^ ^ BULLETIN H-i OF THE Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LVII 1962 EDITED BY JOHN F. HANSON PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOHN F. HANSON GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER BUSINESS PRESS. INC. Lancaster, Pennsylvania VoL. LVII FEBRUARY, 1962 No. 1 BULLETIN OF THE Brooklyn Entomological Society NEW SERIES PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOHN F. HANSON GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER Published for the Society by Business Press, Inc. N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price, 85 cents Subscription, $4.00 per year Mailed April 9, 1962 Entered as second-class matter January 21, 1919, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879 The Brooklyn Entomological Society Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month from October to May, inclusive, at the Engineers’ Club, 117 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 2, N. Y. The annual dues are $2.00. OFFICERS 1960-61 Honorary President R. R. McELVARE President HARRY BEATROS Vice President CASIMIR REDJIVES Secretary ANNA FLAHERTY T reasurer R. R. McELVARE P. O. Box 386 Southern Pines North Carolina CONTENTS North American Species of the Biting Midge Genus Jen- kinshelea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Wirth 1 Immature Stages of Stalk-eyed Fly (Diptera: Diopsidae), Lavigne 5 Publications Received 14 Nesting Behavior of Sphex tepanicus (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae), Gillaspy 15 Ocular Anomalies in Spiders, Kaston 17 Antillean Species of Hydropsyche (Trichoptera), Flint. . 22 Lectotypes of Nearctic and Neotropical Zethini (Hymen- optera: Vespidae), Bohart and Strange 28 Publications Received 32 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Published in February, April, June, October and December of each year Subscription price, domestic, $4.00 per year ; foreign, $4.25 in advance ; single copies, 85 cents. Advertising rates on application. Short articles, notes and observations of interest to entomologists are solicited. Address subscriptions to the Treasurer, manuscripts and other communications to the editor. .JOHN F. HANSON, Fernald Hall. University of Massachusetts. Amherst, Mass. BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. LVII FEBRUARY, 1962 No. 1 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE BITING MIDGE GENUS JENKINSHELEA MACFIE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) By Willis W. Wirth^ For several years J. Antony Downes of the Entomology Re- search Institute in Ottawa has been studying intensively the mor- phological adaptations of the antennae of the Diptera Nematocera to their mating habits and to the feeding habits of the female sex (Downes, 1958, Ann. Rev. Ent. 3:249-266; 1958, Proc. Tenth Int. Congr. Ent. 2:425-434). A remarkable diversity has been found in antennae of male Ceratopogonidae and Dr. Downes has kindly called my attention to two forms of male antennae in the North American species, for many years called Jenkinshelea albaria (Coquillett) . Upon his suggestion I have studied the male genitalia and other characters of the northern form with very short, male antennal plumes and compared them with those of the southern form with normal long, male antennal plumes. From these studies it is apparent that two species are involved, for which names are already available. The purpose of this paper is to present the characters by which these species may be separated, to give some new synonymy, and to outline the distribution of each species as currently known. Key to the North American Species of J enkinshelea 1. Female wing 3. 6-4.2 mm. long; hairs of male antennal plumes pale and short, not more than three times as long as their segment ; male scutum with sparse, short, erect black hairs ; male parameres (Figs. 1, 2) with distal portion evenly ta- ^ Entomology Research Division, Agric. Res. Serv., U. S. D. A. 1 2 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII perecl and gradually bent ventro-cephalad ; male aedeagus (Fig. 3) about 1.5 times as long as broad, longitudinally wrinkled, without distinct, sclerotized, median peg-like sclerotization or distomedian sclerotized lobes, and distal margin finely serrated magnipennis (Johannsen) Female wing 2. 4-2.8 mm. long; hairs of male antennal plumes dark and long, about five times as long as their segment ; male scutum without abundant, long, erect, black hair ; male parameres (Fig. 4) with abruptly recurved distal portion flattened and broadened subapically, blade-like, more abruptly tapering to sharp distal point ; aedeagus (Fig. 5) more than two times as long as broad, with median peg-like sclerotization on distal half, proximally trans- versely wrinkled, and with prominent, distolateral, smooth, sclerotized lobes albaria (Coquillett) Jenkinshelea alharia (Coquillett) Figures 4-6 Ceratopogon albarius Coquillett (as albaria), 1895, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1895 : 308 (female ; Drayton Island, Fla.). J oliannsenomyia albaria, Malloch, 1915, Bui. Illinois St. Lab. Nat. Hist. 10 : 335 (Ilk; female; syn. : magnipennis (Johann- sen). Jenkinshelea albaria, Johannsen, 1942, Ent. News 53 : 76 (notes, fig. female wing, pupa). — Johannsen, 1943, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 36 : 783 (e. U. S.). I oliannsenomyia aequalis, Malloch, 1915, Bui. Illinois St. Lab. Nat. Hist. 10:336 (male; Ilk). — Johannsen, 1943, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 36 : 784 (N. Y.). NEW SYNONYMY. The synonymy of aequalis is made as a result of the study of the type, loaned through the courtesy and cooperation of H. H. Ross of the Natural History Survey, Division of the State of Illinois. The exceptionally large hypopygium, unspined fifth tarsal segment, third vein to four-fifths the wing length, first vein distinctly short of middle of the third, are characteristic of Jenkinshelea, whereas the presence of long antennal plumes places the species as albaria. Common in Illinois, the male of this species was unknown as such to Malloch, who was misled by the sexual dimorphism of several species in his Illinois study. A male from Ithaca, New York, in the Cornell University collection and determined by Johannsen as aequalis, also proved upon examina- tion to be albaria. Feb., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 3 The parameres of two males from Kerrville, Texas, differ from the typical form of albaria (Fig. 4) in bearing l)lunt, knobbed apices as figured (Fig. 6) ; no other differences from the typical form were noted. Possibly a third species, whose female has not yet been recognized in the Texas material at hand, may be rep- resented here. Specimens Arkansas : Little Rock, 13 July 1904 (H. S. Barber) at light, 1 J. Florida: Arcadia, 30 March 1954, K. V. Krombein, I J; Lake Alfred, Oct. 1952 (M. H. Muma) 2 22; Orlando, 27 May 1907, 2 22 i Santa Rosa Co., 25 July 1955 (F. W. Mead) 12. Illinois: Monticello, Sangamon R., 21 June 1914 (J. R. Malloch) 1 2 (Hk Nat. Hist. Surv. coll.) ; Muncie, Stony Creek, 5 July 1914 (J. R. Malloch) 1 c?, 1 2 (tjpe male of /. aequalis Mall., from 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. coll.) ; Sum- ner, 2 Aug. 1914 (J. R. Malloch) 1 2 (Hk Nat. Hist. Surv. colk). Louisiana: Baton Rouge, 6 May 1947 (W. W. Wirth) at light, 12; Lake Providence, 14 July 1953 (W. W. Wirth) 12- Maryland: Plummers Island, 24 Sept. 1902 (Barber and Schwarz) 16 22; 1 Aug. 1903 (A. Busck) 12; 8 June 1914 (Schwarz and Shannon) at light, 2 22 (niale genitalia at- tached). Mississippi: Utica, Aug., 1 2- New York: Ithaca, June 1901, 1 J' (det. as /. aequalis Mall, by Johannsen; Cornell Univ. coll). Texas: Denison, 15 June 1938 (L. D. Christenson) 12; Devils River, 2 May 1907 (Bishopp and Pratt) 12; Dryden, Terrell Co., Apr., May 1954 (O. Schomberg) light trap, 1 2; Kerrville, May 1954, June-Aug. 1953 (L. J. Bottimer) light trap, 3,J'.d^, 1122; 11-25 Sept. 1956 (R. H. Jones) light trap, 6 22; Pnmpville, Apr.-May 1954 (O. Schomberg) light trap, 12. Virginia: Potomac River at Scott Run, Fairfax Co., 7 June 1955 (W. W. Wirth and R. H. Jones) reared from sandy river margin, 200 J'J'', 22- Jenkinshelea magnipennis (Johannsen) Figures 1-3 J ohannseniella magnipennis Johannsen, 1908, New York State Mus. Buk 124:268 (male; Old Forge, N. Y.). Through the courtesy of Henry Dietrich the type series of magnipennis was borrowed for study from the Cornell Univer- sity collection. There are two specimens, both females and somewhat teneral, the holotype in good condition but the para- type damaged with abdomen missing. The wing length of the holotype is 4.0 mm. (Johannsen gave 5 mm.). The femora and 4 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII tibiae appear to be uniformly dark, probably originally blackish or dark brown. These characters will serve to distinguish magni- pennis from alharia (Coquillett) , which is smaller and often has the legs yellow, with both ends of the femora and tibiae brown. Specimens examined. — Connecticut: Storrs, 17 June 1953 (F. B. Lewis) 8 J'J. Illinois: Algoncpiin, 21 June 1896 (C. A. Hart) 15; Havana, 3 June 1895 (C. A. Hart) 2 ; Muncie, Stony Creek, 24 May 1914 (J. R. Malloch) 1 Urbana, 18 June 1887, 11 July 1898 (C. A. Hart) 2 ?5 ; Waukegan, 24 Aug. 1917 ( J. R. Malloch) 1 5 ; (all 111. specimens from 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. coll.). Michigan: Alto, 24 July 1937 (Campaw) 1§ (Sabrosky coll.; Bay City, 1 Aug. 1951 (R. R. Dreisbach) 1 J'; Bellaire, 13 July 1939 (C. W. Sabrosky) IJ (Sabrosky coll.) ; Douglas Lake, Cheboygan Co., 22 July 1954, July 1959 (R. W. Williams) light trap, Lc?, 2 55 5 Lake City, July 1951, June 1952 (L. L. Curry) 7 J'J', 3 55 5 Lapeer Co., 4 July 1937 (G. Steyskal) 1 5 (Sabrosky coll.); Monroe, 2 July 1939 (G. Steyskal) 15 (Sa- brosky coll.) ; Niles, 13 July 1914 (J. R. Malloch) at light, 1 5 (111. Nat. Hist. Surv. coll.). Minnesota: Chisago Co., 14 Aug. 1954 (O. W. Oestlund) 1 5. New York: Old Forge, 20 June 1905 (J. G. Needham) 2 55 (lyp^ and paratype, Cornell Univ. coll.) ; Hilton, 5 July 1940 (L. L. Pechuman) 1 5 (Cornell Univ. coll.). Ohio: Lucas Co., Adams Township, Sec. 23, 28 July 1935 (R. T. Everly) 1 5. Ontario: Kearney, 3 July 1909 (M. C. Van Duzee) 1 5- Ottawa, Rideau River, 29 May 1960 ( W.W. Wirth) 3,J',|^, 15. Quebec: Montreal, 17 Aug., 15- Male genitalia of Jenkinshelea: Figs. 1-3, J. magnipennis ; Figs. 4-6, J. alharia; Figs. 1, 4, 6, parameres; Figs. 3, 5, aedeagus; Fig. 2, genitalia, ventral view ; Fig. 6, parameres of specimen from Kerrville, Tex. Feh., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 5 IMMATURE STAGES OF THE STALK-EYED FLY, SPHYRACEPHALA BREVICORNIS (SAY) (DIPTERA: DIOPSIDAE) WITH OBSERVATIONS ON ITS BIOLOGY^ By Robert Lavigne- Abstract A review of the literature indicates a paucity of information on the biology of S phyracephala hrevicornis. The author ob- served adults emerging and copulating during April under the exposed roots of a tree on the undercut bank of a stream. From eggs obtained from mated females in vials, the immature stages were reared under laboratory conditions. These are described and figured for the first time. Literature Review Despite the fact that S phyracephala brevicornis (Say) was described over 140 years ago, its life cycle has apparently never been determined nor its immature stages made known. Following Say, who described the species in 1817 from a single specimen captured on skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt., numerous authors have made brief mention of the habits and habitat of the adult. Say (1828) discovered it in profusion in crevices of rocks on the banks of the Missouri. Fitch (1855) collected adults between the leaves of skunk cabbage in May ; in the previous April he had found them feeding on the sap of a newly cut maple, and later, in October, resting on the sunlit sand beside a stream at the base of a hill. He concluded that the species was apparently limited to low, shady situations. Keen (1883) took specimens from near the type locality in damp situations. Houghton (1902) collected scores of adults from skunk cabbage, bushes, and herbage along Fall Creek, Ithaca, New York. Aldrich (1905) reported finding hundreds of spec- imens on foliage in one of the shady glens adjoining Cornell University in midsummer. He expressed the opinion that there was no evidence to indicate that the larva was directly associated ^ Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agri- cultural Experiment Station as Journal Paper # 148. Published with the aid of a grant from The Guy Chester Crampton Re- search Fund of the University of Massachusetts. ^ Plant Science Division, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 6 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Yol. LVII with skunk cabbage from which adults had been collected. Flint (1956), making observations both in Massachusetts and New York, found adults overwintering in protected locations, some- times in tremendous numbers. S phyracephala hearseiana Westwood, the life history of which was studied by Sen (1921), is the only other species of this genus whose immature stages have been described. While rearing the species through its complete life cycle under artificial conditions. Sen found that the immature stages require a semi-aquatic environment. However, he was never able to discover these stages in their natural habitat. Observations on Adults Adults of S. brevicornis were first collected by the author in the late afternoon of April 12, 1957, beneath the exposed roots of a tree on the undercut bank of a small stream (flowing out of Pulpit Hill Pond in North Amherst, Massachusetts). Beneath the overhanging bank (Text fig. 1) is a jumble of broken rocks, a situation apparently ideal for the over-wintering of these flies. Weekly observations of the location and its immediate environs Text fig. 1. View of undercut bank where adults of N. brevi- cornis were found emerging from hibernation in North Amherst, Massachusetts. Feh., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomologieal Society 7 were made from April 12 to December 3, 1957, with the exception of three weeks in September. Observations at the above site on April 12th revealed fifty to sixty adults crawling about on the exposed roots. Several pairs were in the act of mating. Other were crawling in the grass in an apparently aimless fashion opposite the tree base. When dis- turbed the adults made short escape flights, rarely over one or two feet in length. Several dead adults were found entangled in the many spider webs which crisscrossed the undercutting. A single inspection of skunk cabbage plants (growing on the far side of the small pond) yielded no diopsids. Adults, many of which were mating, were observed almost daily through April 18th, but after this date no further specimens were found again until fall despite weekly observations. On October 15th, five adults were observed crawling lethargi- cally on the roots of the tree at the original location. From October 22nd through November 20th, 10 adults were observed at various times crawling both on the rock faces and on the exposed roots. The weather on all the days on which observations were made, with the exception of December 3rd, was unseasonably warm and sunny with temperatures reaching 54° F. Even at these tempera- tures most of the adults reacted very slowly and jumped only weakly when prodded, except when they were exposed to direct sunlight. No adults were found at the last observation on De- cember 3rd. No further observations were made until the follow- ing spring because of snow cover. On March 24th, 1958, some 15-20 adults were observed in the aforementioned locality. These adults were captured and brought into the laboratory for study, but succumbed during the night. Perhaps death was connected in some way with the sudden tem- perature change. Adults were observed in the field at various times over a period of three weeks. After April 13th, no more adults could be found although observations were continued on a periodic basis over the following month. Mating Behavior Several mating pairs in vials were observed closely in the labo- ratory. The pattern of liehavior in all cases was similar. Prepara- tory to mating, the male mounts the back of the female using the front femur and tibia, in apposition, to clasp her wings at about one-sixth of the distance from base to apex. This may be the major use for the so-called “raptorial” forelegs which Hearsey 8 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII (1844) (on observing ^9. hearseiana in close proximity to aphids) suggested might be used for seizing prey. The hind tarsi are meanwhile utilized in stroking the terminal segments of the female abdomen, while the middle legs clasp the abdomen. The male copulatory organ is quickly inserted. During copulation, the male clasps the posterior segments of the female abdomen with the hind legs instead of with the middle legs which are now in constant motion stroking her abdomen. Simultaneously, the apical tergite of the female exerts a rhythmic motion, back and forth. At the completion of the copulatory act, which may last anywhere from three seconds to five minutes, the female uses her hind tarsi to push out the genital apparatus of the male. The male occasionally remains astride the female for a minute or so after mating is completely. After leaving the female, the male rubs his genital organs with his hind tarsi. The membranous organ of the male is protruded to some extent during this process. Then the tarsi of all the legs, first one pair and then the next, are rubbed together alternately, and finally the front two pairs are passed through the mouthparts. The flies, while in the process of mating, are in some respects less responsive to the external environment. Darkening one end of the vial and bringing a lamp close to the opposite end had no apparent efifect on the mating pairs, whereas those adults not copulating were drawn to the light. Similarly, in the field there was no readily observable reaction to movement or to light changes on mating pairs, while non-copulating adults reacted quickly, jumping and gliding a distance of one to two feet when disturbed. Spring Survival of Adults In the hope of determining how long adults may live after emergence from hibernation, flies were introduced onto various types of substrate in the laboratory. Extensive tests could not be conducted, however, because of the small number of insects avail- able. Groups of three or four adults, including at least one mated female, were placed in 6-dram vials containing different substrates as follows : netting, filter paper, pine needles, black mud, dead grass, and sphaghum moss, the latter over mud from the fly site. All substrates were moistened daily. Netting stretched across the mouth of each vial prevented escape. Honey was tried as a possible source of nutrient ; the flies accepted it readily. Of the various substrates tested, flies lived the longest in the two vials containing sphagnum moss over mud, probably because Feh.,1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 9 of the property of moss to retain moisture. The longest single sur- vival period was 43 days in one vial (April 18th to May 31st) and 52 days in the other (April 18th to June 9th). Since no speci- mens survived as long as two months, it would appear that over- wintering adults probably do not survive through the summer in the latitude of Massachusetts. Observations on Immature Stages Eggs were first discovered by the writer on May 7th, 19 days after the adults were placed in the vials described above. Eggs occurred both on the black mud substrate and on sphagnum moss. Selection of an egg deposition site is probably not dependent upon moisture alone, since no eggs were found on the other moistened substrates. The eggs were laid singly, no more than nine in a vial, and in some cases appeared to he cemented to the spears of moss. None of the eggs hatched in the vial containing only mud, whereas five of the eggs deposited on the sphagnum moss did. Larvae were first observed on May 26th in both vials which con- tained a sphagnum moss cover over mud collected at the fly site. The average larval developmental period appears to be about 10 days at room temperature, although one mature larva had not pupated 20 days after hatching. The larvae seem to thrive best in an environment with a very high moisture content, indicating a probable semi-aquatic existence in the field. Sen advanced the same idea in reference to A. hearseiana. The larvae, in both cases, apparently feed on decaying organic matter. The first pupa was observed on June 14th. This specimen and those which pupated during the following days appeared to be cemented to the spears of moss indicating that the pupal stage may possibly require a slightly drier environment than that of the larval stage. The adults failed to emerge, however, apparently because of insufficient humidity in the vials, or other unsatisfactory condi- tions such as larval diet. Sen found that the pupal stage of A. hearseiana lasts from 10 to 15 days. Probable Life History Adults of S phyracephala brezhcornis have been found overwin- tering only in close proximity to an aquatic environment. Over- wintering sites, e.g. cliffs, road cuts, overhangs, and fractured limestone formation (as observed by the author and other writers), offer protection from the elements, particularly from rainfall and radical temperature changes. 10 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Spring activity in the latitude of Amherst can be noted on warm sunny days in late March or early April. Mating occurs almost immediately after the adults come out of hibernation, while they are still clustered at the overwintering site. Thus, reproduction is ensured even where only a small population exists. During the next few weeks the adults gradually disappear from the original site, apparently becoming widely dispersed. We must assume that they seek out a semi-aquatic environment where the immature stages may develop successfully. While eggs are not known from the field, it is probable that they are laid two to four weeks after adult dispersal, judging by labora- tory observations. Since egg development in the laboratory appears to require approximately three weeks, one would expect hatching not to occur until at least early June under the cooler field con- ditions. Neither larvae nor pupae of S', brevicornis have ever been re- covered in the field. However, it is possible to speculate as to their development through inference from available data. Information so far accumulated provides at least two possible views as to de- velopment of this insect. The first view, that of a short life cycle, is indicated by the brief developmental period of the egg and larva in the laboratory. In addition, the hundreds of adults found by Aldrich in mid-summer in a shady glen in New York possibly indicate that another genera- tion of adults emerges in July. A similarly short developmental period has actually been demonstrated in India (Sen) for S', hear- seiana, which completes its cycle from egg to adult in only three weeks. Thus we may infer two possible generations per year for S. hrcvicornis in Massachusetts. Other data might better be explained by an extended life cycle. Extremely few adults have been taken in the location under study by sweeping during July and August, although it has been worked heavily for many years by entomologists. Possibly the perma- nently cool temperatures of the semi-aquatic environment in which the immature stages may develop cause a delay in egg and larval development to such an extent that pupation and adult emergence do not occur until fall. These few adults taken during the summer could he either holdovers from the overwintering brood or early emerging members of a new generation. The possibility must not be overlooked that the scarcity of adults during the summer months may be more apparent than real. Per- haps sweeping is too inefficient a method of collecting to disclose small populations of diopsids, and some other method should he Feh., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 11 tried. There is some evidence that sugary sul)stances might he useful for this purpose. Fitch found adults feeding on the sap of a newly cut maple in April. Sen showed that A. hearseiana, in captivity, would feed on a mixture of sugar and water. The pres- ent author provided adults with honey, upon which they readily fed. It is reasonable to assume then that adults are attracted to nectar also. Collecting stations baited with any of the above-mentioned substances may provide better evidence as to the occurrence of adults in a given area during the summer months. With the coming of fall, adults begin to appear in numbers at favorable overwintering sites. Such behavior might l)e explained by the extended life cycle propounded previously, which results in adult emergence in the fall, probably in close proximity to the overwintering site. Once the adults have entered the cavities forming the over- wintering sites, the majority probably remain within. However, a few specimens have been seen to reappear, crawling at or near the entrance of their hibernating quarters on unseasonably warm days in late fall. No adults have as yet been taken after the first snowfall. Description of Immature Stages Egg (Fig. 7) : Length .08 mm., width .02 mm. Creamy white. Ovate, blunt at one end and rounded at the other. Hexagonal net- work of sculpture over entire surface or chorion. Larva (Figs. 1-5) : The following description is based on a single full-grown specimen. Length 5.5 mm., width .66 mm. White, except for pharyngeal skeleton, mouth hooks (Fig. 2), caudal spiracles, and ambulatory spinules ; smooth except as indi- cated below, shining, not striated. Head telescoped into prothorax ; mouth hooks dark brown ; pharyngeal skeleton fading to light brown posteriorly (Fig. 2), extending caudad to anterior portion of metathorax, apparently somewhat different in proportions from that of S', hearseiana figured by Sen. Body 12 segmented, cylin- drical, tapered anteriorly, blunt posteriorly, ending in a pair of spiracular stalks. Abdominal segments one through eight each with the apical portion of the segment projecting ventrally as an ambulatory welt ; abdominal segments one through six each with similar dorsal projections. Each ventral and dorsal welt provided with transverse rows of projecting brown spinules arranged as follows : on each of segments one through eight ventrally in 9 to 11 irregular rows, each row containing approximately 60 to 80 12 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Lavigne 6 Feh.,i;>62 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 13 spinules, those in rows 2, 3, 8, and 9 usually larger and more dis- tinct ; on each of segments one through six dorsally in 7 to 8 irregular rows, each row containing 60 to 80 spinules all of which are approximately the same size. The apical four or five rows of spinules of each segment directed anteriorly while the caudal four or five rows project posteriorly. Abdominal segment eight some- what bulbous laterally and ventrally, splitting along the median line of the ventral surface to form the anal opening ; the raised anal pads bordering the anal opening liberally supplied with tubercles. Anal opening (Fig. 5) a longitudinal slit the borders of which are heavily sclerotized and largely hidden by the anal pads. Prothoracic spiracles on short stalks arising from the lateral basal portion of the prothorax and bearing eight papillae arranged in a semicircle (Fig. 3). Caudal spiracles on stalks about .33 mm. in length (Fig. 1) arising from caudal segment. From a caudal view each spiracle is surrounded by complex structures. Figure 4 is a schematic representation of these caudal spiracular plates which unfortunately is reproduced from a very rough preliminary sketch since the plates were inadvertently lost during the process of subjecting the larva to caustic potash for better observation. There are, no doubt, errors in both the number and the shape of the scale-like processes. However, the drawing has been included since these spiracular plates are so strikingly different from those of the immature stages of any other dipterous family. Puparium (Fig. 6) : The following description is based on an examination of five puparia. In general appearance, the puparium closely resembles that of 3'. hearseiana as figured by Sen. As in other Cyclorrhapha, the puparium is formed from the larval skin and the larval ambulatory spinules are easily observed. The larval mouthparts have been pushed to the side by the meta- morphosing pupa but are clearly visible through the wall of the Explanation of Plate Figs. 1-5, Larva of S phyracephala brevicornis : 1, Lateral view of larva; CSP — caudal spiracle, APD — anal pads, CW — creeping welts, PSP — prothoracic spiracle. 2. Pharyngeal skeleton; MH — mouth hook, HSC — hypostomal sclerite, PSC — pharyngeal sclerite. 3. Prothoracic spiracle. 4. Caudal spiracle showing position of stigmatic plates and associated branched filaments. 5. Ventral view of anal area showing anal opening. Fig. 6, Ventral view of puparium. Fig. 7, Egg. 14 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society voi. lvii puparium. The caudal spiracular plates have been lost through the breakdown of the muscles of attachment and only the caudal spiracular stalks remain. The anal opening and the anal pads are clearly visible in potashed specimens as are also the papillae of the prothoracic spiracles. Length 3.1 mm., width .99 mm. Color pale at first, changing to dark brown after a few days. Cylindrical ; smooth except for ambulatory spinules. Both prothoracic and caudal spiracles flat- tened, on short, raised stalks. Borders of oral opening on ventral surface considerably darkened. Acknowledgements I wish to express my deep appreciation to Dr. John Hanson and Dr. Marion Smith of the University of Massachusetts for their helpful advice and criticism of this paper. Literature Cited Aldrich, J. M. 1905. In A catalogue of North American Diptera. Smiths. Misc. Col. 1444 : 623. Fitch, A. 1855. In Report on the noxious, beneficial, and other insects of New York 1 : 69-70. Flint, O. S., Jr. 1956. Hibernation of the diopsid fly, Sphyrace- phala brevicornis Say. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 51 (2) : 44. Hearsey, Col. J. 1844. Notes of Sphyracephala hearseiana. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., Jan. 1., pp. 82-83. Houghton, C. O. 1902. /w Correspondence. Ent. News 13 : 160. Keen, E. L. 1883. In Notes and news. Canad. Ent. 15:200. Say, T. 1828. In American Entomology, Vol. 3, from The com- plete writings of Thomas Say on the entomology of North America, Vol. 1 : 116-117, edited by John L. LeConte, Phila- delphia, A. E. Foote, 1891, 412 pp. Sen, S. K. 1921. Life history of Sphyracephala hearseiana West- wood. Mem. Dept. Agr. India 7 (5) : 33-38. pi. 4. PUBICATIONS RECEIVED A Synthesis of Evolutionary Theory, by H. H. Ross, 387 pp., 146 figs. 1962. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Feb., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 15 NESTING BEHAVIOR OF SPHEX TEPANECUS SAUSSURE (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) By James E. Gillaspy^ In the fall of 1960 a resident of Alpine, Texas reported to me a colony of large, orange-winged wasps nesting in his yard. On Sep- tember 7 I investigated and found one female engaged in digging. She belonged to a species of Sphecinae at that time unknown to me, but since identified as Sphe.v tepanecus Sanssure [det. Arnold Menke]. The species is a strikingly colored Mexican form prev- iously known in the United States only from Arizona (Murray, 1951, p. 972). As there appears to be no information on its life history, the observations I made seem worth reporting. The site was an area of dry, hard, fine sandy loam soil, bare of vegetation, about 4.3 meters long in an east-west direction by about 2.0 m. wide, bounded on the north by a concrete driveway, on the east and south by walls of a wooden building, and on the west by a sidewalk. Four nest entrances were evident, each about 2.5 centimeters in diameter, with a mound of excavated soil to one side. On September 8 two nests near the driveway were excavated and found to slant downward at angles of about 45° and 75° with the surface to depths of 45 cm. and 48 cm., with no evidence of cells or prey. On September 18 one male and five females were collected in another part of town, about a mile away, visiting mainly the higher flowers (4-5 m.) of a large shrub, the chaste-tree, Vitex agniiscastus ( Verbenaceae) . On September 21 further observa- tions were made at the nesting site. One female with prey, a green long-horned grasshopper or katydid (Tettigoniidae) , was seen entering her nest in a clump of grass against the garage wall, across the driveway to the north of the original site, but was not further observed. One of the four nests originally noted was be- tween the roof-drip line and the south wall. At 12 :25 a male was near the entrance of this nest, which the female was filling from the dirt pile before it. This mound slanted from the entrance to a height of about 7 cm., and extended about 25-30 cm. from the entrance, eastward. The female left, the male remained a minute or so and then also left. At 12 :35 the female reappeared carrying an immature green katydid, accompanied by a male. She alighted about 20-25 cm. from the entrance, on the dirt pile. The male immediately mounted, his abdomen curling downward, hers turned upward, bending mainly at the l^ase of the petiole. Copulation con- ^ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachussetts. 16 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society tinned in this position for about 2-3 minutes, the female still in possession of her prey, with little activity on the part of either. Finally the male fell away on his back, suspended at an angle, the parts still engaged for a time. After disengagement the female placed her prey about 13 cm. from the entrance, started opening the nest. Another wasp appeared, engaged in a swift-moving struggle with the original male, and one departed, the remaining male then mating with the female in the nest entrance. Again the female merely halted in place, this time in the act of opening the nest, and copulation took place as before, with the male falling away backward at the end of 2-3 minutes. The female then com- pleted opening the burrow and dragged the katydid in headfirst by the antennae. The male remained until she had reappeared, closed the burrow, and left, then he also left after a short time. One male and three females were again taken from the Vitex on Sep- tember 24, and on September 27 a female was seen engaged in closing her nest at the colony site. The last specimen taken was a freshly dead male found on a downtown parking lot on October 22. On November 26 excavation of the nesting area was under- taken. All surface indications of nesting had been obliterated by heavy rainfall and runoff from the roof which had thoroughly permeated the soil to a depth of at least 1.2 m. One tunnel, ap- parently produced by one of the wasps, was toward the center of the area, away from walls and driveway. It reached a depth of 74 cm., turned sharply to the horizontal, and terminated, empty. A considerable area was excavated, but the only occupied cells that were found apparently belonged to the female that had nested near the south wall, within the drip line. The soil here was drier, and it is possibly noteworthy that only one of the five burrows was not in the immediate vicinity of either a wall or the concrete driveway. Eight cocoons were found within an area about 30 cm. in diameter. Depths were 31, 39, 41, 46, 49, 51, 55, and 60 cm., and it was noted that the shallowest cocoon was in particularly moist soil and appeared soft and in poor condition. Cells were generally about 5 cm. long, 2.5 cm. in diameter (one was 3.5 cm. in diameter) and horizontal, with little evidence of access tunnels or prey remains. Cocoons ranged in length from 3 cm. to 4 cm. and in diameter from 0.8 cm. to 1.3 cm. They were elongate- oval, with a thin, light-brown outer fibrous cover and a blackish- brown, papery inner cover revealed by the microscope to consist of layered, non-fihrous, and seemingly quite water-repellent ma- terial. Feh.,1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 17 Literature Cited Murray, W. D. 1951. Siifamily Sphecinae. In Muesebeck C. F. W., K. V. Krombein, and H. K. Townes, editors. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico: Synoptic Catalog. U. S. Dept. Agri. Monogr. 2, pp. 971-980. OCULAR ANOMALIES IN SPIDERS By B. J. Kaston^ Structural deformities are found only rarely in spiders, but of the reports in the literature there are more concerning eyes than any other structures. In 1937 I published a very short note recording- ocular anomalies in two species of spiders. In 1939 Denis reviewed all 33 cases that had been reported up to that time, and then described two additional ones. Besides citing these instances of teratology he gave a most interesting discussion of the relation- ship between the loss of eyes (or the reduction in their size) and the hypogean habitat. I too (1945) discussed this matter for species of Nesticus, and for Scotolathys, with the comment that the latter genus could probably not be maintained apart from Lathys merely on the basis of the reduced size, or absence, of the anterior median eyes. However, in other lucifugous spiders where eye loss does not normally occur a specimen occasionally is found showing the loss of one or more, and in 1946 I reported a com- pletely blind male Cteninm riparius (Keyserling). As to teratological specimens, Muma (1943) described a Neo- antistea barrowsi Gertsch with the left anterior lateral eye missing and the other eyes displaced; Denis (1945) described a male Entelecara congenera (O. P. -Cambridge) in which the posterior median eyes each show a trace of doubling of the cornea ; and Roth (1954) recorded a male Barronopsis texana (Gertsch) with the left posterior lateral eye only half the normal size. Since the ap- pearance of my 1937 paper I have had opportunity to study nine ^ Central Connecticut State College, New Britain, Connecticut. 18 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII additional specimens, which are now described. Thanks are due Dr. W. J. Gertsch of the American Museum of Natural History, and Dr. Harriet E. Frizzell, for the loan of specimens in their care. The illustrations were all prepared by my wife. Report of Cases Trochosa pratensis (Emerton) No. 1. A male, collected at Bristol, Connecticut, in September 1948 by Jeanne Cline is lacking the anterior lateral eye on the left side. As can be seen from the illustration (Fig. 1) the normal locus for this eye bears some dark pigment. Lycosa or Schiaocosa sp. No. 2. The specimen is a not quite mature female lycosid col- lected at Port Isabel, Texas, by Harriet E. Frizzell on June 22, 1948. It was found to be lacking the right anterior median eye. But contrary to the situation in case no. 1, not a trace of dark pig- ment marks the locus of the missing eye (Fig. 2). Lycosa lenta Hentz No. 3. This is a male collected by the writer at Gainesville, Georgia, on October 24, 1945. The right posterior lateral eye is much smaller than that on the left side, its diameter being only a little more than half that of its mate. Moreover, while there is much dark pigment associated with the left lateral, as well as with the posterior median eyes, there is none around the abnormal eye (Fig. 3). Trochosa pratensis (Emerton) No. 4. This is a female collected by the writer at Farmington, Connecticut, on September 10, 1935. Here, the two anterior median eyes are conjoined (Fig. 4), instead of being separated by about a diameter, as is usual. Pachygnatha tristriata C. F. Koch No. 5. A female of this species was collected by George H. Plumb at Portland, Connecticut, on March 16, 1936. It was found to lack the right posterior median eye. Moreover, there is no trace of dark pigment to mark the locus of the missing median eye (Fig. 5). Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz No. 6. The specimen is a male collected by the writer at New Haven, Connecticut, in July 1935. Normally in this species the Feh., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 19 lateral eyes are about as far apart as the medians, and the diameter of an anterior lateral eye is about half that of an anterior median. In this specimen the anterior medians are apparently normal. The anterior laterals are reduced in size, the diameter of each being only about one third that of an anterior median rather than one half. In addition all of the posterior eyes are missing. The place where the left posterior median eye should he is marked by a large area of pigment, that where the left posterior lateral should be by more diffuse pigment, that where the right posterior median should he by a very small spot of pigment, and where the right lateral should he is completely devoid of pigment. (Fig. 6). Amaurobius ferox (Walckenaer) No. 7. The specimen is a male collected by K. W. Cooper at Princeton, New Jersey, on October 14, 1939. It has only two eyes, the anterior medians (or “direct”) eyes, and they appear cphte normal. The remaining six (or “indirect”) eyes are repre- Explanation of Figures Fig. 1, Trochosa pratensis, eye area from in front. Fig. 2, young lycosid, eye area from in front. Fig. 3, Lycosa lenta, eye area from above. Fig. 4, Trochosa pratensis, eye area from in front. Fig. 5, Pachygnatha tristriata, eye area from above. Fig. 6, Tetragnatha laboriosa, eye area from above. Fig. 7, Amaiirobiiis ferox, eye area from in front. Fig. 8, Hypselistes florens, eye area from above. Fig. 9, Prodidomus sp., eye area from above. Fig. 10, Prodidomus rufus, eye area from above. 20 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII sented only by some dif¥use dark pigment as can be seen in Fig- ure 7. Hypselistes florens (O. P. -Cambridge) No. 8. This is a not quite mature male collected by Harry L. Johnson at South Meriden, Connecticut, in April 1936. It has only four eyes, and these are quite asymmetrically disposed over the ocular area. The left laterals both appear to be normal, but the right laterals are missing. Also lacking are the right anterior median eye and the left posterior median eye. There is no trace of dark pigment to mark the positions of the four missing eyes (Fig. 8). Prodidomus sp. No. 9. The specimen is a not quite mature female collected at Negritos in Peru by Harriet E. Frizzell on March 12, 1939. The eye group is symmetrical, but with only the row of four anterior eyes present. Of these the laterals are not as well developed as the medians. The locus where each posterior should be is marked with some diffuse dark pigment as shown in Figure 9. For com- parison Figure 10 shows the normal appearance of the eye group in Prodidomus rufus Hentz. Other Cases In addition to the above nine cases seen by me I can report the following of which I have heard. Some years ago the late Dr. William Morton Barrows told me of seeing a male of the trap-door spider, Ummidia carabworous (Atkinson), which had only six eyes. The anterior medians, which are small when present, were lacking in this case. More recently, Dr. H. Homann, in studying the histology of eyes, reported {in litt.) a case of O.xyptila sp. devoid of a tapetum ; a Pachygnatha sp. with one posterior median eye deformed ; and a specimen of Oxyopes sp. with the rhabdome pushed far forward into the lens. Discussion An analysis of the nature of the anomaly in each of the 48 cases now known reveals that there is an extremely wide range of diver- sity. Moreover, we cannot with assurance offer an explanation for the anomalies. Nor does it follow that the causative agent is the same for any two showing the same type of deformity. The situation reported most often (six cases) is that in which a posterior median eye is missing. Of the six cases that have been reported that of Denis’ in Amaurobius erberi Keyserling is similar Feh., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 21 to my case number 5 in that the eye on the right side is the one involved. There have been four cases of complete absence of eyes (not counting, of course, the troglohiotic species in which this condition is encountered more frequently), and a similar number where a posterior lateral eye is missing. The next most frequently reported type of anomaly (two cases for each) is that in which both posterior median eyes, or both anterior median eyes are missing. The situation where the posterior lateral eye on the right side is smaller than the one on the left (as in my case number 3) was described once before (by Blackwall) in a specimen of Xysticus bifasciatus C. L. Koch. That where the second row of four eyes is completely lacking (as in my case number 9) was described by Fox in a Lycosa sp. There has been one other case of conjoined eyes (somewhat similar to my case number 4). This appeared in a specimen of Zodarion fuscuni (Simon) and was reported by Denis (1939). There the posterior lateral eye and the posterior median eyes on the left side were involved, and, of course, pro- duced an asymmetrical condition as compared with the perfectly symmetrical eye group in my Trochosa, as seen in Figure 4. My remaining cases are of types not previously reported in the literature. It is interesting to note that the situation present in my case number 7 is the exact opposite of what occurs ordinarily in lucifugous spiders. In the latter the tendency is for the anterior medians to be lost first, the remaining six generally being retained. References Cited Denis, J. 1939. Les anomalies oculaires chez les araignees. Enseign. sci. Paris, Ann. 12, no. 116, pp. 163-171. . 1945. Une curieux cas d’anomalie oculaire chez une Araignee. Bui. soc. zool. France, 69(^5) : 153-154. Kaston, B. J. 1937. Structural anomalies in spiders. Bui. Brooklyn entom. Soc., 32(3) : 104. . 1945. New Micryphantidae and Dictynidae with notes on other spiders. American Mus. Nov., no. 1292, p. 3-4. . 1946. North American spiders of the genus Ctenium. ibid. no. 1306, p. 12. Muma, M. H. 1943. Spider deformities. Bub nat. hist. soc. Maryland, 13(5) : 80-81. Roth, V. D. 1954. Review of the spider subgenus Barronop- sis. American Mus. Nov., no. 1678, p. 5. 22 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII ANTILLEAN SPECIES OF HYDROPSYCHE (TRICHOPTERA) By Oliver S. Flint, Jr2 The types of Hydropsyche calosa Banks and H. domingensis Banks which are located at the Mnsenin of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), and a few undetermined specimens of the same genus from Cuba and Hispaniola which are located at the MCZ and the United States National Museum (USNM), provide the basis for the present paper. As so often happens in collections of Hydro psyche, the majority of specimens are female. However, the specific characters of the female genitalia in this genus have been elucidated by Denning and by Ross for the North American species. Using the same type of characters as found valid by these workers, I am able to distinguish seven species from Cuba and Hispaniola. Of the seven species, males are known for only two. The presence of seven species in one genus on these two islands is unique in the Antillean Trichoptera. In all other genera only one or two species are presently known from an island. I do not believe that this number of species is the result of a large number of independent invasions. H. antilles Ross and Palmer and H. domingensis Banks appear to have had origins distinct from the remaining five closely interrelated species. Key to Antillean Hydro psyche Species 1. Apex of abdomen with claspers and an aedeagus (males) ... 2 Abdomen lacking claspers and aedeagus (females) 3 2. Aedeagus with 2 pairs of long processes apically (Ross & Palmer, Fig. 2, 3) antilles Ross & Palmer Aedeagus without long processes (Fig. IB, C) . . calosa Banks 3. A hollow, spherical structure internally near top of clasper groove (Fig. 5) antilles Ross & Palmer No such structure present 4 4. Ninth tergite very narrow ; clasper receptacle very small, located near posteroventral angle of ninth tergite (Fig. 4) d omingensis Banks Ninth tergite wider; clasper receptacle large, located more centrally on ninth tergite 5 5. Ninth tergite greatly widened ventrally ; clasper receptacle and ^ Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. FeJ)., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 23 groove very large, almost semicircular in outline (Fig. 3) cub ana, u. sp. Ninth tergite but slightly widened ventrally, clasper receptacle and groove nearly linear 6 6. Clasper receptacle with a ridge (Fig. 7) carinifera, n. sp. No ridge on clasper receptacle 7 7. Clasper groove evenly rounded dorsally ; clasper receptacle curv- ing sharply to posterior from top of groove (Fig. ID) calosa Banks Clasper groove with a dorsal projection ; clasper receptacle con- tinuing nearly same axis as groove 8 8. Clasper receptacle obliquely placed on ninth tergite, in close con- tact with anterior margin of tergite (Fig. 2) darlingtoni, n. sp. Clasper receptacle nearly vertical on ninth tergite, remote from anterior margin of tergite (Fig. 6) batesi, n. sp. Hydropsyche calosa Banks ‘ Fig. 1 Hydropsyche calosa Banks, 1938, Rev. de Entomologia 9: 300-301 Figures and descriptions of the male and female genitalia of this species are presented here to supplement the original description. The figures are drawn from the holotype male and a paratype female. Male: Foretarsi without cluster of apical black spines. Genitalia: Ninth segment annular, bearing numerous setae along posterior margin. Tenth tergite short and broad; setal wart near middle extending depth of tergite, produced into a free lobe dorsally and with 2 small supplementary lobes along anterior margin. Clasper divided into 2 segments subequal in length, basal one considerably inflated near apex, apical one curving dorsally and mesally near apex. Aedeagus inflated basally ; apex with a pair of lateral con- cave lobes and a thin dorsal hood basad of lobes. Female genitalia: Ninth tergite sinuate anteriorly, vertical axis about 3 times length of horizontal axis. Clasper groove long, rounded dorsally. Clasper receptacle curving posteriorly from top of groove and developed into a narrow extension along anterior margin of groove. The species is still known only from the type series collected in Cuba. Hydropsyche darlingtoni, n. sp. Fig. 2 The female genitalia and habitus of this species show it to be 24 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII closely related to calosa Banks. The female may be recognized by the more sinuate anterior margin of the ninth tergite, the nipple- like projection dorsally from the clasper groove, and the straighter clasper receptacle. Female: Length of forewing, 8.5 mm. Brown; wings mostly de- nuded, but with a few brown and cream-colored hairs. Genitalia: Ninth tergite with vertical axis about 2^ times length of horizontal axis, anterior margin strongly sinuate. Clasper groove long, with a dorsal nipple-like projection. Clasper receptacle with a long narrow extension along anterior margin of groove and a deep quadrate dorsal portion. Holotype female: Cuba, Hanabanilla Falls, Trinidad Mountains, April 30, 1936, P. J. Darlington. MCZ type number 30407. Hydropsyche cubana, n. sp. Fig. 3 Although cubana is related to darlingtoni most closely, it is very distinctive. The very large, rounded, clasper groove and receptacle are unlike any other Antillean species. Female: Length of forewing, 8.5 mm. Brown; wings irrorate with brown and cream-colored hairs. Genitalia: Ninth tergite greatly widened ventrally, vertical axis about 1^2 times length of horizontal axis, anterior margin very sinuate. Clasper groove large, round, opening posteroventrally. Clasper receptacle sur- rounding groove for a rather uniform depth on all except postero- ventral margins. Holotype female: Cuba, Oriente, Sierra Maestra near Rio Yao, 800', October 1941, C. V. Morton. USNM type number 65935. Hydropsyche domingensis Banks Fig. 4 Hydropsyche domingensis Banks, 1941, Mem. de la Soc. Cubana de Hist. Nat. 15: 398. The type series of this species is composed of three female speci- mens, the first labelled holotype. In his original description Banks figured a male; this specimen is no longer to be found. To judge from Banks’ figure of the male clasper, his male is probably to be associated with either hatesi or carinifera rather than domingensis. The species is illustrated and described from a female compared with and found identical to the female holotype. Female genitalia: Ninth tergite rather narrow, vertical axis Feh.,1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 25 about 5 times length of horizontal axis. Clasper groove poorly defined. Clasper receptacle placed very near center of segment, divided into a dorsal trianguloid portion and a short vertical, linear portion. In addition to the type series, I have seen a series of six females from San Francisco Mountains, Santo Domingo, West Indies, Sep- tember 1905, August Busck, that are in the USNM. Hyd'ropsyche antilles Ross & Palmer Fig. 5 Hydropsyche antilles Ross & Palmer, 1948, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 48: 182-184. This species appears to be unique in the structure of the aedeagus of the male and in the possession of an internal sphere in the female. Although the original description and figures are excellent, a figure and description of the female is given here in order to facilitate comparison with the other species. Female genitalia: Ninth tergite with the vertical axis little more than twice the dength of horizontal axis, anterior margin only slightly sinuate. Clasper groove long, poorly indicated ventrally, dorsally tapering to a sharp point. Clasper receptacle very shallow, developed for a short distance along anterodorsal and postero- dorsal margins of groove. A spherical, hollow structure internally near apex of groove and connected thereto by a short tube. (This structure is called the clasper receptacle by Ross & Palmer, but I do not think it is homologous with the clasper receptacle. The structure may be used by one of the pairs of processes on the aedeagus during copulation). I have seen 2 females and 1 male of this species in the MCZ labelled Haiti, Diquini, W. M. Mann. Hydropsyche batesi, n. sp. Fig. 6 H. batesi is the largest species yet described from the Antilles. The female genitalia is very similar to that of carinijera, but the clasper receptacle does not bear a carina. Female: Length of forewing, 13 mm. Brown; wings closely irrorate with brown and white hairs. Genitalia: Ninth tergite with vertical axis nearly 3 times length of horizontal axis, only slightly sinuate anteriorly. Clasper groove roughly quadrate, dorsal mar- gin with a slender mesal projection. Clasper receptacle extending 26 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Flint 6 7 Feh., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 27 shallowly along anterior and posterior borders of groove, deep and rather quadrate dorsally. Holotype female: Haiti, LaVisite and vicinity. La Selle Range, 5-7000', 16-23 September 1934, M. Bates. MCZ type number 30408. Hydropsyche carinifera, n. sp. Fig. 7 This species is closely allied to the proceeding, but is smaller and the clasper receptacle bears a distict ridge. Female: Length of forewing, 9 mm. Brown; wings mostly de- nuded but with a few brown and cream-colored hairs. Genitalia: Ninth tergite with the vertical axis nearly three times as long as the horizontal axis, anterior margin slightly sinuate. Clasper groove long, dorsal margin oblique, highest anteriorly, rather sinu- ate posteriorly. Clasper receptacle very shallow anteriorly and posteriorly, deep and pentagonal dorsally. A carina present near middle of receptacle, extending from inside receptacle onto the outside of receptacle and onto tergite. Holotype female: Dominican Republic, foothills Cordillera Cen- tral, South of Santiago, June 1938, P. J. Darlington. MCZ type number 30409. Explanation of Plate Fig. 1, Hydropsyche calosa Banks: A, male genitalia, lateral; B, apex of aedeagus, lateral ; C, apex of aedeagus, ventral ; D, female ninth tergite, lateral. Fig. 2, H. darlingtoni, n. sp., female ninth tergite, lateral. Fig. 3, H. cubana, n. sp., female ninth tergite, lateral. Fig. 4, H. domingensis Banks, female ninth tergite, lateral. Fig. 5, H. antilles Ross & Palmer, female ninth tergite, lateral. Fig. 6, H, hatesi, n. sp., female ninth tergite, lateral. Fig. 7, H. carinifera, n. sp., female ninth tergite, lateral. 28 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVJI LECTOTYPES OF NEARCTIC AND NEOTROPICAL ZETHINI IN EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN MUSEUMS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) By R. M. Bohart and L. A. Stance University of California, Davis Type specimens of most of the American species of the genus Zethiis Fabricius sensu lato have been examined as a preliminary to a revision. Many of these were studied by the senior author during a visit to museums in Western Europe in 1960. In addi- tion curators of several museums, both in Europe and in South America have kindly lent types for our more leisurely appraisal. Furthermore, we have been particularly fortunate in having seen the large and important W. J. Fox collection at the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. In this paper we are intending to fix the names only for species presently based on syntypes. J. Bequaert (1928, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 10) 2: 138-176) designated specimens of some of these species in the British Museum. How- ever, since he used the terms “holotype” and “allotype,” we have included lectotype designations for his “holotypes” to avoid con- fusion. As the most definitive characters are found in the males we have selected this sex as lectotype when possible. The remain- ing conspecific syntypes which we have seen have been considered as lectoparatypes, and they have been labeled as such. Repository museums with the identifying names or symbols in parentheses are as follows : Zoologische Museum, Humboldt University, East Berlin, Ger- many (Berlin) ; British Museum (Natural History), London, England (B.M.N.H.) ; Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania (Carnegie) ; Universitetets Zoologische Museum, Copen- hagen, Denmark (1. Copenhagen Coll, and 2. Kiel Coll.) ; Senken- hergerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft (Frankfurt) ; Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland (Geneva) ; Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy (Genoa) ; Museu Paranense “Emilio Goeldi,” Belem, Brazil (Goeldi) ; Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.C.Z.) ; Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (Paris) ; Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Paulista Mus.) ; A. Giordani Soika, Private Collection, Venice, Italy (Soika) ; Museo di Zoologia della Uni- versita di Torino, Turin, Italy (Turin) ; Entomology Museum, University of California, Davis, California (U.C.D.) ; Naturhis- Feh., 1U62 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 29 torische Hofmuseum, Vienna, Austria (Vienna) ; Entomologisches Institiit, Technical Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland (Zurich). Lectotypes amasonicus Zavattari, (Zethus), 1913, J', Obidos, Amazonas, Brazil (Zurich). Topotypical lectoparatypes : I I 2 (Zurich). apicalipennis Zavattari, (Zethus), 1912, 2> Merida, Venezuela (Genoa). Topotypical lectoparatype : 1 2 (Genoa). arietis Fabricius, {Vespa), 1775, 2^ “Habitat in America” (Kiel Coll. ) . The type locality was probably the island of St. Thomas as cited by Fabricius in 1804. Fectoparatype : 1 J (Kiel Coll.), no data and headless. aurantiacus Zavattari, {Zethus), 1912, J', Minas Gerais, Brazil (Berlin). Topotypical lectoparatype: 1 2 (Berlin). astecus Saussure, {Zethus), 1857, J', Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Geneva). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 2 J', 2 J (Geneva), 1 J (B.M.N.H.) ; 1 ? (Zhrich) ; 1 c? (Paris). bicolor Fox, {Zethus), 1899, Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 5 (Carnegie), 1 2 (U.C.D.). binghami Zavattari, {Zethus), 1913, J, Savana Grande, Guerrero, Mexico (B.M.N.H.), designated as “holotype” by Bequaert (1928). Fectoparatype: 1 Dos Arroyos, Guerrero, Mexico (B.M.N.H.), designated as “allotype” by Bequaert (1928). brasiliensis Fox {Labus), 1899, J, Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). brethesi Zavattari {Discoelius) , 1911, San Bernardino, Para- guay (Berlin). Topotypical lectoparatype. 1 2 (Berlin). buyssoni Ducke {Zethus), 1905, Para, Brazil (Paris). Fecto- paratypes: 1 2^ Para, Brazil (Paris) ; 2 $2, one without abdo- men, Teffe, Amazonas, Brazil (Goeldi). campanulatus Fox {Zethus), 1899, J, Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 3 5$ (Carnegie), 1 2 (U.C.D.). carnpestris Zavattari {Zethus), 1913, J, Rincon, Guerrero, Mexico (B.M.N.H.). This specimen was called “holotype” by Bequaert (1928). cinerascens Saussure {Zethus), 1855, J, Brazil (Geneva). Fecto- paratype: 1 2 topotype (Geneva). coeriileopennis Fabricius {Vespa), 1798, J', Cayenne, French Guiana (Kiel Coll.). No locality label on type nor on J' lecto- paratype (Kiel Coll.), without antennae. This species is the type of the genus. Fabricius, 1789, Fnt. Syst. Supph, p. 263, gave the data: “Habitat Cajennae,” collection of “Dom Richard.” coloratus Fox {Zethus), 1899, 5, Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 2 (Carnegie), 1 J (U.C.D.). 30 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII corallinus Diicke {Zethus), 1904, Para, Brazil (Paris). Also, 1 J, Obidos, Para, Brazil, February 22, 1903, (Goeldi) which is apparently a metatype. corcovadensis Zavattari {Zethus), 1913, Corcovado, Brazil (B.M.N.H.). Topotypical lectoparatype : 1 (B.M.N.H.). The 2 lectotype was designated as “holotype” by Beqnaert (1928). coriariits Fox {Zethus), 1899, J, Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). cruzi Zavattari {Zethus), 1913, J', Santa Catherina, Brazil (Zurich). Topotypical lectoparatype: 1 2 (Zurich). curialis Zavattari {Zethus), 1913, 2> Corcovado, Brazil (B.M.N.H.), designated as “holotype” by Bequaert (1928). Lectoparatypes : 1 topotype (B.M.N.H.), designated as ‘‘allo- type” by Bequaert (1928) ; 1 2? Guaruja, Brazil (B.M.N.H.). cvanipennis Fabricius {Vespa), 1793, 2» Cayenne, French Guiana ' (Kiel Coll.). cylindricus Fox {Zethus), 1899, Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 1 ,J', 2 2? (Carnegie); 1 (2 (U.C.D.). Lectoparatype; 1 J', Corumba, Brazil (Carnegie). dicomboda Spinola {Epipona) , 1851, J', Chile (Paris). Topo- typical lectoparatypes: 3 22 (Paris) ; KJ', 1 2 (Turin). These 6 specimens were part of the Claudio Gay collection. jelix Zavattari {Zethus), 1912, 2, Bogota, Colombia (Berlin no. 20105). Topotypical lectoparatype: 1 2 (Berlin no. 20372). geniculatus Spinola {Didymogastra) , 1853, ,J', Para, Brazil (Turin). Topotypical lectoparatype : 1 2 (Turin) . These speci- mens were collected by D. Ghiliani. guateniotzin Saussure {Zethus), 1857, J', Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico (Geneva). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 3 ^2 (2 (Geneva). hexagonus Fox {Zethus), 1899, 2> Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). hilarianus Saussure {Zethus), 1855, 2> Goyaz State, Brazil (Paris). Lectoparatypes: 2 2? (Paris). All type material labeled “du midi de la Capite de Goyaz,” Brazil. histrionicus Zavattari {Zethus), 1912, 2> Costa Rica (Genoa). Lectoparatype: 1 2- Guatemala (Paris). inermis Ducke {Zethus), 1905, J', Alnieirim, Amapa, Brazil (Paris). Lectoparatypes: 1 2^ Para, Brazil (Paris); 1 J' Obidos, Para, Brazil (Goeldi) ; 1 2^ Amapa, Brazil (Goeldi). infelix Zavattari {Zethus), 1912, 2, Bogota, Colombia (Berlin no. 20106). Topotypical lectoparatype: 1 2 (Berlin no. 20104). in fund lb ulif or mis Fabricius {Eumenes) , 1804, “Amer. Merid.” (Copenhagen Coll.). Lectoparatype: 1 J' (Kiel Coll.) without abdomen. Fei)., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 31 lunaris Zavattari (Zethus), 1912, J', Caiica, Colombia (Berlin). Topotypical lectoparatypes : 3 1 (Berlin). miniatus Sanssure {Zethus), 1858, J', Para, Brazil (Geneva). Topotypical lectoparatype : 1 J (Geneva). minimus Zavattari {Zethus), 1912, J, Mendoza, Argentina (Berlin). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 3 22 (Berlin). These specimens were all collected by Jensen-Haarnp. niger Sanssure {Zethus), 1853, J, Cayenne, French Guiana (Geneva). Both sexes were described originally. The lecto- type is a headless 2 without locality label but bearing de Saus- snre’s identification label. nigricornis Sanssure {Zethus), 1875, J', Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico (Geneva). Lectoparatypes: 2 Orizaba (Geneva). The originally cited locality was “Mexico, the eastern Cordillera. Orizaba.” notatus ¥oyi {Zethus), 1899, Santarem, Brazil (Carnegie). olmecus Sanssure {Zethus), 1875, Orizaba, Vera Criiz, Mexico (Geneva). Topotypical lectoparatype: 1 2 (Geneva). orans Zavattari {Zethus), 1913, J', Santa Catherina, Brazil (Zurich). Lectoparatypes: 1 2 topotype (Soika) ; 1 J', Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.M.N.H.). otomitus Sanssure {Zethus) , 1875, J', Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico (Geneva). Lectoparatypes: 2 J', Orizaba (Geneva); 1 J', Orizaba (Zurich) ; 1 “Mexique” (Paris). Originally, there were 6 J'c? from “Mexico ; the Oriental Cordillera. Oriza1)a.” poeyi Sanssure {Zethus), 1857, J', Cuba (Geneva). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 2 (Geneva). productus Fox {Zethus), 1899, ij', Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 7 22 (Carnegie), 2 22 (U.C.D.). prominens Fox {Zethus), 1899, 2> Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). Topotypical lectoparatype: 1 2 (M.C.Z.). proximus Fox {Zethus), 1899, 2» Corumba, Brazil (Carnegie). punctatus Fox {Zethus), 1899, Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 8 22» 2 (Carnegie), 1 2 (U.C.D.) 1 J', 1 2, Corumba, Brazil (Carnegie), 1 ^ (U.C.D.). pyriformis Spinola {Zethus), 1841, J', Cayenne, French Guiana (Paris). Lectoparatype: 1 2» iro data but presumably the same as the (Paris). Spinola originally cited 1 J' and 2 22- rufmodus Latreille {Eumenes) , 1806, J', “Antilles” (Paris). Topotypical lectoparatype: 1 2 (Paris). rufipes Fox {Zethus), 1899, J', Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). Topotypical lectoparatype: 1 (Carnegie), 1 J' (M.C.Z.). 32 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII schrottkyanus Ihering {Zetkus), 1911, Camaquam, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Paulista Mus.). Topotypical lectoparatype : 1 2 (Paulista Mus.)- sessilis Fox {Zethiis), 1899, ,J', Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). Topotypical lectoparatypes : 1 (Carnegie), 1 2 (M.C.Z.), 2 22 (U.C.D.). simillimus Fox (Zethus), 1899, 2> Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). Topotypical lectoparatype: 1 2 (Carnegie). sinithii Fox (Zethoides) , 1899, J', Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). Solaris Zavattari (Zethus), 1912, 2^ Guayaquil-Qnito, Ecuador (Berlin). Topotypical lectoparatype: 1 2 (Zurich). spiniventris Ducke (Zethus), 1905, J', Para, Brazil (Goeldi). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 1 J', 1 2 (Paris); 1 2 (Goeldi). spinosus Saussure (Zethus), 1857, 2, Tampico, Vera Cruz, Mexico (Geneva). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 1 .J' (Frankfurt) : 3 22 (Vienna) ; 1 ^ (Genoa) ; 1 2 (B.M.N.H.) ; 2 c?;J', 4 22 (Paris) ; 1 c? (Turin). striatifrons Fox (Zethus), 1899, J', Chapada, Brazil (Carnegie). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 2 22 (Carnegie), 1 2 (M.C.Z.), 1 2 (U.C.D.). strigosus Saussure (Zethus), 1875, Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, (Geneva). Topotypical lectoparatypes: 2 22 (Geneva), 1 (Berlin) . suhspinosus (Zethus), 1912, J', Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Goeldi). Topotypical lectoparatype: 1 2 (Goeldi). variegatus Saussure (Zethus), 1853, 2> “Mexique” (Geneva). Lectoparatypes: 6 7 2?’ South Carolina, Georgia, Ten- nessee (Geneva). venezuelanus Zavattari (Zethus), 1912, 2» Merida, Venezuela (Genoa). PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED The Scolytoidea of the Northwest, by W. J. Chamberlin, 216 pp., 255 figs. 1958. Oregon State Monographs: Studies in Entomology No. 2 (Price $2.50). The Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Pacific Northwest, by S. G. Jewett, Jr., 95 pp., 33 figs. 1959. Oregon State Mono- graphs: Studies in Entomology No. 3 (Price $2.00). PUBLICATIONS OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMO- LOGICAL SOCIETY. The Bulletin, Old Series, Vols. 1-7, 1879-1885, Complete on positive microfilm $10.00 The Bulletin, New Series, Vols. 8-54, 1912-1959, Com- plete, unbound $104.00 Entomologica Americana, Vols. 1-6 (1885-1890) and 7- 10 (1926-30), positive microfilm $15.00 Vols. 11-40, 1931-1960, complete, regular issue, pa- per cover. Write for quotation. A Glossary of Entomology, Torre-Bueno, cloth bound, and Supplement A, paper cover $ 6.00 Supplement A to Torre-Bueno’s Glossary of Entomol- ogy, 36 pp., 1960 $ 1.00 Monographs from Entomologica Americana New York Thysanoptera, Hood. 36 pp., 2 plates. 1926 .$ 1.00 A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Life History of Bremus bimaculatus. Prison. 65 pp., 8 figs. 1928 . . . .$ 2.00 A Revision of the Genus Eurema — Part II. New World Species, Taxonomy and Synonymy, Klots. 73 pp., 101 figs. 1929 $ 1.50 Synopsis of the Principal Larval Forms of the Cole- optera, Boving & Craighead, cloth bound, 351 pp., 125 plates. 1930-31 $10.00 The Nearctic Social Wasps of the Subfamily Polybiinae, Bequaert. 63 pp., 8 figs. 1933 $ 2.00 Revision of the Epistrophe Flies of America North of Mexico, Fluke. 57 pp., 45 figs. 1935 $ 2.00 The Biology and Taxonomy of the Genus Trichiotinus, Hoffmann. 76 pp., 20 figs. 1935 $ 2.00 A Review of the Genus Cyrtopogon in North America, Wilcox and Martin. 95 pp., 58 figs. 1936 $ 2.00 Bibliography of the Described Life Histories of the Rhopalocera of America North of Mexico, Daven- port and Dethier. 40 pp. 1937 $ 4.00 Monographs from Entomologica Americana The American Patrobini, Darlington. 48 pp. 1938 $ 1.00 Taxonomic Studies in Cantharis (Coleoptera), Green. 59 pp., 3 plates. 1940 $ 1.00 A Synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America North of Mexico — Part II. Coreidae, Alydidae, Cor- izidae, Neididae, Pyrrhocoridae and Thaumastothe- riidae, Torre-Bueno. 81 pp. 1941 $ 6.00 A Monograph of the Melophaginae, or Ked-Flies of Sheep, Goats, Deer and Antelope, Bequaert. cloth bound, 210 pp., 18 figs. 1942 $ 5.00 Selection of Colored Lights by Night-Flying Insects, Milne and Milne. 65 pp. 1944 $ 3.00 A Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Carabus, Van Dyke. 50 pp., 24 figs. 1944 $ 3.00 The Larvae of the Harpalinae Unisetosae, Chu. 71 pp., 92 figs. 1945 $ 1.00 Notes and Keys on the Genus Brochymena, Ruckes. 95 pp., 41 figs. 1946 $ 3.00 Female Genitalia of Culicidae, with Particular Reference to Characters of Generic Value, Coher. 38 pp. 1948 . .$ 4.00 The Scutate Ticks, or Ixodidae, of Indonesia, Anastos. 144 pp., 28 figures. 1950 $ 5.00 The Tingoidea of New England and their Biology, Bailey, 140 pp., 6 figs. 1951 $ 5.00 The Hippoboscidae or Louse-Flies of Mammals and Birds, Part I. Structure, Physiology and Natural History, Bequaert, 442 pp., 21 figs., 1952-53. $10.00 Part II. Taxonomy, Evolution and Revision of American Genera and Species. 611 pp., 83 figs. 195^56 $15.00 All orders for all publications MUST be sent DIRECT to Brook- lyn Entomologicial Society, R. R. McElvare, Treasurer, P. O. Box 386, Southern Pines, North Carolina. BUSINESS PRESS INC., Lancaster, Pa. APRIL, 1962 No. 2 VoL. LVII BULLETIN OF THE Brooklyn Entomological I Society NEW SERIES I I PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOHN F. HANSON GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER Published for the Society by Business Press, Inc. N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price, 85 cents Subscription, $4.00 per year Mailed June 27, 1962 Entered as second-class matter January 21, 1919, at the post office at ; Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879 I i The Brooklyn Entomological Society Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month from October tc May, inclusive, at the Engineers’ Club, 117 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 2 N. Y. The annual dues are $2.00. OFFICERS 1960-61 Honorary President R. R. McELVARE President HARRY BEATROS Vice President Treasurer CASIMIR REDJIVES R. R. McELVARE _ P. O. Box 386 X CONTENTS Undescribed species of nematocerous Diptera. Part XI, Alexander 33 Publications Received 39 Immature Stages of Paleagapetus celsus Ross (Trichop- tera: Hydroptilidae), by Flint 40 Obituary: Dr. James H. McDunnough 44 Gynandromorph of Bombus flavifrons Cresson (Hymenop- tera: Apidae), by Milliron 45 The Torre-Bueno Glossary 46 Cloeon dipterum (L.) in Ohio (Ephemeroptera : Baetidae), by Traver 47 Venation in the Anal Field of the Beetle Family Ostoma- tidae, by King 51 Notes on the Buprestidae: Part III, by Nelson 56 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Published in February, April, June, October and December of each year Subscription price, domestic, .$4.00 per year ; foreign. .$4.25 in advance ; single copies, 85 cents. Advertising rates on application. Short articles, notes and observations of interest to entomologists are solicited. Address subscriptions to the Treasurer, manuscripts and other communications to the editor, JOHN F. HANSON, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL. LVII APRIL, 1962 No. 2 UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF NEMATOCEROUS DIPTERA. PART XIP By Charles P. Alexander, Amherst, Mass. The preceding part under this general title appeared in Decem1)er 1961 (Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 56: 121-127). In the present paper I am describing species of Tipnlidae from various insular sources, as follows : Saint Helena, in the Atlantic ocean, 1100 miles from the African coast, collected by Arthur Loveridge ; kindly presented to me l^y Dr. Phillip J. Darlington, Jr. ; 15° 57' S. Lat. ; 5° 42' W. Long. Isla San Ambrosio, in the Pacific ocean, north of Juan Fernandez, collected by Padre Guillermo Knschel ; 26° 40' S. Lat. ; 80° W. Long. Isla Navarino (Navarin Island), in Beagle Canal, Tierra del Fiiego, Chile, collected by Padre Knschel; 55° 10' S. Lat.; 67° 40' W. Long. I am greatly indel)ted to the persons cited for the privilege of studying these particularly interesting crane-flies. TIPULIDAE Tipula (Eumicrotipula) navarinoensis, n. sp. Belongs to the glaphyroptera group ; ( wing of female to 10 mm.) ; general coloration gray, praescntum with three darker gray stripes ; femora darkened at tips, l)roadly so on fore legs ; wings yellowed, clearest on disk, extensively clouded with pale brown, including four subcostal darkenings; wing veins stout, chiefly glal)rous, m-eit long, oblique ; abdomen dark brown, lateral tergal borders broadly light gray ; ovipositor with bases of hypovalvae large, scooplike. Female: Length about 11-12 mm.; wing 9-10 mm.; antenna about 2. 8-2. 9 mm. 1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, University of Massachusetts. 33 34 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society roi. Lvii Frontal prolongation of head stout, brownish gray, without nasus ; palpi black. Antennae 12-segmented ; brownish black, in the para- types with pedicel vaguely more yellov*^ed ; flagellar segments with basal enlargements scarcely developed ; verticils shorter than the segments ; terminal segment subequal in length to the penultimate. Head dark brown, the front and broad orbits light gray ; vertical tubercle not developed ; anterior vertex broad, subequal in diameter to the exposed part of eye. Pronotum gray, broadly dark brown on sides. Mesonotal prae- scutum gray, with three darker gray stripes, the interspaces vaguely more darkened ; posterior sclerites of notum gray, each scutal lobe with two separated brown areas ; scutellum and mediotergite with a narrow brown central line ; mesonotum unusually glabrous, with sparse pale setae on scutellum and mediotergite. Pleura and pleurotergite light gray, ventral sternopleurite darker, dorsopleural membrane yellowed. Halteres brownish yellow, knob infuscated. Legs with coxae light gray ; trochanters obscure yellow ; fore femora chiefly brownish black, yellowed basally, remaining femora brownish yellow, the tips narrowly darkened ; tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow, outer tarsal segments darkened ; claws very small, simple. Wings with the ground yellowed, extensively clouded with pale brown, especially in outer radial field, along vein Cu in cell M, and near outer ends of Anal cells ; region of cell Se with four dark- enings that are subequal to or more extensive than the yellowed interspaces ; center of wing disk more whitened ; stigma variegated, the base yellowed, outer end infuscated ; veins brown, subcostal interspaces yellow. Costal fringe short and dense ; veins stout, chiefly glabrous, with trichia on veins R, Ri, Rj, outer half of R/, + 5 and outer end of Mi; a series of trichia on distal section of Ciii. Venation : Rs long, straight, slightly less than twice the long oblique m-eu, the latter at fork of Mj + 4 or on base of Mj, ; length of petiole of cell Ml variable, in cases much longer than m. Abdomen dark brown, lateral tergal borders broadly light gray. Ovipositor with cerci relatively short and straight ; hypovalvae with basal shield very large, scooplike, the outer valves flattened. Habitat: Chile (Tierra del Fuego). Holytype: J, P. Williams, Isla Navarino, Beagle Canal, 600 meters, 7 Jan. 1959 (Guillermo Kuschel). Paratopotypes: 3 with the type. The previous discussion of Fuegian Tipulidae^ provides a key to the species by which the present fly runs to Tipula (Eumicrotipitla) ^Alexander C. P. Arkiv for Zoologi, 13, no. 6: 1-32, 20 figs.; 1920. April, 1062 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 35 magellanica Alexander, a quite distinct fly. The still poorly under- stood T. (E.) pictipennis Walker and T. (E.f varineura (Bigot) are much larger flies with the antennal pedicel conspicuously yellowed. As I have indicated previously it seems possible that both of these names apply to a single species, the former having priority. The present fly appears to have the wings slightly reduced and it may be that the males will he found to have proportionately larger wings. Limonia (Dicranomyia) sanctae-helenae, n. sp. Size large (wing about 9 mm.) ; general coloration of mesonotum gray, praescutum with four brown stripes, pleura restrictedly lined with dark brown ; halteres yellow, base of stem narrowly infuscated ; femora obscure yellow, with a brown nearly terminal ring ; wings marmorate, pale brown, variegated by yellowed areas along the veins and patterned with dark brown spots, the veins alternately yellow and dark brown, cell ist A with two dark brown spots ; male hypopygium with the ventral dististyle small, rostral spines elongate ; mesal-apical lobe of gonapophysis slender, nearly straight. Male: Length about 7-7.5 mm. ; wing 8.5-9 mm. Eemale: Length about 7-8 mm. ; wing 9-9.5 mm. Rostrum relatively long, black ; palpi black. Antennae with basal two segments black ; remainder of organ broken. Head gray ; an- terior vertex subequal to or a little broader than the diameter of the scape. Pronotal scutum dark brown, scutellum more yellowed, especially laterally. Mesonotum gray, praescutum with four pale brown stripes, the intermediate pair nearly confluent, darker anteriorly ; scutal lobes brownish gray, centers darker ; scutellum and postnotum gray. Pleura yellowish gray, narrowly lined with dark brown, in- cluding a longer dorsal line extending from propleura to base of halteres, the ventral stripe including most of fore coxa and an area on sternopleurite. Halteres yellowed, base of knob narrowly pat- terned with brown. Legs with coxae extensively darkened, tips pale ; trochanters pale yellow ; femora obscure yellow with a virtually terminal brown ring ; tibiae and proximal two tarsal segments yellow, outer segments brownish black ; claws relatively small, outer spine largest, nearly one-half as long as the apex of claw, with about six progressively smaller more basal denticles. Wings marmorate, ground pale brown, variegated by cream yellow areas along each vein ; a conspicuous darker brown pattern, as follows : arculus, mid- length of cell Sc, fork of Sc and origin of Rs, at midlength of vein R], Rs and R1 + 2; cord and outer end of cell ist Ms darkened; a 36 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society yoi.LVJi series of marginal spots at ends of all longitudinal veins ; a second brown spot in cell ist A at near midlength of vein 2nd A; veins light yellow, conspicnonsly dark brown in the spotted parts, pro- ducing a checkered appearance. Macrotrichia on veins beyond the general level of origin of Rs, lacking on Sc, M and virtually all of Cui, present at tips of both Anal veins. Venation: Sci, ending opposite origin of Rs, Scz near tip of Sci; R1 + 2 about one-half longer than R2; Rs straight, about twice the basal section of Rj, + s; cell ist M2 long and narrow, suhequal to outer section of M1 + 2; m-cu usually close to fork of M , in cases up to one-half its length before this fork. Abdomen dark brown, genitalia of both sexes obscure fulvous. Male hypopygium with posterior border of tergite narrowly emargi- nate, producing two broadly rounded lobes, their borders broadly thickened, provided with unusually long setae. Basistyle with ventromesal lobe relatively slender. Dorsal dististyle a stout gently curved rod, the tip acute ; ventral style small, its area less than one- half that of the basistyle, body small, prolongation slender, spines two, unusually long, placed at base of prolongation, directed out- wardly. Gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe very slender, nearly straight, lower margin microscopically crenulate. Habitat: Saint Helena. Holotype: (^, Varney’s, at light, 17 June 1961 (Arthur Love- ridge). Allotopotype : J, with the type. Paratopotypes: with the types. Liinonia (Dicranomyia) sanctae-lielenae is quite distinct from all other regional species, superficially being most similar to flies such as L. {D. ) tipulipes (Karsch) or L. (Idioglocliina) marmo- rata (Osten Sacken). In the nature of the wing pattern, especially the paired darkened spots along vein 2nd A, the species agrees closely with members of the punctulata group, widely distributed in the Old World Tropics, and including chiefly species of small size. The most similar member of this group is L. (Df guamicola Alexander, of Micronesia, entirely different in the structure of the male hypopygium and other features. Limonia (Dicranomyia) loveridgeana, n. sp. Size large (wing 8 to 9 mm) ; general coloration brown; ros- trum, palpi and legs uniformly black ; wings strongly darkened, stigma slightly deeper in color, Sci ending about opposite origin of Rs, Sc2 near its tip; male hypopygium with the ventral dististyle large and fleshy, its area exceeding four times that of the hasi- April, 1962 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society 37 style ; rostral spines two or three in number ; mesal-apical lobe of gonapophysis long and slender. Male: Length about 6-7.5 mm. ; wing 8-9 mm. Female: Length al)ont 7 mm. ; wing 8.5 mm. Rostrum and palpi 1)lack. Antennae with scape and pedicel l)lack ; flagellum broken. Head dark brownish gray ; anterior ver- tex narrow, about two-thirds the diameter of scape. Pronotnm dark ln*own. Mesonotal praescntnm dark brown medially, the sides and scntal lobes in cases more yellowed ; scntellnm brownish gray, postnotnm more yellowed, especially the pleurotergite. Pleura dark 1)rown dorsally, including the dorso- plenral region and anepisternnm, the sternopleiirite, pteroplenrite and metaplenra more yellowed. Halteres dnsky, knobs dark brown. Legs with the fore coxae dark brown, remaining coxae and all trochanters obscure yellow ; remainder of legs black ; claws rel- atively long, with four spines, the outer one longest, the more basal ones progressively smaller. Wings strongly and uniformly darkened, nnpatterned except for the oval slightly darker stigma ; veins brown. Longitudinal veins beyond general level of origin of Rs with macrotrichia, lacking on Sc and 1st A, present on outer ends of M and 2nd A. Venation: Sc short, Sci ending a1)Out op- posite origin of Rs, Sc2 near its tip ; Rs nearly straight, more than twice the basal section of R^ + s; cell 1st M2 variable in length, in cases about as long as the distal section of vein in other in- stances shorter ; m-eii close to fork of M ; cell 2nd A very broad on basal half. Abdomen brown, sternites somewhat more yellowed. Male bypopygium with the tergite transverse, posterior 1)order very gently emarginate, lobes very low, with alnmdant long setae. Basistyle relatively small ; ventromesal lol^e large, with a smaller more darkened lobule in its outer angle. Dorsal dististyle a gently curved rod, the tip acute. Ventral dististyle very large and fleshy, its area more than four times that of the basistyle ; rostral prolonga- tion relatively slender ; rostral spines slightly variable in length, placed on side of prolongation at near midlength ; usually two in number, in cases with three such spines, all slightly separated. Gonapophyses with mesal-apical lobe long and slender, the small apex narrowly blackened. Habitat: Saint Helena. Holotype: J', Varney’s, at light, 17 June 1961 (Arthur Love- ridge). Allotopotype : 'J, pinned with type. Paratopotypes : 6 J'J, associated at light with Limonia (Dicranomyia) sanctae-lielenae , n. sp. 38 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LVH I take pleasure in naming this interesting fly for Dr. Arthur Loveridge, to whom I am indebted for several interesting African Tipulidae in past years. The fly is quite distinct from other species previously described from the Ethiopian region, being likewise dif- ferent from the rather numerous members of the subgenus known from the Canary Islands.^ Superficially the species strongly sug- gests Limonia {Dicranomyia) stygipennis (Alexander) of Hawaii which actually is a very different fly. Limonia (Idioglochina) ambrosiana, n. sp. Size medium (wing of male to 7 mm.) ; general coloration of thorax brownish black ; rostrum and antennae black, flagellar seg- ments short-oval, verticils reduced ; knobs of halteres yellowed ; legs brownish black ; wings strongly darkened, restrictedly pat- terned, Sc2 far retracted ; male hypopygium with posterior border of tergite very shallowly emarginate ; rostral spines two ; mesal- apical lobe of gonapophysis unusually long and slender, nearly straight, tip obtuse. Male: Length about 5-5.5 mm.; wing 6.5-7 mm.; antenna about 1.3-1 .4 mm. Female: Length about 6.5 mm. ; wing 8 mm. Rostrum stout, black ; mouthparts, including palpi, black. Antennae black ; scape elongate ; basal flagellar segments subglob- ular, the outer ones passing into short-oval ; segments longer than the reduced verticils, with indications of very short pale apical necks. Head brownish black ; anterior vertex about as broad as the diameter of scape. Prothorax brownish black. Mesonotum almost uniformly brownish black, the lateral praescutal borders narrowly brown, posterior sclerites more brownish black ; vestiture of notum very reduced, on the praescutal interspaces short and sparse. Pleura brownish black, pteropleurite and pleurotergite slightly paler. Halteres with base of stem and the knob yellowed, remainder of stem dark brown. Legs with coxae brownish black ; trochanters dark brown ; remainder of legs brownish black to black, femoral bases vaguely paler, somewhat dilated ; claws with about three long slender teeth. Wings strongly darkened, restrictedly patterned with still darker brown, most evident at stigma, origin of Rs, a costal area over Scz, cord and in the axillary angle. Sparse scat- tered macrotrichia on longitudinal veins beyond general level of ^ Santos Abreu, D. Elias. Monografia de los Limonidos de las Islas Canarias. Mem. Real Acad. Cien. Artes Barcelona (3) 18: 1-132, 25 figs., 4 col. plates; 1923. Ai>ni,n>62 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 39 origin of Rs; a few trichia at tips of Anal veins, especially 2nd A. Venation: Sci ending opposite origin of Rs, Sc^ greatly retracted to near midlength of the vein, Sci alone longer than Rs; cell 1st M2 longer than any veins beyond it; m-cu at or before fork of M ; cell 2nd A broad. Abdomen, including hypopyginm, dark brown. Ovipositor with cerci elongate, slender, nearly straight. Male hypopyginm with the tergite transverse, posterior border very gently emarginate, bor- ders thickened, including also a narrower central strip. Basistyle with ventromesal lobe stout, with unusually long setae. Dorsal dististyle nearly straight, tip acute. Ventral dististyle broad on basal half, the outer lobe strongly narrowed, tip obtuse, basal setae larger ; rostral prolongation obtuse, the two blackened spines placed on outer margin, slightly separated, their tips extended into hairlike points. Gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe unusually long, slender, nearly straight, tip ol^tuse. Aedeagus stout, apex narrowed, bilobed. Habitat: Isla San Ambrosio, Chile. Holotype: J', in shore caves, 9 Nov. 1960 (Guillermo Kuschel). Allotopotype : f, pinned with the type. Paratopotypes : 18 in shore caves and at light, 7-9 Nov. 1960 (Kuschel). Limonia (Idioglochina ) anibrosiana belongs to the less special- ized group of the subgenus, with the antennal flagellum only slightly modified from the normal Limonia type. The most sim- ilar regional species is L. (7.) porteri (Alexander) of the Chilean mainland at Antofagasta. This is a pale brown fly with the legs light brown, dififering in other details including the terminal posi- tion of vein The male sex of porteri still is unknown. The remaining more than twenty known species of the sul)genus are quite distinct. All known species of Idioglochina are marine in their early stages, being restricted to lands in the Pacific and Indian oceans. The only other New World species is the Nearctic L. (/.) niarmorata (Osten Sacken) of Pacific coastal United States and Canada. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Guide to the Insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or True Flies of Connecticut. Seventh Fascicle: Psychodidae, by L. W. Quate. Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bui. 92: 1-54, 7 pis. 40 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society THE IMMATURE STAGES OF PALEAGAPETUS CELSUS ROSS (TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPTILIDAE) By Oliver S. Flint, Jr4 The genus Paleagapetus was created by Georg Ulmer in 1912 for rotundatiis Ulmer described from the Baltic Amber. Banks in 1936 described the first living species, nearcticus, from the Pacific Northwest, and Ross added celsus from the Great Smoky Moun- tains of North Carolina in 1938. Schmid described a third species, giippyi, from Vancouver in 1951. As the name implies, the genus had been considered close to the glossosomatid genus Agapetus. The genus had thus remained until 1956 when Ross removed it to the Hydroptilidae, where he estab- lished a separate primitive subfamily, the Ptilocolepinae, for this genus and the European Ptilocolepus. The immature stages of the European Ptilocolepus granulatus (Pictet) have been well known since 1904 when Thienemann pre- sented an excellent description of the larvae and pupae. However, the immatures of Paleagapetus have remained unknown until now. The association of stages is based on a mature female pupa col- lected on June 7, 1961, Indian Gap, Tennessee. Larva. — Length 4-5 mm., width 1 mm. Slightly flattened, wid- est at the fourth or fifth abdominal segment. Membranous portions white, sclerites deep brown. Head: Deep brown, yellowish around eyes; setae arranged as in Fig. 1. Anterior gular sclerite roughly triangular, extending posteriorly about half the length of gular suture ; anal gular sclerite very small. Labrum brown ; setae 1 and 2 small (lost in anterolateral brushes) ; anterior margin deeply emarginate mesally (Fig. 4). Mandibles black, stumpy; small mesal brush in the right one, large brush in the left one (Fig. 5). Sclerites of the maxillo-labium pale brown ; submentum divided (Fig. 6). Thorax: Each segment dorsally covered by two deep Explanation of Plate Fig. 1, Larval head, dorsal. Fig. 2, Larva, dorsal. Fig. 3, Larval case, dorsal, showing overlap of liverwort fragments. Fig. 4, Larval labrum, dorsal. Fig. 5, Larval mandibles, ventral. Fig. 6, Larval maxillo-labium, ventral. Fig. 7, Pupal labrum and mandibles, dor- sal. Fig. 8, Larval anal proleg, ventro-laterally. Fig. 9, Larval foreleg and propleuron, posterior. ^ Division of Insects, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D.C. Ai>nl, 11)62 41 Flint 6 9 42 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society brown sclerites each bearing many setae, especially anteriorly and laterally; posterior margin of pronotum black. Meso- and meta- plenra similar to the propleuron (Fig. 9), except epimeron ex- tending further posteriorly and trochantin shorter. Legs brown, similar to fore leg (Fig. 9). Two wide, pale setae arising ven- trally from a raised base on the trochanter, one similar seta on the femur ; tarsi with two enlarged apical spurs ; no trochanter with well developed apical brush. No sternal plates or tubercles. Ab- domen: Without dorsal sclerites; membrane white with reddish (in alcoholic specimens) maculations dorsally. Setae arranged as in Figure 2 ; ventrally with an anteromesal pair of setae on each seg- ment. A small nipple-like process sublaterally on segments 1-8. Ninth tergite brown, semicircular, with many long setae (Fig. 2). Sclerites of anal prolegs brown, claw without accessory teeth (Fig. 8). Pupa. — Length 4.5 mm., width 1 mm. Labrum anteriorly emarginate ; two groups of setae both apically and basically ( Fig. 7). Mandibles with a single mesal tooth (Fig. 7). Hook plates present anteriorly on segments 3-7, posteriorly on 3-5. Abdomen tapering to a truncated apex in the female ; males with distinct lobes containing genital parts. Case. — Length 5-6 mm., width 1.5-2 mm. Flattened dorso- ventrally ; top and bottom halves attached along lateral margins only. Made of small fragments of liverwort (Fig. 3). Pupal case smaller, closed along entire margin ; with secondary ridges dorsally and ventrally, thus becoming rather quadrate in cross-section. Material examined. — North Carolina: Mount Mitchell, Camp Alice, 5789'; 3 larvae, 1 pupa, 9 June 1961 (Flint) (USNM). Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Indian Gap; 4J', IJ, 7 June 1961 (Flint) (USNM). Tennessee: Great Smoky Moun- tains Park, Indian Gap; 60 larvae, 2 pupae, 19 May 1959 (Flint & Matthews) (Flint Collection) ; 37 J', 9 2, 95 larvae, 8 pupae, 7 fune 1961 (Flint) (USNM) ; 6 adults, 1 July 1958 (Flint & Hanson) (Flint Collection). Biology. — The larvae were found in small, seeping springs. The waters as they rose seeped through sticks and stones that supported a luxurious growth of liverwort on their upper surfaces. It was in this liverwort, almost invariably above the water surface in the pupal stage or slightly above or below in the larval stage, that the immature stages were found. The liverwort has been tentatively de- termined as Scapania nemorosa (L.) Dum. by R. R. Ireland of the Smithsonian Institution. Larvae were collected from May 19 to June 9. The adults were swept from the vegetation over and around the springs from June 7 April, i!)62 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 43 to July 1. The remainder of the life cycle is unknown. Other caddisflies found in the springs were: Rhyacophila sp., Parapsyche apicalis (Bks.), N eophylax nacatus Denn., Goerita semata Ross, and Lepidostoma excavatiim Flint & Wiggins. Systematics. — The structure of the larvae of Ptilocolepus and Paleagapetus is very similar. They are unquestionably hydrop- tilids, as is shown by the three sclerotized thoracic nota, lack of gills, possession of cases, and fusion of anal prolegs to the sides of the tenth segment. Yet the short mandibles, each bearing a mesal brush, divided submentum, similar structure and setal pattern of all legs, and case structure, are all very distinctive. The erection of a separate subfamily in the Hydroptilidae for these genera seems to be fully justified by the larval structure. The pupae of both genera are rather similar also. The arrange- ment of the hook plates and unmodified apex of the al)domen are typically hydroptilid. However, the presence of a tooth on the mandibles and the large numlier of setae on the lal)rum are not found elsewhere in the Hydroptilidae. Thienemann (1904) considered Ptilocolepus to be a somewhat annectant form between the Hydroptilidae and the Glossosomatidae. Certain of the characters that distinguish the Ptilocolepinae from the Hydroptilinae are found also in the Glossosomatidae : divided submentum in the larvae, toothed mandibles and numerous labral bristles in the pupae. Nielsen (1948) considered the Hydroptilinae to show certain characters that indicate a closer relationship to the Glossosomatidae than to any other family. Thus, it is not surpris- ing that the more primitive subfamily would show an even closer relationship to the glossosomatids. The larvae of the two genera are easily separated by the posses- sion of a large sclerite dorsally on the first abdominal segment of Ptilocolepus. The pupae of Ptilocolepus have two teeth on each mandible, Paleagapetus only one. In the keys of Ross (1944, 1959) the larvae will key to the Hydroptilidae, where they may be immediately recognized by the divided submentum and structure and setation of the legs. The pupae key to the Glossosomatidae in these keys, but may be distin- guished by the possession of hook plates posteriorly on segments three to five. The habitat and larval and pupal cases allow easy recognition of this species in the field. Literature Cited Banks, N. 1936. Four new Trichoptera from the United States. Arb. morph, taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 3 : 265-268. Nielsen, A. 1948. Postembryonic development and biology 44 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society voi. Lvn of the Hydroptilidae. D. Kgl. Danske Videiisk. Selskab, Biol. Skrifter 5(1) : 1-200. Ross, H. H. 1938. Description of Nearctic caddisflies (Trich- optera) with special reference to the Illinois species. 111. Nat. Hist. Snrv. Bui. 21(4) : 101-183. 1944. The caddisflies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bui. 23(1) : 1-326. 1956. Evolution and classification of the mountain caddisflies. Univ. of 111. Press, Urbana, 213 pp. 1959. in W. T. Edmondson, Ward and Whipple’s Eresh Water Biology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 1024-1049. Schmid, F. 1951. Quelques nouveaux Trichopteres Nearc- tiques. Bui. Inst. roy. Scien. naturel. Belg. 27 : 1-16. Thienemann, A. 1904. Ptilocolepus granulatus Pt-, eine ue- hergangsform von den Rhyacophiliden zu den Hydroptiliden. Allg. Zeit. f. Ent. 9: 418-24, 437-41. Ulmer, G. 1912. Die Trichopteren des baltischen Bernsteins. Beitr. z. Naturkunde Preussens, Konigsberg 10: iv + 380 pp. DR. JAMES H. McDUNNOUGH The Society records with sorrow the death of Dr. James H. McDunnough in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on February 23, 1962, in his 86th year. Dr. McDunnough was an Honorary Member of the Society and one of America’s leading lepidopterists. Born in Toronto and educated in Germany, he was associated with Dr. William Barnes of Decatur, Illinois, in the development of the great Barnes Collection, now in the United States National Museum. In 1917, he joined the Canadian Department of Agri- culture, serving as Chief, Systematic Section, of the Division of Entomology. Retiring thirty years later, he went to the American Museum of Natural History as a research associate for three years and then in the same capacity to the Nova Scotia Museum of Sci- ence in Halifax where he continued active until a short time prior to his death twelve years later. In his various affiliations, he contributed greatly to our knowledge of Lepidoptera through the publication of many scientific papers. Among his major works were Contributions to the Natural History of Lepidoptera and a Check List of Lepidoptera, a revised Check List of Lepidoptera which is the standard list currently, and mono- graphs on various groups in the Noctuidae and Geometridae. April, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomologieal Soeiety 45 A GYNANDROMORPH OF BOMBUS FLAVIFRONS CRESSON (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) By H. E. Milliron^ In a recently published paper (Bui. Brooklyn Eut. Soc. 55: 109- 113, 1960), the writer called attention to the rare occurrence of gynandromorphs in the large group of social insects known as hunihlehees, and at that time decrihed the first such specimen repre- senting a species of the closely related inquiline humhlehees, making a total of only eight then recorded for the two hee groups. A short time ago, it was his good fortune to detect another gynandro- morphic specimen in a small lot of hees submitted by Professor Verne Grant, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, Cali- fornia. The interesting specimen described in part beyond was captured by Professor Grant, on Gilia pinnatifida Nutt, at Ward, Boulder County, Colorado, July 13, 1961. This ninth gynandro- morphic specimen in this particular hee series best fits the category that is designated as the frontal type. In order to avoid confusion, the use of the specific name fkwifrons, in its usual combination, is preferable in this case and until the appearance of my revisional work on these hees. The following descriptive remarks include the principal com- bined features of this specimen, as compared with those of normal individuals: Head — Represents the worker (i.e., the usual non- reproductive female) in all details of structure, including that of the appendages. Thorax- — ^This region proper, and the wings are as in an ordinary worker. Legs — The front pair, and the left mid- dle leg are also like those of a worker. The right middle leg, to and including the femur, is worker hut the remainder is neither typical of worker nor male ; the tibia is rather more strongly attenuated at both ends and is a little shorter than that of a normal worker, and its pubescence, in character and color, is more inclined to he like that of the male ; the corresponding hasitarsus, including its pubes- cence, is also suggestive of the male except that it is comparatively a little shorter and wider with stronger longitudinal concavity on the outer surface than is characteristic of this segment in that sex, and the remainder of the tarsus, including the claws, is male-like except that each segment is a trifle shorter. The left hind leg ap- proaches that of a normal worker, hut differs in several respects ; the outer surface of the somewhat longer tibia is slightly narrower, more irregularly convex and less smooth along its median longi- ’ Entomology Research Institute, Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. 46 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVll tudinal area, and possesses some additional erect hairs inside the marginal fringes which are, however, like those of the worker ; the corresponding basitarsus, which has a straight posterior margin, is comparatively longer and thicker, has a less strongly incised distal end, a more weakly concave outer surface, and a smaller auricle, and the remainder of the tarsus has thicker segments than in the normal worker, but the relative lengths of these latter still are the same as those for that caste. The right hind leg has the femur and segments beyond the basitarsus like the counterparts on the opposite side; its tibia does have the general outline and type of dorsal (pos- terior) fringe of a worker, but the outer surface and ventral (ante- rior) fringe are similar to those in the male; the basitarsus is noticeably shorter and narrower than its left counterpart, but tends to be more worker than male. Abdomen — Except for the length of pubescence, this region is structurally male throughout, including normal, typical genitalia. The specimen measures 9.0 mm. in length, which is a little below the average for the worker, and considerably under the average for the male. The color of pubescence on the head and thorax is the same as that of typical workers to which the above specific name is currently applied, and the color of the abdominal pubescence agrees with that often found on both sexes. The physical appearance, as it concerns length, texture and density, of the body pubescence throughout, is, however, more characteristic of the vestiture of a worker rather than that of a male. Specimen deposited in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. THE TORRE-BUENO GLOSSARY The Brooklyn Entomological Society announces the third and enlarged reprinting of J. R. de la Torre-Bueno’s Glossary of Ento- mology which first appeared in 1937. Supplement A which was compiled and edited by George S. Tulloch and published in 1960 has now been incorporated with the parent work in a single hard- cover maroon binding. This 1962 printing of the Glossary is priced at $7.00. Copies may be ordered from Mr. R. R. McElvare, P. O. Box 386, Southern Pines, North Carolina, or Mr. George S. Tul- loch, 1637 Hendrickson Avenue, Merrick, New York. Copies of the 1960 Supplement A are also available for $1.00. April, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 47 CLOEON DIPTERUM (L.) IN OHIO (EPHEMEROPTERA : BAETIDAE) By Jay R. Traver University of Massachusetts Cloeon dipteriim (Linn.) Ephemera diptera Linnaeus, 1761, Fn. Suec. ed. 2, No. 1477 ; 1767, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, pars 2,906. Burks (1953) in his important paper on the mayfly fauna of Illi- nois reports the presence in that State of a single female imago of Cloeon dipterum (L.). He says of it: “the single female specimen from Illinois is probably an adventive.” A description of the male imago of this species, based on specimens collected in Switzerland, and that of the female imago taken in Illinois, are included in Burks’ paper. The above appears to be the first record of the type species of the genus Cloeon in North America. Cloeon dipterum is a com- mon species in many parts of Europe, and one which exhibits a con- siderable amount of variation in color and color pattern, particularly in the male. Eaton (1885) gives a lengthy account of C. dipterum, with detailed descriptions of both sexes and notation on the color variants, as well as a complete synonymy for the species. Ulmer (1932) figures the abdomen of male and female and presents a brief summary of the specific characters. In the summer and early autumn of I960, many specimens of a baetid mayfly were captured in Lucas, Richland County, Ohio, at- tracted by lights on the porch of a home in that town. The females, many of which appeared at first sight to be rather pale in color, proved on closer examination to l)e strongly and distinctively marked with reddish or blackish brown, and with the costal margin of the wing distinctly tinged with grayed orange or dull amber color. Males taken at the same time and place were almost black : they were so much darker than the females as to appear at first to be of a different species, especially as the wing lacked the tinted costal margin. In the females, the cross veins extending in three irregular rows across the disc of the wing were blackish and much thicker than the adjacent longitudinals; in the males, these veins were but slightly thickened, yet still noticeably darker than the longitudinals. In Burks’ key to the species of the genus Cloeon in Illinois, these specimens fall to the species dipterum. A careful comparison of male and female imagos from Lucas, Ohio, with Eaton’s excellent and detailed descriptions seems to leave no doubt that these baetid mayflies are indeed Cloeon dipterum. 48 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Variations in color and color pattern fall well within the limits for the European forms, as indicated by Eaton. Legs of the males are amber yellow, fore legs darker, faintly tinged with reddish in some specimens ; tips of fore femora brownish ; all femora either with subapical reddish brown band or with small spot of color in same area, and with narrow longitudinal black pencilings on sur- face. Claws brownish ; tarsal segments usually narrowly darker. Wings faintly tinged with amber in the stigmatic area, in some but not in all males ; C, Sc and R faintly amber brown, other longitudi- nals as far as the cubito-anals paler but still evidently brownish ; cross veins slightly darker than the longitudinals but barely thick- ened ; marginal intercalaries faintly brownish, darker on some specimens. Most of the males represent the darker form of Eaton’s Variation I : abdomen wholly dark brown, or with paler triangles submedially on mid-tergites, also laterally on 4 or 5 through 8. In some males, the pale submedian triangles on the tergites are more distinct ; dark oblique stripes extend laterally on each side from these triangles ; the mid-abdominal sternites are translucent, paler than the dorsum, with a dark mark laterally on each, adjoining the pleural fold. In still others, however, the abdomen is paler and distinctly tinged with reddish, especially on segments 7 and 8. Tails of male pale brownish or yellowish, every third or fourth segment darker basally and in the middle ; apically, segments not darkened at the joinings. Genitalia are typical of the species, as figured by Eaton (PI. 17, Eig. 31a). The females agree well with Eaton’s descriptions, some being largely yellowish, others “of a rosy fawn-colour or rosy grey” (Eaton), but all have the reddish or brownish black abdominal markings characteristic of the species. Legs of female much as in male, the subapical femoral band rather more prominent ; in addi- tion, a reddish brown longitudinal streak may be present near base of fore femur ; narrow dark line along inner margin of tibia near base. Eore leg very slightly more than one-half the length of the wing. As noted above, cross veins in the disc of the wing are much thickened and blackish, the marginal intercalaries distinctly brown except in the cubito-anal region. These facts are evidenced also in two rather dilapidated subimago females from Europe, deter- mined by Hagen, and presented to me through the kindness of Dr. P. J. Darlington of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Mass. Cross veins in the costal, subcostal and radical spaces are white. Tails in this sex are more strongly marked than in the male, with the darker joinings continuous to tip. Near the 1)ase, some entire segments may be largely reddish brown, narrow April, 1962 BuUetin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 49 and wide joinings alternating more or less regularly. The ground color may be tinged with reddish brown, instead of the paler yellow- ish of the male. 35 female imagos from Lucas, Ohio, taken from August 20 to October 6, 1960, were measured. These were arranged in seven size groups, as follows. Wing 9 mm. and l)ody 8mm., one specimen in August ; wing 8 and body 8, two in August ; wing 8-8.5 and body 7-7.5, eleven in August, four in September, three in October ; wing 8 and body 6.5, one in September ; wing 7-7.5 and body 7, four in August, two in Septeml:)er ; wing 7 and body 6-6.5, two in August, two in September; wing 6.5 and body 5.5, one in August, one in September. The largest female was taken on August 22 ; the small- est ones on August 20 and September 8. 20 male imagos taken during the same period fell into 5 categories as to size, as indicated. Wing 7 mm. and l^ody 6. 5-7. 5 mm., four in August, one in September, one in October ; wing 7 and body 6- 6.5, two in September; wing 6.5 and body 7, one in September; wing 6-6.5 and body 6-6.5, two in August, six in September, one in October; wing 5.5 and body 5.5, two in September. The largest male was taken October 7, the smallest ones on September 21 and 27. Thus there seems to be no correlation, in either sex, between date of capture and size of the specimen. For the European forms of this species, Eaton gives 6-11 mm. for wing of male, 5-10 for body length ; for females, 9-1 1 mm. for wing, 8-1 1 mm. for body. The female taken in Illinois and reported by Burks was of the same size as the largest one from Lucas, Ohio. Representatives of both sexes of C. diptcruni were taken on the nights of August 20 and 21, 1960, by M. A. Parsons, L. Darling and J. R. Traver. All specimens taken from August 22 to October 6 of that year were collected hy Mrs. M. R. Parsons at the same location, the front porch of her home. Mrs. Parsons likewise col- lected what she believes to be representatives of this same species, again from her front porch, beginning in early April of 1961. These latter specimens are not yet available to me for study. It would appear that C. diptcruni is well established in this locality in Ohio. If the early spring forms are indeed of the same species, then these insects have a relatively long period of emergence. It is conjectured, but not yet proved, that the nymphs inhabit a small pond not far from the house in Lucas, Ohio, where all of the above specimens have been taken. Such quiet waters seem to be the usual abode of the nymphs of C. diptcrum in Europe. Thus Eaton (p. 186) says; ‘Tn Great Britain, clean ponds that acquire a rather high summer temperatur*^ are frequented by this species ; 50 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society ^ at Paris, tanks for Nymphaeaceae and other water-plants in the Jardin des Plantes are its favourite resorts.” Kimmins (1942, p. 59), writing of this species in Britain, says: “Common in ponds with a rather high summer temperature. May to September.” Macan (1961) states on page 36: “Abundant in small rich ponds but also in lakes and in the slowest parts of rivers.” On page 50 of the same paper, Macan, “based on unpublished information from a moorland fishpond,” has this to say: ‘'Cloeon dipterum over- winters as a small nymph, and there is a long period of no growth. In 1960, emergence of this generation took place in the months of June and July, and it gave rise to another overwintering one. In 1957, on the other hand, there is distinct evidence of a quick summer generation starting in July and finishing early in September.” Dis- tribution of the species in Great Britain is charted by Macan on page 58, Figure 37 ; likewise a summary of the life history is shown as a graph (Fig. 28d, on p. 48). It would be of great interest to compare the life cycle and the nymphal habitat of the Ohio forms of this species with the infor- mation given above for their European relatives. For many years it has been known also that this species can be viviparous. Of this Eaton writes ( p. 186) : “Hitherto instances of viviparation on the part of C. dipterum have been observed only in the warmer parts of Italy and France.” Is our climate perhaps too cold for vivipary to occur here ? Certainly no evidence for it is seen in the Ohio speci- mens collected to date. References Burks, B. D. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illi- nois. Bui. Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey 26 (1) : 1-216, 395 flgs. Eaton, A. E. 1883-1888. A revisional monograph of recent Ephemeridae or mayflies. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Second Ser. 3, Zoology : 1-352, 65 pi. Kimmins, D. E. 1942. Keys to the British species of Ephe- meroptera with keys to the genera of the nymphs. Freshwater Biolog. Assn, of the British Empire, Scient. Publ. No. 7 : 1-64, 36 flgs. Linnaeus, C. 1761. Eauna Suecica, Second Edit., 578 pp. 2 pis. 1767. Systema Naturae, ed. 12, tome 1, pars 2, pp. 533-1327. Macan, T. T. 1961. A key to the nymphs of the British species of Ephemeroptera. Freshwater Biolog. Assn. Scient. Publ. No. 20: 1-64, 37 flgs. Ulmer, G. 1932. Tierwelt Mittelleuropas 4: 1-43, 149 flgs. Apn7, 106Z Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 51 VENATION IN THE ANAL FIELD OF THE BEETLE FAMILY OSTOMATIDAE^ By Edwin W. King'"' In any problem involving the venation of insects it is a truism to say that the correct interpretation of specialized forms must depend on an understanding of their more generalized relatives. Examples are abundant ; the present paper is an attempt to place on record an interpretation of the venation of the anal field in the wings of nine genera of Ostomatid beetles. The venational notation employed is that of Eorhes (1922). The representatives of the family available for this examination are: Calitys seabra Thunh.. Thymalus margini- eollis Chev., O stoma pippingskoeldi (Mann.), Eronyxa pilosuliis (Cr.), Temnochila virescens (Eah.), Airora cylindrica (Serv.), Tenebroides mauritanieus (L.), Corticotomiis sp., and N emosoma SP- The wing of Temnochila (Eig. 1) exhibits a complete (for the family) anal field and will serve as a starting point for discussion. Its anal veins are interpreted as follows. 1st A is unhranched. 2A, which originally had three hrances in the Coleoptera, is reduced to two in the Ostomatids. Presumably these are 2Ai + 2 and 2A.s. 2A3 fuses apically with 3Ai to form the closed wedge cell, charac- teristics mf many beetles. 3 A is two-branched, and 3A2 tends to shorten and he lost. 4A is invarialily present as a short vein in the extreme proximal part of the jugum. It plays no part in the dis- cussion which follows. The overall tendency in venation in this series is as follows : to lose the wedge cell by atrophy of that part of 2A which forms its anterior margin ; to align the crossvein 2a-3a with the liase of 2A and the apex of 2Ag + 3Ai to produce a three-part serial vein ; and to flatten the Y-hranching of 2A^ + 2 and 2 A3, comhining these seg- ments with another crossvein into a new stem for 2Ai + 2 and lA. With the exception of Airora and Thymaliis, which are essentially duplicates of Ostoma and Calitys respectively, the wings listed above form a rather clear and instructive series. Calitys (Eig. 2) differs from Temnochila in two significant re- spects: the Y fork of 2Ai + 2 and 2A3 flattens from about 72° to ^Technical contribution number 386 from the Department of Entomology and Zoology, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson, South Carolina. Published by permission of the Director. ^ Department of Entomology and Zoology, Clemson College. 52 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society about 140°, and the crossvein between 2 A and 3 A becomes oblique and directly aligned with the base of 2 A. In regard to each of these two conditions Thymalus (Fig. 3) is slightly less advanced, but on the whole quite similar to Calitys. Eronyxa (Fig. 4) shows clearly the next step, which is the atrophy of part of 2A and consequent dissolution of the wedge cell. A spur of 2A remains, distal to the crossvein, and one ignor- ant of the two preceding wings might be tempted to connect it to the backward spur of lA. Its true point of connection, of course, is the midpoint of the vein 2A1 + 2 + 2A3, which now has the appear- ance and function of a crossvein. Nemosoma (Fig. 5) shows greater loss of the median portion of 2A, but a less advanced condition as regards the straightening of 2Ai + 2 and 2Ag. This wing shows well the alignment of the la-2a crossvein (if indeed it is a crossvein) with the free part of 2 A3 and foreshadows the serial vein 2 A3 + 2Ai + 2 + la-2a + lA. O stoma (Fig. 6) and Airora (Fig. 7) show the elongation and realignment of 2Aj + 2 and 2 A3 as this vein begins to function as the stem of a new fork whose branches are lA and 2Ai + 2- Corticotomus (Fig. 8) and Tenebroides (Fig. 9) represent ulti- mate conditions in specialization, in which 3A2 is much reduced Fig. 1, Temnochila virescens (Fab.): xv., crossvein; lA, first Anal; 2A, second Anal; 3A, third Anal; 4A, fourth Anal. Fig. 2, Calitys scahra Thunb. Fig. 3, Thymalus marginicollis Chev. Fig. 4, Eronyxa pil os ulus (Cr.). Fig. 5, Nemosoma sp. Fig. 6, O stoma pippingskoeldi (Mann.). Fig. 7, Airora cylindrica (Serv.). Fig. 8, Corticotomus sp. Fig. 9, Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.). 54 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society King Plate II April, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 55 and the remainder of the anal field has been resolved into a smooth, continuous, three-branched fork which supports, without functional crossveins, the vannal region of the wing. For some of the illustrations presented here a second interpreta- tion is possible. The designation of one or both crossveins in Figs. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 may appear to be somewhat arbitrary. In the absence of a spur of the adjacent longitudinal vein there is no means of separating longitudinal and crossveins in this family. The two criteria employed elsewhere among insects do not apply : in T ene- broides at least, and possibly in beetles in general ( King, unpub- lished), venation in the pupal wing is quite independent of trachea- tion ; and the macrotrichia shown by Tillyard (1918) to be present on longitudinal veins and absent on crossveins in the Flolometabola do not appear on the anal veins of beetles except at their extreme bases. A possible interpretation of the 2a~3a crossvein in such configur- ations as 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 is that it is lost by coalescence of 2 A and 3A. However, in defense of the interpretation given here. Figs. 2 and 4 are particularly instructive. In these two figures the reten- tion of all or part of 2A indicates that the vein in question is almost certainly a crossvein, and in these two figures it has assumed exactly the same position it occupies in those wings in which its nomen- clature is in doubt. The same argument may he applied to cross- vein la-2a if one considers the series 1, 2, 6, 9. It is entirely possible that the steps which have been presented here as a sequence are in fact the result of parallelisms. One should not, on the basis of the evidence here, conclude that these genera represent a linear series. The point of interest is that these genera appear to have preserved, collectively, a reasonably complete pic- ture of the venational changes that must have been made by the an- cestors of the most specialized forms. The example presented here illustrates only one of the several paths taken by the anal veins of Coleoptera in the course of their many lines of specialization. References Forbes, W. T. M. 1922. Wing venation of the Coleoptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 15: 328-352. Tillyard, R. J. 1918. The panorpoid complex, 2. The wing trichiation and its relationship to the general scheme of vena- tion. Proc. Linn Soc. New South Wales 43: 626-657. 56 BiiUetin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society NOTES ON THE BUPRESTIDAE: PART III^ By G. H. Nelson- Additional distributional and host information of Buprestidae of the Southwest is made known in this paper, including new records for Baja California, and the female of Trichinorhipis knulli Barr is described. Thanks are due to Dr. John Roos for plant identifi- cations and to the collectors mentioned in the paper for allowing the writer to make their collections known. Unless otherwise stated, the collections and observations were made by the writer. The following four species are new records for Baja California and were collected by F. S. Truxal 4 mi. S.W. of La Zapopita, Valle de Trinidad, Apr. 16, 1961. Acmacodcra jocosa Fall, 1899, [. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 7 : 14. A. qitadriseriata Fall, 1899, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 7: 18. A. dolorosa Fall, 1899, J. Nh Y. Ent. Soc. 7: 25. A. gcmina Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 7 : 23. Acmacodcra aurora Eall, 1922, Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 17: 88. This species was taken by D. S. V erity, R. L. Westcott, K. T. Nel- son and the writer in the San Jacinto Mountains above Palm Desert from 2,000 feet to 3,500 feet from June 13 to July 7 — one specimen from Jiinipcriis calif ornicits Carr, and the others flying al)Out the blossoms of Acacia greggii Gray. Acmacodcra yiimac Knull, 1937, Ohio J. Sci. 37: 301. This species was taken 65 mi. S. of Mexicali, Baja Calif., Mex., June 5, 1961, on Ephedra sp. by G. H. Nelson and H. E. Howden. This is a new record for Baja Calif. Acmacodcra screna Eall, 1899, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 7 : 16. One specimen was collected by the writer and H. F. Howden 10 mi. S. of Mexicali, Baja Calif., Mex., June 5, 1961, while sweeping road- side vegetation. This is the first known collection of this species from Baja Calif. Acmacodcra hepburni LeConte, 1859, Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, n.s. 11 : 254. One specimen of this common species was cut from a dead limb of Oucrciis dumosa Nutt, one mile N. of Pinyon Flat Public Camp, San Jacinto Mountains, 4,000 feet elevation. River- side Co., Calif., June 30, 1959, and others were taken by Peter H. Raven at Arroyo del Medio, Santa Cruz Island, Calif., April 25, ^ The second paper of this series was entitled “Notes on Bupres- tidae and Schizopodidae,” Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 55(3) : 70-74. ^ Department of Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California. Ai>rii,id62 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 57 1960. Two specimens were taken by F. S. Truxal 4 mi. S.W. of La Zapopita, Valle de Trinidad, Baja Calif, del Norte, Mex., April 16, 1961. This is the first record for this species from Baja Calif. Acmaeodera latiflava Fall, 1907, Canad. Ent. 39: 240. This spe- cies was taken near La Zapopita, Valle de Trinidad, Baja Calif, del Norte, Mex., Apr. 9-14, 1961 hy F. S. Trnxal. This is a new record for Baja Calif. Acmaeodera nigrovittata WnDyke, 1934, Ent. News 45: 61. Numerous specimens were taken 8 mi. E. of Bakersfield, Calif, on blossoms of H emizonia kelloggii Greene in a field of Atriplex sp. on various dates in April, 1961 hy D. S. Verity, R. L. Westcott, the writer and his family. Acmaeodera linsleyi YAuDyke, 1943, Pan-Pac. Ent. 19(3) : 101. A single specimen of this species was reared from the dead limbs of Oner CHS diimosa Nntt. collected near Pinyon Plats Public Camp, San Jacinto Mountains, 4,000 feet elevation. Riverside Co., Calif, in June, 1959. The specimen was found dead in the rearing can on May 4, 1961. Acmaeodera tenehricosa Fall, 1922, Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 17 : 90. This species has been collected hy heating Frernontia calif ornica Torr. at the following places in Calif.: Wrightwood, San Gabriel Mountains, May 22 and June 7, 1954 and May 23, 1959 hy the writer; Camp Baldy, San Gabriel Mountains, June 20, 1958 and Prazer Mt. Park, Kern Co., May 18, 1958 hy D. S. Verity. It was reared hy the writer from the same shrub with emergence dates as follows : May 20, May 26 and June 27, 1961. Acmaeodera vermiculata Knull, 1947, Ohio J. Sci. 47 : 174. Spec- imens were taken as they flew about hushes of Dalea spinosa Gray, 30 mi. N. of San Felipe, Baja Calif., June 4, 1961, hy the writer and H. F. Howden. This species has not previously been recorded from Baja Calif. Acmaeodera. harri Cazier, 1940, Wasmann Collector 4: 58. A specimen was taken 30 mi. N. of San Felipe, Baja Calif., Mex. (new record from Baja Calif.), June 4, 1961, hy the writer and H. F. Howden. Acmaeodera palmarum Timherlake, 1939, Pan-Pac. Ent. 15: 181. This species was taken hy D. S. Verity 10 mi. E. of Mesquite, Clark Co., Nev., June 2, 1960. Acmaeoderoides humeralis Cazier, 1938, Bui. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 38: 12. This species was described from two specimens collected at Amboy, San Bernardino Co., Calif. Three specimens were col- lected on Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Frem., 16 mi. N. of Trona, Inyo Co., Calif., May 30, 1960, hy R. L. Westcott. 58 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Ancylotela barheri (Skinner), 1903, Ent. News 14: 238. One specimen was taken on Olneya tesota Gray, 80 mi. S. of Mexicali, Baja Calif., Mex. (new record for Baja Calif.) June 4, 1961, by the writer and H. F. Howden. Ancylotela olneyae (Skinner), 1903, Ent. News 14: 236. A dead specimen was dug from a dead branch of Olneya tesota Gray, 80 mi. S. of Mexicali, Baja Calif., Mex., June 4, 1961, by the writer and H. F. Howden. Hippomelas pacifica Chamberlin, 1938, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 46: 445-447. This species was described from four specimens, one labelled as coming from “sagebrush” at Kettleman, Kern Co., Cali- fornia. Messrs. D. S. Verity and R. L. Westcott’s suspicions that the species could he found on Atriplex were borne out when they took a series from A. poly car pa (Torr.) 5 mi. S. of Kettleman City, Kings Co., Calif, on July 2, 1960. Additional specimens were taken by the writer and his family in the same area on the same plant, June 25, 1961. Cinyra pitrpurascens Schaeffer, 1905, Bui. Brooklyn Inst. Mus. 1(6) : 127. Previously recorded only from Baja Calif., this species has been taken in the Palm Springs area of Southern California during June and July as it clings to the stems of Beloperone cali- jornica Benth. It has also been reared from the roots of this plant that were collected at Agua Caliente, San Diego Co., Calif. J uniperella mirabilis Knull, 1947, Ohio J. Sci. 47(2) : 69. Col- lecting for this species during 1960 in the same area as in 1959 (Nelson, 1960 Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 55(3) : 72) revealed it to l:)e extremely scarce. Only one /. mirabilis was seen for every 1200 juniper shrubs examined. Since the 1961 season was more dry than 1960, it was anticipated that the J uniperella population might he cut down still further. This was not the case, however, for their numbers rivaled that of the 1959 season. Triclnnorliipis knulli Barr, 1948, Ent. News 59(3) : 69-72. This species was described from a single male and until now the female has remained unknown. While heating Acacia greggii Gray near Jacumha, San Diego Co., Calif., one female was collected. When compared with the male type at the California Academy of Sciences, the differences were found to he similar to those between the sexes of the closely related genus, Hesperorhipis. Description of female. — Form as male but differs as follows: head and pronotum slightly more narrow ; antennae slender, fourth segment slightly dilated apically, serrate from fifth segment distal- ward, apical segment narrowed ; elytra entirely covering abdomen ; apices less convex than in male, consequently apical serrations more Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 59 noticeable ; ivory band of elytra extending from suture to lateral margin, beginning behind basal one fourth and covering second one fourth, band broadened toward lateral margin of elytra. Length: 4 mm. Width: 1.6 mm. Allotype, female (writer’s collection), Calif., San Diego Co., 2 mi. E. of Jacumba, July 3, 1960. Melanop'hila pini-edulis Burke, 1908, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 9: 117-118. This species was recorded from California by Chamber- lin (1917) from specimens thought to be a western form by E. C. VanDyke; however, Burke (1919) does not record it as occurring from California. There are no specimens of this species from Cali- fornia in the VanDyke collection, nor does the California Insect Survey list it as occurring in California. It is of interest then to report the capture of typical M. pini-edulis from the Pinyon Elat area of the San Jacinto Mountains in Southern California by R. L. Schultz and the writer. These beetles were found to be ovipositing in two live, but unhealthy, trees of Finns monophylla (Torr. & Erem.) from June 12 to 15, 1960. Only one male was taken. Ex- amination of these same trees during July failed to reveal any fur- ther specimens. Actenodes calcarata (Chevrolat), 1835, Coleopt. du Mex. Cent 2, fasc. 5, No. 103. A single specimen, lacking head and pronotum, was dug from a dead branch of Olneya tesota Gray, 80 mi. S. of Mexicali, Baja Calif., Mex., June 4, 1961, hy G. H. Nelson and H. E. Howden. This is the first reported occurrence of this genus from Baja Calif. Actenodes avEonica Knull, 1927, Ent. News 38: 115. This species was collected on the limbs of Prosopis chilensis (Molina) below Madera Canyon in tbe Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., Aug. 5-7, 1961, by the writer and his family. Chrysohothris bacchari VanDyke, 1923, Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 18 : 38. Previously known from Marin Co. and Santa Cruz Moun- tains in California, this species was taken at 2,000 feet in the San Jacinto Mountains, above Palm Desert, Calif., on Baccharis sergi- loides Bray, June 28 and July 9, 1961. Thus, its range is extended southward several hundred miles. Chrysohothris deserta Horn, 1886, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13: 99. This species was taken on Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) 5 miles S. of Kettleman City, Kings Co., Calif., July 2, 1960, by D. S. Verity and R. L. Westcott and on June 25, 1961 by the writer and his family. Chrysohothris hiramosa callida Knull, 1958, Ohio J. Sci. 58: 96. One specimen was taken 10 mi. S. of Mexicali, Baja Calif., Mex., 60 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society voi lvii June 15, 1961, (new record for Baja Calif.) on Atriplex lentiformis Wats, by the writer and H. F. Howden. Chrysobotliris ulkei LeConte, 1859, Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n.s.) 11: 240. This species, formerly considered rare, has been taken in numbers during the past several years near Portal, Ari- zona. One pair was taken by R. E. Ryckman at El Sueco, Chi- huahua, Mexico, July 17, 1960, on Ephedra sp. Chrysobotliris parapiuta Knull, 1938, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 31 : 138. Two specimens were taken at Pinyon Elat, Riverside Co., California, June 15, 1960, as they were running on the branches of Ceanothus perplexans Trelease. Chrysobotliris smaragdula Eall, 1907, Canad. Ent. 39 : 239-240. A large specimen (9 mm. in length) of what is evidently this species was taken on Acaeia greggii Gray, June 23, 1957 at Snowcreek near Palm Springs, California, by R. L. Westcott. It was compared with the type by the writer and was found to differ slightly by hav- ing the pronotum more densely punctured and the legs having a rosy tint. Agrihis chalcogaster VanDyke, 1946, Pan-Pac. Ent. 22(3) : 81-89. This beautiful but rare species was described from a unique, so it is of interest to report the capture of two specimens — one by D. S. Verity at Mountain Springs, Imperial Co., California, June 4, 1957, as it flew to Thamnosma montana Torr. & Erem., and the other by the writer and H. E. Howden at the same place on June 7, 1961 as it was taking flight from Gutierresia californica T. & G. Agrilus illeetus Eall, 1901, Calif. Acad. Sci., Occasional Papers, No. 8: 242. A fair series of this species was taken while sweeping Eotiis purshianus Clem. & Clem. 5 mi. N. of Kernville, Kern Co., Calif., June 19, 1961. Selected References Chamberlin, W. J. 1917. Notes on some Buprestidae of Northern California. Ent. News 28: 129-139. Burke, H. E. 1919. Biological notes on some flatheaded horers of the genus Melanophila. f. Econ. Ent. 12(1) : 105- 108. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMO LOGICAL SOCIETY. The Bulletin, Old Series, Vols. 1-7, 1879-1885, Complete on positive microfilm $10.00 The Bulletin, New Series, Vols. 8-54, 1912-1959, Com- plete, unbound $104.00 Entomologica Americana, Vols. 1-6 (1885-1890) and 7- 10 (1926-30), positive microfilm $15.00 Vols. 11-40, 1931-1960, complete, regular issue, pa- per cover. Write for quotation. A Glossary of Entomology, Torre-Bueno, cloth bound, and Supplement A, paper cover $ 6.00 Supplement A to Torre-Bueno’s Glossary of Entomol- ogy, 36 pp., 1960 $ 1.00 Monographs from Entomologica Americana New York Thysanoptera, Hood. 36 pp., 2 plates. 1926 .$ 1.00 A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Life History of Bremus bimaculatus, Frison. 65 pp., 8 figs. 1928 . . . .$ 2.00 A Revision of the Genus Eurema — ^Part II. New World Species, Taxonomy and Synonymy, Klots. 73 pp., 101 figs. 1929 $ 1.50 Synopsis of the Principal Larval Forms of the Cole- optera, Boving & Craighead, cloth bound, 351 pp., 125 plates. 1930-31 $10.00 The Nearctic Social Wasps of the Subfamily Polybiinae, Bequaert. 63 pp., 8 figs. 1933 $ 2.00 Revision of the Epistrophe Flies of America North of Mexico, Fluke. 57 pp., 45 figs. 1935 $ 2.00 The Biology and Taxonomy of the Genus Trichiotinus, Hoffmann. 76 pp., 20 figs. 1935 $ 2.00 A Review of the Genus Cyrtopogon in North America, Wilcox and Martin. 95 pp., 58 figs. 1936 $ 2.00 Bibliography of the Described Life Histories of the Rhopalocera of America North of Mexico, Daven- port and Dethier. 40 pp. 1937 $ 4.00 Monographs from Entomologica Americana The American Patrobini, Darlington. 48 pp. 1938 $ 1.00 Taxonomic Studies in Cantharis (Coleoptera), Green. 59 pp., 3 plates. 1940 $1.00 A Synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America North of Mexico — Part II. Coreidae, Alydidae, Cor- izidae, Neididae, Pyrrhocoridae and Thaumastothe- riidae, Torre-Bueno. 81 pp. 1941 $ 6.00 A Monograph of the Melophaginae, or Ked-Flies of Sheep, Goats, Deer and Antelope, Bequaert. cloth bound, 210 pp., 18 figs. 1942. $ 5.00 Selection of Colored Lights by Night-Flying Insects, Milne and Milne. 65 pp. 1944 $ 3.00 A Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Carabus, Van Dyke. 50 pp., 24 figs. 1944 $ 3.00 The Larvae of the Harpalinae Unisetosae, Chu. 71 pp., 92 figs. 1945 $ 1.00 Notes and Keys on the Genus Brochymena, Ruckes. 95 pp., 41 figs. 1946 $ 3.00 Female Genitalia of Culicidae, with Particular Reference to Characters of Generic Value, Coher. 38 pp. 1948 . .$ 4.00 The Scutate Ticks, or Ixodidae, of Indonesia, Anastos. 144 pp., 28 figures. 1950 $ 5.00 The Tingoidea of New England and their Biology, Bailey, 140 pp., 6 figs. 1951 $ 5.00 The Hippoboscidae or Louse-Flies of Mammals and Birds, Part I. Structure, Physiology and Natural History, Bequaert, 442 pp., 21 figs., 1952-53. $10.00 Part II. Taxonomy, Evolution and Revision of American Genera and Species. 611 pp., 83 figs. 1954-56 $15.00 All orders for all publications MUST be sent DIRECT to Brook- lyn Entomologicial Society, R. R. McElvare, Treasurer, P. O. Box 386, Southern Pines, North Carolina. BUSINESS PRESS INC., Lancaster, Pa. VoL. LVII JUNE, 1962 No. 3 BULLETIN / OF THE Brooklyn Entomological Society NEW SERIES PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOHN F. HANSON GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER Published for the Society by Business Press, Inc. N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price, 85 cents Subscription, $4.00 per year Mailed September 26, 1962 Entered as second-class matter January 21, 1919, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879 The Brooklyn Entomological Society Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month from October to May, inclusive, at the Engineers’ Club, 117 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 2, N. Y. The annual dues are $2.00. OFFICERS 1961-62 Honorary President R. R. McELVARE President HARRY BEATROS Vice President CASIMIR REDJIVES Secretary ANNA FLAHERTY T reasurer R. R. McELVARE P. O. Box 386 Southern Pines North Carolina CONTENTS Mosquito Catches in New Jersey and Ultra-violet Light Traps, by Downey 61 New Names and Notes on African and Asian Aleyrodidae (Homoptera), by Louise Russell 63 A New Nearctic Tabanus of Fulvulus Group, by Pechuman 66 Possible Wasp Mimicry by a Lygaeid, by Schaffner ... 71 Distributional and Host Records for Poecilothrips albopictus, by Roberts 71 Filing and Storing Liquid-preserved Insects, by Hanson 72 Notes on Banks’ Species of Peltoperlidae (Plecoptera), by Hitchcock 80 Publications Received 84 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Published in February, April, June, October and December of each year Subscription price, domestic, $4.00 per year ; foreign, $4.25 in advance ; single copies, 85 cents. Advertising rates on application. Short articles, notes and observations of interest to entomologists are solicited. Address subscriptions to the Treasurer, manuscripts and other communications to the editor, JOHN F. HANSON, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL. LVII JUNE, 1962 No. 3 MOSQUITO CATCHES IN NEW JERSEY MOSQUITO TRAPS AND ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT TRAPS^ By James E. Downey^ For many years the New Jersey mosquito trap has been used to survey and gain information on mosquitoes. It is of interest to note that while the New Jersey mosquito trap utilizes the standard 25-watt, tungsten-filament bulb as its attractant, Headlee (1937) found that blue light was the most attractive light for mosquitoes. Huffaker and Back (1943) state, “it would be hard to see why it is not wholly logical to expect that different species of mosquitoes will exhibit marked variations in their responses to light stimuli.” The present investigation supports this view with additional specific evidence. Light traps were used in 1961 as one method of measuring the effects of aerial applications of insecticides in forested areas on mosquito populations. Two kinds of light traps were operated in each of three areas located conveniently close to the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, but isolated from each other by at least two miles: (1) One standard New Jersey mosquito trap, described by Mulhern (1942), equipped with a 25-watt tungsten- filament bulb and suspended about six feet above the ground, was used in each area: (2) Two ultra-violet light traps of the design ^ Contribution No. 42 of the Massachusetts Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Project 5129, and Contribution No. 1323 from the entomological laboratory of the University of Massachusetts. This investigation was supported in part by the Union Carbide Chemicals Co., New York, N.Y., and the Massachusetts Depart- ment of Natural Resources. “ Research Assistant, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts. 61 62 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII illustrated by Smith et al. (1959), equipped with 6-watt bulbs, were set on the ground in each area. The openings of the latter were covered with ^ inch wire mesh to keep out large insects. At each trapping area one ultra-violet light trap was placed within a few feet of the New Jersey trap, and the other several hundred feet away. The traps were located in heavily wooded mixed stands and were not visible for more than a few hundred feet in any direction. Although not all the mosquito catches were identified to genus and species, enough were examined to show differences between the catches in the different types of traps. Species of Ciilex (restuans Theo. and/or pipiens Linn.) and Culiseta [melanura (Coq.) and morsitans (Theo.)] occurred by the hundreds (267) in the New Jersey traps but did not occur, except for one specimen of Culiseta morsitans, in the ultra-violet light traps during the same period. On the other hand Mansonia perturbans (Wlk.) was captured about equally well by both types of traps. In the one area where the latter species appeared in numbers, the New Jersey trap caught 129 specimens; ultra-violet No. 1 caught 132 and ultra- violet No. 2 caught 139 specimens over the same period of time. Aedes species also occurred in numbers in both types of traps. However, since this genus was the one reduced most by the spray program in the two treated areas and involved a number of species, each of which could easily react differently, no general statement on the relative efficiencies of the two types of traps for collecting Aedes seems justified. It is well known that differences in design and location of traps affect the number and kinds of mosquitoes caught in them. Just what the effects were on the catches in this experiment cannot be completely evaluated. The New Jersey traps contained suction fans and 25-watt incandescent bulbs, as compared with the ultra- violet traps having no suction fan and only 6- watt bulbs. In spite of these advantages the New Jersey trap caught only about the same number of M. perturbans as each of the ultra-violet traps in the one area in which this species was present. This suggests that ultra-violet light may be more attractive to M. perturbans than the standard tungsten-incandescent bulb. Conversely, it seems quite clear that ultra-violet light is far less attractive, if attractive at all, to certain species of Cidex and Culiseta than is the light produced by the tungsten-filament bulb. No other reasonable explanation is available for the tremendous disparity in numbers of specimens collected in the two types of traps. June, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 63 Acknowledgments I wish to express my appreciation to Drs. J. F. Hanson, J. H. Lilly, E. H. Wheeler and E. I. Coher for their assistance in the preparation of this paper. Literature Cited Headlee, T. J. 1937. Some facts underlying the attraction of mosquitoes to sources of radiant energy. J. Econ. Ent. 30(2) : 309-12. Huffaker, C. B. and R. C. Back. 1943. A study of methods of sampling mosquito populations. J. Econ. Ent. 36(4) : 561-69. Mulhern, T. D. 1942. New Jersey mechanical trap for mosquito surveys. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 421 : 1-8. Smith, D. W., J. G. Taylor and J. W. Apple. 1959. A com- parison of insect traps equipped with 6- and 15-watt blacklight lamps. J. Econ. Ent. 52(6) : 1212-14. NEW NAME COMBINATIONS AND NOTES ON SOME AFRICAN AND ASIAN SPECIES OF ALEYRODIDAE (HOMOPTERA) By Louise M. Russell ^ This paper is presented for the purpose of making eight new name combinations available for use in determinations and publications. Pertinent information, including the hosts and localities from which the species were originally described, is given because it is not readily available elsewhere. Acaudaleyrodes Takahashi 1951, Mem. de ITnstitut Scien. de Madagascar, ser. A, fasc. 2, 6 :382. Type-species, Acaudaleyrodes pauliani Takahashi, by original designation. Five described species, two of which are already included, are as- signable to this genus. ^ Entomology Research Division, Agric. Res. Serv., U.S.D.A., Washington, D.C. 64 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society Acaudaleyrodes africana (Dozier), Takahashi, 1951, Mem. de I’ln- stitut Scien. de Madagascar, ser. A, fasc. 2, 6 :382. Aleurotrachelus africanus Dozier, 1934, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 14 (ser. 10) : 190, illus. On D esmodium sp. Barumbu, Belgian Congo. Acaudaleyrodes alhagi (Priesner and Hosny), new combination. Aleurotrachelus alhagi Priesner and Hosny, 1934, Egypt Min. Agr. Tech. & Sci. Serv. Bui. (Ent. Ser.) 145: 9, illus. On Aca- cia arabica var. nilotica, Alhagi rnaurorum, Prosopis stephaniana, Tephrosia apollinea. Dakhla Oases, Kharga, Kom Ombo, Luxor-Karnak, Minya, Upper Egypt. Acaudaleyrodes citri (Priesner and Hosny), new combination. Aleurotrachelus citri Priesner and Hosny, 1934, Egypt Min. Agr. Tech. & Sci. Serv. Bui. (Ent. Ser.) 145:7-8, illus. On Citrus spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Laiicsonia inermis, Psidium guajava, Punica granatum, Zizyphus spina christi. Widespread in Egypt. Acaudaleyrodes pauliani Takahashi, 1951, Mem. de ITnstitut Scien. de Madagascar, ser. A, fasc. 2, 6:382-384, illus. On “Mpan- jakaben-tany.” Maevatanana, Madagascar. Acaudaleyrodes rachipora (Singh), new combination. Aleurotrachelus rachipora Singh, 1931, India Dept. Agr. Mem., Ent. Ser. 12: 57-59, illus. On Bauhinia sp.. Cassia fistula, Dal- bergia sissoo, Euphorbia pilulifera. Dholi and Pusa (Bihar), Navsari (Baroda), India. Miani (Punjab), Pakistan. Africaleurodes Dozier 1934, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 14 (ser. 10) : 187. Type-species, Africaleurodes coffeacola Dozier, by original designation. Eour described species are included in this genus. Africaleurodes coffeacola Dozier, 1934, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 14 (ser. 10) : 187-188, illus. On Coffea robusta. Lodja, Belgian Congo. Africaleurodes loganiaceae Dozier, 1934, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 14 (ser. 10) : 189, illus. On a plant of the Loganiaceae. Sankuru, Belgian Congo. Africaleurodes ochnaceae Dozier, 1934, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 14 (ser. 10) : 188-189, illus. On Ochna. Kole (Lukenie River), Belgian Congo. Africaleurodes vrijdaghii (Ghesquiere) , new combination. Aleiirolobus Vrijdaghii Ghesquiere, 1934, Ann. de Gembloux, p. 30, illus. On coffee. Belgian Congo. June, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 65 Dialeuropora Quaintance and Baker 1917, U. S. Nat. Mils. Proc. 51:406, 434. Type-species, Dialeu- rodes (Dialeuropora) decempuncta Quaintance and Baker, by original designation. In 1959 (Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 61(4) : 185-186), I combined seven specific names with the generic name Dialeuropora in a list of the species belonging to this genus. Four names that were omit- ted from the previous list and one proposed since then are given below. This brings to 19 the total number of described species cer- tainly assignable to Dialeuropora. A few other species, which can- not be placed from their descriptions, may belong here. Dialeuropora bipunctata (Corbett), new combination. Dialeurodes bipunctata Corbett, 1933, Stylops 2(6) : 128-129, illus. On “Rengas,” Gluta sp. Puchon, Malaya. Dialeuropora dothioensis (Dumbleton), new combination. Dialeurodes (Dialeuropora) dothioensis Dumbleton, 1961, Pacific Science 15:121-122, illus. On undetermined host. Dothio River Bridge, New Caledonia. Dialeuropora indochinensis Takahashi, 1942, Nat. Hist. Soc. For- mosa, Trans. 32:272-273, illus. On undetermined host. Ang- kor, Cambodia. Dialeuropora malayensis (Corbett), new combination. Trialeurodes malayensis Corbett, 1935, Fed. Malay States Mus. Jour. 17 : 812-813, illus. On unidentified host. Rembau (Negri Sembilan), Malaya. Dialeuropora silvarum (Corbett), new combination. Trialeurodes silvarum Corbett, 1935, Fed. Malay States Mus. Jour. 17 : 813-814, illus. On unidentified host. Kuala Fumpur (Selangor), Malaya. 66 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII A NEW NEARCTIC TABANUS OF THE FULVULUS GROUP By L. L. Pechuman^ In the Cooperative Economic Insect Report of June 2, 1961 (Vol. 11, No. 22), page 463, Cancienne and Newsom report Tabanus longiusculiis Hine from Louisiana. Since the writer has seen longiuscitlus only from North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Tennessee, this was thought to be an interesting exten- sion of range. Through the cooperation of Mr. Bobby H. Wilson of Louisiana State University a series of specimens reported as longiusculits was made available for study. It was found that these specimens dif- fered from longiitsculns in having a broader abdomen, narrower front, dark hind femora, a linear median callus and less distinct thoracic stripes. The characters of these specimens related them to Tabanus fulvulus Wied. However, they appear to be distinct from fulvulus and apparently represent an undescribed species. Other specimens have since been located in the collections of Ohio State University, C. B. Philip and the writer. A specimen from Arkansas in the writer’s collection has been selected as the holotype since a male collected at the same time makes an appropriate allotype. It is a pleasure to dedicate this species to Mr. Wilson who not only supplied a series of the new form, but also located other specimens pertinent to this study as noted below. Tabanus wilsoni, n. sp. Holotype, female, 13.5 mm. Eye hare. Front narrow, about six times as high as width at base, slightly widened above ; basal callus very dark brown, almost twice as high as wide, very narrowly separated from eyes ; median callus linear, not reaching basal callus ; front golden brown pollinose with black hairs ; no ocellar tubercle. Subcallus and upper portion of genae golden brown pollinose, shading below on genae to white ; genae black and yellow haired above, long white haired below. First and second antennal seg- ments orange with black hairs ; basal plate of third antennal segment orange, rather broad, about two-thirds as broad as high, with a dis- tinct dorsal angle and moderate dorsal excision ; annulate portion black, distinctly shorter than basal plate. Second palpal segment ^ Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. June, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 67 cream colored, rather stout near base but tapering to an acute point, mostly black haired with a few white hairs near base and below ; first palpal segment long white haired. Mesonotum dark brown, paler along lateral margins and on pre- scutal lobe ; the usual three longitudinal stripes obsolete except center stripe which is fairly distinct but extremely narrow. Meso- notum with short white and black hairs ; prescutal lobe with longer black hairs. Scutellum concolorous with mesonotum. Pleurae gray with white hairs. Wing, including costal cell, hyaline with a faint yellowish tinge ; veination normal. Coxae and femora black ; most of apical half of middle femora yellow brown ; apex of fore and hind femora yellow brown ; tibiae yellowish, fore tibiae becoming gradually darker on apical half giving an indistinctly bicolored ap- pearance ; hind tibial fringe predominantly black with a few pale hairs intermixed ; tarsi dark brown, middle and hind metatarsi paler at base. Abdomen dark brown with three rows of yellow brown spots on first six tergites ; median row, from second segment on, composed of contiguous triangles which are pale haired ; pale triangle on second tergite outlined anteriorly by a dark dash on each side ; the sublateral rows are composed of roundish spots which on the first three segments occupy most of width of tergite. Venter yellowish with a faint dark central spot on first two tergites ; mostly pale haired. Arkansas River, Arkansas Co., Arkansas, 8 June 1956. Allotype, male, 13.5 mm. Similar to female. Eye bare; large facets not much larger than small facets but area sharply differen- tiated and occupying about half of eye area. Antennae colored as in female but basal plate of third segment narrower. Second palpal segment cream colored, blunt, slightly more than twice as long as thick, black and yellow haired. Mesonotum dark brown with a median stripe vaguely indicated, black haired with a few pale hairs ; scutellum dark brown ; prescutal lobe reddish brown ; pleurae gray with pale yellow hairs. Legs as in female. Abdomi- nal markings much like female ; median pale triangle on second ter- gite truncated above by a dark spot. Same data as holotype. Paratypes: Arkansas: same data as holotype, 1 J'. Louisiana: Mound, 29 June 1922 (W. G. Bradley), “feeding on horse,” 1 J; Baton Rouge, 1922, 1 2; 4 June 1923 (W. G. Bradley), “feeding on horse,” 1 2 ; St. Landry Parish, 20 May 1959, 2 22 i 25 May 1959, 1 2; 27 May 1959, 11 22; 1 June 1959, 4 22; 22 June 1959, 68 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. JA'II 1 5 (B. H. Wilson) ; Tensas Parish, 25 May 1959, 3 25; 23 lime 1959, 1 2 (B. H. Wilson) ; New Roads, 14-18 July 1905, 5 22-* Holotype and allotype in writer’s collection. Paratypes in col- lections of Louisiana State University, Ohio State University, Cor- nell University, U. S. National Museum and C. B. Philip. The holotype, allotype and topotypic male paratype were collected by Dr. H. E. Evans as prey of the wasp Bembix pruinosa Eox. These three specimens were reported by Evans (1957, p. 159) as Tabanus fulzmlus. Variations: There is little variation in the series of paratypes studied except in size. The smallest specimens are 1 1 mm. and the largest is 14.5 mm. in length. Most specimens are somewhat smaller than the holotype. In some specimens the sides of the front are parallel. A male paratype collected at the same time as the allotype shows more yellow hairs on the pleurae than the allotype. Some specimens collected in 1905 are rather pale but this is believed due to age ; the basal callus of some of these is dark yellow. Comparative Notes: Both sexes of T. wilsoni may be separated from T. fulvulus by the generally brownish color in contrast to the yellow appearance of fulvulus. In detail, the black haired palpi and black hind tibial fringe of wilsoni, with the lack of yellow hairs on the mesonotum and pleurae and less distinctly bicolored fore tibiae makes differentiation from fulvulus relatively easy. North- ern females of fulvulus sometimes have many black hairs on the palpi and northern males may have mostly black hind tibial fringes but the orange thoracic pilosity readily distinguishes these from zmlsoni. Specimens of zmlsoni and fulvulus placed in a moist chamber to restore eye color indicate the eye pattern of zmlsoni to be three purple bands on a blue green background ; the specimens of fulvulus showed three similar bands on a bright green background. Philip (1936) described pallidescens as a variety of fulvulus. The writer believes the characters given by Philip are sufficient to separate pallidescens at the specific level since they are consistant in the rather adequate series studied. A series of fulvulus and palli- descens collected by A. and H. Dietrich at Marianna, Elorida on June 5 and 6, 1961 show an additional character supporting the dis- tinctness of the two forms. In fulvulus, the eye in life is bright green with three purple stripes ; in pallidescens the eye is bronzy green with one purple stripe. This difference has been confirmed by placing specimens from various localities in a moist chamber. It is interesting to note in this connection that the three eye stripes of T. fulvulus restore easily, whereas the single stripe of pallidescens June, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 69 requires a longer period of moistening to appear and in some speci- mens no stripe could be restored. The range of fulvulus and pallidescens is similar ; fuhulus has been collected further north than pallidescens, and pallidescens ap- parently ranges a little further toward the southwest. T. zmlsoni is separated from pallidescens by the dark annulate portion of the third antennal segment, dark femora and generally darker color. Hine (1907, p. 49) reports T. fulvulus from Baton Rouge, New Roads, Keachie and Crowley, Louisiana. Later (1914, p. 227), Hine discussed fulvulus under four different forms. Forms 1 and 2 seem to be within the variation associated with fulvulus; Hine reports none of these from Louisiana. Form 3 is listed only from New Roads, Louisiana. Form 4 he records from Louisiana and Georgia. Through the kindness of Prof. J. N. Knull of Ohio State Uni- versity, the writer was able to study a series of Hine’s fulvulus col- lected at New Roads, Louisiana, 14—18 July 1905 ; all of these are T. wilsoni. All other Louisiana specimens in the Hine collection seen by the writer are T. pallidescens. Jones and Bradley (1923) reported T. longiusculus from Mound, Louisiana on a basis of a determination by Dr. J. M. Aldrich. They also report the presence of T. fulvulus in May and record the collection and rearing to adult of a T. fulvulus larva collected in a well rotted log near Baton Rouge. The same workers (1924) again list T. longiusculus from Louisiana and report T. fulvulus as present during May, June and July with the period of greatest abundance in May. Mr. Wilson was able to locate in the Louisiana State University collection a single specimen collected by Bradley at Mound, Louisi- ana, 29 June 1922, and determined by Aldrich as T. longiusculus. This specimen is T. wilsoni. A second specimen collected by Brad- ley on 4 June 1923 at Baton Rouge also is wilsoni; both specimens are noted as “feeding on horse.” Mr. Wilson also sent me a series of six specimens determined as fulvulus and collected l)y Jones and Bradley. All are from Magnolia, Louisiana, 16 May 1922 and 11 June and 12 July 1923, and are noted as “feeding on mule." All six specimens are T. pallidescens Philip. From the above it seems apparent that Hine’s fulvulus from Lou- isiana is composed of both T. wilsoni (Form 3) and T. pallidescens (Form 4). T. longiusculus of Jones and Bradley is T. wilsoni and their f ulvulus is pallidescens. T. fulvulus has not been seen by the writer from Louisiana except 70 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII for a series collected by B. H. Wilson, St. Helena Parish, 30 May 1962. In addition, fulvulus has been seen during this study from New York (Long Island), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illi- nois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, Maryland, D.C., Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Flor- ida and Alabama. T. pallidescens has been seen from Maryland, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Key to Tabanus related to eulvulus 1. Third antennal segment entirely orange ; legs pale ; eye of female in life with a single purple band. Large eye facets of male considerably larger than small facets and occupying about ^ of eye area pallidescens Philip Annulate portion of third antennal segment black ; femora mostly dark ; eye in life with three purple bands. Large eye facets of male not much larger than small facets and occupying about half of eye area 2 2. Mesonotum orange or yellow haired ; hind tibial fringe usually mostly orange ; palpi usually mostly pale haired ; pleurae with orange hair fulvulus Wied. Mesonotum white and black haired ; hind tibial fringe mostly black ; palpi mostly black haired ; pleurae with pale hair ivilsoni, n. sp. REEERENCES Evans, H. E. 1957. Studies on the comparative ethology of digger wasps of the genus Bemhix. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, N. Y. Hine, J. S. 1907. Second report upon the horseflies of Louisi- ana. La. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 93 : 1-59. 1914. Tabanus longus, fulvulus and sagax. Ohio Nat. 14(3) : 225-228. Jones, T. H. and Bradley, W. G. 1923. Observations on taba- nidae (horseflies) in Louisiana. J. Econ. Ent. 16(3) : 307- 312. 1924. Eurther observations on tabanidae (horse- flies) in Louisiana. J. Econ. Ent. 17(1): 45-50. Philip, C. B. 1936. New tabanidae (horseflies) with notes on certain species of the longus group of Tabanus. Ohio J. Sci. 36(3) : 149-156. June, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 71 POSSIBLE WASP MIMICRY BY ONCOPOELTUS GUTTA H. S. (LYGAEIDAE) By Joseph C. Schaffner Iowa State University On July 23, 1959, while collecting five miles north of Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, I observed four specimens of Oncopeltus gutta that upon disturbance exhibited a behavior pattern highly sug- gestive of that of certain wasps of the family Pompilidae. The behavior was characterized by swift jerky running movements carried on simultaneously with rapid vibration of the wings which were held high over the body. Both males and females were ob- served acting in this manner. Two of the four specimens took flight. A fifth specimen was also collected that did not show the above behavior. Mimicry of this type apparently has not been reported in the literature for members of the Lygaeidae. The bright coloration of many members of the subfamily Lygaeinae to which Oncopeltus gutta H. S. belongs has been presumed to he warning in nature and associated with the Asclepiadaceae upon which many species feed. The abdominal color pattern of this species might possibly be construed to be a supplementary character for this possible mimicry. The posterior three pregenital segments of the abdomen are dark red in contrast to the preceding abdominal segments which are yellowish-orange on these specimens. This color pattern might suggest the abdomen of an aculeate wasp. New distributional and host record for Poecilothrips albo- pictus Uzel. The recorded distribution of the tuhuliferous thrips Poecilothrips albopictus Uzel is of a discontinuous nature. It is known from California, Western Washington, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, and the District of Columbia. On April 25, 1961, R. E. Stecker collected specimens of this thrips emerging from a dead sumac branch (Rhus glabra), approximately five miles northeast of Lewiston, Nez Perce County, Idaho. According to available literature sumac has not been listed as a host for this thrips. This, therefore, establishes a new distributional and host record for this species of insect. — Richard B. Roberts, University of Idaho. 72 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society FILING AND STORING LIQUID-PRESERVED INSECTS^ By John F. Hanson The recent appearance of publications describing new tray de- signs (Evans, 1958, and Killough, 1959) for the storage of vials of liquid-preserved specimens prompts me to words on the same subject. Certainly a great deal of attention should be focused on this subject since some of our more common storage systems are not only unsatisfactory but can be quite annoying and cumbersome. One of the reasons for this situation is that when a collection is small, it doesn’t much matter what system is used. Thus, the initial design of many collections is almost accidental, depending on what containers and materials happen to be most conveniently and cheaply available. Unfortunately, as a collection grows, some of its features often become more and more objectionable. By the time a collection is large enough for its objectionable features to become conspicuous, one is usually too deeply committed, finan- cially and otherwise, to change it. Therefore, the selection of a system of filing alcoholic specimens is usually a much more im- portant decision than is realized in the initial stages of gathering a collection. The major types of trays or containers for holding vials are the following: pint preserving jar holding inverted specimen vials in a reservoir of liquid, cigar box or the like, vertical screen with vials hung on wire hooks (Needham system), double-row com- partmentalized tray, double-row noncompartmentalized tray (Fig. 2), compartmentalized and noncompartmentalized single-row trays. The author has been using a double-row noncompartmentalized tray system with quite satisfactory results for over twenty years. This was adopted for The University of Massachusetts collection many years ago and has been serving satisfactorily. The essential features which make this system feasible and desirable are shown in the figures and discussed in the text. ^ Contribution No. 55 of The Massachusetts Agricultural Ex- periment Station and Contribution No. 1353 from the entomologi- cal laboratory of The University of Massachusetts. Supported by NIH Grant E-1442 (C6), U. S. Public Health Service. June, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 73 Fig. 2, Assembled tray showing compactness of storage and use of the guard vials (see Fig. 4) hung over the center strip to hold specimen vials in place in trays in which expansion room is desired. Fig. 3, Tray with removable center strip taken out to permit storage of two sizes of square bottles containing large specimens. Hanson Plate I h- J 1 'e y Jt A T [}■ I T 3 T" J 1 yj Fig. 1, Exploded view of double-row noncompartmentalized tray showing dimensions of tray for two dram homeopathic vials. Twenty-two gauge galvanized steel provides adequate rigidity. 74 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Fig. 4, Guard vial showing details of wire attachment around neck of homeopathic vial. Fig. 5, Cabinet and trays. Note the manilla filing folders used as dust and light covers above each row of trays : the opened folder is thumbtacked at the rear of the undersurface of each shelf and the front edge lies on the ends of the trays. The front edge is bent up slightly so as not to catch on trays being moved in or out of the cabinet. Assembly Procedure The assembly of the tray described above can be very simply executed. First, preferably with a power drill, without any fussy measuring, make appropriately sized holes through the metal side pieces : the holes can be bored through a considerable number of pieces at a time by clamping a group of them in a vice. Then, “by eye”, drive a carpet tack in the center of the groove of each wooden end block : the tacks become the supports for the center strip. Put the end blocks in a rough wooden jig which will hold the blocks upright at their proper spacing, and then position the bottom channel over the ends of the blocks. With a point punch make the nail holes to fasten the above pieces together, driving FIanson Plate II June, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 75 the punch through the metal and slightly into the wood. It is important to make these holes in this manner so as to create a slight recess in the bottom channel for each nail head : this prevents the nail head from catching and scratching on the shelves of the cabinet. After fastening the bottom channel to the end blocks with No. 12 gauge wire nails, remove the assembly from the jig and drop the divider strip into the slots. After it is made to fit snugly by pressing in or out against the free ends of the wooden blocks, lay on a side strip, line it up with the center strip by eye, and nail it on with No. 17 gauge wire nails. Do the same with the other side piece and the job is complete. Critical Comparisons It is not possible to design a system which is satisfactory from all points of view because financial circumstances, size variations within the group being preserved, etc., provide each collection with individual characteristics and problems that make special compro- mises necessary. However, it is possible to effect compromises producing less objectionable situations than exist in many major collections of the world. Thus, it seems to me, it is not enough simply to extol the merits of still another device : it is more im- portant to evaluate critically the significant factors of the different systems of storing collections, with special emphasis on the pit- falls so that our mistakes and inefficiencies will not be perpetuated and expanded. Such a critical review follows. 1. Compactness Perhaps the least compact of all systems is the one developed by Needham at Cornell. In the Needham system each specimen vial is “wired” (Fig. 4) so as to provide a hook by which the vials can be hung on vertically oriented screens about the size of a win- dow screen but with a much coarser mesh. The vials must be quite widely spaced in order to maintain organized rows and the screens must be rather widely separated in their cabinets to prevent the vials from bumping each other as the screens are moved in or out. A series of preserving jars offers more compact storage, but still there is considerable lost space above the vials within the jar, between jars, and above the jars to provide access to jars located to the rear of the shelf. Of the tray-type filing systems, the noncompartmentalized type with the vials touching each other is obviously the most conserva- tive of space. The double-row tray is more conservative of space 76 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII than the single-row tray. Trays with metal side pieces are more conservative than those with the thicker wooden side pieces. For example, in my cabinets only one and a quarter inches of the width of the cabinet is consumed by the 36 strips of metal required for the twelve double-row trays on each shelf : over 2,000 two dram vials can be stored in the cabinet shown in Figure 5. No other system affords as much efficiency of space usage. 2. Safety of Specimens One of the reasons for rare usage of the noncompartmentalized tray, in spite of its compactness and other advantages, has been the difficulty of keeping the vials securely in place. Some workers have used a book end type of device (the sheet metal type with a section extending under the books as well as up along the side of the end book). This, however, is quite unsatisfactory because the weight of the small vials is hardly sufficient to hold the stop in place under normal tray usage, and is wholly inadequate in cases where there are only a very few vials in a row. Nonetheless, with the proper devices and reasonable care, there is virtually no chance of vials slipping out of the noncompartmentalized trays. The proper device was practically thrust upon me while I was studying the Needham collection at Cornell where each specimen vial is ‘‘wired”, as previously mentioned. I discovered that these wired vials cling very nicely to the sharp edges of the metal divider strip of the double-row noncompartmentalized tray, and therefore, can be used as guard vials to hold rows of specimen vials in place in unfilled trays : one or two guard vials hung on the center strip at the end of the row of vials suffice (Fig. 2). If only one of the rows of the tray is in use, two spaced guard vials in the unused row keeps the center strip from hending under the weight of the vials, and only an abnormal amount of shaking and tipping of the tray will dislodge any of the vials. I can not remember more than twice in the past ten years when a vial has slipped out of a tray, and in both cases gross carelessness was involved. The double-row tray is much to be preferred over the single- row tray because it is much less likely to be accidentally over- turned. The tipping hazard of the double-row tray is further re- duced since, for a given number of vials, one needs on his desk only half the number of trays that would be required if single-row trays were used. Killough has described an interesting type of wooden double- row tray from which the vials can not easily fall even if the tray June, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 77 is tipped over or roughly jarred. For this reason, Killough’s design has distinct advantages for field work, especially since double-row may be built upon double row into one easily carried large capacity field kit, as he has described. However, for labora- tory usage, the tray system described herein has distinct advantages with regard to accessibility of specimens, general handling ease, and adaptability for different vial or bottle sizes. Evaporation of the preservative liquid and the resultant drying out and shriveling of valual:)le specimens has been a very serious problem with all open systems of storing specimen vials. Cork stoppers vary considerably in their permeability, and, as a result, liquids often evaporate much faster from one vial than from another. This is the main reason why the use of preserving jars was in- stituted, in spite of their disadvantages. Inverting specimen vials in a reservoir of fluid in a preserving jar insures that no evapora- tion can occur from the vials. In recent years the availability of neoprene stoppers — which are nearly impervious to gases, are more uniform than cork stoppers, and do not swell on contact with some liquids as does natural rubber — has made relatively safe the open storage of small specimen vials. Nonetheless, it is wise to put a tahlespoonful or two of glycerine in each stock gallon of preservative to insure against complete drying out of specimens. Then, if a stopper is carelessly installed or accidentally loosened, there will still be a very thin film of glycerine on the bottom of the vial to prevent total drying and shriveling of the specimen. I find that it is necessary to spend only a few hours about every five years to check for evapora- tion losses. 3. Filing and Handling Ease Accessibility of particular specimens is certainly the poorest in bulk storage systems, such as the preserving jar, where the vials must be removed and replaced one by one in order to read the labels. Further, if the cabinet or shelf on which the jars are kept is deep enough for efficient storage, jars become hidden behind one another and are mixed up in the shuffle of finding particular specimens. In the Needham system, unless the rows of vials are kept quite widely separated, special care is required to be sure that the end of the wire hook of every specimen vial goes through the proper hole in the screen in order to maintain a reasonable semblance of rows. Also, it is difficult to find a place to stand the screen racks safely even if you are lucky enough to have a desk near a wall against which to lean the rack : and then every- 78 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Voi. lvii thing behind the screen is inaccessible because of the breadth and height of it. It is often argued that the single-row tray is the best because there is no obstruction to the view from either side. However, even with the single-row tray, one is inclined to orient the labels on one side only so as not to have to twist the tray back and forth to read labels. Therefore, the single-row tray has no visibility advantage over the double-row tray, which has an obvious price and stability advantage over the single-row tray. In the com- partmentalized tray, the precise placing of a particular vial often requires a process of first moving a dozen others to new positions, one by one. The simplest tray in which to file specimens is the open-top noncompartmentalized tray with guard vials (Fig. 2). To add one or several specimen vials, simply move the guard vials a little and push the appropriate specimen vials along to make room to drop in the additions. For field usage Killough’s multiple double-row rack is better because the vials are more securely held in place, but this security is accomplished at some sacrifice in ac- cessibility of vials. No matter what sort of tray is used, the storage cabinet should have removable shelves so that the trays need not necessarily be handled individually. Also, the cabinets with contents (Fig. 5) should be no larger than can be easily moved about by two weak biologists. 4. Adaptability The preserving jar system and the Needham system have the advantage of accepting a variety of vial sizes, but the tray systems, having many more advantages, are much more desirable. The compartmentalized row-type tray has an advantage over the non- compartmentalized tray in its ability to accept vials of different sizes side by side. However, this is of little importance since with most groups of insects it is possible to select one small vial size that will be convenient for all specimens. For instance, in the Plecoptera, one vial size is sufficient : there are no species too large to fit into a two dram vial. And a smaller vial would not be appropriate even for the tiny specimens anyway, since the two dram vial is the smallest homepathic vial into which tweezers can be inserted to the bottom without having to squeeze them closed to get them through the mouth of the vial. For another reason also, the two dram vial is the smallest convenient size : it is not possible to insert adequate data easily into a smaller vial, especially if a typed label is used. I have found a portable typewriter with June, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 79 small type extremely useful not only for reliable legibility of the finished label but for preparation of labels while the wife is driving from one collecting station to another, thus saving literally hours each day. For taxonomic groups with great size variations it may not always be convenient or economical to standardize on one size of vial, hut it is still practical to use the noncompartmentalized tray system. Genera with larger or smaller species than the average size for the group concerned can he properly filed amongst the others by appropriately interspersing a few trays of different size. Furthermore, even if only one tray size is used, adaptability to groups with large species is possible simply by lifting out the removable center strip of the tray so that the whole width of the tray can he used to accommodate large square bottles in a single row (Fig. 3). 5. Cost of Cabinets and Trays Parts and labor for one cabinet and its 48 trays for two dram vials, as described in this article (Fig. 5), is less than fifty dollars. Since 2,000 vials can be stored in such a cabinet, the prorated cost per vial is one and a half cents. The cost of each tray (Fig. 1), holding 44 vials, is no more than 65 cents (50 cents for parts and 15 cents for labor). The com- partmentalized tray constitutes more expensive storage not only because it separates the vials one from another in each row but because the compartmentalized tray is more expensive to make. For example, the ingeniously simple single-row tray described by Evans (1958) stores only 18 vials compared to 22 in each row of the tray described here, even though his tray is longer and the vials he uses are smaller. At a cost of 45 cents per tray his cost per vial for the tray alone is over two cents. Since his system must also require a larger cabinet for any given number of vials, his total storage cost per vial can safely be estimated to be nearly twice that of the cost of my system. Only the cigar box and the preserving jar offer a cheaper unit storage cost, but both are quite undesirable because of poor accessibility of specimens, poor visibility of labels, and handling and filing difficulties. Literature Cited Evans, D. 1958. Storage of preserved insect specimens. Canad. Ent. 90(8) : 461-463, fig. 1. Killough, R. A. 1959. A storage rack for insect specimens pre- served in liquids. J. Econ. Ent. 52(6) : 1225-1226, figs. 1-2. 80 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society voi. Lvn NOTES ON BANKS’ SPECIES OF PELTOPERLIDAE (PLECOPTERA) By Stephen W. Hitchcock^ Recently I have had the opportunity to examine and make free- hand sketches of some of Nathan Banks’ type specimens of Pel- toperlidae at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The lack of certain details and illustrations in the original descriptions has made it difficult for workers in Southeast Asia or the western United States to identify these members of their fauna. It is hoped that these notes might help to clear up some of the confusion on these species, the types of which are located half a world away from the home range of the insects. Peltoperla nigrisoma Banks 1948. The holotype male is labelled as M.C.Z. type 27724 and comes from Sequoia Park, California. Jewett (1956) surmised that this species was synonymous with Peltoperla brevis Banks and examination of the type shows that this is indeed so. It does not differ from California specimens of brevis except for being slightly darker in color. It agrees with al- most all California specimens of brevis examined to date in having veins M and Cui of the hindwing joined together for a short dis- tance. P. brevis was originally described from British Columbia and specimens of brevis from the Pacific Northwest including a paratype from Port Renfrew, B. C., do not show this peculiarity of venation. The illustration in Needham and Claassen (1925) of the hind wing of P. brevis was thus obviously from a California specimen and is not typical of specimens from the area where the Explanation of Plate Fig. 1, Peltoperla mindanensis Banks. Fig. 1 a, forewing. Fig. 1 b, ventral view ninth abdominal segment. Fig. 1 c, lateral view of vesicle. Fig. 1 d, proximal cereal segments. Fig. 2, Peltoperla concolor Banks. Fig. 2 a, forewing. Fig. 2 b, ventral view ninth abdominal segment. Fig. 2 c, proximal cereal segments. Fig. 3, Neopeltoperla chiangi (Banks). Fig. 3 a, forewing. Fig. 3 b, ventral view abdominal segments. Fig. 3 c, proximal cereal seg- ments. Fig. 3 d, cereal spur of paratype Fig. 3 e, cereal spur of holotype in U. S. N. M. (O.S.F. Jr.). Fig. 4, Neopeltoperla fra- terna (Banks). Fig. 4 a, forewing. Fig. 4 b, ventral view, ninth abdominal segment. Fig. 4 c, cereal spur. ^ The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven. June, 1962 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society 81 Hitchcock 82 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII type was taken, Peltoperla mindanensis Banks 1924. There are two specimens labelled with type number “MCZ 14806.” Both bear the data “Surigao, Mindanao, Baker” and carry the additional number “16325.” As one specimen has the abdomen missing, I am denoting the other as the holotype. The abdomen of this specimen has been relaxed and examined (Fig. lb). The vesicle of the holotype male is somewhat smaller than the specimen illustrated by Jewett (1958). The ventral portion of the vesicle is glabrous but its dorsal half bears a few light hairs. The cereal segments (Fig 1 d) are strongly haired but with no particular pattern. Forewing venation is shown in Figure 1 a. Peltoperla concolor Banks 1931. There are three insects in the type series labelled as type 16490. Banks implied that males from 7200 feet on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo, represented the type. Al- though none were located with these exact data, two males from 7000 feet were in the type series and so I designate the specimen collected “28:3 :1929” as the type specimen. The wings (Fig. 2 a) are notable by the large number of forkings and the number of costal crosveins beyond the end of the subcosta. The abdomen was relaxed and examined (Fig. 2 b). The ninth segment bears a small vesicle. Near the distal margin of the vesicle there is a dark line and a few dark hairs. Just before the ventral hind margin of ab- dominal segments 5-8 there is an irregular row of darker longer bristles. These bristles are progressively longer and darker as one moves from segment 5 to 8. The cerci (Fig. 2 c) are many seg- mented, but with a large basal segment, and bear a brush of long hairs on the inner margins of some of the proximal cereal segments. The paratypic male from 7000 feet has broken cerci but there is an indication that it too had the same brush of hair on the inner cereal margin. The specimen in the original type series from 3000 feet does not have this brush of hairs but has the cerci evenly haired except for a single long seta extending ventrally from each segment. Neopeltoperla chiangi (Banks) 1940. A male paratype in the M.C.Z. from Mu Sang Tsai was relaxed and placed in alcohol. The wing venation (Fig. 3 a) appears like that described by Banks. The ventral ninth segment has a small vesicle (Fig. 3 b). On the posterior ventral margin of most of the abdominal segments there is a closely set row of small dark spinules that superficially appears like a black line. The basal segment of the cercus is the longest (Fig. 3 c). It bears a prominent spur that is shorter than the brush of hair found on the same segment. The cereal spur (Fig. 3d) bears several teeth of decreasing size. Jane, 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 83 At my request, Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr., of the United States Na- tional Museum cleared and examined the male type of N. chiangi at that institution and stated that it agrees quite closely with my figures of the abdomen and appendages of the paratype. Minor dififerences are that the cercus of the holotype is straighter apically than that shown in Figure 3 c and the teeth on the spur are as Figure 3 e. This difiference in the shape and number of teeth is considered to be within the range of variation of the species. The holotype was collected from Liu Ngai Si. N eopeltoperla fraterna (Banks) 1938. A single male bearing MCZ type number 22698 from Pahang, Malaya, was examined. Banks ( 1940) stated that N. fraterna does not bear “a small rounded piece at base of penultimate ventral segment.” The male type how- ever bears a definite vesicle on the ninth ventral segment (Fig. 4 b). The hairs associated on the basal segment with the cereal spur are shorter than the spur. Thus spur is longer than that on N. chiangi and bears one long tooth and four shorter blunter teeth near its base (Fig. 4 c). An unidentified male stonefly in alcohol from Pahang in October in the M. C. Z. was examined and also proved to be this species. Eryptoperla divergens Banks 1914. The type specimen of this species is not to be found at the Museum of Comparative Zoology nor the U. S. National Museum. Peltoperla formosana Klapalek 1913. Two female Peltoperla from Formosa in June and October, identified by Banks as this species, do not appear inconsistent with Klapalek ’s original descrip- tion. The female subgenital plate is slightly more rounded than the type figured by Klapalek. There are 26-28 cereal segments, all of the same approximate size. I should like to express my appreciation to the staflf of the M.C.Z. for the use of their time and facilities. This study was supported by a Grant-inAid from the Society of Sigma Xi. Literature Cited Banks, N. 1940. Report on certain groups of neuropteroid insects from Szechwan, China. Proc. U. S. N. M. 88: 173- 220. Jewett, S. G., Jr. 1956. Plecoptera, pp. 155-81, in Usinger, Aquatic insects of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. . 1958. Stoneflies from the Philippines (Plecoptera). Fieldiana Zoology 42f6) : 77-87 Needham, J .G., and P. W. Claassen. 1925. Plecoptera of America north of Mexico. Thomas Say Foundation 2: 1-397. 84 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED The Beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part III : Pselaphidae and Diversicornia I, by M. H. Hatch. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, 512 pp., 66 pis. 1962. Part III continues the author’s plan of presenting a descriptive key to the 4,000 species of beetles found in the Pacific Northwest. It is the third of five parts and describes about 950 species of which many are illustrated in the 66 plates. The 36 families covered include some of the most obscure as well as some of the best known. The largest family is the lady beetles with over 100 species. Economic entomologists will be interested in the fact that Part III provides precise descriptions and illustrations of many household and stored- product beetles in such families as the Dermestidae, Ptinidae, Anobiidae, Cucujidae and Crypt ophagidae. (Price $11.50) Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries, by G. K. Reid. A Reinhold College Textbook, 392 pp., 112 figs. 1961. The author discusses the contributions of geology, chemistry, biology, physics and hydrology to fresh-water biology and integrates the related ecological principles. Throughout the book each topic is related to the major types of natural waters. The chapter covering dis- solved gases, for example, presents a general discussion of the subject followed by descriptions of gases in lakes, streams and estuaries. The author also discusses such recent advances in the field as the use of radioactive tracers, new concepts and techniques in productivity measurement and aeration concepts in stream dy- namics. Bibliography of Agricultural Meteorology, by J. Y. Wang and G. L. Barger. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 688 pp. 1962. Over 11,000 references are cited, mostly to current literature but including classic works. The scope of the book is broad, covering the nature of the atmosphere and solar radiation and their effects on organisms in agricultural industry, the inter- change of energy and moisture taking place at the earth’s surface, and the portion of atmosphere found in surface layers of soil and water, microclimatic factors, etc. Many of the most prominent scholars in the field have participated : included are extensive con- tributions from eight experts in special subjects. (Price $6.75) PUBLICATIONS OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMO- LOGICAL SOCIETY. The Bulletin, Old Series, Vols. 1-7, 1879-1885, Complete on positive microfilm $10.00 The Bulletin, New Series, Vols. 8-54, 1912-1959, Com- plete, unbound $104.00 Entomologica Americana, Vols. 1-6 (1885-1890) and 7- 10 (1926-30), positive microfilm $15.00 Vols. 11-40, 1931-1960, complete, regular issue, pa- per cover. Write for quotation. A Glossary of Entomology, Torre-Bueno, cloth bound, including Supplement A $7.00 Supplement A to Torre-Bueno’s Glossary of Entomol- ^6 pp., 1960 $ 1.00 Monographs from Entomologica Americana New York Thysanoptera, Hood. 36 pp., 2 plates. 1926 .$ 1.00 A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Life History of Bremus bimaculatus, Prison. 65 pp., 8 figs. 1928 . . . .$ 2.00 A Revision of the Genus Eurema — Part II. New World Species, Taxonomy and Synonymy, Klots. 73 pp., 101 figs. 1929 $ 1.50 Synopsis of the Principal Larval Forms of the Cole- optera, Boving & Craighead, cloth bound, 351pp., 125 plates. 1930-31 $10.00 The Nearctic Social Wasps of the Subfamily Polybiinae, Bequaert. 63 pp., 8 figs. 1933 $ 2.00 Revision of the Epistrophe Flies of America North of Mexico, Fluke. 57 pp., 45 figs. 1935 $ 2.00 The Biology and Taxonomy of the Genus Trichiotinus, Hoffmann. 76 pp., 20 figs. 1935 $ 2.00 A Review of the Genus Cyrtopogon in North America, Wilcox and Martin. 95 pp., 58 figs. 1936 $ 2.00 Bibliography of the Described Life Histories of the Rhopalocera of America North of Mexico, Daven- port and Dethier. 40 pp. 1937 $ 4.00 Monographs from Entomologica Americana The American Patrobini, Darlington. 48 pp. 1938 $ 1.00 Taxonomic Studies in Cantharis (Coleoptera), Green. 59 pp., 3 plates. 1940 $ 1.00 A Synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America North of Mexico — Part II. Coreidae, Alydidae, Cor- izidae, Neididae, Pyrrhocoridae and Thaumastothe- riidae, Torre-Bueno. 81 pp. 1941 $ 6.00 A Monograph of the Melophaginae, or Ked-Flies of Sheep, Goats, Deer and Antelope, Bequaert. cloth bound, 210 pp., 18 figs. 1942 $ 5.00 Selection of Colored Lights by Night-Flying Insects, Milne and Milne. 65 pp. 1944 $ 3.00 A Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Carabus, Van Dyke. 50 pp., 24 figs. 1944 $ 3.00 The Larvae of the Harpalinae Unisetosae, Chu. 71 pp., 92 figs. 1945 $ 1.00 Notes and Keys on the Genus Brochymena, Ruckes. 95 pp., 41 figs. 1946 $ 3.00 Female Genitalia of Culicidae, with Particular Reference to Characters of Generic Value, Coher. 38 pp. 1948 . .$ 4.00 The Scutate Ticks, or Ixodidae, of Indonesia, Anastos. 144 pp., 28 figures. 1950 $ 5.00 The Tingoidea of New England and their Biology, Bailey, 140 pp., 6 figs. 1951 $ 5.00 The Hippoboscidae or Louse-Flies of Mammals and Birds, Part I. Structure, Physiology and Natural History, Bequaert, 442 pp., 21 figs., 1952-53 $10.00 Part II. Taxonomy, Evolution and Revision of American Genera and Species. 611 pp., 83 figs. 1954-56 $15.00 All orders for all publications MUST be sent DIRECT to Brook- lyn Entomologicial Society, R. R. McElvare, Treasurer, P. O. Box 386, Southern Pines, North Carolina. BUSINESS PRESS INC., Lancaster, Pa. VoL. LVII OCTOBER, 1962 No. 4 BULLETIN OF THE Brooklyn Entomological Society NEW SERIES PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOHN F. HANSON GEORGE S. TUELOCH JAMES A. SLATER Published for the Society by Business Press, Inc. N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price, 85 cents Subscription, $4.00 per year Mailed March 7, 1963 Entered as second-class matter January 21, 1919, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879 The Brooklyn Entomological Society Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month from October to May, inclusive, at the Engineers’ Club, 117 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 2. Y. The annual dues are $2.00. OFFICERS 1961-62 Honorary President R. R. McELVARE President HARRY BEATROS Vice President CASIMIR REDJIVES Secretary ANNA FLAHERTY T reasurer R. R. McELVAKh. P. O. Box 386 Southern Pines North Carolina X CONTENTS Observations, including new prey Records, of Nearctic Pompilidae (Hymenop.), Kurczewski 85 Ultrastructure of metasternal Glands of Ants, Tulloch, Shapiro and Hershenov 91 Biology of Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Hymenop.), a para- site of pine sawfly Prepupae, Bobb 102 Studies of the Gyponini (Homop. : Cicadellidae) : the Gypona glauca complex, DeLong and Freytag 109 Publications Received 90, 101, 108 Editorial Note 132 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Published in February, April, June, October and December of each year Subscription price, domestic, $4.00 per year ; foreign, $4.25 in advance ; single copies, 85 cents. Advertising rates on application. Short articles, notes and observations of interest to entomologists are solicited. Address subscriptions to the Treasurer, manuscripts and other communications to the editor, JOHN F. HANSON, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL LVII OCTOBER, 1962 No. 4 OBSERVATIONS, INCLUDING NEW PREY RECORDS, OF SOME NEARCTIC POMPILIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) By Frank E. Kurczewski ^ During the summer of 1961, I collected 20 pompilid females with their prey spiders. Ten of these collections made at Presque Isle State Park, Pennsylvania, were of females of Episyron quinqueno- tatiis qninquenotatus (Say) and their prey hut will not be reported at this time. The other records, which include new prey species, hehavorial notes on pompilids such as Priocneinis mino7'ata Banks which are difficult to observe, and a 1959 record for Anoplius (Arachnophrocfonus) marginalis (Banks) which was purposely omitted in an earlier paper (1961b), are presented below. The prey spiders of this study and those of two previous notes (1961a, 1961b), with one exception, have been incorporated into the Cornell University insect collection under Cornell U. Lot 943, Sub- lot numbers P1-P39. As my two previous publications did not list specimen numbers and as these will serve as permanent records for other workers in this field, the numbers given to the specimens of the above mentioned studies are listed here. In the first paper (1961a), prey was recorded for only one species of pompilid, Pri- ocneniis cornica (Say). Henceforth, these records will pertain to numbers PI and P2. Prey spiders of the second study (1961b), with the exception of Lycosa amda Walckenaer (PI 5) which has been deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, will be found under Sublot numbers P4-P9, P11-P12, P14, P16-P17, and P19. Prey spiders of the present study can be lo- cated by referring to the number which follows their specific deter- mination in parenthesis. ^ Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 85 86 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society I am deeply indebted to Dr. Willis J. Gertscli, American Museum of Natural History, for making the determinations of nearly all spider prey, and to Dr. B. J. Kaston, Central Connecticut State College, for his determination of Arctosa littoralis Hentz (P3) , prey of Anoplius marginalis. I am also grateful to Dr. William T. Kee- ton, Cornell University, for critically reading the manuscript. Subfamily Pepsinae Priocnemis (Priocnemissus) minorata Banks. (Inlet Valley, Ithaca, New York, 11 May 1961, 1130 hours). In an open wood- land area between two large streams, a large female P. minorata, 13.5 mm. long, was observed transporting its prey spider, grasping it by the bases of the hind coxae, and proceeding slowly backwards with it over dried leaf litter. During transport, the spider’s body was held perpendicular to that of the wasp. After dragging its prey backwards for 14 centimeters, the wasp placed it dorsum up on a large leaf and, leaving it in that position, disappeared beneath this same leaf. After waiting 15 minutes, I placed the spider, a 12.5 mm. long adult female Trochosa pratensis Emerton (P20), in alco- hol and removed all of the leaf litter from the immediate area. Shortly thereafter, the wasp appeared head first in the entrance of its burrow which was surrounded by a small mound of moist, dark earth mixed with small bits of leaves. After capturing the wasp, I excavated its nest. The burrow was seven millimeters in diameter. It entered the earth at an angle of approximately 40° with the hori- zontal, and then went nearly straight down to a depth of seven centi- meters where it ended blindly. Many large roots were encountered and I had to sever several of them in order to trace the burrow. The soil in which the burrow had been dug was very moist, con- tained much black humus, and became increasingly sandy below a depth of five centimeters. It seems apparent that the wasp was still in the process of digging its nest when I captured it. At this same locality on May 14, 1961 (1200 hours), I en- countered another P. minorata female transporting its prey over a path which contained many dried leaves. Although only 12 mm. long, this female proceeded backwards at a much more rapid rate than had the first female. Its spider, a 12.5 mm. long adult female Trochosa pratensis Emerton (P21) was grasped in the same man- ner, and, as before, was placed dorsum up on a large leaf under which the wasp disappeared. I first collected the spider and later the wasp when, after 25 minutes, it came out of its entrance and be- gan searching for its prey. This burrow also contained the characteristic small mound of Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 87 dark, moist earth around the entrance ; the tunnel, which was 6.5 mm. wide, contained two slight curves and then went straight down to a depth of 18 centimeters where it ended blindly. As before, the burrow had been dug in moist, dark soil containing much humus with scattered veins of sand. In making this excavation, I had to remove several, large, round stones as well as having to sever many large roots. Priocnemis (Priocnemis) cornica (Say). (Presque Isle State Park, Pennsylvania, 28 July 1961, 1200-1530 hours). A small female of this species, 6 mm. long, was observed throughout the afternoon of the above date hunting small lycosids in a sandy inland blow-out area. The wasp hunted mostly on foot and when not in direct contact with a spider held its wings over the dorsum of the abdomen flicking them upwards at intervals. As soon as a spider provided a stimulus, the wasp raised its wings to a nearly vertical position flicking them incessantly and either pursued the spider for- ward on the ground, its wings held in this position but flicking rapidly, or took flight and tried to pounce upon the spider’s back. On four occasions the spiders being pursued either rapidly outran this female wasp or hid beneath pieces of decayed wood and flat stones. Finally, after chasing a juvenile Arctosa littoralis Hentz (P27), 3.5 mm. long, six centimeters over the sand surface, the wasp pounced upon the dorsum of the spider and while clinging to it, bent its abdomen under and upwards placing its sting into the venter of the spider’s cephalothorax. Within a few seconds the spider’s legs collapsed and the wasp dismounted and cleaned its antennae with its fore legs. I then collected both spider and wasp. (Groton, New York, 31 Aug. 1961, 1600 hours.) A female of this same, small, black species, 6 mm. in length, was observed drag- ging its prey spider, an immature Pardosa sp. probably milvina Hentz (P37), 5.5 mm. long, backwards up a steep slope which formed one side of a sand pit. The prey was grasped in the wasp’s mandibles by a hind leg. (Groton, New York, 4 Sept. 1961, 1530 hours). Another fe- male P. cornica, 6.5 mm. long, was noted transporting a female Par- dosa moesta Banks (P38), 5.5 mm. long, in the above manner. After dragging its prey backwards for nearly 30 centimeters, this wasp laid it dorsum up three centimeters from the entrance of an active Sphex ichneumoneus ichneumoneus (Linnaeus) nest, and walked forward into the open burrow. After remaining within for about 20 seconds, the female appeared head forward at the entrance. 88 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII came out of the burrow onto the gravel which surrounded the Sphex entrance, and walked rapidly forward to its prey. After tapping the distal segments of its antennae over its prey, the wasp grasped the spider by a hind leg and began dragging it backwards towards the open nest of Sphex. I then collected the wasp and its prey be- fore they reached the nest entrance. Rau and Rau (1918) and Evans (1953) have noted P. cornica nesting in pre-existing holes. Subfamily Pompilinae Episyron biguttatus biguttatus (Fabricius). (Groton, New York, 5 Sept. 1961, 1630 hours). A female of this species, 11 mm. long, was noted dragging a huge, adult female Araneus diadematus Clerck (P39), 13 mm. long, backwards up a vertical Solidago stem. The wasp grasped its prey in its mandibles by a hind leg. After pulling it up the stem to a height of nine centimeters, the wasp placed the spider dorsum up in the axil of a leaf, flew about one meter to a hard-packed sand bank near the edge of a field, and began digging its nest. In digging, the fore legs were used rapidly and simultane- ously ; these threw the loosened sand backwards beneath the body in a continual stream. The wasp, at intervals, stopped digging and backed out into the entrance to clear away the accumulating sand, again using the fore legs for this. After digging to a depth of only two centimeters, the Episyron backed out from this excavation, moved three centimeters to the right of this hole, and began another. After she had repeatedly begun a number of new excavations, the wasp was collected. Anoplius ( Arachnophroctonus) marginalis (Banks). (Presque Isle State Park, Pennsylvania, 28 June 1959, 1400 hours). While walking over an area of extensive sand dunes along the shore of Lake Erie, I observed a large, female A. marginalis, 12.5 mm. long, in the process of stinging a 14 mm. long male of Arctosa littoralis Hentz in the penultimate instar (P3), this occurring on the sand surface. The wasp clung dorsum up to the spider which was also dorsum up ; its abdomen, especially the apical half, was bent under and hooked upwards, the sting apparently having entered the ventral cephalo- thorax of the host. After having stung its prey three or four times the wasp climbed off onto the sand surface and cleaned its antennae with its fore legs. The spider, having collapsed so that its venter was resting on its legs which were folded and bent underneath, did not move. I collected both specimens at this time. According to Evans and Yoshimoto (1962), Anoplius marginalis preys mostly Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 89 upon large lycosids of the genera Lycosa and Geolycosa ; this species has never been observed using spiders of the genus Arctosa as provender. Anoplius (Arachnophroctonus) semirufus (Cresson). (Mill Creek, Erie, Pennsylvania, 26 July 1961, 1500 hours) . In an aban- doned gravel pit, a female A. semirufus, 7 mm. long, was observed carrying its prey, a female Pardosa milvina Hentz (P26), 5 mm. long, backwards up a steep slope. While walking backwards, the wasp held its prey in its mandibles by one of the hind coxae ; the body of the spider was held nearly perpendicular to that of the wasp. At intervals, during transport, the wasp stopped, laid down its prey on the gravelly slope, and moved up the slope where it walked in er- ratic circles, topping the distal segments of its antennae against the ground, as though searching for a familiar landmark. Anoplius ( Pompilinus ) marginatus ( Say ) . ( Groton, N ew Y ork, 31 Aug. 1961, 1700 hours). A female of this very common pom- pilid, 9.5 mm. long, was noted dragging an immature Xysticus sp. (P36), 6.5 mm. long, rapidly backwards through dense grass at the edge of a gravelly path. The wasp grasped its prey in its mandibles by a hind leg and followed a circuitous route. In fear of losing the wasp and its spider in the dense vegetation, I captured both. Anoplius (Anoplius) ithaca (Banks). (Presque Isle State Park, Pennsylvania, 30 July 1961, 1500 hours). A female of A. ithaca, 8 mm. long, was observed in an area of flat rocks along Lake Erie dragging its prey spider, an immature Pardosa sp. probably milvina Hentz (P29), 5.5 mm. long, backwards over a flat stone on the beach. The wasp grasped its prey in its mandibles by a hind leg. (Wintergreen Gorge, Eour Mile Creek, Erie, Pennsylvania, 19 Aug. 1961, 1400 hours). This small, all black pompilid which, ac- cording to Evans (1948), can be found along most rocky stream- beds, was extremely numerous at this locality. A number of fe- males was noted walking rapidly forward with outstretched antennae, the distal segments tapping the flat rocks which embraced the sides of the stream. One of these females, 9 mm. long, was ob- served flying rapidly just behind and above a small lycosid spider which dodged the pursuing wasp and ran under a large, flat rock. The wasp landed near the rock, tapping the distal segments of its antennae incessantly. Seemingly guided by olfactory stimuli, the wasp followed a very random course which eventually led it beneath 90 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society voi. Lvn the rock under which the spider had run. About 40 seconds later, the wasp emerged from under the rock dragging backwards an im- mature Pardosa sp. (P35), only 4.5 mm. long; the wasp held the spider in its mandibles by one of the hind coxae. Literature Cited Evans, H. E. 1948. Biological notes on two species of Anop- liits (Hymenoptera : Pompilidae). Ent. News 59: 180-184. . 1953. Comparative ethology and the systematics of spider wasps. Systematic Zoology 2: 155-172. Evans, H. E. and C. M. Yoshimoto. 1962. The ecology and nesting behavior of the Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) of the northeastern United States. Misc. Pub. Ent. Soc. Amer. 3: 65-119. Kurczewski, F. E. 1961a. New North American records of Pepsinae and Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Ent. News 72: 24-25. . 1961b. Some observations and prey records of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) from northeastern United States. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 56: 23-24. Rau, P. and N. Rau. 1918. Wasp studies afield. Princeton University Press, xv+372 pp. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Abyssal Crustacea, by J. L. Barnard, R. J. Menzies, and M. C. Bacescu. Columbia Univ. Press, New York. 1962. The foreword recounts the history of the Verna and summarizes her voyages of research, traveling the major passages of the world. The first chap- ter, “South Atlantic Abyssal Amphipods,” by J. L. Barnard, pre- sents the discovery of 38 new species and 9 genera and records 14 other species. The habits of the amphipods, whether benthic, demersal, or pelagic, were determined by a careful study of mor- phology and food habits. In the second chapter, “The Isopods of the Abyssal Depths in the Atlantic Ocean,” Dr. Menzies character- izes 107 new species, 9 new genera and each of the 63 previously known abyssal Atlantic species. The third and final chapter, writ- ten by M. C. Bacescu of the Musee d’Histoire Naturelle, Bucharest, is entitled “Contribution a la Connaissance du Genre Makrokylin- drus Stebbing (Crustacea, Cumacea).” This describes 6 new species and offers the first key to the 25 species assigned to this genus. (Price $10.00) . Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 91 THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE METASTERNAL GLANDS OF ANTS By G. S. Tulloch, J. E. Shapiro and B. Hershenov^ The metasternal glands which are peenliar to the ants are paired epidermal structures located in the metathorax. They communicate with the environment through openings situated near the pleural-sternal margins. Within a species and among closely related species the glands of the males and the castes of the female are remarkably similar. Among the more diverse groups of ants variations both in shape and size are quite evident ; yet in all forms a constant basic pattern is recognizable. This may be described in simple terms as a cluster of unicellular epi- thelial glands, each of which tapers distally and connects with the apical portion of a common cuticular sac by means of a min- ute canal or canaliculus. Although some study has been given to the structure of these glands, nothing is known concerning the chemical composition of the secretion, its function or how it is expelled from the cells of origin. One suggestion regarding func- tion is that these glands synthesize a pheromone which enables an ant to recognize members of its own colony. Another is that these glands are involved in the production and distribution of a substance responsible for a trail odor. Earlier studies employing light optics (Tulloch, 1936) reported on the structure of the metasternal glands of Myrmica ruhra. In this paper, electron micrographic methods have been used to supplement light and phase contrast observations in determining the fine structure of these glands and especially of the canaliculi in another species of ant. Materials and Methods Specimens of Myrmecia nigrocincta were collected near Bris- bane, Australia, and maintained in temporary colonies at the University of Queensland. Glands were dissected out of the thorax within one minute after decapitation and fixed in veronal- buffered osmium tetroxide following the method of Palade ( 1952 ) . The glands were stored in 70% alcohol for air mail shipment to Brookhui College where they were embedded in methacrylate (n-butyl 3 parts, methyl 1 part). Sections were prepared using diamond knives and a Porter-Blum ultramicrotome. Specimens ^ Biology Research Laboratory, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn 10, New York. 92 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society ^ were stained with uranyl acetate and examined in an RCA EMU-2B electron miscoscope. Micrographs were taken at initial magnifications ranging from 2,000 to 9,500 and then enlarged photographically to the desired size. The magnification of the settings of the microscope was determined by calibration using a diffraction grating ruled at 28,800 lines to the inch. Results — Light Optics Some appreciation of the overall nature of the metasternal gland of Myrmecia nigrocincta may be gained by an examination of the schematic diagram (Fig. 1). It is made up of two main portions, a basal reservoir-like region identified as the accessory organ (A) and a secretory area (B) made up of large gland cells and their associated canaliculi. The epidermal layer is not in- cluded in this diagram nor is the sheet of delicate supporting tis- sue which envelops the secretory area and extends as a suspensory ligament to the roof of the propodeum. Further support to the secretory area is provided by the huge muscle masses present in the posterior region of the thorax. Accessory organ (Fig. 1, A). This portion of the gland is a cuticular structure which is continuous with and similar in color and texture to the exoskeleton. From its external elliptical open- ing (C) near the pleural-sternal margin it extends forward and upward and parallels the suture between the meso- and meta- pleuron. At its blind end this organ converges toward the mid- line of the body. Its overall length is 660 microns. The accessory organ has a lower smooth-walled portion which resembles a segment of large bowel and an upper rough-walled section ending in a blind pouch. The differences in wall texture are best discernible by observation with phase contrast ( Fig. 2 ) . For convenience the two portions of the accessory organ are re- ferred to as the receptacle (A2) and the secretory recess (Al) respectively. The receptacle communicates with the outside by an elliptical opening which is 25 x 40 microns. At the level of the external opening, the receptacular diameter is 270 microns while at the region adjoining the secretory recess, 400 microns forward and upward, it is reduced to a diameter of 130 microns. On the lat- eral face of the internal surface of the receptacle there is a single row of hairs (Fig. 1, D) whose free ends terminate at a common point at the center of the external opening. Their arrangement suggests some directive role in the transport of droplets from the secretory recess to the outside. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 93 The secretory recess (Figs. 1 & 2, Al) is a bluntly rounded sac which varies in diameter from 130 microns next to the receptacle to 160 microns at its midpoint ; the overall length is 260 microns. The roughness of its wall, noted earlier, is due to rugae (R) and sieve plates (G). The rugae are confined to the inner surface of the wall and they appear to spiral downward from the apex of the recess to the receptacle. The sieve plates are thickened cutic- ular areas which receive the canaliculi. They are quite smooth Fig. 1, Reconstruction of a metasternal gland of Myrmecia nigrocincta. A, accessory organ ; Al, secretory recess ; A2, recep- tacle ; B, secretory area ; C, opening of gland ; D, hairs ; E, body of unicellular gland; F, gland neck (canaliculus) ; G, sieve plate. 94 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society on the outer surface but very irregular on the inner surface due to many projections of unequal lengths (Fig. 3, P). The sieve plates vary greatly in size and in the number of canaliculi they accommodate. Some receive only a single canaliculus and are not more than 5 microns in diameter (Fig. 3, M) while others may be 20 microns in diameter (Fig. 3, L) and may provide drainage for as many as 13 canaliculi. Secretory Area (Fig. 1, B). In M. nigrocincta this area is composed of about 700 unicellular glands which form a cap over the upper portion of the accessory organ. Each gland cell is made up of a body portion (E) which is about 25 microns wide and 40 microns long. From the inner end of the long axis a narrow canaliculus (F) of a uniform diameter of less than 1 micron and varying in length from 50-125 microns connects the glandular portion to pores of the sieve plates. In sectioned cells it was seen that the nuclei usually are eccentric and the canalic- ulus of its cell retains its external structural integrity intracelln- larly for a short distance. It is not possible from light optical studies to distinguish any detail in the canaliculus itself or to Figs. 2 & 3, Phase contrast micrographs of portions of the accessory organ. Captions A-G as in Figure 1. L, sieve plate with many openings ; M, with a single opening ; P, cnticnlar pro- jection; R, rugae. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 95 determine how it joins with the secretory recess of the nnicellnlar gland. Results — Electron Optics OrientaMon. The observations reported here are restricted to those which permit a new interpretation of strnctnre over that provided by light and phase contrast studies. Emphasis will be placed on the canalicnlns particularly at its connection with the accessory organ and its course to and within the nnicellnlar gland and will include, as well, any cytoplasmic bodies which appear to be associated with it. Prom the first sections observed in the electron microscope it was apparent that a new explanation of canalicular structure was necessary not only for these glands but probably for other similar organs of ants such as the mandibular and gastric glands (Whelden, 1960). It also was recognized that the findings from the canaliculus of the metasternal glands might be applicable to similar glands found throughout the insects. In order that terms may be defined more precisely and the structure more easily visualized, several simple diagrams (Fig. 4, a-f) have been provided for examination prior to a study of the electron micrographs. Presumably the glands originate from undifferentiated epidermal cells (a-1) which lie beneath the cuticle (a-2). A single cell enlarges and invaginates (b) result- ing in a precursor gland cell containing a blind tube (c). The cell membrane, as well as the tube, maintain continuity with the tissue of origin in the body wall. The neck-like portion of the cell elongates (d) and the blind tube within assumes a tortuous course and coils around the nucleus (e). As the tube penetrates deeper into the cell its blind portion becomes modified as a fringed structure and can be considered an arborescent absorbing en- tity (f). With light microscopy the canaliculus was considered to be divided into two portions; (I) an intracellular region which extended for a short distance within the body of the gland cell and (2) an intercellular section which somehow fused with the intracellular portion and the cell membrane to form a slender connection between the body of the cell and the accessory organ. As indicated in the diagrams and as will be seen in the electron micrographs later, the canaliculus is a far more complex struc- ture than originally supposed. It is intracellular in its entirety and takes the form of a minute canal which extends from the accessory organ into the lower portion of the cell body at which 96 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII point it expands to form an absorbing unit. It is proposed that the term canaliculus be defined as the entire blind intracellular organelle which is continuous with the cuticule. The term gland neck is proposed for that segment of the cell which extends from the cell body to the sieve plate and includes the entire complex of central canaliculus, cortical cytoplasm and the limiting cell mem- brane. This use of the term gland neck (Fig. 4, e-n) serves to emphasize the continuity of the gland cell with the epidermis from which presumably it is derived. Accessory organ. The wall of this organ is made up of a layer of epidermal cells and cuticle. It is penetrated by canaliculi via sieve plates randomly disposed over the secretory recess. A Fig. 4, Sketches to illustrate possible development of a unicel- lular gland. 1, epidermis ; 2, cuticle ; n, gland neck. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 97 section taken through a sieve plate parallel to the outer face (Fig. 5) shows the perforations; the swirls in the foundation cuticle very likely follow the course of the rugae noted with phase con- trast. The character of the wall at the epidermal level just olf the surface of a sieve plate (Fig. 6) demonstrates the presence of one canaliculus per cell. Secretory area. The necks of the glands vary in length and in angle of departure from the accessory organ- They may be cut transversely (Fig. 8) in some sections and longitudinally in others (Fig. 7). In either aspect the structure suggested earlier of a central canaliculus, a cortical cytoplasm and a delimiting cell membrane is apparent. The canaliculus occupies the major portion of the gland neck and this is particularly conspicuous in a longitudinal section (Fig. 7). The spatial dominance of this organelle in the gland neck accounts for the misconception of light microscopists that the canaliculus was an independent con- nection between the cells and the accessory organ. In order to show the interrelations of the various organelles which are to be described in detail later, a low power micrograph of a substantial portion of the body of a cell has been included (Fig. 8) for orientative purposes. This is a section through the lower portion of a cell and is about mid-way between a trans- verse and a longitudinal cut. It shows four sections of a single canaliculus, the one at five o’clock is at a point where the gland neck merges with the body of the cell while the others, which are structurally more elaborate, are at higher levels in the cell. The dark staining bodies, mitochondria, and the secretion droplets and granules which occur in proximity to the canaliculus will be described later. In the gland neck and in the lower part of the cell body the cuticle of the canaliculus has two layers, an inner epicuticle, sur- rounding the lumen, and an outer endocuticle (Fig. 6). The epicuticle has a greater electron density than the endocuticle and is about one tenth as thick. Of interest but not further consid- ered here is the presence of three sublayers in the epicuticle (Fig. 9, insert). From its entrance into the body of the cell until its termination as a blind absorbing entity, the canaliculus undergoes a spectac- ular metamorphosis. The first indications of change are an in- crease in the thickness of the endocuticle and the presence of an ensheathing reticulated zone giving to the organelle a three- layered (Fig. 9) rather than a two-layered appearance noted above. It is not possible to determine directly whether the new 98 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII layer arises from the cytoplasm or the cuticle. There is, however, a suggestion of cnticnlar origin since it along with the two inner layers survives cytologic disintegration longer than other cyto- plasmic organelles. Regardless of its origin, all further modifica- tions of the canaliculus are referable to the three layers of this anlage, i.e., (1) inner epicuticle, (2) middle endocuticle and (3) outer reticulated layer. All three layers extend to the blind end of the canaliculus. The inner one is the only one to retain its basic architecture throughout but its continuity is progressively interrupted and it finally exists as isolated patches of cnticnlar material (Figs. 10-12). The middle layer becomes diffuse and granular and en- larges in dimension. The outer reticulate layer expands radially and extends as a large halo made up of a system of anastomosing intracellular cords (Figs. 10 & 11). These appear to be more distinct as well as more widely separated in the region of the blind end (Fig. 12). Their internal structure can be observed in the transverse sections (Fig. 11, cx). There is no sharp demarcation between the outer layer of the canaliculus and the cytoplasm but rather a continuity of cell sub- stance into the cords. Large numbers of mitochondria are con- centrated around the organelle (Figs. 10 & 11) and near the blind end their arrangement is almost that of an interrupted casing (Fig. 12). Heavy deposits of secretion droplets and granules also are present in the areas adjoining the canalicular Explanation of plate Electron micrographs of sections of the metasternal glands. Fig. 5, frontal section of a sieve plate ; Fig. 6, frontal section through epidermis just above a sieve plate ; Fig. 7, gland necks ; Fig. 8, oblique section through body of cell and gland necks (n). Four sections of a single canaliculus (F) are indicated; Fig. 9, Detail of a canaliculus with three layers, 1, 2, 3. Insert shows canaliculus in two layered condition — note the sublayers of the epicuticle ; Fig. 10, Cross section of canaliculus at deeper level — note the three layers; Fig. 11, Longitudinal section of canaliculus ( F ) . Note the interrupted epicuticle ( 1 ) , the mitochondria (m) , secretion droplets (sd) and intracellular cords in cross (cx) and longitudinal (cl) section; Fig. 12, Canaliculus near its termina- tion in body of cell. Note arrangement of mitochondria (m) and remnant (1) of epicuticle. Oct., i!)6^ Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entoinologieal Soeiety 99 100 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII sections (Figs. 10-12) and have been observed in the Inmen of the canal as well. Discussion Except for the division of the accessory organ into two regions and the ‘^patchy” manner in which the gland necks of the secre- tory cells engage the accessory organ, the extra-cellular features Within the cell, however, there is less agreement and the electron of the gland reported here are similar to those of Myrmica rubra. micrographic observations allow a more accurate and modern interpretation of the cytologic structure. Golgi bodies were not observed in the present study and the objects so identified in the earlier light optical work now are thought to have been the precipitation of silver around aggregates of secretion droplets. The apparent absence of mitochondria in M. rubra and their abundant presence in M. nigrocmcta merely points up the limita- tions of light microscopy and further emphasizes the desirability of electronmicrographic studies on this and related glands as advocated by Roth and Eisner (1962). With light microscopy it was assumed that the canaliculus was inter- as well as intracellular and that within the cell it ended as an open conduit. Electron microscopy reveals that the canalic- ulus is an intracellular organelle which is structurally well- adapted for the collection and transport of secretion products. The architectural adaptation at any point along its course is con- sistent with the major activity of the canaliculus at that level. Deep within the gland cell where the main function would appear to be collecting secretion, it has a diffuse arborescent periphery, a granular middle layer and an interrupted inner layer permitting flow into the lumen. At the emerging level near the gland neck the canaliculus appears as a discrete tube with an intact epicu- ticle, an organization correlative with transport as well as for the prevention of seepage of secretion products out of the canal. In addition to the new features of the canaliculus, the electron optical studies have established the existence of another class of organelles, the mitochondria. They are of small size and not unlike those which have been described from other insects. Of considerable interest is the distribution of these mitochondria which are found in heavy concentrations along with numerous secretion droplets around the canaliculus. The conducting portion, the lumen, of a canaliculus is about one micron in diam- eter, a tube so small that even water would not be subject to gravitational movement. Under these circumstances, i.e., prox- Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 101 imity and abundance of the mitochondria to the extremely low- calibered canaliculus, it would appear that active transport rather than passive permeability is the mechanism responsible for the dischargee of secretory products not only into but along the canaliculus to the secretory recess of the accessory organ. More- over, it is possible that the mitochondria may themselves be involved in the synthesis of secretion droplets. Such a role was suggested by Mercer and Brunet (1959) for the mitochondria in the cells of the collaterial gland of the cockroach. Once within the accessory organ the secretory products are iu a relatively inflexible cuticular sac which has a row of hairs pointing toward a fixed opening to the lateral environment. The movement of the products both as liquids and vapors is probably by gravitation, and is possibly hastened somewhat by a bellows effect created by continguous leg muscles. It is difficult to ascribe any function to a substance deposited on either side of an ant’s trail although it may represent the first use of a self-generating homing beam. Literature Cited Mercer, E. H. and Brunet, P. C. J. 1959. The electron micros- copy of the left colleterial gland of the cockroach. J. Bio- ph}^sics. and Biochem. Cytol. 5 : 257 Palade, G. 1952. A study of fixation for electron microscopy. J. Exp. Med. 95 : 285 Roth, L. M. and Eisner, T. 1962. Chemical Defenses of Arthro- pods. Ann. Review Entom. 7 : 107 (Palo Alto, Calif.) Tulloch, G. S. 1936. The metasternal glands of the ant, Myr- mica rubra, with special reference to the Golgi bodies and the intracellular canaliculi. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 29 : 81 Whelden, R. M. 1960. The anatomy of Rhytidoponera metal- lica. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 53 : 793 PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED The Anobiidae of Ohio (Coleoptera), by R. E. White. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus, 58 pp., 28 figs. 1962. This paper is a survey of the species of Anobiidae which are known to occur in Ohio or which are likely to be found in the state. Complete keys to species have been included. Short descriptions of each species are given including only the more important characters. Larval food habits are included where this information is available. (Price $1.00) 102 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII THE BIOLOGY OF DAHLBOMINUS FUSCIPENNIS (ZETT.) (HYMENOPTERA), AN INTRODUCED PARASITE OF PINE SAWFLY PREPUPAE By Marvin L. Bobb^ A serious outbreak of the Virginia pine ss-wfiy ,N eodiprion pratti pratti (Dyar), began in Virginia in 1957 when three small areas less than an acre each in size were defoliated in Louisa, Cumberland and Mecklenburg counties (Morris^). Heavy defoliation occurred over a wider area the following year, and in 1959 more than two million acres of pine forest, comprising all or parts of approxi- mately forty counties, had some degree of defoliation. During 1960, defoliation was present over most of the eastern counties, with the areas of heaviest infestation shifting toward the north and east. The pattern appears to be two consecutive years of heavy defolia- tion followed by a striking decline in the sawfly population the third year. The Virginia Division of Forestry obtained a culture of the intro- duced chalcid parasite, Dahlborninus fuscipennis (Zett.), from New Jersey in 1959 and began to rear and liberate the parasite in infested pine stands. This species is widely distributed throughout Europe as a parasite of several species of pine sawflies. In 1934 large num- bers of individuals were imported from Hungary to Canada (Mor- ris and Cameron, 1935). Since 1940, attempts to establish the parasite in the United States have been made in Alabama, Tennes- see, Michigan (Benjamin, 1955) and New Jersey. A small num- ber of Virginia pine sawfly cocoons were found parasitized by Dahl- bominus fuscipennis in Fluvanna and Cumberland Counties, Virginia, previous to any liberations in the state. The study of the biology of Dahlborninus fuscipennis (Zett.) is the flrst of a series to be published by the author on studies begun in 1959 on the parasites of the Virginia pine sawfly. Methods Pairs of Dahlbominus individuals were confined in shell vials with pine sawfly cocoons and kept under observation until the female had completed egg deposition. Each cocoon was then cut open and the sawfly prepupa and Dahlbominus eggs removed. ^ Entomologist, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Pied- mont Fruit Research Laboratory, Charlottesville. ^ C. L. Morris, Virginia Division of Forestry. Correspondence. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 103 These were transferred to a number 5 gelatin capsule, and the cap- sule placed in a wooden rack in a constant temperature and humidity cabinet. Each cabinet contained a thermometer and a SERDEX hygrometer which could be observed through a glass door. An electric fan constantly circulated the air within the cabinet. The temperature was thermostatically controlled and a saturated solu- tion of sodium acetate was used to control the relative humidity. This chemical kept the relative humidity between 73 and 77 per- cent, depending upon the temperature. Several thousand individuals were reared at six different con- stant temperatures, ranging from 60° F. to 85° F. Observations were made at frequent intervals during each day to ascertain egg hatching, larval molts, pupation and adult emergence. Measure- ments were made on the width of the head capsule, and the width and length of the larva, at frequent intervals ; often 5 to 8 times be- tween molts. All measurements were made with the aid of a micrometer disc in the eyepiece of a binocular microscope at a mag- nification of from 60 to 80 times. Many of the measurements were checked by personnel from the Virginia Division of Forestry. The use of gelatin capsules proved excellent for studies on the biology, since the individual parasites could be clearly observed and meas- urements made at all times without any apparent distortion. Life History Adult females of Dahlbominus fuscipennis deposited their eggs within the cocoons of sawfly prepupae, and the parasite larvae fed upon and destroyed the host. From 6 to 7 generations of the para- site occurred during the summer of 1961 under outdoor conditions in southeastern Virginia. The parasites overwintered as partially developed pupae within the host cocoon. Pupae removed from hibernation between December and February required 3.5 days to complete their development and to emerge as adults at 75° F. Under natural field conditions, the adult parasites began to emerge in early April at the time sawfly eggs were just beginning to hatch. Descriptions of the stages and life history data are presented below. The total life cycle from egg to adult varied from 15.5 days at 85° F. to 39 days at 60° F. (Table 1 ). A temperature of 60° F. was near the minimum at which development would proceed. The Egg . — When first oviposited the egg was pearly-white in color, oval but slightly curved longitudinally, and slightly larger at the anterior end. As the embryo developed, each end of the egg became clear and transparent. The egg measured from 0.34 mm. to 0.36 mm. in major axis and from 0.11 mm. to 0.12 mm. in minor 104 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII axis at the cephalic end. They adhere to each other and to the sawfly prepupa. The Larva. — There were five larval instars. A considerable variation occurred within each instar in the size of the larvae, de- pending upon the amount of available food. However, all measure- ments given below are for individuals which had an abundance of food during larval growth, and size variations due to starvation were minimized. The head capsule width of those larvae destined to become males was slightly narrower than those destined to become females. Thus, the smaller head capsule width given for each instar was almost always that of the male, whereas the larger width was that of the female. It was possible to sex the majority of the first and second instar larvae by this difference in head capsule width. This was also true of later instars when sufficient food was available for normal growth, but due to starvation, diminutive forms occurred from the third through fifth instars under crowded conditions. The parasite larvae fed externally on the sawfly prepupa within the host cocoon. The duration of larval development varied from 6 days at 85° F. to 16.5 days at 60° F. First Instar: When the embryo was fully developed, the larva split the larger end of the chorion and gradually wiggled out. The primary larva had a very large head, and thirteen body segments which tapered posteriorly. The body was transparent when first hatched and the opaque-white internal organs were visible, but after feeding for several hours the integument became a uniform white color. The length of the larvae varied from 0.35 mm. just after hatching to 0.42 mm. before the molt, and the head capsule width varied from 0.070 mm. to 0.098 mm. Second Instar: These larvae resembled those of the first stage except in size. The length of the larvae before the molt averaged 0.58 mm., and the head capsule width varied from 0.112 to 0.128 mm. Third Instar: A pair of tubercles, one on each side of the vertex, became prominent after molting to the third instar. The larvae grew rapidly with constant feeding and became dirty-white in color due to the body contents. By the end of the third stadium indi- viduals averaged 0.98 mm. in length, and the head capsule width varied from 0.140 mm. to 0.168 mm. Fourth Instar: The parasite larvae were gray in color due to the accumulation of food and waste materials within the body. The larvae had a much smaller head in relation to the body and it was partially embedded in the body segments. The body was widest near the middle. Mature fourth-instar larvae averaged 1.40 mm. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 105 in length, and the head capsule width varied from 0.196 mm. to 0.224 mm. Fifth Instar: The larvae fed only intermittently during this stage, and no feeding took place during the day or two preceding the molt. The body color was grayish-black; otherwise the larvae resembled those of the fourth instar except for their larger size. The length of the individuals varied from 2.34 mm. to 3.21 mm. The width of the head capsule varied from 0.280 mm. to 0.308 mm. The Prepupa. — Defecation took place with the change to the prepupa. When the body contents had been expelled the color of the prepupa was white. The portion posterior to the head was elongated and narrower in width than the abdominal segments. The Pupa. — The individuals pupated within the host cocoon and did not construct a cocoon of their own. The wing pads and leg rudiments were clearly visible and held close to the body. When first formed the pupa was a uniform white color, including the eyes ; but after several hours the color changed to a light brown. When about 3 days old, the eyes and ocelli began changing to a reddish color, but the color of the body remained a light brown. By the fifth day after transformation, the eyes and ocelli were very dark red and the abdominal segments were beginning to darken along the intersegmental margins. A few hours later the pupa was a uniform black color. The pupae averaged 2.42 mm. in length for the males and 2.92 mm. for the females. The Adult. — The head, thorax and abdomen are black. The eyes are large and dark red in color. The femur of the legs is black but the remaining segments are white to light brown. The antennae are black in both sexes, with the exception of the scape, which is white in the female. The antennae are elbowed, with the segments distal to the scape claviform in the female and pectiniform in the male. The wings have a smoky tinge and have little vena- tion. The slender ovipositor averages 0.8 mm. in length, and rests in a groove along the underside of the abdomen. It is attached under a flap near the base of the abdomen and the tip extends to the most posterior segment. Dahlbominus adults varied greatly in size, depending upon the abundance of food during larval growth. When sufficient food was available during all larval instars, the adults averaged 2.80 mm. in length for the females and 2.29 mm. for the males. In emerging from the host cocoon, a hole averaging 0.54 mm. in diameter was chewed in the side of the cocoon near one end. The adults gener- ally moved by short hops, but were capable of short flights. The length of life of the adults varied from 6 to 10 days at 75° F., and averaged 8 days. 106 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Sex Ratio: Fertilized eggs produced females greatly in excess of males. The progeny from several hundred mated females was 81.8 percent females. Unfertilized females oviposited in sawfly cocoons, and produced all male offspring. Mating and Ovipositing : The males and females mated soon after emergence, and the females began egg-laying a short time thereafter. Each female walked slowly over the cocoons, feeling them with her antennae. After a varying period of time she selected a cocoon for egg deposition. She stood high on her legs and moved the tip of the abdomen forward until it was directly under the base of the abdomen. The abdomen then was quickly moved back to its normal horizontal position, leaving the slender ovipositor in a ver- tical position under the base of the abdomen. The female spent from 10 to 15 minutes in the process of getting the ovipositor through the tough sawfly cocoon. From the tip of the ovipositor was ejected a white fluid in which the female con- stantly rotated the ovipositor back and forth one-half turn while drilling through the cocoon. When the ovipositor had penetrated the cocoon, the female thrust it to its full depth, frequently moving it up and down a few times. The sawfly prepupa became paralyzed during this operation. The ovipositor was then slightly withdrawn and the eggs deposited externally on the host prepupa or loose within the cocoon. Miller (1940) indicated that the majority of the parasites ovi- posited but once and in one cocoon. During the course of the studies reported herein, numerous observations were made on ovi- position habits. After depositing eggs for approximately 6 to 8 minutes, the female withdrew her ovipositor and rested on the cocoon for 45 to 50 minutes. She then reinserted her ovipositor in the same cocoon and deposited a second batch of eggs. This proc- ess was usually repeated a third time, and at each insertion of the ovipositor from 9 to 12 eggs were deposited in the host cocoon. Occasionally a female would oviposit a few eggs on the succeeding day. Data on the total number of eggs laid by individual females in captivity showed an average of 29.3 with a minimum of 20 and a maximum of 38. Emergence of Daklhorninus adults from a num- ber of field-collected cocoons varied from 20 to 45 and averaged 32.5 per cocoon. The Dahlbominus population was extremely light and it was assumed that only one female oviposited in each cocoon. However, more than one adult may oviposit in an individual cocoon if given the opportunity, and as many as 121 parasite adults have been reared from a single sawfly cocoon. SEe of Adults as Affected by Food: It was observed that a wide Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 107 variation existed in the size of adult females. An experiment was made to determine if this size variation was due to the amount of food available during larval growth. Various numbers of Dahlbominus eggs were placed on sawfly prepupae in gelatin capsules and reared to maturity. The number of eggs used per prepupa was 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100. One parasite larva killed the sawfly prepupa but matured with no visible evidence of feeding on the host. Five or ten larvae devoured from one-half to three-fourths of the prepupa by maturity. The adults in these three groups were slightly larger than normal. When 25 parasite larvae fed on the host only the head and skin of the prepupa remained at the completion of feeding. The adults were normal in size, 2.29 mm. to 2.80 mm. in length. Fifty larvae devoured all of the host prepupa by the early fourth instar and the adults were slightly smaller than normal size. Seventy-five and 100 parasite larvae devoured the host by the time they were in the late third or early fourth instar. Their adults were very small, varying from 1.75 mm. to 1.90 mm. in length. Hyperparasitism : Dahlbominus females have a strong tendency toward hyperparasitism. When given the choice of cocoons con- taining a sawfly prepupa and those containing Exenterus or Villa parasite larvae, the female most often selected the one with the parasite larva. Morris and Cameron (1935) stated that in Hun- gary 71 percent were primary and 29 percent were secondary parasites. Table 1. — Summary of life history data on Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Zett.) showing the number of days in each stage of development, 1960-62. Stage of Development Constant Temperature (°F.) 60 65 70 75 80 85 Egg 3 3 2 2 2 2 First Instar 3 2 1 1 1 1 Second Instar 1.5 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Third Instar 1.5 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Fourth Instar 2.5 2 1 1 1 1 Fifth Instar 8 6.5 5 4 3.5 3 Prepupa 2 1.5 1 1 1 1 Pupa 17.5 10.5 8 7 7 6.5 39 27.5 19 17 16.5 15.5 Total 108 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society ^ Summary The results of studies on the life history and habits of Dahl- bomimis fuscipennis (Zett.), an introduced parasite on pine sawfly prepupae, are presented. The eggs were deposited within the host sawfly cocoon and hatched in from 2 to 3 days depending upon the temperature. There were five larval instars and the duration of each stadium at a constant temperature of 75° F. was : first, 1 day ; second, 0.5 day ; third, 0.5 day ; fourth, 1 day ; and fifth, 4 days. The prepupal period lasted 1 day, and 7 days were spent in the pupal stage. The total life cycle from egg to adult varied from 15.5 days at 85° F. to 39 days at 60° F. Dahlbominus adults varied greatly in size, depending upon the amount of food available during larval growth. The length of adult life averaged 8 days. Fertilized females produced females greatly in excess of males, and the progeny from unmated females were all males. The complete oviposition took many hours. The number of eggs deposited by individual females in captivity varied from 20 to 38 and averaged 29.3. Literature Cited Benjamin, D. M. 1955. The biology of the red-headed pine sawfly. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bui. 1118: 57 pp. Miller, Frank E. 1940. A rearing method for mass produc- tion of Microplectra fuscipennis (Zett.), a cocoon parasite of the European spruce sawfly, Gilpine polytra. U.S.D.A. BEPQ, ET-161. Morris, K. R. S. and E. Cameron. 1953. The biology of Micro- plectron fuscipennis (Zett.) (Chalcid), a parasite of the pine sawfly (Diprion sertifer Geoff.). Bui. Ent. Res. 26: 407-18. ANNOUNCEMENT Pacific Insects — A quarterly journal devoted to systematics and zoogeography of terrestrial arthropods of the Pacific area, including E. Asia, Australia and Antarctica. Vol. 1 (1959) of 505 pages: Vol. 2 (1960) of 461 pages: and Vol. 3 (1961) of 589 pages. Price of volumes 1-3 is $5.00 per volume. Vol. 4 (1962) to be more than 800 pages, priced at $7.00. Order from Entomology Dept., Bishop Museum, Honolulu 17, Hawaii. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 109 STUDIES OF THE GYPONINI (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE): THE GYPONA GLAUCA (FABRICIUS) COMPLEX By Dwight M. DeLong and Paul H. Freytag The Ohio State University The genus Gypona was erected in 1821 by Germar who desig- nated Cercopis glauca Fab. (described 1803) as the type. Until the summer of 1960, some 139 years later, no one had studied the male holotype sufficiently to determine the specific genitalic char- acters and illustrate these. This was made possible through the kindness of Dr. S. L. Tuxen and his associates in the University Museum at Copenhagen. Other museums were visited in order to study and illustrate the characters of related species of types of Gyponini. Through the kindness of Dr. W. E. China and Dr. R. J. Izzard, the Walker and Fowler types were studied in the British Museum. Dr. Eric Kjellander has kindly permitted the study of all of the Spangberg and Stal types in the Stockholm Museum and Dr. Max Beier has likewise permitted a detailed study of the Spangberg types in the Vienna Museum. The present study and presentation is an attempt to define and illustrate all of the species found in the collections available for study both in Europe and in the United States. A portion of the Genus Gypona including glauca and its relatives are treated at this time. All of this material is from South and Central America. Unfortunately a good series of specimens of a species of this group has seldom been collected. As a rule, a single specimen or very few specimens represent a species and these are usually confined to one sex. The specimens representing a species may be from only one locality or possibly from two widely separated countries. The color patterns of several species are so similar, and the in- tensity of color varies so much within a species, that it is impossible to identify or separate them without the use of genital structures. This poses a very difficult problem because males are holotypes in some cases and females are holotypes in other species. The oppo- site sex is usually not represented, consequently there are no allo- types and the opposite sex of the described species cannot be accu- rately or logically identified from the available material. In a few cases where males and females from different localities have been placed together, it is obvious that they represent two species. No attempt has been made to guess the opposite sex of any species. no Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Only by intensive collecting in the future will one be able to estab- lish the characters of both sexes of these species. The male structures of the genital chamber ofifer excellent char- acters for the separation of the species of this group. The posterior margin of the female seventh sternite is somewhat variable but is considered to ofifer diagnostic structures. Because of inability to match the two sexes, the females have been described in some cases as an aid in establishing identification for the material at hand. Gypona de corat a Fowler Gypona decorata Fowler, 1903, p. 311. A blunt-headed robust species with the crown thickened. Length of male 10.5 mm, female 12 mm. Crown short, broad, scarcely produced, parallel margined, more than three times as broad as long, with anterior margin thick. Ocelli large, distant, nearer eyes than median line. Pronotum more than four times as long as crown, much broader than head, with humeral angles conspicuous. Color: Yellowish. Pronotum with dark brown and reddish flecks ; anterior half and median area marked with brown. Scutel- lum dark, with a pale area just before apex. Fore wings pale, with heavy brown markings in the form of spots on anterior third, with median portion and apical third producing a banded appearance. Venter pale with reddish and pink markings. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 28) concavely exca- vated between the lateral angles and pointed projections, between which posterior margin deeply, concavely excavated for about one- third its width at middle. Male (Fig. 4a-f) with plate more than twice as long as wide, apex truncate and broader than base. Style narrowed at two-thirds its length to form an enlarged apex which is bent dorsolaterally more than one-third its length and tapered to form a long slender spine-like apex. Aedeagus elongate, with a process arising on either side just before narrowed bluntly pointed apex. In lateral view, aedeagus broad on basal half, then gradually narrowed to a slender upturned apex which bears a pair of short spine-like processes at its base ; just below these, where shaft is thicker, a pair of longer processes arising and curving ventrocaud- ally ; these processes more than half as long as aedeagus. Pygofer bearing a very short rounded process on dorsocaudal margin. Notes: This species was described from a single male holotype labeled “Bugaba, Panama.” Other specimens of this species which were examined are : A specimen in the Carnegie Museum collection Oct., 1062 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 111 labeled “Upper Rocana, N. Para, Brazil, S. M. Klages, C. M. Ac. 6175”; a male specimen in the North Carolina State College col- lection labeled “Guyane Francaise, Les Hattes, Bas Maroni, Coll. Le Moult,” and a series of females from the same locality which are similar in size and color and apparently belong with the male ; and a male specimen in the DeLong collection labeled “Bartica, Br. Guiana, March 20-30, 1901.” Gypona versuta Spangberg Gypona versuta Spangberg, 1881, p. 27. A pale species marked with black and related to melanota. Length of male 1 1 mm. Crown broadly rounded, one and one-half times as wide between eyes at base as median length, with a series of reflexed arcs next to each eye, with anterior margin thin and turned up. Color: Crown yellow, with anterior margin and spot next each eye black. Pronotum yellow, with area behind each eye, a round spot about middle on each side, and a broad band on posterior margin black. Scutellum yellow, with a pair of round black spots near middle. Fore wings pale, basal half of claval area and claval veins dark, other veins and apical portion mostly brown. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 5a-f) with plate about twice as long as basal width, broad as base and tapered to a blunt apex Style sickle- shaped, curved dorsoventrally, constricted and narrowed at middle, slightly enlarged toward apex, then tapering to a long slender tip. Aedeagus broad at base, rapidly narrowed to shaft which is gradu- ally narrowed to a slender bent apex ; a pair of large, long, curved processes arising where tip is hent and extending to base ; a pair of short, slender processes arising just dorsad of other pair. In ven- tral view, shaft of aedeagus appearing slender and straight with long, paired proceses beside it on each side. Notes: The holotype male from Brazil has been studied and the genital structures are illustrated. Three other male specimens have been studied. Two of these, in the Vienna Museum collection, are labeled “Schott-Brasilien” ; the other one, in the Carnegie Mu- seum collection, is labeled “Prov. del Sara, Bolivia, 450 M., J. Stein- bach, Nov. 1909, Ac. 4549.” All specimens are marked with differ- ent intensities of color, but the genital structures are the same. Gypona stylata, n. sp. In form and general appearance resembling glauca but with darker color markings and distinct male genitalia. Length of male 11.5 mm. 112 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Yol. LVII Crown flat, wide, broadly rounded, almost twice as wide between eyes at base as median length, with anterior margin thin and folia- ceous. Ocelli closer to each other than to eyes. Color: Pale yellow, heavily marked with black. Crown almost entirely black; with a small area just before and on outer margin of each ocellus, a small area just posterior to each ocellus, and inner margin of each eye yellow. Pronotum black, with a pale curved area on each side extending from near anterior margin to posterior portion of each humeral angle. Scutellum yellow, with a large dark transverse spot on central portion. Fore wings yellowish ; with dark veins, basal portion of clavus and apical cells black. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 6a-f) with plates broadened apically and broadly rounded. Style abruptly narrowed and produced apically. Aedeagus with a pair of long apical processes which are directed basally and extending more than half way to base of aedeagus, also with a pair of short spur-like processes arising at tip of apex and directed basally. Pygofer with an apical spine. Holotype male: Mt. Duida, Venezuela, 4 Nov. 1928, Ac. 29500, Tate No. 138. Holotype in the American Museum collection. New York. Gypona lativitta Walker Gypona la that t a Wsilkev, 1858, p. 102. A distinctly marked species with a short, broadly rounded head with a thin foliaceous anterior margin. Length of male 11.5 mm. Crown broadly rounded, almost parallel margined, about twice as wide as median length, surface flattened or concave, with anterior margin thin and foliaceous. Ocelli closer to each other than to eyes. Pronotum more than twice as long as crown. Color: Crown black, with four pale yellowish spots arranged transversely anterior to ocelli. Ocelli lying at caudal edge of cen- tral spots Pronotum bright }^ellow, with a narrow black margin on each side and a median elongate band about one-third width of pronotum which broadens gradually to form a transverse black band across posterior margin. Scutellum yellow, with a median black spot. Fore wings yellow; subhyaline; with basal half of clavus, claval veins, a median spot on costal-discal area, and apices dark brown to black. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 7a-f) with plates elongate, more than three times as long as broad, with apex broad and almost truncate. Style broadened at one-third its length, then gradually narrowed and again enlarged at three-fourths its length where it curves outwardly forming a rather long, tapered, pointed apical portion. Aedeagus Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 113 broad at base and gradually tapered to a narrow, blunt apex ; apical fifth bent dorsally and bearing two pairs of short narrow processes which arise near base of apical portion. In ventral view, aedeagus elongate and almost parallel margined. Pygofer bearing a short, broad dorsocaudal spine with a serrate edge. Notes: The holotype is a male and there is no label on the pin. Other specimens examined are : A male in the Carnegie Museum collection labeled “Mana River, Fr. Guiana, May 1917, Ac. 6068” ; a male in the National Museum collection labeled “Santarem, Coll. C. F. Baker” ; and a male in the Stockholm Museum collection labeled “Cayen Dupui Zet,” and previously identified as '‘glauca.” Gypona obstinata, n. sp. Resembling glauca in general form but with heavy black colora- tion. Length of male 1 1 mm. Crown rather broad, more than half as long at middle as basal width between eyes, with anterior margin broadly rounded. Color: Crown and pronotum (Fig. 3) black with yellow mark- ings. Crown black, with an elongate spot surrounding an ocellus on each side and extending almost to anterior margin and with a small yellow spot behind each at base. Pronotum black, with a yellow stripe on each side seeming like an extension of markings on crown, each stripe widened at middle and curved to lateral margins at humeral angles, with a small yellow spot behind each eye. Scutellum yellow, with a black transverse band occupying median portion and having a median longitudinal extension directed toward apex. Fore wings pale, with dark veins and basal claval area, corium, a small spot on costa opposite apex of clavus, and apical cells smoky brown. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 8a-f) with plates short, broad, blunt at apex. Style slightly constricted at about middle, apical portion tapered to form a short blunt tube-like area. Aedeagus short, tubular, appearing gradually broadened, in ventral view, to a blunt apex ; in lateral view, aedeagus broadened at middle, with a dorsal spine, then tapering to apex. Pygofer sloping to apex and bearing a prominent blunt spine. Holotype male: Tumupasa, Bolivia, 1921-22 (W. M. Mann) Mulford Biol. Exploration. Holotype in the U. S. National Mu- seum collection. Gypona projecta, n. sp. Resembling glauca in form, appearance, and coloration, and in genitalia closely related to stylata. Length of male 11 mm. 114 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society roi. Lvii Crown broadly rounded, almost twice as wide at base as median length. Pronotum almost twice as long as crown. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum pale yellow. Crown with anterior margin brown. Pronotum with a pair of small round dark spots, one on either side at half the length of pronotum. Fore wings pale, with veins of clavus and corium, apical cells, and apical veins brown. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 9a-f) with plates broadened apically and broadly rounded. Style narrow and elongate, with apical portion long, tapered, and curved dorsally. Aedeagus with shaft equal in length to basal portion, apex of shaft narrowed and with two pairs of apical processes (apical pair short and extending basally ; basal pair long, slender, curved, and extending nearly to base of shaft). Pygofer elongate and bearing a small apical spur. Holotype inale: Tingo Maria, Huan, Peru, 21 Oct. 1946, at 2200 ft. elevation, J. C. Pallister. Holotype in the American Museum collection. New York City. Gypona gemina, n. sp. Resembling glaiica in form and appearance, but smaller and with pale markings. Length of male 11 mm. Crown broad, broadly rounded, almost twice as wide between eyes at base as median length. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum yellow, unmarked except for dark anterior margin of crown. Fore wings yellow, with clavus and apical cells smoky brown and costal area broadly pale. Genitalia: Male (Fig. lOa-f) with plates broad apically and almost truncate on apical margin. Style long, rather narrow, en- larged just before apex, then narrowed and prolonged to form a long narrow spine-like apex. Aedeagus with shaft rather broad and bearing two pairs of proximal, very short processes which arise from ventral side near apex and extend outwardly. Pygofer without an apical spur. Holotype male: Los Juntas, Bolivia, December, 1913, Ac. 5066. Holotype in the Steinbach collection, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Gypona glauca (Fabricius) Cercopis glauca Fabricius, 1803, p. 91. Gypona glauca (Fabricius), 1803 (in Germar, 1821, p. 73). A broad-headed species with anterior margin of head foliaceous, and with base of fore wings marked with black. Length of male 12 mm. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 115 Crown flat, almost twice as broad as median length, with anterior margin roundedly produced and foliaceous. Ocelli nearer median line than eyes. Pronotum more than twice as long as crown. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum (Figs. 1 and 2) golden yellow. Fore wings (Fig. 1) yellow; with basal third of claval area dark brown, claval and discal veins brown, apex smoky brown. Genitalia: Male (Fig. lla-e) with plates rather broad, convexly curved on inner margin, apical margin sloping to a rounded, pro- duced apex on outer edge. Styles enlarged and bent at right angle near middle, apical portion tapered to a pointed apex and directed dorsally. Aedeagus broad at base, concavely constricted before apex which is slightly enlarged, then tapered to a pointed, produced tip ; at base of narrow apex a pair of long, narrow processes arise, these curving anteriorly then caudally with tips extending beyond central portion of shaft. Notes: The holotype is labeled “Amer. merid. Schmidt. Mus. Sell. et. T. L. Glauca F.” There are two identical males in the type series in the University Museum collection, Copenhagen. Both were studied and the genital structures of the holotype are illustrated. Only one other specimen has been identified as glauca, and this is a male in the Vienna Museum collection labeled “Bahia, Brazilia, Fruhstorfer.” Gypona Stalina, n. sp. Resembling stalii in form and general appearance and previously described as the male of stalii. Length of male 9.5 mm. Crown broadly rounded, almost two-thirds as long at middle as • basal width between eyes. Pronotum almost twice as long as crown. Color: Crown pale yellow, with anterior margin black. Pro- notum with a pair of round black spots, one on each side behind eye anterior to middle of pronotum. Scutellum pale. Fore wings pale ; with basal half, tip of clavus, discal area, and apical cells brown. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 12a-f) with plates rather short, convexly curved on outer margin, broadest at middle. Style elongate, broad- est near base, tapered to a bluntly pointed apex. Aedeagus broad at base, appearing incised near base to form a long ventral process which is tapered on apical half to a pointed apex, a dorsal process which is about half as long as ventral process, concavely curved on dorsal margin and rapidly narrowed to a slender pointed apex. Holotype male: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2 Oct. 1952. Paratype males : many specimens from same locality as holo- type, 2 Oct. 1952; October and November, 1953; December 1943; 116 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 8 Jan. 1951; November and December, 1951; 27 Nov. 1952; and 10 Dec, 1952. Holotype and paratypes in the North Carolina State College collection. Other specimens examined but not included in the type series are : A male in the Vienna Museum collection labeled “Fiebrig, Para- guay, S. Bernardino” ; and the two paratype males of stalii in the Stockholm Museum collection, one labeled “Sao Loapolos” and the other labeled “Argentina.” These paratype males and the type females of stalii are from widely separated localities and are appar- ently different species. Gypona duella, n. sp. A small species resembling cerea in general appearance but with basal clavus darker and male genitalia distinct. Length of male 10 mm. Crown well produced, broadly rounded, almost two-thirds as long at middle as basal width between eyes, and about two-thirds as long as pronotum. Color: Crown dark brown with a pair of small pale spots on base, one just behind each red ocellus. Pronotum and scutellum brown, unmarked. Fore wings pale; with anterior half of clavus dark brown ; with veins of clavus, corium, and apical half brown. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 13a-f) rather short, broadened at middle. Style elongate, rather narrow, in ventral view appearing narrowed on apical half. Aedeagus consisting of two long, slender, spine-like processes which are separated at base; base with spur extending dorsally. Pygofer tapered on apical half with a blunt portion pro- jecting at apex. Holotype male: Tucuman, Argentina, 21 May 1927 (Max Kis- luik). A label on the pin reads “A specimen identical to this in Berge Collection is labeled Gypona glaiica (Flor.).” Holotype in the U. S. National Museum collection. Gypona postica Walker Gypona postica Walker, 1858, p. 258. Gypona marginata Walker, 1851, p. 838 (name preoccupied). A small robust species related to robusta. Length of male 10 mm. Crown broadly rounded, almost two-thirds as long at middle as basal width between eyes, anterior margin thin. Ocelli nearer to each other than to eyes. Color: Yellowish. Anterior margin of crown reddish-brown. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 117 Fore wings with claval area darker next to scntellum ; veins dark brown to black, conspicuous. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 14a-f) with plates three times as long as broad and broadly rounded at apex. Style elongate, rather thick, narrowed just before enlargement, with blunt apex which is curved inwardly ; in ventral view, appearing definitely broadened at middle, with apex narrow. Aedeagus quite broad at base, concavely nar- rowed on dorsal margin to form a short dorsal process separated by a deep narrow notch from a long slender ventral process which tapers to a pointed apex. Pygofer with a broad, blunt, spine-like process on dorsocaudal margin. Notes: This species was originally described by Walker in 1851 under the name marginata. The name marginata had already been used by Burmeister in 1787 when he described C ere o pis marginata. Walker then redescribed this species in 1858 under the name Gypona postica which should remain as the proper name of this species. The type series consists of five male specimens in the British Museum collection from Mexico, M. Salle Collection. Other male specimens which were examined are from Rio Frio, Colombia, March 1924 (W. M. Mann), and Summit, Panama, C. Z., 1947 (N. L. H. Krauss), in the U. S. National Museum collection. Gypona fiiscinei'vis Stal Gypona fuscinervis Stal, 1864, p. 84. Resembling stalii in general form and appearance but with lighter markings on wings. Length of male 9 mm. Crown broadly rounded in front, more than two-thirds as wide between eyes at base as median length, with anterior margin thin. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum bright yellow, anterior margin of crown reddish. Fore wings yellowish, transparent, with veins brown. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 15a-f) with plate short, broadened at mid- dle, with a bluntly constricted apex. Style slender, tapered, bent at apex. Aedeagus large at base, then tapering to form two proc- esess which are closely compressed ; ventral process long, narrow, tapered to a sharp pointed apex; dorsal process less than half as long as ventral process, tapered but blunt at apex. Pygofer nar- rowed at apex and bearing a blunt spur-like process. Notes: The holotype male is from Vera Cruz, Mexico. There are no other specimens in the type series. Two other males with the type are also this species. Other specimens which were ex- 118 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII amined are: A male specimen from Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 2 Feb. 1918 (F. J. Dyar), in the U. S. National Museum collection; and a male specimen from Rio Metlac, near El Fortin, Vera Cruz, IMexico, 19 Dec. 1948, in the California University collection. Gypona tubulata, n. sp. Resembling glauca in form and coloration hut with distinct geni- talia. Length of male 12 mm. Crown flat, broad, broadly rounded in front, width between eyes at base almost twice median length, with anterior margin thin and foliaceous. Color: Dull yellowish marked with red and brown. Anterior margin of crown, ocelli, a pair of longitudinal stripes extending from ocelli across pronotum to apex of scutellum, and lateral margins of pronotum red. Fore wings yellow ; with basal half of clavus, claval veins, apical cells and veins, and distal veins brown. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite with produced lateral angles between which posterior margin is broadly and concavely rounded on each side to a produced lobe, between-lobes margin deeply exca- vated forming a V-shaped notch which extends half way to base. Male (Fig. 16a-d, f) with plates short, blunt, broad at apex. Styles long, slender, curved upward on apical third, blade-like, and tapered to a pointed apex. Aedeagus short, almost straight, tubu- lar, without processes. Pygofer bearing a short blunt apical spine. Holotype male: Napo R., Peru, 20 July 1946 (J. G. Sanders). Allotype female: Stipo, Janja Prov., Peru, October, 1945 (P. Paprzycki) (Donor F. Johnson). Paratypes : One female, same data as allotype; one male, Iquitos, Peru 11 Feb. 1924, F. 6062 (H. Bassler), Ac. 33591. Holotype and paratype female in the DeLong collection. Allotype and paratype male in the American Museum collection. New York. Gypona funalis, n. sp. A l^rown species, in general appearance resembling cerea but with distinct male genitalia. Length of male 9 mm. Crown rather short, broadly rounded, almost twice as wide be- tween eyes at base as median length. Color: Crown brown, with a reddish line on anterior margin. Ocelli red. Pronotum and scutellum brown. Fore wings sub- hyaline, with dark veins. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 17a-f) with plate broadest at about two- thirds its length, apex rounded. Style rather short, broad, apex truncate, with a thumb-like process on laterodorsal margin just Oct., 1D62 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 119 before apex. Aedeagus consisting of a long slender shaft arising from a broad base, with a proximal process more than half as long as shaft, produced parallel to shaft and tapered to a slender apex. Pygofer short, broad, without an apical spur. Holotype male: Labeled “Guyane Maroni” without specific data. Holotype in the North Carolina State College collection. Gypona cerea, n. sp. A small dark species resembling nielanota in general appearance. Length of male 9.5 mm. Crown well produced but broadly rounded, about two-thirds as long at middle as basal width between eyes. Color: Dark brown to black. Crown rugose, usually darker than pronotum, neither of which have specific markings. Ocelli red. Scutellum with a light spot on each side near middle. Fore wings pale, subhyaline, with dark veins. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 18a-f) with plate rather short, broadened, blunt at apex. Style long, slightly constricted just before apical portion which is deeply and broadly notched so as to form a mitten- like apex. Aedeagus composed of two long slender processes, with ventral process almost twice as long as dorsal process, distinctly separated at base. Pygofer bearing a blunt spur at apex. Holotype male: Mafra, St. Cath., Brazil, Dec., 1935 (A. Miller) (Donor F. Johnson). Paratype : One male from Sao Paulo, Brazil, 12 April 1936 (E. J. Hambleton). Holotype in the North Caro- lina State College collection, and paratype in the U. S. National Museum collection. Gypona clava, n. sp. Resembling glauca in form but with a more intense coloration. Length of male 10 mm. Crown broad, roundedly produced, twice as wide between eyes at base as median length. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum yellow with dark mark- ings. Crown with anterior margin broadly black, a broad median longitudinal black stripe between ocelli extending onto anterior por- tion of pronotum, and a black spot next each eye at base. Pro- notum with anterior and lateral margins black, with anterior central portion occupied by a rather broad black area from which a line extends posteriorly on each side then curves to posterior margin near humeral angles. Scutellum with a broad median black spot on anterior margin. Fore wings pale, basal half of clavus and apical cells smoky ; veins of clavus and corium dark. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 19a-f) with plate short, broadest at middle, 120 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Yol. LYII apices blunt and truncate. Style broadened at middle, constricted just before apex, then bent at right angles to shaft and tapered to a rather long pointed apex. Aedeagus short, tubular, with base broad and shaft curved dorsally and narrowed to form a blunt apex with a short tooth projecting dorsally on inner margin. Pygofer bearing a short blunt spur at apex. Holotype male: Labeled “St. Jean da Maroni, Cuyane Franc, collection L. E. Moult.” Holotype in the North Carolina State College collection. Gypona lugitbrina Spangberg Gyponalugubrina Spangberg, 1878, p. 13. Gypona tristis Spangberg, 1878, p. 14 (nezv synonymy). Form and general appearance resembling stalii. Length of male 9 mm. Crown broadly rounded, less than twice as wide between eyes at base as median length. Pronotum almost twice as long as crown. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum yellowish. Crown with a faint black line on anterior margin. Fore wings yellowish; basal half of clavus embrowned ; claval veins and veins on disk brown ; apical cells embrowned. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 20a-f) with plates short, broad, apices rounded. Styles long, rather slender, tapered to a long pointed apex with a tooth on outer margin not far from apex, may appear folded upon itself. Aedeagus short, simple in structure, tapering from base to a rather narrow tubular apex ; apex appearing to be enveloped by basal portion. Pygofer constricted either side. Notes: The holotype is from Bogota, Colombia. This is the only specimen in the type series. No females are known. The type specimen of tristis is identical with the type of lugubrina and is therefore placed as a synonym of lugubrina. Gypona kjellanderi, n. sp. Form, general appearance, and coloration resembling lugubrina. Length of male 8 mm. Crown broadly rounded on anterior margin, with width between eyes not quite twice median length. Pronotum almost twice as long as crown. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum yellowish. Anterior margin of crown with a narrow black line. Fore wings yellowish; with anterior half of claval area, claval veins, veins of corium, and apical cells brown. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 121 Genitalia: Male (Fig. 21a-f) with plates short, broad, with inner margin sloping to rounded apices. Style constricted at about two- thirds its length to form a slender prolonged apical tip. Aedeagus tubular, curved upward on apical forth and arising from a sheath- like basal portion, with apex blunt. Pygofer triangular. Holotype male: Labeled “Bogota” and also previously labeled as a paratype of tristis Spangberg. Paratype : One male labeled the same as the holotype. Holotype and paratype in the Stockholm Museum collection. The authors take pleasure in naming this species for Dr. Eric Kjellander who has aided this study so much by permitting the use of the Spangberg and Stal types. Gypona vulnerata Walker Gypona vulnerata Walker, 1858, p. 102. Gypona viridescens Walker, 1858, p. 257. A robust species related to postica, without conspicuous mark- ings. Length of female 11.5 mm. Crown rather short, broadly and roundedly produced, almost twice as broad between eyes at base as median length. Ocelli closer to median line than to eyes. Pronotum sloping, with produced humeral angles. Color: Yellow. Crown with anterior margin darkened. Fore wings with basal half of clavus brownish. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 22) with lateral angles broadly rounded ; between these angles posterior margin slightly emarginate to a median broad V-shaped notch of about one-fourth width of segment and extending two-thirds distance to base, nar- rowed at apex and slightly rounded. Notes: A single female holotype represents this species, and ac- cording to the original description is from Brazil. Gypona plana Walker Gypona plana Walker, 1858, p. 101. Closely related to glauca but with less coloration. Length of female 13 mm. Crown broadly and roundedly produced, more than twice as wide as median length, with anterior margin thin and foliaceous. Ocelli slightly closer to each other than to eyes. Color: Pale yellow. Crown and scutellum unmarked. Pro- notum with disc and posterior portion dark. Fore wings with basal half of clavus, a spot about middle of wing, and apical portion brown. 122 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 23) with prominent lateral angles, between which posterior margin rather deeply and concavely excavated to form a pair of produced blunt teeth at apex, these separated by a U-shaped notch. Notes: A single female holotype represents this species, and there is no data on the pin. Gypona obesa Spangherg Gypona obesa Spangherg, 1883, p. 102. A pale, rather broad species related to bimaciilata. Length of female 12 mm. Crown broadly rounded, less than two-thirds as long at middle as basal width between eyes, with anterior margin thin. Ocelli closer to median line than to eyes. Color: Pale yellow. Crown with anterior margin red. Fore wings with veins on basal half of clavus broadly dark brown, with a spot on clavus next to apex of scutellum and veins on apical half of wing brown. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 24) with well-produced rounded lateral angles, between which posterior margin slightly and concavely rounded either side of a deep, broad, median V- shaped notch extending almost to base of sternite. Notes: This species is represented by a single female holotype from Mexico in the Vienna Natural History Museum collection. The data on the pin is “Bilimek, Mexico, 1871, Orizaba.” Gypona signifera Walker Gypona signifera Walker, 1851, p. 836. A rather robust species with a short blunt head. Length of female 10 mm. Crown short, broadly rounded, almost twice as broad as median length, with anterior margin thin but not foliaceous. Ocelli closer to each other than to eyes. Color: Dull yellow, without markings. Veins on central portion of fore wings and anteapical veins brown. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 25) with lateral angles produced and angled at apex ; posterior margin between lateral angles deeply and concavely excavated to form a U-shaped notch at apex. Notes: The female holotype is from Venezuela but there is no label on the specimen. No other specimens are known. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 123 Gypona viridirufa Walker Gypona viridirufa Walker, 1851, p. 836. Gypona quadrimacula Walker, 1851, p. 837 (nezif synonymy ) . Related to glauca with similar but fainter color markings. Length of female 12 mm. Crown roimdedly produced, flat, more than twice as wide as long, with anterior margin thin. Golor: Green tinged with yellow. Anterior margin of crown red. Fore wings green, dark at base, with brown apices. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 26) with produced and rounded lateral angles, between which posterior margin rather broadly and concavely excavated either side of a V-shaped notch which extends more than half way to base. Notes: This species is represented by a single female holotype from Paraguay (Mr. Stevens Collection). When a series of speci- mens is available, this may prove to be a synonym. At present it is placed under the name glauca in the British Museum collection. G. quadrimacula Walker was also described from a single speci- men from Paraguay. This specimen is darker in color but closely resembles viridirufa. It has no abdomen and even if present when collected the sex was not named nor the sex characters described. G. quadrimactdata is therefore placed as a synonym of viridirufa. Gypona prolongata, n. sp. Resembling glauca in form and general appearance but with coloration of fore wings confined to apical portion. Length of female 12 mm. Crown broadly rounded, more than half as long at middle as basal width between eyes, with anterior margin thin and foliaceous. Color: Pale yellow marked with brown. Crown yellowish, with anterior margin marked with a narrow black line margined with red above. Ocelli red. Pronotum pale, with median posterior half darker. Scutellum dark. Fore wings pale, subhyaline, with tip of clavus and apical cells marked with brown. Abdomen dark, showing through claval area of fore wings. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 29) with narrowly pro- duced lateral angles, between which posterior margin concavely ex- cavated either side of a pair of rounded and slightly produced lobes which border a median, broad, brown bordered U-shaped notch extending almost two-thirds distance to base. 124 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Holotype female: Huanuce, Peru, March, 1947, 2000 m. (Wey- raiich). Holotype in the U. S. National Museum collection. Gypona glaucina Spangberg Gypona glaucina Spangberg, 1878, p. 16. Resembling stalii in form, coloration, and size. Length of female 13 mm. Crown short, broad, twice as wide between eyes at base as median length, with anterior margin thin and foliaceous. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum yellowish. Fore wings yellow ; with clavus brownish, especially basal half ; with apical cells mottled with brown. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 30) broadly excavated between lateral angles, with a produced portion either side of a median deeply excavated V-shaped notch. Notes: The single holotype female is from Brazil. No other specimens have been observed. Gypona stalii Spangberg Gypona stalii Spangberg, 1878, p. 317. A large, well marked species, pale in color with brownish mark- ings. Length of female 13 mm. Crown broad, about twice as wide between eyes at base as median length, with anterior margin thin and foliaceous. Pronotum longer than crown. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum yellow without markings. Fore wings with clavus dark brown, costal area yellowish, apical cells mottled with brown. Under face and venter yellowish. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 31) broadly and rather deeply concave, with lateral angles prominent, middle with a rather deep U-shaped notch margined with brown. Notes: The female holotype is marked ‘"Brazil.” There are also two female paratypes, one marked “Brazil,” and the other marked “Rio Janeiro.” The types are in the Stockholm Museum. Other specimens examined are : Three females from Brazil in the Signoret Collection in the Vienna Museum collection. Gypona affinis Spangberg Gypona affinis Spanberg, 1878, p. 17. Appearing as a pale specimen of glaucina with shape and color very similar, but with dif¥erent female genital structures. Length of female 13 mm. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 125 Crown broadly rounded, twice as wide between eyes at base as median length. Pronotum twice as long as crown. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum yellowish. Crown with anterior margin marked with reddish. Fore wings yellow, with clavus pale brown, especially basal portion, and apical cells clouded with brown. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 32) concave between lateral angles and a pair of produced lobes, with lobes widely sepa- rated by a broad and deep excavation running more than half dis- tance to base, with apical portion of excavation producing a V- shaped notch. Notes: This species is known only from the female holotype labeled ‘‘Brazil, type” and in the Stockholm Museum collection. Gypona pinguis Stal Gypona pinguis Stal, 1862, p. 46. General appearance resembles hrevipennis Length of female 10 mm. Crown broadly rounded, flattened anteriorly, width between eyes at base less than twice median length. Pronotum less than twice as long as crown. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum yellowish. Scutellum with slightly darker mottling upon disk and basal angles. Fore wings yellowish, subhyaline, veins not conspicuous, apical portion slightly brownish. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 33) almost truncate, with a broad U-shaped notch at center extending half way to base, with apical portion of notch slightly embrowned. Notes: This species is represented by a single female holotype which is labeled “Brazil.” No other specimens have been exam- ined which belong to this species. Gypona assimilis Spangberg Gypona assimilis Spangberg, 1878, p. 16. Form and general appearance resembling stalii but female seventh sternite different. Length of female 13 mm. Crown broadly rounded, about one and one-half times as wide between eyes at base as median length, with anterior margin thin and foliaceous. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum yellowish. Anterior margin of crown red. Pronotum with red on either side. Fore wings yellowish, with veins of posterior half and basal half of clavus 126 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society voi. Lvn brown and apical cells marked with brown. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 34) rather broadly ex- cavated between lateral angles and projected lobes either side of a median broad V-shaped notch which extends more than half way to base. Notes: This species is represented by two female specimens in the Stockholm Museum collection, one marked “Bogota,” and the other labeled “Perou.” No other specimens have been identified as this species. Gypona bidens, n. sp. Resembling stalli in form and general appearance but smaller, with distinct female seventh sternite. Length of female 12.5 mm. Crown broadly rounded, almost twice as broad between eyes at base as median length, with anterior margin thin. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum pale brownish yellow, unmarked. Fore wings yellowish, subhyaline ; with claval area brown, apical cells marked with brown, and veins on corium heavily embrowned. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 35) with prominent lateral angles, between which posterior margin rather deeply and concavely excavated, then produced into a pair of pointed processes either side of a deep, narrow, U-shaped, brown margined notch ex- tending half way to base. Holotype female : Labeled “Brasilien,” without further data. This specimen was previously identified as affinis by Spangberg and is in the Vienna Museum collection. Gypona excavata, n. sp. Resembling stalii in general appearance but larger, banded more, and with a broad deeply excavated seventh sternite. Length of female 14 mm. Crown broadly rounded, twice as wide between eyes at base as median length. Color: Crown, pronotum, and scutellum pale yellow tinged with reddish brown. Anterior margin of crown black. Ocelli dark. Fore wings with basal half and apical portion of clavus brown, a transverse band across wings at apex of clavus dark apical cells pale brown. Genitalia: Female seventh sternite (Fig. 36) with posterior mar- gin produced forming a narrow projection either side of a broad, deep, median excavation ; excavation extending almost to base of Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 127 segment and half as wide as it is, with a small V-shaped notch at middle. Holotype female: Squitos, Peru, May 18, 1944, J. G. Sanders. Paratype: One female from Iquitos, Peru, March-April 1931, R. C. Shannon. Holotype in the DeLong collection, and the paratype in the U. S. National Museum collection. Notes: These two specimens do not seem to fit any of the de- scribed species in this complex. They differ by the extra band on the wings and the unusual pattern of the female segment. Literature Cited Fabricius, J. C. 1803. Rhyngota. Systema Rhyngotorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus descriptionibus, pp. i-x, 1-314 (1- 101). Fowler, W. W. 1903. Order Rhynchota. Suborder Hemip- tera-Homoptera (continued). Biologia Centrali-Ameri- cana 2: 293-316, pis. 20 and 21. Germar, E. F. 1821. Bemerkungen uber einige Gattungen der Cicadarien. Mag. Ent. 4: 1-106. Spangberg, J. 1878. Species Gyponae, generis Homoptero- rum. Bihang Kongl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. 5(3) : 5-76. . 1881. Species novas vel minus cognitas Gyponae generis Homopterorum. Ent. Tidskr. 1. 23-28. . 1883. Species novas generis Gyponae quae in Museo Zoologico Caesar, Vindobonensi asservantur descripsit. Ent. Tidskr. 4: 101-109. Stal, C. 1862. Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-traktens Hemipter- fauna II. Handl. Svenka Vet. Akad. 3(6) : 1-75. . 1864. Hemiptera Mexicana enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit (continuatio). Stett. Ent. Zeit. 25 : 49-86. Walker, F. 1851. List of the specimens of homopterous in- sects in the collection of the British Museum 3 : 637-907. . 1858. Supplement. List of the specimens of ho- mopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, pp. 1-307. 128 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII DeLong and Freytag Plate I 3 OBSTINATA 6LAUCA 6LAUCA Figs. 1-2, Gypona glauca (Fabricius) : 1, Dorsal view of male. 2, Lateral view of head and prothorax. Fig. 3, Gypona obstinata, n. sp., dorsal view of head and prothorax. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 129 DeLong and Freytag Plate II GEMINA- 10 GLAUCA- II Figs. 4-11, The male genital structures of various species of Gypona: 4, G. decorata Fowler. 5, G. versuta Spangberg. 6, G. stylata, n. sp. 7, G. lativitta Walker. 8, G. ohstinata, n. sp. 9, G. projecta, n. sp. 10, G. geniina, n. sp. 11, G. glauca (Fabri- cius). Showing: A, lateral view of aedeagus; B, ventral view of aedeagus ; C, ventral view of plate ; D, ventral view of style ; E, lateral view of style ; F, lateral view of pygofer. 130 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII DeLong and Freytag Plate III FUNALIS - 17 CEREA-18 CLAVA-19 Figs. 12-19, The male genital structures of various species of Gypona: 12, G. stalina, n. sp. 13, G. duella, n. sp. 14, G. postica Walker. 15, G. fuscinervis Stal. 16, G. tubulata, n. sp. 17. G. funalis, n. sp. 18, G. cerea, n. sp. 19, G. clava, n. sp. Showing: A, lateral view of aedeagus ; B, ventral view of aedeagus ; C, ventral view of plate ; D, ventral view of style ; E, lateral view of style ; F, lateral view of pygofer. Oct., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 131 DeLong and Freytag Plate IV VIRIOIRUFA - 26 21B 21C '21E 21F CEREA - 27 OECORATA - 28 h-n CY3 PROLONGATA - 29 GLAUCINA - 30 LUGUBRINA- 20 VULNERATA- 22 KJELLANOERI - 21 PLANA - 23 STALII - 31 oo AFFINIS - 32 PINGUIS - 33 ASSIMILIS - 34 BIDENS-35 EXCAVATA-36 Figs. 20-21, The male genital structures of various species of Gypona: 20, lugubrina Spangberg. 21, G. kjellanderi, n. sp. Showing: A, lateral view of aedeagus ; B, ventral view of aedeagus ; C, ventral view of plate ; D, ventral view of style ; E, lateral view of style; F, lateral view of pygofer. Figs. 22-36, The female sev- enth sternite of various species of Gypona: 22, G. vulnerata Walker. 23, G. plana Walker. 24, G. ohesa Spangberg. 25, G. signifera Walker. 26, G. viridirufa Walker. 27, G. cerea, n. sp. 28, G. decorata Fowler. 29, G. prolongata, n. sp. 30, G. glaucina Spang- berg. 31, C. stain Spangberg. 32, G. affinis Spangberg. 33, G. pinguis Stab 34, G. assimilis Spangberg. 35, G. bidens, n. sp. 36, G. excavata, n. sp. 132 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Picture your paper here ! Short articles and scientific notes will be gratefully received for use as fillers. Because of the nature of the binding (stapling), the total number of pages in each issue must be divisible by four. Therefore, articles of two pages or less, down to even a short paragraph in length, are very useful to the editor at page makeup time — J. F. Hanson. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMO LOGICAL SOCIETY. The Bulletin, Old Series, Vols. 1-7, 1879-1885, Complete on positive microfilm $10.00 The Bulletin, Nevr Series, Vols. 8-54, 1912-1959, Com- plete, unbound $104.00 Entomologica Americana, Vols. 1-6 (1885-1890) and 7- 10 (1926-30), positive microfilm $15.00 Vols. 11-40, 1931-1960, complete, regular issue, pa- per cover. Write for quotation. A Glossary of Entomology, Torre-Bueno, cloth bound, including Supplement A $7.00 Supplement A to Torre-Bueno’s Glossary of Entomol- ogy, 36 pp., 1960 $ 1.00 Monographs from Entomologica Americana New York Thysanoptera, Hood. 36 pp., 2 plates. 1926 .$ 1.00 A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Life History of Bremus bimaculatus. Prison. 65 pp., 8 figs. 1928 . . . .$ 2.00 A Revision of the Genus Eurema — Part II. New World Species, Taxonomy and Synonymy, Klots. 73 pp., 101 figs. 1929 $ 1.50 Synopsis of the Principal Larval Forms of the Cole- optera, Boving & Craighead, cloth bound, 351 pp., 125 plates. 1930-31 $10.00 The Nearctic Social Wasps of the Subfamily Polybiinae, Bequaert. 63 pp., 8 figs. 1933 $ 2.00 Revision of the Epistrophe Flies of America North of Mexico, Fluke. 57 pp., 45 figs. 1935 $ 2.00 The Biology and Taxonomy of the Genus Trichiotinus, Hoffmann. 76 pp., 20 figs. 1935 $ 2.00 A Review of the Genus Cyrtopogon in North America, Wilcox and Martin. 95 pp., 58 figs. 1936 $ 2.00 Bibliography of the Described Life Histories of the Rhopalocera of America North of Mexico, Daven- port and Dethier. 40 pp. 1937 $ 4.00 Monographs from Entomologica Americana The American Patrobini, Darlington. 48 pp. 1938 $ 1.00 Taxonomic Studies in Cantharis (Coleoptera), Green. 59 pp., 3 plates. 1940 $ l.OU A Synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America North of Mexico — Part II. Coreidae, Alydidae, Cor- izidae, Neididae, Pyrrhocoridae and Thaumastothe- riidae, Torre-Bueno. 81 pp. 1941 $ 6.00 A Monograph of the Melophaginae, or Ked-Flies of Sheep, Goats, Deer and Antelope, Bequaert. cloth bound, 210 pp., 18 figs. 1942 $ 5.00 Selection of Colored Lights by Night-Flying Insects, Milne and Milne. 65 pp. 1944 $ 3.00 A Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Carabus, Van Dyke. 50 pp., 24 figs. 1944 $ 3.00 The Larvae of the Harpalinae Unisetosae, Chu. 71 pp., 92 figs. 1945 $1.00 Notes and Keys on the Genus Brochymena, Ruckes. 95 pp., 41 figs. 1946 $ 3.00 Female Genitalia of Culicidae, with Particular Reference to Characters of Generic Value, Coher. 38 pp. 1948 . .$ 4.00 The Scutate Ticks, or Ixodidae, of Indonesia, Anastos. 144 pp., 28 figures. 1950. $ 5.00 The Tingoidea of New England and their Biology, Bailey, 140 pp., 6 figs. 1951 $ 5.0C The Hippoboscidae or Louse-Flies of Mammals and Birds, Part I. Structure, Physiology and Natural History, Bequaert, 442 pp., 21 figs., 1952-53 $10.00 Part II. Taxonomy, Evolution and Revision of American Genera and Species. 61 1 pp., 83 figs. 1954-56 $15.00 All orders for all pul)lications MUST be sent DIRECT to Brook- lyn Entomologicial Society, R. R. McElvare, Treasurer, P. O. Bo.s 386, Southern Pines, North Carolina. BUSINESS PRESS INC., Lancaster, Pa. DECEMBER, 1962 No. 5 f ^<1, VoL. LVII BULLETIN OF THE Brooklyn Entomological Society NEW SERIES PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOHN F. HANSON GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER Published for the Societ}’^ by Business Press, Inc. N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave,, Lancaster, Pa. Price, 85 cents Subscription, $4.00 per year Mailed August 30, 1963 Entered as second-class matter January 21, 1919, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879 The Brooklyn Entomological Society Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of November and May at the Engineers’ Club, 117 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 2, N. Y. The annual dues are $2.00. OFFICERS 1961-62 Honorary President R. R. McELVARE President HARRY BEATROS Vice President CASIMIR REDJIVES Secretary ANNA FLAHERTY T reasurer R. R. McELVARE P. O. Box 386 Southern Pines North Carolina J^ CONTENTS Studies on the Plecoptera of North America: X. Genitalic variations in the males of Paraleuctra, Hanson 13S A new species of Synanthedon from Ohio (Lepidop. : Aegeriidae), Hodges 139 Concerning some species of Tenagogonus s. str. (Ger- ridae), Hungerford and Matsuda 141 Two new nasal mites. Ptilonyssus morofskyi, n. sp., and Sternostoma porteri, n. sp., from North American birds (Acarina: Rhinonyssidae), Hyland 146 Asian biting fly studies I: Tabanidae — species related to Tabanus basalis, with the description of a new species from Nepal, Coher 157 Announcement: Aphids of New York, Leonard 162 Contents and Species Index 163 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Published in February, April, June, October and December of each year Subscription price, domestic, $4.00 per year ; foreign, $4.25 in advance ; single copies, 85 cents. Advertising rates on application. Short articles, notes and observations of interest to entomologists are solicited. Address subscriptions to the Treasurer, manuscripts and other communications to the editor, JOHN P. HANSON, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL. LVII DECEMBER, 1962 No. 5 STUDIES ON THE PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA: X. GENITALIC VARIATIONS IN THE MALES OF PARALEUCTRA^ By John F. Hanson, Amherst, Mass. The anatomical features of stoneflies that have been the least useful for distinguishing species, such as wing venation and female genitalia, are the ones that have been the most studied for variability. The male genitalia of different species are usually so different from one another that detailed studies of extremes of variation are rarely essential for species identification. In a few instances, however, where species are closely similar in the male sex as well as in the female or where hybridization may be occurring, it is imperative to have a knowledge of the amount and nature of the variation in male genitalia to clarify species status. Eor this purpose it is nec- essary, first of all, to study the variations in specimens from a single location. With this as a base, study of geographical variations is possible. Surprisingly, there are extremely few species of which enough specimens are available to justify making conclusions about the extent of variation in even one single location. And yet, we find in the literature a number of interpretations of geographical variation in Plecoptera. To further confuse the situation, some interpretations are based on inaccurate observations as well as on insufficient numbers of specimens. The whole subject of geograph- ical variation in Plecoptera should be carefully reviewed. In 1942 Prison published an interesting treatment of local and geographical variations in the specialized cerci of some species of ^ Contribution from The Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station and Contribution No. 1356 from the entomological labora- tory of The University of Massachusetts. Supported by NIH Grant E-1442(C6), U.S. Public Health Service. 133 134 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LVII Paraleuctra. His work raised some difficult evolutionary and no- menclatorial problems one of which concerned the status of our single eastern species, P. sara (Claassen), and its relationship to one of the western “forms”. It was Prison’s opinion that with further collecting in critical geographic locations P. sara and what was then called occidentalis, following the usage in Needham and Claassen’s monograph (1925), would be found to be a single ge- ographically variable species. Very shortly after receiving Prison’s paper I studied my own specimens for the variations he described since I happened to have a series (nearly 300 males) of P. sara as well as a small number of P. occidentalis auct. I could not confirm either his observations or his conclusions. In 1946, after an opportunity to study all of the Illinois material of both forms, my judgement of Prison’s paper remained unchanged. Thus, it seemed particularly unfortunate when Ricker, in 1954, without presenting any additional evidence, formally declared transcontinental conspecificity under the name of sara. It is difficult to understand why Prison (and later Ricker) did not prefer to question his own species, forcipata 1937, since it is, in both sexes, considerably more like the eastern sara than is occidentalis auctores. A recent tussle with another problem of geographical variation has brought this case back to mind and I have exhumed my notes and specimens, after nearly two decades, for a renewed look at our dififerences of opinion. In consideration of the current interest in geographical variation as it relates to evolution and species tax- onomy, a correction of Prison’s observations and conclusions and of Ricker’s nomenclatorial decision should no longer be delayed. It is easy to see, with such an asymmetrical object as the cercus shown in the plate of shaded drawings, that slight changes in posi- tion could radically change the silhouette. Most of us, at one time or another, have a playfully created a similar variety of images with the shadow of a hand. In my current studies, to assure that there could be no question of my interpretations being due to such an effect, the cerci were dissected from the specimens and mounted on slides in identical positions. Portunately this was very easy to do since the cercus, as it settles through the mounting medium, makes a three-point landing on the surface of the slide coming to rest on the tips of the two arms and the base of the cercus, thus giving a standardized lateral view. Assurance against distortion by pressure from the cover slip was obtained by supporting the cover slip on bits of cork thicker than the cerci. Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 135 Paraleuctra sara (Claassen) Figs. 1, 3, 5, 6 Each cercus, dorsally, has a small notch at the very base (Fig. 1). The hind margin of the tenth tergite fits into this notch and against the flat anterior face of a conspicuous dorsal tooth at the edge of the notch. Two cone-shaped arms diverge posteromesally from the somewhat compressed basal area. Each arm has a small pro- jection, the upper one being the more conspicuous not only because it is the larger but because it is located ventrally on the arm and thus its outline can be seen easily from lateral view: the projection on the lower arm, because it is on the mesal side, is hidden from the normal lateral view. It is interesting to note that any single specimen in my collection can be held in such a position as essentially to duplicate each of the figures shown by Frison. For example, compare Figure 6, an oblique caudal view, with 7 A. The outlines of 7B, 7C and 7D can be produced simply by observing the same cercus from progressively more anterior positions. 7F is produced by assuming a more nearly dorsal position of the observer, in which case the lower arm will appear relatively small as the bulk of this arm disappears under the upper arm. A comparison of all of the specimens in my collection with the specimens used for the shaded drawings shows only minor varia- tions in proportions when the specimens are carefully oriented into the identical lateral positions. Nothing approaching the extensive amount of variation which Frison reported (Fig. 7A-F) appears to exist in this species. Paraleuctra occidentalis auct. Figs. 2, 4 ■ According to Ricker there are four type specimens of occidentalis (Banks). He found the two deposited in the United States Na- tional Museum to be two different species and thought that each was different from the single complete specimen at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. Since the latter, a female, agreed, he thought, with then current interpretation of occidentalis (Needham and Claassen, 1925), he designated it lecto- type. He later discovered his mistake and was therefore obliged to synonymize Claassen’s bradleyi under occidentalis (Banks). Since the abdomen of one of the types has long been missing, its identity will probably never be known. However, it seems unlikely that Claassen would have described bradleyi without first having 136 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIl Hanson Male cerci of Paraleuctra: Figs. 1-2, Lateral views of P. sara and P. occidentalis auct., respectively. Figs. 3-4, Dorsal views of P. sara and P. occidentalis auct, respectively. Fig. 5, Mesal view of P. sara. Fig. 6, Oblique latero-dorso-caudal view of P. sara to show the protuberances on both arms of the cercus simultaneously, as in Frison’s drawing A. Fig. 7, (on opposite page), Variations in the cerci of P. sara claimed by Frison (from Frison, 1942) : A from Massachusetts, B from Indiana, C-F from Tennessee. Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 137 studied at least one of the four cotypes of Occident alls (Banks), and therefore it is probable that the abdomenless specimen is the occidcntalis of Needham and Claassen (1925) and later authors. Because of the existing confusion, P. occidcntalis auct. is left with- out a name. I plan to describe it as a new species in a later paper since the specific purpose of this paper is to discuss cereal variability. Prison, in his 1942 paper, showed three figures of what he claimed were cereal variants of occidcntalis from three different western states. In 1946 I studied the specimens concerned in the Illinois Survey Collection and I made the following notes. “Dr. Prison has done exactly the same with this species as with sara in demon- stration of variability. I examined his specimens from Ore., Idaho, Colo., Calif., B. C., Wash., Mont., Wyo., including the ones used by Mohr for Prison’s figs., 1942, p. 259, without finding the slight- est indication of variation except in the process on the dorsal arm 7 138 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII which is very small in some cases.” To check this finding more carefully a series of uniform slide mounts of cerci of P. occidentalis from a wide geographic range (Oregon, Colorado, California, and Utah) was recently prepared. A study of these specimens sub- stantiates my 1946 observations and therefore lends no support to Prison’s contention that “The difference between sara and occident- alis are certainly slight, and there is reason to suspect that collecting in northern states and southern Canada will show that sara is spe- cifically the same as occidentalis ’ (Prison, 1942, p. 260). P. occidentalis auct. differs from sara in at least five distinct cereal features: (1) in occidentalis (Pig. 2) the length of the base of the cercus, measured laterally, is considerably longer than in any specimen of sara (Pig. 1) ; (2) the lower arm of the occidentalis cercus is much shorter, relative to the upper, than in sara; (3) the basal dorsal process is smaller and narrower in occidentalis than in sara, in lateral view; (4) the lower arm in occidentalis never bears a process while in sara it always does; (5) if carefully observed at the right angle with the right lighting, the mesal surface of the cercus of occidentalis (Pig. 4) is seen to be more nearly flat than that of sara (Pig. 3) and is angularly demarked from the dorsal surface along a line extending from the dorsal tooth onto the base of the dorsal arm. Considering the distinctness of the cerci in- dicated above, it is quite likely that further study will disclose addi- tional genitalic differences useful in separating the two species. Acknowledgements I am indebted to Dr. E. I. Coher for his very critical reading of the manuscript and to two of my students for similar service. Mr. Joseph Pallazola is responsible not only for the fine shading on the drawings but contributed materially to their detailed accuracy. Literature Cited Prison, T. H. 1942. Studies of North American Plecoptera with special reference to the fauna of Illinois. Bui. Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey 22(2) : 235-255, figs. 1-126. Ricker, W. E. 1952. Systematic studies in Plecoptera. Indi- ana Univ. Publ., Science Series No. 18, pp. 1-200, figs. 1-154. . 1954. Nomenclatorial notes on Plecoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. British Columbia 51 : 37-39. Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 139 A NEW SPECIES OF SYNANTHEDON FROM OHIO (LEPIDOPTERA: AEGERIIDAE) By Ronald W. Hodges^ A series of adults of an aegeriid was reared from Viburnum opulus nanum ]3.cq. by F. L. Gambrell of the New York State Agri- cultural Experiment Station; the specimens were submitted for identification by E. H. Smith of Cornell University. The species is near Synanthedon vihurni Engelhardt ; however, it differs from the latter in both larval and imaginal characters. Synanthedon fatifera, n. sp. (Figure 1) Male. — Antenna blue-black with a few pale yellow scales at three-fourths, slightly dilated api- cally, a short apical tuft. Tongue well developed. Labial palpus blue-black on dorsal surface of first and second segment, third segment and lateral and ventral surfaces of first and second seg- ments pale yellow. Head blue- black with a few pale yellow scales on face and occiput, pale yellow scales surrounding eye ventrally and posteriorly. Thorax shining blue-black, a dorso-lateral pale yellow line on mesothorax, a broad pale yellow band below wings on mesothorax and on anterior portion of metathorax, a few pale yellow scales on dorsal surface of metathorax. Fore wings with veins blue-black, lightly dusted with pale yellow, dorsal margin heavily dusted with pale yellow scales ; cilia dark fuscous. Hind- wings with veins blue-black; M1-M2 + 3 cross vein without scales; costal margin pale yellow to five-sixths, then blue-black ; cilia dark fuscous, pale yellow at base. Ventral surface of prothoracic coxa blue-black broadly bordered laterally and distally with pale yellow ; femur blue-black with pale yellow at apex ; tibia blue-black medially, pale yellow laterally, epiplysis pale yellow ; tarsus blue-black ven- ^ Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C. '' r Fig. 1, Synanthedon fatifera, n. sp., paratype, female. Men- tor, Ohio. 140 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII trally, yellow dorsally and at apices of first second, third and fifth segments. Metathoracic leg blue-black ; tibia pale yellow at middle and apex ; outer surface of tarsus pale yellow at apex of first, fourth, and fifth segments. Abdomen blue-black, a small lateral patch of pale yellow scales on first and fourth segments, anal tuft edged with pale yellow. Male genitalia as in Figure 2 (R.W.H. slide no. 2001). Alar expanse of male 17-19 mm. Female. — Maculation as for male except that antenna is pale yellow from three-fifths nearly to apex. Female genitalia as in Figure 3 (R.W.H. slide no. 2002). Alar expanse of female 20-22 mm. Food plant. — Viburnum opulus nanum Jacq. Types. — Holotype: male. Mentor, Ohio, emerged at Geneva N. Y., July 13, 1961, Viburnum; E.H.S. 1-61 ; R.W.H. genitalia slide No. 2001 [U.S.N.M. Type No. 66024]. Paratypes: 1 J', 2 5, same locality as type, July 17—23, 1961 [U.S.N.M.] Discussion. — The male of Synanthedon fatifera may be separated from that of N. viburni by the series of broad setae being roughly parallel to the sacculus ridge ; in viburni the same series of setae crosses the sacculus ridge and runs to the ventral margin of the valva. The female genitalia of the two species are not separable. The most notable point of difference between the habitus of the two Figs. 2 and 3, Ventral view of genitalia of Synanthedon fatifera, n. sp. Fig. 2, Male. Fig. 3, Female. 3. S. fatifera Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 141 species is that jatifera lacks a dorsal yellow band on the posterior edge of the second abdominal segment, whereas a yellow band is present in znburni. Mentor, Ohio, is the type locality of jatifera. However, the plants containing the larvae were shipped to Newark, New York. They were rejected by the New York State Horticultural Inspector at Newark because they were found to be infested with borers. At that time some of the plants were taken to Geneva for the purpose of rearing the insect. CONCERNING SOME SPECIES OF TENAGOGONUS S. STR. (GERRIDAE: HEMIPTERA)^ By Herbert B. Hungerford and Ryuichi Matsuda In 1958 we published “The Tenagogonus-Limnometra complex of the Gerridae” (Univ. Kansas Sci. Bui. 39(9) : 371-157). While we combined both Tenagogonus Stal 1853 and Limnometra Mayr 1865 in a single key to species we considered them close but distinct genera. However, by 1960 we had decided that the above groups should more correctly be designated as Tenagogonus {Tenagogo- nus) Stal and Tenagogonus {Limnometra) Mayr (Univ. Kansas Sci. Bui. 41(1) : 10). Several new species have come to our atten- tion since then. We described Tenagogonus {Tenagogonus) valen- tinei from Fiji islands in 1961 (J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 34(4) : 173- 176). We describe two new species below. Tenagogonus (Tenagogonus) ceylonensis, n. sp. (Figs. F-I) Sise: Apterous male 5.33 mm. long; width of head across eyes 1.19 mm.; width of pronotum 1.05 mm.; width of body across mesoacetabula 1.81 mm. Apterous female 7.00 mm. long; width of head across eyes 1.35 mm.; width of pronotum 1.13 mm.; width of body across mesoacetabula 2.69 mm. ^Contribution No. 1167 from the Department of Entomology, The University of Kansas. This study is a by-product of a research project aided by a grant from the National Science Foundation. 142 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Color: The dark markings of the pattern are dark brown to black. Pronotum also has some fainter markings of light brown (Figs. F,G). Typically there is a distinct white spot on meso- thorax anterior to caudolateral angle of pronotum. Mesonotum and venter nearly black. Structural characteristics: Relative lengths of antennal seg- ments : Male 1st :2nd :3rd :4th : :62 :48 :80 :90. Female 1st :2nd :3rd : 4th::74:48:77 :93. Actual lengths of leg segments in mm. Femur Tibia First tarsal segment Second tarsal segment Front leg Male 2.21 2.00 0.19 0.31 Female 2.67 2.33 0.24 0.43 Middle leg Male 4.88 3.93 1.62 0.41 Female 5.95 4.76 1.83 0.43 Hind leg Male 4.83 2.17 0.45 0.29 Female 5.62 2.62 0.52 0.40 Male as seen from above without connexival spines, its seventh abdominal sternite without protuberances. Venter of first genital segment without a median longitudinal depression, its rear margin as shown in Fig. H. Pygofer relatively broad, its margin without lateral tufts of hairs. Parameres vestigial. Female as seen from above shows connexival spines long and last abdominal sternite produced as shown in Fig. I. Comparative notes: This species runs out in our key of 1958 to T. fijiensis Hungerford and Matsuda but it is not that species, be- cause the color pattern is different and the distal margin of prono- tum is not narrowed. In the male the median caudal projection of ventral rear margin of first genital segment is broader and more conspicuous than in T. fijiensis. In the female the last abdominal sternite is much shorter than in T. fijiensis and the connexival spines are longer and not flap-like as they are in the latter species. Types: Described from male holotype, allotype and one male and two female paratypes, all apterous, bearing the label “Ceylon, Hinidoma 27 Jan. 1958. K. L. A. Perera.” Two male and three Dec., 1062 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomologieal Society 143 female paratypes bearing the label “Ceylon, Hinidoma, S. P. 26 Jan. 1958 K. L. A. Perera.” One male paratype with the label “Ceylon Hinidoma Ela. 29 Jan. 1958. One female paratype with the label “Ceylon, Opanayeka 13 Sept. 1958 K. L. A. Perera.” All the above paratypes are apterous. All the types are in the Francis Huntington Snow Collection at the University of Kansas. Distribution: Known only from the type localities. Tenagogonus (Tenagogonus) maai, n sp. (Figs. A-E) Size: Apterous male 5.48 mm. long ; width across eyes 1.09 mm. ; width of pronotum 0.924 mm. ; width of body across mesoacetabula 1.64 mm. Macropterous male 5.88 mm. long including wings ; width of head across eyes 1.09 mm.; width across humeri 1.26 mm.; width of body across mesoacetabula 1.64 mm. Apterous female 6.72 mm. long; width of head across eyes 1.13 mm.; width of pronotum 1.00 mm.; width of body across mesoacetabula 2.52 mm. Color: General color pattern stramineous. Even the usual brown to black markings of the pattern characteristic of this genus are no more than pale reddish brown and inconspicuous. Structural characteristics: Relative lengths of antennal segments: Male 1 St :2nd :3rd :4th : ::68:64:86 : 100. Female 1st :2nd :3rd :4th : : 64:53:71:90. The relative lengths of leg segments in mm. Femur Tibia 1st tarsal 2nd tarsal segment segment Front leg Male 2.14 1.78 0.19 0.30 Female 2.45 2.14 0.24 0.43 Middle leg Male 4.59 3.64 1.54 0.48 Female 5.52 4.41 1.67 0.48 Hind leg Male 4.33 1.90 0.45 0.36 Female 5.19 2.52 0.57 0.42 Male as seen from above without connexival spines, its seventh abdominal sternite without protuberances. Venter of first genital segment with a broad median longitudinal depression and its rear margin bilobate as shown in Fig. D. Male genital capsule or 144 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII pygofer without lateral tufts of hairs. Parameres minute and cone-shaped. Female as seen from above shows the connexival spines short (Figs. B and E). Seventh abdominal tergite more than twice as long as eighth tergite. Comparative notes: This species runs out in our key of 1958 to T. pravipes hergrothi Hungerford and Matsuda because the pygofer does not have lateral hair tufts. However, it is not that species be- cause the venter of the first genital segment of the male has a broad deep median longitudinal depression, the sides of which are parallel and not shaped as in Tenagogonus (Tenagogonus) robustus Hun- gerford and Matsuda ; nor has it a depressed slender line as in Tenagogonus {Tenagogonus) pravipes hergrothi Hungerford and Matsuda. Types: In the collection of the Gerridae sent us for determination from the Bernice P. Bishop Museum there were two pinned speci- mens of this species, one apterous female bearing the labels “British N. Borneo, W. Coast Residency Ranau, 500 m. IX 28 - X 7 1958’’ and “T. C. Maa collector-Bishop.” Beneath these labels was pinned a capsule containing one macropterous male, three apterous males, three apterous females and a nymph. These we have pinned and labelled. The other pinned apterous female bears the printed label “Borneo (Brit. N.) Sandakan 50 m. X 25, 1957.” We have chosen the holotype, allotype from the apterous series above and labelled the macropterous male a morphotype. The others are labelled para- types. All are in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Ha- waii, except for two paratypes which are in the Francis Huntington Snow Museum at the University of Kansas. Distribution: Known only from the type localities in the British North Borneo. Tenagogonus (Tenagogonus) hergrothi, new status While we have never been able to locate the types of Tenagogo- nus pravipes and have seen no specimens from Java that fit Berg- roth’s 1915 description (Zool. Med. Rijks Mus. Nat. Hist., Leiden, Deel 1,1: 121-122) we believe that he was such a careful worker that he would not have overlooked the striking longitudinal depres- sion on the sternum of the first genital segment of the male (Fig. 1). Therefore, our Tenagogonus pravipes hergrothi from the Philip- pines is here referred to full species status, Tenagogonus {Tenago- gonus) hergrothi Hungerford and Matsuda. Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 145 Figs. A-E, Tenagogonus (Tenagogonus) maai Hungerford and Matsuda. A, Macropterous male. B, Apterous female. C, Apter- ous male. D, Ventral view of male apical abdominal segments. E, Ventral view of female apical abdominal segments. Eigs. E-I, Tenagogonus {Tenagogonus) ceylonensis Hungerford and Matsuda. E, Apterous male, G, Apterous female. H, Ven- tral view of male apical abdominal segments. I, Ventral view of female apical abdominal segments. 146 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVll ^ TWO NEW NASAL MITES, PTILONYSSUS MOROF- SKYI, N. SP., AND STERNOSTOMA PORTERI N. SP., FROM NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS (ACARINA; RHINONYSSIDAE)4 By Kerwin E. Hyland^ In the course of studying the distribution of the nasal mite fauna in North American birds we have found two additional new species, one belonging to the genus Ptilonyssus, sensu latu, collected from a variety of fringillid hosts, the other of the genus Sternostoina taken from picid hosts. Ptilonyssus morofskyi, n. sp. The fringiliids found infested with this species include the Ameri- can goldfinch, savannah sparrow, song sparrow, vesper sparrow, field sparrow, fox sparrow, and slate-colored junco. Ptilonyssus morofskyi is most closely related to Ptilonyssus serini Fain, 1956, a species described from several Central African fringiliids. It can be separated from P. serini on the basis of ( 1 ) a larger sternal plate, which is wider than long, (2) an opisthosomal plate which tapers more abruptly posteriorly and possesses on the anterolateral angles a group of alveoli, (3) the anal plate which tapers less abruptly and has a short, wide cribrum and (4) the lack of metasternal setae which are present in P. serini. Female. — Measurements, in microns, of holotype and range in parentheses of measured paratypes as follows: Lid = 528 (432- 528) ; WId = 322 (290-322) ; LPP = 180 (175-192) ; WPP = 175 (169-182); LOP = 161 (149-168); WOP = 120 (116-125); LSP = 96 (84-96); WSP=110 (103-114); LGP = 106 (105- 110) ; WGP = 67 (65-70) ; LAP = 48 (48-65) ; WAP = 55 (48- 55); LG = 86 (81-91); WG = 58 (50-60); LP = 50 (46-50); LCH = 62 (58-67); LCh = 4 (4); LPer = 31 (31-34); LLeg 1 = 254 (243-262) ; WLeg I = 46 (43-46) ; LLeg IV = 240 (231-252) ; WLeg IV = 36 (34-38). (See Fain and Hyland, 1962, for ex- planation of abbreviations.) ^Supported in part by a research grant (G-11035) from the National Science Foundation. ^ This work was conducted in part while a Fulbright Research Scholar at the Institut de Medecine Tropicale Prince Leopold, Antwerp, Belgium. ^ Contribution number 109 from the Kellogg Gull Lake Biological Station, Hick- ory Corners, Michigan. ^ Department of Zoology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island. Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 147 Dorsum: (Fig. 8). Podosomal plate conspicuously 7-sidecl with pronounced anteromedian projection ; surface with a fine reticulate pattern except in central portion and a pattern of vacuoles as fig- ured ; eight pairs of small setae, three pairs of which are larger and more attenuate than the others. Opisthosomal plate elongate, about one and one-half times as long as wide and tapering to a blunt point posteriorly ; surface with a fine reticulate pattern and a series of vacuoles as figured ; seven pairs of setae, the posterior pair stouter and more heavily sclerotized. Dorsal cutlcule striated, with seven pairs of small setae, three pairs lateral and posterior to the podosomal plate and four pairs lateral to the opisthosomal plate. Stigmata dorsal, at level of coxa III, with short peritreme. Venter: (Fig. 3). Sternal plate irregularly shaped, wider than long, with a reticulate pattern, three pairs of minute setae and two pairs of pores. Genital plate tongue-shaped, with central sclero- tized pattern, and with setal bases of genital setae located on the plate and conspicuous (left genital seta only on holotype) ; geni- tal apodemes conspicuous. Anal plate elongate, with a small cribrum (in nearly all specimens cribrum is terminal and directed dorsad; LAP of holotype greater than 48 microns). Paired anal setae attenuate and at level of anal opening ; median seta small and blunt. Metasternal setae absent or only a remnant in the form of a setal base at level of coxa IV ; opisthosomal cuticule striated and armed with three pairs of small pointed setae in two transverse rows of two and four each. Gnathosoma: (Fig. 2). Ventral in position; base with one pair of setae and a median row of four or five deutosternal setae ven- trally, and dorsolaterally with a row of acuminate denticles. Hy- postome ventrally with two pairs of small setae. Chelicerae elon- gate, and with gradual taper. Chela small, movable portion triang- ular. Palps with four free segments, the femur with one ventro- medial seta, two dorsal, and one lateral seta ; tibia with one ventro- medial and three dorsal setae ; tarsus with three attenuate and four microsetae ventrally, two attenuate apical setae, and about seven microsetae dorsally. Legs: All legs six-segmented. Coxae I through III with two microsetae ; coxa IV with one seta. Other segments of all legs with one or more short blunt setae per segment ventrally and dorsally with one or more short pointed setae per segment as figured. All tarsi with caruncle and claws. Tarsus 1 (Fig. 1) : Sensory plaque with three solenidion-type setae with one longer than others, three 148 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIl long attenuate, and two smaller setae; remainder of dorsal surface fitted with two small attenuate setae ; ventrally with six attenuate setae of varying lengths on apical half and two blunt microsetae. Claws straight, tapering and ending within the caruncle. Tarsus IV (Fig. 5 ) : Dorsal surface with three short attenuate setae. Ven- tral surface with two large partially inflated setae and four long attenuate setae located apically, two small microsetae centrally placed and three larger spur-like setae along dorsolateral surface ; claws hooked. Male. — Measurements: Lid = 317 ; WId = 187 ; LPP = 156; WPP = 147 ; LOP = 134; WOP = 118; Length sterno-genital plate (LSGP) = 161 ; Width sterno-genital plate (WSGP) = 87; Length ventro-anal plate (LVAP) = 113; Width ventro-anal plate (WVAP) =82; LAP = 48; WAP = 41 ; LG = 103 ; WG = 48; LP = 46; LCH = 50; LCh=19; LPer = 26; LLeg 1 = 194; WLeg I = 50; LLeg IV = 178; WLeg IV = 41. The only male specimen found in the collection which includes 62 females is considerably smaller in all dimensions than the fe- males. To what extent this size dififerential is representative of the males is not known. Dorsum: Similar to female. Edges of podosonial plate slightly curled reducing LPP and WPP measurements. Opisthosomal plate wide, with three additional pairs of setae on lateral borders. Cuticle of opisthosoma armed with one pair of small setae. Venter: Sternogenital plate (Fig. 6) well defined, with irregular borders and partially surrounding the genital opening ; central vac- uolate pattern distinct. Three pairs of sternal setae on plate, the third pair larger ; pores associated with first two pairs ; metasternal and genital setae also located on plate. A moderately well defined ventro-anal plate (Fig. 7) present bearing two pairs of median setae ; anal portion of plate similar to female including setae and cribrum. Gnathosoma: Palps similar to female ; chelicerae with chela form- ing about two-fifths total length (Fig. 9). Legs: Legs, including tarsi, similar to female with exception of claws on tarsus I which are hooked. Protonymph. — Specimen from the field sparrow, Spizella pusilla, (Host #A600413-3) with an idiosoma measuring 406 microns in length and 288 in width. Pygidial setae heavy, attenuate, and min- utely barbed. Types. — The Holotype and two paratype females were collected from the nasal passages of the American goldfinch, Spinus tristus, Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 149 C60-08-18-5, collected at the Kellogg Gull Lake Biological Station, Hickory Corners, Kalamazoo Co., Michigan, by David T. Clark on 18 August 1960. The allotype male, the only male seen, was taken from the savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis, H61-09-23-12, in New Shoreham (Block Island), R. I., by G. West, K. Hyland and L. Ter Bush on 23 September 1961 along with 3 paratype females. Other paratypes and the hosts on which they were collected are as follows: On Passerculus sandwichensis, (savannah sparrow); 3 22, Block Island, R. I., G. West, K. Hyland and L. TerBush, H61-09-23-12; 1 2, Block Island, R. I., G. West, K. Hyland and L. TerBush, H6 1-09-23-14 ; 6 22, Block Island, R. L, G. West, K. Hyland and L. TerBush, H61-09-23-27. On Pooecetes gram- ineus (vesper sparrow) : 1 2, Gilkey Lake, Barry Co., Michigan, K. Hyland, Hedwig Ford and D. T. Clark, 59-07-08-14. On Junco hyemalis (slate-colored junco) : 1 2, Block Island, R. L, G. West, K. Hyland and L. TerBush, H61-09-23-7. On Spizella pusilla (field sparrow) : 11 22, ^ NN, Weeping Water, Nebraska, N. Braasch, A600413-3. On Passerella iliaca (fox sparrow) : 11 22, Kingston, R. L, G. West, H61-1 1-27-2. On MelospEa melo- dia (song sparrow) : 15 22, Raynham, Mass., R. Hayes, H60-08- 04- 2 ; 2 22, Duck Lake, Hickory Corners, Mich., D. T. Clark, C60-07-28-3 ; 2 22, 42nd St. N., Kalamazoo Co., Mich., D. T. Clark, C60-07-27-9 ; 8 22, South Kingstown, R. I., L. TerBush, H61- 05- 05-8. The holotype has been deposited in the United States National Museum (USNM No. 2690), as has the allotype, two paratypes and a protonymph. Paratypes have been deposited with the Entomo- logical Museum, Michigan State University, with Alex Fain, In- stitut de Medecine Tropicale Prince Leopold, Antwerp, Belgium, with R. W. Strandtmann, Texas Technological College, Lubbock, and in the collection of the author. Ptilonyssus morofskyi is named for Walter F. Morofsky, Direc- tor of the Kellogg Gull Lake Biological Station, a branch of Mich- igan State University where this work was initiated. Sternostoma porteri, n. sp. This species has been collected from the nasal cavities of the yellow-shafted flicker {Colaptes auratus) and the downy wood- pecker (Dendrocopos pubescens) and is the first rhinonyssid re- ported from the family Picidae. This species appears most closely related to Sternostoma dureni 150 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Fain, 1956, but dilbers from it in having a longer and narrower sternal shield, a more elongate podosomal plate, and an anal plate which is more elongate and in which the setae are all situated well behind the anal opening. The dorsal plates of Sternostoma hutsoni Furman, 1957 and 6'. porteri are similar but the sternal plate of S. hutsoni is keg-shaped and not nearly as long as for 6'. porteri, and the genital plate is smaller in both dimensions than in 6'. hutsoni. S. porteri can be separated from all known species of Sternostoma with the exception of nectarinia Fain, 1956, on the basis of a sternal plate which is two and one-half times as long as wide. It can be separated from .S', nectarinia by differences in the shape of the podosomal, opisthosomal, genital and anal plates. Female. — Measurements of holotype and range in parentheses of measured paratypes as follows: Lid = 806 (470-806); WId = 325 (269-358); LPP = 325 (283-325); WPP = 216 (208-224); LOP = 177 ■ (156-203) ; WOP = 138 (138-153); LPer=11.7 (11.7-13.0) ; LSP= 158 (120-158) ; WSP = 55 (44-68) ; LGP = 106 (91-109) ; WGP = 53 (53-65) ; LAP = 62 (52-78) ; WAP = 56 (34-56); LG = 182 (106-182); WG = 83 (83-104); LP = 94 (57-94); LCH=112 (96-117); LCh = 6.8 (5.7-6.8) ; LLeg 1 = 380 (286-380) ; WLeg I = 91 (65-96) ; LLeg IV = 381 (291-381) ; WLeg IV = 78 (55-81). Dorsum: Podosomal plate longer than wide, somewhat penta- gonal, with broad anteromedian projection, concave lateral borders, and convex posterior border. Surface with a pattern of alveoli as figured, a background of lines forming a mosaic pattern and with punctations ; armed with seven pairs of minute setae, three pairs lo- cated along lateral border and four pairs medially ; with two pairs of pores. O pisthosomal plate longer than wide, wider anteriorly and tapering to blunt point posteriorly. Surface with a pattern of alveoli as figured, a background of lines forming a network, and punctations ; four pairs of minute setae located medially. Dorsal surface of opisthosoma finely striated and with three pairs of micro- setae. Stigmata dorsal, at level of coxa III, small, without peri- treme. Venter: Sternal plate elongate, approximately two and one-half times as long as wide, with faint borders, and a finely punctate sur- face ; three pairs of setal bases are evident but setae are wanting. Genital plate small, elongate, finely punctate and with a median quadripartite vacuolate area. Genital apodemes conspicuous. Anal plate terminal, elongate with small cribrum ; three setae all positioned posterior to anal opening. Cuticle finely striated, three Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 151 pairs of minute setae located on opisthosomal integument. Gnathosonia: Ventral in position, base without setae and without dorsal ctenidium. Chelicerae elongate, with moderately abrupt taper toward tip ; chelae small, movable digit triangular in shape. Palps with four free segments, femur without setae, genu with two dorsal and two lateral setae, tibia with three dorsal and two lateral setae, tarsus with two moderately long terminal setae and three or four subterminal microsetae dorsally and two subterminal micro- setae ventrally. Legs: All legs six-segmented. Most segments with several small pointed setae on both dorsal and ventral aspects. Tarsi with modi- fied setae, caruncles and claws. Tarsus I (Fig. 13) : Sensory plaque with three solenidia, three attenuate, and two microsetae. Remaining dorsal surface with five short pointed setae, and ven- trally with five similar setae. Claws slightly curved, pointed and ending within carnucle. Tarsus IV (Figs. 13, 14) : Dorsally with basal row of three small pointed setae, and distad another row of three, the middle seta more attenuate. Distally with two long attenuate setae. Ventral surface with three pointed setae positioned as illustrated (Fig. 13), and three expanded setae located distally. Claws well developed, hooked. Male. — Unknown. Nymph. — The single nymph was taken from Colaptes auratus (H62-06-26-4) and measures 538 microns in length and 288 in width. All plates on idiosoma are lacking with exception of a poorly demarcated anal plate. Claws on tarsus I small, short (10 microns) and slightly hooked. Types. — Holotype and one paratype female were collected from the yellow-shafted flicker, Colaptes auratus, taken at the Kellogg Bird Sanctuary, Hickory Corners, Kalamazoo County, Michigan by T. W. Porter, 17 Aug. 1958. Other paratypes and the hosts on which they were collected are as follows: On Colaptes auratus (yellow-shafted flicker): 7 Bradford, R. I., A. Moorhouse, H62-09-08-1 ; 4 IN, Kingston, R. I., A. Moorhouse, H 62-06-26-4 ; 1 J, Kingston, R. I., A. Moor- house, H62-06-25-1 ; 1 2, Kalamazoo Co., Mich., K. Hyland, Hed- wig Ford & D. T. Clark, 59-07-10-1. On Dendrocopos puhescens (downy woodpecker) : 2 22» Shiawesee Co., Mich., D. T. Clark & Hedwig Ford, C60-09-03-5 ; 1 2» Gothenburg, Nebr., N. Braasch & W. Atyeo, A590610-9; 2 22, Kalamazoo Co., Mich., D. T. Clark and Mary English, C60-08-04-1 ; 9 22’ Kalamazoo Co., Mich., Hedwig Ford and D. T. Clark, 59-08-02-2. 152 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII The holotype has been deposited in the United States National Museum (USNM No. 2691) along with two paratypes and the nymph. Paratypes have also been deposited with the Entomolog- ical Museum, Michigan State University, the Entomological Mu- seum, University of Nebraska, in the collections of Alex Eain, In- stitut de Medecine Tropicale Prince Leopold, Antwerp, Belgium, R. W. Strandtmann, Texas Technological College, Lubbock, and the author. Sternostoma porteri is named for T. Wayne Porter, Assistant Di- rector of the Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, Mich- igan. Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Dr. Alex Eain, Institut de Medecine Tropicale Prince Leopold, Antwerp, Belgium, for the use of his fa- cilities in carrying out a portion of this work, and for his kind advice and criticisms. Literature Cited Fain, A. and K. E. Hyland. 1962. The mites parasitic in the lungs of birds. The variability of Sternostoma tracheacolum Lawrence, 1948, in domestic and wild birds. Parasitology 52 : 401-424. Explanation of Plates Ptilonyssus morofskyi, new species. Pig. 1, Tarsus I, dorsolat- eral view. Eig. 2, Gnathosoma: right, ventral view — left, dorsal view. Eig. 3, Ventral view. Eig. 4, Anal plate of paratype from Spizella pusilla. Pig. 5, Tarsus IV, ventral view. (Pigs. 1, 2, 3, and 5 of holotype). Ptilonyssus morofskyi, new species. Pig. 6, Sternogenital plate and Fig. 7, Ventro-anal plate of allotype male from Passer cuius sandwichensis. Fig. 8, Dorsal view, holotype. Fig. 9, Chelicera of allotype. Sternostoma porteri, new species. Fig. 10, Podosomal plate of paratype female from Dendrocopos puhescens. Fig. 11, Gnatho- soma of holotype: right, ventral view — left, dorsal view. Fig. 12, Dorsal view, holotype. Sternostoma porteri, new species. Fig. 13, Tarsus IV, ventral view; Fig. 14 — Tarsus IV, dorsal view. Fig. 15, Tarsus I, dorsal view; Fig. 16, Ventral view, holotype. Fig. 17, Anal plate of para- type from Dendrocopos puhescens. Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 153 Hyland Plate I 154 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Hyland Plate II lOOu Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 155 12 156 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIl Hyland Plate IV 13 14 100 u Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 157 ASIAN BITING FLY STUDIES V : TABANIDAE— SPECIES RELATED TO TABANUS BASALIS MACQUART, 1838, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM NEPAL By Edward I. Coher- Oriental species of Tabanidae are in great need of revision using modern taxonomic methods. Unfortunately most collections of Asian tabanids are fragmentary and practically nothing is known of the biology of the species. With the quantity of material available to me^, a preliminary grouping and revision is now advisable. Some errors in synonymy and interpretation of species relation- ships will almost certainly result because of lack of access to many of the pertinent types and the poor quality of old descriptions. Descriptive studies of the Tabanidae are complicated by our poor understanding of variation at the species level and a lack of struc- tural characters in these flies. As a result there is much depend- ency on tinctorial characters. These problems have been discussed by Stone (1938:2,4). Unfortunately the color and pattern of a poorly preserved or a preserved and subsequently mounted tabanid may have practically no relation to that of a well preserved or freshly captured one. This factor is the most difficult one with which the taxonomist must contend. Species in the basalis group are: 1, abbasalis Philip, 1960, Thai- land ; 2, annamensis Philip, 1960, Annam ; 3, basalis Macquart, 1838, Sumatra, Java; 4, clirysater Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1926, Java; 5, cinnamomeus Doleschall, 1858, Amboina ; 6, jus comae Hia- tus Ricardo, 1911, Upper Burma, Sikkim; subsp. altermaculatus Ricardo, 1913a, Manipur; var. unisignatus Szilady, 1926, So. Cele- bes; 7, jacobi, n.sp., Nepal; 8, joidus (Bigot), 1892, Assam; 9, laotianus (Bigot), 1892, Laos; 10, ochroater Schuurmans Stek- hoven, 1926, Sumatra; 11, pallidepectoratus (Bigot), 1892, Cochin ^ Under the title ‘Asian Biting Fly Studies’, the examination of various groups of potential and known vector species of flies is being supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (E- 4541) and is administered by the Smithsonian Institution. The principal groups to be studied are the Culicidae and the Tabanidae. Collections of the mosquitoes are available from Nepal, Thailand, Afghanistan, New Guinea and the Philippines ; of tabanids from Nepal and Thailand. ^ 599 Main St., Waltham 54, Mass. 158 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII China, Formosa ; var. aurea Surcouf, 1922, Laos ; 12, pendlehuryi Philip, 1960, Brit. No. Borneo; 13, pseudopallidepectoratus Sur- couf, 1922, Laos; 14, siamensis Ricardo, 1911, Thailand; 15, szi- ladyi Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1932, ? Sumatra, ? China; 16, thur- mani Philip, 1960, Thailand; 17, xanti Szilady, 1926, So. Celebes. Although it would be desirable to have a key to the species which are included in the basalis group, the descriptions of most of the species are so poor that it is not possible with my present knowledge of the group to construct an accurate key. However, I have grouped the species according to the number of basal abdominal tergites which are wholly or almost wholly deep yellow or orange : Species with only the first two abdominal tergites so colored: ahbasalis, basalis, oehroater. Only first three abdominal tergites so colored : jacobi, pendle- buryi, fsziladyi, thurniani. Only first abdominal tergites so colored : annamensis, chry- sater, juscomaculatus, f. ssp. alterniaciilatus , joidus, pseudopalli- depectoratus, siamensis, f xanti. First five abdominal tergites so colored: pallidepectoratus, p. var. aurea. Species whose names are preceded by question marks are not clearly described, and there is no information available on the fol- lowing : cinnamomeus, laotianus, juscomaculatus var. Collections listed in this paper were made by myself except where otherwise stated. 1. Tabanus jacobi, n. sp. Female. — Head: with subcallus, face, and cheeks yellow; frons golden pollinose and nearly parallel-sided, with index of 6 ; callosity (Fig. 1) red-brown, subrectangular, tapered and confluent with narrow median, line-like red-brown callus (sometimes divided by pollinosity in area delimited by dotted lines on figure) and not touching eye margin ; vertexal triangle variable, sometimes reach- ing median callosity, sometimes almost absent; antenna (Fig. 2) with scape, pedicel, and plate orange, with style extremely variable but at least apex of last segment dark red-brown ; parafacials and face, particularly dorsolateral corner, with fine yellow setae ; beard yellow; palpus (Fig. 3) yellow, with variable mixture of black and yellow setae. Thorax: olive-green tomentose, somewhat more gray just dorsal to coxae, with pilosity mainly yellow and with some dark setae intermixed on scutum and a small patch of black setae an- terior to mesocoxae. Legs: with coxae olive-green or grayish Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 159 COHER 4 Tahanus jacohi, n. sp. Fig. 1, Frons. Fig. 2, Antenna. Fig. 3, Palpus. Fig. 4, Tergal segments II and III showing setal pattern. 160 Biilletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII tomentose with yellow and black setae ; remainder purple-brown with concolorous setae except for basal half of foretibia and slightly more than basal half of mid and hind tibiae and some setae at base of mid and hind femora, all of which are orange-yellow. Abdomen: with tergites I to III orange with golden setae; TII (Fig. 4) with a median inverted broadly v-shaped patch of black setae; Till (Fig. 4) with a variable median patch of black setae also resembling an inverted V’ having a lateral extension along the basal margin of the segment ; TIV to TVII with black setae, the integument with a hint of a lighter median apical triangle; SII to III orange, with a vari- able mixture of orange and black setae; SIV to VII black, with black setae. Halt ere: orange. Wing: yellowish near base and along costal margin, suffused along Rg and smoky through cells Rg, R4, R5, Ml, M2, Mg and apically in Cu. Types. — Holotype female: Nepal, Amlekhganj, 350 m., 30 July 1956, Shannon trap; in USNM collection. Paratopotypes: 30 July 1956, 5 Shannon trap; 8 July 1956, 2 JJ, Shannon trap; 10 July 1956, 7 $2, (L. B. Jha), 2 22 (Keshav Ram), Shannon trap; 19 July 1956, 1 2. biting man; 8 Aug. 1957, 1 2» Shannon trap ; 28 Aug. 1957, 19 22» Shannon trap; 29 Aug. 1957, 1 2> Shan- non trap; 29 Aug. 1957, 1 2> light. Paratype: Nepal, Bari- damar, 7 Oct. 1957, 1 2> Shannon trap. Discussion. — I take great pleasure in naming this species for Dr. V. P. Jacob in whose company I spent two extraordinary years in the Nepal terai. This species is most closely related to fuscoma- culatus but differs by having only the first three abdominal tergites orange and by the form of the setal pattern. The setal pattern of the third segment is larger than that of the second in jacohi, whereas that on the third segment is smaller than that of the second in fuscomaculatus. 2. Tabaniis tlnirmani Philip, 1960. Philip, 1960, St. Inst. Med. Res. Fed. Malaya No. 29:24, illus. My material consists of a single topotypic female taken at a light. Comparison with the type indicates that some emendation of the original description is necessary. Both specimens show a median integumental orange area extending along the apical margin of TV and an integumental orange margin to TVI. My specimen which is in fresher condition than the type shows : subcallus, parafacials, and face yellow-brown pollinose, the median ventral portion of the face suffused red-brown ; frons golden pollinose ; beard yellowish posteriorly ; integument of basal two-thirds of foretibia orange- Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 161 brown ; SV with olive-green pollinosity apically. Material examined. — Thailand, Chiengmai, 13 July 1959. 3. Tabanus siamensis B.\z2iVdo, 1911. Ricardo, 1911, Rec. Indian Mus. 4: 212, illus. I have assigned a single female specimen to this species despite small differences from the description of siamensis which was orig- inally described from badly rubbed material. The principal distinc- tive features of my specimen are : subcallus, face, vertex and mes- onotum golden tomentose ; frontal callus almost triangular rather than subquadrate with a dorsal linear extension ; no yellow setae or integumental color on the posterior margin of sternites V and VI. Material examined. — Laos, 40 miles E. of Vientiane on road to Pak San, 21 June 1959 (P. F. Beales). 4. Tabanus pallidepectoratus (Bigot), 1892. Bigot, 1892, Atylotus, Mem. Soc. Zool. France 5: 57. Ricardo, 1913, Ann. Hist. -Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 11: 172, J'. The male of this species was described from Formosa by Ricardo (1913b). I have seen a single additional male specimen in the col- lection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Uni- versity. Material examined. — Formosa, Hori, 6 June 1934 (L. Gressitt). Acknowledgments I would like to thank Mr. Peter F. Beales for the specimen of siamensis, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Uni- versity and the U.S. National Museum for allowing me to study pertinent material, and Dr. John F. Hanson for his critical read- ing of the manuscript. To my numerous assistants in the field without whose help the placement of traps would have been ex- tremely difficult I wish to express my gratitude for their part in the development of this and all future studies in this series of papers. References Bigot, J. M. F. 1890. Dipteres. Nouvelles Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Ser. 3, 2 : 203-208. 1892. Description de Dipteres Nouveaux ( 1 ) . Mem. Soc. Zool. France 5: 1-90. Doleschall, D. L. 1858. Derde Bijdrage tot de kennis der Dipteren Fauna van Nederlandsch Indie. Natuurk. Tijds. v. Nederlandsch Indie 17 : 73-128. 162 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Philip, C. B. 1960. Malaysian Parasites XXXV. Descrip- tions of some Tabanidae (Diptera) from the Far East. St. Inst. Med. Res. Fed. Malaya 29: 1-32. 1960. Malaysian Parasites XXXVI. A summary re- view and records of Tabanidae from Malaya, Borneo and Thai- land. loc. cit. 29: 33-78. Ricardo, G. 1911. A revision of the species of Tabanus from the Oriental Region, including notes on species from surround- ing countries. Rec. Indian Mus. 4: 111-258, Pis. 13-14. 1912. Notes on Tabani from the East Indies. Tijd. V. Ent. 55 : 347-349. 1913a. New species of Tabanidae from the Oriental Region. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 8, 11 : 542-547. 1913b. Tabanidae from Formosa. Ann. Hist. -Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 11 : 168-173. Schuurmans Stekhoven, J. H. 1926. The bloodsucking arthro- pods of the Dutch East Indian Archipelago. Treubia 6 (Suppl.) :1-551, Pis. 1-18. 1932. Supplement to monograph of tabanids of Dutch East Indies. Arch. Naturgesch. (N.F.) 1 : 57-94, 22 Figs. Surcouf, J. 1922. Dipteres piqueurs du Laos. 2e note. Bull. Soc. Ent. Erance 1922; 13-15. Szilady, Z. 1926. New and Old World horseflies. Biol. Hun- garica 1 (Ease. 7) : 1-30, PI. 4. Announcement A List of the Aphids of New York, by Mortimer D. Leonard, Washington, D. C. Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 289-428, 4 plates. 1963. The life histories, economic importance, method of feeding, production of winged forms, productivity, role as vectors of plant viruses, and other pertinent information are discussed as introductory material. Detailed records of the distribution of about 350 species of aphids known to occur in New York and a list of over 700 food plants on which they occur are given. (For sale at $1.50 by the Librarian, Rochester Academy of Science, Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y.) CONTENTS OF VOLUME LVII Arranged alphabetically throughout) COLEOPTERA Notes on the Buprestidae : Part Venation in the anal field of the III, G. H. Nelson, 56-60. beetle family Ostomatidae, E. W. King, 51-55. Diptera A new nearctic Tabanus of ful- vulus group, L. L. Pechuman, 66-70. Asian biting fly studies I : Tab- anidae — species related to Tabanus basalis, with descrip- tion of a new species from Nepal, E. I. Coher, 157-162. Immature stages of stalk-eyed fly (Diptera: Diopsidae), R. Lavigne, 5-14. Mosquito catches in New Jer- sey and ultra-violet light traps, J. E. Downey, 61-63. North American Species of the biting midge genus Jenkin- shelea (Diptera: Ceratopog- onidae), W. W. Wirth, 1-4. Undescribed species of nemato- cerous Diptera. Part XI, C. P. Alexander, 33-39. General Announcement : The Torre-Bueno Glossary, 46. Editorial note, J. F. Hanson, 132. Filing and storing liquid-pre- served insects, I. F. Hanson, 72-79. Obituary : Dr. James H. McDunnough, 44. Publications received : A synthesis of evolutionary theory, H. H. Ross, 14. Abyssal Crustacea, J. L. Bar- nard, R. J. Menzies, and M. C. Bacescu, 50. Bibliography of agricultural me- teorology, J. Y. Wang, 84. Hemiptera : Concerning some species of Tenagogonus S. Str. (Ger- ridae: Hemiptera), Hunger- ford and R. Matsuda, 141- 145. Ecology of Inland waters and estuaries, G. K. Reid, 24. Guide to the insects of Con- necticut. Part VI. The Diptera or true flies of Con- necticut. Seventh Fascicle : Psychodidae. L. W. Quate, 39. Pacific Insects, 108. The Anobiidae of Ohio (Coleop- tera), R. E. White, 101. The beetles of the Pacific North- west. Part HI : Pselaphidae and Diversicornia I, M. H. Hatch, 84. The Scolytoidea of the North- west, W. J. Chamberlain, 32. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Pacific Northwest, S. G. Jewett, 32. Heteroptera Possibly wasp mimicry by a lygaeid, J. C. Schaffner, 71. 163 164 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII Hemiptera : Homoptera New names and notes on Afri- can and Asian Aleyrodidae (Homoptera), L. M, Russell, 63-65. Studies of the Gyponini (Homop. : Cicadellidae) : the Gypona glauca complex, D. M. Delong and P. H. Frey- tag, 109-131. Hymenoptera Biology of Dahlbominus fusci- pennis (Hymenop.), a para- site of pine sawfly prepupae, M. L. Bobb, 102-108. Gynandroniorph of Bombus fla- vifrons Cresson (Hymenop- tera: Apidae), H. E. Milli- ron, 45-46. Lectotypes of Nearctic and Neo- tropical Zethini ( Hymenop- tera: Vespidae), R. M. Bo- hart and L. A. Stange, 28-32. Nesting behavior of Sphex tepanicus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), J. E. Gillaspy, 15-17. Observations, including new prey records, of Nearctic Pompilidae (Hymenop.), F. E. Kurczewski, 85-90. Ultrastructure of metasternal glands of ants, G. S. Tulloch, J. E. Shapiro and B. Hershe- nov, 91-101. Lepidoptera A new species of Synanthedon riidae), R. W. Hodges, 139- from Ohio (Lepidop. : Aege- 141. Smaller Orders and Antillean species of Hydrop- syche (Trichoptera), O. S. Flint, Jr., 22-27. Cloeon dipterum (L) in Ohio, ( Ephemeroptera : Baetidae ) , J. R. Traver, 47-50. Distribution and host records for Poecilothrips albopictus Uzel, R. B. Roberts, 71. Immature stages of Paleagape- tus celsus Ross (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae), O. S. Elint, Jr., 40-44 Notes on Banks’ species of Pel- toperlidae (Plecoptera) , S. W. Hitchcock, 80-83. Other Arthropods Ocular anomalies in spiders, B. J. Kaston, 17-21. Studies on the Plecoptera of North America: X. Geni- talic variations in the males of Paraleuctra, J. E. Hanson, 133-138. Two new nasal mites, Ptilonys- sus morofyski, n.sp., and Sternostoma porteri n.sp., from North American birds ( Acarina : Rhinonyssidae ) , K. E. Hyland, 146-156. Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 165 INDEX TO VOLUME LVII New species and other new forms are indicated by boldface. 0 indicates animals other than insects, * plants. * Acacia arabica var. nilotica, 64 greggii, 56, 58, 60 Acaudaleyrodes, 63 africana, 64 alhagi, 64 citri, 64 panliana, 63, 64 rachipora, 64 Acmaeodera aurora, 56 barri, 57 dolorosa, 56 gemina, 56 hepburni, 56 jocosa, 56 latiflava, 57 linsleyi, 57 nigrovittata, 57 palmarum, 57 quadriseriata, 56 serena, 56 tenebricosa, 57 vermiculata, 57 yumae, 56 Acmaeoderoides humeralis, 57 Actenodes arizonica, 59 calcarata, 59 Aedes spp. Africaleurodes, 64 coffeacola, 64 loganiaceae, 64 ochnaceae, 64 vrijdaghii, 64 Agapetus, 40 Agrilis chalcogaster, 60 illectus, 60 Airora, 51, 52 cylindrica, 51 Aleurotrachelus africanus, 64 alhagi, 64 citri, 64 rachipora, 64 Aleurolobus vrijdaghii, 64 * Alhagi maurorum, 64 0 Amaurobius erberi, 20 Ancylotela barberi, 58 olneyae, 58 Anoplius (Anoplius ) ithaca, 89 ( Arachnophroctonus ) mar- ginalis, 85, 86, 88 (A.) semirufus, 89 ( Pompilinus ) marginatus, 89 0 Araneus diadematus, 88 0 Arctosa, 89 littoralis, 86, 87, 88 * Atriplex, 38 sp., 57 lentiformis, 60 polycarpa, 58, 59 Atylotus pallidepectoratus, 161 * Baccharis sergiloides, 59 0 Barronopsis texana, 17 * Bauhinia sp., 64 * Beloperone californica, 58 Bembix pruinosa, 68 Bombus flavifrons, 45 Calitys, 51, 52 scabra, 51 * Cassia fistula, 64 166 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII * Ceanothus perplexans, 60 Ceratopogon albarius, 2 Cercopis glauca, 114 marginata, 116, 117 Chrysobothris bacchari, 59 biraniosa callida, 59 deserta, 59 parapinta, 60 smaragdula, 60 iilkei, 60 Cinyra pururascens, 58 * Citrus spp., 64 Cloeon, 47 dipterum, 47, 49, 50 * Coffea robusta, 64 0 Colaptes auratus, 149, 151 Corticotomus, 52 sp., 51 Cryptoperla divergens, 84 0 Ctenium riparius, 17 Culex, 62 pipiens, 62 restuans, 62 Culiseta, 62 melanura, 62 morsitans, 62 Dahlbominus, 102, 105-108 fuscipennis, 102, 103, 108 * Dalbergia sissoo, 64 * Dalea spinosa, 57 0 Dendrocopos pubescens, 149, 151 * Desmodium sp., 64 Dialeurodes bipunctata, 65 (Dialeuropora) decem- pimcta, 65 (D.) dothioensis, 65 Dialeuropora, 65 bipunctata, 65 dothioensis, 65 indochinensis, 65 malayensis, 65 silvarum, 65 Didymogastra geniculatus, 30 Discoelius brethesi, 29 * Dodonaea viscosa, 64 0 Entelecara congenera, 17 * Ephedra sp., 56, 60 Ephemera diptera, 47 Epipona dicomboda, 30 Episyron, 88 b. biguttatus, 88 q. quinquenotatus, 85 * Eriogonum inflatum, 57 Eronyxa, 52 pilosulus, 51 Eumenes infundibuliformis, 30 rufinodus, 31 * Euphorbia pilulifera, 64 Extenterus, 107 * Eremontia calif ornica, 57 0 Geolycosa, 89 * Gillia pinnatifida, 45 * Gluta sp., 65 Goerita semata, 43 Gutierrezia californica Gypona, 109 affinis, 124, 126 assimilis, 125 bidens, 126 bimaculata, 122 brevipennis, 125 cerea, 116, 119 clava, 119 decorata, 110 duella, 116 excavata, 126 funalis, 118 fuscinervis, 117 gemina, 114 glauca, 109-123 glaucina, 124 Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 167 kjellanderi, 120 lativitta, 112 liigubrina, 120 marginata, 116, 117 melanota, 111, 119 obesa, 122 obstinata, 113 pinguis, 125 plana, 121 postica, 116, 117, 121 projecta, 113 prolongata, 123 quadrimacula, 123 signifera, 122 stalii, 115-117, 120, 124- 126 Stalina, 115 sty lata. 111, 113 tristis, 120 tubulata, 118 versiita. 111 viridescens, 121 viridirufa, 123 vulnerata, 121 * Hemizona kelloggi, 57 Hesperorhipis, 58 Hippomelas pacifica, 58 Hydropsyche, 22 antilles, 22, 25 batesi, 23-25 calosa, 22-24 carinifera, 23-25, 27 cubana, 23, 24 darlingtoni, 23, 24 domingensis, 22, 24 0 Hypselistes florens, 20 Idioglochina, 39 Jenkinshelea, 1 albaria, 1, 2, 4 magnipennis. 2-4 Johannsenomyia aequalis, 2, 3 albaria, 2 magnipennis, 3 0 Junco by emails, 149 Jimiperella mirabilis, 58 * Juniperus calif ornicus, 56 Labus brasiliensis, 29 0 Lathy s, 17 * Lawsonia inermis, 64 Lepidostoma excavatum, 43 Limnometra, 141 Limonia, 39 (Dicranomyia) gaumicola, 36 (D.) loveridgeana, 36 (D.) sanctae-helenae, 35, 37 (D.) stygipennis, 38 (D.) tipiilipes, 36 (Idioglochina) ambrosi- ana, 38, 39 (1. ) marmorata, 36, 39 (I.) porteri, 39 * Lotus purshianus, 60 0 Lycosa, 89 sp., 18, 21 avida, 85 lenta, 18 Mansonia perturbans, 62 Melanophila pini-edulis, 59 0 Melospiza melodia, 149 Myrmecia nigrocincta, 91, 92, 94, 100 Myrmica rubra, 91, 100 Nemosoma, 52 sp., 51 0 Neoantistea barrowsi, 17 Neodiprion p. pratti, 102 Neopeltoperla chiangi, 82, 83 fraterna, 83 168 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVH Neophylax nacatus, 43 0 Nesticus, 17 * Ochna, 64 * Olneya tesota, 58, 59 Oncopeltus gutta, 71 Ostoma, 51, 52 pippingskoeldi, 51 0 Oxyopes sp., 20 0 Oxyptila sp., 20 0 Pachygnatha sp., 20 tristriata, 18 Paleagapetiis, 40, 43 celsiis, 40 guppy i, 40 nearcticus, 40 rotundatus, 40 Paraleuctra, 134 bradleyi, 135 forcipata, 134 occiclentalis, 134-138 occidentalis auct., 137, 138 Sara, 134-138 Parapsyche apicalis, 43 0 Pardosa sp., 87, 89, 90 milvina, 87, 89 moesta, 87 0 Passerculus sandwichensis, 149 0 Passerella iliaca, 149 Peltoperla, 83 brevis, 80 concolor, 82 formosana, 83 mindanensis, 82 nigrisoma, 80 * Pinus monophylla, 59 Poecilothrips albopicus, 71 0 Pooecetes gramineus, 149 Priocnemus (P.) cornica, 85, 87 (Priocnemissus) minorata, 85, 86 0 Prodidomus sp., 20 rufus, 20 * Prosopis chilensis, 59 stephaniana, 64 * Psidium guajava, 64 Ptilocolepus, 40, 43 granulatus, 40 0 Ptilonyssus, 146 morofskyi, 146, 169 serni, 146 * Punica granatuiii, 64 Quercus dumosa, 56, 57 * Rhus glabra, 71 Rhyacophila sp., 43 * Scapania nemorosa, 42 0 Schizocosa sp., 18 0 Scotolathys, 17 * Solidago, 88 Sphex, 88 i. ichneumoneus, 87 tepanecus, 15 Sphyracephala brevicornis, 5-10 hearsiana, 6, 8-11, 13 0 Spinus tristis, 148 0 Spizella pusilla, 148, 149 0 Sternostoma, 146, 150 dureni, 149 hutsoni, 150 nectarinia, 150 porteri, 149, 150, 152 * Symplocarpus foetidus, 5 Synanthedon fatifera, 139-141 viburni, 139, 140 Tabanus abbasalis, 157, 158 annamensis, 157, 158 basalis, 157, 158 chrysater, 157, 158 cinnamomeus, 157, 158 fulvulus, 66, 68-70 Dec., 1962 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 169 f. pallidescens, 68 fuscomaculatus 157, 158, 160 f. altermaculatiis, 157, 158 f. unisignatus, 157 f. var., 158 jacobi, 157, 158, 160 joidiis, 157, 158 laotianus, 157, 158 longiusculus, 66, 69 ochroater, 157, 158 Pallidepectoratus, 157, 158, 161 p. aurea, 158 pallidescens, 68-70 pendleburyi, 158, pseiidopallidepectoratus, 158 siamensis, 158, 161 sziladyi, 158 thurmani, 158, 160 wilsoni, 66, 68-70 xanti, 158 Temnochila, 51 virescens, 51 Tenagogonus, 141 fijienis, 142 ( Limnometra ) , 141 (Tenagogonus), 141 (T.) bergrothi, 144 (T.) ceylonensis, 141 (T.) maai, 143 (T.) pravipes, 144 (T.) p. bergrothi, 144 (T.) robustus, 144 (T.) valentinei, 141 Tenebroides, 52 mauritanicus, 51 * Tephrosia apollinea, 64 0 Tetragnatha laboriosa, 18 * Thamnosma montana, 60 Thymalus, 51, 52 marginicollis, 51 Tipula (Eumicrotipula) magel- lanica, 35 (E.) navarinoensis, 33 (E.) pictipennis, 35 (E.) varineura, 35 Trialeurodes malayensis, 65 silvarum, 65 Trichinorhipis knulli, 56, 58 0 Trochosa, 21 pratensis, 18, 86 0 Ummidia carabivorous, 20 Vespa arietis, 29 coeruleopennis, 29 cyanipennis, 30 * Viburnum opulus nanum, 139, 140 Villa, 107 *Vitex, 16 agnuscatus, 15 0 Xysticus, 89 bifasciatus, 21 Zethoides smithii, 32 Zethus, 28 amazonicus, 29 apicalipennis, 29 arietis, 29 aurantiacus, 29 aztecus, 29 bicolor, 29 binghami, 29 brasiliensis, 29 brethesi, 29 buyssoni, 29 campanulatus, 29 campestris, 29 cinerascens, 29 coeruleopennis, 29 coloratus, 29 corallinus, 30 170 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVII corcovadensis, 30 otomitus, 31 coriarius, 30 poeyi, 31 cruzi, 30 productus, 31 curialis, 30 prominens, 31 cyanipennis, 30 proximus, 31 cylindricus, 30 punctatus, 31 dicomboda, 30 pyriformis, 31 felix, 30 rufinodes, 31 geniculatus, 30 rufipes, 31 guatemotzin, 30 schrottkyanus, 32 hexagonus, 30 sessilis, 32 hilarianus, 30 simillimus, 32 histrionicns, 30 smitbii, 32 inennis, 30 Solaris, 32 infelix, 30 spiniventris, 32 infundibulifonnis, 30 spinosus, 32 bmaris, 31 striatifrons, 32 ininiatus, 31 strigosus, 32 minimus, 31 subspinosus, 32 niger, 31 variegatus, 32 nigricornis, 31 venezuelanus, 32 notatus, 31 olmecus, 31 * Zizyphus spina cbristi orans, 31 0 Zodarion fuscum, 21 In this volume : 28 new species. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMO- LOGICAL SOCIETY. The Bulletin. Vols. 1-7, 1879-85, Microfilm $10.00 Vols. 8-57, 1912-62, Regular issue $125.00 Subsequent volumes, per year $ 4.00 Entomologic Americana. Vols. 1-10, 1885-90 & 1926-30, Microfilm $15.00 Vols. 11-19, 1931-39, Microfilm $15.00 Vols. 20-29, 1940-49, Microfilm $15.00 Vols. 30-42, 1950-62, Regular issue $70.00 Subsequent volumes, per year $ 6.00 A Glossary of Entomology, Torre-Bueno, cloth bound, including Supplement A $ 7.00 Supplement A to Torre-Bueno’s Glossary of Entomol- ogy, 36 pp., 1960 $ 1.00 Monographs from Entomologica Americana New York Thysanoptera, Hood. 36 pp., 2 plates. 1926 .$ 1.00 A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Life History of Bremus bimaculatus. Prison. 65 pp., 8 figs. 1928 . . . .$ 2.00 A Revision of the Genus Eurema — Part II. New World Species, Taxonomy and Synonymy, Klots. 73 pp., 101 figs. 1929 $ 1.50 Synopsis of the Principal Larval Forms of the Cole- optera, Boving & Craighead, cloth bound, 351pp., 125 plates. 1930-31 $10.00 The Nearctic Social Wasps of the Subfamily Polybiinae, Bequaert. 63 pp., 8 figs. 1933 $ 2.00 Revision of the Epistrophe Flies of America North of Mexico, Fluke. 57 pp., 45 figs. 1935 $ 2.00 The Biology and Taxonomy of the Genus Trichiotinus, Hoffmann. 76 pp., 20 figs. 1935 $ 2.00 A Review of the Genus Cyrtopogon in North America, Wilcox and Martin. 95 pp., 58 figs. 1936 $ 2.00 Bibliography of the Described Life Histories of the Rhopalocera of America North of Mexico, Daven- port and Dethier. 40 pp. 1937 $ 4.00 Monographs from Entomologica Americana Notes and Keys on the Genus Brochymena, Ruckes. 95 pp., 41 figs. 1946 $ 3.00 Femak Genitalia of Culicidae, with Particular Reference to Characters of Generic Value, Coher. 38 pp. 1948 . .$ 4.00 The Scutate Ticks, or Ixodidae, of Indonesia, Anastos. 144 pp., 28 figures. 1950 $ 5.00 The Tingoidea of New England and their Biology, Bailey, 140 pp., 6 figs. 1951 $ 5.00 The Hippoboscidae or Louse-Flies of Mammals and Birds, Part I. Structure, Physiology and Natural History, Bequaert, 442 pp., 21 figs., 1952-53 $10.00 Part II. Taxonomy, Evolution and Revision of American Genera and Species. 611 pp., 83 figs. 1954-56 $15.00 A Revision of the Sphaeropthalmine Mutillidae of America North of Mexico, II. Schuster. 130 pp., 27 figs. 1957 $ 5.00 A Synopsis of American Mycomyiini. Coher. 155 pp., 131 figs. 1958 $6.00 The Morphology, Phylogeny, and Higher Classification of the Family Tingidae. Drake and Davis. 100 pp., 75 figs, and The External Morphology of the Last-Instar Nymph of Magicicada septendecim. Lew. 79 pp., 48 figs. 1959 $ 6.00 Taxonomy and Biology of Nearctic Limnephilid Larvae , (Trichoptera). Flint. 177 pp., 82 figs. 1960 $ 6.00 Revision of the Genus Copris of the Western Hemisphere. Matthews. 137 pp., 88 figs. 1961 $ 6.00 Revision of the Cosmopterigidae of American North of Mexico. Hodges. 166 pp., 199 figs. 1962 $ 6.00 All orders for all publications MUST be sent DIRECT to Brook- lyn Entomologicial Society, R. R. McElvare, Treasurer, P. O. Box 386, Southern Pines, North Carolina. BUSINESS PRESS INC., Lancaster, Pa. BULLETIN OF THE Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII 1963 EDITED BY JOHN F. HANSON PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOHN F. HANSON GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER BUSINESS PRESS, INC. Lancaster, Pennsylvania VoL. LVIII FEBRUARY, 1963 No. 1 BULLETIN OF THE Brooklyn Entomological Society NEW SERIES PUBLICATION COMMITTEE JOHN F. HANSON GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER Published for the Society by Business Press, Inc. N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price, 85 cents Subscription, $4.00 per year Mailed October 17, 1963 Entered as second-class matter January 21, 1919, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879 The Brooklyn Entomological Society Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of November and May at the Engineers’ Club, 117 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 2, N. Y. The annual dues are $2.00. OFFICERS 1961-62 Honorary President R. R. McELVARE President HARRY BEATROS Vice President CASIMIR REDJIVES Secretary ANNA FLAHERTY T reasurer R. R. McELVARE P. O. Box 386 Southern Pines North Carolina CONTENTS Review of the genus Atractotomus in North America (Hemip. : Miridae), Froeschner 1 Undescribed species of nematocerous Diptera. Part XII, Alexander 6 An aid for paraffin embedding, Nutting 12 The identity of Lutzomyia Curran (Diptera), Sabrosky . . 14 New species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera), Blickle . . 17 Asian Macrocera (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) with remarks on related genera, Coher 23 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Published in February, April, June, October and December of each year Subscription price, domestic, $4.00 per year ; foreign, $4.25 in advance ; single copies, 85 cents. Advertising rates on application. Short articles, nores and observations of interest to entomologists are solicited. Address subscriptions to the Treasurer, manuscripts and other communications to the editor, JOHN F. HANSON, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL. LVIII FEBRUARY, 1963 No. 1 REVIEW OF THE GENUS ATRACTOTOMUS FIEBER IN NORTH AMERICA WITH NOTES, KEY, AND DESCRIPTION OF ONE NEW SPECIES (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) By Richard C. Froeschner^ Among some miscellaneous Hemiptera collected from bitter- brush, Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC., in Idaho by M. M. Furniss and submitted by him for identification were specimens of a species of Atractotomus Fieber that appears to be new. It is being de- scribed at this time so that the name will be available for reporting the insect’s activities on that host. To aid in recognition of this and other North American species of the genus, a key is included. Studies to determine the organisms on which members of this genus actually feed are needed. Although several species have been reported as associating with certain plants (mali (Meyer) with apple, magnicornis (Fallen) with evergreens, and several with their “host’s” name incorporated in their own), mali has been credited with being “predaceous on green apple aphid” and on small cater- pillars. Possibly all the forms are carnivorous rather than herbivorous. Atractotomus purshiae, n. sp. Diagnosis: The extremely short second antennal segment (sub- equal to width of vertex) separates this species from all other forms known from North America except halli Knight; however, the black osteolar peritreme described for halli afitords a ready separa- tion since that structure is conspicuously paler than the surrounding sclerites in purshiae. ^ Entomology Research Division, Agric., Res. Serv., U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 1 2 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomologieal Society Yol. LVIII Description (all measurements given in millimeters) : General color black with appendages, including tarsi, weakly embrowned; membrane dark gray with basal margin black ; osteolar peritreme dirty white. With long, blunt, silvery-white, scalelike pubescence, as follows : dorsally most dense on head and pronotum, becoming less dense posteriorly and smaller and more scattered over most of membrane ; ventrally most dense laterally ; present also on coxae, femora (especially anterior surfaces), and sparsely so on tibiae. Antennae fuscous throughout, with no pale scales, segments I and II with dense, blackened hairs. III and IV with light and dark hairs mixed. Labium reaching between hind coxae. Dimensions: Male holotype: length 2.36; width 1.24. Head: width 0.88, vertex 0.48. Antennal segments: I, 0.18; II, 0.48 (diameter 0.12); III, 0.23; IV, 0.20. Pronotum: length 0.40, width 1.08. Female: length 2.53; width 1.29. Head: width 0.88, vertex 0.48. Antennal segments : I, 0.14 ; II, 0.48 (diameter 0.13) ; HI and IV missing. Pronotum: length 0.45, width 1.05. -Holotype : Male, collected six miles south of Krassel Ranger Sta- tion, Valley County, Idaho, 29 May 1961, M. M. Furniss, elevation approximately 4,000 feet, from Purshia tridentata, Hopkins number 40971F (United States National Museum Type Number 66078). Paratypes: Two same locality and host as allotype, collected 29 May and 27 June 1961 ; six same locality and host as holo- type, collected July 13 and 21 1961. Nymphs and adults were found on the same hosts on all dates given above. The nymphs are red in color. The early instars lack the thickened second antennal segment which is so characteristic of the adults, but with successive molts this modification becomes more evident. In contrast, during equally intensive work on Purshia in Boise County at an elevation 1,000 feet higher than in Valley County, this mirid was not found. Key to the No-rth American species of Atractotomus 1. Antennal segment II as long as or longer than width of head across both eyes 2 Antennal segment II shorter than width of head across eyes 6 2. Antennal segment II as long as or longer than basal width of pronotum ; tibiae and apical third or more of femora orange red ; length, ^ 7 .7 , 5 5.0-5. 2 mm . . hesperius (Uhler) Antennal segment II not or little more than three-fourths as long as basal width of pronotum 3 Fei)., 1963 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 3 3. Entire dorsum, especially anteriorly, with crowded, broadly obovate, silvery-wbite scale-like pubescence ; coxae creamy white, contrasting strongly with black pleura ; length 3 mm albidicoxis Reuter Entire dorsum with flattened pale pubescence narrow, long, and attenuate apically; coxae black, concolorous with pleura 4 4. Labium short, scarcely attaining apices of middle coxae ; length 2. 6-2. 8 mm flavotarsus Johnston Labium long, reaching well between hind coxae 5 5. Dorsal surface of front and middle tibiae yellow with a com- plete, longitudinal row of close-set tiny black tubercles ; length 3.0-3. 6 mm mali (Meyer) Dorsal surface of front and middle tibiae yellow or fuscous to black but without a row of tubercles ; length 3. 0-3. 4 mm magnieornis (Eallen) 6. Elind tibiae yellowish white with a conspicuous fuscous spot surrounding insertions of some of the spines ; length 2. 3-2.6 mm acaciae Knight Hind tibiae dark fuscous to black 7 7. Osteolar peritreme black, concolorous with pleura 8 Osteolar peritreme distinctly paler than surrounding pleura 10 8. Antennal segment II as dong as or longer than width of vertex plus one eye 9 Antennal segment II shorter, its length subequal to width of vertex; length 2.3-2. 5 mm purshiae, new species 9. Antennal segment I short, its length subequal to diameter of antennal II ; length 2.7-3. 1 mm reuteri Knight Antennal segment I longer, its length more than twice the diameter of antennal II ; length 3 mm .... cercocarpi Knight 10. Antennal segment II almost twice as long as width of vertex (60.35) ; length 2. 6-2. 8 mm crataegi Knight Length of antennal segment II subequal to or shorter than width of vertex ; length 2.6 mm halli Knight Notes on the North American species of Atractotomus 1. Atractotomus acaciae Knight. One pair was collected during May at Douglas, Arizona, just southeast of the type locality at Tucson. 2. Atractotomus alhidicoxis Reuter. Reuter’s type from the Heidemann collection was found in the United States National Museum. It was the Arizona female listed with the original de- 4 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII scription (even to the abbreviation for the Chiricahua Mountains) and bears a label in Reuter’s handwriting indicating it to be a “n. sp.” On this label the species name is spelled without the syl- lable “di.” The specimen has been assigned U. S. N. M. Type Number 66077. 3. Atractotomus halli Knight. So far this species is known only from the type from Arizona. 4. Atractotomus cercocarpi Knight. Knight’s original records for Arizona and New Mexico still stand as the only distributional data. 5. Atractotomus crataegi Knight. Again, the only distributional record, Iowa, is that given by Knight with the original description. 6. Atractotomus flavotarsus Johnston. This species is included in the above key solely on the basis of the original description. The separation as stated is weak and specimens are needed for evaluation. Specimens found breeding on bluet, Houstonia an- gustifolia Michx., in Texas during April and May comprised the type series. 7. Atractotomus hesperius (Uhler). Originally described as the basis for the genus Dacota, this species appears restricted to the mountainous western parts of the United States. In his “Cata- logue” Carvalho listed it for California and Wyoming; I have seen specimens from Montana and Arizona ; and Uhler reported it from Colorado and “Dakota” (the latter locality undoubtedly referred to the old Dakota Territory rather than to the present Midwestern States of that name). The great disparity in size of the two sexes results from a sexual dimorphism in wing length. In the male the wings are so greatly elongated that the tip of the abdomen scarcely reaches the base of the cuneus ; in the female the wings are much shorter, the tip of the abdomen reaching to the apex of the cuneus. 8. Atractotomus magnicornis (Fallen). The presently used con- cept is based on European specimens, determined by Reuter, in the U. S. National Museum. This evergreen-frequenting species was first reported from North America in 1923 by Knight, who had specimens from evergreens in New York. From this same mate- rial he described the variety buenoi, which he characterized as being “smaller and more ovate” and having the second antennal segment just as long as width of head across both eyes instead of longer, as in the nominal form. 9. Atractotomus mali (Meyer). This is another European species which was first reported from North America by Knight in Fei)., 1963 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 5 1924. He listed specimens from Nova Scotia as being “predaceous on green apple aphid.” Since no North American specimens were available for study, European material in the U. S. National Mu- seum was used to construct the above key. The row of close-set, tiny, black tubercles on the dorsal faces of the front and middle tibiae has not been used as a taxonomic character. If examination of more material establishes the constancy of this character (it occurs elsewhere in the Miridae), it should be very useful because it is missing from albidicoxis, acaciae, hesperius, magnicornis and reuteri. 10. Atractotomus purshiae Froeschner. See notes with original description in the present paper. 11. Atractotomus reuteri Knight. This species was originally described as Atractotomus hesperius by Reuter from a specimen from Siskiyou County, California, in the Heidemann collection. When Knight found it necessary to synonymize Uhler’s genus Dacota with Atractotomus there resulted a conflict with Uhler’s earlier use of hesperius within the genus. Since Uhler’s use has priority of twenty-seven years over that of Reuter’s, Reuter’s species had to be renamed. In the collection of the United States National Museum is a series of seven specimens from Siskiyou County, California, of which one female bears Reuter’s determination ‘'Atractotomus hes- perius n. sp.’’ Because Reuter cited only one female and this speci- men agrees with the original description, it is assumed that Heide- mann sent to Reuter only one member of the series. This specimen is therefore accepted as the type and given the U. S. N. M. Type Number 66076. In 'addition the collection contains two specimens from Placer County, California, and one from Las Vegas, New Mexico. References Knight, H. H. 1923. The Miridae, in Britton, W. E., The Hemiptera or Sucking Insects of Connecticut. Bui. Connecti- cut Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, no. 34, pp. 422-658. 1924. Atractotomus mali (Meyer) found in Nova Scotia (Heteroptera, Miridae). Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 19: 65. 6 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF NEMATOCEROUS DIPTERA. PART XII/ By Charles P. Alexander, Amherst, Mass. The preceding part under this general title appeared in April 1962 (Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 57 : 33-39). In the present paper I am describing three new species of Tipulidae belonging to the genus Ctenacroscelis Enderlein from Assam, India, collected by Dr. Eernand Schmid, to whom my thanks are extended for invalu- able help in making known the rich and varied crane-fly fauna of India. The genus Ctenacroscelis contains the World’s largest known crane-flies, some with a wing expanse exceeding 100 milli- meters. All known species are Old World, with a marked concen- tration of forms in southern Asia, including more than 30 now known from India. TIPULIDAE Ctenacroscelis hansoni, n. sp. Belongs to the hrobdignagius group; size very large (wing of male 39 mm.) ; antennae light brown, pedicel yellow, terminal seg- ment black ; head huffy with a conspicuous dark brown central stripe that is narrowed behind ; dark pleural stripe narrow; femora brownish yellow, tips brownish black, last tarsal segment pale ; wings relatively broad, almost uniformly rich brown ; 7^^ at fork of E2 + 3; abdominal tergites dark brown, lateral borders narrowly yellowish gray, sternites light yellow ; male hypopygium with tergite shallowly eniarginate, without lateral hair pencils ; inner dististyle without a basal lobe ; eighth sternite with posterior border very deeply emarginate, lobes unusually conspicuous, projecting, pro- vided with abundant but relatively short yellow setae. Male: Length about 33 mm. ; wing 39 mm. ; antenna about 5 mm. Frontal prolongation of head cinnamon brown above, dark brown on sides ; nasus elongate ; palpi black. Antennae light brown, ped- icel yellow, terminal segment black ; flagellar segments nearly cy- lindrical, setae small and sparse. Head above huffy, more yellowed before eyes ; a narrow but conspicuous dark brown central stripe on vertex, slightly widened and bifld on the low entire vertical tubercle, narrowed behind, attaining the occiput ; genae less evi- dently darkened. ^ Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, University of Massachusetts. Feh., 1963 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 7 Cervical sclerites darkened laterally. Pronotum broadly brown above, sides light yellow. Mesonotal praescutum with four dark gray stripes that are bordered by dark brown, including the inter- spaces, lateral margins light yellow ; extreme posterior point of praescutum obscure orange, not conspicuous as in majesticus ; scu- tum, scutellum and center of mediotergite dark gray, parascutella light brown ; sides and posterior border of mediotergite and dorsal part of plenrotergite dark brown ; notal vestiture very sparse on praescutum, longer and abundant on mediotergite, still longer on scutellum. Pleura light yellow on dorsopleural region and ventral plenrotergite, slightly more intense on anepisternum, dorsal ptero- pleurite and plenrotergite ; a narrow but conspicuous dorsal brown stripe extending from cervical region to wing base. Halteres dark brown, base of stem narrowly yellowed. Legs with coxae light yellow, anterior face of fore pair weakly more darkened ; trochan- ters deeper yellow ; femora brownish yellow, tips brownish black, relatively extensive ; tibiae and tarsi similarly brownish yellow, tips very narrowly infuscated ; fourth tarsal segment uniformly darkened, terminal segment light brown ; claws toothed, epicondyle large. Wings relatively broad, almost uniformly rich brown ; pre- arcular field darkened, obliterative areas restricted but conspicuous, on both sides of anterior cord ; narrow brown seams on m-cu and adjoining medial veins and along vein 2nd A in cell 1st A; outer medial veins with a delicate pale brown line on either side ; veins fulvous brown. Venation: Ri at fork of R2 + s, R2 obliterated or barely preserved ; petiole of cell Mx a little shorter than m ; m-cu at near two-thirds M3 + 4. Abdominal tergites conspicuously dark brown, lateral borders narrowly yellowish gray ; sternites light yellow, hypopygium dark- ened. Male hypopygium with notch of tergite relatively shallow, lobes narrowly obtuse at tips, the outer third with vestiture short, black, very abundant, margin broadly glabrous ; no lateral hair pen- cils. Outer dististyle relatively broad at base, narrowed outwardly, apex obliquely truncate ; vestiture yellow, sparse and very incon- spicuous. Inner dististyle without basal lobe, before apex slightly dilated, tip narrowed, extended beneath into a small flattened blade, with a further small subterminal ventral tooth. Eighth sternite with posterior border very deeply emarginate, lobes unusually con- spicuous, projecting, provided with abundant relatively short yellow setae, these narrowly lacking on midline. Habitat: India (Assam). Holotype: Chingsao, Manipur, 5,400 feet, 14 June 1960 (Fernand Schmid). 8 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII I take unusual pleasure in dedicating this noteworthy crane-fly to Dr. John Francis Hanson, former student and later a colleague at the University of Massachusetts. I, together with most other con- tributors to the Bulletin, gratefully acknowledge a debt of apprecia- tion for conscientious help and advice from Dr. Hanson as Editor of the Brooklyn Bulletin. The species is readily distinguished from all other regional mem- bers of the genus by the body and wing coloration and by the struc- ture of the male hypopygium, particularly the inner dististyle and eighth sternite. Other Indian species of the hrobdignagius group that have the eighth sternite of the male hypopygium emarginate include Ctenacroscelis dorsopleuralis Alexander, C. elohatus Alex- ander, C. majesticus (Brunetti), C. makara Alexander, C. mara Alexander, and C. perobtusus Alexander. Ctenacroscelis leptostylus, n. sp. Size large (wing of male 33 mm.) ; nasus short and stout ; meso- notal praescutum brown with four dark gray stripes that are nar- rowly bordered by darker brown ; pleura conspicuously striped with yellow and brown, the dorsal dark stripe narrow ; femora light brown, tips narrowly and vaguely darkened ; wings strongly light cinnamon brown, vaguely patterned ; abdominal tergites dark brown, outer segments more cinnamon brown with a light yellow silken pubescence : male hypopygium with tergite narrow, posterior border deeply emarginate ; outer dististyle narrowed outwardly, inner style very slender, gradually narrowed outwardly, at base with a small slender lobe ; eighth sternite unmodified. Male: Length about 31-32 mm. ; wing 32-33 mm. ; antenna about 4.4-4. 5 mm. Female: Length about 30 mm.; wing 31.5 mm.; antenna about 4.5 mm. Frontal prolongation of head dark brown, restrictedly pruinose dorsally ; nasus very short and stout, with long black setae ; palpi black. Antennae with scape and pedicel huffy, the latter weakly infuscated at apex ; flagellum dark brown, outer two segments darker ; basal flagellar segments cylindrical, intermediate ones a trifle produced beneath, setae short and sparse. Head brown, or- bits light gray, front more yellowed ; vertical tubercle low, entire. Pronotum narrowly dark brown medially, sides broadly light yellow. Mesonotal praescutum brown with four poorly defined darker gray stripes that are narrowly bordered by darker brown, the extreme lateral border yellowed ; scutum brown, each lobe with Feh., 1963 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 9 three dark gray areas that are narrowly separated by brown ; scutel- Inm brownish gray, parascutella yellowed ; mediotergite above light gray, the precipitous posterior part and the sides yellowed, pleuro- tergite similarly yellowed ; vestiture of notum erect, conspicuous, more numerous on scutellum and postnotum. Pleura handsomely patterned, including a broad yellow dorsopleural stripe, beneath this with a narrow but conspicuous dark brown stripe extending from cervical region to beneath the wing root ; still more ventrally, in- cluding the anepisternum, more brownish yellow ; sternopleurite and lower posterior pleurites very light cream yellow. Halteres dark brown, base of stem narrowly yellowed. Legs with coxae chiefly yellowed, the anterior faces very weakly darkened, less evi- dent on the middle pair, all coxae with long erect pale setae ; tro- chanters yellow, patterned with brown ; femora light brown, tips narrowly and vaguely more darkened ; tibiae light brown ; tarsi with three proximal segments light brown with darkened tips, outer two segments uniformly black ; claws long, bidentate ; terminal segment with a strong epicondyle provided with long black setae. Wings strongly light cinnamon brown, stigma darker ; very vague darker clouds over outer end of cell 1st M2, fork of Mi + 2, m-cu and vein 2nd A in cell 1st A; veins brownish yellow, the prearcular veins conspicuously blackened. Veins very glabrous, + 5 with a few scattered punctures. Venation: Petiole of cell Mi from about two- fifths to one-half in; m-cu at near four-fifths M3 + Abdominal tergites chiefly dark brown, sides of basal segments more yellowed, outer tergites more cinnamon brown ; basal three sternites yellowed, outer segments darkened ; sixth and seventh tergites densely covered with a delicate light yellow pubescence, more apparent in certain lights. Male hypopygium with tergite very narrowly and deeply emarginate, the lobes narrowly obtuse at tips, with abundant yellow setae but without hair pencils. Basi- style scarcely produced at apex, internally with long yellow setae. Outer dististyle narrowed outwardly, apex obtuse, vestiture short and relatively sparse. Inner dististyle very slender, gradually nar- rowed outwardly, slightly bent beyond midlength, the apex a small flattened disk ; inner face near base with a small slender lobe pro- vided with a few black setae. Eighth sternite unmodified. Habitat: India (Assam). Holotype: J', Ukhrul, Manipur, 6,000 feet, July 15, 1960 (Fer- nand Schmid). Allotype: 2, Langdang, Manipur, 5,300 feet. Tune 5, 1960 (Fernand Schmid). Paratype: J', with the allotype. Despite its large size, the present fly seems better referred to the 10 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII albovittatiis group of the genus rather than to the brobdignagius group as is suggested by the size. The very short nasus and scarcely margined praescutal stripes should be noted. The fly is readily told from all other known species by the structure of the inner dististyle of the male hypopygium which is more slender than in the other described forms. Ctenacroscelis simplicitarsis, n. sp. Belongs to the pallifrons group ; mesonotum virtually all orange, praescutum with three scarcely differentiated stripes ; wings gray- ish, prearcular and costal fields a little darker but with no other pat- tern ; male hypopygium with disk of eighth sternite bearing two large lobes, these, together with the central furrow, with abundant long yellow setae. Male: Length about 25 mm. ; wing 24 mm. ; antenna about 4 mm. Frontal prolongation of head relatively long, brownish yellow, clearer yellow on sides, ventral and outer dorsal surfaces weakly darkened ; nasus elongate, tipped with short yellow setae. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellowed, proximal flagellar segments brown- ish yellow, slightly produced ; dorsal surface with abundant short black setae, the produced lower face glabrous. Head yellow ; ver- tical tubercle large, entire. Pronotum yellow. Mesonotum appearing almost uniformly orange ; praescutum with three scarcely differentiated stripes that are very narrowly and vaguely bordered by darker orange ; sides of praescutum behind the humeri weakly infuscated ; scutal lobes orange, each with two vaguely indicated areas, the larger posterior one slightly margined internally with darker, on sides beyond mid- length with a small pale brown spot ; scutellum yellow, sides weakly more darkened, parascutella pearly yellow ; postnotum orange, yel- low pollinose ; praescutum with sparse erect yellow setae, those of scutellum and mediotergite similar but longer. Pleura orange yel- low, propleura and ventral sternopleurite vaguely more darkened. Halteres with stem pale basally, knob darkened. Legs with all coxae orange yellow, posterior pair with very long yellow setae ; trochanters yellow ; femora brownish yellow, slightly darkened above at tips ; remainder of legs yellowish brown ; claws of male small, simple ; last tarsal segment elongate, more than four times the length of the claw, without an epicondyle. Wings grayish, pre- arcular and costal fields, with the stigma, slightly darker ; veins pale brown. Veins with the exception of costa virtually glabrous, there being a few very tiny punctures on Rj, + 5 and a single series of Feh., 1963 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society 11 scattered trichia on veins R, Ri, and Sc^ + Ri as far as vein R^. Venation: Ro obliterated, vein Ri fusing with R2 + 3 before fork leaving a short element Rj + 2 + 3; petiole of cell Ah about two-thirds m. Abdomen with basal segments yellowed, the first tergite with a darkened brown spot on either side ; beyond the second segment ab- domen brown ; hypopygium with tergite and styli more yellowed. Male hypopygium with the tergite small, yellow, posterior margin very gently emarginate, lateral angles subacute ; vestiture including a marginal fringe of delicate setulae and abundant longer setae on posterior third of plate, all hairs yellow. Outer dististyle relatively long, basal half slightly broader, apex obtuse. Inner dististyle with basal half slightly dilated into a lobe, head moderately expanded, apex irregularly subtruncate ; face of style before apex ridged, one of these extended to a slender free spine. Eighth sternite with posterior border convexly rounded, fringed with long yellow setae; disk back from margin with two large lobes, their obtuse tips darkened, inner margins and the broad midventral furrow with abundant long yellow setae. Habitat: India (Assam). Holotype: Phaileng, Mizo District, Lushai Hills, 3,500 feet, 14 Sept. 1960 (Fernand Schmid). The only other described regional ally is Ctenacroscelis pallifrons Edwards, of the eastern Himalayas in North Bengal and Sikkim, which likewise has the claws of the male small and simple, with the elongate terminal tarsal segment lacking an epicondyle. All other Asiatic species known to me have the claws of male very long, bi- dentate, and with the last tarsal segment produced into a well-de- veloped basal hairy enlargement, the epicondyle. The present fly is readily told by the unpatterned wings and by the hypopygial structure, especially the eighth sternite, where the discal lobes are very large when compared with pallifrons. It may be noted that in pallifrons there is no clearly defined ventral furrow, the central ster- nal vestiture consisting of long dark colored setae. The South African Ctenacroscelis quathlambicus Alexander likewise has simple male claws but apparently must be referred to a distinct group in the genus. 12 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII AN AID FOR PARAFFIN EMBEDDING By Wm. B. Nutting^ Equipment on the market for paraffin embedding of tissues for section is not only expensive, but very time-consuming in applica- tion. Conventional folded paper boxes or lead L’s are useful for an occasional tissue, but both require a great deal of preparation prior to and during the embedding-to-mounting process. Expense and lost time are especially irksome for laboratories in which small budgets and moderate or spasmodic sectioning needs are of prime concern. This note describes an easily constructed low-cost paraffin em- bedder which reduces by about one-half the time usually spent in preparing tissues for sectioning. Construction Only three items are needed to construct the embedder : Plaster of Paris, modelling clay, and the top of a standard ^ gross micro- scope slide box (3 3/16" x 3 3/16" x%"). Eirst prepare four truncated pyramids of modelling clay approximately high with bases 1" square and tops YE' square. These are each positioned with the base down midway along the side of the inverted slide box cover. Next, carefully model five clay replicas of a ready-to-section paraffin block — precision at this point will save block trimming in the final product. Then mix the plaster to the usual cream-soup consistency and pour it into the box top. Press the clay models into the plaster, one in the center and one in each corner. Be sure that about 3/16" of plaster remains between corner models and the edge of the slide box. After the plaster has set, peel off the slide box and remove the modelling clay. Smooth up the embedding pits with a scalpel and cut Y\' deep V-shaped grooves between corner pits and center pit (see Eigure). It is also feasible to cut the top of the pit walls to fit wooden mounting blocks. These are then placed in posi- tion just after securing the designation slips (below) thus eliminat- ing one step later in the process. The embedder design is easily modified to meet special require- ments such as : size and shape of tissue and number of tissues per embedder. One may also construct simple trays so that several embedders may be handled and stored at one time. Procedure Soak the embedder in room temperature (20° C) water prior to ^ Zoology Dept., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Massachusetts. Feh., 1963 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 13 use taking care that no excess water remains standing in the block pits. Pour embedding paraffin into the central pit until all pits are filled to the brim. Embed the tissue and place designation labels in the surface paraffin. These labels may be so arranged that they can be bent and paraffin-affixed to the side of the mounting block. Be- fore the paraffin sets the embedder is placed in the refrigerator (c. 7° C). In about one hour paraffin blocks, ready to mount and slice, will pop out of the embedder (see Figure) with only slight encour- agement. It is recommended that blocks be stored overnight in the refrigerator before slicing to insure complete hardening of the paraf- fin in the tissue. In brief This tissue embedder can be constructed in about one half hour at a cost of approximately twenty five cents. It is permanent, needs no maintenance, cuts paraffin waste, obviates messy ice cube mani- pulation, and reduces the usual oven-to-slicing time by at least one-half. "FARI\ffiW “BLOCRS TuasTER_ Embedder, ■Pos'iTiotr OF ClKY T*YRftMio 14 BuUefin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII THE IDENTITY OF LUTZOMYIA CURRAN (DIPTERA) By Curtis W. Sabrosky^ Liitsomyia americana Curran, new genus and new species (1934, Families and Genera of North American Diptera, pp. 387, 396, 398) were proposed briefly in couplet 1 1 of the key to Muscidae, supple- mented by a three-line footnote and figures of the head and wing. The genus was referred to the subfamily Eginiinae, an Old World group not otherwise known from North America. Thus far it has not been recognized, but two syntypes were recently located by Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, and kindly loaned to me for study. It appears that Lutzomyia, preoccupied and renamed P seudolutzomyia\ by Rapp in 1945, equals Bezzimyia Townsend (1919, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 56: 591) [New Synonymy], although americana is somewhat atypical in the genus. Beszimyia was placed by Townsend in the family Melanophoridae, which I consider to he the primitive sub- family Rhinophorinae in the Tachinidae. Inadvertently, two specific names were used by Curran in the original publication of Lutzomyia, americana in the footnote on p. 387, and latifrons in the legends of figs. 52 and 59 (pp. 396, 398). As first reviser, I reject the alternate name latifrons, and choose to call the species Bezzimyia americana (Curran) [New Combina- tion] . In view of the brevity of the original description, it is appropriate to redescrihe the specimen which is here designated as lectotype of Lutzomyia americana Curran. Male. — Black or black brown, subshining though finely pollinose, the second and third antennal segments luteous, first segment and arista brown, front anteriorly reddish yellow, palpus luteous, stalk of halter pale yellow, wing light brown with dark brown veins, calypteres whitish. Head teneral and slightly collapsed, but the front apparently wider than an eye ; frontal triangle, including ocellar tubercle, rather large, extending over half the length of front ; each shining para- frontal slightly less than width of frontalia, possibly subequal or wider in a mature specimen ; head in profile as figured by Curran (p. 396, fig. 52), higher than long, antennal axis longer than vibris- ^ Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Feh., 1963 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society 15 sal axis, and cheek approximately half the height of an eye ; face deeply depressed ; antenna long, attaining level of vibrissal angles, the proximal two segments short, the third elongate, 7 times the length of second ; arista thickened to tip, gently tapering, both proxi- mal segments short. Bristles short and inconspicuous, the proclinate and divergent ocellars almost hairlike, the row of 5 frontals and the verticals somewhat stronger ; coarse parafrontal hairs extending ventrad onto parafacials to below the level of base of arista ; back of head with scattered coarse black hairs ; vibrissal angle with a group of about 6 subequal bristles, and finer and shorter bristles ex- tending over half way up the facial ridges, the upper bristles ex- tremely short. Thorax relatively narrow, the mesonotum 4/5 as broad as long, with strong mesonotal suture and conspicuous humeri ; scutellum short, rounded ; postscutellum narrow, weakly developed ; dorsum with coarse but short black hairs ; prosternum, propleuron, and pteropleuron bare. Chaetotaxy: 2 bumeral, 1 (or more) anterior and 4 posterior dorsocentrals (only the prescutellar pair strong), 1 posthumeral, 1 supraalar, 1 + 1 notopleural, 1 apical and 1 subapical scutellar, 1 propleural, 1 stigmatal, 3 mesopleurals in row along hind margin (with scattered, coarse hairs), a row of strong hypo- pleurals (2 on left side, 4 on right), and possibly 2 sternopleurals (the sternopleurals are reduced and not readily distinguished from the coarse hairs) . Abdomen with segments 2 to 5 subequal in length, with scattered coarse hairs but without obvious bristles ; fifth sternum large, with rounded lobes. Genitalia (from paralectotype) as in B. busckii: Inner forceps bifurcate, slightly curved in profile, broadened at base, slightly shorter than outer forceps, the latter subtriangular, broadly rounded ; aedeagus slender, distal portion on each side with a slender process at right angle to long axis of aedeagus. Wing venation as figured by Curran (p. 398, fig. 59), but the hind crossvein straight, parallel to course of fore crossvein and forming angle of about 80° with fifth vein ; calypteres narrow and somewhat elongate, as in Melanophora roralis (L.), but longer, the thoracic calypter approximately 1.5 times as long as broad. Legs slender, tarsi compressed and especially elongate, the fore tarsus 1.27 times the length of fore tibia; fore basitarsus long, 0.87 times the length of the remaining segments combined ; claws and pulvilli short, barely 1/3 the length of last tarsal segment; femora and tibiae thickly beset with short appressed hairs, bristled only at apices of tibiae, except for a very short anterodorsal bristle slightly beyond middle of left hind tibia. 16 BiiUetin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII Length of body and of wing, 5 mm. Lectotype male, Santa Cruz Village, Cobabi Mts., Ariz., 10-12 Aug. 1916, 32° 1' N., 111° 54' W., about 3100 ft. Paralectotype male, “Kits Peak Rincon,” Baboquivari Mts., Ariz., 1-4 Aug. 1916, 31° 57' N., 111° 33' W., about 4050 ft. Both in the American Museum of Natural History. I have studied five specimens of the genus : the lectotype and paratype of americana, the holotype male of the type-species, B. busckii Townsend, described from Panama, and two females, proba- bly busckii, from Brownsville, Tex., one collected locally and one intercepted in a plane from the Panama Canal Zone. Figures of the head and wing of busckii were published by Greene ( 1934, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash, 36: 37, 38), and may be compared with Curran’s figures for americana. The two species may be separated as follows, using characters that will be common to both sexes as indicated by the available ma- terial of busckii. 1 . Arista thickened no more than half way to tip ; crossveins ap- proximated, separated at most by length of fore crossvein ; wing with short brown band enclosing the crossveins ; two short pteropleural bristles B. busckii Tns. Arista thickened to tip ; crossveins more widely separated, by twice the length of fore crossvein ; wing membrane clear ; no pteropleural bristles B. americana (Curran) In addition to the characters used in the key, the male of amcri- cana is distinguished by a broad front, wider than an eye, whereas the male of busckii has a narrower front, slightly less than half the width of an eye. The specimens of americana are teneral, as the appearance of the head indicates, and in mature specimens the front would undoubtedly appear narrower than it now does. The appar- ent absence of leg bristles, noted by Curran for americana, is a matter of reduction, and of variation. B. busckii has some short bristles on femora and tibiae. The lectotype of americana has only a very short bristle on one hind tibia, but the paralectotype has 4 or 5 short but distinct anterodorsal bristles on the right hind tibia and 1 on the left. The characters of head and calypteres, in particular, resemble those of typical melanophorine genera. The nearest known relative of Beszimyia appears to be Shannoniella Townsend (1939, Revista Ent. 10: 249), from Brazil, for which Townsend proposed the tribe Shannoniellini of his family Melanophoridae. The head in Shan- noniella is like that of B. americana, with broad male front and Pel)., 1963 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 17 thickened arista, but the fourth vein is complete, there are 2-3 weak pteropleural bristles as in B. busckii, and the femora and tibiae have short, weak bristles. The African genus Bequaertiana Curran (1929, Amer. Mus. Novitates 340: 14) is another in the same tribe. It has an incomplete fourth vein as in Beszimyia, and a wide male front, but it has peculiar characters of its own such as plumose arista and setose first vein. As in Bezsimyia americana, I see no evidence of pteropleural bristles in the sole example of Bequaertiana before me, and none are mentioned in the available descriptions. Trypeti- domima Townsend (1935, Revista Ent. 5 : 68) from Brazil can also be referred to this tribe. NEW SPECIES OF HYDROPTILIDAE (TRICHOPTERA)i By R. L. Blickle, Durham, New Hampshire Five new species of Hydroptilidae were encountered in a recent survey of light trap material from the State of Maine. The material was furnished through the kindness of Dr. A. E. Brower. The survey covered a six week period during July and August, 1959. Most localities were from the Boreal region. Holotypes and paratypes will be placed in the Illinois Natural History Survey Collection and paratypes will be retained in the collection of the University of New Hampshire. Hydroptila jackmanni, n. sp. Male. — Length from front of head to tip of wings 2. 5-3.0 mm. Seventh sternite with a short, pointed apico-mesal process. Eighth segment is covered with long hairs on apical one-fourth. Genitalia as in Fig. 1. Lateral view. Fig. lA, has been drawn with the term- inal segments protruding to better illustrate the genitalia. Claspers, in lateral view, are C-shaped ; upper arm of clasper wider than lower ; a small, black protuberance at apical one-third of the ventral ^ Published with the approval of the Director of the New Hamp- shire Agricultural Experiment Station as Scientific Contribution No. 296. 18 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII surface of upper arm. Ventral view, Fig. 1C, the tips of the lower arms meet on the meson and form a “V” when seen in this view ; upper arms flare out, the tips are further apart than the base. From a posterior view the upper arms of the clasper are inclined at an angle of forty-five degrees, the mesal edge being lower than the ectal edge. Tenth tergite. Fig. lA, tapers irregularly from base to apex ; lateral edges are sclerotized to a greater degree than rest of tergite ; a narrow ridge extends down the dorsum ; area between the dorsal ridge and lateral edges irregularly concave. Suhgenital plate broadly triangular with two setae near apex. Fig. 1C. Aedeagus, Fig. IB, 0.4 mm. long; basal and apical parts are of equal length ; a small spiral process occurs between apical and basal parts ; tip of aedeagus appears forked in some views. This species is quite distinct from the other members of the genus. Holotype Male. — Dennistown, Maine, 19 July 1959. Paratype Males. — Dennistown, Maine, 14-31 July 1959, 100 specimens. Other records. — Allagash, Maine, 5-29 July 1959, 3 specimens; Dennistown, Maine, 14-31 July 1959, 3,674 specimens; Oquossoc, Maine, 19 JulyM- Aug. 1959, 35 specimens; Colebrook, New Hamp- shire, 25 June-29 July 1957, 28 specimens. Hydroptila broweri, n. sp. Male. — Length from front of head to tip of wings 2. 2-2. 8 mm. Seventh sternite with a short, pointed apico-mesal process. Eighth segment with numerous, long, heavy hairs on the apical sixth, these hairs concealing the genitalia ; eighth segment with a pigmented area on dorsum indicated by a single dotted line. Fig. 2 A. Genitalia, Fig. 2, in lateral view, the claspers are widest at base ; however, the rounded apex is slightly wider than the main body of the clasper ; a dark protuberance occurs at the apical seventh on the ectal sur- face. Ventral aspect. Fig. 2C, claspers appear broad, small hairs cover the lateral and ventral surfaces of the claspers. Tenth tergite is composed of one central and two lateral parts ; the central part is large and extends nearly one-half again beyond the apex of the claspers ; the central portion appears upcurved at apex ; lateral parts of tenth tergite extend to just beyond the claspers; apex of lateral parts appear truncate and pigmented in Fig. 2 A. Ventral aspect, the lateral arms are excavated at the apex and the ectal margins are pointed. Subgenital plate is triangular with two setae near the apex. Aedeagus, Fig. 2B, 1.0 mm. long; in most specimens the apical Feh., 1963 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 19 part is bent to one side ; the base is very long, over twice the length of apical part ; tip of aedeagus curved, a tubular structure extends beyond tip. The very long aedeagus is quite apparent in cleared and uncleared specimens. This species is similar to H. scolops Ross. However, the very long aedeagus, the parts of tenth tergite being shaped differently, and the tooth on the clasper occurring before the apico-lateral edge, serve to distinguish brozueri. Holotype Male. — Allagash, Maine, 26 July 1959. Paratype Males. — Allagash, Maine, 22 July-2 Aug. 1959, 53 specimens; Dennistown, Maine, 14-25 July 1959, 21 specimens; Oxbow, Maine (T9 R5), 19 July-4 Aug. 1959, 4 specimens ; Oquos- soc, Maine, 17-31 July 1959, 20 specimens; Tramway, Maine, 3 Aug. 1959, 1 specimen; Colebrook, New Hampshire, 5-29 July 1957, 5 specimens. Hydroptila fiskei, n. sp. Male. — Length from front of head to tip of wings 2. 6-3.0 mm. Seventh sternite with a very long apico-mesal process. Genitalia, Fig. 3. Claspers are short, curved downward at apex; ventrally. Fig. 3C, claspers are approximate on the meson from base to apex. Tenth tergite widest at base. Fig. 3D, and tapers gradually to rounded apex ; apex appearing slightly bilohed ; in lateral view the slope of the tenth tergite is straight from base to apex, however, in some specimens the apical one-seventh is at a flatter angle than the basal part of the tergite. Aedeagus, 0.8 mm. long. Fig. 3B. Apical part sharply bent at tip ; a long slender tubular structure extending to tip or slightly beyond ; a short slender structure near base of apical part ; the spiral process is short, apparently making no more than one revolu- tion around aedeagus. This species is closely related to H. liamata Morton and H. ani- poda Ross. It is distinguished from the above two species by the following. In liamata the tenth tergite is concave in profile, and in dorsal aspect is widest at the middle ; the tip of the claspers do not meet on the meson. In ampoda the tenth tergite is concave in pro- file, the aedeagus has an entwined spiral process, and the tip of the aedeagus is not bent at an angle. Holotype Male. — Dennistown, Maine, 17 July 1959. Paratype Males. — Allagash, Maine, 29 July-2 Aug. 1959, 13 specimens; Dennistown, Maine, 15-28 July 1959, 33 specimens; Oquossoc, Maine, 17 July-4 Aug. 1959, 4 specimens; Oxbow (T9 R5), Maine, 4 Aug. 1959, 2 specimens. 20 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII Oxyethira allagashensis, n. sp. Male. — Length from front of head to apex of wings 2. 5-3.0 mm. Seventh sternite with a short apico-mesal process. Genitalia, Fig. 4; claspers short, pointed with apex pigmented and upcurved in lateral view. Fig. 4 A. The appearance of the claspers and sub- genital plate, lateral aspect, gives the effect of pincers. In Fig. 4C, the claspers are pointed towards the meson and the subgenital plate appears as an ovate plate. Aedeagus, 0.5 mm. long ; tip of aedeagus appears membranous ; the spiral process in most specimens makes at least two complete revolutions around the apical part and extends beyond the apex of the aedeagus ; the revolutions of the spiral process may be sepa- rated as drawn. Fig. 4B, or the turns of the process may be ap- pressed together. This species is related to 0. rivicola Blickle & Morse but lacks the heavy spine on the apico-lateral margin of the eighth segment. The subgenital plate is not indented as it is in rivicola. Holotype Male. — Allagash, Maine, 29 July 1959. Paratype Males. — Allagash, Maine, 24 July-2 Aug. 1959, 23 specimens; Oquossoc, Maine, 28 July 1959, 1 specimen. Ochrotrichia wojcickyi, n. sp. Male. — Length from front of head to apex of wings 2. 6-3.0 mm. Genitalia, Fig. 5. Tenth tergite, apical portion divided into sclero- tized rods. Dorsal view. Fig. 5D, rod A is hooked at apex; rod B is quite short, broad at base, and pointed at the apex ; rod C is long and tapers to an acute point; the bases of A, B, and C arise from approximately the same area; rod D appears short but in lateral aspect. Fig. 5 A, it is long and down-curving; rod E is long and pointed, its base approximate with D. Claspers are nearly sym- metrical with pointed, toothed apex and notched mesally; with a variable number of teeth near the notched area and several teeth between notch and apex. This species is closely related to 0. lometa Ross and O. logana Ross, being quite similar in the shape and number of sclerotized rods and the shape of the claspers. However, the above two species were described from New Mexico and Utah, respectively. Holotype Male. — Dennistown, Maine, 25 July 1959. Paratype Males. — Dennistown, Maine, 24-31 July 1959, 8 specimens; Oquossoc, Maine, 28 July 1959, 1 specimen. Feh., 1963 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 21 Blickle Plate I Hydroptila male genitalia. A, lateral. B, aedeagus. C, ventral. D, dorsal. 22 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII Blickle Plate II Hydroptila, Ochrotrichia, and Oxyethira male genitalia. Feh., i>)63 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomologieal Society 23 ASIAN MACROCERA MEIGEN, 1803, (DIPTERA: MYCETOPHILIDAE), WITH SOME REMARKS ON THE STATUS OF THE GENUS AND RELATED GENERA^ By Edward I. Cohere Abstract Nine species of Macrocera (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) are dis- cussed. Five of these are described for the first time: M. nepa- lensis, M. trispina and M. vishnui from males only ; M . simhhan- jangana from males and females and M. femina from a single fe- male. The first four of these are from Nepal, the last from Thai- land. M. crassicornis Winn., 1963, is reported from Afghanistan. The male of M. brunnea Brunn., 1912, and the female of M. elegans Brunn., 1912, are described and the description of the female of M. elegans Brunn. is augmented. The genus F enderomyia Shaw, 1948, is synonymized under Macrocera. The genus N eoditomyia Lane and Sturm, 1958, is synonymized under Platyura { Taulyrpa) Edwards. Introduction Included in a collection of fungus gnats made in Nepal, Thailand and Afghanistan, by myself and my co-workers, is a series of species of the genus Macrocera. The material includes three Nepa- lese forms which I consider to be conspecific with species described by Brunetti (1912). One species from Afghanistan represented by a single male is apparently conspecific with a European species. A striking new species from Thailand is represented by a single female. Four new species from Nepal are represented either by males or by males and females. In Nepal, some of the species were collected in the Rapti Valley (520m.) which lies in the ‘terai’ of south central Nepal between the Siwalik and the Mahabharat Ranges. At the higher altitude of Simbhanjang (Sim Pass, Nepal) at 8190 feet in a cloud forest of moss-covered rhododendron trees, snow and ice may be present for several months of the year and ^ Contribution No. 1349 from the entomological laboratory of the University of Massachusetts. Published with the aid of a grant from The Guy Chester Crampton Fund of the University of Massa- chusetts. 2 599 Main St., Waltham 54, Mass. 24 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII rain is the normal collecting hazard. The systematic position of the genus Macrocera in relation to the family Mycetophilidae is now well established by the work of modern students of the group. On the basis of adult structural characters (Edwards, 1929a; Lane, 1950; Shaw and Shaw, 1951) the genus belongs within the subfamily Keroplatinae. Edwards, in discussing Platyiira (Isoneuromyia') and P. (Pyrtaula), wrote “This type of hypopygium is identical with that which occurs in the genera Macrocera and” etc. In 1949, I started a study of Macrocera adults which caused me to conclude that this genus was indeed a keroplatine and the material was turned over to Prof .J. Lane who concurred with the findings and described the species in his paper “Neotropical Ceroplatinae”. Shaw and Shaw, com- menting on the form of the pleural sclerites, wrote ''Macrocera on the basis of thoracic sclerites is intermediate between Palaeoplatyura and Platyura. . Macrocera, Proceroplatus, Platyiira and Cero- platus all exhibit one characteristic in common — the reduction of the lower portion of the epimeron of the mesothorax. . Our present opinion would be that the Macrocerinae should be included in the Ceroplatinae”. Supporting evidence for the above contention is found in a re- evaluation of earlier studies of the anatomy and the bionomics of the larval stage (Mansbridge, 1933; Madwar, 1935, 1937; Enslin, 1906). As far as I am able to determine, only the keroplatines build complicated webs with droplets of fluid [shown to be N/30 oxalic acid for some Platyura by Buston (1933) ] in which they trap their prey.^ The larvae have been observed attacking and feeding on live prey and thus must be predaceous rather than saprophagous (Earr, 1955; Mansbridge, 1933; Spangler (personal communica- tion; Enslin, 1906). The retractile head, the deep emargination of the ventral portion of the head capsule, the proportion of length to width of the head capsule (as long as or longer than wide), the hood-like labrum, the presence of prominent circular areas on the head capsule rather than antennae, the absence of functional spira- cles, and the papillate condition of the terminal segment all indicate the relationship of Macrocera to other keroplatines (Edwards, 1933). ^ Study of the descriptions of two web-spinning species, Neodito- myia andina Lane and Sturm, 1958, and N. colombiana Lane and Sturm, 1958, convinces me that these are actually Platyura (Tau- lyrpa). Thus, the keroplatines remain the only group with a pre- daceous larval stage that spins webs with fluid droplets to capture prey. New Synonymy. Feh., 1963 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomologieal Society 25 Related genera are : Parama croc era Edwards, 1927, originally described from New Zealand and later recorded from Chile by Free- man, 1951; Chiasmoneiira de Meijere, 1913, Java; Burmacrocera Cockerell, 1917, described from Burmese amber, and later recorded from Philippines by Edwards, 1929b; Archaemacrocera Meunier, 1917, Baltic amber. Mennier’s illustrations of the genotype indicate that Archaemacrocera is a synonym of Macrocera. However, I have not seen the type and therefore I cannot make a final judg- ment. F end eromyia Shaw, 1948, is based on an erroneous inter- pretation of the pleural sclerites, a variable condition shown by a series of M. brunnea Brunetti, 1912, to be a result of distortion during drying rather than of actual structure. The petiole of the media ending at the base of M4 as in Fender omyia is a condition that also occurs in M. alternata Brunetti, 1912, an Asian species, and also in M. crassicornis Winnertz, 1863, a European species. The produced costa of Fenderomyia occurs in several species of Macrocera discussed and described (see PI. 2) in this study: New Synonomy. In the following descriptions, the wing venation terminology is in accordance with Coher (1959). The dististyles which are com- pressed laterally are figured in broad lateral view which I presently consider to be most diagnostic for the species. The appearance of the dististyle varies greatly as it is rotated around its longitudinal axis. The term genital arch is introduced to name a sclerotized median cup-shaped sternal structure which appears broadly V-shaped from the dorsal or ventral view. Apparently it supports the basistyles and the ejaculatory duct; at present I am unable to determine its homology and it is not figured for any of the species although it is described in the text. All specimens were collected by myself unless otherwise stated. The types are preserved in my collection. 1. Macrocera alternata Brunetti, 1912. Brunetti, 1912, Fauna Brit. India: 52, pi. 1., fig. 2; male, female (Naini Tal, 6000', Mussoori). Brunetti, 1917, Rec. Indian Mus. 13, Pt. 2: 61 ; female (Simla). Diagnosis. — I have a single female specimen which agrees well with the original description of alternata, the following dift'erences being noted : first flagellar segment yellow ; abdominal segments one to three narowly dark on posterior margin. In addition, the follow- ing diagnostic characters are noted for the first time : ocellar promi- nence black ; upper anepisternum with a cluster of setae ; acrostichal 26 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII setae absent; wing membrane without macrotrichiae ; wing (PI. 2) with costa barely produced beyond tip of R5, Sc enters costa at level of anastamosis, Ri+2+3 swollen apically and entering costa halfway between fMi+2 and fR4+5, no wing fold in cell R3, M not fused with Rs and reaching to ni-cu, M1+2 shorter than anastamosis, tips of Mi and M2 not divergent, Sc apically setose, Ri+2+3, R4+5, R4, Rs, Mi, M2, M4 and Cui setose almost entire length. Male terminalia are not available for illustration. Nezv Record. — Nepal, Suna Chudi (Rapti Valley), 520m., 23 March 1957 (E. I. Coher and G. P. Joshi ), I J. Discussion. — I have seen the wing of the type of M. ephemerae- forniis Alexander, 1923, from Japan. The wings are strikingly similar except for the larger size of the Japanese species, the com- paratively greater distance that the costa is produced beyond the apex of R5, and the entry of Sc into the costa just beyond the anastamosis. It is probable that M. ephemeraeformis Edws. (nec Alex.) 1933, from North Borneo, is one of a series of species re- lated to alternata. Comparison of the Brunetti types with my specimen may show that different but closely related species are involved. The types were taken at high altitudes during and immediately after the rainy season while my specimen was taken at a much lower altitude dur- ing the dry season. 2. Macrocera hrunnea Brunetti, 1912. Brunetti, 1912, Eauna Brit. India: 53, pi. 1, fig. 5; 2 females (Phagu, 9000'). Brunetti, 1917, Rec. Indian Mus. 13: 61. Edwards, 1924, Rec. Indian Mus. 26: 291. I have a series of seven specimens taken in the low-lying jungle bordering India (terai), five males and two females. The male is here described and illustrated for the first time. Male. — Head: reddish brown; antenna brown, about four times body length, scape and pedicel yellow brown. Thorax: yellowish, anepisternum and katepisternum a little darker ; acrostichal and dorsocentral setae absent ; upper anepisternum with a couple of setae. Wings: (PI. 2) ; apex faintly suffused from just beyond apex of R4 ; dark cloud from costa through apex of Ri+2+3 reaching R4+5, lightly suffused through anastamosis and into base of cell R5 through M4 to bend in Cui ; membrane with macrotrichiae in cells R4 and apically in R5, Mi and M2 ; costa not produced beyond tip of R5 ; Sc enters costa at level of anastamosis ; Ri+2+3 swollen api- Feh., 1963 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society 27 cally and entering costa at apex of R4 ; slight suggestion of a fold in cell R3 ; M ending in Rs ; M1+2 longer than anastamosis ; tips of Mi and M2 diverging slightly ; Sc, Ri+2+3 and R4 setose ; Mi and Cui with more than distal half setose and M2 and M4 with less than distal half setose; length 4.75mm. Haltere: yellowish. Legs: yel- lowish, tibial spurs subequal, apical comb on foretibia. Abdomen: yellowish ; SVIII shaped like a papal miter. Terminalia: TIX sub- rectangular; genital arch broadly V-shaped, lightly pigmented; dis- tistyle as in Plate 1. Female. — Similar to male. In addition to the original description, the following characters are noted : acrostichal setae absent, dorso- central setae present ; wing membrane with macrotrichiae in apical half of cell R3 and all of cell R4, along a median line in basal portion of cells R5, Ml and M2, and scattered distally in cells M4, Cih, C112 and 1st A. Allotype male. — Nepal, Suna Chudi, 520m., 23 March 1957. Additional records. — Nepal, Parewavir, 570m., 28 March 1957, 1?; Parewavir, 570m., 3 April 1957 (E. I. Coher and G. P. Joshi), 25?. Discussion. — The anal angle of the wing is normally ‘squared’ in my specimens, not as figured by Brunetti. 3. Macrocera elegans Brunetti, 1912. Brunetti, 1912, Fauna Brit. India : 54, pi. 1, fig. 4 ; male ( Darjiling). Edwards, 1924, Rec. Indian Mus. 26: 291. A male and female of this species were taken in the Mahabharat Range. The female is described and the male terminalia figured for the first time. Female. — Head: red brown; antenna yellowish. Thorax: yellow brown ; anepisternum, katepisternum, posterior pleurotergite, me- dian area of scutellum and the postnotum red brown ; mesonotum with median dark triangular area the apex of which nearly attains the posterior margin, with two lateral dark stripes from scutellum not reaching humeral angle ; acrostichal setae absent ; upper anepi- sternum with a cluster of setae. Wing: (PI. 2) ; apex suffused from halfway in cell R4 to midway in cell Mi and caudad along wing margin to apex of vein M2, and from costa through apex of Ri+2+3 and through anastamosis and fMi+2, narrowing to reach bend of Cui ; base of wing suffused ; membrane without macrotrichiae ; costa produced one-third length of margin of cell Rg beyond tip of Rg ; Sc enters costa almost at level of distal part of m-cu; Ri+2+3 swollen apically and entering costa the length of M1+2 beyond fMi+2; a 28 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII short fold in cell Rg ; M ending free at level of bend in Rs ; M1+2 longer than anastamosis ; tips of Mi and M2 slightly divergent ; Sc, Ri+2+3, R4, R5, Ml, M2, M4, Cu and Cui setose; length 5.5mm. Haltere: yellowish. Legs: yellow; midcoxa and apex of hind coxa suffused ; apical comb on foretibia ; tibial spurs subequal. Male. — A single specimen agrees well with the original descrip- tion and Edwards’ correction (1924) except that Ri+2+3 enters the costa the length of M1+2 beyond fMi+2. Also, the anterior as well as the posterior margins of the abdominal tergites are darkened irregularly. In addition to the original description, the following diagnostic characters are noted: acrostichal setae absent; Ri+2+3, Rg and Mi setose while R4, M2, M4 and Cui have a couple of apical setae; SVffll shaped like a papal miter; TIX subrectangular ; geni- tal arch almost bracket-shaped with deep median posterior emargi- nation ; dististyle as in Plate 1 . Allotype female. — Nepal, Mahabharat Range, Simbhanjang 8190', 1 Oct. 1956 (E. I. Coher and G. P. Joshi). Additional specimen. — One male with same data as allotype (E. I. Coher and Pratap Singh). Discussion. — The Brunetti specimen apparently differs only in the length of Ri+2+3 which enters the costa hasad of M1+2. The allotype was taken in an unbaited Shannon trap. 4. Macrocera nepalensis, n. sp. Male. — Head: yellowish except for brownish vertex and black ocellar prominence ; palpus brownish ; antenna yellow brown, about four times body length, with basal flagellar segments, scape and pedicel yellow, with the first three flagellar segments shorter than the following nine and the last two short. Thorax: yellow brown; an elongate brown mark on edge of mesonotum in front of wing and at humeral angle ; acrostichal setae absent ; anepisternum wdth a couple of setae at upper margin. Wing: (PI. 2) ; apex suffused; suffused at tip of Ri+2+3, at base of Rs and from base of R4+5 caudad through fMi+2, narrowing and reaching bend of Cih ; membrane without macrotrichiae ; costa produced well beyond Rg ; Sc meets costa barely beyond base of Rs ; Ri+2+3 swollen apically and meeting costa about the length of M1+2 before the apex of R4 ; no fold in cell Rg ; M fused with Rs at bend; M1+2 longer than anastamosis; tips of Ml and M2 curving in the same direction ; Sc bare ; Ri+2+3, R4+5, R4 apically, Rg, Mi, M2, M4 and Cui setose ; length 4.25mm. Hal- tere: yellow. Legs: yellow; mid and hind coxae slightly darkened; tibial spurs subequal; apical comb on foretibia. Abdomen: yellow Feh.,i96s Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 29 brown; SVIII shaped like a papal miter. Terminalia: TIX siib- rectangular; genital arch apparently broadly V-shaped with a deep median posterior emargination ; dististyle as in Plate 1 . Holotype male. — Nepal, Suparitar, 650m., 8 Dec. 1956. Discussion. — This species has a superficial resemblance to M. brunnea but differs in the form of the terminalia and a number of characters of the wing. 5. Macrocera trispina, n. sp. Male. — Head : reddish brown, blackish around ocelli; palpus red- dish brown ; antenna brown, with first flagellar segment, scape and pedicel yellowish ; antenna broken, at least three times length of body, segments increasing in length through the tenth flagellar segment. Thorax : yellowish brown except for yellow humerus, anterior and posterior pronotum, scutellum and postnotum ; acros- tichal setae absent; upper anepisternum apparently bare. Wing: (PI. 2) ; apex suffused from fR4+s, dark area extending basad along M4 a short distance; suffused at tip of Ri+2+3, base of R4+5 along anastamosis and along M1+2 and at bend of Cui in cell M4 ; suffused below apex of Sc and below humeral vein ; membrane with numer- ous macrotrichiae in cell R4, a few distally in cell R3 ; costa barely produced beyond R5 ; Sc ends in costa at level of apex of m-cu ; Ri+2+3 swollen apically, broadly joining costa basad of the apex of R4 ; fold in cell R3 ; M fused with Rs at bend ; M1+2 about one half as long as anastamosis ; tips of Mi and Ms noticeably divergent ; Sc, Ri+2+3, R+, Rs setose and Mi setose apically; Ms, M4 and Cih bare; length 4.25mm. Haltere: yellow. Legs: yellow; mid and hind coxae slightly reddened ; tibial spurs subequal ; apical comb on fore- tibia. Abdomen: yellowish; SVIII shaped like a papal miter. Terminalia: TIX subtrapezoidal, anterior margin deeply emargi- nate ; genital arch broadly V-shaped, pigmented laterally and with a median V-shaped notch on the posterior margin ; dististyle as in Plate 1. Holotype male.- — Nepal, Suna Chudi, 520m., 23 March 1957. Discussion. — If the anepisternal setae are actually not present, trispina is the only species in the genus that I have been able to study which does not have these setae. M. pusilla Mg., 1830, is the only other species in the genus to have a trifid dististyle but that species has no wing pattern. This new species does not seem to be closely related to any species yet described. 30 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. LVIII 6. Macrocera simbhanjangana, n. sp. Represented by a series of nine males and three females from Simbhanjang which were taken along a stream in the rhododendron forest. Male. — Head: yellowish, with vertex brown; antenna brown, about twice the body length, with first flagellar segment, scape and pedicel yellowish and eighth and ninth flagellar segments lengthened. Thorax: yellowish, anepisternum, katepisternum and pleurotergite suffused ; mesonotum with median dark triangle with apex at level of wing base and the two lateral dark stripes from scutellum not reaching humeral angle ; scutellum and postnoturn suffused me- dianly ; acrostichal setae absent ; upper anepisternum with several setae. Wing: (PI. 2) ; apex lightly suffused from about halfway in cell R4 ; membrane with abundant macrotrichiae, densest apically, absent in basal area and absent or sparse basally in cells R3, R5, Mg, M4, Cui, C112 and 1st A ; costa produced one-fourth length of margin of cell R5 beyond R5 ; Sc ending in costa at base of or at the level of the anastamosis ; Ri+2+3 swollen apically and meeting costa widely just basad of the apex of R4; fold in cell R3 ; M ending in bend of Rs, sometimes with a small spur ending free ; M1+2 about twice as long as anastamosis ; tips of Mi and M2 curving in the same direc- tion; Sc, Ri+2+3, R4+5, R