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| Volume 48, No. 362, February 1989

:

BRITISH MUSEUM
MATURAL gE

wt toe 2G,

The Bulletin

of the Amateur
Entomologists’
society

EDITOR
BRIAN O. C. GARDINER, F.L.S.

The Amateur Entomologists’ Society

Founded in 1935

President: D. LONSDALE 54 Cherry Way,
Alton, Hants GU34 2AX.
Hon. General C. C. PENNEY 109 Waveney Drive, Springfield,
Secretary: Chelmsford, Essex CM1 5QA.
Hon. Treasurer: R. A. FRY The Hawthorns, Frating Road,
Great Bromley, Colchester CO7 7JN.
Registrar: NANCY CRIBB (Mrs) 355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth,

Feltham, Middlesex TW13 5JH.

. Bulletin Editor: B. O. C. GARDINER 2 Highfield Avenue,
Cambridge CB4 2AL.

Hon. General Editor: P. W. CRIBB _ 355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth,
Feitham, Middlesex TW13 5JH.

WHERE TO WRITE

First subscription (including REGISTRAR (Mrs Cribb)
entrance fee) £8, or £6 under 18, Address as listed above. —
changes of address, non-arrival of
Bulletins, membership applications

and records.

Subscription renewals NANCY CRIBB (Mrs), 355 Hounslow Road,
£6 or £4 (under 18): Hanworth, Feltham, Middlesex TW13 5JH.

Manuscripts, drawings and books ES, :
for review: B. O. C. GARDINER, Address as above.
Advertisers: R. DYKE, 6 Grange Park Avenue,
Grange Park, London N21 2LJ.
Exhibition matters: R. F. McCORMICK, 125 Brocks Drive,

: North Cheam, Sutton, Surrey. .
General enquiries: C. C. PENNEY, Address as above.
J.C.C.B.I. Representative © :

& Editor of . D. LONSDALE, 54 Cherry Way, |

Insect Conservation News: Alton, Hants GU34 2AX.

Dr: C. BETTS, 17 Mereway Road,
Twickenham, Middx. TW2 6RF.

Habitat Conservation Officer:

Wants and Exchange: - _M. COLVIN, 1 Sedgewick Close, Pound Hill,
Crawley, Sussex RH10 4B2Z.
A.E.S. Exotic Insects Group: C. J. ESCHBACHER, 38 Frith Road,
Bognor Regis, Sussex PO21 5LL.
A.E.S. Insect Behaviour and ~ B. L. WILLIAMSON, 73 Little Brays,
Ants Study Group: Harlow, Essex CM18 6ES.

Advertising rates: The following charges apply to adverts in the body of the Bulletin.
Full page £50; Half page £30; Quarter page £20.

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| Just published

The Dragonflies of Europe
written and illustrated by R. R. Askew

In this, the first book written originally in English to be devoted to the entire European fauna, the
author’s aim is to simplify the identification of dragonflies and to promote interest in them. In his
Foreword, Professor P. S. Corbet, President of the British Dragonfly Society, writes that he is
‘confident this aim will be achieved’, adding that naturalists ‘will be indebted to Dr. Askew for the
dedication, knowledge and artistic skill he has displayed when preparing this book’.

The text contains chapters on life history, the adult dragonfly, distribution of European dragonflies
(with colour photographs of habitats), and morphology, followed by a check list, Keys and descrip-
tions, with maps showing national boundaries for the 114 species found in Europe. An additional 24
species found in bordering regions are also briefly described. There follow keys to the final-instar
larvae, an extensive bibliographical reference section with over 500 entries, 29 superb colour plates
of adults and a comprehensive index. The text is illustrated with over 500 line-drawings.

This will undoubtedly become the standard work of reference on European Odonata.
292pp. incl. 31 col. pls 29 x 21cm clothbound ISBN 0 946589 10 0 £49.95 net
(detailed colour prospectus available)

In production

Grasshoppers and allied Insects of Great Britain and Ireland
by Judith Marshall and Christopher Haes; illustrated by Denys Ovenden

This is the first work for very many years to cover all the orthopteroid orders comprising the
bush-crickets, crickets, grasshoppers, earwigs and stick-insects. It gives full descriptions of the 52
species found in the British Isles, including the Channel Islands, and details of their life-history and
behaviour, habitat and distribution, with vice-county and dot-distribution maps of records received to
the end of 1987. Each species is illustrated in colour showing sexual dimorphism, colour forms and
nymphs; text figures highlight diagnostic differences. This work also stresses the vital importance of
habitat conservation for many of these insects which are already on the edge of their range.

The comprehensive introductory section, with contributions by specialist authors, includes
chapters on nomenclature and classification; a history of the study of Orthoptera; distribution and
| history of British species (D. R. Ragge); life history; song and courtship; predators, parasites and
diseases; locating and collecting; rearing and culturing; sound recording (J. F. Burton); and
photography (R. & C. Foord).

The systematic section contains a check list of species mentioned in the text, a comprehensive
key to and detailed descriptions of the British species and an account of the casual and migrant
species.

In the section on habitats (including twelve colour photographs of habitat types) is detailed
information of particular value to the ecologist and conservationist. Appendices include charts of
offshore island and vice-county records; outstanding sites; and a list of about 800 localities
mentioned in the text, with grid reference and vice-county location. Extensive references, ten superb
colour plates and an index of scientific and English names complete the book.

In his Foreword, Dr. Ragge writes that ‘this new work will fill a long-standing need’ and ‘is sure to. . .
be the standard reference work for many years to come’.

approx. 240pp. incl. 12 col. pls 25 x 20cm clothbound ISBN 0 946589 13 5 £25.00 net

Already available:
A Sound Guide to the Grasshoppers and allied Insects of Great Britain
and Ireland ISBN 0 946589 224 = £5.75 incl. VAT

Cassette of songs (30 mins — 26 species) specially made for Harley Books by John Burton of the
BBC Natural History Unit with commentary by David R. Ragge.

Order from your bookseller or direct from Harley Books, adding £2.00 per title and 50p for the
cassette to cover p.&p. Complete catalogue on request.

Harley Books, Great Horkesley, Colchester, Essex CO64AH Tel: (0206) 271216

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AES BULLETIN
No. 362

‘eae

EDITORIAL

It is with great pleasure that I inform members that the Bulletin is now to
be published bimonthly instead of quarterly. This year, therefore, issues
are scheduled for February, April, June, August, October and
December. While each issue will be a little thinner than hitherto, we hope
to see an increase in the total number of yearly pages and quicker
publication of some items, particularly those of more immediate and
topical interest. This will also mean that I will need a steady flow of
articles and I would particularly welcome those of a practical nature,
short notes, and more illustrative matter. While good black and white
glossy prints are more suited to our medium, many of the illustrations in
recent issues have been translations of colour transparencies into
monochrome, something our printer makes a very good job of.

Apologies to members that the November issue arrived very late in the
month, or not until December, and also for the serious error that
occurred in that the second half of an article appeared (pages 215-217). A
combination of factors caused both delay and misprinting. The pressman
who had assembled our Bulletin for several years had left the firm: a
misunderstanding arose with the new man; the realisation at a very late
Stage of production that some text had gone astray: this combined with
the disorganisation consequent upon my change of house.

After 25 years in the one place it takes time (years?) to re-organise
elsewhere, let alone keep track of everything during the move. I may also
have confused members by giving a different address (my son’s) in the
last issue to where I am now: 2 Highfield Avenue, Cambridge CB4 2AL,
to which all correspondence should be sent. The reason for this apparent
double move was that at the time of printing the November issue I had
already left my old address but not yet acquired a new one! All credit to
the Post Office and mail sent to my old address is being redirected and
reaching me.

2 FEBRUARY 1989

A considerable number of books are either mentioned or reviewed in
our pages. Clearly more than most members would expect, or would
even want to buy. Nevertheless there is often something of interest in
many books, or even a brief need for the information in a particular
book, which could be of use, but which would not justify the price,
particularly of an expensive book. While too many books can be assessed
on the shelves of a local bookshop, this may only apply to those within
larger towns. The answer to such problems is to apply to your local
library. Pressed as they are for funding in today’s climate of public (or
lack of) spending, local lending libraries are there to serve the public,
whatever their interests, and have a statutory duty to stock books for
which there is a demand, and if enough persistent enquiries and fuss is
made then many of the entomological books mentioned in our pages
should be available on loan.

TAPE REVIEW

Sound guide to the grasshoppers and allied insects of Great Britain and
Ireland by J. F. Burton and D. R. Ragge. Cassette tape, double-sided;
playing time 28 minutes. Harley Books, Colchester, 1988. Price £5.75.

I am delighted to have the opportunity here of making some comments
on this recorded Sound Guide.

The 35 items are clearly announced and sensibly arranged. The mellow
rasping of the Oak bush-cricket is followed by the thin chirping of the
Great Green bush-cricket. Later, the song of an isolated male Field-
cricket is given, followed firstly by the sound of many in “‘chorus’’, then
by the courtship song. This allows the listener an appreciation of the
range of sounds peculiar to the species, and an insight into the meaning
and purpose of those sounds. Songs of the Stripe-winged grasshopper are
given, followed by an example of the species’ courtship song. So, too,
with the Lesser marsh grasshopper — and all clearly announced on the
recording.

Grasshopper and cricket sounds vary greatly in volume, and many are
thin and high pitched. The technical problems of recording such sounds
— amplification, distortion, balance — have been successfully overcome
in this Sound Guide, and the result is as pleasing as it is educational.

I feel that the recorded work will impress the listener with the variety
of sounds produced by stridulation, and with the natural exuberance of
the species of the order Orthoptera, especially in courtship. I feel that it
will inspire the listener to wander downland, field and grassy wayside, in
future, with ears as alert as eyes, capable and assured of discerning many
species by sound alone, and of assigning meaning and purpose to these
sounds. I feel that it will inspire some to enter into the spirit, and into the
music, of cricket and grasshopper song, and serve to enhance their
knowledge and enjoyment of this area of entomology thereby.

Frank Marples

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 3

NEED FOR NATIONAL NETWORK OF BIOLOGICAL RECORDS

In our last issue we published some account of how the powers that be
regarded Biological Recording as ‘‘an area of low priority science.’’ One
thing that may not have been apparent from our item was the change of
mind that occurred between sending off the manuscript to our printers
and the receipt of the proofs. Originally it had been decided to terminate
the post of one of the staff at the Monks Wood Biological Records
Centre, but during the course of being typeset, as a result of
representations being made, this decision was rescinded and nobody is
now to be made redundant. Indeed, this area of ‘‘low priority science’’ is
now very much alive and kicking and the need for it has been shown to be
even more important than ever. The extract below is taken from habitat
and speaks for itself:

‘fA national network of biological recording is urgently needed to
prepare for land-use changes as UK agricultural land is taken out of
production, and as Green Belt land faces increasing pressure from
developers. This is the conclusion of a report Biological Survey: Need
and Network which is published by the Linnean Society (Price £2
inclusive from them at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OLQ)
which calls on the Government to supply the initial funding necessary to
establish such a network. The report is the work of an expert committee,
chaired by Professor R.J. Berry, set up by the Society as a result of
concern about the state and lack of co-ordination of biological recording
in the British Isles.’

The report acknowledges the work of the Biological Centre at Monk’s
Wood which can give the distribution of particular animals and plants.
However, it cannot show the diversity or change in particular sites or
habitats. There is virtually no co-ordination between the many local and
regional records centres which receive and validate data fed in by vast
numbers of experts, both amateur and professional. As a result surveys
are continually being commissioned by planning departments, the
Nature Conservancy Council, water authorities and others when specific
information is needed. The report recommends that: —

a co-ordination commission be established under the lead of an

appropriate national body.

a national network of biological record centres be set up, linking and

strengthening the existing county and regional centres.

a national collative and interpretive unit be centred on the Institute of

Terrestrial Ecology.

a central data store be based on the Rural Data Archive at the

University of Essex which already holds a range of environmental

data.

The authors call upon the Government to supply the necessary
finance to meet an urgent national need.

4 FEBRUARY 1989

BOOK REVIEW

The Dragonflies of Europe by R. R. Askew, Harley Books, 1988. 291 pp
plus 29 colour plates, Hardback, £49.95. ISBN 0 946589 100.

Reviewers are always on their guard against new books which duplicate
subjects already covered elsewhere, especially so when the subject is one
of the more popular taxonomic groups. The dragonflies are something of
an author’s dream; large, beautiful and having a manageable number of
species. Not suprisingly, therefore, Dick Askew is by no means the first
author in this field. The book is, however, the first English text to cover
the entire European dragonfly fauna and for this reason alone, it might
be a first choice for anyone who wants to make a really serious study of
the Order.

The book starts with five general chapters which outline the biology
and the European distribution of Odonata, and the rather large scale of
the work gives space for a thorough treatment of this background
information. This thoroughness extends to the naming of morphological
parts, but some of this terminology is used in the text long before all is
revealed in Chapter 5. In the absence of a well demarcated glossary, the
information in Chapter 5 could at least have been made more accessible
by the inclusion of morphological terms in the index; not every user of
the species’ descriptions will be familiar with terms like epiproct and
hamule. This is, however a minor problem, and the general chapters are
on the whole very helpful.

The style is readable, if necessarily rather didactic, and is relieved by
some intriguing snippets of information. Ornithologists, for example,
may be alarmed to note that insects can occasionally turn the tables; the
American Anax junius has been observed to seize, kill and carry off a
hummingbird. Medical entomologists may be equally interested to know
that Orthetrum chrysostigma is said to catch tsetse flies on the backs of
Africans. The details of copulation and oviposition are particularly well
covered, and there are some interesting remarks on ways in which the
males of different species seem to have adopted either of two behavioural
Strategies to compete genetically with rival individuals. Growth and
development are also quite well covered, but there is little explanation of
the fact that Odonata are exopterygote insects and therefore do not
pupate.

The main part of the work consists of keys and descriptions of taxa
within the Odonata. Every European species is thoroughly covered here,
and the entry for each species contains a consistent sequence of headings:
description of the adult, biology, flight period and distribution.
Synonyms for scientific names are given, as are English, French and
German common names where these exist. The keys themselves seem to
have a good separation of characters, although many of the dichotomies

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 5

are based on several different characters, an approach which has both
pros and cons for users of keys. Where necessary, separate keys are given
for males and females. Every key is supplemented with a wealth of
excellent illustrations and with very few exceptions, every set of
illustrations covers all the species contained in the particular key.

Each species entry includes a European distribution map which shows
national boundaries and which includes much of European Russia and
part of North Africa. The maps are based on all the information
available to the author, but he has had to place question marks over
some distribution ranges, and hopes that other entomologists will be
encouraged to help correct and update distribution data. The maps will,
of course, be useful in the conservation of species of Odonata, some of
which are under severe threat due to destruction and degradation of
habitat. This point is made in the book, but there is otherwise little
mention of conservation; not necessarily an omission in a book which is
geared primarily towards identification.

Since adult insects can only be found in certain months of the year, it is
useful to take advantage of the fact that identification, at least to generic
level, can often be achieved by examination of the ‘‘skins’’ cast at the
final moult. This can also reduce the need to take live adults, even when
they are available. The author provides a very useful key for this
purpose, compiled largely from the work of earlier authors. This key
covers all families and genera and some species.

After a list of references — which are used throughout the text in a
scholarly way — the book ends with a series of colour plates, all based on
Dick Askew’s own paintings. The male and female of every species are
included, as are some of the colour variations. These plates are superb in
their morphological detail, in artistic quality and in the standard of
reproduction. The plate captions appear opposite the plates themselves
and it is only on these facing sheets that any lavish acreage of blank
paper appears in the book. This is not unreasonable in view of the
varying lengths of the caption, only some of which might have been
accommodated beneath the plates.

As far as the paintings-versus-photographs argument is concerned, the
former are, perhaps, more appropriate in a definitive work of this type.
The reflectance of the wings seen, for example, in Andrew McGeeney’s
photographically illustrated book on British dragonflies, can obscure
diagnostic features. Colours such as the blue of Coenagrion mercuriale
are, however, perhaps rendered more faithfully by well reproduced
photographs. Incidentally, McGeeney illustrates a number of colour
forms which are not included in Askew’s plates.

The index is very good as far as inclusion of all page references is
concerned, and the principal entry in the text for each taxon is well
marked by bold type. However, there are virtually no entries for

6 FEBRUARY 1989

subjects, aS Opposed to taxa, except as sub-entries under taxonomic
headings. This deficiency has already been mentioned in relation to the
reader’s need to find out the meaning of morphological terms.

Despite minor criticisms, this book is a masterpiece and is well worth
the admittedly expensive price tag. Dick Askew’s achievement is
remarkable when one considers that the study of Odonata is for him a
hobby, although he is a professional entomologist. His display of artistic
and technical skill in producing both the plates and the text illustrations
are also extremely impressive. Like any book which contains
morphological keys, it is not instantly accessible to the person whose
main experience is with Lepidoptera and whose skill is confined to the
recognition of colour patterns, but neither is it an advanced text only for
the use of the expert. For anyone whose pocket can take the strain, this
will be an outstanding addition to his or her book collection.

David Lonsdale

A THIRD GENERATION OF THE MAP BUTTERFLY
(ARASCHNIA LEVANA)

by Peter W. Cribb (2270)

While in northern France at the end of July 1988, we found several
batches of newly hatched larvae of the Map butterfly. The eggs are laid
in chains suspended from the underside of the terminal leaves of nettles.
The nettles were in a clearing on the edge of woodland and the larvae had
only just hatched, grouping together on the underside of the leaves
adjacent to the egg cases. The first generation of the species emerge from
Over-wintered pupae and these are of the typical ‘map’ coloration, flying
in early April. These produce a second generation in July and these are of
the form prorsa, and look much more like the White Admiral, Limenitis
camilla. The larvae we found were the progeny of this generation. On
reaching home I kept the larvae outside in a cage and they duly fed up
and pupated around 16th August. I left them in the cage, intending to
collect them up later to place them into winter quarters in the hope of
breeding them on in the Spring. To my surprise I found two males
emerged on the Ist September and subsequently five females, all of the
prorsa form, though the females showed more of the brown coloration,
referable to the intermediate form porima. The remaining ten pupae
appear to be going to hibernate. It would appear that the species must
regularly produce a partial third brood as the weather conditions in
Middlesex would certainly have been less favourable than in France and
after the emergence the weather deteriorated so much that I was unable
to obtain pairings from those that had emerged. They sat about in the
cage, fed occasionally on Sedum flowers but showed no inclination to
mate. The literature does not mention this third partial generation.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 7

WHEN IS AN ABERRATION NOT AN ABERRATION?

by Peter Tebbutt (7941)

This somewhat puzzling question occurred to me when I was preparing a
talk on Variation in British butterflies. The real confusion began to set in
while attempting to differentiate between forms (f) and aberrations (ab).
Very few of the textbooks that I possess give definitions. Colour
Identification Guide to British Butterflies by T. G. Howarth defines the
term form: ‘‘Certain species have responded to their environment more
than others and have evolved distinctive coloration or markings. These
forms usually have a geographical association and are referred to as
chalk, limstone or heathland forms.’’ The aberrations description
includes ‘‘Most aberrations, if not all, are genetically controlled, in other
words, the characters they possess are inherited, and they may also be
controlled environmentally by such factors as temperature.’’

Surely forms are also created by the same means, but are more closely
governed by natural selection, especially in the example given, }.e., the
Grayling. The lighter marked specimens are less prone to predation on
chalk or limestone sites than would be the darker marked heathland
specimens, and vice versa. Although, in all probability, both light and
dark specimens occurred on all sites originally, the ones whose cryptic
coloration most closely resembled its habitat had the best chance of
surviving and breeding, and so passed on its genes that controlled its
coloration.

Paul Smart in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World
states “‘Strictly, forms are variations of regular occurrence which
represent a fairly constant proportion, however small, of the total
population. Aberrations are variations of irregular or random
appearance .. .”’ So the Silver-washed fritillary (Argynnis paphia)
valezina and the Clouded yellow (Colias croceus) helice are by definition
forms, as well as being examples of dimorphism. Both are colour forms
that are believed to represent 5% - 15% of the female population, where
found. That is the awkward bit!

The Clouded yellow is a notable wanderer, so the helice form is equally
wide-spread. The Silver-washed fritillary however, is much more
sedentary. While the va/ezina form is found in many of the localities it is
unrecorded from others. If it therefore suddenly occurred in a colony
where it was previously unrecorded would it suddenly become an
aberration?

Confused? So was I, and it deepened further when I included two
varieties of the Chalkhill blue (Lysandra coridon) into the reckoning.
The famous fowleri and the equally famous and beautiful tithonus are
both known to be of reasonably regular appearance in some colonies,

8 | FEBRUARY 1989

while being virtually unrecorded from others. Would they be referable to
f. fowleri or tithonus from site ‘‘A’’ while being ab. fowleri or tithonus
from site ‘‘B’’? These examples could be added to almost indefinitely.

A further point was raised during correspondence with Mr Brian O. C.
Gardiner concerning the occurrence of the Large white (Pieris brassicae)
ab. coerulea. Having answered my enquiry he went on to say that a
different P. brassicae ab. could be produced by rearing at high humidity,
and finished with ‘‘Still I suppose as the results are not genetically
inherited such forms do not count.”’

This was like kicking somebody when they were already down. If it
were true, what about all the magnificent melanic abs. that are found,
particularly in the family Nymphalidae? Would the Purple emperor
(Apatura iris) ab. iole, the White Admiral (Ladoga camilla) ab. nigrina,
Small tortoiseshell (Ag/ais urticae) ab. semiichnusoides, the Silver-
washed fritillary (A. paphia) ab. nigricans and many others suddenly be
discounted? All have appeared in captive reared stock when the freshly
formed pupa are subjected to severe temperature change, either too high
or too low, but is it exactly the same in the wild? Is the presence of one or
more genes necessary before the resultant imago is affected, or is it
simply all down to the exact time and/or duration of the hot or cold
spell?

Can different varieties created by temperature or humidity really be
discounted because they are not genetically inherited? Surely all spring or
summer broods that show seasonal differences are created by such
changes. It is just that their appearance can be relied upon while the
others are of irregular or random appearance. (Didn’t I see that
definition applied to aberrations earlier?)

My personal view is that if a variety occurs under natural conditions,
no matter how extreme these need to be for its appearance, then it should
be counted as an aberration. Whether or not it should receive a formal
description and Latin name is open to much debate. I think that one-off
abs. do not warrant such treatment, but if it occurs several times then a
specific name Is perhaps justified.

One last poser was set by the Large heath (Coenonympha tullia),
which in the British Isles. is subject to gradual variation over a
geographical area, the term cline often being used. It has three named
sub-species or forms (depending on the literature referred to), but many
intermediate colour or spot variation may be encountered. Should these
intermediaries be referred to with the two names that they are between,
in much the same manner as half way between north and east on a
compass is north-east, while 50% nearer the north is north-north-east,
etc?

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 9

My own use of the term form is restricted to any variety that is
dimorphic or seasonally dimorphic, while the term aberration is used for
all other varieties whether genetically inherited or climatically produced.

Although all the examples cited are butterflies, this confusion of
terminology must equally apply to moths and other insects, and, to a
somewhat lesser extent, all animals and plants. If any member can supply
a reliable definition for forms and aberrations I would be eternally
grateful. Also any views as to whether or not an aberration counts if it is
produced other than by genetic inheritance would be most welcome.

JOHN CROMPTON’S WORKS — HELP WANTED
by William Weinstein

I am presently investigating the life of John Battersby Crompton
Lamburn, who under the name John Crompton wrote six natural history
books between the 1940s and 1960s. These books, which recently have
been reissued in the United States, are:

— A Hive of Bees (first published as The Hive)
— The Hunting Wasp

— The Spider

— The Ways of the Ant

— The Living Sea

— The Snake

These were beautifully written books, with a loyal group of readers.
Crompton’s books were written for a lay audience; his assertions about
insect intelligence received scorn from most of the scientific community.

Much of Crompton’s correspondence has been lost. I am writing to
inquire whether any of your members recall Crompton’s work,
remember some of the controversies he was involved in, or even
corresponded with him (and wish to share their correspondence). I am
interested in any reaction the British natural science public (lay or
scientific) has had, including that of younger members who have come
upon Crompton’s work.

Did his books have any particular influence on them as students of
natural history? Do they think he has been overlooked (or has he been
properly overlooked)? Do they take issue with what he wrote? What do
they find most appealing, fascinating, irritating, infuriating, endearing,
important about his work?

If any members can be of any help I shall be greatly indebted to them
and can be contacted at 660 Fort Washington Avenue, SF, New York
NY 10040, USA.

10 FEBRUARY 1989 ©

BOOK REVIEW

CIE Guides to insects of importance to man. 1. Lepidoptera by J. D.
Holloway, J. D. Bradley and D. J. Carter; Ed., C. R. Betts. C.A.B.
International Institution of Entomology/British Museum Natural
History, London. Pp. 262, Price £14.00 spiral bound and £25.00
hardback.

This is emphatically not a guide to the identification of species, but it is
designed to help the reader to identify Lepidoptera to family, and in
some cases sub-family, level. It also includes much information on the
economic and scientific importance (both negative and positive) of the
many taxonomic groupings within the Order, together with notes on
their general biology. As the textual version of a training course, the
book also includes, for completeness, elementary guidance on methods
of collection, preservation and microscopic examination.

It is pointed out early in the text that the taxonomy of the Order leaves
a lot to be desired, partly because both classifiers and identifiers have
relied too heavily on the comparison of wing colour patterns for
characterisation of taxa. Details of body structure and surface
sculpturing may need to be used increasingly in taxonomic work, and the
likelihood of consequent revision means that the book represents the
state of a changing ‘‘art’’ in this respect. Visual matching cannot, in any
case, achieve adequate identification for higher taxa, and this means that
keys — rather than pictorial guides — have to be used. Keys of such
length may be unfamiliar to amateur lepidopterists who have never tried
to identify ‘‘other orders’’, but these keys rely heavily on wing
characters, especially venation, which should be familiar territory. There
are also many drawings which illustrate features of diagnostic
importance.

Following a short guide to the suborders, infraorders and divisions of
the Lepidoptera, there is a key to the ditrysian families and some
subfamilies. The following section provides descriptions of these groups,
together with notes and references on their economic importance. This
section is divided, for convenience rather than for taxonomic validity,
between the Micro and Macrolepidoptera.

Since many encounters with economically important Lepidoptera are
made at the larval stage, it is good to find an additional key to families
which is based on larval characters. There is also a guide to pupae. The
head and the prolegs figure prominently in most parts of the larval key
which, like the adult keys, is well supplied with illustrations. The book
closes with a sizeable list of references.

The academic or the economic entomologist will feel more at home

with this book than the amateur lepidopterist, who may be discouraged
not only by the need to use complex identification keys, but also by the

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 11

sometimes rather dry, if grammatically correct text. The rather small size
of print also detracts from the book’s superficial appeal. For the more
advanced amateur, however, the book could prove to be a mine of
information and a means of understanding the Lepidoptera within the
broader entomological context.

D. Lonsdale

CAN INSECTS TRANSMIT AIDS?

by John Clarke (8784)

Over a thousand cases of AIDS have now been reported from the U.K.
and the possibility of insect transmission may be of concern both to those
visiting West Africa and to those who feed their ‘‘pets’’ on their own
blood.

Insects transmit disease by two mechanisms:- firstly biological
transmission when the organism is ingested in blood, multiplies and is
injected (in saliva) into a second human when feeding next occurs; this is
how malaria is spread. Secondly mechanical transmission in which blood
remaining on the mouth parts is introduced when the second victim is
pierced.

The AIDS virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), does not
multiply in insect tissue culture or in insects fed, or injected, with highly
infectious blood. The receptor to which HIV binds is absent in insect
cells and the only organisms that can be infected are man and the
chimpanzee. The only piece of evidence to support insect infection is that
the DNA of some insects in areas of high prevalence contain a sequence
resembling that of HIV; the fact that these include male mosquitoes and
antlions which would have no means of contacting the virus suggest that
they have identified an insect virus and not HIV.

Thus mechanical transmission is the only route by which HIV could be
transferred; the probability of this occurring depends upon
1. the possibility of biting an infected person which is perhaps 1%
2. who has free virus in the blood, only 20 - 30% have detectable HIV
3. the amount of residual blood on the mouthparts, and
4. theinfectivity of that small amount.

Bedbug mouthparts contain approximately seven millionths of a ml
and horseflies about 10 x 10~-*ml. The usual concentration of HIV in
man is low; only one in a million lymphocytes (white blood cells) are
infectious and only 175 would remain in the mouth parts of the average
bedbug.

12 FEBRUARY 1989

Time and concentration seem vital to virus survival in bloodsucking
insects: —

Mosquitoes fed on 10-100,000 infectious units/ml = no survival
Mosquitoes fed on | million infectious units/ml = 48 hours survival
Bedbugs fed on 10-100,000 infectious units/ml = 1-4 hours survival
Bedbugs fed on 10 million infectious units/ml = 72 hours survival

To put this into perspective remember that only 20% have virus in
blood and the average concentration in 2-5 units/ml.

After feeding most insects rest and digest their blood meal and only
bite a second time if feeding is interrupted. This is more likely with the
larger biting flies and the second bite is generally attempted on the same
host. Only 2% of feeds are interrupted.

Thus it requires a remarkable series of unlikely events all of which
must coincide before insect transmission is even theoretically possible.

The next question to address is— ‘‘Is there any evidence that insect
transmission does occur?”’

The pattern of AIDS in Africa does not resemble that of other diseases
that do involve an insect vector. Even in areas of high prevalence,
children (who are commonly bitten) and the elderly are at low risk and
AIDS most commonly occurs in sexually active males between 20 and 35
years. It is ridiculous to suggest that an unidentified African insect bites
only this group, homosexuals, drug addicts and prostitutes.

Household contacts of AIDS sufferers are no more likely than the
general population to become infected which would not be the case if
bedbugs were transmitting the virus between family members.

However remote the risks of contacting AIDS from tropical biting
insects it must be remembered that a large number of singularly nasty,
and sometimes fatal, diseases are transmitted by this route and the
enthusiast who knowingly allows himself to be bitten by wild Reduvid
bugs, Tsetse flies, Ticks or Mosquitoes is courting disaster. Malaria can
occur despite taking the correct pills (and be fatal despite treatment) and
some ticks transmit viruses that cause the most devastating and
untreatable infections of the central nervous system.

So when travelling abroad it is sensible to avoid biting insects, use
repellants and other means of protection (nets) and above all remember
to take your malaria pills during your trip and for six weeks after
returning.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 13

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON VARIOUS WATER BEETLES

by Mark Johnson (3464)

When I first started to keep water beetles I suffered many deaths. I then
went to the local petshop where I had purchased my aquarium tank and
explained that the water was turning green. The owner then introduced
me to some products named ‘‘Aquarian’’ and I used No. 4 which
contains a special fungicide said to be harmless to other plants and to
fish. But still one of the Hyphydrus died. I then tried product No. 6
which contains preventative medicaments to combat and kill many
ectoparasites. Now I had noticed white spots, both on water beetles I had
freshly caught and on the glass sides of my aquarium and when I
consulted the leaflet that comes with the ‘‘Aquarian’’ products I found
that these were bladders containing Ichthyophyrius multifils.

I had been using, as I believe do most people, tap water. From
experience I am now Sticking to using this only after it has been filtered
through a container in which there is a ‘‘Brita’’ filter which completely
purifies the water and then add the ‘‘Aquarian’’ conditioners which
clears any diseases (parasites) the beetles might have and controls the
growth of algae in my aquarium. Whenever the water commences to
become cloudy, as it does from time to time, then I change it.

I now have, and find they live happily together, specimens of Acilius,
Hyphydrus and Hygrobia. I have collected and observed species of these
genera a lot and have also had examples of species of Rantus and
Agabus.

The beetle Hygrobia hermanni is easily recognised by its yellow and
black colouring. It has a fair-sized body and the legs are of a lighter
colour. When annoyed by similar individuals of the same species, this
beetle makes an audible screech, but when it seems happy to accept the
presence of another individual the sound is different, this time being a
loud click.In Victorian days, because of this remarkable feature, these
beetles were sold as pets in St.Martin’s Lane, London. It is important
however, not to overfeed, particularly with the corned beef as this soon
putrifies and the beetles do not then like the conditions and try to escape
from the aquarium.

As to feeding, I found that Acilius does prefer corned beef, while
Hygrobia and Hyphydrus prefer Tubifex worms and Daphnia.

Now I have found that Acilius sulcatus is a very quiet elusive species
which spends a lot of time resting. Through watching on and off over the
past three years I have recorded that these species usually hide by day,
only swimming infrequently, and they are most active during the night,
particularly between one and three am. I have also found that if the
aquarium is of large enough size and is sufficiently laid out with the

14 FEBRUARY 1989

Acilius sulcatus mating. Drawn from life by Mark Johnson.

appropriate contents of weed and hiding places, then these beetles will
not attack or interfere with each other, accepting the aquarium as they
would a natural pond.

One observation that I have made is the acute vision of Acilius
sulcatus. This beetle has wide angle vision as even when I crept up on
them at night and was still standing a few feet away they would dive. I
did once manage to creep up without one so doing and managed to draw
him amongst the floating vegetation. Acilius seem to be night-time
feeders and hide during the day, unlike some of the other genera which
like to feed during the day.

After studying, observing and drawing water beetles for several years,
a project which took up every possible moment of my spare time, I still
had a surprise to come. This was when, on April 3rd 1988 I looked at the
aquarium and suddenly I spotted a pair of Acilius sulcatus mating. I at
once grabbed my sketching pad and the result is shown in the
accompanying illustration.

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16 FEBRUARY 1989

AMERICAN SATURNIIDAE: CERATOCAMPINAE
Claude Lemaire’s third volume is now published

Brenesia is pleased to announce the April 1988 publication of ‘‘The
Saturniidae of America: Ceratocampinae’’ by Claude Lemaire, in
honour of the 100th anniversary of the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica.
This is the third volume of Lemaire’s revisions of the New World
saturniids, and covers all known 170 species (27 genera) in 480 pages of
text, 379 text figures, 56 lifesize colour photographic plates of all adults,
two black and white plates and six colour photographic plates of 24
species of larvae. The text is in easily readable French with an English
summary for each species, and an English and Spanish summary for each
genus. Male and female genitalia drawings are given for virtually all
species, along with geographic ranges and host plants as known at the
time of publication.

This is a book of exceptional beauty as well as thorough taxonomic
coverage, and the result of over 20 years of intense study by the author.
The colour plates of both sexes allow virtually instant identification of
adults, which means that there is now the opportunity for extensive work
on the ecology, behaviour, and physiology of this speciose group of
geographically and ecologically widespread group of predominantly
tropical moths.

This book may be obtained by sending a cheque made out to
Fundacion Neotropica for $80.00 US ($85 if airmail delivery is wished).
Mail check to Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Aptdo 749-1000, San Jose,
Costa Rica. Within Costa Rica, copies are available at the Fundacion
Neotropica, Organization for Tropical Studies, and the Museo Nacional.

Note: Vol. 1 (Saturniinae) and Vol. 2 (Arsenurinae) are still available
from the author: C. Lemaire, La Croix des Baux, F.84220, Gordes,
France.

WASP ATTACKING SMALL WHITE
by Jayson J. Lowery (7504)

Whilst walking my dog on August 28 last year I came across something I
have never previously witnessed.

Waiking over a slightly overgrown grass verge, I noticed a Small white
butterfly (Artogeia rapae) gently rising and falling above the ground.
After a moment or so the butterfly stayed grounded. On close inspection
I noticed that a wasp was on the body of the butterfly and it was busy
biting off the wings one after the other. When it had done this, it
wrapped up the butterflies’ dark body and flew off carying its quarry.
(For a similar occurrence with the Large white, see The Entomologist’s
Record for 1952, vol. 64 page 355 — Editor.)

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 17

THE YOUNG ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY

This society, (Y.E.S.) so similar in many ways to our own, grew out of
the informal TEEN International Entomology Group and now publishes
a regular quarterly journal of the same size and format as our Bulletin.
Although based in the United States many of the articles in their journal
are of general interest to all entomologists, wherever they may reside,
and there is a very strong ‘‘Wants and Exchange’”’ section. In spite of the
name, membership is open to any person with an interest in entomology,
regardless of age, sex, race or nationality. The major aims of the Society
are to assist all entomologists, but especially the youthful and amateur,
in establishing contact with colleagues in other geographical areas who
share similar entomological interests, thus enabling them to learn from
one another by sharing advice, information and specimens. Membership
currently embraces members from over 60 countries. While the
organisation’s name reflects the special commitment to youth, ‘‘young
members of all ages and levels of expertise are welcome to participate in
activities and programmes. In fact advanced amateur and professional
entomologists are strongly encouraged to become involved because they
serve as role models and teachers to guide the development of, and to
pass their knowledge on to, the beginner.

The Society receives strong support from several professional bodies:
Michigan State University; U.S. Department of Agriculture;
Entomological Society of Canada; the Sun Refining and Marketing Co.;
the FMC Corporation.

As with many American institutions there are several categories of
membership, the yearly subscription for an adult being $12.00. Those
who might have problems in submitting US dollars should enquire about
alternatives, such as exchange of publications, or, as is already the case,
pay the AES dues for a Y.E.S. member and vice-versa.

THE Y.E.S. INTERNATIONAL RESOURCE GUIDE

The second edition of this very useful 75 page guide has now been
published by the Society and is for sale from them at address below. It
lists 450 businesses and organisations offering entomology equipment,
supplies, services, preserved specimens, live arthropods, books and
publications, audio-visuals, educational materials, gift and novelty
items, insect zoos and butterfly houses and entomological organisations.
The price is US $7.50.

All enquiries concerning the Society and payment for the guide should
be sent to Gary A. Dunn, Y.E.S. International Headquarters,
Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI 48824-1115, USA.

18 FEBRUARY 1989 |

EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN ENTOMOLOGY

This is a leaflet for young people at school or about to enter higher
education. It gives information on the courses of study which allow entry
to the field of entomology. It is produced by the Royal Entomological
Society and available free from Mr G. G. Bentley, The Registrar, Royal
Entomological Society, 41 Queen’s Gate, London SW7 SHU (telephone
01-584 8361).

HABITAT PHOTOS WANTED

In connection with another of our proposed handbooks, photographs of
various habitats (with particular reference of course to those used by
insects!), are required for possible publication. Any member who thinks
he/she may be able to help should send their offerings to Reg Fry
(address inside front cover).

AN EXPERIMENT WITH EMPEROR MOTH LARVAE

Which foodplant do they prefer?
by Zoe Taylor and Linda Porter (aged eight)

At our school we had been rearing Emperor moths (Saturnia pavonia).
We took a female onto the Pennine moors and lots of males were
attracted to her by her scent. After she had mated with one of the males
she laid eggs. The eggs hatched and we fed the larvae on hawthorn and
goat willow. We made an experiment to find if they would eat anything
else. We collected leaves off all the trees in the school tree trail. We put
them in pots of water and sealed the holes in the lids with cotton wool in
order to prevent the larvae from falling through and drowning. This was
done on a Friday afternoon and we then put two larvae on each sprig and
arranged the pots so that the larvae could move from one to another.

On the Monday following we inspected the sprigs. Some of the larvae
had moved. The results are shown in Table |. We found that they liked
paper birch, rowan, goat willow and Japanese cherry. To check our
results we set up another experiment. This time we used the four
favourite plants plus hawthorn. We now put four larvae on each plant,
this time on a Monday and left them for a week. We then found the
larvae had moved and these results are shown in Table 2.

Japanese cherry was the favourite. None of the books that we
consulted mention this as a foodplant.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 19

TABLE 1

WHAT EMPEROR MOTH LARVAE LIKE TO EAT

Number of Larvae

Tree Friday Monday Gain/loss Leaves
Japanese cherry 2 7 +5 Most eaten
Paper birch 2 4 +5 Some eaten
Goat willow 2 3 —1 Some eaten
Rowan 2 3 +1 Some eaten
Weeping willow 2 2 0 Nothing eaten
Alder ms 1 —1 Nothing eaten
London plane 2 1 —1 Nothing eaten
Beech 2 1 —1 Nothing eaten
Norway maple 2 ] —1 Nothing eaten
Western red cedar 2 0 —2 Nothing eaten
Oak 7D 0 —2 Nothing eaten
Sorbus 2 0 —2 Nothing eaten
Sycamore 2 0 —2 Nothing eaten
TABLE 2
WHAT EMPEROR MOTH LARVAE LIKE TO EAT
Number of Larvae
Tree Monday Monday Gain/loss Leaves
Japanese cherry 4 12 +8 Most eaten
Paper birch 4 3 —1 Some eaten
Goat willow 4 0 —1 ¥ths eaten
Hawthorn 4 0 —4 _ Half eaten
Rowan 4 0 —4 Some eaten
BOOK REVIEW

Butterflies and Moths of Derbyshire; Part 3. by F. Harrison and M.J.
Sterling. AS, pp. 345. black and white illustrations. Derbyshire
Entomological Society, 1988. Price £7.00.

The first two volumes of this work were reviewed in this publication
vol. 45 page 87, and vol. 46, page 139. The work covers the history and
current study of the microlepidoptera of Derbyshire. Each species is
considered in terms of its residential status, life history and general
comments.

The work finishes with an addendum and index for the whole work.
The authors and Society have continued the high standard of production
and should be congratulated on their publication.

C.C. Penney

20 FEBRUARY 1989

NEW ELECTRICAL THERMOSTAT

Special offer to members

Eco-Electronics, a firm based at Redruth in Cornwall, specialising in the
manufacture of temperature control equipment, has had to introduce a
new thermostat to its product range due to so many enquiries from
poultry breeders.

The ECO-STAT is a precision solid state temperature controller with
an accuracy of +/— 0.5°C. and a temperature range of 20° - 44°C. It
has a switching capacity of 200 or 400 watts and comes complete with
connecting box and calibrated front dial ready for use in incubators,
vivariums, brooders and hospital cages. The ECO-STAT is especially
suitable for those who need a thermostat for a humid environment.

Trevor Smith, the technical director of Eco-Electronics, said that
initially the firm had concentrated on thermostats for the photographic
trade, but are extremely encouraged at the interest from this new section
of the market.

Model A is for up to 200 W load.
Model B is for up to 400 W load.

The price of the ECO-STAT is £18.00 which includes the cost of postage
and packing. Details of the ECO-STAT can be obtained from Eco-
Electronics, Eco-House, Back Lane West, Redruth, Cornwall TR15 2BT
(telephone 0736-211706).

As a special offer, AES members are allowed a 25% discount and
should quote their membership number on ordering.

BOOK REVIEW

Grasshoppers and Allied Insects of Great Britain and Ireland by Judith
A. Marshall and E. C. M. Haes. Pp 252, 12 coloured plates, maps and
diagrams. 4to. ISBN 0 946589 13 5 Harley Books 1988. Price £25.00.

The book is hardback on good quality paper, size 25cm x 20cm. It
comes in a full colour fly-leaf and is arranged in four sections followed
by several appendices and the colour plates. It comes with a stiff plastic
covered bookmark, listing the English and scientific names of the 52
species covered by the book. Obviously designed to be taken out into the
field, it incorporates a millimetre scale. A 30 minute cassette of cricket
songs is available to go with the book.

Part one, which calls itself an introduction, includes general
information about classification, morphology, life history, collecting,
preserving, captive breeding, photography and, both unusually and
usefully, a brief note on pronunciation of scientific names. The all-
essential glossary is also included in the introduction.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 21

The second part looks at each species of Orthoptera, Dermaptera,
Dictyoptera and Phasmida in turn and gives a vice-county distribution
map for each species. It starts with a check list and a key. The key is
nicely laid out and is easy to follow. It covers all the species in the book
and is written so that it is easy to short cut if you know the family for the
Orthoptera or the order of the other insects. It is nice to have a key which
refers you back to a specific place if you make a mistake early on, rather
than leaving you no option than to go back to the start.

The text includes taxonomic notes which eliminates any possible
confusion caused by the use of different names in earlier works. A
description is given for each species along with details of habitats, food,
distribution and current status. The Phasmid Study Group and Blattodea
Culture Group are both mentioned along with contact addresses.

Part three is a short section on habitat types and a brief mention of the
need for conservation.

Part four is the dot distribution maps for all species.

The appendices include tables of records for vice-counties and
offshore islands for all species. There are twenty ‘‘outstanding sites’’
listed for the keen orthopterist to visit. There is a comprehensive list of
references which includes titles recommended for further reading.

The ten colour plates are magnificent. My one reservation about the
plates is that most show a mixture of magnifications and it is not
immediately obvious what the scale is for each insect.

I have found only one mistake; the book claims that the Phasmid
Study Group was formed in 1982; it was of course formed in 1980. The
book is excellent value and will doubtless become a standard text for
Orthoptera enthusiasts, replacing Ragge’s excellent but dated
““Grasshoppers, Cockroaches and Crickets of the British Isles’’. If
you’re not going to buy it, it is well worth requesting it from your local
library; they won’t have it in stock yet but if one or two people request a
book they will usually buy it and it is well worth reading.

Phil Bragg

FLOWER BUG’S CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR
by Mark Young (3759)

Anthony Wootton seemed surprised to be attacked by the common
flower bug, Anthocoris nemorum, but I am not in the least surprised!
I have often been stabbed by it, and its close relatives, and this is so usual
that I expect to come up in small, itchy red spots after a job like picking
my raspberries or tying up the herbaceous border. Indeed, I believe that
many of the supposed attacks by ‘‘midges’’, ‘‘mosies’’ and other
wee beasties in the garden are caused by the ubiquitous flower bugs.
Horrid things!

22 FEBRUARY 1989

CARRY ON FIELDWEEKING

The AES Oxford Fieldweekend, 24-26th June 1988
by Unc Dunc

It’s possible to fit a lot into just 46 hours of weekend and still survive.
Witness the nine junior members who came together from all over the
country for the Oxford Fieldweekend.

No sooner had we savoured the first of the camp cooking (better than
ever before) than an on-form Sue Clarke from the Game Conservancy
swept through everything from conservation headlands to ways of
individually marking butterflies (mind-blowingly complicated) to the
pros and cons of human suicide corpses as lures for Purple emperors.
Then it was off to Bernwood for an appetite-whetting m.v. session led by
Steve Nash — but we’ve got to admit that the hot choc and biscuits back
at camp were more memorable than the moths.

Come Saturday it was time for some serious entomology. Dr Charlie
Gibson and Nelson the dog led us through the classic Wytham Woods. It
was a touch early for Black hairstreaks even though the privet was
already in flower and the sun hot. Stunning, to say the least, were
experimental plots on the limestone grassland showing the effects of
different grazing regimes on the vegetation — and insects. So too was the
reversion of arable land that had been sown with winter wheat in 1981 to
meadowland good enough for the neat chrysomelid Chrysolina
menthastri. Peter Cribb and Colin Davies had come up from Feltham for
the day, so there was no surprise at lunchtime to see an impromptu
examination of a strange Spanish lycaenid between peanut butter
sandwiches.

So much for Bernwood being the best butterfly site in the country!
During a hot, humid, overcast afternoon we turned up a ticklist of just
four or five species! Yet Dave Goulson of Oxford Polytechnic saved the
visit by telling us about the Forestry Commission/NCC strategy that’s
(meant to be) keeping the butterflies at Bernwood. There were some
notable beetles — Cantharis figurata, Dasytes niger, Molorchus minor
and Chrysolina varians — and the syrphid Criorhina floccosa. Back at
Wytham that night, four m.v. lights gave us 82 species of macros before
the storm came, but we weren’t quick enough to save Caroline, Owen
and Steve from a 1.30 am soaking or the minibus from an epic, clutch-
burning reverse for half a mile up a Wytham track back to the proper
road.

Getting up wasn’t so much fun in the drizzle on Sunday morning (or
was it afternoon, Corrin?) but we were joined by our President David
Lonsdale and after the official (and unpublishable unofficial) photos we
made it to Aston Rowant NNR. It’s spectacular Chiltern downland

23

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Fig. 2. Duncan and the D-Vac. The D-Vac is a powerful vacuum cleaner that gives the best

possible sample of what’s really there in the grassland — including the smallest insects that

are usually (conveniently) forgotten.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 25

overlooking the equally spectacular M40. There wasn’t much to find, but
that’s not what Fieldweeks and Fieldweekends should be about. One
highlight was a rare, reluctant but highly-acclaimed public appearance by
the patent Lonsdale beating tray/walking stick. Ask him about it
sometime.

A weekend is too short, though it’s the only possibility during school
termtime. At least the end of the weekend let us escape from the Reliant
Robin Appreciation Society rally in the next field of the campsite, and
there was the promise of the Midlands Fieldweek and York Fieldweekend
still to come. Apart from the chance to see new sites and new insects, the
new entomological friends made and old contacts renewed make a Field-
weekend very well worth it.

Our thanks to the volunteer experts for their time, enthusiasm and
secrets, to Paul Emden and the Zoology Department at Oxford
University for helping with field equipment, and especially to Mr and
Mrs Frank Reavey for all their help before, during and after the camp.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

I wish to protest most strongly about the moving of the AES exhibition
again. Surely, if it is to be held in London, in the interest of members, it
should be held where access is available by tube. It looks to me as if we
are pampering to the few elite again. I have been to Holland Park,
Alexander Palace and Hounslow, but this is the last straw. I notice it
never creeps Northwards. Why London anyway? Roll on Leicester and
Wigan!
Yours faithfully,
L. Northern

RETURN OF THE LARGE BLUE

habitat reports:-

The Large blue butterfly Maculinea arion L. has been reintroduced in a
successful rescue operation funded by the World Wide Fund for Nature
UK. This summer 150 adults and some 4500 eggs were recorded at the
secret site in the south of England chosen for the project. In time it is
hoped that six separate colonies will be established. The Large blue was
known to be declining in the 1950s and 1960s and contingency plans were
made in case numbers became critically low. When two freak drought
years wiped out the last colony, stocks from Sweden were used as a basis
for reintroduction. Co-operation between the National Trust, the Nature
Conservancy Council and WWF UK as well as individuals was vital to
the success of the project, believed to be only the second time that an
extinct butterfly has been successfully reintroduced in Britain.

26 FEBRUARY 1989

BOOK REVIEW

Monitoring the abundance of butterflies by E. Pollard, M. L. Hall and
T. J. Bibby. Nature Conservancy Council Report No. 2 on ‘‘Research
and Survey in Nature Conservation’’. Pp. 280, 1986. £6.50.
ISBN 0 86139 357 0.

This is a report on the first ten years of a survey which is organised in the
U.K. by the Institute for Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood. The survey
data are obtained by recorders who make weekly counts of adult
butterflies every April to September at 80 sites, along the length of pre-
determined walks or ‘‘transects’’. Population estimates for butterflies,
unlike those for most other insects, can be made through fairly simple
counts of individuals, with the proviso that records are made only within
a range of weather conditions which are reasonably conducive to display
by adults. Despite the use of such rules in this survey, the data do of
course show great year-to-year fluctuations in the counts of many
species. For this reason, there may appear to be grounds for asking
whether the survey was intended to generate more than the sort of
anecdotal information about the vagaries of ‘“‘the season’’ which
lepidopterists so love to exchange. Indeed, we are told in the introduction
that it was a primary aim to provide information on annual fluctuations,
although this point is somewhat submerged by the formal statement of
aims which run thus:—

a) ‘‘To provide information at regional and national levels on
changes in abundance of butterflies and to detect trends which
may affect the status of butterflies.’’

b) ‘‘To monitor changes in the abundance of butterflies at
individual sites and, by comparison with results elsewhere,
assess the impact of local factors, such as habitat change.”’

The first aim is not necessarily intended to apply to the wider
countryside outside the recording sites, many of which are nature
reserves and which, in some cases, are managed especially for the
butterflies. Nevertheless, conservation tends to be the art of the possible,
and nature reserves, despite their limited theoretical relevance, are good
pragmatic choices in any monitoring scheme which requires a guarantee
that sites will remain available over many years. Pragmatism may also
have underlain the choice of butterflies as the subject of study, apart
from their role as the icing on the entomological cake. Not only is it easy
for recorders to recognise most British species in the field; there is also
far less shortage of qualified recorders for butterflies than for any other
insect group. The very fact that few species occur in Britain is an
advantage from the point of view of handling and presenting data. It can
also be argued that butterflies are valuable as indicators of habitat
quality for some other insect groups, though by no means for all.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 27

Perhaps the main drawback of choosing butterflies is the tendency for
their populations to fluctuate wildly. Although fluctuations have some
intrinsic interest, they impose a need to maintain a survey over many
years so as to reveal the patterns which they obscure; namely, the long-
term trends which are of prime interest in conservation.

Despite the criticism which may be attracted by schemes which
concentrate on a few favoured species and sites, it is becoming a truism
that they can generate a great deal of interest and support to the benefit
of invertebrate conservation as a whole. This seems evident in the case of
the Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, when we read that the involvement of
many reserve wardens and others in systematic recording has ‘‘
stimulated an interest in butterflies far beyond our expectations and has
increased awareness of the importance of habitat management. ..’’. The
authors also mention that they have had unexpected gains of information
in some fields, including the local distribution of butterflies in relation to
habitat type, on flight periods, migration and effects of site management
on abundance.

There are some interesting notes on the operation of the scheme, and
on the validity of the current recording system. A map of site locations is
also included in these introductory pages, and this is followed by a
general appraisal of results, looking at trends and fluctuations in relation
to weather and to habitat change. Included here are count trajectories
over the period 1976-85 for over thirty species.

The bulk of the book is taken up with accounts first of individual
species and then of individual recording sites, complete with maps and
yearly index values for the species recorded at each site. These specific
accounts will be valuable to practical conservationists, containing as they
do a great deal of information and comment on details of habitat
requirements.

The text ends with a series of conclusions and recommendations, some
of which relate to problems of data acquisition and interpretation. The
authors freely admit here that it may take a further ten years before long-
term trends can be distinguished from fluctuations in year-to-year data.
One is left. feeling convinced that this scheme is a justifiable exercise
within the broader context of conservation research, even if only to the
extent that there is a political need to be able to quote facts and figures
relating to invertebrates as well as to vertebrates and plants. It is, at any
rate, good to see a well-produced and modestly priced report on the

current state of play.
D. Lonsdale

28 FEBRUARY 1989 |.

THE YORK FIELDWEEKEND, AUGUST 1988
by Lorna Stevens (7532J)

Thirteen members came together for the York Fieldweekend, 26-28th
August, based close to Cawood at a camp with a reputation for
something — for what, we never found out. Most peeps had arrived by
about Spm on the Friday and the Fieldweekend began as per usual with a
typical camp culinary delight, prepared by Ian, Robert and David under
the direction of Clive, who incidentally, has an O-level in drama.
‘*Dinner’’ was an interesting experience, the tomato soup expertly mixed
to give conglomerations floating on pink-tinged water. Delicious! Next
came what was described in Duncan’s programme as “‘the getting-to-
know-everybody session’’ in which he tried extremely hard to persuade
defenceless Fieldweekenders to dress up as caterpillar segments and crawl
through London (cause: Friends of the Earth; aim: preserve rainforests;
details: Anne Piatkus).

We were due for light trapping at Sherburn Willows. Menacing black
clouds had followed the little blue van to cluster over our destination. We
were met by Mr Paul Burgess, Chairman of the Yorkshire Wildlife
Trust’s Management Committee. The light was set up on the flattest part
of the grassy slope. Just as the bulb was clicked on, and we had
strategically placed ourselves down in the wet grass, ready to leap into
action the moment a moth appeared, the clouds burst and down came the
rain. This continued throughout most of the evening. We were swamped
by Yellow underwings, but there were another 18 macro species too —
not bad for this time of year. They included Small argent and sable,
Lesser treble bar and Ruby tiger. We stuck the moth trapping out until
midnight. Wet and tired we dragged ourselves back to camp only to find
that we were too late for the knees up in the clubhouse. It was cocoa and
bed for most, though a few of us stayed up and listened to the end of the
Friday Rock Show on the radio.

Nine o’clock Saturday, and most peeps were already up and eagerly
tucking into breaky. I decided I couldn’t face food that early in the
morning. The females (basically the only sane ones around) spent 15
minutes learning the Latin names for the duck species at the camp in the
hope that our humble selves might be slightly compatible with some of
the others in our knowledge of Latin names. (I failed miserably!) We
were due at Askham Bog at 10am and Mr Clifford Smith, our spider
expert from York, arrived on the scene suspiciously dressed in a suit.
Strange, considering he was supposed to be leading us round a bog in the
pouring rain. We soon discovered, however, that this wasn’t just due to
the strange dress sense of arachnologists and set off for York University
— the weather was unsuitable for any sort of fieldwork at all. By this
time Sue had been officially appointed weekend navigator; this meant
she pretended (?) she didn’t know where we were and stared at the map in

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 29

disbelief, the result being a pretty (not literally) worried Dunc. Mr
Smith’s lecture proved very interesting. He showed us specimens caught
by students on their visits abroad, and told us a lot about the species
found at Askham and the time he almost named a new species. We came
to two conclusions: firstly, that if you can ever afford to go to Australia
(i.e. if you live South of Watford Gap) never sit on a toilet seat as it is a
common thing for Black widows to live underneath them, the result
being your painful retreat. Secondly, and more important, all the
speculation on the harmful effects of storing specimens in alcohol are
probably unwarranted considering the great lengths of the time the
arachnids we saw had been in storage.

We arrived at Pocklington Canal midday-ish. I was starving and it
appeared by the rate the French bread went down that everyone else was
too. Duncan, in his typical sadistic nature, then sent us on a long walk by
the canal while he took the van. I don’t know what the coleopterists
found — we lost them when we encountered a field of cow dung which
they really got into (literally). Us lepidopterists found less of interest.
The weather had improved drastically by now and the sun was extremely
hot, hence Steve’s, Clive’s, Ian’s and even my growing resistance to
sprint 150 yards, net at the ready, in reply to Robert, David and Tom
with their habit of shouting ‘‘Hurry, Wall brown, Hurry!’’ Our
venture along the towpath led us to a rather distressing sight of
approximately 50 large and very dead tench (as confirmed by our two
John Wilsonists, [an and Clive) all floating in a radius of five metres.
The explanation was possibly deoxygenation of the water. Further down
the canal we met up with two York University biologists — Phil Warren
(who used to live next door to Roger Waters) and Professor John
Lawton (who didn’t). Both are keen on aquatics. I found a sunny piece
of river bank for a well earned rest before joining the others for a root
about in the canal for water creatures which were endlessly identified by
Phil and John. This proved very interesting. Discoveries included
Stictotarsus duodecimpustulatus, Coelambus impressopunctatus and
Ilybius quadriguttatus (n.b. these are all water beetles!). And Suzanne
came away with a rather nice scorpion-fly.

Back to the camp and another famous Fieldweekend meal where it was
worth looking out for psycopathic hippies armed with bowls of water.
And the camp warden was in characteristically jolly mood too — we were
hitting hard the Phragmites reeds on the river bank in a successful search
for pupae of Reed wainscot moths. At 8.15-ish we arrived at Skipworth
Common, a Grade 1 SSSI and YWT reserve, rigged with bogs and
hidden holes from York University experiments. A light and sugaring at
the first site were largely unsuccessful (bright moon?), the second site
proved better with 17 species including Angle-striped and Centre-barred

30 FEBRUARY 1989

sallows, Heath rustic and Haworth’s minor. And a punch was prepared,
made delicious by the brilliant idea of adding cucumber . . . the night was
young. Eventually it was back to camp, reversing quite a way down the
forest road in order to reduce the mileage on the clock of the hired van,
and late to bed for everyone. At least everyone who went to bed — Guy
slept all night in the van.

After demolishing (packing? - DR) tents, we went back to Skipworth
Common the next morning. We were met by Dr Chris Rees (expert on
rain forests and keen philosopher) and Dr Michael Archer (expert on
aculeates). Dr Archer presented us all with a long list entitled ‘‘Aculeate
Hymenoptera of Skipworth Common’’ and informed us that we would
find very little mentioned on the list in this weather — dull and wet. He
was right. Dr Rees showed us how canopy foggers are used. They
produce a fine mist of insecticide which is aimed at trees and sends many
insects dropping to polythene sheets on the forest floor below. For the
demonstration we used diesel/oil to give a choking black smoke that
didn’t have too much effect on the insect fauna. We made much use of
the D-vac too.

Just time for a paté sandwich before we were off again. This time it
was Askham Bog and Robert and David were our guides. Most fun was
popping the Himalayan balsam seed pods (try it sometime).

Enough said. It was a speedy retreat back to camp. Soon Duncan had
acquired many more abandoned plates, bowls, cups and cutlery to add to
the collection from previous years, and Clive showed us his Superman
impression head first out of the back of the van in an attempt to catch his
train. Although there was not too much to be found in the way of insects,
it was a fun weekend, also an opportunity to gain entomological
experience. I would like to point out that you don’t need to be any kind
of an expert to attend one of these week(end)s — all you need is interest.

I still have plenty of E. calcarata adults left at very reasonable prices
just in case anyone is interested.

The Fieldweekend starred Suzanne Bratton, Ian Davison, David
Fitter, Robert Fitter, Tom Hay, Guy Knight, Darren Mann, Steve Nash,
Andrew Salisbury and Clive Turner. Also Duncan Reavey (The Boss),
Susan Richardson (Chongololo Adviser) and Lorna Stevens (Public
Relations Department). Our thanks go to all the local experts, and to the
University of York for field equipment and a roof when we needed it
most.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 31

BOOK REVIEW

Environmental Economy, edited by Richard Brooker and Matthew
Corder. E. and F. N. Spon, London and New York (1986). 224 pp.
Hardback. £17.95. ISBN 0 419 13300 3.

The rather cryptic title of this collection of writings conceals (one hopes
temptingly) an ecological guide for the development and management of
Open spaces. Sponsored by Kirklees Metropolitan Council, it is the
successor to the rather more descriptively named booklet ‘‘Natural
Economy; an Ecological Approach to Planting and Management
Techniques in Urban Areas’’ which the editors produced in 1981. At that
time there was a growing awareness of the need for wildlife conservation,
with all its recreational and educational benefits, in urban areas. This
need had to some extent been filled by unofficial nature reserves in
‘‘wasteland’’ — which must have fostered the lifelong enthusiasm of
many an entomologist — but many sites have fallen to the developers; a
trend bemoaned by David Bellamy in his foreword to this updated and
expanded text.

The appearance of such a substantial text reflects not only the recent
development of ideas and techniques in what the editors call a
naturalistic approach to open space management, but also the current
need within local authorities to economise on materials and labour.
Indeed the important question of finance is covered in an introductory
chapter by Richard Brooker. He provides a useful listing of sources of
funds, followed by an exposition of a new philosophy called ‘‘natural
economy’’ in which an over-formal imposition of management dogma is
replaced by a sensitive use of the resources offered by the site and by the
local community.

The succeeding four chapters, which include contributions from the
editors and from Alastair Luke, Geoff Farnell and Duncan Moffatt,
have a very practical slant, enlivened in places by further expressions of
the naturalistic philosophy, and are written largely for the practising
local authority officer. The first of these chapters explains how to
modify sites by taking account of their individual characteristics, rather
than by imposing inappropriate and expensive technology. The existing
wildlife of derelict land is not neglected here, but there is little attempt to
integrate it into practical management schemes. There is much more
emphasis on:soil preparation and amendment.

The practical value of these middle chapters is undeniable, but they
tend to read like the individual contributions which they are, and there
might have been some scope for better dovetailing. Perhaps the general
reader would be happiest with the case-study approach of Duncan
Moffatt, who explains how habitats have been protected, created and
managed at Warrington New Town. He provides much interesting

32 FEBRUARY 1989 —

information on woodland, grassland and areas of standing water.

The book takes an inspiring turn in the chapter by Chris Baines on
‘*Wildlife and the Community’’. His lively style makes for a good read in
itself, and he suggests many very useful ideas for organising voluntary
work and developing educational programmes. Again, practical hints are
prominent, including some salutary advice on safety, first-aid and
insurance. He illustrates some of these themes with the story of the
Urban Wildlife Group which he helped to develop in the English West
Midlands.

The theme of environmental education is further developéd in the next
chapter, and this is followed by a return to practical management in a
contribution dealing with amenity grasslands and woodlands. Again, one
is left with the feeling that there is too much overlap between contri-
butions, and that the subject matter could have been better ordered. A
final brief chapter on ‘‘The Way Ahead”’ serves partly to bring the
subject together, while raising some interesting points such as the need
for nature conservationists to realise that the budgetary systems of local
authorities are not well-adapted to provide the year-round commitment
that is needed for wildlife management.

This book testifies to an enormous improvement in the attitude of
local authorities and it is worth reading just to gain some idea of the new
potential for improving on the over-bureaucratic, over-formal manage-
ment techniques which have done so much harm over the last century. It
is not uniformly very readable, but it has some very inspiring moments,
and provides an indispensable practical guide for professionals and
volunteers alike. DL

AN UNUSUAL FOODPLANT OF POL YGONIA C-ALBUM
by Peter W. Cribb (2270)

While returning from a trip to the Pyrenees with David Marshall, we
stopped off by a large woodland in the Loire valley to search for the ova
of Apatura iris. On one of the lower-growing goat sallows (Sa/ix caprea)
David found an almost full-fed larva of the Comma butterfly. There
were nettles on the fringe of the woodland where we also found further
larvae. The most usual foodplants are nettles, elms (U/mus spp.), hop
(Humulus sp.) and members of the currant family, Ribes, particularly

Gas
=

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 33

OBSERVATIONS ON THE TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE
TWO-TAILED PASHA (CHARA XES JASTIUS)

by C. Jupp (7802)

While sipping a tube of cool lager on the sunny terrace of a restaurant in
south west Europe, I was amazed to see a two-tailed Pasha swoop past. It
landed on the top of a stone wall that surrounded a circular space
approximately ten yards in diameter. Quickly grabbing my camera, I
rushed down to photograph what was my first observation of a pasha in
the wild. However, as soon as I approached within five or six feet of the
butterfly it took flight and I returned dejectedly to my now flat and
warm lager.

A few minutes later, a rotund Italian gentleman placed what I
presumed to be his attractive, olive skinned daughter, on top of the wall
and began to photograph her. To my amazement the pasha returned and
landed right next to her feet, apparently oblivious of her presence and
she of it. Whenever an insect crossed the open space, the pasha would
rush forth to investigate and then return to its perch at the girl’s feet.
After what seemed an interminable length of time the couple left the area
and I rushed down again with my camera, only to find that another
painstakingly slow approach to the butterfly resulted in its disappearance
once again! However, I sat quietly on the wall awaiting its return, and
sure enough, within a couple of minutes, was rewarded when it alighted
on the wall opposite me. I carefully stalked it for the third time. Again,
the pasha fled when I got within six feet. I wondered whether the fact
that I had approached the pasha across the circumscribed space, where I
had previously seen it investigating insects, had been a factor.
Consequently, when it returned again to alight on the wall I cautiously
approached it along the top of the wall. Much to my delight the pasha
seemed completely indifferent to this approach and allowed me to get
within inches to photograph its magnificent underwing pattern. From
time to time it would flick open its wings revealing the orange and black
upper surfaces.When a sparrow flew across the centre of the circle the
pasha took flight again but quickly returned.

I had noticed from the café that there were several surrounding open
areas within the scrub between ten and thirty metres across, so went to
investigate these. In two of these areas a two-tailed pasha had set up
territory and I found to my delight that if I kept close to the scrub and
did not trespass in the open space, I was easily able to approach other
pashas just as closely as the first. Once again I observed that other insects
were approached and investigated by the pasha, whereas birds resulted in
either no movement or a quick escape. Curiously enough, when I
released a home reared pasha in the garden the first thing it did was to
rush after a starling in flight. When the starling landed on my chimney

34 FEBRUARY 1989

the pasha approached within inches, obviously realised its mistake, and
disappeared over the rooftop never to be seen again!

Although I was not fortunate enough to see a meeting between two
pashas, this day observing the behaviour of these incredible insects
bathed in the Mediterranean sunshine provided me with another
unforgettable butterfly memory to sustain me through the long English
winter.

THE MONARCH DANAUS PLEXIPPUS IN SPAIN

by Nicholas Cook (7777)

Following on the notes concerning the Monarch butterfly in Spain by C.
Rankin in the May and August issues of the Bulletin last year, I would
like to record the following observation.

On November 9 1988 I watched a Monarch for a minute or so as it flew
around the gardens at the entrance to the caves at Nerja, Malaga
Province. The following day a male was observed further west, at Torre
del Mar. Neither butterfly settled at all, and so I was unable to obtain a
photograph of this superb and unexpected insect.

THE BATTLE FOR ICKENHAM GREEN

from habitat

Although the Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust joined with other
conservation bodies and residents to oppose a plan to use the five acres
of registered Ickenham Green Common as an extension to a golf course,
the plan has gone ahead. This kind of activity is one of the many
problems the Trust faces in urban fringe areas. Ickenham Green is an
example of the neglect and change of use that our disappearing commons
face. The national association of County Trusts, the Royal Society for
Nature Conservation (RSNC), is campaigning for stronger laws and for
management plans to protect common land. It is regrettable that the
elected representatives and officials of the London Borough of
Hillingdon have not only ignored the people they represent, but also the
advice from their own members of the Ecology Forum which includes the
Nature Conservancy Council.

® Editor’s note: I am not sure but that a golf course may not be the
better evil. Indeed, it may even be a benefit, for the Small blue butterfly
survives not far from me because of one. The vegetation remains much
as it would if the land were common. Indeed it is managed and controlled
far better than if the public (motor bike scramblers, horses, fly-tippers)

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 35

had free access. If it were not a golf course? Why it would long ago have
been a subsidised CAP wheatfield and no butterflies would be there now.
I also believe (although it is now very many years since I was there) that
the golf course at Sandwich has been the reason that the area was (still is,
I trust) so good entomologically speaking. Would any member from that
area of Kent care to comment on this?)

AUTUMN AFTERNOON

by Don MacNamara (5537)

With boots on at least,

He died comfortably in a sunny garden chair,
A box of lepidopterous insects (he always said) by his side,
Face etched and lined with time,

The shine and twinkle fading.

Just before,

He’d argued in the village pub,

The distribution of a moth,

Documents and stuff spread out,

Laughter and bonhomie,

Data-labels double-checked.

His shabby net could tell a tale or two,
Off-duty fields,

Woodlands,

Many standing even now,

Or foreign places,

He then a subaltern as posed in military photographs.
Times saw a perfect setting style,

Of late his grandson did the necessary work,
Who follows such tradition,

Ranked specimens like soldiers on parade,
Drawn-up in regimental colours.

The men would miss him if they heard,

Those that are left,

(But not the local insects),

So will his arguefying mates.

They might see his name upon a stone or box of ash and nod,
Or by a frequent monograph in books,

The butterfly that bears the name and place,

Chance specimens,

His mark made and suddenly not fogotten.

36 FEBRUARY 1989

THE BENEFITS OF A STAGGERED EMERGENCE

by Peter W. Cribb (2270)

At the end of August 1988, I collected up twenty-five nearly full-grown
larvae of the Large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae) from nasturtium
(Tropaeolum sp.) in my garden. The Large and Small whites had been
very common all the summer and were using both my cabbages and the
nasturtium as foodplant. Of the twenty-five larvae, all failed to pupate,
each producing a mass of pupae of the ichneumon wasp, Apanteles
glomeratus, twenty or more pupae to each caterpillar. A fortnight later I
collected up two batches of small larvae of P. brassicae from the same
nasturtiums and fed these up on the same foodplant.

By the end of September I had 73 pupae and five dead larvae which
had the cocoons of the parasite around them. The wasp attacks the
larvae when they are very small and as this batch were about half grown
when coliected, the parasite would already have done its work. It would
seem obvious that the first batch must have coincided with a peak in the
egg-laying activity of the wasp while two weeks later the second batch
had missed this peak.

EXPERIENCES WITH THE CABBAGE MOTH (MAMESTRA
BRASSICAE)

by Roy McCormick (3375)

In the August of 1986 a house plant that had been in the open was
brought inside to escape the increasing cold weather. The plant, a trailing
variety, started to produce frass and naturally enough I wanted to find
the larvae responsible for this. The foliage was duly shaken and 30 to 40
small noctuid type caterpillars fell out.

I thought I recognised them but decided to breed them through to
make sure of my identification. I introduced them to one of the small
leaved sallows Salix caprea, the old standby, and convenient as it was
growing in the garden. The larvae took to it, and consumed the leaves at
a great rate.

As they grew I knew that my first identification was corrected, but it
carried on and the larvae eventually pupated around late September. I
thought they would emerge in two to three weeks time, as they were being
kept in the living room where the temperature rarely falls below 60°F. I
have bred this species at this time of year before in the same conditions
and all the moths emerged after this time.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 37

The pupae were sprayed every day but they sullenly refused to emerge;
in the spring these pupae were still healthy and still being sprayed every
day. On 25th May 1987 the first imago appeared and I started to set what
I thought would be a flood of specimens. But no; these moths emerged at
arate of one every two to three weeks, and I still had healthy pupae at the
beginning of September 1987. The final one emerged soon after the end
of September.

I can only conclude that this species is continuously brooded, but why
did they not emerge in the late autumn like the previous brood?

(Editorial Note: The Cabbage moth is one of those species which has a
genetic strain which is an obligate univoltine. Otherwise it has a
facultative diapause controlled by the daylength. An extended emergence
indicates that the pupae had entered diapause and were not then
subjected to a sufficiently long period of cold to satisfactorily break it.)

AN EARLY DEATHS-HEAD HAWK IN ROTHERHAM

Member W. V. Burton (179) has kindly sent a cutting from the Sheffield
Star of May 16th this year which reported and illustrated the occurrence
of a massive seven inch wingspan (sic/) Deaths-head hawkmoth
(Acherontia atropos) which was caught outside a fruit and vegetable
shop in Whiston, Rotherham. It was thought that the last local record of
this moth was back in 1828. Although the exact date was not given this
would have been a few days previous to the 16th.

A NEW RECORDING SCHEME

The Biological Records Centre, Monks Wood, Abbots Ripton, Cambs,
PE17 2LS, has launched a recording scheme for a somewhat neglected
group of British insects — the Neuroptera (including the Mecoptera and
Megaloptera); lacewings, snakeflies, alderflies and related species.

Newsletters are to be a feature of the scheme and will be sent to those
participating, giving diagnostic keys, methods of collecting, curating,
etc. and distribution notes with occasional book reviews. Recording
cards are to be returned to Colin W. Plant of Passmore Edwards
Museum, Norman Road, East Ham, London E6 4HN, who is the
scheme’s organiser. AES members are invited to participate in the
scheme. Details of existing collections of the Orders are also required.

38 FEBRUARY 1989

COMPUTERS AND ENTOMOLOGY

PART 2 — COMPUTER LANGUAGES AND WORD PROCESSORS
by David Chesmore (7375)

The more astute readers will have noticed the deliberate (!?) mistake in
the title of the introductory article — computer languages were not
actually discussed.The other topic that will be covered here is that of
applications of word processors to report writing, label printing, etc. It is
impossible to cover the facilities available with word processing packages
because of the large number of different types on the market so only
common features and applications will be discussed.

1. Computer Languages

It will be assumed in the following sections that the underlying concepts
of the operation of a microprocessor-based computer are relatively well
understood, ie that a microprocessor carries out a list of instructions in
‘‘machine code’’ (the language understood by the microprocessor)
known as a program. Before any program written in a ‘‘high level’’
language such as BASIC can be run, it must first be converted into the
machine code for the particular microprocessor contained in the
computer. This can be achieved in one of two ways — by an interpreter
or by acompiler. Considering each method in turn:

(a) Interpreters. A language such as BASIC, when executed, is translated
into machine code line by line, the code being executed before the next
line is translated. One consequence of this operation is that an
interpreted language will run relatively slowly due to the time taken to
translate each line which can pose problems when carrying out number
intensive processing.

(b) Compilers. The alternative approach involves the use of a separate
program known as a compiler to convert the user’s program into
machine code without executing it. Once translation has been performed,
the program may then be run. One immediately apparent advantage of
this approach over that of an interpreter is in the speed of execution, for
example, a program to add 300,000 numbers takes approximately 520
seconds in BASIC and 4.8 seconds in compiled Pascal (on a Victor VPC
IIC, an IBM PC compatible computer), a factor of over 100 times.

For the majority of applications associated with entomology,
however, requirements for speed are not of prime importance. The next
section describes a number of languages available for the majority of
home computers, concentrating on their relative merits for. the
applications in mind.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 39

1.1 Some Common Computer Languages

The following list is by no means complete (there are a large number of
languages including PLI, APL, BCPL, LOGO, LISP, COBOL, etc) but
covers some of the more common/interesting languages.

(a) BASIC. BASIC (‘‘Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code’’) is the most common language, being supplied with virtually all
home computers. Since each type of computer differs in specification
this must be reflected in the BASIC supplied, eg in the addition of
commands for graphics, etc. This has resulted in a number of distinct
‘*dialects’’, requiring a certain amount of manual transcription before a
program written for one computer can run on a different computer.
BASIC was originally designed to be very simple to learn and easy to
comprehend, but since it is interpreted, programs run slowly although
some versions have been optimised for speed. Further improvements
being achieved by purchasing a compiler. In terms of applicability to
entomology, the major advantages are ease of program development and
testing, the availability of number, string and file handling functions and
its popularity (the majority of computer users will already be using
BASIC). The only drawbacks are that it can be slow to run and that
complex functions (such as those required for database programs) can be
difficult to implement.

(b) FORTRAN. This was the first ‘‘high level’’ language and is still
popular for number intensive programming. Fortran, standing for
‘““FORmula TRANSslation’’ was designed specifically for the processing
of numbers. Some of the programming features are similar to BASIC,
making translation of simple programs relatively easy. Fortran compilers
are available for some microcomputers but tend to be expensive and
unless a compiler is already available, it is probably not worthwhile to
consider Fortran as a suitable language for entomological applications.

(c) PASCAL. This language, like Fortran, is compiled but is one of the
so-called ‘‘structured’’ languages, that is, Pascal has a well defined
format. This format (including the declaration of all variables and
constants at the start of the program) makes programs easier to read. It is
also possible to structure programs in a modular form in a manner
similar to BASIC subroutines but with the ability to pass parameters
(BBC BASIC also has this facility — a typical example of a non-standard
dialect). Pascal was originally designed as a teaching language and is now
widely used: for this purpose in computing and engineering courses.
Another aspect of Pascal is that it is supposed to be ‘‘portable’’, ie a
program written on one computer will run on a different computer (after
being re-compiled for that machine). This is however, an ideal situation
and is only true if the user does not require computer-specific functions.
Pascal can be useful when complex data structures (other than numbers
or strings) or powerful list handling facilities (eg for databases) are

40 FEBRUARY 1989

required. Now that compilers can be purchased at reasonable cost,
Pascal would be a good choice as an alternative to BASIC, being just as
simple to learn, more powerful and faster.

(d) C. C is very similar in many respects to Pascal but with ‘‘low level’’
facilities such as bit shifting and writing to/reading from I/O ports. It is
now rapidly becoming the most widely used language and as such would
also be a good choice (compiler can be purchased for well under £100).
(e) PROLOG. Prolog has been included in this list as it is one of the
‘*Artificial Intelligence (AI)’’ languages and operates in a completely
different manner from any of the above languages. It is a ‘‘declaritive”’
language rather than a ‘‘procedural’’ language like Pascal or Fortran
which follow the programming steps in the program. Prolog relies only
on a description of the problem and tries to solve the problem from this
description (this is difficult to illustrate in such a short article). One of
the most common application areas which benefit from this type of
language is in writing expert systems, programs that simulate the
methods used by a human expert in a particular field of knowledge.
There are already over 1000 expert systems in existence and incorporate a
wide variety of knowledge (medical science, geological surveying,
chemical analysis, etc). In the field of entomology, expert systems could
be used to aid in the identification of species, or in any area where
expertise of this sort is currently used. It is feasible that low cost expert
systems will eventually become available to aid in, for example, species
identification.

Little has been said of machine code and assembly language
programming and it is felt that unless high speed operation or complex
control of peripherals is required then high level languages are to be
preferred for ease of use and readability. In conclusion, it is suggested
that the most appropriate language for entomological applications is
BASIC primarily because of its wide availability. Readers with more
ambition or more demanding requirements would be advised to progress
to Pascal or C.

2. Word Processors

A word processor can be regarded as a versatile computer-based
typewriter which does not commit text to paper until the document 1s
correct to the user’s satisfaction. When one considers the problems
encountered in attempting to correct or insert words, sentences or
paragraphs into text with a manual typewriter, it 1s not surprising that
word processors have become popular. This popularity has led to the
availability of a large number of word processing packages (eg
Locoscript, Wordstar, Word, Vuwriter Displaywrite-4, Protext, etc).
Some of these packages are intended for specialised applications, being
capable of producing mathematical equations, chemical symbols and
diagrams. (to be continued)

MIDLANDS
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AND EXHIBITION

Sunday 16th April, 1989
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ih Wh

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British Butterflies

A large walk through British Butterfly enclosure will be open
to the public early in 1989. Some twenty four British and
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A FIELD GUIDE TO THE SMALLER
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Edited by A. M. Emmet, 1979

This book is packed with information, much of it previously unpublished. It contains
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- 2MAY 1989
PURCHASED

ENTOMOLOGY LIBRARY

~ Volume 48, No. 363, April 1989

The Bulletin
of the Amateur
Entomologists’

Society

EDITOR é
BRIAN O. C. GARDINER, F.L.S.

The Amateur Entomologists’ Society

Founded in 1935

President: D. LONSDALE

Hon. General C. C. PENNEY
Secretary:

Hon. Treasurer: R. A. FRY

Registrar:

Hon. Bulletin Editor: B. O. C. GARDINER

Hon. General Editor: P. W. CRIBB

NANCY CRIBB (Mrs)

54 Cherry Way,

Alton, Hants GU34 2AX.

109 Waveney Drive, Springfield,
Chelmsford, Essex CM1 5QA.
The Hawthorns, Frating Road,
Great Bromley, Colchester CO7 7JN.
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Feltham, Middlesex TW13 5JH.

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Cambridge CB4 2AL.

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Feltham, Middlesex TW13 5JH.

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ps NY

ED

4

) tl

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fl
ill

ru
Peery

== ped log ged tog aces Pe =
SSK WK WOK

The Butterfly House

_A glorious variety of butterflies-free, flying, feeding and
breeding. The Butterfly House is also a nursery, not only for
rare and beautiful plants, shrubs and trees, but also for some
of the more exotic and rarely seen butterflies and moths.

British Butterflies

| A large walk through British Butterfly enclosure will be open
to the public early in 1989. Some twenty four British and
European species will be seen in full flight.

The Butterfly House, Williamson Park, Lancaster LA1 1UX. Telephone: 0524 33318. G. W. Wheatley FRES Telephone: (0524) 66505

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No. 363

be

Melolontha melolontha

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Dear Editor

I feel I must write to you regarding a subject that is causing me and a
few friends, including fellow members, a considerable amount of
problems.

I have been collecting and studying lepidoptera for about twenty years
now with the aim of amassing a reference collection of all the British
butterflies, three males and three females of each species, in recto, verso
and resting positions. This I have more or less succeeded in doing apart
from a few casual migrants of which Continental examples will suffice. I
am now more interested in breeding all of our species to study and
photograph their early stages and this is where the problem arises.

All the common species present no problems, but whenever I try to
find the more local or scarcer species I find that almost all live on land
owned by the National Trust or the Forestry Commission. Now as you
well know collecting of any kind is prohibited in these places, but it
seems that species such as the White admiral or the Silver-washed
fritillary only live on Forestry Commission land (do they know
something?) So what is one to do? It seems I am left with several choices;
poach and risk prosecution; wait outside the boundary and hope they fly
Over; pay the sometimes extortionate prices asked by dealers; hope that
in my travels I will come across a colony on land not owned by anyone;
write out several hundred letters to other members (who probably have
the same problem) in hope that they can give me some livestock or tell me
of a location they know of.

Now I am all in favour of conservation, in fact I belong to several
other societies concerned with natural history and would not even
consider taking any protected species. These I would willingly pay for,
but I am thwarted in most of my attempts to take a few pairs to breed
from. As surplus specimens would be released back in their own localities
I do not see that this would do any harm.

42 APRIL 1989

I understand that permits to collect are available but I believe that
unless one is a member of a University or some other scientific body, or
has an alphabet of letters after one’s name, a permit will not be issued to
you. I may be wrong but this is what I have heard.

I would imagine that juniors or people new to the subject and trying to
get a collection together will come across the same problem. Collecting
specimens in moderation with fu// data can be of use in many people’s
opinion, including mine, although I prefer to breed, take any specimens
required and then release the rest back where their parents came from.

I know that, sadly, there are irresponsible people who kill everything
in sight, but I am sure none of them are AES members. Perhaps some
form of permit could be issued or permission granted to allow members
to take specimens from Forestry or National Trust land.

So there you have it, perhaps you or some other members could give
me some help or advice on the subject.

Yours sincerely,

Dave Rolfe (6572)

THE EDITOR’S REPLY

This is a very difficult and complex subject, with both sides holding some
strong views. I would, however, query Mr Rolfe’s assertion that White
admirals and Silver-washed fritillaries live only on Forestry Commission
land as I have seen them elsewhere, both on Nature Conservancy land
and private land, from whence they might have been catchable from the
public road. His point, however, is valid in that a number of scarcer
species are in localities where collecting is not generally permitted.

To my mind it is an appalling hypocrisy to try and lay the blame for
species’ scarcity and extinction on the collector and to ban him. It is
entirely due to habitat changes, the change all too frequently (as
happened to the Large copper on Whittlesea Mere) being preceded by
destruction by fire. This gives little chance of species’ survival. Consider
the following extract, reprinted from habitat to realize the appalling
habitat destruction taking place:

‘Increasing international concern about the continuing destruction of the

tropical rain forests of the Amazon Basin has forced the Brazilian

Government into action. President Sarney has cancelled subsidies for forest

clearance, banned the export of unsawn logs and set up a satellite monitoring

system to detect the thousands of forest fires deliberately set during the current
dry season. Early in October, ecologist, author and film maker Herbie

Girardet returned from Brazil with film and slides of the devastation of the

Amazon rain forest. Shown on British television, they showed that an area of

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 43

Brazilian forest and pasture nearly twice the size of Britain is on fire, at least
100 million acres. Brazilian scientist Jose Lutzenberger points out that people
in Britain have the right to interfere in Brazilian affairs. ‘The rain forests act as
the air conditioner for the planet. Their destruction could lead to catastrophic
climate changes elsewhere and in the UK’. Almost 20% of the annual build up
of carbon dioxide, the principle ‘greenhouse’ gas causing planetary warming,
can be attributed to the burning of tropical forests.’’

In the face of such destruction as this the forbidding of collecting is of
the same scale as forbidding the taking of a pebble or grain of sand off a
beach!

Not all who own land or have authority in such matters are against
collecting. The following extract appeared in the review of a book
published in the Nature Conservancy Council’s journal Topical Issues:

‘“With the possible exception of a few very rare species of butterfly, collecting
by entomologists is not a threat to British insects; indeed collecting is often
essential for locating insect populations, particularly for those species which
are small or difficult to identify. We hope that the publication of the Red Data
Book will encourage more entomologists to locate and study rare insects in the
field. All too little is known about most of the species listed and an adequate
knowledge of habits and habitat requirements is an essential prerequisite for
their conservation. For some species we are probably already too late; the last
native large blue butterfly flew in 1979 and the bone skipper fly
Centrophlebomyia furcata whose larvae develop in the bone marrow of large
dead animals, has not been seen since 1906.

The Red Data Book for insects took nine years to prepare and includes much
hitherto unpublished material. It is a healthy collaboration between amateur
and professional entomologists, and governmental and voluntary conser-
vation organisations, which is one of the hallmarks of natural history and
nature conservation in Britain.’’

The question of the AES sponsoring or otherwise supporting members
to obtain permits has been considered in Council on several occasions
but rejected on several grounds. While I am sure Mr Rolfe is correct in
that we do not harbour irresponsible members, the moment that it
became known we were an easy route through which to obtain permits,
then every shady dealer and irresponsible collector would make haste to
join and his statement on this score would no longer be true.

44 APRIL 1989

COMPUTERS AND ENTOMOLOGY

PART 2 — COMPUTER LANGUAGES AND WORD PROCESSORS
by David Chesmore (7375)

(Concluded from page 40)

2.1 Features Common to Word Processors

With so many word processing packages available, it is difficult to
describe the often unique features of each package. However, they all
have a number of common facilities which are outlined below.

(a) Editing. The simplest form of editing operates in a manner similar to
the rub-out key on a manual typewriter equipped with a correcting
ribbon, i.e. the last character(s) typed can be removed; on a computer
this is achieved by the delete key. It is also possible to delete characters
anywhere in the document by use of cursor keys which move the cursor
(a marker, often flashing, pointing to the place in the document where
the next character is to be typed) around the screen and document. When
a character is deleted, the space it occupied is filled by the character
immediately to its right, and on some packages this change is
automatically reflected throughout the document. This is the same for
lines and blocks of text that are deleted or inserted. There may be special
keys for the deletion of words and lines. More powerful editing facilities
include the ability to delete, insert and move larger sections of text such
as paragraphs.

(b) Searching. It is possible to search for and replace words in the
document to correct mistakes. Most word processors allow the user to
control the seaching/replacing process so as to search for one or more
occurrences, replace automatically or ask the user to verify the
replacement and possibly to change the attributes of the word to be
replaced. The replace facility is very useful if some words have been mis-
spelt throughout the document.

(c) Character Attributes. An attribute for a character is simply the style
in which it is to be presented i.e. whether in italics, bold, underlined,
superscripted or subscripted. Another attribute is that of character size
usually expressed in terms of characters per inch (cpi), the smallest
common size being 17 cpi. Some word processors have the ability to
display mathematical symbols such as 2 and n, and foreign characters, eg
6. Depending on the type of word processor and computer, the attributes
may or may not be displayed on the screen. If they are, then the term
used for this type is WYSIWYG (‘‘What You See Is What You Get’’).
Attributes in documents produced with other types of word processor
will not be shown until the document is printed.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 45

(d) Saving and Printing. When the document is completed to the user’s
satisfaction then it can be saved on cassette, floppy or hard disc, or
printed directly. Most word processors automatically back-up
documents that have been edited by renaming the old version of the
document so that all is not lost if the latest version becomes corrupted. It
is therefore wise to save a document frequently when editing in order not
to lose too much information. When printing a document, the options
available depend primarily on the type of printer available. For example,
different character sizes (and diagrams) can easily be printed using a dot
matrix or laser printer but not with a daisy-wheel printer since the wheel
has to be changed. Two types of print quality can be obtained with dot
matrix printers, these being draft and letter quality (or Near Letter
Quality — NLQ). The advantage gained in printing unfinished
documents in draft quality is that of speed, often a factor of two faster
than letter quality since in the latter mode each line is overprinted twice
(or possibly three times).

(e) Document Layout. There are a number of different formats in which
a document can be presented. The first is in a manner similar to that
produced by a typewriter, with the text aligned to the left and ragged on
the right margin (left justified). The second format is known as justified
because text is aligned to both margins (like the text in the Bulletin). This
is obtained by inserting spaces into the text until the last character on the
line lies on the right margin and can sometimes produce unusual results,
such as only three words on a line, when strings of long words are used.
Some word processors can produce text that is justified to the right
margin, opposite to that of a typewriter. One of the more useful text
formats is centred text, where the computer automatically places the text
at the centre of the line; this is useful for headings. Also included in
document layout are facilities for setting margins, page length, tab stop
positions and formats for page numbering.

(f) Spell Checking. There are now a large number of spell checking
programs available, some of which are incorporated into the word
processor and some which run as separate programs once the document
is finished. The first type is recommended since words that have been
mis-spelt can be changed immediately whereas with the latter a note must
be made of the positions of the mis-spelt words which can then only be
changed by running the word processor again. Nearly all spell checkers
can be tailored to suit particular applications by updating them with the
words commonly encountered. For example, it is unlikely that a
commercially available spell checker would contain the word Noctuidae
but it could be added.

The above list of features is by no means complete but should provide
an idea of the capabilities of word processors.

46 APRIL 1989

2.2 Entomological Applications of Word Processors

Some of the possible uses for word processors include:

(a) Report Writing. With a little practice any reports or articles can be
made to look professional, particularly when features such as automatic
page numbering, centred headings and highlighting of important points
(underlining, italics, etc) are employed. It is important to be consistent
when writing reports, i.e. keep the same margin settings, consistent
section numbering and the inclusion of an introduction, conclusions and
possibly an abstract, particularly when many journals demand specific
layouts for articles and papers, often in double line spacing.

(b) Label Printing. The use of a word processor can overcome one of the
major problems associated with hand-written labels, that is legibility.
The method for producing small data labels has been described in the
Bulletin previously (1) and will not be reproduced here. Cabinet labels
can also be produced by using a larger character size. Other methods of
printing data labels directly from record lists will be included when
databases are discussed.

(c) Form Generation and Filling. There is often a requirement for
producing standard forms for surveys, species lists, etc. This can be
achieved with ease if a word processor capable of producing diagrams is
used but boxes and columns can be generated with any word processor
by using the underline or minus characters for horizontal lines and the
vertical bar (‘‘l’’) or capital I for vertical lines. Once designed, multiple
copies can be printed or photocopied.

(d) Customised Letterheads. One of the more straightforward
applications is in the design of customised letterheads. These can be
obtained in two ways — by header text or by printing the letterhead onto
paper and re-inserting the paper into the printer when required. The
latter method is simple and achievable with any word processor.
However, the first method can only be used with packages that can insert
header text onto each page before the main body of the text is printed
(e.g. Locoscript.on the Amstrad PCW computers).

There are now a number of software packages known as integrated
systems (e.g. Integrated-7 and Smart) which not only incorporate word
processors but databases, spreadsheets and graphics as well. These
packages enable, for example, graphs from data stored in the
spreadsheet to be included in word processed documents. In entomology,
data from records (e.g. moth trap) can be processed and graphically
displayed by the spreadsheet, and then transferred to the word processor
for inclusion in a report. These possibilities will be discussed in more
detail in the next article.

REFERENCE
1. Topical Tip, ‘‘Computer Data Labels’’, Bu//. amat. Ent. Soc. 47, pp.67-68.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 47

ON THE LARVAE OF THE DARK DAGGER MOTH
ACRONICTA TRIDENS

by Paul Waring (4220)

Further to the most interesting note by John L. Gregory (Bulletin 47:
154-155) on the dorsal colour patterns in the larvae of the Dark dagger,
Acronicta tridens, 1 enclose a colour slide which you are welcome to
reproduce. It shows a larva of tridens viewed from above. The specimen
has approximately equal amounts of orange and white in the dorsal
stripe, except on the final segment. I would consider this as a white stripe
interrupted by orange patches, the latter being reduced to almost absence
in some specimens, such as the one illustrated by Mr Gregory. I welcome
observations such as Mr Gregory’s for they serve to emphasise the
importance of making first hand descriptions. So much of the 20th
century literature, both on the appearance of larvae and on their
foodplants, involves repetition without credit to the original sources. At
each stage descriptions have been paraphrased, or simplified, such that
the third hand versions are inaccurate, as Mr Gregory demonstrates. The
outstanding exception is Haggett (1981) which should be an example to
us all. I would advise the reader to seek out the original 19th century
accounts in libraries when discrepancies are found in the recent works.
Examples of useful works are Buckler’s nine volumes and Wilson (1880),
in which the descriptions are better than the illustrations. The prices of

48 APRIL 1989

these books are now beyond the means of most of us. Second-hand
copies of Newman (1869) are cheaper and more readily available. The
larvae are not illustrated but there are many useful descriptions.
Fortunately, as many members may know, a comprehensive amount of
the larvae of the Macrolepidoptera, complete with photographs of all
species, iS in preparation. In recent years the compilers, Messrs Jim
Porter and Steve Church have treated us to displays of the photographs
each year at the annual exhibition of the British Entomological and
Natural History Society (BENHS). They are still trying to obtain
photographs of a small number of species and are circulating a list of
these. Copies of the list can be obtained at most meetings of the BENHS
or with SAE from J. Porter, 45 King Charles Road, Surbiton, Surrey.

Regarding larval foodplants I have found Skinner (1984) to be the
most useful of the readily available works for two reasons. Firstly it is
comprehensive for the macro-moths, and secondly the author has
distinguished between what the larvae have been found on recently in the
wild, and what they have been reared on in captivity. Many other works
fail to make this important distinction. Work to conserve our moths will
flounder if host plant data and other information on the larvae is
unreliable.

REFERENCES
Buckler, W. (1887-1901) The larvae of the British butterflies and moths. Vols 1-9. Ray
Society, London.

Haggett, G. M. (1981) Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler, British
Entomological and Natural History Society, London.

Newman, E. (1869) An illustrated history of the British butterflies and moths. Tweedie,
London.

Skinner, B. (1984) Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking,
Middlesex.

Wilson, O. S. (1880) The larvae of the British Lepidoptera and their foodplants.
Reeve,London.

A JANUARY YELLOW UNDERWING

by Don McNamara (5537)

At 20.50 hours on 14th January this year a mint specimen of the Large
yellow underwing (Noctua pronuba) flew into the saloon bar of the Ship
Inn, Newnham-on-Senon, Gloucestershire. This event was witnessed by
myself, Lionel Lusty — a reputable local naturalist — and several un-
named darts players.

Cheers!

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 AQ

AN EARLY SPRING IN GALICIA
by Gareth King (8585)

February is not renowned as the month for entomological discovery in
Britain, but as I was to find, this was not to be the case in Galicia. I
arrived in Vigo at the end of January — to be sure the first week was wet,
but by the end of the first week of February I was to be pleasantly
surprised. Surprised, in that many species were seen well in advance of
Britain.

Galicia is in the north-western-most province of Spain, lying to the
north of Portugal. I was walking in Vigo, Galicia’s second city, 30 km
from the Portuguese frontier on the Rias Bajas. Galicia’s coastline is
reminiscent of Brittany’s, offering plenty of mist.

On 7th February I saw both Pararge aegeria (Speckled wood), and
Artogeia rapae (Small white) around Vigo. But more interesting still, was
a find of four Vanessa atalanta (Red admiral) larvae. Certainly this
species must be continuously brooded there. I was to find both larvae
and imagines throughout my stay.

February 13th, on a visit to a coastal town, Baiona, 17 km west of
Vigo, several empty nests of Thaumetopoea pityvocampa (Pine proces-
sionary) were seen amongst Pinus sylvestris. The next day, a 25 minute
ferry ride across the Ria de Vigo brought me to Cangas de Morrazo,
where early specimens of Lasiommata megera (Wall brown) were seen in
the wooded area of Eucalyptus and Pinus, near the coast. Here a first
Cynthia cardui (Painted lady) was spotted. Eucalyptus globulus is a
common plant in Galicia, it seems to have been planted to stem the
erosion which occurs due to deforestation, combined with poor, thin
soils and frequent rain. (The ubiquitous nature of the tree has led to
protests by ecologists in Asturias, when recently planted trees were
uprooted en masse. Oct.1988.GEK). The good weather must have
coaxed out of hibernation, larvae of Eurodryas aurinia beckeri (Marsh
fritillary), which were found in quantity feeding on ‘‘Honeysuckle and
resting amongst ivy and bramble. Several were collected of this larger,
Iberian sub-species. Also found were Pieris brassicae (Large white) and
V. atalanta (Red admiral) pupae.

The continuing early spring sunshine produced a solitary
Macroglossum stellatarum (Humming-bird hawkmoth) flying down the
main street of Tui, a pretty town nestling on the banks of the Rio Minho,
which forms the frontier with Portugal. A further L. megera (Wall
brown) was also seen the same day.

A subsequent visit to Cangas on 18th February a first Colias crocea
(Clouded yellow) was seen along with Gonepteryx rhamni (Brimstone)

50 APRIL 1989

and A. rapae (Small white). The favourable February weather was
certainly doing good things for the E. aurinia beckeri (Marsh fritillary)
larvae, which on further inspection at the site where found, were seen to
be doing well. I was to visit Cangas several times a week over the ensuing
months and was to note the following. On 23rd February several further
Red admiral larvae were found in a sheltered nettle bed along with a
pupa. The surprising find was on 27th February, when amongst the
sparse vegetation on cliffs, was seen a battered female Papilio machaon
(Swallowtail) no less. Seeing a specimen so early can only be considered
unusual.

However, no further Swallowtails were seen in any stage for the rest of
my stay until June. Common species seen in and around Cangas were
Walls, Small whites and Red admirals. It was rather odd that both the
latter species and Painted ladies were common, but precisely no /nachis
io (Peacocks) or Aglais urticae (Small tortoiseshells) were ever seen.
Presumably, Galicia is some source of immigrants of the Vanessids to
Britain. But why no jo or urticae? According to Higgins and Riley, both
are found in north-west Spain. On 19th March several Clouded yellows
were noted amongst lucerne, growing further along the coast from
Cangas itself. On the same date I found a half-grown Lasiocampa
quercus larva. I was most surprised that I did not encounter more, or for
that matter larvae of Macrothylacia rubi (Fox moth), which in similar
habitats in the Tuscany and Pyrenees were very common. Apart from
rapae and crocea, other early Pierids were Artogeia napi (Green-veined
white) Leptidea sinapis (Wood white) seen on 3rd and 23rd April
respectively, one of each. An early Polyommatus icarus (Small blue) was
seen on 15th May and surprisingly enough, a Zygaena filipendulae (Six-
spot burnet), considerably earlier that the July/August flight time in
Britain. Subsequent examples were seen in Playa de Samil, Vigo’s town
beach on 25th May.

Of the E. aurinia beckeri larvae collected, imagines began to emerge
18th April and behaved like moths considering the ease with which they
paired. One particular pair stayed in cop for a day. However, despite
easy pairings no ova were produced as the weather turned cooler in late
April. |

Crossing the Spanish frontier there is a meadow due east of the
frontier town of Valenca. Facing Tui on the opposite river bank this
meadow proved quite productive. Early in April I discovered yet more
Red admiral larvae. Also seen were several Clouded yellows and the, by
now, ubiquitous Wall butterflies. On subsequent visits to the same
meadow on 16th and 20th May several Painted lady larvae were collected
on Burdock as well as further Red admirals. Due to-large numbers of

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 31

these larvae being reared I was able to release several butterflies. I have
no doubt that the antiquated farming methods employed in this area of
Portugal, helped to maintain populations of insects. Therefore, further
studies of a more intensive nature in this area could prove interesting.

In conclusion, it was heartening to see so many species so early in the
year and in relatively unspoilt countryside. However, whether February
in this part of Galicia (and just over the frontier into Portugal) is
regularly so mild and productive remains to be seen.

REFERENCES

Higgins, L. E. and Riley, N. D. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe.
Collins, London.

Rougeot, P. C. and Viette, P. Guia de Campo de las Mariposas Nocturnas de Europa y
Norte de Africa.

FURTHER FRIDGE NOTES
by Gareth King (8585)

I was interested to read Alan Winterflood’s notes on using the fridge to
maintain viability of imagines emerging only sporadically (Bulletin 47:
177).

I have used the fridge on previous occasions for the same reason,
especially with Saturniids, but without the same success rate as Alan.

For example, October 1988 saw emergences of Dictyploca simla —
normally with this species there are no problems with synchronized
emergences — however this time there was. A female was put into the
fridge on 18th October immediately after emergence and remained
perfectly quiescent therein. This specimen was joined by another female
on 28th October. For some reason, despite experiencing the same
conditions as her fellow inmate, she began to oviposit immediately.
When a male finally emerged on 30th October, both females were
brought out into room temperature with the male. The first female, by
now twelve days old, began to lay immediately, the second female began
to lay as before. Neither females ever bothered to call, and the male
battered itself silly in the cage before being found dead the following
day.

Obviously it would seem that a fridge may serve a purpose for some
species, but not others. I could understand very low temperatures
damaging beyond relief tropical species, but sim/a, coming from Japan,
would presumably (at least in northern Japan) be experiencing similar
autumn temperatures to Britain. Therefore, why can both Deilephila

52 APRIL 1989

elpenor and Pieris brassicae (according to Brian Gardiner) survive fridge
conditions to breed afterwards, but not simla? A possibility could be that
low temperatures irreversibly affected my simla, but if so, why did the
females oviposit normally afterwards, without even calling? Fridge
conditions certainly did nothing to alter the frenetic flapping of an earlier
male sim/a, which continued to batter itself to death regardless. Perhaps
once a moth (or butterfly) emerges, its internal mechanisms control its
behaviour regardless of external conditions.

So twelve days is twelve days, whether spent in cold conditions or
normal conditions, and that once normal conditions prevail (ex-fridge)
oviposition will occur. Another thought — Saturniids being non-feeding
imagines would be unable to replenish ‘‘thirst’’ caused by the dry
conditions of the fridge, whereas feeding species like e/penor or
brassicae, for example, could be re-enlivened and therefore any damage
done made good. Saturniids are notorious for sporadic emergencies, so a
recourse to the refrigerator is presumed to be a help, but what is the
point, if behaviour is irreconcilably altered, to the extent where no
breeding takes place when a pair are eventually brought together?

BOOK REVIEW

Elateroidea: provisional Warwickshire atlas by S. A. Lane. A4, pp5S.
City of Coventry Leisure Services: Arts and Museums. 1988. Price not
stated.

This concise booklet is testament to the indispensable nature of
computers to the modern biological recorder. Whilst the printing may be
a shade light, particularly on the maps, the compilation of widely
scattered data and indeed the very appearance of this work are ample
justification for their use. In his brief introduction, the author details
several interesting species which the diligent field-worker may yet
discover in the County — a refreshing change from the usual lament over
a catalogue of decline which faunal lists so often throw up. Each of the
32 species recorded from the County is then covered individually with a
10 km square distribution map and short accompanying notes as to
habitats, status, etc. The maps are usefully enhanced by numbers
indicating date-classes (eg ‘‘6’’ = 1960-69) rather than a simple dot or
cross. Both alphabetical and taxonomic indices complete the work. As
ever the aim is to stimulate further recording, with a view to producing a
definitive Atlas in the future. The author and his small band of co-
workers deserve success in this venture.

CG

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 53

FREE BOARD AND LODGINGS
by Annabelle M. Spencer

Normally we close in winter, but how could we even have imagined
turning away such an unusual visitor to our Guest House? We offered
him the Pink Room, ‘‘Sunset’’. He accepted.

It all began last May 27th (1987) at 8.25 in the evening, when I
observed a wonderful sighting of what looked to me to be a tiny beautiful
miniature like Humming bird feeding high up on the red Valerian on our
yard wall. In awe and wonderment I just stood and gazed at such beauty
in miniature. For this was to be our first recording of our visitor, the
Humming-bird hawk moth at Falkland House, Wells, in Somerset.

It is a day-flying moth with an approximate wingspan of 2'4”. When
hovering, his wings look almost transparent, beating at such a high
speed, although there is a tinge of orangey-brown about them and the
underpart abdomen slightly barred in black and white. Brian had seen
one years ago in Hampshire. Me — well, for days I was in a trance hardly
able to believe the beauty of what I had seen and telling everyone. The
sound his wings made was strange as he flew and then hovered over the
Valerian, inserting his long tongue deep into the tiny flower heads.
Apparently the high-pitched humming sound made by his wings is said to
be more audible to women than to men. Then with more quick darting
movements he was away, flying high. Here one moment, gone the next,
aptly describes him.

During the summer last year we could hardly keep our eyes off the
Valerian and spent hours and days sitting and waiting for return visits.
Yes, we were rewarded. We are used to filming Falkland Islands Wildlife
in the raw, the great Elephant seals and magnificent roaring Southern sea
lions. This was a completely different experience. Our still cameras went
into action. Difficult was the word, for sometimes it was literally just
seconds only that he stayed.

After a few visits we realized he was returning on a sort of schedule.
Our video cameras would be set up from early morning to late evening
and yes, we did capture him — on film.

In August and September we were fearing the worst. No sightings. He
had been like a breath of fresh air to us, awakening and inspiring.
Probably we would never again have such a rare visitor to our garden. I
just hoped he was safe somewhere.

Around the 8th October the weather had turned to cold, wet, windy
days. Just after mid-day I was going out through my mother’s yard (next
door to our yard) shutting the conservatory door behind me. It was
music to my ears. Even now, on re-living that moment, I shake my head

BA | APRIL 1989

in wonderment, and tears well in my eyes — it was the return of our
Humming-bird hawk moth. I have called it a miracle. Immediately I
could sense he was looking for a safe hiding place for the winter days.
Here there were a few old wooden beams and nooks and crannies that
could shelter him. I talked to him and told him he would be safe. ‘‘Please
settle, we will look after you. I will open the door and you can come into
the dry.’’ We had talked to him all summer; he knew our voices. But,
even now at any second he could turn and fly off, for the world was open
to him. I came back down the yard, opened the conservatory door and
gently invited him to fly in. And yes he did, settling onto the folds of an
old umbrella.

From there we transferred him into a large glass sweet jar with some
still flowering Valerian but there he just stayed quiet on the dried stems
and was not interested. He was obviously worn out from the battering of
the last few days of rough weather.

After a few hours, although there was no movement to escape, we
were already beginning to feel uncomfortable for him and so decided to
take him into our Guest Room, ‘‘Sunset’’. Here I encouraged him to fly
from the stems of the Valerian. Just twice around the room he circled
and then settled onto the net curtain at the window. Later that day he
climbed up and tucked himself into the folds. No heating was dared to be
turned on in his room all winter. In the weeks that followed as it became
colder — this room faces north — we covered the glass with newspaper
and gently placed some over the half net curtain to give him a darkened
hiding place. Daily checks, by squinting sideways beneath his covering
but not disturbing it, showed no movement. At a glance he appeared
quite an inconspicuous little grey moth.

As the days begin to lighten and lengthen we are becoming anxious.
We are very hopeful that our Humming-bird hawk moth will fly around
in the warm days of Spring and fly off to mate and lay eggs. We must
resist that temptation to hold the moth for this would increase its
activity, causing it to use vital body energy reserves and it would die. At
present, however, he is still our visitor to ‘‘Sunset’’ awaiting the warmth
of the Spring sunshine to awaken him.

In June, after warm days of sunshine and still no movement, we
discovered him to be dead. A lovely specimen. Since then, a coincidence:
when reading L. Hugh Newman’s book Hawk moths of Great Britain
and Europe we found it reported that a Peter Hobbs had bred a small
brood of this species from a female captured in a garden in Wells,
Somerset, early in summer!

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 95

OLD LADY IN TOWN
by Jan Koryszka (6089)

On 13 August 1988 I saw an Old lady (Mormo maura) roosting in the
gents public toilet in Longton town centre. Three days later she was seen
back in the same spot. No doubt one of her favourite roosting sites. She
is not a common species in Staffordshire and a first recording for
Longton, although she has been reported in areas some miles away,
being most frequent in the Trent and Churnet valleys. The last time I had
seen an Old lady was back in 1974, in a corridor of the North Staffs
Royal Infirmary at Hartshill.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON OVIPOSITING BEHAVIOUR IN
NORDMANNIA ACACIAE FABRICIUS (L YCAENIDAE), WITH
SOME NOTES ON ITS DEVELOPMENT IN CAPTIVITY.

by P. J. C. Russell (8977)

On 14th July 1987 at 20 km on the N 623, just north of Ubierna (Burgos)
Spain, at about 14.30 hours local time, I observed a small butterfly
flitting around a sloe bush (Prunus spinosa). On closer inspection it
proved to be a female Sloe hairstreak N. acaciae, the black anal tuft
being clearly visible in the bright sunshine. After a few seconds she
alighted, walked about among the twigs and tucked her abdomen under
the twig on which she had rested. At the same spot she repeated the latter
movement three or four more times. She then flew off, alighted some
short distance away on the same bush, which was a mature one, being
about 2.5 metres high and the same in diameter, and repeated the entire
process.

After she had flown off to another bush some 20 to 30 metres down
the road, I examined the two twigs expecting to find a small cluster of
ova on each, which would have been unusual as the Hairstreaks
(Theclinae) lay their eggs singly; but with the naked eye I could not find a
single egg let alone a small group. All I noticed was what looked like a
small hairy opalescent scale-bug adjacent to a dormant bud on each twig.
However, when viewed with a hand lens( x 8), each proved to be a single
egg, bright greenish white with a flattened top and covered with many
black hairs. Its camouflage almost fooled me! Obviously on the first
recurving of the female’s abdomen the ovum had been deposited and on
the subsequent ones she must have brushed the still moist (sticky?) egg
with her anal tuft, leaving some of its black hairs attached to the egg.
These hairs broke up the regular outline of the egg and this would aid its
concealment against the black bark of the twigs during the nine months
of its resting period.

56 APRIL 1989

The two ova were removed from the bush still attached to their twigs
and on returning home placed outside in a clear plastic pin box, where
they remained until early spring. On 15th March 1988 one of the eggs
appeared to have darkened and they were then kept indoors. On hatching
neither larva made any attempt to eat the empty shell, but soon crawled
off to find a fresh bud into which they bored and began feeding; each
larva was placed in an individual plastic container and given fresh twigs
of P.spinosa every four or five days. The following table shows the times
of their moults and subsequent development:

Ovum a Ovum b
Laid 14.7.88 14.7.88
Hatched 19.3.88 20.3.88
Ist Moult 28.3.88 1.4.88
2nd Moult 6.4.88 8.4.88
3rd Moult 13.4.88 17.4.88
Pupated 27.4.88 3.5.28
Emerged 19.5.88 26.5.88
Sex Male Female

I returned to Spain in April 1988 and between 13th April and 7th May
the larvae/pupae were kept inside a vehicle and therefore subjected to
rather higher than normal temperatures. On 15th April I passed the bush
from which the ova had been collected and noted that the flower buds
were just bursting — at least a month later than those in Sussex which I
had just left; however the collecting site was about 950 m above sea level,
whereas those in Sussex which I had seen earlier were about 10 m above
sea level.

It is well known that some moths, especially those of the family
Lymantriidae for example Euproctis similis, E. chrysorrhoea and
Dasychira species cover their egg clusters with hairs from their anal tufts;
however, I have never seen any record in the literature of butterflies
using hairs to cover their eggs. N. acaciae would appear to be unique
morphologically on two counts: firstly, among European butterflies
(possibly worldwide?) it is the only species to have an anal tuft of a
totally different colour from its abdomen; and secondly, among
Lepidoptera as a whole it would seem to be the only species in which only
the female has this different coloured anal tuft. This anatomical feature
of N. acaciae has been well documented in the literature, almost every
book on European butterflies states the fact, but never before, so far as I
am aware, has the significance of it in terms of egg camouflage even been
noted or even suggested.

I would be most interested to hear from anyone who has observed or
seen reports of this constructive camouflage of ova in this or any other
butterfly species.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 of

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Dear Mr Gardiner,

Regarding the letter from J. Campbell in Bulletin 47: 106, your
measured response was welcome, but, however, I feel that both of you
missed an important point.

Vast areas of the United Kingdom and parts of Europe have been
changed. Notice that I do not say the habitat has been destroyed, for very
rarely is habitat destroyed. Perhaps an example of destroyed habitat
would be of a meadow or wood paved over to form a car park. Examples
of ‘“‘changed’’ habitat are drained fens, progression of farmland to
suburbia, destruction of hedges, changing of shrubs or moorland to
conifer plantations.

All changed habitats have their own species that will eventually
colonise them, but only if there is a free immigration of species. In other
words, suppose that large tracts of the British countryside had been
naturally colonised by conifers. Over thousands of years, without human
interference, new species will move in or adapt to fill the niche. The same
could be said for suburbia. In many countries, insect species, including
some spectacular moths, Samia cynthia being a good example, have
forged a relationship with the urban environment. City environments do
not have to be empty ones.

In similar fashion there are plenty of spectacular conifer feeders such
as Eacles imperialis and Hyalophora columbia to name but a couple.

Since man has artificially changed these environments, why not
artificially introduce some species to adapt? Not all such introductions
will be successful, but the chances are that some species will thrive.

There is another compelling argument for introductions, and that is
extinctions. H. columbia used to be fairly common in Michigan and a
few other areas. Unfortunately its particular environment is larch trees
bordering small lakes. These places were and are regarded as desirable
areas for human habitation, so they have been slowly transformed into
homes and cottages. The larch is gone and so are most of the moths.
What makes more sense than to introduce it into virgin larch plantations
in the UK?

Since the authorities are incredibly conservative regarding intro-
ductions, it is the duty of every lepidopterist who is interested in
conservation on a world-wide basis to introduce endangered species into
Suitable environments wherever they may be. In the event that you may
regard my above remarks as radical, consider the possibilities if the Dodo
had been introduced into other environments before it was exterminated.

Yours sincerely,
Chris Young (5236)

58 APRIL 1989

BOOK REVIEW

The smaller moths of Staffordshire by R. G. Warren. A5, pp38, card
cover. Staffordshire Biological Recording Scheme Publication No. 13.
1988. Available from City Museum and Art Gallery, Hanley, Stoke-on-
Trent, Staffs STl 3DW. Price £0.50 (+ post).

Over the period 1975 to 1981 the Atlas of the Lepidoptera of
Staffordshire was published, in six parts, covering the butterflies and
larger moths. This current volume collects together records of some 700
species of microlepidoptera recorded in Staffordshire, updating H. W.
Daltry’s list which was published between 1925 and 1929.

Species are arranged in the numerical order used by Bradley and
Fletcher in their Indexed list of British butterflies and moths. Records
have been gleaned from the Victoria County History (published in 1908),
Daltry’s list, and more modern records. Recorders are identified by
initials, and place names in the text are identified with a Gazetteer. Each
family is briefly described in layman’s terms, and the occurrence of
species is noted by locality and recorder, with a very brief comment of
foodplant, where appropriate.

It is a pity that more information is not given for many species — such
as dates of capture, or comments on more of the critical species
(uncertainties about identifications are occasionally given). A number of
the listed species are of considerable interest but, as the author
acknowledges, there are many gaps. This book certainly whets the
appetite, and should stimulate further interest in Staffordshire
microlepidoptera. It is a pity that the cover does not match the first six
volumes. The text has been word-processed and photo-reduced, but the
price is very reasonable.

Paul Sokoloff

SMALL TORTOISESHELL IN THE SOVIET CAPITAL
by Leigh Plester (2968)

While awaiting our connecting flight from Helsinki to Singapore on 7
April 1988, Nick Marsh and I took a lazy stroll in the sunshine round the
walls of the Kremlin in Moscow. The air temperature was about 10°C. I
was delighted to observe a Small tortoiseshell (Ag/ais urticae) flitting up
and down the warm surfaces and alighting on a choice spot. The species
has been my first butterfly of the year countless times but I have rarely
seen it in such an unusual place! Not being familiar with Moscow, I
cannot say where the nearest clump of nettles abides, but I would
imagine that, as in Leningrad, you would not have to walk far to find
one.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48

59

Part of the Kremlin wall, habitat of the Small tortoiseshell (7.4.1988).

60 APRIL 1989

BOOK REVIEW

Butterflies of the British Isles: The Lycaenidae & Butterflies of the
British Isles: The Nymphalidae both by Michael Easterbrook and pp.24
including Coloured illustrations. AS (card cover). Shire Publications
1988. Price £1.25 each.

Publishing is a notoriously costly business so I am at a loss as to how
Shire Publications are able to produce such excellent books at such low
prices as those in their natural history series.

The first, Hawk moths of the British Isles was published in 1985. Since
then, two more of interest to lepidopterists have made their appearance
— Butterflies of the British Isles: the Nymphalidae in 1987 and the
Lycaenidae last year. All three volumes are by Michael Easterbrook and
at £1.25 each are remarkable value.

The work on the Nymphalidae contains no fewer than 28 coloured and
three black and white illustrations, in addition to three line drawings.
Each species is described in detail and much interesting information may
be gleaned. The book ends with a list of organisations, including the
AES, which cater for the enthusiast. A list of suitable books and journals
is also included.

The Lycaenidae deals with all 11 species to be found in this country
and also included are the two Coppers and the five Hairstreaks. Once
again there is an abundance of illustrations as well as a book list
somewhat more comprehensive that in the earlier volume.

I cannot praise these works too highly and eagerly await further
volumes in the series.
Terence F. Knight

CHEQUERED SKIPPER RESEARCH

We are currently undertaking a three year project to investigate the
ecology and status of this rare and localised species in Scotland with a
view to designing conservation measures for it. Consequently, all site
records and observations of the behaviour of the species would be
gratefully received. We would like to appeal to visitors to NW and
central west Scotland in the May-June period to contact us for a standard
site recording form. Information on dates and locations from specimens
in collections would also be extremely valuable. All data will be
acknowledged and used responsibly.

Further details are available from: N. O. M. Ravenscroft and M. R.
Young, University of Aberdeen, Department of Zoology, Tillydrone
Avenue, Aberdeen AB9 2TN.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 61

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that
awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological
research with particular emphasis on:

(a) Leaf-miners

(b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromysidae
(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera

(d) General entomology

in the above order of preference having regard to the suitability of
candidates and the plan of work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary
to fieldwork, for the study of collections, for attendance at conferences,
or, exceptionally, for the costs of publication of finished work. In total
they are unlikely to exceeded £350 in 1989/90.

Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuplet, of their
qualifications, of their plan of work and of the precise objects and
amount for which an award is sought, to Dr M. J. Scoble, Department of
Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,
London SW7 SBD, as soon as possible and not later than 30 September
1989.

THE PAINTED LADY IN YORKSHIRE, 1988
by A. Grayson (8621)

It may have been a poor summer in 1988, but it proved to be a very good
year to see the Painted lady (Cynthia cardui) butterflies in the Ryedale
area of North Yorkshire. Throughout the year I kept a record of all my
personal sightings which totalled 47 insects. There is of course the
possibility that I may have seen the same insect twice, perhaps on
different days, but even so it is unusual to see so many in this district.

The first ones I saw were on 16th May and 11 were seen between then
and 19th June. All but two of these were badly damaged or had been
bleached by the sun. There was then a lull until 16th July and between
then and 18th September I recorded a further 36, nearly all of which were
freshly emerged.

Compared with other Vanessids, they were as common as the Peacock
(Unachis io) but only half as common as the Small tortoiseshell (Ag/ais
urticae) and much commoner than Red admirals (Vanessa atalanta) of
which I only noted nine during the year.

62 APRIL 1989

BOOK REVIEW

The Hymenoptera. Edited by Ian Gould and Barry Bolton. Published by
Oxford University Press for the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). 1988. 332
pp., eight coloured plates, two black and white, many line drawings.
Hardback — price £35.

This book looks a little like an AES publication, being in a yellow
cover with black titling and cover illustration and it complements our
own Hymenopterist’s Handbook. Like that, it is a team effort.
Taxonomists of the British Museum and the National Museums of
Scotland have combined to produce an outstanding introduction to the
Order. The greater part of the book is made up of a series of accounts of
the families occurring in Britain. Diagnosis, distribution and biology,
with lists of key identification works. Keys are provided to superfamilies
and families.

Introductory chapters cover biology, evolution, structure and
classification. There are 48 pages of Reference at the end of the book.
The colour plates are very good, particularly those of the parasitoids,
and the line drawings by David Morgan are of a very high standard.
Chapter 4, which deals with collecting and studying, covers only nine
pages so that it does not steal too much thunder from our own
publication, which might have got a mention in this chapter.

The price is high for the beginner but well worth it for anyone who
wishes to take a serious interest in the Hymenoptera.
PWC.

BEWARE OF THE WINE FLY!
by Frank Marples (8226)

Since my introduction to home wine-making I have been told to ‘‘beware
of the wine fly!’’ Until this time I had not heard of the creature, so I
resolved to discover just what it is and why it is despised by wine-makers.

To all accounts the wine, or vinegar (meaning sour wine), fly is
Drosophila melanogaster. It is attracted to fermenting materials, and
decomposing fruit, and bacteria carried by it can have the effect of
turning wine sour — hence the name.

Flies of the family Drosophilidae are well known, and well used, by
geneticists, apparently. These fruit-flies have certain characteristics,
including a rapid life cycle, which make them ideal for study purposes.

When making wine I will beware of the wine fly, of course, but I will
also enjoy identifying the tiny creature, should the opportunity arise.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 63

"Wine-flies at the Bottle!"

ABUNDANCE OF THE WHITE-SHOULDERED HOUSE MOTH
By Jan Koryszka (6089)

During 1986 to 1988 the White-shouldered housemoth (Endrosis
sarcitrella) became very common in a stretch of my garden, the reason
being a very large patch of saxifrage which had died, apparently of
natural causes. It went completely brown and resembled an old bird’s
nest, which this moth is particularly fond of. Many moths were seen and
I have now removed the remains of this plant, but on doing so I was
surprised to find some forty dead ladybirds which must have gone into
the plant for hibernation. They seemed to have been attacked by
predators.

64 APRIL 1989

COSTA RICA AND TRANSWORLD BUTTERFLY COMPANY

We have been given to understand that AES members have shown
considerable interest in the collecting expeditions arranged by this
company. They have now made some major changes to their programme
and we draw members’ attention to their offerings for this year below.

Their programme for both lepidopterists and other entomologists has
been greatly expanded to offer rainforest lodges in lowland rainforest,
and high Montane rainforest, with options to visit Tortuguero, The
Amazon of Costa Rica and a Cloudforest lodge. Naturalist and
Birdwatchers programmes available. Rates are all-inclusive. Costa Rica,
the most biologically diverse country in the World, the land-bridge
between North and South America offers the Lepidopterist the chance to
collect in a safe, peaceful country. Collecting and export permits are
required under Costa Rican law — Transworld Butterfly Company
obtain these for you. Special airfares arranged from London with KLM
Royal Dutch Airlines. Request brochures: Transworld Butterfly Co,
Apartado 7911, San Jose, COSTA RICA, C. America (Tel 506-284768,
Fax 506-281573).

When mentioning various courses and expeditions that are available in
the pages of our Bulletin, we have requested that any member, or
members, who have attended such, send us an account of their
experiences for publication. The response has been minimal and I would
appreciate an account from anyone who has been to Costa Rica, for I am
sure that many other members would be interesting to hear as to how
they fared.

A NOTE FROM CANADA
by G. M. Owen

Apropos of the article ‘‘An Urban Pioneer’’ (Bulletin 46: 240) which
concerned Hyalophora cecropia, | once found a live Ceanothus moth (H.
euryalis), which seems to be the western version of cecropia, at the
bottom of a low hedge just a few yards from the seashore on the Juan de
Fuca straits off the Pacific ocean.

I was also much interested on the article on hibernating the Comma
butterfly (Bulletin 46: 239). I believe this species (Polygonia c-album) is
the same as the Canadian P. satyrus, also referred to as the Comma in
the central plains and eastern North America. They are very prolific on
Vancouver Island and appear to be at least double-brooded. I raise many
of them every year from eggs collected in early spring and they are quite
free of parasites. Not so with collected larvae, however, where losses can
be appreciable.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 65

A WORLD OF THEIR OWN

by Hugh Popham

(Editor’s note: The Ashton Memorial in Williamson Park, Lancaster has
been described as one of the grandest monuments in England. With
financial help from Messrs Esso UK plc., it, together with its accom-
panying Palm house, has been saved from decay and turned into a
magnificent butterfly house, with particular emphasis being given to
British species. This article appeared in Esso Magazine No. 147, Autumn
1988, and is reprinted here with permission. It is unfortunate that we
cannot reproduce the fine colour illustrations accompanying the article,
but the editor of Esso Magazine, John Adlington, has very kindly
offered to send, post free, a copy to any member writing to Esso
Magazine, Esso House, Victoria Street, London SWIE 5JW.)

WHAT is a conscientious city council to do when faced with ‘‘the
grandest monument in England’’ so dangerously decayed that it has had
to be closed to the public, and a rather elegant Edwardian palm house in
a similar condition? The pair of them dominating a 38 acre park
presented to the city by a deceased linoleum millionaire for the
permanent enjoyment of its citizens.

These awkward questions were brought to the urgent attention of
Lancaster City Council ten years or so ago, by which time they could not
be ignored. There were various possibilities. One, obviously, was
demolition. But the Ashton Memorial is almost as much a symbol of the
city as its castle. However, if the Memorial and the Old Palm House,
were to be restored — at a cost of well over one million pounds — how
was the expense to be justified at a time when money was short?

The answer, aS in so many cities smitten by the decline, flight or
depredation of their old industries, was to go for leisure money and woo
the tourists. Williamson Park, with its lakes, wooded slopes, flowery
hollows and two noble Edwardian relics, certainly seemed ideal to be
turned into a tourist attraction. There is a nice historical irony here.

In the 1860s James Williamson, the founder of the linoleum firm, first
began to create the park out of stone quarries from which Lancaster was
built. His laudable aim was to alleviate the unemployment in the cotton
industry caused by the American Civil War: a not dissimilar incentive to
that demanding its restoration today. Williamson’s son, the first Lord
Ashton, continued the work and opened the park to the public in 1896.
He went on to build the Memorial to his family and the palm house ten
years later.

The Memorial, 65 metres high, designed by John Belcher in the most
florid High Baroque style could, once restored, look after itself. Its
handsome marble hall has proved ideal for concerts, receptions and as a

66 APRIL 1989

backdrop for open air theatrical productions, while the view from the
gallery on a fine day, takes in not only the Isle of Man in the west and the
Pennines to the north east but also the fells of the Lake District.

But what of the Palm House? An aviary, perhaps? Or a tropical plant
house, as at Kew? Or — why not? — a butterfly house. Better still, an
Exotic Butterfly House, an increasingly popular attraction these days.
The City Fathers, having tentatively made their decision, called in Mr
G. W. Wheatley of North Midlands Butterflies, then running just such
an enterprise in the Festival Gardens at Stoke-on-Trent, to advise them.

Bill Wheatley is one of those enviable souls who turned’ a boyhood
hobby into a profession, and his knowledge of, enthusiasm for and
delight in butterflies is profound and irresistible. Anyway, he duly came
to look at the Old Palm House — and reeled back.

The place was a wreck, doors missing, ironwork rusty, glass smashed,
the floor full of potholes: no home, as it stood for his exotic insects
accustomed to a good humid 30 degrees Celsius: no home, indeed, for
anything except field mice. However, it was — potentially — a delightful
structure, and restored and converted, would suit the purpose admirably;
he recommended accordingly.

From the Council’s point of view it would accord with their plans for
creating a kind of Edwardian pastiche in and around the Ashton
Memorial, and it should help to draw the crowds. The attendant young
ladies wear period costumes (which rather gives the impression that they
have been out dancing all night and have only just got home), and on the
upper floor of the Memorial there is a film show designed to illustrate
Edward VII’s brief sad reign.

So it was done. Lord Ashton’s Old Palm House was restored to its
original elegance, while within new paths were laid, beds set out, and
along one side, a runnel of water with small fountains and shoals of
goldfish. The massive old heating pipes were replaced with their modern
equivalent to maintain a constant temperature of 24 to 30 degrees Celsius
— that, Bill Wheatley says, of a tropical rain forest in spring.

Now planting could begin, and not just a random selection of tropical
plants. Butterflies are extremely finicky in such matters: the leaves on
which they lay their eggs must be the particular leaves which the
subsequent caterpillars will feed on, while the butterflies themselves must
have those flowers whose pollen and nectar they prefer.

This is what makes a butterfly house so fascinating. It has to be a
perfect little world, complete and self contained as to both climate and
ecology, for within it the butterflies will breed, live out their complicated
life-cycle, and die. Pests such as mice, ants and wasps which prey on
them must be kept out or provided with their natural enemies; similarly

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 67

the aphids that attack the plants. No question of pesticides to control
unwanted visitors here: natural balance is all. Thus, whitefly, the curse
of every hothouse, is the food of a tiny, but otherwise harmless, wasp
from Malaya, so there are tiny Malayan wasps to counter it. Australian
Zebra finches, which whizz about among the foliage, keep down
unwanted insects, and Chinese painted quails bustle about in the
undergrowth like miniature partridges on a perpetual useful scavenge.

Through this lush tropical garden dip and pause and flutter the
enamelled beauties from the jungles of India, China, Japan and Taiwan,
from Central Africa and Australia and the Americas: the Giant Orange
from the grasslands of South-East Asia and Swallowtails from the
Philippines, whose caterpillars account for the leaves of three hundred
small orange trees every year.

It is a delight to be amid all this moist luxuriance and watch them — as
many as five hundred at the height of summer — in all their brilliance of
colour and intricacy of pattern, daintily sip the pollen and nectar from
the flowers. To allow them to settle on you and fold their wings before
they change their minds and go wandering off, is pure enchantment. So
casual are they in their choice of a perch there is a real danger of stepping
on them or taking them out with you when you leave.

Of course, to the gardener, thinking of the ravages of cabbage white
caterpillars on his vegetables, the whole place must seem a dreadful
aberration, for here the brutes are actually encouraged to munch their
way through every green thing. So much so that Bill Wheatley has the
run of a large council greenhouse in which to raise the plants for his
voracious beauties to gobble up, and as some of the caterpillars are
disturbingly hefty — that of the American Owl reaches a length of eight
inches — their appetites are formidable.

In the Old Palm House, as it is called, all the denizens are exotic, and
many of them strikingly large and gorgeous. But the British Isles have
many vivid and exquisite butterflies too, from the common
Tortoiseshells to the splendid Purple Emperors, Peacocks and Red
Admirals; and to complement the tropical house Bill Wheatley decided
that a British equivalent would be a good idea.

There were no more Edwardian palaces left to convert, so the only
thing to do was to build one. Since its intended inhabitants climatically
speaking, would be at home it would not need to be particularly
elaborate, and would not even need to be glazed. But it would cost
money; and it is here that Esso forms an improbable alliance with the
Gatekeeper, the Painted Lady and the Grizzled Skipper. The Company
has had links with Lancaster for many years, including a base from
which it explores for oil offshore in Morecambe Bay, and so was glad to
contribute to the construction costs of the new house.

68 APRIL 1989

Compared with its rather voluptuous neighbour, it is inevitably a
modest structure lacking those opulent curves and lofty windows, but the
rules that govern the one govern the other.

Open to the air except for fine nylon netting on roof and walls, it is
just as much the natural habitat of its occupant. Not here, though, the
cannas and bamboos, orange and banana trees, passion flowers and
thunbergia, and an Amazonian temperature. Instead there will be nettles
and docks, buddleia and goldenrod and sorrel, and a variety of the native
flowers whose pollen and nectar are our butterflies’ bread and butter —
and a brisk breeze off the Irish Sea. |

Bill Wheatley hopes to have more than twenty native species, among
them several, like the Large Blue, close to extinction, and all of them
encouraged to breed. He may even be able to release some of the rarer
species to the wild. For those that hibernate, one end of the house will be
covered in order to give them somewhere dry in which to spend the
winter.

Lancaster claims that this linking of exotic and domestic butterflies in
adjacent premises is unique in Britain. Certainly for devoted
entomologist and casual visitor alike, there are not many opportunities
to see and compare the Small Copper, the Comma and the Chalk Hill
Blue with the splendours of the Scarlet Swallowtail, Yellow Birdwing and
Plain Tiger.

FOODPLANT OF THE MAGPIE MOTH IN STAFFORDSHIRE

by Jan Koryszka (6089)

On 5 June 1988 while I was doing some gardening, I noticed some frass
on my Sedum spectabile. On further examination I found the leaves had
been eaten and after a search found a number of larvae of the Magpie
moth (Abraxas grossulariata). A few days later my colleague Mr R. H.
Heath found a larva of this moth on a Sedum plant in his garden. Now
the usual foodplant of this species is currant and gooseberry, both
plentiful in our gardens. I have never found Magpie moth larva on
Sedum before and just why they should have swapped foodplants in 1988
remains a mystery. P. B. M. Allan, in his book Larval Foodplants does
give the related S. telephium. Other Sedum species may perhaps also be
utilized. The late H. W. Daltry of Madely found the Magpie to be rare in
his garden between 1924 and 1950, in spite of having many currant and
gooseberry bushes present, while over the same period it was common on
sloe bushes growing in hedgerows. In 1969 I found a Magpie pupa on
bramble and perhaps differing foodplants are selected in different areas.

(Curiously enough, I have never found Magpie larvae on anything
except various species of Euonymous — Editor.)

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 69

BOOK REVIEW

Grasshoppers and Bushcrickets of the British Isles by Andrew Mahon.
pp24; Coloured illustrations. AS (card cover). Shire Publications 1988.
Price £1.25:

This is a welcome addition to the Shire series, covering an increasingly
popular Order. The book has three main sections — Life-history,
Ecology, and Indentification and Distribution, which give a concise
summary of the main aspects of the group, from basic life-cycle to
courtship, feeding, mortality and so on. Inevitably the long shadow of
Ragge is present in the song diagrams but I liked the addition of a
pictorially — summarised habitat table. I would question the contention
however that Roesel’s bush-cricket is a species only of coastal sand-dune
and salt marsh. Such over-simplifications are likely to mislead the
beginner, who could easily find this species in dry grassland within a few
miles of central London.

Much of the book is taken up by the systematic section, with notes and
comments on each of the species. There is also.a good, simple key with
diagrams. Not so easily interpreted is the ‘‘distribution map’”’ and a bar-
chart of relative sizes as the accompanying species list is crammed into a
solid block of text.

The colour photographs are of good quality, but I was disappointed by
the fact that 15 out of the 16 shots depict Bushcrickets and Coneheads,
leaving only one photograph (plus the cover picture) of Grasshoppers.
Surely a more balanced coverage would have aided identification. It
could also have been useful to have had the Groundhoppers (Tetrigidae)
included in the work, since they are unlikely to be included in future
volumes.

The back cover blurb, alas, falls victim to its own hype, boasting ‘‘A
final chapter suggests places to visit. . .’’. I cannot regard one paragraph
as a ‘‘chapter’’, listing only ‘‘The New Forest’’ as a place to visit along
with just two localities in the Isle of Purbeck.

In would also seem an oversight at the very least to include only
Marshall and Haes’ 1988 Magnum opus in the “‘list’’ of further reading
and not Brown’s Naturalists’ Handbook or indeed Ragge, which can still
be found in most large libraries.

Thus although well-written, and attractively presented, and at £1.25 a
bargain by any standards, I feel a little more attention to detail could

have resulted in a more complete and valuable reference work.
CG

70 APRIL 1989

OBITUARIES

Edward (Teddy) Charles Pelham-Clinton

Teddy Pelham-Clinton died on Christmas day last year, less than two
months after he had unexpectedly succeeded to the title of 10th Duke of
Newcastle.

Educated at Eton and Cambridge, he first worked on ectoparasites for
the Agricultural Research Council at Edinburgh University and then the
Moredun Institute before taking a curatorial post at the Royal Scottish
Museum in 1960 where he remained until his retirement in 1981 when he
moved down to Devon where his garden (as had been the one in
Scotland) was laid out so as to encourage insect life.

Teddy was our foremost microlepidopterist and will be sadly missed,
not only as an Associate of Harley Books’ Moths and Butterflies of
Great Britain and Ireland, for which he was responsible for a large part
of the already published micro families, but also by all those to whom
any request for help was never refused and by those who so enjoyed his
company and eye for a locality and specimen when on collecting trips.

Teddy not only had an eye for spotting those tiny micros, discovering
several species new to the British list and having one he discovered, not to
mention two other insects, named after him. He also had a flair for
encouraging others to look out for things and was always ready to dash
off and investigate a new locality or a rumour of some unusual insect
having been seen. Besides his insects Teddy had an enduring interest in
music and sang in an Edinburgh choir. He was particularly fond of early
English composers and would often set his specimens to the
accompanyment of loud choral music.

His collections have been bequeathed to the National Museums of
Scotland (formerly Royal Scottish Museums) and they are particularly
useful, for Teddy was a very systematic and diligent worker who kept
copious notes and indexed records.

I first met Teddy when he came up to Cambridge and together with
Tony Harbottle and other hardy souls we spent many a day and night
searching the fens, in those days of course by Tilley light, not MV! One
of the things Teddy taught me in those early days was the importance of
a tot of rum to warm things up when the moths were shivering in the
undergrowth. That friendship made then lasted forty years.

Brian Gardiner

Lt. Col. Charles Cowan

Charles Cowan passed away on September 13 last at the age of 76. His
main interest was in the butterflies of India and Malaya, where his army
career gave him the opportunity to collect extensively and indeed it was

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 71

on his collection that The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsular by Corbet
and Pendlebury was based.

Cowan was particularly interested in the Lycaenidae and, after his
retirement from the army, turned his attention to systematics and the
history and literature of natural history. He published extensively on
these subjects. His books and records have gone to Malaya, for he
wanted entomologists there to benefit from his knowledge and
experience of their country.

Brian Gardiner

ENTOQUIZ: THE ANSWERS

(With apologies that these were omitted from our last issue. The quiz

appeared last November (Bulletin 47: 225).)
1. Silver Y or Golden Y. 2. Cinnabar. 3. Brimstone. 4. Small Copper:
5. Ant. 6. There are two possible anagrams to this one, Puss (a moth) or
Wasp. 7. Diapause. 8. Burnet (Glowworm would also be possible).
9. Mosquito. 10. Earwig. 11. Mite. 12. Ladybird. 13. Flea. 14. Blue-
bottle. 15. Greenfly. 16. Bushcricket. 17. Grizzled skipper. 18. Weevil.
19. Lacewing. 20. A batch of eggs.

SOME NOTES FROM GLASGOW
by Frank McCann (6291)

The year 1988 began early for me. On 12th February I noticed a fresh
growth of grass by the road at the back of my house in Glasgow. There
were large clumps of it and I noticed that the sides of these had been
eaten by caterpillars. On 20th February, a mild day, I went out at night
and searched the grass tufts. With the illumination from the street-lights
I could clearly see them quite easily and found five caterpillars of the
Lesser yellow underwing moth (Noctua comes) which were about half-
grown and feeding half way up the grass. I had already found caterpillars
of this species at the Queenslie housing estate and on 27th February
discovered two more hiding under a piece of paper lying on the grass near
Bargeddie Church and again found more at night on the road behind my
house. The ones near the house were a brownish-ochreous colour,
whereas the others had a greener and brighter ground-colour.

On 6th March I came across some Large yellow underwing caterpillars
(Noctua pronuba). These were on the pavement of Barlanark Road and
also underneath some corrugated cardboard lying in East Hallhill Road.

72 APRIL 1989

I fed the Lesser yellow underwing caterpillars on a selection of
foodplants available from my garden, such as grasses, dandelion, clover,
buttercup, primrose, and also gave them slices of turnip and carrot. They
preferred the dandelion and the turnip. I rear them in a margarine tub
and when they are nearly full-fed I transfer them to sealed flowerpots
with the larvae and enough food to last in paper cake-cases which rest on
top of the peat in the flowerpots. The top is sealed with clear plastic held
on with a rubber band.

The Large yellow underwings were offered dandelion, ribwort,
plantain, goosegrass, some grasses and slices of carrot.

I also found some other larvae near Bargeddie church which I believe
were those of the Autumnal rustic. They were rather small and fed
mainly on clover and ribwort. They grew so slowly, however, that I
eventually released them into the garden rather than have the patience to
go on looking after them.

BOOK REVIEW

Pimpline Ichneumon-flies. Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae (Pimplinae)
by M. G. Fitton, M. R. Shaw and I. D. Gauld. Pp110, 186 Figs, 8vo,
card cover. Handbk. Indent Br. Insects Vol. 7 part I. Royal
Entomological Society 1988. Price £9.00.

This latest in the series of Handbooks from the Royal Entomological
Society completely revises the British Pimplinae, describing one new
genus and two new species. The introductory material contains
informative and readable notes on systematics, general biology,
techniques for collecting, preserving and rearing, terminology and notes
on keys and a check list of the British species. The bulk of the work
comprises keys to genera and species (often to females only, as the males
of many species are very difficult to determine). The keys are well
illustrated, and notes on biology accompany many of the species’
descriptions.

The sub-family Pimplinae is represented in Britain by 37 genera and
(so far!) 108 species, including our largest and most spectacular
ichneumon, Rhyssa persuasoria, the females of which can reach 100 mm
in length! Most of the family are ectoparasites of immature stages of
Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera or, occasionally,
Arachnida. Yet others are pseudo-parasitoids of spider egg-sacs and one
group are endoparasitoids of pupae and pre-pupae. Several species are
hyperparasitic, and a few cleptoparasitic on other pimplines. This adds
up to a fascinating group for study, although it must be said that
identification of many species is far from easy. The authors are to be
congratulated on producing a valuable and useful guide to these insects.

Paul Sokoloff

73 APRIL 1989

SPAIN AND FRANCE, 1986

by Dean Warren (7759)

We, D. Warren and Martin Gascoigne-Pees, commenced our three week
trip through Spain and France on 24th July at Santander. The overnight
ferry crossing had been smooth and relaxing, but we seemed not to have
escaped the dull overcast skies of home. Only the giant agaves, palm
trees, and beds of flowering Cannas on the Santander waterfront
suggested we had reached normally sunnier reagions.

Eagerly off the ferry we drove immediately west along the coast
towards Novales. Driving through eucalyptus plantations we came across
a hillside above disused quarries which looked a promising spot to find
Heteropterus morpheus (Pallas), Europe’s largest skipper. The grass was
damp, though butterflies could easily be disturbed from it as we made
our way up the hill. We found mostly Maniola jurtina (L.), Melanargia
galathea (L.), and Pyronia tithonus (L.), but Martin quickly discovered
our first H. morpheus. We went on to find several more before retiring
to a campsite for the night at nearby Santillana. We returned to the same
place on the following day. Under gradually improving conditions we
saw many more H. morpheus. It occurred fairly commonly over the
hillside, though we only came across two females. Of thirty species
recorded here the best finds were: Celastrina argiolus (L.); Heodes
tityrus (Poda); females of Everes Argiades (Pallas); one male Satyrium
ilicis (Esp.); one female Syntarucus pirithous (L.); and one fresh female
and many males of Gonepteryx cleopatra (L.).

Later that morning we moved along and away from the coast via San
Vicente to the Picos de Europa. As we got into the mountains the
remaining cloud cover lifted and it became very warm and sunny.
Fortunately the good hot weather stayed with us for the rest of our time
in Spain. About 5 kms south of Potes we came across an area of old
orchards and scrubby hillsides alive with butterflies. Laesopis roboris
(Esper) was very common but worn. No eggs could be found on the small
ash trees and saplings they were flying around, and several females
placed in a netting-covered ice-cream tub preferred to die rather than lay
on the twigs provided for them. Obtaining eggs by this method proved
increasingly difficult with many species as we moved further south into
Spain. Despite attempts to provide enough shade and moisture
butterflies rapidly dessicated and died in these containers before laying.
We found altogether 29 species here. Amongst these were a single
Iphiclides podalirius (L.) subsp. feisthamelii Duponchel, Leptidea
sinapis (L.), fresh males of Hipparchia statilinus (Hufn.), Mesoacidalia
aglaja (L.), Fabriciana adippe (D. & S.) F. chlorodippe, Issoria lathonia
(L.), Brenthis daphne (D. & S.), Melitaea didyma (Esper), Mellicta
parthenoides (Kefer.), and the Zygaenid moth Ag/aope infausta (L.).

74 APRIL 1989

After exploring there for a short while we continued on up to the
Puerto de San Glorio, our main destination that day where we hoped to
find Erebia palarica Chapman, the largest of the Erebia. We stopped
short of the summit, and I soon found our first E. palarica not far from
the roadside. They were commoner, however, on the meadows sloping
down to the stream at the bottom of the pass. At this late date they were
mostly females becoming worn and they had to be carefully picked out
from amongst the Erebia meolans (De Prunner) which flew with them
here as the large and bright subsp. a/mada Fruhst. Martin succeeded in
getting females to lay in an ice-cream tub. Other Erebias here were E.
euryale (Esper), and E. cassioides (Hohen.) subsp. buronica Hubn. M.
aglaja was very common at thistle heads with a few Pandoriana pandora
(D. & S.) amongst them. There were also a few Parnassius apollo (L.)
subsp. ardanazi Fernandez. We attracted the attention of an inquisitive
shepherd. With much gesticulating and after subjecting him to some of
my poor Spanish his curiosity was finally satisfied, and he told us ail the
best ‘‘mariposas’’ were down beside the stream. Following the stream we
found one or two more E. palarica, some large bright females of
Lasiommata maera (L.) subsp. adrasta Hubn., and many Heodes
virgaureae (L.) of the fine subspecies miegii Vogel, which has a black
discoidal and three or four postdiscoidal spots on the forewing
upperside.

We camped that evening at La Vega, near Potes. The campsite was
rather overcrowded, the only free spot we could find being so close to the
steps of the lavatory block that we had a regular stream of curious
onlookers passing by as I got down to setting my day’s catch of beetles —
I being also a coleopterist.

On the 26th we headed for Espinama and Fuente De and caught the
cable car up to the Refugio de Aliva. We were hoping to see Agriades
pyrenaicus (Boisduval) subsp. asturiensis Oberthur, but on the summit
we found only one fresh and two worn males and one female. However,
we were Satisfied to find here Colias phicomone Esper subsp. juliana
Hospital, Lysandra coridon (Poda) subsp. asturiensis Sagarra, and more
Erebia meolans almada, E. cassioides buronica, and P. apollo ardanazi.
We were not alone. Before we descended around 4 pm Martin had met a
coleopterist from the University of Orleans and two Spanish lady
lepidopterists. We finished the day at Puerto de San Glorio again, seeing
much the same as on the previous day. That night was spent camping
rough just the other side of the pass. At sunset the temperature
plummeted, getting seriously cold. Far from city lights the most perfect
star-filled night formed around us. Our torches packed up, and in the
gathering gloom we finished off our evening meal with a melon, the

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 75

sticky nectar dripping down our already shivering fingers. It was the
most beautiful, but the most uncomfortable night I have ever spent out-
of-doors.

Next day we started off towards Burgos, stopping briefly at the Puerto
de Piedraluengas where we found one very worn female E. palarica, E.
meolans, E. cassioides, and a single male P. apollo subsp. maurilianus
Fernandez. Before reaching Cevera we made a roadside stop at an
interesting looking spot just south of Embalse de Requejada. In weedy
fields to one side of the road M. galathea f. leucomelas was common,
whilst Hipparchia alcyone (D. & S.), Brintesia circe (F.) subsp. hispanica
Spuler, Hyponephele lycaon Kuelhn, L. coridon asturiensis, Quercusia
quercus (L.), Satyrium esculi (Hubn.), and Limenitis reducta Staudinger,
were found in scrubby woodland on the other side. Continuing past
Aquilar we reached Paramo de Masa at about seven o’clock that
evening. In the dry stony fields beside the road Agrodiaetus ripartii
Freyer subsp. montanesa Gomez Bustillo was abundant. Also here were
A. ainsae Forster, L. coridon subsp. burgalesa Agenjo, Satyrus actea
(Esper) subsp. bustilloi Agenjo, Melanargia russiae (Esper) subsp.
castilianensis Gomez Bustillo, and B. circe. We stayed that night at a
hostel at Covanera where we had a good meal in the restaurant where the
locals had gathered to watch ‘‘Miami Vice’’, dubbed into, for us,
incomprehensible Spanish.

We explored rough meadows above nearby Sedano next morning
where we found A. ripartii again, and also S. esculi, S. ilicis (Esper), S.
spini (D. & S.), Lysandra albicans (Herr.-Schaff.) subsp. esteparina
Agenjo, Meleageria daphnis (D. & S.), S. actea, Chazara briseis (L.)
subsp. caiaca Zerny, M. russiae, Coenonympha glycerion (Bork.) subsp.
iphioides Staudinger, Clossiana dia (L.) B. daphne, and one worn female
B. hecate (D. & S.) subsp. briciae Gomez Bustillo. Later we headed north
along the N623 to higher ground at Alfoz de Bricia, above Escalada. We
stopped next to the 312 km sign. Very little was flying here, Agrodiaetus
damon (D. & S.) being the commonest species, though we did see a few
C. briseis subsp. gothica Gomez Bustillo, S. actea, S. spini, and A.
ripartii. We quickly returned to Paramo de Masa where butterflies were
more plentiful. Occurring in clouds were the Lycaenid species present on
the previous day plus fresh males of Plebicula thersites (Cantener). The
bright and boldly marked P. apollo subsp. marteni Eisener was
reasonably common at roadside flowers. Feeding amongst them were M.
galathea f. leucomelas, M. russiae, and a few M. lachesis (Hubn.).
Returning to the hostel by way of Sedano we made a brief stop and
found M. daphnis, C. glycerion iphioides, and worn B. hecate briciae.

76 APRIL 1989

On 29th July we passed through Burgos and headed to Abejar in the
province of Soria. Just before reaching the outskirts of Abejar we made
several searches in pine woods beside the road for Aricia morronensis
(Ribbe) subsp. hesselbarthi Manley. There were several fresh P. pandora
but only one A. morronensis. We decided to backtrack down the road
and eventually we found an extensive colony freshly emerged and flying
in meadows between the road and a railway line. Its foodplant, an
Erodium species of cranesbill, was flowering here in a continuous pink
ribbon along the roadside. We also found a few Aricia cramera (Esch.)
subsp. subcanariensis Verity, and Lycaeides idas (L.) subsp. prior
Agenjo.

From Abejar we made the long drive down towards Madrid under
totally clear blue skies, the temperature rising all the time from hot to
exceptionally hot. We reached our destination, Campo Real about
15 kms east of Madrid, with just sufficient sunlight remaining in the
evening to stop and make a quick roadside examination. It was not long
before we saw our first Lysandra albicans subsp. camporrealis Gomez
Bustillo. They occurred commonly on hot, rocky slopes, flying over
desiccated herbage which crunched underfoot. We also came across
Syrichtus proto subsp. chelalae G.-Btllo, and a few H. statilinus before
retiring to find overnight accommodation at Perales de Tajuna.

We explored the olive groves and stony fields along the road from
Campo Real to Loeches on the following day. It seemed hard to believe
that the arid rocky terrain could support any insect life at all, but we
found the fields teeming with L. albicans camporrealis, the extremely
bleached white form bolivaroide G.-Btllo. being particularly common
amongst the males. Making the most of what little shade there was were
masses Of butterflies hiding in the long grass circling the base of each
Olive trunk. These were mostly L. albicans and A. cramera, but there
were also H. lupinus and Lycaena phleas (L.) f. eleus F. On the trunk of
almost every olive perched either an H. statilinus or a C. briseis. These
were all easily disturbed from each tree we approached. They would rise
up in clouds and scatter to the shelter of nearby trees. Also hoping to
seek the shade of the olives were a large hare and a Scops owl. Martin
then came along, however, and flushed both of them out of the olive
grove. The owl, which was trying to eat a mouse at the time, was not
amused.

Later that day we left the Madrid area for Cuenca. The main road was
an oven, the heat was oppressive and the sky was thick with ochre dust. It
made the prospect of cooler altitudes ahead of us in the Montes
Universales something all the more to look forward to. After a long drive
we stayed that night at Villabra de la Sierra.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 (7

On the 3lst July we made for the lake at Una. It was still hot and
sunny but by no means as oppressive as it had been around Madrid. We
stopped on the road above the lake to explore an area of pine woods and
meadows. Lysandra caelestissima (Verity) presented us with a marvellous
sight, flying in large numbers all over the wooded slopes. Also here were
many H. alcyone, freshly emerged males of Arethusana arethusa (D. &
S.), C. glycerion iphioides, and a few worn females of B. hecate. On
roadside flowers were a few I. podalirius feisthamelii, and one boldly
marked Papilio machaon (L.) subsp. hispanicus Eller.

We continued on to the head of the valley beyond the lake. We were
greeted there by a remarkable sight. On a stretch of flowering thistles
growing luxuriantly in a broad ribbon at least 300 yards long fritillaries
in abundance were feeding. Every thistle head seemed to have a fritillary
adorning it. P. pandora was in spectacular numbers. Amongst them were
many F. adippe f. chlorodippe, M. aglaja, I. lathonia, B. circe, and a few
P. machaon hispanicus. Further up the valley Martin found one worn
male Plebicula nivescens Keferstein subsp. uclensis Melcon. Also flying
here were P. thersites, L. caelestissima, A. arethusa, M. didyma, a few
worn females of M. daphne, S. proto, S. sertorius, and Coenonympha
dorus Esper. Circling effortlessly above the cliff-face at the head of the
valley were about 15 honey buzzards.

We took a wrong turning somewhere on the way to Albarracin and
ended up on the desolate road to the Puerto de El Portillo at an altitude
of 1790 metres. It turned out to be not too unfortunate a mistake for we
found crossing the road in front of us first a large Meloe species of oil
beetle, and then the biggest Tenebrionid beetle I have ever seen.

We eventually descended into the beautiful old town of Albarracin
where we found a room at the Olympia hostel. The next day, Ist August,
we came across a dried-up stream bed about 3 km from the town.
Though we were to find many species here later in the day nothing was
flying in the morning, so we decided to see what the sanfoin fields
around Moscardon had to offer. We found swarms of butterflies there.
Agrodiaetus fabressei Oberthur was common, together with many A.
damon, L. caelestissima, P. thersites, A. arethusa, and Aporia crataegi
(L.). Flying along the road were worn females of L. reducta. We saw no
Erebia zapateri Oberthur, the species we had hoped to see here.

Back at the dried stream bed that afternoon we found Charzara prieuri
(Pierret) subs. iberica Oberthur to be common. Between us we found
several females of the buff form uwhagonsis Oberthur. In fact, the whole
of this area turned out to be classic Grayling country, with Satyrus actea
subsp. bellorum Verity, Hipparchia semele (L.) subsp. cadmus
Fruhstorfer, H. fidia (L.) subsp. minor Oberthur, and C. briseis subsp.
caiaca Zerny being plentiful. We also encountered a group of four
continental collectors, two Germans, one Frenchman and one Swiss. I
discovered the Frenchman was a Zygaenid specialist, and while I had

78 APRIL 1989

noticed a single burnet moth he had uncovered a few Zygaena loti (D. &
S.) subsp. arragonensis Staudinger at this site. We learned from one of
the Germans, who fortunately spoke good English, that they had been up
near Greigos the previous day and had found five fully fed larvae of
Graellsia isabellae. These had pupated overnight. He had also seen there
a few E. zapateri. This encouraging news prompted us to head for
Greigos early on the following day.

In the midst of the extensive pine woods between Bronchales and
Greigos, on 2nd August, we found fritillaries abounding on an extensive
stretch of ragwort growing at the roadside. These were Argynnis paphia
(L.), M. aglaja, F. adippe f. chlorodippe, B. ino, M. parthenoides, I.
lathonia, and amongst them were many females of Heodes alciphron
(Rottemburg). But no E. zapateri. Further down the road towards
Greigos where the woods gave way to meadows we found our first E.
zapateri, a freshly emerged male. Also here were two females of the
richly coloured Ag/ais urticae (L.) subsp. teruelensis Sheldon, and a few
P. apollo subsp. hispanicus Oberthur.

With funds starting to run low and with plenty yet more to do before
returning home we decided to save on hotel bills and camp rough in the
woods around Bronchales. We found a good spot which a large Spanish
family had already discovered, and settled in for the night. As we tucked
in to our candlelit evening meal we were serenaded by our neighbours
who suddenly broke into jolly camp-fireside songs. Above the din of us
munching and them singing, Martin’s sharp hearing picked up something
chewing away behind us in the dark which was obviously an even noisier
eater than we were. A search quickly revealed the culprit. On a nearby
pine trunk was an enormous longhorn beetle, a female Prionus coriarius
L. Candles in hand, (we had still not renewed the batteries in the torch)
we promptly set to searching other pines in case there should be more.
Our odd behaviour must have alarmed the Spanish family since they fell
suddenly silent, and very soon afterwards they all came trekking over
looking quite worried to find out what was wrong. We tried to explain as
best we could what we were up to and someone must have understood as
they went and kindly fetched us a couple of torches to help the crazy
English carry on with their eccentric pastime. We found no more P.
coriarius, but on returning the torches next morning I showed the family
the longhorn the fuss had been about and explained the life cycle as best I
could. I then learned that they had all been finding these monstrous,
obviously longhorn, larvae in the firewood they had been gathering —
and they burnt the lot!

Despite intensive searches we were only to find another two male E.
zapateri over the next two days. We were evidently a week or so too early
for the main emergence of this species. Disappointed we decided not to

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 19

hang around but move on up to the Pyrenees and into France. We saw
more of the species already described, but the only other notable
discovery in this area was of a small colony of P. nivescens which Martin
found on a brief roadside stop near Bronchales.

On the afternoon of 4th August we drove north via Zaragoza. Finding
no likely looking out-of-the-way spot on which to camp we became
increasingly desperate as darkness closed in. We eventually opted for a
small pine plantation just short of Huesca. It seemed like a reaonable
idea at the time. I was abruptly woken several times during the early
hours by busy local farm traffic trundling down the lane we camped
beside. No-one seemed to mind us being there though. Martin, with a
little help from some wine, had a good night’s sleep, and was surprised
next day to hear I had had such a bad time of it.

We reached the Pyrenees on Sth August. A visit to the Ordesa National
Park was quickly reconsidered when we saw the traffic jams and hoards
of people converging on the park. We made a hasty retreat via Biescas,
and eventually crossed into France. We headed over the Pic du Midi
d’Ossau and stopped at the summit of the Col d’Aubisque. Nothing was
flying except for a few worn Erebia meolans and E. manto (D. & S.)
subsp. constans Eiffinger. We continued on to Luz St. Sauveur and
camped there for the next four days.

(to be continued)

MOONLIGHT — A POSSIBLE ATTRACTION FOR SOME MOTHS

by Jan Koryszka (6089)

Over the years both I and some of my entomological friends have
remarked on finding a number of moths, mainly geometridae, but also
microlepidoptera, trapped in small puddles early in the morning on the
outskirts of woods and over heathland, after there has been a moonlit
night. Small concentrations of water seem to be more attractive than
ponds or large expanses of water. I know that some moths do tend to get
blown to the ground and into water after a stormy night with wind and
rain, but I have found these moths in water after a cloudless night which
had been also windless but with a bright moon. I think that the reflection
of the moon in the puddles may draw some species to them, whilst other
species seem to actively dislike the moonlight. One of the more frequent
finds by us has been the Pebble hook-tip (Drepana falcataria). Back in
1986 I and friends visited Whixall moss, Shropshire, after a calm moonlit
night. During the morning we all remarked on the number of Large
yellow underwings (Noctua pronuba) trapped in ditches and a small
section of water lying in the area. A few microlepidoptera, not identified,
were also seen in the water. I wonder if other members have noticed this
phenomenon.

80 APRIL 1989

SAD END OF A MALAYAN BUTTERFLY COLLECTION

by A. Grayson (8621)

In September last year I was asked to sort out seven glass-topped boxes
of butterflies which had been captured and set in Malaya by an Army
Colonel 40 years ago. The boxes were reasonably well constructed, but
there was a gap of as much a 2 mm around the edges of the lids.
Unfortunately they had spent the past seven years in the loft of the house
of the Colonel’s daughter and there was considerable damage caused by
insect pests.

In six of the boxes I found several dead specimens of the Brown house-
moth (Hofmannophila pseudospretella) and one dead larva was found
on one of the set butterflies. As I do not pretend to be an expert, I can
only say that their deaths remain a mystery to me, but I presume,
however, that the adults’ failure to escape from the boxes obviously
meant that they would die in them sooner or later. The dead larva was
found on a Danaid butterfly, a family known to carry body poisons.
Could an accumulation of poisons in the moths finally have killed them?

Most of the damage caused to the Colonel’s collection was, however,
not due to the moths, but to the work of Museum beetles (Anthrenus
museorum). In one box the butterflies had been completely eaten away
and all that remained were rows of pins in a dusty box. The contents of
another were in a similar condition, but the other five were in a state
worth saving, despite the damage they had suffered. Most had had their
bodies wholly or partly eaten away. Some had their wings nibbled and a
few had escaped unscathed. These few were ones whose bodies had been
set higher up on the pins and were therefore further off the bottom of the
box. The Danaids in particular had survived particularly well. The seven
Rajah Brooke’s birdwings (7rogonoptera brookiana) all had their bodies
completely eaten away with only their legs and wings remaining. The
Nymphalidae had remained in reasonable condition as had most of the
Papilionidae, ‘‘Birdwings’’ excepted. Most of the Pieridae and Satyridae
were damaged. Counting pins and specimens, there must have been
around 150 butterflies brought back from Malaya and the Colonel had
collected two or three examples of each species, with the exception of the
seven brookiana. It was also noticeable that he had collected only the
largest and most colourful, as there were relatively few Satyridae and
Lycaenidae and no Hesperiidae in the boxes. I managed to identify some
47 species.

Published 1 April 1989 by the Amateur Entomologists’ Society
355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth, Feltham, Middlesex.
Printed by Cravitz Printing Co. Ltd., 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA.

Orange-tip

(According to P. B. M. Allan, the French and Germans
call this butterfly ‘‘Aurora’’.)

Spring has not arrived
until it flitters by, when
Spring is alighting

on cuckoo flower,
hind underwings lichen green,
Spring is settling:

peeping over tips
of underwings dappled green,
Spring sun is rising...

(This poem is in the form of linked haiku (hokku), a long-established
Japanese poetic form in which there are three lines of 5, 7 and 5 syllables
respectively.) Brian Mitchell

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BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS
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BRIAN O. C. GARDINER, F.L.S.

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WHY NOT EAT INSECTS? by A. V. Holt (1885). A new edition co-published by
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Laurence Mound, Keeper of Entomology at the BMNH. An amusing and instructive
text with some truly awful suggested Menus. Price £3.95.

JAMAICA and ITS BUTTERFLIES by F. M. Brown and B. Heineman. 4to.

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BRITISH MUSEUM
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Lg’ 30 JUN 1929

Paes LLETLIN
No. 364

SED .
LIBRARY

EDITORIAL

Having announced in our February number that the Bulletin is to be
published six times a year, I now have another improvement to announce
to members. After an innings of fifty years the AES Bulletin has now
fallen into line and is following the standard practice of most journals,
scientific or otherwise, of giving FREE REPRINTS. Authors of the
longer (one page plus) articles will therefore receive 25 reprints, as cut
from the Bulletin, so these may contain extraneous matter. If anyone
requires further copies, or the extraneous matter removed, then our
printer will quote a very keen price, but the request must be made when
sending in the article and the author will be informed of the cost before
any commitment is made.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION 7th OCTOBER 1989

This will again take place at Kempton Park Racecourse. Council wish to
draw the attention of members that major changes in the law relating to
insects have come into force this year and this affects the sale or
exchange of a number of species. Members who may be concerned
should familiarise themselves with the rules of the Confederation on
International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and with the
Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and its recent amendments.

The sale of specimens, or even parts thereof, which are in Appendix I
of CITES will not be permitted without an export and/or Department of
Environment licence, which must be displayed.

It has been decided by Council to allow the sale of non-protected
species from old collections by dealers who have established their
reliability by attending our Annual Exhibition for the past five years. Old
specimens from collections, of species that are now protected, do,
however, require an appropriate licence, and the onus may be on the
seller to prove where they came from and when.

84 JUNE 1989

Council has been concerned about the sale for profit of wild-caught
insects. We, the AES, have a legal duty to ensure that the law, complex
and difficult as it is, is not broken with regard to trading in any of the
protected species. We trust that all members, visitors and traders at the
Annual Exhibition will observe these laws. Very heavy fines have
recently been imposed on illegal imports and collections of both reptiles
and birds eggs. We do not wish to hear of similar cases involving insects.

The following species in particular are covered by the various
regulations:—
Foreign— Ornithoptera alexandrae, Papilio chikae, P. homerus, P. hospiton, Parnassius
apollo, the genera Bhutanitis, Teinopalpus, Trogonoptera, Troides.
British— the Swallowtail, Large blue, Heath fritillary, Northern brown argus, Adonis blue,
Chalkhill blue, Silver-studded blue, Small blue, Large copper, Purple emperor, Duke of
burgundy fritillary, Glanville fritillary, High brown fritillary, Marsh fritillary, Pearl-
bordered fritillary, Black hairstreak, Brown hairstreak, White-letter hairstreak, Large
heath, Mountain ringlet, Chequered skipper, Lulworth skipper, Silver-spotted skipper,
Large tortoiseshell, Wood white, Barberry carpet, Black-veined moth, Essex emerald, New
forest burnet, Reddish buff moth, Vipers bugloss, Rainbow leaf beetle, Violet click beetle,
Fen raft spider, Ladybird spider.

BOOK REVIEW

Tephretid Flies by 1. M. White, pp. 134; 286 Figs. 8vo, (card cover),
Handbk Ident. Br. Insects. Vol. 10 part Sa. RESL London 1988. Price
£12.00.

Tephritid flies form part of the group known as the picture-wing flies.

This excellent book in the RES series, as well as providing a key to the
identification of the British species, also covers their biology,
parasitoids, host plant species, their use as biological control methods
for weeds, and those species considered pests themselves. Techniques for
rearing and preservation are also given.

The keys are effective, but this is not a group for the entomological
novice, as the terminology is complicated and may take time to grasp.

My major criticism of the book is that there is a 63 page gap between the
key to abbreviations and the actual morphological diagrams. The
requirement to flick from page to page to understand the features used is
most frustrating.

Overall this is a very good book and will be of use and interest to both
dipterist and to those studying plant gall formation and leaf mining
insects. The photographs of the ‘‘picture wings’’ themselves is an added
bonus. D.J. Mann

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 85

AES MEMBERSHIP AND THE COMPUTER

Members of the Society are hereby officially informed that the Society’s
membership is now stored on a computer system in order to improve
management of the day-to-day working and services provided to the
membership. The details stored are the name, address, number and
interest of each member and their status. In future Bulletins will be sent
out in labelled envelopes which will give the member’s number. If your
number is followed by the letter J and you are now over the age of
eighteen, please inform the Registrar as future membership lists will
separate Junior members from the rest of the membership in order to
help juniors in contacting each other without having to wade through the
two thousand members. The Registrar also requests that errors should be
notified as well as changes of address or interests. Often members fail to
advise of address changes and Bulletins are returned or are abandoned in
the post. Membership lists are for the use of members and should not be
used by traders to circulate members without the permission of the AES
Council. Members are also reminded how important it is to renew
subscriptions promptly. This year over five hundred members had to be
written to because they either failed to renew by the end of March or paid
at the old subscription rate. This only wastes time and money which
could be better used in giving our members a better service. If any
member objects to their membership record being kept on computer will
they please inform our Registrar (address inside front cover) immediately
and their name will be removed.
Mrs R. A. Cribb
Registrar

ABUNDANCE OF THE WHITE-SHOULDERED HOUSE MOTH
By Jan Koryszka (6089)

During 1986 to 1988 the White-shouldered housemoth (Endrosis
sarcitrella) became very common in a Stretch of my garden, the reason
being a very large patch of saxifrage which had died, apparently of
natural causes. It went completely brown and resembled an old bird’s
nest, which this moth is particularly fond of. Many moths were seen and
I have now removed the remains of this plant, but on doing so I was
surprised to find some forty dead ladybirds which must have gone into
the plant for hibernation. They seemed to have been attacked by
predators.

86 JUNE 1989

THE CONSERVATION OF INSECTS AND THEIR HABITATS
14th-15th September 1989 at Imperial College, London SW7

A Symposium, being the 15th in the series organised by The Royal
Entomological Society

This very important Symposium, at which the AES will be represented
and presenting a poster, should be of interest and value to all those
whose main concern is the preservation of our dwindling wildlife before
it is too late and extinction overtakes it.

The aim of this symposium is to bring together leading experts in the
conservation of insects from throughout the World. On current
predictions, millions of species will become extinct in the near future
unless sensible measures can be devised. Chief among the threats are the
~ destruction of rain forests and other primary habitats, the supplanting of
isolated endemics by introduced aliens, and the demise, in developed
countries, of traditional forms of land management.

The Symposium will by no means be all doom and gloom. Although
the causes and scale of the problem will be assessed more precisely than
ever before, the emphasis will be on solving problems and on reviewing
recent initiatives. Above all, the case will be made for a more scientific
approach to conservation.

As can be seen from the programme listed below, the speakers are
from several countries and are well-known and experts in the field. There
is a registration fee of £30 to attend, which covers light refreshments etc.,
but not of course accommodation which is available at £14.50 bed and
breakfast in Imperial College’s student hostel. Fuller details and
application forms may be obtained from: The Registrar, Royal
Entomological Society, 41 Queen’s Gate, London SW7 2AZ.

The following programme has been arranged:—

THURSDAY i4th SEPTEMBER

0830 Registration
0900 The President of the Royal Entomological Society
Introduction
0915 N.W. Moore (Cambridge, UK)
Observe extinction or conserve diversity?
1000 P. Opler (US Fish and Wildlife Service,. USA)
North American problems and perspectives
1045 Coffee
1115 P. Greenslade (CSIRO Division of Entomology, Australia) and
T.R. New (La Trobe University, Australia)
Australia: conservation of a continental insect fauna
1200 F.G. Howarth (Bishop Museum, Hawaii) and G.W. Ramsay (Dept. of
Scientific and Industrial Research, New Zealand)
The conservation of island insects and their habitats

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 87

1245
1430

1515

1600

1630

1715

1800

Lunch

K. Mikkola (University of Helsinki, Finland)

Northern and eastern European insect conservation

W.H.M. Geraedts (The Netherlands)

Mapping, monitoring and surveys of insect distribution in Europe: past,
present and future

Tea

J.P. Dempster (University of Cambridge, UK)

Fragmentation, isolation and mobility

M.B. Usher (University of York, UK) and R.G. Jefferson (Nature Conser-

vancy Council, UK)

Creating new and successional habitats for insects

Reception and poster session in RESL rooms

FRIDAY 15th SEPTEMBER

0915

1000

1045
1115

1200

1245

1415

1500

1545
1600

1645

1730
1800

G.N. Foster (West of Scotland College, UK)

Conserving insects of aquatic and wetland habitats

M.S. Warren and R. Key (Nature Conservancy Council, UK)

Woodlands; past, present and potential for insects

Coffee

J.A. Thomas (Institute of Terrestial Ecology, UK) and A. Erhardt
(Botanisches Institut der Universitat Basel, Switzerland)

Lepidoptera as indicators of change in the semi-natural grasslands of lowland
and upland Europe

J.W. Dover (The Game Conservancy, UK)

Conservation of insects on farmland

Lunch

M.G. Morris (Institute of Terrestial Ecology, UK) and N.M. Collins (World
Conservation Monitoring Centre, UK)

The utilisation and value of non-domesticated insects

E. Balletto (Universita di Turino, Italy)

Mediterranean insect conservation — the importance of Pleistocene refugia

Tea

K.S. Brown (Universidade Estadual De Campinas, Brazil)

Insects as indicators of Neotropical palaeoenvironments and their biotas

S.L. Sutton (Leeds University) and N.M. Collins (World Conservation
Monitoring Centre, UK)

Insects and rain forest conservation

Concluding remarks

Reception and poster session in RESL rooms

88 JUNE 1989

SPAIN AND FRANCE 1986
by Dean Warren (7786)
(Concluded from page 47)

The weather continued fine on the following day, but being much
fresher was a pleasant change from the heat of Spain. On the road from
Barege we turned towards Pic d’Ayre. We worked our way along the
bottom of the valley and up along the eastern grassy slopes. and screes.
Many P. apollo subsp. pyrenaicus Har.-Bath glided effortlessly up and
down the valley side. On the lower parts of the slopes were Erebia manto
constans, E. gorgone (Boisduval), E. gorge (Htibner) subsp. ramondi
Oberthur, Boloria pales (D. & S.) subsp. pyrenesmiscens Verity, Heodes
virgaureae subsp. pyrenaeicola Graves, Lycaeides idas, Polyommatus
eros (Ochs.), Colias phicomone, and Hesperia comma (L.). On the
higher screes Erebia hispania Butler subsp. rondoui Oberthur was
common. In the afternoon we went up to the Col du Tourmalet. The
summit was very busy. The crowds, and the discovery that we had to pay
a hefty fee to carry on up to the Pic du Midi de Bigorre, persuaded us to
try the slopes below the summit to the south. Martin found two fresh
males of Pontia callidice (Htibner), but otherwise species here were much
the same as at Barege. There was no sign of Erebia sthennyo or E.
lefebvrei, for which we were obviously far too late, though we had hoped
to find a few here.

On 7th August we went to Gavarnie and trekked up to the Cirque
along with the countless hoards of tourists and mule trains. We even-
tually broke free of the crowds and following a small stream we climbed
up to steep meadows. We found nothing new here, however, except for
Erebia cassioides subsp. arvernensis Oberthur, one worn Agriades
pyrenaicus, and one worn Carcharodus lavatherae (Esper). It started to
cloud over as we headed back to camp, and by the next day cooler
damper conditions had set in, with a heavy mist which did not start
clearing till noon. We searched again for E. sthennyo and E. lefebvrei on
the Cirque de Tremouse and the Pic de Midi de Bigorre on this and the
following day, but once more without success. We decided to continue
on further north into France.

Just past the village of Puylaroque on 9th August we spotted an area
of scrubby woodland and weedy fields which were alive with Lysandra
coridon, amongst which I found a female /. syngrapha. This was also a
good place for Minois dryas (Scopoli). These were mostly worn, but
several females laid eggs copiously in an ice-cream tub. Also flying here
were L. bellargus, P. machaon, I. podalirius, H. lycaon, B. circe, A.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 89

arethusa, H. semele, L. reducta, Clossiana dia (L.), Melitaea phoebe (D.
& S.), M. cinxia (L.), M. didyma, Mellicta athalia (Rott.) and many
Colias croceus Geoff. and C. hyale (L.). Conditions were hot and humid.
We woke to rumbles of thunder early the next morning at our camp site
20 kms or so north of Figeac. We swiftly packed up the tent and we were
safely installed in the car just as the deluge hit us. Our original plan of
heading up to Le Lioran to look for Erebia sudetica seemed scuppered,
great black thunder clouds and torrential rain rolled continously
northwards. We made a hasty retreat back south to seek the sun.

Above Meyrueis on the Tarn we again found butterflies flying in
warmer, sunnier conditions. L. coridon and A. damon were in good
numbers, together with P. thersites, H. lycaon, C. briseis, A. arethusa,
and worn females of Satyrus ferula (F.) and S. actea. Martin also found
a worn male A. dolus and a web of M. phoebe larvae.

We carried on further east, crossed the Rhone and camped that night
between Orange and Carpentras. We learned from an English family on
the site that it had been hot and sunny all that week. The next day proved
no exception, and we realised as we approached Mont Ventoux that we
were going to be lucky in finding the summit cloud free and sunny.
Above the tree line but still below the summit we made a false start in
searching for Erebia scipio Boisduval. We found none, so decided to try
higher up. We stopped again just short of the observatory and Martin
promptly found our first E. scipio sailing over a precipitous scree slope.
We tried further along the slightly more accessible barren white scree
slopes at the very summit, and here we found the species flying quite
commonly on the northern side of the mountain. Mount Ventoux was a
spectacular sight. Though of no great altitude by alpine standards, there
is nothing comparable to it anywhere nearby. It therefore appears to
stand aloof, rising to a stunning and vertiginous height. The perilously
loose looking scree was nevertheless relatively safe to trudge over, but it
was FE. scipio which was truly at home here, gliding effortlessly up and
down the slope. The species is only found here and a few other peaks in
the South-western Alps, and we were very fortunate in coming across
them in favourable conditions. On the following day thick cloud was
obscuring the summit of Mount Ventoux and E. scipio had completely
disappeared.

At a bend in the road down amongst the pine woods on the southern
side of the mountain we came across an interesting area of rocky glades
where lavender was plentiful. Here we found Erebia neoridas Boisduval
very fresh and obviously just emerging. Also at the flowering lavender
were a few P. apollo subsp. venaissinus, A. arethusa, H. statilinus, H.
fagi, H. aicyone, S. ferula, H. lycaon, L. coridon, and H. comma.

90 JUNE 1989

Though I was the Coleopterist of the two of us it was Martin again who
came up with the spectacular beetle find. On a pine trunk he discovered a
gigantic longhorn, a female Ergates faber.

On the night of the 11th we camped at what turned out to be an
appalling site at Beduin. Our opinion of the concrete hard compacted
ground and the miserable facilities was not mellowed by the deluge
hammered suddenly upon us by the most violent thunderstorm I have
ever experienced. Surprisingly, the skies were clear and bright by the
following morning, and we were back again on the slopes of Mount
Ventoux by noon. Disappointed at seeing dense clouds whipping over the
summit we returned to lower altitudes finding much the same as on the
previous day, but turning up one new species: Pyrgus foulquieri
Oberthur.

From here on we began gradually working our way home. On the 13th
we stopped at woods just west of Dijon where Martin had found Erebia
medusa Schiff. and Limenitis populi (L.) on a previous visit two months
earlier. Butterflies were common, but only F. adippe f. cleodoxa, fresh
males of Erebia aethiops (Esper) and an L. coridon f. syngrapha were the
only discoveries worth mentioning. We also found a few larvae of L.
camilla (L.) on honeysuckle, but we could not find any ova or larvae of
Apatura iris either here or later at woods south of Rheims. We ultimately
reached Calais just in time to catch a departing ferry, and with a quick
and easy crossing so ended an intensive, exhausting, but thoroughly
enjoyable entomological three weeks. We saw approximately 150 species
of butterflies, I also had a fair collection of Coleoptera, and we had
travelled through some of the most beautiful scenery in Europe. Across
great areas of Spain the intensive agri-business and overpopulation
pressures which have wrecked our own countryside appeared to have had
little impact. Butterflies were common at almost every roadside stop we
cared to make. Eagles circling overhead were a familiar sight; we even
saw a Lammergeier in the Montes Universales. The people, too, were
very friendly and helpful, and did not seem to mind a bit when I
murdered their language. This may have been my first trip to Spain; it
will certainly not be the last.

REFERENCES

Bustillo, M. R. G. and Varela, A. M. A. 1981. Catalogo sistematico de los lepidopteros
Ibericos.. Madrid.

Bustillo, M. R. G. and Rubio, F. F. 1974. Mariposas de la Peninsula Iberica.

Vols I and 2. Madrid.

Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N. D. 1980. A field guide to the butterflies of Britain & Europe.
London.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48

91

GLOSSARY OF ENGLISH NAMES (AS GIVEN IN HIGGINS AND RILEY)

Aglais urticae
Aglaope infausta
Agriades pyreniacus
Agrodiaetus ainsae
Agrodiaetus damon
Agrodiaetus dolus
Agrodiaetus fabressei

Agrodiaetus ripartii
Apatura iris
Aporia crataegi
Arethusana arethusa
Argynnis paphia
Aricia crameri
Aricia morronensis
Boloria pales
Brenthis daphne
Brenthis hecate
Brenthis ino
Brenthis circe

Carcharodus
lavatherae

Celastrina argiolus
Chazara briseis
Chazara prieuri
Clossiana dia
Coenonympha dorus
Coenonympha
glycerion
Colias croceus
Colias hyale
Colias phicomone
Erebia aethiops
Erebia gorge
Erebia hispania
Erebia lefebvrei
Erebia manto
Erebia medusa
Erebia neoridas
Erebia palarica
Erebia scipio
Erebia sthennyo
Erebia sudetica
Erebia zapateri
Erebia cassioides
Erebia euryale
Erebia meolans
Erebia gorgone
Everes argiades
Fabriciana adippe
Gonepteryx cleopatra
Graellsia isabellae
Heodes alciphron

Small tortoishell

Gavarnie blue
Forster’s furry blue
Damon blue

Furry blue

Oberthur’s anomolous
blue

Ripart’s anomolous blue
Purple emperor
Black-veined white
False grayling
Silver-washed fritillary
Southern brown argus
Spanish argus
Shepherd’s fritillary
Marbled fritillary
Twin-spot fritillary
Lesser marbled fritillary
Great banded grayling

Marbled skipper
Holly blue

The hermit
Southern hermit
Violet fritillary
Dusky heath

Chestnut heath
Clouded yellow

Pale clouded yellow
Mountain clouded yellow
Scotch argus

Silky ringlet

Spanish brassy ringlet
Lefebvre’s ringlet
Yellow-spotted ringlet
Woodland ringlet
Autumn ringlet
Chapman’s ringlet
Larch ringlet

False dewy ringlet
Sudeten ringlet
Zapeter’s ringlet
Common brassy ringlet
Large ringlet
Piedmont ringlet
Garvanie ringlet
Short-tailed blue
High brown fritillary
The Cleopatra
Spanish moon moth
Purple-shot copper

Heodes tityrus
Heodes virgaurea
Hesperia comma

Heteropterus
morpheus

Hipparchia alcyone
Hipparchia fidia
Hipparchia statilinius
Hyponephele lycaon
Iphicles podalirius
Issoria lathonia
Laeosopis roboris
Lasiommata maera
Leptidae sinapis
Limenitis camilla
Limenitis populi
Limenitis reducta
Lycaedes idas
Lycaena phleas
Lysandra albicans
Lysandra bellargus
Lysandra caelestissima
Lysandra coridon
Maniola jurtina
Melaegeria daphnis
Melanargia galathea
Melanargia russiae
Melitaea cinxia
Melitaea didyma
Melitaea phoebe
Mellicta athalia
Mellicta parthenoides
Mesoacidalia aglaja
Minois dryas
Pandoriana pandora
Papilio machaon
Parnassius apollo
Plebicula nivescens
Plebicula thersites
Polyommatus eros
Pontia callidice
Pyrgus foulquieri

Pyronia tithonus
Satyrium esculi
Satyrium ilicis
Satyrus actea
Satyrus ferula
Strymonidia spini
Syntarucus pirithous
Syrichtus proto
Zygaena loti

Sooty copper
Scarce copper
Silver-spotted skipper

Large chequered skipper
Rock grayling

Tree grayling

Dusky meadow brown

Scarce swallowtail

Queen of Spain fritillary

Spanish purple hairstreak

Large wall brown

Wood white

White admiral

Poplar admiral

Southern white admiral

Ida blue

Small copper

Spanish chalk-hill blue

Adonis blue

Azure chalk-hill blue

Chalk-hill blue

Meadow brown

Meleager’s blue

Marbled white

Esper’s marbled white

Glanville fritillary

Spotted fritillary

Knapweed fritillary

Heath fritillary

Meadow fritillary

Dark green fritillary

Dryad

Cardinal

Swallowtail

Apollo

Mother-of-pearl blue

Chapman’s blue

Eros blue

Peak white

Foulquier’s grizzled
skipper

Gatekeeper

False ilex hairstreak

Ilex hairstreak

Black satyr

Great sooty satyr

Blue-spot hairstreak

Lang’s short-tailed blue

Sage grizzled skipper

92 JUNE 1989

OCCURRENCE OF CALLICERA AENEA (FABRICIUS) IN
STAFFORDSHIRE

by G. Halfpenny (Keeper of Natural History, City Museum and Art
Gallery, Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent).

On 31st August 1988 I took a telephone call from Guy Knight of St.
Jude’s Road, Wolverhampton, excited at the possibility of having caught
a rare hoverfly. Arrangements were made for the insect to be examined
at the Museum and I was then able to confirm that it was indeed a female
of the very rare hoverfly Callicera aenea (F.).

The only previous record that I was aware of for this species in
Staffordshire related to a specimen caught by the late J. Edwards at
Dimmingsdale (SK04) on 12.8.1947. I was able to use this specimen for
comparison as the Edwards Diptera Collection is now in the City’s care.

The recent animal was observed hovering back and forth about five
feet above a bed of sunflowers, sweet peas and tobacco plants in the
recorder’s garden on 17th August 1988, SO 898 995. At least one other
was present which beat a hasty retreat.

Stubbs (1983) states ‘‘Though specimens have been noted as far north
as south Yorkshire, this very rare fly is mainly found in southern
England.’’

REFERENCE
Stubbs, A.E. (1983) British Hoverflies, BENHS.

RELATING TO CALLICERA AENEA IN WOLVERHAMPTON

by Guy Knight (8040J)

After showing the specimen to Geof Halfpenny at Stoke I decided to take
the find to display as part of my exhibit at the 1988 AES Exhibition. It
was seen by Alan Stubbs who talked to me about the insect. He told me
that not much was known about this fly’s nesting habits and behaviour
and that it was presumed to breed in rut holes either wet or dry. He then
invited me to the annual Dipterists Meeting at the British Museum (NH).

During 1988 I had been mainly involved with the hymenoptera but
during the AES Fieldweek my interest in hoverflies was stimulated by
Adam Wright of Coventry Museum who was one of the experts helping
with the Fieldweek. He also showed great interest in the insect and set it
for me as I was rather nervous of attempting it myself as it was so special.
Along with other dipterists he has shown interest in coming to survey the
garden in 1989 if C. aenea is seen again.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 93

THE MANAGEMENT AND WELFARE OF INVERTEBRATES IN
CAPTIVITY

by N. M. Collins, J. E. Cooper and D. Hughes

(Invertebrate Working Group, National Zoo Federation, Zoological
Gardens, Regents Park, London NW1 HR7)

On 9th and 10th December 1988 a conference was held on ‘‘The
Management and Welfare of Invertebrates in Captivity’’, the first
meeting of its kind ever to take place. Sponsored by the National
Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland, the
participants gathered in the wood-panelled lecture theatre of the Royal
Entomological Society of London. The programme was primarily aimed
at UK-based institutions keeping invertebrates for display, animal food
or research, but the 90-strong registrants included delegates from as far
afield as Berlin and Ontario.

Why should a conference on this topic be necessary? During the 1980s
the number of institutes displaying invertebrates has trebled with the
advent of the popular ‘‘butterfly houses’’. An IUCN report (Collins
1987) recommended a number of initiatives to improve management
practices and collaboration between keepers of invertebrates. The Zoo
Federation took up the initiative by setting up an Invertebrate Working
Group. Its task was to develop Codes of Practice for invertebrate
management, to integrate invertebrate welfare into the provisions of the
Zoo Licensing Act 1981 by interpretation of its requirements, and to
organise this conference to discuss and debate the issues.

The conference was opened by Gren Lucas OBE, Chairman of the
Federation. Although a botanist at Kew by profession, Mr Lucas
brought his perspective as Chairman of IUCN’s Species Survival
Commission to bear on the meeting. He warned of the likelihood of
more and more legislation to control wildlife management and
conservation and called upon the specialists who understand the
technicalities to play an active role in fashioning laws that make sense.

He leaked news of a forthcoming ‘‘Heritage Species’’ initiative
whereby zoos will be helping to fund captive breeding and conservation
of threatened species of global concern, including invertebrates. These
and other efforts to maintain the diversity of life on earth, deserve a
combined effort, towards which this conference provided a first step.

Friday 9th December — Invited Speakers and Discussions

The morning’s Chairman, Mr R. I. Vane-Wright, Deputy Keeper of
Entomology at the British Museum (Natural History) introduced the first
speaker, Mr John Cooper from the Royal College of Surgeons. John,

94 JUNE 1989

well known for his broad veterinary interests and his organisation of the
Arachnida Symposium of 1987, gave the Keynote Address
‘‘Invertebrates in Captivity’’. A whistle-stop tour of the diversity of
invertebrates, from crayfish to cephalopods, beetles to butterflies,
demonstrated the types of species being kept in captivity, and the range
of their habitat requirements. The four main reasons for keeping
invertebrates are for display, for research, for production of live animal
food and for conservation. John introduced these circumstances with
examples and set the canvas for following speakers to paint in the detail.

Dr Gordon Spiers (Edinburgh Butterfly Farm) opened by criticising
the IUCN butterfly house report (Collins 1987) from a number of points
of view. The profits being made were exaggerated, he claimed, and this
affected the ability of the industry to participate in costly conservation or
collaborative measures. Public attitude, far from being critical of
management practices, was very supportive and interested in the work of
butterfly houses. Dr Mark Collins, author of the report and one of the
convenors of the meeting pointed out in discussion that he predicted a
more critical public attitude in the future, and that he believed that the
industry should prepare itself by establishing good standards and codes
of practice at an early stage, before they were forced upon them by
public pressure. Dr Spiers finished his presentation with an insight into
the day-to-day management of a butterfly house, where walk-through
enclosures, numerous school parties and tropical conditions all need
special consideration.

Dr Chris Andrews, Assistant Curator at London Zoo, lucidly detailed
the management of the wide range of invertebrates held there, placing
particular emphasis on the marine exhibits that are his speciality. He
added data on terrestrial invertebrates provided by Mr David Hughes,
Senior Keeper at Glasgow Zoo, to round off a synopsis of the
environmental conditions needed to maintain colonies for display and
breeding purposes. London and Glasgow zoos have the largest numbers
of invertebrate species of any UK zoos.

Dr Douglas Wise, from the Veterinary School at Cambridge
University, runs a private business breeding insects for animal food.
Production capability currently stands at around 425,000 crickets and
7000 locusts per week. Management practices focus on maximum
productivity and profit, and issues such as labour and heating costs,
secure caging and disease control are prime considerations. Dr Wise
emphasised the vital importance of record-keeping for identifying
constraints on productivity. Disciplined manipulation of environmental
parameters and quality control of substrates and foods pay dividends in
a market with high capital investment and the potential for stock losses
on amassive scale.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 95

In the chemical industry the need is for successful breeding colonies of
invertebrates for use in evaluating pest control compounds. Dr David
Twinn of May and Baker, outlined the wide variety of techniques used to
maintain colonies of invertebrates as diverse as mites and moths, over 25
species in all. Rearing on plants or on artificial diets have different
applications, advantages and disadvantages. Simple equipment and basic
expertise are key desirable factors, particularly for small-scale rearing.

Pests and diseases tn displays of living invertebrates can wipe out
whole colonies painstakingly built up over the years. Claude Rivers, a
consultant to the butterfly house industry who has wide experience of
insect diseases though his earlier work in the University of Oxford,
described the symptoms of bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral
infections, particularly of lepidopterous caterpillars. Prevention is better
than cure and good hygiene practices such as sterilising eggs and avoiding
potentially contaminated feed from the wild pay dividends. Maintenance
of disease-free colonies is much easier when insects are not stressed by
living at high densities.

Legislation for the welfare and management of invertebrates is more
widespread than is commonly believed, as Mrs Margaret Cooper
explained. The Dangerous Wild Animals Act, the Zoo Licensing Act, the
Convention on European Wildlife and Natural Habitat (Bern
Convention) are just a few of the statutes of which keepers need to be
aware. With Post Office and Ministry of Agriculture regulations to bear
in mind, the spread of legislation is wide, but patchy. To a large extent,
statutes remain untested and uninterpreted for invertebrates. The
industry has an important role to play in modifying and influencing
legislation for maximum effect with minimum bureaucracy.

Gareth Ireland, a former teacher who now directs the Stratford-upon-
Avon Butterfly Farm, demonstrated the vital educational role that the
butterfly house industry fulfils. Interpretative material provided to
groups of school-children is designed precisely to conform with the
requirements of the new GCSE syllabuses. The investment, in terms of
money for printing and time for preparation, is high, and has been made
possible by close liaison with a number of other establishments. Schools
are, however, an important source of revenue, and good teaching
materials, displays and oral presentations are central to butterfly house
management.

Dr Mark Collins wound up the first day’s papers with a glimpse into
the future of captive invertebrate displays. The interpretation of global
biodiversity, and the comparative amenability of invertebrates to
ecologically holistic displays mitigates for a growing emphasis in the zoos
of the future. Recognition of this trend by zoo directors must lead to a

96 JUNE 1989

greater investment in modern displays with technically diverse
mechanisms for promoting public participation. Conservation will be a
growing theme, not only with captive breeding of those few invertebrates
for which this is an effective measure, but also by emphasising the
current likelihood of global mass extinction of invertebi utes.

Saturday 10th December — Workshops

The four workshops were held in two concurrent sessions. ‘‘Breeding
plans for Partula snails’? was a whole morning workshop chaired by
Quentin Bloxam of Jersey Zoo, and was attended by a group of
representatives from zoos and universities involved in a captive breeding
programme. These snails, originally from the island of Moorea in the
Society Islands, have suffered a number of species’ extinctions in the
wild and the group is breeding them with a view to reintroducing them to
their native habitats.

Meanwhile, the three other workshops took place one after the other
in the main meeting room. Mr David Williams and Mr John Cooper
organised the workshop on ‘‘The Importance of Invertebrate Collections
for Research’’. The speakers were Mr Tim Benton (Cambridge
University) on keeping scorpions, Dr Martin Wells (Cambridge
University) on keeping cephalopods, Dr Roy Sawyer who described his
work in a leech farm in Swansea and Prof T. Calow (Sheffield
University), who gave a fascinating insight into his breeding of water
fleas (Daphnia) for research. It was clear from the enormous range of
expertise demonstrated here, that captive colonies of invertebrates have a
great deal to offer researchers in physiology, medicine, environmental
and behavioural sciences.

‘‘The Potential for Involvement in Projects on _ Invertebrate
Conservation’’, chaired by Dr lan McLean of the Nature Conservancy
Council, raised a great deal of interest. Keepers who maintain
-invertebrates essentially for display were anxious to participate in
“meaningful conservation projects. However, there were serious
constraints in terms of financial and human resources, and it was clear
that collaborative efforts would stand the best chance of success. Dr
Caroline Steel of the British Butterfly Conservation Society outlined a
number of ways in which butterfly houses and zoos could help to bring
butterflies back to the British countryside.

Finally ‘‘Invertebrates for Exhibition — Buying or Breeding”’ raised
the controversial question of whether it is best to try to breed
invertebrates for display on site, or to import them from abroad. Whilst
there are good economic reasons for ‘‘breeding your own’’, it was made

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 97

clear that most supplies of live Lepidoptera from abroad are also bred in
captivity, and that, in at least some cases, there were benefits to local
people and to the conservation effort in tropical countries. However,
concern was also voiced that many species of spiders, certain beetles and
other invertebrates with lengthy maturation are still collected in the wild,
often very destructively and without benefit of guidance on management
for sustained production. It was widely felt that zoos had a responsibility
to ensure that the stocks they obtain are either captive bred, or obtained
in ways that are not damaging to overall levels of wild populations.

The meeting closed with an overview by Mr Bob Golding, a consultant
to butterfly houses. It was clear to all that there was a very wide interest
in the management and welfare of invertebrates in captivity, and that this
interest needed to be combined in order to influence legislation and
working practices. To many people at the meeting the National Zoo
Federation seemed to be a natural focus for this work, and a number of
organisations pledged to join.

Proceedings are in preparation and will be available later in 1989.

Collins, N. M. (1987) Butterfly Houses in Britain: the Conservation Implications. IUCN,
Cambridge. 60 pp + annexes.

NOTES AND RECORDS FROM IRELAND
by John W. Lavery (7469)
1. The Dingy skipper

I have in my collection a specimen of Erynnis tages taken in late June
1988 near Askeaton, Co. Limerick and this confirms its presence there.

2. The Wood white

On the same day and in the same locality I took a specimen of Leptidea
sinapis also confirming its presence in Limerick.

3. The Narrow-bordered bee hawk

During a collecting trip to the Burren on 29th May 1988 I found Hemaris
tityus to be common and managed to capture two fresh specimens
‘hovering’? over flowering plants of trefoil. The locality was at
Cloncoose, Burren, Co. Clare.

98 JUNE 1989

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Dear Editor,

Firstly, I should like to congratulate the World Wildlife Fund for
introducing the Large blue back into this country and I just hope the site
stays secret for as long as possible.

Secondly, I would like to make a statement on behalf of every collector
in the world, and that is: ‘‘How do so many different suppliers of
butterflies come up with so many different prices for the same
butterfly?’’ A prime example is the beautiful Morpho adonis. 1 have
before me five catalogues and this butterfly ranges in price thus:— 95p;
£1.95; £2.50; £2.65; £9.00. I know these suppliers have to compete but
the price range is ridiculous to the extreme. Can any supplier or collector
come up with any explanation on this subject.

Yours sincerely
Ian Mascall (6065)

(Editor’s reply:— Could this not be a case of charging what the vendor thinks the
market will bear? The same thing also applies to books. I have seen copies of
Edward Newman’s Butterflies & Moths variously priced between £6 to £75 and
this is not all due to condition! Also a house I could buy for £12,000 in Durham
would cost £120,000 in Cambridge, so does perhaps the locality the offered
adonis came from also effect its price? Fifty years ago an English fraxini cost £5,
but I could buy a French one for 1/- (Sp).)

WOMAN’S BATTLE WITH ROACH LEAVES HUSBAND
BATTERED

(This item was sent in by Bob Parker (5247) and is extracted from the
Daily Telegraph of 26th August 1988, who in turn extracted it from the
Jerusalem Post.)

An Israeli woman’s battle with a stubborn cockroach landed her
husband in hospital with severe burns, pelvis and some ribs broken.

The wife stamped on the insect then threw it down the toilet and, since
the insect had refused to die, then sprayed a full can of insecticide onto
it. Her husband later threw a cigarette end into the toilet bowl and the
insecticide fumes ignited, ‘‘seriously burning his sensitive parts.’’ The
two ambulance men who attended were so shaking with laughter at the
incident that they dropped the stretcher and victim down the stairs,
thereby causing his other injuries.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 99

A BRIEF RECORD OF BREEDING THE KENTISH GLORY
by John W. Lavery (7469)

I was offered seven ova of Endromis versicolora in May 1987; they were
part of a batch of fourteen found on Birch at Aviemore, Scotland by
fellow AES member Raymond F. Haynes earlier in the month. The hatch
was successful and seven healthy larvae produced pupae in late July.

During March and April of 1988 I waited for their emergence but
nothing happened. Raymond had the same experience with his batch but
mentioned that this species could over-winter in the pupa a second year.

This proved to be correct as a fine female was the first to emerge on
10th February 1989 and at the time of writing, 21st February 1989, four
females and one male have emerged and it is intended to breed another
generation from them.

BEES, WASPS AND ANTS RECORDING SCHEME (BWARS)

BWARS is currently being revitalised and now produces a bi-annual
Newsletter and a Starter Pack sent to all new participants. BWARS also
organises Field Meetings, and two annual indoor meetings. One of the
indoor meetings consists of a few short informal talks and a workshop
identification/recording/slides session (23rd Sept. 1989). The other is for
identification and recording (6th Jan. 1990). Expert help with
identification is available at both. Anyone interested in collecting,
recording and studying aculeate Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and ants) is
encouraged to join; beginners particularly welcome! Send your name and
address to:—

Dr. J. P. Field, Dept. of Pure & Applied Biology, Imperial College at
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS5 7PY.

BOOK REVIEW

Checklist of fish and invertebrates listed in the CITES appendices by
Patricia C. Almada-Villela. pp. 82; A4 (card cover). Nature Conservancy
Council, Peterborough 1988. Price £11.00.

This publication is one of a series covering all the plants and animals on
the schedule of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Its companion volumes deal
not only with CITES listings, but also Red Data Book (RDB) species, but
it was not considered worth attempting to give such full coverage to fish
and invertebrates. The RDBs for these groups are no more than a partial
guide, since they include large numbers of species for which there are no
survey data.

100 ) JUNE 1989

In most cases, selection of species for CITES listing depends on the
presumption that international trade would endanger wild populations.
This danger has been judged to apply only to a very small proportion of
insects, all of them in the single butterfly family Papilionidae
(Swallowtails and Birdwings). Under the classification of Papilionidae
used here, there are 52 species listed. All the other invertebrates listed are
either molluscs or corals, except for a single spider, the Mexican red-
kneed tarantula (Brachypelma smithi) and a single annelid worm, the
medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis).

For each species listed, the following information is given: taxonomic
synonyms, geographic range, the categorisation under both CITES and
the relevant RDB, and a set of literature reference numbers, these then
being given at the end of the booklet.

As a source of reference, this checklist is very useful, but it also sheds
some light on the difficulty of deciding which species deserves CITES
status. For example, only seven of the 52 butterflies listed here fall into
any of the RDB categories which indicates a high degree of risk
(‘‘vulnerable’’; ‘‘endangered’’; ‘‘rare’’; or ‘‘commercially threatened’’).
Twenty-nine have no RDB listing at all. On the other hand there are
insects in other groups (such as large spectacular beetles) which are

commercially exploited and which are thought to be rare.

This is not a book for light reading, but everyone who deals in fish or
invertebrates or who may wish to import specimens for personal use,
should obtain a copy. D. Lonsdale

DANGERS OF FINGER-LICKING
by Mike Dawson (9130)

Reading back numbers of the Bulletin I think it may be well to point out
the danger of the practice of repeatedly licking, or moistening, a finger to
pick up a beetle as suggested by Richard Jones (Bulletin 45: 21).

A friend of mine cleaned the excreta from a Carrion crow’s egg by this
method. Three days later he was in hospital; not just very ill, but in an
exceedingly dangerous condition. The nature of the disease was not given
but was probably coccidiosis or capillariasis. These microbes spread
throughout his entire intestines within a few days. It was only with
difficulty that he was kept alive. Beetles, or any other insects, which may
be on recent excreta, could cause the above symptoms with fatal results.

To alleviate any possibility of the above, it would be advisable to spit
the saliva onto a finger, wiping off any excess and, on no account, make
contact with the mouth.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 101

THE AES FIELDWEEK — THE MIDLANDS
Introduction
by R. J. Barnett (Herbert Art Gallery and Museum, Coventry)

The 1988 AES fieldweek for the junior members took place from 6th to
13th August, based at Coombe Abbey Country Park, near Coventry,
West Midlands.

Previous fieldweeks have been held in the New Forest in 1984 and 1986
(see AES Bulletins Vol.44 No.346 and Vol.46 No.355). This year’s
organiser Darren Mann, a veteran of the 1986 trip, had arranged an
agenda of intensive field work and places to visit. It was hoped that the
Midlands location would encourage those from the north of the country
to attend who may previously have been put off by the long trek down to
Hampshire. As it happened the greatest distance travelled by any of the
ten participants was from Truro in Cornwall!

Camp was established at Coombe Abbey and then Darren, assisted by
his long suffering family and also Steve Lane from the Herbert Museum,
Coventry, set about proving that insects do exist north of Watford.
Warwickshire, Worcestershire and Leicestershire were all visited to take
in meadows, heaths, ancient woodland as well as reclaimed sites such as
quarries. Unfortunately the weather was not too kind to us being very
cool and damp. This, coupled with the necessity to search harder for the
more interesting insects than in the New Forest could have led to
despondency. However the spirit remained high with the opportunity to
explore collecting techniques such as sweeping, beating, pond-netting,
malaise, light-trap and pit-fall trapping. The end result was a total of
well over five hundred species of insects positively identified including 17
Species regarded as of national importance by the Invertebrate Site
Register of the Nature Conservancy Council. I hope too that ten young
people were further encouraged to continue their study of insects and
perhaps to go on to investigate other orders they had not thought of
before. They certainly looked encouraged!

R.J. Barnett

Sunday 7th August — Ulverscroft Nature Reserve
by Steven Telling (8414J)

We got up at about 7.30 am, had our breakfast and got ready to go. We
all bundled into the van and shot off down the motorway towards
Ulverscroft Nature Reserve.

We soon got there, and we met Derek Lott of Leicestershire museum
who showed us around. He seemed very knowledgable. It was a very nice
place.

102 JUNE 1989

After that we went for a walk along the river and spotted several
species of Dragon and Damsel flies. All in all it was a very eventful day.

Monday 8th August — Wyre Forest
by Ben Woodcock (8938J)

The Wyre Forest has a restriction on taking butterflies. The day was hot,
the walk we went on took us down a hill to a stream and up the hill on the
other side to an old railway track. The bulk of the area was woodland but
one patch was good for sweeping. We managed to catch quite a few
species of Diptera, in particular hoverflies. The area was also populated
with various reptiles 7.e. common lizards and grass snakes.

Tuesday 9th August — Brandon Wood and Marsh
by Nick Willits (8670J)

As Brandon Wood was quite close, Darren generously decided that we
could jie in until 8.30. After a breakfast of sausage, beans and last
night’s mash we all bundled into the minibus. We then drove a few miles
to Brandon Wood to meet our day’s experts. We all went off in our
various groups with different nets and pots and had one of our most
productive mornings yet. Chris Loughlin and Ben Jameson managed to
find one of the two Hylobius abetius specimens and the only Pissodes
castaneus specimen found. While all this was going on Steve Telling had
persuaded me to help him look for slow worms. Suprisingly, even after
an hour’s searching we didn’t find any, but we did get lost and ended up
walking round every path in the area before getting back to the minibus.

After the standard lunch of sandwiches and crisps we all made for
Brandon Marsh.

When we arrived I and several others decided to follow Steve (Lane)
who was determined to reach a set of Dragonfly ponds. The journey to
these ponds took us through ten foot high reeds and mares-tail plants,
then up a long bank that was easily 1 in 2 and covered in bramble. When
we finally arrived at the pools Darren and his group were already there
and had been for at least half an hour.

We sat by the pool for a while, visited a small bird lake on the site and
then returned to the camp site to prepare for the night’s moth trapping.

Wednesday 10th August, morning — The Butterfly Farm
by Dion Battersby (8947J)
We had a very productive morning at the Stratford Butterfly Farm. We

looked for caterpillars, pupae and butterflies, and moths, and tried to
identify them.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 103

We saw many species of British and tropical lepidoptera. There was
also an insect house which had Phasmids, Mantids, Arachnids and
Katydids. After that we went to the pub and all had a shandy.

Wednesday 10th August, afternoon — Snitterfield Bushes

by Guy Knight (8040J)

After lunch we went to Snitterfield bushes in Stratford. This area is
mainly a woodland and scrub habitat, containing small gorse, aspen,
sallow and short herb clearings. The woodland area suffers from a poor
ground layer of vegetation, and therefore is not very productive.
However, the small clearings were very productive as were the edges of
the area which were characterised by grasses and a tall herb.

Some of the exciting species caught were: a first Warwickshire
Chrysomelid called Chrysolina hyperici, and on gorse a local species of
weevil called Sitona tibialis, also two species of true bug, the first
Melatropis rufescens found on Enchanters nightshade and secondly,
scarce in Warwickshire, Brachyarthrum limitatum found on aspen. Most
of these species were obtained by sweeping and beating the area. Also
found were a pair of Great crested newts under a stone which also housed
many Devil’s coach horse beetles.

On the way back we stopped off at a dung field, nothing much was
found except a brown form of Aphodius rufipes a common dung beetle
which is usually black. All in all it was a good day.

Thursday 11th August — Sutton Park
by Ben Jameson (8690J)

After a nice late breakfast we bundled into the minibus, only stopping to
collect wanderers from the toilets. We were hurtling towards the
speedramps, the exit to the Abbey, and on to Sutton Park.

Our first call was at a garage where we vacated the bus. Loaded with
our purchases, mainly two litre bottles of coke, we went back to the bus
to continue with our journey.

My first impression of Sutton Park was that it was very bumpy; my
second was that insect life was limited, but this was probably because of
the weather. which was cold and windy. However, the insects we caught
were quite rare. Among them were Prasocuris phellandrii, and two
nymphs of Rhacognathus punctatus.

After a brief lunch, we drove to another part of the huge park. We
split up here, but all my group managed to collect was a sweepnet full of
pinecones which caused chaos, to which the food fights of the previous
night were but a shadow. After picking up the pieces, we set off to the
chip shop where we had tea.

104 JUNE 1989

For moth trapping we returned to our first site of the day. But it
wasn’t long before it started to rain, then we headed for home.

Friday 12th August — The Herbert Art Gallery and Museum
by Mathew Haselden

The venue for Friday morning was the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum.
Here we were to see many interesting exhibits and the work behind the
scenes.

We all rose that morning at the unearthly time of 8.30, after a taxing
night’s mothing only five hours before. Such were the hours we gruelled
for such tiny moths who, when we tried to capture them they did nothing
but infuriatingly flit out of range of the m.v. We grabbed our breakfast
with haste and clambered, still half asleep into the bright yellow minibus.

On the way to the museum we had to put up with Fergie’s (Steve T)
comments on the relationship between his cat and the compost heap at
the bottom of his garden. Of course there was also the grouchy grunts
from the direction of Nick’s seat.

When we arrived at the museum we were split into two groups. My
group went to look at the animal movement exhibition. We also went
behind the scenes to look at the various reptilian creatures, all of which
either slithered, slimed or bit.

We then went down into the depths of the museum’s storerooms where
we saw the collection of stuffed birds and animals. Best of all was the
insect storeroom where row upon row of insects from micros to
phasmids could be found.

We then broke for lunch and had a look around the city of Coventry
(the centre of the Universe). We eagerly engulfed our lunches consisting
of sandwiches, crisps, orange squash and an apple if you were lucky
enough to find one.

In the afternoon we then continued to Ryton Wood which happened to
be such a memorable experience, I can’t remember what happened (this
is because the BRATS democratically decided not to go — DJM).
Overall we had a good time all week.

Insects Recorded
by R. J. Barnett

Lepidoptera

The cool damp weather kept the numbers of lepidoptera low. Seventeen
species of butterfly were seen including considerable numbers of Silver-
washed fritillary Argynnis paphia at its Wyre Forest stronghold.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 105

Mercury vapour light trapping was carried out at six localities and was
largely responsible for the list of 72 species of micro moth and 120 macro
moths. Unfortunately numbers were fairly low even of common species.
Four nationally notable species were noted, two of them on our first
night’s trapping held at the Wyre Forest courtesy of the British
Entomological and Natural History Society field meeting. These were the
Drab looper Minoa murinata, one second brood imago netted at dusk,
and the Angle-striped sallow Enargia paleacea later came to light. Other
notables taken in Warwickshire were the Brown-veined wainscot
Archanara dissoluta and the Mere wainscot Photedes fluxa.

Small orders

During the week six species of Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets)
were recorded. These were obtained by sweeping and beating low foliage.

Only four species of Odonata (damsel and dragonflies) were recorded
though this was probably due to the absence of sunshine.

The two common species of Dermaptera (earwig) were recorded, the
Lesser earwig Labia minor being attracted to the mercury vapour light
trap.

Hemiptera — true bugs

A total of 61 species of heteropteran bug was recorded. The Heath
Shieldbug Rhacognathus puncatatus was taken for the first time in
Warwickshire and Agnocoris reclairei was observed at its Midland
locality far from the headquarters for this species, the Cambridgeshire
and Huntingdonshire fens.

Homoptera insects were not exhaustively searched for and only 26
species were found. Three species regarded as provisionally nationally
notable by the NCC were noted, being Aphrophora alpina,
Graphocephala fennehi, and Jassargus flori.

Coleoptera — beetles

Beetles were the second most popular order of insects recorded during
the fieldweek, superseded only by the number of lepidoptera. This
interest shown by a number of participants was very encouraging given
the challenge this group represents. A total of 145 species have been
identified. Most beetles were caught by sweeping although trapping

106 JUNE 1989

techniques were also used. Chlaenius nigricornis, Prionychus ater,
Chrysolina brunsvicensis, Phyllobrotica quadrimaculata, and Pissodes
castaneus are all notable species taken during the week.

Diptera — true flies

Around 65 species have been identified to date. The only diptera
collected with any regularity were the syrphids (hoverflies). The
following species are those taken which hold nationally notable status.
Melangyna arctica, Parasyyrphus vittiger, and Sphaerosphoria virgata.
Also caught was Chrysogaster macquarti which has been given a
provisional Red Data Book 3 category.

Hymenoptera — bees, wasps, ants

A number of hymenoptera were collected but due to the lack of
appropriate, useable keys they have not been identified as yet.

Acknowledgments
by Darren J. Mann (8181)

The 1988 Fieldweek could not have gone ahead without the help and
encouragement of Ray Barnett or the minibus driver Steve Lane. Many
thanks are also due to the other staff in the Natural History Section of
Coventry Museum (HAGM), namely Adam Wright, Tony Barlow, Dean
Warren and John Pierkoreczyk for their tolerance of the ‘‘Bratts’’ and
help in the field.

At the campsite, life would have been impossible without Linda Mann
(my mom) and Mandy Cooper who kept us fed and clean.

I would also like to thank the following people for their leadership in
the field and co-operation in the organisation of the week: Derek Lott,
Roger Juckes, Peter Cooke, Dr Ken Greenwood, Peter Hillcox and Jeoff
Lewis.

I hope that all the participants enjoyed and learnt something from the
week, and hope that we have shown that the Midlands is not
entomologically dead!

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 107

SHERLOCK HOLMES, ENTOMOLOGIST
by John A. Hollier

In 1881, in the chemical laboratory of Bart’s, Sherlock Holmes met Dr
John Watson and uttered the words ‘‘You have been in Afghanistan, I
perceive.’’ Thus began one of the best known partnerships in literature,
chronicled in four novels and 56 short stories.*

The career of Holmes spans some 30 years, and coincides with the
period of the great entomological collectors, and the Victorian
Naturalists. It might be expected that something of this would find its
way into the stories which describe Holmes’ cases, but one must
remember that there is no mention of cricket, even though Conan Doyle
was very fond of the game and even played for the MCC on a number of
occasions (Shaw 1985). The student of entomology is more fortunate
however, two entomologists are involved in his cases (if one discounts
Jethro Rucastle’s son who showed ‘“‘quite remarkable talent in planning
the capture of mice, little birds and insects’’ and was adept at killing
cockroaches with a slipper (The Copper Beeches: Adventures) as an
entomologist proper).

Nathan Garrideb, described as a ‘‘crazy boob of a bug collector’’ by
Killer Evans (The Three Garridebs: Case Book) was a harmless if
eccentric man who spent all his time in his rooms with ‘‘cupboards and
cabinets all round, crowded with specimens, geological and anatomical.
Cases of butterflies and moths flanked each side of the entrance.’’
Unfortunately for him there was another collection in the room, known
only to Evans, hence the involment of Holmes.

The other entomologist was rather more interesting; none other that
the dastardly Stapleton alias Vandeleur alias Baskerville (The Hound of
the Baskervilles). This man had lived in Costa Rica and Yorkshire before
moving to Dartmoor, had acquired a name as a “‘recognised authority”’
according to the BM, and had described at least one new species. One of
the rooms of his house was ‘‘fashioned into a small museum, the walls
were lined by a number of glasstopped cases full of (his) collection of
butterflies and moths’’. Stapleton considered his collection ‘‘the most
complete one in the South-west of England’’. Stapleton was never
without a butterfly net and when Watson first met him he was in hot
pursuit of a specimen of ‘‘cyclopides’’. I can only suppose that this was
the Chequered skipper, given as Cyclopides (Carterocephalus) palaemon
by South (1941), the only reference to the name I can find. If the
identification is correct this cetainly extends the range of this woodland
Species considerably.

* Conan Doyle placed many of these stories with magazines, but the references here are to
the collected stories as published by Penguin.

108 JUNE 1989

Holmes expected to have him ‘‘fluttering in our net as helpless as one
of his own butterflies. A pin, a cork and a card, and we add him to the
Baker Street collection.’’ In the end Dartmoor got there first.

Three cases of Holmes’ include real invertebrates. The case of the
Lions Main (Case Book) is told in full, the villain of the piece being a
jellyfish identified as Cyanea capillata. Williams (1951) has already
pointed out that C. capillata is not really poisonous enough to fit the bill
and suggests C. arctica as the culprit. The other two cases; the ‘‘repulsive
story of the red leech and the terrible death of Crosby the banker’’ (The
Golden Pince-Nez: Return) and the case of ‘‘Isadora Persano, the well
known journalist and duellist, who was found stark staring mad with a
matchbox in front of him which contained a remarkable worm, said to
be unknown to science’’ (The Problem of Thor Bridge: Case Book) are
only mentioned in passing, though both sound intriguing. I must take
issue with Trevor Hall (1971) when in the course of an entertaining
discussion of the Persano case he suggests that the term ‘‘unknown to
science’’ implies a belief in the supernatural. Holmes meant of course
that it was an as yet undescribed form, and probably added a scientific
description to his long list of publications. This quibble in no way affects
the rest of Hall’s argument, with which I am inclined to agree.

Other real invertebrates mentioned include ‘‘the scorpions and the
centipedes’’ which inhabit the old fort at Agra, and the ‘‘beetles’’ which
the naturalist Mr Sherman’s snake kept down (The Sign of Four).

Invertebrates are also used in metaphor and simile. Given the large
number of stories Watson is very restrained in his use of detective story
cliches such as spiders-and-flies (The Five Orange Pips: Adventures, The
Norwood Builder; The Final Problem: Memoirs) and ‘‘she wouldn’t kill
a fly’? (The Problem of Thor Bridge: Case Book). In Black Peter
(Return) Inspector Hopkins produced the colourful (if inaccurate)
phrase ‘‘he was pinned like a beetle to a card’”’ to describe the body which
was suspended from the wall by a harpoon, and added that the scene of
the crime ‘“‘was droning like a harmonium with the flies and
bluebottles’’. Watson himself compared Dr Mortimer’s fingers to ‘‘agile
and restless’’ insect antennae (The Hound of the Baskervilles) and the
ruined Kitty Winter told Holmes that the evil Baron Grunner ‘‘collects
women, and takes pride in his collection, as some men collect butterflies
and moths” (The Illustrious Client: Case Book).

Watson always presented Holmes as an emotionless reasoning
machine, uninterested in anything but his cases; the introduction to The
Cardboard Box (His Last Bow) is a case in point ‘‘everbody was out of
town, and I yearned for the glades of the New Forest or the shingle of
Southsea. . . . aS to my companion, neither the country nor the sea

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 109

presented the slightest attraction to him. He loved to lie in the very centre
of five millions of people. . .’’. Such indeed was the image Holmes liked
to promote, but his suggestion of a walk in the ‘‘beautiful woods”’
around Forest Row (one of the last remnants of the great Weald forest)
to “‘give a few hours to the birds and flowers’’ (Black Peter: Return)
gives the game away. Although Holmes claimed to despise knowledge
which took up space in his memory without helping him in his chosen
career (even protesting ignorance of the Copernican theory (A Study in
Scarlet), once again he is misleading Watson. His references to the role
of natural enemies in the control of oyster populations (The Case of the
Dying Detective: His Last Bow) show him to be up-to-date with
contemporary theory, as well as convincing Watson that he is delirious.

When he retired it was to a cottage in rural Sussex, and there Holmes
became an entomologist in earnest. In His Last Bow (His Last Bow) (set
in 1914) Holmes was engaged in feeding the German master-spy Von
Bork false information. At their last meeting Holmes, with Watson in
attendance took Von Bork a supposed book of Navy Signals. It was none
other that the ‘‘magnum opus of his latter years’’, the Practical
Handbook of Bee Culture, with Some Observations on the Segregation
of the Queen.

REFERENCES

Hall, T. (1971) The Late Mr Sherlock Holmes. Duckworth. London.
Shaw, S. (1935) Sherlock Holmes and the 1902 Fifth Test. Allen. London.
South (1941) The Butterflies of the British Isles. (new ed.) Warne. London.
Williams (1951) Catalogue of the Sherlock Holmes Exhibition. pp 23-4.

INTERESTING SPRING MOTH RECORDS
by Tim A. Lavery (8677) and Diane Lavery

January 1989 proved to be an exceedingly mild month, particularly here
in the south-west of Ireland, with temperatures often reaching 15°C.

Not having a M.V. Light Trap, we decided to keep an eye on the bright
outside light at our home at Farnes, Castlemaine, Co. Kerry, though not
knowing quite what to expect to see, so early in the year.

From the 25th to the 30th we took the following moth species: —
Hebrew character (Orthosia gothica), Double-striped pug (Gymnoscelis
rufifasciata), Early thorn (Selenia dentaria), all normally seen from
March/April onwards, and finally a specimen of the Early moth (Theria
primaria).

110 JUNE 1989

EARLY NESTERS
by Brian Gardiner (225)

On 20th February this year, a fine warm sunny spring day here in
Cambridge, as had been so many in the month, I noted three queen
Hymenoptera out and about and clearly searching for suitable nesting
sites. One was a wasp and the other two bumble bees. With many trees in
full blossom, behaving more as if it were late April or early May, there
was no shortage of nectar about for them. One does wonder, however,
what will become of these early nesters if the weather deteriorates to
normal, either before or after they have commenced rearing their
broods. I do not believe that a return hibernation can be achieved,
particularly once the hormone balance has set in train the egglaying
response.

I have, on a number of occasions, come across very small wasps’ nests
containing only a dozen or so larval cells and often open at the base.
These have been deserted and empty. There is of course no way of
knowing the fate of the unfortunate mother, whether she was a victim of
weather, predators, or insecticides. While, too, it is not easy to tell the
age of such nests, it is clear, from my experience, that a considerable
number of females setting out to found their colonies in spring must be
failing. In view of the early start to the year it is interesting to speculate,
during February, what effect the unusually mild winter is having on our
insect population. Besides bringing hibernators out early, perhaps to be
caught out, there is also the possibility that the greater than usual
survival rate of birds and rodents, combined with the lack of a protective
snow cover, will have resulted in far greater than usual predation
pressures upon many insects and I hope that members will, later in the
year, report any unusual effects that they may notice for publication in
our pages.

THE COMMON WASP AND THE LAUREL BUSH

by Jan Koryszka (6089)

During 1987 Mr Peter Burton, a botanist, and myself noticed the
frequent visits being made to a laurel bush by the common wasp (Vespa
vulgaris). The wasps seemed to search the bush and then fly off again.
Nothing seemed to be taken from the bush. Perhaps they are attracted by
the glossy leaves, but then other plants with glossy leaves were ignored.
The other possibility is the smell of the plant which can be quite strong as
no doubt other entomologists have observed when using laurel leaves as a
killing agent. It would be interesting to know if other members have
noticed this behaviour of wasps and if they have any ideas about it.

|

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 411

WILTSHIRE BUTTERFLIES IN 1988
by Mike Fuller (6566)

After three years of generally favourable weather for our butterflies, the
year started full of promise of better things. February was dry, the
warmest and sunniest on record for fifty years. March was also
reasonably pleasant, and April and the first half of May were
particularly good with some exceptionally hot sunny periods.

This all resulted in many of the early species appearing several days
earlier than usual and in reasonable numbers. The Speckled Wood,
Comma, Orange tip, Large white, and Peacock were noticeably
common, and there were many early sightings of the Painted lady, which
arrived from the Continent in May, and continued to be quite frequently
seen throughout the season. Usually the Red admiral, another immigrant
from Europe, is more commonly seen than the Painted lady, but this
year there appeared to be very few early records. Only one record of the
usually scarce Clouded yellow was made in May and there were no
summer or autumn records. Small tortoiseshells were active in March
after hibernation, but were not generally seen until July and in the
autumn in relatively small numbers. Jennifer Harrison reported finding
scores of dead specimens in a disused house, where they had entered last
year for hibernation, and had been unable to escape in the spring.

Unfortunately the weather curtailed much of the butterfly activity in
June, which was generally overcast, cool, and showery, with only a
handful of warm sunny days. With many species already at very low

- numbers over the last three years, it was not surprising that butterflies

were scarce. The Grizzled and Dingy skippers, Duke of Burgundy,
Brown argus, Pearl-bordered and Small pearl-bordered fritillaries,
Common and Small blues were all scarce, and the Holly blue, Wall,
Marsh fritillary and Green hairstreak were virtually absent from most
observers’ records.

On the brighter side, the Adonis blue numbers at Bratton appear to be
holding their own, in spite of the habitat being unmanaged and looking
very overgrown, and the Large skipper was also to be seen in much larger
numbers than for a few years. The Small heath was also common locally.
A visit to the only known location in Wiltshire for the scarce Wood
white, in good weather conditions, on 15th June, proved unrewarding.
None were seen and the colony was known to be small and vulnerable,
and it could now be extinct as a county species. It was however,
encouraging to see the very scarce and local Small pearl-bordered
fritillary widely distributed throughout the wood in good numbers, (in
fact it was the commonest butterfly seen), but this situation will probably
quickly change in the next year or two as the conifers mature and shade
out the violets, the larval foodplant.

112 JUNE 71989

The usually solitary Brimstone enjoyed a long flight period, a spring
male was seen on 19th June, indicating an adult life-span of about eleven
months, half of which would have been spent in hibernation.

The poor June weather continued into July, which turned out to be
one of the coolest and wettest on record. This is usually the month of
much butterfly activity, but proved to be the case for only a few species.
The Silver-washed fritillary and White admiral and second brood
Commas appeared to be up to strength, but the Ringlet, although much
in evidence, was not as abundant as in recent years. The Marbled White
was less plentiful and the usually common Small skipper, especially so.
Three species, the Meadow brown, Dark green fritillary, and Essex
Skipper, all appeared to be commoner than last year.

Peacocks were late to emerge and generally scarce, and the
continuingly depressing weather for most of August resulting in low
numbers of the second brood Large, Small, and Green-veined whites,
Brown argus, Brimstone, Common blue, and Smali copper. Two of the
last single-brooded species to emerge, the Hedge brown (also known as
the Gate-keeper) and the Chalkhill blue, were both below strength in
most areas, as was the elusive Purple hairstreak. The second brood
Adonis blues at Bratton enjoyed the first gloriously hot and sunny week
of September (Summer at last!), and Speckled woods were particularly
abundant at this time, supporting the theory that they prefer wet
seasons! .

Our butterflies have now experienced three years of generally poor
summer weather since the good years of the early 1980s, and with a few
exceptions, most are now scarce and in low numbers. Even non-
entomological friends have commented on this. The generally common
species are no doubt able to cope with these fluctuations in their
abundance levels, increasing again when favourable weather conditions
return. Some of the more local and colonial species however, such as the
Marsh fritillary and Adonis blue, may suffer local extinctions as a result
of prolonged unfavourable weather, and deteriorating habitat. In this
situation, nature reserves and other suitably managed areas become
particularly important, enabling the butterflies to be more likely to
survive these periods, and recover and expand their range in due course.

Although fewer records than usual have been received from recorders,
additions to the country distribution maps continue, and my thanks are
again due to all recorders. All records are made available and stored on
the computer at the Biological Records Centre based in the Museum of
the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society in Devizes.

Let us hope that 1989 will be the beginning of an upturn in the fortunes
of our county’s butterflies.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 113

~ LEPIDOPTERA LARVAE ON FRESH BIRD DROPPINGS
by Jan Koryszka (6089)

Over the years, in my rock garden, I have noticed that a number of
lepidoptera larvae are to be found at dusk feeding on fresh bird
droppings deposited on the stones. While some have not been identified
(these mostly belonging to the cutworm (Noctuidae) family) others have
been and these were: Large yellow underwing (Noctua pronubae), Heart
and dart (Agrotis exclamationis), Dot moth (Melanchra persicariae), and
once a garden tiger (Arctia caja). I also once found a larvae of the Dot
moth eating a piece of old newspaper blown into my garden one windy
night. Other visitors to the bird droppings are slugs and snails together
with some species, but very few individuals, of beetles and other insects.
Perhaps the larva hunter may find other interesting species in this way.

NEW BOOKS ANNOUNCED
by the Editor
The Butterflies and Moths of Yorkshire

Edited by S. L. Sutton and H. E. Beaumont and published by the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, this book is being offered at a reduced
price of £13.75 (which includes postage) to those subscribing by 30th
August, after which date the cost will be an extra £3.00. Applications,
with payments made out to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, should be
sent to them c/o W. S. Maney & Son Ltd., Hudson Road, Leeds LS9
7DL. The book will be octavo in size and of some 240 pages with
illustrations and maps. Pre-publication orders will be a great help to the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and once the printer’s bill is paid all
proceeds will go to them and these can then be ploughed back into their
publication fund to produce more updates on the county’s wild-life.

Les Insectes de A. J. Rosel von Rosenhof

We must thank member Christoper Nissen for drawing our attention to
this work which is a large quarto volume of 496 pages including 289 fine
colour plates as well as black and white illustrations. It is a translation
into French of one of the finest entomological journals ever published,
von Rosenhof’s Der monatlich herausgegenbenen Insecten-Belustigung
(of which a literal transiation is ‘‘Amusing insects monthly magazine’’).
A contemporary of Linnaeus and Buffon, von Rosenhof was a fine artist
and the handcoloured plates of the original are of superb quality, quite
up to our Donovan or Curtis of 50 to 100 years later.

114 JUNE 1989

This book reproduces them well, and is similar in format to the
reproduction by American Heritage Publishing Co. of Audubon’s Birds
of America, which, together with Bessler’s Plants, has now also been
published in a French edition. The American work may be the more
familiar to our readers as it has been around for some years and not so
long ago was being remaindered at a mere £20. Unfortunately this
French book is rather dearer, about £170 when we saw it recently in Paris
and we have not yet seen it advertised in England. Should any member be
interested and unable to obtain it through their English booksellers (and
French books are notoriously difficult to come by in England), then the
publishers are:— Editions Mazonod, 33 rue de Naples, 75008 Paris.

AN OBSERVATION ON THE DAWN FLIGHT OF THE
GHOST MOTH

by Jan Koryszka (6089)

During 1987 and 1988 the Ghost moth (Hepialus humuli) was quite
abundant in and around my garden and other areas of Staffordshire.
Quite large numbers were seen at dusk hovering and pendulating a few
feet above the grass. Also noticeable was a very strong dawn flight, more
so after a rainy spell of weather. Perhap these conditions are favourable
to this activity, for the males to emit their goatish scent. The females
were also observed to be laying eggs over a number of different low-
growing plants. I took a number of the females and these laid their eggs
quite freely in their boxes, over 300 eggs in all. The last time I observed
such a large dawn flight was back in the early 1970s. In Moths of the
British Isles by Bernard Skinner, it is stated that the Gold swift (Hepialus
hecta) also has a dawn flight in favourable conditions. It does seem as if
this activity is governed by the right weather conditions.

AN EARLY HOLLY BLUE
by Brian Gardiner (225)

On visiting my son’s house in Cambridge, which is very near to my own
he drew my attention to a butterfly flitting across his and the neighbour’s
gardens. This was a specimen of Ce/astrina argiolus which was either
looking for a mate or surveying the local holly bushes on which to lay her
eggs. This was on 31st March this year.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 115

SOS FOR EUROPEAN BEES
by Klaus Wolf, translated by Gareth King (8585)

(This article originally appeared in the Spanish journal NATURA,
January 1989 and is reprinted here with permission and thanks.)

It was at the beginning of the century that a parasite called Varroa
jacobsoni was discovered by a Dutch entomologist.

Initially a parasite of an Asian bee, Apis cerana, jacobsoni now also
affects Apis mellifica of Europe in plague-like proportions. In the USSR,
jacobsoni was identified for the first time at the beginning of the fifties.
In 1976, at the first world conference called on jacobsoni held in
Bulgaria, the majority of European nations were found to be suffering
infestation in their hives.

Whilst cerana has developed in the meantime an immune response
against the parasite, no such response has yet appeared in European
bees. The extent of infestation has been immense. In the Lebanon 90%
of hives have been exterminated: Syria and Israel are also seriously
affected. The focus of infection has extended throughout North Africa,
whilst in 1975 practically all Romanian bees had been affected, while in
Japan their native bees were exporting the parasite to Latin America.

Whilst the American continent ironically, was being threatened by a
dangerous invasion of African killer bees, at the same time it was felt
threatened by jacobsoni. In only a year the United States saw half of its
_ bees affected by the insatiable parasite.

The geographical isolation of some countries, for example Britain,
Scandinavia, Hawaii, New Zealand and Australia, for the meantime
guarantees some protection from the parasite, but it is not known how
long this state of affairs could last. Perhaps in the same way that
jJacobsoni reached the Americas and North Africa it could reach the
aforementioned countries.

Of course the threat to bees is not just confined to the bees themselves,
but to the production of honey. The bees’ importance in the pollination
of plants is not to be underestimated, which in turn affects the diet of no
small number of birds and animals. According to investigations, the
value of pollination is 20 to 40 times greater than the production of
honey.

Indeed for the bees themselves the threat is monstrous. According to
expert opinion, if bees are unable to find an antidote to the parasitic
threat, within two or three years whole colonies of bees could be extinct.
However, in the same way that cerana has immunised itself, sooner or
later mellifica could do the same. But why has it taken more than a
decade to do so?

116 JUNE 1989

How does the parasite affect the bee? Basically jacobsoni causes an
infection which completely changes the bee’s habits. For example, they
are affected in the ease by which they can collect pollen, a direct
consequence of which is a slowdown in the construction of honey-comb.
Three to four years after initial infection the hive becomes susceptible to
a whole range of secondary infections, with consequent loss of the hive
itself. Once a hive is destroyed it cannot be successfully colonised by
further bees without their contracting the parasite themselves.

The gravity of the threat resulted in the European Agriculture
Commission, itself part of the EEC, organising a conference last
November for the twelve member countries. The result of which was the
organisation of an information campaign for all European apiculturists,
including a pooling of resources used up until the present time against
jacobsoni.

Of the diverse methods employed in combatting this parasite, those
involving chemicals are most promising. Dr Raymond Borneck director
of ITAPI (Institute of Apiculture) together with French researchers for
CNRS (National Council for Scientific Research) are organising possible
treatments. The chemical in which scientists place most hope is
**Apistan’’ a recognised pesticide. ‘‘Apistan’’ has been demonstrated to
knock out the parasite without killing the bee.

In 1986 Dr Borneck organised an experiment using a pesticide solution
which covered the body of the bee in a uniform manner. At the end of
the same year he repeated the experiment using ‘‘Apistan’’. The chemical
was put on plastic strips and suspended in hives for 42 days, for optimum
results, in the autumn before honey collection. But a vital factor in the
eradication of jacobsoni was the placing of hives, already treated, in the
vicinity of the territory of active male bees, which the parasite prefers.

Dr Borneck affirms that ‘‘If bee-keepers use this chemical it is possible
that sooner or later bees will be cured”’’.

Nevertheless, in certain areas, instead of ‘‘chemical warfare’’, other,
different methods have been employed, based on more traditional
apicultural methods. For example, in West Germany bee-keepers control
the Queen bee’s oviposition. Ova in excess are removed and burnt.
Infestation rates are then considerably lower. On a large scale, however,
this method can weaken the hive. Another method employed by minor
apiculturists 1s to heat hives affected by jacobsoni for short periods of
time, the parasites then leave the bee, but temperatures in excess of 40°C
are harmful and could kill them.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 117

As regards the life-cycle of jacobsoni, it reproduces itself very quickly
inside the bee-hive attacking bee larvae as well as adults. The parasite is
very small, in actuality about 1.1 to 1.2 mm in length and 1.5 to 1.6 mm
in width. However in comparison to the bee it is rather large. It generally
occurs on the abdomen of the bee near the thorax or more unusually
between the thorax and head. The longevity of the parasite depends on
its gender, the male is shorter-lived than the female, which can survive
during those intervals when no oviposition occurs, around eight months
during the winter and two or three months during the dry periods of
summer (in southern Europe). In order to disseminate itself the parasite
needs ideally to be in contact with adult bees on a frequent basis, often
the bee becoming little more than an article of transportation for the
parasite which can then spread its destruction far and wide.

The behaviour of jacobsoni is regulated by seasons and how long it has
spent in the hive. At the end of the first year of infestation the number of
parasites is low. The greatest concentration is found at the end of the
summer and in the autumn, at least in temperate climates. However,
periods of lesser hive activity do not see jacobsoni lying idle, these
periods being used to begin infestations in other hives. It is at this time
that the parasite is most visible on the bee. At the end of the season in
badly-infested hives a lesson can be learnt on the disastrous effects of
jacobsoni; for example, a cell with more than ten parasites affecting a
single bee, the bee dies before even being able to leave its cell. Infested
bees show certain malformations such as a much-reduced abdomen.
Those individual bees not already dead, die at the end of the summer,
after the nuptial flight or during the autumn or winter. A badly affected
hive is a sorry sight indeed, with few bees and a helpless Queen being the
only signs of life present.

Investigations developing at the present time are focussing on
biological forms of control. Scientists are attempting to locate exactly
what defences are taken up by those A. cerana bees proving capable of
fending off an attack. To this end a search is on to seek out a solution.
Those solutions that encompass bacterial ‘‘warfare’’ are also being
looked into. And why not?

While at the present time Europe is feeling the disastrous consequence
of jacobsoni, another bee parasite has appeared in Thailand, which
fortunately for the moment has proved incapable of colonising areas of
the world other than the Tropics.

118 JUNE 1989

UNSEASONAL WEATHER
by Peter W. Cribb (2270)

The autumn of 1988 was exceptionally warm and much drier that the
summer had been and the Indian summer produced some unusual
records. On the 28th October I observed a female Holly blue, C.
argiolus, flying around the sprays of ivy fruits in my garden in Middle-
sex, apparently trying to lay eggs. At the end of July I had been gathering
up full-fed larvae of the second generation on the same sprays, then in
bud. A third generation of this species is not a common occurrence. On
the following day on Ditchling Common I saw a freshly emerged female
Green-veined white, A. napi, laying on hedgerow cruciferous plants. The
following week we had several hard frosts which probably ensured that
no progeny would result from these late comers.

As I write, the winter has been as mild as I can recall and on Christmas
day my hives were quite active with bees clearing out dead sisters and
excreting on my car parked near the hives. On the 10th January I found a
Bombus terrestris bumble bee sitting on some potted hyacinths which
had been placed outside the house. It was sluggish but conditions must
have been good enough to enable it to leave its hibernation and fly.
Normally I do not see the overwintered queens until March. Perhaps the
greenhouse effect is already with us.

EARLY MOTH IN SOUTHERN IRELAND
by Tim A. Lavery (8677) and Diane Lavery

A specimen (male) of the Early moth (Theria primaria Haw.) was taken
at an outside house light at Farnes, Castlemaine, Co. Kerry (Irish Grid Q
82 06) on the 25th January 1989. This appears to be the first recorded
instance of its occurrence in Co. Kerry and indeed from the southern half
of Ireland, although it is probably much more widespread than present
information suggests.

DOES THE COMMA LARVA EAT SALLOW?
by J. H. Payne (5923)

In the note by Peter Criodb (Bulletin 48: 32) concerning a larva of
Polygonia c-album, he does not state if he saw the larva actually eating
the sallow (Salix caprea)! I mention this point as I reared a large number
last year and, when cutting some sallow as food for some moth larvae I
had, I found four Comma chrysalids suspended from the undersides of
different leaves. There was no apparent attempt at concealment, there
were nettles nearby and I thought they were escapees gone up to pupate.
The note, however, raises an interesting point.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 us

SIGHTINGS OF PAINTED LADIES (CYNTHIA CARDUD DURING
1988 IN WARWICKSHIRE

by B.R. Mitchell (8086)

21st May — Stockton Railway Cutting N.R. almost midday, overcast.

Ist June — on Grendon Heath on lotus and broom, mobbed by Dingy skipper.

15th June — small, faded, worn specimen on bank, Grendon Heath.

19th June — in Nelson’s Quarry (with RJS).

22nd June — small, faded, worn specimen basking on bricks embedded in
ground, top Slacky Lane at 4.45 pm.

23rd June — one in same location as yesterday (not counted separately) plus
another by stand of flowering bramble at edge of Top Folly bank.

25th June — TWO — on same bank: one accepted as latter above; the other very

worn, possibly same as former above, but counted as different.

Ist July — one briefly settled in Slacky Lane at 6.00 pm.
18th July — one in field just beyond hedge top Slacky Lane — fresh.

5th Aug. — one very fresh on bramble bush, behind Grendon Wood.

7th Aug. — at Gratton Dale, Derbyshire. |

8th Aug. — one on bramble near Kingsbury Wood/Spoilheaps (with GAA and
MAA) a further two seen separately on Grendon Heath: one where seen on
5/8, the other on bramble near the heath entrance.

9th Aug. — one where seen previous day on bramble, heath entrance.

14th Aug. — one settled on marigolds in back garden while overcast and begin-
ning to rain. First seen in garden since 6th April, 1985.

15th Aug. — TWO — one fresh, one faded within few feet of one another on
thistles. This patch behind bramble on Top Folly area.

16th Aug. — THREE — within small area of each other at 4.45 pm around
Grendon Heath entrance: two were basking on ground separated by hedge, the
other in flight amid fading light, Gypsy Lane.

17th Aug. — THREE — at Wilnecote/Whateley (Tilcon/Stoneware) with GAA
and MAA. Two within feet of each other, the other separately.

22nd Aug. — TWO — one very fresh, Top Folly; the other, Stumpit, B.C.

24th Aug. — one on B.C. (with GAA and MAA)

26th Aug. — one, faded, wood edge, Grendon Heath.

28th and 29th Aug. — one at Nether Whitacre N.R. — fresh.

29th Aug. — one on bank, Top Folly, Grendon Heath.

31st Aug. — one wood edge, Grendon Heath (where seen on 26/8 — counted as
separate specimens).

3rd Sept. — one at edge of bank, Top Folly.

29th Sept. — one on sedum in front garden, 4.25 pm making the fifth and final
Nymphalid that could be expected here since transplanted in this location three
years ago.

Total of separate sightings for the year: 31
Previous years: 1985 — 2; 1986 — 0; 1987 — 1.

120 JUNE 1989

WASPS TAKING SMALL TORTOISESHELLS
by J. H. Payne (5923)

With reference to the note of wasps taking the Small white (Bulletin 48:
16), I have seen them chasing many flies, particularly hoverflies, and
- actually taking the Small tortoiseshell (Ag/ais urticae), especially the
worn ones and mostly off Sedum in late summer.

IRISH LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS
by Tim A. Lavery

After many letters, discussions and meetings with lepidopterists, both
professional and amateur, regarding the collection and utilization of
data on the Irish Lepidoptera, it has been decided to compile and run a
DATABASE for all such information. Since the demise of An Foras
Forbatha, which was formerly responsible for the Irish Biological
Records Centre, records of the lepidoptera have luckily been kept by a
number of organisations and far-sighted individuals, all of whom have
expressed their interest and support.

It is hoped that all entomologists working in or visiting Ireland (past
and future) will assist the database by contributing their records,
especially those of any microlepidoptera.

All records are stored on both a card index and computer disc. A
library is being compiled of all Irish lepidoptera literature and
information and progress will be reported in the Newsletter of the AES
Irish Insects Study Group.

A stack of records is already filed and it is noticeable that there is a
great lacuna of microlepidoptera records so it is obvious that these have
been least studied so far in Ireland. Locality-wise, it appears that
generally the midlands and north-west are the most under-recorded,
principally due to the lack of local entomologists there, and yet it seems
certain that many interesting species still await discovery.

The primary purpose of the database, therefore, is to store as much
information as possible on the Irish lepidoptera and to work in
conjunction with the relative authorities and organizations responsible
for conservation and protection of habitats. Recording forms are free to
anyone interested in sending in records, or information can be accepted
in any other form and small collections can be sent for identification
purposes if required.

Forms and further information are available from me, Tim A. Lavery,
Irish Lepidoptera Records, Country Watch, Farnes, Castlemaine, Co.
Kerry, Ireland.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 121

“WINGS OF LACE — MUSIC”’

Alene as Frank Marples
3 1988

Treble Recorder mm Fine

tego
RVWeee@ VY of
a Ve
ate tS

Eggs

122 JUNE 1989

LEPIDOPTERA LARVAE ON FRESH BIRD DROPPINGS
by Jan Koryszka (6089)

Over the years, in my rock garden, I have noticed that a number of
lepidoptera larvae are to be found at dusk feeding on fresh bird
droppings deposited on the stones. While some have not been identified
(these mostly belonging to the cutworm (Noctuidae) family) others have
been and these were: Large yellow underwing (Noctua pronubae), Heart
and dart (Agrotis exclamationis), Dot moth (Melanchra persicaria), and
once a garden tiger (Arctia caja). I also once found a larvae of the Dot
moth eating a piece of old newspaper blown into my garden one windy
night. Other visitors to the bird droppings are slugs and snails together
with some species, but very few individuals, of beetles and other insects.
Perhaps the larva hunter may find other interesting species in this way.

AN OBSERVATION ON THE DAWN FLIGHT OF THE
GHOST MOTH

by Jan Koryszka (6089)

During 1987 and 1988 the Ghost moth (Hepialus humuli) was quite
abundant in and around my garden and other areas of Staffordshire.
Quite large numbers were seen at dusk hovering and pendulating a few
feet above the grass. Also noticeable was a very strong dawn flight, more
so after a rainy spell of weather. Perhap these conditions are favourable
to this activity, for the males to emit their goatish scent. The females
were also observed to be laying eggs over a number of different low-
growing plants. I took a number of the females and these laid their eggs
quite freely in their boxes, over 300 eggs in all. The last time I observed
such a large dawn flight was back in the early 1970s. In Moths of the
British Isles by Bernard Skinner, it is stated that the Gold swift (Hepialus
hecta) also has a dawn flight in favourable conditions. It does seem as if
this activity is governed by the right weather conditions.

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

Will all authors sending me manuscripts for the Bulletin, particularly
those using a word processor (as many of you now do) please send their
offerings IN DOUBLE SPACING as this will save me the trouble of
having to return them for re-typing. It is not only virtually impossible to
make any editorial corrections to single spacing, but it also makes the
work of our excellent printers that much more difficult and expensive.

- AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 123

~A GYNANDROMORPH OF THE CHINESE OAK SILKMOTH
by B. D. Baxter (6009)

A batch of larvae of the Chinese oak silkmoth (Antheraea pernyi) was
obtained in the summer of 1988 and raised purely for my enjoyment.
Imagine my surprise when on 2nd August a halved gynandromorph
emerged; a perfect specimen which is shown in the accompanying figure.
Enquiries to date have not established the rarity of this specimen or
whether this species is acknowledged in producing such abnormalities.

(1 think such examples must be extremely rare. I have reared many thousands
of silkmoths, a few thousand of which were of this species, and although I did
once have a ‘‘windowless’’ Rothschildia and some gynandromorphic butterflies, I
never had any gynandromorphs of any of the silkmoths. — Editor)

Published 15 June 1989 by the Amateur Entomologists’ Society
355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth, Feltham, Middlesex.
Printed by Cravitz Printing Co. Ltd., 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA.

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A bimonthly illustrated magazine founded by J. W.
Tutt in 1890, is devoted mainly to the Lepidoptera of
the British Isles. It also deals with other orders of insects
especially Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera,
Orthoptera. Its articles include descriptions of new
species and varieties, reports on collecting trips,
distribution, habits and habitats of insects and of
collecting and study techniques suitable for novice and
expert. It circulates in 47 countries.

Annual United Kingdom subscription £15.00

Specimen copies are available from the Publicity Director,
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INSECT CONSERVATION NEWS.

Published by the Amateur Entomologists’ Society and
edited by David Lonsdale.

Conservation is ineffective unless insects and their habitats are taken fully
into account. ICN is the newsletter which is helping to put insects on the
conservation map. Through it, this Committee has long drawn attention to
the special needs of insects. We emphasise neglected habitat types (e.g.
dead wood) and are pioneers for urban conservation.

ICN gives a wealth of news and information, with reports on our own
projects, surveys and field meetings. The role of the amateur is vital in this
work, and more support is urgently needed. The penalty for inactivity is the
destruction of more of our favourite habitat sites and the continued erosion
of the freedom to pursue our interests as inappropriate legislation seeks to
protect species whose habitats have been destroyed.

ICN costs £1.30 for four issues (10p reduction for postal order payments)

Apply to Dr. D. Lonsdale, Forest Research Station, Alice Holt Lodge,
Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH.

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als ————
a

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The Butterfly House

A glorious variety of butterflies-free, flying, feeding and
breeding. The Butterfly House is also a nursery, not only for
rare and beautiful plants, shrubs and trees, but also for some
of the more exotic and rarely seen butterflies and moths.

British Butterflies

A large walk through British Butterfly enclosure will be oper
to the public early in 1989. Some twenty four British and
European species will be seen in full flight.

The Butterfly House, Williamson Park, Lan aster |.A1 1UX. Telephone: 0524 33318. G. W. Wheatley FRES Telephone: (0524) 66505

INSECT BEHAVIOUR
AND ANTS STUDY GROUP

Are you interested in any form of insect behaviour or ants
study, exchanging ideas with members of similar interest or
making observations and carrying out experiments in insect
behaviour?

For £1.00 subscription, the Group offers::-
A FULL LIST OF MEMBERS

A QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER with suggestions for practical
work, members’ articles and letters and book reviews.

MEETINGS arranged during the summer to observe and
experiment in the field and perform any special projects.
Beginners and more experienced Entomologists are
welcome. —

Membership applications, offers of help and enquiries to:-

M. M. Parsons, 95 Glebe Lane, Barming, Maidstone, Kent

ME16 9BA.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION

The AES Annual Exhibition will be held on

SATURDAY 7th OCTOBER, 1989 at
KEMPTON PARK RACE COURSE

Staines Road, Sunbury, Surrey

This is a new venue and it is hoped that this
~ advanced publicity will enable members
to plan projects and exhibits
for the exhibition.

Maps and details will appear
‘in the August 1989 AES Bulletin

Please make enquiries to:

: R. F. McCORMICK
125 Brocks Drive, North Cheam, Sutton, Surrey

AES HANDBOOKS AND LEAFLETS ETC.

Breeding the British Butterflies (A Practical Handbook of 60 pages) . £3.40

Breeding the British and European Hawkmoths (56 pages) . 3 ; £3746
Practical Hints for Collecting and Studying
Microlepidoptera (40 pages) . : : . ees
Killing, Setting and Storing Butterflies ant Notts (13 Ee : o E2aes
A Lepidopterists Handbook (136pp A practical guide |

for allenthusiasts) . : : £6.20
A Silkmoth Rearers Handbook (entre 225pp- 32 ieee ainieot £13. 25° =
An Amateurs Guide to the Study of the Genitalia of Lepidoptera m=
Some British Moths Reviewed and a guide to the Critical Species. . £2.85
A Label List of European Butterflies (20 pages) . é s : femee S
Insect Light Traps (15 pp., 16 figs.) . : : : : . £136

Insect Photography for the Amateur (8+ 55 pp., 10 figs. ll plates) . £3.40
The Study of Stoneflies, Mayflies and Caddis flies (44 pp., 1l figs.) . £2.85

Collecting and Studying Dragonflies (Odonata) . : : : ; £2235
Collecting Clearwings (12 paees) : é : : : ‘ . £0.80
Collecting Lacewings : £1.30

A Dipterists Handbook (260 pp ean STiieialions of ae aa re ), £8.35

The Hymenopterists Handbook (226 pp with many tables,

keys and figures) . : : ; : ie eS)
Supplement to the Hymenopterists Handbook ane

flight tables (24 pages) . : ‘ i £145
The Phasmid Rearers Hendhoor (How to Breed Stick
and Leaf Insects) . : . : : = 3 . $s
Rearing and Studying the Praying Niwiads : sepa : - EE SES
Rearing Crickets inthe Classroom . é : hae
Legislation to Conserve Insects in Europe (A Rovian of Laws

upto 1987) . : .- £3.45

The Journal of the Bitoole gical: exchaee: and Gonespanaeee:
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fascinating reading) . : : ; : : 3 : : ~ £350

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AES PUBLICATIONS

The Hawthorns, Frating Road, Great Bromley, Colchester CO7 7JN

BRITISH MUSEUM

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BRIAN O. C. GARDINER, F.L.S.

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Volume 48, No. 365, August 1989
The Bulletin
of the Amateur

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The Amateur Entomologists’ Society

Founded in 1935

President: A. E. STUBBS

Hon. General C. C. PENNEY
Secretary:

Hon. Treasurer: R. A. FRY —

Registrar:
Hon. Bulletin Editor:

Hon. General Editor: P. W. CRIBB

NANCY CRIBB (Mrs)

B. O. C. GARDINER

181 Broadway, Peterborough,
Cambridgeshire PE1 4DS.

109 Waveney Drive, Springfield, —
Chelmsford, Essex CM1 5QA.

The Hawthorns, Frating Road,
Great Bromley, Colchester CO7 7JUN.

355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth,
Feltham, Middlesex TW13 5JW.

64 Montague Road,
Cambridge CB4 1BX.

355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth,
Feltham, Middlesex TW13 5JH.

WHERE TO WRITE

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changes of address, non-arrival of

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and records.

Subscription renewals
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J.C.C.B.I. Representative

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Habitat Conservation Officer:
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A.E.S. Insect Behaviour and
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REGISTRAR (Mrs Cribb)
Address as listed above.

NANCY CRIBB (Mrs), 355 Hounslow Road,
Hanworth, Feltham, Middlesex TW13 5JH.

B. O. C. GARDINER, Address as above.

R. DYKE, 6 Grange Park Avenue,
Grange Park, London N27 2LJ.

R. F. McCORMICK, 125 Brocks Drive,
North Cheam, Sutton, Surrey.

C. C. PENNEY, Address as above.

D. LONSDALE, 54 Cherry Way,
Alton, Hants GU34 2AX.

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We also PUBLISH many titles of importance to members of the AES, among which are:

WHY NOT EAT INSECTS? by A. V. Holt (1885). A new edition co-published by
ourselves and The British Museum (Natural History), with a modern introduction by
Laurence Mound, Keeper of Entomology at the BMNH. An amusing and instructive
text with some truly awful suggested Menus. Price £3.95.

JAMAICA and ITS BUTTERFLIES by F. M. Brown and B. Heineman. 4to.

492 pages. 11 fine colour plates. Hard bound. Price £28.00.

SPHINGIDAE MUNDI — HAWK MOTHS OF THE WORLD by Bernard

D’ Abrera. Size 250 x 340mm. 226 pages. 79 fine colour plates. Hard cover.

Price £97.50.

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Just published

The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain
and Ireland Volume 7

Part 1 Hesperiidae—Nymphalidae: The Butterflies

edited by A. Maitland Emmet and the late John Heath
illustrated by Richard Lewington

Part 1 of this much-delayed volume (now in two parts) covers butterflies only
and is, without doubt, the most extensive and superbly illustrated handbook
on these insects to appear for very many years. It also, fittingly, contains a
special tribute to John Heath, founding editor of the series, who so sadly died
during the preparation of this volume.

Introductory chapters by A. Maitland Emmet on ‘The Vernacular Names and
Early History of British Butterflies’ and M. G. Morris and J. A. Thomas on ‘Re-
establishment of Insect Populations with special reference to Butterflies’
precede the systematic section.

Following an introduction to the classification of butterflies, species entries
include a detailed description (including aberrations), life history, distribution,
and history in the British Isles. The 83 distribution maps, based on those in
Heath, Pollard & Thomas’ Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland (1984),
include over 13,500 additional records updating the status of resident species
to the end of 1988, with graded maps for rare migrant species. The work also
includes a check list of British butterflies, a glossary and a comprehensive
index of English and scientific names.

For the first time, the 111 species on the British and Irish list, including
adventives, are described and illustrated in colour on the 24 colour plates
containing 568 figures. The quality of these plates is outstanding and will
confirm Richard Lewington as one of the world’s foremost butterfly artists.

This book brings together detailed scientific information to satisfy the
professional or amateur lepidopterist; a wealth of background material to
fascinate the butterfly lover and general naturalist; and, arguably, the finest-
ever illustrations of butterflies, to delight the eye of all—-a real butterfly feast.

380pp including 24 colour plates, 22 text figures and 83 distribution maps
ISBN 0 946589 25 9 Clothbound £49.50

Part 2 Lasiocampidae-Thyatiridae
(to be published later in the year)

In addition to the announced introductory chapter by M. J. Scoble on ‘Classi-
fication of the Lepidoptera’, there will be a chapter by Michael J. Tweedie on
‘Resting Postures in the Lepidoptera’, illustrated with 64 of his own colour
photographs. This part will also contain life-history charts of the British
Lepidoptera. The remainder of the work will follow the format of other
volumes in the series. The colour plates are also by Richard Lewington.

240pp approx., including 8 colour plates, 5 text figures and 28 maps
ISBN 0 946589 26 7 Clothbound approx. £39.50

Order from your bookseller or direct from Harley Books adding £2.50 per
volume to cover p. & p. A detailed prospectus, complete catalogue and, for
new subscribers to the series, special terms on already published volumes, are
available on request.

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(Tel: 0206 271216)

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ES = Vi rea = sq L ‘= Y Hon. President: LORD SKELMERSDALE
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BRITISH MUSEUM. |
(NATURAL HISTORY)

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EDITORIAL He

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‘It was the reading of two articles in my local journal, Nature in
‘Cambridgeshire, which brought home to me the appalling potential
disaster from a wildlife point of view that the Government’s announced
12 billion pound ‘‘Road Improvement’’ scheme is going to be. The two
articles were on some notes and records of plants and insects which have
‘successfully colonised the cuttings and embankments which form the
‘Girton interchange.

| This is a complex spaghetti junction of three major roads and covers
‘very many acres. Since the devastation of its building some years ago,
imany plants and insects have colonised it, and doubtless other wildlife as
‘well. Any widening of this complex to three lanes from its present two
\will inevitably again eliminate most of the wildlife which has now found
/a haven there. I believe that the embankments and cuttings of many of
our major roads are now a haven for much wildlife driven off the fields
| by the farmers’ sprays and destruction of hedgerows. Any scheme to
widen the roads must result in major disturbance, for clearly cuttings will
have to be widened and embankments deepened by depositing the spoil
'from the cuttings down their sides.This time there may be no nearby
-refuge from which re-colonisation can occur. Since there are several
thousand miles of major roads that are to be widened by the scheme, the
threat to wildlife must be obvious. One wonders how many species that
-are allegedly protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act will be
| wiped out. We, most of us, like a motorway when getting to work or
| travelling a long distance, but from my own experience, mainly up and
down the two lane Al (and I can remember when most of this road was
but a single carriageway) it is the roadworks that cause the jams and
-hold-ups, not the number of lanes.

| One perhaps needs to face up to the question of whether a short time
Saved in travelling is worth the sacrifice of much of our wildlife.

126 AUGUST 1989.

THE
AMATEUR
ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY

ANNUAL REPORTS FOR 1988
OF THE SOCIETY AND ITS ASSOCIATED BODIES

OF THE COUNCIL

Council is pleased to report that 1988 has been another successful year
for the Society. Membership at 31st December stood at 1957 members,
and this comprised eight Honorary, 47 Life, 43 Affiliated/Exchange,
1708 Senior and 151 Junior Members.

The Society enrolled 217 new members and taking into account the
loss of members each year, 1988 has shown a slight reduction compared
with the previous year. The high turnover of members creates a
particularly heavy administrative load and we are especially grateful to
our Registrar, Mrs Cribb, for all her work on our behalf.

Four editions of the Bulletin were published in 1988 under the
editorship of Mr B. O. C. Gardiner, containing 237 pages of text and
numerous illustrations. At the beginning of the year Mrs Fry took over as
the Publication Agent from Mrs Sokoloff who relinquished the post
after eight years of loyal service to the Society and our thanks go to her.

The Council met on six occasions during the year at the Central Hall,
Westminster. The AGM was held at the rooms of the Royal
Entomological Society, Kensington. The meeting, chaired by our
President, included a fascinating talk by Dr I. Woiwod, entitled
‘‘Monitoring Moth Diversity’’.

During the year a very successful third Junior Fieldweek plus the first
two fieldweekends organised by Messrs Mann and Reavy was held and
reports of these have already appeared in the Bulletins.

The Annual Exhibition was held at a new and more spacious venue this
year at Kempton Park Racecourse. A full report will appear in this
edition. The Fourth Jealott Photographic Competition sponsored by ICI
was held with the winning entries displayed at the Annual Exhibition and
a full report appears in this Bulletin.

C. E. Penny.
Honorary Secretary

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 127

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR 1988

Last year was an encouraging one for the Society, with the General Fund
income up by £1,196 and expenditure down by £589. As a result the
Society recorded a surplus of £831 compared with a deficit of £954 the
previous year. The General Fund now stands at £26,861, of which
£15,000 is due to a very generous bequest from former member Peter
Crow. Although subscriptions have been increased for 1989, the
majority of this is required to fund improvements in membership
services, viz: two additional Bulletins per annum, and the publication of
a directory for Entomologists, which will also be distributed free to all
members.

On the Publications front, although the gross value of sales was down
from £7,160 to £6,376, the trading surplus was increased from £1,743 to
£1,872. The Publications Fund now stands at £37,811, which includes a
good cash reserve to finance new and revised publications.

R.-A. Fry

REPORT OF THE CONSERVATION COMMITTEE AND OF THE
SOCIETY’S REPRESENTATIVE ON THE JOINT COMMITTEE
FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BRITISH INSECTS

Committee meetings and organisation

Two meetings of our own committee took place in 1988, in March and
November. Mr R. A. Fry was co-opted as Editor of the Society’s
handbook on insect conservation, while the post of Conservation Field
Meetings Organiser was left vacant by the resignation of Mr P. J.
Holdaway, who has worked hard to develop this aspect of our work. The
transfer of the Habitat Conservation Officer’s responsibilities to Dr
C. R. Betts was completed during the year. Dr Betts will be using a
personal computer to handle correspondence and store the considerable
amount of valuable information accumulated over the years.Dr D.
Lonsdale was appointed to the joint post of Conservation Committee
Chairman and AES Representative on the JCCBI with Dr Betts taking
up the position of Deputy Representative.

There were two meetings of JCCBI in 1988, in March andSeptember,
both attended by Dr Lonsdale. JCCBI has in turn been represented on
Wildlife Link by Mr S. Brooks who has attended most of the meetings,
these taking place about once a month. Funding for the post of JCCBI
Conservation Officer was approved by the Worldwide Fund for Nature
(UK) in co-operation with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre
(WCMC). The appointment will work for JCCBI and WCMC on a
50/50 basis and the funding from WWF will last for three years.

AUGUST 1989.

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132 AUGUST 1989

On a less positive note, we have to report that JCCBI Executive
Subcommittee did not maintain an adequate level of activity.This is
regrettable, since the Subcommittee has an essential role in giving
practical effect to the work of JCCBI as the organisation to which we
look as the main focus of insect conservation in the UK. Without it, the
Representative on Wildlife Link is not in a good position to put our views
to other conservation bodies. It is hoped that the new JCCBI
Conservation Officer may eventually be able to convene meetings of the
Subcommittee in the way possible during Dr Whalley’s execution of this
role, but proper establishment of the Conservation Officer will be
difficult if the Subcommittee is not already active.

Local Representation

The new scheme for regional representation of JCCBI may have to await
the restoration of an active Executive Subcommittee before its objectives
can be realised. Meanwhile, there is a need for our own Committee to
pursue a parallel scheme which could eventually complement the JCCBI
network. To this end Dr Betts posted a notice in the May 1988 AES
Bulletin, hoping to attract volunteers to act as local representatives
throughout the UK. To date only three replies have been received, from
Co. Kerry in Ireland, Hayes in Middlesex and Glossop, Derbyshire. A
second notice has been placed in a forthcoming Wants & Exchange List
in an effort to attract more interest.

Biological Records Centre

During the year we learnt that BRC had been designated ‘‘an area of
least priority science’’ by its funding body, the Natural Environment
Research Council.This would have led to a reduction in the already
inadequate staffing of BRC, but the threat was averted (at leaSt for now)
by the support of letters from many individuals and organisations,
including AES. We can reassure the members that their work for BRC is
not in vain, but underfunding remains a serious problem.

JCCBI species surveys

The main survey achievement of 1988 was the completion of the study of
previous introductions of butterflies to the wild, which is mentioned
under the next heading. A survey of certain rare moth species by Messrs
C. Hart and B. F. Skinner was postponed. Future surveys may include
the High Brown Fritillary and members of non-lepidopterous groups
such as dragonflies and the aculeate Hymenoptera.

Species introductions
The introduction of a Swedish race of the Large Blue butterfly to a site in
SW England hs met with continued success, with the appearance of a

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 133

second generation of free-flying adults. Other sites for possible release
are being studied. The study of previous introductions of butterflies into
the wild, carried out by Dr M. S. Warren and Mr M. R. Oates, was
completed. Thanks are due to all the amateur entomologists who
contributed records. Future releases should of course be carried out in
accordance with the JCCBI Code for Insect Re-introductions. We
understand that the existence of this Code is encouraging land managers
and owners to give permission to individuals to release insects.

International Conventions: CITES and Berne

The CITES schedules consist of lists of species of plants and animals
whose transfer across international boundaries is prohibited except
under licence.Members of several invertebrate groups are included, one
of which is an insect family (Papilionidae — Swallowtail butterflies and
Birdwings). NCC has published a booklet giving information on all the
invertebrate and fish species listed under CITES, and this is ee in
the AES Bulletin.

Protection of European insect species in the wild is still being pursued
under the Berne Convention, but it can be effected only through the laws
of the individual signatory nations. These laws remain largely ineffective
Or inappropriate, and in the case of UK, where the Wildlife &
Countryside Act operates, there have been difficulties over the
acceptance of two species for listing; the Southern damselfly and the
Marsh fritillary. NCC has expressed the view that UK should seek a
derogation which would prevent these species from coming under the
force of the Act, but our own Committee and JCCBI have accepted the
idea that they should be included on the grounds that the UK’s
international role in conservation outweighs the difficulties which would
result from this implementation of the Act.

Publications and displays

The long-embryonic AES handbook on insect conservation has begun its
development, thanks to the efforts of Mr Fry who has taken most of the
editorial duties. He has drafted a revised synopsis and secured offers of
contributions from specialists in several fields. Drafting of the text began
in 1988 and should be completed during 1989. The book will address the
problem of neglect of insect habitats in a wide range of land management
practices, and it is hoped that many non-entomologists will make use
of it.

Insect Conservation News number 14 appeared in May 1988, but the
separation of duties of ICN Editor and AES Habitat Conservation
Officer did not release sufficient spare time to produce any further issues

134 AUGUST 1989 |

during the year. It is planned that, during 1989, publication of ICN will
be transferred to the centre pages of the main Bulletin. Separate copies
will be available to non-AES subscribers, and the refund of outstanding
subscriptions will be available on request to AES members. The resulting
improvement in quality of reproduction and availability of ICN to all
AES members should increase the impact of the Newsletter and
encourage submission of articles.

Wildlife Link has produced a very useful leaflet on ‘‘Local Authorities
and Wildlife’’ (supported by a grant from WWF-UK), which reached us
during the drafting of this report, although dated 1986. It explains how
specialist advice should be sought by authorities during planning
procedures, and it should give strong support to entomologists who wish
to have a say in these matters. |

Sites

JCCBI received a further report on insect habitats on National Trust
land following continued work by the survey team led by Mr K. N.
Alexander. The survey has revealed some important sites, and volunteers
are urgently needed for further fieldwork. Volunteers should contact Mr
Alexander at the Trust’s Cirencester office or the AES Habitat
Conservation Officer.

Through JCCBI, we are aware of several sites where management
practices or proposed developments have caused concern. These include:
the M3 Winchester by-pass at St Catherine’s Hill, Hampshire; a number
of ‘‘secondary development’’ sites in the Channel Tunnel area; Orleston
Forest, Hamstreet, Kent, where there is a commercial interest in the
establishment of a holiday leisure centre; Rannoch Moor, Scotland,
where sale of land may perhaps have damaging consequences; Windsor
Great Park, Berks, where arrangements not to burn dead wood have not
been fully implemented; the M40 extension in the Bernwood Forest area
of Oxfordshire; the Lyndhurst by-pass in Hampshire, which will now
take the route most favoured by the conservation bodies; the East
Thames crossing which still threatens Oxleas Wood in Kent.

Site evaluation was the subjecst of a one-day meeting organised by Dr
Lonsdale on behalf of JCCBI. It took place in February 1988 by kind
permission of the Royal Entomological Society of London who provided
accommodation. About 40 entomologists and representatives from
conservation organisations and university departments attended.
Woodland habitats were emphasised and there was a strong contingent
from the Forestry Commission. One of the aims of the meeting was to
identify needs for funding and research, and these were summarised in a
report which Dr Lonsdale submitted to JCCBI with advice from Mr

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 135

M. A. Anderson of the Forestry Commission. Further action will depend
on the re-activation of the JCCBI Executive Subcommittee.

Conservation field meetings

The successful series of meetings in the Huntingdon area, organised by
Mr J. E. Cooper, continued with a trip to the Ouse Valley. Two other
meetings were held, at Castle Howard in Yorkshire and at Cranwich
Heath in the Norfolk Breckland, these being organised in conjunction
with the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and the British Entomological and
Natural History Society respectively. Our field meetings Organiser, Mr
Holdaway,felt unable to continue in this post since the attendance of
AES members at meetings has generally been too poor to justify his
efforts. It is hoped that our scheme of local representation will encourage
members to attend meetings in their own areas but, until this seems
feasible, the only meetings planned are our task work sessions at
Ditchling Common and the ‘‘Huntingdon series’’.

The task work comprised only one session at Ditchling Common,
Sussex, and involved the clearance of scrub in an area some distance
away from the main site for which we are responsible.

D. Lonsdale
C.R. Betts

EXHIBITORS AT THE 1988 EXHIBITION

by Roy F. McCormick (3375)

AES Fieldweek displayed a good selection of photographs showing the
members of the event engaged in various entomological activities.

P. Baker (8640). 110 of the species of butterfly which are found in the
State of New Jersey USA. Ten of these are migrants with the others being
permanent residents; the best of these was the very local Skipper Poanes
viator Edwards.

R. Barrington (6023). British Macros.

G. W. Beccaloni (8137). Hybrid hawkmoths. Eyed x Poplar =
hybridus. Lime xX Eyed = Jleoniae and Bedstraw x Spurge = galli-
euphorbiae; leoniae being a very rare hybrid with only one specimen in
the BM (NH) R-C-K Collection. Also shown were British butterfly
aberrations including ab. radians Orange tip and ab. ochracea Chalk-hill
blue.

Simon Bryant (8997J). Pupae and larvae of British Macros.

T. Carter (6178). British butterfly aberrations including A. urticae L.
(Small tortoiseshell) with bleaching one side, P. tithonus L. (Gatekeeper)
ab. multiocellata, A. cardamines L. Orange-tip ab. aureoflavescens and
L.coridon Poda. Chalk-hill blue abs. fowleri plus ultrafowleri.

136 AUGUST 1989

M. E. Castle (2490) and J. Mulvany (8648). Photographs of butterflies
and Mygal spiders with two adult spiders and glass tanks showing
Tarantulas.

J. M. Chalmers-Hunt (1683). Microlepidoptera including P. ornatella
D. & S. caught at light in Kent; the first of this local species noted by the
exhibitor for more than 30 years. P. fraxinella Bjerk. Different forms
including a deep fuscous black with pale costal patch taken again in
Kent, a form not previously noted by the exhibitor.

David Copestake (8471). A dozen ‘‘cibachrome’’ prints of British
beetles, some scarce and very rare.

Pat Cordell (8782). A selection of immigrant moths with examples of
resident stock for comparison.

Cribb, P. W. (2270). A case of butterflies taken in the Pyrenees,
Northern Spain and France in July 1988, including Erebia gorge
ramondi, E. lefebrei pyrenea, E. gorgone, E. sthennyo and E. hispania
rondoni. Specimens of FE. phegia taken in Eastern Turkey. A case of
Eurodryas aurinia showing examples from localities in England, Wales,
Scotland and Ireland, many colonies now being extinct. Also examples
of EF. a. aurinia and E. a. provincialis.

Rob Dyke (4182). Moths seen in Scotland 1988 the more interesting
being; E. flavicinctata Hb. Yellow-ringed carpet ab. ruficinctata Guen,
P. sobrinata Dup. Cousin German, P. blandiata D. & S. Pretty pinion
and O. vittata Borkh. Oblique carpet. Also taken in Barton Mills,
Suffolk was a specimen of S. apiformis Cl. Hornet moth.

C. J. Gardiner (5249). Display case of British Macros.

N. M. Hall (7859). Moths from France and Spain including Graellsia
isabellae, Marumba quercus and second brood specimens of 7. tritophus
D. & S. the Three humped prominent and A. /-nigrum Mull. Black V
moth. Also shown was a bilateral gynandromorph of A. euphorbiae
D. & S.:Sweet-gale moth.

Ben Jameson (8690J). Odonata plus other orders.

Guy Knight (8040J). Some observations on the behaviour of solitary
wasps, mainly Sphecoidea with monitoring of the courtship of E&.
cavifrons and nesting behaviour of other species. Also shown was a chart
with collected specimens to show where wasps fit in, and set specimens of
a few wasp mimics.

John Lavery (7469) and Tim Lavery (8677). Magazine ‘‘Irish
Environment News’’ with special section on Irish butterflies, plus set
specimens of Irish lepidoptera including 7. betulae L. Brown hairstreak
from the Burren.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 137

B. J. MacNulty (4528). British Macrolepidoptera from the Gower
Peninsular.

Darren Mann (8181). Display of Cockroaches in culture plus general
information on their life histories, ranging from the common British
species to the uncommon Tropical ones.

Mid-Devon Natural History Society (R. Hopper, 4848). Display of
British and exotic Cockroaches, Millipedes, Scorpions, Plants, Fungi
and Shells, supplied by 28 members of the society.

S.Nash (7088J). Migrant and local lepidoptera including C. limbirena
Guen. Scar-Bank gem, which is believed to be the eighth British record;
P. unionalis Hb., S. exigua Hb. Small mottled willow, AH. peltigera D. &
S. Bordered straw, and R. sacraria L., the Vestal, all from Fernham,
Oxon. Also lepidoptera of the N. W. Highlands and Elche ne
aberrations taken during recent years.

David Oram (7127). Spiny and Indian Stick insects plus children’s
work from ‘‘Downsend Lodge’’, Ashstead.

Sid Painter (2274). Collection of insects covering eight orders from
several states of America. The insects were collected from mainly dry
arid regions, and the lepidoptera ranged from the B. exilis Pigmy blue
(14mm) to P. cresphontes the Giant swallowtail (100mm); three local
specialities were L. bredowii ssp. californica, the California sister, C.
california, the California ringlet, and C. eurydice, the California dogface
(the State butterfly).

A final inclusion was a lump of tar containing several beetle and
dragonfly fossils dated from 25,000 years ago.

John Payne (5293). British Macro aberrations including a bred series of
A. urticae L. Small tortoiseshell with late emergence ab. semiichnusoides
Pronin. and a short series of M. jurtina White. Meadow brown from
Dorset.

Tony Pickles (5050). British Macromoths taken or bred during 1988;
O. gothica, Hebrew character taken at Loch Rannoch including ab.
gothicina H. & S. and ab. obseleta-rufescens Tutt. H. luteago barretti
Doubl. Barrett’s Marbled coronet bred from pupae taken at Tintagel
Castle, Cornwall. 7. carpinata Bork. Early tooth-striped ab. fasciata
Prout, a series taken at Loch Rannoch including a near ab. referable to
unifasciata Rebel and a series of A. distinctata H-S. bred from eggs
originating in Brockenhurst, Hants.

Malcolm Simpson (4859). Some _ historically-interesting British
butterflies including two A. paphia L. Silver-washed fritillary taken by
F. W. Frohawk.

138 AUGUST 1989

Bernard Skinner (2470). Local and aberrant moths taken or bred
during 1988 with special note of A. exclamationis L. Heart and dart
gynandromorph.

Ian Stacey (7653). Wild taken specimens of C. palaemon Pallas.
Chequered skipper and bred specimens of the same species showing
differences in colour and marking. Captive bred specimen of female A.
paphia L. Silver-washed fritillary showing mild melanic increase caused
by cold shock treatment.

St Ivo School (H. Berman, 2941). The usual excellent show of general
livestock with 57 members of this enthusiastic natural history class in
attendance.

Davis Stokes (7630). A small selection of P. argus L. Silver-studded
blue from North Wales and Dorset showing that the sé-called ‘‘dwarf
race’’ repeated in so many books, is a nonsense. Also shown were two M.
cinxia L. Glanville fritillary aberrations bred from Isle of Wight stock.

David Veevers (8910J). A mixture of general livestock including Stick
insects, Mantids, Cockroaches, Land hermit crabs, Giant land snails,
mixed specimen boxes, plus photographs and carvings of insects.

Paul Waring (4220). Display of photographs entitled ‘‘Conserving the
rarer macro-moths’’. The pictures showed the survey work and captive
rearing programmes started for the ‘‘Nature Conservancy Council’’ on
the endangered species listed on the ‘‘Wildlife and Countryside Act’’
1981 plus the 1988 amendment.

Of particular interest was the larva of S. lineata Scop. Black-veined
moth, shown feeding on O. vulgare L. Marjoram. Also featured were P.
berberata D. & S. Barberry carpet, A. caliginosa Hb. the Reddish buff,
T. smaragdaria Fabr. Essex emerald and H. irregularis Hufn. Vipers
bugloss. This last species has not been found in 1988 despite a full scale
survey.

Also shown was some lepidoptera from the Yugoslavian island of
Mljet with some tentative identifications. A brief account of this trip
appears elsewhere in this issue.

Martin White (6003). Specimens of H. semele L. Grayling, showing the
racial differences plus interesting captures local to the East Midlands.

David Young (5547). Lepidoptera caught or bred late 1987 to 1988
including A. dissoluta Treit. Brown-veined wainscot showing the
uncommon typical form from Wolverhampton. R. /uticosa Hubn, Large
wainscot, streaked form and P. /fuliginaria L. Waved black from
Burghfield Common, Berks. M. alpium Osbeck. Scarce merville du jour,
S. luctuata D. & S. White-banded carpet and A. /imacodes Hufn. the
Festoon from Ham Street. D. bankiana Fabr. Silver-barred and P.
castaneae Hubn. from Chippenham Fen, Cambs. A. sparganii Esp.
Webbs wainscot, bred from Dungeness, Kent.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 139

The exhibits for 1988 were down 17% compared to 1987. There were
45 applications for table space last year with three or four of these not
taken up, making a total of 42 entries. This year 34 applications were
received of which two were not used. This makes the total Exhibits for
this year only 32.

I hope that the reason for this decline in entries was due to the
monumental error by our printers who omitted to include the booking
leaflet for table space in the August Bulletin. The AES would like to see
more Exhibits, especially as they are now given a more prominent
position in our new venue. It does not matter if the material you would
like to display is rare or common, anything that you think would be of
interest to the other members will be welcome; of course please do not
forget to include a brief description with your Exhibit, otherwise all your
painstaking work will not be reported to its fullest advantage.

The compiler of these notes is not responsible for errors or claims
made by the Exhibitors, however, an effort has been made to be as
accurate as possible.

THE JEALOTT’S HILL PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPETITION
by Terence F. Knight (7611)

Calling all amateur photographers! Here’s the chance to win a cash prize
and visit a research station.

The AES, in conjunction with ICI Agrochemicals at Jealott’s Hill
Research Station at Bracknell in Berkshire is once again running a
photographic competition.

This year the theme is Insect Habitat and Conservation.There are two
sections, one for Junior members and one for Ordinary members with a
£50 prize or the equivalent amount in books and a chance to visit
Jealott’s Hill Research Station going to the winner of each section.

All entries in the form of monochrome or colour prints should be sent
to the competition organiser, Terence Knight, at 46 Swinburne Avenue,
Hitchin, Herts SGS 2RL, to arrive no later than 31st August.They will be
exhibited at the AES Annual Exhibition at Kempton Park on 7th
October.

Last year’s winner of the competition, which was on the theme of
Insects and Water, was a monochrome print of a Giant water beetle
(Dytiscus marginalis L.), submitted by Frances Smith (7985) of 157
Pilling Lane, Chorley, Lancs. She received £80 in prize money as there
were no entries from Junior members, but she was unable to visit
Jealott’s Hill.

140 AUGUST 1989

HONORARY INSECTS

by Don McNamara (5537)

Until recently I’ve never really liked spiders and except for early
childhood, when there was time to stand and stare, I’ve been able to
ignore them. And despite having been taught respect for spiders because
in some mysterious way they were ‘“‘useful’’, the best I’ve managed up to
now is a momentary feeling of curiosity shaded with a touch of unease,
coupled with a nervous admiration of their abstract ‘‘spiderness’’. I try
not to bother them and, I am glad to say, they leave me alone too.

Even the early horror of ‘“‘bathroom’’ spiders, black and skidding
frantically around the empty bath or wash-basin hadn’t entirely dispelled
with age although now I can rescue and release them without feeling
dizzy or entering a catatonic state.

I suppose that ‘“‘living-room’’ spiders (‘‘bathroom’’ spiders in a
different guise) do make a contribution to gracious living when they
massacre the omnipresent crickets, escapees, of which ,there is an
abundance at the time of writing — it cuts down the need to hoover them
up. I pretend not to notice the odd ambush on the carpet and either stare
fixedly at the television or continue to talk with voice slightly raised
hoping my eyes will not stray downwards and fasten on such gruesome
antics.

If I look back though, ‘‘September’’ spiders have always had a
mesmeric power, providing that they were on the other side of the
bedroom window. As achild I’d watch them literally for hours, they, fat,
preoccupied, weaving their webs: struts, stringers and loops, with a
matter-of-fact skill finally producing a timeless architecture of which
even the Prince of Wales would approve. Add a few drops of dew and
you have something quite beautiful.

And of course there is the world of field and garden, brimming over
with them. All sorts of colours and forms. Swinging on invisible strands,
paravaning, running, jumping — exploding nests of little golden ones,
and all of them at one stage or another tigerishly trying to enter my insect
cages. To be truthful, despite their interesting variety and fearful
symmetry, I can do without them.

At least I thought so until my eldest daughter, Christine, upped and
joined the British Tarantula Society.

Her logic was impeccable — the house and garden were already
Overrun with insects, cages even in the loft, jars; pill-boxes, setting-
boards and all the wondrous paraphernalia of entomology gently
suffused with the evocative niff of naphthalene, so another little corner
housing a tarantula (only a small one) wouldn’t be a particular problem

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 141

and at least he/she would have the regular supply of live food, and
hadn’t I always encouraged her to appreciate the wonders of nature,
anyway?

So when she arrived home clutching a box containing the new love of
her life, a smart little tarantula, Avicularia avicularia (Pink-toed bird-
eater) with the innocent-sounding name of ‘‘Jessica’’ I had to admit it
had a certain charm and could, with a stretch of the imagination, be
described as beautiful. And I was not that surprised when her stable of
theraphosids began to grow. ‘‘Jessica’’ was soon to be joined (but not in
the same cage) by a delicately-marked Brachypelma smithi (Mexican red-
leg), ‘‘Isobel’’, then a Grammastola spatulatus (Chilean rose) by the
name of, you’ve guessed it, ‘“‘Rosie’’; again, such innocuous names.
Perhaps all BTS members have this Vincent Price sense of humour, no-
one seems to call their beasts ‘‘Godzilla’’ or ‘‘Fang’’, nearly always
diminuitive or feminine names usually reserved for cuddly toys.
Whatever else you may think about tarantulas — cuddly they are not!

at: vet:

Oy,
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1 | 2 ffl Mh oS

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Fig. 1. Brachypelma smithi (Mexican red-leg tarantula). Drawn by Christine McNamara.

142 AUGUST 1989

When Christine left and set-up home and menagerie elsewhere, an
amicable parting — nothing to do with spiders — there was something
indefinably missing. I wouldn’t miss the loud music or door-slamming,
nor the nameless young persons who came and went, pointing at the
livestock and ‘‘ooh-ing’’ and ‘‘ugh-ing’’: could it be that I’d grown to
like, be actually fond of . . . tarantulas? The urge to try my hand at
rearing them, an alien skill, was overwhelming.

I’d come back to active entomology after a long gap, since school
really, with a little revival during national service in Kenya, or ‘‘Keen-
yah’’ as it was called in those days. So the decision to become a ‘‘born-
again’’ entomologist, in an anarchic sort of way, may well have been the
result of a need for an antidote against the increasing rigours of survival,
a temporary return to the joys of childhood and, as the revolution has
been put on hold for the time being, an exciting, academic and practical
pastime (more like obsession). It seems that the earlier dialect had
reasserted itself. Such hobbies are well-known to require a logistical
approach of almost military proportions, but to get involved with
tarantulas, however, would require a personal decision with Freudian
undertones, a weighing-up of the forces of light — disinterested curiosity
and the pursuit of knowledge, against those of darkness — irrational
emotion, of, let’s face it — fear.

All this may seem exaggerated and not exactly a giant step for
mankind, but certainly a qualitative one for me.

Fig. 2. Grammostola spatulatus (Chilean rose tarantula). Drawn by Christine McNamara.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 143

What then should be done? As we used to Say in the boy “‘sprouts’’ —
be prepared! Go where the knowledge is. Join the learned societies, AES,
BTS etc., read the handbooks, pester librarians, collar the experts, ask
stupid questions. Above all — do it yourself. Rear, take care of, look
after the actual animals. Gain, as they say in computers, ‘‘hands-on’’
experience, though hopefully not quite ‘‘hands-on’’ in this case.

Eventually and somewhat furtively, I obtained ten crisp, tiny, British-
bred Brachypelma vagans (Guatemalan red-rump) spiderlings and
installed each in his/her own little home, transparent plastic boxes 15cms
x 10cms x 7cms (6 x 4 x 3 inches), with a base of vermiculite, a bottle-top
drinking trough, crumpled tissues for hiding-places and a liberal supply
of ‘‘greenfly’’ which, to my great relief, were pounced upon. The
individual boxes were placed in a heated glass cabinet. The rules were to
be: keep them warm with high humidity, clean, secure with as little
disturbance as possible, and with the appropriately-sized live food near
at hand.

I didn’t tell my daughter about this clandestine exercise but would let
her know in three or four months’ time when, I hoped, I could
nonchalantly report success. You’ve got to keep up the image. If they all
died — who would need to know? A post mortem analysis with the
inevitable soul-searching would by my secret.

As it happens, it has been successful, the spiders have grown and have
frequently moulted for over a year now, moving from feeding on
“‘sreenfly’’? to Drosophila spp. (fruit flies), to stick insects, mainly
Carausius morosus, to the aforementioned crickets (Acheta domestica).
Now I know why they call them ‘‘domestica’’! The spiders have also
been moved to larger accommodation, being over Scms long (2 inches). I
refused to give them soppy names though.

A relaxed routine gradually evolved which minimised my anxiety:
feeding, watering, cleaning — periods of observation, without mishap.
They were all alive and, as far as I could judge, healthy.

However, a couple of incidents occurred which disturbed the
unexpected tranquility of ‘‘operation tarantula’’.

I’d read in an early edition of the Bulletin, in an article on the breeding
of crickets, that they were omnivorous. Also I’d been warned at some
time or another to be careful when feeding crickets to spiders — as
Spiders slip into a vulnerable torpor prior to skin change. One of my
vagans must have been in such a state, unnoticed by me, so when I
checked some time after feeding — in the box only the tips of the spider’s
legs could be seen — and the crickets were still scurrying around. I was so
disgusted at this event and at my own stupidity that I left them, with a
lump of catfood, until such time as I would be in a reasonable state of

144 AUGUST 1989

**As it happens,it has been successful... .”’

mind to deal with them. After a couple of weeks or so I saw that they had
added insult to GBH — baby crickets were hopping about.

Another event, also connected with feeding might have made me pack
the whole thing in had it not had a surprising and fortuitous conclusion.

Believing in a varied diet for tarantulas, I took a container, within
which the largest vagans lived, towards the stick insect cage. The
procedure, many times faultlessly executed, was to open the door of the
insect cage, to the inside of which usually clung variously-sized stick
insects. Holding the spider-box in the right hand with the lid pushed back
about 2cms (34”) I’d brush off a few stick insects with my left hand —
they would fall into the gap, whereupon I’d close the lid, then the door of
the phasmid cage. No problem. Guatemalan red-rumps often stroll
sedately around their containers, cautiously testing the air, sensing their
surroundings. They only seem to move quickly if they are suddenly
disturbed or when live food is present and then only if they are hungry.

On this occasion as soon as I’d eased back the lid, the spider shot out,
ran up my right arm, sped across my shoulder, around the back of my
neck and skipped down the left inside of my shirt and nestled in the little
hollow just abover the collar-bone at the base of the neck.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 : 145

Fleeting, nightmarish thoughts — what if it mistook a pulse for live-
food? The worst you can get from most tarantulas is a bite equivalent to
a bee-sting. What if I was allergic? What would Vincent Price have
done? The attempt to keep calm while fighting-off a feeling not unlike
vertigo and desperately trying to devise a strategy to displace the spider
without harming it, or me having a coronary, seemed to be taking
forever. The problem solved itself as quickly as it had arisen. The vagans
suddenly surfaced and climbed onto the left point of my shirt-collar.
Come now, be cool, reason — forces of light and all that. Gently,
seemingly of its own volition, my right hand holding the container
moved towards the spider, while my left hand, also of its own accord,
coaxed it into the gap at the top. The lid was closed and I calmly returned
and put it back into the heated cabinet. Things returned to normal. But
something had subtly changed.

Fig. 3. Brachypelma vagans (Guatemalan red-rumped tarantula). Drawn by Christine
MaNamara.

The phobia had gone. I’d cracked it — or rather the spider had. I felt
in some way lighter. A feeling of benevolence swept over me. For a long
moment I felt something akin to affection for the vagans who was
responsible for this transition, who, in its moment of innocent flight had
brought me to my senses. It had become a personality, had moved from
the abstract to the concrete. It really ought to have a name —
appropriate to the occasion.

So then. . . nice one, ‘‘Vincent’’.

146 AUGUST 1989

SPIDER’S WEB

Arachne’s thread of gossamer fine

She weaves an intricate design.
Delicately draped for all to view

Pearly in the morning dew.

Their work is done, the snares are set

A mirriad silken cups are spun

And from their green gorse arrow-heads
The dew bejewelled Goblets hung.

They sit and rest with closéd eyes

Those two-faced, scarlet-throated knaves,
For some poor unsuspecting fly
Descending to their silken grave.

Diane B. Lavery

Drawing by Tim A. Lavery

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 147

BUTTERFLIES OF THE YUGOSLAVIAN ISLAND OF MLJET
19 AUGUST - 2 SEPTEMBER 1988

by Paul Waring (4220) and Rachel Thomas

A package holiday provided us with the opportunity to record some of
the butterflies which occur on the island of Mljet in the Adriatic Sea.
Mljet is a narrow outcrop of limestone 37km long, 30km offshore from
Dubrovnik. The western part of the island was declared a Yugoslavian
National Park in 1960 to protect the native forest of Aleppo Pine (Pinus
halepensis), which forms the dominant vegetation cover of the park. A
wide variety of other trees and shrubs occurs alongside the pine,
including the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), holm oak (Quercus ilex),
phillyrea (Phillyrea variabilis), carob (Ceratonia siliqua), mastic tree
(Pistacia lentiscus), myrtle (Myrtus communis), laurustinus (Viburnum
tinus), Mediterranean buckthorn (Rhamnus alternus), laurel (Laurus
nobilis), Spanish broom (Spartium junceum), Alexandrian laurel
(Ruscus aculeatus), the junipers (Juniperus oxycedrus and J. phoenicea)
and the heaths (Erica erforea and E. verticillata).

We arrived in the middle of a typical dry Mediterranean summer; there
had been no rain since June and, apart from a couple of heavy showers,
none was expected until September. The pine trees rang with the song
of the cicadas which were abundant wherever the pine trees grew. Most
of our stay was hot and sunny with mid-day temperatures in the 80s
and 90s.

Butterflies are not a major feature of the pine forest during August.
The commonest species seen was the Tree grayling (Neohipparchia
statilinus*) which favoured the stony trails and rocky outcrops. One or
two individuals would fly up from the bare ground every few hundred
metres in such areas. The swathes of bare ground, that had been cut
through the pine trees to act as fire breaks, provided additional habitat
for the butterfly. Where the paths were shaded by pines a few Meadow
browns (Maniola jurtina) were also seen.

Most other butterflies occurred on the edges of the pine stands and
were most frequently seen in areas disturbed by man. Within the Park,
agriculture is small-scale: there are little groves of fruit trees bearing
olives, figs and pomegranites. On the red alluvial soils grapes, tomatoes,
cucurbits and other vegetables are grown. These included brassicas which
were frequented by Small whites (Artogeia rapae*).

Around these small-holdings and the goat pens we saw a single Wood
white (Leptidea sp.* probably L. duponcheli — it was not captured) and
several Red admirals (Vanessa atalanta*), Cleopatra brimstones
(Gonepteryx cleopatra*) and Clouded yellows (Colias crocea*).

148 AUGUST 1989

Southern white admirals (Limenitis reducta*) were seen throughout
the Park; small numbers gathered around honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.)
which is the food plant of their larvae. A fallow field, invaded by yellow
thistles (Centaurea sp.), attracted several Painted ladies (Cynthia cardui)
which were also seen elsewhere on the island. Taking nectar from the
thistle flowers were Swallow-tails (Papilio machaon) and the Cardinal
(Pandoriana pandora), a large greenish fritillary, marked with red on the
underside of the forewing. In the same field one or two Brown argus
(Aricia agestis), Small copper (Lycaena phlaeas) and a Mallow skipper
(Carcharodus alceae*) were seen.

Along the roadside we saw further Clouded yellows and more Painted
ladies. The Two-tailed pasha (Charaxes jasius*) was seen throughout the
National Park. It was attracted to over-ripe fruit and two adults were
seen enjoying rotten plums in a litter bin and on other occasions several
were seen on split figs in the trees.

Two larvae of the Scarce swallowtail (U/phiclides podalirius*) were
found. The first was seen feeding on the leaves of an almond tree next to
the unripe fruit. It was nearly full-grown and was spotted quickly when
the damaged leaves were investigated. The second larva had changed
from green to yellow and was wandering across the ground. It produced
a fawn pupa with a silk girdle within three days.

The moths were not studied, but on the first day of our stay at the
Hotel Odisej at Pomena, a Humming-bird hawk-moth (Macroglossum
stellatarum) flew, exhausted, on to our balcony where it expired. Later
during our stay, and in the full heat of the day, a female Humming-bird
hawk-moth was seen laying eggs on parched bedstraw plants (Galium
sp.) by the road-side. While we watched, she deposited about fifteen
eggs, laying them singly on the plants (in just a few minutes) and flitting
quickly from one chosen site to another. We collected three of the eggs
for observation; they hatched within four days at the local temperatures.
Over a dozen other Hummingbird hawk-moths were seen in the two
weeks spent in the Park.

Near the hill-top observation post at Montokuc (275m a.s.1.) we found
large groups of empty pupal cases and sloughed larval skins of the Gipsy
moth, Lymantria dispar in light webs of rough silk on the spiky leaves of
oak, pine and other trees and rocks in the vicinity.

The Vestal (Rhodometra sacraria), several Silver Ys (Autographa
gamma) and a Passenger moth (Dysgonia algira) were attracted to lights
around the hotel. The arrival of a moth, which later proved to be
Thaumetopoea pityocampa, a processionary moth with larvae that feeds
on pines, reminded PW of the autumnal moths of England to which he
was soon to return, for it had a passing resemblance to the Pale oak
eggar (Trichiura crataegi).

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 149

The species marked with an asterisk* have also been seen on Mljet by
David Withrington (AES member 7110, pers.comm.) during a week’s
visit from 10-16 July 1986. Additional species recorded during David’s
visit were:—

The Wall (Lasiommata megera)
Freyer’s grayling (Neohipparchia fatua)
Purple hairstreak (Quercusia quercus)
Silver-studded blue (Plebejus argus)

We would like to thank Messrs David Carter, Barry Goater, Norman
Hall and Ted Wiltshire for helping us to identify the specimen of
Thaumetopoea pityocampa and the skins and pupal cases of Lymantria
dispar which were displayed for this purpose at the 1988 annual
exhibition of both the Amateur Entomologists’ and the British
Entomological and Natural History Societies.

Reference
Cvetkovic, L. (1986). Mljet National Park, Stvarnost, Zagreb.

CREEPY CRAWLIES
from habitat

There is new permanent exhibition at the Natural History Museum,
Cromwell Road,London SW7, revealing the more fascinating side of
insects, spiders and other creepy crawlies that share our daily lives.
Everything from flour mites in the deluxe kitchen to carpet beetles
lurking under the fitted carpets. Details from: telephone 01-938 9388.

PONDS NEED HELP URGENTLY
from habitat

The Wildfowl Trust is calling on all schools to help in a nationwide
investigation called Pondwatch. The Trust needs help to discover the
whereabouts and health of the country’s ponds and canals. This vital
information will be added to the National Waterfowl and Weltands
Register being compiled by the Trust as an aid in the protection of
wetlands. Pondwatch aims to reverse the loss of ponds, canals and their
plant and animal life. Over 50% of ponds in Britain have been
completely destroyed in the past 100 years, and many that remain are
neglected and polluted. Schools can help by adopting a pond or stretch
of canal. To join the scheme and obtain a free Pondwatch pack contact
Doug Hulyer, Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, Glos. GL2 7BT. Foolscap
SAE with S50p stamp please.

150 AUGUST 1989

AN INTERESTING ‘‘ASSOCIATION COPY’ BOOK FIND
by Roderick R. Irwin (1220)

The article ‘‘Another Interesting Book Find’’ by Malcolm Simpson in
the August issue last year (Bulletin 47: 157) prompts me to relate a
similar experience.

At a large used-book sale near Chicago in May 1983 I came upon a
book entitled A Companion to the Iliad by Walter Leaf, published by
MacMillan and Company in 1892. The volume contained the inscription
‘*Eric C. Ansorge, September 1906, St John’s Coll. Oxford.”’

Being interested in the subject and recognising the writer as an
authority on Homer, I bought the book; but I thought the owner’s name
seemed somehow familiar. Later, of course, I recalled it as that of the
Society’s annual Junior Award. Still, I knew nothing of the man nor of
how his name came to be associated with the award, to say nothing of
whether or not this may have been his book. Mr Sidney A. A. Painter
very kindly answered all of my questions and confirmed Sir Eric’s
ownership of the book. Sir Eric was indeed educated at St John’s College
according to Who Was Who. The volume is annotated in the same hand,
but interestingly these notes end after the first 215 of the 400 pages. One
wonders if the young Sir Eric abandoned his classical studies! As Mr
Painter remarked, the story of how the book came to be this side of the
Atlantic is sadly unrecorded. That a Society member should discover it
here is vastly coincidental, there being so few of us in America and no
other in the Chicago area to my knowledge.

THE MOTTLED GREY, A FIRST RECORD FOR SOUTHERN
IRELAND

by Tim A. Lavery (8677)

A male specimen of the Mottled grey (Colostygia multistrigaria) was
observed at an outside house light at Farnes, Castlemaine, Co. Kerry, on
24th March this year. The specimen, much paler than the typical form,
was subsequently captured, and it appears that this geometer has not
‘been recorded from any of the counties outside the northern half of
Ireland, where it is considered local (Skinner, 1984). This is therefore the
first record for County Kerry, and Southern Ireland, and it is possible
that it occurs more widely than records presently suggest, since it is on
the wing quite early in March and April, eluding collectors who are in the
field later in the year.

REFERENCE

Skinner, B. (1984) Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking.
London.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 151

LITERATURE SOURCES FOR THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGIST

by Julie Harvey

One of the problems facing a keen Entomologist is not only finding
useful references to a topic but then actually seeing the original works. In
the bibliographies of books and journals are references to a whole range
of published material ranging from 18th century works in Latin to
modern and expensive journals held only in a few libraries. Many
specialist books in print and antiquarian items can be prohibitively
expensive and may be outside the pocket of the average person. Where
then should he or she turn? In an attempt to answer this question I have
noted a few possibilities.

PUBLIC LIBRARIES

Public libraries are always a good first port of call. Of course they vary
considerably in the range of stock they hold, a small branch library is
only likely to stock only a few books on Natural History but the main
Central Library or the County headquarters library for an area will have
a better selection. If a recently published work is not on the shelves it is
always worth checking with the library staff and the main catalogue to
check whether the book is held in another library within the same Local
Authority Public Library Service. If it is held it should be possible to
obtain in a matter of a few days.

Books and periodicals not in stock can be ordered through the
Document Supply Centre of the British Library at Boston Spa,
Yorkshire. This is the largest library in the world devoted to inter library
lending and has a stock of over four million books and periodicals.

Many Public libraries now make a small charge to borrow items from
the Document Supply Centre. If the item you have requested is not on
loan you should receive the reference in a matter of a few days. However
there may be a longer delay if the item is already on loan or if your
request is sent to a back-up library. For further information it is best to
speak to your librarian.

People are often quite reluctant to ask the help of library staff, which
is a pity as trained professional librarians are a great source of help ona
whole range of bibliographic problems, not least in helping you to obtain
unusual works. As all libraries have a limited book purchasing account,
by expressing your interest in Natural History and in particular
Entomology more money might be directed into the subject with benefits
to you and fellow enthusiasts.

152 AUGUST 1989

LIBRARIES OF SOCIETIES

Some Entomology and local Natural History Societies have quite large
book collections for members to consult and even borrow. For example
the British Entomological and Natural History Society and the
Derbyshire Entomological Society have libraries for the use of their
members. Of course by joining such a society one can also meet people
with similar interests who may be prepared to loan copies from their own
collections, or share the cost of purchasing expensive books. The Royal
Entomological Society, in London, has a most impressive library which
includes many antiquarian items. The library is only available to Fellows
of the Society, who may borrow books and can also use a postal service
to borrow books.

LIBRARIES OF UNIVERSITIES AND POL YTECHNICS

University and Polytechnic libraries are another useful source of
literature. Years ago such collections were only available to college staff,
students and academic visitors. Nowdays many colleges have a far more
enlightened view and are more sympathetic to the problems of keen adult
amateurs. A letter to the Chief Librarian clearly explaining why one
would appreciate access to the library can ‘‘unlock the doors’’. Although
usually on a reference-only basis some libraries will also loan to local
residents.

NATIONAL AND MUSEUM LIBRARIES

For the serious amateur another useful library for current literature is
the Science Reference and Information Service, which is part of the
British Library and is the national library for modern science and
technology. The Life Science collection in London is available without
an appointment. It is a library of ‘‘first resort’’ and for ‘‘those who have
no adequate library resource in their field close at hand and for those
whose needs would require visits to several libraries’’. Most of the stock
is on closed access but items can be brought to readers usually in five to
ten minutes. The library is open Monday to Friday, 9.30 am to 5.30 pm.

Some local Museums which have a Natural History section have
interesting collections of books. This may range from a few shelved
books in a visitor centre to an extensive reference library such as in the
Horniman Museum, Forest Hill, London.

Another library available to the serious research Entomologist is the
Entomology Library in the Department of Library Services, British
Museum (Natural History), South Kensington, London. This library has
an internationally renowned entomology collection. It is a library of
‘“‘last resort’’ as its main function is to serve the requirements of the

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 153

Museum Scientific Staff. However visitors from other academic
institutions and the serious amateur can request to use the library by
applying for a reader’s ticket on their first visit. An acceptable form of
identification is required with the application. Further details including
information on the photocopying service can be obtained by writing to
The Entomology Librarian.

So when faced with the hunt to find that elusive reference there are a
number of possible places to look. However, as anyone who has carried
out such a search will know, the hunt can demand the patience and
stamina of a dedicated insect collector!!

USEFUL ADDRESSES

Ne British Entomological and Natural History Society, The Alpine elnb; 74 South
Audley Street, London W1Y SFF.

ii. Derbyshire Entomological Society, Secretary Mr. D. Budworth, 121 Wood Lane,
Newhall, Burton-on-Trent DE11 OXL.

iii. Entomology Library, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London
SW7 SBD. Tel: 01-938 9491.

iv. Horniman Museum, London Road, Forest Hill SE23 3PQ.

v. Royal Entomological Society, 41 Queen’s Gate, London SW7 5HU.

vi. Science Reference and Information Service, 9 Kean Street, Drury Lane, London
WC2B 4AT. Tel: 01-323 7288.

BOOK REVIEW

Hadleigh Great Wood by B. M. Spooner and J. P. Bowdrey.
Pp.278, Paperback. South Essex Natural History Society 1988.
ISBN 0 95114189 04. Price unstated.

This is a comprehensive review of the history and wildlife of the
Belfairs Nature Reserve, Hadleigh, Leigh-on-Sea over the past fifty
years. It is a monumental work and the authors are to be
congratulated on both the format and content. The insects are dealt
with fully in 75 pages, the history of the Heath fritillary being
particularly interesting. The demise of all the fritillaries in the wood
is commented upon though no cause is obvious. The high level of
colonisation by the Wood ant, Formica rufa, may be relevant. In
1936, 133 nests were recorded and it is estimated that a nest can
predate up to 100,000 insects per day at peak activity (mainly larvae).
I observed a similar decline in the fritillaries in Abbotts Wood, East
Sussex which followed on an explosion of the wood ant population
there. This book has something for all naturalists and must be a

model for any future surveys of nature reserves.
P. W. Cribb

154 AUGUST 1989

ACCOMMODATION WANTED

The British Entomological and Natural History Society is looking for a
room in central London, of about 1000 sq. ft., for its exclusive use (to
hold the Society’s books and collections) together with use of a meeting
room (to hold up to 80 people) available for three evenings a month.
Offers to Frances Murphy, 323 Hanworth Road, Hampton, Middlesex
TW12 3EJ.

RESCUE FOR ENDANGERED MOTHS
from “‘habitat’’

At least 13 species of Britain’s larger moths are now believed to be
endangered or vulnerable. Six of these, the Black veined moth, Barberry
carpet, Essex emerald, Reddish buff, Viper’s bugloss and New Forest
burnet are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and its
1988 amendment. The Essex emerald and New Forest burnet are
represented in Britain by distinctive races, found nowhere else in the
world. Generally speaking little is known about their particular
requirements for survival and to aid their conservation a moth specialist
has been employed by the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC). He is
concentrating on the effects of management on the moths of particular
habitats, and on field surveys and ecological studies. Further details
from Paul Waring, NCC Terrestrial Invertebrate Branch. Tel:
0733-40345.

MAKING PLANS FOR WILDLIFE

from“ habitat’’

“*The wildlife of the Black Country has received a welcome boost with
the launch of a project to prepare a Nature Conservation Strategy. The
prime aim is to secure the long-term protection, enhancement and
management of wildlife and wild spaces; not just for wildlife but for
everyone. The three year work programme will be undertaken by the
Urban Wildlife Group (the local Wildlife Trust) with the financial
support of the four Black Country local authorities. The project will for
the first time look comprehensively at wildlife and wild spaces
throughout the Black Country; the potential, the threats and the needs in
the region as a whole. Special emphasis will be placed on the role of
nature conservation in the economic and wider environmental
regeneration of the region. Further information from Mike Dando or
Tom Slater, Urban Wildlife Group. Tel: 021-666 7474.”’

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 155

SEX-RATIO OF EMERGING BIBIO MARCI
(DIPTERA: BIBIONIDAE)

by Ray Poulding (7436)

The widespread swarming of the large bibionid Bibio marci, or St Mark’s
fly is an impressive sight on warm, sunny days in May and June. These
dancing swarms over low herbage and shrubs consist entirely of males
and it is only by searching nearby vegetation that the occasional female
can be found, often in copula with a male attracted from the above
aggregation. This apparent paucity of females in contrast to the abundant
males at the same site poses the question as to whether this is indicative
of the actual sex ratio. The sex of B. marci can readily be distinguished as
the species shows a marked sexual dimorphism. The males are smaller
than the females with large holoptic eyes, a different facial structure and
with almost clear wings contrasting with the brown tinged wings of the
female. The larval stages are spent in the soil where the larvae are reputed
to feed on living subterranean stems and roots of plants although there is
some evidence that they can develop in organic manures.

Quite by chance in the spring of 1988, I was able to obtain a
reasonably accurate assessment of the sex ratio of emerging B. marci
under almost laboratory conditions. Having erected a large greenhouse
in a garden near Helston, Cornwall, I was faced with the normally
expensive problem of filling the main bed at ground level with a suitable
growing medium. Fortunately the previous owner had left in the garden a
large undisturbed mound of vegetable compost formed over many years
from garden refuse and now covered with a dense mat of nettles. After
removal of the dead nettle stems and roots and other partially
decomposed plant stems the resulting substrate was a fine friable
compost. Two cubic metres of this compost was used to fill the main
bed, measuring 4 x 1.25 metres, to a depth of about 0.3 metres. This was
completed by mid-March when tomatoes were planted, necessitating the
greenhouse to be heated overnight to maintain a minimum of 10°C.
During the day the ambient temperature was controlled by opening and
closing vents to give a temperature of 15° - 20°C but on some sunny days
it was difficult to keep the temperature below 25°C particularly in the
afternoons.

On April 1 five B. marci were found in the greenhouse, and when more
were discovered the next day I realised that they were emerging from the
compost, and crawling up the walls before attempting to fly around the
apex of the greenhouse. The main emergence took place each day before
noon and mostly after 09.00 hours with very few visible before that time.
A minimum temperature of 12°C appeared necessary before the
imagines appeared above the surface of the soil and they showed little

156 AUGUST 1989

activity until an ambient temperature of 15°C was reached. The
greenhouse was searched several times a day to collect the bibionids and
after sexing were stored to be released away from the greenhouse on
suitable days. Emergence continued until April 21 after which no further
B. marci were found. The daily totals and numbers of each sex recorded
over the emergence period are given in Table 1.

Of the 217 examined April 1 - 21, 84% were males and 16% were
females giving a ratio of approximately 5 : 1 for the whole emergence
period but the proportion of males to females decreased as the emergence
progressed. In the first week the proportion was approximately 11 : 1,
the second 5: | and the third week 2: 1. Notable days were the 4th when
30’ males and no females emerged; the 9th when 22 males and a single
female were located but on the following day a third of the emergents
were female. The proportion of one female to every five males recorded
in the total emergence sample is much highter than my own casual
observations in the field of the sex-ratio of B. marci suggest.

In the Helston area the first B. marci was found on April 29 and the
last on May 21 with the main swarming period from May 10 - 14. This
emergence under natural conditions started about a month later than the
emergence in the artificial environment of a partially heated greenhouse.
B. marci was the only species of the genus Bibio found in the greenhouse
but another bibionid Dilophus febrilis or Fever-fly also emerged in large
numbers with B. marci. As D. febrilis is a much smaller fly than B. marci
and consequently easily overlooked amongst plants and staging, no
attempt was made to systematically retrieve and examine this species on a
daily basis. Between the emergent dates of March 31 and April 22 over
200 were removed from the greenhouse. The first D. febrilis was found in
the field on April 30.

Date Male Female Total
f Date Male Female Total
April 1 5 — 5
2 5 — 5) 12 17 4 21
3 15 2 17 13 8 — 8
4 30 —_ 30 14 4 — 4
5 3 3 6 Its) 5 ] 6
6 5) ] 16 16 13 4 It?
7 di ] 8 17 4 5 9
8 6 3 9 18 ] —_— ]
9 DD, ] 21 19 3 l 4
10 10 3) 15 20 ] — l
11 fT 3 10 21 ] 1] 2
Total collected April 1 - 21 217
Number of Males 182 (84%)

Number of Females 35 (16%)

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 157

CAN THE PROBOSCIS OF A BUTTERFLY ALSO EXUDE FLUID?
by Basil Yates-Smith (7259)

Until recently it had not occurred to me to wonder whether a butterfly
ever used its tubular tongue to conduct fluid in the reverse direction.
After all, what purpose could that have?

We have all observed butterflies drinking at patches of damp ground.
Less common, perhaps, is the sight of them apparently doing the same
thing on very dry ground. Photographs I have of the latter show the
proboscis to be fully extended and until now I had assumed it was
probing microscopic reservoirs of moisture.

Among my last year’s photographs of Lopinga achine (Woodland
brown) is a series of a female, tongue extended, on a smooth, pale grey
rock bordering a steep, very arid, track. In this series it moves forward a
short distance and at the tip of the tongue can be seen a small dark patch
at both the first and second positions. However, by reference to the first
position pictures it is evident that no small dark patch existed at the
second until the butterfly had moved forward and extended its tongue.
That the butterfly had created it was the only possible explanation. It had
apparently ejected a small amount of fluid from the tip of the tongue,
almost certainly as a solvent to facilitate the ingestion of vital nutrients,
minerals or whatever.

Near the rock is the exit of a small culverted mountain stream which
could have provided easy access to water containing minerals and so
forth, albeit more diluted, which suggests the further possibility that the
butterfly either preferred to control the concentration or needed
something which water lacked. The presence of the stream of course
guaranteed that any loss of vital body fluid resulting from this activity
could speedily be made good.

NATIONAL AUTHORITY NEEDED TO CONTROL
INTRODUCTIONS

From “‘habitat’’

An urgent call for a national authority to manage the introduction of
species into the wild in Britain has been made in a report published by
Wildlife Link on behalf of 15 major wildlife organisations and funded by
the World Wide Fund for Nature. More than 1000 animals, birds, plants
and insects have been introduced into Britain, some accidentally, some in
a planned way; about half have become established. Conservationists are
worried about the apparent lack of adequate control over the
introduction of species which they say should be subject to licence after
an evaluation set against conservation guidelines.

158 AUGUST 1989

The report, Zowards An Introduction Policy is by David Stubbs and is
published by Wildlife Link, 45 Shelton Street, London WC2H 9H¥J,
from whom it is available, price £5 inc. p&p.

The report cites several examples of introductions which can damage
the environment — alien, disease-carrying crayfish threatening native
British species; pike perch which have colonised several river systems;
and wild flower seeds, frequently from Europe, which are increasingly
planted in Britain, that should not be used in the wild because of the risk
of crossing strains and changing native populations. There are also fears
about the impact of micro-organisms, some genetically manipulated, on
the environment. However, re-introducing or translocating species can
benefit the environment: there may be a case for trying to establish some
of the rarer predatory animals such as the polecat, pine marten and wild
cat in areas from where they have now disappeared. And the red kite,
now restricted to Wales, could be re-introduced to Scotland.

THE HEATH FRITILLARY (MELLICTA ATHALIA ROTT.):
DID IT REALLY OCCUR IN IRELAND?

by Tim A. Lavery (8677)

Controversy over the possible existence of the Heath fritillary (M.
athalia) in Ireland has spanned many decades since its first appearance in
the literature. Entomologists in their turn have searched — without
reward — and textbooks have frequently included this lovely fritillary as
part of the Irish butterfly fauna.

The first and only report of its occurrence in this country was in an
article on the Lepidoptera of Ireland by Edwin Birchall in 1865 (Birchall
1865), who claimed he found this insect ‘‘in plenty’’ three years earlier at
Killarney, Co. Kerry. Birchall did not give any specific locality and it
appears that he did not actually capture any specimens himself.

Further to this literature report there remains only one further record
which could have provided independent substantiation of Birchall’s
record; this is to be found in the British Museum of Natural History
(R.F. Haynes pers.comm.) where there is a specimen, worn and minus
antennae, of the Heath fritillary labelled: —

Irlande
Co. Kerry
W. Savage
1895
Ex. Oberthur Coll.
Brit. Mus. 1927

The collector ‘‘W. Savage’’ is actually W. Salvage the notorious
collector and dealer who apparently made a habit of selling non-Irish

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 159

insects as Irish to wealthy foreign collectors (Oberthur seemed to have
bought quite a variety of these ‘‘Clonbrockian’’ styled specimens!)

Many collectors were in Ireland around the time of Birchall’s record
yet there have been no further sightings or confirmations of this
butterfly’s existence in Ireland.

It has been suggested that, had it been in the Killarney District, it
might have become extinct mainly due to the problem of Rhododendron
ponticum which has choked-up wide expanses of woodland, and may
consequently have wiped out the fritillary. On checking-up on this
possibility, I have found that R. ponticum was first introduced into this
country only about eighty years ago and would not have become the
problem that it is today for at least a further ten years, bringing us well
into the 1920s, and further extending the period when it might have been
“‘re-discovered’’.

Finally, I believe that this butterfly was initially recorded from here,
by error, and that error was continued well into this century, through
mis-judgement. I think therefore that there can be no further
justification for having this butterfly considered as part of the Irish
lepidoptera fauna.

REFERENCE

Birchall, E. (1865). Notes on the Lepidoptera of Ireland. Entomologists’ Monthly
Magazine 1: 270.

SAVE CAMLEY STREET

from “‘habitat’’

‘‘Camley Street Natural Park, London’s most central wild area, is under
threat from British Rail plans for a Channel Tunnel terminal at Kings
Cross. British Rail has put forward a Private Bill in Parliament outlining
plans to build a new terminal under Kings Cross. To do this they hope to
construct a ‘cut and cover’ tunnel right through the Park area. This
unique reserve represents probably the best example of urban wildlife
regeneration in the Europe. Few nature reserves anywhere in the world
have received such financial, moral and creative support from the local
community and authorities. It receives visits from 5,000 inner city school
children with an additional 5,000 visitors annually. Further details about
the Campaign and how readers can help from London Wildlife Trust.
Tel: 01-278 6612.’

160 AUGUST 1989

A CAGE CONSTRUCTED FOR STICK INSECTS

by Phil Bragg (8737)

Over the last seven years of rearing Stick insects I have finally developed
a standard cage for my collection. It has the following features: —

(i) very cheap

(ii) simple to build

(iii) stackable

(iv) variable ventilation

(v) easy to clean.

The main advantages of my type are low cost and simplicity. I can
build a cage in 30 minutes including sweeping up!

The case consists of a chipboard base and top (Melamine coated for
ease of cleaning), four corner posts, a glass (perspex front and cloth sides
with polythene sheet outside the cloth, adjustable to vary humidity. My
earlier cages were made using old sheets — I now use net curtain
material. The cage is easily nailed together (or screwed, using screw caps
for more aesthetic cages). The sides may be glued or stapled on.
Polythene can be fixed with staples or drawing pins. Painting of uprights
etc. can be done either before (best) or after construction.

Method

1. Nail or screw the corner posts to the base and top. The base
should project forwards by 12 cm as the glass rests on it.

2. Using panel pins fix the glass retaining strip (A) into position,
making sure that the glass can easily be lifted out.

3. A similar strip (B), running the width of the opening is advisable
to prevent escapes.

4. The catch is made from a piece of hardboard or plastic screwed
into the chipboard with a few washers to allow for the thickness
of glass.

5. Paint any parts which need painting.

6. Fix cloth to sides either with glue (Evo-stick Woodwork adhesive)
or staples.

7. Fix polythene sheeting over the cloth. The amount used will
determine ventilation. This can easily be altered if drawing pins
are used for one side.

Requirements (gives a cage 1 x 1 x 2 feet)
1 piece of Melamine coated chipboard 300 mm x 300 mm
1 piece of Melamine coated chipboard 300mm x 285 mm
4 pieces of 600 mm long, 20 mm x 20 mm (or similar)

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 161

FRonT VIEW

Side VIEW
(comm eR POSTS Derr Ed)

8

pieces of approx. 300 mm long 10mm x 10 mm
scrap of hardboard 30 mm x 15 mm (for the catch)
6 1%” nails, two for each end of each upright
¥" panel pins
¥%," round head screw and one or two washers
piece of glass or perspex, the width of the base and the same
height as the uprights.
Cloth and polythene to cover three sides.

— — OY — — KO

Alternatives/extras

1. Lights may be fixed to the roof or to a cross bar between the back
corner posts.

2. A shorter piece of glass can be used and a vertical piece of chipboard
can be put at the bottom to support the glass. This has the advantage
of hiding the water jar but makes cleaning more difficult.

162 AUGUST 1989

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF ABNORMAL WEATHER
ON BUTTERFLIES IN SPAIN 1988

by Robin Booker (5776)

Devastating floods in south-east Asia, unparalleled drought in the
United States and continuing drought in Africa. These are just a few of
the natural disasters which occurred worldwide in 1988, fuelling the
debate on climatic changes and ‘‘the greenhouse effect’’

Closer to home there have been noteworthy, if less earede changes
in weather patterns but little discussion of the effect on insects and in
particular, butterfly populations. It is too early to regard such changes as
anything more than temporary phenomena but there is no doubt that
they have an immediate and rene effect on the life cycles and
survival of butterflies.

In northern Spain an unusually cloudy year in 1987 was followed by an
exceptionally late summer in 1988. Crossing the Pyrenees at the Puerto
del Pourtalet on the 10th July, it was soon apparent that summer had
hardly arrived. On the high peaks, normally only streaked with white in
July, there were large deposits of snow. Waterfalls, usually reduced to
modest trickles, were roaring torrents.

Accustomed to seeing a wide variety of butterflies, including
Parnassius apollo pyrenaica (Apollo), Gonepteryx cleopatra (Cleopatra)
and Heodes aiciphron (Purple-shot copper), crowding onto every thistle
flower in the rocky gorge leading to Balneario de Panticosa, it was
disappointing to find that the thistles were only in bud. The presence of
Anthocharis cardamines (Orange-tip) confirmed that species usually on
the wing in mid july were unlikely to be seen. At 1,650 metres there were
pristine specimens of Erebia epiphron (Mountain ringlet) and Erebia
triaria (de Prunner’s ringlet), both late in emerging. On a second visit
later in the year, P. apollo pyrenaica was flying, in good condition, on
the 11th September.

Throughout northern Spain the story was the same. Snow was slow to
melt in the mountains and cool conditions had delayed the emergence of
some species by a month or more. In the Burgos area at the beginning of
July, the daytime temperature had fallen to an unheard of 41°F.

Plants such as honeysuckle, dog roses and Jris xiphiodes, whose deep
blue blooms are normally withering by this time, were in full flower in
the Sierra de la Pena. On the 11th July male Limenitis reducta (Southern
white admiral) were just appearing and it was another two weeks before
the first P. apollo aragonicus emerged. Active until-early evening, when
the orange sandstone rocks appeared almost to glow in the sun,
aragonicus gradually became lethargic, eventually roosting on flower
heads. They could then be approached and photographed quite easily.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 163

In a broad upland valley south of the Puerto San Glorio, male Erebia
palarica (Chapman’s ringlet) were flying amongst Spanish broom, again
several weeks later than usual. Later still were Eurodryas aurinia (Marsh
fritillary) and Jssoria lathonia (Queen of Spain fritillary).

Even in favoured localities, for example, Pozazal, near Reinosa, where
the flower-covered hillsides are often alive with Agrodiaetus damon and
Lycaeides idas, there was a dearth of butterflies. Only some well-marked
Melitaea didyma and the ubiquitious Melanargia lachesis fluttered
weakly in the wet grass.

The unsettled weather continued throughout July with dark clouds
appearing regularly over the Sierra de la Demanda and the Picos de
Europa, followed by violent thunderstorms. Although lasting for many
hours, they were insignificant compared with the deluge which engulfed
Mount Aitzgorri, neare Onate, on the 19th july.

Visible for miles around, the solitary peak of Aitzgorri, a symbol of
Basque independence, rises to over 1,500 metres. Hopes of
photographing the rare P. apollo odriozolae faded when the mountain
came into view and lightning was already flashing around the village of
Aranzazu near the summit.The ensuing downpour turned the road to the
village into a river, tearing up tarmac, rocks and soil and gathering
momentum until it crashed onto the towns in the valley below, causing
widespread death and destruction. Bridges and buildings were swept
away and roads blocked every few yards by mud slides and rock falls. It
remains to be seen whether the already precarious population of
odriozolae has survived. |

Reaching Pourtalet again on the 22nd July, a single P. apollo
ossalensis was seen just a few hundred yards from the frontier.
Surprisingly, Parnassius mnemosyne (Clouded apollo), usually on the
wing in June, was relatively plentiful.

In the short term, abnormal weather conditions, by interrupting life
cycles, damaging foodplants and destroying habitats, are bound to have
an adverse effect on butterfly populations. The predicted rise in
temperatures generated by ‘‘the greenhouse effect’? may have more
profound consequences. Could it herald the end of some species in
southern Europe which are adapted to cool conditions at high altitudes?

Subspecies of P. apollo such as hispanicus and aizpuruae, now found
on high plateaux in Spain, could not retreat to greater altitudes and their
extinction seems inevitable. It would be tragic for man-made climatic
changes which, in evolutionary terms, have occurred in a moment, to
destroy survivors from the Ice Age that have withstood environmental
changes over millennia.

164 AUGUST 1989

The writer is compiling a photographic record of the Spanish
subspecies of P. mnemosyne and apollo and their foodplants and
habitats. He would like to hear from any members who may have a
similar interest of relevant information or material.

ENTOMOLOGICAL FAIRS

by The Editor

Perhaps because we, the AES, are the longest established in the field,
having held an Annual Exhibition for some fifty years, or perhaps
because many of both the traders and visitors to other Entomological
Fairs are also members or attenders at our own, a number of people,
even members, have assumed that we are also involved in the running of
the various other Fairs that are now held. As a result of this confusion
over who is organising these other Fairs, our officials have been getting
enquiries, comments and criticism regarding them.

We recently received a spate of criticism over the fiasco of the North
London Entomological Fair at Picketts Lock which was very poorly
attended both by traders and visitors. This Fair was very inadequately
advertised and the main criticism the AES received was ‘‘Why had we
not advertised it?’’. We did not advertise it for the very good reason that
we were not asked to. Even when it knows about them, no journal can
carry definitive adverts for any trader or event unless it is sent
appropriate copy and payment. I have in the past, when they were
starting up, given space in the Bulletin to give notice of, and accounts of,
these other Fairs, and if their organisers do not choose to take notice of
such encouragement and take the trouble to give us the information
concerning their future events that is their decision, not ours.

The only event of this nature that the AES organises is its Annual
Exhibition, usually held in October, formerly at Hounslow and currently
at Kempton Park Racecourse. Council wishes to make it quite clear to all
and sundry, whether they be members or not, that the AES has no
connection whatsoever with the organisation of any other Entomological
Fair.

Published 10 August 1989 by the Amateur Entomologists’ Society
355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth, Feltham, Middlesex.
Printed by Cravitz Printing Co. Ltd, 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA.

Williamson Park

Lancaster

The Ashton Memoria

Open throughout the year except for Christmas Day, Boxing ;
Day and New Years Day. For details and admission price please #2

contact 0524 33318 or write to The Ashton Memorial, Williamson 1
Park, Lancaster, LA1 1UX.

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The Butterfly House

A glortous variety of butterflies-free, flying, feeding and
breeding. The Butterfly House is also a nursery, not only for
rare pad eeautitul plants, shrubs and trees, but also for some
of the more exotic and rarely seen butterflies and moths.

British Butterflies

A large walk through British Butterfly enclosure will be open
to the public early in 1989. Some twenty four British and
European species will be seen in full flight.

The Butterfly House, Williamson Park, Langaster L.A1 1UX. Telephone: 0524 33318. G. W. Wheatley FRES Telephone: (0524) 66505

pylvZ

We are engaged in all manner of printed matter, including

All types of Commercial stationery
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BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND
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BRITISH HOVERFLIES: AN ILLUSTRATED
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By Alan Stubbs, with colour plates by Steven Falk, 1986.

This is the most comprehensive book to be published on British
Hoverflies; a// 256 species are described and their identification is made
easy by the extensive keys, which incorporate over 540 line illustrations.
The 72 superb colour plates show 263 specimens depicting 190 different
species. These not only assist determination, but are a work of art in
themselves. The second edition of this successful book contains a
valuable 16-page supplement (also available separately).

Casebound £21 (£15 BENHS members) (p. & p. £2.00, overseas £2.20)
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THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 1989
Saturday, 7th October

11 a.m. to 5 p.m.
KEMPTON PARK RACECOURSE,
STAINES ROAD, SUNBURY, MIDDX.

MAPS on the reverse of this notice show the location of
the hall.

ACCESSIBILITY — The Racecourse is easy to reach by road
and rail, and there is adequate free car parking. The
M25 is very near and is linked to Kempton Park by the
M3, which is less than a mile away. Sunbury Railway
Station with trains from Waterloo, is a short walk away.
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ENTOMOLOGICAL DEALERS are attending.

REFRESHMENTS — full facilities are available. All food and
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SURPLUS MATERIAL — will be welcome for sale on behalf
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ANSORGE BEQUEST — Cash prizes and certificates to
Junior Members for exhibits at the Exhibition.

LIVESTOCK — It is the duty of both dealers and buyers to
ensure that all livestock is kept in containers which are
roomy, hygienic and secure against any possible
escape.

EXHIBITS which show long series of wild-caught rare or
endangered species wil! not be allowed.

ALL ENQUIRIES — Roy McCormick, 125 Brock’s Drive,
North Cheam, Sutton, Surrey, SM3 9UP.

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CONTENTS

Editorial

Annual reports for 1988

Jealott’s Hill Photographic competition
Honorary Insects by Don McNamara .
Spiders Web by Diane B. Lavery.

Butterflies of the Yugoslavian island Mljet 19 August - 2 September 1988
by P. Waring and R. Thomas .

Creepy crawlies .

Ponds need help urgently .

An interesting ‘‘Association copy’’ book find by R. R. Irwin . .
The Mottled grey, a first record for southern Ireland by Tim Lavery.
Literature sources for the amateur entomologist by Julie Harvey
Book review .

Accommodation wanted

Rescue for endangered moths.

Making plans for wildlife .

Sex-ratio of emerging Bibio marci by R. Poulding

Can the proboscis of a butterfly also exude fluid? by B. Yates-Smith

National authority needed to control introductions .

The Heath fritillary (Mellicta athalia Rott.) did it really occur in Ireland?
by Tim A. Lavery.

Save Camley Street .
A cage constructed for stick insects by Phil Bragg

Observations on the effect of abnormal weather on butterflies in Spain 1988
by Robin Booker .

Entomological fairs by The Editor .

He DON

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Volume 48, No. 366, October 1989
E

The Bulletin

of the Amateur
Entomologists’
Society —

EDITOR
BRIAN O. C. GARDINER, F.L.S.

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The Amateur Entomologists’ Society

Founded in 1935

President: A. E. STUBBS 181 Broadway, Peterborough,
Cambridgeshire PE1 4DS.

Hon. General Cc. C. PENNEY 109 Waveney Drive, Springfield,

Secretary: Chelmsford, Essex CM1 5QA.

Hon. Treasurer: R. A. FRY The Hawthorns, Frating Road,
Great Bromley, Colchester CO7 7JN.

Registrar: NANCY CRIBB (Mrs) 355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth,
Feltham, Middlesex TW13 5JW.

Hon. Bulletin Editor: B. O.C. GARDINER 2 Highfield Avenue,
Cambridge CB4 2AL.

Hon. General Editor: P. W. CRIBB 355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth,
_ Feltham, Middlesex TW13 5JH.

WHERE TO WRITE

First subscription (including : REGISTRAR (Mrs Cribb)
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Subscription renewals NANCY CRIBB (Mrs), 355 Hounslow Road,
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Manuscripts, drawings and books :
for review: B. O. C. GARDINER, Address as above.

Advertisers: R. DYKE, 6 Grange Park Avenue,
Grange Park, London N21 2LJ.

Exhibition matters: R. F. MCCORMICK, 125 Brocks Drive,
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General enquiries: C. C. PENNEY, Address as above.

J.C.C.B.I. Representative

& Editor of D. LONSDALE, 54 Cherry Way,

Insect Conservation News: Alton, Hants GU34 2AX.

Habitat Conservation Officer: | Dr. C. BETTS, 17 Mereway Road,
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Wants and Exchange: M. COLVIN, 1 Sedgewick Close, Pound Hill,
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A.E.S. Exotic Insects Group: C. J. ESCHBACHER, 38 Frith Road,
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Ants Study Group: Harlow, Essex CM18 6ES.
Advertising rates: The following charges apply to adverts in the body of the Bulletin
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Just published

The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain
and Ireland Volume 7

Part 1 Hesperiidae—Nymphalidae: The Butterflies

edited by A. Maitland Emmet and the late John Heath
illustrated by Richard Lewington

Part 1 of this much-delayed volume (now in two parts) covers butterflies only
and is, without doubt, the most extensive and superbly illustrated handbook
on these insects to appear for very many years. It also, fittingly, contains a
special tribute to John Heath, founding editor of the series, who so sadly died
during the preparation of this volume.

Introductory chapters by A. Maitland Emmet on ‘The Vernacular Names and
Early History of British Butterflies’ and M. G. Morris and J. A. Thomas on ‘Re-
establishment of Insect Populations with special reference to Butterflies’
precede the systematic section.

Following an introduction to the classification of butterflies, species entries
include a detailed description (including aberrations), life history, distribution,
and history in the British Isles. The 83 distribution maps, based on those in
Heath, Pollard & Thomas’ Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland (1984),
include over 13,500 additional records updating the status of resident species
to the end of 1988, with graded maps for rare migrant species. The work also
includes a check list of British butterflies, a glossary and a comprehensive
index of English and scientific names.

For the first time, the 111 species on the British and Irish !ist, including
adventives, are described and illustrated in colour on the 24 colour plates
containing 568 figures. The quality of these plates is outstanding and will
confirm Richard Lewington as one of the world’s foremost butterfly artists.

This book brings together detailed scientific information to satisfy the
professional or amateur lepidopterist; a wealth of background material to
fascinate the butterfly lover and general naturalist; and, arguably, the finest-
ever illustrations of butterflies, to delight the eye of all—a real butterfly feast.

380pp including 24 colour plates, 22 text figures and 83 distribution maps
ISBN 0 946589 25 9 Clothbound £49.50

Pari 2 Lasiocampidae-Thyatiridae

(to be published later in the year)

In addition to the announced introductory chapter by M. J. Scoble on ‘Classi-
fication of the Lepidoptera’, there will be a chapter by Michael J. Tweedie on
‘Resting Postures in the Lepidoptera’, illustrated with 64 of his own colour
photographs. This part will also contain life-history charts of the British
Lepidoptera. The remainder of the work will follow the format of other
volumes in the series. The colour plates are also by Richard Lewington.

240pp approx., including 8 colour plates, 5 text figures and 28 maps
ISBN 0 946589 26 7 Clothbound approx. £39.50

Order from your bookseller or direct from Harley Books adding £2.50 per
volume to cover p. & p. A detailed prospectus, complete catalogue and, for
new subscribers to the series, special terms on already published volumes, are
available on request.

Harley Books, Great Horkesley, Colchester CO6 4AH
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Full Commercial and Business Insurance Protection
Write or Telephone David Keen or John Turner for free,
no obligation, advice and quotations.

ORCHARD HOUSE, 53-56 PARSONS STREET, BANBURY, OXON,
OxX16 8NB
TELEPHONE (0295) 66655, 65895

| BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY)

3 1 OCT 1989

| PURCHASED
ENTOMOLOGY LIBRARY

eas TET aN Se WO PPSSNS ACIS SP

mies BOLLE TIN
No. 366

AN APOLOGY

from Norman Cravitz (Cravitz Printing Co. Ltd)
For the various errors and reversions which appeared on the inside front
cover of the August edition of the AES Journal I must apologise.

The errors occurred whilst we were making one correction and was
caused by the careless observation of the typesetter. Through technical
mismanagement the remainder of the computer file had not been wholly
brought up to date.

These errors have now been corrected.

FIFTY YEARS AGO

by The Editor

Just as the AES was getting into its stride, membership numbers
increasing rapidly and the first printed instead of duplicated Bulletins
were being published, along came the war which initially caused a
distinct hiccup in our activities. Nevertheless a few stalwart souls led by
the late Beowolf Cooper were determined to carry on and this resulted in
the ‘‘Wartime Exchange Sheet”’ often only a single duplicated sheet, but
this was later followed by several issues of the well-printed Amateur
Entomologist. As it is now fifty years since these wartime events took
place, and there are very few of us pre-war members left to remember the
occasion, I thought it worthwhile to reprint the account of how our
wartime organisation came about. This occurs in part of Bulletin No. 38
for September 1939 (the rest of the Bulletin is of an entomological
nature!) and most of Bulletin No. 39 published exactly fifty years ago in
October 1939. This number is reprinted facsimile in its entirely.

166 OCTOBER 1989

66
THE BULLETIN
OF THE
AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY

Vol. 4 No. 38 SEPTEMBER 1939

Dear Fellow Members,

Owing to this country having become engaged in war, further Journals,
Bulletins and other A.E.S. communications will be suspended until such
times as members of the Committee are again free to give their services to
the Society. Funds will remain untouched until the cessation of hostilities,
and Society property will be stored as safely as possible. It is hoped that
members will carefully preserve their membership lists and keep in contact
with one another so that, on the resumption of our activities, the tracing of
members who may have moved may be accomplished satisfactorily. We
wish all members the best that fortune can provide, and hope that they will
be able to keep their interest in amateur entomology alive wherever they
may be. May it be soon that our next Bulletin is published!

Yours sincerely,
BEOWULF A. COOPER
(Hon. Editor)
61, Okenhampton Road, London NW10.

** ANNOUNCEMENT — A correspondent suggests that members able to
continue with their collecting would still like to receive communications
from the Society. In order not to reduce finances (so that we shall be in a
position on the cessation of hostilities to resume advertising and publishing
activities unhampered by lack of funds), he suggests that, meanwhile,
members wishing to receive temporary Bulletins should pay one shilling
and receive six or eight single-sheet communications (exchanges, address
changes, reports of captures and queries). The balance of other
subscriptions would be retained intact, and no member’s name would be
removed from the membership list until this had been expended or until
such time after our fully resumed activities as would allow members who
had moved to contact us once more. BUT — Only one or two members of
the Committee will now be able to give any help towards the Society’s
activities. In consequence, if these are to be carried on meanwhile, offers
of assistance, principally typing, duplicating and posting, will be required.
Since it will in any case be difficult for a Committee to meet, this should
serve as an opportunity for members away from the metropolis to do their
bit for the Society. With two-side only Bulletins and few correspondents
the work entailed would not be large. Will members wishing to subscribe
to such a scheme, or offering to give assistance please communicate with
the Editor at once. Any other suggestions are welcome. B.A.C, 9?

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 167

THe BULLETUN
Ory Wits
AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS! SOCIETY

eee ene se we ee em BP ew Mw me Mw Mw ww ew ew eM ew ew ew eM ew ew

Vol 4 No 39 OCTOBER 1939

—

As stated in the last Bulletin, it has been found impossible for
us to carry on our former activities unaltered. Jn order to regularise
the position, it has been decided to hold a General “eceting at once,
on October 2%th next. The absence on service of several members of
the Committees should not, we feel, justify their being deprived of
office. It 1s therefore proposed to "freeze" the Society's present
state, that is, to leave the present funds untcuched and the same
Committee in office until a General Meeting called sufficiently long
after the cessation of hostilities for a new and representative
Committes or younger entomologists to be elected and restart activities.
Until then ic is proposed to constitute a temporary organisation with
a new Committee, to be elected on October 29th; this organisation is
to be ssis-suoporting, and it is suggested that it shold be financed
by a sail sum (say £5) donated by the General Account, and subscriptions
(say 17/- per year) collected by itself, and should borrow the present
Society's dunlicatir and other property for its-use. The new
organisation would send small regular duplicated Bulletins to present
A.H.S. memoders and others who intimate their desire to receive them.
Present A.E.S. members will remain members of the existing organisation
until after tne resumption of our full activities whether they sub-
scribe to the temporary orgeanis&tion or not.

Owing to the exceptional nature and hurried calling of this
meeting, no fixcd agenda has been decided on, but it will include:
General statament of progross 1958-9, present position and accounts,
discussion and motions on the future of the Socicty during hostilities,
election of temporary officers, and any other business.

The Annual General Meeting will be held at 3 p.m. on Sunday
October 29th 1959 at 61, Okchampton Road, Kensal Rise, N..10, and it
is hoped that all members able to do so will attend. Other members
with suggestions to offer should communicated with the Zditor before
the mecting, Nearest stations: Kensal Rise (L.ii.S.), ‘llesden Green
(Met.), and Queen's Park (Bakerloo And L.M.S.). Buses: Bie BG; 2 > (uit ala
Hill) and 231 to Kensal Rise, brot leyouses 660 cand 666, buses. 26. 6) and
1 to “illesdsn Green Library.

If you still wish to receive Bulletins (exchanges, notes, queries
and membership changes), remember to drop us a card saying so. We
thank those members who have already sent 1/- as their sub. for 1940 -
receipts will be sent as soon as our future plans have boon settled.

it 1S now proposed to procecd at once with the publication of the
remaining two numbers of Vol. 4 of the Journal, and short notes of
general intcrest are very welcome. e

BEOWULF A. COOPER

(Hon. Editor)

61, Okehampton oad,
000 London, N.W.10.

RESIGNED: A.H.Pickett (37) and W.A.Christianson CO)
CHANGE OF ADDRESS: A.N.Brangham (18) to 12, Warham Road, South Croydon,
Surrey. Letters to the Editor requiring immediate reply should

be addresscé to 2, Chestnut Avenuc, Slough, Bucks.

PORTSMOUTH NOTH: I have just had given mc a Death's Head Hawk
(A.atropos), found sitting on a garden wall in the ecntro of Portsmouth.
As tho wings were very small and crumpled at first and the moth cjectcd
a fluid when handled, it had evidently only just emerged (Sept. lst).
Underneath was a small patch of potatoes, but it was odd that no one had
noticed the larva fecding, as the patch had becn examined regularly
about once a wesk. Wr. Baker was also telling me some time ago of a
Convolvulus Hawk that last year flew into a lighted window in the centre
of the town. The larvae of both of these hawks are found regularly near
here at Lee-on-Solent, where there are potato ficlds and 6onvolvulus
is a very common wec4 in thom. D.N.PURSER (125)

168 OCTOBER 1989

THE AUSTRALIAN BUTTERFLY SANCTUARY

For many of us the idea of collecting butterflies conjures images of
tweedy, gentlemen-naturalists, wielding a dainty butterfly net as they crash
around the country-side in pursuit of their colourful and exotic quarry,
then poring for hours over mounting cases with tweezers in hand and
mumbling in Latin about species, order and type. |

Modern-day, amateur naturalist and obsessed lepidopterist, Paul
Wright, from Kuranda in tropical, Far North Queensland, admits to
almost a lifetime of fitting that usual image of a butterfly collector. Since
childhood he has been fascinated by butterflies, their species and varieties,
their habits and behaviour. For twenty years he has been a regular visitor
to the rainforests on the mountain escarpment overlooking Cairns, to
collect the exotic and spectacular butterflies of the region.

These days, ex-advertising executive and businessman, Paul, has seen a
long thought-out live butterfly exhibition come to reality, with the
compiétion and opening of his Australian Butterfly Sanctuary, on several
acres in his beloved Kuranda rainforest.

Like many butterfly fanciers, Paul has amassed his knowledge of
butterflies, not from formal, scientific study, but from devotion to what
has become more than a hobby. The Australian Butterfly Sanctuary is the
largest in the world devoted totally to butterflies.

Including the word Australian into the Sanctuary’s name is significant
apart from the location, as a large proportion of Australia’s 380 species
are to be found in North Queensland, and almost all of the largest and
most colourful tropical varieties are native to Kuranda and Paul exhibits
many of these, in their natural habitat, enclosed by his huge flight aviary.
The Guiness Book of Records has recognised Paul’s farm as the largest in
the world, in terms of volume enclosed.

The 4000 cubic metre, aluminium framed aviary was a massive
construction undertaking, being 120’ long, 60’ wide and averaging 35’
high, supporting a unique, one-piece shade-cloth dome, providing enough
room for epic butterfly flights. The giant, cyclone-proof, glass-roofed
structure is supported by aluminium RSJs which, with a span of 60’ are
believed to be the largest, free-standing spans in Australia.

‘‘Queensland Institute of Technology looked at the design concept and
produced 48 pages of computer print-out to calculate wind load factors
and stresses’’, Paul detailed. ‘‘Everything checked out and we
commissioned Queensland Glass Houses P/L. to build the structure and it
is the biggest glass-house this company has ever built. The nearest in size,
in the world, is the entomological enclosure in Stratford, U.K. and by
comparison, the much publicised Butterfly Aviary at the Melbourne Zoo is
only about half the size of ours.”’

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 169

In addition to conceiving the idea of the million dollar sanctuary
complex, Paul has been personally involved with the design and
construction of the aviary. ‘‘As there is no similar structure of such a
scale, anywhere, we had to design many aspects from scratch’’, he said.
‘*‘We designed and built a ventilation system in the roof to maintain an
even temperature in the enclosure, as close as possible to the rainforest.
Also an irrigation system had to be incorporated into the roof to provide
a misty ‘‘rain’’, both for watering the lush vegetation and to maintain the
right level of humidity, suitable to the butterflies. We even designed a
special hook mechanism to secure extension ladders to the roof beams, to
access for servicing all this equipment’’ Paul continued.

According to Paul the design of the cavernous aviary had to take into
account the natural habitat, foodplants, flight paths and behaviour of
the butterflies. The vast space is particularly suited to two of the most
spectacular exhibits — the Australian Birdwing and the Ulysses — both
prodigious flyers. There is balance between shaded and light areas, still
and moving water, sandy and rocky areas and there are no sharp corners
which tend to baffle butterfiies, due to their unidirectional vision.

Inside the mammoth shade-cloth dome a condensed rainforest
environmental has been created with extensive landscaping that includes
pathways, pools, waterfalls and creeks and the rainforest vegetation and
the food-plants essential to the life-cycle of the butterflies.
Approximately $150,000 has been spent on landscaping alone.

At any one time there will be up to 350 butterflies living in the aviary
and some of the species that Paul exhibits include the red Lace-wing,
Blue Triangle, Orange Aeroplane, Blue Tiger and the well known Fluro-
green Birdwing and electric-blue and black Ulysses. In the wild the life-
Span is up to two months with some butterflies living as long as six
months. With an intensive, self-designed breeding programme
conducted, using rigorous checks and controls to safeguard the growing
butterfly population, Paul has made his Australian Butterfly Sanctuary a
self-sufficient breeder. The breeding and construction programme has
kept him and his wife Sue, fully occupied, seven days a week for over two
years.

The timing for the fulfilment of Paul Wright’s dream was near
perfect with the burgeoning tourist industry taking off in Far North
Queensland and the Australian Butterfly Sanctuary has received a high
level of acceptance from both visitors and locals. ‘‘Butterflies are
harmless to humans, stunningly beautiful and absolutely fascinating’’,
says Paul enthusiastically. ‘‘Most people are aware of the spectacular
Ulysses, which has become the unofficial logo of the rainforest region of
the Far North and the opportunity to see the Ulysses and many other

170 OCTOBER 1989

species, live, in their natural habitat, has great appeal. I suggest that our
Sanctuary will enhance the rainforest experience, the way the sub-
mersible viewing vessels have offered greater access to the Great Barrier
Reef experience. Both the Reef and the Rainforest are unique attractions
of the region and both are now quite accessible to almost everyone, in
complete safety abd regardless of physical health or skills.’

He continued: ‘‘ We took a leaf out of the Japanese Garden concept,
when we designed the rainforest walks throughout the aviary, giving the
impression of strolling some distance in the space available. Each path is
screened from the other by rock formations and jungle growth and the
impression of rainforest is very real while frequently sighting many
brilliantly coloured butterflies. In fact they become very tame around
people and it’s not unusual for them to gently alight on your clothing —
they are very inquisitive, usually attracted by bright colours.’’

While the flight aviary is the centrepiece of the Australian Butterfly
Sanctuary, the complex comprises support infrastructure such as
breeding aviaries, foodplant nurseries, a laboratory, entrance foyer and
kiosk and an air-conditioned de-humidied museum which visitors enter
as they emerge from the aviary.

The museum displays and expains the life-cycle of the butterflies,
feeding habits, their protective mechanism against predators, their
physiology, their incredible unidirectional and multi-coloured vision and
their unparalleled flying ability. Also there are static displays of the most
interesting, colourful and exotic species from around the world. In
addition to being a unique and fascinating tourist attraction, Paul
intends his Sanctuary to become a national and international centre for
both amateur and professional lepidopterists.

For Australian butterflies Kuranda is the place’’, says Paul as he
proudly surveys the reality of his Sanctuary, that has been a dream so
long. ‘“The lepidoptery fraternity, whether they are amateur collectors or
professionals with a scientific interest, is close-knit, with an almost
fanatical obsession about anything to do with butterflies and I think the
Australian Butterfly Sanctuary will attract fanciers from around the
world.”’

So Paul Wright, butterfly collector, gentleman-naturalist, butterfly
farmer and tourist entrepreneur has put Australia and Far North
Queensland on the world map with his Australian Butterfly Sanctuary.
‘‘What we have created is a rare experience that will be attractive to
many people — the only problem encountered so far is that visitors don’t
want to leave the beautiful and restful atmosphere of the aviary’’, Paul
concluded.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 171

CRETE — JULY/AUGUST 1988
by Rob Parker

To get the most out of a family summer holiday, the amateur
entomologist needs to plan ahead and to make a few compromises. After
all, the aim is to enjoy the holiday and the butterflies without allowing
the collecting to wreck family relationships.

Often the first compromise comes in the choice of dates; if you have to
go during the school holidays you will miss the best of the season in the
Mediterranean, so it is even more important to read up on the
entomology of your destination and sort out what species might still be
on the wing and where to find them. Back issues of the AES and BENHS
publications are worth searching to find an account by someone who has
collected there before. Perhaps the following lines will be of interest to
any future visitor to Crete. We stayed at Elounda from 21st July to 12th
August 1988.

We awoke to the call of an exceptionally loud and insistent cicada and
emerged onto our balcony for our first daylight view of our chosen
location. Only an olive grove separated us from the sea — the open
Mediterranean to the right and the sheltered Elouda basin, once used by
Imperial Airways seaplane service to our left. Ahead a causeway led to
the offshore island of Spinalonga which cut an attractive skyline with its
intensity felt. The first species noted in the hotel garden were the
ubiquitious Small white, Artogeia rapae, and a very large Meadow
brown, Maniola jurtina corficthispulla, as the Corfu/Cretan race is
known (Graves, 1933). A walk across the causeway revealed a couple of
Swallowtails, Papilio machaon and a Clouded yellow, Colias croceus.
Growing at sea level was an attractive purple-flowered salt-resistant
herb, which looked from a distance like thyme, but was probably a
Viburnum sp. Painted ladies, Cynthia cardui, were common’ on these
flowers for the first week, but faded out thereafter. Also common
thereabouts were some very large black solitary bees, probably Xylocopa
violacea. Evident from a great distance, fluttering between the olives,
was a single Scarce swallowtail, [phiclides podalirius. We had arrived!

Snorkelling was interesting too, with sea-cucumbers, spiny starfish,
sponges, loofahs and enormous clams in evidence, even of the fisherman
if the family was more interested in the sea bream in the flooded salt
ponds beside the causeway.

The island of Spinalonga yielded some snakes and the endemic Cretan
Small heath, Coenonympha pamphilus thyrsis which was distinctively
different from the normal European pamphilus, and too large to be
mistaken for it. Unfortunately, the first example I found had been

172 OCTOBER 1989

pecked by a bird, and most of the others were badly worn, being towards
the end of their season. At the northern tip of the island is another with
the same name (Little Spinalonga) which has an interesting history,
having been intensely fortified before serving as a leper colony until
1951. Here I watched a female P. machaon laying on the fennel stems
with just a few flower/seed heads still edible. I was interested to note that
the insect was laying on the tiny yellow-green buds which were
presumably going to emerge if the plant could find any moisture.
Although I searched extensively, I recovered only one larva.

Elouda itself is a fishing port which has developed for tourism to an
agreeable degree. There were more than 21 tavernas, giving us one each
night with choice to spare, but there was not the overcrowded hustle-
bustle of overdeveloped Ayios Nikolaos just seven kilometres to the
south. Every day for a week we walked past a front garden with a clump
of healthy looking (irrigated) fennel, without noticing the eight final
instar P.machaon larvae to whom it was home. As we were on Our way
out for the day I decided to leave them until the following day. That was
a mistake, as only two were to be found the next morning, the others
having presumably found pupation sites out of my reach! Despite
extensive searching on the other fennel clumps around the island, I found
larvae nowhere else, but that particular garden yielded another five
before the holiday was out, clearly laid in later batches from their size.
None of them were parasitised — a satisfactory contrast with my
experience with P. machaon from Cyprus (Parker 1983). Rearing them in
the hotel room was fraught with hazards — their chosen pupation sites
were on the balcony and in the window sliding gear, whilst the maid
turned out to be another predator!

Naturally enough the seaside is not the best August biotype, so
excursions to the hills are the order of the day. We hired a mini-moke,
which turned out to be an ideal vehicle for an insect patrol. I had pre-
surveyed likely spots by looking for drives near perennial water en route
to other attractions of interest to the rest of the family. At about 450
metres, approaching Kalamafka we spotted dark shapes flitting across
the road, and I set off in pursuit of the endemic Grayling (following
Kudrna 1977) (Hipparchia cretica). This was not easily caught as it is so
well camouflaged when settled on inaccessible pine trunks. Its behaviour
was similar to Hipparchia in Cyprus, but I found it less abundant. Soon I
added the Southern comma Po/ygonia egea to my collection, an insect
that has evaded me in the past. By 10.30 a.m. I had noted 15 species
including the Brown argus, Aricia agestis, the Bath white, Pontia
daplicice, the Red admiral, Vanessa atalanta, the Common blue,
Polyommatus icarus, the Speckled wood, Parage aegeria and a couple of
Hesperiids — the Mallow skipper, Carcharodus alceae and the Pigmy
skipper, Gegenes pumilio.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 173

All those picture postcards of Cretan windmills are taken on the
Lasithi, a protected plateau set high up in the hills (950 metres was higher
than I expected). We drove up via Mesapotomos (700 m) and found
greenery, water and butterflies. I particularly remember standing at the
edge of a glade and thinking that it looked just right. At that moment my
son jumped off a wall at the far side and charged towards me disturbing
a veritable cloud of butterflies, comprising thousands of P. icarus and A.
agestis. In all, Mesapotomos yielded 18 species, including the Holly blue,
Celastrina argiolus, the Small copper, Lycaena phlaeas, the Long-tailed
blue, Lampides boeticus, a large but very tatty Purple hairstreak,
Quercusia quercus on evergreen oak and a single specimen of the
Oriental meadow brown, Hyponephele lupina. Higher up, near the Dikti
Cave at Psychro we enjoyed staining our faces by eating delicious
mulberries whilst J. podalirius flew around. Nearby we saw our first
Cleopatra, Gonepteryx cleopatra, a Hummingbird hawkmoth,
Macroglossum stellatarum and got excited chasing a tiny blue that turned
out only to be a dwarf P. icarus.

Charles and Nick Derry had been on the island in June 1981, and gave
me some tips and a list of 37 species, one of which, the Cretan argus,
Kretania psylorita they found locally abundant on Mount Ida. As an
endemic, it was a species I was keen to find, although my chances by
August were slim. Mount Ida rises to 2456 m and we spent one day
exploring the barren reaches above the Nidha plateau, but we saw more
eagles (six) than K. psylorita (none). At one point we negotiated a
descending turn to find two enormous eagles standing on the road ahead.
We had a couple of minutes to watch them before they ambled to the
roadside and threw themselves off the precipice into an upcurrent.
Thereafter, they circled around us and at one point one swooped down
over the top of the open convertible — so close that we could hear the
rush of air through its wings! Well, never mind K. psylorita, it will
provide an excuse to go back another year.

The Palace of Knossos and the Iraklion Museum are both magnificent
and memorable, but are unfortunately overrun with tourists. The public
gardens near the museum reminded me of Nicosia and despite their small
size, gave me a viewing interlude that was much like one of the indoor
butterfly houses. I watched a couple of J. podalirius feeding at a bed of
zinnias where P. machaon, G. cleopatra and C. cardui brought colour,
and the Mediterranean Skipper, Gegenes nostrodamus added another
species. Further along the Venetian city wall I found the nursery of the
City’s: Parks Department. It was hot, and nothing much was seen until I
spotted a number of blues flying strongly around the cream coloured
flowers of a laburnum-like tree. These turned out to be Lang’s short-

174 OCTOBER 1989

tailed blue, Syntarucus pirithous, but it took me some patience and a
couple of snags in my net to be sure.

On another day we returned to Kalamafka and found a taverna beside
a stream where we sat under the shade of walnut trees cooling our bare
feet in the water. A glimpse of gold told me that the Cardinal,
Pandoriana pandora was around, and I walked up the river bed in
pursuit, displacing swarms of large damselflies as I went. On returning I
found that the P. pandora had obligingly allowed my son to box it whilst
it settled on a walnut leaf. Thereafter we had the pleasure of seeing three
of them in mating flight swirling around our heads in the dappled shade.

Driving to the eastern end of the island we found a strip of the north
coast road that we dubbed ‘‘the Oleander Coast’’. A strip of at least 10
km had Oleander bushes planted at the roadside in one continuous blaze
of colour. Naturally we stopped to look for larvae of the Oleander
hawkmoth, Daphnis nerii and I soon discovered their droppings under
every third bush. Clearly the larvae had pupated, but there were plenty of
grasshoppers, locusts, praying mantis and an enormous bush cricket as
well as some odd spiders — one large one that looked like the underside
of a crab, and one tiny white one that looked more like a hermit crab
without its shell. Generally the eastern end of the island was arid and
entomologically disappointing, although we made a point of visiting
Europe’s only natural palm fringed beach at Vai. By way of
compensation for the lack of D. nerii, we found a perfect Striped
hawkmoth, Ayles lineata livornica in the dining room at breakfast next
morning.

So all in all, it was a holiday enriched by a little collecting. If you get a
chance to go to Crete, then go in June and you should see more than I
did. I can recommend Ouzo as a “‘relaxing fluid’’. The species list below
incorporates the species taken by the Derry brothers and should prove
useful for holiday reference.I took only two species they missed. Another
species, Pyrgus armoricanus, confirmed by Rutherford (1984), escaped
our attention entirely. Crete and its butterflies is very like Cyprus and its.

SPECIES LIST — CRETE

Endemic Derry Parker
Form June 1981 Jul/Aug 1988
Papilio machaon x X
Iphiclides podalirius x X
Allancastria cerisyi cretica BE Xx
Artogeia rapae X xx
Artogeia ergane Xx

Pieris brassicae x

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 175

Pontia daplidice

Euchloe ausonia (simplonia)
Colias croceus

Colias erate (*)

Leptidea sinapsis

~~ Ku UK OK OK
~

Gonepteryx cleopatra

Charaxes jasius
Nymphalis polychloros
Pandoriana pandora
Vanessa atalanta
Cynthia cardui

x KKM KU CO

x KX KK

Polygonia egea

Pararge aegeria
Lasiommata megera
Maniola jurtina corfiothispulla

Hyponephele lupina
Hipparchia cretica E

am MM Om COM

Pseudochazara anthelea
Coenonympha pamphilus thyrisis E

a KK Ul KUlCU KM KC

Kretania psylorita E

~

Lycaena phlaeas
Aricia agestis X
Quercusia quercus

Polyommatus icarus

Lampides boeticus X

~~ KM MK OK CO

Syntarucus pirithous

Pseudophpilotes baton schiffermulleri X
Celastrina argiolus Xx X
Freyeria trochylus X

Thymelicus acteon
Carcharodus alceae
Gegenes nostrodamus

xm CUM CO
~ MK CO

Gegenese pumilio

(*) The single specimen taken is apparently a croceus x erate hybrid (Derry C., pers. comm.).
Further information is needed on erate in Crete.

REFERENCES
Derry, A. C. and N. J. (1981) List of Rhopalocera Species Collected on Crete During a
Brief Sojourn in 1981.
Higgins, L. G. (1983) The Butterflies of Britain and Wurope. Collins.
Kudrna, O. (1977) A Revision of the Genus Hipparchia Fabricius.
Parker, R. (1983) The Butterflies of Cyprus. Ent. Gaz. 34: 17-53. E. W. Classey.
Rutherford, C. I. (1984) Crete Revisited 1981 and 1982. Ent. Rec. 96: 216-219.

176 OCTOBER 1989

WHY NOT STUDY COCKROACHES?
by George Beccaloni (8137)

Cockroaches (Order Blattodea) are an ancient group of primitive
omniverous insects which have existed since the Upper Carboniferous
period some 250 million years ago. To date approximately 4000 species
have been described and there are probably at least twice this number still
to be discovered worldwide. Although a high proportion of the species
are found in the tropics a few occur in temperate climes. There are about
72 native European cockroaches and Britain boasts three small wild
Ectobius species plus three common introduced pests.

Unfortunately most people (including many entomologists!) seem to
regard all cockroaches as offensive and destructive vermin. However,
this reputation is justly deserved by less than 1% of the species total; the
vast majority being secretive insects which never associate with man.

As a group cockroaches exhibit a remarkable diversity of size, form,
coloration and behaviour and occupy a very wide range of habitats from
caves to mountains, from rainforests to deserts. Some _ tropical
cockroaches are known only from bird’s nests and there are even semi-
aquatic species which live in epiphytic bromeliad plants.

An Australian cockroach Macropanesthia rhinoceros and the Mada-
gascan Gromphadorhina Grandidieri (Fig. 3) are among the world’s
bulkiest insects and have body lengths of 8cm and 8.5cm respectively.
The largest wingspan is possessed by the Central American Megaloblatta
blaberoides, which has a spread of up to 20cm. Others like Attaphila
fungicola (a North American species found in the fungus gardens of leaf-
cutting ants) are less than 3mm long.

Many cockroach species are wingless or have vestigial wings and
some, eg. Brysotria fumigata (Figs. 1 and 2) have fully winged males
and burrowing females whose wings are reduced to small flaps. The
burrowing Asian Panesthia species develop wings upon becoming
adult but these are then broken or chewed off about one third of the
way down their length, presumably once the insects have dispersed.

Sexual dimorphism occurs in many cockroaches and 1s especially
striking in the E&lliptorhina and Gromphadorhina genera of
Madagascar. The males of these insects have well developed horns
on their pronota and use them to do battle with rival males — the
largest specimen usually emerging as the victor. These two genera (in
common with the other members of the family Blaberidae) are
interesting because the females give birth to live nymphs. The

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48

gh

ae
4h
bd
Ly

g

Figs. 1-5. Some cockroach species kept in British culture. (All life size): 1, Byrsotria
2, Byrsotria fumigata male; 3,

fumigata Cuban burrowing cockroach) female;
Gromphadorhina grandidieri male; 4, Blaberus craniifer (Death’s-head cockroach) male; 5,

Periplaneta americana (American cockroach) male.

178 OCTOBER 1989

membranous ootheca containing the ova is incubated in the brood pouch
within the female’s body.

Cockroaches of the other families, Cryptocercidae, Polyphagidae,
Blattellidae and Blattidae, produce hardend oothecae which they carry
for varying lengths of time, sometimes for the whole of the incubation
period. :

More commonly the females deposit their oothecae on the ground or
attach them to substrate with a cement produced by their mouths. Some
cockroaches eg. Pycnoscelus surinamensis are capable of partheno-
genesis, but males are found in most if not all species.

Cockroaches have evolved a wide variety of techniques to avoid being
eaten by predators. Many like the leaf green Panchlora species rely on
crypsis, while others have warning coloration or mimic distasteful
insects. Trichoblatta magnifica, a metallic green Chinese species, rolls up
like a Pill Millipede when molested, but most depend on speed and agility
to escape. A few possess active defence mechanisms. These include
spraying repellent fluid from abdominal glands like Diploptera punctata
and producing startling noises by expelling air rapidly through
abdominal spiracles, as in Gromphadorhina portentosa (Hissing
Cockroach).

Apart from extensive studies of the major pest species very little work
has been done on the group as a whole and they remain relatively
neglected by both amateur and professional entomologists alike. The
majority are easy to keep in culture and they don’t require tedious
changes of foodplant like Phasmids or livefoods like Mantids!

Few books exist which deal exclusively with cockroaches, but the
interested reader is referred to those listed in the bibliography.

To facilitate the study and rearing of these fascinating insects the
‘‘Blattodea Culture Group’’ was formed in 1986. To obtain more
information about the BCG, please send a SAE to the author (G.
Beccaloni), BCG Membership Secretary, 35a Church Road, Hanwell,
London W7 3BD.

Bibliography

Bell, W. J. and Adiyodi, K. G. (1982). The American Cockroach. Chapman and Hall Ltd.,
London.

Cameron, E. (1961). The Cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. Heinemann, London.

Cornwell, P. B. (1968). The Cockroach. Vol 1. Hutchinson and Co. Ltd., London.

Guthrie, D. M. and Tindall, A. R. (1968). The Biology of the Cockroach. Edward Arnold
Ltd., London.

Marshall, J. A. and Haes, E. C. M. (1988). Grasshoppers and Allied Insects of Great
Britain and Ireland. Harley Books, Colchester.

Ragge, D. R. (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets and Cockroaches of the British Isles. Warne,
London.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 179

SOME NOTES ON THE REARING OF THE OWL BUTTERFLY
(CALIGO BELTRAO)

by Andrew Booth (8498)

During the summer of 1988 I attempted to breed the Owl butterfly in my
greenhouse. Despite the flight area being only 11 ft x 8 ft, with a
maximum height of 10 ft, I was hopeful that I would succeed. Owl
butterflies are surprisingly good fliers in confined spaces, and as an
earlier experiment in 1986 had produced much courtship activity,
although at that time I had no banana plants for the butterflies to lay on.
By spring 1988, I had acquired a potted banana plant, which was about
three feet tall.

However, despite the butterflies (ten in all) settling down well, they
produced no eggs, though there was, at dusk, much furious chasing.
Whether this was courtship or territorial behaviour, I could not tell; in
any case, I saw no pairing, and found no eggs on my banana plant. When
the last butterfly died in November, aged four months, I still had no ova
to continue the colony.

I had instead bought some 50 ova, derscribed as ‘‘Probably Caligo
memnon, could be some C. euilochus’’, and a further two potted banana
plants. Obviously, I had nowhere near enough foolplant for all these, so
I was somewhat relieved when only 18 proved fertile. These hatched
during the third week of October.

Caligo larvae grow to about 5% inches in length, and are nearly an
inch thick at their broadest point, when fully grown, and I was doubtful
whether my three plants, which by this time had almost stopped growing,
could sustain all eighteen. Further supplies of foodplant proved
extremely difficult to find.

Exactly how much a Caligo larva eats during its lifetime does not seem
to be well known. Expert opinions varied from ‘‘An awful lot’’ to “‘A
tremendous amount’’. The most specific estimate I could find was “‘A
four foot banana plant each’’. But exactly how big is that? Surely it
depends on the amount and size of the leaves on the plant in question. As
a banana grows, its leaves become progressively larger, but on the other
hand it has fewer of them. An eight foot plant, for instance, may have
only five or six leaves, but they may each be seven or eight feet long. My
plants, at about three feet in height, had between eight and ten leaves, the
largest leaf being only eighteen inches long and twelve inches wide.

As I was fairly certain that I did not have enough foodplant, I put my
18 larvae on one of the plants in an unheated room, as I had heard that
they could be reared over a period of months at low temperatures. I
hoped I would be able to find some more foodplant by the time they had

180 OCTOBER 1989

Fig. 1. Larva of C. be/trao on banana leaf.

reached their final instar, when they would be at their hungriest. To
confirm that they really did grow more slowly at low temperatures, I
moved one larva to another plant in a heated room (on top of the
television). After about two weeks it was noticeably bigger than its
brothers.

In the third week of November, winter temporarily set in. Tempera-
tures in the unheated (though sunny) room, previously around 55°F,
dropped by around ten degrees. Slowly the larvae began to die, although
the one on the television still flourished. Initially I suspected that the
deaths were due to the larvae eating a withered leaf, but, convinced that
the falling temperatures were to blame, I switched the heating on. The
temperature stabilised at 62°F. At this stage, I had a total of five larvae
left, which seemed a much more reasonable number, bearing in mind my
supply of banana leaves.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 181

I still, however, wasn’t sure if I had enough or not. I wouldn’t find out
until they were half way through their final instar, when it might be too
lae to find more supplies.

By mid December, I still hadn’t moved the isolated larva back onto the
plant with the other four, although it was by then abundantly clear that
Caligo larvae grow faster in the warm. The position on top of the TV
seemed to suit it; by December 24th it was about 90mm long, and it cast
its skin for the last time that afternoon. Its companions next door were
only just past their second moult, about 20mm in length.

It then occurred to me that this isolation of a single larva was an
excellent opportunity to discover precisely the intake of these fine
caterpillars. I could see what it had eaten up to this point, and it would
not be too difficult to measure in, say square centimetres, the area of the
missing leaf.

I made a scale drawing of each leaf on graph paper, and marked out
the portions eaten. Caligo larvae don’t seem to wander much, and the
feeding had mostly been confined to two leaves. At the time of the last
moult, it had eaten 335 cm’. Caligo larvae feed mostly at night, and
from 25th December onwards, on each morning a new section of leaf
was missing. I ticked off the square centimetres on my graph papers.
It seemed, in the final instar, to eat between 70cm’? and 200cm?’ a
night. I guessed that in the final instar it would eat about four times the
area of leaf it had done in the first four instars (55cm? x 4 =
1,460cm’. See Table 1).

By 3rd January it had consumed 1,320cm’ and was very restless,
being found twice that day on the carpet. It was wet, the moisture
apparently coming from its mouth. I concluded that it was ready to
pupate, and placed it in a cardboard box. It remained motionless for
24 hours, then began exploring the new environment. In case it should
require a last feed I put a small piece of banana leaf, in a pot of water,
in with the caterpillar. On the morning of Sth January, the leaf segment
had been eaten.

I decided that the caterpillar was not after all about to pupate, and
returned it to the plant on the TV and it began feeding enthusiastically.

On the 8th January it was again restless, producing the same brownish
fluid, which became smeared along the lenght of its body.

This is normal pupation behaviour for some large caterpillars (Hawk
and Silkmoth), so I returned the larva to the pupation cage, again with a
small piece of banana leaf. It was another false alarm, so | put it back on
its plant, where it continued to feed until the 18th January.

OCTOBER 1989

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AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 183

Date Leaf consumed (cms?’) Length of larva (mm)
25712 UIs) 91
26/12 1A 105
DYNA. 63 114
28/12 53 128
29/12 100
30/12 121
31/12 146 136
1/1 76
2/1 159 145
S/Al 12
4/1 28
S| 113
6/1 21
7/1 251 138
8/1 —
9/1 40
10/1 181 146
11/1 219
12/1 268
13/1 253
14/1 156 148
15/1 138
16/1 135
1771 ql 135
18/1 —_ 123
20/1 Fe pt 85

Table 1. Amount of banana leaf consumed by and size of C. beltrao larva kept on top of
television set.

Over the previous four nights its appetite had begun to diminish, and
by the evening of the 18th, it was once again restless. This time there was
no voiding of fluid. I put it in the pupation cage for the third time.

On the afternoon of 20th January, it began spinning a silk pad, and by
8.00 pm it was hanging. It was not very firmly attached, and fell off
when the box was moved in order to take a photograph. It was replaced,
and pupated on 22nd January, falling off again when trying to free itself
from the old skin. I managed to replace it for a second time without
damage, and over the next three days the pupa hardened. The butterfly
hatched on 7th February, after 16 days at approximately 80°F. It was a
female C. beltrao, not C. eurilochus or C. memnon, as I had expected.

184 OCTOBER 1989

The remaining four larvae were now enjoying temperatures around
70°F, and by January 19th had all reached the fourth instar. The first
larva had reached that stage five weeks earlier. I could now calculate the
amount of food the remaining four would need and this amounted to
12,696cm?.

This would be the total area of leaf the four would eat in their lifetime;
the total for the last two instars would not be significantly less than this.

My three potted plants were by this time looking rather the worse for
wear. I measured the area of leaf they had left between them; it came to
less than 4,000cm’ — clearly not enough. I debated whether to destroy
two or three larvae, to ensure that the survivors would have enough to
eat.

Luckily, I didn’t have to. By the Ist February I had finally located
some potted banana plants, six in all, with a total leaf area of 32,000cm?.
Plenty.

When the third of the remaining four reached the fifth instar, I moved
the three to the first of the new plants, leaving behind the one larva which
was due to moult within the next day or two. Within an hour the three on
the new plants were showing signs of distress. I put them back on their
original plant, but they died, one by one over the next week without
resuming feeding. It seemed that my new plants were harbouring some
powerful insecticide.The sole survivor also failed to reach the pupal
stage, despite not coming into contact with the new plants. When it
moulted it was unable to detach its old head case, which caused the new
soft jaws underneath to be deformed. It was therefore unable to feeed.

Despite the fact that all but one of the larvae failed to reach the adult
Stage, the experiment was at least a partial success, as I now know how
much I can expect future larvae to eat. Assuming that the insecticide on
the new plants wears off, I estimate that I have enough food for about
twelve larvae, possibly more as the plants grow larger.

OCCURRENCE OF THE PURPLE HAIRSTREAK (QUERCUSITA
QUERCUS) AT KENMARE, CO. KERRY

by John W. Lavery (7469)

On Sunday 7th May 1989, while beating mature oak trees at Urragh
wood, near Kenmare, Co. Kerry, I obtained the larvae of the Purple
hairstreak. These were found on the lower branches and were fully
grown.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 185

BOOK REVIEW

Local lists of lepidoptera or a bibliographical catalogue of local lists and
regional accounts of the butterflies and moths of the British Isles, by
J.M. Chalmers-Hunt. Pp.247; 8vo. Hedera Press, Uffiongton 1989.
Hardback. Price £21.00.

One of the advantages of a book of lists such as this is that attention is
drawn to the gaps in our knowledge. There are some surprising
differences in the number of lists that have appeared for the various
counties. This undoubtedly reflects the lack of appeal, or under-
population, of the county concerned rather than a lack of lepidoptera to
record.

As an example, Inverness-shire,which is after all a very populous and
pleasant part of Scotland, is as well-recorded as any southern English
county, but Peebleshire has but one list recorded for it, in 1897, and
Clackmannanshire only two, both dating back to 1845 and then only as
part of a study of a larger area. Has no-one bothered to entomologise in
these counties over the past 100 years? Could such a lack of appeal be
due to pure chance and the ‘‘follow-my-leader’’ attitude of past
collectors? Had the Rannoch brindled beauty (and the other two
““Rannoch”’ specialities been first discovered in Peebleshire instead of on
Rannoch moor, which straddled Argylshire and Perthshire, both well
listed counties, then I strongly suspect Peebleshire would have had as
many listings as Rannoch, for it was to Rannoch that the collectors
flocked (and still do) after the first report of a choice rarity.

Even in England there are anomalies. Bedfordshire and Leicestershire
have been very poorly listed, particularly when compared io their
neighbours. Why has Cambridgeshire been favoured with some two and
a half times as many listings as Oxfordshire? Could it be that Cambridge
was always regarded as being ‘‘Scientific’? while Oxford was
‘*Classical’’? To make this difference even odder is that while Oxford
has had a professor of entomology for very many years presiding over a
thriving and well-known Department of Entomology no such post or
_ separate department exists in Cambridge. A possible explanation of

course is that in the past lists have been compiled by ‘‘amateur
entomologists’’ not ‘‘professionals’’.

The author of this book, Michael Chalmers-Hunt, must already be
known to many, not only as a former editor for many years of our
contemporary The Entomologist’s Record but also as the meticulous
recorder of the lepidoptera of Kent, a massive work published over some
20 years, and of that useful compilation Natural History Auctions’’. The
same meticulous attention to detail shown in his previous publications is
evident here. Quite clearly a systematic search has been made, almost

186 OCTOBER 1989

certainly page by page, for indices, when present, would not always give
the correct information. Clearly a labour of love and dedication, coupled
with his own interest in collecting, not just the lepidoptera themselves,
but the literature about them, which must have involved corresponding
widely with collectors, librarians and bookdealers, for a reading of this
book reveals that a considerable number of manuscript lists. now repose
in his library. A number of other records are also unique, with their
present owners given. At the moment, this is useful information,but
items such as these will eventually move on and may become un-
traceable, although we express the hope that they will eventually end up
in an accessible library, or even be published. Useful are the comments
on some lists as to where, often in a commonly available source, they
have been reviewed.

Although many of the lists are to be found in the pages of the more
common and available journals, others are in obscure and rare
publications. This shows both the thoroughness of the author in seeking
them out and the difficulties the reader who wishes to consult them faces.
This book now shows where the knowledge of the past is to be found and
for anyone setting out to compile a modern list or to confirm the present
states of species in an area, this book is an indispensable tool.

This is yet another example of a small private press producing a quality
product, for this book is well printed on a good quality white matt paper
in an easy to read typeface and is conventionally bound as a hardback.
Checking a few obscure publications from my own library, which I knew
listed a few lepidoptera although not obviously so from the title, I found
they had been recorded. In a difficult layout as this list is, using three
typefaces and innumerable abbreviations, an extensive use of the book
while writing this review failed to bring any typographical errors to my
notice. Author, publisher and printer are to be congratulated.

Brian Gardiner

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON BREEDING SSP HIBERNICA OF THE
ORANGE-TIP BUTTERFLY

by John W. Lavery (7469)

Since 1978 I have annually bred Anthocaris cardamines ssp. hibernica
from the egg stage. It is a most interesting and very predictable insect,
and for anyone who would like to study camouflage then the breeding of
cardamines on a growing plant of C. pratensis — Cuckoo flower, where
it blends in with the seed pods, is an excellent choice.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 187

Fig. 1. Method of isolating the larvae.

One plant stem and side leaves is sufficient to breed one larva to full
size. Because of the tendency towards cannibalism especially when the
larvae are near or full grown (larvae will even attack and eat freshly-
formed pupae) I isolate each one on an artificial island (Fig. 1). This
serves a second perhaps more important purpose, namely to prevent
wandering and loss of stock at time of pupation. The larvae will wander
about their pots and remaining plant stems, eventually to settle down and
pupate safely.

This method is best maintained outdoors where, depending on weather
temperature, ovum to pupa will be completed in about six weeks.

Finally netting of the sort gardeners use should be kept over the pots of
foodplants as these can be occasionally inspected by House sparrows
(Passer domesticus),who readily devour the growing larvae.

188 OCTOBER 1989

GYPSY MOTHS — A NO-GO AREA FOR AMATEURS

by Duncan Reavey (6934)

Most people know something about the Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar),
whether it’s the history of the species in this country and the United
States or the fact that Gypsy livestock has been about the cheapest
available to amateurs for years.

But the point of this particular story is to make it clear that it is now
illegal to hold, transfer or import stock of the gypsy moth without a
licence from MAFF. A licence is only granted for special scientific
purposes and the Ministry lays down strict conditions on how the stock
should be maintained.

We stress that in order to comply with the law, all unlicensed stock
should be destroyed and no trade in this species can be allowed.

A booklet Guide for Importers - Importing Invertebrates outlines
plant health legislation covering the import of invertebrates and includes
a list of species that can only be imported under licence. It can be
obtained free of charge from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Food, Plant Health Division, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London
SW1P 3HX. Tel: 01-238 3000. This is also the address for general
enquiries on this area of law.

VAR HOSPITA OF THE WOOD TIGER IN NORTH YORKSHIRE

by N. W. Harwood (825)

On Tuesday 20th June this year, seven virgin female Wood tiger moths
(Parasemia plantaginis) were taken on Danby Low Moor, North
Yorkshire. It was a fine warm evening and in the hour and a half between
6.00pm and 7.30pm 53 males had arrived of which six were var hospita.
These were allowed to pair with the females. Three days later I again
took four females onto the Moor and this time three Hospita assembled. I
may add that the larvae of the Wood tiger are common here during April
and May.

MOTHS ATTRACTED INTO BOWLS OF WATER

by J. M. Waring (9193)

Having recently joined the AES, I was reading the April issue this year
and was most interested in Jan Koryszko’s account of finding large
numbers of moths in puddles on moonlit nights (Bulletin 48: 79). Now I
have a couple of pet cats which like to stay out of doors and because of
this I keep two large bowls of water by the side of the lawn for them to
partake of at night.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 189

Situated high on the wall above the bowls is a large ex NCB mercury
vapour sunflood lamp which obviously attracts large numbers of moths
when my own trap is not in use. Like Jan I have also noticed many moths
apparently taking a moonlit dip in the cat bowls, always doing the
backstroke. After observing the phenomenon for several nights I decided
that any of the families of moths were prone to do this. The position of
the bowls seems to the quite critical though, for if they are placed close
together the moths seem to get confused as to which light source to
follow and if they are too far away from the main light source the
intensity of the reflected light is not great enough to attract them.

The size of the bowl also seems to be important, for if more than ten
inches across, finding a sub-aqua moth is a rare occasion. Six inches
diameter seems to be ideal. I took some measurements and when viewed
from a height of 12 feet above the ground a 6 to 8 inch diameter bowl
looks about the same size as the moon when viewed from earth. Could
this be the beacon the moths are looking for?

INSECTS AND GOLF COURSES
by C. Lock (7669)

In the January Bulletin this year (Bulletin 48: 35), in considering the
matter of the extension of a golf course to take in part of Ickenham
Green Common, the question was posed — ‘‘Is the course at Sandwich
still good entomologically?’’ I will try to answer this.

There is no doubt that a golf course is preferable to most other
alternatives, except leaving it as nature intended it to be, but there are
drawbacks due to continual mowing and trimming. More important is
access. Even as a golfer, one cannot concentrate for long or easily follow
a particular insect on busy courses like these here, but for non-golfers or
non-club members creeping enclosure is a greater threat. The report
below from the local paper I think makes this point clear.

I still find a variety of species along the perimeter of the courses, along
the river bank and in the Nature Reserves which adjoin this corner of the
Bay. Not to be hit by flying golf-balls is a bonus.

**Walkers beware!
Fears of flying golf balls causing a fatal accident have forced the Royal Cinque
Ports Club to fence off part of its course at Sandown. %

The club is worried about more people using its land, especially since
development in the Golf Road area has increased.
“We are greatly concerned at the risk in which members of the public are
putting themselves and their dogs by walking on the golf course’ said secretary
Nigel Phillips.

190 OCTOBER 1989

He is appealing to strollers to keep to the footpaths and not walk on the course.

‘The undulating fairways can hide walkers wandering on the course and a
flying golf ball can be at least painful and at the worst fatal.

‘The treatment of greens, fairways and bunkers involves the use of fertilisers
and approved weedkillers which are poisonous to animals. It is dangerous to stray
from the identified public rights of way,’ added Mr Phillips.

Apart from fencing along the Sandown end of the course, the club is putting up
warning notices beside footpaths.

Mr Phillips said the public rights of way run just inside the sea defences, except
where indicated by steps, across the course from The Chequers to the beach and
along the Ancient Highway.

‘We are very anxious to avoid any accident,’ added Mr Phillips.”’

BOOK REVIEW

Butterflies of the British Isles: The Pieridae by Michael Easterbrook.
Pp.24 (8 coloured), other illustrations. AS (card cover). Shire
Publications, Aylesbury, 1989. Price £1.75.

Once again we have to welcome another birth from the Shire stables and
our only regret on this one is that inflation has finally caught up with
them and the price has had to be increased, but even so, excellent value.

This booklet, of the same size and format as those reviewed previously
in these pages (Bulletins 46: 129, 47: 60, 48: 69), is up to their usual
standard with the colour photographs, of the various whites and their
early stages taken in the field and not from posed specimens being
particularly good.

For such a small booklet the author has managed, with some clarity, to
cram in an amazing amount of information. Migration, butterfly
folklore, pests, diseases and predators all get included as do theories of
extinction and attempts at re-introduction in respect of the Black-veined
white. Rearing, conservation and the butterfly monitoring scheme all get
a mention.

To find fault with such a book as this at so reasonable a price would be
merely nit-picking. Messrs Shire have now produced over 50 booklets of
this size and format, ranging from groups such as we have here, The
Pieridae, to single individuals, as The Starling; in size and range from
parasitic worms to seals. I have studied some of these and as a general
introduction to various aspects of botany and zoology feel that a
collection of them serves a far better introduction to the subject than do
many of the expensive, large and more generalised books on the market.
If one’s interest is only on the one group, then one does not want a book
that is wide-ranging, nor necessarily one that is fully comprehensive.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 191

That can come later as one’s interest and enthusiasm increases. Although
much is left out (variation, detailed distribution and life-histories), this is
often available elswehere and is not required in the first instance by
members of the general public who may be starting to become interested
as naturalists. It is always as well to bear in mind at whom a particular
series Of books is being aimed. Well displayed and publicised in many
shops and outlets visited by the public, this series is an excellent
introduction to a particular natural history subject, whatever it may be,
and is probably doing more to bring about a public awareness of animal
and plant life than are many far more erudite tomes and conservation
bodies.

S.A.C,

A CHANCE TO HELP SAVE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST:
PROGRAMME FOR BELIZE

by John A. Burton

Self-governing since 1964 and an independent nation since 1981, Belize
has a long tradition of stable government going back through its years as
the former British Honduras. It is a place of great natural beauty with a
rich heritage of Mayan, African, Hispanic, Caribbean and European
cultures.

Largely covered by tropical forests, the country teems with wildlife...
jaguars, hundreds of species of birds and a flora and fauna larger than
one would expect in a country of only 8800 square miles, roughly the size
of New Hampshire.

At this moment Belize has its natural resource base virtually intact. It
has 90% of its original vegetation cover, 70% of which is forest. Its
barrier reef — the second largest in the world — is largely unspoiled.
Astonishingly, there is a population of less than 200,000, with a literacy
rate of 90%. The government is keenly aware of the need to plan ahead.
This means Belize has an unparalleled opportunity for sustained yield
development of its resources, while at the same time preserving and
managing critical natural areas.

There are many places in the world needing positive action, but it is
increasingly important to focus on projects with realistic chances to
achieve something of lasting value. Belize is just such a place. Here there
is both the opportunity and the desire to do it right. They are willing, but
they need help. There is time. . . but not very much.

Without question one of the earth’s most valuable resources, the
regions of tropical forest are under enormous pressure and indeed are
threatened with obliteration. Home to 60% of the world’s plant and
animal species and the near majority of human population, this 6% of

192 OCTOBER 1989

earth’s surface is being damaged at a horrendous rate. We have already
destroyed more than one half of the tropical forests, and at the current
rate of destruction of 50 acres per minute, less than quarter will remain
by the year 2000. The importance of this to our future is just being
realised.

In January of 1988, a consortium of international organisations,
including existing conservation and education groups within the country,
announced the formation of the Programme for Belize. Each
organisation had projects or interests in Belize or strong interests in
tropical forests, and each recognised the need for a co-operative and co-
ordinated approach.

The primary goal of the Programme was to respond to the invitation
of the Governement of Belize to participate directly in the effort to link
development and conservation in ways that advance the objectives of
both while building the economy and helping Belizeans achieve a better
standard of living.

No less important was the goal of acquiring for future generations a
superb tract of tropical forest to demonstrate that such a property can be
kept intact and generate significant economic return as it is properly
utilized for natural history and archeological tourism, long term research
and appropriate agro-forestry projects.

Additional goals included continued efforts to sustain and enlarge the
capacity of existing private sector organisations to educate and to
influence public policy on conservation matters. Last but not least was
the expectation that the Programme would promptly describe the
funding needed to accomplish its aims and launch a campaign outside
Belize to raise the money.

The Programme for Belize was launched in this country on 8th May,
by Gerald Durrell and his wife, Lee. Also present at the launch were the
Hon. Dean Lindo, Minister of Agriculture and Environment in Belize
and His Excellency Sir Edney Cain, the High Commissioner for Belize,
based in London. The Programme also has the support of Dr David
Bellamy and Sir David Attenborough along with many other eminent
conservationists.

Initiated in 1988 by the Massachusetts Audubon Society, the
Programme is now a legal entity in Belize, and works closely with the
Belizean Government and the local people. Earlier this year I was
appointed the UK Representative for the Programme and am responsible
for fund-raising in Great Britain and the Commonwealth. Formerly
Executive Secretary of the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society I have
the support of the FFPS, as well as the UK branch of the International
Council for Bird Protection, the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust,

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 193

the Zoological Society of London and the recently established ARK
Trust. Other supporters include World Wildlife Fund, National
Audubon Societies and the New York Zoological Society in the USA.

The Programme for Belize offers everyone a unique opportunity to
save a magnificent tract of tropical rainforest, containing a wealth of
wildlife. There are five species of cats, ranging in size from the
diminutive margay to the mighty jaguar; over 250 species of birds have
already been indentified on the property and there are many endangered
species including both spider and howler monkeys, Morelet’s crocodile
and Baird’s tapir. Around 70% of the migratory song birds found in
North America spend the winter in Belize and adjacent parts of Central
America. For the entomologist the rainforest is a paradise.

For £25 you can ‘“‘purchase’’ and endow an acre of this rainforest. A
target of £150,000 has been set in the UK for 1989 and this got off to a
flying start when 7oday newspaper donated £25,000. But we need your
acres too. Donations can be as large or as small as you wish — we are
encouraging companies to sponsor larger areas and helping school
children raise money for an acre, through jumble sales etc.

All donors will receive a signed certificate of ‘‘purchase’’ and news
updates from time to time. Please support us by sending a donation, or
asking for further particulars to Programme for Belize, P.O. Box 99,
Saxmundham, Suffolk IP17 2LB, UK.

BOOK REVIEW

A key to the adults of British water beetles by L. E. Friday pp.151;
numerous figures, small 4to. An AIDGAP publication. Field Studies
Council 1988. Price (post inclusive) hardback £12.50; paperback £7.50.
Available from Nettlecombe Court, Williton, Taunton, Somerset
TA4 4HT.

This latest in the AIDCAP series of identification keys ranks as one of
the best yet. Although titled ‘‘water-beetles’’ the work embraces several
families not principally noted for their aquatic habits.This is an
eminently practical approach which will enable the beginner to detect
Donacia or similar genera likely to be encountered whilst pond-netting.
In such cases identification is usually to genus or family only (e.g. the
Curculionidae), but references are given for further guidance.

The introductory remarks on structure, collecting and even the use of
the keys have been kept to a minimum and the bulk of the work is taken
up by the keys themselves. A family key gives access to fourteen families

194 OCTOBER 1989

of which the nine main aquatic groups are dealt with further. These keys
are excellently presented with numerous clear line illustrations adjacent
to the relevant couplet. Advice on the best means of observing difficult
characters is frequently given with notes on the preparation of genitalia
where this is necessary. There are some very useful tables comparing
critical features in genera such as Agabus, Helophorus and Hydroporus.
There are also descriptive colour guides to the smaller species amongst
the Colymbetinae, Dytiscinae and Hydroporinae, added as appendices
after the keys. All of these increase the chance of a correct determination
in these often difficult groups.

The final section of the book gives distribution and _ habitat
information in a compact account which serves also as the species’
checklist and index. I felt that with only a single half-column line for
each species the information had been rather over-condensed.

However this can be the only minor quibble with a volume that will
otherwise be indispensable to fresh-water biologists or coleopterists at
every level. EG:

WHY NOT EAT WOGAN?

by Don McNamara (5537)

Members may have seen the T.W. Show (BBC TV) in early ’89 featuring
Dick Vane-Wright of the BM (NH), where he attempted light-heartedly
to present the topic of ‘‘Why Not Eat Insecis?”’

No doubt an idea for amusement but surely containing some
potentially revolutionary ideas and worthy of consideration (mass
reproductive potential of a valuable protein source — locusts etc.),
though don’t tell the Min. of Ag. and Truth, they’d probably cock it up.

However ‘‘El Tel’’, whose job, after all, is to entertain, ‘“‘hammed-it-
up’’ so much that Dick could hardly finish a sentence — let alone get any
decent points across. Perhaps ‘‘Blue Peter’’ would have been a better
venue.

BUTTERFLIES IN THE GARDEN
by Paul Wright

As much as we like to see our efforts in the garden rewarded with healthy
blooming plants, most of us would agree there is an added pleasure when
birds and other creatures are attracted to, and choose to stay in, the
natural environment that we have created or enhanced.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 195

One of these creatures which is harmless to both plants and people and
provides both colour and life in our gardens is the butterfly.

In Australia there are some 385 different species of indigenous
butterflies and these can differ from area to area, forming subspecies or
geographical races. The region richest in species is the north Queensland
rainforests, north of Mackay, where the largest and most colourful
butterflies are found. The southern part of the continent and Tasmania
have fewer species, though still distinctively coloured and easily
identifiable, but many are temperate forms which do not occur anywhere
else. Most of the interior is too dry to have many butterflies.

During the winter, butterflies are generally dormant and humidity is
more crucial than temperature, so most butterfly species tend to be more
active during summer rains in the temperate regions or the wet season in
the tropical north.

There are two ways of attracting butterflies to your garden. One is to
supply the adult butterfly with its main food source, i.e. nectar from
flowers, the other is to plant the food or “‘host’’ plant upon which the
butterfly lays its eggs and the resultant caterpillar feeds.

The best flowers to plant are Pentas. They flower all year round and
the actual flower throat always contains a good quantity of nectar. Penta
grows as a small bush and plants may be readily purchased from
nurseries throughout Australia.

Pentas flowers bloom in a wide range of colours and as all are ultra-
violet bright, you may choose any colours to please your sense of
aesthetics and overall garden theme, while attracting any number of
butterflies to feed on the colourful flowers.

Pentas is fairly hardy and likes uninterrupted sun. However, in times
of prolonged rain, the plant can develop a fungal disease which turns the
leaves slimy and shrivelled. This problem is simply overcome by the
application of the fungicide Benlate. Benlate is non-toxic to butterflies
and will quickly cure any fungal diseased Pentas plant.

There are, of course many other plants and flowers which attract
butterflies, but none have the all-round advantages of Pentas for fast
growth, constant flowering and good nectar production.

In southern and western Australia there are a number of attractive
butterflies and two of the most striking are the Orchard and the
Monarch. The Orchard (Papilio ageus ageus) caterpillar feeds on any
type of citrus leaf, so if you have planted orange, lemon or grapefruit
trees, these would attract the female Orchard butterflies to lay her eggs.
The caterpillars only eat a few leaves on the tree and will not touch the
fruit. The female Orchard is a large butterfly and is quite colourful,
though predominantly black and white with beautiful red and blue spots

196 OCTOBER 1989

on her hind wings. The male is slightly smaller and is jet black with vivid
white patches on his wings.

The Monarch or Wanderer (Danaus plexippus) is originally a North
American butterfly which arrived in Australia late last century. It is quite
large and its predominant colour is bright orange with black veins and
white spots on the wing margins. The Monarch caterpillar’s food plants
are milkweed and the Swan plant. Milkweed is something you are
unlikely to request from your nursery, as its name suggests it is actually a
weed, however, Swan plants are more likely to be available.

For gardeners living along Australia’s eastern seaboard, the number of
butterfly species increases dramatically, and the further north one goes,
the more spectacular the butterflies become. One of the most well-known
is the striking, electric-blue and black Ulysses (Papilio ulysses), also
called the Mountain Blue; its range is the forests from Mackay to Cape
York and the caterpillars feed on the leaves of the Euodia trees.

Almost as brilliant in colour and much further ranging is the Blue
Triangle (Graphium sarpedon). Found from Sydney to Cape York, it is
bright blue with black edges on the definite triangular shaped fore and
hind wings. The Blue Triangle caterpillar lives on camphor laurel, water
gum, Oliver’s sassafras amongst others.

There is a true fascination with butterflies and with over 380 different
species it would be difficult to detail each species’ characteristics and
preference in food plants.

Kuranda, in Far North Queensland, in the mountain rainforests
overlooking Cairns, is recognised as the principal region for butterflies in
Australia. It is here that developer and self-taught lepidopterist Paul
Wright has established the Australian Butterfly Sanctuary. The
Sanctuary is not only a tourist attraction exhibiting hundreds of
spectacular tropical butterflies, live in their natural rainforest habitat,
enclosed by the world’s largest, walk-through flight aviary, but also a
study centre researching and breeding many of the species. Keen
gardeners visiting the Far North should take the opportunity to visit the
Sanctuary and enjoy the lush rainforest environment and unique plant-
life while observing the wonderful display put on by the butterflies.

For those wishing to find out more about Australian butterflies, their
range and preferred foodplants of the various species, Paul Wright has
available a beautifully detailed poster/reference, simply called
‘‘Australian Butterflies’’, which is published by Domino UK, but
primarily available from the Australian Butterfly Sanctuary, Kuranda,
Queensland.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 197

AN EXPEDITION TO SPAIN AND EASTERN FRANCE, 1987

by P. W. Cribb (2270)

On 7th July we, David Marshall and myself, sailed from Portsmouth
with my Dodge camper van at 11.30 pm by Britannia Ferries, sleeping in
reclining chairs, very uncomfortable. We arrived at Caen port, some
miles north of Caen, at 6 am and then drove off via Caen southwards
towards Bordeaux. By evening we had reached Pons, north of Bordeaux,
where we camped at the municipal camp site. As the sun was setting,
David and I walked out of the town to where the main road, newly
constructed, ran through a cutting. The banks were quite thick with
marjoram and I spotted several Large blues roosting on the grasses by
the roadside. In a small meadow below the road there were quite a few
more roosting and we put them up as we walked through the long grass. I
went back to the campsite for nets and we were able to take several
specimens, one of which was male and aberration unicolor. Also present
were T. /ineola and P. icarus.

On the morning of the 9th we left to drive through the Landes towards
the town of Pau, taking the road leading to Col du Portalet. As we drove
into the mountains we entered thick mist which reduced visibility to
about fifty yards until we came over the top of the Col where we came
out into sunshine. Below the Col we took the road leading to Balneario di
Panticosa to the east of the pass and commenced to climb a narrow and
tortuous road which culminated in a cirque at the foot of which was a
lake with the small village of Balneario beside it. It is obviously a place to
which trippers come as there were several coach-loads of senior citizens
present. We pulled off onto a flat area just short of the village to camp
for the night.

Next morning in bright sunshine, which quickly cleared the mists, we
explored the slopes above the lake. P. apollo was common and we were
able to take females for egg laying. Then on a dwarf sallow we found two
groups of larvae of N. antiopa in their penultimate instar. Also observed
were P. machaon, at 7,000 ft, A. crataegi, P. rapae, L. sinapis, P.
daplidice, A. cardamines, G. rhamni, P. callidice, M. aglaia, A. urticae,
B. euphrosyne, M. didyma, M. parthenoides, E. meolans, E. epiphron
pyranaica, L. megera, L. maers, M. galathea, P. tithonus, M. jurtina, L.
bellargus, P. argus, M. alcon, E. eumedon, P. hippothoe, L. tityrus
subalpina, H. alciphron, L. virgaureae and O. venata.

Here we had our first and only meeting with the Spanish police as two
of them drove up to ask us what we were doing and inspected our
passports. All was quite amicable and after lunch we drove down the
winding road back to the main road leading towards Huesca and
Zaragossa. Much of the lowlands which had previously been fairly wild

198 OCTOBER 1989

were now ploughed and planted with grain crops, most of which seemed
of low quality with fairly poor levels of germination. Near Calatayud we
stopped and had a look at local species, finding B. circe males, H.
alcyone, P. icarus, I. lathonia, P. cecilia, M. galathea and a few M.
stellatarum.

We camped the night in a rock quarry beyond Calatayud where we
observed a family of Black wheaters which were catching insects in the
quarry and feeding them to their young. Next morning we drove on
towards Madrid and turned south at Alcala de Henares toward the
village of Loeches. Just beyond the village in a valley beside the road
where there were olive plantations we stopped and crossed the valley to
search the bushes of Colutea arborescens which were growing on the dry
slopes above. Only a few still had pods which had not dried out and in
these we found larvae of L. boeticus and pupae of an Apanteles wasp. It
was extremely hot and few butterflies were on the wing and we found
that those that were present were resting in the shade of the trees. H.
fidia was quite common and we recorded G. cleopatra, A. cramera, P.
icarus and L. boeticus, P. cecilia, M. jurtina, C. croceus and some
migrating specimens of P. daplidice.

The heat had become oppressive so we decided to make for the
mountains, the Sierra de Cuenca, and drove north-east, taking the road
towards the village of Tragacete.

This led into the mountains, passing a huge lake and then climbing up
into the mountains dense with pine forest. Above the village of Una we
stopped beside clearings on the roadside and found them to be alive with
butterflies in the evening sunshine. The time was 6 pm yet everything was
on the wing. The species which we recorded included P. rapae, C.
australis, C. crocea, A. crataegi, P. daplidice, G. rhamni, F.
chlorodippe, A. paphia, M. aglaia, B. hecate, B. ino, M. phoebe, M.
parthenoides, M. didyma, A. urticae, C. cardui, I. lathonia, C. briseis,
1, alcyone, H. semele, M. lachesis, M. russiae, H. lupinus, P. bathseba,
B. circe, C. dorus, C. arcania, A. damon, L. bellargus, P. icarus, A.
montensis, L. albicans, P. argus, P. dorylas (syn. argester), P. nivescens,
L. phleas, H. alciphron, L. coelestissima, S. sertorius, S. proto, T.
actaeon and H. comma. Both H. alcyone and H. semele were present in
thousands, several perching on the boles of the small pine trees. I took
one extreme aberration of F. chlorodippe

Eventually we arrived at the village of Una where we stopped for a
beer and found some Colutea bushes full of fresh pods upon which L.
boeticus was laying her eggs. The flowers were spattered with eggs and
there were small larvae also present. Just outside the village lies a fish
farm which breeds thousands of rainbow trout and here we camped for
the night beside the car park in front of the farm. No sooner had we

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 199

sorted ourselves out when a huge storm broke with torrential rain and
thunder and lightning. Behind the pools of the fish farm which is fed bya
stream coming down the valley there is a spectacular gorge of reddish
rock, and in the morning we hoped to collect here as Martin Gascoigne-
Pees had told me that this was a very good spot.

The morning broke with brilliant sunshine and we went up the valley
to the area immediately under the cliffs. There were lots of tall thistles
and clumps of brambles which were attracting masses of butterflies. All
the species which we had seen the evening before above the town were
present plus a few extras. These included a lot of L. roboris in good
condition, P. c-album, L. reducta in plenty, N. polychloros and a single
female M. deione, and a lot of B. daphne which swarmed on the
brambles.

After spending some time here and watching the antics of some large
edible frogs in a pool formed by the stream, we went back and inspected
the trout farm. There were round pools with trout ranging from small fry
to huge specimens of several pounds, while in long tanks there were
thousands of medium fish which rushed towards us as we approached,
anticipating a meal. The farm attendant was feeding some of the pools
with trout pellets. As we came out we met two Spaniards who had driven
up in a car and produced butterfly nets. The younger man could speak
English quite well and we were able to exchange notes. He suggested that
we should try the countryside near to Tragacete which he said was rich
in butterflies. We drove along the valley of the river Jucar and then
north to Tragacete where we were able to fill up with petrol after the lady
keeping the petrol station came back from her siesta. The sun was now
very hot and we drove back south a short distance from the village to
collect in some meadows beside the road. There was a lot of field
scabious in flower and these were literally smothered in butterflies, most
of which we had seen at Una. L. reducta was very common, the females
being in perfect condition. David took some of these and subsequently
managed to get them to lay on bush honeysuckle shoots placed in a
plastic ice-cream tub covered with netting. They remained alive for the
rest of the trip, in marked contrast to our experience with L. camilla which
seems to die very quickly in captivity.

While we were there our Spanish friends arrived and after exchanging
greetings we left to drive back to the Cuenca/Teruel road at Canete. The
road to Moscardon via Toril appeared to be closed as it was
unsignposted and we took the much longer way round via Torre Baja
and short of Teruel we drove off the road into maquis-like country where
we decided to spend the night, the sun now being well down. Near the site
we chose were a lot of beehives, some of which were made of hollowed
out tree trunks.

200 OCTOBER 1989

In the morning the weather was still fine and we had a short look
around, recording S. sertorious, S. proto and T. actaeon. In brilliant
sunshine we by-passed Teruel and took the road to Albarracin to stop
just below the tunnel above Gea de Albarracin. Here we found P. prieuri
to be common along the roadside and several were of the female form
uhagonis. With them were a few P. briseis and also flying were a few L.
albicans, H. lycaon and C. australis and croceus. The little meadow which
in previous years had been so fruitful in blues was now ploughed and
devoid of butterflies. Passing through Albarracin, we took the road to
Moscardon and drove into the valley where there is now a series of
barbecue stands and there were a lot of trippers preparing meals on
them. We stopped and walked across to the spring which is now piped
and filled our water botties. We drove up to the end of the valley where
in past years the valley and its little stream have produced an abundance
of butterfly species.When we got there we found that a wide forest road
had been driven up the valley, completely destroying the stream and a lot
of the habitat. It was also noticeable that the whole area was much more
heavily grazed than in the past and we could find little on the wing in the
surrounding clearings which had once been so rich in species. The
Hippocrepis carpet which had been the basis for the large population of
Lysandra species was eaten to the ground and it was obvious that sheep
had been present in large numbers. In previous visits the area had been
grazed by cattle.

We decided to move on and drove through Moscardon on the new
forest road towards Torres de Albarracin. Here, by the roadside, we
camped the night in the spot which Russell Bretherton, Ron Dyson,
Howard Phelps and David Lonsdale and I had camped on our previous
trip. On that occasion the place abounded in butterflies but despite a
sunny evening there was little on the wing.

The morning of the 13th broke dull and overcast so we drove down
through Torres and then back towards the meadows at Griegos. After
buying some post-cards at Bronchales and finding that the post office did
not open on Mondays, we drove out towards the meadows near Griegos.
Here we were again in for a disappointment. The meadows, so rich in
species in previous years, were also heavily grazed and those in the valley
beyond were in the process of being ploughed with a new dirt road
having been driven in to allow machinery to reach them. Only the wet
bottom land seemed to have been left ungrazed and here there were lots
of B. ino. David took a fine female aberration. We wandered up the road
and collected several species of burnet moth on the flower heads and one
or two P. apollo. We heard an eagle calling from the high pine trees
above the road and after entering the trees we spotted an eagle’s nest in
the top of a tall pine. As we approached, a young eagle flew from the
nest and settled on the branch of a nearby tree. I was able to take a

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 201

distant photograph of it and the glasses indicated that it was a young
short-toed eagle. The parents continued to call and fly around while we
were there.

At the end of the afternoon we drove back to the pine forest nearer to
Bronchales and camped for the night. Heavy cloud had now blown up
and we were obviously in for rain. As we had supper a shepherd
appeared with a huge flock of sheep and four mangey dogs which
skulked around the camper. I threw a stale loaf to one which it crept up
to and carried off. There was a spring (fuente) on the far side of the
clearing and I watched the shepherd drink from this, along with the dogs,
before he walked in the rain away up the valley with his sheep.

In the mcrning we drove back towards Orihuela and entered the village
to buy bread and find the post office. The post office was found at last
and we entered. A winding stair was inside the door and we had climbed
about three storeys before a man came out on one of the landings and
indicated that the post office was on the ground floor. We went down
and he unlocked the door and proceeded to stick stamps on our cards.
He worked out the cost twice on a calculator and then on a piece of
paper. We paid the necessary pesetas which he put in a drawer and took
our cards. He then wanted to know why David had not paid him and was
only convinced that he had after re-opening the drawer and seeing his
notes. One wonders how he would cope in an English post office. We
then drove back to collect in the little hidden valley below Orihuela where
I had once taken J. iolas. Here again a wide forest road had been driven
up the valley above the stream and this had not changed. There were a lot
of H. alciphron of both sexes, also C. iphioides, P. nivescens, a few P.
apollo and all the large fritillaries, including P. pandora. There were
spotted orchids in profusion, and we were able to enjoy a sunny
morning.

We then drove back towards Orihuela and took the road towards
Orea. At a stop by the roadside I spotted a pair of Hornet clearwings in
copula on a poplar trunk and the female subsequently laid a mass of
eggs. These were loose and looked like the seeds of tobacco. We
approached Orea and noticed some large P. apollo on some thistle heads
by the road. We stopped to take one or two females and some
photographs when a thunderstorm broke above us with torrential rain.
After a while the rain stopped and the sun came out. We found that the
Apollos were still sitting on the thistle heads with their wings open so that
the rain had run off them. Here I also took a single specimen of P.
amandus, a perfect male.

The road wound on through the Sierras towards the town of Molina de
Arragon, a walled town on the side of a hill. In indifferent weather we
continued and eventually were able to pull off the road into a barley field

202 OCTOBER 1989

C. prieuri near Albarracin July 1987.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 203

on a high plateau. The grain was so thin that one could walk through it
without treading on the barley. There were a lot of quail calling and the
evening sunset framed by the clouds was quite spectacular. We were no
sooner bunked down for the night when a huge blast of wind struck the
van, rocking it and for the rest of the night we experienced a heavy
storm. The village below us was called Medinacelli. On the morning of
the 15th we woke to grey skies and watched several large vultures
flapping across the plateau. We left in the direction of Soria and with
fitful sunshine we stopped at the village of Abejar beyond Soria to collect
by the roadside behind the village on the road to the Black Lake. I was
able to take a few fresh specimens of Aricia morronensis which were
flying around their foodplant, a pink storksbill. We then drove on
towards the lake in the hope of finding the spot where Col.Manley had
taken M. nausithous but we found that the lake had been taken over by
campers, wind-surfers and other aquatic activities and it is unlikely that
any suitable habitat remains. After lunch we left for Burgos and then
took the road northwards towards the coast.

At Portilla del Fresno we took the road to Sedano to the site where we
had camped on our previous trip. Although a new road for forestry work
had been driven along the southern side of the valley and there was a lot
of new planting of pines, the area had not changed and in the cool
evening we walked along the new track which was thick with new
vegetation, including a lot of field scabious of two species, one with a
broad indented leaf and the other with a heavily divided leaf, the parts of
the leaf being filiform. The former seemed to be the main foodplant for
E. desfontainii and we found a lot of webs with young larvae. David also
found some on the latter plant. In the fitful evening sunshine I also
recorded quite a few species of butterfly roosting on the grasses. These
included C. croceus and C. australis, of which I took females for egg-
laying, M. russiae and M. lachesis, P. podalirius, P. argester, A. ripartii,
P. argus, M. jurtina, and A. damon. We also found a lot of arctiid larvae
and some small larvae in a web feeding on Euphorbia. It rained hard in
the night and the morning was again overcast. The wind was cold from
the south-west and it was obvious that there would be nothing on the
wing.

We decided to drive on towards the Picos and at the village of
Escalada we took the road towards the west along the valley of the Ebro.
The river runs through a spectacular gorge with high cliffs on each side.
Above these cliffs we watched as many as sixteen vultures at one time
soaring — a spectacular display. With the weather still not improving, we
drove on through Aguilar de Campo and Cervera de Pisguera towards
the village of Riano on the River Esla. Just short of the village we were
stopped by police who indicated that there was some impediment ahead.

204 OCTOBER 1989

As we approached the village we saw heavy smoke and bulldozers which
were knocking down the houses. There were police everywhere and we
were witnessing the destruction of the village in readiness for the
flooding of the valley above the dam which had been built many years
earlier. Above the valley is a new road on high stilts and we were diverted
towards this and the beginning of the Puerto de Ponton. As we passed
under the viaduct a load of cement fell from it onto the van, partly
obscuring the windscreen. Fortunately it did no damage and we drove on
in the heavy drizzle up the pass to stop and camp by the side of the river.
In the rain I tried to attract a trout with some grasshopers as bait but
without success and we went to bed, somewhat fed up with the weather.

(to be continued)

MIGRATION OF MOTHS WITHIN THE FARMLAND
ECOSYSTEM

New Scientific Initiative: Project funded under the AFRC/ESRC/NERC
Joint Agriculture and Environment Programme.

The project will involve the study of movement and the genetic and
spatial variability of moth populations within the farmland ecosystem
using light trap data and novel molecular/biochemical markers. The
main objectives of the study are to provide new techniques for
quantifying insect movement and to investigate the mobility of non-pest
insects at a scale relevant to conservation 1n the farmland ecosystem.

Posts are available for a period of three years at Scientific Officer,
Assistant Scientific Officer and Technician level. Applicants with an
interest in insect ecology/genetics, a knowledge of British moths and/or
biochemical techniques will be particularely welcome. A full driving
licence is essential for all posts. Starting salaries within the range £5,400
-£10,893 depending on qualifications.

For further details contact Dr H. Loxdale or I. Woiwod, Dept of
Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Arable Crops Research,
Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts ALS 2JQ. Tel:
05827 63133.

Published 15 October 1989 by the Amateur Entomologists’ Society
355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth, Feltham, Middlesex.
Printed by Cravitz Printing Co. Ltd., 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA.

Williamson Park

Lancaster

The
Butterfly
House

A glorious variety of butterflies — free,
flying, feeding and breeding. The Butterfly
House /s also a nursery, not only for rare
and beautiful plants, shrubs and trees, but
also for some of the more exotic and rarely
seen butterflies and moths.

555

i

Ataorry

||] saeaeeae

=|

Memorial

1987 Opening Times and Charges

Open daily 11 am to 5 pm until 30
September.

Remainder of the year open Saturday and
Sunday from 2 pm until 5pm.

Weekdays by prior booking for parties only.
Memorial ground floor and Life of Lord
Ashton Exhibition is free.

Viewing Gallery Adults 20p Child/
Concession 10p.

The Edwardians Adults 80p Child/
Concession 40p.

The Butterfly House Adults £1.50 Child/
Concession 75p.

The Butterfly House, Williamson Park, Lancaster LA1 1UX. Telephone: 0524 33318. G. W. Wheatley FRES Telephone: (0524) 66505

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COME ALONG and lend a hand at our 37 acre nature reserve located on
the Dingle Peninsula, Co. Kerry!

MEMBERSHIP ENQUIRIES: Tim A. Lavery, ‘‘Country Watch”, Farnes,
Castlemaine, Co. Kerry, Ireland.

BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

A FIELD GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA
2nd Revised Edition

Edited by A.M. Emmet, 1988.

This useful and popular book has now been enlarged and updated. The
second edition follows closely the format of its predecessor, giving life
histories of about 1500 species recorded as British. The nomenclature
has been brought up to date. Over 35 species added to the British list
since the 1979 edition are included. Much more information about the life
histories is incorporated. There is an index of foodplants, making it
possible quickly to identify larvae found or to narrow the choice to a
small number of species.

This book is essential to the field worker interested in Microlepidoptera.

Paperback £18 (£12 BENHS members)
Casebound (£22.50) (£15 BENHS members)
(p. & p. £1.50, overseas £2.50)
These and all other BENHS publications are available from
the Sales Secretary: Mr N.A. Callow,
25 Cranes Park Avenue, Surbiton, Surrey KT5 8BS.

Williamson Park

Lancaster

Aol Ae at ISU S Sea a atc

The
Butterfly
House

A glorious variety of butterflies — free,

Sf

flying, feeding and breeding. The Butterfly eee AY cnaaes
House /s also a nursery, not only for rare Sinn saute
and beautiful plants, shrubs and trees, but == pieqes auenoe

also for some of the more exotic and rarely
seen butterflies and moths.

Ashton

Memorial

1987 Opening Times and Charges

Open daily 11 am to 5 pm until 30
September.

Remainder of the year open Saturday and
Sunday from 2 pm until 5pm.

Weekdays by prior booking for parties only.
Memorial ground floor and Life of Lord
Ashton Exhibition is free.

Viewing Gallery Adults 20p Child/
Concession 10p.

The Edwardians Adults 80p Child/
Concession 40p.

The Butterfly House Adults £1.50 Child/
Concession 75p.

The Butterfly House, Williamson Park, Lancaster LA1 1UX. Telephone: 0524 33318. G. W. Wheatley FRES Telephone: (0524) 66505

SEUM
f (NATURAL pelle

Lo

| BRITISH MUS!

PURCH cee ‘
fNTOM auld sai |

AES BULLETIN mae
No. 357 ihe “

4 “0. ha ~
rj bas fo oa
on ier ak 8
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EDITORIAL

Keeping up with changes in nomenclature is no easy task, particularly for
an editor. Should he, or should he not, follow every change of fashion as
and when it is promulgated? Be like the Vicar of Bray and change his
allegiance at every passing ‘‘expert’’ opinion? Or should he stick to his
principles, stick to an already existing taxonomic list and, rightly or
wrongly, stay with it throughout his period of editorship? Whichever
choice he selects there will be those who disagree with his choice and
pressure or directives from those publishing or financing the journal he
edits will also have an influence.

For over 50 years I have known the Large, Small and Green-veined
white butterflies to be in the genus Pieris. For some ten years now it has
been argued and gradually accepted that the Small and Green-veined
white butterflies be removed from Pieris and placed in the genus
Artogeia. Just as I have got used to this ruling and carefully altered the
generic name in papers sent me, what do I now find? That the latest
carefully researched opinion of the taxonomists is that the use of
Artogeia for these butterflies is untenable and they should revert back
into the genus Pieris.

I have now come to a couple of conclusions. The first is that the Inter-
national Committee on Zoological Nomenclature should be encouraged
to widen the scope of names that should, because of regular and
sustained usage, be retained. Surely, both in view of its nearly 200 years
of use and the fact that there exists a vast literature on these species, a
directive of retention should have been made to prevent the confusion
that the use of Artogeia will already have caused.

The second conclusion is that having selected to follow a particular
already-published list of names, then no journal should be allowed to
take any notice of name changes, which are so very often a matter of
opinion rather than fact, until at least ten or twenty years have elapsed
and the change has either been reliably confirmed, or again rejected. A

206 DECEMBER 1989

good example of changing name-changes is the case of the Dark green
fritillary. In my life-time it has been Argynnis aglaia, Mesoacidalia
aglaja, Mesoacidalia charlotta and now I again see it as Argynnis aglaja!
Note the alternative use of ‘1’ or ‘j’. Which is correct? In the original
description by Linnaeus ‘j’ was used, but at that time printing usage was
to make them interchangeable while modern usage is to ‘fix’ on the one
or the other. Victorian and later usage was to ‘fix’ on the ‘i’, while
modern opinion feels we should revert to the original, possibly
accidental, use of ‘j’.

EYED HAWKMOTH AT WATERLOO STATION
by D. A. Booth (8524)

On 26th June 1989 at about 5.20 pm, I was (as on any normal working
day) mounting the steps leading up to platforms 5 and 6 at Waterloo
Station in order to catch my home-bound train. Out of the corner of my
eye I half saw an unusual shape on the riser of one of the steps. I looked
again and discovered sitting there a large female Eyed hawkmoth
(Smerinthus ocellata) in fine condition.

Amazed that she had already managed to survive at ground level
(since, presumably, the previous dusk) through two rush hours at one of
the busiest main line stations (it was not a Wednesday!) I was worried
that the odds were against her further survival. I therefore gently
encouraged her onto my finger and manouvred her into my document
case for the journey home to Surbiton.

On getting indoors I discovered that she had laid three eggs, so I
quickly sent out my young son to get a willow twig from nearby. Within
ten or fifteen minutes she had deposited a further 30 eggs onto the twig.
At dusk I placed her on the branch of the tree and the following morning
she had gone.

My first question was whether the eggs were fertile, thus indicating the
existence of a colony within the area and my second was what would the
larvae feed on, as the only trees in the vicinity did not appear to include
willow trees. The answer came quite quickly with 32 larvae hatching on
Sth July at almost exactly the same time of day as they had been laid. I
offered them willow and happily they took to it.

It seems to me that the prophets of doom and gloom are now some
way from the mark if a successful colony of Eyed hawkmoths can exist at
Waterloo, London SE1 in this supposed polluted City. My opinion was
further fortified on the 7th July when an Old lady moth (Mormo maura)
in perfect condition had to be shepherded out of the Abbey National
Building Society branch in Queen Street, EC4, in the centre of the City of
London on Friday 7th July.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 207

GYNANDROMORPHS OF THE STICK INSECT HETEROPTERYX
DILATATA

by Paul D. Brock (4792)

Summary

Two captive gynandromorphs of the West Malaysian stick-insect
Heteropteryx dilatata (Parkinson) are described and illustrated. One
specimen in particular shows mostly male characteristics, whereas the
other is almost a halved gynandromorph. A discussion section links one
specimen with a similar gynandromorph described in the literature, and
points out that gynandromorph characteristics can be identified during
early nymphal stages.

Introduction

Gynandromorphism is the presence in one sex of characteristics
belonging to the other sex. These abnormal insects are known in a
number of orders (Imms 1925). Examples have rarely been recorded in
the Phasmatodea, viz. from the _ stick-insects Clonopsis_ gallica
(Charpentier) (Chopard 1918, Cappe de Baillon et de Vichet 1935),
Carausius morosus (de Sinéty) Nachtsheim 1923), Extatosoma tiaratum
(MacLeay), (Rumbucher 1975, Carlberg 1981); and in the leaf-insect
Phyllium bioculatum (Gray) (Ziegler 1989).

In this paper two examples of gynandromorph specimens of the West
Malaysian stick-insect Heteropteryx dilatata (Parkinson) are described.
A preliminary account of those gynandromorphs has been published by
Holloway (1988).

Material and methods —

H. dilatata is now a popular pet, in Britain and Europe in particular and
exhibits aggressive behaviour in captivity (Carlberg — in press). Stock
was originally imported as eggs from the Cameron Highlands, West
Malaysia in the early 1980s and inter-bred with stocks from other
cultures. Both insects described were reared in the same generation by
Michael Lazenby and Frances Holloway (London). Rearing conditions
were normal — temperatures in the region of 21 - 24°C with a mixture of
bramble (Rubus sp.) and evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) as the major
foodplants. These specimens spontaneously appeared during 1988.

Normal specimens have the following coloration: —
The female is bright apple or leaf green on the upper surface, whilst the
underside is counter shaded in dark green. Rarely varies, although
mustard yellow specimens have been noted. Elytra darker green — hind-
wings (hidden by elytra) range from pink to plum. Body length normally
140-150 mm, although larger examples can reach 165 mm.

208 DECEMBER 1989

Ui pile
YY it fy
LLL y

4 /
nt

,
i)
I Fig. 1. The first gynandromorph of H. dilatata.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 209

The male is mottled brown with white or very pale green edging to the
elytra. The large hind-wings are attractively coloured in dark plum with
black markings. Body length usually in the region of 90 mm.

Gynandromorph 1.

Died October, 1988. A specimen where the male predominates, but
certain areas of the left hand side of the body clearly show female
characteristics (Fig. 1). The general shape of the insect is that of a male.
The body length is 92 mm (average) and the head like that of a typical
male. The thorax and abdomen are of mixed sexes. The very left hand
margin has the coloration of a female — apple green. Abdominal
segment 5 possesses a large spine, typical of a female. Legs on the left
hand side are slightly thicker than those on the right and partly green.
Hind-wings appear to be mostly male. Both sides have elytra the typical
size for a male (although damaged in this specimen). However, the left
side elytron has a dark green margin, which is a more typical white on the
right side elytron. The hind-wings are much reduced. The left side hind-
wing at 41 mm would normally be some 65 mm in length and it includes a
Significant transparent area without typical dark veins on the costal
region, almost absent in a normal male. The right side hind-wing is
slightly wider than the left, without such a transparent area. The hind-
wings are otherwise typical male with dark plum colouring and black
markings. The final four abdominal segments including genitalia (Fig.2)
appear to be normal male, except for traces of green colouring.

nip

Fig. 2. The genitalia of the first gynandromorph.

Gynandromorph 2.

Died January, 1989 after making seven moults. This example of a halved
gynandromorph more closely resembles the body shape of a miniature
female (Fig.3) with a body length of 95 mm. Unfortunately the insect
died after failing to make its final moult and so the wings failed to
develop to maximum length. The left hand side of the head, thorax,
abdomen, legs and wings is typically female. These female characteristics
extend to just over half of the body width and include the formation of

DECEMBER 1989

210

Fig. 3. The second gynandromorph of H. dilatata.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 211

an ovipositor. The legs are typically much thicker than those of the male
and the female half of the abdomen has spines on segments 5, 6, 7 and 8
(as in anormal female). The right hand side is completely brown, typical
male coloration, but unfortunately the wings have not developed. The
genitalia, although damaged during the moult, clearly show
characteristics of both sexes. This specimen — in its sixth instar, was
exhibited live by Michael Lazenby at the 1988 AES Exhibition.

Discussion

I have a photograph of a halved gynandromorph of H. dilatata (Michael
Yeh — personal communication) which was sold by a Malaysian insect
dealer along with at least two other gynandromorphs of the same species.
The photograph clearly shows a full-size male hind-wing on the right-
hand side, which agrees with the type of gynandromorph described by
Rumbucher (1975). Gynandromorph 2 is similar but failed to develop its
hind-wings during the final moult.

It is interesting to note when the gynandromorph characteristics first
appeared in the case of gynandromorph | it was not until the specimen’s
pre-adult instar that the green patches appeared. However,
gynandromorph 2 had an unusual appearance when newly hatched and
was considered a likely gynandromorph from the second instar stage.

Acknowledgements

I am very grateful to Michael Lazenby and Frances Holloway (fellow
members of ‘‘The Phasmid Study Group’’) for providing the specimens
described above; also to Ulf Carlberg (Nacka, Sweden) for critical
reading of the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Cappe de Baillon, P., & G. de Vichet (1935). Le male du Clonopsis gallica (Orthopt. - Phas-
midae). Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 104: 259-272.

Carlberg, U. (1981). A gynandromorph specimen of Extatosoma tiaratum (Macleay)
(Insecta: Phasmida). Zool. Anz., 207: 320-322.

Carlberg, U. (1989). Defensive stidulation in Heteropteryx dilatata (Parkinson) (Insecta:
Phasmida). Zool. Anz. (in press).

Chopard, L. (1918). Note sur un individuel hermaphrodite de Clonopsis gallica Charp.
(Orth., Phasmida). Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 43: 168-175.

Holloway, F. (1988).Note on peculiar Heteropteryx dilatata. Phasmid Study Group.
Newsletter 36: 5.

Imms, A.D. (1925) A General Textbook of Entomology. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London
(1925 and subsequent editions).

Nachtsheim, H. (1923) Parthenogenese, Gynandromorphismus und Geschlechtsbestim-
mung bei Phasmiden. Z. Ind. Abs. Vererb. 30: 287-289.

Rumbucher, K. )1975) Zwei interessante Phasmiden-Gynander. Ent. Z. 85: 177-178.

Ziegler, U. (1989). Ein gynandromorphes Exemplar von Phyllium bioculatum (Gray)
(Phasmida). Ent. Z. 99: 30-32.

212 DECEMBER 1989

BOOK REVIEW
How to keep stick insects by M. Byron. A4, pp.20, illustrated. Fitzgerald
Publications, 1989. Price £2.00.
This is a handy book for those wishing to breed stick insects, and who
have had little or no previous experience. There are sections on
physiology, choosing stick insects, care of eggs and nymphs, and
housing. The species’ descriptions include all the common ones, with a
very useful table distinguishing the three Eurycantha species usually
available in Britain. Distribution maps are given, as well as drawings of
eggs, nymphs, adults and, for most of the nine or so species, the male
and female genitalia are figured, which is very useful for specific
determination.

Altogether a good little book, although some of the drawings are
somewhat poor. It will be of use for both novice and experts alike.

D. J. Mann

ENTOMOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO MADAGASCAR

In January 1990 Louise Holloway and David Lees hope to go on an
important scientific expedition to Madagascar to study a particular moth
— Chrysirida ripheus — inhabiting the endangered rainforests. Not only
is ripheus among the world’s most spectacular and beautiful insects, it
also sequesters some chemicals effective against human viruses. Many of
the Madagascan plants and animals are endemic. As everywhere though,
the rainforests of Madagascar are disappearing at an alarming rate, and
with them hundreds of species are becoming extinct. This is a great loss
in itself, but it is a tragedy if we are also losing species of potential
importance to us (the Madagascan Rosy periwinkle is used with success
to treat leukemia). Currently, thousands of ripheus are collected from
the remaining forests to be sold in the capital’s markets for ornamental
purposes.
The expedition therefore has three aims:

1. To study the chemical ecology of C. ripheus.

2. To study the feasability of setting up a butterfly farm which would
be commercially viable, benefitting the local community and
preventing further depletion of this important moth from the wild.

3. To use ripheus as an emblem in a conservation campaign to attract
publicity and funds for the plight of the dwindling rainforests of
Madagascar.

We need to raise an absolute minimum of £3,000 to enable the
expedition to take place and are looking to businesses for sponsorship of
this important expedition. Those interested in making a contribution
should contact Louise Holloway, Benallan, Kingston, Near Lewes, East
Sussex BN7 3JY.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 213

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND FOOD-
PLANTS OF SEYCHELLOIS STICK INSECTS

by Pat Matyot (9029)

Introduction

Five species of stick insect, all endemic, have been described from the
granitic islands of the Seychelles in the western Indian Ocean. Over the
past 18 months I have encountered three species, Carausius sechellensis,
C. alluaudi, and C. gardineri in a number of localities on the island of
Mahe. Graeffea seychellensis, however, has been observed in only one
locality. In spite of my best efforts I have not found the fifth species,
Carausius scotti, on Mahé. Only one specimen of this species, a male,
was found by Hugh Scott in 1908. It was collected in high damp forest
near Mont Pot-a-eau on the island of Silhouette, which I have not yet
been able to visit.

Key to the females of Seychellois stick insects
(except Carausius scotti, the female of which has not yet been found)
1. General colour green; wings present; antennae shorter than femora of front

lesspcistunctly-artiCuUlated 2255 25...0. cenit weccecs sco eeesceee ss Graeffea seychellensis
— General colour brown; no wings; antennae much longer than femora

Oisinonglegs. notGdistinctly articulated. <.. 2.0 cc0.5..8ee se keke cede see ndesee ee cdes 2
2. Nospines or granulations; mouthparts and eyes tinged with brick-red

Tt JUNI occ ec SSS eEEria O HOR SIIHG on SBD EERE ER ETIaa” aria taris ena ann Carausius gardineri
— Spines and/or granulations on head and thorax; mouthparts and eyes

AON Sail Kone ey tan. ee, odastctlo se oae nae cece Meee nee Soke RioidislewMlc hinticieeseeooeate 3
3. Less than 10 cm in length; two spines between the eyes; eyes

MCW AS Weert ee tlacage oo Sion sink ns le Rael ea A AG dale nd MES ¥ ce aROuciesled Carausius sechellensis
— More than 10cm in length; no spines between the eyes; eyes

OIENC)S coose suite Bune ae ne CE IaH e On Oca Coe ieee SiS OR ROR AR AeA Carausius alluaudi

Key to the males of Seychellensis stick insects
1. General colour green; wings present; antennae shorter than femora of

irom legs, Gistinetly articulated. ¢....c0..05%-0ssosccse ose ces Graeffea seychellensis
— General colour not green; no wings; antennae much longer than femora

Ol? LODE IIGOAS masse ates SHS HRB oR NC sl Aa ets a nnn area gt Or rere 2
eee GCNCTAlCOIOULDIICK-LEE .5.520.sscws ces caceseoccseresse cw ce see Carausius alluaudi
GCN CLAMCOIOUT MOL DICK =P «25. 5.%)5,cicisisecnoeniclode + Naawbiesinwew’ Dace cidiciee shGaalnes see's 3

3. Yellowish brown with black at the articulations; spines on head,
LHAOnaX ania DA OMENS cas soe eau daocses cos «Cad esio sd cose dace sees Carausius scotti

— General colour brown to black; spines may be present on head and
HNOnAXeI UL MEVEl OMPADGOIMEN isc oo: .0.0 cco os sloetadeit slomaticins« sh ioiecarers abe wasiarominsoldens 4

914 DECEMBER 1989

® Marie Laure
Victoria (capital)

@Le Niol

@Trois
M @ Freres
are aux
eocnons ® Congo Rouge

@® Morne Blanc

North pe ble

Fig. 1. Map of Mahé island showing localities mentioned in the text. Silhouette is 17

kilometres to the north-east of Mahe.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 215

4. Brown to very dark brown, sometimes almost black; two spines

between

the eyes and usually minute spines along each side of meso-thorax;

eyes

greyish; mouthparts not tinged brick-red........ Carausius sechellensis
— Dark brown to black; no spines; eyes and mouth tinged brick-red

DIM MI CMI N So coos: a. ssicgasivavisie sivas sales ecludiv ee boa shacicanatecs Carausius gardineri

1. Carausius sechellensis

This is the species with the greatest altitudinal range. I have found it
from around 55 metres above sea level at Marie Laure in the district of
Bel Ombre to elevations of nearly 700 metres on the slopes of Trois
Freres, Morne Blanc and Congo Rouge. It occurs in and around wooded
areas where relicts of the original vegetation of the island persist.

C. sechellensis is found mainly on the various species of fern that it
feeds on. Most of these still need to be identified, but they include
Nephrolepis sp. and Gleichenia linearis. Although the latter seems to be
quite tolerant of exposure and invades deforested areas, the majority of
these ferns grow in damp (usually shaded) areas. Sometimes they grow as
epiphytes on the trunks of palms, or on top of granite boulders, and it is
interesting that C. sechellensis is often found on them even in these
situations.

I have occasionally seen this stick insect resting on very young
“‘santol’’ trees (Sandoricum sp.), on ‘‘larourout-de-lenn’’ (Tacca
leontopodioides) and on the pitcher plant or ‘“‘lalyann pot-a-o’’
(Nepenthes pervillei). However, I have not observed it feeding on any of
these plants, the first two of which are introduced species, while the third
is an endemic.

In artificial conditions C. sechellensis does feed on other plants if ferns
are not available. Two adult females that escaped from the cages in
which they were being kept were later found on two exotic ornamentals,
Cordyline fruticosa (=C. terminalis) and Sansevieria trifasciata laurenti
respectively. The leaves of both plants had been nibbled in the manner
characteristic of phasmids.

C. sechellensis appears to be quite tolerant of habitat disturbance.The
locality at Marie Laure mentioned above is a residential area, and there I
have found this species on ferns growing beside a drive not far from
several houses. It also occurs in the vicinity of houses in the residential
area of Le Niol.

C. sechellensis is currently being reared in Britain by members of the
Phasmid Study Group. The culture originates from specimens collected
on Mahé in 1983 by Allan Harman.

2. Carausius gardineri
This species appears to be confined to damp forest at altitudes above 300
metres, where it also feeds on ferns, living in sympathy with C.

9
DECEMBER 198

Myo

Yp

WY)

Yjjjj,
Wj,

here,
hown

ale, s

The fem
ick insect.

5 tick ue

st Seychellois s
large

is the

j lluaudi

USIUS a
ig. 2. Cara

Fig.

: th.
hes 11.5 cm in leng
MES

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 217

sechellensis (individuals of the two species are sometimes found on the
same fern). I have observed it on the slopes of Trois Fréres, Morne Blanc
and Congo Rouge, and in the area between Le Niol and Mare aux
Cochons. This stick insect, too, is occasionally encountered on ferns
growing as epiphytes.

3. Carausius alluaudi

This species has been observed from around 100 metres above sea level in
the area between Marie Laure in Bel Ombre and Le Niol to altitudes of
around 500 metres at Mare aux Cochons and on Montagne Brilée. In all
these localities, C. alluaudi has been found mainly on ‘‘kalis-di-pap”’
(Tabebuia pallida). This small to medium-sized tree of the Bignoniaceae
family is not part of the indigenous vegetation of the Seychelles — it isa
native of Central America and was introduced at the beginning of the
20th century for reafforestation to combat erosion.

At Mare aux Cochons I have come across C. alluaudi on young
specimens of another tree, possibly indigenous, which I have not yet been
able to identify. In the La Réserve/ Brulée area, I have found it on ferns
growing beneath a large specimen of the same tree. In lower Le Niol very
young nymphs have sometimes been collected on ‘‘bwa dir’’ (Canthium
sp.), a red-veined plant of the Rubiaceae family. At Mare aux Cochons
one adult female was found on a very young plant of the guava Psidium
cattleianum. The leaves of all these plants had been nibbled, possibly by
the specimens of C. alluaudi found on them.

In captivity I have fed C. alluaudi on both Tabebuia pallida and on the
Canthium sp. mentioned above. When provided with leaves of both
plants, it seems to prefer Tabebuia pallida. | have also observed this stick
insect on the fronds of the endemic palms Nephrosperma vanhoutteana
(‘‘lantannyen milpat’’) and Phoenicophorium borsigianum
(‘‘lantannyen fey’’), but in captivity it refuses to feed on palm leaves.

(4. Graeffea seychellensis

I have found this species only in the palm forest that clothes the slopes of
La réserve and Montagne Brilée (between 250 m and 500 m above sea
level). It feeds on the leaves of at least three endemic palms:
Phoenicophorium borsigianum, Nephrosperma vanhoutteana, and
Deckenia nobilis (‘‘palmis’’). Graeffea seychellensis is difficult to detect
because of its highly effective camouflage: its green colour blends with
that of the palm fronds on which it is resting or feeding.

218 DECEMBER 1989

Conclusion

At least four of the five species of stick insect described from the
Seychelles are still found there in and around surviving areas of
indigenous vegetation on the island of Mahé. One species, Carausius
alluaudi, seems to have successfully adapted itself to a new foodplant,
the introduced Tabebuia pallida. The fifth Seychellois stick insect,
Carausius scotti, may still survive on Silhouette, where a male specimen
was collected in 1908.

There is a lot of scope for research into the ecology of all the species.
In particular, the details of their life cycles need to be worked out.

REFERENCES
Bolivar, I. (1895). Mission scientifique de M. Charles Alluaud aux iles Séchelles:
orthopteéres. Annis. Soc. ent. Fr. 64: 369-386.
Bolivar, I. and Ferriere, C. (1912). Phasmidae of the Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
(Zool.) 15: 293-300.
Bradley, J. R. (1967).The Seychelles Stick Insect. Bull. amat. Ent. Soc. 26: 27.
Brock, P. D. (1985). The Phasmid Rearer’s Handbook. AES Feltham.

BOOK REVIEWS

Provisional Atlas of the Sepsidae (Diptera) of the British Isles by A.
Pont, pp.23.

Provisional Atlas of the Ticks (Ixodoidae) of the British Isles by
K. P. Martyn, pp.62.

Provisional Atlas of the Centipedes of the British Isles by A. D. Barber
and A. N. Keay, pp.127.

Provisional Atlas of the Harvest-Spiders of the British Isles by J. H. P.
Sankey, pp.42.
All Biological Records Centre, Huntingdon, 1989.

These atlases by no means give the complete picture of the distribution of
their respective groups and the species within them. However, they do
show areas which lack active recording and ii is to be hoped that people
in those areas will be stimulated into filling in the gaps, and so in a few
years time, a much more accurate picture of the distribution will be
known. They also give a good way of assessing the relative abundance of
fauna in a given area. Any one who is interested in knowing the
distribution of these insects and their relatives ought to think about
purchasing these publications.

Each atlas gives a map for most species on which each 10 km square is
plotted as a dot. There is also at least a paragraph of text for each species
giving remarks and notes about their biology and ecology.

D. J. Mann

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 219

AN EXPEDITION TO SPAIN AND EASTERN FRANCE, 1987

by P. W. Cribb (2270)

(continued from page 204)

On the morning of the 17th it was still raining and there seemed no
point in staying near Riano as the old sites were no longer accessible and
would soon be under water. We drove over the pass, a low one compared
with the San Glorio but with the same broom-covered slopes which
undoubtedly would have yielded FE. palarica had there been any
sunshine. We then entered a spectacular defile at the bottom of which
flowed a wide turbulent river in which trout and salmon swim. At
Cangas we turned towards Santander and at Cabezon de la Sal we took
the road southwards to Reinosa. South of that town the road leads into
hilly country and eventually passes under the railway line. At this point
we took the left-hand road in the direction of Escalada and after a short
distance stopped to collect on the slopes above the road. The sun was
now fitful and we found several L. boeticus laying on the flower-heads of
everlasting pea growing on the banks. There were also larvae present in
various stages. A surprise was to take M. daphnis, the females being of
the brown form. There were hundreds of A. ripartii, a few A. damon and
A. ainsae, L. thersites, C. croceus and C. australis, P. bathseba, P.
briseis, P. tithonus, M. galathea (not laschesis), L. coridon and H.
semele. We camped for the night in a hay meadow beside the road and
were able to watch a family of red-backed shrike and also saw some
hoopoes, and corn buntings. In the morning the sun was again rather
fitful and we collected for a while on the same slopes. David found two
larvae, almost full-fed, of M. stellatarum on yellow bedstraw. After
some discussion as to weather prospects, we decided to leave the
Asturians with their cloud and rain and try the Hautes Pyrenees. Back at
Reinosa we took the road across country towards Cabanes de Virtus
along the north side of a huge lake. Beyond the village of Soncillo we
came upon an area of limestone pavement which stretched along the
north side of the road. Fortunately the sun had shown its face and on the
flower-strewn slopes we found a wealth of butterflies on the wing. These
included B. circe, H. semele, H. alcyone, P. briseis, M. jurtina, C.
arcania, C. iphioides, M. galathea (several of the form /eucomelas), B.
hecate, B. ino, M. aglaia, M. parthenoides, M. didyma, S. spini, L.
thersites (one of the form caecilia), M. daphnis, P. argus (the females
being small and heavy with blue scaling), 7. si/vestris and C. lavaterae.
The sun left us and we drove on via Miranda de Ebro, Vitoria and
Pamplona and then up the defile of Val Carlos to camp for the night on
the top of the pass. Looking back towards the Asturians we saw that they

220 DECEMBER 1989

Larva of I. iolas at Loesche.

were still enveloped in heavy cloud but the view to the north and the
Pyrenees looked more promising. In retrospect we would have been
better served by staying south of the Pyrenees but not being clairvoyant
we decided to push on to try the Cirques above Lourdes.

On the morning of the 19th we drove on towards the French border
where we had a brief conversation with the border police on the merits of
bearded vultures and then on through Salies de Bearn where Eric Gill and
his family had stayed for holidays. Then via Orthez and Pau to take the
road through Lourdes and into the valley leading towards Gavarnie. At
the town of Luz we crossed the Gave de Pau and continued on a narrow
winding road to the junction where the road divides, right to Gavarnie
and left to the village of Heas and the Cirque de Troumouse. Gavarnie is
now a no-go area for collectors so we took the left fork and found the
road even narrower with steep banks above and the gorge below. There
were a lot of cars coming up and down the road making driving difficult
and about half way up we stopped to have lunch beside the road. On the
steep bank above the road were several P. apollo flying and two species
of Erebia, E. meolans and E. manto constans. At the end of the valley we
came to a large car park and to drive further meant paying a toll to go on
by road to the Cirque. We parked here and climbed up the path leading
towards the Cirque, only to meet a notice informing us that the Cirque is

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 221

now a National Park and no collecting is allowed within the fenced area.
We then did some exploring of the slopes outside the Park and recorded
dozens of Apollos. Also present were E. epiphron, E. meolans, E.
hispana rondoui, H. virgaureae, L. maera, M. parthenoides, M. didyma,
M. galathea, C. pamphilus, C. arcania, M. diamina, C. croceus, C.
cardui, A. urticae, P. argus, P. escheri, P. machaon and A. crataegi. The
sun was fitful but most species were flying strongly. We went down the
valley a little way and observed masses of Pyrgus specimens drinking at a
wet patch above the stream. They were all of one species and there must
have been as many as twenty at a time.

We then drove back to Luz St Sauveur and took the road to Bareges.
Here we found a camping spot on the old road above the town beside the
torrent and settled in for the night. It had been a hot sunny day but cloud
came in to cover the sky about 6 pm. In the morning we woke to thick
mist which enveloped the mountains and we spent some time along the
banks of the torrent searching the nettles for larvae of V. atalanta and
found a few with thousands of A. urticae larvae. We saw a deer or
steinbok run up the slope opposite us. We crossed the stream on a small
bridge and I searched the grasses for roosting butterflies. There were
dozens of M. galathea and other species included P. amanda, T. lineola,
T. actaeon and M. jurtina. At 10.30 the sun broke through fitfully and
we drove down into the town, only to find the funicular to the Pic
d’Ayrie closed on a Monday. We then drove up the Col du Tourmalet
and stopped near a café which had been erected since my last visit here
with Leo Coleridge and my father. We parked and walked up a track
which led to alpine meadows and observed two golden eagles circling
overhead. They quickly rose in the thermals and disappeared. The path
was signed ‘‘Le Laquet’’ and we came on ski lifts. Saxafraga aizoides
was growing on the damp sides of the path, the foodplant of P. phoebus,
which does not occur in the Pyrenees. We observed E. meolans, E.
epiphron, C. minimus, C. pamphilus, L. maera, and thousands of
urticae larvae, many of which were dying from some bacterial or viral
disease, though several had pupated already, the chrysalids being a
brilliant gold in some cases. Suddenly mist swept down upon us and the
sky filled in with cloud.

We decided that the weather did not look like improving and drove
back through Lourdes and Tarbes, heading for the Dordogne. Beyond
Auch we drove through mile upon mile of sunflowers, the whole
countryside being ploughed and planted, maize being the only alternative
to the sunflowers. Cultivation was so intense that we were hard pressed
to find anywhere to park for the night. On the morning of the 21st we
were awakened by a road gang who arrived at 6.30 am to start heating up
tar for the day’s operations.

222 DECEMBER 1989

We left after breakfast in the direction of Cahors, passing through the
village of Lauzerte and about six miles short of Cahors we stopped
briefly to collect over some limestone pavement beside the road. Here I
found M. dryas and a lot of M. galathea, H. hermione and H. semele.
Driving further on we came upon a large island of wild terrain (past
Cahors) which lay between the new road and the old, now forming a lay-
by. This was rich with flowers and we stopped for about three hours in
bright sunshine to collect. These spots seem to be few and far between
now in this part of France, but the wealth of insect life here showed what
the potential was and what the area had been before the massive
ploughing programme had started with the EEC.

The species on the wing included both C. australis and C. croceus, L.
sinapis, G. cleopatra, P. rapae, M. aglaia, F. niobe (form eris) and F.
adippe, B. daphne, C. dia, I. lathonia, C. cardui, P. c-album, H.
hermione (fagi), B. circe, L. maera, L. megera, M. dryas, M. jurtina, C.
pamphilus, M. galathea, H. semele, M. arion, L. bellargus, P. icarus, P.
thersites, P. baton, N. ilicis, O. venata, E. tages, T. sylvestris.

I caught a fine mantis and we spotted a female I. podalirius in the act
of laying an egg on a small bush of the Prunus mahabel which was quite
common here. Search produced about two dozen eggs and larvae in all
stages, including full grown. This indicates the almost continual presence
of the Scarce swallowtail from the first emergences in spring to the late
summer. The eggs hatched on our return home and the larvae resulting
from them pupated in the last week in September and will overwinter.
The full-fed larva turns yellow prior to pupation and looks like a dying
leaf and the pupae are a straw-colour.

We then drove on through the town of Figeac and above the town on
the hillside we stopped in the evening sunshine to explore the majoram-
strewn banks. Here we found several M. arion roosting on the marjoram
heads. They were fine large specimens and in good condition. There were
also dozens of B. circe, mainly males, which were sitting on tree trunks
and on the rocks above the meadows. M. galathea was also common with
M. jurtina and a few L. coridon.

The sun was now setting so we drove on towards St Clere and passed
through densely wooded hills to camp in a small hay meadow surrounded
by deciduous woodland. In the meadow on some figwort I found several
larvae of the Water betony shark, C. scrophulariae, feeding on figwort.
The farmer came by on a tractor and gave us his permission to spend the
night in the meadow and we settled down for the night, greatly suffering
from the swarms of mosquitoes, the woodland being very damp.

In the morning, in heavy mist, we drove north via St Cere, Tulle,
Gueret, toward Le Chatre. It rained intermittently with heavy cloud
cover. Towards evening the sun shone for a while and by the roadside we

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 223

ad Lo

Picos d’Europe, Puerto de Pouton

224 DECEMBER 1989

observed F. adippe, M. aglaia, M. jurtina, L. camilla, I. io, P. c-album,
M. galathea (several of a form similar to M. lachesis), A. crataegi, G.
rhamni. All the way we passed through areas of fairly heavy woodland of
oaks, chestnut, conifers, birch and beech, interspersed with poplar
plantations.

There was plenty of sallow but we found no sign of A. iris. We camped
the night in a lay-by formed by the old road, nicely screened from the
main road by a copse. Here I found several ova of L. camilla and small
larvae on the honeysuckles under the trees and also netted a queen
hornet. We were just north of Gueret and south of La Chatre. We were
up early next morning and in fitful sunshine we drove on north via
Issoudan, Vierzon, Sousmes, Isdes, Tigy and Jargeau. En route we
stopped at likely woodland areas, the remainder of the countryside being
heavily cultivated. At one pleasant spot we stopped for lunch and
recorded N. antiopa, L. camilla, A. paphia, B. daphne, P. tithonus, A.
hyperantus, L. sinapis, A. levana, B.io. At a later stop we saw two iris
flying and I found a single egg on a goat sallow growing on the roadside.
We then crossed the Loire and drove via Pithviers, Angerville, Dourdan
and Rambouillet to camp for the night in the forest south of St Leger, by
the cross of St Vipert. The normally busy campsite was totally deserted.

On the morning of the 24th we were again greeted with clouded skies
but we were able to find a good number of ova of L. camilla on the
honeysuckles in the woodland around the camp. We then drove off
towards Lac St Hubert and the sun came out strongly. By the lake we saw
A. levana, P. c-album and V. atalanta, A. hyperantus,P. tithonus and P.
aegeria but no L. camilla, nor were there any signs of their eggs nor any
A. iris. On previous occasions L. camilla had been abundant here and we
had also found some trace of A. iris. The woodland did not appear to
have changed but within it there was nothing on the wing. We then went
back to the St Leger road to the corner of the road to Poigny le Forét and
here we took several females of H. morpheus which subsequently laid a
few eggs for us. The males were worn. I also took two female A. /evana
and we saw a few A. paphia but again the abundance of species which we
had observed here previously were no longer here and it was obvious that
something had happened in the forest to drastically reduce the butterfly
population.

David found a few full-fed larvae of S. pavonia on bramble in the clear-
ing and there were a few J. io visiting the thistles, which had previously been
the attractant for so many species. We then drove up beyond St Leger to
look at the woodlands there but again they produced nothing of interest.
We slept the night again at St Vipert and in the morning left via Dreux
eastwards to explore the forests of the National Park of Normandy. We
found the Forét d’Ecouves to be mainly conifer and beech and again

225

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48

devoid of butterflies of any note and the same can be said of the Forét
des Ardaines. Here, by chance, I went down a track into the forest and
found a large open area of coarse grassland, newly planted with pine.
Here I netted a female H. morpheus and when David joined me we found
further specimens, though not in any number. The sun was still fitful and
the butterfly only flies in sunlight, plunging into the grasses when cloud
covers the sun or when chased with the net. We had to be back at the
Caen port on the 27th so decided to spend a night at a campsite with
shower facilities, and so slept the night at the municipal site at Flers.

On the morning of the 26th we drove north to Bayeux where we spent
the best part of the day visiting the cathedral and the Hotel de Ville where
there was an exhibition of engravings, etc. In the afternoon we drove on
towards Caen, intending to camp the night near the port and take the
8.30 am boat on the 27th as booked. However, when we got near to the
port David suggested we might try to get on a boat that evening and
without any trouble we were able to drive straight on to a boat which had
been delayed. We got to Portsmouth about 10.30 pm and drove through
the night to Hanworth, arriving soon after midnight.

We had covered almost 3,000 miles on the trip and made some
assessment of the terrain, particularly in respect of eastern France. The
massive cultivation has meant that apart from forest it is difficult to find
any wild areas and certainly all the downland and lowland has been put
to the plough. Much of the lowland in Spain appears to be going the
Same way, and the resultant pockets of wild life will mean that there will
be no intercommunication between colonial species, and a set of adverse
conditions in a locality which destroys one or more species means that
the chances of re-colonisation are almost impossible without human
intervention. There are few, if any, linking routes which species can use
and isolation like this has proved in Britain to be disastrous for some of
our fauna.

GLOSSARY OF ENGLISH NAMES

A. ainsae Forster’s furry blue B. daphne Marbled fritillary

A. cardamines Orange-tip B. euphrosyne Twin-spot fritillary

A. crameri Southern brown argus B. hecate Lesser marbled fritillary
A. crataegi Black-veined white B. ino Pearly heath

A. damon Damon blue C. arcania Berger’s clouded yellow
A. hyperantus Ringlet C. australis The hermit

A. iris Purple emperor C. briseis Painted lady

A. levana Map butterfly C. cardui Clouded yellow

A. montensis’ Large argus C. dia Violet fritillary

A. morronensis Spanish argus C. croceus Pearl-bordered fritillary
A. paphia Silver-washed fritillary C. iphioidae Chestnut heath

A, ripartii Ripart’s anomalous blue C. Lavaterae Marbled skipper

A. urticae Small tortoiseshell C. minimus Small blue

B. circe Great banded grayling C. pamphilus Small heath

226

prieuri

. scrophulariae
. desfontainii
epiphron
eumedon
hispana
manto
meolans
palarica
tages
adippe
chlorodippe
niobe

. Cleopatra

. rhamni

. alciphron

. alcyone

. comma

. fidia

. galathea

. lupinus

. lycaon

. morpheus
. semele

. virgaurea
io

iolas
podalirius
. albicans

. bellargus
. boeticus
. caelestissima
. camilla

. coridon
maera

. megera
Dhlaeas

. roboris

. sinapis

. thersites
. tityrus

. virgaurea
. aglaia

. alcon

. arion

. daphnis

Se is dS ee ee Se tae Sak eek Rees ae) oh e.g). ot ay eer i. G@

. hermione (fagi)

Southern hermit
Water betony moth
Spanish fritillary
Mountain ringlet
Geranium argus
Spanish brassy ringlet
Yellow-spotted ringlet
Piedmont ringlet
Chapman’s ringlet
Dingy skipper

High brown fritillary
High brown fritillary (??)
Niobe fritillary

The Cleopatra
Brimstone

Purple-shot copper
Rock grayling
Silver-spotted skipper
Striped grayling
Marbled white
Woodland grayling
Oriental meadow brown
Dusky meadow brown
Large chequered skipper
Common grayling
Scarce copper

Peacock

Iolas blue

Scarce swallowtail
Spanish chalk-hill blue
Adonis blue
Long-tailed blue
Azure chalk-hill blue
White admiral
Chalk-hill blue

Large wall brown
Wall butterfly

Small copper

Spanish purple hairstreak
Wood white
Chapman’s blue

Sooty copper

Scarce copper

Dark green fritillary
Alcon blue

Large blue

Meleager’s blue

M. deione

M. diamina
M. didyma
M. dryas

M. galathea
M. jurtina

M. lachesis
M. nausithous
M. parthenoides
M. russiae

M. stellatarum
N. antiopa

N. ilicis

N. polychlorus
O. venatus

P. aegeria

P. amanda

P. apollo

P. argester

P. argus

P. bathseba
P. baton

P. briseis

P. c-album

P. callidice

P. cecilia

P. daplidice
P. dorylus

P. escheri

P. hippothoe
P. icarus

P. machaon
P. mnemosyne
P. nivescens
P. pandora

P. phoebus

P. rapae

P. sertorius
P. thersites

P. tithonus

S. pavonia

S. proto

S. sertorius

T. acteon

T. lineola

T. sylvestris
V. atalanta

DECEMBER 1989

Provencal fritillary
Fasle heath fritillary
Spotted fritillary
Dryad

Marbled white
Meadow brown
Pyrenean marbled white
Dusky large blue
Meadow fritillary
Esper’s marbled white
Hummingbird hawkmoth
Camberwell beauty
Ilex hairstreak

Large tortoiseshell
Large skipper
Speckled wood
Amanda’s blue
Apollo

Turquoise blue
Silver-studded blue
Spanish gatekeeper
Baton blue

Hermit

Comma:

Peak white

Southern gatekeeper
Bath white

Turquoise blue
Escher’s blue
Purple-edged copper
Common blue
Swallowtail

Clouded apollo
Mother-of-pearl blue
Cardinal

Small apollo

Small white
Red-underwing skipper
Chapman’s blue
Gatekeeper

Emperor moth

Sage skipper

Red under-wing skipper
Lulworth skipper
Essex skipper

Small skipper

Red admiral

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 227

HOVERFLIES AND OTHER DIPTERA IN SOUTH WALES
DURING 1988

by P. M. Pavett (8263)

With the release of the book British Hoverflies by Stephen Falk and Alan
Stubbs, and with the encouragement of a friend, Ian Morgan, I decided
that in 1988 I would try sampling some of the hoverflies of the South
Wales area.

This being the first year with this group I was encouraged both by the
number of species caught, a total of 110 out of the 250 or so species, and
by the number of local or rare species found. Most surprising of all to me
was the number of species, both common and local, which were found
within a two or three mile radius of my home.

With the release of the excellent book mentioned above, with its simple
keys (in the main) and its beautiful and accurate plates, I would
recommend this group to any who are perhaps interested in trying their
hand at anew group.

Below are listed the species caught from March to September in 1988.
Collecting was done at a variety of localities but as will be seen, three
localities were visited frequently, these being Coed Gwaenydd Bach, a
wood near Cwmbach in the Cynon valley, Nicholaston Woods on the
Gower and Dinefwr Deer Park, near Llandeilo in Dyfed. Also in July I
visited the New Forest for a week but this proved disappointing.

Tribe Bacchini

Baccha obscuripennis. Found commonly at two sites, Coed Gwaenydd
Bach (32-029007), and Nicholaston Woods (21-516881). A common
hoverfly which is probably common in most districts in South Wales.

Melanostoma mellinum. Again a common species, being seen in many of
the localities visited, specimens being taken from Coed Gwaenydd Bach
and Merthyr Mawr sand dunes (21-856772).

Melanostoma scalare. Another common species often seen flying with
M. mellinum in the same localities.

Platycheirus ambiguus. A very local species which however was found
quite commonly in late April at two sites, Coed Gwaenydd Bach and
Nicholaston Woods.

Platycheirus albimanus. A very common hoverfly found in most, if not
all, of the sites visited in 1988.

Platycheirus clypeatus. Again a common species at three sites, Coed
Gwaenydd Bach,in damp fields in Penywaun, Cynon Valley (22-975050)
and around a pond in Dinefwr Park in Dyfed (22-609222).

228 DECEMBER 1989

Platycheirus manicatus. A common species found at Nicholaston,
Pembrey (22-388040), Machynys (21-514980) and Whitford (21-447953).
Probably a species which will be found throughout the South Wales
region in suitable habitats.

Platycheirus peltatus. A common species which was found in all (with
the exception of Dinefwr), localities listed above.

Platycheirus scutatus. Record at Cwm Ivy Woods (21-441938), Merthyr
Mawr and also at 2000m up on the Brecon Beacons.

Platycheirus stictus. Very little is known about this species and records
are scattered. I found it at one locality, this being the Brecon Beacons, at
2000m, in June, on the flowers of Hawthorn.

Platycheirus tarsalis. An uncommon species which was found in low
numbers at two wooded sites, Coed Gwaenydd Bach and Nicholaston
Woods.

Pyrophaena granditarsa. Found commonly in damp situations at
Cwmbach (32-024072), Dinefwr and Cwm Ivy.

Pyrophaena rosarum. Found at two localities, Coed Gwaenydd Bach
(only one seen) and Dinefwr where it was flying with P. granditarsa, but
although common, not as granditarsa.

Tribe Paragini

Paragus haemorrhous. The commonest species of this tribe. However
only one was found, this being at Vinney Ridge enclosure, (41-266059),
in the New Forest.

Tribe Syrphini
Chrysotoxum arcuatum. Four of these hoverflies were seen in Coed

Gwaenydd Bach in May. This record must be one of the most southerly
records for this essentially northern and western species.

Chrysotoxum bicinctum. Quite a common species recorded at Coed
Gwaenydd Bach and Oxwitch (21-503860).

Chrysotoxum cautum. Probably the commonest member of the genus, it
was recorded at three coastal (sandhill) sites, Nicholaston Burrows,
Whitford Burrows and Oxwitch.

Chrysotoxum elegans. A scarce species which was found quite commonly
along the coastal footpath and chalk downs of Durlston Country Park
(40-018772) Dorset, in July. R.D.B. cat. 3.

Dasysyrphus albostriatus. Only found at two localities, and then
sparingly. Two were caught at Nicholaston and one at Cwmbach
(32-023012).

Dasysyrphus lunulatus. Primarily a northern species, it was nevertheless

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 229

found at four localities, these being Pembrey Forest, Whitford, Coed
Gwaenydd Bach and the Brecon Beacons at 2000m.

Dasysyrphus tricinctus.Found commonly in Pembrey Forest and Coed
Gwaenydd Bach.

Dasysyrphus venustus. Quite common at the following localities:
Dinefwr, Aberdulais, Penywaun and Coed Gwaenydd Bach.

Didea fasciata. This scarce and local species was recorded as a single
specimen caught in a Spruce plantation near Mountain ash in the Cynon
Valley.

Epistrophe eligans. A common species which was found in numbers at
Coed Gwaenydd Bach and Nicholaston Woods.

Epistrophe grossulariae. A local species which was found at four sites,
Aberdulais, Dinefwr, Penywaun (22-972052) and Crymlyn Bog
(21-717941). At Crymlyn two females of this species were seen laying
eggs in the seed heads of Water dock, plants which were infested with
some sort of blackfly.

Epistrophe nitidicollis. Only one found. Pembrey Forest (22-388040).
Episyrphus balteatus. Very common in all localities and all habitats.
Leucozona glaucia. Found at two sites, Cwmbach (32-018015) and
Dinefwr. At both localities it was very common especially towards the
end of August-September.

Leucozona laternaria. Again found at two sites, in moderate numbers,
these being Cwmbach (32-018015) and Aberdulais.

Leucozona lucorum. The commonest member of the genus. The species
was found in good numbers at Pembrey Forest, Parc Gitto, near
Llwynhendy (21-542986), Nicholaston Woods and Penywaun
(22-972052). .

Melangyna labiatarum. Only found at two localities, and then not in any
numbers. Penywaun and Aberdulais.

Melangyna lasiophthalma. Very common early in the year in all the
woods visited.

Melangyna cincta. Quite a common species which I was only able to find
in two woods, Coed Gwaenydd Bach and Nicholaston. However at these
two sites it was acommon species.

Meliscaeva cinctella. A common species at three localities, these being
Brecon Beacons at 2000m, Penywaun and Cymbach in the Cynon Valley.
Metasyrphus corollae. This hoverfly was found commonly in August
around Llangorse Lake, Pembrey Forest (22-388040) and at Godshill
(41-165153) in the New Forest.

Metasyrphus latifasciatus. Only found at two sites both in the Cynon
Valley, Coed Gwaenydd Bach and Penywaun.

230 DECEMBER 1989

Metasyrphus luniger. Quite a common species around the Cwmbach area
of the Cynon Valley and also found in the dune systems of Merthyr
Mawr and Whitford.

Parasyrphus punctulatus. Only two specimens found, one at Tywyn
Burrows (22-367050) and a female at Hawthorn flowers on the Brecon
Beacons.

Scaeva pyrasti. A very uncommon species in 1988, only one being found
at Whitford Dunes.

Sphaerophoria spp. S. scripta was found commonly at most localities
visited. S. menthastri and S. philanthus need confirmation of identity.
Syrphus ribesii. Common in all sites visited.

Syrphus vitripennis. Common in all sites visited.

Syrphus torvus. Found at two sites as singles, Dinefwr Deer Park and
Coed Gwaenydd Bach. No doubt overlooked at other sites amongst the
two other species of the genus.

Xanthogramma citrofasciatum. An uncommon hoverfly which was
found quite commonly at times at Coed Gwaenydd Bach.
Xanthogramma pedissequum. Commoner than X. citrofasciatum but
only found at two sites Coed Gwaenydd Bach and Machynys ponds,
Llanelli.

Tribe Cheilosini

Cheilosia albitarsus. Quite frequent at Nicholaston Woods, Dinefwr
Deer Park, Merthyr Mawr and Strady Woods, Llanelli.
Cheilosia bergenstammi. One of the commonest of the tribe being found

at Pembrey Forest, Nicholaston Woods, Ffrwd Fen, Penywaun and
Whitford.

Cheilosia chrysocoma. One of the rarer members of the genus and one of
the most striking with its foxy-red colouring. Three were seen, one at
Coed Gwaenydd Bach and two in the damp fields below Penywaun
(22-975050).

Cheilosia illustrata. A common species often found on the flowers of
Umbelliferae. It was found commonly at Coed Gwaenydd Bach,
Penywaun, Whitsand Bay in Pembroke and Parc Gitto, Llwynhendy.
Cheilosia impressa. A few individuals were found at Nicholaston Woods
and Coed Gwaenydd Bach.

Cheilosia nebulosa. This uncommon species turned up quite frequently
and in numbers in the damp fields along the Cynon River below
Penywaun. R.D.B. cat. 3.

Cheilosia pagana. Turned up commonly in Nicholaston Woods and a
singleton captured at Machynys ponds.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 231

Cheilosia variabilis. Quite common at Coed Gwaenydd Bach.

Cheilosia vernalis. This is probably the most common and widespread
species of the genus which I found. It was common at Coed Gwaenydd
Bach, Nicholaston Woods, Merthyr Mawr, near Aberdare and
Whitford.

Cheilosia vulpina. One found at Dinefwr Deer Park.

Ferdinandea cuprea. This local species which to my mind is the most
beautiful of the hoverflies was found quite commonly in Nicholaston
Woods and a singleton at Dinefwr Deer Park.

Portevinia maculata. Again a local species, being associated with
Ransoms, was found commonly in Nicholaston Woods.

Rhingia campestris. Common almost everywhere.

Tribe Chrysogastrini

Brachyopa insensilis. Found on a Beech sap run at Dinefwr Deer Park.
This is interesting as Stubbs states ‘‘Though regarded as a rarity, it would
possibly be found in most southern districts with suitable large Elms.
Unfortunately, Dutch Elm disease has widely destroyed the habitat of
this hoverfly and it has yet to be clarified whether sap runs on other trees
can be utilised’’.

Chrysogaster chalybeata. Common on the flowers of Umbelliferae in
damp woodland at Dinefwr Deer Park and Penywaun (22-972052).
Chrysogaster solstitialis. One female caught in damp woodland at Swan
Green in the New Forest (41-288082).

Chrysogaster hirtella. Quite a common species of woodland at
Nicholaston, Dinefwr Deer Park and Cwm Ivy (21-441938).

Lejogaster metallina. Found only in small numbers at one site, Dinefwr
Deer Park.

Lejogaster splendida. A singleton of this uncommon species was found
at Machynys Ponds (21-514980).

Myolepta luteola. A male and female were caught of this rare hoverfly at
Bramble in the woods at Swan Green (41-288082). R.D.B. cat. 3.
Neoascia’ podagrica. This is a common species but may easily be
overlooked. It was found in abundance at Penywaun, Nicholaston
Woods and Merthyr Mawr.

Neoascia tenur. Again a relatively common species which was found
flying with N. podagrica at Nicholaston Woods but was also found alone
on Fairwood Common (21-576923).

Orthonevra nobilis. Only found at Penywaun but quite commonly.
Orthonevra splendens. This lovely hoverfly was found commonly on the
flowers of Umbelliferae at Penywaun, Cym Ivy and Machynys ponds.

232 DECEMBER 1989

Sphegina clunipes. Again this species is easily overlooked but was found
commonly at Cym Ivy and Aberdulais (21-781995).

Sphegina kimakowiczi. Equally as common as clunipes at Cym Ivy,
flying together. Also found at Godshill in the New Forest (41-165151).

Tribe Eristalini

Anasimyia contracta. Common around the ponds of Machynys and
Dinefwr Deer Park.

Anasimyia lineata. Equally as common as contracta at the same two
sites.

Anasimyia lunulata. A rarer species — only a singleton being found at a
ditch in Penywaun (22-912052).

Eristalinus sepulchralis. Common at the woodlands of Nicholaston and
Dinefwr and also found around Machynys ponds.

Eristalis abusivius. Quite common in the Penywaun area.
Eristalis arbustorum. Very common at all localities visited.

Eristalis horticola. Common in Nicholaston Woods and also at Whitford
sand dunes (21-437940).

Eristalis intricarius. Common in the Penywaun area and at Coed
Gwaenydd Bach. A singleton caught at Ffrwd Fen (22-420024).

Fristalis nemorum. Only one found, at Penywaun. Probably overlooked
amongst other more common Fristalis species.

Eristalis pertinax. Common at most localities visited.

Fristalis rupium. A singleton of this rarer species was caught at
Aberdulais (21-784995) probably the most southerly record to date for
this essentially northern and western species.

Eristalis tenax. Common at all localities visited.

Helophilus hybridus. A local species of which two were caught at
Dinefwr Deer Park and in the autumn was found exceptionally
commonly at Machynys ponds.

Helophilus pendulus. Common at most localities visited.

Helophilus trivittatus. A large and impressive hoverfly but a local one. It
was found at only one site, Machynys Ponds, and then in low numbers.

Myathropa florea. Quite common in most of the woods visited.

Parhelophilus frutetorum. Two found along the river at Cwmbach
(32-026008) and one at Crymlyn Bog (21-717944).

Parhelophilus versicolor. A common species at Cwmbach, Nicholaston,
Machynys and Dinefwr.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 233

Tribe Merodontini
Eumeres strigatus. Only found at one site, Nicholaston Woods.

Merodon equestris. One caught in Cwmbach, two in Aberdulais and
found commonly at Nicholaston Woods.

Tribe Pipizini
Pipiza austriaca, P. fenestrata, P. noctiluca. All three need confirmation
of identity.

Pipizella varipes. Quite common at Machynys ponds and Coed
Gwaenydd Bach.

Tribe Sericomyiini

Sericomyia silentis. Common in Coed Gwaenydd Bach and Aberdulais.
One seen of Fairwood Common (21-576923).

Sericomyia lappona. Much scarcer than silentis. It was found in low
numbers at an alder carr at Aberdulais (21-795999), and two were found
on the flowers of Hawthorn bushes growing along a stream on the
Brecon Beacons.

Tribe Volucellini

Volucella bombylans. This masterly Bumble Bee mimic was found
commonly throughout the Cynon Valley. Singletons also turned up on
Whitford dunes and the coastal footpath near Whitsand Bay in
Pembroke.

Volucella inflata. A single specimen was taken at bramble flowers in the
woods at Godshill in Hampshire (41-165153).

Volucella pellucens. Common in most of the woodlands visited.

Tribe Xylotini

Brachypalpoides lenta. A very striking species and a decidedly
uncommon one being associated with mature woodland with dead wood,
as are most of the family. Two of these hoverflies were taken, one, on the
flowers of ‘‘buttercups’’ at Aberdulais (21-795999) and one on bramble
at Godshill (41-165154).

Chalcosyrphus nemorum. Again a local species which turned up quite
frequently at Dinefwr, Aberdulais and Cwm Ivy.

Criorhina berberina. All the four species of this genus are uncommon
but this is the commonest. It was found in the following woods: Dinefwr
Deer Park, Nicholaston Woods, Coed Gwaenydd Bach and near
Symonds Yat (32-558154).

Criorhina ranunculi. This handsome and impressive hoverfly was caught
at two sites. At Coed Gwaenydd Bach, over two days, eight were seen

234 DECEMBER 1989

feeding at Sallow blossoms, usually high up. At Aberdulais a singleton
was seen on Blackthorn flowers. All sightings were in early April. A very
local species.

Syritta pipiens. A commoner member of the family, it was found in
numbers in the Cynon Valley and Nicholaston Woods.

Tropidia scita. A local species which was found in very large numbers
along the woodland edge/marsh at Nicholaston.

Xylota abiens. A male and female caught at Dog Kennel Bridge in the
New Forest (41-239052).

Xylota florum. Found in low numbers at Dog Kennel Bridge, Dinefwr
and Aberdulais.

Xylota segnis. This the commonest member of the family was found in
the woods of Dinefwr, Cwm Ivy, Dog Kennel Bridge and Coed
Gwaenydd Bach.

Xylota sylvarum. Found in low numbers in woodland throughout the
Cynon Valley and also at Aberdulais.

Xylota xanthocnema. This rare species was found singly at two localities,
one, Symonds Yat (32-558154) and two, Dinefwr Deer Park. The record
at Dinefwr is probably the only Welsh record for the species.

Diptera caught during 1988

Having turned my hand as it were to collect hoverflies in my area, I felt it
would also be worthwhile to collect and sample some of the other
dipteran families for which I had keys, these being; Conopidae,
Tabanidae, Asilidae and Stratiomyidae.

The following species were found.

Family Conopidae

Out of a total of twenty-four British species only four of the commonest
species were caught.

Conops flavipes. Caught on Umbelliferae quite commonly at Pembrey
Forest (22-388040), Godshill in Hampshire (41-165151) and Whitford
(21-442947).

Conops quadrifasciata. Common in Nicholaston Woods (21-517880) and
singletons turning up at Dinefwr Deer Park (22-609222) and Cwmbach
(32-023012).

Physocephala rufipes. A single specimen was taken in Coed Gwaenydd
Bach, Cwmbach (32-029008).

Sicus ferrugineus. Common at Nicholaston Woods and Coed Gwaenydd
Bach.

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 235

Family Tabanidae
Out of a total of twenty-nine British species, eleven were caught.
Atylotus fulvus. A single specimen was taken in Coed Gwaenydd Bach.

Chrysops caecutiens. A very common species at Dinefwr Deer Park and
was also freqently seen at Godshill.

Chrysops relictus. A single specimen was taken near Pembrey Forest
(22-388040).

Haematopota crassicornis. Singleton taken at Dinefwr Deer Park.

Haematopota pluvialis. A very common species at Coed Gwaenydd
Bach, Aberdulais, Dinefwr Deer Park and Pembrey Forest.

Hybomitra montana. Three males were found sunning themselves on the
roof of the pump house in Dinefwr Deer Park.

Hybomitra distinguenda. A singleton was caught in Coed Gwaenydd
Bach.

Tabanus autumnalis. A single specimen was taken in Pembrey Forest
(22-373039) when it landed on the car.

Tabanus sudeticus. This, the most impressive to my mind of all the
British Diptera, was taken in low numbers at the following sites:
Aberdulais (21-776996), Vinney Ridge Enclosure in the New Forest
(41-260059) and Dinefwr Deer Park.

Tabanus bromius. One caught at Vinney Ridge Enclosure and quite a
common species in Dinefwr Deer Park.

Tabanus cordiger. Again, quite a common species in Dinefwr Deer Park
and a singleton was found on the window of my house in Cwmbach.

Family Asilidae
Out of a total of twenty-six British species, nine were found.

Dioctria atricapilla was common on logs and ferns along the woodland
edge at Vinney Ridge Enclosure (41-266059).

Dioctria rufipes. Two females were caught by sweeping long grass along
the coastal footpath near Whitsand Bay, Pembroke (12-734274).

Leptogaster cylindrica. A singleton was caught by sweeping tall grass in
Dinefwr Deer Park.

Machimus coweni. A single specimen was caught by sweeping long grass
in Vinney Ridge Enclosure.

Neoitamus cyanurus as M. coweni.

Lasiopogon cinctus. Very common on the dune systems of Nicholaston
(21-522880) and Merthyr Mawr (21-853769).

236 DECEMBER 1989

Pamponerus germanicus. This very local and splendid insect was found
quite commonly on the dune systems of Nicholaston and Whitford
(21-438945).

Philonicus albiceps. Another species associated with sand dunes. It was
found commonly at Pembrey (22-403047) and Whitford.

Dysmachus trigonus. A singleton caught at Whitford (21-437940).

Family Stratiomyidae
Out of a total of forty-seven British species, twelve were caught.

Stratiomys potamida. This local species was found quite commonly
around Abingdon (41-535976) and Appleton (42-430014) in Oxford. A
singleton was caught at Penywaun ie 973051) and also at Coed
Gwaenydd Bach.

Stratiomys singularior. A rarer species than the above, a singleton was
caught in Pembrey Forest (22-388040).

Oxycera rara turned up as singletons at two sites, Corfe Castle
(30-960824) in Dorset and Brownhill Enclosure (41-233014) in the New
Forest.

Oplodontha viridula. A few were seen in damp meadows near Godshill
(41-165153) in Hampshire but in Whitford (21-447953) and near
Pembrey Forest (22-403047) it was extremely common.

Beris clavipes. Two were beaten from Hawthorn growing alongside a
ditch in Parc Gitto near Llwynhendy (21-544986).

Beris vallata. Common along some water filled ditches near Pembrey
Forest (22-403047).

Beris morrisii. A singleton was caught in wet meadow at Godshill in
Hampshire (41-165153).

Beris chalybeata. Common in Coed Gwaenydd Bach, near Cwmbach
(32-029008).

Nemotelus notatus. Common along water-filled ditches near Pembrey
Forest (22-403047).

Nemotelus uliginosus. As notatus but not as common.

Michrochrysa_ polita. Picked up singly at two sites in Cwmbach
(32-023026, 027026).

Chloromyia formosa. Found commonly about hedgerows in Cwmbach
(32-027026) and at the woods around Symonds Yat (32-558154). A
singleton caught in Whitsand bay in Pembroke (12-734274).

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 237

FURTHER THOUGHTS ON THE QUESTION OF ABERRATIONS

by Graham R. Smith (4950)

I find Mr P. Tebbutt’s article ‘When is an aberration not an aberration’”’
(Bulletin 48: 7-9), very interesting reading. I must admit that I have
pondered over this subject many times before and, to my knowledge, no
standard definitions have been adopted. Many authors of publications
choose to create their own interpretation of forms, varieties etc. A good
example is contained in L. H. Newman’s Complete List of British
Butterflies, where the summer form of the Comma, Polygonia c-album is
referred to as ab. Hutchinsoni rather than the form hutchinsoni Robson.

When does an aberration count as an aberration? To simplify matters,
all deviations from the norm could count. Insects like other fauna and
flora are living organisms which are subjected to a multitude of differing
circumstances, either natural or otherwise, and are prone to mal-
formation or disease. Whatever the influences may be, lepidoptera and
many other insect orders readily manifest these deviations, whether
accidentally or intentionally, in wing/body coloration of adult and, toa
lesser extent, in the earlier stages. Reasons for the occurrence of
deviations from the norm may range from being obvious to very obscure
and it may be impossible to categorise every deviation as, for many cases,
the reasons must be unique.

Many species of butterfly and moth lend themselves to such a range of
minor variation, both in colour and markings, that nearly every
individual is different. The Small tortoiseshell Ag/ais urticae, the Marsh
fritillary Euphydryas aurinia and the Garden tiger Arctia caja are to
name but a few. More extreme aberrations of these species are not that
uncommon.

It is worth considering some other aspects of British lepidoptera
oddities often classified as aberrations. Dwarfing of specimens is a
frequent occurrence in many species of butterfly especially the Pieridae,
although I have met with dwarfs of the Speckled wood Parage aegeria,
Marbled white Melanargia galathea and Adonis blue Lysandra bellargus.

South’s British Butterflies by T. G. Howarth states that the dwarf
confined area
in Hampshire, where its larval foodplant Cardamines pratensis is also
dwarfed. It has even been considered as a separate species. However, I
have met dwarf A. cardamines on several occasions in Avon and they
could possibly occur throughout its range. BjOrn Dal’s Butterflies of
Northern Europe refers to these dwarfs as form minora. Many dwarfs
are almost certainly the result of less suitable larval foodplants or
disease. Of course, there are the dwarf Large blues, Maculinea arion,
aberration (note!) occidentalis le Chamberlin, believed to be caused by a

238 DECEMBER 1989

larva being adopted by a wrong species of ant. The dwarf form thyone
Thompson of the Grayling Hipparchia semele is a peculiar geographic
race, but is it a form or a subspecies?

At the other end of the size scale is the very large form of the Small
blue Cupido minimus referred to as aberration alsoides Gerhardt.I must
mention that a small colony which produced this variety/form/aberra-
tion/race, once existed on the side of a disused railway line to the south
of Bath until the early seventies. The size of these aberrations was
comparable to the Silver-studded blues Plebejus argus of the Hampshire
Heaths. Unfortunately, the site was at the foot of a large retaining wall
which collapsed on to half of the breeding area and the colony
subsequently vanished.

Another remarkable species is the Northern brown argus Aricia
artaxerxes. Last year, in late July, I discovered by chance a thriving
colony of this butterfly ssp. salamis Stephens, in the South Lake District.
Considerable variation was apparent between individuals. They
appeared to range from a close resemblance of the Brown argus Aricia
agestis to near ab. unicolor Lempke (almost plain brown upperside).
Interestingly ab. snelleni Ter Haar of the double brooded A. agestis is
occasionally met with in the south of England. These are specimens with
the upper forewing discoidal spot narrowly ringed with the white, orange
lunules reduced on the upper side margins and the underside black
spotting is also slightly reduced. The insect resembles A. artaxerxes ssp.
salamis. | caught an example of this aberration on the Wiltshire Downs
on the 15th June 1981. Ten years before, I reared a number of specimens
from ova which exhibited this variation. I fed the larvae on cut leaves of
the cultivated Lancastrian rose growing conveniently in the back garden.
Nearly all survived the winter successfully in an outhouse. However, for
some reason, I did not retain any specimens; instead I liberated all the
imagines in the field from which I took the ova. Fortunately, the ranges
of the two species, as far as we know, do not overlap in this country.
However, the various aberrations and forms have led to great difficulties
regarding positive identification of these two Aricia species on the
continent, where the ranges overlap.

The extremely variable Hedge brown Pyronia tithonus whose genetical
scale malformation and temperature aberrations have been well
documented. However, the aberrant forms can be considered the normal
form in some localities. This may be due to the sedentary habits of these
butterflies, where certain characteristics are inbred over a period of years
despite the species being so generally common and widely distributed. It
is interesting to note that ‘‘Crying gatekeepers’’ ab. tithonellus Strand
(one or more black spots below the optical one on the upper side) often
replaces the typical form in certain limited areas and is rarely found in

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 239

the surrounding district. A more notable aberration occurred in 1978
over part of a hillside to the west of Bath. Nearly all the males were ab.
post excessa Leeds boasting as many as five ocelli on the upper sides of
the hindwings. By coincidence, the Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina
occurred in the same location with much enlarged ocelli on the underside
of the hindwings. Specimens of both these species exhibiting obvious
bleaching, which are not genetic ground colour aberrations that also
occur (either due to the lack of pigment of scale deformation), are often
labelled by yet another term — freaks.

Aberrations of sexually dimorphic butterflies are of interest but can be
thoroughly confusing. Form valesina Esper of the Silver-washed
Fritillary Argynnis paphia is referred to in publications either as a variety
or aberration. Therefore, when form valesina has been subjected to
violent temperature fluctuations and the black pigment is spread over the
wings (ab. nigrizina Frohawk) it could count twice as an aberration.
Similarly the female form helice Htibner of the Clouded Yellow Colias
croceus exhibits a wide graduation in the shade of colour although this
form is controlled by a single gene and all should be referred to
collectively as form helice Htibner. The names which have been bestowed
on these graduations are a little confusing. Dr E. B. Ford’s book,
Butterflies, states that the only conceivable justification for naming
arbitary stages in such a Series such as this is the pleasure of doing so. He
is probably right as several East European Colias spp. have helice
equivalents that could add further complications. The creamy
intermediate aberration is known either as helicina Ob. or helice Hiibner.
The pure white forewing with orange upperside hindwing discoidal spots
present is known as ab. alba Lempke or pallida Tutt. However, ab.
pallida is a synonym of the aforementioned helice Hiibner, where the
forewings are deep cream. The extreme of the colour range is the pure
white ab. albissima Ragusa, where the upperside hindwing discoidal
spots are also whitish. All these nevertheless striking colour variations
were in evidence during the summer of 1983 — ‘“The Great Edusa Year’’
of modern times. If fact, I took an albissima with enlarged marginal
spots in the suburbs of Bath. Later, in almost the same location, I
managed to secure, in my pullover, a very yellowish helicina, which I
first mistook for a Pale clouded yellow Colias hyale on the wing.
Incidentally the date was as late as the 27th October; a bright but blustery
morning of that year.

One other aberration which may not be an aberration deserves a
mention. The mysterious rare male ab. polonus Zeller, which is believed
to be a natural hybrid between the Chalkhill Blue Lysandra coridon and
the Adonis Blue Lysandra bellargus. The fact that it always occurs where
the two fly together may prove to be irrelevant. At the four sites where I

240 DECEMBER 1989

know L. bellargus occurs, L. coridon is also present, as both species have
almost the same ecological requirements, although the former is more
restricted. Perhaps examination of the genitalia of polonus would
indicate what it really is. It may prove to be a mere colour variation, but
it would be interesting to see if a Lysandra hybridus could be produced in
captivity.

Finally, one could summarise by saying that all deviations from the
norm count as items of interest. It is a vast but fascinating topic. Like the
previous article, all examples discussed are British butterflies and is by no
means exhaustive. Macromoths of course are a much larger study and no
doubt less understood, particulary the Noctuiidae and Geometridae.

BOOK REVIEW

The Observers Series: Butterflies, by Paul Morris. 1989. Frederick
Warne (Penguin Books). 192pp. Price £3.99. Paperback.
ISBN 0 7232 1686X.

This excellent new pocket book on the British Butterflies replaces the
earlier publication on the subject in this series. It is completely new in its
content, the text dealing with the biology of butterflies, their habitats in
general terms, conservation and the Law, observing, recording and
photographing them. Butterflies in gardens are briefly considered and
their foodplants are detailed. The descriptions of all stages and
distribution are well covered and up-to-date, including knowledge
recently acquired as to habits, etc. Each species is illustrated in colour by
A. D. A. Russwurm, figuring egg, larva in the final instar and the adult,
carefully copied from F. W. Frowhawk’s original illustrations.

There are so many books now available on our butterflies but I do not
hesitate in recommending this one as a handy field guide, and more, the
price makes it within the reach of the most junior member.

BOOK REVIEW

Life at the Edge by J. L. and C. G. Gould. W. H. Freeman & Co. (New
York). 1989. 162pp. 108 illust. Paperback. Price £7.95 (W. H. Freeman
& Co. Oxford). ISBN 0-7167-2011-6.

This book comprises a series of separate articles showing how some
species manage to eke out an existence under the most adverse
conditions. The sections of interest to the entomologist are entitled
Thermoregulation in Winter moths, Insect-eating Plants, Communica-
tion between Ants and their guests, and Slavery in Ants. The illustrations
are very good and the text very readable, including the chapters on other
forms of animal life. PWC

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 241

BOOK REVIEW

Scuttleflies, Diptera, Phoridae Genus Megaselia by R. H. L. Disney,
pp.155; 526 Figs., 8vo (card cover), Handb. Ident. Br. Insects. Vol. 10,
part 8. RESL, London 1988. Price £14.00 (plus £1.40 postage; 30% price
reduction RESL Fellows).

This is the second part of the Phoridae key, the first, by the same author,
was published in 1983 (Vol. 10, part 6). The latter is needed to be able to
use the Megaselia key, as the morphology, methods of collecting and
preservation and the key to genera are included in it.

This book follows the same format as the other recent R.E.S. keys.
There is a checklist, in which there are many new additions to Kloet &
Hinks, and some species have been removed. The key only includes the
males as not enough information, or reliable characters to determine
females, is available at the present time.

The phorids seem to be a difficult group to get to grips with. They are
not a group for the novice, but I am sure that with a little time and
patience most people familiar with other dipteran groups will manage
them. D. J. Mann

NOTES ON CAMBRIDGE BUTTERFLIES IN 1989
by Brian O. C. Gardiner (225)

Having moved house towards the end of last year, it is not possible to
make a direct comparison with the butterflies noted in my garden over
previous years, even though my present house is a bare half mile away.
My new garden is larger and is surrounded by similar properties
spaciously laid out. It is laid mainly to lawn with a profusion of well-
established trees, shrubs and flowers. Indeed, apart from not having a
few allotment plots on one side it is not too dissimilar.

The first pleasant surprise was to see the abundance of Holly blue
butterflies in April and May, flitting around a holly tree and basking in
the sun for many minutes on end. In all some 70 to 100 were estimated to
be present..

Also seen not uncommonly have been Small and Green-veined whites;
indeed these could be seen up and down our road throughout most of the
summer and were particularly common during the very hot July we
experienced. Large whites on the other hand have been distinctly rare,
only the occasional one having been seen. This could possibly be due to
lack of the allotment plots, all of which used to grow cabbages and which
adjoined the garden of my former house. An unusual sighting has been
that of a number of Meadow browns, never seen in my last garden. Small
tortoiseshells and Peacocks have been more notable by their absence,

242 DECEMBER 1989

tortoiseshells and Peacocks have been more notable by their absence,
only the occasional specimen having been seen. Elsewhere, however,
both these and Red admirals (especially the larvae) were really abundant.

During August an actinic light-trap was run and night after night some
40 - 70 Large yellow underwings, quite 80% of the total catch, put in an
appearance. Other regular visitors were Copper underwings, Mouse
moths, numerous Codling moths and a selection of the genus Crambus.

PARTHENOGENETIC MANTID NAMED
by Phil Bragg (8737)

The parthenogenetic mantid I referred to in a previous note (Bulletin 46:
160) has since been identified by Judith Marshall of the British Museum
(Natural History) as Sphodromantis viridis.

HELL COPPICE/BERNWOOD FOREST MOTH RECORDS
WANTED

This area of Buckinghamshire, which includes Hell Coppice, Shab-
bington wood and the Bernwood meadows is, like so many other
important wild-life habitats, in danger from road schemes and other
forms of development. A provisional annotated list of the macro-moths
of the area has been compiled by Paul Waring of the Nature
Conservancy Council, about whom we had a notice in the July Bulletin.
Paul is now anxious to convert his provisional list into a definitive one,
and anybody who has collected macro-moths in this area, or in
Waterperry wood, Oxfordshire, either in the distant past or lately, is
asked to get in touch with Paul at the Nature Conservancy Council,
Northminster House, Peterborough PE! 1UA.

SOME MOTH NOTES FROM TRALEE, CO. KERRY, EIRE
by D. Norris (9175)

On the evening of 5th July 1989 I recorded in my moth trap at Tralee a
number of moths which, since records from my part of the world are
few, I feel are worth recording. In addition to those at the trap, one
Drinker (Philudoria potatoria) was taken from the house and an Old
lady (Mormo maura) was taken at sugar.

In the trap:-
1 Lilac beauty; 1 Small emerald; 3 Large yellow underwings;
1 Broad-bordered yellow underwing.
In the month of July I obtained 8 Magpie moths, | Peach-blossom, 6
White ermines, 2 Buff-tips, 1 Poplar Hawk, | Flame shoulder, | Heart
and Dart, 3 Lobster moths, 1 Lackey moth, | Autumn green carpet.

a

AES BULLETIN, Vol. 48 243

A NOCTURNAL RED ADMIRAL
by Michael J. O’Sullivan (7592)

On occasions, I have noted from various books and magazines that Red
admirals (Vanessa atalanta) have been found to occur at MV light traps.
On the night of 9th August 1988, I was surprised to note a specimen of
this species on a windowsill which was dimly illuminated by light shining
through drawn curtains. When I made an approach to investigate the
matter further and attempted to pick it up with my fingers, I was startled
to find it quite active and it rapidly flew away from the window onto the
roof of the house. However, after a short interval, it soon returned to the
same position. I again tried the same procedure with somewhat similar
results but with a more extended absence on this second occasion.
Having secured my net, it was taken at the third attempt and turned out
to be a particularly good specimen.

I found it strange enough to make this capture, but given the fact that
it was taken at 1.00 am on a totally exposed situation in strong winds
during heavy rain, it seems that the sighting is all the more unusual. Have
any other members had similar experiences with this or other species?

DEARTH OF BUTTERFLIES IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE — 1989.
by Malcolm Simpson (4859)

For the past few years I have been keeping a record of sightings on my
travels but more particularly of those encountered in the vicinity of my
home in Wistow, Cambridgeshire. Wistow is a small rural village on the
edge of the fenlands between Huntingdon and Peterborough. It is
completely surrounded by farmland, mainly arable but a few fields are
reserved for cattle. Since 1976 I have sighted 23 different species of
butterfly in and immediately around the village.

Although my records are of little interest or value to anyone other than
myself it is through keeping such information that the extreme dearth of
even the most common butterflies, this year, is highlighted.

To the end of June 1989 I have seen only a very small number of
hibernatory butterflies such as Brimstones, Peacocks and Small
tortoiseshells. Orange-tips, Large, Small and Green-veined white,
normally plentiful, and certainly the last three abundant over the past
few years, could be classed as infrequent sightings this year. Both Wall
and Meadow brown are appreciably down in numbers and not a single
Holly blue seen. Even the Black hairstreak seems to be greatly reduced in
numbers at the locality where it is usually a healthy colony.

I am aware that two successive m: } winters can have an adverse effect
on our butterfly population as does the cumulative force of constant use

244 DECEMBER 1989

by farmers of chemicals, particularly in this predominantly agricultural
area. Urbanisation of our villages, enlargement of our towns, new roads
and road widening schemes must all play their part in destroying habitat.
But these activities are not new and I doubt that they would create such a
marked decline in butterflies as noticed this year. So what is the cause?

Are we experiencing the effects of the Chernobyl disaster? I am no
scientist and have no knowledge of the likely effects of such an incident.
However, I cannot help but think that if deer, cattle and sheep, fish and
plantlife can be affected, it is just possible that our butterflies have been
the victims of the same Chernobyl] accident.

Having posed the question, can those more knowledgeable and better
qualified than myself, and that would not be difficult, please take up this
discussion? It may well be left to amateurs like us to bring to the
attention of authority, exactly what is happening to our ecology through
their sometimes blinkered plans undertaken in the so-called name of
progress.

So please air your views. Something has caused the present situation in
my part of Cambridgeshire. Is it, or is it not, Chernobyl?

HELP WANTED TO IDENTIFY KENYAN BUTTERFLIES
by John Woolmer (7193)

I should be grateful if anyone with a knowledge of Kenyan butterflies,
especially those from the Kakameya Forest, could help me identify some
clear slides. Even with the help of d’Abrera’s book I have not been able
to complete the work. — John Woolmer, The Rectory, Shepton Mallet,
Somerset BA4 5BL. Telephone: 0749-2483.

GREEK INSECT RECORDS WANTED

The Hellenic Zoological Society is preparing a Red Data book of the rare
and threatened animals of Greece. They are in need of lists of species of
various animals that occur in Greece and are currently publishing, in the
series Fauna Graeciae catalogues of Greek animals. So far only the
Siphonaptera and Orthoptera have been dealt with. If anyone has
collected in Greece could they please send a list of their records to Prof.
C. Krimbas, Laboratory of Genetics, Agricultural University of Athens,
Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece.

Published 15 December 1989 by the Amateur Entomologists’ Society
355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth, Feltham, Middlesex.
Printed by Cravitz Printing Co. Ltd., 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA.

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We also PUBLISH many titles of importance to members of the AES, among which are:
WHY NOT EAT INSECTS? by A. V. Holt (1885). A new edition co-published by
ourselves and The British Museum (Natural History), with a modern introduction by
Laurence Mound, Keeper of Entomology at the BMNH. An amusing and instructive
text with some truly awful suggested Menus. Price £3.95.
JAMAICA and ITS BUTTERFLIES by F. M. Brown and B. Heineman. 4to.
492 pages. 11 fine colour plates. Hard bound. Price £28.00.
SPHINGIDAE MUNDI — HAWK MOTHS OF THE WORLD by Bernard
D’ Abrera. Size 250 x 340mm. 226 pages. 79 fine colour plates. Hard cover.
Price £97.50: oe ay

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Just published

The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain
and Ireland Volume 7

Part 1 Hesperiidae—Nymphalidae: The Butterflies

edited by A. Maitland Emmet and the late John Heath
illustrated by Richard Lewington

Part 1 of this much-delayed volume (now in two parts) covers butterflies only
and is, without doubt, the most extensive and superbly illustrated handbook
on these insects to appear for very many years. It also, fittingly, contains a
special tribute to John Heath, founding editor of the series, who so sadly died
during the preparation of this volume.

Introductory chapters by A. Maitland Emmet on ‘The Vernacular Names and
Early History of British Butterflies’ and M. G. Morris and J. A. Thomas on ‘Re-
establishment of Insect Populations with special reference to Butterflies’
precede the systematic section.

Following an introduction to the classification of butterflies, species entries
include a detailed description (including aberrations), life history, distribution,
and history in the British Isles. The 83 distribution maps, based on those in
Heath, Pollard & Thomas’ At/as of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland (1984),
include over 13,500 additional records updating the status of resident species
to the end of 1988, with graded maps for rare migrant species. The work also
includes a check list of British butterflies, a glossary and a comprehensive
index of English and scientific names.

For the first time, the 111 species on the British and Irish list, including
adventives, are described and illustrated in colour on the 24 colour plates
containing 568 figures. The quality of these plates is outstanding and will
confirm Richard Lewington as one of the world’s foremost butterfly artists.

This book brings together detailed scientific information to satisfy the
professional or amateur lepidopterist; a wealth of background material to
fascinate the butterfly lover and general naturalist; and, arguably, the finest-
ever illustrations of butterflies, to delight the eye of all—a real butterfly feast.

380pp including 24 colour plates, 22 text figures and 83 distribution maps
ISBN 0 946589 25 9 Clothbound £49.50

Part 2 Lasiocampidae-Thyatiridae
(to be published later in the year)
In addition, to the announced introductory chapter by M. J. Scoble on ‘Classi-

_ fication of the Lepidoptera’, there will be a chapter by Michael J. Tweedie on
“Resting Postures in the Lepidoptera’, illustrated with 64 of his own colour

photographs. This part will also contain life-history charts of the British
Lepidoptera. The remainder of the work will follow the format of other
volumes.in the series. The colour plates are also by Richard Lewington.
240pp approx., including 8 colour plates, 5 text figures and 28 maps

ISBN 0 946589 26 7 Clothbound approx. £39.50

Order from your bookseller or direct from Harley Books adding £2.50 per
volume to cover p. & p. A detailed prospectus, complete catalogue and, for
new subscribers to the series, special terms on already published volumes, are
available on request.

Harley Books, Great Horkesley, Colchester CO6 4AH
(Tel: 0206 271216)

AES HANDBOOKS AND LEAFLETS ETC.

Breeding the British Butterflies (A Practical Handbook of 60 pages) . £3.40 |
Breeding the British and European Hawkmoths (56 pages) . : . £3.40
Practical Hints for Collecting and Studying
Microlepidoptera (40 pages) ; : ty Ee OS
| Killing, Setting and Storing Butterflies saat Moths (13 ube res SOE PS)
A Lepidopterists Handbook (136pp A practical guide
for allenthusiasts) . ; £6.20
A Silkmoth Rearers Handbook (Hardback 225pp - 32 cnlens Bienes) — £13. 25
An Amateurs Guide to the Study of the Genitalia of Lepidoptera £1.80
Some British Moths Reviewed and a guide to the Critical Species. ae 31)
| A Label List of European Butterflies (20 pages) . : ; : Ee ESS)
Insect Light Traps (15 pp., 16 figs.) . ; ee . £1.80
| Insect Photography for the Amateur (8+ 55 pp., 10 figs., 11 plates) . £3.40
The Study of Stoneflies, Mayflies and Caddis flies (44 pp., 11 figs.) . £2.85
Collecting and Studying Dragonflies (Odonata) . : Seine Sch2.35
Collecting Clearwings (12 pages) : é : : : : . £0.80
Collecting Lacewings _.. | £1.30
A Dipterists Handbook (260 pp with ‘ilustratione of lee an Hae ). £8.35
The Hymenopterists Handbook (226 pp with many tables,
keysand figures) . ~ . : : ‘ : i oe
Supplement to the Hymenopterists Handbook = revised
flight tables (24 pages) . : ; oo ELS
The Phasmid Rearers Pea ipeee (Hon to Breed Stick
and Leaf Insects) . : 5 ‘ : =. £2285
Rearing and Studying the paging enue : : : : >: £186
Rearing Crickets inthe Classroom . i A ele
Legislation to Conserve Insects in Europe (A Review of Laie
upto 1987) : : . £343
The Journal of the Farenolocical Bae and ‘Coicemodtente
Club 1935-36 (A reprint of the first years AES material 100 pp of
fascinating reading) .

All prices include postage — send SAE for detailed list of publications.
Please make cheques/postal orders payable to ‘AES PUBLICATIONS’.

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