mr. W* Barrett of Scout Headquarters, Mr. Edmund B. Fladung, President of Society, Mr. Harry Miller, Chair¬ man of Troop Committee and Mr. Frederick Saffran, Scout Master. Presentation of trophy and certificates followed by Motion Pictures and Luncheon.

Lectures, Loans and Exhibitions

April 5 -

15 -

22 - 22 - 26 - 26 - 26 -

May 2 -

2 -

13 -

17 -

20 - 24 -

27 -

April 26 -

May 1

Lecture to Troop 173 B.S.A. by Mr. Francis Groves,

"Snakes Fictional and Factual."

Loan of Birds to Edgccomb Academy.

Loan of Minerals to Fork School.

Loan of Insects to Baltimore City College.

Loan of Birds to Grade A, School 99.

Loan of Birds, Nests and Eggs to School 99.

Lecture to National Training School for Boys - 3 Science Clubs and lecture to General Assembly by Mr. Elias Cohen, "Exploding Snake Superstitions."

Loan of Woodpecker Group, etc. to School 84.

Loan of Birds to School 99.

Loan of Woodcock Group and Birds to Edgccomb Academy. Loan of Birds to Woodbine School, Carroll County.

Loan of Bird Photographs, Baltimore City College.

Loan of Insects to School 99.

Loan of Insects to Eastern High School,

NOTES

Mr. Elra M. Palmer, Director of Education of our Society, was elected this year’s President of the Maryland Bio¬ logical Teachers’ Convention which was held at Washington College, Chest ertown, Maryland.

In the May issue (Volume 52) of the Entomological News, a most valuable article was published by Mr. Herbert Moorefield, Curator cf Entomology of this Society, en¬ titled, "Addenda to the Odonata of Maryland."

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JULY 1941 AUGUST

NO. $

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday’s.

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume XI

JULY -AUGUST 1941

Number 6

DIAMONDS IN NORTH AMERICA

By Bryant Mather

t

INTRODUCTION

The position of most of us with regard to the question of diamonds in North America may be stated by paraphrasing Pliny’s famous remark ... "Diamonds were long known only to kings and to but few of them" ... so that it reads, "Diamonds have long been known in North America and very few of themj" My purpose in this discussion is to present as accurately and as briefly as I can the facts about the occurrence of diamonds in the United States and Canada. (See map. Fig. 1)

There are three general kinds of occurrences of diamonds in North America: 1, Diamonds found in material transported from the place of origin by streams or glaciers, 2. Diamonds found in the rock in which they were formed (in situ), 3. Diamond finds that exist only in the minds of the persons reporting them.

1. Transported Diamonds

Historically the first diamonds found on this continent were found in transported gravels, some writers claiming the honor for California in the 1830 ?s, others claiming It for Indiana in 1837 and still others claiming It for North Carolina or Georgia. In any case the earliest known group of occurrences in the United States was in the streams of the Appalachian foothills. There are records of authentic finds in 1843 In North Carolina and Georgia. In North Carolina stones have been found in Burke, Rutherford, McDowell and Cleveland Counties, the best known find being an octahedral stone weighing 4-|- carats in 1886 at Dysortville, McDowell County. M.F. Stephenson in 1843 reported one from Brindle Town Creek, Burke County and another was reported in that same year by F .W .Feather- stonehaugh. In 1845 C.U. Shepard reported a diamond weighing 1-1/3 carats found in an itacolumite matrix from Rutherford County. The well-known Dysortville stone was found by a boy named Christie who had been sent out to fetch water, was sold for IlOO.OO, and is now

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from Lincoln County by C. L. Hunter and in the some year a 1 carat stone was found in Mecklenburg County. A few years later Gentli noted the finding of two stonos in Portis County and three crystals from Muddy Creek in McDowell County. King's Mountain in Cleveland County yielded a 2 3/8 carat stone in 1877 and another weighing 3/4 carat in 1893.

Diamonds from Georgia have been known at least as long as those from North Carolina but no particular stone is as well known as is Dysortville. In 1843 M. F. Stephenson reported a single diamond from Hall County. Others have been found 13 miles northeast of Gainesville and" 11 miles northeast of Macon in Twiggs County. In 1887 one was found by a farmer while plowing a mile and a half north¬ west of Morrow in Clayton County. Diamonds have been found in the following sixteen counties of Georgia: Hall, White, Habersham, Banks, Lumpkin, Dawson, Forsyth, Gwinnett, Cherokee, Clayton, Bartow, Hoarl- son, Carroll, Paulding, Cobb and Twiggs.

large

single

"DEWEY DIAMOND" (NATURAL SIZE) FROM PLATE #1 FIG. B - HUN Z "GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES"

diamond known from the state of Virginia is the found in the East and was for a great many years the largest known from the United States. Known as the "Dewey Diamond" (see fig. 2) it was found a.t Man¬ chester (now South Richmond) in James River terrace gravels being excavated by a workman on a street pav¬ ing job in 1855. It weighed nearly 24 carats and has been cut to a. gem of nearly 12 carats. It is trans¬ parent but of slightly greenish hue. Valued at $4,000.00 it is now in the Tiffany collection. The

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FIG. 2 these diamonds depended largely on the fact that there

was up stream from many of these localities a belt of itacolumite outcrops which was compared with the itacolumite deposits of Brazil which a.rc in part diamond if erous . It is now clear that diamonds do not originate in itacolumite but occur there as included pebbles derived from erosion from a basic igneous rock, Pcridotite rocks are found upland from some of these occurrences, as for example near the Virginia - West Virginia line. No diamonds are known from these peridotites and it cannot be conclusively shown that the diamonc found in the streams came from the peridotites but in the present state of our knowledge we may look to these igneous rocks as the most likely source of the diamonds. The only record of diamonds having been detected in peridotites of the South Atlantic states is the listing of diamond as a reported accessory mineral in the ser¬ pentine (altered pcridotite) stock at Bare Kills, Baltimore County, Maryland. While this report was given by the author in a check list of Maryland minerals published in the Bulletin of the Natural History Society of Maryland, it must remain a not completely verified occur¬ rence since no diamonds have been submitted to competent authority for study. Authentic reports of diamonds having been found in South Carolina are lacking.

More recently than the occurrences described above have been finds in two counties in Alabama: 30 miles south of Birmingham In Shelby County in 1901 a stone of 4.37 carats was found. In 1905

109

in Lee County another weighing 4.61 carats was found. Both these diamonds are now in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Diamonds have also been reported from Coosa and Randolph Counties but verification is lacking.

Similar to these occurrences in the East and like them often associated with gold placers are the finds in the Pacific Coast states. As mentioned above these may date back as far as those of the east. One authority states that the first diamonds found in the United States came from the 'watersheds of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers in California. Records of Mpea-sizedn diamonds having been found in Fresno County* California in 1849 are probably correct. In addition to Fresno County, diamonds have been found in Amador, Butte, El Dorado, Nevada, Plumas, Tulare, Imperial, Siskiyou, Trinity and Del Norte Counties In California. More than 500 stones are recorded mostly weighing less than two carats and usually yellowish. Localities In Amador County include Fiddle town, Oleta and Volcano, In El Dorado County, sixty diamonds have been found at Placerville, a number of stones weighing up to 1-|- carats were found at Forrest Hill, and others from Smith's Flat. A large number of stones have been found near French Corral in Nevada County the largest one recorded weighed 1\ carats. In 1853 Cherokee Flat in Butte County produced nearly 300 stones. Other localities in Butte County include Morris Ravine, Yankee Hill and Thompson Flat.

As recently as 1931 two stones weighing 2-g- and ■§• carats were found in this county. Ofopher Hill and Span Creek are localities of record in Plumas County. But a single stone is known from an unspecified locality in Tulare County. Single stones have been recovered and reported from Coalinga in Fresno County and from San Diego harbor In Imperial County.

The occurrences in Siskiyou, Trinity and Del Norte counties, California resemble those of Oregon and Washington in that the association is 'with black sands. Like those of the East it Is be¬ lieved that these Pacific states diamonds were derived by erosion from peridot ites of the mountainous hinterland. Again however this has not been proved. Near Tulameen in British Columbia small diamonds have been found in a peridot it e body. The black sands of Washington, Oregon, Northern California and parts of Idaho have been derived from basic igneous rocks and contain gold, platinum and oc¬ casional small diamonds. Localities are Curry County, Oregon; along the Snake River in Idaho where stones up to 1/3 carat have been found; and Skakmania County, Washington which in 1932 yielded a good color stone weighing four carats. About 100 stones weighing up to three carats are known from Oregon.

Other occurrences of stream placer diamonds are scattered. A few stones are reported from unspecified localities In Montana. A 1.7 carat stone was found near Huntsville, Texas and another from Montgomery County in 1911 weighed 2\ carats. A one carat brown diamond is reported from Philadelphilos , Arizona and others from the Santa Maria River in the same state. From a locality given as "west of Santa FeH a single stone is reported from New Mexico. Peridotites are known to occur near C-allup but a connection with the diamond has not been established. Doubtful reports of diamonds from Yankton, South Dakota and San Juan, Colorado remain to be checked.

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Since the northeastern one-quarter or so of the United States t. and the greater part of Canada has been glaciated there is the possibility of transported diamonds having been left in the till or drift that veneers this area. Any diamond bearing rock over which the glacier passed might be expected to contribute diamonds to the debris carried by the ice and deposited in the areas to the south.

One of the most interesting and provocative aspects of the study of North American diamonds is that while since 1837 it has been known that diamonds occur in the drift and since 1899 that the source of these diamonds is in Canada east of James Bay - as yet no outcrop of diamond bearing rock has been located in the region from which the glaciers came. Glacial drift diamonds have been found in On¬ tario, New York, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin.

Only one locality is known in Ontario and it is given only as i!cn the railroad between Toronto and Ottawa" . In New York state diamonds are reported from glacial gravels at Plattsburg and from Cold-Spring- on-Eudson, the diamond from the latter locality having been found In a chicken. Ohio likewise has produced two stones, one from Cleve¬ land and another from Milford, Clermont County, the latter a white octahedron found in 1897 weighing 6 carats. Brown and Morgan coun¬ ties, Indiana have provided a number of small stones. A group found in 1837 included one of good color weighing 2 carats. In 1900 the "Stanley" diamond was found on Gold Creek* it was a greenish yellow stone of 4 7/8 carats. Cox reported a 3 carat stone from Indian Creek in 1878. Blatchley a few years later reported eight stones weighing 4 carats and loss. The total number of diamonds known from Indiana Is approximately thirty. A single stone of unknown weight is reported from Ashley, Illinois. A single stone is likewise all that is reported from Michigan. It weighed 10 7/8 carats and was found in 1894 at Dowagiac in Cass County. Wisconsin has produced quite a large number of stones, the largest being a pale yellow stone weighing 21f- carats and found at Kohlsville in Washington County in 1886. Other Wisconsin drift diamonds include: from Eagle, Waukesha County a 15-J- carat stone; found in 1876 of "Cape white" color from Plum Creek, Rock Elm Township, Pierce County, weighing less than a ce.rat each, one stone each in the years 1887, 1888, 1889; from 2^ miles southwest of Oregon, Dane County a single stone 3 7/8 carats in weight; from Saukville, Ozaukee County a six and one-half carat stone found in 1880; and from Burlington, Racine County a 2 1/16 carat stone found in 1897. The Eagle stone was found while digging a well and was sold for gl.OO, starting an important lawsuit. Short¬ ly after the Eagle stone was found two additional stones came to light starting a diamond boom, but when these two later stones were shown to have been originally mined In South Africa the boom collapsed swiftly. Since 1894 about one diamond a year he,s been the average production from the glacial drift.

The hypothesis that these stones originated in the region east of James Bay in Canada is based on a study of their mutual similari¬ ties which indicate a common source and a retracing of the path of the glaciers to locate that source.

2. Diamonds found in situ

Before considering diamonds found in peridotites there are two other types of primary occurrences which deserve brief mention. One writer listing the minerals of the pegmatites of the Black Hills of South Dakota lists diamond. No details or explanation is ^iven to

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justify this anomalous note. The second minor primary source is well authenticated and much studied. The presence of small diamonds in the iron meteorites found around Canyon Diablo ("Meteor Crater” ), Arizona, has been long suspected and was studied by Foote in 1891. During the past year two additional reports have appea,rcd authen¬ ticating both by physical and x-ray analysis the diamonds in this material .

Diamonds have been found in peridot ite rocks in Arkansas, New York, Maryland and British Columbia. The Bare Hills, Maryland and Tulamecn, British Columbia localities have already been noted. The occurrence at Syracuse, New York was described in 1921 after micro¬ scopic study of the rock by a geologist at Syracuse University.

The story of the Arkansas diamonds is well known . The geology has been described in detail by Miser and Ross of the U.S. Geological Survey (Bull. 735, 1922). The history and economics of the area were well discussed in Fortune (May 1935, p. 38). Suffice it to say in this paper that the Arkansas diamond region consists of the occurrence in peridotite almost identical to the country rock of the African deposits, of diamonds in approximately the same ratio of concentration as in Africa ( .25 carats per load.) These peridotite bodies have been known since 1842 but the first diamonds were two weighing 1-|- and 2-g- carats found August 1, 1906 by John Wesley Huddleston. The diamonds from this deposit are said to bo of as good quality as the African output but few large stones have been found. About 10,000 carats have been produced, the largest stone weighing about 40 carats ; several stones weighing more than 20 carats were found and one fine golden stone of 18 carats is in the Roebling Collection of the U.S. National Museum. This total production has never made any effect on the diamond market amounting in the aggregate to only about .0014% of the annual South African output. A number of prominent business men have been connected with the development of these mines. The first president of the Arkansas Diamond Company was Samuel W. Reyburn now head of the ^40,000,000 Associated Dry Goods Corporation. Later Mr. Leonor P. Loree, now president of the Delaware and Hudson Company, and Mr. Thomas Cochran, a Morgan partner, were influential in this company. The difficul¬ ties of the various companies have been economic, managerial and capitalizational rather than geological. In September, 1940 the National Jeweler carried two notes reprinted from the New York~T lines and the UP, to the effect that the mines might be r'eopenedT The writing of reports on this deposit has been so popular an occupa¬ tion that nearly one paper has appeared for every 20 diamonds pro¬ duced!

Peridotite has been known since 1885 to occur in Elliott Comity, Kentucky and since 1887 unsuccessful efforts have been made to find diamonds In this rock. Prior to 1907 two diamonds were found in Kentucky but it was not possible to refer them to the peridotite.

The largest diamond known from Kentucky weighed .776 carats and was found in Cabin Creek near Montpelier,

In addition to those occurrences already noted, peridotite rocks occur In Colorado (Boulder and Custer Counties), Kansas (Riley County), Michigan (Marquette County), New York (near Peekskill) and Missouri (near St. Louis). Reports of diamond finds in Tennessee, South Carolina, West Virginia and Nova Scotia have not been verified.

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112

3. Fraudulent Reports

In addition to the salting at Eagle, Wisconsin, already men¬ tioned there is a locality on the Snake River in Idaho known as n Diamond Basin” - a name probably given in connection with an at¬ tempt to promote a diamond mining venture. No diamonds have been found there.

One of the most interesting stories in all the history of American diamonds is the story of the ’’American Golconda” or ’’The Great Diamond Hoax”. This saga has been admirably related by T.A. Rickard as Chapter XVII in the American Institute of Mining Engi¬ neers volume ”A History of American Mining” (1932) and again by A, J. Liebling in The New Yorker (November 16, 1940) . The hoax was perpetrated in 1 87 2, "in vo 1 ved imp o r t ant mining men and financiers on both sides of the Atlantic and was finally exposed by Clarence King, founder of the United States Geological Survey. Rough diamonds (including surprisingly enough a few cut stones) mixed with rough rubies, sapphires end emeralds, purchased in London for about (j>35,000.00 were ss.lt ed in a most amateurish way in a mesa in northern Colorado. The portion of these stones found was valued by Tiffany from an examination of a sample at (>1,500,000.

Summary

Diamonds have been end nay in the future be found in streams,

the Pacific

especially

gravel beds and gold placers in the Eastern states

i ates and more rarely in the south. The

glacial drift

in terminal and marginal moraines may be expected to yield about one stone per year. Microscopic examination of sections of iron meteorites and peridotitc rocks give other opportunities to add to the list of diamond occurrences. The chances of some other locality

yielding

diamond larger than

:hc 40.23 0-°^

it stone from Arkansas

are regarded f r on Ark an s a s case in 1934

as extremely slight. Production may be looked for with occasional reports from California as was the and 1936.

The United States Geological Survey once attempted to stimulate the search for diamonds in the United States by distributing to prospectors rings in which uncut diamonds had been set. Today it seems unlikely that with the possible exception of the Arkansas deposit and the as yet unlocated Canadian source of the glacial drift diamonds, any even potentially commercial diamond field will be discovered on this continent .

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115

SOME NOTES ON THE ATTACHMENT OP SUNFISH (LEPOMIS GIBBOSTJS) TO THEIR NESTS

By T. Milton Oler, Jr. and Douglas N, Oler

While wading along the weed-covered flats of the Magothy River in search of soft crabs we have often observed the sunfish hover¬ ing over their nests and have watched then dart to one side as we approached, and then circle around and resume their guard duty after we had passed.

One Sunday morning in the latter part of June, 1S40, crabbing being anything but brisk, we decided to see If the sunfish could find their way back through the weeds to their nests If they were caught and carried some distance away.

The nests are located in water from a foot to two feet deep and are slight concavities about a foot and a half in diameter from which the fish has removed the top layer of sand exposing a few pebbles to which the eggs are attached.

The fish are quite easy to catch provided the water is abso¬ lutely calm, but the slightest ripple makes visibility very poor.

Our method was to take up a position beside the nest, placing our crab net over the nest. In a few minutes the fish would return and, if we stood perfectly still, would resume its position over the nest and over our net. When the fish is over the net and is facing toward the handle, which is the higher side, it Is a simple matter, by giving a quick lift to the net, to catch it. The fish are apparently bothered very little by the net and we have caught the same fish three times in five minutes before we finally were able to get a tag on it.

The fish were tagged by placing a small brass paper clip over one spine of the dorscl fin and pressing it. tight so that the point of the clip penetrated the tissue of the fin. If possible, when a fish returned to the nest we again caught It and removed the tab.

The first fish caught we tagged and carried about fifty feet away from the nest. Five minutes later it was observed over the nest. It was caught and the tag removed. The next fish was carried 150 feet and it was over the nest again 30 minutes later. It was caught and the tag removed. A continuous watch was not kept and we do not know exactly how long it was away from the nest. One more fish was caught and carried 150 feet, but the tag was put on the tail to see if it would be more easily discerned. A fish was caught over this nest the next day, but it did not have a tag nor did it show any evidence of having had one, so It must be assumed that the original fish did not return.

The next day we resumed the experiments. The first fish was caught about 1 P.M, and carried 300 feet. It was not over the nest at 6:30 P.M., but with the aid of a flashlight was observed there at 10 P.M. that same day. We were not able to catch this fish to remove the tag because the water was so rough e

Two other fish, tagged about the same time as the above one.

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were not seen over their nests at 10 P.M* and, as a period of stormy weather set in and continued until we had to return to the city, we were unable to make any more tests.

This past June (1941) we were again down on the river and tried some more experiments with the following results.

Cut of 9 experiments we had 3 returns, the fish having been carried 50 feet, 300 feet and 500 feet respectively; two doubtful returns, fish carried 300 feet and 300 feet respectively; and 4 negatives, fish carried 300 feet, 300 feet, 250 feet and 600 feet respectively. In the two cases regarded as doubtful, fish were observed over the nest after dark, but because of the roughness of the water the visibility was too poor to allow us to see whether they were tagged and we were unable to catch them. The fish that was carried 500 feet and returned, had been caught at 11:22 A.M., released at 11:26 A.M., had not returned at 12:23 P.M., but was over the nest at 1 P.M. and was caught and the tag removed.

In the first series of experiments the fish were carried along in the hand after they were to.gged until they were released, but in the last series we placed the fish in a bucket of water and rowed to where v/e released them, as we carried them straight out from shore and released them in water about 4 1/2 feet deep. All the nests were found in water about 1 1/2 feet deep.

The area between the nests and the points where the fish were released was covered with very dense weed, reaching the surface of the water in many places.

Because of the great number of nests, we found it necessary to mark them with buoys, so that v/e could identify the ones with which we were working. In some cases the rims of the nests actual¬ ly touched.

Bathers end soft crabbers continually wandered over the area in which we worked and it is possible that the nests from which we got no returns were disturbed by waders, attracted by our buoys, to such an extent that they were no longer tenant able, although the destruction, if any, was not visible to us.

If we are able to continue these experiments in 1942, v/e will select a more isolated location and will place a wire mesh over the nest in such a manner that it will protect the eggs from their natural enemies during the absence of the fish. By protecting the eggs v/e hope to get returns from much greater distances and a higher percentage of returns.

To us the ability of a fish to find its way back to its nest through 500 feet of the densest kind of seaweed and through a medium that is continually moving one way or the other v/ith the tide is little short of amazing.

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115

FURTHER ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM OCEAN CITY, MARYLAND

By C* Haven Kolb, Jr.

The 1940 Ocean City expedition of the Department of Ornithology of the Natural History Society had as its specific purpose the col¬ lection of birds and nests for exhibit in one of the new habitat groups at the Maryland House 0 While the major effort was expended upon the successful accomplishment of this task, time was found for several other lines of activity: (1) further augmenting the Society’s study skin collection with series of littoral species, (2) increas¬ ing the mass of observational data being gathered on Maryland’s ocean- front ornithology, (3 ) extending the series of photographic studies of Maryland natural history, and (4) making a brief preliminary sur¬ vey of the cypress swamps along the upper reaches of the Pooomoke River. The purpose of the present paper Is to report upon these sup- plemeniar studies: the results of the major task are now adequately represented in the Maryland House Museum.

The expedition, consisting of Messrs. Henri Seibert, Gorman Bond and the Writer, was in the field from June 17th to 22nd. As had been hoped, this period proved to be the beginning of the breeding season for the terns and we therefore encountered conditions con¬ siderably different from those observed on the 1939 expedition. (See Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. Md. 10:26-34) Camping arrangements we re made as before and approximately the same territory was covered.

Several changes had occurred in the terrain during the year, some of which, perhaps influenced the bird-life. The big sand spit upon which our camp lay had been considerably eroded by the strong tides which sweep through the Ocean City inlot, leaving a steep bank instead of the gentle beach of last year. The tidal lagoon which had attracted numbers of shorebirds no longer provided mud flats nearby, for a rather deep and winding channel was all that remained of it.

To the north of Ocean City the ocean front road had been completed to the Delaware line and automobiles constantly traversed a hitherto deserted dune and marsh country. The Islands in the bay, however, were little changed and the wild ponies still trampled the long and lonely barrier beach which stretches south from the inlet.

During the week forty-five species of birds were observed, many quite casually and incidentally! all, however, are listed below. Twenty-six of these were also noted In 1939; the nineteen seen in 1940 but not in 1939 were, for the most part, land birds, upon which no great attention was placed. However, seventeen species seen In 1939 were not noted In 1940, Many of these were species of shorebirds which were observed during the southward migration which was in full swing in August, the season of the 1939 expedition. The list of sum¬ mer birds of Ocean City as observed on these two short trips Is sixty- two species - admittedly but a fraction of the number actually to be seen. It is hoped, nevertheless, that the study will continue until sufficient knowledge is obtained for the publication of a local bird guide of use to summer visitors at the resort.

Following is an annotated list of the birds observed and col¬ lected on the 1940 expedition.

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1. Phalocrocorax auritus auritus - Double-crested Cormorant, Early on the morning of «]'un'e~T9:5h the writer saw a flock of twenty- five of these birds headed northward along the bay. Four were seen by the party on June 20th and two on June 21st , all in the morning, and all while flying northward. This species was not seen in 1939,

2. Ardea herodias herodias - Great Blue Heron, Two were seen on the edge of a swamp on June I8th. These birds seem to prefer wooded areas and shun the open marshes which are so attractive to the next species.

3. Butorides virescens virescens - G-rcen Heron, Common on the salt marshes as in T9’39r •

4. Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli - Black-crowned Night Heron, Soibert identified one near a nest, which was not invest igated, in a small swamp. This specie's was not noted in 1939,

5. Botaurus lent igenosus - American Bittern. One was flushed in a marsh dotted with fbayberry bushes on June 20th. This species was not noted in 1939.

6. Anas rubripes tristis - Common Black Duck, One individual of this species was noted on the bay on Juno 18th. Undoubtedly black ducks breed in the marshes here as they do commonly in all of tide¬ water Maryland.

7. Querquedula discors - Blue -winged Teal. A single pair of teal was seen on June 18th resting on the beach of the first island in Sinepuxent Bay. It is possible that this species breeds in the vicinity, since it is known to do so in the Blackwater Marshes of Dorchester County. (See Austin; Auk /.9:19^^» Not seen in 1939.

8. Morgus merganser americanus - American Merganser. Two fe¬ males seen on Sinepuxent Bay on’ June 21st were no doubt non-breeders summering here, since this species is one of the earliest of spring migrants to leave Maryland. Not seen in 1939.

9. Cathartes aura septentrional is - Turkey Vulture. A very common bird was the buzzard as noted last year.

10. P and ion haliaetus carol inens is - Osprey. The nests described in the report for last year wore still’ in place and occupied. We made no attempt to study the young nor to see their stage of growth but a frequent sight about camp was an osprey carrying a fish, often a flounder, to the nests. The trees in which the nests are located are ancient and weather-beaten relics but they will probably stand for a long time to come. Often we saw ospreys fishing when we were on trips several miles distant but we do not know how far the ospreys at our nests ranged, for there were undoubtedly many other nests scattered along the bay. The birds were frequently seen fishing over the ocean as well as in the bay.

11. Colinus virginianus vlrginianus - Bob-white. As last year quail were heard' on the farms not far Inland, but we re not^ encountered in the coastal habitats where most of our time was spent.

12. Charadrius melodus - Piping Plover. This pale little shore- bird was not seen by us in 1939. A few were seen on June 19th this year on the sand-flats on the bay side of the barrier beach. Their reactions at that time gave strong indication that breeding was in progress, though a search for nests was unrewarded . The next day, however, we saw two or three downy young at the same place. The parents gave a beautiful display of the "broken-wing" lure, and the young ran amazingly well before the advance of the intruder. It was rather easy to capture the young* nevertheless, for, when pressed steadily, they soon became either tired or discouraged and sat down on the sand and refused to move. In this way they were photographed. Another effort was made to find nests, since the number of adults was greatly out of proportion to that of the young end the latter were no more than a day or two old, but not even the fragments of egg shells could be located. One example of the adult was collected,

13. Charadrius semipalmatus - Semipalmated Plover. Not nearly so plentiful as last year, a few- of this species were noted on the beach near camp, June 17th.

14. Larus argentatus smithsonianus - Herring Cull. Gulls were common birds on the bay. The number approximated that of last year. This species was seldom seen far from the town. The flock spent most of the day on a large bar near the inlet and seemed to do most of its feeding in the early morning and late afternoon when the fishing boats were active. The summer herring gulls here constitute a non-breeding population, overwhelmingly of Juvenals.

15. Larus atricilla - Laughing Gull. Undoubtedly the laughing gull breeds In some of the marshes near Ocean City but we have not yet been able to find any colonies. The species was very frequently seen along the bay end did not congregate near the town to any great ext ent ♦

16. Sterna hirundo hirunao - Common Tern. Collection of speci¬ mens of this and the following species for mounting in a habitat group was the main purpose of the expedition and consequently these species received the major share of our attention.

By the first of August last year the breeding season of the com¬ mon tern seemed to be nearing its end. During our stay this year the season was Just beginning. No young were seen end the number of sets of eggs was not great in the island colony which we investigated.

Two trips were made to this colony, one on June 18th and one on June 21st. On the former date sets of one, two, and three eggs were found while on the latter a few with four eggs were observed. Hence it is evident that laying had Just begun and it is doubtful If incubation had started in many cases.

Terns were frequently observed flying about on the bay but the ocean front, where many were observed traveling coastwise last year, was practically deserted. It 'would seem reasonable to suppose that the birds observed along the ocean in August represented a different population, composed of migrants from the northern colonies or wander¬ ers from those in the south.

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The stomachs of the specimens which we took contained small prawns, which netting proved to he abundant in the waters near the edges of the marshes.

17, Sterna antillarum antillarum - Least Tern. N o least terns were found" at "the island where the common terns nested. As was ob¬ served last year this smaller species was chiefly to be seen near Ocean City itself.

Two small nesting colonies were located. It was apparent that the season was just beginning, since new nests were found on several succeeding days and clutches were completed during our period of ob¬ servation. There was no evidence of any young. Evidently we witnessed the first nesting of the year, although this would seem rather late in view of the published data for the nesting of this species on the Virginia coast.

Most of the nests contained two or three eggs. Numerous nests were found with only one but as laying was in progress it w as dif¬ ficult to determine which sets were complete. One set of four near camp we definitely knew were being incubated. It was the only set of four that we saw.

One of the colonies, a small one, was on a sand flat near camp and close by a road which was in frequent use. The other was on the barrier beach just south of the inlet. This second colony seemed to be potentially a large one since there we re a great many more birds than nests, and it was well located where there would be a minimum of human interference.

18. Rynchops nigra nigra - Black Skimmer. Skimmers were our most interesting subject in 1959, but this year we have little to record about them. They were seen as frequently as last year, chiefly in early morning and late evening, and a group of about 25 was present

on the is lend. As before this group flew out to our approaching boat and "barked" protestingly, but no nests were to be found.

19, Zenaidura macroura carolinensis - Mourning Dove. A few doves were seen near the edge of". woods on the mainland. Not seen in 1939.

20. Antrostomus vocif erus vocif erus - Whip-poor-will. This species was Heard on just one occasion, June 19th.

21, Chaetura pelagica - Chimney Swift. As last year, swifts were commonly seen near the town.

22. Archilochus colubris - Ruby-throated Hummingbird. One was noted June 18th. Not seen in 1939.

23 o Colaptes auratus lute as - Flicker. A nest of this species was found in swampy "woodland. It was occupied but we did not in¬ vestigate it.

24. Tyrannus tyr annus - Kingbird. Seen just once, on the barrier boach north of Ocean CiTyT

25, Myiarchus crinitus boreus - Crested Flycatcher. ' Noted as

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last year on our one visit to the woodland area.

26. Hi r undo erythrogaster - Barn Swallow . This swallow was a very common forager in the air above the shallow lagoons and marshes.

27* Progne sub is subis - Purple Martin. Martins were seen twice. Both times they were feeding high in the air, quite unlike the swal¬ lows. Not noted in 1939.

28. Corvus brachyrkgnch : c (subsp?) - Cro w. For some reason we missed this 'familiar species last year. While seen on this trip, they were not at all numerous .

29. Troglodytes aodon aeclon - House Wren. On the edge of a marsh where tangles of -greenbries gradually gave way to swamp woods, this species was seen. We searched for a nest but in vain. The be¬ havior of the birds, however, gave every indication that they were breeding in this vicinity. Not seen in 1939.

30. Telmatodyt os palustrls palustrls - Long-billed Marsh Wren.

In the marshes on the 13a y side 'of the barrier strip north of Ocean City we found a number of these birds but they seemed to be absent from similar habitats south of the town. Even in this colony they were by no means so common as in the cattail marshes along the upper Chesapeake. Evidently they do not find the salt marsh of grasses and sedges so much to their liking. We searched some time for nests but though several were located no eggs were found - all apparently being dummy nests. One in breeding condition was collected.

31. Hylouchla mustclina - Wood Thrush. The characteristic song of the wood thrush was heard from somewhere inland from our camp on the evening of June 18th. Not noted in 1939.

32. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris - Starling. An omnipresent bird but not especially common here.

33. Vireo griseus griseus - White-eyed Vireo. Seen and heard on the edges of the woodland. Not seen in 1939.

34. Geothlypis trichas trichas - Maryland Yellowthroat . throats at Ocean City seem to prefer marshes with a scattered of Myrica. In such habitats we found them to be common. One in breeding condition was taken.

35. Icteria virens vlrens - Yellow-breasted Chat. Like the white- eye this bird was noted chieTly on the shrubly borderland between marsh and v/oods and was more often heard than seen. Not found in 1939.

36. Passer domesticus domesticus - House Sparrow. We failed to mention this species last ‘year. It Is, of course, common about dwellings .

37. Sturnella magna magna - Meadowlark. Rather common on the sandy areas well grown with "grass .

38. Agelaius phoeniceus phoenioeus - Red-winged Blackbird. Like the marsh wrens, red-wings seem to prefer cattails to salt marsh.

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Nevertheless, a few were found on the marsh near camp. They were evidently breeding hut we made no attempt to verify this belief. Not seen in 1939.

39. Cassidix mexicanus major - Boat-tailed Grackle. In 1939 we noted one morning a small flock of large brownish birds, which we took for females of this species, flying up the bay. Not being familiar with these birds, we decided to omit mention of them In our report. This year,, however, we did see an undoubted male of this species on the morning of June 20th in the marsh near the Ocean City bridge. Kirkwood (Tran. Md. Ac .Sci .» 95-3 25 )ment ions breeding colonies of boat-tails in the vicinity of Ocean City and we were, therefore, always on the alert for them. If colonies still exist they must be some distance away. Questioning of the boatmen elicited no further information concerning "big black birds".

40. Quis cuius quiscula qulscula - Purple Grackle, Small flocks were seen on two occasions on the mainland. Not noted in 1939.

41. Richmondena cardinal is cardinal is - Cardinal. One was heard singing on June 18th .

42. Pipilo e r y t hr o pht ha lmu s erythrophthalmus - Towhee. Noted once inland. Not seen In 1939,

43. Ammospiza caudacuta (subsp.?) - Sharp-tailed Sparrow. This was a very common species in the marshes. Time did not permit much attention to the habits of the bird and no nests were found but two were taken on the barrier beach north of Ocean City.

44. Ammospiza mar it ima maritime - Seaside Sparrow. We could find no appreciable difference in the habitat preferences of this species and its congener. In general, it is even more elusive and is not given to running along the sand. Quite by accident a nest was dis¬ covered on June 21st, unfortunately at a time when no study could be given it. It was located in the center of a large clump of beach grass on a dry sandy ridge surrounded by marsh on the mainland side of the bay. There were four eggs. The incubating bird slipped off as I approached and disappeared, not again showing itself during the time

I was examining the nest. Three specimens of this species were taken on June 18th.

45. Melospiza melodia (subsp.?) - Song Sparrow. The racial af¬ finities of the song sparrows at Ocean City were discussed to some extent last year. Additional material was collected on this year*s trip but no satisfactory decision has been made up to the present time. The species is common in the Myrica association.

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THE MOUNTAIN VIEW LEAD MINE, FREDERICK COUNTY, MARYLAND

By Charles W. Ostrander

The occurrence of considerable masses of mineral ores in the finely crystalline limestone lenses of Carroll and Frederick County has been known for more than one hundred years . The most abundant of these are the various sulphide ores of copper which have been worked intermittently at the Liberty, New London, and Dolly Hyde Mines, and numerous prospects to the west of Johnsville from about 1351 on, with little or no profit to their owners. The only one to ever stage a comeback was the Liberty Mine which was reopened in 1914 for a short time because of an anticipated war shortage of copper •

About 1890 some Baltimore business men formed a company and opened a similar deposit of lead ore on the property of Miss Eliza- Doth Cox, three miles southwest of Union Bridge, then on the Western Maryland Railroad. Located in the beautiful rolling hills of Frederick County the Mountain View Lead Mine, as it was subsequently called, has the distinction of being the only prospect made for load ore in the State of Maryland,

The geology is similar to other shaly hills and limestone valleys of Frederick County. At this local ity a narrow ridge of sandstone separates the courses of Beaver Dam and Sams Creek, both r>f which flow nearly north through the typical limestone valleys.

The strike of the rock is approximately north and south and dips steeply to the east. The limestone of the more western stream,

Beaver Dam Creek, therefore, dips under the micaceous schist which in turn passes below the sandstone. It is at the top of this lime¬ stone, which is a hard compact and variegated marble, and along its contact with the overlying schist, which is about eight feet thick, that the lead ore occurs. The existence of the deposit had been known for many years from its outcrops on the Cox farm, but had never been exploited until about 1890,

Three shafts were cut, seemingly. Into the side of the hill about 100 yards northeast of two Dunkard churches, and opening about 50 feet from a small stream. According to a report by George H. Williams-*, -who visited the mine shortly after Its opening, the galena occurring in the limestone was considerably rotted In consequence of which certain new products were formed. These were principally anglesite, cerussite, and sulphur which crystallized in the cavities of the rotted ore In such perfection that ho considered them to merit description. He also reported the occurrence of small amounts of the sulphides of copper. At that time anglesite was most abundant as crystals occurring as an alteration product of galena. The crystals found rarely attained the length of 3 to 4 millimeters and usually were much smaller. Cerussite occurred abundantly in small crystals with the anglesite. Sulphur appeared abundantly through uhe rotted galena, but only one crystal was found to be suitable for measurement .-*

* Anglesite, Cerussite and Sulphur from the Mountain View Lead Mine near Union Bridge, Carroll County, Maryland.

J.H.U# CIr. Vol . X No. 87, pg. 73-74, 1891.

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THE MOUNTAIN VIEW LEAD MINE, FREDERICK COUNTY, MARYLAND

PLAN VIEW OF SHAFTS AND PROSPECT CUTS

122

Of recent date some local interest must have been taken in the deposit due to the need of lead in the present defense program. The underbrush has been cleared away, a shack constructed, and the water partially drained from the main shaft. Two small charges of dynamite had been set off exposing the mineralised vein in the limestone. This proved to be very thin, and from appearances not very rich in ore, although it was noted that the mineralization broadened as the vein went deeper. Whether this continued to any depth is questionable.

The operations appeared to have been again abandoned after only a general examination. It Is very much in doubt whether the work will continue to any extent. Practically no new ore was brought to the surface during the present examination.

Although abandoned for so many years the small dump from prior operations still proves of exceptional interest to the mineralogist and collector. The minerals cerussite, anglesite and sulphur re¬ ported by Williams# are not to be found and if they do occur the particles are probably too small to detect.

The predominating mineral at the present, other than the finely crystalline marble matrix, is a dark gray to black variety of sphalerr ite (zinc sulphide) commonly called zinc blende or black jack. The specimens of sphalerite at this locality are very difficult in sight identification to distinguish from galena, thereby offering an ex¬ cellent example of why the name blende is used. It is from the Ger¬ man ’'blende” or deceptive, because, while often resembling galena, it yielded no load. The name sphalerite is from the Greek word meaning ''treacherous” for the same reason. The mineral occurs In masses show¬ ing small cleavage faces of usually sub-metallic but sometimes resin¬ ous luster, particularly on thin edges. A few specimens of light green to almost white color, with an adamantine luster denoting the pureness of the zinc sulphide and the absence of the discoloring iron, hav c been found.

Galena (lead sulphide), the ore for which the mine was operated, is found In disseminated particles through the limestone, being recognized by its bright metallic luster, and perfect cubic cleavage. The cleavage faces range in size from very small in the fine grained limestone up to crystals 9 millimeters square in pockets where the limestone has become coarsely crystallized. An assay was run on the galena and a very small amount of silver and gold was found.

The galena and sphalerite often intermingle, making It very diffi¬ cult to differentiate between the two. Prom the material observed on the dump no great quantity was located during the mining opera¬ tions, but merely thin veins and small pockets.

Barite (barium sulphate) is found in pure white cleavage masses easily distinguished from the calcite by its high specific gravity, which Is 4.5, very heavy for a non-metallic mineral.

Chalcopyrite (a sulphide of copper and iron) is probably the next mineral of Importance found on the dump. It is easily recog¬ nized by Its brilliant, metallic luster and brassy color, 'it occurs scattered throughout the limestone, and associated with the galena and sphalerite, but is found in larger masses and crystals in the coarsely crystalline veins and pockets of calcite. Crystals are usually very small, but some tetrahedrons measure a little larger than 6 millimeters across the base.

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Bornite, another sulphide of iron and copper, occurs in small, tarnished particles of purple and blue closely associated with the' chalcopyrite, It is easily recognised by its tarnished appearance, but if " Indications are correct it would have proved of little com¬ mercial value at this mine „

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NOTES FOR JULY AND AUGUST

Lectures and Meetings

June 3 - 8 -

10 -

17 - 24 -

General meeting. Motion Pictures - "The Chesapeake Bay Oyster" and "The Oyster Industry in Maryland".

Annual Field Day at Camp Kahagon. Field Contests and events In the afternoon. Talking Motion Pictures - "The Heritage We Guard", "Forest Fires" and other pictures in the evening. Talk by Mr. Frank O’Rourke, "The Hollys and the Holly In¬ dustry in Maryland" •

Sound Motion Picture - "Plant Life Studies",

Talk by Mr. Earl H. Palmer, "Reproduction of Ferns".

All lectures, talks, and motion pictures discontinued until the middle of September.

Junior Division

June 7 - Talk by 14 - Talk by 21,28 - General July 5, 12, IS - 26 - Talk by Uses" .

Joseph Bures, "Winter and Summer Bird Population". Elias Cohen, "Falconry", meeting nights.

General meeting nights.

Joseph Schreiber, "Iron Ores in Maryland and Their

Lectures, Loans and Exhibi tions

June 3 21

July 2

Lecture to Fork School, Fork, Maryland, by Mr. Elra M. Palmer, assisted b y J ohn N o naan , "Snakes of Mar y 1 and " . Loan of Birds. Baltimore City College.

Loan to Baltimore Federal S. & L. Association,

Opening of our Summer School at the Museum. Courses in Birds, Insects, Reptiles, Plant Life, and Nature Art.

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Publications of

The Natural History Society of Maryland

MINERALS OF MARYLAND

Paper cover, 92 pages, 20 illustrations. Contains check-list of all known minerals of Maryland and principal locations; also chapters on fluorescent minerals and meteor- itic finds in Maryland.

By Mail

To members of the Society - price .20 .25

To non-members .40 .45

SNAKES OF MARYLAND

Paper cover, 103 pages, 11 plates in color and 33 black and white; with identification keys and distribution map.

Price .50

By mail .60

FAMILIAR BUTTERFLIES OF MARYLAND Paper cover, 30 pages, 1 plate in color and 16 black and white plates illustrating 40 common butterflies of Maryland.

Price .15

By mail .20

FAMILIAR MOTHS OF MARYLAND

Paper cover, 19 pages, 9 plates, illustrating 11 common moths, principally the large species found in Maryland.

Price .10

By mail .15

BIRDS OF BALTIMORE AND VICINITY

Paper cover, 24 pages, with map. Contains arrival, departure and nesting dates. Arranged according to resident groups. Space provided for additional records.

Price .10

By mail .15

PERIODIC CICADA

Four page special bulletin on complete life history of “17 Year Locust”.

Price .05

By mail .07

FISH AND GAME HABITAT MAP OF MARYLAND Map - 21” x 38”, in color, giving the principal locations of game and fish in this State, illustrated with pictures of species. On back - article relating to conservation and allied work. Map can be procured rolled (suitable for framing) or folded.

Price folded .25

Rolled .30

FUERTES BIRD PRINTS

Twelve prints in set, featuring' 25 birds all in color. Prints are 9”xl2”, suitable for framing.

Price .75

By mail .80

PROCEEDING NO. 5. A REPORT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE PATAPSCO STATE PARK OF MARYLAND

Mimeographed with printed cover; 36 pages with map of area and diagrams.

Price .25

By mail .30

PROCEEDING NO. 6. (THE HUGHES SITE, AN ABORIGINAL VILLAGE SITE ON THE POTOMAC RIVER IN MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MARYLAND

Mimeographed with printed cover, 15 pages, with maps, 3 pages of drawings, and 10 half-tones.

Price .25

By mail .30

The Natural History Society of Maryland

Founded 1929

“To increase and diffuse knowledge of Natural History”

* * *

Herbert C. Moore, Vice-President-

John B. Calder Edmund B. Fladung Howard W. Jackson

OFFICERS ANO jTAFF Edmund B. Fladung, President

A. Llewellyn Jones, Treasurer

Board of Trustees

Howard A. Kelly, M. D. Gilbert C. Klingel Herbert C. Moore

John B. Calder, Secretary

Elra M. Palmer Frederick Saffran J. Carey Taylor

Mineralogy

Charles W. Ostrander, Curator Walter E. Price, Jr., Associate L. Bryant Mather, Jr., Associate.

A. Llewellyn Jones, Associate William J. Englebach, Assistant

Palaeontology Oscar L. Helm, Curator Elra M. Palmer, Associate John B. Calder, Assistant

Botany

Earl H. Palmer, Curator Marine Life

Frank C. Yingling, Curator Gilbert C. Klingel, Associate Joseph White, Associate

Entomology

Herbert H. Moorefield, Curator John A. Frisch, S. J., Associate Eugene R. Pollock, Associate Clyde F. Reed, Assistant

Herpetology

Howard A. Kelly, Honorary Curator George W. Maugans, Jr., Curator H. Charles Robertson, Assistant Romeo Mansueti, Junior Assistant

Ornithology and Mammalogy Irving E. Hampe, Curator C. Haven Kolb, Jr., Assistant Henri Seibert, Assistant Edward McColgan, Assistant August Selckman, Staff Assistant

Archaeology

Richard E. Stearns, Curator T. Milton Oler, Jr., Assistant

Library

C. Haven Kolb, Jr., Librarian Photography

Edward McColgan, Curator Publication

Herbert C. Moore, Editor Joseph A. Bures, Junior Assistant

Education

Elra M. Palmer, Director John B. Calder, Assistant Joseph A. Bures, Junior Division Janet Byrns, Sec., Junior Division Frederick Saffran, Scoutmaster Charles Waller, Artist Edgar Gretsky, Artist T. Milton Oler, Preparation T. Milton Oler, Jr., Preparation

OFFICE, LABORATORIES and LECTURE ROOM 2103 Bolton Street Baltimore, Maryland

Office Hours, Tuesday and Friday 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. Telephone; Lafayette 1912

VOL. X II SEPTEMBER 1941 OCTOBER MO.' 1

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday’s.

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

VOLUME XII SEPTEMBER 1941 OCTOBER NUMBER 1

ON CORMORANT CAPE By W. Wallace Coleman

Veering sharply from the course I had been pursuing, my boat bore swiftly down upon that point of the island which I later named Cormorant Cape. Soon the air was filled with raucous screams and great black birds* I had invaded the nesting territory of a colony of Cormorants.

To the student of bird life these Totipalmates of the interior are known as the Double-crested Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax auritus ) , but to the old pioneers of the district they are still just ’’Crow Ducks” and ”fit for nothing”. Ranging throughout the great central plains of North America from the Mississippi valley into the deep forested areas north of the Canadian prairies they are one of the most familiar birds which nest in colonies on the shores and islands of the larger lakes.

During the winter months they are to be found in great con¬ gregations along the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States of America. The migratory movement northward to their nest¬ ing territory begins in March. Two definite lines of flight have been noted. The first is along the eastern coast of North America to ’’colonies” in Newfoundland, and along the shores of the Gulf of St, Lawrence. The second follows the great Mississippi valley up the centre of the continent to the "colony” sites established on the shores and islands of the larger lakes. Flying high, in either a familiar ”V" formation as do the geese, or playing f ollow-the-leader in long single files, they arrive at their nesting grounds sometime shortly before the previous winter’s snow has melted.

This bird was first described by Swainson, who observed it in that part of the old North West Territory which has now become the Province of Saskatchewan. It was an Island In Redberry Lake in that

* W. Wallace Coleman, formerly a resident of Baltimore, and one of the founders of the Natural History Society of Maryland, is now liv¬ ing in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, where he is continuing his valuable work in Ornithology and Photography.

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A few nests with large comple¬ ments of eggs could yet be found.

2

same province that I was now approaching with the intention of erecting blinds from which to study and photograph these grogarious, ravenous, aquatic birds.

Rcdbcrry Lake lies about forty-five miles to the northwest of the City of Saskatoon. The approach is from the town of Borden by means of fairly well kept secondary roads across an undulating prairie and through typical "park” country. The lake is a fair-sized body of water some ten miles long and with a maximum width of seven miles, nestling at the foot of rolling hills. Like many other prairie lakes in the Canadian West, Rcdbcrry is strongly alkaline, a factor which very definitely limits the type of fauna and flora it supports .

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the island in it, and a considerable part of the set aside as a bird sanctuary by the Dominion G-overn- was later handed over to the Provincial Government

along with other natural resources in 1930; since that time it has been maintained as one of the systems of bird sanctuaries provided in the province.

In the lake arc a number of islands, all of which offer ex¬ cellent nesting localities to some one or other species of bird life. It was, however, a low-lying boulder strewn, sparsely vegetated bit of land some throe miles from the southern extremity of the lake upon which I had landed.

I had boon heading directly Into the wind and waves, and now as I turned to run down to the island I spent some anxious moments as the waves threatened to wash over the gunwales, drown the motor and swamp the boat. Some frenzied bailing was done and In a few minutes I landed on the rock-strewn shore.

I erected and secured against the strong northwest wind a fair¬ ly substantial blind, then settled down to await developments in the bird colony.

Seated within the blind I now had time to survey my surroundings from the pocp-holcs. The nosts were heavy compact baskets of twigs, six inches to a foot in height and placed upon the ground between the numerous boulders so closely, in some sections, that one might have walked for several yards by stepping from one nest to the other. The nosts, as well as most of the boulders and the grounds about them, were well covered with the excrement of the birds. Over this excreta swarmed countless numbers of flies, attracted no doubt by the combined charms of bird offal and the loft overs of fish dinners that had been kept in warm storage. There is a definite odiferous character about a Cormorant colony that once experienced Is not readily forgotten. Lunch was endured rather than enjoyed. The unpleasantness experienced is, however, more or less typical of all bird colonies where such a teeming quantity of life Is confined within such small boundaries .

The enthusiasm of the true ornithologist and the opportunity to study so many individuals practically simultaneously more than compensates for the unpleasant surroundings.

At the time of my visit, (July 2nd) most of the nests contained young several weeks old. Young Cormorants are ugliness personified.

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Larger than a full grown chicken, they are covered with a deep, dusty black woolly coat from which extends a long serpentine ne.ek that rarely pauses in its snake-like gyrations. The wicked beaks are forever opening and closing in an effort to find a dropped tid¬ bit or some vermin lodged in the woolly coats. The vivid orange gular sacks vibrate rapidly when the young arc alarmed. Their eyes are jet black rather than the startling greenish blue of the adult.

Some few nests still contained well incubated sets of eggs.

The clutches ranged from three to six in number and the eggs were somewhat elongate with a pale bluish or greenish cast. This color was suggested rather than seen because of the heavy white calcareous coating and the large amount of nest stain.

The survey of the nests, surroundings, and contents was barely completed when the older birds began to return to the island and their domestic duties. Rarely did they fly directly to their nests but rather came to earth several yards distant and approached their homes by a series of awkward flapping hops over the intervening boulders .

As the adult bird with food approached the nest it would be nearly tumbled from its shelf - so energetic were the efforts of the young to bo the first served. The method of feeding varied with the age of the young. Where the nest contained very young birds the parent would stand upon a nearby boulder and lowering its head would open its beak just enough to permit a trickle of semi-digested food to flow into the gaping mouth of the nestling. In the case of older and more active young birds the adult often perched at or below nest level and opening her capacious mouth allowed the greedy young to vie with each other in thrusting their heads into the reservoir of food from which they seemed to obtain a satisfying Cormorant dinner.

After feeding their offspring the parent binds would often spend considerable time in preening. Indeed observations would lead one to believe that to the Cormorants there are only two occupations 5 namely, feeding and preening. The preening is not an attempt at beautification but quite a necessary duty. Nature has neglected to equip this bird well for the aquatic life it has chosen; therefore, it is essential that water repelling oil be supplied to the feathers. Thus each expedition in search of food must be followed by a con¬ siderable time spent in preening. The feather dressing operation was often followed by a short nap of five or ten minutes duration.

With the arrival of evening I was somewhat sorry to leave Cormorant Capo as now the hungry young were satisfied and their clamoring had ceased. The adults with each feather well oiled and in Its proper place stood with their heads hunched down between their capillaries. They reminded me of ancient statuary as the sinking sun bronzed their black coats with rays of reddish-gold.

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WHAT ABOUT THE CHESTNUT TREE?

By Hollis Howe

City Forester, Baltimore, Maryland.

The above question is one that is put to the writer so often that it seems pertinent to attempt to clarify the subject. Recent data furnished by the United States Department of Agriculture ex¬ perts, as well as by others, will be freely drawn upon.

At the turn of the century the eastern slopes of the Allegheny and Blue Ridge Mountains from New England to the Mid-south were generously garnished with fine native chestnut, Castanoa dentata, either in the form of trees or with sprout ( coppice ) growth arising from their cut-off stumps. A half-dozen or more sturdy trunks suit¬ able for telephone poles arising from the stump of a single old monarch were not uncommon. Over twelve million acres have now been 100% destroyed. This represents an enormous loss.

When the fate of the chestnut is under consideration, most of us in Maryland think in terms of the chestnut blight, caused by the fungus Endothia parasitica (Mur.) A. & A. As a matter of fact, how¬ ever, some 2\ million acres were destroyed in the extreme southern portion of the range of this splendid tree by a root-rot fungus,

( Phy t o ph th ora cinnimomi, ) (Rands), before the blight reached there.

The chinquapin, C. pumlla (Mill.), is subject to both these diseases, as are also the Chinese hairy chestnut, C. molissima (Blume) and the Japanese chestnut, C. crenata (Blume), particularly if in a weakened condition. The blight proper also occurs to some extent on red maple, shagbark hickory, staghorn sumach and on dead and dying white, black and chestnut oaks. The root-rot has been serious on red pine and black walnut in a Maryland nursery that was not well drained.

Asiatic chestnuts, especially, are also attacked by a number of fungi that produce twig and limb cankers . As in the case of many such troubles, these nay be minimized by keeping the trees growing vigorous

iy.

As if this were not enough, a serious decay of the nuts has put in on appearance within the last two years. It affects both the Asiatic and our own native variety. Leaf-spot diseases, by the way, may cause some defoliation and, consequently, reduce the yield of nuts, but this is not ordinarily serious. The nuts of the fine local specimen illustrated are beginning to be affected by the nut-decay fungus. Thus it will be seen that the chestnut has had and is having a heavy burden to bear, to say the least.

Prior to the discovery of the blight in the Bronx Zoological Park in 1904 by the late Herman Mcrkle, the chestnuts in many areas constituted over 20% of the standing timber trees of commercial value. Their nuts were also of considerable economic importance. They were gathered and shipped to distant markets, as well as being stored and consumed locally. It has been estimated that the productivity of the land formerly occupied by the chestnut has been decreased by more than 50% .

The disease, as in the ca.sc of so many others, was apparently introduced on uninspected oriental specimens, as it was found to occur

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Tliis exceptional specimen of Chestnut is growing inside the city limits of Baltimore. Its trunk is 5 feet io inches in circumference. It is infested with the Chestnut Borer, as might be expected. There is evidence of the winter injury of 1931, also.

5

on the Chinese variety growing in that country in 1913 and on those of Japan later. It is one of the most virulent of tree parasites. With us it appears to have been most highly adapted to its new en¬ vironment and host. All species of Castanea are susceptible to the disease, as is also the Western chinquapin '[Castanopsis ) . The disease is unimportant on the Oriental chestnuts, but our own variety seems to be more susceptible - unless the former are weakened by drought, poor soil or winter injury. For this reason it has seemed advisable to attempt to hybridize varieties from China, Japan and Korea in the hope of obtaining immune sorts.

The blight fungus, with which we are all familiar, invades and kills the tissues of the bark, the underlying cambium layer and the outer sap-wood. The normal bark of a healthy chestnut is smooth and green. When Infection takes place, sunken cankers develop from which arise reddish-yellow twisted fruiting bodies bearing spores which are spread from tree to tree by birds and insects and to the lower portion of the same tree by rains. A second type of spores consists of small, black, flask- shape bodies that are shot into the air ex¬ plosively when the bark Is swollen by rains and are blown on the winds for miles. They have been caught in spore-traps on the tops of the highest buildings in New York City. No method of control has been arrived at because of the inability to prevent spore dissemina¬ tion.

Millions of spores are produced by a single canker. While a wound in the bark may be necessary for infection to take place, this may be accomplished by but a single spore. Various types of fnocula tion common to modern tree therapeutics have been administered with¬ out apparent success, either in killing the fungus already present or in prevent ing infection.

As the disease progresses, the bark swells, splits open and falls away in shreds, leaving only the bare wood. The first indica¬ tion of the disease is made manifest by the fruiting bodies in the bark crevices which, when the bark is peeled away, disclose the tawny fan-like masses of mycelium, corresponding to the root-stalk in higher plants. Both the bark and the wood will have by this time become brown in color.

Much of the killed timber was used promptly enough to have en¬ abled timber-land owners to realize some revenue. There are several so-called secondary fungi, however, that invade this material if it is not properly handled, which not only render the lumber valueless, but reduce the effort of its production to a total loss except for fuel. Killed wood found an early use for camp and road-side stand construction, for which it was indeed highly satisfactory. With the advent of the present-day "club-cellar” or "game room", it would have been an Ideal wood.

Much has been written and assumed by those not well informed on the probability of the chestnut "staging a come-back". Young sprouts or small trees escape for a time, probably due to the smooth healthy bark or. In the case of the former, to the unusually vigorous growth. Upon truly careful investigation it Is Invariably found that these do not represent examples of real resistance to the disease. Sooner or later cankers develop which girdle the stems, causing the leaves to

6

turn brown, shrivel and hang on the twigs in raid- summer • Some of these sprouts may attain a height of from 30 to 40 feet and may even produce a few nuts before being killed by the blight t Seedlings may also produce some nuts before they fail completely,, The assumption that resistance has been developed is doubtless due to the spore material being less abundant than in the early stages of the epidemic In many instances the roots gradually die and coppice or sprout- growth stops * There is the faint hope, of course, that through "natural selection" a strain of resistant American chestnut might evolve after several generations,, This seems rather remote, however. An optimistic view appears to be decidedly unwarranted, except through hybridization . The loss seems irreplaceable*

Enormous expenditure and tireless effort have met with debatable success in the field of hybridization and selection. Individual specimens of American chestnut, such as the one illustrated, are continually being sought after in the hope of finding one of out¬ standing resistance. Greater promise seems to be shown by the Ori¬ ental sorts. The Japanese chestnut and the Chinese hairy chestnut appear to be highly resistant to blight. They are satisfactory for ornament and as nut producers, but they are not primarily forest trees and cannot hope to replace the native sort commercially « Many of their hybrids are decidedly shrub-like in habit and could not com¬ pete with forest growth. They have been planted to some extent by various wild-life organizations for their game-food value.

More than 5,000 hybrids are now under test by the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. In addition lo this work, which is being carried on largely at Beltsville, Mary¬ land, the Department is cooperating with breeding work being done by A. H. Graves at the Brooklyn Botanical Garden, Such named varieties as the Carr, Hobson and Stoke sorts are quite encouraging. These and certain other kinds may be found to be offered by nurserymen.

While the Asiatic chestnuts seem to have considerable resistance to the blight, they appear to be somewhat susceptible to the root- rot, particularly where the soil Is too alkaline, unfertile or poorly drained and when there are early spring freezes or they are not other wise properly cared, for. It may be of some consolation to observe that thousands of acres of commercial chestnut orchards In Spain, France and Italy are known to have been destroyed by what appears to have been the same or a similar root disease.

It Is sad to relate that since 1939 the nut decay disease al¬ ready referred to has put In its appearance, particularly in the South. It is believed, but not confirmed, that the nuts of the spec! men in the photograph are affected. Usually in August, the burs show brown at the blossom end. Later, the whole bur becomes brown and falls; the seed-coat or shell of the nut turns black and the kernel becomes decayed and moldy.

The same fungus causing the nut-rot, said to be Cryptodiaporthe castanea (Tul*-Weh.), causes the twig blight which also appears" to be present on the tree shown. This condition may kill a whole tree, particularly if it is a small one, but it is usually confined to the branches. Fertilization and watering are recommended as Is also the avoidance of unnecessary Injury. Trees should be inspected frequent-

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ly and the Infected parts pruned out and burned. Surgery should be applied to large cankers.

Disheartening as all this nay seen, our Department of Agricul¬ ture Is still testing selections for resistance and appreciates hav¬ ing such trees as the one shown herewith reported to then. They are particularly anxious, also, to locate old Asiatic chestnut trees that have been making satisfactory growth for from 25 to 50 years. Such trees would have outstanding recommendations of climatic suit¬ ability in the area involved.

While the planting of hybrid chestnuts should be undertaken only on an experimental basis as yet, there is much to indicate that reasonable success will be met with If proper conditions obtain or can be supplied, particularly In the Middle Atlantic and Northern States. In the South, they should not be expected to succeed, ex¬ cept at high elevations.

With perhaps one or mere potential exceptions, the passing of the chestnut has been the outstanding calamity in the arboricultural field In the last generation. It has at least made the public tree- conscious. Let us hope that it has not made those having trees under their care less vigilant.

Literature

Diseases of Chestnut Trees and Nuts - C- , P. Gravatt and Marvin E. Fowler, Division of Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, Paper read at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Associa¬ tion, Roanoke, Virginia, 1940.

Blight Resistant Chestnuts - G. F. Gravatt, Division of Forest Path¬ ology, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Report of Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Pennsylvania Nut Growers Association, January, 1040.

Maintenance of Shade and Ornamental Trees - P. P. Pirone, Associate Professor of Plant Pathology, Rutgers University, Research Specialist in Diseases of Ornamental Plants, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, New Jersey - Oxford University Press*.

Insects and Diseases of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs - E. P. Felt, Director and Chief Entomologist, Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, and W. II « Rankin, Associate in Research in Plant Pathology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University- Macmillan Company.

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THE BASIC FORMS OF BACTERIA

By Dorothy Seip Calder

Most people have some knowledge of bacteria gleaned from maga¬ zines and papers, yet many of these same people can honestly believe that a dark sock can cause a blister to become infected. Why not give a. white sock the chance to do the same thing, for indeed it will or can, unless one takes some care of the blister before any sock is put on. In fact there are certain aniline dyes not unlike those used in clothing, which could be applied to the blister and thereby pre¬ vent the possible occurrence of an Infection.

To completely exonerate the dye of the socks is a fairly simple matter. Some of the pus from the infected area could be collected, examined microscopically and also spread lightly over some solid medium which would promote the growth of any bacteria which might be present In that pus. The microscopic examination would not show the presence of dye from the sock and certainly no dye would grow on the media, since dyes are inanimate substances. It Is possible that more than one species of bacteria would be found in the culture of pus, but one most likely to be expected In a simple local infection would be one species of the staphylococci. Staphylococci, singular - staphylococcus, refers to those bacteria which are shaped like spheres and when seen under the microscope are arranged in irregular or grape¬ like clusters. The work of many Investigators over a period of years has led us to believe that such an organism or similar living princi¬ ple is the cause of infections, local or general, rather than any inan ima t e sub stance.

Bacteria are single-celled plants, microscopic in size, which divide by transverse fission. Are you surprised to learn that the "gems or bugs" belong to the flora of the world rather than the fauna? After extensive study, the biologists have determined that bacterial reproduction, nutrition, and structure more closely resemble that of plants than of animals, hence their classification in the plant kingdom. To complete the definition, it may be added that the bacterial cell may or may not contain a nucleus. The question of a bacterial nucleus has long been under consideration. Some bacteri¬ ologists contend that the bacterial nucleus consists of scattered nuclear material in the protoplasm of the cell* others report the absence of any nuclear particles.

In a preceding paragraph staphylococci were mentioned - sounds something like another word often heard thus: " strepto-cockeye” , hav¬ ing to do with very severe sore throats. The word is streptococci, pronounced with an s- sound for the third letter - c, i.e., cock-sigh. The base of these two words, cocci, applies to one of three basic forms of individual bacterial cells. Another basic form of bacterial cells Is the rod, really a cylinder which looks like a rod under the microscope, and the third form is a spiral. The rods are called bacilli, singular bacillus; the spirals are called spirilla, singular spirillum.

When some bacteria divide, the daughter cells tend to adhere to one another. Such a tenacity varies with different bacteria, as also does their method of cell division. The two factors mentioned cause

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Diagram's of cell division 1 0 The Cocci

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certain bacteria alway in differentiating and

s to show certain specific groupings which aid identifying the species one is working with.

Thus, if a single coccus divides in one direction only and the two cells formed adhere to one another as a pair, and so in succeed¬ ing divisions so as to form many pairs, the bacteria would belong to a group known as the diplococci. (See illustration 1-A) The cells of the group, streptococci, (see illustration 1-B), divide in one plane said remain attached to one another in such a way as to jrorm long chains of spherical cells. The cells of another group of cocci, the tetrads, (see illustration 1-C), divide always in two planes at right angles to each other and are seen in groups of four. In still another group called the sarcinac, (see illustration 1-D), the cells divide' in three planes at right angles to each other and hold to¬ gether in packets or cubes of eight. Those cells which divide on any axis and remain together in irregular clusters are the staphylococci, (see illustration 1-E). Other cocci which divide and do not adhere together appear as separate cells and are called the micrococci (see illustration 1-F) .

The bacilli, (see illustration 2), divide in the plane perpen¬ dicular to the long axis.< These, also, may adhere to one another in pairs or chains called respectively diplobacilli or streptobacilli * Others have no tenacity and are seen as single separated rods.

The spiral organisms, also called vibrios, singular vibrio, may have the form of a spiral or only a segment of a spiral. These organ¬ isms like the bacilli divide In one direct on only. A single cell, a pair of cells, or a group In a chain will give the appearance of a comma- shaped form, an s-shaped form or a part of or a whole spiral (sec illustration 3).

Thus, the three basic 'forms of single bacterial cells are described, - the sphere, the rod, the spiral. The shape of a bac¬ terium is known as- its morphology and Is a constant characteristic.

Sc far as Is known, it is not possible to bring about a change of morphology that will result in a permanent conversion of the shape of the members of one group into that of another; that Is, cocci will always produce cocci, bacilli produce bacilli, and spirilla produce spirilla.

It is of first Importance to determine the shape and arrangement of an unknown organism as a first step toward identifying it. In the hypothetical case of a blister becoming infected by wearing dyed socks, a smear of the pus from the Infected foot could be made and stained; this preparation would be examined with a microscope to determine the shape and arrangement of any organisms present. The microscopic pic¬ ture would give the bacteriologist an indication of what procedure to follow to determine the actual species of organism causing the in¬ fection. In many instances the work of a bacteriologist can be most beneficial to the doctor in making a diagnosis or deciding what treat¬ ment would bo best for the patient.

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGGS OF THE ROUGH GREEN SNAKE ( OPEEODRYS AEST1VUS )

By William H. McClellan, S.J.

The writer of this note has to acknowledge some surprise at the length of the period of incubation of eggs of the Rough or Keeled Green Snake, common in most parts of Maryland.

A captive specimen deposited ‘five eggs on July 9, 1913. They were never hatched. On July 11th one of them was opened. Instead of the undifferentiated fluid contents of freshly deposited eggs of nearly all our oviparous species of snakes, this egg already con¬ tained an embryo colled in a space about half as wide as the shorter diameter of the shell. The body was about 2 inches long, translucent with head well developed and eyes quite distinct. The pulsation of the heart and circulation of the blood were distinctly visible throng the intact tissue of the body.

Such a stage of development within forty-eight hours of deposit clearly placed Ophoodrys aestivus in the class of reptiles then com¬ monly known as Trovoviviparous, distinct from both oviparous and viviparous species, as depositing eggs already well advanced towards maturity. My conclusion was that the period of incubation would be correspondingly short. This imperfect reasoning' of a beginner has not been confirmed by later experience. Three instances are in evi¬ dence .

In 1931 a clutch of 7 eggs, deposited July 13th, and Incubated in sphagnum, must have hatched about September 12th, since on the 14th I found all the young at liberty, but with traces of moisture still about the shells. Their period was thus 8 weeks.

In 1937 a clutch of 7, deposited July 8th, and incubated In sphagnum, were given on the 19th to Mr. Robert H. McCauley, Jr. He later wrote me that on September 8th he found that all "had hatched"- - presumably very recently. In this case the period was between 8 and 9 weeks.

In 1941 a clutch of 5 were found in wood pulp on July 11th.

They had the prevailing cylindrical shape of the first stage, and the fresh, creamy white indicative of very recent deposit, though with two areas of reddish brown stain from the surrounding pulp. At the earliest, they could not have been deposited before July 4th. These eggs were incubated in wood pulp, and hatched on September 1st and 2nd. Assuming the incubation to have begun July 4th, Its period was a little over 8 weeks.

4

Making all allowance for artificial conditions, there was no positive evidence of retarded development In either of the three cases; and their uniformity of period is suggestive of a fairly nor¬ mal development for all. Thus it would seem that the eggs of this species require incubation for a period of two months, notwithstand¬ ing the advanced condition of the embryo at deposit.

Only In the third case were accurate measurements of growth secured. Neglecting the individual histories, an average for all five

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was taken each time. This explains the minute fractions arrived at.

		Length		Width
July	11th	25.28	mm.	10.56	mm.
July	24 th	25.98	f!	12.48	ii
Aug .	7 th	26.46	If	13.22	it
Aug.	14th	28.12	ft	14.32	it
Aug .	21st	28.84	If	14.64	it
Aug.	28th	29.66	II	14.90	ii

It will he noticed that the second measurement followed the first after 13 days, all the rest being at intervals of 7 days. The fluctuations in ratio of increase of one diameter over the other are interesting, as well as the otherwise rather constant rates of both. A table of the differences will show this more concisely:

Length Width

July 24th over July 11th 0.7 mm 1.92 mm.

July 31st n July 24th 0.48 ,f 0.74 "

Aug. 7th ,f July 31st 0.80 " 0.68 ”

Aug. 14th " Augo 7th 0.86 " 0.42 n

Aug. 21st M Aug. 14th 0.72 n 0.32 !I

Aug. 28th " Aug. 21st 0,72 n 0.26 "

Thus, for about four weeks after deposit, the width increased more rapidly than the length, but at a sharply decreasing rate; while after that (for the remaining four weeks) the ratio of increase was in favor of length, and slightly accelerated.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CONTEST AND EXHIBITION MARCH 5 to 16, 1942

Following arc the classes in which the members can enter their prints for the coming Photographic Contest and Exhibition.

A ~ ANIMAL LIFE IN NATIVE HABITAT

All photographs in this class must be taken in their natural environment .

B - DOMESTIC .xND CAPTIVE ANIMALS

Photographs can consist of animals either as pets in the home or captive animals in the zoo. Admits caged and penned animals.

C - PLaNT LIFE IN NATIVE HABITAT

No digging up and transplanting and no artificial background.

D - STUDIO nND LABORATORY STUDIES OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS E - SCENIC CLASS, MARYLAND F - SCENIC CLASS, ‘OUT OF STATE

Any scene of stream, woodland, shore, mountain or waterfall.

G - SPECIMEN CLASS

Only objects or specimens related to mineralogy, geology and archaeology .

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12

MARYLAND TROUT By Frank G. Tingling

In past years the streams of Maryland have almost been depleted of their native supply of trout. Due to the efforts of the Conser¬ vation Department these streams have been restocked with artificial¬ ly propagated fish. Over-fishing and pollution have taken a great number of these in the past, and the poacher, the one who wantonly catches these fish out of season or by illegal means, accounts for many more .

Of the vast array of small streams only a few are suitable for the planting of trout. In general the stream should be free of pol¬ lution and have a fair velocity of water; that is to say, there should be a fair drop or decline in the bed of the stream from its source to its mouth. This enables the water to be kept well aerated and cooled as it falls over rocks and dams on its way to its mouth.

The stream should also be well shaded with its banks heavily wooded thus aiding the water to stay cool. The volume of water passing through should be fair because a decline in the amount of water creates a rise in temperature, and a shallowing of the pools. This causes a crowding of fish and hence the absorption of oxygen from the water to a much greater extent, finally killing the trout from lack of suitable air.

The bed of the stream must be taken into consideration and should- have a somewhat permanent bottom. It must not change or shift, as some sand bottoms do, with the passing of flood waters. This causes a change of hiding places of the fish and the movement of their food.

The natural food that inhabits the stream is one of the major factors that aid in the development and growth of the fish after they are released into its confines. The stream must have an ample supply of minnows, crayfish and aquatic forms of insects.

The major nearby trout streams are located in the Blue Ridge Mountains in Frederick County. The main one is Big Hunting Creek located in the Catoctin Area. This stream has an average width of 17 feet and a variable depth of from 1 foot to 4 feet with a rapid decline from its source to its mouth as it drops down the mountain/ thus creating a series of small cascades and falls. The bonks of this stream abound in vegetation while the bed is composed chiefly of rocks. For the food of the trout this stream is amply supplied with minnows, hellgramites, crayfish and various forms of aquatic insect life. There are a few other smaller creeks through this sector in which trout are found although they cannot compare in favorable respects to Big Hunting Creek.

Cur chief trout streams are located in Western Maryland, mainly in Garrett and Washington Counties and seem to be the most suitable but are, as a whole, too far away to be of convenience to the urban angler .

One of the major trout streams in Baltimore County Is Valley Branch, located in the Green Spring Valley. It is fed chiefly from tne spring at Chattolanee and increases in size as It ambles Its way

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to its mouth, which is Lake Roland. This stream docs not have the intense decline of the mountain streams hut is amply supplied with the cool water of the springs. It is not as densely shaded as streams of Western Maryland, due to the lack of trees and under¬ growth in the open meadows through which It flows.

There are several other streams nearby that are suitable for trout; of these Western Run Is a fair stream but has a shifting bot¬ tom during high water, and food with the exception of minnows does not seem to be as abundant as in some streams,

Severn Run in Anne Arundel County, although a fair stream, is not well liked by anglers due to its tangle of undergrowth and narrow¬ ness.

There are several small streams through the State Forest Reserve that by the aid of some organization could be made capable of holding trout by clearinpj, cutting down pollution, and damming at certain sections. I have investigated within recent years some such streams and find them abundantly supplied with food, chiefly minnows, be¬ sides a fair accumulation of crayfish and various forms of aquatic Insect life. Those branches are in densely wooded sections of the State Forest Reserve and two of them have a rapid flow of water from their sources to their mouths at the Patapsco River.

While these streams may not hold a great amount of trout it is well to note that with the planting of a few and the closing of the streams to anglers for a few years the strain on the more heavily fished streams would be relieved and, most likely, the fishermen would then spread over several streams.

With the large army of anglers and other natural enemies of trout _ nature was unable to keep the streams replenished with an abundant supply. Since many streams were found to be barren of trout, the State of Maryland found means of restocking these streams with arti¬ ficially reared trout. Many states throughout the country have been compelled to do likewise.

The artificial propagation of trout is a tremendous task. In the State of Maryland the eggs that are bought must come from fine healthy stock and have a good quality of gameness. These eggs are purchased from Maine trout and cost $1.00 for 1,000 eggs. There Is a little more than three ounces of spawn to an average 1,000 eggs. These eggs are obtained from the female trout by putting a slight pressure on the abdomen when the eggs are ripe. Before two minutes have elapsed they must be fertilized with sperm from a male fish, because if a longer time is taken' the eggs will be sterile. This milt or sperm is taken by creating a gentle pressure with the hands, beginning well forward on the male and moving along the ventral sur¬ face towards its tail. After the eggs are fertilized with the milt, they are placed on wire trays, which are then submerged to a depth of several inches in running water. This is kept at a temperature of 52 degrees. This period of incubation is known as the green stage. At ' this time no trace of life can be observed through the egg case.

These eggs are kept from ton to fifteen days or until the appearance of the eyes of the fish through the translucent egg sac. The eggs are then packed into special containers, containing moss which In turn

14

is covered with ice. This melting ice keeps the eggs moistened and cool in shipment to the Lewistown Hatchery. This requires about three days.

When the eggs are received at the Hatchery they are replaced in troughs of running water at 52 degrees temperature. At this time, the first faint form of the baby fish appears through the egg shell and is Biown as the tender stage. Shortly thereafter with the ap¬ pearance of the distinct outline of the baby fish, it has approached the "eyed stage". Within a period of twenty-five days in the hatch¬ ing troughs at the Lewistown Hatchery the embryo breaks through the egg sac and begins its life as that of any young trout. At this stage, the young fish has attached to its stomach a yolk-sac, which nourishes it for a few days and then is absorbed. The fish is then able to take food. With the absorption of this food sac these fish have to be fed and are given finely ground lamb liver and canned tuna. Each baby fish consumes food equivalent to one-fourth its weight each day. In about a little over a year these fish have approached the legal size of seven inches and are then released into suitable streams

During and after the time of incubation, the eggs and fish must bo kept under constant supervision. They must be kept free of foreign matter arm dead eggs have to be removed immediately so as not to con¬ taminate the others.

There are but three species of trout found in the streams of Maryland and only one of them is native to our streams; that is the Brook Trout, ( Salvclinus f ontinalis ) . The others are the Rainbow Trout ( Salmo irideus") and the Brown Trout (Salmo fario).

The Brook Trout is found chiefly in cool mountain streams that are fed by springs and its color greatly varies v/ith its environment. It is found to have a much darker coloration in densely shaded streams than in open water. The usual spawning season in the native state is between October and November and its period of incubation is from 50 to 100 days depending greatly upon condition and temperature of water. This fish feeds chiefly upon aquatic insects.

The Brown Trout w as first Introduced into the United States in 18S4. The parent stock was received from Germany and Great Britain. This fish is adaptable to many waters and can be acclimated in fast flowing streams and occasionally in ponds and lakes. It spawns In about the same period as the Brook Trout.

The Rainbow Trout attains a, much larger size and grows more rapidly than the other two. It is a spring spawner in its native habitat, the Pacific Slope. In Maryland, where It has been Intro¬ duced, it usually spawns at about the same time as the other two.

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NOTES FOR AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

Lectures	and	Meetings
August	—	Lectures and meetings discontinued for the month of August .
Sept . 23	—	Lectures and meetings resumed after summer vacation. Sound Motion Pictures, "Trekking to T Imbue t oo " .
30	—	Lecture by Mr. Gilbert C. K1 ingel, "Thoreau ~ A Com¬ mentary on his Life and Philosophy". Illustrated.
Junior Division and Scout Troop
August 2	—	Talk by Robert Buxbaum, "Getting Started in Paleontol¬ ogy" c
9	-	General meeting.
16		Lecture' by Mr. Irving Neserke, "Protozoa - Relation to Biology" .
23	-	General Discussion.
30	-	General Discussion.
Sept. 6	-	G ene r al me e ting.
9	-	Scout meeting.
15		Lecture by Mr. Elias Cohen, "The Diamond-back Rattle¬ snake" .
20		Lecture by Mr. Sidney Caller, "Preservation and Preservatives" ,
27		Talk by Joseph Schreiber," Fluorescence with Laboratory Demonstrations" .
Lectures,	Loans and Exhibitions x
August 1	-	Closing of Sumner Nature School.
8		Awarding of Certificates by the President, Mr. Edmund

b, Fladung, to the students of the Nature Summer School.

Sound Motion Picture, "The Heritage We Guard1'

) Photograph bj I V. BRYANT TYRR]

Chickadee

BULLETIN

of

THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY of MARYLAND

VOL. XII NOVEMBER 1941 DECEMBER NO. 2

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK

Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday’s

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume :ai NOVEMBER 1941 DECEMBER Number 2

NATURE’S COLOR PAGEANT By Joseph 3. Didusch, S.J.

Green fields and woodlands always present a pleasing picture to the eye. But incomparably more important than this aesthetic asset of green foliage, is the part which it plays in our maintenance. Without green plants neither we nor the animals upon which we depend for food could subsist. For, neither the human nor the animal body can manufacture its own food. Green plants not only manufacture their own food but also provide us and cattle with the food necessary for sustaining life. The primary factor in the food-producing activity (metabolism) of the plant is chlorophyll. This name is derived from two Greek words meaning "green leaf". The pigment, for chlorophyll is one of a number of plant pigments, is contained in small bodies of specialized protoplasm lying in the cytoplasm (cell substance) of certain cells of the leaf. These bodies are known as chloroplastids ("green bodies"). In Illustration 1, the small, round, dark bodies are chloroplastids in the cells of the com leaf ( Zea mays ) .

Only green plants are self-subsi stent . There is a whole division (Mycophyta) of one of the sub-kingdoms (Thallophyta ) of plants in which are grouped many species that are not green and are unable to manufacture their own food. Some of these feed on living hosts and are known as parasites. Others derive their sustenance from decaying organic matter and are called saprophytes. The Coral Fungus (Clavaria f ormosa) shown in Illustration 2, is a saprophyte. It is white or cream-colored and is one of the prettiest of our local fungi. This specimen was found in a wooded area of the Loyola College campus last July .

The number of chloroplastids in a plant cell may vary from one to many. In some leaves, as those of zebra grass (Eulalia zebrina), the silver-loaf geranium ( Geranium argent eum) and tFe Wandering Jew ( Zebrina pendula ) , the pigment-bearing cells' occur only in certain areas. illustration 3 shows, first, a piece of zebra grass leaf in its natural condition, with alternate stripes of green and white.

The second piece was treated with methanol which extracted the chlorophyll and color from the green stripes. The third piece was

APR 20 1942

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17

treated with a solution of iodine after the chlorophyll had been removed. The dark bands appeared again, but instead of being green they are now deep blue. The first product of the metabolic activity of the plant is glucose, one of the sugars. After the process has gone on for a while, some of this sugar is converted into starch which forms a dark blue compound with iodine.

In some instances the green area is confined to only one sur¬ face of the leaf. Thus, the upper surface of the aspen leaf (Po- pulus alba) is green, whereas the under surface is pure white Til- lust rati on 4). Moreover, even in leaves which appear to bo uniform¬ ly green, the pigment is not distributed throughout all parts. The veins (vascular and supporting system of the leaf) comprise a con¬ siderable portion of the loaf structure and are devoid of chloro¬ phyll. A voracious Japanese beetle did quite a thorough job on the English elm leaf (Ulmus campestrls ) shown in Illustration 5, at least on the tender g r e en t a s sue s .* The remaining skeleton show.s the extent of area occupied by the delicately netted veins. Some of these carry water and salt solutions from the roots to the leaf, others bear the dissolved sugar manufactured by the leaf to various parts of the plant where it is c-ither used for food or re-converted into starch for our* nourishment .

The chloroplastids in the leaf cells contain two kinds of chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, which is bluish green in solution, and chlorophyll b, which is yellowish green. Ordinarily they occur in the proportion of 72% of the former to 28% of the latter. In the plant they are not in solution but are present in a colloidal state, that is to say, the particles of chlorophyll are suspended in the fluid substance of the chloroplastids in a manner similar to the suspension of fine starch particles In water.

Chlorophyll can be extracted from the leaf by various reagents, such os ether, alcohol, acetone, chloroform, carbon bisulphide and benzol, and may be crystallized from these extracts. The crystals (methyl chlorophyllide ) shown in Illustration 6 were derived from the leaves of the water plant, Blodca canadensis, commonly used in aquaria for providing fishes with' oxygen. An interesting peculiarity of Elodea is that its chloroplastids, when the plant is exposed to direct sunlight, are in a constant motion of rotation along the inner wall of the cells. Methyl chlorophyllide crystals are small, in the illustration they are magnified 250 diameters. They usually occur in intensely black clusters and have a high lustre. This combination of characteristics defies the skill of the photographer to reproduce them in distinct detail.

Biologists are often at odds with regard to the classification of some of the lower organisms. Chlorophyll is a vegetable pigment, and yet it is found in at least one species of protozoa (one-cellcd animal organisms), Euglcna viridis . This animalcule lives in ponds and puddles of water to which It Imparts a green color. The chlorophyll is contained in special bodies known as chromatophores . As in plants. It decomposes carbon dioxide (dissolved in the water) and assimilates and converts it into rod- shaped grains of pa.ramylum, a carbohydrate related to starch, for the nourishment of the animalcule. At the anterior end of the spindle-shaped body of Euglena is a bright red spot, the stigma, which owes its color to another pigment allied to

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18

chlorophyll and called haemat o chrome . Rooted near the stigma is a long, whip-like process by means of which the tiny animal propels itself through the water and creates whirlpools by which minute organisms and fragments of organic matter are swept into its gullet and digested in the body. Euglena thus combines the characteristical¬ ly vegetable (holophytic) with the characteristically animal (holozoic) mode of nutrition. Paramecium bursaria, a species of the slipper animalcule, and Hydra viridissima, a fresh-water polyp, are also green. However, the color is not due to chlorophyll, but to a small one-celled alga (seaweed), Chi or el la vulgari s , which lives in con¬ siderable numbers within the'ir bodies. The plant uses the carbon dioxide given off in respiration by the animal and the animal avails itself of the oxygen which is liberated from the plant in photosyn¬ thesis. This mutually beneficial association is known as mutual isffi o r mu tu al symb i o s i s .

Apart from its primary importance in plant metabolism, chlorophyll has been found to serve other useful purposes in various industries. Over 45,000 lbs. of chlorophyll have been imported to the United States in the past ten years and it is now manufactured commercially by the American Chlorophyll Corporation, in New York. It is used to conceal color in cotton-seed oil, olive oil and other seed oils, and mineral oils; to color food products, waxes, stearin candles, soaps, vaseline, leather, pomades, brilliantine and other cosmetics. And recently it has come into prominence for its therapeutic properties. In 1930,

Dr. Hans Fischer, a German physician, announced that he had for some time used chlorophyll in the treatment of anemia with promising re¬ sults. About the same time Dr. Charles F. Kettering set up a founda¬ tion for the study of chlorophyll at Antioch College, Ohio. The re¬

searches carried on in this institution resulted in the discovery that the green plant pigment directly stimulated the formation of red blood cells in rats. Finally, in July, 1940, Dr. Benjamin Grushin, Director of the Department of Pathology of the Temple University Med¬ ical School, Philadelphia, announced that he and his associates had.

In the previous twelve months, treated 1200 clinical patients success¬ fully with chlorophyll. About a thousand of these patients suffered from various disorders of the nose and sinuses, diseases of the skin, including the stubborn contagious form of impetigo. Impetigo contagiosa, and the mouth diseases, Vincent’s angina and pyorrhea. The other two hundred cases included bone diseases, varicose ulcers, infections

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following the removal of the gall-bladder and appendix, ulcers and fractures of the femur with „ suppuration. In the surgical cases the chlorophyll was applied in the form of soluble derivatives, sodium-magnesium chlorophyll in, sodium-iron chlorophyllin and. sodium- copper chlorophyll in. In the other cases it was used. In the form of ointments which were made by mixing finely ground, chlorophyll either with lanolin or monolene which are readily absorbed by the tissues. The unusual picture shown In Illustration 7 is a photomicrograph of a crystallized solution of sod.Ium- copper chlorophyllin.

Chlorophyll Is not the sole occupant of the chloroplastids of green leaves. Associated, with It, though masked by it during the spring and summer months, are the yellow pigments, carotin and xantho- phyll . To these are due the beautiful shad.es of gold and crimson In our autumn foliage. Contrary to popular belief, not all leaves in our forests and gardens "turn" and fall -with the first appearance of frost. Many of them change color as early as the beginning of August,

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19

when the sun is still hot and summer shows no signs of yielding to the onset of climatic changes usually inaugurated "by the advent of • the autumnal equinox. At the base of the leaf stem (petiole), where it is connected with the plant stem, there is an opening for the passage of the vascular bundles to the leaf blade. At a time con¬ ditioned by the operation of internal factors or the effects of external environment, or both, the food materials are withdrawn from the leaf through the petiole into the stem.. A corky layer of cells then develops across the opening at the base of the petiole and cuts off further supplies of water and dissolved salts from the root to the leaf. This layer of cells is known as the "abscission layer"

(from the Latin word "abscindere" which means "to cut off"). The chlorophyll then disintegrates and loses its color and the carotinoids, yellow pigments, come to the fore.

There are three kinds of carotin (derived from the Latin "carota", which means "carrot"), alpha-carotin, beta-carotin and gamma-carotin, in green leaves. It is very soluble In carbon bisulphide from which it may be crystallized, the crystals being orange-red by transmitted light and greenish-blue by reflected light. Besides being present in leaves, it is also found abundantly in carrots. In the petals of certain yellow flowers, yellow tomatoes, sweet potatoes, yellow seeds, such as corn seeds, and In milk fat, -body fat and egg yolk. Vitamin A is always associated in nature with carotin and never occurs in plants or parts of plants which do not contain carotin. If Vitamin A is not carotin it is very likely formed from carotin in the animal body. Rats suffering from Vitamin A deficiency recovered when carotin was added to their food. It is probable that carotin is a "precursor" of Vitamin A or its "provitamin". It is available, in a pure con¬ dition, at $5.00 per ten milligrams, a little more than one three- thousandths of an ounce. Patients suffering from A- avitaminosis will find the ready-made Vitamin A tablets more economical and, perhaps, more satisfactory. The crystals shown in Illustration 8 are carotin derived from the petals of the large-flowered, golden variety of African Marigolds known as Guinea. Gold.

Xanthophyll (derived from two Greek words meaning "yellow leaf"

Is thought to be an oxide of carotin. Most of the pigments formerly classified as xanthophyll are now designated as xanthins with specific prefixes. Thus, flavoxanthin is the buttercup pigment; taraxanthin, the dandelion pigment; capxanthin Is the dominant pigment of red peppers, paprika and pimento; violaxanthin is the yellow pansy pig¬ ment. Xanthophyll Is more yellow than carotin and Is much less sol¬ uble In carbon bisulphide, though more soluble in acetone. It Is this affinity for certain solvents that makes it possible to separate the pigments from one another in the leaf. Illustration 9 shows xantho¬ phyll crystals arranged in dendritic (tree-like) aggregates. They were isolated from the petals of the small, lemon-colored. French Mari¬ gold.

The products manufactured by green plants are known as carbohy¬ drates. They include sugars, starches and celluloses and are com-" pounds of carbon, hydrogen and. oxygen, the last two elements being present in the same proportion as in water, namely, two atoms of hydro¬ gen to one of oxygen. The process Is called photosynthesis, which means the formation of carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide (derived from the air) in the chlorophyll-bearing tissue of plants

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20

_under the influence of sunlight. This reaction is sometimes ex¬ pressed toy a simple chemical equation but, as in the case of so many other vital processes of living organisms, our knowledge of the" inner workings of the tiny leaf cells is far from toeing complete. Early workers in this field of research thought only of chlorophyll in connection with the photo synthetic process. But in 1912, with the discovery of the chemical constitution of chlorophyll and of the presence in the leaf and nature of the carotinoids, investigators realized that they were dealing with a very complex problem. Among the hypotheses which have been proposed to explain photosynthesis, those which postulate the formation of formaldehyde as an inter¬ mediate product, seem to toe the more popular. Formaldehyde is first formed toy the plant, six molecules of which are then condensed (com¬ bined) to form one molecule of sugar (glucose). Formaldehyde is the active principle in embalming fluids; it is used as a powerful dis¬ infectant in the sick-room; in laboratories it finds extensive use as a preservative for animal and plant specimens and for fixing tis¬ sues so that they may toe cut into very thin sections and. stained for study under the powerful lenses of the compound microscope. It kills plant tissues. But those who favor any one of the formaldehyde hypotheses claim that it is manufactured toy the plant only in small quantities and is quickly changed into sugar. It is true that for¬ maldehyde can toe produced in the laboratory from cartoon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight, provided there is also a catalyzer present. In green leaves the catalyzer Is probably iron, for with¬ out it, there is no photosynthesis. The amount present is very small one part of Iron in a million parts of solution, or less. There is also an enzyme, chlorophyllase, in the leaf cells Which conditions the amount of chlorophyll. Catalyzers and enzymes are substances which, while they themselves do not enter into chemical combination, cause other substances with which they are associated to combine chemically. In 1906, Usher and Priestly exposed chlorophyll in thin gelatinous films to sunlight and after an hour detected traces of formaldehyde. But the chlorophyll had disintegrated and lost its color. The formaldehyde was formed not toy photosynthesis but by the decomposition of the chlorophyll, and chlorophyll does not decompose in the plant while It is performing its natural function of carbo¬ hydrate production.

There is a group of seaweeds, the Phacophyceae, all the members of which are brown. Some of these form the extensive kelp beds off the Pacific coast. The largest of these kelps reach a length of three hundred and fifty feet • Off the southeastern coast of the United States there is a great area of floating seaweeds, about a quarter of a million miles In extent, which is known as the Sargasso Sea be¬ cause the principal plants found here are two species of another brown alga, Sargassum. In our region we are more familiar with the "Bladder Wrack" (Fucus ) , which is found on the rocks between high and low tide levels of most temperate seas. The brown color of" these algae Is due to fucoxanthin which is present with chlorophyll, caro¬ tin and xanthophyll in the plastids of the plant cells tout usually completely hides these pigments. Fucoxanthin is also found in the leaves of the copper beech (Fagus sylvatica, var. cuprca) and in the shells of the onion bulb which are used in "some households to dye Easter eggs brown. The plume-like crystals of fucoxanthin shown in Illustration 10 were obtained from leaves of the copper beech.

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21

Chlorophyll, carotin, xanthophyll and fu.c.oxanthin arc all con¬ tained within the plastids of plant cells. But there is a large number of other pigments which are dissolved in the sap of the cells. These are the anthocyanins ("flower blue", rather a misnomer because blue is not the predominant color of plants). They are closely rela¬ ted to the glucosides which are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and when treated with acids and enzymes yield one of the sugars, d— glucose • Some of the glucosides are of commercial impor¬ tance. Salicin, derived from the bark and leaves of the willow, is used in medicine for the treatment of fever and rheumatism. Amygdalin, which occurs in almonds, apple seeds and peach and cherry stones, is used as a flavoring extract. Sinigrin is a mustard oil glucoside and is found in the seeds of black mustard and in horse-radish. The rich blue dye, indigo, was originally obtained from the indigo plant (In- digofera tinctoria), though it is now made synthetically. The poison¬ ous narcotic, solanin, is extracted from the berries of the deadly nightshade and bittersweet, and from potato sprouts. Digitalis, one of our most important drugs, is the product of four glucosides, but principally of digitox which is found in the foxglove (Digitalis pur¬ purea) , a familiar plant in our summer gardens.

The red anthocyanins are quite abundant. Cyanidin is the anthocyanin of red roses, tulips, the corn flower, deep red dahlias, hyacinths, iris, poppies, cherries, cranberries, currants, mountain- ash berries, holly berries, elderberries, raspberries and strawberries, though there are also white varieties of strawberries. Pelargonium is found in many scarlet flowers, such as scarlet sage, purple and red asters and red geraniums • Petunias, grapes, hollyhock and violets owe their color to the red anthocyanin, dclphinidum chloride.

Peonidih is the pigment of deep red peonies. Similar red pigments are found in red bananas, apples, blood oranges, blood root and the red beet, and in the autumn leaves of the dogwood, sumach and our ornamental maple, Acer ginnala. Though carotin can be extracted from tomatoes the red c ol'o'r is due' principally to another pigment, lycopin, which is closely related to it. Plant pigments are easily enough obtained in solution but it is usually very difficult to isolate them in crystalline form* The beautiful crystals shown in Illustration 11 were wrested from the cell sap of the lowly red beet (Beta vulgaris ) .

Phycocyanin is one of the blue plant pigments. It Is found In the blue-green algae (Myxophyccae ) which are widely distributed in fresh and salt water. They also grow in pools and ditches and even on damp soil, and are the predominant algae of hot springs. The "fishy" odor and taste which at times render our drinking-water un¬ palatable, arise chiefly from the decomposition of various forms of these plants which find their way into our reservoirs. Their color is blue-green because, besides phycocyanin, they also contain chlorophyll.

The intense display of color in leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds and roots would lead us to believe that the pigments are present in great quantities. Yet, there are only from one to two grams of chlorophyll in a thousand grams of fresh leaves and from .4 to .7 of a gram of yellow pigment. And If we would estimate the intensity of the cell sap pigments, we need but turn to the red cabbage which owes Its deep red color to the modicum of anthocyanin contained In a single lawyer of colls beneath the outer covering (epidermis) of the leaf, cells v/hich themselves are so small that they cannot be seen without the aid of the microscope, prom such meagre stores of pigment Nature contrives to provide so generous an abundance of color. "Behold the lilies of the field. --Not even Solomon in all his glory was arrayed as one of these". **•*•**•

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22

LOOKING AHEAD

With our Country now at war, every one should try to do his or her part to aid in our National defense. Many things are and will he expected of us. Cost of commodities of all kinds will increase. Taxes will he increased and new forms of taxes devised. But we should not forget that the war must finally come to an end. With this in mind we must look ahead and prepare for after the war, as well as now.

Our daily life does not only consist of making a living. It consists of much more. Without learning and culture we would not he the Nation we are today, and fight the battle as we are now doing.

Our institutions of learning and culture must he preserved.

They are a vital part of our American way of living. After the war we will need them more than we do just now. Our President has laid particular stress upon this. He sees the necessity of these Insti¬ tutions now, but more particularly later on.

Enlightened people at all times in normal conditions have used our schools, libraries, museums, art galleries and conservatories to great purpose. Their halls have provided learning, pleasure, in¬ formation and knowledge to the indirect as well as direct benefit of mankind. The results of their efforts are now shown by the men who fill the many fields necessary to our National defense.

Do not let us discard these institutions as something that has served their purpose and will not be needed again. They will be more needed when conditions become normal once more . •

Our Society is one of the aforesaid institutions. For thirteen years we have labored without recompense and spent considerable money to build up a successful and serviceable organization which has sup¬ plied the public with information relative to Maryland wildlife. We have supplied our schools with nature specimens, lectures and litera¬ ture. We have aided young people with all sorts of information for school and research and we have conducted research in all branches of Natural Science of our State. We have published books, pamphlets, proceedings and a bulletin of our results, thereby adding to the scanty supply of literature on Maryland wildlife. A museum has been built and is in full operation with approximately 80,000 visitors annually.

Now more than ever the Society needs your aid, owing to the fact that many of our young men are serving In the Army, Navy and Air Corps. Many more will be Inducted Into the services. From these we cannot expect scientific work for sometime. Should these efforts and expen¬ ditures be all in vain? Should they be continued?

We are^ going to keep our Society on the high standard to which we nave built it and trust our members and friends will continue to aid us in this work. The costs of maintaining our institutions and especially our Society have always been small. Your dollar goes fur¬ ther here and shows much more than in almost any other endeavor, as our Staff and Officers contribute their time and efforts without any compensation. Consequently every cent goes directly Into the work ox txie Society. Please bear this in mind and continue your support.

Edmund B. Fladung, President

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23

THE BEGINNINGS OF THE IRON INDUSTRY IN MARYLAND

By Bryant Mather

The use of iron in North America antedates the arrival of European explorers not Because the ahorigines had independently dis¬ covered the technique of smelting hut because in certain cases they recognized the usefulness of the few fragments of metallic iron which they found. At several of the Indian Mounds of the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys articles have been found which were fashioned from bits of meteoritic iron. Celts, ear ornaments and other objects are how¬ ever the most ambitious examples of Pre-Columbian iron work that are known in this country. Whether any of these originated or were made in Maryland is, to the best of my knowledge, unknown.

The first iron noted on this continent by white men was the ore discovered by members of the Roanoke Island Colony in 1585, about which the historian of the colony (Hariot) wrote: "... in two places in the countrey wee founde the grounde to bee rookie, which, by the triall of a minerall man, was founde to hold iron richly. There is also muche woode in the lande and the oar will be useful as ballast e in the shippes ..." The First American iron works were set up at Falling Creek, Virginia in 1620 and the first continuously operated and successful furnace at Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1644.

The credit for the discovery of iron in Maryland seems (Singewald, p. 128) to belong to Captain John Smith. In his voyage up the Chesa¬ peake Bay in 1608 he entered the mouth of the Patapsco River which he called "Bolus" from the red clay he found there, resembling "bole armoniack and terre sigillata". On this voyage he came probably to the present site of Baltimore and probably viewed some of the sur¬ face indications of the iron ores of the Coastal Plain later mined to supply Maryland's iron furnaces. Later in that year Smith sent two barrels of iron ore specimens to England for examination, but it is not known whether they were from Maryland or Virginia or what were the results of the examination. Swank (p. 102) thinks they were probably from Virginia. Attention was called by Plantagenet (Mathews and Watson p. 221) to a superficial deposit of iron In Baltimore Coun¬ ty and he estimated ( Singewald p, 128) that if it were worked it would result in a saving to the iron manufacturer of £3 per ton and another pound per ton could be saved in fuel by using drift wood and timber floated down the rivers, and "thus the labor of each man would yield him 5s lOd per diem." In 1681 the Maryland legislature, to prevent the exportation of old iron and to encourage the smiths, imposed a duty on such exportations. The manufacturer of Iron seems to have begun about this time. Mathews (p. 218) states that by 1701 when the "Welsh Tract" in Cecil County was granted it had been recognized that there existed deposits of some possible value as iron ores. Sometime later Welsh settlers in this area, including Iron Hill and the vicini¬ ty of Elkton, opened small shafts In the siliceous iron ore of this region. Johnston (p. 168) records that miners employed in the ore pit at Iron Hill came upon one of the galleries made by the early Welsh miners and discovered a rude shovel and pick and a small tallow candle, the wick of which was made of flaxen yarn. The candle "though probably a century old was in a good state of preservation but the pick and shovel wore so badly rusted that the former could be readily picked to pieces with the thumb and finger." Mathews (p. 218) notes

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that a deed dated 1716 conveyed iron works located near the "Main Palls of the North East" from Robert Dutton to Richard Bennett.

This was probably Maryland’s earliest iron mill.

Scrivener states that in 1718 Maryland and Virginia exported to England 3 tons, 7 cwt of bar iron. In 1719 (Singewald p. 128) the General Assembly of Maryland passed an act for the encouragement of the iron industry within the colony. This act reads;

. . . . "ij/fiereas : It is represented to this present General

Assembly that there are very great conveniences to carrying on iron works within this province which have not hitherto been embraced for want of proper encouragement to some first undertakers although the consequences thereof might not only be considerably advantageous to the persons im¬ mediately concerned therewith but also to the public trade of Great Britain and of this province . therefore be it

Enacted; That if any person or persons shall desire to

set up a forging mill or other conveniences for carrying on iron works on lands not before cul¬ tivated, adjoining a stream, he may get a writ ad quod damnum. On the return of this if the owner refuses to build such mill and gives se¬ curities to complete it within four years, the governor may grant one hundred acres, the owner being paid for it. Grantee is to give bond to begin the mill within six months and to finish it within four years. Workmen at the mill, not exceeding 80 are to be levy free. If pig iron is not run within seven years the grant is vo id . . "

A later act in 1721 exempted workmen at furnaces, forges and mills from labor on the highways.

The iron industry in Maryland seems to have finally achieved a firm foundation with the founding of the Principio Company and the erection of its first furnace in Cecil County. The Wheeling Steel _ Company which proudly traces a part of its ancestry back to this original establishment claims that (p.6) it dates "from the founding of the Principio Company and the erection of an iron furnace at Principio, Maryland in the year 1715" . There perhaps was a mill or as Swant (p. 240) suggests a bloomery erected on the site of the Principio Furnace as early as 1715, but the Principio Company was not organized until 1722 (Mathews p* 220) and its furnace was not in blast until 1724 (Swant p. 245). In 1724 the company acquired rights to the ore on Gorsuch Point in the Patapsco River and in 1727 to the ore on Whetstone Point (Mathews and Watson p. 221) . These It may be recalled are in the region which John Smith noted in 1608 as character ized by red clay. It is likewise interesting to note that ore from Whetstone Point was smelted at Principio and cast into cannon some of which were brought back and used in the battles which took place there in 1814 and so inspired Francis Scott Key.

The major portion of the following account of Principio Furnace

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is credited, by Singewald (pp, 162-167) to Whitely (1887)* Those most prominent in the founding of the company were Sir Nicholas Hackell Carcw, Bart, of Beddington County, Surrey; Thomas Russell, of Bir¬ mingham and his sons, William and Thomas Russell; Stephen Onion; John England; Joshua, Samuel and Osgood Gee; William Chetwynd, Esq. all of England and Lawrence Washington of Virginia . Stephen Onion and Thomas Russell, Sr, were the most active. They came to America and after careful planning, built and operated the Brine ipio and North East 'works. Extensive land grants were obtained by the company in 1722, in addition to their original purchases. Among the writs ad quod damnum granted out of the Provincial Chancery of Maryland in pursuance "of the act of 1719 was one issued October 19, 1721, for twenty acres of land for a grist mill which was carried on by the company with their iron furnace operations. Ore for the furnace at first was obtained in the immediate neighborhood but before long they were compelled to bring it from more extensive deposits. The Principle and North East works continued at full blast until the Revolution.

The company acquired two additional furnaces in Baltimore County, the Kingsbury Furnace on Herring Run and the Lancashire Furnace on Stem- mers Run. The product of the furnaces in 1765 turned out rank red- short and when sold in England destroyed the established reputation of the product. For the next few years the company had many diffi¬ culties and the operations had a number of managers none of whom were long successful. After the outbreak of the Revolution the company no longer had control of the property and cannon balls and bar iron were furnished to the Americans. In 1780 the Maryland General Assembly passed an act confiscating the property and in 1785 a group of Marylan¬ ders led by Col. Sam Hughes took over the property and erected a new blast furnace a few hundred yards south of the original site. In the war of 1812 Cockburn sailed up Principio Creek in barges and destroyed the property, spiking the cannon that were on hand. Hughes made an unsuccessful attempt to rehabilitate the property after the war and a few years later it passed into the hands of Messrs. Smith and Gilmore of Baltimore, In 1836 it was purchased by a group led by George and . Joseph Whitaker. Under this ownership the stack that still remains was erected and iron was produced continuously until 1889. In 1891 a modern blast furnace was erected 100 yards down stream. This plant remained in blast but a single year and in 1908 was dismantled. A bloomery erected in 1884 was operated as recently as 1911.

Through the efforts of the Whitakers the old North East site was again made the scene of iron manufacture in 1829 and operated by them until 1847. In that year the McCullough Iron Company erected the North East Rolling Mill. By the Civil War this plant consisted of nine puddling furnaces, three heating furnaces and eighteen forge fires. It remained in operation until 1893.

The early importance of the Principio Company may be gathered from Swank’s statement (p. 250) that one half of the pig iron ex¬ ported from the colonies to England before the Revolution came from its furnaces. After 1750 furnaces were established elsewhere in Maryland. The second most important was Catoctin Furnace, erected in 1774. Cannon were cast here in 1777 for the Colonial armies. It produced iron continuously until 1903, and after that its ore banks were worked for paint material. The first cannon cast in Maryland for the American forces in the Revolution were however made neither at Principio nor at Catoctin Furnace, but rather at Mt . Aetna, in Wash-

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26

ington County, "between Boonsboro and. Smithsburg (Swank p. 255). Fragments of these cannon have recently been found in the old s3.ag piles of this furnace. The Lonaconing Furnace, in Washington Coun¬ ty, was in 1839 the first American iron furnace to use coke as fuel.

In 1844 the Mount Savage Rolling Mill in Allegany County rolled the first iron rails made in North America.

In 1835 according to Ducatel and Alexander (p. 13) the value of the iron produced in the state was $400,000 annually. Maryland ranked fifth in 1870 among the states in the value of the iron It produced, 12th in 1880, and 11th in 1890 (Swank p. 257). In 1835 Ducatel and Alexander made the optimistic statement (p. 32): "The occurrence of iron ore associated with coal has been considered the most prolific source of the commercial prosperity enjoyed by Great Britain. The time will come when a similar ascription will apply to the United States and the western counties of Maryland will be looked upon as the Wales of North America." The prosperity that came to the United States came from its coal and iron to a considerable degree, but rather from their presence in quantity than from their proximity.

Were one to speak today of "the Wales of North America" one would have to include both Minnesota and Chicago.

In the last few decades no commercial iron production has taken place from Maryland ore. The iron smelting and manufacturing industry still continues to occupy an important place in the economy of the state. Yet the ores smelted here today come from elsewhere in the United States and from as distant points as Australia, Cuba, Chile and the Soviet Union. (Minerals Yearbook 1937 ) .

WORKS TO WHICH REFERENCE IS MADE

and Alexander, J.H.: Amer. Jour. Arts and

Ducatel, J.T.

28, pp. 1-38, 1835.

Harlot, Thomas: History of Roanoke Johnston, George: History of Cecil

Mathews, E.B. 1929.

Cecil

and

County,

Watson,

p.218

E,H. :

Island.

County, Slkton, 1881. ff., Md, Geol. Surv., Baltimore County, Md.

Sci . , Vol.

1902.

Geol. Surv.,

Scrivener: History of the Iron Trade, 1841.

Singewald, J.T . , Jr . : "The Iron Ores of Maryland" , Vol . 11, Md. Geol. Surv., 1911,

Swank, J.M.: Mineral Resources of the U.S. for 1886, pp. 23-38, U.S. Geol. Surv., 1887.

A History of the Manufacture of Iron, etc., 1892. Wheeling Steel Company: From Mine to Market, 1926.

Whitely, Henry: "The Principio Company" , Pcnna . Mag, of Hist., 1887.

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27

AN UNUSUAL FEEDING RECORD OF THE KEELED GREEN SNAKE,

OPKEODRYS AESTIVUS

By Francis Groves

The keeled green snake is one of the very few American snakes that is almost entirely insectivorous. Until the past summer I knew of only one isolated case of a departure from the regular diet and even this did .not proceed to its full effect. It concerned an In¬ dividual in a wild state which had attempted to swallow a small mouse, which in turn had bitten through the reptile’s spinal column while being engulfed. Prey and predator were both dead when discovered.

Perhaps a dozen or more of these snakes have been in our col¬ lection at one time or another. The majority were highly nervous and refused to feed; the few that did would accept only crickets, soft-bodied insect larvae and in a single instance a butterfly. However, for some time and for no good reason I had harbored a sus¬ picion - call it a hunch - that In a natural state the species fed to some extent on small lizards,

I was unable to put my theory to a test until last summer when a green snake that fed voluntarily and a surplus of small lizards co-existed in the collection for the first time.

The first experiment met with instantaneous success. A two day old skink ( fasciatus ) was offered to the snake and less than a minute elapsed before the lizard became a meal. Succeeding tests, con¬ ducted with young Sceloporus lizards as food, were equally success¬ ful with no negative results in four tries, A statistical record of the experiments follows:

Size of snake: 490 mm., head to tail tip .

Date of meal		Food		Size	of food
July 29, 1S41	Lizard	(Eumeces	fasciatus )	25 mm. snout to	vent
August 5,1941	h	(Sceloporus undulatus
			fasciatus )	23 mm.	ti it	it
August 9,1941	t!		ti ti	25 mm.	n tt	tt
August 19,1941	tl	a	ti ti	23.5 mm.	tt it	1!
Sept. 29,1941	1)	tt	n n	25 mm.	tt 11	tt

The Sceloporus lizards, though averaging a mite smaller in snout to vent measurements than the skink were of a much more robust build than the latter. In the interim between the above dates the snake disposed of a cricket and one insect larva.

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28

RECENT BIRD RECORDS PROM BALTIMORE AND VICINITY By Haven Kolb and. Irving E. Hampe

In the course of field work on a projected checklist of Maryland birds v/e have accumulated a number of miscellaneous notes from the immediate vicinity of Baltimore, a region about which very little has been published during the past forty years. It is hoped that these notes will stimulate Interest in the detailed observation of seasonal bird movements here. As yet we have no adequate mass of date records to compare with other regions in the northeastern United States.

Cygnus columbianus, Whistling Swan. As is well known, one of the chief' winter concentrations of this species is on the northern Chesapeake Bay, but even during migrations they are very rarely seen on the smaller bodies of water in this region. During ten years of observation at Loch Raven the species has been noted but twice, both times a single individual during April.

Buteo lag opus s an cti- ;] ohann is. Rough-legged Hawk. This is a rare bird in our region. I can find no recent records from Maryland. On November 23, 1940, I had a splendid opportunity to watch two of these fine birds in hunting maneuvers at Loch Raven.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Red-headed Woodpecker. In Garrett County In extreme western Maryland this Is a common bird, but east of the Alleghenies it has been called erratic. In the Baltimore City parks, however, and in several residential areas which have grown up in the fine old oak woods which were preserved as parts of the country estates surrounding Victorian Baltimore, the Red-headed Woodpecker Is a common and very regular breeding bird. In the rural districts, on the other hand, it is but seldom met with.

N annus hi emails hi emails. Winter Wren. A great many birds perished all over the East during the winter of 1939-40. Even this late it may be of interest to add one more casualty to the list. On April 14, 1940, a bird- study class from the Natural History Society of Maryland found the body of a Winter Wren curled up in an old vireo nest In Mt . Pleasant Park, Baltimore. The remains were somewhat desiccated and the bird had probably been dead for some weeks. It seems probable that it had sought shelter In the nest and had frozen to death during a severe night.

An thus spinoletta rubescens, American Pipit. This bird, rare in our vicinity, was apparently common during the spring migration of 1940.' A flock of more than 150 was seen at Loch Raven on March 13, 1940, and about a month later several were seen migrating with Savannah Sparrows .

Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia Vireo. A female was taken October ll, 1941, at Lo ch Raven, the first record I can find for the Baltimore area. Kirkwood (Trans. Md. Acad. Sci. 2:346, 1895), who collected a great deal here about 50 years ago, did not find It.

Cooke (Pro. Bio. Soc. Wash. 42:53, 1929) calls it rare in the Wash¬ ington region end gives October 5th as the latest fall record.

Pooecetes gramineus gramineus, Vesper Sparrow. Cooke gives only

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two midwinter dates for this bird. On January 14, 1939, I found one at Loch Raven, which, because of its elevation and distance from tidewater, is a good deal more northern than Washington, both faunally and florally.

Junco hyemalis oarolinensis, Carolina Junco. This subspecies is not recorded by Cooke and probably does not often come this far east¬ ward in the northern end of its range. A male, collected at Elkridge on February 27, 1941, and identified by Dr. Wctmore was presented to the Natural History Society of Maryland by Mr. Gorman Bond.

Melospiza lincolni lincolni, Lincoln’s Sparrow, Not heretofore recorded from Baltimore area, tKis species is infrequent at Washington where the earliest fall specimen was taken September 30th (Cooke).

On September 27, 1941, I took an immature bird at Loch Raven and on October 4, 1940, I secured an adult male at the same locality.

NOTES FOR OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER Lectures and Meetings

October 7 - Lecture by Mr. J. Hammond Brown, "Reminiscence of a

Bird Lover”.

10 - Staff meeting,

21 - Sound Motion Pictures, "Indians of the Southwest",

"Real Americans", end "Proudest Americans".

28 - Lecture by Mr. Charles Ostrander, "The Copper Refining

Industry in Baltimore".

31 - Meeting of the Board of Trustees.

November 4 - Sound Motion Pictures, "Clouds" and "Flood Weather".

18 - Lecture by Dr. LaDema M. Langdon, "Chemical Gardening". 25 - Motion Picture, "Maryland My Maryland".

Junior Division and Scout Troop

October 4 - Talk by James Hill, "Leaf Shapes".

11 - Lecture by Mr. Edmund B. Fladung, "Nature Photography

for Beginners" ,

18 - Meeting with Motion Picture of some of the Society's

Activities

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- General Meeting.

- Talk by Allan W. Cundall, "Cephlapoda" .

- General Discussion.

- General Scout Meeting and Oyster Roast at Camp Kahagon.

- Talk by Robert Buxbaum, "Maryland Salamanders" •

- Business Meeting.

- Lecture by Mr. William Moorefield, "Aviation as Applied to Entomology" •

Loans and Exhibitions

- Loan of Insects to Sparrows Point Junior High School.

- Loan of Birds Nests and Eggs to Federal Bank.

- Loan of Birds to Kiwanis Club.

- Loan of Indian Artifacts to Garrison Junior High School.

- Lecture to St. Bernard's Holy Name Society by Mr.

Edmund B. Fladung on "Birds and Their Importance to Man".

- Scout Troop trip to Frederick, Maryland.

- Lecture to St. Johns, Harford Co. by Mr. Richard E ■> Steams on "Our Maryland Indians".

- Lecture to Young Peoples Catholic Guild, Cathedral Parish, by Mr. Elra M, Palmer on "Traveling with a Naturalist to Historic Maryland".

- Farmers Conference at Camp Kahagon. Speakers: Mr.

Edmund B. Fladung, "The Importance of Hawks and Owls to the Farmer and the Importance of Bird Feeding during the Winter Months", Mr. Edward McColgan, "Bird Banding, a Valuable Adjunct for Securing Real Facts about Birds". Sound Motion Picture, "The Heritage We Guard", "Hunt¬ ing Dogs and Their Value to the Farmer" •

Exhibition of Winter Birds.

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B U LLETI

(OL.XII JANUARY 1942 FEBRUARY NO. 3

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK

Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday’s

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume XII JANUARY 1S42 FEBRUARY Number 3

THE GOLDFINCH

By W. Wallace Coleman Saskatoon, Canada

The had been over t he than the

date was July 21st and I had left our blind from which we making records and observations on a Kingbird, to wander prairie. Even in high summer the prairies are more quiet meadows of Maryland.

A bluff, which here means a clump of trees and underbrush covering an area varying in size from that of a city block to twenty acres or more, invited investigation. A stiff breeze sent the cotton¬ woods to whispering and the Saskatoon bushes gently rustling their deep green foliage but the stalwart, cattle-clipped wolf willows barely moved in response. A bush gopher scurried away as I pushed my way through the greenery. In a small cottonwood, hardly eight feet tall was a small, very compact nest anchored securely in a three-pronged fork. It was empty but obviously new. A week later I returned to the site. Two black beady eyes under a greenish yellow crown peered warily above the nest rim. I moved closer noting the heavy sharp bill characteristic of the sparrow family. The bright eyes followed each advance. I could sense the birdTs trepidation and could not help but feel sorry for this unnecessary fear I was creating. Six feet from the nest courage gave way to caution and the Goldfinch silently slipped over the edge of the nest and away.

In the nest, which now showed evidence of even better craftsmanship, lay four small white eggs. A pink tinge glowed through the translu¬ cent walls, A week later this pink tinge was considerably darker suggesting the quickening of life inside. Three days later, that Is to say after at least ten days of incubation, the nest contained four ugly bits of birdlife - naked and blind- and one egg. The follow¬ ing day this egg also had. hatched.

The blind was erected about three feet from, the nest. Before the walls were securely pegged down a glance upward, showed that the female had returned and was sheltering her young in spite of the hammering and fussing close by. I was delighted. It meant a wealth of observation on the morrow.

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Ten A.M. next day and the camera lens pointed through a hole in the wall of the hide. After a slight wait the Goldfinch returned to the nest and had her picture taken as she stepped out of the leafy covering below the nest. Other pictures were taken as she brooded the young-. Several times she was flushed in order to obtain charac¬ teristic poses as she returned to the nest. In every instance she used the same path to approach the nest. Suddenly there was a call from the top of a tree in the bluff to the right . Placing an eye to a small hole I observed the male Goldfinch for the first time. Turning to the female I found her quivering and omitting plaintive low-pitched notes. The male came nearer and nearer hesitating wari¬ ly between each approach. At last he gaired the nest. By this time the female was obviously disturbed and quivered a great deal con¬ tinually emitting the low-pitched call with which she greeted her mate. Standing on a branch beside the nest the male proceeded to food the female by regurgitation of food from his crop. Completing the feeding the male left the nest and did not again approach it dur¬ ing the observations of the day. Immediately after the male departed the female hopped up on the edge of the nest and proceeded to feed to the young the some food, again regurgitated from her crop.

As the afternoon wore on, the heat from the sun increased.

Leaves sheltering the nest had been tied back to permit photography. The Goldfinch now changed her position from the brooding posture she had assumed earlier. She rose higher in the nest, turned her back to the sun, and flexing her wings provided both sho.de and venti¬ lation for the young.

A week later, on August 21st, the nest was again visited for purposes of observation. At this time the young were well fledged. Sitting down In the shade some twelve feet from the nest I was sur¬ prised to sec the female, keeping well under cover, approach with food into the lower branches of the nesting tree. Hero calling gently she coaxed the strongest of the young over the edge of the nest and down into the branches to be fed. The following day the remaining two young had also loft the nest. The observations of this American Goldfinch had drawn to a close, but not without en¬ riching both memory and portfolio.

PINDAR AilD THE

"It is said of Pindar, "that when he was a young man.

we read In Pausanias * History of Greece „ _ , as he was going to Thespia, being

wearied with the heat, as it was noon, and in the height of summer, he fell asleep at a small distance from the public road.; and that Bees, as he wras asleep, flew to him and wrought their honey on his lips. This circumstance first induced Pindar to compose verses.1'

Paus . Hist, of Greece B. Ik. c. kkiii 3

(From "Curious History- of Insects" (1865) p. 178 by Frank Cowan),

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NOTES ON THE

HERPETOLOGY

OF CALVERT COUNTY , MARYLA

By Romeo Mansucti

Because of its physical position, Calvert County stands out as an important ecological area, and is therefore very interesting to the herpetologist. It is a peninsula, Bounded on the west and south By the Patuxent River, on the cast by the Chesapeake Bay and on the north by Anne Arundel County. Calvert County is a part of the extensive Coastal Plain. There are no important differences in temperatures and humidity within the county.

Numerous environments occur in this county, and most are im¬ portant to amphibians and reptiles.

Calvert County is more or less level. It once had a surprising¬ ly large portion of Its surface covered with forests, but these have disappeared in the wake of agriculture. A large percentage of this county is now cultivated. Much of the soil is sandy. Groves of pine trees arc evident. Scrub Pine Is the most common tree.

One of the botanical attractions of this county is the Cypress Swamps, with the ghostly Bald Cypress trees, located near the region of Battle Creek. Salt marshes are very common at various places along the Patuxent near its mouth. I have no records of the famous Chesapeake Bay Diamond- Back Terrapin around the Calvert County area . Springs seem infrequent in this county.

The outstanding feature of this county's physical makeup is the extensive coast-line. Constant changes arc taking place In the out¬ line of the shoreline of the bay. These are due to the destructive action of waves and currents in wearing the shoreline away . New habitats arise from these changes. Often, as evident in the vicinity of Cove Point, a de£)osit of coarse soil and sand In the formation of bars, which cut off small inlets from the main body of water, form fresh or slightly brackish ponds.

Calvert County Is prominent from the hcrpctological standpoint in being the northernmost limit of distribution in the united States of the Narrowmouth Frog, Gastrophrync carolinensis (Holbrook), and is also the only locality on the western shore of Maryland In which the Maryland Milk Snake, Lamp rope It is triangulum temporalis (Cope), has thus far been taken.

the

Noble

Nothing much has appeared as yet in literature concerning existing fauna of the strip of land composing Calvert County, and Hasslcr (1936), Kelly, Robertson and Davis (1936), Robertson (1S36), Dunn (1937), McCauley (1941), and Fowler (1941) have made the most notable- contributions to the herpetology of this area. Thi article is merely intended to be a contribution to the study of amphibians and reptiles of this part of

Maryland ,

Those species recorded from Calvert County are

Amohibia

Plethodon cine reus (Green) Red-backed Salamander

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On April 13, 1941, William and Fred Miller and I collected two specimens under a board on a sandy path off a road leading down to Cove Point, which was about one-quarter mile away. This path was on a farm owned by a colored man named Curry* The day was cool and sunny with a temperature of 76° Fahrenheit. This farm is very much elevated above the general area of Cove Point, and is very hilly, rugged rad densely grown-ovor. The soil is mostly sandy, and pine trees predominate over holly and other deciduous trees. The two specimens wore collected in the morning at about 11:30 A. a. They were both rather pale; that is, the dorsal bands were not as deep in color as most specimens from around Baltimore • Since both speci¬

mens are preserved, this coloration is not prominent.

Do smog)] a thus fuscus fuscus (Rafincsouc) Common Bushy Salamander

I collected this species on June 2, 1940 and April 15, 1941, Curry's farm at Cove Point, vated, with a small water.

stream

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j-'s fare: is very wild and uncult i- jpring, from which he obtains his

In this cold stream, I found that the bottom was strewn with

holly leaves. These salamanders inhabited the areas

the sharp

and prickly leaves, and here I lacerated my hands considerably In trying to capture them. Alien uncovered they immediately sought refuge beneath the holly leaves, and reached It quite agilely. I have several specimens.

Psoudotriton ruber ruber (Sonnini) Common Red Salamander

On April 13, 1941, in the spring on Curry’s farm.

a larval salamander which I to collect It were futile.

identified as this species.

observed My attempts

Psoudotriton montanus men t anus (Baird) Rare Red Salamander

Fowler (1941) collected a specimen near Bowens, In May, 1937, under a board in soft mud in a cypress swamp.

Buf o f owl o pi Hinckley Fowler’s Toad-

On June 2, 1940, I collected several of those toads at Cove Point. One specimen collected on the- beach near the lighthouse had a general ground color of light green, while a specimen taken on Curry’s farm had a dark brownish ground color.

Ac rls crepitans Baird Cricket Frog

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At the several ponds not far off from the edge of the Che Bay near the lighthouse, we observed and collected more of the frogs as they swarmed along the borders of the ponds. These p ticular individuals were very brilliant, having streaks of gre dorsally. None was calling. When alarmed they would leap out the water and become immcshed with the duckweed on the edges, have them preserved, but unf ortunatcly their brilliance has bo

dulled by the preservative, slight ly bracki sh .

he ponds arc cither fresh water

sapcaice

se

ar-

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into

I

on

or

Hyla crucifer crucifer (Wicd) Common Spring Pc'cpc:

We did not collect any of these frogs, but wc did hear them call

on April 15, 1941. They were calling from the swamp behind to the lcf' with them.

i-n c

ponds

of the lighthouse. No other frogs were hoard to call

Hyla cine re a cincrca (Schneider) Common Are cn Tree

rog

On June 2, 1S4-0, I hoard one

Ci *i

o -L

;lc call at the brackish pond

near the lighthouse on the beach at Cove Point. There arc three specimens that wore collected by Louis Putcns from this particular pond on July 4, 1937, in the collection of the Natural History Society o f M a r y 1 a nd . One seems to approach H. c_. ovittata ( 1. 1 i 1 1 o r ) , b u t Noble and Hassler (1336) conclude from their studies that the two forms arc distinguished by their snouts and not from the presence of the lateral stripes. Mr. Putcns recorded them as being very abundant in this pond from 1935 to 1937. Dunn (1937) discusses these forms in detail.

Hyla versicolor versicolor (Lc Conte) Common Tree Toad

li:

I have no records of this species from southern Maryland, and

and Kassler’s work in Cove Point.

t it on the authority of Ncbl

Rana cl ami tens Le.trcille Green Frog

I have only recorded this species from Curry's farm. In June, 1940, and April, 1941, this species was found in the small stream and spring. It is unusual to note that this species lives in per¬ fect harmony with the Dusky Salamanders and the sharp Holly leaves that are strewn over the whole bottom of the stream and spring, . I have collected both very small and very large specimens in the spring. Those that escape dive into the holly leaves for refuge, and it is surprising that none is scarred, as I examined several and found them in perfect condition.

Rana pip ions (Schrcber) Common Leopard Frog

It is problematical sis to what species the frogs known from southern Mar ;>■ land belong. Whether our leopard frogs arc Rana sponocophala or pipicna has not been decided as yet, and ehTs con¬ troversy can only be settled by many technicians collaborating and c ompar i ng spec imen s .

At the ponds near the lighthouse, I found this Leopard Frog to be extremely abundant . They wore very variable in color. Many were

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36.

a rich metallic green with very few brown spots. Also they were very slender and thin, very elusive and wary, I did not note any on curry * s Farm.

Gastrophyme carolinensis (Holbrook) Narrow-mouth Frog

I was very fortunate in collecting this little known and seen species on June 2, 1940, on Curry’s Farm, about a mile northwest of the lighthouse on the cove. Dr. Noble and Mr, Hassler original¬ ly recorded this species only from the pond adjacent to the light¬ house. I found this particular individual under a piece of broken fence, which surrounded a small grassy field, which looked as if it had been cultivated the year before. The fence was parallel with a small road that led from the Cove Point Road to gurry’s Farm. It was taken about 3:00 P.M, at a temperature of 78 Fahrenheit (temp, of the debris in which the frog was snugly sleeping). The air temperature was 86° F.

When I lifted the board which was imbedded in the ground, I found this specimen in a cavity or hole (as if especially modelled out by this creature) In the rich top soil, which was rather brown¬ ish. The specimen was covered with dirt and appeared to me at first to resemble a chestnut shell. This specimen seemed to be a female, but I could not be sure; however, males are said to sing continually in captivity, and this specimen remained silent. When jumping, it leaped with considerable agility, sometimes taking leaps a3 wide as 3 to 10 inches. The following measurements were taken:

Total length of body .......... 2@ mm.

Length of head . c , -> « o ..... . 4 mm.

Length of body ........... ,25 mm.

Length of eye ............ 2 mm.

Length of tibia or shank * . .10 mm.

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Length of foot and ankle . • * 17 mm*

Width of head (from eye to eye) • . . . S mm.

Width of body . . 16 mm.

The dorsal view of this frog is dark brown. Two light brown or yellowish brown bands, which are rathor wide, begin from the eyes and pass backward and slightly downward to the insertion of the femur. These wide bands are mottled faintly with dark brown. The head is mottled lightly. The front and hind limbs are mottled with the some color that makes up the two dorsal bands. The belly is a dark salmon with peppered white specks. I cannot discern a tympanum on this specimen. The head is short and pointed, the body is thick and rounded, the skin is smooth. When at rest, this specimen had a very noticeable fold or wrinkle behind the eyes. All of the toes arc free. The e.bovc is a description of my specimen.

The specimen v/ould snuggle under a piece of bark which I pro¬ vided for it in the moistened jar in which it was housed, and would remain there until evening, at which time it would become very ac¬ tive. Nevertheless, it was active enough during the day to eat small roaches, flies and small mealworms, and it would snap these up with its tongue. Through carelessness on my part, the specimen es¬ caped and was never seen again despite diligent searching. I have two photographs of the specimen taken by Mr. August Sol clan an.

Rcptilia

Scoloporus undulatus f asciatus (Green) Northern Pence Swift

On a trip to Cove Point with Mr. Harry C. Robertson on June 2, 1940, we collected many of these lizards on Curry's Farm. Mr. Robertson tagged many specimens by systematically clipping their toes. Most of the specimens collected on this day were fomalcs.

One specimen was taken at a temperature of 98° P. at 1:10 ?.M,

Lciolopisma unlcolor (Harlan) Ground Skink

Joseph Bures and Conrad Kenney collected a specimen, which thev gave to me, from Plum Point on July 20, 1341. The collectors in¬ formed me that the specimen was moving about in daylight on the beach at this locality.

Mr* James A. Fowler of Washington, D.C. informed me that he collected two specimens at Camp Roosevelt, near Chesapeake Beach.

Eumcoos fasciatus (Linnc) Blue -tailed Skink

At Curry's Farm, on June 2, 1340, I collected two specimens that wore burrowed deep in wood pulp in a rotten log. This wood pulp was a rich brown, moist, clean substance. They were taken S;£0 A.M. at a temperature of 72°. Both had brilliant blue tails, which were colorfully contrasted with the bright yellow stripes. No saurians were seen out of their lairs at the time these were col¬ lected. They are common at other localities.

Eumeces laticeps (Schneider) Broad-headed Skink

mr. Robert son and I observed on June 2, 1940, a beautiful

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example of this species also in Gurry's Farm. hr. Gurry happened to he walking about and accidentally frightened this '"Scorpion”, as he knew it. Ee thought it was poisonous. We saw the specimen about twelve feet high on a tree, but in our effort to scare it down, it escaped high into the tree. It was seen at about 11:30 A.M.

Cnemldophorus sexlineatus (Linne) Six- lined Race runner

We saw several specimens on Curry’s Farm and around the light¬ house- on Cove Point. On the beach this species frequents the area around the clumps of parched grass, cacti, and sparsely situated bushes. They "skate" over the sand between clumps of grass and bushes with alacrity surpassing all the other members of the herpeto- fauna of this area. I chased several specimens around the lighthouse, and they did a curious thing. About 20 or 30 feet away from the lighthouse, near the large pond, I chased these racerunners up to the very edge, and they would disappear. The edge of the pond was obscurely hidden with the aquatic foliage, but after searching care¬ fully I failed to find where they escaped to. This lizard usually shuns damp areas, so it seems unusual to see them run into this con¬ dition. Perhaps they stay in this state momentarily and. when the coast is clear they emerge, to continue their task of catching food or basking.

On Mr, Curry’s Farm they occupied a different ecological niche Of course, the soil v/as sandy, but the plantlife was more abundant and. dense. Pine and deciduous trees, dead logs, bark.

weeds, etc.,

on rolling; hills formed a different type of environment for ©hi; creature. Small open valleys on the farm harbored this lizard

On

April 13, 1941, Curr hibernation.

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Carphophis amocna amoena (Say) Common Worm Snake

This species should only two specific records.

do very common in this area, but 1 have On June 2, 1940, while Mr. Robertson and I were looking at two Copperheads, which were basking on a rot¬ ted stump, I saw a snake’s tail protruding from under a piece of bark. I yanked out a frightened worm snake. As usual, it moved excitedly around my hand and sought to jab in my hand its spine-like appendage on the tail. The temperature of its refuge of rotten and

moist wood pulp in the stump was 84° F. Total

length

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222 mm

On May 18, 1941, while on a Geology Trip to the fossil Calvert Cliffs and Calvert Beach, I collected this species under a very

unusual circumstance. Milton Vincent and I walked alonn

beach.

lifting driftwood, logs, scashclls, hardly expecting to collect any sort of amphibians and reptiles in this barren place. But I turned over a very long plank, and beneath it, about ten feet away from the edge of the water, I found a worm snake nestled in a slight in¬ dentation in the sand. The sand under the board was moist. The specimen was ready to shed its skin, and it seems to me that it may have welcomed this moist condition to aid its shedding, and the saline moisture may have an influence on the well-being of the snake, since many snakes arc susceptible to skin diseases when shedding. The temperature was 72° F. It Is very rare to find the worm snake on a beach, in such a very dry environment devoid of its particular type of food.

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Snake

I have no records from Calvert County. Mr. Robertson records them from Cove Point, but I have not seen any specimens. Dr. Robert H. McCauley, Jr., (1941) stated that D. £ . punctatus, the Southern Ring-necked Snake "should be expected in southern Maryland, par¬ ticularly along the bay strip as far north as Anne Arundel County" . Thus far, specimens that I have seen from Charles and Anne Arundel County, were D. p. edwardsii, but any specimens from this portion of Maryland should Tie carefully examined.

Ileterodon contortrix (Linne) Hog-nosed Snake

Mr. Harry C. Robertson states that he has collected many speci- mena in southern Calvert County, particularly Cove Point. Mr. Gilbert Klingel and Mr. Elra Palmer have seen the Hog-nosed Snake in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs and Cove Point. However, I know of no preserved specimens from this county.

Coluber constrictor constrictor (Linne) Common Black Racer

On June 2, 1940, as Mr. Robertson and I left the lighthouse, we saw a Black Racer cross the road, but after much effort, we collected it. It was about four feet long.

On May IS, 1941, I observed three specimens along the beach at the fossil-bearing Calvert Cliffs. Along this beach, Milton Vincent and I wandered into an uninhabited cottage, which was about 50 feet from the bay's water edge. The whole area was grown-over and di¬ lapidated. Under a pile of rubbish, I uncovered a racer, which was off like a bolt of lightning, and I frightened two others that were basking in the parched grass. Each time they escaped, they sought refuge in the reeds at the bottom of the cliff where the beach ended. They were noted at about noon time.

Lampropcltis getulus gctulus (Linne) Common King Snake

The Natural History Society originally had a female specimen that was collected by Harry C. Robertson on Curry's Farm at Cove Point. Mr. Robertson informed me that he has collected several others from this area. Mr. James A. Fowler collected a specimen in Calvert County. This snake is reported as abundant by f aimers .

Lampropcltis triangulum temporalis (Cope) Maryland Milksnoke

On June 2, 1940, this species was found dead on the road, ap¬ parently killed by an automobile. It was taken on Solomon's Island Road, about four miles south of Port Republic in Calvert County at 9:00 A.M. when the temperature was varying from 67° to 70° F. On both sides of the road were wide expanses of grassy fields.

Dr. Robert E. McCauley, Jr* rcdescribed this species in Copcia In the September, 1941 issue. Before this publication, I sent Dr. McCauley a sketch of the color and pattern, and a description of the specimen, and not long after, he saw the specimen and verified its identity. Thus far this species has only been taken in Maryland In

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Worcester County, District of Columbia, New Jersey, and Delaware.

Dr, McCauley informed me that Father William H. McClellan, S.J. saw one in St. Mary’s County. This species docs not occur west of the fall line, and the range as stated by Dr. McCauley is the "Coastal P'lain New Jersey and Chesapeake Bay region. Southern limit not known." The few diverse geographical localities impress the rarity of this form, but Dr. McCauley’s solution seems to be the most logi¬ cal reason why they are so difficult to find; that is, this species tends to be a burrov/cr, and it is within reason to assume that my specimen was foraging about for food just after dawn, and on cross¬ ing the road, its sluggish antics abroad caused its death.

A description of the- specimen that was collected is as follows: Color - the head is black, with fine white markings, white line from corner of mouth to eye, white markings on upper and lower labials. Snout mottled finely with white and yellow. Several white specks on head form a "V" or "Y" . There are 28 red or reddish orange bands, and each band encircles the whole dorsal and lateral surface of the body. Each band completes itself at the edge of the ventral surfo.ee of the body, and they overlap on these ventral plates for about 3 mm. There arc no lateral blotches as in the Common Milksnake . Each red¬ dish bo.nd is encircled with about 4 mm. of blo.ck, and between each band there is a creamy white ring, which may be the ground color, and which is hardly more than 3 mm. in width along the body. On practically every ventral plate there is a de.rk marbled oblong mark on the white belly. The eye is orange.

Body and Measurements

Total Length . 571 mm, (22-3/4 inches)

Tail Length . 82 mm.

Body Length 476 mm.

Head Length . . 13 mm.

Head Width ..«»..««• 11 mm .

Neck Width . . 9mm,

Width of Body at Middle ... 14 mm.

Width of Body at Tail .... 10 mm.

The snout of this species is blunt and broad. This milksnake is a male, and appeared to be mature. When found on the road, its hcmipencs were extruded. These reproductive glands arc yellowish in formalin and the spines arc to be seen faintly.

The scale counts are as follows:

Ventral Plates (Plead to base of Tail) .... 187

Caudal Plates (Divided) . 41

No. of Scales around neck ......... 20

No. of Scales at middle of body . 21

No. of Scales five inches from end of tail. 20 No. of Scales at base of tail ....... 17

Since it is often very difficult to designate common names to new, little-known or complex forms, I have applied "Maryland Milk- snake" as the popular title for this snake for use by local students. I am a strong advocate of standard common names for amphibians and reptiles .

41.

Milksnakes in Maryland are not as abundant as they originally were, and their decrease can be credited to the devastation of suit¬ able environments t>y the steady flow of human progress, notably in building. In agriculture, no small amount of blame can be placed upon our now "educated” farmers. Some inquiries to farmers in Cal¬ vert County have verified the fact that they place blacksnakes in their corn cribs, tobacco sheds and barns to stave off the ravages of mice, moles, etc., yet they exhibit a disagreeable attitude to¬ ward milksnakes, which they believe poisonous, and which they credit with molesting cows. Even though they know the value of such species, they still persist in killing them. A method of thoroughly educating people who constantly come in contact with snakes is yet to be found. Even though the protection of snakes is generally scoffed at even by snake-lovers, the milksnake and its allies should enjoy pro¬ tection from the State as a distinct asset to the well-being of agriculture .

Nat r lx sipedon sioedon (Linne) Common Water Snake

On April! 13, 1941, hi two specimens in the large is p r ob ab ly f r • & h in t he s e brackish, since myriads of The snakes were difficult yellow grass that bordered

Hi am Miller, prod Miller and I observed •pond north of the lighthouse . The water ponds, but it may have been only slightly Cricket Frogs swam and hi d in the water, to app roach, and were hidden by the thick the pond. I know of no other records.

St or or ia occipitomaculata (Storcr) Red-bcllicd Snake

Mr. Robertson collected several specimens from Mr. Curry's Farm; one is in the N.H.S.M. collection. He collected them under logs in an open ravine, with sandy soil, weeds, with a few shrubs and many trees .

Agkistrodon mokes on cuprous (Rafinccquc) Northern Copperhead

Unfortunately, I was not with Mr. Robertson when he saw and cried to capture two specimens of this form, which were lying on top of a tree stump on Mr. Curry's Farm at Cove Point. Mr. Robert¬ son stated that he smelled cucumbers, but I could not discern this odor. The snakes escaped. In the tree stump, I found a worn snake.

On May 18, 1941, near the fossil cliffs, I talked with a man who stated that ho had killed a Copperhead In that vicinity. Ho stated that it was the first that he had seen in many years. When I questioned farmers, many said that their honestly did not knew what a Copperhead looked like, but some stated that many years ago they were fairly abundant, but nowadays, they never see them .

Copperheads arc gradually being exterminated In their southern range in Maryland, and this is due to the flourishing of farms, and the cutting of timber.

There is a possibility that the form native to the coastal plain of southern Maryland Is A.m. mokasen (Beauvois), the Southern Copperhead. There are not many specimens “from the coastal plain In Maryland in collections, so that the field is left open for diligent research.

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Kino sternon sub rub rum sub rub rum (Lacepede) Common Mud Turtle

At the pond adjacent to the lighthouse at Cove Point, Mr, Robertson collected a specimen on June 2, 1940, at about 5:00 P,M.

The specimen was ambling about the border amid the cacti, sand and grass. I know of no other records.

Che ly dr a serpentina serpentina (Linne) Common Snapping Turtle

The lighthouse keeper’s wife at Cove Point had several juvenile snappers from the brackish or freshwater pond. Mr, James A, Fowler collected and observed them at this locality on June 7, 1941, in the ponds along the beach.

Terrapene Carolina Carolina (Linne) Common Box Turtle

In almost all my field trips to the various parts of the county,

I have observed or collected this species. Milton Vincent and I climbed the high cliff which is the object of so much palentological work at the Scientist’s Cliff Locality, and found a turtle at the very top. I did not find any along the beach. At Cove Point, I found a small specimen partially buried in the sand under weeds and

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Chrysemys picta picta (Schneider) Common Painted Terrapin

Mr, James A, Fowler informed me that he found them abundant in the ponds at Cove Point on June 7, 1941.

Pseudemys rubriventris rubriventris (Le Conte) Common Red-bellied

~~~ "" ~~ Terrapin

Mr. Irving Hampe and Mr. Harry C. Robertson informed me that these turtles were common in the clear, shallow streams that ran through the Cypress Swamps near Prince Frederick. They told me ■chat they were easily captured,

Mr. James Fowler collected a juvenile and a large adult on Juno 7, 1941, from one of the ponds of Cove Point.

Mr. Gilbert Klingel and Mr. Harry C. Robertson have often told me of the large Marine turtles that they have observed off the coast of Calvert County. Although these turtles are not indigenous to the Chesapeake Bay, they often stray up into this waterway in the summer. They have observed these turtles off the coast of Cove Point:

Che Ionia my das (Linne) Green Turtle

Carotta"" caretta carotta (Linne) Common Loggerhead Turtle

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dunn, Emmett Reid - 1937, December - The Status of Hyla evittata

Miller - Proc . Biol. Soc„ Wash. - Vol. 50 - PpT^PlO"7 Fowler, James A. - 1941, September - The Occurrence of Psc-udotriton

m on ~b anus montanus In Maryland - Copoia - No, 3 - P „ "1"81 , ~

Kelly" Howard A.,~ "Davis, Audrey W., & Robertson, Harry Charles - 1936-

Snakes of Maryland - N a turaT History Society 'of Maryland ' —

Pp. 1-103 - 22 colored pi, 22 photos. 2 figs.

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McCauley, Robert H., Jr. - 1941, March - Diadophis punctatus in Maryland - Copeia - No. 1 - F * 55.

M c G aul ey , Robert H. Jr, - 1941, September - A Redescription of

Lampropelt i s*~t riangulum temporalis (Cope) - Copeia - ). 3 -

Pp . 146-150 - & photos.

Noble, G. Kingsley, & Hassler, William - 1936, Some

SaTientla of Geographic Interest from Southern Maryland - Cooeia No. - PP.

Robertson, Harry C . - 1936, February - The Life History of the King Snake (Lampropelt is getulus getulus ) - Nat* Hist. Soc. Md. Senior Bull. Vol. 6 - No . 6 - Pp . 32-37 - 7 figs.

Shreve, Forrest, Chrysler, M.A., Blodgett, Frederick H., & Besley, F. 1910 - The Plant Life of Maryland - Maryland Weather Service Spec. Publ, Vol. Ill - Pp. 1-553 - 15 figs. 39 plates.

THE MARBLED SALAMANDER, AMBY STOMA OPACUM ( GRAVENHORST ) ,

IN THE GUNPOWDER PALLS AREA

On Sunday, November 9, 1941, Louis A. Franz collected a Marbled Salamander, Amby stoma opacum ( Gravenhorst ) , along the Gunpowder River, near the intersection of the river and Belair Road or U.S. Route 1, Baltimore County, Maryland. This specimen, an adult male, was collected several hundred feet from the edge of the Falls. The area as a whole is characteristic of the Piedmont Plateau, being hilly and generally forested. Other than the river and streams which flew into It, there are no ponds or swampy areas in the immediate vicinity .

This specimen we.s discovered at about 11:00 A.M. in a post-hole which had been dug the week before by the collector. Prior to the day of this capture, the week had been extremely cold, so that it is logical to assume that the specimen had prepared itself for hi¬ bernation in this site. During the week, the hole, which is ap¬ proximately two and one half feet deep, had completely filled with leaves and other debris. At the very bottom of this hole, this spcci men was uncovered in a limp and sluggish state. Although the day was clear, it was very cold, the air temperature being 43 degrees Fahren¬ heit. The top soil was a rich black loam, while there was a yellow clay beneath.

This record may be an example of the places selected by sala¬ manders of the Genus Amby stoma for hibernation. It is safe to assume that this salamander would have been protected throughout the winter by the warm blanket of leaves and humus.

This particular specimen is characteristic of the species.

There arc 11 costal grooves. The total length is 108 mm., tail 46 mm. and the head is 10 mm. long. The anal lips of this specimen arc slightly swollen, a distinction of the males.

Robert Buxbaum and Romeo Mansueti

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BARITE PROSPECT NEAR JOHNSVILLE, FREDERICK COUNTY, MARYLAND

By Charles W. Ostrander

Barite has been found in small quantities at several of the mines and prospects in Frederick County, chiefly at the Liberty Copper Mine, and the Mt • View Lead Mine where it might even have been considered a by-product. Several prospects are supposed to have been made in the limestone areas of the county, but probably the only serious attempt to mine barite (barium sulphate) was on the M. L. Reaver farm, formerly the Sobel property, located about one and one half miles southeast of Johnsville. The geology of the locality consists of the usual Frederick County finely crystalline, variegated limestone forming the weathered-out valleys, the hills covered with several feet of shale and quartz. This lens-shaped occurrence is bordered on the east with the Ijamsville phyllite and metarhyolite and mctanadesite on the west.

The prospects for barite on the M. L. Reaver farm appear to have been worked in about the middle eighteen hundreds, local resi¬ dents who have lived in the vicinity all their lives claiming that the pits were there long before their time. The openings were made in two adjacent hills separated by a small stream, the northernmost being the largest and appearing as an open cut in the hillside. The shaft, if there was one, has long since been filled in, and, although this seems to bo the most Important working, no ore was observed on the site; all of it must have been carried away at the time of opera¬ tion. Large boulders of white cleavage barite were found at the smaller southern shaft, which appears as a small wooded island in the side of the hill, now a plowed field. The small shaft has been filled in with rocks, and specimens of the ore arc widely scattered through the field in the vicinity from the plowing. The locality must have attained little importance commercially, and advanced little further than being a prospect. Regardless, It has the distinction of being the only mine operated for barite in the State of Maryland. It is interesting to note that no other mineralization is to be found at this locality. Persistant searching failed to reveal even a trace of the copper or lead ore mined and prospected for in the near vicini¬ ty. The white cleavage barite, which occurs In pockets in the lime¬ stone, is seemingly the only accessory mineral to be found.

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NOTES FOR DECEMBER, 1941 and JANUARY, 1942 Lectures and Meetings

December 2 -- Sound Motion Pictures, "The Mormon Cricket", "Grass¬ hoppers", and "The Cicada Killer" •

(Christmas recess).

January 6 — Sound Motion Pictures, "N ‘Manga" , "Way of the Wild" -

Expedition into South Africa and the British Cameroons. 9 Staff meeting.

27 -- Lecture by Mr. C. Haven Kolb, "Development of Some

Plant Associations in the Loch Raven Region".

Junior Division and Scout Troop

December 6 9 13

20

22

January 10 12 17

24

31

Junior meeting.

Scout meeting.

Junior Nature Exhibition. Prizes were won by the following :-

For Originality: 1st prize, John Norman, Turtles and ¥heir Ranges; 2nd prize, Joseph Schreiber, Maryland Minerals; 3rd prize, James Hill, Wood and Its Uses; Honorable Mention, Roy Ostrander, Minerals Used in Defense .

For Best Effort: 1st prize, Robert Buxbaum, Lizards of Maryland; 2nd~prize, William Norman, Snakes of Maryland, 3rd prize, Thomas Yost and Harry Knipp, Sea Shells. Judges, Irving E. Hampe, Gilbert C* Klingel and Herbert C. Moore.

Junior meeting. Election of officers. Chairman, Joseph Schreiber, Vice-chairman, Roy Ostrander and Secretary Robert Buxbaum. The council of five consist of the three officers and James Hill and Milton Vincent.

Scout Christmas Assembly at Camp Kahagon.

Christmas Assembly of Junior Division.

Junior meeting.

Scout meeting.

Talk by Joseph Schreiber, "Mineralogy in Relationship to the present Emergency" .

Junior meeting. General Discussion.

Junior meeting.

Lectures, Loans and Exhibitions

December 2

5

6

12

January 9 27

-- Loan of Birds to Girls* Scout Troop #103, Catonsville.

-- Loan of Birds to State Teachers College.

— Loan of Minerals to School #27.

— Exhibition at Baltimore Museum of Art in conjunction with the Conservation Commission of Maryland, featuring Birds and Plants during the winter season.

-- Motion Pictures for District Scout Assembly at Old Eastern High School.

— Lecture to Garden Club of Govans by Mr. E. B. Fladung, "Importance of Birds to Man".

PROCEEDING No. 7

Proceeding No. 7, "A Descriptive Catalogue of Reptiles and Am¬ phibians Found in and around Baltimore City, Maryland, within a Radius of Twenty Miles", by Mr, Romeo Mansueti, has been released. All mem¬ bers of the Society are entitled to a copy.

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BULLETIN

of %

THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY of MARYLAND

YOL. XII MARCH 1942 APRIL N0.4

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK

Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday’s

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume XII

MARCH 1942 APRIL

Humber 4

SOME SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA

By Dorothy So ip Calder

The consideration of species' characteristics In bacteria re¬ solves Itself Into learning a series of definitions or different classifications •

First, there Is the division of all bacteria Into two classes, on the basis of pathogenicity; the pathogenic bacteria are those that arc capable of causing disease; the n on-pathogenic bacteria are those that are not capable of causing disease.

Second, there is the division of all bacteria Into two classes, on the basis of their food requirements: the saprophytes, those bacteria that normally live on dead matter; and the parasites, those bacteria that normally live on and derive their nourishment from living matter. The terms saprophyte and parasite, however, are not limited to bacteria alone and are frequently applied to other animal or vegetable organisms.

Third, there are five classes of bacteria based on their be¬ havior toward free oxygen: the aerobes grow only in the presence of free oxygen; the anaerobes grow only in the absence of free oxygen; the facultative aerobes ordinarily grow In the absence of free oxygen, but can live in the presence of free oxygen; the facultative anaerobes ordinarily grow in the presence of free oxygen, but can grow in the absence of free oxygen; the micro-aerophiles are those bacteria that grow best or grow exclusively when oxygen has been partly removed.

Before describing the fourth classification sometimes applied to bacteria, we shall consider some facts that it is necessary to know regarding temperature requirements. There are three temperature determinations for every species of bacteria; these are the maximum, minimum and optimum growth temperatures. The maximum growth tempera¬ ture is defined as the highest temperature at which the species will grow, the minimum growth temperature is the lowest temperature at which the species will grow, the optimum, growth temperature is the temperature at which the species grows best. On the basis of these three thermal determinations the bacteria fall into three classes

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defined as follows:

	Minimum Growth Temp.	Optimum Growth Temp.	Maximum Growth Temp
Psychrophilic	o o o	15°- 20°C	w o o o
Mesophilic	5°-25°C	57°rj	43°C
Thermophilic	25°-45°C	50°- 55°C	60°-70°C

Many species of bacteria my survive in lower and some at higher temperatures although they may not grow and multiply at those tempera¬ tures. Any bacterium in a dessicated condition can resist the effect of high temperatures for a longer period of time than those in a moist condition. It is, therefore, desirable to resort to boiling or the application of steam as a means of killing bacteria by heat.

The effects of temperature on various species of bacteria natural ly leads us to a fifth classification of them as spore-formers and nonsporc-formers . When gradually subjected to adverse conditions for growth such as incorrect temperature, lack of food or water, etc., many species will die, but the individuals of some species are cap¬ able of forming within themselves a body which is called a spore. A spore is a round or oval body, highly refract ile to light, with a thick outer covering. It is formed by the concentration of the pro¬ toplasm with a resulting loss of water and is therefore highly re¬ sistant to the effects of heat, chemicals, or dessication. Under conditions favorable for growth, the spore will absorb moisture and develop into a bacillus agin. Bacteria which do not form spores or spore-formers which are not sporulating at the time are called vegeta¬ tive bacteria. Spores in bacteria have no reproductive function j they serve only as a protective state which some species may go into. A single bacterium produces one spore and one spore produces only one vegetative bacterial cell. Spore formation occurs only in the rod shaped bacteria and only about 150 species of the bacilli form spores. Although the sporc-foming bacteria are represented by only a few species they are extremely important, because the spores are universal ly present and sterilization methods must bo severe enough to destroy all spores as well as vegetative cells.

The sixth classification is based on locomotion! there are non- motile and motile bacteria. Bacteria are often dust-borne, or carried mechanically by flies and other insects, animals, and humans. For long distance travel these aids are very necessary to their trans¬ location. However, in a microscopic study of bacteria some species are seen which possess the power of motility. The cells of some few species in the spirilla, class are able to move by the flexibility of the cell membrane, but most motile bacteria have one or more ex¬ ternal structures, called flagella, which are hairlike processes cap¬ able of propelling the organism by their waving motion. In making a microscopic examination to determine motility or non-motility one must also know what Brownian motion is and be able to distinguish it from true motility. Brownian motion is a peculiar dancing motion possessed by all finely divided organic particles suspended in a liquid and ex¬ hibits itself as just a wavering of the colls within a smo.ll area.

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This motion results from molecular "bombardment of the small particles* A truly motile cell is seen to actually move across or out of the field of the microscope.

The rate of travel for the cholera spirillum has been determined to be about 18 cm. (7.2 inches) per hour over a short period of time. This means that in one hour the cell would have traveled about 120,000 times its own length. An automobile of a length of ten feet, in order to cover 120,000 times its own length in the same period of time, would have to travel at the rate of 2j§8 miles per hour.

Seventh, bacteria may be classed as encapsulated or noncapsulated. A capsule is a mucoid envelope of variable thickness which is said to be formed by the outer layer of protoplasm and surrounds the cells of some species of bacteria. A few species may remain encapsulated when grown on artificial culture media, others frequently show the encap¬ sulation only in specimens taken from animal tissue, but the capsules disappear after cultivation on ordinary laboratory media. The diplococcus of pneumonia is an example of such an encapsulated species. The organism exhibits a typical capsule when examined in sputum from an infected patient, but is usually not seen after one or more trans¬ fers to the ordinary culture media. To reaffirm the presence of the capsule after the pure culture has been isolated, it may be innocu- lated into the peritoneum of a mouse. The stained smear of the wash¬ ings from the peritoneum will show the capsule around a large percent¬ age of the diplococcus present if a true pneumococcus has been iso¬ lated.

The eighth and ninth classifications are based on staining re¬ actions to two stains much used by bacteriologists, the Gram’s stain and the acid-fast stain. The Gram’s method of staining divides the bacteria into two groups: the Gram-positive bacteria and the Gram¬ negative bacteria. A thin film of bacteria is spread on a clean glass slide and when this film has dried in the air, the slide is passed quickly through a Bunsen flame once or twice to fix the organisms on the glass. A slide so prepared is called a smear and may be stained as the laboratory worker so desires. To make a Gram’s stain, one would cover the smear with gentian violet for one minute and wash off with water, then cover the smear with Gram’s iodine solution for 1 minute and wash with water, next rinse the smear several times in acetone or 95% alcohol or until no more purple color appears in the drippings of alcohol or acetone and wash again with v/ater, finally, cover the smear with saffranin (red dye) for thirty seconds and wash and blot dry with absorbent paper. When thoroughly dry the stained smear is ready for examination under the microscope. This staining method is based on the fact that when some species of bacteria arc stained with gentian violet and are then treated with a weak iodine solution, a chemical or physical combination (or both) occurs between the cell body and the two solutions so that the color cannot be re¬ moved by the alcohol or acetone. Such a species belongs to the Gram¬ positive bacteria and shows the purple color when seen microscopical¬ ly. In other species the violet-iodine-cell combination does not occur and the alcohol or acetone will remove the violet stain from the cells so that they will then take up the counterstain and show the red. color of saffranin when seen microscopically. Such a species belongs to the Gram-negative group of bacteria.

The acid-fast stain applies a similar principle of staining

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reaction except that acid-alcohol is used and the acid is responsible for the destaining if it occurs. Carbolic acid and basic fuchsin (red dye) arc combined in the first solution used. The technique for an acid-fast stain is as follows:

1, Spread and fix a smear on a glass slide.

2. Flood the slide with carbol fuchsin and gently steam for 2-3 minutes, cool and wash.

3o Dip the slide repeatedly in acid alcohol until all the red color is removed (at this point the acid-fast organisms re¬ main red and the non-acid-fast organisms lose all the carbol fuchsin stain).

4. Apply a counterstain of contrasting color - usually methylene blue .

In the clinical laboratory the acid-fast stain is used most fre¬ quently to determine the presence of the acid-fast tubercle bacilli in excretions from the body, especially sputum. The bacillus of leprosy is also an acid-fast organism. These bacteria have a waxy consistency which is believed to be responsible for their resistance to decolorization with acid-alcohol, once the carbol fuchsin has entered the cells.

While on the subject of stains used in the laboratory, it is also worth stating that the previously mentioned capsules, spores, and flagella require special stains in order that they may be seen as they do not readily take up the ordinary aniline dyes such as are used in the Gram’s stain. Certain other bacteria show dark and light staining areas; the dark spots are called metachromatic granu¬ les . Several workers have developed excellent staining methods which aid in determining the presence of metachromatic granules, which are indicative of certain species; they are especially seen in the patho¬ genic organism which causes diphtheria.

The tenth and last of the more important divisions of bacteria is one based on the production of toxins. Practically all species of bacteria produce poisons called toxins, but some are exotoxins, which are secreted by the cells into their surroundings, while others are endotoxins, which is only liberated if the cell is broken. The specific action of exotoxins of some species are solely responsible for the clinical symptoms of some diseases,' Such exotoxins are pro¬ duced by the bacteria which cause diphtheria, tetanus (lockjaw), and botulism (true ptomaine poisoning).

In speaking of specific characteristics of bacteria it is necessary to point to a question which may have arisen in the reader’s mind already. Just how specific are such characteristics, how de¬ pendable are these features which some species possess and others do not? Alas, all is not so simple as it first appears to be, for the lines of demarcation are not very sharp. To date, no variation in shapes of bacteria has been recorded, but the presence of some of these other characteristics may often vary in the freshly isolated culture, but more especially in cultures which have been repeatedly transferred and grown under artificial conditions. The example has been given in regard to the capsule on the diplococcus of pneumonia; similarly a certain species may lose the flagella which once caused it to belong with the actively motile organisms. Also, by a gradual

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change of temperature the optimum growth temperature of a certain species may he increased or decreased. Many other changes besides the three already given are possible. Inasmuch as variations can be artificially produced, it is quite likely to expect variations in the natural habitat of bacteria .

Just as in all other biological species, freaks or sports occasionally occur, "atypical” forms are found in bacteria. Such a variation of a species characteristic may be temporary or it may become permanent (hereditary) .

The science of bacteriology is as yet a very new one and it may take many years to solve all the problems of variation or dissocia¬ tion within the species.

ANTICLINE AT HANCOCK, MARYLAND By Edmund B. Fladung

On the cover of this issue of the Bulletin is a photograph of the famous anticline at Hancock, Maryland. This geological phenomenon is visited by many students from all over the United States and Europe, etc., because rarely are anticlines so complete and easy to observe and study.

The anticline is on the Potomac River, and up to recently the old C. & 0. canal with its tow path was between the anticline and the river. Adjoining the anticline is a synclinc. This syncline is not quite as impressive, but well illustrates lateral pressure.

Prom the photograph which was taken on the shore of the Potomac River in West Virginia, you c an note the various strata of rocks forming an arch like structure.

Anticlines arc formed by lateral pressure which throws the various layers of strata into folds, sometimes wide and gentle like undulations and sometimes closely appressed. Thus strata usually occur in alternate saddles and troughs. The saddles arc called anti¬ clines | the troughs - synclines.

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51

A LIST OP THE BIRDS OF CAROLINE COUNTY, MARYLAND

By Frazer G. Poole

The following is a list of the birds of Caroline County, Maryland based on observations during the years 1928-1932 and the spring and summer of 1938. The list is obviously not as complete as might be expected. Largely this is duo to the fact that the author has never been able to get into the field as much as he would like. During the years listed there have been parts of seasons in which observation has been almost negligible. Any close and prolonged observation of the rivers of the county would surely give a larger list of water fowl than is found here. In regard to the data listed.;- it Is as authentic and as certain as possible; any doubtful records having been omitted.

1. Pied-billed Grebe. Podilymbus podiceps podiceps. One bird on April 10, 1938, Probably an Irregular transient’ visitor.

2. Great Blue Heron. Ardea herodias herodias . A fairly common permanent resident."

3. American Egret. Casmerodius albus egretta. Fairly common in late summer duo to post-breeding wanderings.

4. Little Blue Heron. Florida, caerulea caerulea. Occurs as a fair¬ ly common post-breeding season visitor.

5. Eastern Green Heron. Butorides vircscens virescons . A common

summer resident. ~ ’ " ~ ~ ™ .

6. Common Mallard. Anas platyrynchos platyrynchos . Common in win¬ ter and during migration.

7. Black Duck. Anas rubripes (Brewster). Common permanent resi¬ dent. Eggs May 1.

8. Wood Duck. Aix sponsa. Not uncommon In the less settled parts of the county.”

9. Turkey Vulture. Cathartcs aura septontrionalis • Common perma¬ nent resident.

10. Sharp-shinned Hawk. Accipiter velox velox. Fairly common perma¬ nent resident.

11. Cooper’s Hawk. Accipiter cooperi , Fairly common permanent resi¬ dent •

12. Eastern Rod-tailed Hawk. Butco borealis borealis. Fairly common permanent resident.

13. Northern Red-shouldered Hawk. Butco lineatus lineatus. Perma¬ nent resident, not common.

14. Marsh Hawk. Circus hudsonius . Uncommon permanent resident.

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15. Osprey. Pandion hallaetus carolinonsis . Fairly common summer resident.

16. Eastern Sparrow Hawk . Falco sparverius sparverius . Common per¬ manent resident.

17. Bob-white. Colinus virgin! anus virgin! anus . Common permanent resident.

18. Ring-necked Pheasant. Phasianus colchicus torquatus . Perma¬ nent resident. Not as common as formerly 7 Introduced.

19. Killdeer. Oxyechus vociferus vocifcrus . Very common permanent resident .

20. Woodcock. Philohcla minor. Common permanent resident.

21. Wilson's Snipe. Capolla dclicata . Very common spring migrant. Less common in f aTT .

22. Spotted Sandpiper. Actit is macularia . Fairly common summer

resident. "™

23. Herring Gull. Larus argent at us smiths oni anus . Casual in winter.

24. Ring-hilled Gull. Larus delav/arensls . One record, March 10, 1938. Apparently blown inland hy a severe coaste.l storm.

25. Eastern Mourning Dove. Zenaldura macroura carolinonsis . Common

permanent resident. ~ ' ~~ ’ ’

26. Yellow-hilled Cuckoo. Coccyzus americanus amor ic anus . Common

summer resident. . .

27 . Barn Owl . Tyto alba prat incola. Uncommon permanent resident.

23. Eastern Screech Owl. Otus asio naevius • Common permanent resi¬ dent, .

29. Northern Barred Owl. Strix varia varia. Common permanent resi¬ dent .

30. Eastern Whip-poor-will. Ant ros tonus vociferus vociferus. Common summer resident.

31. Eastern Night hawk . Chordeiles minor minor. Common summer resi¬ dent .

32. Chimney Swift. Chaetura pelagica. Very common summer resident.

33. Ruby- throated Hummingbird. Archilochus colubris. Common summer

resident. ~

.34. Eastern Belted Kingfisher. Megaceryle alcyon alcyon . Common

summer resident. Rather common the year round” 'with' "the exception of mid-winter.

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35. Northern Flicker. Colaptos auratus lutous . Very common perma¬ nent resident.

36. Pileated Woodpecker. Ceophloeus pileatus pileatus. ‘An uncommon permanent resident in the wilder parts of the county. Breeds.

37. Red-bellied Woodpecker. Centurus carol inus . Common permanent resident .

38. Red-headed Woodpecker. Melanerpes erythrocephalus . Fairly com¬ mon summer resident.,

39. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Sphyrapicus varius various. Fairly common as a migrant. Occasional as a winter visitor,

40. Eastern Hairy Woodpecker. Dryobates villosus villosus . Rare permanent resident.

41. Northern Downy Woodpecker. Dryobates pub e seen s medianus. Common

permanent resident. ’

42. Kingbird. Tyr annus tyr annus (Linn.). Common summer resident.

43. Northern Crested Flycatcher. Mylar chus crinitis boreus . Common

summer resident. —

44. Eastern Phoebe. Sayornis phoebe . Common summer resident.

45. Eastern Wood Pewee. Myiochanes virens . Common summer resident.

46. Northern Horned Lark. Otocoris alpestris alpestris . Fairly common winter visitor.

47. Tree Swallow. Iridoprocne bicolor . Common summer resident.

48. Bank Swallow. Riparia riparia riparia. Common summer resident,

particularly where high sandy banks give it a favorable nesting site.

49. Rough-winged Swallow . Stelgidopteryx ruf icollis serripennis . Fairly common summer resident.

50. Barn Swallow. Hi r undo erythrogaster . Very common summer resident

51. Purple Martin. Progne subis subis . Very common summer resident.

52. Blue Jay. Cyanocitta cristata cristata. Common permanent resi-

dent . ~~

53. Eastern Crow. Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos. Common . permanent resident.

54* Carolina Chickadee. Penthestes carolinensis carolinensis . Common permanent resident.

55. Tufted Titmouse. Baeolophus bicolor. Common permanent resident.

56. Northern White-breasted Nuthatch. Sitta carolinensis carolinensis

Permanent resident. —

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58. House Wren. Troglodytes aedon aedon. Common summer resident,

59. Eastern Winter Wren. N annus hi emails hi emails . Fairly common winter visitor.

50. Carolina Wren. Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus . Common permanent resident".

61. Mockingbird. Mimus polyglottos polyglottos . Common permanent

resident . ~ . ' “

62. Catbird, Dumetella carolinensis . Common summer resident.

63. Brown. Thrasher. Toxo stoma rufum (Linn,). Common summer resident

64. Eastern Robin. Turdus migratorius migratorius . Common resident in summer. Thousands winter each year in the' depths of the county’s larger swamps.

65. Wood Thrush. Hylocichla mustelina. Common summer resident,

66. Eastern Hermit Thrush. Hylocichla guttata f axoni . Common transient visitor,

67 f Eastern Bluebird. Sialia sialis sialis . Common permanent resi- dent ,

68. Blue-gray Gnat catcher • Polioptila caerulea caerulea. Common summer resident.

69. Golden-crowned Kinglet. Regulus satrapa satrapa. Common winter visitor,

70. Eastern Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Corthylio calendula calendula. Fairly common transient visitor.

71. Cedar Waxwing . Bombycilla cedrorum. Common in summer and during migrations. Casual in winter,

72. Starling. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris . Abundant permanent resident

73. White-eyed Vireo, Vireo griseus griseus . Common summer resident,

74. Yellow-throated Vireo. Vireo f lavifrons . Common summer resident

75. Red-eyed Vireo. Vireo olivaceus . C ommon summer resident,

76. Black and White Warbler, Mniotilta varia. Common summer resi¬ dent •

77. Prothonotary Warbler. Protonotaria citrea. Fairly common summer resident.

78. Worm-eating Warbler, Helmitheros vermivorus . Fairly common

summer resident. “ "

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79. Tennessee Warbler. Vermlvora poregrlna. Transient visitor.

80. Eastern Yellow Warbler. Denclroica aestiva aestiva. Common summer resident.

81. Myrtle Warbler. Dendroioa coronata. Fairly common in winter. Abundant as a migrant .

S2. Cerulean Warbler. Dondroica corulea. Not uncommon as a spring migrant . . .

83. Northern Pine Warbler. Dendroioa pinus plnus. Common summer resident .

84 „ Prairie Warbler. Dendroioa discolor discolor. Very common summer resident.

85. Yellow Palm Warbler. Dendroioa palmarum hypochrysoa. Common transient visitor.

86. Ovenbird. Seiurus aurocapillus . Fairly common sumer resident.

87. Louisiana Water- thrush. So Iras motacilla. Rare summer visitor.

88. Maryland Yellow-throat. Qeothlypis trlcha.s trichas . Very common summer resident.

89. Yellow-breasted Chat. Ictorla virens virens . Common summer

resident. " .

90. Anorian Redstart. Sctophaga rut i cilia. Rather common summer resident.

91. House Sparrow, Passer aomesticus doncsticus . Abundant permanent resident.

92. Bobolink. Dolichonyx oryzivorus . Common transient visitor.

93. Eastern Meadowlark. Stumella magna magna . Permanent resident. Less common in winter.

94. Eastern Red-winged Blackbird. Agclaius phoenicus phoenicus.

Common summer resident. ~~ . ~ ~ * " . . .

95. Orchard Oriole. Icterus spurlus . Common summer resident.

96. Baltimore Oriole, j c t e rus galbul a . Common summer resident.

97. Rusty Blackbird. Euphagus carolinus . Common transient visitor. Casual in winter.

98. Purple Crackle • Quiscalus quiscula quiccula. Common transient visitor and s umner re sid'en t .

99. Cowbird. Molothrus at or at or . Common permanent resident.

100. Scarlet Tanager. Plranga orythronolas . Transient visitor.

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101# Summer Tanager. Pi rang a rubra rubra. Un conn on summer resident.

102. Eastern Cardinal. Rlchmondena cardinal is cardinal is . Common

permanent resident.

105. Indigo Bunting. Passerina cyanea. Summer resident.

104. Eastern Goldfinch. Spinus tristis tristis . Permanent resident. Less common in winter.

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105. Red- eyed Towhee. Plpilo e r y thr opthalnu s erythropthalmus . Com¬ mon summer resident. ~

106. Eastern Grasshopper Sparrow. Amraodramus savannarum australis. Fairly common summer resident.

107. Eastern Vesper Sparrow. Pooecetes gramineus gramineus. Common

summer resident. . .

108. Slate-colored Junco. Junco hyemalis hyemalis. Common winter

resident. ’ ~

109. Eastern Tree Sparrow. Spizella arborea arborea. Common winter visitor .

110. Eastern Chipping Sparrow. Spizella passerina passerina. Common summer resident,

111. Field Sparrow. Spizella pusilla pus ilia . Common summer resident.

112. White- throated Sparrow. ZonotriCxkia albicollis. Very common winter visitor.

113. Fox Sparrow. Passerella iliaca iliaca. Fairly common winter visitor.

114. Eastern Song Sparrow. Melospiza melodia melodia. Common perma¬ nent resident.

BREEDING NOTES ON EASTERN SHORE BIRDS By Frazer G. Poole

Unless otherwise indicated dates given are for Caroline County.

Common Mallard. Anas platyryachos platyrynchos . On the Blackwater Migratory Bird Refuge at Cambridge, Dorchester County, the Mallard has eggs in late May, the young hatching around June 1-10.

Common Black Duck. Anas rubripes tristis . Eggs on May I,

Blue-winged Teal. Querqueaula discors (Linn.) Blackwater Refuge, Dorchester County, newly hatched young on June 12.

Osprey, Pandi on hallaetus carolinensls , Eggs on May 1, young around

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May 20.

Bob-white. Colinus virginianus virginianus . Eggs June 10.

Killdeer. Oxyechus vociferus vociferus. Very often apparently two broods. Early dates May 1, a number as late as June 15. (Eggs).

Woodcock. Philohela minor. Half -grown young bird on April 24, 1938.

I

Spotted Sandpiper. Actitis macularia . Young bird just out of nest June 12, 1936. Blacliwater Refuge, Dorchester County.

Eastern Mourning Dove. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis 0 Eggs on May 7 (average of several dates). Some as early as April 27, late or second broods in July.

Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzus americanus americanus. Eggs on May

18,

Northern Barred Owl. Strix varia varia. Eggs on March 25.

Eastern Nighthawk. Chordeiles minor minor. Eggs June 10.

Kingbird. Tyr annus tyr annus . Eggs around May 21.

Eastern Phoebe. Sayornis phoebe . Eggs April 22.

Barn Swallow. Hirundo erythrogaster . Eggs June 12. One record for August 6. Dorchester County.

Carolina Chickadee. Penthestes carolinensis carolinensis. Eggs April 16.

House Wren. Troglodytes aedon aedon. Eggs May 20,

Carolina Wren. Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus . Eggs May 31. Mockingbird. Mimus polyglot t os polyglottos . Eggs on May 1.

Catbird. Dumetella carolinensis. Eggs on May 15.

Brown Thrasher. Toxostoma ruf urn . Eggs on May 12.

Eastern Robin. Turd.us migratorius migratorius ♦ Average of fifteen records May 12 ( eggs ) . Earliest date for fresh eggs April 12, 1938; latest July 8, 1933.

Wood Thrush. Hylocichla mustelina. Eggs May 18.

Eastern Bluebird. Sialia sialis sialis . Eggs April 15.

Blue-gray Gnat catcher. Polioptila caerulea caerulea. Eggs May 4. Eastern Yellow Warbler. Dendroica aestlva aestiva . Eggs on May 17. Prairie Warbler. Dendroica discolor discolor . Eggs on May 27.

Orchard Oriole, icterus spurius . Eggs on June 12

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Purple grackle. Quiscalus quiscula quiscula. Eggs April 18 .

Eastern Cardinal* Ri chmondena cardinalis cardmalis . Eggs on April 29.

Eastern Vesper Sparrow. Pooecetes gramlneus gramineus . Eggs June 11,

Eastern Chipping Sparrow. Spizella passerina passerina. May 12 e

Field Sparrow. Spizella pusllla pusilla. Eggs May 8®

Eastern Song Sparrov/. Melospiza melodia melodia. Eggs April 25.

Cornmon Tern. Sterna hirundo hirundo . (Linn.) On islands in the Sinepuxent Bay, Worcester County, eggs on June 1-12.

Roseate Tern. Sterna dougalll dougalli (Montagu). Sinepuxent Bay, Worcester County, eggs on June 1-12.

Least Tern. Sterna antillarum antillarum (Lesson). Sinepuxent Bay, Worcester County, on June 1-12.

Black Skimraer. Ryn chops nigra nigra (Linn.) Sinepuxent Bay, Wor¬ cester County, eggs on June 1-12 ,

There is a rather interesting story connected with the nesting of the terns and skimmers in the Sinepuxent Bay. According to the Coast Guard Station which patrols that section of the coast a terrific nnor?east'' storm about six years ago made necessary the redredging of the channel in the Sinepuxent Bay (just south of Ocean City, Maryland). In the process a number of artificial islands of sand were thrown up in the bay. They are about ten in number and from an half acre to an acre in size. Their shape is roughly circular. The year following their formation a few terns appropriated them as nesting sites. With¬ in three years the entire group of islands was being taxed to capacity. When I first visited them in June, 1936 the four species above were common (the roseate tern being least so). Some of the islands were used more or less exclusively by one species but each contained nests, in greater or lesser number, of the four. The Coast Guardsman who served as guide told me that the previous wee k he had counted more than a 160 nests of the black skimmer on little more than half of one Island and that all three of the other species were also nesting there in good numbers. Apparently the nesting dates of the four species are about the same for at least 95$ of all nests found contained eggs well-incubated (as far as we could judge). In a few cases Incubation was complete and a number of chicks were found. I gathered from the Coast Guard that there are seldom many young before the third week in June .

These Islands are small and consequently cannot support a great number of nesting birds and yet I do not think It an exaggeration to say that at least 150 pairs of birds were nesting on each Island, mak¬ ing a total of some 1500 pairs nesting in the bay. If anything these figures arc low. It is interesting also to note how quickly the birds took advantage of these islands as nesting places.

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NOTES FOR FEBRUARY AND MARCH

February 3 17

24

March 13

March 10 to

Sound Motion Pictures, "Life of a Plant” and”Land of Giants” .

Illustrated lecture with motion pictures by Mr. Benjamin Kurtz, "Morocco”.

Lecture by Mr. Irving E. Hampe, "Economic Mammalogy”.

Board of Trustees T Annual Meeting. Election of Officers; President, Mr. Edmund B. Fladung; Vice President, Mr. Herbert C. Moore; Secretary, Mr. John B. Calder; Treasurer, Mr. A. Llewellyn Jones; Trustees - Mr. John B. Calder,

Mayor Howard W. Jackson, Dr. Howard A. Kelly.

21 Annual Nature Photograph Exhibit and Contest. Ribbons were awarded to the following:

Class A -- Animal Life in Native Habitat 1st Prize - Albino Squirrel by Oscar Helm

2nd Prize - Young Black Skimmers by C. Haven Kolb

3rd Prize - Water Snake Running

in January by Allan H. Bonwill

Class B -- Domestic and Captive Animals 1st Prize - Broad- headed Skink by August Selckman

2nd Prize - Nerrid Worm by T. Milton Oler, Jr.

3rd Prize - Nutria or Coypu by Allan H. Bonwill

Class £ — Plant Life in Native Habitat

1st Prize - Forest Floor Lichens by Carl Oertel

2nd Prize - Pink Lady Slipper by Richard E. Stearns

3rd Prize - Fungi by August Selckman

Class D -- Studio and Laboratory Studies of Plants and Flowers

1st Prize - Fringed Gentian by Elra M. Palmer

2nd Prize - Development of Horse- chestnut Bud; series

of throe forms by Elra M. Palmer

Class E — Maryland Scenery 1st Prize - Night Comes to the

Blackwater Refuge by Allan Bonwill

2nd Prize - Autumn Shades, C.& 0.

Canal near Capt . John's

Bridge by Miss Ruth Fishpaugh

3rd Prize - Sunset on the Magothy by T. Milton Oler, Jr.

Class _F -- Scenery Other Than Maryland

1st Prize - The Bridge of Sighs by Edward McColgan

Class G — Spec linens

1st Prize -Pot Hole by Howard 3. Owens

GRAND PRIZE or Purple Ribbon

Won by Mr. August Selckman for photograph of Broad-headed Skink .

Special exhibit of Kodochromes by Mr. Edv/ard McColgan and Mr. Haven Kolb; also exhibition of Translights by Mr, Elra M. Palmer.

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Judges:- Gilbert C. Klingel, John B. Calder and Irving E. Hampe.

March 24 Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Society. Address by our President, Mr. Edmund 3. Fladung, on the progress of the year. Av/arding of Prizes for Photographic Exhibit.

Sound Motion Picture, "The World Down Under", featuring the Bush Country of Australia.

31 Sound Motion Picture, "Copper Mining in Arizona".

Junior Division and Scout Troop

February 7 14 17 21

28

March 7

10

14

21

Talk by Robert Buxbaum, "Maryland Salamanders".

Junior Meeting.

Annual Meeting of our Scout Troop with special program.

Lecture by Mr. Gilbert C. Klingel, "Beneath the Chesa¬ peake" .

Sound Motion Pictures, "Rivers" and the cartoon "In the Beginning" .

Talk by Robert Buxbaum, "The Preservation and Cataloguin of Amphibians and Reptiles" .

Scout Mooting.

Junior Business Meeting.

Lecture by Mr. Bruce Overington, "In the Wilds of Australia" .

28 Nature quiz. Prizes won by the following:- Milton Vin¬ cent, Douglas Olor, Rennert Smelscr, June Scheelcr, Joseph Schreiber, Jr ., William Rutland, Robert Fuller and William Clay Holmes.

Lectures, Loans and Exhibitions

February 3 Lecture to Junior Division of Maryland Fish and Game

Protective Association by Mr. C. Haven Kolb, "Something to Know About Birds".

March 17 Lecture to Kiwanis Club by Mr. Edmund B. Fladung, "The Importance of Nature to Man" «

" COMMON TREES AND HOW TO KNOW AND USE THEM" by Hollis J. Howe has been released and all members of the Society will receive a copy

*

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VOL. XII

MAY 1942 JUNE

NO. 5

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK

Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday’s.

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume XII

MAY 1942 JUNE

Number 5

SOME BLUE-STAINING FUNGI OF THE GENUS CERATOSTOMELLA FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES

By Irvin Schloss

Until recently, the fungi which stain the sapwood of trees blue have received very little publicity In the popular publications. However, because of the Intensive eradication program, quarantine, and other control measures, the cost of which has

already

millions

of dollars, one of these fungi, the

organism of

reached the dreaded

Dutch elm disease, Ceratost oinella ulmi Buisman, has been brought to the attention of the public •

But who except mycologists, phytopathologists, a few entomolo-

ai

O J-

its, and the lumbermen and dealers directly affected, knows anything of the other members of the genus Ceratost oinella which cause a stain in wood? The damage they do directly, although "it was formerly thought to be negligible, has been found to be quite important and a decisive factor In market values. And the losses, in standing timber especial¬ ly, which is due to them indirectly through their association with bark and timber beetles. Involves enormous sums of money.

Before any remedial measures are suggested. It Is important to know just what these fungi are : how they live,* what they live on; exactly how important they really are; and what has already been done to combat them.

IMPORTANCE

Before the

actual dollars and cent;

blue- staining fungi on both stand.ing

and

value of the effects of the cut timber is discussed, perhaps it would be best to list the numerous trees which are hosts to those fungi. The following enumeration admirably illustrates the versatility of the fungi of the genus Ceratostomella, the reason for their danger.

1. Pinus tacda L.

2. 'Finns resThosa Ait,

3. Pinus bank si ah a Lamb

- Loblolly Pine

- Norway Pine

- Gray Pine

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I

62.

4.

5. 6 •

7.

8. 9*

10.

11.

12.

13.

14. 15 • 16 .

17.

18. 19 « 20. 21. 22. OX _

Firms carlbaea Mor. Plnua vlrginiana Mill. Pinus ecliinata Mill. Firms phTuhorT s Mill. Firms rlgida Mill.

Firms si rob us L.

Firms contort; a

Plrius ponder osa Loud,

Firms lnoniicoXa D. Don.

Firms' laniloertlana Dougl. Picea glauca Voss

Larix Occident alts Nutt, Pseudotsuga taxi folia Britt. Ab i e s "b’al s aiiie a M i 1 1 •

Tsuga Keterophylla Sarg. Picea sit chens is Carr.

Li guidamHar slTryaci f lua L, Llr j. o d end r on~t u l ip i f era L.

Nyssa aquatic a L • .

Magus grand if oil, a Ehrii. Magnolia sp 7'

Quo reus sp.

- Swamp Fine

- Scrub Pine

- Short leaf Pine

- Longleaf Pine

- Pitch Pine

- Eastern White Pine

- Lodgepole Pine

- Western Yellow Pine

- Western White Pino

- Sugar Pine

- White Spruce

- Western Larch

- Douglas Fir

- Balsam Fir

- Western Hemlock

- Sitka Spruce

- Red Gum

- Tulip Poplar

- Sour Gum

- Beech

- Magnolia

- Oak

All of these species are important trees. The conifers are in¬ valuable as a source of lumber as are the hardwoods ; and in addition, two of those trees, the sweet gum, Liquidambar stryacif lua L. , and

fir, Abies balsamea Mill., are used lii the manufacture of and

the c' s an

balsam

ili’Lhie"

respectively.

production of the indispensable "Canada bal-

The so-called white pines, the 5-needle pines, alone are com¬ mercially very valuable. Three of these species, Pinus monticola D. Don., Pinus lambertiana Dougl., Pinus strobus L,, are valued at about $400,000,000 as standing timber. Thus, if only three species are worth so much in the unexploited state, the value of such a compre¬ hensive list, both standing trees and processed, lumber, must indeed be immense.

Now, just what effect do these blue-staining fungi have on the wood of trees? The reports are conflicting. According to one of U.S.D.A. bulletins, (15) released to the public in 1928, the blue- staining fungi do not materially affect the strength properties of wood. This bulletin states further that blue-stain is not an early stage of decay, and that its presence merely lowers the value of the product in which discoloration is objectionable or in which the wood is to receive a natural finish. Another bulletin, (17) published in 1930, reiterates this and even goes so far as to state that "blue- stained lumber is sometimes dipped in stains of various colors to give it a more pleasing appearance . "

A contrary point of suit of some experiments concluded that the stain Graph! urn rigidum (Pers.)

view is held by A. Dale Chapman, (5) as a re- he conducted. Chapman, writing in 1933,

Cer at os tome 11a pilif era (Fr.) Wint .

appreciably certain of

fungi, S ac c o

’"'affect very

mdchaiii'cal properties of wood," However, this observation must be s ome r e s c rvat i ons of P. taeda L., P,

taken with specimens

since the wood palustris Mill

used in the experiment, echinata Mill.

anci

and

the

63

were all steam sterilized first, and the conditions of experiment were optimum and maintained for thirty days. This much, though, is definitely proven by Chapman’s experiments autoclave treatment of wood prior to experimentation with wood-deteriorating fungi, a common laboratory practice, merely produces false results since this treat¬ ment provides a more congenial substratum for the fungi.

Wood infested by the blue-staining fungi varies in color from different shades of gray to steel-blue to black, and it is this dis¬ coloration which causes the loss to manufacturers of wood products *

ETIOLOGY

As the title indicates, this paper ii

being restricted to those

blue-staining fungi which belong to the genus Ceratostomella. These

o'

fungi are perhaps the most important of those which stain wood blue, and it is with them that most of the work on the subject has been carried out. The following species are the ones which will be dis¬ cussed at greater or lesser length in this paper: Ceratostomella pini Munch, C. ips Rumbold, 0. pi Ilf era (Pr.) Wint., 0 ,'lmiitianrmlat'a Hedge . and Davidson, 0. pluri annuls ta hedge . , 0 • pseudotsugae Rumbold, and C . plceaperda Rumbold. They are classified according ‘to this taxonomic scheme :

Phylum : Class ;

h'rd'er : Family s Genus f

_ r

Thallophyta Ascomyceteae Spher.iales G er a t o s t omat ac e a e Cer at o s t omo 11a

The life histories and cycles of some of these organisms will

simplest

Indeed,

.ges of this

fungus

follow. First, <3 . pini Munch Is taken up. The the most feasible plan for studying the life sta^ to grow It In the laboratory on some hutrient material. This was done on malt agar by Rumbold, and the following descriptions were taken from her article in the Journal of Agricultural Research. (10) (11)

The young hyphae arc colorless to white at first and measure 2.3 to 5 micra in diameter. As the mycelium grows older, it gradually turns darker In color until it becomes brown to black. The first new conidi a appear about twenty- four hours after the germination of an ascospore or conidium, if a temperature of 25° C. Is maintained. They grow directly from the ends of the hyphae and are egg-shaped or club- shaped, tapering at the attached end. Later on, conl&Iophoros appear, simple hyphae growing erect from the mycelium spreading over the agar. Single conldia grow from their tips while others sprout from the

O**

sides; and as they increase in number, they soon become bunched like

— n ^ a — in length and from 1,2

grapes. The conldia vary from 2.3 to 6 micra to 3 micra in width.

The perithccia develop beneath the outer bark of the tree on the

surface of the inner bark or on the wood in which the mycelium Is growing. They appear as black specks on the substratum. In nature the base of the peri the ciiffl is bare of hyphae except for those at-

It to the substratum. However, in culture the base has a few

t aching

septate hyphae growing out Into of hairs , Ttao base is .taller yean

.e air, giving the general appearance .it is wide the mean dimer sic ns for

« Go

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64

perithecia found in nature being 95 micra in height and 88 micra in width. The ostiole is at the end of a short curved neck, formed of 12 to 14 hyphae, tapering slightly toward its tip. n The neck is ap¬ proximately 60 to 75 micra in length.

Since the asci disintegrate before the ascospores are ejected, only immature asci have ever been seen.

Ascospores are cylindrical in shape; and they are covered with a thin coating of mucilaginous substance that does not dissolve readily in water or alcohol. Consequently, they stick together when ejected and gather in a clump on the neck of the perithecium. Their average length is 4 micra, and their average width is 1.7 micra.

The next species is C. ips Farmhold „ The hyphae growing from conidi a or ascospores are colorless at first, gradually becoming dark¬ er. They are between 2 and 3 micra in diameter.

At first, the conidi a form directly on the young hyphae twenty- four hours after the germination of the conidia or ascospores, and are small, 2 micra long and 1 micron wide, and obovoid. Later they form on simple conidi ophores, which branch as they become older. The conidia grow in bunches, and the general appearance is not unlike a small bush. The older conidia range from 3 to 10.5 micra in length and 1 to 3 micra in width.

The peri thee ia grow in the same manner as those of C« pini.

They arc globular and are visible one week after formation when grown in culture at 25° G - 27° C .

Asci of this organism also disintegrate before the discharged; and consequently, only immature ones have b These measure between 7 by 9 and 8 by 10.4 micra.

ascospores are e'en observed.

The ascospores are cylindrical in shape and usually contain an oil globule in each end. They are covered with a thin film of mucilaginous substance that causes them to stick together; and "they are ejected in a thread like a spider’s which clumps and dries in a glistening mass on the neck.” On drying, they shrink to about one- half their natural size.

The young hyphae of C. pseudotsugae Rumbold measure 1.2 to 4 micra in diameter. Older hyphae arc 4 to '15 micra in diameter. They turn brown with age.

At a temperature of 25° C., the first conidia appear, about 48 hours after germination of the ascospores. They grow directly from the hyphae at first and are obovoid. Later, they form in clusters at the tips of simple conidi ophores • Conidia vary in $hape from globular or obovoid to clavate and in size from 2.7 to 5 micra by 1.4 to 2.7 micra.

The perithecia, which are black, develop from the dark mycelium which spreads from the beetle galleries between the inner bark and the wood. In this fungus also, the ostiole Is at the end of the neck surrounded by short cilia 10 to 23 micra in length. The fruits are

generally flattened due to the pressure of

bark

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65

As is the case with the other species, only immature asci have been seen. They contain eight spore's, irregularly arranged.

The ascospores are crescent-shaped, slender, and. pointed at both ends. They, too, are covered with a thin mucilaginous coating, which causes them to collect in bunches on the tip of the neck of the perithecium. In fact, the glistening clumps of ascospores are very conspicuous. The mean length of an ascospore is 4 micra, and the mean width is 1*5 micra.

C. plcedperda Rumbold was grown with difficulty at summer tem¬ perature of about 30° C. in the laboratory. Apparently, the best temperatures for the growth of this organism are 11° 0. - 25° C.

Young hyphae are white, then cream colored, and measure 2.6 to 5.5 micra in diameter. Ultimately, they may reach a diameter up to 17 micra .

The first conidi a appear on the hyphae twenty-four hours after the germination of a conidium. These conidi a are colorless and obovoid or clavate. Some of them bud. like yeasts while others form from one to four germination tubes. The conidiophores, which form later, are

straight, brown, septate hyphae growing erect from the vegetative hyphae. They branch at their tips and develop colorless sub-branches, which in turn, develop conidi a at their tips. These are held on the top of the stalk in a drop of mucilaginous liquid. The conidia play an important part in the life cycle of this particular species.

Perithecia develop in the insect galleries (this phase will be discussed in more detail later) with their bases imbedded in the bark tissues. The ostiole is at the tip of the neck and is not surrounded As is the case with ether members of the genus Ceratostomel- black.

by cilia, la, the perithecium i;

Only the immature asci of this species have been seen, transparent and pear-shaped and contain eight ascospores.

They are

The ascospores of C. piceaperda are ellipsoid in covered by a thin mucilaginous subs’t'ance » This causes to the tips of the necks of the perithecia in clumps.

shape

them

and are to cling

The inoculation of the host is accomplished in most of the fungi, with the notable exception of C. pilifcra, by bark beetles. This interrelationship will bo discussed later in more detail. C. pilifera invades its hosts, in the case of standing trees, chiefly tnrougE wounds • In the case of lumber piled in the lumber-yard, this fungus invades the cut timber when the conditions are ripe for invasion. ^

The mycelium grows through the sapwood in toward the heartvood hie trees, staining the wood as it grows. This stain has been

V. U. w a. W kj p u

proved, to be due to the

c o the

presence of the mycelium in the

. wood and not

any chemical action of the fungi. 0. pin! has been chosen to show exact extent of the action of these fungi on sapwood. This action is typical of all of those fungi • The mycelium first invades the

*1 4 — .... ~ - X. — X.I.. _ _ _

parenchyma cells of the wood rays, living on the Then hyphae pass from cell to cell through the pit

they contain.

.a; and as their

number increases, the end walls of the ray cells and later the side walls are pushed out by twisted mycelial strands. These now fill the

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whole ray. Prom the mycelium in the rays, hyphae neighboring tracheids and resin ducts, using the passing from cell to cell.

branch off into bordered pits in

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R. M. Nelson and J, A. Beal (2) have proven conclusively that the girdling of pines by the tunnels of bark beetles does not account for the rapid death of the tree. By experimental inoculations of pines with blue-staining fungi, they showed that the fungi kill the trees in a relatively short time without the help of the beetles. Their theory, in the words of Nelson, (2) is this: ” ...... • permanent

aspiration of the tori, following occlusion of the apertures in the membranes of the bordered pits by the decomposition products of the fungi or protoplasmic residues from attacked ray parenchyma cells, stops the transpiration stream.” Whether this theory is accepted or not, the important thing to remember is that the sa.p flow through stained wood is stopped, with the resultant fading of the foliage. However1, since the fungi are not present in trees without the accompany¬ ing bark beetles, this fading cannot be construed as an exclusive symptom of blue-stain. It might be due to bark beetle Infestation alone, or to a combination of bark beetles and blue-stain.

And while the subject of

oertinent at this point to state that

oms Is being discussed. It is

are no definite symptoms

for blue-stain. A conclusive diagnosis may be ms.de very easily by

removing the bark of suspected trees and observing the stained, wood, or black sclerotia in the case of G. pini.

presence oi cr the num¬

erous black spots that are the perithecia. These are really signs not symptoms.

Inv ironment al relat ions

How do weather conditions .11

[■feet the blue-staining fungi? warm weather, at temperatures of from 70° P

fungi grow best

30c' p . High humidity at this temperature range i

to

bo the rapid development of blue- stain. Moistur

i decidedly conducive content of wood less

than 24$ the fungi

on an oven-dry basis will not support

sufficient growth of

to produce staining of the wood. It is noteworthy that the fungi grow best when they have access to air through the galleries the

or

bark beetles.

Consequently, those regions which have such conditions present during the greater part of the year are ideal places for blue-stain development. Just such a place is the Gulf States region, and the fungi are a cause of serious losses to manufacturers of wood products chore .

Now, a discussion of the relationship of other organisms blue -staining fungi is in order. First, those members of the kingdom which are frequently associated with these fungi will d:i.e cussed.

to the

plant

be

ainod wood or from bark G. Iiolst (8) made a study

Whenever cultures were made from blue-st beetles, a yeast was always present. Eugene

of this yeast from specimens provided by Rumbold, and it was determin to bo a new species, Zygosacchdromyces pini Holst. Some characteris¬ tics of this species are that mE Term o n t s only the simple sugars, fructose, and maltose, and that ascosporc formation is al

)d

gj U.CO30, wa~

preceded by a sexual process.

chat ascosporc formation is H. Grosmann (8) mentioned ti

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67

association in 1930; and it was further corroborated by H.L. Person,

(8) C. Rumbold, (10) and Leach, Orr, and Christensen. (S) Person even ascribed the role of attracting fresh insect attacks to the aroma of yeast fermentation in the tree* An anascosporogenous, mycelium- forming yeast belonging to the Mycotoruloides was also found to be a frequent associate of blue-stain. It is worth mentioning that the relationship between the yeasts and the blue-staining fungi Is not symbiotic «

The animal relationships are Infinitely more important than the plant relationships, especially the relationship to bark beetles, since the bark beetles are the inoculating agents for all except C. plllfera* This association is a proveii fact, since cultures have Token made of the specific fungi by dropping newly emerged beetles on agar and by using spores isolated from the feces of beetles. Before the discussion proceeds, perhaps It would be best to give the classi¬ fication of these bark beetles.

Order; -	Coleoptera.
Sub -order; -	Rhynchopora
Super-family;	- Scolytoidea
Family; -	ScolytIGae
S ub - f am i ly ; -	Ipinae
Genus : -	IPS
Sub -family; -	Hylesininae
Genus ; -	Dendroctonu

The following species of beetles arc listed according to the species of the blue-staining fungi with which they are associated.

FUNGI

BEETLE

C • pini

D. frontalis Z imm • D. brovicomis Le c •

C . ips	I .	calligraphus Germ.
	I.	gr and! co 11 Is Eichh
	I.	a vul s u s Eichh .
	T .. t	pini Say
	.1 »	oregoni Eichh.
	*r -1- 0	emar'ginatus Lee.
	I .	Integer 'Eichh.
C. pseudotsugae	D.	pseudotsugae Hopk,

C. piceaperda

L. pice ape rda Ho pic.

The following notes The

.lust rate the life history of a typical Ipj

SP * The pupae and some of the young adults hibernate under the bark of logs or trees attacked during the previous summer. Often, the young adult beetles emerge in the late fall and spend the winter In the litter under the infested trees. Early In the following spring, come out and attack fresh trees or logs. Since most of these spec are polygamous, the males are the ones which select suitable logs or trees, boring through the bark. In the tacy excavate a broad, flat chamber known Soon several females join the mala In this chamber

es

inner bark and cambium region, the nuptial chamber.

md after mating,

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each female constructs a long tunnel, the "egg tunnel," extending out from the nuptial chamber. The pattern in which these egg tunnels radiate from the nuotial chamber is characteristic of the species.

Along each side of the tunnel, the female makes

small

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each of which she deposits an egg, covering it with boring dust. The eggs hatch in a few days, and the young larvae begin burrowing in the inner bark at approximately right angles to egg tunnels. As the larvae grow, these larval tunnels increase in size. They become full grown in about three weeks and excavate a small oval chamber at the end of the tunnels. In this pupal chamber the larva changes to the pupal stage and later to the adult, the length of the transformation period varying with the season of the year. However, the young adults do not immediat < extern

the bark and

ying warn cue season ox uie year, no we vex*, one anuj-oo u.u n

ediately emerge but burrow about under the loosened bark, feeding ensively. After this feeding period, they bore exit holes through bark and fiv away In search of a new tree or log.

"ly away in search of a new tree or

Dendroc tonus spp. have the same type of cycle, the chief dif' ference being in the way they build their tunnels and galleries.

The spores of C. ins are often formed in the .pupal chambers of Ips spp. while they are still occupied. Therefore, the newly forme 'beetles are surrounded by a mass of sticky conidi a. And since the ascospores ooze out of the perithecia in white sticky masses, it is no wonder that microscopic examination si to the legs,

i ungu

wings

icky masses, spores beetle s .

adhering

Since bark beetles attacking trees without the association of blue-stain fungi are often enveloped by resin flowing from the ducts and since the presence of the fungi arrests the flow of resin, Leach, Crr, and Christensen (9) apply the broader concepts of symbiosis to this relationship. However, other writers, notably H. Grosmann, (9) deny that this is true symbiosis; for although most of fungi need the beetles, the beetles do get along almost as well without the fungi.

Another animal often associated with the blue-staining fungi is a nematode. This nematode was obtained from stained wood which was

soaked in water

ie soaking activates the nexuas, whereas drying the

wood induced dormancy, 'Nematodes in wood have been revived after one year of dormancy but not after two years. The nematode, of course, is a member of the phylum Nemathe3minth.es, and this species associated with blue- stain is Aphelencholdes xylophllus Steiner said Buhrer.

Buhrer and Steiner [13 ) have assumed that tills nematode uses the booties as carriers and feeds on the fungi involved in the some associa¬ tion.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

_ Blue- staining fungi are found in Europe, Japan and Canada, besides the United States, and are probably world-wide in distribution by now. However, not all of the important fungi arc Ascomycetes, although they are the most serious in the United States. In Sweden, for example, members of the Fungi Imperfect! are far more important as stainers than A.o corny cetes .

The distribution of the fungi in the United States is shown on me attached map. C e rat o s t ome I la piceaperd.fi has been found only In

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Canada so far, but it will most likely be found in the northeastern part of the United States if proper measures are not taken. It is found in Nova Scotia and on the Gaspe' Peninsula, Quebec.

CONTROL

Any control measures for the blue-stain which may be contemplated, except for- control in the lumber yards, must, of necessity, be bound up with bark beetle control. Since these beetles are the primary vectors of the disease, their control is the chief control for blue- stain.

No methods of protection against bark beetles have been devised.

It is impossible to immunize trees against their attack or to devise any breeding program which will insure resistance. Consequently, only eradication measures are considered.

The following procedure is that used for the eradication. Each species of the genera Dendroc tonus and Ips demands its own modification of the general procedure for mo sU’"*ef f e ctlve control. Time of most effective application and intensity of the measures to be employed depends upon the individual species. The general procedure for bark beetle control as in present use follows:

(1) The first step is a survey to determine the cause, extent, and character of the infestation.

(2)

The second step is an analysis of the conditions shown by the survey to determine what control measures are advisable ,

(3) The next step Is to carry out a campaign of eradication with the objective of reducing the beetle population so that they no longer cause serious timber losses.

(4) The last step is for maintenance work In areas which have

already been treated to prevent fresh outbreaks of a serious nature •

There are two chief possibilities in the control program. The Infested timber may be logged and utilized, or the insects may be killed in the trees and the trees left to rot in the woods.

are

For the first method, the following steps pertain cut while the beetle broods are still in them, and

• The trees the logs are

then submerged in the millpond for at least six weeks to kill

the

broods .

These stops apply to the latter courses

(1) The Infested trees are felled singly or In piles, and the

bark Is scorched or charred sufficiently to kill the broods, 99% of the beetle broods are destroyed by this method.

Infested trees are felled and burned with the f 1 amm able oil.

aid of

an in-

(3)

Bark of infested trees is peeled off to expose immature stages of the beetle to the air. 91%0 of the beetle broods

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70

arc destroyed.

(4) The bark Is peeled, off and spread to receive the direct rays of the sun. For effectiveness, it is necessary that the temperature of the air Is 85° F. or more in order to produce fatal temperatures of 115° F. to 120° F. in the bark.

(5) Maintenance control j i.e., the treating of the same area every year to insure against the return of undesirable losses ,

Lumber stored in yards may be protected from blue-stain by the following prac t ic e s i

(1) Sanitation in lumber yards.

(2) Yard practices which will permit rapid drying of green lumber •

This second method entails rapid air seasoning or kiln-drying * Kiln- drying Is the most effective drying method. The application of a creosote preparation to the ends of green logs will prevent the In¬ roads of blue-staining fungi and wood decay fungi while they are being prepared for the sawmill.

Rumbold (10) believes that the strain of C. pin! found near Washington, D.C., was imported from Europe in infected packing boxes. Consequently, any quarantine measures which will prevent the shipping of infected wood into uninvaded areas will hinder the spread of the disease .

SUMMARY

Some fungi of the genus Ccratostomella, listed in the text of this paper, arc Important as stainers of the sapwood of trees, also listed. Most of these fungi are associated with species of bark

iG beetles serve

beetles of the genera Ips and Dend.ro ct onus . T1

Tungus spores arc found all

The life cycles

Inoculating agents for the disease, and over the exterior of their bodies and in their feces are outlined in detail in the text.

of the fungi

Their effect on wood, causes a decided depreciation in its value

lumber, and they often contribute to the death

The fungi arc also associated, with a yeast, and a nematode, Aphelencholdcs xylophilus.

of standing trees

Zyg o s a c char omy c e s pinl

The control of the fungi

in lumber yards is brought about by

rapid drying of green lumber (kiln-drying is most effective). Control In standing timber Is effected only by methods of which arc outlined in thj

prevent the spread of the fungi through blue-stained packing boxes.

o

bark

paper.

beetle control, the Quarantine measures

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71

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

{ 3 )

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16) (17)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bessey, E.A. Textbook of Mycology. Philadelphia, 1935. 495 pp.

Bramble, W.C. & Holst, E.C. "Fungi associated with

Dendroctonus frontalis in killing short-leaf pines and their effect on conduction". Phytopath. 30:881-899. 1940.

Chapman, A.D. "Effect of steam sterilization on susceptibility of wood to blue-staining and wood-destroying fungi".

Jour. Agr. Res. 47:369-374. 1933.

Colley, R.H. & Rumbold, C .T . "Relation between moisture content of the wood and blue-stain in loblolly pine". Jour. Agr. Res. 41: 389-399. 1930. " . '

Craighead, F.C. 1 St. George, R.A. "Field observations of the dying of pines infected with the blue -stain fungus,

Cerates tome 11a pini Munch". Phytopath. 30:976-979. 1940.

Davidson, R.W. "Fungi causing stain in logs and lumber in the southern states, including five new species". Jour. Agr. Res. 50:789-807. 1935. ““

Doane, R.W., Van Dyke, E.C., Chamberlin, W.J., 8: Burke, H.E. Forest Insects. New York, 1936. 463 pp.

Holst, E.C. "Zygosaccharor.iyces pini, a n ew species of yeast associated" with b ark beetles' in pines". Jour, Agr. Res, 53: 512-518. 1936. ~

Leach, J.G., Orr, L.W., & Christensen, c. "Inter-relationships of bark beetles and blue-staining fungi in felled Norway pine tumber" . Jour, Agr. Res. 49:315-341. 1934.

Rumbold, C.T. "Two blue-staining fungi associated with bark

beetle infestation of pine". Jour, Agr. Res. 43:847-873. 3.93! . ~~ ~ —

_ _ "Three blue-staining fungi, including two new

species, associated with bark beetles". Jour, Agr. Res. 52:419-437. 1936. “

Sargent, C.3. Manual of the Trees of North America. Boston f: New York, 192'2. 91C 'jnu “

Steiner, G. & Buhrer, E®M. "Aphelenchoides xylophilus, n. sp., a nematode associated with blue-stain and. other fungi in timber". Jour. Agr. Res® 43: 949-951. 1934.

U.S.D.A. - Dept. Bulletin 418, p. 15. 1917.

- Dept. Bulletin 1425, pp. 11-12. 1928.

- Dept. Bulletin 1490. pp, 5, 40-43. 1927.

- Tech, Bulletin 171. p.67.

1930.

(18)

(19)

(20)

A SUMMER AQUARIUM By Milton T • Oler, Sr.

For the summer sojourn, either at the seashore, lake, or mountains, I suggest, for entertainment and interest - both for youngsters and oldsters, an aquarium with local specimens. This will lead to much research in Natural History on the part of the younger and more active members of your group, who will spend many happy and healthful hours hunting specimens and watching them develop.

It is not necessary to have a large tank - a glass-sided aquarium of about 10 gallon capacity is ample for small specimens. When setting up the aquarium, fill in the bottom with loamy earth, gravel, and sand, and some water plants from the stream or pond from which you expect to collect your specimens. Let the water stand until it is clear before introducing your specimens, which can consist of a few water snails, tadpoles, small frogs, sunfish, crawfish, stickle-backs, silver-fins, water beetles, nymphs of dragon-flies, barnacles, small crabs and other types you may secure .

- m

ech. Bulletin 104. pp. 5, 4, 23, 24, 2

07

i cp q

~ Tech. Bulletin 165. p. 17. 1930.

Dept. Circular 421. pp. 2-18. 1927.

The aquarium should be sot up on a porch where the sun will not shine directly on it, but where there is plenty of light. To aerate the water a cup or glass can be used (instead of an electric air pump) and by taking a cupful of water from the aquarium and lotting it dribble slowly back into the aquarium, enough oxygon will be diffused into the water to keep the specimens well. This should be done at intervals of every two hours or so. If the specimens seem comfortable, the water need not be changed for several days.

To keep frogs in the aquarium it is wise to cover the top with close mesh, wire cloth, or out they will jump.

If you have collected but little before, you will be surprised at the great number and variety of specimens that are all about you - in small streams, ponds, rivers and seashores, and the only trouble you ars apt to have with your aquarium is a tendency to overstock it, which will always lead to an unhealthy condition.

no-

Of course, salt water specimens (if you are at the seashore) can be kept in the some aquarium as fresh water ones.

Try to find the proper food specimens seem to cat nothing, a

, but do not worry if some of s there may be many small gue;

your its In

your aquarium which eat only the small minute microscopic specimens

that are not c.isccrniDie oy us. For many or your specimens an ordi¬ nary earth worm, cut into small pieces, will be a fit food. In any event do not overfeed, as the excess will lie in the tank and rot, the Water foul.

maxing

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THE DINNING- RUTILE MINE

p^v "3'Y-

By Charles W. Ostrander

The Dinning Rutile Mine is outstanding in Maryland mineralogy since It is the only locality in the State to he prospected on a commercial scale for an ore containing the element Titanium. This element Is found at this prospept as the mineral Rutile (titanium dioxide). Although the element Titanium is found widely scattered in small quantities throughout the State, in the compounds of ac¬ cessory minerals such as Rutile (TiOg), Sphene (CaTiSiOrO, Ilmenite ( FeTiOg ) , etc., the Pylesville area Is the only section where a quan¬ tity which might he considered commercially, occurs. Inasmuch as the National Emergency has caused a shortage of a number of mineral ores vital to National Defense, this locality may yet prove to he of real value.

The location of the prospect is in the northern section of Har¬ ford. County, about one mile northwest of Pylesville. The country is of gently rolling character, the hills being composed probably of pcriddife origionally, but now altered through various stages to serpentine, chlorite, and steatite, the chlorite predominating at this locality. This highly chloritized area contacts the Peach Bottom Slate and the Verde Antique serpentine on the north and east, serpentine on the southeast and quartzite on the southwest. The matrix in the vicinity of the prospect is composed of a dark green fine-grained chlorite, associated with small amounts of serpentine in several of its stages of alteration. The dip of the rock is almost vertical running north end. south.

The operations were made several years ago by Mr. Ernest L,

Dinning Sr. who still controls the property. The operations consisted of the sinking of a main shaft or circular opening approximately twenty feet wide, and of unknown depth. This pit is now mostly filled in with dirt and water. A series of long shallow prospect cuts were made on the side of the slope on which the ore body is located. These cuts arc about two to three feet in depth, the longest running approxi¬ mately one hundred and twenty feet. Test drilling carried on by Mr Dinning shewed, that the ore continued to the depth of about fifty- eight feet.

The results of the analysis of the ore concentrates were as fol¬ lows ; -

Titanium Oxide Iron Oxide Silica

The residue contained some hornblende, with allied minerals, quartz, and the balance alumina, lime, and magnesia. The analysis stated, that with better reclamation facilities the ore would yield at least 6% or probably a little more of a marketable grade of 93 % to 9 6% titanium oxide.

fne locality is of much Interest to the mineralogist because of the number of interesting minerals found, and the formation of some of these minerals in very large and excellently shaped crystals • The following minerals have been noted t-

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Rutile (titanium dioxide) occurs in beautiful light to dark red crystals desseminated through the chlorite. The crystals are formed in singles, twins, and aggregates, ranging in size from tiny needle- like crystals to larger tabular crystals about two inches long and one-half of an inch wide. The color ranges from a dark opaque red to translucent wine-red crystals, often exhibiting excellent examples of elbow twinning and vertical striations characteristic of this min¬ eral .

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eautiful examples of crystal penetration have been found

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(PeS) is found in small bright crystals showing beautiful for some reason not coated with limonite. They occur in s and in crystal groups, but seldom exceed three-fourths square .

Magnetite (iron sesqui oxide ) occurs in black octahedral crystals usually porf ectically formed, and exhibiting sharp crystal edges. These crystals range in size from the head of a pin up to one crystal which was found to be one inch across the midsection. The small and medium-size crystals often appear to be coated with a bronze-colored, film which so far has been unaccounted for.

Apatite (calcium phosphate) is found in prismatic white opaque m.asges with a very definite longitudinal cleavage, but no specimen has been located, showing any exterior crystal faces.

The minerals of less importance are ankerite, which is found in small crystals in steatite, green foliated talc, and serpentine In the form of a stubby-bladod picrolito.

POLYPORUS 3ULPHUREUS

f r cm grow

The illustration on tho cover of this number of the a photograph by Mr. Edward I.IcColgan of a living spe at the foot of a white oak in Catonsvillc, Maryland

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it was a very light lemon-yellow in color, with a delicate pink stripe and measured more than seventeen inches across. It is edible and is said to be delicious when skillfully cooked.

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75

RED CROSSBILLS IN MARYLAND

The following record concerns what to my knowledge is the only- recent record of the Red Crossbill (Lcxia curvirostra) in Maryland. On April 27, 194-1, Mr. R. Bruce Overington and the writer, while conducting a bird hike for the Mountain Club of Maryland, located a flock of approximately thirty Red Crossbills in a pine grove near Laurel, Maryland. The flock was under observation for about ten minutes. The presence of a large group of excited bird students di¬ rectly under the pines did not seem to disturb the birds In the leas They were leisurely feeding on the seed, of the pines.

No effort was made to collect specimens for subspecific determi nation as the state law forbids collecting on Sunday,

Irving E. Hampe

April 7th

21st -- May 5th 8th 19th

26th

NOTES FOR APRIL AND MAY, 1942 Lecture, ‘"Bat Migration", by Mr. Elias Cohen. Lecture, "Photogramme try", by Dr. Mark Secrlst. Sound Motion Pictures, "Boulder Dam".

Staff Meeting.

Lecture, "Ecology in Relationship to Reptiles", by Mr. Romeo Man sue ti .

Lecture, "Indians of Eastern United States", by Mr. Richard Stearns.

Junior Division April 4th -- Talk by 18th -- Lecture,

James Hill, "Owls and

"Wind Dispersal of their Food Habits",

Tree Seeds", by Mr . Irving

Hampe .

25th — Junior Debate, "Resolved That Insects Do More Good

Than Evil". Affirmative : James Hill and Robert Bux- baum. Negative: Joseph Schre.iber and Robert Kuller. Debate was won by the Negative.

-- Talk with motion pictures by Harry Knipp, "The Horse" Bus in ess M e e t ing .

May 2nd 9th

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76

May 16th. Lecture, "Florida Reptiles", by Mr. George Maugans.

23rd Lecture, " Birds", by Mr. Haven Kolb.

30th -- Talk by William Norman, "The Intelligence of Reptiles and Amphibians " .

Lectures, Loans and Exhibitions

April 12th -- Lecture to City College Evening High School Alumni by Mr. Edmund B. Eladmig, "Maryland - Nature’s Own State" .

17th Exhibition of Insects, Minerals and nature groups at Hagerstown Hobby Show.

SPECIAL NOTES OF INTEREST

PUBLICATIONS

Owing to conditions now existing due to the war, our Bulletin will be limited to five Issues, September and October, November and December, January and February, March and April and May and June.

We also desire more articles from our members as a number of our contributors are now with the armed forces.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CONTEST AND EXHIBITION

We will hold our annual Photographic Contest and Exhibition this coming March, 1945. Now is the time to think about this exhibition. Entry blanks will be mailed shortly.

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Publications of

The Natural History Society of Maryland

MINERALS OF MARYLAND

Paper cover, 92 pages, 20 illustrations. Contains check-list of all known minerals of Maryland and principal locations.

Price .40 By mail .45

SNAKES OF MARYLAND

Paper cover, 103 pages, 11 plates in color and 33 black and white; with identification keys and distribution map.

Price .50 By mail .60

FAMILIAR BUTTERFLIES OF MARYLAND Paper cover, 30 pages, 1 plate in color and 16 black and white plates illustrating 40 common butterflies of Maryland.

Price .15 By mail .20

FAMILIAR MOTHS OF MARYLAND

Paper cover, 19 pages, 9 plates illustrating 11 common moths, principally the large species found in Maryland.

Price .10 By mail .15

BIRDS OF BALTIMORE AND VICINITY

Paper cover, 24 pages, with map. Contains arrival, departure and nesting dates. Arranged according to resident groups. Space provided for additional records. Price .10 By mail .15j

COMMON TREES OF MARYLAND — HOW TO KNOW AND USE THEM Mimeographed with printed cover, 100 pages with 240 line cut drawings and 2 pages of half-tones.

Price .65 By mail .70

PERIODIC CICADA

Four page special bulletin on complete life history of “17 Year Locust”.

Price .05 By mail .07

FISH AND GAME HABITAT MAP OF MARYLAND

Map - 21” x 38”, in color, giving the principal locations of game and fish in this State, illustrated with pictures of species. On back - article relating to conservation and allied work. Map can be procured rolled (suitable for framing) or folded.

Price folded .25 Rolled .30

FUERTES BIRD PRINTS

Twelve prints in set, featuring 25 birds all in color. Prints are 9” x 12”, suitable for framing.

Price .75 By mail .80

PROCEEDING NO. 5. A REPORT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE PATAPSCO STATE PARK OF MARYLAND Mimeographed with printed cover; 36 pages with map of area and diagrams.

Price .25 By mail .30

PROCEEDING NO. 6. THE HUGHES SITE, AN ABORIGINAL VILLAGE SITE ON THE POTOMAC RIVER IN MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MD. Mimeographed with printed cover, 15 pages, with maps, 3 pages of drawings, and 10 half-tones.

Price .25 By mail .30

PROCEEDING NO. 7. A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES FOUND IN AND AROUND BALTIMORE CITY, MARYLAND, WITHIN A RADIUS OF TWENTY MILES

Mimeographed with printed cover, 60 pages with map area, 2 full page plates of reptiles and amphibians.

Price

.40

By mail

.45

The Natural History Society of Maryland

Founded 1929

“To increase and diffuse knowledge of Natural History”

OFFICERS AND STAFF Edmund B. Fladung, President

Herbert C. Moore, Vice-President John B. Calder, Secretary

A. Llewellyn Jones, Treasurer

John B. Calder Edmund B. Fladung

Board of Trustees

Howard A. Kelly, M. D. n Elra M. Palmer Gilbert C. Klingel Frederick A. Saffran

Howard W. Jackson Herbert C. Moore

J. Carey Taylor

Mineralogy

Charles W. Ostrander, Curator Walter E. Price, Jr., Associate L. Bryant Mather, Jr., Associate A. Llewellyn Jones, Associate William J. Englebach, Assistant

Palaeontology Oscar L. Helm, Curator Elra M. Palmer, Associate John B. Calder, Assistant

Botany

Earl H. Palmer, Curator Marine Life

Frank C. Yingling, Curator Gilbert C. Klingel, Associate

Entomology

Herbert H. Moorefield, Curator John A. Frisch, S. J., Associate Eugene R. Pollock, Associate William Moorefield, Assistant

Herpetology

Howard A. Kelly, Honorary Curator George W. Maugans, Jr., Curator H. Charles Robertson, Associate Romeo Mansueti, Assistant in Charge of Amphibians Elias Cohen, Assistant

Ornithology and Mammalogy Irving E. Hampe, Curator Henri Seibert, Associate C. Haven Kolb, Jr., Assistant Edward McColgan, Assistant Gorman Bond, Staff Assistant Jack Thompson, Assistant Milton Vincent, Junior Assistant

Archaeology

Richard E. Stearns, Curator T. Milton Oler, Jr., Assistant

Library

C. Haven Kolb, Jr., Librarian Photography

Edward McColgan, Curator Publication

Herbert C. Moore, Editor C. Haven Kolb, Jr., Assistant Editor Robert Buxbaum, Junior Assistant

Education

Elra M. Palmer, Director John B. Calder, Assistant Joseph Schreiber, Jr., Junior Division Frederick A. Saffran, Public Relations Harry A. Miller, Chairman ,

Troop Committee , B.S.A. Charles Waller, Artist Edgar Gretsky, Artist

Museum

T. Milton Oler, Jr., Curator

OFFICE, LABORATORIES and LECTURE ROOM 2103 Bolton Street Baltimore, Maryland

Office Hours: Tuesday 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. Telephone: LAfayette 1912

Open Tuesday, Friday and Saturday evenings from 8 to 10 P.M.

BULLET

of

W

THE NATURAL HISTORY SOdETYof MARYLAND

X)L. XIII September 1942 October NO. I

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK

Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday’s.

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume 13

SEPTEMBER 1242 OCTOBER

Number 1

SOME ANCIENT OBSERVATIONS OF BIRDS

By Edward KcColgan

We who live in the so-called Scientific Age are inclined to thoughtlessly assume that we are the only ones who have made accurate observations of the phenomena of Nature around us, but a little in¬ vestigation will show us that this Is not so. True, the system of recording observations made simply to extend or perfect the field of knowledge, appears to be ours in a great measure, and is something that we of this age may well take pride in; for the ancients and also the Medieval scholars, who founded most of our great European Universi¬ ties and built the foundations of our system of learning, observed nature principally for religious, or practical reasons, or for use in artistic designs and, when these needs were satisfied, seldom cared to pursue the matter further. However, there were some very precise ob¬ servations made, some astronomical ones being wonderfully accurate considering that the observers had no telescopes. Doctor Breasted puts the introduction of the calendar at 4241 B.C., 'while it is well-known that the so-called Julian Calendar, which Julius Caesar introduced into Rome, is only the improved ancient Egyptian one. Our present Gregorian one is simply a correction of minor defects and refinement of methods. So we are still making use of a series of observations which were started some six thousand years ago.

The Medieval scholars made some wonderful observations of flowers in connection with the studies of herbs for medicines • In fact, It seems that not only botany but nherrrratry -and the- other natural sciences except astronomy, branched off from the studies of the healing arts. These flower observations were used and preserved by the sculpture of the Gothic period, which used natural objects instead, of the formal shapes of the classic models. Reinach says of this, n The flora of the country studied with loving attention, is the sole, or almost the sole source from which decorators take their motive, ..... Since the first century of the Roman. Empire art had never imitated nature so per¬ fectly, nor has it ever since done, so .with a like grace and sentiment. n

The first good zoological records we have, ,o much farther back even than the beginning of our recorded history, the wonderful cave

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From Tempi.! o/Queen Katshepsut

XVIII DYNASTY

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pictures ox mammals by Cro-Magnons. But for birds we must again re¬ ly on the Egyptians. These wonderful people have left a wealth of material, which however, requires much study. The subject has been thoroughly dealt with in Nioo.ll * s n Birds of Egypt", by Colonel Meinert zhagen a publication made by the authority of the

Egyptian government •

No less than ninety species of birds have been identified as known and observed in Ancient Egypt. About half of these are from mummied specimens. This custom of mummifying animals dates from the later periods of the ancient monarchy. The others were taken from the sculptures and pictures still existing, the best of which, were from the old kingdom, stretching back to five thousand years ago.

An interesting case is that the "Sacred Ibis", which is not now f ound in Egyp « , try, was p lent If u

Egypt, but which was common when Herodotus visited the coun¬ in eighteen hundred and was last observed in 1876.

Probably the bird has been deprived of Its local habitat by the pro¬ gressive drying up of the swamps and extension of cultivation* In ancient days the culture of the papyrus plant, the ancient writing material, which grew in swamps prevented this. The mummified speci¬ mens of this bird are very common.

Among the birds recorded are seven species of ducks, four of herons, two cranes, two Ibis, four geese, two vultures, and the ostrich. The last is another which existed in ancient Egypt but is locally extinct now.

One difficulty which confronts the modern naturalist

is that of

interpreting the colors used. The primitive a few simple and bright pigments and their w be satisfactorily mixed to form good greys.

artists possessed only hite and black could not Therefore they used red

instead of brown, green and blue for grey and so forth.

There is a splendid representation of a identified as Griffon’s, in which the beak is upper side of the wing blue with a green bord of the wing red, white, and blue.

vulture, whi cli h a s ye 11 ow , ne ck whi t o er, and the under s

been , the Ide

Of course there are many cases in which the species cannot be identified.. In the case of the ducks, geese and pigeons, these may bo pictures of domestic varieties which, are no longer bred. There is known to be a hunting dog pictured in early Egyptian times, where this Is the case.

Hat shop;

One odd picture, from

the scenes of the

^ou o-o uui.ifcjj-t;, aiiuwcj a crane with his long beak his neck. Evidently his natural pickax was much respected.

!

temple

xhow;

m Queen strapped to

mentioned so far. The hawk, the symbol of Horn totem of the primitive kingdom of uppe

*T7

J

bird symbol of all;

Egypt,

Some of our readers may bo surprised that the hawk has not been

the symbol of Horus, son of Osiris, and

is the ‘most ancient

bird that can¬ not be identified with a species. The usual representation has the body type of the perigrine falcon, the European form corresponding to our duck hawk; but the face is white with a dark streak behind, the eye Even allowing for the substitution of colors mentioned before, this

ut, .strangely enough, this is one

combination cannot be

iid to belong to any known

species

One

3

explanation offered is that the symbolic type was fixed before ac¬ curate observation was cor.mon, and that it is a compound form. There is also the possibility that it is an extinct loral species or race.

One of the best known bird, pictures is that of the geese from Modum, taken from a tomb of the old kingdom, a picture shown in most works, everywhere praised, but not explained and the colors not shown or noted.

However, these have been identified as the Bean Goose, White- footed Goose, and Red Breasted Goose, as noted in the accompanying list. The outer birds being the Bean Geese, the inner pairs the others .

The marvel is that so many species can be id„cntificd by pic¬ tures, so many of which were made in the dawn of known civilization, nearly five thousand years ago.

List of Species identified from pictoral representations of the

An c i ent Egypt i ans :

1 •	Lanius collurio	Red-backed Shrike
2.	Lanius nubicus	Masked Shrike
ry o .	Phoenicurus p.	Common Red Start
4.	Hirundo rustica savegonii	Egypt i an Swallow
5 •	Cotile rupestris obsolcta	Crag Martin
o •	Upupa epops	Hoopoe
7 .	Cerylc rudis	Pied Kingfisher
8.	C aprinulgu s (species ? }	Nightjar
9.	Tyto alba	Barn Owl
10.	Gyps fulvus (Ml)	Griffon Vulture
11.	Neophron perenop torus (M)	Egyptian Vulture
12.	Phalacrocorax (?) pygoeus	(Pygmy?) Cormorant
15.	Pclecanus (species?)	Pelican
14.	Anser alb if r on s or erythropus (M)	White- footed Gbose
15.	Anser fabalis	Bean Goose
16.	Brant a ruficollis	Red-breasted Goose
	These three, the	Me dun Geese.
17.	Chenalopex aegyptiacus	Egyptian Goose
18.	Cygnus (species?)	Swan
19.	Tadorna tadorna	Common Shelduck
20.	Anas crecca	Teal
21.	Anas p 1 a t y rhyn c ho s	Mallard
22.	Anas acuta	Pintail
23.	Anas penclope	Wig eon
24.	Nyroca ferina	Pochard
25.	Nyroca fuligula	Tufted Duck
26 .	Pho eni c o p t e r u s antique rum	Flamingo
27.	Ardea cinerca	Cfrey Heron
28.	Ardea garzetta	Little Egret
29.	Ardeola ibis	Buff -backed Egret
30.	Nycticorax n.	Night Heron
31.	Balaeniceps rex	Shoe Bill
32.	Platalea lcucorodia	Spoon Bill
33 .	Ibis aetheopica (M)	Sacred Ibis

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It is claimed that the mummied birds are much larger than the modern Ibis of the Sudan. (Extinct sub-species?)

34.	Conatibis	eremita	Hermit Ibis
35.	Grus g.		Grey Crane
36.	Grus virgo	Demoiselle Crane
37.	Hoplopterus spinosus	Spur-winged Plover
38.	Recurvirostra avosetta	Avocet
39.	Vanellus	v.	Lapwing
40.	Podiceps	minor	Little Grebe
41.	Porphyrio	madigascariensis	Gallininta
42.	Turtur t .	isabelina
43.	Columba	( species? )
44.	Coturnix	c •	Quail
45 .	Struthio	can elms	Ostri cii
	Names na	rked with (M) appear also	In the list of mummied

birds •

List of Species identified from Egyptians. Birds appearing in ; The practice did not commence u]

1. Milvus aegyptus

2. Milvus regalis

3. -Pernis apivorus

4. Elanus ’coerulcus

5. Buteo desertorum

6. Buteo fcrox

7. Butoo vulgaris

8. Circaetus gallicus

9. Aquila imperiallis

10. Aquila maculata

11. Aquila pennata

12. Haliaeetus albicillus

13 . Falco babylonicus

14. Palco barbarus

15. Falco feldegii

16. Falco subbutco

17. Kierofalco saker

18. Cerchneis cenchris 18. Cerchneis tinnunculus

20. Accipiter nisus

21. Circus aeruginosus

22. Circus cyaneus

23. Circus piargus

24. Circus nncrurus

25. Me lie rax ga.bcr

Now extinct north

26. Strix flamnea

27. Bubo ascalaphus

28. Scops aldrovani

29. Asio otus

30. Asio brachyotus

31. Plegadis falcinellus

32. Cuculus canorus

33. Coracias garrulus

birds munmiqd by the Ancient dctorial list have been noted, .til the Twentieth Dynasty.

Egyptian Kite Bresson Red Kite Honey Buzzard Black shoulder Kite Desert Buzzard Long legged Buzzard Common Buzzard Short-toed Eagle Imperial Eagle Spotted Eagle Booted Eagle White-tailed Eagle Barb ary Falcon Barbary Falcon Banner Falcon Hobby Falcon Saker Falcon Lesser Kestril ? Kestril Sparrow Hawk Marsh Harrier Hon Harrier Mont agu e * s Harr i e r Pallid Harrier Chanting Goshawk of Dongola,

Barred Owl Eagle Owl Scops Owl Long -eared Owl Short -carod Owl Glossy Ibis Common CuGkoo Roller

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34. Sirundo rustica 35* Pteroclurus senegallis 36. Oedicnenus crepitans 37* Torgos auricular! s 33, Querquedula crecca 53. Querquedula circia

40. Falco vcspertinus?

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Swallow (race?) Senegal Land Grouse Stone Curlew Sociable Vulture Teal

Rod-footed Falcon Merlin

BIRDS' FOOD IN NORTHWEST BALTIMORE

By Hervey Brackbill

It is always interesting to know what the birds of any particular

C?

0£

locality are eating, and it is the purpose of this article to list

all the foods that the writer has been able to detemine by field ob¬ servation in the five years 1938-1942 in a section of northwest Balti¬ more . The section is that about Hanlon Park and Lake Ashburton bounded by North Hilton Street, Gwynns Falls Parkway, the Western Maryland Railway and Liberty Heights Avenue. The nature of this area Is: the park comprises open woods, chiefly oak, and stretches of lawn; ad¬ joining It is some undeveloped land containing woods with heavy under¬

open grass and weed fields, a few tiny spots of marsh, and

the site of Epiphany

are also some blocks of both row houses and detached

growth,

the weed-an& scrub-grown tract .that once wai College; there

hones. There are no cultivated fruits, and only a few small kitchen gardens .

In the list of foods to be presented there will be found quite a few whose use is very well known. It has seemed worthwhile to put these down, however, because observation indicates that such use can not be taken for granted; no evidence has been obtained that the birds in this area make any appreciable use of some other foods equally well known. Dogwood ( Cornus sp.), for instance, is abundant in part of the area, and 93 species of birds are said ho eat its berries (1), ye the writer has never yet seen any feed upon it; similarly, wild grapo ( Vit is sp.) occur here and there, but although they are on the genera food lists of 87 species (1) they have been seen to be eaten In this area by only 3 „

A few more remarks remain to be made. Caterpillars have not been listed unless the species was determined, and with a very few excep¬ tions that rule has been followed In listing adult insects. Except in the case of some white oak gall insects, the scientific name of a food (as far as it was determinable) is given only once — after the vernacular name upon its first occurrence on the list; all Identical vernacular names refer back to that listing. Vegetable and animal foods are listed separately, and each seasonally. Where records of eating are frequent or continuous the extreme dates alone are

hyphenated; where records are

few or scattered, each date

given.

is given,

nr

Fruits Attractive to Management and Re sea Agriculture, Bureau

Birds: Northeastern States. Wildlife rch Leaflet BS-44. U.S. Department of of Biological Survey, April 1936,

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A few obser vat ions not made in the specified area have been included; the scenes of those are stated after the date.

Green Heron (Butorides v. vires cons)

Eels 6 to" "9’ 'inches long - - - - - Fish about 4 inches long - - - - , Insect -------------

Dragonflies (Odonata) also stabbed

Greater Scaup (Nyroca narila) and Scaup Whirligig beetle (Gyrinidae ) - -

Sparrow Hawk (Falco s< sparverius)

Insects -------------

Dragonfly ------------

Mouse ---- __________

Snake --------------

Snail birds -----------

Killdeer ( Qxy e chu s v . v o c i f e ru s )

Earthworm ------------

Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia) Danselfly ( Odonata-) ~ ------

Lesser Yellowlegs (Tot anus flavipes)

Danselfly ------------

Rock Dove (Colunba livia)

Lawn grass seed ---------

-	Aug .	27	- - -	Av	alon	dam
-	Aug .	27	- - -	Av	a Ion	dan
	ii.Ug •	27	- - -	Av	alon	dam
at	but i	.1 1 J., o o	ed .
sp	•					\
	May :	1-17	; Sep	J- ^ 9	50; ;	Nov. 5
	Feb .	12;	N ov *	24
	July	25
	Mar .	24;	Apr.	9,	17;	June 1 ;
	Nov.	24
	Mar .	28,	51
	Apr .	6,	1 o J J 13.1 i G	7;	Get. 51
		17	- G	ibs	on I	s land
	Aug.	5;	Sept .	14	-18
	Sept	. 9
	Apr.	9-19

Ruby- throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris)

Flowers fed at:

Larkspur (Delphinium) -------- June 22 - Catonsville

Japanese honeysuckle (Loniccra japonica) Aug. 10 Jewelweed (Impatiens) -------- Aug. 10 - Sept. 17

Y ellow wi Id lettuce ( Lactuca c anadensl s ) Aug * 16,21 White morning glory ( ConvolvuTus spi thamaeus ? ) Aug* 16,21

Flicker (Colaptcs auratus )

White mulberry (Morus alba) - - Red mulberry (Morus rubra) - - Black cherry

Elderbcrr-’

( Prunus ( Sambucus

serotina) - - - canadensis) - -

June 25~ July June 50

Aug . - -

12

iSUg

6

Red-headed Woodpecker Red mulberry - ■ Acorn ------

(Melanerpes

erythrocephalus )

• - - - - June 16

- - - - Dec. 11

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus v. varius) Trees tapped:

Aspen (Fopulus tremuloldes ) ----- American elm (Ulhus aner 1 c ana ) - - - -

Ap r * 17

No date available

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Kingbird ( Ty r annus tyr annus )

Red mulHerry, unripe - - - - Blackberry (Rub us sp.) - - - Black cherry ---------

Whirligig beetle ------

Moth ------------

Butterfly ---------

Dragonfly ---------

Grasshopper --------

Blue Jay (Gyanocitta c. cristata) Cicada ( Cl cadidae ) 1 - -

C r ow ( Corvus brachyrhynchos )

Staghorn sumac, s e elT^Rhu s t yph ina ) - - Acorn - -- -- -- -- -- - - --

June	14,17
July	22
July	28

June	17 -July	2	(fed to
June	17- July	2	\|\| t!
June	17- July	2	ii If
June	17 -July	2	II II
July	21
Mar.	5
Dec .	11

Black-capped Chickadee (Penthestes a. atricaplllus )v Poison ivy seeds: pTcIZeci. at, but not swaTloived ( Rhu s toxic odendr on ) - -- -- -- -- Jan. 1

Carolina Chi ckadee ( Penthestes c. carolinensis ) Japanese honeysuckle, Ferries - '-

Tufted T i tiMou s e ( Baeolophus blcolor )

Acorn --------------

House Wren (Troglodytes aedon)

Harvestman (Phalangid.ea'J ----- Hairy spider - -- -- -- -- -- Centipede ------------

Cricket ------

Grasshopper- -----------

Moth ---------------

Carolina Wren ( Thryothorus ludovi c-1 anus ) Pupa from cocoon under loose bark

Mockingbird (Minus p, polyglot t os)

Black cherry ------------

Wild grape (Vitus sp.) -------- Nov.

Poke, berries ( Phy t olacca dec andr a ) - - Nov. 15

Grasshopper

C atb i rd ( Dune te 11a carolinensis )

Dwarf“^mnaTc , "seeds ( Rhus "~c opallina ) - Smooth sumac, seeds ("Rhus glabra) - - - Apr. 28 Red mulberry ----

White mulberry -----------

Ornamental shrub, berries (Mahonia si Blackberry -------------

Black cherry ------------

Elderberry -------------

Poke, berry

Jan.	31-	■Feb .	4
Feb .	18
June	14-	■13 (	fed	to	young )
Aug .	6		n	I!	n
Aug .	10		n	fl	t?
Aug.	10		n	II	ti
Aug .	13		IT	II	it
Aug .	9		It	i!	!!
Sept	. 30
Jan.	10,	Feb	. 4,
Feb.	17	- Gi'	b s on	Island
Aug .	--
Nov.	3
Nov.	15
Aug.	29
Feb .	2
Apr .	28
June	--
June	—
June	29-	July	1
July	IS-	29
July	21-	Aug .	22
	6
Aug .	19-	Oct •	2

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Catbird (Dime tell a carolinensis ) (continued)

Wild grapes' (Vitis labrusca? ) ------- Sept, 29- Oct. 9

Japanese honeysuckle, berries ------- Dec. 1- Deb, 23

Cockspur thorn, haw (Crataegus crus-galli ) - Dec. 1-Deb. 20 Poison ivy, seeds - - - - - - - - - -3 - *- - Dec. 22 Frost grape (Vitis cordifolia) - ----- - Dec. 22- Jan. 8

Catalpa sphinx larva (Ceratomia catalpae) was pecked at, but I don't know if it was eaten ------------ - - - - June 21

Moth ------------------- July 29

Grasshopper ---------------- Sept. 15

Brown Thrasher ( T oxo s t oma ruf uni )

Red mulberry --------------- June --

White mulberry - -- -- -- -- -- - -- June 1-?11

Robin ( Turdus mi grator iu s )

Japanese^ honey suckl e , berry ----- - - - Feb. 4, 28

Smooth sumac, seeds ---------- -- Mar. 19-24

■ Staghorn sumac, seeds ----------- Mar. 30

Cultivated cherry (garbage) -------- May 26

Red mulberry --------------- June 15- July 1

White mulberry -------------- June 15-July 12

Blackberry ---------------- July 12-21

Black cherry --------------- July 28-Sept • 1

Elderberry ---------------- Rug. 6-7

Poke, berry ---------------- Sept. 22, Oct. 18

Wild grape - -- -- -- -- - - -- -- - Sept . 28

White grub May 8, June 17

Corn earworn (Heliothis armiger) from ear of fresh corn in banding trap: the corn itself not eaten --------- - - - July 18

Wood Thrush (Hylocichla musteiina) Red mulberry- --------

White mulberry -------

Cultivated cherry (garbage) -

May 30- Juno 11 May 30- June 11 June 21

(fed it o young) (fed to young) (fed to young)

Earthworm -------------- May 4- June 13

White grub ------------- June 21

Japanese beetle, adult ( Popillia

Japonica) - -- -- -- - - - - - - June 24

(fed to young) (fed to young)

(fed to young )

Hermit T hr u sh ( Hylocichla guttata faxoni )

Smooth sumac, seed - - - - ----- - Apr. 14, Oct. 29 Poke, berry ------------- Oct . 30

Cedar Waxwing ( Bombycilla cedrorum )

Japanese honeysuckle, berry ~ - - - Poke, berry ------------

- Feb. 28, Mar. 10, Nov. 27

- Oct. 15

Starling ( Sturnus vulgar i s )

Smooth sumac, seen ~ -------- Apr. 5

Red mulberry ------------ May 27-June 22

White mulberry ------ - --- june 1-22

Apple (garbage) ----------- june ll

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Starling ( S t u rnn s vulgaris) (continued)

Black cherry -------------

Green California seedless grape (garbage) ------------ --

Poke, berries ------------

Japanese honeysuckle , berries - - - -

Japanese beetle, adult --------

Earthworm - -- -- -- -- -- -- -

Gristle on bone, apparently lamb chop (garbage) --------------

English Sparrow (Passer domest icus )

Lawn grass seed - - '- - - - - - - - - Yellow wild lettuce, seed ------

Ragweed, seed (Ambrosia art enisiac foil

Moths ----------------

Japanese beetle, adult --------

Cicada ----------------

C ardi nal ( Ri chmondena cardinal i s )

J ap one’s e" honey su ckTe , berries - - - - White mulberries -----------

Red mulberries ------------

Giant ragweed, seed (Ambrosia tri.fida) Cockspur thorn, haws ---------

Ragweed, seed ---------- --

Japanese beetle, adult --------

Purple Finch ( Carpodacus p. purpureus )

Japanese honeysuckle, berry " - - - - - Tulip tree, seed (Liriodenaron

tulipif era ) - - - "i h - - - - -

Goldf inch ( Spinus t. t rist i s )

Japanese honey sucTELe berry ------

Burdock, seed (Arctium sp.)- - - - - - Yellow wild lettuce, seed. ------

Chicory, seed ( Ci ohorium int 7/bus ) - - - i/o oal and sunf 1 owe r , seed (Eel i ant hu s divaricatus ) -“i--

Thi stle, seed (Cirsium sp,)- - - - - -

Ragweed, seed ------------

Evening primrose, seed (Oenothera biennis) --------- -'- - - - -

White oak gall insect and larva (Neuroterus vesicula) - - - -

Aug •	6-20
Aug •	21
Oct .	12,	18
Nov .	27
June	29,	Ju
Aug .	21
Dec .	10
Apr.	8-M	ay
Aug .	10-	15

a) Oct. 16- Jan. 10

May 3-11 (fed to young) June 2 9 -Aug. 7 July 26, Aug. S

Feb. 22-Mar. 5 June -- Juno - - Oct. 21 Dec. 1-Mar. 4 Dec. 27

Aug . 16

Feb. 15, Nov. 11 Oct. 27-28

Feb. 2-Mar. 10 Apr . 1 6 Aug . 2 Aug. 2-10

Aug. 15-Sept. 2 Aug. 20-Sept. 25; Dec. Jan. 31; Apr. 23; Apr. Oct. 4- Jan. 24

Oct. 4 -Feb. 5; May 5; June 4

Mar. 26-Apr. 28

25

30

Red-eyed Towhee (Pipilo e. erythrophthalmus )

White mulberry - - - ~- *- - - - June 14

Black cherry ------------- Aug. S-20

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Goldenrod, seed ( Solidago sp#*] -------

Lawn grass seed- --------------

Purpletop grass, seed (Triodla flava)- - - - Woodland sunflower, seed' - ~- - - - - - - -

Ragweed, seed -------------- -

Tree Sparrow (Splzella a, arborea)

Ragweed seed - - - - - - ----------

Goldenrod, seed --------------

Chipping Sparrow (Spizolla p. passerina)

Lawn grass se"ed - - -- -- -- -- -- --

Field Sparrow (Spizolla p, pusilla)

Broom sedge, seed "(Andropogon vlrgiriicus) - - Lawn grass seed --------------

White oak gall insects and larva ( Neurot crus veslcula) - -----------------

White-tliroated Sparrow ( Zonotrichia albicollis)

Lawn grass seed --------------

American eln, samaras -----------

Ragweed, seed ---------------

Catbriar, berry ( Smllax rotundlf olia ) - - - - Japanese honeysuckle, berry --------

Fox Sparrow (Paserclla 1, illaca)

Ragweed, seed - - - --- ----- - -

Song Sparrow (Melospiza mclodia)

Lawn grass seed --------------

Ragweed, seed ---------------

	9,	28
- Apr.	8-	19
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	26	-Apr •	28
	8-	May 7
	5
	18	, Dec ,	. 27
- Nov.	22
! Y—J o < •	19	-Mar •	12
	27
	O o —	19
	18	-Feb.	28

THE SEASON

AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

Beginning with this issue of the BULLETIN wo will present under the above title a resume of the current happenings in the natural world, the progress of the seasons, the changes in the flora, the activities of animals. For this project we solicit interesting notes of observations from all of our readers. During the past we have had an occasionally appearing department for short notes but many times observers have not gotten around to writing up in proper form for publication these smaller items and hence many interesting bits have been lost to us. Such items may now be simply turned over in a few scribbled lines to this department or even transmitted orally and from thorn we should be able to fashion a report of interest in itself and of value for future comparison. At first this material will be mainly of birds and plants, for these arc the writer f s interests; the character of future "Seasons'1 will depend upon our contributors.

The weather in the Baltimore rather abnormal and throughout the

area thus far in 1942 has boon spring and early summer this was

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reflected in the plant and animal worlds. La. July resulted in a most verdant August. At a

■^gc amounts oi ram in time when lawns are

usually parched and brown, roadsides dusty, and streams mere trickles.

year instead lush, rreen grass, tr ’oaring torrents, with floods in the early part oi

cs with shining

green

the

\vO ilQCL u n -i- s

leaves, and

month. Moreover, temperatures were low. in no other August within our memory have we had such a long period of thoroughly enjoyable weather.

The fall migration of birds was well begun in the early part of August. Canada and Black- throated. Green Warblers were seer: on the tenth at Loch Raven. On the other hand the song periods of our breed¬ ing species seemed to be prolonged more than usual. Although some warm days returned in mid-September

the migration continued to be

’ough

that month ; every night the c;

neavy ti

could be heard overhead. Before throated Sparrows, and Winter Wrens had arr the bulk of the Swallows had departed.

ills of the passing birds month was ended Juncos, Whitc- .vcd in some numbers and

Luring the past spring the flowering season had been unusually early and this tendency was noted even among the mid- summer bloomers, goldenrods and asters were most profuse in their blooming; there was a particular abundance of the big

the big; brilliant purple New England asters

The abundant rains had other, not so pleasant results, too. The growth

of

une

two species oi ragweed was

will long remember this ye;

very prolific and hay-fever sufferers as one of abundant pollen. Worth special

mention also,

out

or quite d;

’ont reason

are the beautiful and

very rare fringe a gentians . The principal one of the two known sta¬ tions for this plant in the Baltimore region presented a sight long to bo remembered. Never in the twenty years of the writer’s visits to this colony have there been so many blooming plants.

The end of the period here considered brought more of the un¬ usual weather which has been the outstanding feature of this year, end of September was unusually cool and on the 27th,

The

28th and 29th

cold wave which brought heavy frosts to the valleys north of the city. Autumnal coloring had already advanced considerably with the black gums and sumachs a brilliant red and with the frost the green should rapidly disappear. But more of that in our next.

there was a the city

Haven Kolb .

RED CROSSBILLS IN MARYLAND

The

recent re On April ducting a of approx Maryland . presence pines did leisurely

following record concerns what to my knowledge is the only cord of the Red Crossbill (Loxia curvi rostra) In Maryland.

27, 1941 Mr

•lii lie

con-

R. Bruce Overington and the writer,

. bird hike for the Mountain Club of Maryland, located a flock imately thirty Red Crossbills in a pine grove near Laurel,

The flock was under observation for about ten minutes. The

of excited bird students directly under the

?hey were

oi a not

p virr n m

seem to

i ee ding

a s oup

disturb on the seed.

she birds in the of the pines.

. cl Jb U *

No efi'ort was made to collect specimens for subspecific tion as she state- law forbids collecting on Sunday.

Irving E

detcmiina- II crape .

AW INTERESTING- SCORPION RECORD

By Martin II, Muina

Two scorpions of the species Centruroid.es vittatus Say (Cen¬ trums carolinianus Wood) have been coTTecteci in Maryland since 1940, and are" in' the writer's collection at the University of Maryland,

The first specimen, a female, was taken in a home in Hyatt sville, Maryland sometime during September by Dr, E. N. Cory, The second collection was also a female taken by N. Sprague on March 8, 1942 in the Bureau of 7isheri.es Laboratory at College Park, Maryland.

This species is relatively small, having a body length of a little more than one inch and a postabdomen, "tail”, of equal or slightly greater length. There are two dark brown dorsal stripes on the body, and the legs and ntailn are pale yellow or brown. Just under the sting is a small spine or tubercle. The scorpion is com" mon in the southern and Gulf states.

To the writer's knowledge these two specimens represent the only collection of this species in the state that could not be di¬ rectly traced to the source of introduction. Although it is quite probable that the specimens were introduced by freight shipment, they could not be traced directly to that source. The first col¬ lection, being made in a home demonstrates the fact that this species is capable of living at least for short periods of time in this cli¬ mate. As the second specimen was taken in a building where intro¬ duction could be .expected, inquiries were made to determine the dates and sources of the latest shipments. Wo shipment, according to Mr. Sprague, had been received from any Gulf coast or southern state for several weeks. This again lends evidence that even during, the winter months this scorpion may survive freight shipment and live in build¬ ings in Maryland.

Although the possibility of this scorpion occurring naturally in Maryland is remote, this record and similar records of related arachnids taken by the writer ■ tend to cause speculation as to just how far north common southern arthropods may disperse.

PSEUDO SC OR? IONS

By ±rvin P , Schloss .When one considers the vast array of creature:

whi ch :o many

constitute

U -L

of them

the Animal Kingdom and how interesting the biology of _ w _

is, it is difficult to single out any particular group for nomination

as outstanding. Yet there is one group which appeals to the writer as deserving of a high place on a hypothetical list of most interest¬

ing

rr creatures --man, of course, excepted. This groun is the Che Ion -

ethida, the of zoology a:

false scorpions, perh s it is to the layman.

id;

a s un f am i 1 i a r to

most

student s

The writer saw one of these remarkable animals for the first time some four years ago at the Society, The curator of the Depart - ment^ of Entomology, Herbert Moorefleld, had captured a specimen in the building; and it was intriguing to watch it walk swiftly, first

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PSEUDOSCORPION Enlarged 20 X

i

SCORPION AND P SEUDO SCO RP ION Enl arged 4 X

otographs by J. J. Ciisola II

13

in one direction, then in another, all the while moving its pre¬ hensile claws sidewise as though it were ready to seize anything which might presume to threaten its existence. One might almost ap¬ ply the term blustering to its actions — such was the impression it left .

Then in the summer of 1942, the writer was reintroduced to the pseudoscorpions by Martin Ivluma, a member of the Society, Many speci¬ mens were collected during this past summer by Mr. Ivluma and some by other persons. Unfortunately, any real taxonomic work had to be shelved due to the exigencies of immediate school work, and the speci¬ mens now repose in alcohol at the University of Maryland. Perhaps' when the war is over and conditions permit , the writer will be able to return to or, more accurately, really begin a comprehensive study of the false scorpions with the end in view of publishing a compre¬ hensive list of those found in Maryland.

History

Although the writer has given this section the heading "history", he does not presume to present a history of the study of false scor¬ pions — the purpose is merely to point out in a few words a little bit about what has been done.

There are records of the false scorpions from the time of Aris¬ totle, but the systcrnatics of the order Che lone thida — as with so many other living things — really beings with Linnaeus", who described two

species

m

1158.

one oi wm.cn i In succeeding years,

the relatively common Che lifer other

y cuiamun eiioni ox- cancroio.es, naturalist n nrSHnrl -i-.n t-.V

its added for the "

to the

li

;roup around

and Latrcillc set up the name Faux Scorpione;

1810. Then in 1873, Ludwig Koch recognized the order as the Cherncti- den. . . . .

mi

?ho real beginnings of the modern scheme of classification came in 1879 with E. Simon’s monograph of the French species* Then in 1891, Luigi Balzan presented a classification which, with some modi¬ fications, has been accepted down to the present time.

J. C, Chamberlin, here in the United States, has been of the most recent and, without doubt, the best scheme of tion. He is the one

tl

. C u "

//ho has given the order the name Che lone thida, and his work. The Arachnid Order Che lone thida, published in 1S31, "‘is the biblo of anyone working ' Tn "the fibTcTT

T axonomi c Re lat i on ship

The Chelonethida is an order of the class Arachnids . Thus, it

:he spiders, Acarina,

, uxxv, daddy-long-legs” , Sc dp 1 on i da.

is a parallel group of the orders Araneida, the mites and ticks, Phalangida, the "dt

the true scorpions, etc . Chamberlin * s classification includes two .groups, the H o t o re s phy r on i d a and Homo sphyr onida . Those in turn arc divided into sub-orders, the first into the sub -order Hcterosphyronida and the second into the sub-order Liplosphyronida and Mono's pHyrbiii aa .

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Collecting Methods

Pseudoscorpions arc commonly found under the bark of dead trees, in loaf mold, and some in buildings, especially old and decrepit houses. Of those in the collection, the greatest number by far was collected under the bark of dead conifers, most commonly on pine. The next greatest number of specimens was obtained from leaf mold, and the others were obtained from under the bark of dead deciduous trees and a few from houses.

Each type of habitat naturally necessitates a particular means of collecting; but, nevertheless, these methods are characterized by their simplicity, no complicated impedimenta being required. Those occurring under bark are collected by lifting the bark with a knife and picking up the little creatures by means of a small cornel Ts hair b: f ]

leaf mold necessitates a procedure a bit more strenuous The most efficient method is to sift the leaf mold onto a and pick up the pseudoscorpions with the moistened brush, soil-sifting screen is very satisfactory for this.

wish moistened in alcohol. They are then very easily transferred rom the brush into a vial of alcohol. To capture those found in

>y

-iiy.

white sheet An ordinary

The alcohol used is 70$ grain alcohol, and it should contain a few drops of glycerin to prevent drying out. It is possible to "store51 the pseudoscorpions in such a preparation for quite long periods of time, and in any case, they should be kept in alcohol previous to mounting.

Preparation for Study

In order to adequately examine the various morphological details necessary in specific determinations, it is requisite that a compound microscope be used, rather than the low-power binocular microscope used for most entomological determinations. This, of course, ne¬ cessitates mounting the specimens on slides.

The procedure . for mounting and staining pseudoscorpions is a rather complex one, entailing the dissection of various parts and. special techniques. For a complete account of this procedure, the writer refers anyone interested to the hook, previously mentioned, by Dr. J. C. Chamberlin.

In concluding, the writer would like to add that there are many interesting studies which can be made concerning the false scorpions. In addition to purely taxonomic work, there are possibilities in the study of the biology and habits of those creatures; and If anyone is looking for a group on which to work, here Is one which will allow no boredom.

, Reference

Chamberlin, J.C. The Arachnid. Order Che 1 one th Ida. Stanford

Univ, Publications, Biological Sciences • VIII. 1. 1951

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15

IN MEMORIUM

On August 25, 1942 the Society lost one of Its original founders and valuable members, Mr. Eugene R. Pollock,

Mr, Pollock, besides being one of the Society's founders, was connected with the Department of Entomology, as Assistant Curator, and later as Associate Curator in charge of Foreign Lepicloptera,

He was also one of the first trustees of the Society.

During the course of his work Mr, Pollock made discoveries of two abb e rat ions, one of the American butterfly, Junonia coenia, which he named W e i d e nham e r i , the other of the American moth, Sarnia cecropia, which he named UhXe r i i .

Mr. Pollock was born in Prague, Bohemia in 1G92. His father was a civil engineer. Young Pollock was placed under the guardianship of his grandparents, the Count and. Countess Von Mens el, with whom he lived in Stuttgart, Germany, for nineteen years. There he was edu¬ cated, attending the Royal Gymnasium. He came to the United States in 1912 and later on enlisted in the United States Army and served for some time at the United States Army Base Hospital in the Mexican Border Campaign. While in the service he married Mary Jane Kress, In Baltimore, ’who survives him, together with his son Paul Pollock,

Eugene R. Pollock was employed with the Crown Cork and Seal Company for twenty years. He was of a kindly disposition, and was much es¬ teemed by his friends and co-workcrs .

NOTES FOR THE MONTHS 0]

JUNE, JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1942

jeetures and Meetings

.June 2 -- Sound motion picture in color - "Speckled Bbauties,"

16 -- Sound motion picture - "The River,"

23 -- Lecture by Mr. George Maugans, "Florida Reptiles."

30 -- Lecture by Mr. Gilbert C. Klingsl, "Odors and How To R e c o gn i a e T h em • ! 1

- Lecture by Mr. Irving C . Harape, "Maryland Bird Life."

■ Lecture by Mr. C. Haven Kolb, "Maryland Bird Life." Lecture by Mr, Charles Ostrander, "Maryland Minerals in th e Pre s ent Crisis."

18 -- Lecture by Mr, Joseph Schreibcr, Jr., "The Story of Neoprene , "

July 7 21

Aug. 4

Jept .1 -- nocture by Mr. George Maugans, "The Real American."

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Sept • 15 -	- Lecture by Mr. Edward McColgan, "The Birds of the Aviary."
29 -	- Motion pictures.

Junior Division

June 6	- Talk by Rodman McCoy, "Glass."
S	- Scout Meeting.
13	- Junior Business Meeting.
27	- Talk by Harry Knipp, "Horses and Horsemanship,"
July 11	- Lecture by Sidney Caller, "Bacteriology."
IS -	- Junior Photographic Course First talk - Joseph Schreiber, Jr ,
25 -	- Talk by Roy Ostrander, "A Mineral Trip to Carroll County."
Aug . 1	- Botany Quiz conducted by James Hill.
8 -	- Second of Junior Photographic Course talks by Robert Kuller •
15 -	- Lecture by Mr, John B. Calder, "Paleontology in Maryland."
22 -	- Talk by Robert Kuller, "Iridescence in Minerals,"
29 -	- Talk by John Norman, "The Lake Roland Area in Relation¬ ship to Reptiles."
Sept . 5	- Talk by Douglas Oler, "Dredging in the Magothy."
19 -	- Talk by Harry How&en. , "Herpetological Collecting Around Savannah, Georgia."
26 -	- Third of Junior Photographic Course talks by Robert
	Buxbaum .

Buxbaum

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BULLETIN

of

THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY of MARYLAND

OL. XIII November 1942 December NO.;

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK

Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday.

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume XIII

NOVEMBER 1942 DECEMBER

Number 2

THE LIFE STREAM By Joseph S. Didusch, S.J.

Most of the casualties in war are due to the excessive shedding of blood and the only hope of saving the victim lies in restoring to the body the blood that has been lost. Effective restoration by clinical methods has come only after long study and. difficult labora¬ tory experimentation. To the unaided eye blood is a fluid, the un¬ formed element of the blood, as it is called. But the microscope further reveals in this fluid (plasma) a number of solid (formed) bodies which differ in shape, size, color and function. These formed elements- include red corpuscles (erythrocytes or erythroplastid.s ) , white ceils (leucocytes or leucoplastids) and groups of smaller bodies the platelets (thrombocytes or thromboplastins ) . Other bodies, the "blood dust" (hemokonia) , are also found, but they are probably not formed blood elements. They may be fragments of disintegrated red corpuscles or colloidal particles suspended in the plasma.

A single red corpuscle Is greenish-yellow, but in groups the cells appear red and impart to the blood its characteristic color. Their shape is that of a biconcave disc, but when seen on edge they look like a dumb-bell. These tiny red cells are far too small to be measured by any of our ordinary standards. Trie biologist had to split the millimeter (one twenty-fifth of an inch) into a thousand parts.

r ach one of which he calls a "micron", to use as a

son in estimating their size

T.1

ir average diameter Is

basis o f e om p a r i - 7.5 microns

and their greatest thickness about 2.5 microns. About GO, 000 of them can be placed on the head, of an ordinary pin.

Most kinds of cells have a nucleus, a round or oval body imbedded in the cell substance, which controls the activities of the cell, such as metabolism, growth, reproduction and the transmission of hereditary characters. The red blood cells of the frog have a rather prominent nucleus, as may be seen in Illustration 1, But the human erythrocyte (from the Greek words "eruthros" meaning "red" and "kutos" meaning" "cell") is an exception to the general rule. Normally it has no nucleus though nucleated erythrocytes do occur In cases of severe anemia.

The

amount of blood in the human body is from to

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2. Oxyhemoglobin. Cat. X 100.

3 . Oxyhemoglobin. Sfyeep. X 100.

4. Oxyhemoglobin. Rock Fish. X 60

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The circula-

.ng 150 pounds contains approximately five corpuscles constitute from 40$ to 5 0/1 of the

hetween one-eleventh and ono-twdlfth of the body tory system of a man weigh!} quarts of blood. The red c volume of • the blood. Their number is very great, between 5,000,000 and 6,000,000 per cubic millimeter or twenty-five trillion in the whole system. But their life span is comparatively short. They live from three to six weeks, which means that a trillion cells wear out and are removed from the blood every day. The new cells which take their place are not formed within the blood vessels but in the rod bone -marrow.

The red cells owe their color to a substance known as hemo¬ globin. The blood of the earthworm also contains hemoglobin which.

dissolved in the T he n on - pr o t e i n

however, is not contained within the cells but i: plasma. Hemoglobin is composed of two elements, component is hematin, a brown, non-crystalline ( amorphous ) substance containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and iron. The protoid or globin is colorless. It constitutes 94$ of the hemoglobin and consists principally of carbon (55$). and nitrogen (16.9$) with small

amounts of hydrogen, sulphur and oxygen ing 150 pounds contains about two pounds of hemoglobin,

The blood of a man weigh-

Hemoglobin can be crystallized. Sometimes the crystals are formed within the corpuscles, but usually the hemoglobin is first removed from the cells by treating them with certain reagents. This process is known as "Taking" or "hemolysis”. Among the reagents are, water, ether, chloroform, xylol, benzol, toluol, soap, snake venom and ultra-violet rays. The corpuscles do not necessarily undergo complete disruption or destruction at once. Often there remain the "shadows" or "ghosts" or "phantoms" of the original cells. The cells

show knob -like projections from their

also shrink and many of them surface. These latter are the "cronated" forms of erythrocytes. They arc not found in this condition in the blood stream but the change in their shape is due to differences in osmotic pressure and other environmental factors. Some of the pale colls and cronated forms arc shown in the photomicrograph on the front cover of this Bulletin. *1. They are magnified 1600 times.

Pioneer investigators in the crystallography of the respiratory pigment (hemoglobin) resorted to very simple procedures. Sometimes crystals were allegedly obtained by merely placing a drop of blood on a glass slide and allowing it to dry. In other cases the blood was mixed with water, shaken with ether and then heated to 60 degrees on a glass slide » Illustration 2 shows crystals of cat blood pro¬ duced in this manner. The crystal picture in Illustration 5 was made by Taking sheep blood with toluol, adding a little other and heating.

The more modern methods of precipitating crystalline hemoglobin, and there are many of them, produce more satisfactory results. In the five following procedures the pigment was in the form of oxyhemoglobin. This would correspond to the condition of the hemoglobin found, in the

*-l# In the Photomicrograph the groat bulk of pale cells are red blood corpuscles; the group of eight large cells and the solitary large cell are white blood corpuscles. Those have been specially stained to show the inner structure of the cells, namely the nucleus and cytoplasm.

The

several groups

of very small intensely black bodies are platelet

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arterial blood of the bociy, viz., blood that had been freed of its carbon dioxide and taken on oxygen from the air in the lungs. The blood was treated with a 2 % solution of sodium chloride (common salt), then with ether, centrifuged and dried in air. The object in cen¬ trifuging was to obtain, as nearly as possible, a pure solution of oxyhemoglobin by removing the white corpuscles and other blood con¬ stituents. Illustration 4 shows the oxyhemoglobin crystals of the rock fish° Illustration 5, those of the chicken: Illustration 6, of

the turkey: Illustration

of the rat; Illustration 8, of the cat.

In one of the methods quite commonly employed for crystallizing oxyhemoglobin, the blood on being drawn is immediately treated with

a solution of is then laked oxyhemoglobin the margin of Crystals form gin to

from clotting. It

1

ammonium oxalate. This prevents It

with ether and centrifuged. A drop or two of the clear solution is transferred to a glass slide and as soon as the mount begins to dry it is covered with a cover glass

on standing, but they Illustration

are quite unstable and soon 9 shows the crystalline o globin of turkey blood prepared in this way; Illustration 10, unusual triangular crystals of guinea-pig blood; Illustration 11

s Integrate •

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he

of

rabbit blood. The fine, needle-shaped crystals in the next picture, 12, are those of dog blood. Illustration 13 shews crystals precipitated from the blood of the cat. The crystals of hog blood in Illustration 14 have three unlike axes placed at right angles to one another and belong to the orthorhombic system of crystals. Those of sheep blood, Illustration 15, are of the monoclinic typo. They have one plane of symmetry and two oblique axes with a third which is perpendicular to both of these. The crystals derived from the blood of the steer.

Illustration 16, are orthorhombic, like those least impressive crystals of the whole series Illustration 17.

of the hog. are those of

'inallv, the «/ <

human blood.

In all these photomicrographs It will be noted that no two pat¬ terns are Identical. These differences led to the belief that the various vertebrate species could be Identified by the crystalline structure of their hemoglobin. But the same blood under identical technical procedures may yield more than one kind of crystals and the oxyhemoglobin of different species may yield crystals which are very much alike. Nor are there as many kinds of hemoglobin as there are species of animals with red blood. For, the amount of iron In hemo¬ globin and the chemical analysis and behavior of hematin are the same for all species. Thus, it would seem that If specific differences exist in hemoglobin they must be due to its protein component. These proteins are specific for each animal species.

Blood can decomposed. A

easily be identified, even when it is old

spccte t ar

fragment

of the material which is

mg blood spots Is placed on a glass slide and to

- ~X - - ST~

or two of glacial (99%) acetic acid and a few small cr chloride. The mount is then heated gently. If the blood, chocolate-colored crystals of hemin are formed,

! p O '

does not occur anywhere except In hemoglobin, the ovidenc putable. This test Is known as "Tcichmann’s Test1' and is applied in criminal cases to spots found on the clothing articles used by a homicide suspect. The crystals In Illu are hemin crystals of human blood.

and partly d of contain- :■ added a drop stals of sodium ;s arc really ince hemin e is Indis- f requently of or on stration 18

Tne white cells or leucocytes (from the two Greek words "louko:

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20

meaning "white” and ;;kutos” meaning "cell”) are normally far less numerous than the erythrocytes, the ratio being one white cell to about six hundred red cells or about eight thousand to a cubic milli¬ meter of blood. In pathological conditions, such as croupous pneumonia, peritonitis, pleurisy and meningitis, their number may be very much increased (leucocytosis ) , whereas in other diseases, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and progressive pernicious anemia, the count may be ab¬ normally low (leucopenia) . In new-born infants leucocytosis occurs normally and there may be as many as 15,000 white cells per cubic millimeter of blood.

Leucocytes do not contain any pigment, but they have a nucleus and are true cells. Erythrocytes are not capable of locomotion but are carried through the blood vessels by the plasma stream. Leucocytes have the power of independent motion, like the protozoan ameba, and are able to pass through the walls of the blood vessels. They function principally in the connective tissues of the body.

There are three classes of white cells, lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. The structure of these cells can be shown only by treating them with various biological dyes or stains, some of which have acid properties, others basic properties and others which are neither basic nor acid, the neutral stains.

Lymphocytes are produced by the lymph glands and lymph nodes of the body. There are two kinds. The smaller forms (microlymphocytes) are about the size of red corpuscles and constitute from 22% to 25% of the white corpuscles. The larger ones (mcgalolymphocy tes ) are two or three times larger than the red cells and comprise only one per cent of the normal white cell count. The nucleus occupies almost the en¬ tire cell and is usually round. The small amount of ceil substance is basophilic, i.e., it is responsive to basic stains. The function of lymphocytes Is not known. In the group of eight cells shown In the photomicrograph on the front cover of this Bulletin, the smallest, intensely dark cell is a lymphocyte.

Monocytes are larger than lymphocytes (S-12 microns) and have a greater amount of coll substance (cytoplasm) . The nucleus may be oval or indented, like a bean. They arise in the spleen and to a less extent in the bone-marrow. Technically they arc known as ''active macrophages”, that is, they are motile and remove foreign bodies from the blood. Monocytes constitute from six to 10 per cent of the white corpuscles.

The granulocytes are so called because their cytoplasm contains numerous fine granules. They are classified according to their be¬ havior towards stains. The neutrophile granulocytes stain with a proper mixture of an acid and a basic stain, i.e., a neutral stain.

They vary in size from 8 to 12 microns and are the most numerous of the white corpuscles, ranging from 60% to 70% of their entire number. Their nuclei show a variety of forms and that is why they are called "polymorphonuclear leucocytes” (from the Greek words "polus” meaning "many" and "morphe" meaning shape” ) . It is usual to describe them, though rather inelegantly, as consisting of several sausage-shaped masses of chromatin connected by fine, threads. The larger cells of the group shown in the illustration on the front cover of this Bulletin arc polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The neutrophile granulocytes are our strongest defense in the battle against disease. They produce

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powerful enzymes or ferments which destroy bacteria and other foreign bodies, usually at the cost of their own disintegration. These ruptured leucocytes then become pus cells.

The second group of granulocytes comprises the eosinophile: granules in their cytoplasm are stained intensely by eosin and other acid dyes. A solution of eosin (from the Greek word ueos" meaning "dawn”) is fluorescent and suggests the beautiful play of colors in the eastern sky at dawn. Eosinophiles are larger than neutrophiles

The

(12 to 14 microns) but their nuclei generally consist of only two lobes. They are not abundant in the blood, from to .4$, and their function i s unknown .

The last members of the group are the basophile granulocytes .

They are small (8 to 10 microns) and are present in the blood in al¬ most negligible quantities, usually less than one per cent. Like the neutrophiles, they have a large, irregularly shaped nucleus and their granules are stained by basic dyes, he have no knowledge of their function .

The last of the formed elements of the blood are the platelets. These are minute (1.5 to 3 microns) spherical or disc- shaped bodies and are found only in the blood of mammals* There is no evidence that they have nuclei. Their number varies from 500,000 to 800,000 per cubic millimeter of blood and they have a tendency to agglutinate or

form groups. Several of these groups may be seen in the photomicrograph on the front cover of this Bulletin. Platelets disintegrate very rapidly when thov come in contact with solid bodies other than those found normally in the blood* That is why they appear sparingly in mounted blood unless the disintegration has been arrested by osmic acid or some other artificial deterrent. They arc formed from megakaryocytes, the giant cells in bone-marrow.

The blood platelets are thought to be associated with the clot¬

ting of blood.

blood clot consists of a mass of fibers in which

blood cells are enmeshed. Human blood normally clots in from two to ten minutes. In hemophilia (profuse and uncontrollable hemorrhage) the clotting time is prolonged, sometimes to such an extent that the patient will bleed to death even from a minor wound • The disease is hereditary and is due to a sex-linked character which is dominant in males but recessive in females. The mother who carries the factor or gene for hemophilia will not herself be afflicted with the disease but will transmit it to half of her sons. The blood of a hemophiliac ' koleeder" ) does not seem to differ from normal blood as far as the formed elements are concerned. The defect lies in the plasma.

Why, then, and how does blood clot? The popular conception that coagulation is due to the contact of blood with the air is unwarranted. Blood will clot as usual if it is collected in a vacuum, tube or under mercury, circumstances which preclude the possibility of contact with air. Ho categorical answer has yet been given to the question, though tho theory proposed by Dr. William H. Howell, emeritus Professor of

Physiology, Johns Hopkins Medical School,

s corns

plausible .

In

-V

very

the blood plasma there arc several elements which play a part in the

calcium salts, cephalin. Blood does not clot normally within the the

process. These are fibrinogen, prothrombin.

heparin and antithrombin, blood vessels. If It did

Ion:

oilman organism w.puia not survive very

But when the blood is shod the platelets dis integral

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22

liberate cephalin. This combines with- heparin and possibly with anti thrombin to form prothrombin which, in the presence of calcium salts, is converted into thrombin. The thrombin then changes fibrinogen into fibrin and the clot is formed. Illustration 19 is a photomicrograph of human fibrin. The cells were removed by whip¬ ping freshly drawn blood with a small round brush.

Plasma, the unformed element of the blood, is a clear, amber-

nature of its known

of blood it nas the temperature of balance cf the tis- It carries nourish- of their functional substances some of others still constituents

colored fluid. Besides taking part in the clotting other important functions. It aids in maintaining the body at the proper level, the normal acid-base sues and the required water content of the system, ment to the tissues and removes the waste products activity (metabolism) . Plasma is composed of many which are quite well known while the chemical remains entirely unknown . A consideration of would lead us too far afield into the domains of biochemistry and physiology, but an enumeration of some of them will give an idea of its complexity. It contains gasis, oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitro¬ gen; proteins, fibrinogen, serum glob in and serum albumin j non-protein nitrogenous compounds, urea, uric acid, creatinine, amino -acids and ammonium salts; non-nitrogenous bodies, sugar (glucose), fats, cholesterin and lactates; inorganic salts, the chlorides, carbonates, sulphates and phosphates of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and

Iron; lastly, enzymes, and ant I thrombin .

lipase, glycolase, epinephrine, prothrombin

groat number of lives which are being saved am on;

; our soldiers and in our

on the battle field, our fighting forces on the high sea; civilian population at home arc made by the intensive stud^ nf t past quarter of a century, body to another long before tho memory of our present generation.

in 1662

progress

gratifying testimony to the or tnc nature and behavior of blood in the Blood had boon transfused from one living

Al¬

most throe hundred years ago.

Jean Baptiste Denis, a Parisian

surgeon. Injected nine ounces of sheep blood into the veins of a fifteen-year old boy who was suffering from a severe anemia. The boy recovered and soon transfusions became very popular. In their en¬ thusiasm, those pioneers administered larger quantities of animal or human blood, when they could get it, but to their dismay there were more fatalities among their patients than cures. They presumed that all blood was beneficial, no matter from what source it was taken, and that human blood was Identical in all individuals. They were un¬ aware of the fundamental fact, discovered years afterwards in our own _no, that not only the blood of unrelated species Is antagonistic but oven the blood of a human donor may prove fatal to its recipient. The fiftc^n-ycar old boy recovered in spite of the sheep blood. Nine ounces of oven properly matched blood could not have saved him, nor was this small amount sufficient to do him any serious harm. His re¬ covery was duo to the large colls ( orythroblasts ) in the bone -marrow cf his body which came to the rescue by supplying the needed red blood colls .

Human blood cells arc typed according to their protein content.

ill living coll

Proteins arc very complex substances and arc found in both animal and vegetable. They also occur in the diet of animals.

The 5 all contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen and, most of them, also sulphur. All human rod blood cells contain one of four typos

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23

of protein. A, B, A3, 0. If transfusion of whole blood Is necessary, I. e., blood as it occurs in and is taken from the blood stream, the blood of the donor must be of the same type as that of the recipient, otherwise dangerous or even fatal clumping (agglutination) of the cells may ensue. There Is, however, one exception to the rule. Since blood of the type 0 contains no antagonistic proteins, it may be used with any recipient type and for this reason the donor with type 0 blood is known as the universal donor. About 43 % of all Americans have blood of this type.

As in the case of red blood cells so human serum, plasma from which all cells have been removed, is of four types, a, b, ab, o, But the reaction of serum with the cells is just the reverse of the reaction of cell with cell. Serum of the type "a” will agglutinate cells of the type A and serum of the type nb", cells of the type B.

In clinical practice the serum of the patient Is first typed. Then the type of the donor’s blood is determined by matching It with small amounts of serum types which are always kept in reserve. A drop of the donor’s blood is mixed with a drop or two of serum "a” and another with serum ”bn and both mixtures are examined carefully under the microscope. If there is a clumping in both, the donor’s cells arc of the type AB, If no reaction has been observed, his blood is of the typo 0 and he is a universal donor. Clumping in either the ”au or ”b ” fraction means that the donor’s colls are of the A or B type respectively. Three out of every hundred men and women in this country have serum which is free from ”a.u and ”bn proteins and these are the universal recipients.

The wounds Inflicted in this

sustained in the last great

war are far more serious than those In 1917 most of the casualties were due to bayonet, bullet and machine-gun wounds. But in this war more than eighty per cent of them result from shells, shrapnel, bombs and torpedoes. There is a much greater loss of blood and greater danger of fatal shock from burns and, consequently, need of larger and more readily available supplies of blood for transfusion. Whole blood re¬ quires large storage facilities, it will deteriorate in thirty days and needs constant refrigeration. These serious handicaps led to a search for substitutes which would eliminate the disadvantages and at the same time be equally effective in immediate emergencies as whole blood. One result of the experiments conducted by the National Re¬ search Council is the compact dry plasma kit which, since 1941, has boon produced by the thousands and is constantly supplied to our forces in all parts of the world. The kit is about the size of a cigar box and contains a. pint bottle of sterile, triply-distilled water, a bottle of dried plasma, an Injection needle and a piece of rubber tubing. Thousands and thousands of our citizens all over the country are con¬ tributing their blood at Red Cross centers. The type of blood is Ir¬ relevant because all of the corpuscles one removed in the process of preparing the plasma. The blood is drawn from a large vein in the arm of the donor after the area has been sterilized by rubbing It with alcohol and desensitized with a local anaesthetic to render the pro¬ cedure painless. It is collected in a bottle containing a solution of sodium citrate to keep it from clotting. It takes about seven minutes to obtain a pint of blood. If on examination it Is found to bo free from bacteria and other undesirable foreign bodies, it is gathered in 80-pint containers and sent to specially equipped labora¬

tories for processing. Here it is put into

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the principle of a cream separator and is adjusted for 2500 revolu¬ tions per minute. In about half an hour the red and white corpuscles settle to the bottom of the container and the clear plasma remains on top. The plasma is carefully removed by skilled technicians and frozen. It is then subjected to a high vacuum to remove the water which constitutes more than 90% of the volume of the fluid. This

desiccated plasma will keep for at least five years. In an emergency

the plasma Is mixed with the distilled water and injected Into the blood stream of the mounded soldier. Within fifteen minutes he re¬ ceives the equivalent of a pint of blood which will sustain him while

he is being removed to a mobile field hospital or to a base hospital

many miles beyond the fighting line where, with better facilities and under sanitary conditions, he may receive whole blood transfusions,

If necessary.

nowadays we often hear of ,r shook”. It is a sudden depression of the vital forces of the body, either in whole or in part, due to an injury or an overpowering emotion which inhibits or arrests the proper functioning of the nervous system. The nerves lose their control over the blood system which is then unable to keep the fluid within its confines. When one receives a blow on the body the swelling that follows is due to a gathering of plasma which has left the blood ves¬ sels and rushed to the seat of injury. The greater the injury the more plasma Is withdrawn from the blood stream. If the amount is great tho heart will "race”, like the engine of a ship when the propeller is thrown out of the water. There is little or no fluid for it to pump and it soon wears itself out. The system is In a state of extreme shock. Sven in mild shock a quart or more of plasma may be absorbed by the Injured tissues. Injected plasma will not only restore the blood to a safe volume but It also has tho power of draw¬ ing back into the blood vessels tho fluid which has escaped into tho tissues .

Practically tho same condition arises in cases of severe burns. Many of our casualties at Pearl Harbor were victims of burns and hundreds of lives were saved by transfusions, first, of plasma and then of whole blood. Fortunately, about a thousand units of dehy¬ drated plasma had boon sent to Honolulu a month or so before the attack and blood banks wore also on hand, Ninety-six out of every hundred victims who were taken to tho Triplcr General Hospital in Honolulu were saved.

More than 75% of the victims of the Boston Night Club disaster who needed hospitalization, required plasma transfusions. In all,

750 units were administered. This was one-half of the total supply held in reserve in tho city at that time. The lives of seventy-five of the patients admitted to the Boston General Hospital were saved by plasma .

According to a report issued this December 21st, the Office of Civilian Defense, Washington, D.C., had in Its emergency reserves at that time, 50,742 units of prepared p3.asr.ia. Those are being augment e constantly under the joint auspices of the Public Health Service and the Office of Civilian Defense and the full quota of 115,130 units is expected to do reached within a few months. Although these reserves are intended primarily for casualties resulting among civilians from enemy action, they are also available for saving lives in any diaster

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25.

or incidents not related to the war.

More than 150 hospitals in various parts of the country have re¬ ceived grants of federal funds for processing and storing liquid plasma. Each of these hospitals maintains at least one pint of plasma for every bed in its rooms - and wards. These total about 65,130 units.

The Army and Navy have requested the Red Cross to collect at least 2,500,000 pints of blood by next August. It has already 2S,500 units in excess of present immediate requirements. This bank is stored by the Office of Civilian Defense in refrigeration depots in certain hospitals from which it can be obtained on demand.

Lastly, stores amounting to 29,500 units of dried plasma are distributed in areas which are considered liable to enemy air raids.

Prom this report It is evident that while no effort Is being Spared to provide adequately for the needs of our fighting forces, every endeavor Is also being made to safeguard the lives of our civilian population.

In Canada and Great Britain blood serum, either in liquid or desiccated form, is used more extensively than plasma. Its prepara¬ tion is similar to that of plasma. Blood is drawn In one-pint quanti¬ ties and allowed to clot. The clot is divided into four portions and refrigerated over night. The serum and loose blood cells are then re¬ moved and centrifuged. The resulting clear serum is tested every day for seven days for bacterial contamination. If, after that time, the units of serum are found to be sterile, they are collected in nine- quart banks to which a small amount (1-10,000) of merthiolate, a powerful mercury germicide, Is added as a preservative, prom this fluid dried, serum Is prepared In the same way as desiccated plasma Is prepared from liquid plasma.

The present plasma kit has been found practical for our land forces and battleships. But for smaller combat ships and Navy and Marine landing parties the Navy is still looking for a blood substi¬ tute that can be packed in more compact units which are stable, readily available, easily transported and simple to administer. Recent ex¬ periments justify the expectation that concentrated (30$) human albumin can be made to meet these specifications. The albumin Is carried In a new type of emergency syringe which can be refilled without removing the needle from the vein of the patient. Two dozen of these provisioned svrlngos can be carried in a small First Aid kit and the combined amount of albumin which they contain (72 ounces) should suffice for the treatment of at least five victims suffering fVn™ sVinoV.

from shock

In the past two years serious consideration has been given to a solution of crystalline ox (bovine) albumin as a possible blood substitute and the reports, so far, have bcc-n rather encouraging . this substance can bo processed and. dispensed in such a way as to all requirements, we shall have an easily available substitute in practically unlimited quantities.

If

meet

a few being base

Plasma, serum and albumin are all constituents of the blood, other substances which are not found In the blood stream arc investigated. Among those are, a sterile solution of pectin of vegetable jelly), a special preparation of gelatin called

But also ( the

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26

"is inglass5' and methyl cellulose, which is used commercially emulsifying agent, binder and adhesive, ho conclusive report been made regarding their use as blood substitutes.

as an has yet

The blood of a corpse can be used as a medium for transfusions, but the very thought of it is abhorrent. About ten years ago a Russian surgeon. Dr. S. S. Yudin, successfully performed such a transfusion in the case of a young man who had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists. The donor was an elderly man who had died six hours previous¬ ly. The surgeon has since discovered that the blood of a deceased person can be employed if it is removed from the body not later than eight hours after death and that it can be stored as well taken from a living body. Since 1938 he has successfully more than a thousand cadaver-to-living patient transfusions. The Russians are known to guard their military secrets very carefully.

But is more than likely that many of the soldiers who succumbed on the Eastern Front furnished from three to eight pints of blood for their wounded companions in arms and that much of the plasma dispensed by the Russian Medical Corps is prepared from the blood of t roups who have fallen in battle.

as blood performed

Every man in our service carries with him a tag on which is re¬ corded the type of his blood. If whole blood from banks is not avail¬ able, the necessary type can be obtained at once from men in the ranks. Moreover, our wounded soldiers may well take comfort In the assurance that every ounce of dehydrated plasma comes to them from their fellow citizens at home who gladly and gratefully give of their own living blood that they too may live.

N Qtes from Field and Labor atory Black Vulture at Baltimore

Although the Black Vulture ( Coragyps atratus atratus ) breeds as far north as southern Maryland, it is rarely seen In "the" v I c ini t y of Baltimore. Therefore, it seems worthy to note that on February 9,1941 the writer was fortunate in observing one of these birds near Elkridge, Maryland .

The broad wings, marked with a light patch towards the end of the primaries, the stubby tail, and the frequent wing flapping all served as excellent field marks with which to make Identification cer¬ tain. Close scrutiny with a pair of 8x binoculars showed very clearly the black head and neck characteristic cf this species.

In Kirkwood 1 s 1895) there occurs

List of the Birds of Maryland (Trans. Md. Acad.Sci a note relative to the fact that four birds, sup¬

posedly of this species were seen near Kensington, on March 30, then a quite unusual occurrence.

1895,

*

More recently, records of this bird In various parts of Maryland show that it is probably extending Its range northward, being now not infrequent as far north as Laurel, There arc, however, still but very few records from Baltimore.

G .M .Bond

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27.

A METHOD FOR CLEARING AND MOUNTING FERN SPORES, SPORANGIA AND INDUS I A FOR CRITICAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES

By Clyde F. Reed, Ph.D

While studying ferns in recent years the author has come across a technique for clearing and photographing the spores, sporangia and indusia in ferns, lycopods, horsetails, selaginellas and quill- worts. This article is presented as an aid to the students of ferns who, through the studies of the spores, etc., will come to know their species and genera a little more Intimately. A new set of criteria based upon spores, sporangia and indusia have been used by the author in establishing and standardizing the genera of ferns.

As has long been realized many genera of ferns are purely arbitrary and are of little value In a natural system of nomenclature based on the phylogeny of the ferns. Since so few characters are available In ferns for nomenclatural consideration, and since most classifica¬ tion heretofore has been based on vegetative structures, as frond, pinna and pinnule variation, or on venation, characters which are subject to ecological variation, the author has resorted to a set of criteria which are a little more stable, or in other words, the variability potentialities for maintaining the species are lower than those for vegetative assimilation. However, there is a certain range of variability in size and shape of the spores and sporangia for each species or group of species in a genus and this must be taken into consideration, but the underlying theme is definite in all specimens of a species, even for a variety, rarely in a form.

The age of the spores causes differences In size, shape and surface sculpture. Dry mature spores should always be used in mounts for permanent study slides.

The following are some of the criteria which are being used by the author in establishing the generic status in the ferns.

1. Spores -- size and shape; reticulation and pitting on the outer surface; spores contents.

2. Exospore and perispore -- size and degree of adherence to the spore proper; pittings or seta or minute cilia.

3. Sporangia -- seta (as In some Dryopterids ) ; annular cells as to number and size (ratio of width to length).

4. Indusia -- cell size and shape; cell wall characters, i.e., parallel or tortuous walled cells; seta or longer cilia; glandular cilia; peculiar types of hairs.

In order to study these characters critically the following tech¬ nique was devised for preparation of the spores, sporangia and In¬ dusia. The steps to be followed are outlined below.

1. The spores must be dry, because wet spores will cloud up and fog out much of the detail In ’’clarite".

2. Place the dry spores, sporangia and indusia on a clean dry microscope slide, and then place a coverslip over them. Carefull2: place a drop of "clarite” (i.e., a 4 0% solution of 11 c!ariteH in xylol - this seems better than the i!clarite" In toluene for the

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purpose ) flow under

at the edge of the coverslip and allow the the coverslip. Do not bo too hasty. The

"claritc1' to spores should

not move, at least not much.

3, Allow the slide to dry. This takes about three hours. It may take from 7 to 10 days for the spores to become perfectly clear.

If air is entrapped in the spores, it may be removed by placing the slides on a heating plate at 30 degrees C. for a short time. Fresh spores 'will cloud or fog. Young spores and spores of the Osmundaceae, due to their very thin walls, may collapse in "clarite". These must be mounted in lactic acid. Then the coverslip is rung with !rclarite:i to prevent evaporation of the acid. About four days should elapse between the making of the slides and the ringing of the coverslip.

All excess lactic acid should be removed from around the coverslip before the uclarlten is applied.

Spores, sporangia and indusia prepared in this manner lend them¬ selves very well to critical study and photography. For convenience and accuracy the author makes all photomicrographs of fern and fern- a2.lj.es spores at a magnification of X650. This seems to be well with¬ in critical vision, but of high enough magnification to get an ac¬ curate account of the spore characters. In order not to have to make several photos of each spore at various levels to get the surface characters, the thickness of the spore wall and the exospore markings, the same specimen was photographed at two or three focal levels where che desired portion was in focus. The light source must bo at right arn.les to the specimen so as not to get a deflection in the position of the specimen when the focal level is charred. The total exposure must be integrated by the number of focal levels taken on one plate. The time given for exposure at each level may not be the same In order to get all the levels to show up uniformly on the negative when It is developed. Considerable experience is required to know how much and what type of light is best suited to a specimen. Fil¬ ters and polarized light helped at times to differentiate parts.

The sporangia and indusia are photographed at X160 for uniformity and comparable work.

The author has photographed the spores of over 500 species of a proposed 7,000 species available in this country, which are being considered In an attempt to stabilize the genera in the ferns and fern-allies. Of course, the findings in spores, sporangia and In¬ dusia must be correlated with the other anatomical characters in order to get a clear composite picture of the status of genera and species.

The author uses Commercial Panchromatic film, with a total ex¬ posure of from 6 to 9 seconds, depending upon the- specimen. The photographic technique is one of experience, since no fixed formula can be set down. One must study each specimen and decide the best combination for that particular specimen.

Examples of spores prepared by this technique and photographed may be seen in "Ferns and Fern-allies of Maryland and Delaware”, where the spores of all ferns and fern-allies in that region are illustrated by photographs. Several other articles dealing with various families and genera will appear in the near

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29.

JUNIOR DIVISION ACTIVITIES •*

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MINERAL TRIPS TO VIRGINIA AND PENNSYLVANIA

By Robert G. Kuller, Junior Division

These trips at the end of last summer were taken as a vacation after two months of work. They proved to be a real holiday, and af¬ forded much pood collecting as well as a lot of fun. The experience showed us how we could improve such trips and how we could cut ex- senses on them.

Virgin!; 5Iiie

On the first trip Joe Schreiber and I went to Amelia, which is famous for Its excellent specimens of feldspar and other minerals containing some very rare elements. On August 28th I got up at 11; 30 P.M. and went down to the bus terminal to meet Joe and to catch a bus for Washington. Prom there we were to go to Richmond, and finally to Amelia, Virginia. In our knapsacks we each

w blankets, extra clothes (very

., including a flashlight At approximately 2:30 A.M. we left for Washington; from.

to a bus for Richmond and arrived We ate no breakfast but spent the bus in walking around the town and

and finally arrived

carried a mineral hammer, mineral few), a lunch, and a few other accessories

t r an s f e r r e d imme d i a t e ly

aim maps there we

at that city at about 8:30 A.M. hour we had to wait for the next taking pictures. At about 9:30 we left Richmond in Amelia at 10:30.

At first we Inquired of an old inhabitant of the town the loca¬ tions of the mines we were looking for, and, having gotten our bear¬ ings, we used the maps to guide us the rest of the way. The Ruther¬ ford. Mine, abandoned since about 1938, was the object of our first visit, and is located about one and one quarter miles from Amelia.

To get there we walked up the local railroad tracks for some distance till wo came to a paved road which crossed them; then wc turned left on this road till we came to another left-hand turn, this time a dirt road, which we followed down to the mine. Altogether, we had little trouble finding the place, and after obtaining permission we searched the dumps very thoroughly. The remains of the mine con¬ sisted of some very old machinery, a shaft partly filled with water, and. comparatively small dumps. After we had finished collecting, we ate part of our lunches and took some pictures.

The minerals noted there included amazon stone (green microcline), .uscovitc, albite in beautiful crystallizations, blue tourmaline, and a number of rarer species which we have not yet been able to identify positively. The latter may include some which contain cer¬ tain very rare elements found at this locality.

The people living on this of specimens including garnets both of which we did not find, and two gate posts built out of very much impressed by them.

property had quite a large collection and large black tourmaline crystals,

showed us a fire-place

The i r daught e r

specimens from the mine, and we were

•p The Society is fortunate in having a very active group of young people, who are encouraged to follow their interests in Natural His¬ tory, and who often accompany the Senior Staff members in the field, as well as taking their own exploratory trips.

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After the visit to this mine we walked hack to the railroad tracks, which run parallel to the main road, and proceeded on up for two more miles at the expense of very sore feet and tired hacks. At the town of Winterhain (two gas stations, a tourist camp, a general store, and a house) wo discovered the location of the Morefield Mica Mine which was in operation at the time, and proceeded right at the next turn to find it. In reality it lay about a mile and a- half down this road, hut we missed our left turn off It, went too far, and had to retrace our steps for about a half a mile before we found it. The place consisted of a huge pile of large pieces of amazons tone and num¬ erous diggings, some rather large; there were no shafts, but we could see that some were being started. Also on the site was a small shack about eight by six feet in dimensions.

Around these diggings we found large cleavages of mica in the following species: sinnwaldite, phlogopite, muscovite, and biotite (no large pieces of this last species); the last three were found in distinct crystals. Also at this location we found albite, amazon- stone, and large beryl crystals of a light blue color.

While we were at this mine a bad thunderstorm came up, and we took refuge in the shack to keep from being drenched to the skin, for the rain must have been a cloudburst. After the storm had rained itself out in about twenty minutes we finished collecting and found tnat we had all the specimens we could possibly carry. Although we had planned to spend the night in Virginia we both felt that we should start home immediately. Therefore we packed up, ate our re¬ maining sandwiches, and headed back to the main road.

At about 8:30 P.Ivl. we reached Winterham from which we caught a bus to Richmond at 9:30. At Richmond we boarded the bus to Washing¬ ton immediately. We arrived at the terribly crowded bus terminal there at about 2:30, but were not able to catch a bus to Baltimore until about 4:30 or 5, Moreover, wo v/ere separated at Washington and did not meet in Baltimore. I arrived there at about 5:30, reached home at 6, and went to bed at once for I was dead tired.

On our second trip, to Pennsylvania this time, three of us,

Joe Schreiber, Pete Wyckoff, and I went to visit the Wheat ly Lead Mines at Phoenixville, the Perkiomen Mines near the same town, the French Greek Iron Mines at St. Peters, and the Gap NIckle Mines, the last of which we never reached. The trip lasted from early morning on September 1st till the same time on September 4th. Each of us carried a knapsack containing the same necessities we had taken to Virginia plus some canteens.

On the night of the last of August we all spent the night at Pete’s house; at about 5 o’clock the next morning we got up and went down to the bus station to catch a bus to Philadelphia. From there we took the train to Phoenixville where we arrived at about 11:30. After eating a small lunch we set out for the Wheatly Mines: Joe's directions were very accurate, and a three mile walk out into the country brought us to the Brookdale Mine which is one of the three in the Wheatly series. (Directions - follow Starr Street up to Nutt Street - turn left here till you come to White Horse Road - turn right

31 .

i eke ring Greek - turn right on Girt then turn left into a field where of the place consisted of some old The latter were not too oxten-

here and continue till you cross P road for about one hundred yards, the mine is located.) The remains remnants of sluice gates and dumps

sive and were very well picked over, for the mine has not been worked for over forty years. We spent th< specimens, and by the time we were following species: galena, quartz and small pyromorphite crystals.

ie afternoon there searching for ready to leave we had found the crystals, sphalerite, chalcopyrite

We returned to Phoenixville late that afternoon, ate a light supper, and then crossed the Schuylkill River to St, Clair from which town wo took the road to Norristown, After traveling four miles by the thumb we crossed Perkiomen Creek and Mine Run on the banks of which and. about fifty yards from the road the Perkiomen Mine is loca¬ ted, All that remained of the place were extensive dumps lying parallel to the run on a shady hill beside it. By the time we had reached the mine it was almost dark so wo made preparations to spend the night on a nearby meadow. Fete had a small tent suited for two people; I was the odd one and had to sleep outside. The mosquitoes were not too bad but the real trouble lay in the fact that we did not have enough blankets, Joe got up in the middle of the night and, thinking it was almost dawn, said he was going to walk around till daybreak. However he went back to bed (?) and slept occasionally till dawn as we all did. Since we had slept with most of our clothes on it did not take long for us to get up and start a fire, Pete made some vile cocoa which we drank while we ate some raisins. After this meager breakfast we began to search the old dumps; in addition to this one mine Joe found the remains of a smaller one, the Ecton Mine, in a field about a half a mile away. In exploring the place we went down to the banks of the run and I was careless enough to slip in. The water was very deep and consequently I was soaked to the skin all over. I dried my clothes in the sun on the meadow and went on collecting. The specimens found here include the following species: galena, sphalerite, pyromorphite, limonite, pyrite, chalco¬ pyrite, malachite, azurito, chrysocolla, and quartz, crystals.

At about 12:30 we left this locality and made our way back to Phoenixville where, after downing a hearty meal, we took the train to Pottstown. Arriving there at about three o’clock we traveled by the thumb to Bucks town from which we walked about three miles to Knaurtown, near St, Peters. On this walk we noticed the St. Peters bus pass us; we had not waited for it because we had thought that we could get there first. While at Knaurtown wo had the good fortune to meet a boy from Florida who spent his summers in Pennsylvania.

He asked us to spend the night up on the mountain with him, and we readily accepted. His parents lived in an old schoolhouse which they had reconditioned, while he lived in a big army tent on the other side of the mountain. After we ate a real supper we talked for a while and wont to bed. I slept in an extra cot he had there, while Joe and Pete spent a comfortable night in the little tent using my blankets. The next morning we said good-bye and walked over to St. Peters where wo ate breakfast at the small hotel. Before going to the iron mines wc visited the granite quarry and watched the rock being quarried, sawed, and polished. Besides obtaining specimens of polished granite we found laumontite and hornblende from veins in the rock. After we left the granite quarry we followed an old railroad siding up to the French Creek Iron Mines which are only about a half

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32

a mile from the town. The mines have been abandoned for about fifteen years and. now only the huge dumps and. the sealed main shaft remain.

All our specimens came from the crystalline calc it e, and none was found in the dark rock which was abundant on the dumps, We spent about two or three hours there altogether. It was at this time that we decided to end the trip for we were worn out completely, and the Gap Mines were quite some distance away. At about two o’clock we arrived back in St. Peters after exploring and playing around the rocks of French Creek. Since we had an hour and a half to wait for the bus to Pottstown, Pete and I walked back to the mines to pass the time; while there I found an exceptionally good pyrite crystal about three fourths of an inch long. We got back to St. Peters just in time to catch the bus. Specimens found at the iron mines include calcite cleavages, magnetite in platy chunks and small crystals, pyrite crystals, and some small brown crystals the identity of which we have not yet been able to ascertain.

We left St. Peters at about 4:30 and arrived in Pottstown at 5:15, There we waited for a train back to Philadelphia where we ate at the station; since v/e had to wait till 11:54 for a bus to Baltimore v/e went to the movies to pass the time. We finally arrived in Baltimore at about 4 A.M., and reached home at about 5.

We all found the trips very profitable, for, besides having a lot of fun, we obtained many good specimens the likes of which are not found in Maryland, although our state is a good one for mineral¬ ogists. We were very lucky in that the weather, with the exception of the one storm,, was clear and warm all the way. The Virginia trip cost each of us seven dollars, while the one to Pennsylvania cost each ten dollars. However there are certain definite improvements which we all feel could be made. They arc: 1. - To take more blankets 2. - To devise a way to prepare more of our own food, and 3, - To take more time. The last of the three is the most important because by taking more time wo would not wear ourselves out so completely, we could explore each locality more thoroughly, and we could visit more localities. Altogether, in spite of these faults, we feel that the trips were very successful and that they served their purposes very v/e 11 ,

NOTES FOR THE MONTHS OF OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER Lectures and Meetings

October 6 - Lecture by Mr. John B. Calder, "The Carboniferous De¬ posits of Maryland."

20 - Lecture by Mr, Karl E. Pfeiffer, "Forestry and Its Great Importance . "

27 - Sound motion pictures in color - "Persia Faces To-day" and "From New Lands to Old,"

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November 3

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Birds . "

10-17

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24

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Game . "

Junior Division

October 3 -	Talk by William Norman, "Reptiles as Pets and How to Keep Them."
10 -	Sound motion pictures - "The Making of a Shooter" and "Here Come the Tanks,"
17 -	Talk by Thomas Yost, "Conchology a Science,"
24 -	Lecture by Mr. Edward McColgan, "Birds of the Aviary."
31 -	Talk by Gerald Blumberg, "Our Common Butterflies."
November 7-	General Assembly.
10-17-	Junior Exhibition, 1st Prize by Harry Howden. 2nd Prize by Robert Buxbaum. 3rd Prize by Robert Kuller.
21-	A sound motion picture - "Trees and Homes."
28-	Talk by Roy Ostrander, "The Silicates." THE CHANGING SEASONS ABOUT BALTIMORE OCTOBER-NOVEMBER, 1942 By C. Haven Kolb

October is the kaleidoscopic month in our latitude. But this year the display of woodland color was not up to its usual standard.

There was, to be sure, a great deal to enjoy and we observed some very fine opportunities for those who may have wished to test the new Koda- color film; perhaps we shall see some results of this in our coming phofcograpnic show. Nevertheless, this year there was no grand climax of gl °r 3' when, ior about a week late in the month, entire forests seem to be a single great mass of flaming color. The reason for this lack no doubt ^ lies m the fact that it was an unusually wet month with many gray, ra||ny days and cola winds. In consequence, the. sodden leaves of

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34

many trees were stripped from the branches by wind and rain before they had reached their color peak while the leaves of some others such as oaks, remained green beyond their normal time. Later, in November, when much of the woods was bare the oaks did provide a fine study of red and green, and bronze; but they were alone.

November was also perhaps more than ordinarily wet but not as much so as October. Toward the end of the month temperatures dropped; the oaks had then at last faded, the leaves had fallen or were hang¬ ing withered and brown; insect and reptile life, which had still been 'somewhat active in tho first part of the month, had disappeared; winter was upon us. Yet, thanks to the dripping autumn, emerald mosses gleaned along the sombre forest paths and meadows still were green.

Early in October there was a heavy southward flight of small birds especially .Myrtle warblers and kinglets. This is evidently a banner year for the latter - there are reports of their abundance in many parts of the northeast. The other warblers had largely gone by the time this period started but Mr. Hampe noted two Magnolia warblers on October 4th. Juncos had arrived in September, but, as is their custom, they stayed deep in the woods at first not becoming common in the open fields until the second week in October. Numbers increased until a stable winter population was achieved in the beginning of November.

Robins wore rather conspicuous this fall on suburban lawns, where the soft ground no doubt made worm-hunting an easy matter. Mr. Hampe observed the last one for the season at Halethorpe on November 1st.

Of course, in secluded and sheltered places some robins, probably those from regions to the north of us, stay all winter. These birds are usually much more shy and wary than our summer nesters.

Mr. Hampe also sends us two other interesting items for the period. On October 9th he watched two Myrtle warblers chasing bluebirds from their perches on telephone wires. There was no apparent reason for this aggressive behavior. Small birds often attack larger ones, under the stresses of the breeding season but this factor was, of course, not operative in the present case. On November 29th Mr. Hampe noted that a sparrow hawk had settled on a piece of suburban habitat about his Halethorpe home with the evident intention of making it a winter territory.

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BULLETIN

of

THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY of MARYLAND

VOL. XIII January, February, March 1943 NO. 3

KING SNAKE Photograph by August Selckmann

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK

Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday.

Hr. Howard A. Kelly 1858 - 1943

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume XIII JANUARY, FEBRUARY AND MARCH, 1943 Number 3

DR. HOWARD A. KELLY

With the passing away of Dr. Howard A. Kelly, noted physician, naturalist, and philanthropist on January 12, 1943, the City of Balti¬ more lost one of its famous citizens and the Society a distinguished member and friend. Dr. Kelly was the youngest and last of the "big four" of the Hopkins Medical School, the others being Dr. William Osier, Dr. Will Lara S. Halstead and Dr. William H. Welsh.

Dr. Kelly attached himself to the Society and its Department of Herpetology in the early days of the Society. Though he was interested in mycology, and other forms of nature, his chief study was reptiles.

He lectured time and time again for the Society on snakes and other

forms of reptile life. Later on he w rote the book "Snakes of Maryland"

for the Society, which book has passed to almost every State in the Union and the United States possessions, to nearly every country of Europe, to Asia, Africa and even to Australia and Now Zealand. Crowds filled our small lecture room on every occasion that Dr. Kelly lectured. His last lecture at the Society was on December 13, 1938. He was es¬ pecially fond of young people, many of whom he aided, and to whom ho

was an inspiration. More young students have connected themselves with the Department of Herpetology In the Society than any of our other de¬ partments through his work, which has resulted in much research and many publications on snakes, lizards and amphibians of MaryJ.and.

Dr. Kelly was not a native Baltimorean. He was born in Camden,

TTvW Jersey on February 20, 1859. He took his Bachelor’s degree at 19 years of age and five years later his Doctor’s degree, both from the University of Pennsylvania. On coming to Baltimore in 1889 he attached himself to Johns Hopkins Medical School and served for many years on the faculty as professor of gynecology and obstetrics. He became famous as a surgeon and later on for his work with radium, being a pioneer in its use.

Dr. Kelly has boon honored by many organizations, civil, religious and scientific. He was made a Fellow of the Society and Honorary Curator of Herpetology. He served as a member of our Board of Trustees until his death and was on a number of committees. He had a kindly disposition and a keen understanding of his fellow man. His sympathy and interest In the distressed, perplexed, and young made him beloved by all.

;iip^

Edmund B. Fladung , President

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36

<j> SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN SPIDERS V By Martin H. Muma

The peculiar phenomenon known as sexual dimorphism, that con¬ dition in which the opposite sexes of the same species differ great¬ ly in size, shape, and color, is frequently noted in spiders. In several instances the variation is so marked that a correlation of the sexes is very difficult. The intensity of the dimorphic con¬ dition is often variable even within the same family of spiders.

Many representatives of the families Micryphantidae, Theridiidae'., and Salticidae are strongly dimorphic, while other species of the same families exhibit very slight differences between the sexes. In other families such as the Lycosidae, Clubionidae, and Gnaphosiaae the two sexes of the various species differ little except in size.

When sexual dimorphism occurs, the female portrays what Is believed to be the primitive or typical form while the male exhibits the modi¬ fied or atypical form.

An analysis of the phenomenon reveals. In spiders, six different types of morphisms. A species may reveal:

1, A monomorphic condition evidenced by a similarity of the sexes.

2, A dimorphic condition evidenced by a difference In size,

3, A dimorphic condition evidenced by a difference in body shape.

4, A dimorphic condition evidenced by a difference in color,

5, A dimorphic condition evidenced by a difference in leg form

and length.

6, A dimorphic condition evidenced by a difference in the shape and arrangement of spines and hairs.

There may, of course, be any number of combinations of these basic types of variations. A species may be dimorphic in size and dimorphic in shape, it may be dimorphic In leg form and dimorphic in body shape, it may be dimorphic In color and dimorphic in spinal shape and arrangement find so on.

As it is not the purpose of this paper to further complicate the already much discussed study of sexual dimorphism, no comments as to origin or utility will be made here. The author docs, however, feel that many of the conclusions reached by other workers must be more clearly demonstrated before this fascinating morphological phenomenon can be fully clarified.

On the following pages several species exhibiting sexual dimorphis are listed, described and discussed from an anatomical and ecological viewpoint. Among the species listed arc forms representing all of the basic variations listed above either singly or in combination.

Icius olcgans Hentz -- This spidor is a small elongate spocics of jumping s p i d. e r family. It is clothed with dark bronze green metallic scales, and may be found jumping actively over low bushes In hot dry situations during the months of July and August, Females are larger than males, some specimens measuring better than one-quarter of an inch in length, while the males are seldom longer than one-fifth of an inch. The males also differ from the females in having a heavy brush of black hairs on the tibiae of the first legs and In having

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37

two elongate, convergent tufts of black hair over the eye region. A face view of a male and female are shown#

FEMALE

Habronattus coronatua Hentz This species is also a small jumping spider but i s somewhat broader than the preceding species. The lengths of the two sexes are slightly longer than those of Icius el e pans „ Females are fawn colored with indistinct light and dark markings on the dorsal surfaces of the cephalothorax and abdomen. Males differ from the females in having some distinct markings, the clypeus clothed with short bright red hair, long spatulate spines on the tibia of the first leg, and the third leg modified as figured. These spiders are found on low bushes and trees in dry fields and woodland in midsummer. A third leg of a male and female are both shown below.

Mae via vittata Hentz -- Males and females of this moderate sized 'jumping"’ spider are approximately the same size, both measuring about three-tenths of an inch in length. They are found under dead leaves in the fall and winter and on weeds and low herbs in moist conditions in the summer# In this species there are two forms of the male, one light and one dark. The light male is similar to the female having dark dorsal markings, but differs in that the dark markings of the ’ cephalothorax form "Wsn instead of lateral angular marks. Dark males have a black body covered with black hair and three horn-life tufts of black hair over the eye region. The dorsal surfaces of the cephalothorax of the female and both forms of the male are figured below.

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LIGHT MALE

DARK MALE

Conopistha trigona Hont z — The females of this small yellow triangu¬ lar- ’specie’s’' oTten 'are one-eighth of an inch or more in length, while the males differ in being smaller, having the abdomen less angulate, and In having the front part of the head prolonged into two horn-like structures, one arising in front of the eyes and one over the eye region, Beth horns are tipped with tufts of dark hair. These small comb-footed spiders are commensal occupying the webs of larger spiders, particularly those of the orb-web weaving family. Side views of the cephalo thorax of a male and female are shown.

hat rode ctus mac tans Pabricius — As the black widow spider is well n/ Known and fairly common In Maryland remarks will be limited here to the statement that the males differ from the females by being one- half or less as largo and by having the dorsal surface of the abdomen marked ’with bright yellow, red and white bars and spots. This species is the only poisonous comb-footed spider in the state. The dorsal surface of a male and female arc shown below.

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Paidisca marxi Crosby - Males of this tiny uncommon spider differ from tEe females in having a yellowish orange shield covering the pale white to yellow abdomen* The femora of the front legs of the males are armed below with a row of long stout spines while those of the female are unarmed. This difference in the front legs is pictured below* These spiders measure about one-sixteenth of an inch in length and are found under dead leaves in moderately dry woods.

MALE

Tetragnatha elongate Walckenaer — This spider is commonly called the stilt -legged spider* It belongs to the group of orb-weavers that are characterized by elongate bodies and widely separated lateral eyes. Females often measure from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in I1 mgth with a dark folium on the dorsum of the abdomen. The chelicerae or biting organs of the female are shorter than the cephalothorax*

Males are slightly smaller than the females, the abdomen Is more slender, and the chelicerae are longer then the cephalothorax and possess ad¬ ditional modified teeth as figured* This interesting species stretches its large orb web horizontally or angularly over small streams and rivers *

Ceraticelus fissiceps Emerton -- This species belongs to the family Mo. a ryphantidae commonly known as the dwarf spider family. Males and females are about the same length measuring one-sixteenth of an inch. Beth sexes of this yellowish orange spider bear a dorsal plate on the abdomen which, in the female, is somewhat smaller. The males differ most radically from the females in having the head region prolonged into two horn-like processes, the foremost of v;hich bear the anterior median pair of eyes. This difference is figured below. These spiders may be found on low herbs over wet open woodland or under leaves in

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moist woodland.

FEMALE

MALE

Ceraticelus emertoni Cambridge — Like the preceding species, this dwarf spider measures about one- sixteenth of an inch in length. Fe¬ males do not possess the dorsal abdominal plate found in the males. Males differ from the female in having the eyes situated on a single prolonged, rounded, forward-projecting process. Both sexes are yellow ish- orange in color. Lateral views of the cephalothorax of a male

and a female are shown below. This species may be found under leaves in moderately dry woodland in the fall and on low herbs in the summer.

FEMALE

MALE

Cornicularla communis Emerton — Females of this dwarf spider are about one -eighth of an inch long while the males are slightly smaller. The cephalothorax is a deep orange and the abdomen is dark grey. Males differ from females in the possession of two adjacent horns on the median eye area, the first of which is small and closely applied to the larger knob-like rear horn. This species may be sifted from moderately dry leaves in the fall and early winter. Dorsal views of the cephalothorax of a male and female are shown below.

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This species is found on tall grass and low plants ana occasionally Vi/anders into houses. Side views of the cephalothorax of female are figured below.

a male and

is about the same size The cephalothorax is a

rucky orange and the abdomen is grey. Males differ from females in the possession of a large prolonged projecting hump on which the

Orlganates rost ratus Emerton — - This species ado"' sex proportion as the preceding species.

posterior median eyes are located. At the side is a large oval pit. This difference ing sketches . Specimens of this species are

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CONTROL OF DISEASES AND PARASITES OF SNAKES By Harry Ilowden

One of the greatest problems found in live snake collections, both amateur and professional, is the control of parasites. All reptiles are hosts to a horde of such pests, both external and in¬ ternal, and it is with great difficulty that these minute organisms are controlled. In their natural habitat these diseases are taken care of by nature, but even so there are occasional specimens literal ly riddled with parasites. This condition usually occurs during some prolonged period of inactivity.

In captivity, there are two common diseases that occur most

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frequently:- scale disease and a formation of a thick mucous which re¬ tards breathing and might be called a tubercular condition. The scale disease is caused by dampness and is easily cured by keeping the snake in a warm, dry, sunny cage. Specimens arc sometimes found with the disease after a long rainy spell. The second disease seems to occur in winter when the snake is kept in a cool place, although not cool enough to force it into hibernation. Usually the snake is ” off feed" when he gets this ailment. If there arc any other snakes in the same cage, they almost always develop the same trouble in less than a we ok. The conditionsmay have something to do with this, but once one snake has gotten it, even though the cage is moved to a warmer place, the rest invariably develop symptoms. This mucous condition is much harder to cure than the scale disease and often terminates fatally, unless caught in the earl3r stages. It is first noticed when the snake stops feeding and starts to wheeze slightly. Then a yellow¬ ish-white mucous appears in the nose and throat. When this stage appears very noticeably it is usually too late to save the snake. As it is, the only thing that I have found effective is to move the snake to a warm dry place where it will get plenty of sun. In the summer.

It is advisable to place the specimen outside during the day. Washing the mouth out with a mild saline solution or other antiseptic may help, but the disease usually runs its course. Mouth canker. Osteomye¬ litis, occurring in two forms acute and chronic, caused by some wound in the snake1 s mouth and often fatal, can be cured by regular ap¬ plication of a mild antiseptic, such as Listorinc. Other steps must be taken to cure acute mouth canker such as cutting out infected bone. Occasionally a specimen develops an infection or a tumor, but the only thing for the amateur to do is to keep the diseased pla.ee clean and use some disinfectant regularly. In all cases of infection only regu¬ lar treatment (at least once a day) will have any effect.

However, in any collection, the greatest problem is the control of mites. A disease either kills the snake or Is inactivated, while mites are parasites almost impossible to get rid of. The mite, an external parasite, belongs to the order Acarina, of which the tick is a member. This minute organism closely resembles the tick, although It is many times smaller. When a collection is started, it Is ad¬ visable to examine all the specimens closely, especially under the labial plates of the chin. If there are any signs of mites, the snake should not be put in with others, but kept well apart. There are many ways of treating these pests; some work better than others. One thing that should always be done is to keep the snake in water for several days, allowing only the head out. This may be accomplished by putting a wire screen over the top of a can, making a cone in the center. Then fill the can with water, so that only in the center, under the cone, can the snake get air. Place a rock, or some such ob¬ ject, on which the snake can rest its head, directly under the cone. Holes may be made in the bottom of the can to allow a constant flow of water which will wash out the mites as fast as they come off the snake . Then, too, a disinfectant may be used in the water. After the snake has been In the water for some time, the mites will still be found on any exposed part of it; therefore the head must be ex¬ amined with the greatest care, and all mites removed. Another method which ^ proves fairly effective Is to rub the snake with a heavy soap solution. _ This smothers the mites or drives them off for a short time. A dilute (less than 50% ) solution of alcohol may bo used but care must be taken not to get it around the mouth and nose. Other antiseptics may bo used with varying success.

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Mites not only "throw a snake off its feed" but can cause a bad scale disease * This is caused by the mite burrowing under the scale.

A sore, filled with pus, appears and grows worse unless the pus is squeezed out; this may be done easily with the finger nail. Then an antiseptic should be applied. The only time when this scale disease caused by mites becomes serious occurs when they burrow under the eye plate. The eye becomes swollen and milky; and unless this milky sub¬ stance is quickly dried up, the snake will become blind. Heat must be applied (heat from a covered light bulb can be used) but there is always the chance of doing more harm than good. It is said that a 20% solution of Argyrol can be used, although I have never tried it. Sometimes the condition occurs just before shedding and the snake is able to shed the eye plate before it is stuck fast. The damage done by mites to the eye constitutes the worst menace. If these pests are kept under control by the methods already mentioned and by the cleansing of the cages with boiling water, the scale and eye conditions usually will not develop.

Although the external parasites cause a great deal of trouble, the internal parasites do more real harm. These parasites belong to the Trematodes, genus Ronifer, commonly called Flukes, They live in the mouth, respiratory system, and intestines. Those small organisms rather than the external parasites usually cause the death of the reptile. Not much can be done about them except to catch them In the mouth before they work into the lungs or intestines. These parasites can be seen readily with the naked eye, and they can be removed from the mouth with a pair of sharp forceps. Extreme caution must be used not to Injure the mouth as canker immediately results. Therefore, it is advisable, after the parasites have been removed, to treat the mouth with antiseptic, which not only lessens the danger of canker but retards the breeding of the Flukes. Do not place an Infected snake in the cage with a healthy specimen, for this ailment can be easily transmitted from one to another. Also avoid feeding with wild mice (unless no other food is obtainable) for wild mice contain a host of parasites which will also attack the snake. It is only with great difficulty that a collection can be kept free of parasites.

Other problems arise with the care of snakes, but they are not so frequent nor so hard to control as these common diseases and parasites.

The diseases and parasites mentioned were found on a collection of forty snakes, from Maryland, and other states, during the winter of 1941-42. The diseases listed are as follows:

1. Scale disease (suspected, of being caused, by a fungus, although this has not been definitely proven) was noticed on a Florida Coach Whip (Coluber flagellum flagellum) and several Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtaXis)'.

2. A type of cold, or tubercular condition which was noted in the following specimens; A Faded Snake (Arizona elegans elegans), a Gopher or Indigo Snake (Drymarchon corals couperi ) , and a Cotton Mouth Mo c cas in ( Agkistrodon piscivorus) .

o. Mouth canker, osteomyelitis, which i3 seen in two forms: Acute and Chronic. The chronic type was observed in the mouth of a Gopher or Indigo Snake (Drymarchon corais couperi ) and a Copperhead

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(Agkistrodon mokasen) « There was no example of the acute form.

4. Parasites or Mites were noticed on the entire collection at dif¬ ferent times. The scale disease caused by these Mites was noticed chiefly on a Black Snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta), a Water Snake (Natrix sipedon sipedon), a (farter orfake~ ( Thamhbphis sirt_ali_s sir- tails), and a Florida Coach Whip (Coluber f lagelTum~f lageTIum) .

5. Internal Parasites or Trematodes were found in the mouth of a Gopher or Indigo Snake (Drymarchon corais couperi), a Water Snake (Natrix sipedon sipedon) 9 a Cotton Mouth Moccasin ( Agkistrodon plicTvorus ) , and a Striped Chicken Snake (Elaphe quadrevittata quadr e v i 1 1 at a ) •

TROUT STOCKING IN MARYLAND STREAMS By Frank L. Bentz

The wise management of fishing streams is as exacting a science as the supervision of any large farming enterprise. Perhaps even more exacting since the number of variables is materially greater, register¬ ing a close approximation to the number of fishermen whipping the streams. The trout stocking policy of the Game and Inland Fish Com¬ mission therefore resolves itself into a problem of more than casual interest. No little research has been conducted in its behalf. Its solution, if we have found it, and we think that we have, has been costly, but well worth the investment.

In 1935 our stocking policy changed materially. Previous to that time trout were stocked upon the request of any angler or anglers’ association. It is readily understandable that under such a policy many trout, raised at large expense to the State, were literally poured dewn the drain. It was not at all uncommon to receive innumberable requests for stocking polluted streams, streams with insufficient year- round flow and streams grossly lacking in adequate trout-food supplies. In many other instances the trout requested for well-known streams ■'inexplicably1' found their way into private waters.

It was therefore unquestionably a tremendous stride toward modern stream management when in 1928 and 1929 the Game and Inland Fish Com¬ mission conducted a scientific stream survey directed at finding out dS much as possible about the suitability of the various Maryland streams for trout. Although this was a costly enterprise. It was an investment wisely and well made. Aquatic biologist Fred Tressclt was directly in charge of the work and, upon the findings of his surveys, has since revolved the complete revolutionizing of Maryland’s trout 'stocking policy.

Since culturists men. Where nothing short being planted, smaller creels; survival of lcp:al-sized

and fry. past

1935 all trout streams have been stocked by our own fish and hatchery attendants, notably assisted by local fisher- fry and f ingerling-sized trout were previously stocked, of eight inches and from that up to sixteen, is now We find that today’s anglers prefer larger fish and they’re recreational anglers, not meat hunters. The

fish is also much greater than that of fingerlin;

quite a number of trout

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four pounds were taken; two, a brown from Deep Crock Lake and another from Ecksteins Run in Washington County tipped the scales at six pounds* The record this season so far as we know, one of three pounds and three ounces, was taken up in Washington County from Marsh Run. Under the present set-up at least 25 per cent of the trout arc re¬ tained in roaring ponds until they arc two years old and range from ten to sixteen inches in length. The remaining 75 per cent are stocked after one year when eight to ten inches in size.

Stocking is begun about the 10th of March and completed prior to the season’s opening date. April 15th. Stocking is then cs.rricd on at two week intervals until the 20th of June. Through experience wc have found that stocking before March 10th subjects the planted fish to hazardous spring floods which carry many of them down stream into untenable waters. Early stocking also makes the trout run the gauntlet of fishermen who bait -fish for suckers and other early- running fish.

This year wc arc doubly stumped by a keenly acute food problem.

Our preferred feeding plan allows for very rapid growth, utilizing the highly nutritious beef hearts and livers. Today these are as scarce as sirloin steaks, making it almost impossible to bring our one-year old fish up to the required size.

May wc urgently suggest that you fish for the Fun this year and not for the take ; next year, the feeding problem may T5e a thing of the past, you will then still have trout and larger ones at that. Remember that fishing is an affliction, not a disease ... it can not be cured, so LET’S GO FISHING l

SPECIAL NOTICES TO MEMBERS

Please notify the Society as to the names of members who arc in the United States Armed Services* A roster (now containing some forty names) is being prepared, and will bo placed in the Lecture Hall of the Society.

A copy of the Society’s Proceeding, ’’The Papilionidac of Maryland” by Stansbury Haydon, published March 1, 1935 is wanted by the Enoch Fratt Library. This publication is out of print. Any member having - copy that he Is willing to part with, kindly advise Mr. Fladung,

This will be greatly appreciated.

Proceedings prior to Proceeding No. 5 and early Bulletins are also desired for the files of several Institutions.

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46

THE CHANGING SEASONS

DECEMBER, 1942, JANUARY AND FEBRUARY, 1943 By C* Haven Kolb

With cold, howling winds and swirling squalls of snow, winter was upon us in the first days of December. And this was unusual, for there is seldom much cold and little snow before Christmas. Year after year the Christmas bird censuses show that many species of birds linger until the beginning of the new year when our real winter can be said to begin. Far otherwise was It this season. The coldest weather of the year occurred in the middle of December. The twentieth was an extraordinary day, giving us the heaviest December snow and the lowest temperature ever recorded on this day - in the suburbs the thermometer descended to zero.

Birds were rather scarce at Loch Raven during Christmas week . Foxes, however, were very common $ their tracks criss-crossed every¬ where in the snow. They always seem to have pressing business across the lake and their tracks led across the ice in straight lines re¬ cording an easy trotting gait. Evidence of mice, their principal fare, was not common, hardly commensurate with the apparent heavy popula¬ tion of the predator. On a da^^'s trip scarcely any tracks of the meadow mice were seen in the snow. In some places, however, regular highways had been established by the white-footed mice between brush patches. The tracks of these two mice are easily distinguished by the long tail mark left by the latter, while the short tail of the meadow mouse never leaves a track.

The boreal weather dissolved in a deluge of rain during the last week of the year and January and early February were about average. There was some snow during this time but the ground was bare for long periods. At Loch Raven there was ice on the lake for most of the winter, but it never became very strong on the wider reaches and skat¬ ing was limited.

Some interesting bird notes for this period are as follows:- Jan¬ uary 12th, kingfisher at Loch Raven indicating that the season was not severe; January 18th, duck hawk at Halethorpe (Hampe); middle of January, myrtle warbler at Halethorpe, (Hampe); a sparrow hawk at the same place all through the month; January 25th, a group of long-cared cwls at Loch Raven, remaining through the rest of the winter; February 11th, cardinal singing vigorously in Govans .

The end of February was quite warm giving us a false spring which could not last. On the twentieth a well protected silver maple in Govans was in full bloom. On the twenty-fourth a cardinal in the same neighborhood had apparently established a nesting territory for the spring. On Washington’s Birthday at Loch Raven flocks of j uncos were singing, song sparrows were warming up and bluebirds were in¬ vestigating possible nesting holes. The strange weather of this period was brought to a climax on the twenty-sixth by an extremely odd meteorological occurrence. On that day we experienced a real summer storm complete with thunder and lightning. This was remarkable enough this early in the year but this occasion was rendered doubly memorable by the fact that the thunder storm accompanied a light fall of snowi

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COUNTY

DISTRIBUTION OF THE DELAWARE AND

PERNS AND FERN-ALLIES DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

IN MARYLAND,

By Clyde F. Reed, Ph.D«

1.	Garrett (Garr.)	15.	Prince Georges (p,
2.	Allegany (Alle.)	16.	Charles (Chas.)
rz KJ f	W a shing ton (Wash.)	17 c	Calvert (Calv.)
4.	Frederick (Fred.)	18.	St . Marys
5.	Carroll (Carr.)	IS.	Kent (Kent)
6 •	Baltimore (Balto.)	20.	Queen Annes ( Q.A. )
7.	Harford (Harf.)	21.	Kent ( Ken . )
8.	Cecil	22.	Talbot (Talb.)
s.	New Castle (N.C.)	23.	Caroline (Caro.)
10.	Baltimore City (Balto. City)	24.	Sussex ( Sus . )
11.	Mont gome ry ( Mont . )	25.	Dorchester (Dor.)
12.	Howard (How.)	26.	WI c omi c o ( Wi c o . )
13.	Washington, D.C . (Wash. ,D.G. )	27.	Somerset (Som.)
14.	Anne Arundel (A. A.)	28.	Worcester (Wore.)

Dashed line indicates the Fall Line.

Ophioglossaceae

1. Ophi ogles sum vulgatum van. pycnostychum Fernald -- Carr., Balto., Mont . , ? . G . , St . Marys, Chas., HarfT^ Cecil, N.C., Talb., Dor., Wore. Cos. and Balto. City. Adder ’ s-tongue Fern.

2. Ophioglossum vulgatum var. pseudopodum (Blake) Farwell - Balto. City and M. C . Co.

3. Botrychium simplex var. tenebrosum (A. A. Eaton) Clausen — How., Balto. Cos. Small C'rapo Fern.

4. Botrychium matricariaef olium A.Br. ex Koch — Balto., How., A. A..,

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P.G. Cos* and Washington, D.C. Matricary Grape Fern.

5. Botrychium dissectum Spreng -- Garr„, Allc., Wash., Prod., Carr., Mont., How., Balto., Harf., A. A., P.G*, Calv., St, Marys', Chas., Cecil, Kent, Q.A., Caro*, N • C • , Ken,, Cos. and Balto. City.

Cut -leaved Grape Fern,

6. Botrychium dissccturn forma obliquum (Muhl.) Fernald -- Every county In 1: aryl and and Delaware. Coarsc-lobcd Grape Fern,

7. Botrychium dissccturn forma oncldcnsc (Gilbert) Clute Dor* Co.

8. Botrychium dissectum var. tenuifoliura (Underw.) Harwell -- Dor., V/ic6T7 V/ ore. Cos, said Washington, Die.

9. Botrychium multifidum var. intermedium (D»C® Eaton) Harwell -- 'Balto . Co. Leathery Grape Pern .

10® Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw, -- Every county in Maryland and Delaware ,

Osmundaceae

11. Osmunda re gal is var, speetabllis (Willd.) A. Gray — Garr„, Balto., Harf ."/'"How • , Mont., P.G., A.A., Calv., Chas., St. Marys, Cecil,

Kent o , Q.A • , T alb • , Caro • , Dor , , Wico . , Were • , Soin , , Sus , , Ken . ,

H a C . Cos. Royal Fc rn .

12, Osmunda cinnamomoa L. -- Every county in Maryland and Delaware, except Alio’., Wash . Cos. Cinnamon Fern.

* y'V^-'V —

IS. Osmunda cinnamomoa fpgftfa glandulosa Waters — A. A., Ken. Cos.

14. Osmunda cinnamomoa forma incisa (J.W .Huntington) Gilbert -- Carr. Co.

15. Osmunda cinnamomea forma frondosa (Torr. & Gray) Britton —

H * w * Co.

16 . Osmunda Qlaytoniana L * — Fred . , C arr , , Row . , P.G-., Balto . ,

Harf*, Cecil, I'.C, Cos. Stays above the Fall Line. Interrupted Fern.

S chi zao a co ae

17. Lyg odium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. — Mont., P.G., A. A., Harf. and N.C. Cos. Climbing Fern*

Polypodiaceae

18, Lorlnscria aroolata (L.) Prcsl -- All counties below the Fall ’Line' 'in Maryland and Delaware, and all portions of P.G., A, A., Balto., Earf«, Cecil, N.C. Cos. below the Fall Line. Harrow- leaved Chain Fern.

1C. Lorinseria aroolata forma obtusllobata (Waters) Broun - Dor. Co.

4S

20. Anchistoa virginica (L.) Pros], — P.G., A. A., St. Marys, Caro., Dor,, WTc o • , W ore./ Sus . , Ken . , N . C • Cos, and Wa shingt on , D . C . Always below the Fall Line. Virginia Chain Fern.

21. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore -- Carr., Alle., Wash., Fred , " Carr., BaXto . , Harf • , Mont • , How , , P ,G • , A . A . , C al v . ,

Tall)., Cecil, Caro., Wico., Som., Wore., N.C., Ken., Sus. Cos. and Wash., D.C. and Balto. City. Hay- scented Fern.

22. Dennstaedtia punctilobula forma nana (Gilbert) Weatherby -- Baj'to , Co •

23. Pteridium aquilinum var. latir sculuni (Desv.) ITnderw. ex Heller -- Every county in Maryland and’ Delaware . Bracken.

24. Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum (Clute) Heller -- P*G.

A, A.,' St. Marys’, Caro., Dor., Wico’., Som., Wore., Sus., Ken.,

N.C. Cos. Below the Fall Line.

25. Adi ant urn pedatum L. — Garr., Alle., Wash., Fred., Carr., Balto., Harf., Mont"., How., P.G., A. A., Cecil, N.C., Talb. Cos. and Wash., D.C. and Balto. City. Northern Maindenhair . Note: Forms tend¬ ing to var. aleuticum Rupr. have been found in How. Co.

26. Adiantum capillus- veneris L. -- Mont. Co. Southern Maidenhair.

27. Pellaea glabella Mett, ex Kuhn. — Wash. Co. Smooth Cliff Brake.

28. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link -- Alle., Wash., Mont., Balto.,

A. A. C o sT~ oh or above the Fall Line. Purple Cliff Brake.

29. Pellaea atropurpurea forma crlstata (Trel.) Clute — Balto.,

Wash. Cos.

30. Chellanthes lanosa (Michx.) D.C. Eaton -- Alle., Wash., Fred.

Balto . , Harf . , Cecil, Mont., N.C. Cos. above the Fall Line.

Hairy Lip Fern.

31. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link — Garr., Alle., Wash., Fred., Balto , , Harf., flow., Mont., P.G., Cecil, N.C. Cos. and Wash. D.C. and Balto. City. Walking Fern.

32. Camptosorus rhizophyllus forma auriculatus Clute -- Balto. Co,

33. X Aaplenosorus ebenoides (R.R. Scott) Wherry -- Mont., Balto. Cos. Scott ’ s Spleenwort .

34 . Asplenium pinnatlf idum Nutt. — Wash., Cecil Cos. Lobed Spleen- wort .

35. X Asplenium T rude Hi Wherry — Wash. Co. Pinnate Spleenwort.

36 • Asplenium Bradleyl D.C. Eaton — Balto. Co. Cliff Spleenwort.

37. Asplenium montanum Willd, Garr., Alle., Wash., Mont., Balto. Cos. Mountain Spleenwort,

38 • Asplenium rut a-mur aria var. cryptolepis (Fernald) C.Chr. ex

1

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Massey Wash., Fred, Cos. American Wall-rue Spleenwort «

39. Asplenium Trichomanes L. -- Garr • , Alle . , Wash., Fred., Carr., Balto . , HarY.',""Ce"cIT7 Mont., How., P.G ., N.C. Cos. Above the Fall Line, Maidenhair Spleenwort •

40. Asplenium resiliens Kunze -- W ash. Co. Black stem Spleenwort.

41. Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes — Every county in Maryland and. Delaware , Ebony or Browns tern Spleenwort.

42. Asplenium platyneuron forma Hortonae (Davenp.) L.B. Smith -- B a 1 to . , T alb. "Cos, Plumose ‘Spleenwort,

43. Asplenium platyneuron forma serratum (E.S. Miller) Hof fin. -- Bait o', , A. A. Cos. PTnnate Spleenwort .

44. Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman -- Introduced in Earf . Co. European Eart * s -tongue .

45. Phyllitis scolopendrium var. americanum Fernald — Very recent¬ ly introduced in Harf . Co . Ameri can Eart 1 s-t ongue .

46. Athyrium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) Tidestrom -- Balto., How. A. A.

Cos. and Wash. , D.C. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort, Glade Fern.

47. Athyrium thelypterioiaes (Michx.) Dcsv. — Garr., Alle., Carr., Balto . , Earf Ce cil. How • , Mont . , A. A . , Cal v . , Wore . N.C. Cos. and Balto. City. Silvery Spleenwort.

43. Athyrium thelypter/oides forma acrostichoides (Sw.) Gilbert — Carr., H ow . , B a It" cT Cos.

49. Athyrium asplenioides (Michx#) Eaton — Garr., Alle., Fred.,

Carr., Balto., Harf., Cecil, Mont., How., P.G., A.^., Chas.,

Calv., St. Marys, Q.A., Talb., Caro., Dor., Wico., Wore., Ken., N.C. Cos. and Wash., D.C. and Balto. City. Southern or Lowland Lady Fern .

50. Athyrium a,splcnioides forma sub tripinna turn Butters — Caro, Co.

51. Athyrium angustum (Willd. ) Presl — Carr. Co. Northern or Upland Lady Fern.

52. Athyrium angustum var. elatius (Link) Butters — Balto., N.C., Wore, Cos.

53. Athyri urn angustum var. rube Hum (Gilbert) Butters — Garr., Fred., Carr., Balto , f Harf . , Chas., Cecil, Kent, Talb., Dor., Wico,,

Wore# Cos.

54. Athyrium angustum forma olegans (Gilbert) Butters — Balto. Co.

55. Folystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Every county except Sorru and Sus , Cos.” Christmas Fern.

56. Polystichum acrostichoides forma incisum (A. Gray) Gilbert — Balto., N.C,' Cos,

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58. Dryopteris marginalia forma traillae (Lawson) Gruber -- Balto.

Co.

58, Dryopteris Cjoldiana (Hook.) A. Gray — Balto., Harf., Cecil, N.C. Cos, Goldie *'"s Shield Pern.

60 • Dryopteris Cfoldiana X marginal is Dowell -- Harf. Co.

61. Dryopteris celsa (W. Palmer) Small — Balto., Wore. Cos. Log Fern.

62 0 Dryopteris Clintoniana (D.C, Eaton) Dowell -- Fred., N.C., Ken. Cos, and' Wash., D.C. Clinton’s Wood Fern.

S3. Dryopteris Clintoniana var. atropalustris (Small) Reed# — Ken. Co. Deep Swamp Fern.

64. Dryopteris Clintoniana var. australis Wherry -- Harf., N.C. Cos.

Southern Wood Fern . ' ' ^

65. Dryopteris Clintoniana X marginal is Slosson -- Talb. Co,

6G. Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray -- Garr., Balto., Mont., P.G.,

A.A., Cecil, T alb • , Q.A., Wico., Ken., II. C. Cos. and Wash., D.C. Crested Shield Fern.

67. Dryopteris cristata X marginal! s Davenp. -- Mont. Co.

68. Dryopteris cristata X spinulosa Lasch -- Harf. Co.

69. X Dryopteris Doottii (Tuckerm.) Underw, — Garr., Fred., Mont., A.h. , N.C . FosX Glandular Swamp Fern.

70. Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F.Mull.) Watt. — Garr., Alle., Wash., Fred., Carr., Balto., Harf., Cecil, Mont., P.G*, How., A. A., Caro., Talb., Wico., Wore., Ken., N.C. Cos. Spinulose Wood Fern.

71. Dryopteris spinulosa var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Trudell -- Balto., Harf. Cos.

72. Dryopteris spinulosa var. americana (Fisch. ) Fernald — Garr, Co. Mountain Wood Fern,

73. Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.) AP Gray — Garr., Wash., Fred., Carr., Balto.,' Harf., Cecil, Mont., How., P.G., A. A., Calv.,

St. Marys, N.C., Caro., Wore. Cos. Evergreen Wood Fern.

D. Clintoniana var. atropalustris (Small) tris Small (spelled D » at r op a lu d i s on the the Southeastern States

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74 • Dryopteris noveboracensis^ A, Gray -- Every county in Maryland ana Delaware « New York k<drn.

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75, Dryopteris thelypteris var. pubescens (Lawson) A rFhr 'Prince ex rt5y“-- Garr . , Fred., Carr., "Balto ., Harf . , Cecil, Mont., Plow., P . G . , Calve, St . Marys, Chas . , A. A., Kent, Q.A., Talb . Dor., Wico . , Caro., Wore., Som. , Sus • , Ken., N.C . Cos. Northern Marsh Fern.

76, Dryopteris thelypteris var. ha lean a (Fernald) Broun ex Weather¬ ly TalH , , Caro, Cos. Southern Marsh Fern.

77, Dryopteris simulata Davenp. — Garr., P.G., A. A., Talb., Wico. Cos. Bog Fern.

78. Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) C « Chr, — Balto . , Caro. Cos. Long or Northern Beech Fern.

79 . Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx, ) C. Chr. - — Wash., Fred., Carr., fe’alto Harf.","" Cecil, Mont „, How., P.G,, A .A., Calv., N.C.,

Kent, Talb., Cos. and Wash,, D,C. and Balto, City. Broad or Southern Beech Fern.

80. Dryopteris disjuncta (Rupr.) Morton -- Balto. Co. Oak Fern.

81. Polypodium virginianum L« — Garr., Alle., Wash., Fred., Carr., Balto ., Harf., Cecil, Mont,, How., P.G., N.C., Talb., Caro.,

Wico, Cos. Common Polypody.

v

82. Polypodium polypodioiaes var. Michauxianum Weatherby -- Mont*', Wico . , Som."," V/orc • , Sus* Cos. Gray Polypody,

83. Onoclea sensibilis L. — Every county in Maryland and Delaware, except Alle. and Wash. Cos. Sensitive Fern.

84. Onoclea sensibilis forma obtusilobata (Schkuhr Mont., Balto., N.C • , Sus . "Cos".

85. Pteretis nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl. — Mont., P.G., Balto., Harf. Cos. Ostrich Fern.

Gilbert --

86, Cyst opt eris bulbif era (L.) Bernh. -- Wash. Co, Bladder or Bulb let Fern .

87. Cystopteris fragilis var. Ilackayii Lawson -- Garr., Fred., Carr., Balto . , Harf., Mont., How., N.C. Cos. and Wash,, D.C. Upland Brittle Fern.

38. Cystopteris fragilis var. protrusa Weatherby -- Mont., How.,

Balto . , Harf., N.C. Cos. Lowland Brittle Fern.

89 • Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Alle, Co. Rusty Cliff Fern.

90* Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. -- Garr., Alle., Wash., Fred., Carr, Balto"., Cecil, Mont., How., P.G., Q.A., Talb., N.C. Cos. Blunt-lobed Cliff Fern.

55.

Marsileaceae

91. Mar si lea quadrif olia L. -- A. A. Co. Water Clover Fern.

Equisetaceae

92. Equisetum arvense L. -- Every county in Maryland and Delaware. Field Horsetail.1

93. Equisetum arvense forma ramulosum (Rupr„) Kllnge — Balto.,

Cecil Cos.

94. Equisetum arvense forma decumbens (Meyer) Klinge -- Balto. Co.

95. Equisetum arvense forma alpestre (Wahlenb.) Luers S • ’ !.j alto .

City.

96. Equisetum arvense forma pseudo sylvati cum (Milde) Luerss. -- St.

Marys, Kent Cos. . . .

97 • Equisetum arvense var. boreale (Bong.) Rupr. -- Balto., A. A., P.G., St. Marys Cos., and Balto. City.

38, Equisetum sylvaticum var. multiramosum (Fernald) Wherry —

Balto. Co. Wood Horsetail •

99. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. — Balto. Co. Smooth Scouring Rush.

100. Equisetum fluviatile L. — Cecil, N.C. Cos. Water Horsetail.

101. Equisetum hyemale var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton -- All counties except Dor., Wico., SomV, dlen. , Sus. Cos. American Scouring Rush

102. Equisetum hyemale var. robustum (A.Br.) A. A. Eaton -- Balto. Co.

Lycopodiaceae

103. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. — Garr., Alle . , Fred., Balto., Harf. Cecil, Mont . , P.G., N.C., Kent, Q.A., Talb., Caro., Wico. Wore. Cos. and Wash., D.C. and Balto, City. Shining Clubmoss.

104. Lycopodium inundatum L. (typical) — Garr. Co. Northern Bog Clubmoss.

105. Lycopodium inundatum var, Bigelovii Tuckerm. — A. A., N.C.,

Wico. Cos,

106. Lycopodium inundatum var. adpressum Chap. — P.G., A. A., N.C., Kent, Dor . , Wico., Wore. Cos. and Wash., D.C. Southern Bog Clubmoss .

107. Lycopodium alopecuroides L. — Wico., Wore . , N.C. Cos. Fox-tail 0 lubmo s s ,

108. Lycopodium carolinianum L. P.G.Co. Slender Clubmoss.

109. Lycopodium obscurum L. — Garr., Carr., Balto., Harf., Mont., P.G A»A. , Cecil, N.C., Kent, Q.A., Caro., Talb., Dor., Wico., Wore. Cos. Flatbranch Groundpine ,

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110® Lycopodium obscurum var. dendroideum (Michx.) D.C. Eaton ex Gray — Carr, Co, Roundb ranch Groundpine.

111, Lycopodium annotinum var, acrif olium Fernald -- Garr. Co,

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115. Selaginella apoda (L.) Fernald -- P.G,, How., Harf., Balto,, St. Marys, N.C., Caro., Wico. Cos. and Wash., D.C. Meadow Spikemoss,

116. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring — Alle., Fred., Mont., Balto., N.C • Cos . Rock Spikemoss .

Isoetaceae

1.17 • Isoetes Engelmanni Braun — Mont., P.G., Cecil, N„C. Cos, Appalachian Quillwort •

118. Isoetes macrospora Dur. — N.C. Co. Lake Quillwort.

119, Isoetes riparia Engelm. ex A. Br. -- Balto,, P.G., Chas , , Harf., Cecil,' N.C. , Kent, Caro., Talb., Dor., Wico., Som. Cos. and Wash,, D.C. Coastal Quillwort. (This includes specimens marked Isoetes riparia, Isoetes saccharata, Isoetes saccharata var. Palmeri, Isoetes saccharata var . reticulata, Isoetes riparia var. canadensis' ( I, Dodge 5H T»

NOTES FOR TEE MONTHS OF DECEMBER, 1942, JANUARY AND FEBRUARY, 1945 General Assembly

December

January

1

15

5

January IS 26

February 2

Sound motion picture, "Safari on Wheels.11 Color motion picture, "Whistling Wings."

Annual Chess and Checker Tournament. First prize Chess awarded to Captain E. P, Lebzeltern. Second prize to Mr, Bruce Overington. First prize Checkers awarded to Mr. John Miller. Second prize to Mr. Charles Halcolt. Tournament conducted by Mr. Herbert C. Moore.

Lecture by Mr. Elra M. Palmer, "Chemical Warfare." Motion picture, " Dinosaur Hunting in the Badlands of Alberta, "

Lecture by Dr. Clyde Reed, "Significance of Natural History in Scientific Research,"

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55.

February IS - Lecture by Mr. Haven Kolb, "The Races of Man.”

23 ~ Sound and color motion picture, "Strange Gods of India and the Great Silk Route."

(General Assembly every Tuesday night.)

Junior Division

December 5 -

12 - 19 -

January 9 -

16 - 23 -

30 -

February 6 -

13 - 20 -

27 -

Exhibits and

Annual Meeting Junior Division. Election of Officers. Chairman - Robert Buxbaum, Vice Chairman - Roy Ostrander, Secretary - Eurath Hardy, to Council - Robert Kuller and Joseph Schreiber.

Illustrated lecture by Mr. Edmund 3. Fladung, President, "The Importance of Nature Study to Man."

Christmas Assembly,

Nature Quiz, "Choose Your Own Subject." Awards - First prize, Harry Howden; Second prize, Joseph Schreiber;

Third prize, Robert Kuller. Honorable mention, Mary Smith and Thomas Yost.

Lecture by Mr. Irving E. Hampc, Curator of Birds and Mammals, "The Study of Mammals and How To Pursue It." Junior Debate: "Resolved Rodents Should be Controlled," Affirmative - David Hardy, Douglas Oler, Mary Smith. Negative - Harry Howden, Roy Ostrander, Robert Buxbaum. Debate won by Affirmative.

Talk by Rodman McCoy, "The Silicates."

Talk by Joseph Schreiber, "Minerals in Relation to National Defense."

Sound motion picture, "The Heritage We Guard."

Talk by Miss June Scheeler,"Some of the Natural History of Florida."

Lecture by Mr. Charles Ostrander, Curator of Mineralogy, "Building Stones of Maryland."

Lectures to Outside Organizations

December - Exhibit of Birds - Catonsville Library.

January - Exhibit of Indian Artifacts at Garrett Heights Junior High School.

January 26 - Lecture to Garden Club of Govans by Curator Irving E. Hampe, "Our Maryland Birds."

February - Exhibit of Birds - Govans Branch of Enoch Pratt Library. February - Exhibit of Minerals - Catonsville Library.

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of

THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY of MARYLAND

VOL. XIII

April, May, June 1943

NO. 4

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK

Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday.

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume XIII APRIL, MAY AND JUNE, 1943 Number 4

THE GREAT AMERICAN PALACE AT SAYIL (ZAYI), YUCATAN (*1)

By Benjamin T, Kurtz

The most important thing to realize about Maya art is the fact that we know very little about it* We cannot even be sure that the names given to the Maya buildings by early explorers truly portray their purpose or function.

Our earliest record of any visitation to the Yucatan peninsula since the time of the Conquest is that of Father Alonso Panze in 1588, who roamed about the ruins of Uxrnal and made casual observa¬ tions, the story of 'which was told by one of his two secretaries.

Later, about 1658, a Franciscan friar, Father Diego Lopez de Cogolludo, tells us in his history of Yucatan, that this Impressive group of buildings at Uxrnal was used as a nunnery but alas, we have no more evidence to prove that this most lavish and gorgeous edifice was a cloister for maidens that it might have been a dwelling and college for a highly sophist icated priesthood.

In 1936 we found several stone carvings, fallen from the north face of the court, portraying in highly conventionalized form the female organ of generation. Could these ornaments have influenced good Father Cogolludo to believe this building to have been a nun¬ nery? While the public buildings of Uxrnal are fairly bristling with phallic symbols, the so-called nunnery is unique in the portrayal of the female symbol, to the best of the author » s knowledge.

( *-l ) In the Bulletin of May, 1941, Elizabeth T. Miller arid Benjamin T. Kurtz wrote concerning the ancient "Golden Age" (100AA1-800 A.D,) city of Copan, where their expedition studied in the winter of 1940*

In the summer of that year they also studied and photographed the Maya ruins_ at Kabah, Sayil and Labna -ruins of the Maya Renaissance which was flourishing in 1200A.D. In this article, Mr, Kurtz gives an architectural survey of some of these ruins, principally of the Great American palo.ee at Sayil, Following his article Miss Miller describes the difficulties of traveling to these ruins in Yucatan and adds a human touch to her story.

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This single example may portray to the reader the difficulty of determining the true function of Maya public buildings* While ob¬ viously the great structures fall into two classes, sacred and secular, it is difficult to determine the real significance and use of these vast masses of ruins.

Whatever may be said of the nunnery of Uxmal, it certainly could have served as a residence, having all the required chambers for everyday domestic life.

While the rooms that may have served as kitchens cannot be iden¬ tified, the cooking for so many inmates was probably done out-of-doors, or segregated in a separate building during the rainy season.

The so-called House of the Governor at Uxmal offers even more interesting speculation. At the first impression, it appears to be a grand and completed unit, but on further inspection one discovers unmistakable evidence that only one wing of the edifice was ever completed. In short, it was to have been a bigger and better nun¬ nery, built on a lavish scale almost beyond belief. Three other wings, forming a vast court, would have been necessary for its com¬ pletion. It was undoubtedly intended for a residence, fit for a religio-politician of the highest order. The completed wing measures approximately 350 feet long by 45 deep. Its four outer walls com¬ prise the most grandiose decoration in aboriginal America. This project probably collapsed under its own gigantic ostentation.

The Great Palace of Sayil is a unit complete in Itself. It either follows the style or is the prototype of the single unit palaces of Kabah and Labna. The four vast wings of the nunnery of Uxmal contain 88 rooms. The Palace of Sayil can boast of 100 chambers within the single mass.

With the scant evidence we possess concerning this great struc¬ ture, we still feel safe In believing this building to be a palace.

If time will prove we are right in our assumptions, then the Palace of Sayil is the largest private residence ever reared In the pre- Columbian world. Apparently at Sayil there was no space reserved for clerical offices of the state or study halls for an intellectual priestcraft and while the Palace lacks a great cistern to catch rain water as we find at Labna, still it must have been a pleasant place to live. The palaco stepping back on each floor gave ample space for promenades and seated on the terraces one could feel the re¬ freshing eastern winds and view the lovely junglc-covercd hills on every side. The small rooms on the third level may have served as shrines - just as wc had private chapels in our great European palaces ,

History and Dates

Before an approximate date can be suggested for the erection of the Palace, we must make some observations of the history of Yucatan as we know it ,

Among the migratorial peoples to the peninsula of Yucatan the Tu Tul XIu groups were among the most numerous and powerful. Ac¬ cording to the Christian calendar, Ahuitzok Tu Tul Xiu founded the

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Facade of palace at Sayil shoving ruins of corbelled vaulting of the chambers on first level.

Southwest corner of second level of palace at Sayil

58

great city of Uxmal in 1007 A.D. Now as we know the cities of Kabah, Sayil and Labna grew out of the culture nucleus of Uxmal, the date for the foundations of the Palace at Sayil must be after 1007 A.D.

How long after is impossible to determine at this moment.

More to the point of our interest is the fact that Sayil was a thriving city as late as 1386 A.D. when the great mother city Uxmal had come to grief in a civil war. All we can say for the date of the final abandonment of Sayil is the suggestion that, although 1386 A.D. pushes the famous 1492 closely, yet we have no reason to believe that any white man ever saw Sayil as a going native culture. Per¬ haps by 1450 all was over. The last invader of Sayil was the jungle and not the white man.

Plan Structure and Materials

The Palace of Sayil is composed of three great platforms, the first measuring 265 feet on the facade by 120 feet deep; the second level is 220 feet front by 60 feet deep and the third is 150 feet by 18 feet. Each of these platforms or ranges forms an edifice in it¬ self, the ground and second buildings containing columns at the en¬ trances, the third having perfectly plain doorways.

The Maya rarely placed one chamber directly above another. The upper structure was stepped back, and the weight was placed direct¬ ly over the solid core beneath. This system of planning gave the ample space for the broad terraces.

The great staircase on the main or south face of the present structure rises from the ground floor to the second terrace. It is 32 feet wide. Although not so marked as other Maya stairways, it still exhibits that strange American Indian characteristic of being slightly wider at the top than it is at the bottom, defying in a sense our European love for vista and perspective. Above this stair¬ way a small but much wider stair ascends to the doors on the third and uppermost structure.

The Palace of Sayil exhibits a very remarkable feature of con¬ struction that differs from any Palace of similar plan In the neigh¬ bouring cities. This Is the great north or posterior stair. Inas¬ much as the Maya usually placed the new and Impressive addition on the main face of a palace, this grand rear stair makes us suspicious that at one time the main face of tho palace was the north face, as this stair is obviously an addition to the earliest structure on tho site. The Palace, as we see it, must have developed after many years of evolution and rebuilding. Our time scale gives plenty of years for this as Uxmal, the mother city of Sayil, was founded in 1007 A.D. and the groat Xiu Dynasty ruled for four hundred years. Sayil flourished under tho Tu Tul Xiu.

The rear of the palace Is much more perplexing and mysterious in structure than tho main facade. John Stevens, that glorious American apostle of common sense, visited tho palace in 1840. Referring to the rear construction, he says:-

"There were ten of those apartments in all, 220 feet long and ton feet deep, which being thus filled up made the whole building a solid mass,"

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The Maya always filled a chamber with masonry before they built on top of it* In this particular case nothing existed above these filled- in rooms except the first platform of the terrace. Perhaps the palace was booked for a still greater enlargement that it never received.

The Maya method of constructing stone buildings differs from any other system in the entire world. They would first build elon¬ gated artificial caves of roughly dressed stone or even rubble.

The adhesive of these stones was a very tough and enduring stucco, slacked from the some limestone of which the building was made. The next stage consisted of fitting the beautifully carved casing stones on the exterior and interior chamber walls. These stones were flat on the surface, the back forming a wedge shape carving that it might key into the interior mass of rubble. These surface stones form a two foot veneer. It really Is giant mosaic applied precisely as our mosaic decorations are applied to a plastic background. These stones were never set in our stagger system as they had nothing to do with the actual structure of the building. As a matter of fact, this grand veneer can fall off by the yard and the rubble construction still stands. If two surface stones happen to fit directly over the center of the lower stone, it is merely a coincidence. When we rea¬ lize that the Maya lacked the knowledge of metal tools, to fashion such elaborate carvings with stone chisels is a miracle of craft- man ship.

The next stage in the creation of a building was applying a thin coat of stucco over the surface of the exterior and interior casing stones. Last but not least tills stucco surface was polished and painted in many brilliant colors.

Being ignorant of the key stone, the Maya were limited to the width of their chambers and the width of their entrance portals.

The first is responsible for the tremendous length of their build¬ ings and the latter is responsible for their remarkable use of columns •

While some of the grandest Maya structures used wooden lintels, the Sayil Palace can boast of stone lintels spanning the entrances on the first and second floors. The third structure however has wooden lintels across the small entrances and these lintels have been in place, supporting the tremendous v/cight of stone above them, for more than sevon hundred years.

Some of the rooms in the palace arc the largest in the entire Maya area, measuring about 32 foot in length and 16 in width. The ceilings arc of the corbelled arched variety, as in most Maya struc¬ ture. The palace also contains many double rooms, the back room receiving light through the door that leads to the first chamber and the front chamber having a great open portal supported in the centre by columns* If the walls of those chambers ever possessed fresco decorations, it is impossible to discover them now.

The Decorations and Evolution from Wooden Originals.

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Contemporary Maya dwelling, similar to ancient type.

Facade of second level of great palace at Sayil. (Note evolution from uprights of thatched dwell¬ ings) .

Detail of ornamentation showing stucco still adhering to the pilasters .

60 o

significance. They not only hold their place perfectly in the grand scheme, hut they are absolutely vital for our knowledge of the evolu¬ tion of Maya architecture.

Oddly enough the ancient buildings of the Golden Age or the first Maya Empire (dating from about the first century of our era to 800 A.D.) offer us few clues for a direct evolution from wooden originals to stone, but the buildings of the Renaissance or second Empire dis¬ play a perfect sequence from the upright studs of the timber dwelling to the thatched roof. They even show the stone evolution from the wooden lattice work •

The highly astounding fact that the architects and engineers of the Maya Golden Age could do anything they desired in stone con¬ struction or carving, and the equally astonishing fact that the artisans of the later period derived their works from wooden originals, is a matter that must be explained by the light of further research. Vi/hat concerns us now is the absolute fact that the surface decora¬ tions of the Great Palace of Sayil are inspired directly by wooden construction .

Let us consider the plan and elevation. The ground level is in such ruinous condition that only the broken vaults and a few columns remain. The right wing of the second level is in a remarkable state of preservation.

Starting at the bottom of this facade, we observe a band of short upright forms, in half round relief. They support in theory the main plinth or floor of the edifice. These forms suggest that the Maya, like most people in hot and damp climates, elevated the platforms of their dwellings on piles.

Rising directly from the plinth, are the beautiful columns that form a support for the stone lintels of the great portal. Those columns while nick-named Doric, havo no possible connection with the columns of Greece. The Egyptians, the Greeks and the Maya created columns that arose direct from the plinth or paving without base.

It is simply a matter of separate origin. Most interesting indeed are the graceful little pilasters that form the side decorations of the great portals of the Palace. Here the wooden originals loom be¬ fore us even to the extent of the sectional bands that hold the upper and lower halves together. The picture of the contemporary dwelling will prove beyond doubt the origin of this delicate decoration.

The great sculptured frieze surmounting tho cornice of half round uprights Is truly a wonder of the western world. It terminates on the corners of tho building in a highly conventionalized mask of the Rain God and while the snout-like nose of the god is missing, one can still discern the fleshless jaw and the empty eye sockets, possess¬ ing at one time polished, rounded stones to represent the god's eve- ban s.

Next in order arc several uprights describing half rounds and then the allegorical fish, with fantastic ornaments appendaged to their tails. In the center of this frieze is the strangest figure in the district. It appears to bo standing on Its hands or descending at a rapid rate from some celestial sphere. Next comes the grandest

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Fantastic fish on frieze of second level, palace of Sayil

61.

ornament of the frieze,' the great mask of the Rain God with his protruding teeth, his eyeballs still in place thanks to some strange caprice of fate.

As if in direct contrast to these energetic portrayals, the facade of the third and top building is perfectly plain, pierced only by small doors with their ancient wooden lintels.

At last we come to the bone of contention in Maya architecture- the roof comb. If a few fanatical diehards attack us on the theory that Maya architecture was deeply influenced by an influx of some foreign culture prior to 1492, we may well ask them why the Maya still displayed, as late as 1450, certain characteristics of archi¬ tecture unknown to the Old World, these being their strange and somewhat naive system of veneering the central mass with giant mo¬ saic, their unique stairways, wider at the top than at the bottom, their unheard-of method of slanting their walls outward toward the roof instead of slanting them out toward the base, and above all, the architectural phenomenon of the roof comb.

In the old days of the Golden Age this roof ornament soared into space for more than the height of the building itself. It was undoubtedly a rack to hold sculpture and highly decorative mo¬ tifs. The oldest buildings In Yucatan possess high roof combs.

They are probably contemporary with at least the later buildings of the Golden Age. Gradually this. open work ornament diminishes in size, until we discover on the Palace at Kabah a diminutive por- trayal of the lofty originals. The Palace at Kabah still possesses the open work structure. At Sayil the roof crest has diminished to a decorative ornamentation, running the entire length of the third level but without open work. This is the final development of the superb dignity that is characteristic of the whole Palace of Sayil.

The Ruins

The disintegration of the Sayil Palace presents a strange physical aspect. It will be observed from the photographs that the entire right side of the Palace is in complete ruin. This is due to the prevailing winds and rains from the East, It Is only a matter of time when nature will rob us of America's greatest palace. It is hoped that at some future date this process of nature’s destruction may be arrested and the palace will be pre¬ served for future study.

An Aesthetic Review

Let us revi ew this glorious old edifice in the days of its prime. The East winds had not eaten away its right wing nor had the debris of ages inundated the ground floor.

It arose amidst the undulating hills like- a thing of re- . strained beauty and social significance. The stucco applied in the dark crevices between the many decorative forms gave a com¬ plete and symphonic unity to the entire mass. The brilliantly painted friezes kept the building from being plain or heavy and added to the rich simplicity of the whole creation.

While the general plan and construction of the Palace does not

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62.

differ greatly from the neighbouring palaces, it exceeds all in size and refinement. Nothing was ever so vast, nothing in aboriginal Yucatan ever displayed such dignity and restraint.

The Palace of Sayil reveals art but conceals the artist.

At Copan wc can see the American Indian as an unrivaled sculptor at Sayil we discover him as an architect who may take his seat among the great ones of all time.

SHOWING- SITES OE EARLY MAYA RUINS

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TRAVELING TO ANCIENT MAYA RUINS IN YUCATAN By Elizabeth T. Miller

The interior of Yucatan Is inaccessible beyond, belief, as it can only be reached by plane or coastal boat, from Mexico proper, and likewise from the States, Certain adventurous individuals have made the trip by mule from Mexico but there are no roads or trains which, to date, have penetrated the uplands to the south of the peninsula.

On our summer expedition of 1S40, we arrived by boat at the active little port of Progreso, Yucatan on July 4, from where we drove to the delightful capital of Merida, from which point we started our trip through the interior. The beginning of our work for the season, was the photographing of certain reconstructions at the Nun¬ nery of Uxmal, and continuing in our automobile, we drove to the small town of Muna, abandoned the car, and boarded a wood-burning train, with the usual narrow-gauge tracks, which took us to Ticul, another small Indian village, that for a while was the last we saw of civilization. It was in Ticul that we had our first experience with hammocks, which, of course, we carried with us throughout the trip. As hammocks go, they were unusually fine ones, strongly woven of sisal hemp. Before we returned to home base, we had be¬ come more attached to sleeping in a hammock than on the luxurious mattresses of our so-called civilization.

Our expedition met us at the pension at Ticul, the evening of our arrival, as it v/as the next morning we were to start in earnest to penetrate the scrub jungle of Yucatan. Aside from our highly educated, English speaking guide, Felipe, who had been with us since our arrival at Progreso, we had four natives, only one of whom spoke a few scattered words of English, and v/e shall call him Mr® Hector,

Mr, Hecter’s sole job in life v/as to keep in condition at least two antiquated Ford cars for just such a trip as ours, as no modern, low-slung automobiles could possibly move over such unbelievable ob¬ structions. V/e had a T model, and an A model. Needless to say,

Felipe and Mr. Hector had arranged to take all necessary provisions for the trip as the country we were about to tackle v/as completely uninhabited and necessary provisions included all the gasoline, oil and water for the cars, eight hammocks, 'which were quite bulky, all the drinking water and food, and the stove and fuel for cooking.

Added to all of this were about seven suitcases and our photographic equipment. To say that v/e were not crowded would be an untruth, in fact our pedal extremities had to hang out of the side of the noble vehicles to avoid contact with our heterogeneous assortment of odds and ends •

At cock’s crow on the morning of July 6, 1940, v/e departed in the tv/o strangely laden Fords and for the next five hours we lurched over tremendous boulders at an angle of 45 degrees wondering if the cars could possibly retain their equilibrium. Bracing ourselves to keep from falling out was a full time occupation except when we were busy removing strange specimens of bugs from our persons, which showered upon us every time a car brushed against the limb of a tree, or when we stopped to cut down trees which impeded our passage, or when the boulders were too mountainous to make the grade. We

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then had to remove our body weight from the cars and help the boys push them to a stretch which we called a road, where we again rode for several hundred yards.

It was not long before we noticed strange patches of color in the road ahead of us about a foot square and chartreuse in hue.

When we came quite close to the patch, to our amazement and delight, it took flight in the form of tiny, yellow-green and white butterflies or mariposas. They were so profuse when they flew in front of the car that without exaggeration there were times when we could not see where we were going. Mr. John Stephens mentions them so often in his book about his travels in 1840 over the same route, and we were particularly pleased to experience them for ourselves.

Occasionally we would pass one of the giant ceiba, or wild- cot ton-wood trees, towering above the smaller growth like a sentinel in the jungle. But we never observed any lush, tropical vegetation, or flowers of any kind. For the most part, our eyes rested upon endless miles of tangled trees and thick underbrush.

Aj ''hough the country brags of being thickly inhabited by all the more fascinating species of snakes, we actually only encountered two on tne trip. However, by way of precaution, we never removed our riding boots.

After five exhausting hours of driving, stopping, pushing, hoping and praying, to our intense relief we turned off the main "boulevard" and after several miles in a different direction, over which stretch we broke the main spring of the "T" model, we arrived at the extensive ruins of Kabah, where archaeologists have seldom worked •

To suddenly come upon such unbelievable monuments of the past out of nowhere, fairly took one's breath and with childlike en¬ thusiasm, completely forgetting that the thermometer was soaring well over one hundred, we started right in loading our cameras and viewing the ruins from every possible angle.

The site was fairly alive with iguanas which took their siesta on the sunbaked stones, but being highly nervous animals, they feared human beings and disappeared from sight immediately.

Much more disconcerting than snakes, wildcats or jaguars were the bulls. Through the interior there are several remote haciendas or cattle ranches and such a thing as a barbed wire fence was ap¬ parently unheard of in this part of the world and so the cattle were allowed the run of the peninsula. Kabah seemed to be one of their favorite spots and wo wore constantly haunted by the fear of being attacked by a stray bull. In fact one member of our party was pursued to the very top of the pyramid by one of the beasts.

We had a long stretch of loading and reloading our cameras, concentrating photographically on the remarkable Wall of the Masques, taking time out only to mop our brows.

We then retired to a small thatched roof hut presumably once used by a caretaker, just a few yards from the main acropolis* The room just hold our four hammocks and the four natives slept in the

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65

Fords, with guns to shoot anything that might present itself during the night. Before retiring in a state of gratifying exhaustion, Mr. Hector concocted a delightful repast for us on the small gasoline stove and thus we spent our first night at the ruins.

After our visit at Kabah was completed, the caravan (the spring in the T-model rebuilt in some magical fashion) took off again for the second lap of our pilgrimage.

There was little or no change in the scenery or condition of the road-bed as we made our way to Sayil, the most revered and anticipated point of the whole trip.

The distance covered during our entire expedition was scarcely over ninety miles but one must take into consideration that the maxi¬ mum. speed that could possibly be made by our Fords was about 5 miles per hour. Therefore driving from Kabah to Sayil was quite an ex¬ tensive lap to cover and took about 8 hours of a physical endurance test - the heat, the bugs, the bumps and the scarcity of drinking water all detracted from our bodily comfort, but our determination to reach Sayil became greater with each lurch of the now battered Fords. ,

It was an incomparable, aesthetic thrill when finally, through an opening in the trees we beheld the great palace of Sayil and our reverence for the genius of the Maya soared to unbelievable heights. Although the ruins at this site are much less extensive than at others, the concentrated beauty and perfection of the one palace is more than sufficient unto itself. It incorporates the highest ideals of Maya architecture.

When we completed our survey of the ruins in that general locali¬ ty, our next stop was at Labna, where the remaining monuments of the Maya are in a remarkably fine state of preservation. Here we were forced to hang our hammocks in one of the rooms of the palace itself after our guides had chased out several bulls which had been enjoy¬ ing the cool shade of a building that had been standing for over 700 years •

The insects being unusually abundant at this site, we were ad¬ vised to drape our hammocks with mosquito netting and although it was inclined to keep out the last vestige of air, it was an intelligent precaution.

Although the sun was not too good for photography at 5:30 the next morning, we were forced to use every moment of our stay, taking still pictures and color movies. The pyramid at Labna with its roof comb heralds its great antiquity and from its summit one could see other ruins scattered far into the jungle.

Wo were not able to stay too long at Labna as we had a seven hour stretch of driving to get back to Ticul, incorporating the worse trail in the New World.

Although the rainy season had not officially begun, we were about to have our first encounter with rather dramatic mud holes and It is well at times not to know what lies ahead. At one point, when

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we were securely bogged in a mud hole, the entire personnel of our expedition, by levering and pushing, finally extricated the cars, and at long last we were on the home trail. From Ticul, we again stopped at Muna, and from this village we returned to Uxmal to com¬ plete our work.

Notes from Field and Laboratory THE POST -BREEDING PUGNACITY OF THE MYRTLE WARBLER

A note on the post-breeding pugnacity of the Pine Warbler by Robert E. Stewart (Auk, 60:271, April 1943) brought to mind a simi¬ lar observation on the Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata) . On October 9, 1942 I observed two Myrtle Warblers ' darting at’ a pair of Bluebirds near my home at Arbutus, Maryland. The Bluebirds attempted to alight on a telegraph wire but were assaulted by the Warblers a number of times. The Bluebirds finally flew off over the field pur¬ sued by the Warblers.

Myrtle Warblers are frequently observed in the woods and hedge¬ rows near Arbutus but are seldom seen out in the open fields. They are usually observed In company with Ringlets and Chickadees and the above mentioned occurrence is not characteristic of their normal be¬ havior as noted by me.

Irving E. Hampe

ADDITION TO THE BREEDING BIRDS OF CAMBRIDGE

On May 13, 1943 while discing a field preparatory to planting corn, I was surprised to observe a Horned Lark flush directly to one side of the tractor. A Horned Lark is rare in Dorchester County at any season, but in May, particularly so. It was not necessary for me to leave the tractor seat to see the eggs, so close did the bird sit before flushing. A small hollow, deeply cupped, contained five heavi¬ ly incubated eggs. Truly, a red letter day and a new nesting record for the Cambirdge areal This field was plowed on April 16. A Horned Lark was seen in an adjacent field on April 9. Today, ■ May 16, I re¬ turned to the nest and found that the eggs had hatched, at least the day previous.

Ralph W, Jackson

MAMMAL NOTE

While making a survey of the bird life at the Iron Horse Game Refuge at Halethorpe, Maryland I was impressed by the high mortality amongst ground nesting species. Mr. Robert Bowen observed a number of Weasels (Mustela frenata noveboracensis) on the refuge and sug¬ gested the possibility of Uhls mammal as one of the predators.

Further observations proved the weasel as one of the common mammals in fchi s locality. On May 31, 1942 a female weasel was found dead

_ abandoned nest of a Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla pusilla) . The specimen is now in the Society fs collection. Further study was curtailed by wartime restrictions, but the weasel is undoubedtly responsible for some of the nest mortality observed.

Irving E. Hampe

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ANNUAL MEETING, MARCH 23, 1S43 REPORT OP PRESIDENT, Edmund B. Fladung

On March 25th, the Society will have completed its fourteenth year* Year after year I have had the honor of rejjorting the success of the Society. This year the honor is much greater, as never dur¬ ing our time, has a condition prevailed as is now, through which we had to battle so much to achieve any results. I am alluding to the present war. This makes the work of this year more outstanding.

The war has affected the status of our members in no small de¬ gree. Thirty- three* of our members are in the armed forces. Some of these men were valuable to us as they held important positions on our staff. Other members are working in defense Industries on chang¬ ing shifts of time. Others are teaching defense courses at schools and industrial plants, and are on call any time; yet most of these men give of their time what and whenever they can. Without their aid we would be even more seriously handicapped. Notwithstanding these drawbacks we have managed to keep the Society functioning and I feel in doing this alone, we have accomplished much.

The Trustees have been unusually active this year, as the stabili zation and permanency of the Society was their most important concern. A permanent home would do much towards such a stabilization. Through the aid and generosity of Mr. and Mrs. Aaron Straus, the property 2103 Bolton Street, our present quarters, and 2101 Bolton Street, the adjacent corner property, were purchased. Expansion was the most im¬ portant consideration, as our present quarters are entirely too small. Two of our departments occupy the same laboratory and four other de¬ partments are cramped for space. Our growing collections need more storage, for as the work progresses, the collections must increase. Moreover we have practically only one work room for all other pur¬ poses. This crowds us to the extent that work has become rather difficult. All these, and future expansions can be taken care of through the purchase of 2101 Bolton Street, as it has three times the area of the present building. The alterations, moving, etc., must wait until after the war as neither men nor material could be had now.

This year the Society lost by death two of its foremost members. Dr. Howard A. Kelly, one of its trustees and only Fellow, and Mr. Eugene R. Pollock, one of its original founders. Both of these gentle men were valuable to the Society in many ways. They will be greatly missed.

Membership in the Society has been on a continual increase with no resignations, and the men in the armed forces write to us con- tinually regarding the Society. I feel this reflects a healthy atti¬ tude and presages well for the future. Likewise the Junior Division has shown continuous growth and activity. From this group four of its members were placed upon the staff as Junior Assistants. So far they have exceeded our expectations.

Our program of activities had to be curtailed this year, owing to the difficulty of securing speakers and motion pictures and also for

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lack of transportation facilities# The annual field day and summer school had to he discontinued as well as the nature course held each year at the Society. Nevertheless, we have managed to have at least two events each month and some months as many as four, and we hope this year to be able to resume some of these activities. The Junior exhibition and also the Photographic exhibit and contest were held, and were both very fine. The exhibits and photographs were of high standard, and received many favorable comments. Also some lectures were given to outside organizations and some exhibits were loaned to Libraries and schools.

All work in the Museum had to be discontinued, much to our re¬ gret. The attendance has been on a par with previous years and the public continues to make inquiries and seek information.

The work in the Department of Publication had to be slightly curtailed as it is difficult to secure articles for publication and the lack of help has hampered our work. Five issues of the bulletin wore published as well as Proceeding #7, "Reptiles and Amphibians found around Baltimore City". A number of other publications were in the course of preparation at the end of this fiscal year.

The loss of a number of the members of the various departments has placed the bulk of the work on a few department heads and some of their assistants. In spite of these drawbacks much has been done, and the Society is appreciative of the untiring efforts of the Curators and their assistants. Special thanks and appreciation are also ex¬ tended to Mr. Frederick Saffran, in charge of the Society fs Public Relations, to Mr. Charles Ostrander, Curator of Mineralogy, to Mr. Irving E. Hampe, Curator of Ornithology and Mammalogy, to Mr. George Maagans, Curator, and Mr. Romeo Mansueti, Assistant Curator of Her- petology, to Mr* Frank Tingling, Curator of Marine Life, and his two Junior Assistants, to Mr. Haven Kolb, Jr., the Librarian, to Mr.

Edward McColgan, Curator of Photography, and Mr. Clyde Reed, Assistant Curator of Entomology.

The Society ended a successful year, with a balanced budget.

Here I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Herbert C. Moore, our Vice President and also Editor, for his untiring zeal in aiding me to con¬ duct the Society1 s business through this trying year.

This Society is an important cultural adjunct to the life of our City and State, end I feel it is a patriotic duty to keep it function¬ ing and preserve it for future generations. We have done some ex¬ cellent work in the past fourteen years in increasing knowledge of Natural History of Maryland. I also feel wc can do more, even now, with a little effort and extra sacrifice. What v/e are doing is per¬ manent; the war Is not, and wc must not lose sight of the fact that the war will come to an end. Wc will then return to a normal way of living, and then the Society will be ready to increase its activities and expand its work, v/hich will be more needed than now. Let everyone help to keep going now.

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NOTES FOR THE MONTHS OF MARCH, APRIL, AND MAY

March 2 to 13 — Annual Nature Photographic Exhibit and Contest*

Ribbons were awarded to the following:

Class A — Animal Life in Native Habitat

1st Prize - Grasshopper by Carl Oertel

2nd Prize - Cormorants Along the Coast by W* Wallace Coleman

3rd Prize - White Rumped Shrike by W. Wallace Coleman

Class B — Domestic and Captive Animals

1st Prize - Immature Sparrow Hawk by Carl Oertel

2nd Prize - Praying Mantis by Carl Oertel

3rd Prize - Immature Red-shouldered Hawk by Irving E. Hampe

Class C -- Plant Life in Native Habitat

1st Prize - Indian Pipe by Carl Oertel

2nd Prize - Toadstool by Carl Oertel

Class D — Studio and Laboratory Studies of Plants

1st Prize

2nd Prize

■ Night -blooming Series	t>y	Irving E, Hampe
Maryland Scenery
> Nocturne	by	August S e 1 ckrnan
■ Water Wheel ■ Interior of Franklintov/n	by	Carl Oertel
Flour Mill	by	Edward 0. Wegner
Scenery Other than Maryland
■ Edge of Barrens	by	W# Wallace Coleman
■ Scenery about Damascus, Pa.	by	Allan Bonwill
Specimens
■ Glacial Striae on Exposed Rock	by	Howard 3* Owens
• Muskrat Tracks	by	C • Haven Kolb
1 or PURPLE RIBBON

Won by Carl Oertel for photograph of Grasshopper.

Special Exhibit of Kodacolor prints by C. Haven Kolb.

Judges:- Gilbert C. Klingel, John B* Calder and Herbert C. Moore.

March 16 - Lecture by Charles Ostrander, "Marble and Stone of Maryland used for Building Purposes."

March 23 - Annual Meeting of the Society. Address and report by the President. Sound Motion Pictures in color, "Land of the Maharajahs#"

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70

April 13 — • General Assembly.

April 27 — Motion Picture, "Bird Neighbors in Summer and Winter" and "Some Friendly Birds."

May 11 — Lecture by Irving E. Hampe, "Rare and Vanishing Mammals."

May IS Lecture by William Mooref ield, "The Life History of a

True Bug."

May 25 Motion Pictures, "Native Arts of Old Mexico" and "People

of Mexico."

May 28 -- Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees. Gilbert C •

Klingel, Herbert C. Moore and Dr. J. Carey Taylor, whose terms expired were re-elected. The Hon. Theodore McKeldin, newly elected Mayor of Baltimore, was elected a trustee, and Frank Bentz was elected In place of Dr. Howard A.

Kelly, recently deceased. Officers elected for the com¬ ing year were: President, Edmund B . Fladung; Vice Presi¬ dent, Herbert C. Moore,* Secretary, Join B. Calder; and Treasurer, A. Llewellyn Jones.

JUNIOR DIVISION

March 13 -- Talk by Stephen Simon, "The Grafting of Trees," March 20 — • Motion Pictures, "Safari on Wheels •"

March 27 April 3 April 10

April 17

April 24 May 8 May 15 May 22

Lecture by C. Haven Kolb, "The Races of Man,"

Talk by Robert Kuller, "Phosphate Rocks."

Junior Debate, "Resolved that the Starling and the English Sparrow are more beneficial than harmful".

Affirmative : -Jerry Hardy, Douglas Oler and James Hill. Negative : -Miss Eurath Hardy, Miss Olive Krastall and Miss Mary Kurtz.

Debate won by the negative.

Lecture by Dr. Clyde Reed, "The Importance of the Study of Natural Sciences."

General Assembly and laboratory night •

Field Trip discussion.

Lecture by William Mooref ield, "The Bubble House." Laboratory night.

May 29 -- "Information Please." Mr. George Maugans, Curator of

Herpetology, Dr. Clyde Reed, Assistant Curator of Ento¬ mology, and Mr. Charles Ostrander, Curator of Mineralogy, interviewed by members of the Junior Division.

Lectures, Loans and Exhibits

May 1 to 30 — Bird Contest and Exhibit at the Catons ville Library.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SOQETY of MARYLAND

VOL. XIII J uly, August, September 1943 NO. 5

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MARYLAND HOUSE DRUID HILL PARK

Open daily 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Monday.

The Natural History

Society of Maryland

BULLETIN

Volume XIII JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1943 Number 5

DEDICATED TO MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY IN THE UNITED STATES ARMED SERVICE

ARMY

Dr. David Bacharach, Lieutenant Charles Bantz, Lieutenant W I liner Bell, Major Norman Black (Air Corps)

Gorman J. Bond, Corporal Charles H. Borcherding Robert Bowen, Corporal V; • W. Chapman, Jr., Lieutenant Elias Cohen, Sergeant

* Alfred Gulley Alan Cundall Paul Hartman James Haupt

Stansbury Haydon, Lieut. Colonel Oscar Helm, Captain

* John B. Hill

Lewis Hughes, Lieutenant (Air Corps) Paul Hurlock, Corporal Conrad Kenny (Air Corps, Navigator) Harry Knipp

NAVY

William S. Bavis Edward F. Borg er ding David Dannenfelser Francis Groves ( Ph M 3c)

James McColgan, Lieutenant (j.g.) Francis H. Miller

C. Haven Kolb, Jr.

Jeffry McKew, Sergeant Romeo Mansueti

Rev. Stephen Dnllclycher, Chaplain Harry A. Miller, or,

Herbert Moorefield, Corporal (Med. Det.)

William T. Moorefield Walter E. Price, Jr., Corporal Joseph L. Prosser William Rutland Irvin Schloss

Plans Schuler, Jr., Captain August Selckmann Victor Spruill Jack Thompson, Corporal Francis Wagner, Lieutenant Joseph Wagner, Lieutenant Michael Wagner, Lieutenant Joseph White, Staff Sergeant

George Miller, Jr.

John Norman, Seaman 1st class William Noman, Seaman 1st class Paul J. Prosser, Jr., Ensign Joseph Schrieber, Jr.

Walter Wagner Thomas Winn

Conrad Maygers

MARINES

■* Frederick Miller

COAST GUARD Joseph Brooks

MERCHANT MARINE Ri chard E • Stearns

■«* Honorably discharged

72

THE NATURAL HISTORY OP THE BAT

By W. Gardner Lynn The Catholic University of America

The hats with their nocturnal habits, their swift, soundless flight and their grotesque mask-like faces have long been used as the symbols of darkness, mystery and evil. Their waking activities are carried on under the cover of night and they spend the daylight hours hidden away in dark places which are rarely accessible except to pry¬ ing naturalists. Thus, to the scientist as well as to the man in the street, they are the least -known of all our common mammals, for even their manner of flight and their methods of obtaining food are rarely observed under favorable conditions. Bats are popularly supposed to be covered with vermin of all sorts and their reputed inclination for forming entangling alliances with ladles’ hair is widely known. It is true that the bat, like all other heavily furred animals, is the unwilling host of many ecto-parasites, though the "bedbug", contrary to general belief Is not among them. He is not, however, much more likely to carry parasites than is a dog or cat and he is certainly not so stupid as to wilfully entrap himself, in even the most at¬ tractive coiffure. In fact, as so frequently happens when one studies living creatures, a little acquaintance with the life and habits of this animal reveals so many opportunities for interesting observations that whatever repugnance one may have had for the bat Is soon re¬ placed by respect for his services as a destroyer of Insect pests and

by admiration for his strength and

.Ity In flight.

It is not uncommon for people to ask whether the bat Is a bird or a reptile. It is, of course, neither but is a true fur-boaring animal which bears its young alive and nourishes then on mothers’ milk like all other familiar mammals. Although bats are highly specialized for flight their Internal structure indicates a rather close relationship to the primitive order of the true mammals, the Insectivora. The bats constitute the order Chiroptera . They arc sufficiently distinguished from all other mammals by their greatly elongated and highly modified fore limbs which provide support for the extensive folds of skin which form the wings. These integument al membranes extend between the four fingers, between the fore ancl hind legs and even back to the tail. The portion between the two hind legs, which incloses the tail, is called the interf cmoral membrane. Bats usually have large ears and each ear encloses an elongated lobe, the tragus. Some families of bats have a rather complex facial orna¬ mentation formed by a series of membranes projecting from the nose* This is called the nosc-lcaf. Over 900 species of bats have been described but, fortunately for the state of mind of the local natural¬ ist, only a very few of these arc to be found in this region.

All of the bats of Maryland belong to the family Ve s pe r t i 11 oni dae , a group of rather small bats all of which have a well-developed tragus in the ear and a long tail almost entirely enclosed In the intorfemoral membrane. The Vo sport ilionidao lack a true nose-leaf but a few members of the group possess glandular excrescences on the snout near the nostrils .

One of our commonest bats in Maryland Is the Little Brown Bat (Myotls luci fugue ) , This species Is widespread over the entire United SlTat'e s , although the western members of the group arc regarded as a

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distinct subspecies. It is small (body and head about 3-J- inches), brown in color, and has rather short ears with prominent tragi.

Nearly all North American bats feed exclusively on insects and Myotis is no exception. For this reason it is of great importance in controlling the abundance of night-flying insects, just as birds are important in the control of diurnal forms. The darting, wheeling flight of the bat is more agile than that of any bird and one can fre¬ quently hear the snapping of his tiny teeth as he picks up insects on the wing. Some bats also use the tail membrane as a sort of minia¬ ture insect net from which they pick out the prey at leisure with their sharp teeth. Bats feed rapidly and consume large meals. After a half hour of feeding their stomachs may be so filled as to make up one-quarter of the entire body weight. This being the case the ef¬ fectiveness of a large bat population in keeping down insect pests is obvious. However, it must in fairness be pointed out that, so far as we know, the bats show little discrimination in the kinds of insects they eat and so cannot be regarded as agents for specific control of any particular harmful species. Thus, although the presence of large numbers of bats has been reported to cause a decrease in the preva¬ lence of malaria in a district, there is little evidence that this is really the case. The insectivorous bats aid us greatly In our general warfare against over-abundant insects but not in the control of specific insect pests.

During the summer the Little Brown Bats are rather widely dis¬ seminated but when cold weather approaches they gather together in large numbers in places favorable for hibernation. At such times they may be found by the hundreds or even thousands hanging immobile to the walls of a c ave. This habit has been taken advantage of by the biolo¬ gist who finds it easy to band large numbers of bats when they arc hibernating and thus facilitate later study of their migrations. Bats enter a rather deep sleep during hibernation; their body temperatures drop to approximately that of the surrounding air and their respiratory rate and heartbeat are greatly reduced. The period of hibernation may be quite long, lasting as much as seven months.

A curious observation concerning the Little Brown Bat is that during the early summer one may find large colonies of bats in which nearly all of the individuals are females. It appears that during the season of reproduction and while the young arc being raised, there is a definite segregation of the sexes although at other times males and females are found, together in about equal numbers.

Another ’wide-spread and common bat of our region Is the Silver- haired Bat (Lasionyctcris noctivagans ) , It is slightly larger than the Little Brown Bat ("average size 4 inches) and is almost black in color. The back presents a silvery sheen which gives the animal its common nemo. The dentition of this form differs from that of Myotis In that Lasionyctcris has two prcmolar teeth in the upper jaw while My otis has three.

The Pipistrelle ( Pipistrcllus subf lavus ) is, in the author’s experience, less commonly found 'in Maryland but does occur here. It Is a tan-colored, bat about 3-g- inches long. Like the two species dis¬ cussed above It is insectivorous and. hibernates in caves..

One of our largest bats is the House Bat or Big Brown Bat

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(Eptesicus fuscus) will ch reaches a length, ox aoout 4g~ inches, gyc teri s h orea'l'f “"the ReH Bat, is about the same size* The two can be cfif- TerentTated by the difference in color, as indicated by their common names, and by " the fact that the interfemoral membrane is heavily furred in the latter and completely bare in the former . The Red Bat is one of the few bats which occasionally flies about in the early afternoon while it is still quite light. Its fur is not really red, but rufous and there is usually a light band extending across the chest up onto the shoulders ,

One of the most spectacular species of the eastern states is the Big-eared Bat ( Corynorhinus rafenesquii ) . This is a yellowish-brown creature with a pair oFTa~rge glandular masses on the snout and very large ears; so large that they are united at their bases. It is some¬ times referred to as the Lump -no. ed" Bat . This species is quite common from Virginia south.

Some bats, like birds, make seasonal migrations and may therefore be found as temporary visitors In this region in the spring and fall. Most notable of these is the Hoary Bat (Nycteris cinerea), a grayish bat, which may reach a length of 5g- Inches. It has’ been found as far south as Bermuda in the winter and large numbers have been observed in flight during the migration period in early September. The Red Bat is also known to make rather long flights across the country or down the coast.

Although all of our native bats are insectivorous, many of the

subsist exclusively on the so-called Plying Pone:

Chiroptera inhabiting more tropical fruit. In fact, the largest of all bats, are fruit-eaters, While collecting bats in the caves of Jamaica, British West Indies, the author has several times found the floors of the paves covered solidly with the sprouting seeds of naseberry, sweet-sop and other pulpy tropical fruits carried in by the large fruit-eating bats. These bats belong to the family Phyllostomidae, a group possessing very large fleshy nose-loaves which often assume the most bizarre shapes and give the harmless creatures a most hideous and fear- Inspiring aspect. Pound also in Jamaica and other Caribbean areas is the large fish-eating bat (Noctilio leporinus ) • A very light- colored bat, it presents a ghostly appearance as it swoops low in the twilight over the waters of some bay or harbor. Study of tho stomach contents of Noctilio have proved that It does cat fish although it takes insects as well. The vampire bats which arc so famous (or in¬ famous) for their habit of feeding on tho blood of sleeping animals are all quite small in size (about 4 inches long). They are common in some parts of Central and South America where they constitute a real menace to the health of livestock, not because of the amount of blood they draw from the animals but because the bats carry the germs of several very serious diseases . The front tooth of tho vampire are extremely sharp end recurved and arc said to make a wound like that made by a sharp razor. As shown by the late Dr. Raymond DItmars, the vampire never sucks blood from a wound but instead laps the blood with its long tongue. The saliva of the bat is said to contain a powerful anti -coagulant so that even very small wounds are caused to bleed for long periods.

Little is known concerning the brooding habits of most species of bats but it appears that, as a general rule, they have but one breeding season a year and bear only a single young at a birth. This means that

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the rate of multiplication of these animals Is very low* and It has often been suggested that bats must have a very long life span to he able to maintain the population at a constant level, Unfortunately we know practically nothing about the longevity of the bat; there are no records to indicate just how long the normal life span Is* One may point out however that these animals have very few natural enemies and their abundance is therefore probably limited mainly by their own reproductive rate and the available food supply 0 The only serious natural enemy of the bat is the owl and it seems to prefer rodents when they are available#

Young bats at birth are astonishingly large; about one -quarter the size of the mother. When we realize that these heavy babies are carried about by the parent for some time* on all her flights* we get some Insight into the flying prowess of the creature*

Perhaps the most impressive feat of the bat* however* is one which it demonstrates many times each evening# That is its ability to fly at top speed in utter darkness* detecting and capturing tiny insects on the wing and avoiding all collisions with solid objects# Years ago a well-known naturalist experimented with bats in a dark room across which many thin wires were strung and found that* even when the wires were so closely set as to barely permit passage of the bat's body between them* the animals were still able to fly about and make very few collisions. The belief grew up that bats were possessed of a sort of "sixth sense" by which they were apprised of the nearness of solid objects. Quite recently* in 1941* an ingenious series of experiments performed at Harvard University has given the clue to the real mechanism by which bats accomplish this avoidance of objects in their paths. It was found that bats*. during flight, are constantly emitting sounds which arc beyond the range of human hearing* super¬ sonic s. These cries arc given with extreme rapidity* 50 to 60 times per second. It appears that the bats are able to hear these sound waves as they are reflected back to them by solid objects and are able to localize obstacles very accurately by this means • If the cars of a bat are covered* so that it can no longer hear the reflected sound* It is une.ble to avoid obstacles in it.s path# The same is true if the bat's mouth is covered so that no supersonic cries can escape. Cover¬ ing the bat's eyes does not impair its obstacle avoidance in any way. If one ear only is covered, the animal is able to avoid large objects but fails to discriminate small obstacles such as wires.

The value of the bat to man, as an agent in the control of Insects has already been noted.. The animal Is also of economic importance be¬ cause of its production of extensive deposits of guano. In large caves which have been inhabited by colonies of bats for many generations, guano deposits extending to over 100 feet in depth have been recorded. The guano is an excellent fertilizer and such deposits have been worked on a commercially profitable scale in the Carlsbad Caverns of New Mexico* to mention a single example.

It

.11 be obvious

knowledge o

to the reader of these pages

present

the natural history of bats leaves much to be desired. Careful observations have been made upon the habits of only a few com¬ mon species and even about these there is still a great deal to be learned. Almost any observations that one could make concerning the feeding habits, behavior or geographical distribution of these

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In nature would constitute real contributions to knowledge.

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inimals is to

;e hoped, that more students of natural history will interest themselve;

of study of the ways of these interesting animals

in

planned program

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NOTES ON A DEGENERATE FEMALE OF THE GENUS PHENOGODES

By Howard B. Owens

On the night of May 20, 1943, the author collected a single specimen of this unusual insect, which may range over most of the United States, hut is rarely found. Points of greenish light glow¬ ing on the ground beneath a dense growth of weeds led to the dis¬ covery of this photogenic beetle on a vacant lot between College Park and Riverdale, Maryland.

The specimen was identified by H. S. Barber, of the Division of Insect Identif ication of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, as a degenerate female of the genus Phengodes. (The larva and adult female are so nearly alike they can hardly be dis¬ tinguished.)

According to Comstock (1940) Mthe family Phengodidae includes a small number of species that were formerly included in the Lampyridae. Only twenty-three American species have been described; most of these are found in California, Texas, and Arizona, but some occur in the East."

The word Phengodes comes from the Greek meaning !! shining" • This meaning was certainly descriptive of this specimen, for it had eleven luminescent areas on each lateral surface and ten of the transverse conjunctiva were luminescent on the dorsal surface. While not as luminous a3 that of the common Lampyridae, the light was sufficient to recognize the time on a non-luminous watch dial held nearby, and could be seen for about twenty-five feet away. See Figure 1.

This specimen was about four and a half centimeters long and seven millimeters in diameter® See Figure 2® The first anterior transverse conjunctiva did not luminesce and luminescence from the next two conjunctiva appeared as an interrupted line. The lateral luminescent areas were located slightly ventral and posterior to the spiracles. They appeared to be more or less rounded to the naked eye, but with a hand lens or binocular they proved to be quite ir¬ regular in shape and granulate, somewhat like the cornea of a com¬ pound eye. Surrounding this granular portion of each lateral lumines¬ cent area there appeared to be a nebulous, non-granular area of luminescence of about twice its diameter.

On June 30, 1943, I was observing the insect under a binocular in a dark room. Having been thus engaged for some time my eyes had become somewhat adapted to the darkness. On observing the ventral side of the insect I noticed four minute areas of luminescence. Each appeared to be but a single granule of light. Their arrangement was asymetrical. Perhaps I failed to notice these ventral luminescent areas sooner because of insufficient observation in the dark.

I intended to observe these ventral areas more to determine if they were fixed or migratory. However, after having to be away from July 1 to July 8, I returned to find the insect apparently dead. All luminescence had disappeared and the insect had turned brownish in color. Later In the day I observed some movement on the part of the specimen, and death did not actually occur until July 10, 1943,

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Figure I. A degenerate female of the genus Phengodes. Photographed by its own luminescence.

Figure 2. A degenerate female of the genus Phengodes. The insect spent most of its time in this position.

ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS BY J. J. CHISOLM II

77

At the time of death I noticed that the praetarsus had been more or less worn away from the right fore and hind legs, and from the left hind leg.

Soon after collecting the insect I constructed a simple trap and operated it for several days at the location where the insect was found, in an attempt to capture a male of the species. The fe¬ male was placed in the trap in the hope that, she would attract a male. The experiment was unsuccessful, perhaps because the normal breeding period had ended before the trap was set.

On June 28, 1943, the insect deposited one egg and by June 29 four had been deposited. These eggs were white, spherical, and about two millimeters in diameter. Two were accidentally crushed while observing them, and the other two apparently disintegrated.

It is likely they were unfertile.

During the past quarter of a century much progress has been made in our knowledge of light emission by living things - biolumines¬ cence « It is now known that the organs for producing light are widely distributed among living forms, both animal and plant. Harvey (1940) divides luminous forms into "two groups according to whether the oxidation of luminous material goes on continuously, independent¬ ly of any stimulation of the organism; or is intermittent, oxidation and luminescence occurring only as a result of stimulation, using the word stimulation in the same sense in which it is used in con¬ nection with nerve or muscle tissue. Bacteria, fungi, a few fish (containing symbiotic luminous bacteria) and the beetle Phengodes produce light continuously and independently of stimulation. Its intensity varies only over long periods of time and is dependent on the nature of the nutrient medium or general physiological condition of the organism. All other forms give off no light until they are stimulated. Stimulation may of course come from within (nerves) or from without the animal. Only under favorable conditions, such as will eventually lead to the destruction of the luminous cells, do these forms give off a continuous light. This is often spoken of as the 'death glow1, and is to be compared with rigor in muscle tissue.”

Why do Phengodes and other beetles produce these light rays?

Lutz (1935) says "its use to the beetles is debatable. One theory is that the light is a sexual attraction. But, then why are the larvae luminous? Another is that it warns nocturnal birds not to eat them; but the birds could not see unlighted beetles at night and, at any rate, thousands of other kinds of nocturnal insects get along without lights. Possibly it just is."

Literature Cited

Comstock, John Henry. 1940. An introduction to entomology.

Comstock Publishing Company, Hew York.

Harvey, E. Hewton. 1940. Living light. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Lutz, Frank E. 1935, Field book of insects. G. P. Putnam's Sons,

New York.

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RECENT NOTES ON THE BREEDING OF CAPTIVE SKINKS

By William H. McClellan, S.J.

(1) An Uncommonly Early Date for Eggs

Proceeding No* 8, on the Lizards of Central and Southern Maryland, mentions on Page 31 a clutch of fifteen eggs deposited by a female specimen of the Common Skink (Eumeces fasciatus) from Charles County* This is the largest number known to me for the species. The mother measured 70 mm. from snout to vent. She passed the following (last) winter in captive hibernation, together with a slightly younger female and two specimens so young that their sex was uncertain.

About May 1st of the present year this specimen lost appetite and seemed indisposed. Pregnancy never suggested itself as an ex¬ planation, since no breeding had been observed. It became clear about May 25tli, when the outlines of eggs could be discerned at the sides. About June 1st the lizard secluded itself in the moist sawdust of the cage flooring. A search of the sawdust on June 5th resulted in the discovery of ten eggs scattered about. Three were defectively formed and apparently unfertile” seven were normal and clearly fertile, some of them revealing nuclei through the translucent shells.

It was now clear that one of the two youngest specimens in the cage was a male already mature,” but which one, I never discovered. Breeding, though unobserved- must have occurred about six weeks earlier In any case, June 5th stands as the earliest date at which I ever knew a skink to deposit eggs. Its earliness 'was doubtless due to captive association from the beginning of the season.

The seven fertile eggs at this time averaged 11.8 x 7.8 mm. in size, a slight fraction beyond the mean average reported in Proc . 8, Page 33. Their career was quite normal. Aft c ^ being retrieved from beneath the sawdust, they were gathered in a typical cluster on the surface of moist sawdust, and covered loosely with a strip of bark.

This was completed at 5C15 p*m., the mother, meanwhile, being nov/he re in sight. Yet at 5.50 she had found her assembled eggs under the bark and was loosely coiled about them. The next day, however, she showed a disposition to inconstancy; and the following morning, one of the eggs had disappeared completely, though which of the four lizards had made away with it, I never learned.

The six remaining eggs were then removed to another incubating medium, and weekly measurements were taken of their growth. They hatched in exactly 42 days, having Increased from an average of 11.8 x 7,8 mm, to one of 14.9 x 10*1 mm., two days before hatching.

(2) A First Breeding and its Results

This experience was with the Broad-headed Skink (Eumeces lati- ceps ) . On May 12th and 15th, respectively, two large spec linens were taken from dead standing pines about a mile apart in the same stretch of timber near Leonardtown, St. Mary’s County. The second catch was clearly an old female, measuring 108 mm. from snout to vent, which places her in her twelfth year according to Prof. Taylor’s estimate (The Genus Eumeces, p. 67). But the sex of the first specimen was not so easy to determine. It measured 95 mm* from snout to vent.

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It was distinctly striped, but with only dull gray to represent the earlier blue of the tail, no trace of red about the head, and no conspicuous widening at the temples. The size, again according to Taylor, would suggest the ninth year, at which age the sex could not be determined from appearance.

In the captivity thus begun, both lizards fed well and sloughed regularly. At length, on June 12th and 14th (very late dates for this species), the younger specimen revealed its sex by breeding with the older one. The process was normal, to outward apjjearance, and was completed on both occasions without interruption.

On July 10th— two weeks before the normal time for the end of gestation— the female’s appearance prompted a somewhat belated In¬ vestigation. Three eggs were found scattered beneath the surface of the sawdust. Two of them were immature and clearly unfertile. The third, which had apparently been laid about July 5th, was fertile in¬ deed, but addled from the first, and now quite corrupt. The union of the tnvo skinks had evidently been the first in his life for the ado¬ lescent male, and seems to give us something of a standard for the beginning of maturity in E. laticeps .

Incidentally, the two unfertile eggs measured 14 x 9 mm., which again places the size of laticeps 8 eggs at deposit well beyond that of the eggs of fasciatus . Attention may here be called to the case of eleven unfertile eggs mentioned in Proc. 8, Page 40. Those had measured 12 x 9 mm. at time of deposit. The reading of the text here, 12 x 7, is due to an error on my part in preparing the MS for the Editors, But even dimensions of 12 x 7, at least In unfertile eggs, would exceed the dimensions of fertile eggs of E. fasciatus at the time of deposit. ' ~

PAP I LI 0 TURNUS

The large yellow butterfly commonly known as the ’’Tiger Swallow¬ tail”, which one sees majestically flying in the Maryland regions, is one of the most beautiful Insects in the eastern United States. An unusual characteristic of this species is that the female is dimorphic, there being a black form of female as well as the yellow from Pennsyl¬ vania, New York (usually not so far north) southward, while further north and in Canada only the yellow female is found. In Maryland both the black form and the yellow form are comparatively common. For many years It "was believed the black fort of female was a separate species, but It was established finally that it was merely a dimorphic form when yellow females' laid eggs from which the black form as well as the yellow form were produced. Black females also laid eggs from which noth black and yellow forms resulted. The black dimorphic form is known^as glaucus , but some entomologists are now classifying the species itself as Papilio glaucus .

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80.

SPIDER DEFORMITIES By Martin H*Muma

In the course of a systematic study 'of the spiders of the state several specimens with deformed or abnormal structures were found.

As such deformities are not particularly common* it was felt that three striking cases were of sufficient interest for presentation here •

The first and perhaps least interesting case that attracted at¬ tention was a male jumping spider of the species Metaphidippus ornatus Banks that possessed only one palpus. Due to the'" "small sTze"“of ' tnis species, this lack was not noted until the spider had been preserved and was being studied microscopically. At that time it was studied carefully to determine the cause of the abnormality. The loss was not due to physical injury while the spider was in the adult stage as the tip of the palpus was furnished with several hairs. It is possi¬ ble, however, that the loss was brought about by an Injury during an immature stage, in which case the injury would be masked by partial regeneration in the succeeding moults* Regeneration would not re¬ place the complex palpal bulb, especially if the terminal segment of the palpus was severed, but it would account for the presence of pal¬ pal hairs* The possibility of hereditary origin, although present, is remote due to the tremendous chromosome changes necessary for such a radical deviation from the normal state. It is unfortunate that the specimen was preserved before the abnormality was noted as a study of the activity of the spider might have given a cl ew to the cause of the deformity.

The second deformed specimen was collected by Mr. I. P® Schloss and again the abnormality was not discovered until a microscopic study was being made. However, the spider, according to Mr. Schloss, was already dead and was being fed upon by ants, so no studies of its activities would have been possible. In this Instance the spider was a female and was furnished with a double epigynum. Neither of the cpigyna were entirely normal for the species, but It was easily identi¬ fied as Lycosa carolincnsis Walckenaer, one of the largest wolf spiders T ouncT^ih Maryland . Although here again, the exact cause of the deformity could not be determined, injury and heredity presented the most plausible possibilities. The epigynum on the left side of the spider was the most normal In appearance and was the only one provided with an oviduct. From this evidence it appears that the ab¬ normal condition was probably caused by an injury to the tissues of this region In one of the immature stages as a double epigynum of hereditary origin would in all probability have both structures pro¬ vided with either functional or vestigal oviducts.

In the third and last case the deformity was a derangement of the eyes of a specimen of Ncoantistca b arrows! Gertsch, The spider was collected under a stone on a mountain In western Maryland and Its peculiar activities prompted its collection In a dry vial. At the time of collection it was noted that the spider seemed to be dazed as it did not avoid collection in the agile manner usual for the species. After being placed in a dry vial it did not run about actively but instead clambered clumsily about often losing its footing and falling to the bottom of its cage. As the specimen was less than one quarter

Lycos a carollnensis Walckenaer Normal Eplgynum About 32X

P-"

Neoantlstea barrows i Gertsch Normal Eye Region Aleut 15X

Lycos! carolinensls Walckenaer Double Eplgynum About 3 OX

Neoantlstea barrows 1 Gertsch Abnormal Eye Region About 15X

81

of an inch in length the abnormality of the eyes was overlooked and the peculiar actions of the spider were attributed to the chill of the morning air. When the specimen was placed under the microscope the deformed eye region was immediately noted and studied. This de¬ rangement was carefully studied with an effort to determine the mi¬ gration of the different eyes. Prom the normal state one anterior median eye and one anterior lateral eye are reversed in position.

One posterior median eye has moved to the position of an anterior lateral eye and the lateral eye it replaces is lacking. As the head region under the eyes was normal and as the actions of the live spider indicated a lack of normal eye function the deformity was in all probability caused by an injury sustained in the last juvenile stage of specimen.

The accompanying plate gives the normal and abnormal condition of the different structures in the last two instances cited. In the case of the first deformity the abnormality was a normal female pal¬ pus on a male spider and does not warrant Illustration.

THE POUR-TOED SALAMANDER IN THE BALTIMORE AREA

On October 3, 1S42, the junior author collected a specimen of Hemidactyliun scutatum (Schlegel) one mile south of the McRonogh. School for Boys, In Baltimore County, Maryland. This local ity is about a mile and a half from Baltimore City's boundary line.

This specimen was collected in a rotten log, which was turned over, revealing a dark top soil. The specimen was nestled in a crevice at the bottom of the log, before it was turned over. The slit or crevice was jagged and deep, probably burrowed by some insect, and about five inches in length. The general area was rather moist in the log. The salamander was trying to move deeper in the slit, but did not succeed in doing so. It was collected at about 11:00 A.M., and the day was sunny and rather cool.

The specimen struggled vigorously, by wriggling.

The area is flat, bordered by streams on each side, which are about a quarter of a mile apart, and not too wooded. On the west side of the west stream, the locale was very hilly and wooded. Generally speaking this specimen was collected above the fall line in the Pied¬ mont Plateau. As far as the senior author knows, this species has not been found in the southern part of Maryland, and the Eastern Shore, but it has been found by Mr. James Fowler and Dr. M. Graham Netting in Western Maryland. This record represents the first record for the Baltimore area. It has been found at Plummers Island, Maryland.

lows

formalin fol- head is a

grayish

The

description and measurements of the specimen In The dorsal view is dusky brown. The top of the brighter brownish, and the lateral view of the body is belly is white, and Is thickly speckled with irregular black dotu. The limbs are brown and speckled with white. The head is speckled with brown and the area around the eye Is black. The salamander is small with a prominent constricted tail, and there are four toes on each foot. Total length: 64 mm.: length <

head: 8

grooves

- _ mm.; width of head: 4.5 mm.; costal ^ ^

men is in the Society’s collection under A-640.

Romeo Mansueti

tail: 34

mm.; length of 12. The speci-

and Robert Simmons

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82

NOTES FOR THE MONTHS OF JUNE, JULY AND AUGUST, 1943

June 8 — Lecture by Mr. George Maugans, n Prehistoric Reptiles."

15 — Motion Picture, "Beetles, Butterflies and Pond Insects."

22 — Lecture by Mr. Frank Bentz, "Propagation of Trout and Bass."

July 15 — Lecture by Mr, C. Haven Kolb, "Development of Vegetation Types at Loch Raven."

20-- Lecture by Mr. Joseph Bures, "Birds in Relation to National Defense."

August 10-Lecture by Mr. Charles Ostrander, "Minerals Native to the Coastal Plain, The Piedmont Plateau and the Appalachian Highland. "

24-Lecture by Mr. John Calder, "Geography as is To-day."

JUNIOR DIVISION

June s — Lecture by Mr. Romeo Mansueti, "Some Reptiles and Amphibians in Texas."

12 — Lecture by Mr, John B. Calder, "Geography as is To-day."

19 — Laboratory night.

26 — Talk by Harry Howden, "Trip to Nebraska."

July 3 -- Laboratory night.

10 — Talk by Robert Buxbaum, "Herpetological Problems."

17 -- Lecture by Mr, George Maugans, "Introduction to Herpetology,"

24 -- Talk by James Hill, "The Fourth State of Matter."

August 7- Laboratory night.

14- Talk by Douglas Oler, "Some Plants and Animals in the Magothy River Region."

August 21-Lecture by Mr. Charles Ostrander, "Minerals Native to the Coastal Plain, Piedmont Plateau and Appalachian Highland,"

28-General Assembly

• • ' l.

Publications of

The Natural History Society of Maryland

MINERALS OF MARYLAND

Paper cover, 92 pages, 20 illustrations. Contains check-list of all known minerals of Maryland and principal locations. Price .40 By mail .45

SNAKES OF MARYLAND

Paper cover, 103 pages, 11 plates in color and 33 black and white; with identification keys and distribution map. Price .50 By mail .60

FAMILIAR BUTTERFLIES OF MARYLAND Paper cover, 30 pages, 1 plate in color and 16 black and white plates illustrating 40 common butterflies of Maryland. Price .15 By mail .20

FAMILIAR MOTHS OF MARYLAND

Paper cover, 19 pages, 9 plates illustrating 11 common moths, principally the large species found in Maryland. Price .10 By mail .15

BIRDS OF BALTIMORE AND VICINITY Paper cover, 24 pages, with map. Contains arrival, departure and nesting dates. Arranged according to resident groups. Space provided for additional records.

Price .10 By mail .15

COMMON TREES OF MARYLAND - HOW TO KNOW AND USE THEM Mimeographed with printed cover, 100 pages with 240 line cut drawings and 2 pages of half-tones. Price .65 By mail .70

PERIODIC CICADA

Four page special bulletin on complete life history of “17 Year Locust”.

Price .05 By mail .07

FISH AND GAME HABITAT MAP OF MARYLAND Map - 21” x 38”, in color, giving the principal locations of game and fish in this State, illustrated with pictures of species. On back - article relating to conservation and allied work. Map can be procured rolled (suitable for framing) or folded.

Price folded .25 Rolled .30

FUERTES BIRD PRINTS

Twelve prints in set, featuring 25 birds all in color. Prints are 9” x 12”, suitable for framing. Price .75 By mail .80

PROCEEDING NO. 5. A REPORT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE PATAPSCO STATE PARK OF MARYLAND

Mimeographed with printed cover; 36 pages with map of area and diagrams.

Price .25 By mail .30

PROCEEDING NO. 6. THE HUGHES SITE, AN ABORIGINAL VILLAGE SITE ON THE POTOMAC RIVER IN MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MD.

Mimeographed with printed cover, 15 pages, with maps, 3 pages of drawings, and 10 half-tones. Price .25 By mail .30

PROCEEDING NO. 7. A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES FOUND IN AND AROUND BALTIMORE CITY, MARYLAND, WITHIN A RADIUS OF TWENTY MILES Mimeographed with printed cover, 60 pages with map area, 2 full page plates of reptiles and amphibians. Price .40 By mail .45

PROCEEDING NO. 8. THE LIZARDS OF CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN MD.

Mimeographed with printed cover, 43 pages with 9 plates.

Price .40 By mail .45

COMMON SPIDERS OF MARYLAND Paper cover — describing 100 common spiders of Maryland. Profusely illustrated.

Price .75 By mail .80

PROCEEDING NO. 9. SOME INDIAN VILLAGE SITES OF TIDEWATER MARYLAND

Mimeographed with printed cover, 30 pages with 18 halftone plates and 20 maps and illustrations. Price .60 By mail .65

In course of preparation — Annotated List of Maryland Birds

The Natural History Society of Maryland

Founded 1929

“To increase and diffuse knowledge of Natural History”

*****

OFFICERS AND STAFF Edmund B. Fladung, President

Herbert C. Moore, Vice-President John B. Calder, Secretary

A. Llewellyn Jones, Treasurer

Frank Bentz John B. Calder Edmund B. Fladung

Board of Trustees

Gilbert C. Klingel Herbert C. Moore Theodore R. McKeldin

Elra M. Palmer Frederick A. Saffran J. Carey Taylor

Mineralogy

Charles W. Ostrander, Curator Walter E. Price, Jr., Associate L. Bryant Mather, Jr., Associate A. Llewellyn Jones, Associate William J. Englebach, Assistant Joseph Schreiber, Junior Assistant

Palaeontology Oscar L. Helm, Curator Elra M. Palmer, Associate John B. Calder, Assistant

Botany

Earl H. Palmer, Curator Marine Life

Frank C. Yingling, Curator Gilbert C. Klingel, Associate Thomas Yost, Junior Assistant Harry Knipp, Junior Assistant

Entomology

Herbert H. Moorefield, Curator John A. Frisch, S. J., Associate William Moorefield, Assistant Clyde F. Reed, Assistant Irvin Schloss, Assistant

Herpetology

George W. Maugans, Jr., Curator Romeo Mansueti, Assistant Elias Cohen, Assistant Robert Buxbaum, Junior Assistant

Ornithology and Mammalogy Irving E. Hampe, Curator Henri Seibert, Associate C. Haven Kolb, Jr., Assistant Edward McColgan, Assistant Gorman Bond, Staff Assistant Milton Vincent, Junior Assistant

Archaeology

Richard E. Stearns, Curator T. Milton Oler, Jr., Assistant

Library

C. Haven Kolb, Jr., Librarian Photography

Edward McColgan, Curator Publication

Herbert C. Moore, Editor C. Haven Kolb, Jr., Assistant Editor

Education

Elra M. Palmer, Director John B. Calder, Assistant Robert Buxbaum, Junior Division Frederick A. Saffran, Public Relations Harry A. Miller, Chairman ,

Troop Committee , B.S.A. Edgar Gretsky, Artist

Museum

T. Milton Oler, Jr., Curator

OFFICE, LABORATORIES and LECTURE ROOM 2103 Bolton Street Baltimore, Maryland

Office Hours: Tuesday 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. Telephone: LAfayette 1912

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