o L Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Historical series Vol 4 1970-75 British Museum (Natural History) London 1983 JOHN CRANCH ZOOLOGISTE DE L'EXPEDITION DU CONGO (1816) Th. monod BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. i LONDON: 1970 JOHN CRANCH, ZOOLOGISTE DE L'EXPEDITION DU CONGO (1816) BY THEODORE MONOD Membre de I'lnstitut de France Professeur au Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Directeur honoraire de I'lnstitut Fran^ais d'Afrique Noire Gold Medallist Royal Geographical Society Pp. 1-75 ; 3 Plates, i Text-figure BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. i LONDON : 1970 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (natural history), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 4 No. i of the Historical series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (hist. Ser.] Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1970 trustees of the british museum {natural history) Issued 20 November, 1970 Price £2-80 JOHN CRANCH, ZOOLOGISTE DE L'EXPEDITION DU CONGO (1816) Par THEODORE MONOD CONTENTS I. Introduction : John Cranch (1785-1816) II. Le Ms. 681 DU MusiuM et les autres sources III. Les routes IV. Les textes zoologiques V. Les illustrations VI. Les collections VII. Bibliographie . 3 6 12 16 55 57 73 A propos du Coleoptfere Platygenia Zairica : " Insectum in ripas Zairae fluminis Africani insalubris a Domino Cranch, pro scientiis naturalibus et entomologia imprimis heu ! quantum deflendo, nuper lectum". MacLeay Horae Entotn., I, 1, 1819 : 152 I. INTRODUCTION : JOHN CRANCH (1785-1816) C'est bien un peu par hasard que j'ai ete amene k m'int^resser k John Cranch, en d^couvrant dans le fonds de manuscrits du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle un dossier " ms 681 " contenant, a ma grande surprise, toute une serie de manuscrits de Cranch, journal, hste de collections, aquarelles, etc. J'ai pense que la publication de larges extraits de ces documents, accompagnee de quelques renseignements biographiques, servirait utilement la memoire d'un zoo- logiste un peu oubhe sans doute mais qui n'en aura pas moins ete le premier a faire dans le Golfe de Guinee ce que Ton appellerait aujourd'hui de I'oceanographie biologique, c'est a dire ce que les voyageurs naturalistes a bord des navires d'explora- tion pratiquaient depuis bien longtemps sous le simple nom d'histoire naturelle. S'il ne m'est pas possible de nommer ici tous ceux qui, en particulier en Angleterre, ont bien voulu m'aider k reunir les renseignements necessaires, je dois en tous les cas signaler ce que je dois au Dr A. L. Rice, du British Museum (N.H.) pour toute la peine qu'il a bien voulu prendre k cette occasion^. John Cranch est n6 k Exeter (Devon) en 1785, de parents originaires de Kings- bridge, dans le mfime comte. Richard Cranch, son pere, ouvrier foulon, avait Spouse Jane Bowring. Orphehn de bonne heure et eleve a Kingsbridge par un oncle, John Cranch apprit le metier de cordonnier-bottier^. A ce titre il tenait ' Je tiens cependant imentionner ^galement, sans pouvoir mentionner tous ceux qui directement ou non ont contribui k cette ^tude, Mr R. L. C. Gallant (Stoneycombe, Devon), le Rev. F. E. Quick (Yealmp- ton, Devon) et le Mr. A. C. Wheeler (British Museum, N.H.). 2 Ce ne sera pas le dernier cordonnier de Grande-Bretagne k devenir zoologiste car Thomas Edward, de Banff (Ecosse), ob^ira k son tour k une vocation comparable, mais dans des circonstances plus difficiles (cf. S. SMILES, Life of a Scotch NaturaUst, Thomas Edward, London, John Murray, 4th ed.. 1877, XIX+438 p., 30 fig., I portrait). 4 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 6chope dans les foires de la region. Son interet, toutefois, ^tait ailleurs et, apparem- ment sous I'influence du Colonel George Montagu, dont les collections de Knowle House, Kingsbridge constituaient un veritable musee, John Cranch allait, de plus en plus, se consacrer a I'histoire naturelle : il passe des nuits entieres avec les dragueurs de la cote du Devonshire, assiste le Colonel Montagu, en particulier pour rornithologie et publie meme quelques articles de zoologie dans un periodique local. The Weekly Entertainer ; le Dr Rice y a retrouve les litres suivants, dans le vol. 51, de 1811 : Natural Historj^ of the large Pinna, No. i, March 4th ; Natural history of the Jessamine moth. No. 2, March nth ; Natural History of the Pea Crab, No. 3, April 29th ; Natural History of the Hermit crab, No. 4, May 13th. II semble que son mariage ait apporte a John Cranch une certaine aisance, qui allait lui permettre, en fait, de satisfaire plus largement ses gouts de naturaliste ; comme le dit, non sans un peu de condescendante indulgence I'auteur anonyme de " Kingsbridge & Salcombe " (1819) : " As Mr. Cranch, after his marriage, possessed a httle independence, he devoted his hours to similar [allusion au Col. Montagu] innocent amusements^ " . John Cranch vendra d'aiUeurs des Crustaces au British Museum, comme le fera 6galement le Colonel George Montagu (J. E. Gray in White, 1847, p. v). Par le Colonel Montagu, John Cranch s'etait trouve mis en relation avec un troi- sieme " devonien ", le Dr. William Elford Leach, conservateur au British Museum et par ce dernier avec le Capitaine J. K. Tuckey (aout 1776-4 sept. 1816)'', chef de I'expedition au Congo. II y a, bien entendu, d'autres John Cranch, a ne pas confrondre avec notre jeune zoologiste ; le plus connu est le peintre John Cranch {1751 (Kingsbridge)-i82i) mais on trouve un John Cranch dans un acte du 20 avril 1691, un John Cranch, petit-fils du precedent et attorney, fixe a Bath, un autre enfin participant a des fouilles autour de Kingsbridge (Kingsbridge & Salcombe, 1819, passim). Un Judge Cranch devait emigrer en Amerique, ce qui explique les relations avec la famille Cranch de deux Presidents Adams : John, et John Quincey. Le Christo- pher Pearce Cranch (1813-1892), pasteur unitarien, peintre et poete (Chamber's Cyclopaedia . . . , III, 1903, p. 831), sa fiUe Carolina A. Cranch, peintre egalement, et un troisieme peintre americain, John Cranch (1806-1891) appartiennent-ils a la meme famille? John Cranch etait, au point de vue rehgieux, un " dissenter ". Nous en avons plusiers indices sans compter la plaque de la chapelle independante de Kingsbridge. D'abord, dans la notice biographique du " Narrative . . . ", anonyme mais de Sir John BarrowS, on trouve cette assez curieuse information equivalent a admettre qu'apres tout on pourrait bien, a la limite, etre chretien sans etre anglican : Sir John Barrow fait allusion (in Tuckey, 1818, H a, p. LXXVII) a " . . . the gloomy view taken of Christianity by that sect denominated Methodists, of which, it seems, he 3 Italiques miennes. * A en croire Sir John Bowring {Rept and Trans. Devonshire Assoc, V. p. 102) Tuckey aurait 6t6 " also a Devonian " : John Barrow cependant {1818, H a, p. XLVII) le donne comme originaire du Comt^ de Cork. ' Anstey (1962. note 2. p. 2) attribuait le texte " probably " i John Barrow ; Sir John Bowring (Rept and Trans. Devonshire Assoc, V, 1872, p. 102) affirme cependant tres clairement que I'introduction (ou se trouve la notice sur John Cranch) fut " written by Mr. Barrow, Secretary to the Admiralty, for whom I furnished the materials " : on ne saurait etre plus explicite. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 5 was a member " et ajoute (on appreciera le " however ") ; " He is represented, however, by his friends, as a sincere Christian, an affectionate parent, and a kind friend". Nous avons ensuite cette allusion au non-conformisme de Cranch dans la notice des Annals of Philosophy (1818) : " Unfortunately, however, he had embraced a very gloomy system of religious belief ". A quelle Eglise appartenait Cranch ? Etait-il methodiste (wesleyen) comme le laisse entendre Sir John Barrow ? Fox (Kingsbridge and surroundings, 1874) signalait une plaque commemorative dans la " Independent Chapel " de Kingsbridge. Des renseignements fournis par le Rev. Frank E. Quick et enipruntes pro parte a une publication de James Fairweather (1887) sur I'histoire de Kingsbridge, il apparait : 1° que la chapelle primitive, batie en 1780, etait presbyterienne. 2° qu'en 1791 elle est devenue " Independent or Congregational ". 3° que, demolie en 1858, elle se verra remplacee par un nouveau temple qui, renove en i8gi, sera detruit par un bombardement aerien en 1943. Quand Fox ecrit, en 1874, I'eglise oil se serait trouvee une plaque commemorative n'etait plus celle du temps de John Cranch : la plaque a-t-elle et6 transferee dans la nouvelle eglise ? II s'y trouvait une plaque dediee a Jane Cranch, la fille de John, nous apprend le Rev. Quick (qui ne mentionne d'ailleurs pas de plaque au nom de John). Seule une enquete locale permettra d'eclaircir cette question : il se peut d'ailleurs que les destructions de 1943 ne soient pas faites pour la faciliter. De toutes fa9ons, ce qui semble certain, c'est que John Cranch appartenait a la Congregational Church, plutot qu'a une autre communaute non-conformiste, wesley- enne, par exemple. En 1815 I'Amiraute britannique decide I'envoi d'une mission destinee a I'explora- tion du Zaire ou Congo pour determiner si ce fleuve representait ou non la terminaison du Niger de Mungo Park ; placee sous le commandement du Capitaine James Kingston Tuckey (1776-1816) de la Royal Navy et disposant du sloop " Congo " et du transport " Dorothy " , I'expedition devait avoir un caractere scientifique ; aussi va-t-on recruter une petite equipe de naturalistes, composee du Professeur Christen* Smith, botaniste et geologue norvegien (17 Octobre 1785-22 Sept. 1816), de Mr. Tudor, " Comparative Anatomist " , de John Cranch, " Collector of Objects of Natural History " et d'un King's Gardener de Kew Gardens, Mr David Lockhart ; a ceux-ci se joindra un certain Mr. Edward Galwey, " Gentleman not borne on the Congo's books "', ou " a gentleman volunteer " (Leyden, 1817, p. 506). Tuckey proposait comme salaires, dans une lettre du 11 Janvier 1816 : £350 pour Smith et £250 pour Cranch et Tudor, ces sommes pouvant se voir respectivement portees au retour a £400 et £300. II demandait en meme temps une avance de £150 pour Smith et de £200 pour chacun des deux atures. Cranch revolt des " Instructions for the Collector of Objects of Natural History ", ou un systeme de numerotation est propose, utilisant 2 fils, rouge et blanc, les noeuds blancs marquant les unites, les rouges les dizaines, les rouges doubles les centaines. « Et non " Chretien " comme I'^crit I'lntroduction de la Narrative . . . , r8i8, p. LXIII, ni meme, i strictement parler, " Christian ", ibidem, p. 420. ' P.R.O., Adm. 1/2617/56. 6 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO {1816) Je ne sais si cet ing^nieux s\'steme se verra utilise, mais il faut par centre reconnaitre que les precedes de numerotation de Cranch, tels qu'ils se trouvent transcrits dans ses listes, restent singulierement incomprehensibles. Cranch n'est peut-etre pas de caractere tres facile, s'il faut en croire Smith (H c, p. 235) : " Cranch, I fear, by his absurd conduct, will diminish the liberality of the Captain towards us. He is like a pointed arrow to the company ". II se verra d'ail- leurs quelque peu taquine par ses compagnons, comme I'avouera Smith (H c, p. 255) : " Poor Cranch is almost too much the object of jest. Galwey [le gentleman volontaire] is the principal barterer ". II y a dans le journal de Cranch, a la date du 4 juin, une page en stenographie dont il serait bien interessant de connaitre la signification car si Cranch a eprouve le besoin de dissimuler un assez long texte a la curiosite d'eventuels lecteurs, on voudrait bien en savoir la raison. Malheureusement, malgre les efforts d'un specialiste, Mr. F. Higenbottom, City Librarian a Canterbury, le systeme employe n'a pas pu se voir identifie : il existerait d'aUleurs plus de 300 systemes britanniques de stenographie . . . Mais U est temps de laisser la parole a John Cranch lui-meme, dont le journal va permettre de suivre I'activite de mars a aout 1816, presque jusqu'a sa mort, par consequent. Rappelons que sur les 56 personnes se trouvant a bord le jour de I'appareillage (25 fevrier)*, 21 ne reverront pas I'Angleterre (morts a terre : 14, a bord du " Congo " : 4, au cours de la traversee de I'Atlantique : 2, a Bahia : i). Cranch mourait le 4 septembre' et etait enterre " at Embomma [Boma] by per- mission of the King, in his own burial ground, where he was laid with miUtary honours by the side of his feUow traveller Mr. Tudor, who had been interred with the like ceremony, a few days before " (John Barrow, 1818, H a, p. LXXVI)!". Cranch laissait une veuve et une fille unique, Jane Bowring Cranch, qui a laisse une Evocation, intitulee " Troublous Times " (London, 1862), de la persecution des Puritains a laquelle ses propres ancetres (maternels ?) s'etaient trouves associes. J'ai dit aiUeurs (1967, p. 31) qu'en fait Cranch aura ete le premier a faire dans le Golfe de Guinee de la zoologie marine et meme, a certains egards, de I'oceanographie biologique. Le " small net " de Cranch, " which was always suspended over the side of the vessel " (Leach, 1817, p. 294) aura ete la bien modeste origine d'une lignee nom- breuse d'engins de plus en plus perfectionnes et efficaces. Raison de plus pour ne pas oubUer le petit filet de John Cranch et la memoire du petit cordonnier du Devon- shire enterre a " Embomma " dans le " cimetiere royal " de ce village congolais. II. LE Ms. 681 DU MUSEUM ET LES AUTRES SOURCES Le Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) conserve dans son fonds manu- scrits un Ms. 681 ainsi decrit dans le Catalogue general des manuscrits des bibho- 8 A savoir : 49 (officiers et Equipage ) -f 2 (Congolais) + 4 (naturalistes + 1 (Mr. Gahvey ) = 56. ' C'est la date donnfe par Hawkins (1819) : il eit 6ti impossible de la prdciser d'apres I'lntroduction de la "Narrative ..." (p. LXX\'1I) mais connaissant la date du 4 on reconstitue : malade le 23 aoiit entre " Cooloo " et " Inga ", rapatrii le 24 (cf. Tuckey, H b, p. 179). 1^ Les sources consultees ne spdcifient pas si pour le service fun^bre d'un non-anglican aura it6 utilis^e la liturgie " Burial of the Dead " du Prayer-Book. Chr. Smith, lui, aurait iii, non pas enterr^ mais im- merg6 dans le fleuve (L. von Buch, 1826, p. 216). JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 7 th^ques publiques de France, Paris, II, 1914, p. 121 " 681. Manuscrits de John Cranch sur son voyage au Congo {1816). Notes de voyage, journal et dessins. On remarque : " Remarks on animals as were observed during a voyage of discovery in the Congo expedition, with a list of such specimens as were taken and presewed [sic] " — " 35 drawings or sketches of fishes from the voyage to the river Congo " — XVIIIe siecle [sic]. Papier-Liasse " (A. Boinet). Un probleme se pose, celui de I'origine de ces document dont on se demande aussitot comment ils se trouvent aujourd'hui conserves a Paris. Pour I'instant on ne peut guere lui imaginer d'autre solution que celle que propose le Dr. A. L. Rice (in Hit.) : Leachii se serait vu confier les papiers de Cranch puisqu'il devait etudier les resultats zoologiques de I'expedition Tuckey : en quittant le British Museum pour le continent il aurait emporte ce dossier : I'aura-t-il prfite a I'un de ses collegues du Jardin des Plantes 011 il sera definitivement demeure ? On salt que les dernieres annees de Leach ont ete assombries par des troubles mentaux qui I'obligerent a cesser toute activite scientifique. II est en tous les cas certain que Leach a eu entre les mains — et c'etait normal puisqu'il avait les collections de Cranch a identifier — les papiers de Cranch ; il fait d'ailleurs explicitement allusion aux " Ms. observations made by Mr. Cranch " (1818, p. 419). Une lettre de Mr A. E. Gunther (18-III-1969) a Mr P. J. P. Whitehead, qui a bien voulu me la communiquer, signale que Leach qui avait ete a Paris en 1817 semble y etre retoume, mais cette fois deja malade et en route pour I'ltalie, en septembre 1821 : serait-ce a cette derniere occasion qu'il aurait rendu visite a ses collegues du Jardin des Plantes et leur aurait communique les papiers de Cranch ? L'hypothese d'une communication par Leach a quelqu'un du Museum des papiers de Cranch est d'autant plus plausible qu'on croit meme pouvoir identifier le benelici- aire du pret : Blainville, en effet, signale a deux reprises (1822, p. 438 et leg. fig. 17 [pi. n. num.]) avoir emprunte une figure au manuscrit du "Voyage des Anglais au Congo ". On verra plus loin (p. 64) qu'il a du confondre deux sources (J. Sowerby et Cranch), mais cela prouve en tous les cas qu'il connaissait le dossier devenu le Ms. 681. II est d'ailleurs possible que Leach ait egalement emporte sur le Continent certains specimens de Cranch, puisqu'aucune des especes decrites par lui en 1830, alors qu'il avait quitte le British Museum depuis longtemps, ne figure dans les collections de ce dernier. Les papiers de Cranch etant parvenus au Museum on pourrait se demander si les specimens Studies par Leach depuis son depart de Londres ne s'y trouveraient pas aussi. Je n'ai rien retrouve. Le MS. 681 est un recueil d'elements disparates, constituant, dans ma numerotation, les pieces A-G de I'enumeration des sources. A. 226x372 mm, 12 (23 p.) + i ff. (i p. de steno) : " Remarks on Animals &c as were observed during a voyage of discovery in the Congo Expedition with a list of such specimens as were taken & preserved by John Cranch ". Sur la couverture : " J. Cranch's Journal and lists ". Cette piece comporte 9 illustrations : 11 William Elford Leach, 1790-25 Aug. 1836, Palazzo S. Sebastiano, prJs Tortona, Italie. ""^^S^"' - -■- f: >-- ^___.____|j|ll ^5 ^W^^ "'," Y,-.^777S, 1 ,' 1 1 (jS , ■ \\\ *\\ v^ \''i""-/T^O % V. 1 X i;: _ 'i^y^.'^ :: 1 , a. O ^"^"^ — "--~J-V . J^'^t^y W .4 (^ i -^^^m^m - - ! '• K o J >0 > — ' 5 »A V 111 l\i\>v\ ,\\ ■^^ ' ' • ' ILL* ^ ^J ' \ -CtS— n ^ - "\ ^ / y-'"''''^ 1 ' ' i£" ^ X / \ >_ P^ 1 >^> ^r f J s v^ K. >u s I ir\i £-^r- - f \ /- /iti- h >A \ -/ / / ■■" / >-\ = s \ /^ /I -;_ s o \ /* O -/ ^ \ > r >\ \ f - s. # 1- ^- i \ /■* — > r!4 \ > o> ^1 Vs °o f > _■»- o- >\ ^ ^\ .o \ 1 *" > I .h ■" o J o \ ; o 1- - \ \^, /* 11 / / ^ — / y / [ o / >r" 1 / /' o ! o^ > r> o a / n- S \ o i \ -W -v-^' T\ '■o \ I i t >T ! .^-^ ^ \ ft \ > -^ j;j ^^.^""-^ ^K AV ij 5 o ■ o £^ V /> ■^ Ai / <* o /> — o. p y^ * * '% 0 y g a >''^..,„^ A / *" ■% o / i yi N^ < ^^/ » 0\ O ^^^ 2 *vS > o -o 5^2 s a o " S' t^ 5 o o lo JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) P. 10 : Oniscus sp. [Nerocila trichiura] (pi. 3, fig. 2) P. II : nageoires (lere et 2eme dorsales, pectorale d'un thon " albicore " ; il s'agirait d'apres le Prof. E. Postel, non pas de Neothunnus albacora mais plutot du Patudo, Parathiinntis obesus. P. 12 : a. 2 aquarelles de Lepas sp. {Conchoderma virgatiim] (non reproduit). b. Exocoetus sp. (an Mesogaster ?) [Exocetide juv.] (non reproduit), = C, fig. p. 27 (non reproduit) et G, n° 9 (pi. 2, fig. i). c. Poisson [Gonostomatide] (non reproduit) = C, fig. p. 27 (non reproduit) et G, n° 10 (pi. 2, fig. 3). P. 14 : 5 figures d'une zoe de Brachyoure (non reproduit) P. 16 : Poisson [jeune deScyris] (non reproduit), = G, n° 12 (pi. 2, fig. 6). ou genre voisin P. 20 : Poisson [Histrio hislrio] (non reproduit), = G, n° 26 (pi. 2, fig. 7). P. 21 : Poisson [Batistes sp., juv. ou Monacanthide ?] (pi. 2, fig. 2), = G, n° 23 (pi. 2, fig. 4). B. 204x318 mm, 12 p. : " Remarks on Animals &c as were observed during a voyage of discovery in the Congo Expedition with a hst of such specimens as are preser\'ed ". Le texte est precede de celui d'une lettre datee du 29 juin 1816, done quelques jours avant I'arrivee a I'embouchure du Congo, et probablement destinee a Sir Joseph Banks (of. p. 45) ; la Uste elle-meme va jusqu'au 6 aout, date de la note ecrite a Boma (p. 9) et oii Cranch laisse percer quelque deception quant a une faune qu'il s'attendait a trouver beaucoup plus riche. C. I camet, 118 x 184 mm, 76 p., utlise par les deux bouts et contenant : 1. journal (jusqu'au 5 juin), p. 1-13 2. liste d'oiseaux (nos 1-21), p. 13-14 3. 2e Uste d'oiseaux (nos 1-15), p. 15 4. 3 descriptions de Poissons, p. 17-18 5. une note ( " It might be expected. . . "), p. 18 6. liste commentee d'oiseaux (nos 1-42), p. 19-22 : semble le brouillon de la liste B, p. 9-1 1 mais divers details du document C 6 n'ont pas ete repris dans B 7. inventaire des bagages de J. Cranch, p. 41-4312 8. description d'un oiseau, July 31, p. 66 9. Uste de coquiUes (plus : Echinus et " an egg from a Hawks nest, Porto Praya) (n° i-ii), p. 68 10. liste d'animaux (nos 1-15), p. 70 11. Uste d'oiseaux (nos 1-9), p. 72 12. Uste d'animaux (nos 1-35), p. 72-73 13. Uste d'animaux, p. 76 (en partie dechiree) 14. dessins P. 9 : Poisson [indet., cf. p. 55] (non reproduit) = G, n° 2 (pi. i, fig. 2) P. 19 : personnages (non reproduit) •2 Cet inventaire, intitule " Board the Congo. Cabin box " est en partie illisible ; je crois avoir lu, en tous les cas : 10 shirts, 2 Pairs Breeches, 2 Pieces of soap & one toweU, Blue waistcoat, 5 white hanks.. Blue Jackett, Black coat, Gren d". Drawers, i shirt-clean, 2 p. coton stockings, i flannel shirt, P. Drawers, Red Cravate. i Flannel shirt, i p. Drawers, 3 waists., 2 p. Garters, night cap. tape, needle & thread, P. stockings, scissors, 2 P. gloves, three Brushes, looking glass. — Box 2 : g quires of Paper, i lb thread. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 11 P. 23 : Salpe [Salpa maxima i. gregata, cf. p. 69] (non reproduit) P. 26 : 2-3 dessins d'un Trematode [Hirudinella sp., peut-etre d'un Thon " albicore " {Neothunmts alhacora) P. 27 : 2 Poissons [Exocetide juv. et Gonostomatide] (non reproduits) = A, fig. p. 12 (non reproduits) et G, n° 9 (pi. 2, fig. i) et 10 (pi. 2, fig. 3) P. 28 : Invertebres divers, Velella sp., larve enigmatique de Crustace, etc., (PI. 3, fig- 3 et 5) P. 30 : Phyllosome (Ph. clavicorne) et Alima (PI. 3, fig. i). P. 32 : 2 Alima (PI. 3, fig. 6), I larve enigmatique de Decapode (non reproduit) P. 40 : Salpe [Salpa fusiformis f. gregata, cf. p. 69] et Siphonophore [cf. p. 38 et 62], non reproduits P. 44 : personnages P. 48 : personnages P. 51 : Phyllosome {Ph. commune) (PI. 3, fig. 4) P. 56 : personnages P. 61 ; personnage D. carnet, 120x190 mm, 5 p. (ecrites). Notes August 7-17 (derniere entree : " Saturday 17 ") ; Cranch est alors sans doute deja tombe malade ; I'ecriture devient difficile a lire. E. 234 X 357 mm, 5 p. : A List of specimens pres"* in spirit. — Voir chap. VI, p. 57 F. 160 X 200 mm, 4 p. : A Table of Latitudes & Longitudes taken in HMS Congo by Mr Fitzmaurice — Cette liste de positions est a completer par celles que donne la " Narrative . . . " (H. h) et le dossier P.R.O., Adm. 1/2617 : ces diverses sources ne donnent d'ailleurs pas toujours pour un meme jour les memes chiffres, mais le dernier document cite conceme les positions de la " Dorothy " : il est probable que les posi- tions auront ete separement calculees, sur le " Congo " par Fitzmaurice et sur la " Dorothy " par Tuckey (ou Hawkey). G. 180 X220 mm : " 35 drawings or sketches of fishes. From the voyage to the river Congo by Smith, Hawkie & J. Cranch ". On trouvera au chapitre V, " Les illustrations, " la liste de ces dessins et aquarelles, a I'execution desquels, sans qu'il fut possible d'en identifier individuellement les auteurs, auraient participe, avec Cranch, le botaniste Smith et le Lieutenant Hawkey en realite, il semble que ce dernier soit I'auteur, sinon exclusif, du moins de beaucoup le plus important. 13 Les autres sources H. " Narrative of an Expedition to explore the River Zaire . . . ", 1818, 4°, LXXXH +498 p., 13 figs. n. num., 13 pi., i carte h.t. H a. Introduction, anonyme [Sir John Barrow], p. I-LXXXII H b. Captain Tuckey's narrative [jusqu'au i8 septembre 1816], p. 5-225. H c, Professor Smith's journal [jusqu'au 9 septembre 1816], p. 229-336. H d, General observations, p. 337-390 H e, Appendix, No. II, W. E. Leach, Observations on the Genus Ocythoe .... p. 400-401, pi. XII. 13 Pourquoi trouve-t-on le nom de cet officier dcrit ici " Hawkie ". Les documents imprimes {" Nar- rative . . . ") donnent " Hawkey ", il se pent que " Hawkie " soit ici un simple lapsus calami. Les incertitudes orthographiques dans les anthroponymes ne sont d'ailleurs pas rares encore au dt^but du XIXe sifecle : Leach n'h&ite pas k d^dier au Prof. Smith un " Lupa Smythiana ". 12 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) H/, Appendix, No. Ill, E. Home, The distinguishing characters between the Ova of the Sepia . . . , p. 402-406, pi. XIII-XIV. H g. Appendix, No. IV, anonyme [W. E. Leach], A general Notice of the Animals taken by Mr. John Cranch . . . , p. 407-419, i pi. n. num. H h, Appendix, No. VII, anonyme [L. Fitzmaurice ?], Hydrographical Remarks from the Island of St. Thomas, to the Mouth of the Zaire, p. 489-498. — Dans ce texte il faut evidemment lire : p. 489, " 27th " [May] " 5th " [June]— p. 490- 495, " June " au lieu de : " May " — p. 495-498, " July " au lieu de " June ". J. Public Record Office (London) Le dossier Admiralty 1/2617 renferme une s^rie de pieces concernant I'expedition, lettres de Tuckey, " Instructions for the Collector of Objects of Natural History ", " Memorandum of an Instruction to Captain Tuckey ", " Diary of the Route and Meteorological Diary of the Congo Expedition " (Tuckey), " Dorothy transport. Journal of an Expedition to the River Zaire by Captain J. H. Tuckey ", etc. III. LES ROUTES On a vu plus haut qu'une piece F du MS. 681 fournissait une table des positions du " Congo " et que deux autres documents, la " A'a/'ra/'nifj . . " et le journal de Tuckey (P.R.O. Adm. 1/2617) donnaient un certain nombre de positions de la " Dorothy ". Le calendrier general de I'expedition s'etabUt comma suit : Fevrier 1816 22 — Tuckey embarque sur la " Dorothy " 25 — AppareiUage 27 — " Land gale with heavy squalls and rain " 28 — " Fresh gale from NNW " Mars 1816 3 — " Gale " 4 — ■" Gale " 7 — " Received a weeks fresh beef from the contractor at Falmouth " 9 — Lizard 13-15 — On est encore pres de la terre (Falmouth) 20— 49°i7'N-6°i9'W at noon, t = 46°5 [J] 21— 49°i4'N-7°o6'W, t = 50° [J] 22-47°44'N^°35'W, t = 50° [J] 23-45°57'N-ii°38'W, t = 51° [J] 24— 44°23'N-i3°32'W, t = 52°5 [J] 25 — 42°43'N — •i4°i4'W, t = 53°5 [J], par le travers du Cap Finisterre. 26— 40°i6'o N-i5°30'o W [F], [J : i6°03'W, t = 54°5] 27— 38°i'o N-i6°35'o W [F], [J : 38°oi' N— i6°28'W, t = 56°] 28— 37°i5'o N-i6°32'o W [F], [J : i6°33'W, t = 58°5] 29— 34°38'o N— i6°4i'o W [F], [J : i6°52'W, t = 6o''5] 30— 33°33'o N-i6°56'o W [F], [J : I7°23'W, t = 62°] JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 13 31— 32''i7'o N-i7°5i' W [F], [J : 1^42' 1/2 W, t = 63°], Madere en vue (H a, p. 10 ; H b, p. 233, et J) Avril 18 1 6 I— 30°i8'o N-i8°20'o W [F], [J : i8°i2'W, t = 63°] 2— 28°i5'o N-i8°23'o VV [F], [J : i8°i8' W, t = 63°5], Palma (Canaries) en vue. 3— 26°34'o N-i8°28'o W [F], [J : iS'iG'W, t = 65°] 4— 24°i3'o N-i8°5i'i5 W [F], [J : i8°3i'W, t = 65°] 5— 22°o'o N-i9°25'o chron. (i9°i7'o.D) [F], [2 : ig'og'W, t = 65°]. passe le Cap Corvoeiro. 6— 20°29'o N-i9°59'o W [F], [J : ig'si'W, t = 66°] 7— i8''27'o N-2i°3'o W [F], [J : 2o''55'W, t = 67°] 8— i6°i6'N-22°o'o W [F], [J : i6°23'N, 2i°45'W, t = non indiqu^e] 9— 14°53'47 N-23°3I'8 W [F], Porto Praya, St. lago [F, la source J s'arrete ici] io-i2-Porto Praya 13— i3°59'o N-23°8'39 W [F] 14— i2°i6'o N-22''i5'27 W [F] 15 — io°3o'o N — 2i°4'44 W [F] 16 — 9°o'o N-i9°20'52 W [F] 17 — 8°i2'o N-i8°36'22 chron. (i8°i3'7 o n) [F] 18— 7°37'o N-i7°57'o chron. (i7-34'i5 O t) [F], [J : 7° 1/2] 19— 6°49'o N-i7°i3'45 W [F] 20— 6°28'o N-i6°56'W [F] 21— 6°i8'o N-i6°24'5o W, chron. (i6°44'30 o j) [F] 22— 5°43'o N-i5''4i'22 W [F] 23— 5°47'o N-i5°28'52 W [F] 24— 6°i'o N-i4°55'o W [F] 25— 5°33'o N-i8°i8'o W [F] 26— 6°i3'o N-i4°44'io W [F], [I : 6°i6'] 27— 6°4'o N-i4°32'27 W [F] 28— 5°58'o N-i3°55'47 W [F] 29— 5°47'o N-i3°ii'ii W [F] 30— 5°5'o N-i2°20'i3 W [F] Mai 1816 I— 4°35'o N-ii°25'i5 W [F] 2— 4°38'o N-ii°25'26 VV [F] 3— 4°37'o N-io°59'40 W [F] 4 — 4°29'o N-9°5i'5o W [F] 5— 3°53'o N-8°28'45 W [F], Cape Palmas 6— 3°i9'o N-6°52'22 W o J[F] 7— 3°i5'o N-3°33'55 W [F] 8— 2°52'o N-i°27' 7 W [F] 9— 2''34'o N-o°o'38 W [F] 10— 2°28'o N-i°30'30 E [F] II— 2°i3'o N-i''59'o E [F], [J : 2" 1/2 N] 14 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 12 — 2°4'o N-23°6'o E, chron. (2°57'o O j) [F] 13— 2°24'o N-3°3'i5 E [F] 14— 2°25'o N-3°48' 22 E [F] 15— i°53'o N-5°22'i6 E [F] 16 — i°58'o N-7°4'i5 E [F], Principe en vue au SE a 12-14 leagues. 17— i°48'o N-7°i4'30 E [F] 18 — i°3i'o N-6°9'45 E [F], Sao Tome en vue. 19 — i°8'o N-6°54'o E chron. (7°26'30 o j) [F] 20 — o°4i'o N-6°48'52 E, chron. (6°i8'52 O J) [F], Sao Tom6 au S 1/2 E a SSW 3/4 W. 21- — Pas de position indiquee [F] 22 — o°2i'o N-5°49'37 E [F] 23— o°6'o S-4°28'7 E [F] 24— o°2i'o S-3°53'45 E [F] 25— o°i9'o S-4°56'i5 E [F] 26— o°2i'o S-6°9'52 E [F] 27 — o°i5'o S-7°i'37 E [F], Sao Tome de nouveau en vue, au . . . " NE ". (en reaUte, plutot au NW?) 28— o°38'o S-7°5o'o E [F] 29— i°22'o S-8°ig'o E [F] 30— i°36'o S-8°46'37 E [F] 31— i°5i' S-9°25' 30 E [F] Juin 1816 I— 2°0'0 S-9''29'22 E [F] 2— 2°i9'o S-9°23'45 E [F] 3 — 2°io'o S-9°57'o E, chron. (io°io'o" o* [F] et 9°29' [H^, p. 489] la cote d'Afrique en vue. 4— 2°i3'o S-9°58'7 E, chron. (9°25'37 O j) [F] 5-2°i4'o S-9°55'i5 E [F] 6— 2°26'o S-9°3'o E [F] 7— 2°3i'o S-9''i5'7 E [F] 8— 2''4i'o S-9°i6'o E [F] 9— 2°5i'o S-9°8'52 E [F] 10— 2°58'o S-9°2i'22 E [F] II— 3''5'o S-9°36'i5 E [F] 12- — 3°i4'o S-9°i2'22 E [F] 13— 3°i5'o S-9°38'o E [F] 14— 3°26'o S-8°47'7 E [F] 15— 3°28'o S-8°i8'i5 E [F] 16 — 3°27'o S-8''52'45, chron. (9°4'o o i) [F] 17 — 3°i2'o S-9°59'30" E, chron. (io°7'30 O j) [F] 18— 3°24'o S-io°44'3o" E [F] 19 — 3°4o'o S-io°54' 0 E [F] 20— 3°42'o S-io''47'45 E [F] JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 15 21— 3°42'o S-io°43'i5 E [F] 22 — 3°42'o S-io°53'o E [F] 23 — ^3°42'o S-io°59'o E [F] 24-3°34'o S-ii°i3'o E [F] (3°34' S-ii°i3'36" E [Hg, p. 492]) 25 — 3°49'o S-ii°5'o E [F] 26— 4°8'o S-ii°i4'3o E [F] (ii°i5'22"E [Hg, p. 492]) 27-4°9'o S-ii°37'o E [F] {ii°38'37" E [Hg. p. 493]) 28 — 4°24'o S-i2°ii'o E [F], [I : 4°3o', devant Loango] 29 — 4°44'o S-i2°i4'o E [F] 30 — 5°2'o S-i2°i5'3o E [F], mouillage devant Malemba Point Juillet 1816 I— 5°i7'o S-i2°io'i5 E [F] 2— 5°3o'o S- ? [F] 3-5°37'o S- ? [F] 4 — Au large de Cabinda (mouillage) 5- id. 6— 5°4o'o S- ? [F] 7-6°5'S - ? [F] Mouillage I'apres-midi devant Shark Point (P. Padrao, ou S. Antonio) sur la rive gauche de I'embouchure du Congo. On remarquera, d'apres le croquis, qu'un certain nombre de points meridiens obtenus se placent a I'interieur des terres. Smith (He, p. 260) I'avait note mais en incriminant seulement les cartes utilisees : " The longitude of this coast is very erroneously marked on the charts, so that according to the most recent, and we may suppose the best, it appeared from several good lunar observations, we should have been sailing inland to a considerable distance ". Mais comme les positions observees restent " continentales " meme sur les cartes modernes, il faut bien se demander si I'erreur ne pourrait pas egalement provenir du degre de precision des observations. La remontee du Congo devait se reveler difficile ; la " Dorothy " — " that brute of a transport " dira Tuckey — devra rester dans I'estuaire, le " Congo " et une flotille d'embarcations poursuivront vers I'amont. On est au celebre " Fetish Rock " le 25 juillet, a Embomma (Boma) le 3 aout ; le " Congo " restera mouille dans la region, la flotille continuant sa route le 6 aout pour remonter jusque vers Nokki, mais se verra arrStee par les rapides de Yellala ; il va falloir abandonner la navigation et continuer, le 20 aout, par voie de terre, sur Kullu et Inga ; mais les difficultes deviennent telles, k tant d'egards, que le 10 septembre, a " Soondy N'Sanga ", le petit groupe parvenu jusque la (Tuckey, Hawkey, Smith) se voit contraint de faire demi-tour pour atteindre le " Congo " le 17 et la " Dorothy " le 18. Mais deja sont morts : a Boma, Tudor (29 aoiit), Cranch (4 Sept.) et Galwey (9 sept.) ; Smith mourra le 22 sur la " Dorothy " , puis Tuckey le 4 octobre" et Hawkey le 615 • les deux navires arrivaient a Bahia le 29 octobre, apres une traversee de 28 jours. "Le -i fide Leyden, 1817, p. 507 '5 Le i fide Leyden, 1817, p. 507 l6 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1916) IV. LES TEXTES ZOOLOGIQUES On trouvera ci-dessous les principaux textes zoologiques que contiennent les papiers de Cranch, completes, a I'occasion, par des extraits des recits de Tuckey et de Smith. J'ai bien entendu respecte les graphies originales'^, la seule modification apportee etant la mise en italiques des noms latins d'animaux, a la fois dans les transcriptions de manuscrits et dans les citations d'imprimes, ce qui, je crois, faciUtera la lecture ; j'ai dii egalement, parfois, preciser un peu la ponctuation. 1° Remarks on Animals &c. On a vu plus haul qu'il existe deux documents portant ce titre [A, s.d. et B, June 29, 1816] : sans etre identiques ces deux textes ne m'ont cependant pas paru meriter une publication in extenso separee et j'ai done essaye de les combiner, en suivant I'ordre chronologique, jour par jour quand cela aura ete possible ; des extraits des joumaux de Tuckey [H b] et de Smith [H c] sont ajoutes la ou Us ont paru neces- saires. Sans date, mais evidemment en mars, dans la Manche. [1] " Lams caniis, very plentiful following the ship & picking up with great dexterity any food thrown overboard ". " Larus ftiscus, often in company with the preceeding species but the proportion in number certainly not more than i to lo ". " About 20 miles SW of Scilly I saw 4 or 5 of a species of gulls which I conceived to be Larus argentatus — Also a few of Procellaria Pelagica & a single specimen of Procellaria puffinus " [A, p. i ; cf. B, p. i] "... the Naturalists became most grievously sea-sick " (H 6, p. 8). March 20 " March 20. In the forenoon when we were about 30 miles from Land (Scilly being the nearest to us) a Motacilla alba flew by us & a Chaffinchi' perch'd on our rigging — Most probable these birds were blown of {sic"] by a late gale of wind [A, p. I ; cf. B, p. i]. " Larus canus ne disparaitra que le 23 " when Cape Finisterre, the nearest land, was 200 miles distant " (H 6, p. 8-9). March 26 " March 26. Several of the common Porpoise^* were seen along side [A, p. i] ". March 27 March 28 " 28. A Turtle taken & carried on board the Congo. I think the Imbricata^^. 1^ A une exception pr^s, celle du mot bonito (pi. bonitos) dont il ^tait souvent impossible de preciser rorthographe manuscrite. d'aiUeurs ind^cise, de Cranch. ^"^ Fringilla Celebs [B, p. l] IB Delphinus Phocaena [B, p. i] 1° Logger-head {Tesludo carelta) d'apr&s H b, p. 9, done Caretta caretia (L. 1758), ce qui parait plus vrEusemblable. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 17 From this animal were taken several Lepas, which not only adhered by the peduncles to the coriaceous covering but also about the neck &c of the Turtle. No. i. 2 on the lead & 595 & 1020 mark'd on the bottles are a few that were taken of [sic]. I con- sider them as 2 distinct species, the one perhaps the Lepas anatifera of Linne & the other the Lepas memhranaceus of Montagu " [A, p. i ; cf. B, p. i : L. membranacea]. March 29 March 30 " 30, A few Mollusca passed along side, such as Portuguese Men of War &c but could not take any. Saw a species of gull at some distance, 2 others were also seen, we were at this time not many Leagues from Madeira. A shoal of Porpoises came along side at night " [A, p. I ; cf. B, p. i : Holothuria Phy salts, Salpa &c, Delphinus Phocaena]. " After losing our English Gulls, two birds only were seen on the Day before making Madeira-", the one a large bird ressembling a raven, the other an ash coloured gull •■ (H b, p. 10). March 31 Madere en vue (H b, p. 10 et H c, p. 233). April 1 April 2 " For the last few days we have seen but little that could be considered as remark- able on the ocean. A number of porpoises tumbling about the vessel ; two large birds, the species of which, at the distance we observed them yesterday, could not be determined ; some Medusae, probably Medusa peUucida, but of which we have not been able to catch any, were all of the animal creation we got sight of. On board the Congo I saw a small whale, also a small turtle covered with two or three species of Lepas, which we dissected, and a small species of Cancer, probably the Cancer ftdgens of Sir Joseph Banks^i " (H ^, p. 234 : le Prof. Smith avait embarque sur la Dorothy ; il est ici sur le Congo). April 3 " April 3. A few Medusae were taken this day in a small nett I threw out along side, they were so pellucid that when immersed in salt water were scarcely discern- able, each possessed [sic] 4 tentacula & these were very slender. From the extremity of one point to the other not above 4 inches. — A specimen also of Helix Janthina & a Nautilus spiralis were drawn up in the nett. The former shell is to [sic] well known to need any remark but as this had the animal inhabitant which I apprehend is not often found I shall describe it. — The animal is dusky tinged with bluish. Tentacula 4, the aperture of the mouth is strongly dentated with long curved teeth & can ^^ Done le 30 mars. 21 Cancer fulgens Banks ex Macartney (Phil. Trans., (100), 1810, p. 262, pi. XIV/1-2) parait un Euphau- siac^. • B i8 JOHN CRANCH. L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) scarcely be withdrawn within the shell. — Took also 2 more of Nautilus spiralis 8c 2 Portuguese Men of War, & with one of the latter a small animal preserved in Bottle no. 328. Lead no. 3, which answers to the following description — Mouth central placed on the underside & surrounded with numerous tentacula, a thin membrane of a rich blue colour surrounds the margin extending over 1/3 of the diameter of the shield & which probably can be [2] distended wholly over it according to the will of the animal ; the shield is eUiptical, of a pale horn colour with numerous concentric tuberculated lines which are intersected by a deep marginated groove running trans- versely across the shell ; from the ridge of the back rises obliquely a membranaceous transparent, pyrimidal [sic] crest, at the apex of which extend two fimbra [sic] of a rich blue colour. Length of the animal 2/3 of an Inch, breadth 1/2 Inch, height of the pjTamidal crest 1/3 Inch — The generic characters agree with the Velellela [sic] of Lamarck — On the 5 [April] we procured several more of these animals of inferior size : they were floating near the surface with the crest erect above the sea ; the tentacula extend beyond the margin ; when placed in bucket of sea water their loco- motion was scarcely perceptable [sic] " [A, p. 1-2 ; cf. B, p. 2] [au crayon dans la marge : No. 4 Vellela 452] " . . .as the scientific gentlemen were now pretty well recovered from their sea sickness . . . the tow-net was put overboard and collected some of these animals, all of the Vellela genus ". (H i, p. 9). " The towing net was now become tolerably successful, taking up from time to time various species of moUusca, such as the Portuguese men of war, [Holothuria physalis), Vellela mutica (La Marc), Thcdis trilineata (ib.) besides some testacea, viz. the Helix ianthina, with the living animal ; many dead shells of the Nautilus spiralis, &c specimens of all which were preserved by Mr. Cranch. " The holothuria made its first appearance on the 4th instant in latitude 24°i3', longitude i8°3i', temperature of the atmosphere at noon being 68°, of the surface of the sea 65°. These animals continued more or less abundant until past the Cape Verde islands, when they entirely disappeared " (H b, p. 11). " The sea begins to exhibit a greater abundance of animals. Cranch is at length preparing to fish up whatever he can catch. In the last few days we have constantly seen and caught a great number of Portuguese men-of-war [Holothuria physalis) ; also a small eatable^^ Velila [sic] (which I sketched) ; a Salpa ? which emits hght and a Medusa, with four tentacula. On board the Congo I saw a Loligo vulgaris, and a fragment of a small Nautiltts, covered by a species of Lepas " (H c, p. 235, prob- ablement le 3 avril). April 4 " April 323. Taken in the nett a small species of Cancer mark'd among Crustacea No. I ; it is nearly allied to the C. hexapus of Linneus & Pennant, but evidently dis- tinct from the form of the margin in front of the shield ; it appears a young female " [A, p. 2 ; cf. B, p. 2]. 22 II n'y a cependant aucun doute sur I'adjectif .... 23 Sans doute le 4, comma I'indique B, p. 2 : " 4. Took a small Cancer, very like the C. Hexapus of Pennant ". JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 19 April 5 " 5. A specimen of Oniscii or some genera approximating to it, mark'd No. 2 " [A, p. 2]. April 6 " 5.'"'' A number of Portuguese men of war [blanc] were taken ttiis day & several hundreds were seen floating along side. Some of us were severely punislied by making to [sic] free in examining those animals. They appear capabable [sic] of inflicting the pain only from those filiments [sic] or threads which extend like the tentacula but are most probably ova ; the sensation occasioned by the wound is very similar to the sting of the common nettle but continues much longer & is more violent ; it produces considerable inflamation which does not wholly subside for some hours — The [sic] appear beautiful animals as they swim along on the sea ; the whole of the air bladder is raised above the surface on which is a thin membrane, erectable at the will of the animal ; this at the extreme edge on back is of a bright flesh colour & of a cuneiform figure ; the tentacula & strings of ova which radiate from beneath are of a deep blue purple colour, some of the lines of ova measured upwards of three yards — On examination of some of the parts with a microscope innumerable pellucid globules were discovered & which are probably Medusae on which it feeds ; the largest taken did not exceed 7 Inches in the length of its inflated bladder. A few we put in sea water had evidently the power of contracting or distending the air bag which floats them on the surface ; whether [sic] they possess it sufficiently to enable them to sink much below the surface I have yet had no opportunity to ascertain. " " No. 4 lead 452 on the bottle contains several Vellela " [A, p. 2 ; cf. B, p. 2 : Holothuria Physeter]. April 7 " 5.25 Many of the Nautilus spiralis were taken but all dead specimens ; to most of them were found attached 2 if not 3 species of Lepas, one of these is evidently the L. Fascicularis Montagu, the other to me a species unknown, unless it should prove the L. sulcata described & figured in Test. Britannica from a few specimens found on the Devon Coast [3]. They are preserved in bottle No. 5. The peduncle of the Lepas like the sulcata is a rich blue colour ; the edges of the valves from whence the tentacula protrude are frequently spinous & in others the spines regularly extend over the ridges of the larger valves, in a few the ridges are much more elevated than others & I am almost inclined to think this character wUl make sufficient distinction to separate them : at least it is a curios [sic] variety " [au crayon dans la marge : No. 5. Lead] [A, p. 3 ; cf. B p. 2]. April 8 " April 726. An individual of the common Flying Fish (£. volitans) was taken on board ; it is the first I have yet seen in so recent a state ; it is of small size, not above 2* En r(5alit4, le 6 avril [B, p. 2]. 25 Sans doute le 7 avril (B, p. 2). 2i> Sans doute le 8 avril (B, p. 2). 20 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 9 Inches in length ; the color [sic] of the iris white, pectoral fins 5 Inches long. Took also a species of Globe Fish ; length rather more than one Inch, the inflated part of a beautiful silvery white. Irides white. Fins white, upper part of the head & Back pale blue, with 9 transverse dark blue bars across the latter ; tail white with a small blue oval patch situate [sic] towards the exterior end. It was alive when taken, preserved in Bottle no. 6 Lead [au crayon dans la marge : preserved in N.6 & 4 Diodon April 22-23]. Several of H. Jcmthina were also taken, the animals were in aU of them & on being immersed in spirit emitted a beautiful purple colour " [A, p. 3 ; cf. B, p. 2-3]. " With the exception of the Mollusca, &c taken up by the towing net, our Natur- alists had no subjects to employ themselves on since entering the tropic ; a single flying fish {Exocoetus volitans), the first seen, was found dead on the deck the morning of making Boavista, but neither dolphin, bonito, albicore, shark, or tropic bird was yet seen " (H b, p. 12). April 9 Arrivee a Porto Praya, St. lago " 9. N. 7 Lead, contains 4 shells : I know no genera referable to their characters ; the shells are horn colour, with them were several Crustaceous Insects, 2 are nearly allied if not Monoculii, the N° of the Bottle in which they are is 954 [au crayon dans la marge : on addition to these shells, is a flask-shaped one taken April 17 & dec. that day. N°. 7]. This day I went on shore at a Bay a short distance from Porto Praya, St. lago ; I collected a few shells such as fragments of Cones, among which were C, lextilis^'' but did not procure one of these species alive ; took a few Patella, 2 species. 2 or 3 do. Turbo & a few Echinii of a species I have frequently seen in collections. Two or three Crustacea, one is a Land Crab ; few Insects were seen except Gryllii which were plentiful but not above 2 or 3 species ; I saw a pretty species of Alcedo but could not procure it. Likewise several of the Falcon genus and on going on shore for the first time saw the Tropic bird (P. [haeton aethercus]) I strongly suspect some of them breed in this Island, as we saw them fly into the holes of the Rocks at parts that are inaccessable [sic] to man. Eagles certainly breed here " [A, p. 3 ; cf. B, P-3]- April 10 Porto Praya " 10. This day procured a single specimen of the Alcedo I saw yesterday^'. The natives call it Passerine ; the Bill is orange Red ; irides dusky ; throat white ; feathers on the head a trifle elongate forming a short crest on the head & of a deep ash colour ; hind part of the neck rather lighter ; back & wing coverts black ; a line on the upper part of the back, the upper part of the tail feathers & a bar across the wings of a bright mazarine [corrige au crayon : azur] blue ; on the primary quiUs a white patch ; under wing coverts & vent orange brown ; legs orange red ; length about 9 Inches. It is not an uncommon bird at Porto Praya & in its neighborhood *' Le Conus textilis Linni 1758 est indo-pacifiquc. 2* Corythaeola cristata. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 21 & is extremely tame, suffering us to come very near as they sit on the branches of the yatrofa trees^s. On which they most commonly reside. I could not procure the nest although I afterwards shot several of the birds. [4] Of Eagles I saw 2 species one of which was shot by Mr Fitzmaurice from the stem of our vessel & is preserved : it is a species of Fishing Falcon ; I noticed one in the act of pouncing on his prey, it kept hovering a few seconds & then dropt with astonishing velocity in the water & snatch'd up the finny prize with great dexterity. The other Eagle is superior in size & is not uncommon around the town of Porto Praya & in the adjacent mountains : it appears bluish ash color [sic] on the back ; the upper margins of the wings & tail black ; I shot at 2 or 3 but was not fortunate to bring one down ; about 4 miles distant inland in one of the lofty mountains I found a nest belonging to this bird : it was built near the summit among the rocks & composed of loose sticks hned on the inside with goats hair & a few other soft materials ; in it was one egg, rather larger than a common fowls, white & almost cover'd with rust colour blotches & spots somewhat like the Kestrils ; the old bird was sitting at the edge of the Rock but flew away before I came within shot ; within 10 yards was found the nest of another Hawk, a specimen of which I shot the evening before on one of the Palm Trees adjoining the town ; this species bears some shght resemblance to the sparrow hawk but is of inferior size ; the eggs are also quite different from that bird, being more round & almost of a uniform red colour. The common swift (Hinmdo Apus) is not uncommon in the mountains. A number of birds very similar to the common or European tree sparrow were also seen : I shot several ; it has all the habits & manners of the House sparrow, congregates together, has the chirp & other notes so similar that I really suspect is one of these birds ; they breed in some of the trees & are the most common bird on the Island ". " The Alcedo I shot is called Passerine by the natives. " On the hills I killed a small bird of a buff colour ; the inhabitants call it Pastor : it is a species of Lark, alaiida. " Goats are numerous but I believe they are the property of the natives : in fact their principal riches is goats, pigs, fowls with a small quantity of bullocks ; some flocks of sheep were also seen by a party who penetrated into the more fertile part of the Island than I did. " Guinea Hens are not uncommon in some parts of St. Jago, they are generally found in flocks, I saw one of above 50 but the [sic] were to [sic] shy to come within reach of the gun. The natives told me they lay in wait for them at the watering places which they visit once or twice in the course of the day or at the dusk of evening on the hills the [sic] frequent where several are sometimes killed at a shot. " The European Quail {Tetrao Cotnrnix) is found here but not abundant ; I did not see more than a dozen, one of which was killed. " Monkeys [Simia sabaea) are not uncommon on some of the Rocky eminances [sic] inland, they are shy & extremely nimble : I saw one but he was to [sic] nimble for me to procure. " Wild cats are found here, one ran very near me just as I had discharged my fowling Piece. 2^ Jairopha curcas. 22 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) " Insects (that is many species) were scarce, but the Grylliweve numerous, we took several, I think 3 or 4 species, but 3 of the Coleoptera, a few Ichneumon & 2 species of Bees which I found on the Aloe perfoliata. I saw 2 species of Papilio, very small, of a blue color [sic] but could not procure either. Many Land Crabs are on the Island, I took a small one. Shells are not [5] numerous ; one of the party took a specimen of Ven. dione & another a species of Spondyli " [A, p. 3-5). Le texte B (p. 3) donne quelques details compl6mentaires : " Of Eagles I saw at least 2 species one of which the fishing species is procured, the other species is of large size, of an ash colour on the back, the wings tipp'd with black, 2 other species of Hawks I also noticed one of which is very frequent among the Palm trees. I procured one specimen about 3 miles in the country. I found a nest of the largest Eagle, it contained one egg ; it was built on a verge of one of the high moun- tains, the female was shot at but unfortunately not killed, the egg was rather larger than the common fowls & entirely covered with rust coloured spots — The Swift {Hirundo Apus) is common here, we saw many flying in different parts of the moun- tains but could [not] ascertain if they breed here, perhaps it may form a resting place for a few days during their migrations from the southward to Europe — Fringilla domestica is plentiful here & is equally distestated [sic] for its destructive properties — In the higher lands I killed a small species of Alauda of a buff colour which the natives call pastor. Goats are numerous but all I believe the private property of the natives — Guinea Fowls are found in some of the montaneous districts, but they appeared very shy, I saw a flock of about 50 but could not come near enough to shoot them — One species of monkey [Simia Sabaea) is not uncommon in some of the upper parts of the mountains among the rocks, I saw 2 individuals, but they were to [sic] shy to get — The European Quail {Tertrao Corttinix [sic]) is scatteringly found here, one was shot to identify the species. The parts of the Island I was in were extremely barren in Insects. Except Gryllii I took almost every species I saw & there [sic] do not exceed a dozen — The fish we took in the bay were mullet & a species of Cod, but as accident upset the boat as soon as we had finished fishing I was not able to preserve a single specimen — In the bay adjoining Porto Praya town a few fish were taken amounting to above 7 or 8 distinct species — Echinii are very plentiful on the Rocks but mostly of one common species — a few shells were taken but none of interest or apparently of scarcity : Spondyli, Venus, Turbo &-c were all the genera that we could refer the few species we collected " [B, p. 3]. April 11 Porto Praya Quelques Poissons dont " a young white shark [Sqiialus carcharias) , barracoota, or barracuda and grey mullet. The others we were prevented from examining by a mistake of the cabin steward, who (supposing they were selected and put by for the purpose) caused these specimens to be dressed for dinner " (H b, p. 32). " Monkeys are offered for sale by every negro, and unless a prohibition is issued, the seamen will always fill a ship with these mischievous animals. The only species here is the green monkey {Cercopithecus sabaetis) " (H b, p. 35-36). " Cranch had been rambling about the plain, and shot a number of birds. Fitz- JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 23 maurice and Galwey, on the first morning [done le 10], had been very successful in fishing in the bay, but the boat was upset, by which they lost the fishes " (H c, p. 248). April 12 Depart de Porto Praya April 13 April 14 " Sunday 14. This day we saw a number of the common Flying fish along side : as far as I could observe, the principle [sic] part of their flight consists in one strong leap & the action of the pectoral fins was very limited afterwards ; the longest I saw out of the water was not above 1/4 of a minute & did not fly above 10 yards ; the greater part merely rais'd themselves a little above the surface & immediately again plunged into the sea. It was curious to observe with what apparent regularity the whole shoal rais'd at the same instant out of the sea & dissapeared [sic] together as if by mechanism ; they were of small size. — A Tropic bird (P. [haeton] Ethereus) flew round our vessel several times, the flight of this bird I thought was very like the common Pidgeon & at times is extremely rapid. Seamen call them the Boatswain & the common phrase is [une phrase en stenographic] ; probably the Flying Fish are its principle [sec] food — I was pleased to see a well known species of Swallow [Hirundo Rustica), which powers [sic] its melody from the top of our chimneys in England, fly very near us & 3 or 4 times round the ship ; it was so near as to make it impossible to mistake the species & is an additional proof (if any were now wanting) to prove these birds are seen in southern Latitudes at a season from which at a moder- ate computation they might arrive at the European shores soon enough for the breeding season " [A, p. 5; cf. B, p. 4] " Many porpoises (Delphinus phocena), flying fish, and tropic birds were now seen, and a swallow rested on the yards when 250 miles distant from the land " (H a, p. 40 sans date). April 15 April 16 " Tuesday 16. A number of Porpoises were seen along side this night, some were of very large size. This fish appears to me to swim with great velocity " [A, p. 5 ; cf. B, p. 4] April 17 " Wednesday 17. Took a fish, 2 Inches. Irides silvery white. Belly & sides blueish white, dorsal fin short. Tail very long ; on the Back & sides several irregular black patches ; it is preserved in Bottles N° Lead 8. — In the same Bottle is another fish taken the next morning (i8th) : colour in general deep black, tail fin white ; the dorsal fin consists of 7 spinous rays which are very sHghtly attached together by any membrane ; abdominal fins small but elongate, pectoral d° narrow & of small size. 24 JOHN CRANCH. L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) Pupil of the Eye black. Irides grey. The upper Jaw is truncated and the under jaw projects much beyond it & is rather bent upwards at the end ; both jaws are arm'd with long curved fangs, the 2 in each of the exterior and of the Jaws nearly 3 times as long as any of the others ; those in the under [jaw] largest. The branchiae appear regular & uniform & have about 20 denticulations, the fangs in the mouth of the fish are set in triangular directions & consist of about 40 in both jaws — In the same bottle. Fish. Body ver\- compressed, pellucid & of a gelatinous texture. Length about 8 Inches, breadth about 1/4 Inch, mouth transparent but appears rather [un mot ilhsible], the under jaw longest, the upper part not unlike the upper mandible of a hawk, each arm'd with numerous denticulations which inchne out- ward ; the Eye is small, pupil & exterior edge of the Iris black ; the Iris of a bright silvery white ; it appears to posses [sic] but one intestinal canal which appears like a fine white cord running the whole length of the body & which on one side branches into a few very minute spotted hues that are only cUscernable by the aid of a Lens & are not above i line in length ; we took 4 of this species — In the same bottle is an animal, orbicular, mouth central & placed beneath, underside brown. Back or upper part consists of numerous contractile ridges which radiate from the center & give the exterior margin rather a denticulate appearance ; colour of the sides bluish [6], upper parts brown mix'd with purple, diam. rather more than 1/2 Inch, 4 are preserved — Small animal. SheU long oval or rather flask shaped, pellucid & white, the inhabitant has some appearance of a Sepia. Length 1/3 Inch, width 1/3 its length^o, only one taken — We took several Crustacea at the same time, they are preserved in the C. [abinet] drawer N" — . Eyes placed close together. Palpi 4, articulations long, thorax oval & very spinous, the abdomen consists of 6 joints with a sharp spine on the 5 first, from the last joint extend 2 long tails which are flat & edged with red. — Took also a species of Squalus, length about 15 Inches, which we suspect to be new [au crayon : Now pres". in Bottle No. 13] " [A, p. 5-6 ; cf. B, p. 4]. April 18 " The towing net, which was kept constantly overboard, gave us for the first time on the i8th, great numbers of perfectly diaphanous Crustacea, resembhng insects of glass ; they were of four different species, and considered by Dr. Smith as belonging to the genus Scyllariis (La Marc, p. 156). We also took a small squalus, of a species new to us, and which from the form of its teeth may be named Squalus serrata " (H b, p. 40 : date ?). April 19 April 20 " April 20. Took 3 fish apparently belonging to the Gen. Chateodons [sic] Length about 2 Inches. Irides yellowish white. Pupil black, upper part of the head & back dark blue green, belly silvery but ting'd with yellowish, 2 dorsal fins, the first consists of 6 rays, the 3 nearest the head largest ; behind this fin are 2 small sharp spines, from thence the other fin continues uninterrupted to the tail. The pectoral '""... width 1/2 Inch when taken " [B, p. 4]. JOHN CRANCH. L-EXP£DITI0N DU CONGO (1816) 25 fins are small & tongue shaped, the abdominal fins are short ray'd but the fin extends to one half the length of the body, the thoracic fins are oval with about 6 Rays in each, pres". N° 9 Lead " [A, p. 6-7 ; of. B, p. 4]. April 21 " April 21. A few fish were observed round the vessel which seamen call Skip Jacks " [A, p. 6 ; cf. B, p. 4]. April 22 " April 22. Pres'J. Lead N° 10. Fish. Body & Head black, fins nearly white, particularly the tail. Dorsal fin consists of 15 Rays, those nearest the anterior part of the back considerably longest. Pectoral fins are long but very narrow & have each about 12 rays, abdominal fin very similar to the pectoral, ventral fin of 7 rays. Tail swallow shaped, the base of the membrane alone black, upper side of the head compressed ct obtuse, a hollow spine projects over each eye, under jaw is considerably beyond the upper & arm'd with about 22 fangs, the extreme ones three times as long as the others & very much curved, in the upper jaw about 20 fangs those near the ex- treme part of the beak very long & answer to the fangs in the under jaw, at the exterior angle of the Eye a small oval yellow patch from which proceeds a branchio [ . . . ] membrane which is regularly dentated on the inner margin. Length of the largest 2 Inches, breadth at the widest part of the body I Inch. The body is rather compressed, the Eyes are small, the Irides white. Pupil black, from the abdominal to the Vent fin are 2 rows of small silvery round spots — In the same bottle is a small specimen of the Flying fish, probably the young of E. volitans, the body appears minutely speckled with grey. Length i 1/2 Inch, taken with the preceeding. Also 3 shells.—//. Janthina—Cheteodon [sic]. Irides yellowish. Tail tinged with flesh colour, the upper part of the back is irregularly patch'd with small black patches. The Belly particularly the part that holds the intestines is ting'd with green gold. Length about i Inch [quelques mots en stenographie]. The same day we took a fish, probably belonging to Gen. Balistes. Length 5 1/2 Inches. Colour dull oUve covered with irregular white spots, pupil of the Eye black. Irides grey, pectoral fin yellowish brown, dorsal fin of 25 rays, spotted the same as the body. Tail fin nearly black with 2 rows of white spots. Ventral fin contains 20 rays, a large spinous process & a few small spines anterior to the ventral fin, pectoral fin 15 double rays, mouth very small & orbicular, palate white. — A Shark [SquaUis glaucus) was also taken at a hook the same day, it was near 7 feet in length^i, it was soon secured & the actions of the seamen verified the accounts I had read. The tail was soon taken of [sic] as the second dangerous [7] member it possessed, soon after the belly was opened & yet it continued biting any substance that was placed near its voracious jaws ; on opening it proved a female, a long string of ova were taken out & several young about 2 Inches in length, 3 of them are preserved in bottle N° II — The demolition of this general depredator was so rapid that I had not time to examine it attentively ; such a well known species however needs few additional remarks ; as they were drawing it up from the water I saw 2 or 3 fish apparently '1 " Squalns glaucus taken, length 4 1/2 feet ..." [B, p. 4]. 26 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) adhering to it & these the seamen call pilot fish, some of them I suspect were a species of Sucker [Echetieis), none were however brought on the deck — Adhering to the pectoral fins of the shark were a number of Crustacea, perhaps Onisci, many of which are preserved in Bottle N° 12 & a few are in the drawer of Crustacea N° — . I obser\-ed none on any of the other fins tho [sic] probably they extend occasionally to them all. " [A, p. 6-7 ; cf. B, p. 4]. April 23 April 24 April 25 " Thursday 25. This morning 2 Sharks were taken (S. ), they were both of small size, the largest was not above 4 feet long, in the stomach of one was a Fl\-ing fish & in the other was a few pieces of the first shark taken this day. — Attached to one of them were 4 sucking fish (Echenius [sic] remora), the largest was rather above one foot in length & the smallest about 2 Inches, the only differance [sic] in structure was the largest had one more stria on the back than the least. 18. 1732. The general colour of this fish is of a dingj' black, the Eyes are small & dusky, pupil black, around the Irides is a narrow silver line on the margin, the under jaw projects considerably beyond the upper, both are armed with numerous curved teeth, in the under jaw the 6 first from the corner of the mouth are disposed in pairs, in the upper jaw the teeth are numerous but irregular, a second double row is disposed in the backer part or palate of the mouth — at the base of the pectoral fins & e.xterior margin the fin is white, anal fin contains 22 rays. Dorsal fin very near the tail. Length of this specimen 9 Inches, pres*. in Bottle N° 13. " " A very large shoal of Porpoises were seen at some distance from the vessel this afternoon, at a moderate estimate there were many hundreds. — -We also saw a few birds, but they were to [sic] far distant to ascertain the species but most probably GuUs or Tropic birds " [A, p. 7 ; cf. B, p. 4]. " The first bonitos [Scomber pelamis) were seen on the 25th, in latitude 5°53, and many cavally or shipjack [sic] sported after showers of rain, while flocks of tropic and other oceanic birds hovered over the riplings they caused, in order to seize the fl>-ing fish frightened from their element " (H b, p. 41). " Our only amusement now was the taking of sharks, all of the white species (carcharias) , except one of the blue (glaucus), and the only one seen during the passage ; the largest of the former was a male, ten feet long, the latter a female im- pregnated, seven feet long ; she was unattended either by pilot-fish or sucking-fish, while the white sharks had many of both accompanying or attached to them " (H b, p. 41, pas de date). April 26 " Friday 26. A white shark taken this morning about 4 feet long, we also hooked another of larger dimensions but this fellow had the fortune to escape. 2 Baracota or 32 Done probablement Remora remora. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPIiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 27 Albicores past along side, one of which was harpooned but afterwards got of [sic] ; several Dolphins were seen at the stern but none taken. — We saw a few^s of the Stormy Petrel {P. Pelagica) : " [A, p. 7]. April 27 " Saturday 27. Two white Sharks^'' taken. A flock of Tropic birds passed near us, a few stonny Petrels were seen " [A, p. 7]. April 28 " Sunday 28. A few stormy Petrels were seen & Albicores & a small white Shark was taken " [A, p. 7]. April 29 " Monday 29. Tropic birds. Took a few Crustacea pres"". in No. 12 & 2 //. \_elix] Janthina & 3 small soft animals (MoUusca) " [A, p. 7 ; cf. B, p. 5]. April 30 " Tuesday 30. Three Mollusca. Three black fish with white fins, the same as be-[8]fore pres*. in bottle N° — " [A, p. 7-8]. May 1 " May I. Took in the nett 2 specimens of shrimp answering this description. Antennae more than twice the length of the body, composed of 2 long joints^s at the base (on which are several sharp spines) and from thence consist of numerous fine articulations & which enlarge near the apex into an oval form, or not unlike the bowl of a tea spoon, each of the fine joints have a slight spine. The Eyes are black & pedunculated but the peduncle is very short, projecting over each Eye is a short spine & immediately behind which are two others ; the sides of the thorax are smooth but raise in a ridge on the back, the first part of the Palpi is composed of 3 joints which are rather large & these are divided into 2 parts, that nearest the internal part of the antenna largest. Legs 10. The anterior & posterior pairs much the shortest, nails simple & sharp & of moderate length. Legs uniform in structure. Abdomen of 7 joints, the tail one largest which is rounded with an entire margin. Colour nearly white or very pellucid e.xcepting the sides of the abdomen which are tinged with red & the extreme or spoon shaped part of the antenna which are brown. Length i Inch, bread[th] at the thorax about 1/3 the length — Squalus^^ the same species as before noticed & pres"*. in Bottle N° 11. This is of smaller size " [A, p. 8 ; cf. B, p. 5 et C, fig. i, p. 32, non reproduite]. May 2 May 3 " May 3. Saw a shoal of Grampusses, within a few hundred yards of the vessel, some of them appeared of large dimensions — Took a small specimen of the Pilot ^' " Three or 4 ... " [B, p. 4] 3"* "Two sharks (S. characias [sic] taken " [B, p. 4]. 35 " 3 long joints ..." [B. p. 5]. 3* " Squalus supposed new " [B. p. 5]. 28 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) fish^', length about one Inch, it is pres"*. in bottle N° glass 1909 " [A, p. 8 ; cf. B, p.5]- May 4 " May 4. This day we saw many Tropic birds in flocks & some were floating on the surface of the sea & others were darting with great velocity apparently on fish near the ream [sic] of the water ; with these birds was also seen a large brown bird with a very long fork'd tail, which was supposed to be Pel. aquilus^^ or the Frigate bird, it came more than once \\-ithin 200 yards of us, but the apparent expanse of the wings did not appear to me to be within many feet of what it is said this bird posseses [sic] {14 feet) & I should think 8 feet rather beyond that under the extent of the wings in this individual, it flew with great ease & swiftness & at times appeared almost stationary in the air as some species of Falcon do. It frequently darted down among the Tropic birds as if to attack them, or more probably to take from them any finny prey they had taken — Numbers of Flying & other fish were seen around were [sici this bird & the Tropic bird were congregated together. — Some few Bonitos & Skip Jacks were seen round us " [A, p. 8 ; cf. B, p. 5]. May 5 " May 5. A specimen of the Albicore [Sconib. ^9) taken by one of the seamen, I think it was rather upwards of 20 pounds & more than 2 feet long ; an immense shoal of Skip Jacks & other fish were seen at a Uttle distance from the vessel " [A, p. ^]- " A large shoal of the bottle-nose porpoise or dolphin of naturalists {Delphinus delphis) was seen ; flocks of tropic birds, and a few men-of-war birds (Pelicanus aqtiila) now also accompanied our course ". (H h, p. 43). May 6 " May 6. Two or 3 Albicores & Bonitos were caught this morning at the [9] bows of the vessel by the seamen ; one was taken with a grain a species of harpoon, which is fastened to end of a pole to which is added a quantity of lead to make the weapon more heavy & powerful. The others were caught at a hook baited with a rude ressemblance of a Flying fish & which is allowed by the fisherman just so skim the surface of the sea. The fish taken were inferior in point of size to the one we yester- day procured. They both appear at first sight very nearly connected, the Albicore (Scomb. Thynnus) answers this description : — First Dorsal fin consists of 14 Rays, the three first considerably largest, the sides of each ray strongly tinged with orange, on the back is a sulcus or groove immediately below this first fin & which is capable of receiving the whole of the rays which the fish can at will compress within it & it is most commonly in this position on the death of the animal ; immediately behind this is another dorsal fin which consists of 13 close set & thick rays, this fin is also ting'd with orange on the exterior margin, from this to the tail are 8 small 3' Gasterosteus ductor [B, p. 5]. ^Pelicanus Aquilex [B, p. 5]. 2^ Scomber Thunnus [B, p. 5]. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 29 spurious fins which in their recumbent state appear triangular in form but on being rais'd the base appears much narrowest & the fin gradualy widens to the exterior edge in an irregular form to the exterior edge, these fins are placed nearly equidistant from each other & occupy the whole space between the second dorsal fin & the tail. The tail is large & crescent shaped & has at least 40 rays, the last 6 on each side considerably largest, on each side the tail is a lozenge wedg'd shaped membrane that projects from the sides & extends to the a""" spurious fin ; the pectoral fins are scythe shaped & long & consist of 34 rays each, the fish has a groove on the side of the body, that receives this fin into it nearly its whole length, they were about 5 Inches long, the ventral fins are placed rather behind the pectoral & consist 6 strong short rays each, the anal fin has 13 rays which are placed very close to each other & guarded with a strong thick membrane, behind this are 8 small spurious fins, these as well as the fins on the opposite side of the back are strongly ting'd with orange. Eyes are large. Pupil black. Irides silvery, in some lights appear tinged with gold, the jaws are armed with a single row of small curved teeth & the upper part of the roof of the mouth is filled with very minute bony denticulations cS: which feel very rough to the touch of the finger. Branchiae 7. Colour of the fish in general of a deep blueish on the back, tinged with purple & other shades, sides very light brown, shaded with about 20 transverse white lines or stripes across the belly & sides, the number is however variable in different specimens, sides & head of the fish nearly smooth, the scales on the back are very small, but are larger near the base of the pectoral fins. — Length of this specimen about 2 feet, circumferance [sic] at the largest part 16 Inches.— The Bonito differs from the former in a few particulars'"", the colour of the fish is nearly the same except the fins of this are very slightly if at all tinged with orange.— The first dorsal fin has 16 instead of 14 rays & there are but 14 spurious fins, 7 on each side the tail, the sides of this fish are more silvery & have 4 dark stripes on each, which extend the whole length of the body. The Pectoral fins are also shorter. But one strong specific character which Capt. Tuckey observed is in the roof of the mouth which in this species is quite smooth. — From the stomachs of some of these fish were taken a few flying fish, I believe their most common food.— & 2 other kinds of fishes, one was a small Globe fish.— They appear very active fish in the water & very tenaceous of [10] life : that one lived for an hour after it was emboweled. — Those we had dressed were dry & rather strong tasted, very far inferior to the common Mackerel. — We this day saw a great number of Tropic Birds & 4 or 5 of the Frigate birds, but not apparently larger than the former in size, not. May 4. One of these was seen to pounce at & take a Flying fish as it was leaping from the sea " [A, p. 8-10 ; cf. B, p. $].*'■ ■"> D'apres Tuckey (H b, p. 44) TAlbicore aurait 8/8 pinnules et Ic Bonito 8/7. "" ^" ce qui coucerne I'identification des Scombres rencontres par Cranch, on pent admettre que son " albicore " pst notre " albacore ", thon i nageoires jaunes ou Yellowfin (Neothunnus albacora) tandis que le " bonito " est la Bonite k ventre raye (Kaisuwonus pelamis) ; ces deux espdces, me signale E. Postel, se rencontrent souvent ensemble et dans la proportion signalee par Cranch ; d'autre part, il se trouve, me fait remarquer E. Postel, que la figure de la pectorale de I'Albicore de Cranch (A, p. 11) semble en fait etre celle d'un Patudo (Parathunnus obesits), esp^ce dont on peut trouver des individus melanges aux bancs d'albacores et dont les jeunes sont difficile k distinguer de ceux de ces derniers : Cranch, par conse- quent, qui ne voyait depuis deux semaines que des albacores, sera tomb6 sans le savoir, Ic jour oil il veut dessiner une pectorale d'albacore, sur un patudo. Quant au " cavally or shipjack " (H 6, p. 41) ou " Skip Jacks " [h, p. 6 ; B, p. 4) on ne peut rien en dire, faute d'elements'd'identification. 30 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) May 7 " Tuesday 7. Took a specimen of Ex. volitans in the nett along side ; adhering to the pectoral fin was a species of Oniscii. Length i Inch, breadth 1/4 do. Body oval composed of 7 segments, the 4 & 5 from the head rather the widest. The tail consists of 6 joints & is not above 3/4 the width of the body & at the extremity is rounded & on its sides are 2 appendages, each has a joint from which issue 2 hooked points, these are about 1/8 on an inch in length, affixed to the body are 14 Legs 7 on each side, the 6 & 7 more distant than the anterior ones, the Legs consist of 3 joints or divisions, the first entire, the second has 3 small round articulations & is terminated by a simple hooked claw. The antennae are 4 & are rather strong for this genus, thej^ consists [sic] of 5 articulations each & taper to the point, the head is rather truncate at the point or lip & a small obtuse spine projects over each eye. Eyes black & oblong. Colour dirty blue tinged with brown & the margin of each segment lightest. — If it proves a new species I propose the specific name of volitans. A sketch is given of this Insect below [leg. en stenographie]^-. We this day saw also several Abicores & Bonitos. Also took a few Crustacea & which are preserved in Bottle Glass No. 1909 " [A, p. 10 ; cf. B, p. 5]. May 8 " Wednesday 8. A species of fish taken, it is pres"*. in Bottle 1909, length when taken about 8 Inches " [A, p. 10 ; cf. B, p. 5]. May 9 " Thursday 9. Numbers of Bonitos & Albicores were seen around us & 2 small Flying fish were drawn in my net (E. volitans) " [A, p. 10 ; cf. B, p. 6]. May 10 " Friday 10. An immense shoal of Albicores & Bonitos came almost alongside, there were some thousands. — A few Tropic & other birds were seen. — At night great numbers of fish were close to our stern but apparently at great depth, it was suspected they were flying fish " [A, p. 10 ; cf. B, p. 6]. " From the third to the tenth of May we had a southerly wind, that carried us far into the Bay of Guinea. Innumerable shoals of fish of different kinds, but chiefly Albicore and Bonitos, were swimming in all direction. Every day some of them were caught. Flocks of birds belonging to the tropical regions and now and then some men-of-war birds were seen " (H c, p. 255-256). May 11 " Saturday 11. Took a few common flying fish''^ with several of the long com- pressed fish pres"*. in 1909, probably the former were part of the shoal we saw the night before under our stem " [A, p. 10]. «Cf. PI. Ill, fig. 2. *' " they were of small size " [B. p. 6]. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 31 May 12 " Sunday 12. A Bird about the size of a Jackdaw flew several times near the vessel & we thought it would perch on the rigging. — The plumage appeared nearly black. Seamen called it Booby {Pelicanus)**. — A white Shark taken 6 feet long. — Saw a few stormy Petrels " [A, p. 10 ; cf. B, p. 6]. May 13 " Monday 13. Several Bonitos & Albicores were seen & a few taken. [11 : figures de la i' et 2' dorsales et de la pectorale de 1' " Albicore " = il s'agirait ici d'apres E. Postel du Patudo ou Big Eye, Parathunnus ohesiis]. " [12] [2 aquarelles d'un Cirripede pedoncule ( = Conchoderma. virgattim)] : " this species of Lepas was nearly membranaceous the 4 accessory valves small, those near the apex very minute, the others at the sides of the mouth triangular & very white, the general colour was bluish, the peduncle much the darker with 3 darkish brown stripes on each side. " " A species of Flying fish distinct from E. volitans was sent from the Congo for e.xamination. The abdominal fins consist of 6 rays. Pectoral fin about 18 rays but so mutilated it was impossible to ascertain the length or form, ventral 6, behind the ventral fin 9 or 10 long bristly spines probably the rays of a fin. — Dorsal fin situate {sic'\ near the tail with a slight membrane connecting the rays at the base, 12 rays. — Tail similar to E. voliians with at least 5 transverse bars on it — This fish has 2 singular thread like appendages to the under lip which are full 4/5 as long as the Body & taper towards the extremity, the pectoral & ventral fins are much further behind in this than in the common Fly^. fish, length not above 3 Inches. — Is it E. Meso- gaster P''^ " " With the above fish was also another answering this description. Pectoral fin of 6 small rays & situate just below the gills. — Dorsal fin near the tail, of 8 rays, the anterior ones longest. Ventral fin has 12 rays. — From the gills to the vent are 4 distinct rows of tubercles, two on each side the line of the belly, consisting of about 24 in each row ; from the commencement of the ventral fin to the tail are 2 Rows of tubercles which in this specimen consist of 15 on each side, from the posterior part of the vent [ral] fin to the tail fin, the body of the fish continues of nearly equal size, the tail is rather forked & appears as if it had been spotted. The mouth is furnished with a single row of very small teeth. — Length of the fish i 1/4 Inch ; breadth at the widest part 1/4. — Never since taken this species but mutilate — full 2 Inches long. I suspect the spots or tubercles in row [?] are variable " [A, p. 10, 12 ; cf. B, p. 6 et pi. II, fig. I et 3]. May 14 " Tuesday 14. Many albicores & Bonitos seen & a few taken. At night 2 birds, a species of the Lin. Pelicanus were taken by the seamen on the ship, they call them Booboes''^, they answer this description. Bill black 2 Inches long from the base of the **^ Sans doute Sula leucogaster. *5 Apparemment un Cypselurus juv., cf. pi. 2, fig. i. ^^ " 2 birds caught on the rigging, these proved to be P. soola of Linneus & the common name they are known to seamen by is Booby " (B, p. 6] : Sula leucogaster (immat., car le ventre blanc ne semble pas d&rit). 32 JOHN CRANCH. L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) mandibles & rather bent towards the point, margins smooth, tongue long & horny, at the corner of the mouth just at the inner edge there is a patch of orange j'ellow but this is not discernable until the mouth is partly open, the nostrils are open & full 1/4 of an inch in length & divide a groove by the side that seems full 4/5 the length of the upper mandible, the under mandible is slightly carinated full 3/4 of its length. — Irides dark brown, the front of the head at upper base of the bill is nearly white but increases in shade at the top were it becomes a fine light grey. The feathers sur- rounding the eyes on the lower sides form a Une of perfect white which continues to the posterior angle of the eye were [sic] it is interrupted by a small black patch, it commences again on the upper side of this spot [13] and continues to the front of the head. The whole plumage besides is of a line deep brown, the primarj^ quill feathers nearly approaching to black ; the under wing coverts rather lightest. — Tail feathers 12, considerably rounded. — Length from the beak to the extreme end of the tail 16 Inches. — Expanse of the wings 2 feet 8 Inches. — Weight about 7 ounces. — Legs rather short & small but webb'd almost to the claws, the middle claw is slightly serrated on the inner side. — The female differs from the male only in the colour on the head which is much less white on that part " [A, p. 12-13]. " The bird named booby [Pelicanus siila) now frequently settled on the yards in the dusk of the evening, and two of them were taken ; the external characters of these birds seem by no means to authorize their being placed in the genus of PeUcan. Of the two individuals now taken, the largest measured 18 inches from the point of the bill to the extremity of the taU, and weighed seven ounces ; the plumage a rusty brown, deepest and rather glossy on the upper side of the wing quill feathers, the crown of the head only being of a dove colour, lightest towards the forehead. The upper sides of the wing quill feathers black, the under side a dirty white ; the bill conical, sUghtly curved ; the nostrils \&ry open, being two wide longitudinal shts on the sides of, and about the middle of the upper mandible ; the eye a dark brown approaching to black, surrounded by a [p. 47] circle of minute white feathers ; three toes fuU webbed, the fourth toe behind very small, and quite free ; bill and legs black. This specimen on examination proved to be a fuU grown male. The second specimen, which was found to be a young female, was somewhat less than the first ; the dove colour on the crown of the head was deeper, nearly mixing with the general brown ; and the circle of minute feathers round the eye was black ; it differed in no other respects from the male. These birds were observed generally in pairs ; they fly close to the water with the neck stretched out and the taU spread " (H b, p. 46-47)- May 15 " Wednesday 15. Numbers of Albicores were around the vessel not less that 31 were taken (Alb. & Bonitos) by the seamen but they were generally of small size " [A, p. 13 ; cf. B, p. 6]. " A number of brown "" indicated that we were not far from land ; and on the i6th in the morning, we came in sight of Prince's island . . . " (H 6, p. 256). " The swarms of albicore round the ship were now such as almost to justify the *' Le mot n'a pu etre lu par I'^diteur : il y avait sans doute " boobies ". JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPEDITION DU CONGO (1816) 33 hyperbole of their obstructing the ship's way ; and twenty a day was the usual success of our fishery with hook and line, the flying-fish found within them serving as bait. The proportion of bonito appeared to be small, not one being taken to 10 albicores " (H 6, p. 47, sans date mais avant le i6 mai). " After passing Cape Palmas and entering the Gulf of Guinea, the sea appeared of a whitish colour, growing more so until Prince's island, and its luminosity also increasing, so that at night the ship seemed to be sailing in a sea of milk. In order to discover the cause of these appearances, a bag of bunting, the mouth extended by a hoop, was kept overboard, and in it were collected vast numbers of animals of various kinds, particularly pellucid Salpae, with innumerable little crustaceous ani- mals of the Scyllarus genus attached to them, to which I think the whitish colour of the water may be principally ascribed. Of Cancers, we reckoned 13 different species, eight having the shape of crabs, and five that of shrimps, and none more than a quarter of an inch in length ; among them the Cancer [p. 49] ftdgens was conspicuous. In another species (when put into the microscope by candle light), the luminous property was observed to be in the brain, which, where the animal was at rest, resembled a most brilliant amethyst about the size of a large pin's head, and from which, where it moved, darted flashes of a brilUant silvery light. Beroes, beautiful holothurias and various gelatinous animals were also taken up in great numbers. Indeed the Gulf of Guinea appears to be a most prolific region in these sort of animals ; and I have no doubt but the marine entomologist would here be able to add immensely to this branch of natural history. As it was found impossible to preserve the far greater number of these animals by reason of their dehcate organization, the spirit of wine dissolving some, and extracting the colours of others, and as most of them require the aid of a microscope to describe them, a great portion of them were lost on us, from the want of a person either to describe or draw them from that instrument " (H b, 48-49, sans date). May 16 " Thursday i6. This day immense flocks of birds of the Pelican & Gull species came within a short distance of us, many of the latter were floating on the surface of the sea, while others were darting on the flying fish that were abundant, none however came near enough to be shot, they were supposed to be the brown gull which is plentiful in the Canary Islands " [A, p. 13, cf. B, p. 6]. May 17 " Friday 17. Numbers of birds of the same species seen yesterday of birds were observed. — of Fish, Albicores, Bonitos & immense shoals of E. volitans & other small species, it was amusing to observe the activity exerted by the one species to escape from the predatory jaws of the other, we saw many of the Albicores & Bon. [itos] seize the flying fish when at some distance from the surface. — We took several Crustacea in the nett this morning. — One answers this description. Eyes on short but thick peduncles, their extremities fine blue. Antennae 4 very short, the largest not exceeding in length the peduncles of the eye & appearing to the naked eye like hairs but under the lens are found to consist of several small articulations terminating 34 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) in a fine point ; the inferior antennae are extremely minute & scarcely perceptable without the aid of a glass, on the upper part of the socket for the eyes on each side projects a single spine, which bends rather downwards at the point & scarcely reaches the extremity of the Ej-e, from the centre of the anterior part of the thorax extends a hollow & rather obtuse spine & reaches a trifle beyond the margin of the upper lip, the thorax appears nearly smooth but under the magnifjing glass are discernable a number of verj' fine hairs ; abdomen very narrow consisting of 7 distinct joints, the caudal fin very narrow & divided into about 5 pellucid joints. — Legs ten, the anterior verj' short & small, chelate, wrist small, the finger & thumb smooth on the inner margin ; other Legs rather long & double at the points or nails & on the margin near the naUs are several small spines ; colour of the Insect pale brown tinged with red, with numerous minute red spots on the legs. Length about 1/4 Inch, breadth 1/3 its length ; the annex'd is an outline [of] this species'**. [14] Crustacea. — 2. Colour of the Eyes rich blue, peduncle very short, but the Eyes larger & prominent, from between the eyes projects forward a long spine or rostrum more than 1/4 an inch in length & a similar spine projects from each side of the thorax, at the base of the former are 2 small spines near the eyes. — Legs 8, with 2 small appendages between the 3 & 4 pair which at first sight appear as the rudiments of another pair but which on close examination are perfect parts of the animal ; the legs are \'ery small & can be almost concealed with the tail under the thoracic plates ; the spines which project from the sides appear on the under part to be nearly hollow, antennae slender not one half the length of the horn in front. — The side spines on the thorax bend rather down- wards & forwards. — Abdomen narrow & consists of 7 segments, the caudal fin is very narrow & forked, on each side of the fork are a few long bristles. — A Crustacea some- what simOar was also taken but the spine on the back seems to be much bent & is not quite so long, perhaps a sexual distinction. — Length of the body 1/4 Inch exclusive of the horn in front which makes the whole animal near 3/4 Inch long " [A, p. 13-14 ; cf. B, p. 6.]. May 18 " May 18. Fish — Body very compressed, rays of the dorsal fin short & this fin runs from over the eye the whole length of the back. Abdominal of Belly fins run near the whole length of the under side of the body. Tail short cS: small rather rounded & consists of several very fine rays. Rostrum rather projecting & appears as if truncated or cut of [sic] at the end, the under part of the mouth is rather shortest. Eyes small. Irides bright & silvery white. Length about one Inch, breadth nearly equal to its length. This fish is so remarkably thin & pellucid that the brain & all the intestines can be easily seen through, 6 red dotted lines run the whole length of sides. — 3 of these fish are preserved " [A, p. 14 ; cf. B, p. 6]. May 19 May 20 " 20. Took a number of Crustacea in the [ou : tow ?] net " [A, p. 14]. 48 M^galope, non reproduit. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 35 May 21 " 21. Fish. Thoracici. Length about 2 Inches, breadth 3/4 Inch. Eyes black, Irides golden yellow. Upper part of the back & head olive green beautifully tinged with green gold & silvery shades, the belly & sides much lighter, the first dorsal fin is situate [sic] near 1/4 Inch behind the head & consists [15] of 7 rays, the 3 from the anterior are longest, the last spine or ray very short & appears almost to connect it with the 2 dorsal fin ; this fin reaches quite to the tail & consists of near 30 rays, the first 10 longest ; the length of the longest ray on each of these fins is ab'. 1/8 of an inch, the pectoral fins are short & very slight & contain about 15 finely divided rays, the ventral fin has 2 short but very strong rays, which are connected at the base only by a membrane, the abdominal fins contain about 20 rays in each & reaches to the base of the caudal fin. The tail fin is moderately long & rather forked & contains upwards of 20 rays ; the lateral line is considerably bent or arch'd immediately behind the gill & then continues in a straight line to the extremity of the tail, about 3/4 down the side of the fish this line becomes very strong and from it appear numer- ous radiations which are rather elevated on that part & slightly dentated ; the denticles fine & regularly set ; the fins in general are strongly tinged with orange. " " Fish. Teeth many, conical with a fine serrated margin. Irides nearly red. Pectoral fins small, ventral fins nearly black, 4 long spines round the head ; dorsal fins : the first small & short the second reaches near 2/3 the length of the body, abdominal fin almost like a very thin membrane, tail white & a little rounded. Length 1/2 Inch [au crayon : Bot[tle] 17]." " Fish. Body rather long & compressed a httle. Head small. Irides silvery white. Body paleish white. Dorsal fin runs nearly the length of the body. Ab- dominal fin from the tail to the stomach, the intestines of which are quite visible through the body ; the pectoral fins are rather long, the tips of which are red. — Ventral fins small, caudal fin rather forked, with a brown bar across at the base ; length I 1/2 Inch, breadth ab'. 1/4 of Inch. [Bot. 17]. " " This day vast numbers of those Pelagic fish Albicore & Bonitos & innumerable Exocetii, the flight of this fish as far as I have hitherto observed consists of one leap & the vibration of the wings if any is certainly very limited, some of them flew at least 200 yards & on the first e.xertion were more than 20 feet above the surface of the sea ; in general they raise against the wind — We saw at least 2 species [of] Gulls and other sea birds, apparently ^e/ecawM were very plentiful " [A, p. 14-15 ; cf. B, p. 7]. May 22 " May 22. Fish.''* Pectoral fins small & like a very thin membrane, consisting of 18 rays. — Irides silvery, ventral fins more forward, consisting of very fine long black rays, when closed appeared as one ray, body compressed & in shape not very unlike 2 triangles united, the first abdominal fin consist of about 6 rays, the anterior of which extend to near 2 [16] inches in length & terminates in a thread like append- age ; behind this is a fin of 12 rays extremely thin & delicate, on the middle of the back a kind of hump from whence projects a fin of 6 Rays, the 2 middle ones extend- ing similar to the first abdominal fin below ; the tail is moderately long but the *^ " Fish of the Genus Zeus ..." [B, p. 7]. 36 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPIiDITION DU CONGO (1816) caudal fin is slender, the second dorsal fin extends from the base of the first to the base of the tail & has at least 15 fine ra\'s ; the long appendages from the back & belly of this fish make it a curious subject ; the sides & belly were silvery white. Head & back blueish tinged, with silvery scales ; the mouth appears to be destitute of teeth. Length of the body full one inch, breadth nearly the same, length of the dorsal & abdominal rays including the 2 appendages full 2 Inches each ; these long rays were blueish. Took also a few Aphrodita from a piece of wood. " [A, p. 15-16]. May 23 " 23. Fish^o. Thoracica. Head with the upper part covered with numerous irregular ridges that give it a very rough appearance, from the back part project 2 large white spines which are serrated on the inner edge. Irides silvery ; from the covering of the gills project 2 spines which are also serrated, these are full 1/4 Inch long ; the pectoral fins are remarkably small, dorsal fins are fine & situate or rather commence just behind the point of the spine on the back of the head, abdominal fins come about half way forward the body from the tail ; tail of moderate length & rather truncate at the end. — Vent fins extremely small. — Length 1/2 Inch. " " Fish. Diodon. Length about i Inch, colour on the back olive yellow, on the Belly white. Irides yellow with 4 or 5 black spots on each. Tail rounded with 6 treble rays, abdominal fin 15 rays, the first 6 with double hues on each, this fin is situated close to the tail. Dorsal fin of 12 rays, with 2 hues on each, the gills are far behind the head & are very small at the openings ; all the fins are nearly white with verj- minute Unes. The whole fish is irregularly spotted with black, the base of many of the spines yellow [17], the mouth oval, the hps large & transparent & horny, within the mouth in the palate are 4 transverse ridges which serve as denticles. " 2 Albicores taken this morning, weight 84 & 85 lb'. Length 4 f. 6 I., 4 f. 10 I. ; these large ones had short white streaks on the sides & so powerful were they that 2 heavy men were lifted with ease by the strength of their tails — Fish was this day & sev'. preceeding was verj' plentiful around us & numbers of Albicore & Bonitos taken " [A, p. 16-17 ; cf. B, p. 7]. May 24 " 24. Fish very plentiful as Albicore, Exocetii, &c " [A, p. 17]. " 24. A few Crustacea taken, also a White Shark " [B, p. 7]^! May 25 May 26 " 26. Crustacea. Eyes on large & moderately long peduncles, the tips of a rich green colour, antennae about twice the length of the eyes & consists of 5 joints from 50 " Cottus " [B. p. 7, avec la date du " 22 "j. '• Cette indication se rapporte sans doute, en r^alite, au 26. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPEDITION DU CONGO (1816) 37 the shorter of which proceed 3 bristles on the inner side. Abdomen of 7 smooth joints, the last of which or caudal fin has a small notch in the middle & three spines on each side, those at the posterior angles twice as long as the others & each joint has 4 (?) fin appendages, of an oval form. Thora.x ridged, the sides towards the under part very much bent inward, a long spine projects in the centre of the front & on each side of the posterior angles a very small spine on each side the long one in front (?) & 4 other spines round the margin of the thorax & a very small one that rises from the ridge of the back — Fore legs of 3 joints, the third flat & oval & from the edge of which some very small hairs are discernable by the aid of a lens & at the base of which is a small appenda [ge] of 4 or 5 joints. Legs at least 10, the second pair very long, having long cS: simple nails, other legs very small & short. The mouth is placed just between the eyes & is apparently a small round projecting point. Length seldom above 1/2 Inch, breadth 1/4 ,pres''. in Bottle 3662. " " A shark taken this morning. " " Animal of shells pres*. No. 7. Two membranes from it similar to wings which it moves with great quickness, the centre of these purple. — Dr Smith has drawn a good figure of it " [A, p. 17]. May 27 " The sea is here uncommonly abundant in fish. The whole surface is often put in motion by the flying-fishes, when chased by others. Their number is immense. Shoals of them constantly surrounded the vessel, and at night they give out a white light, resembhng that of the moon, when reflected by the sea. It was also chiefly at night that we were enabled to catch, with the net, the greatest number of mollusca and Crustacea. Many different substances contribute to make the surface of the sea light. Some parts of the bodies of most of the Crustacea have certain glittering points, and two or three species of crabs were perceived to give out the most brilliant light. The points, which are to be seen on the mollusca are larger, but less bright. But that luminous [p. 259] appearance which diffuses itself over the whole surface of the sea, arises from a dissolved slimy matter, which spreads its light like that pro- ceeding from phosphorus. The most minute glittering particles, when highly mag- nified, had the appearance of small and solid spherical bodies " (H c, p. 258-259, sans date, mais apres le 26 mai). May 28 " I am often up at night fishing for marine animals, of some of which I make sketches " (H c, p. 259). " May 28 : We saw for the first time this day one of these floating islands, often mentioned, and which probably come out of one of the rivers of Africa. The Cap- tain permitted us to put out a boat, in order to examine it. It was about 120 feet in length, and consisted of reeds, resembling the Donax, and a species of Agrostis ? among which were still growing some branches oi Justicia ; and in the midst of these were seen a number of animals [Sepiae) ? " (H c, p. 259). May 29 38 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDlTION DU CONGO {1816) May 30 " 30. We took several Crustacea and on board the Congo was taken a specimen of Argonauta Hians having its animal inhabitant " [A, p. 17 ; cf. B, p. 7]. May 31 L^gende d'un dessin de Siphonophore : " May 31. This animal has frequently been taken by us from May 30 to June 5, but seldom perfect, in fact the long appendage [?] the head is but little more than ova attached to a long thread Uke [?] which severs from the head on the slightest touch, the string is of a beautiful orange & black colour & is sometimes a yard in length. The head & stomach of the animal are pellucid but very beautifully punctured all over. A, the head mag''., b the whole an. [imal], & c the mouth ; parts of this are luminous " [C, p. 40]. June 1 " June I. Crustacea. Body nearly oval with 4 long smooth sharp spines, one projecting in front, one on each side & one near the centre of the back, this inclines a trifle forward ; these spines were tip'd with red. Eyes blue, at the base of the head is red, the abdomen is extremely narrow & roundish consisting of 7 joints, the last joint a tail [18] forked & tip[pe]d with red. Legs remarkably small, pres". Bottle 821. Length 1/4 Inch. " " Crustacea. Thorax on the upper side oval, the sides bend in much & conceal the legs, from the front projects forward a single spine very slender full 1/2 an inch in length, this is alternately banded with blue & brown, from the posterior part of the thorax 2 appendages full one eighth of an inch in length, these through the lens appear articulated having 4 or 5 joints in each, the abdomen is very small & nearly concealed within the bent sides of the thorax, it consists of 7 joints, the last is nearly 1/3 its length & is of an obtuse triangular form with 14 or 15 long bristles on its margin. Eyes blue pedunculate, but the peduncle very short. Fore legs or claws chelate. Antennae 4, short spines at their base, small legs 10. Length of the body 1/8 Inch including front spine near 1/2 Inch — Bottle 821.^2 " " Sev'. Beroe pres". in Bottle 962, the bag or covering is of a long oval finely reticu- lated with purple veins, some of them were full 7 inches in length. " " Bottle 635. 35. Lepas shell of 5 unequal valves nearly transparent, the back plate large, round the margin of the valves a purplish tinge, shells slightly striated, tentacles 24, these are rather long & of a rich purple colour, the peduncle scarcely retractile & nearly pellucid — Length of the largest i Inch long, 1/2 Inch broad, Sev'. are pros'", from floating wood &c. " " June I. Fish Thoracici. 4 Rays in the branchia. Body very compressed about I Inch in length & nearly the same in width, pectoral fin of 10 rays apparently unconnected, head sloping above the mouth, under lip projects beyond the upper part, before the dorsal fin are 4 small spinous hooks. Dorsal fin consists of 7 cihae or hairs, ventral fins small, immediately behind which is a notch in the body from thence to the tail the anal fin consists of about 12 rays, unconnected & 3 anterior '2 Zoi dc Porcellanidi, cf. p. 56. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 39 spines — Tail slightly forked & has about 30 rays, the upper part of the back are blueish, the sides & belly silvery — Irides bright yellow " [A, p. 17-18 ; cf. B, p- 7]. June 2 June 3 " June 3. A few Medusae of very large size were taken. Several small land in- sects, as Ichneumon & one or 2 Lepidoptera " [A, p. 18] " 3. Several Mollusca, a few Lepas & 2 or three small fish taken [B, p. 7]. " The albicores which had accompanied us in vast shoals to the edge of soundings, and were taken in such numbers, that besides being consumed fresh to satiety, the crews of both vessels pickled and salted several barrels, now entirely disappeared, and with them the sea birds ; the white colour of the water changed to the oceanic blue before we struck soundings, the marine animals much decreased, and the sea lost a great portion of its luminosity " (H b, p. 52, pas de date ; probablement debut juin, apres I'approche de la cote). " The dredge was put over board, and brought up two or three species of echini, some small cancri, bits of coral, &c. While in soundings no fish were seen, nor any birds except an occasional solitary tropic bird or pair of boobies " (H b, p. 53, pas de date ; evidemment : debut juin). June 4 "4. A few Medusae. " " Crustacea. Antennae about the length of the body, very slender. Eyes extremely large & on short peduncles, rostrum short extending very little beyond the eyes having 8 sharp spines on the upper & 6 on the lower side. Thorax iinely punctured with 5 spines on it, one at each angle near the eye, one on each side & one immediately at the base of the rostrum ; the abdomen consists of 7 smooth joints the first 4 of which are carinated, the first from the tail terminates in a sharp spine ; on each joint are two swimmers on each side, these are rounded. Legs 12, the foremost chelate & small, the others very long, nails simple — The first 5 segments of the abdomen have hooked appendages which are long & pointed. Length i 1/2 Inch, breadth 1/4 Inch ; palpi large plates covering the sides of the mouth, broad & [19] thin. Colour when ahve red, the whole body red & punctured, pres*". Bottle 2075 " [A, p. 18-19]. C'est du 4 juin qu'est datee, egalement, une page (de 48 lignes) entierement ecrite en stenographic (a I'exception du mot " catastrophes "). Malgre I'aimable inter- vention de Mr F. Higenbottom (Royal Museum and Public Library, Canterbury) il n'a pas ete possible d'identifier le systeme employe ; c'est d'autant plus regrettable que si Cranch a eprouve le besoin de soustraire a la curiosite de lecteurs eventuels cet assez long texte, c'est qu'il avait quelque chose de serieux a tenir secret. June 5 " Thursday 5. Took 2 Paper Nautili or rather Argonauta, the species hians, one of these certainly had very recently had its animal inhabitant, a thin membrane of 40 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITlON DU CONGO (1816) which completely cov''. the aperture. Sev'. small Crustacea taken " [A, p. 19 ; cf. B. p. 7). June 6 " Friday 6. A few Mollnsca — A species of swallow came along side, it appeared to me [?] the House Martin {Hir. \_undo'] ) if not the same, it was shot at but unfortunately missed " [A, p. 19]. June? " Saturday 7. Took a fish, order Apudea. Certainly closely allied if not the same genus as Montagu's Zyphoteca^^ (Wer. Mem.). Length 18 Inches, breadth near the gills I 1/2 Ihch. Body compressed and carinated on both sides. Dorsal fin com- mencing near the back of the head & continuing to within 1/2 Inch of the tail, it contains about no ra}'s connected by a very thin membrane, the ra3'S are nearly equidistant & of equal length, not exceeding 1/3 of an inch. Head lengthend, the upper part between the ej'es projecting into a sharp ridge. Jaws long & prominent, the under one extends beyond the upper, teeth placed in a single row round the edges of each lip, about 30 in the under & 26 in the upper, 6 of them at the extreme point three times as long & large as any of the others, the other teeth, 2 only excepted, are nearly of equal size ; these 2 are placed at the point of the under jaw, tongue small & much shorter than the mouth of a dark colour & perfectly smooth. Eyes very large & prominent. Irides silvery. Length of the head 3 1/2 Inches — Branchi- ostegous rays 4, toothed on the inner margin — Pectoral fins of 12 rays, the last 4 from the sides considerably largest ; about half way down the belly is the vent which is very small & nearly behind which is a simple scale about 4 inches from the tail. The anal fin commences about 3 1/2 inches from the tail & contains about 40 equal rays, the connecting membrane extremely thin so that the slightest touch divides them, about 1/4 of an inch from the caudal fin the body becomes nearly round ; the tail fin is small but much forked & has about 33 rays, the body runs nearly equal in size at least 7/8 of its length & then gradually decreases to within about 1/2 Inch from the tail were [sici it becomes suddenly very small in this part & rounded. — The Body is covered with very minute silvery scales which gives [sic] the fish a rich polished appearance but these scales so easily separate that it is impossible to fully preserve their beauty long out of the water or even after the fish has been dead a short time — The fins are white, at the base of the Dorsal is a darkish shade running the whole length of the back, the upper part of the head is also darkish — Every other part of the fish appears like the highest poUshed silver & in a recent state is a most beautiful object "5-» [A, p. ig ; cf. B, p. 7]. [20] " June 7. In the after part of this day we saw two very large Grampusses " Le document B (p. 7) donne Zipotheca ; or Montagu (Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc, I, 1808-10 [1811]. p. 81 avait icrit Ziphotheca et c'est Swainson qui en 1839 (Nat. Hist. Fishes, . . . 11, p. 239) acorrig^en Zyphothyca. Jordan 4crit Zyphothyca (Gen. Fishes. H, p. 200). Zypothyca (Class. Fish. p. 180) et attribue meme un Xiphotheca k Montagu [eod. loco) — appel^ " Montague " dans le Gen. Fishes, H, p. 200-et (I, p. 84) un Xipotheca ; de plus, le meme genre Ziphotheca est placi dans 2 families diff^rentes, Stant tenu pour synonyme tantot de Lepidopus (Gen. Fishes, I, p. 84), tantot de Gempylus (II, p. 200) : le Zipho- theca de Montagu est synonyme de Lepidopus. *' Parait pouvoir 6tre le Lepidopus caudatus. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO {1816) 41 at a few hun''. yards distant, they remained under water not above 5 or 6 minutes at a time " [A, p. 20]. June 8 June 9 June 10 " Tuesday 10. Took 2 singular fish. Length of the largest about 2 inches, at first sight they appeared as animals allied to Laplisia [sic, = Aplysia] but the last specimen being perfect proves they are a species of cartilaginous fish. The order is doubtful, much more the genera they ought to be placed in. The first answers this description— Body of a long oval, moderately thick & rather tapering towards the tail, head blunt, skin of the body smooth. Eyes small & situate [sic] near the middle of the upper jaw. Irides silvery or rather gilt, mouth nearly orbicular, but the under jaw rather projects a little forward, both jaws are armed with numerous fine teeth set in at least double rows, the teeth are very small & sharp, tongue rather large, immediately on the head in a line from the centre of the upper jaw are two fleshy prominences which bear some ressemblance to horns & are about 1/8 of an inch in length, there are hollows on the back part forming a knd of small sack which the fish can depress or erect at will. No apparent gills or openings for breathing but just behind the head are 2 very thin membranes — above this are 2 pectoral members about 1/2 an inch in length which protrude from the side about 1/2 an inch in length, these spread upwards in a fanUke form, the extreme membrane of which is moveable in 2 or 3 directions, these fins move alternately in assisting the progressive motion of the fish, immediately behind these & protruding from the belly is a small fork-like shallow [?] body which is divided about 1/2 its length into 2 fins that spread out from the sides & consists of several rays the points of which are not connected by any membrane, the Dorsal fin commences a trifle behind the back of the head & continues within 1/8 of an Inch of the tail, the first anterior 4 rays are longer than the 9 suc- ceeding ones & behind which the posterior ones are the longest rays in the fin, anal fin situate [sic] near the tail and consists of about 7 stiff rays— tail considerably rounded, of 7 double rays— the colour of the fish dusky with a number of small irregular brown or purpUsh spots & varying in the specimens procured which are 3 in number & preserved in Bottle 774. " [plusieurs dessins au crayon] " perhaps allied to the gen. Lophius — a small aperture near the base of pectoral membranes " [cf. B, p. 7, mais au 9 juin] [21] " Batistes. Length rather more than 2 Inches, colour dark brown with a few small light spots on the back & sides, belly lighter, mouth very small. Irides yellow, the spine on the back has a triple row of small spines on it, those on the front sides are longest, this spine is about i/o [?] of an Inch in length, the Dorsal fin commences more than 1/2 way down the back & contains 28 rays, the tail is of moderate length & rounded & has about 12 rays, the anal fin commences nearly opposite the dorsal & reaches to within 1/4 of an Inch of the caudal fin ; at the bottom [?] of the belly, near its centre is a short protuberance covered with small spines & near which the vent 42 JOHN CRANCH. LEXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) is situate [sic], the pectoral fins are very small — June i^^^, pres*". in Bottle 39 " [A, p. 20-21 et un dessin au crayon]. June 11 June 12 June 13 " 13. This evening took 2 of Argon, [aula] Hians with their animal inhabitants, these very much ressemble Sepia octopodia, having 8 short & rather broad tentacula from which proceed numerous papillae, colour in general similar to that animal. — On these 2 animals being placed in a cup of sea water, they easily protruded themselves from their shells & swam at the surface or any intermediate depth, having all the actions & manners of the common cuttle. These animals by means of the papillae on the tentacles has [sic] the power of firmly adhering to any substance it comes in contact with & at times they fastened to the bottom & sides of the glass vessel they were in as firmly as many of the Patellae do to rocks &, the shell in that case serving them as a complete testaceous covering, in this position the shell may be easily drawn [?] from the animal as the attachment is very slight if it has any membrane whatever. — It is certainly capable of withdrawing itself wholly within its shell, much more so than some of the Helices, H. Janthina as an example. It ejects water to considerable distance from a small syphon or tube & also that dark inky matter so commonly emitted b\' the cuttle ; that this animal can wholly leave its shell there can be no doubt, for although one of the specimens we took withdrew within it & remained some considerable time & was placed in spirit of wine in that position, yet the other specimen by a considerable effort came quite out & left the shell not leaving the slightest membrane attached to the shell, the water was frequently changed to see if it had the inclination again to return into it but nothing of that sort that we could observe was [?] although it was lively for some hours. — Another we afterwards took the day following appeared to leave a very slight membrane when it quitted the shell. — On board the Congo M. Hawkey took several, the animal inhabitants were all similar, one of which he sent us & it is pres"*. with the others in Bottle [ ] as well as I recollect the fig. in Wood's Zoography of this animal is quite correct " [A, p. 21 ; cf. B, p. 7]. "... many of the paper nautilus (Argonanta sulcata), with the living animals, which, in contradiction to the opinion of the French naturalists, proved to be perfect Octopi* ". * L'animal qui forme cette coquille ne pent etre un poulpe La Marc, Animaux sans Vertebres, p. 99 (H b, p. 55, sans date precise). June 14 " A dead albatros (a bird rarely to be met [p. 261] with so far to the north,) was fished up " (H b, p. 26o-26i).5« 55 D'aprts B, p. 7 et la figure le petit Balistes serait bien du lo et non du 13 juin. *" II y a certainement une erreur de date, la rencontre du cadavre d' Albatros paraissant avoir eu lieu le 18 juin. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) 43 June 15 " 15. Took a fish pres". in Bottle [ ] I cannot refer it to any known genera " [A, p. 21 ; cf. B, p. 7]. June 16 "16. A small specimen of the same fish we took yesterday " [B, p. 7]. June 17 " 17. Another specimen of the fish taken 15., of smaller size " [A, p. 21]." June 18 " Tuesday 18. The sea was extremely luminous this night with a small species of Crustacea a few of which are pres"*. & Dr Smith made a drawing from them " [A, p. 21 ; cf. B, p. 7]. [Wednesday 19]58 " An Albatross picked up along side the vessel but quite in a putrid state, most likely washed from more southern latitudes by the current, we also saw a few of the com- mon Tropic bird & 3 or 4 Pro. Pelagica " [A, p. 21 ; cf. B, p. 8]. " The same day a whale (apparently a species of Physeter, having large humps be- hind the back fin), struck our rudder with his tail in rising, and one of these fish rose directly under the Congo ; and according to the expression of those on board her, Hfted her almost out of the water. These animals indeed were now extremely numer- ous ■' (H b, p. 55). June 19 June 20 " On the 20th, a whale was swimming close to the vessel " (H c, p. 261). June 21 [22] " Friday 21. A whale of about 20 feet long came very near us. This & the 2 preceeding nights the sea has been extremely luminous arrising principly from myriads of Crustacea which rise on its surface at night. On lifting up the anchor a few fragments of shells were drawn up from the bottom, one is certainly the V. cincta of Pultney so common on British shores, another specimen very resembles the young of Biic. [cinum] reticulatum of Montagu &, allowing a slight variation from climate, is beyond doubt that shell ... A few stormy Petrels were the only birds we saw this day " [A, p. 22 ; cf. B, p. 8]. June 22 5' C'est ^videmmcnt la meme phrase que celle de B, p. 7 pour le 16 juin : lequel des deux documents se trompe, A en donnant 17 pour 16 ou B avec 16 pour 17 ? 58 Le document B (p. 8) donne 18 juin : et Tuckey note (H b, p. 55) : " The day we made the land a dead albatross (Diomedea exulans) was picked up floating in a putrid state, which seems to show that these birds wander farther towards the equator than is generally supposed " ; comme la terre a iti reconnue le 18, la date " Wednesday 19 " est sans doute erron^e. 44 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) June 23 " Sunday 23. Several fishes were this morning taken belonging to the genus Spams. The largest I have yet seen answers this description. Mouth with a single row of teeth, close set, 4 in each jaw, at the anterior part considerably largest & these are of a canine form. Branch [iostegous] memb[rane] of 5 rays. Dorsal fin contains about 12 rays, commences about one inch behind the opercle of the gills and continues to within 2 inches of the tail fin, it has 23 rays^', the 2 first very short, the next 4 longer than any of the others, from thence the rays gradually decrease towards the tail but I find the length of rays varies in dif [ferent] species & I find in a small specimen that 2 first in the Dorsal fin are quite equal to the 4 following, the pectoral fin is [?] and has 14 raj's, ventral fin with 6 short stiff rays & this fin is nearly white — Anal fin of 14 rays, the first short, the following ones longer, then decrease toward the tail. Irides golden colour, the tail fin consists of about 20 closely con- nected rays & is forked ; the body is covered with silvery distinct scales. Colour on the back red, belly & sides rather lighter, anal fin tinged with bluish. Dorsal and tail same colour as the back, considerably darkest at the base & sides of the rays ; length 16 inches, breadth about 8. In the young of this species about 8 Inches in length the canine teeth of this species are scarcely visible ; many of these were taken by the hook, perhaps a common ground fish on this part of the coast. On this day we drew up with the anchor a few fragments of shells of which one is similar to Tel. [Una] crassa var. of Mont.[agu] ; in the afternoon [a] large specimen of the fish above noticed weighing 15 pounds was taken, this appeared to have a large bump just behind the head but evidently the same fish in a more adult state — One next day, 18 pounds, length 2 feet " [A, p. 22 ; cf. B, p. 8]. " WTiales (probably Physeter . . . ) are seen daily swimming near the vessel. We catch every day a number of Spams resembling Pagms. Its flesh, though dry, has a very good taste " (He, p. 262). "... took a good number of fish of the S/)arz(s genus, named by the seamen sea- bream, and light-horsemen, the latter, from a reddish protuberance on the back of the head (fancifully thought to resemble a helmet) ; they were taken with the hook close to the ground, and baited with fresh pork or their own livers ; the largest weighed 18 lbs., and though rather dry and insipid, were infinitely preferable to the albicore and bonito with which we had been surfeited in the Gulf of Guinea " (H b, p. 57). June 24 " Monday 24. Two whales seen in the after part of the day — A small species of Certhia perched on the yard of our vessel, several Petrels, P. pelagaci were within a short distance of us " [A, p. 24 ; cf. B, p. 8]. " Sea birds had also entirely dissapeared, with the e.xception of an occasional tropic bird, and a few of Mother Carey's chickens (Storm petrel) ". [H b, p. 57, date non precisee). June 25 " Tuesday 25. Took a few Tipula as they floated by on the surface of the water ^^ II s'agit evidemment de la deuxieme partie de la dorsale. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 45 these insects were in great abundance & many of them hving, took also a specimen oi Phal.[aena] — . Two whales were seen " [A, p. 22 ; cf. B, p. 8]. June 26 " Wednesday 26. Many large shoals of small fish were near us on the surface — Some few Petrels, P. pel. [agica] — In the morning several spots in the sea appeared of a blood red colour, on examining some of the water it proved to be occasioned by a species of in/ustoria " [A, p. 22 ; cf. B, p. 8]. " Salpa. Very common on the surface by day or night. The eye looks like a globule of silver when 2 or 3 dozen are sometimes seen together, looking by their eyes like a string of beads [in] the water, the other parts of the animal pure white, but so soft as not to be kept [?], it appears to possess but very little locomotive power " [C, p. 40]. June 27 " Thursday 27. As we lay at anchor 3 fish of the Genus Diodon were taken with the hook. Largest length about 10 Inches, width about 3. Irides brown. Dorsal fin small situate [sic] within 2 Inches of the tail & consists of 12 rays. Lateral Hne very curved. Tail forked with 12 double rays. Anal fin made of 12 [23] rays. Pectoral fin truncate of 22 rays, back dark, the colour tinged with black sides of the head oUve green, the inflated part of the body of a pure white, belly d". & silvery, base of the pectoral fin quite black, a semi-circular white mark next it & beyond which the fin is of an olive green — Took also a specimen of Ichneumon length ab'. i Inch, banded & spotted with yellow — Sea at night very luminous " [A, p. 22-23 ; cf. B p. 8]. June 28 June 29 " Saturday 29. Two large whales & a thresher seen in combat at a short distance from the vessel. These animals row with prodigious fury[?] one against the other " [A, p. 23 ; cf. B, p. 8]. " Dorothy, June 29, 1816 Sir, The duties of the situation I have the honour to hold in this expedition demand I should embrace any opportunity that presents itself to communicate such observa- tions as have occur". & at the same time to transmit a specimen of each subject of Natural History I have pres"!. during this voyage. I have therefore accordant to those parts of my Instructions selected such as are needful & transmit with them a copy of my Journal to this day. I have endeavoured as far as circumstances would permit to keep an individual or more of every species taken & trust it will appear by the condition of the specimens sent that nothing has been omitted on my part to endeavour to preserve them as perfect as possible. Many of the Mollusca tho [sic] extremely interesting when ahve could not be preserved but my friend and com- panion Dr Smith has very kindly taken some correct drawings of the most remarkable 46 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) & which will hereafter answer every purpose to identify those species in future. I have endeavoured as far as my abilities will admit to retain in description some of those characters which are perishable in spirit &c. The dates also & peculiar cir- cumstances under which some of these animals were taken are noticed. This may hereafter tend to assist in ascertaining the Geography of a few but in my opinion it would require many voyages to ascertain with a degree of certainty the places & under what circumstances in general many species of animals appear. The slight know- ledge I have of General Zoology will I hope plead sufficient excuse for my not entering so minutely into description as I should otherwise do if I were well acquainted with the subject myself. I flatter myself however the species now sent will hereafter meet that attention which perhaps their pecuharaUties [sic] may deserve. I remain your obedient servant John Cranch " [B, p. i] " Some days ago the sea had a colour as of blood. Some of us supposed it to be owing to the whales, which at this time approach the coasts in order to bring forth their [p. 264] young. It is however, a phenomenon which is generally known, has often been described, and is owing to myriads of infused anilmaculae. I examined some of them taken in this blood-coloured water : when highly magnified, they do not appear larger than the head of a small pin. They were at first in a rapid motion, which however soon ceased, and at the same instant the whole animal separated into a number of small spherical particles. The sea has again assumed a reddish appear- ance ; but this is probably owing to mud, that has been dissolved " (H c, p. 263-264, probablement 29 juin). June 30 " Sunday 30. A few shoals of small fish seen, in the after part of the day sev'. Tropic birds " [A, p. 23 ; cf. B, p. 8]. July 1 " Monday i. A species of Dove was seen flying towards shore " [A, p. 23 ; cf. B, p. 8]. July 2 " Tuesday 2. A few crustaceans were taken this day in the dredge and presv"'. in bottles also a few valves of the hollow ridged cockle and 4 specimens of Mytihis " [A, p. 23 ; cf. B, p. 8]. July 3 " Wednesday 3. A few Tropic birds seen & a specimen of Phal. [aena] Bombyx Major taken on board, a large Papilio & a Sphinx were also seen but could not be taken " [A, p. 23 ; cf. B, p. 9]. " With the drag we have fished up several kinds of shells and Crustacea. An un- commonly large eel of a very good taste was caught on board the Congo " (He, p. 271 : la capture de I'Apode est sans doute ceUe du 6 juin). JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPEDITION DU CONGO (1816) 47 July 4 July 5 " Friday 5. A species of A}ias flew over the vessel " [A, p. 23]. En sondant " nothing was taken up but branches of an Antipathes " (H c, p. 271). July 6 " Saturday 6. An Eel sent from the Congo. Length upwards of 3 feet, circum- ference at the largest part 10 Inches. Body very compressed near the tail, upper part of the nostrils very conspicuous & open & placed about i 1/2 Inch from the mouth. Irides very silvery. Branchiostegous rays 4, smooth on the inner margin. Jaws armed with very strong teeth, in the upper the outer row for 3/4 the length of the mouth very much the largest & within which are many irregular denticulations very thinly set, at the extremity of this jaw are 2 very long canine teeth iS: immedi- ately behind this are several small irregular teeth, from the roof of the anterior part of the mouth rises a single row of ten teeth that are canine in form, the first from the front smallest, the under jaw has several rows of teeth, the first or marginal are small, the second considerably largest [sic'\, it has also several canine teeth in front that are larger than any of the others — the dorsal fin commences about 2 inches behind the head & continues to the tail, it is [?] about 1/2 an inch in breadth at the widest part. The lateral line is nearly straight but [?] broad & large & appears to consist of transverse or oblique short rays that nearly connect with each other — Pectoral fins small but acuminated — anal fin begins about 2/3 down the body & is not wider than the dorsal — Colour [3 mots ill.] on the back brownish, sides and belly silvery white & the pectoral fin bluish — At dusk when we anchored 2 or 3 Parrots flew [?] us. " [A. p. 23 ; cf. B, p. g]. July? " Mr Cranch shot some birds, amongst which were an eagle, an anhinga, several varieties of the king fisher, a toukan, and many small birds " (H b, p. 82). July 11 " ... in one haul [of the seine] thirty large fishes were taken, some weighing 60 lbs ; there were all of one kind, of the Sparus genus, and named Vela by the natives. They were found to be excellent in taste and firmness, much resembling the cod. The only other species taken were a large catfish {Lophius) and a few small mullets " (H 6, p. 83). "... a pool of water like a fishing-pond, where Cranch had just shot an .4 wAtw^a. We went down to the river side, and to our great joy found here the whole company, who had just had an immense draught of large fishes of a species of Sparus . . . Cranch had not been very fortunate. We observed but few insects, and the birds were very shy. I saw a number of parrots, small parroquets, a black-bird on the wing, and two small Moticillae [sic], but did not fire a single shot ". (H c, p. 283). July 15 " The collection of birds and insects is small " (H c, p. 286). 48 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXP^DITION DU CONGO {1816) July 16 " We saw traces of buffaloes on the sand of the shore. Of birds, we saw two species of the eagle, an Ardea alba, and Plains [sic] anhinga, three Certhiae, two Alcedines, two Fringillae, a large grey parrot and a parroquet ". (H c, p. 287). July 20 July 20. Scams. Dorsal fin commences about 2 Inches behind the pectoral & contains 40 rays, the first very short, the succeeding nearly uniform & the whole rather spinous. Pectoral fin rather slender, 15 rays ; abdominal f. very short with 6 strong rays ; anal f. d°, 8 stiff rays. Body & head cov''. with very strong scales richly [?] & with num. strong purple rays running transversely across the back. Teeth uniform conic in a simple row except at the ant. part of the jaw were [sic] 2 long project far beyond the others. Palate smooth. Branshiostegous [?] 4 — Length 3 feet, common at Sharks Point and near Sherwoods Creek — Used as food but not of any fine flavour — Native name Lovi. " " Scams. Bod}- compressed. Jaws smooth much retractile. Dorsal fin com- mencing rather behind the center of the back & consists of 21 not well defined rays. The first 6 considerably longest ; this fin extends to within i Inch of the tail & from thence to (?) the tail fin the body is rather rounded. Tail much forked. Anal fin nearly opposite the dorsal & about the seam length. Abdominal fin near the center of the bell}' [2 mots ill.], between this & the anal f. are 2 short stiff spines. Length from 8 to 12 Inches. Native name Covee. At Sharks point, Sherwoods Creek, &c. " " Scams. Length near 2 feet. Body thick. Dorsal fin begins just behind the gills & consists of 22 rays, the first 10 much the longest, the points quite spinous. Tail rather truncate, the Rays wide but not well defined — Pectoral fin of 12 R. [ays], the first 5 nearer the base considerably longest. Abd. fin of 6 strong rays. Anal opening about 2 Inches behind, large & very conspicuous, beyond (?) this at the beginning of the Anal fin are 3 very strong spines, the middle one extremely large ; the Anal fin has a rounded form & consists of 10 small rays. Branch [iostegous] [?] 4. Mouth beset with a single row of teeth very distant from each other, 7 in the front of the jaws longer (?) than the others. July 20 — plentiful at Sherwoods creek. Native name Comba " [C, p. 17-18]. July 21 " This morning we sent a party to haul the seine on one of the banks which lie close to Knox's island, and took great abundance of fish of four species, one being a Spams of a large size, a muUett (Surmuletus) , and an old wife (Ballistes) ". (H b, p. 90). July 22 " A large monkey was seen on the shore from the Congo. The Simio [sic] cephus was frequently brought to us by the inhabitants " (H c, p. 289). July 23 " Tudor chased several water-fowl, but with little success. Traces of Hippopotami JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) 49 were seen every where in the sand. A singular species of Sterna and an Alcedo were shot " (He, p. 290). July 24 (Monkey's Island) " The fishing for oysters seem to be the main object of the negroes who live here. Large heaps of the shells of a Mya lay spread all over the shore, and a great quantity of dried and half-roasted oysters were hanging under the straw huts " (He, p. 291). August 3 " The wild animals of whose existence we have any certainty, are elephants in small numbers, this hilly country being unfavourable to them. Buffaloes, which are said to be abundant. Antelopes, of which a few have been seen ; wild hogs, the skeleton of the head of one being found. Tiger and tiger cats, the skins being seen with the natives. Monkeys in abundance {Simia sephus). The hippopotamus and alUgator appear to be numerous. The only species of fish we have seen to be peculiar to the river is a kind of cat-fish, and some small ones resembling the bleak. Among the birds are the grey and other parrots, the toucans, the common royston crow, a great variety of king- [p. 122] fishers, and many of the falcon tribe. A species of water-hen is also very numerous " (H h, p. 121-122). August 4 " We found several curious insects . . . We saw monkeys running to and fro on the branches of the trees [Simia cephus), and several birds, among which was a spotted Alcedo " (H c, p. 308). August 6 [B, p. 9-11] " Boma Aug'. 6, 1816 Congo River It might be reasonably expected from the reports which were currant [sic] before we left England relative to the natural production of this River that the collector would here find a golden harvest in every branch of Zoology ; from the short experi- ence I however now had up to this part of the River we are now ascended, I can de- clare excepting Birds (& those not numerous in point of species) all other classes of animals are extremely scanty & not easily obtained. Of Fish I have noticed about 4 or 5 species, 2 of which are pres". & sent, both of which I am inclined to think are well known. Reptiles are certainly rare at the mouth of the River or on its banks any were [sic] as far as I have had opportunity to penetrate ; I believe but one snake has been by any of the party seen alive & this was taken in the Captains boat. Three or 4 Hippopotames have been seen but these animals are very far from common in any part up to this in the River. One aligator has been killed, it measured 9 feet 3 Inches long, in external appearance it had not the slightest variation from those found in India & America, a few others not above 4 or 5 have been hitherto seen. It so JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) remains now for me to give a list of the birds &c sent, few if any of which I think are new. Birds &c sent in Tin Case. No. II 1. Certhia. Length ab'. 4 1/2 Inches. Bill much curved & black. Irides dusky color [sic] of the head, neck & whole upper part of the back brightish green. Gorget composed of a line of purple & red. Belly, TaU, Legs & wings black. 2. Certhia. Length 4 Inches. Colour in general rusty brown. Legs & tail black, throat a little tinged with purple, back feathers lightish brown. This & the proceed- ing were shot at Sherwoods Creek. I suspect the last is but the young of the former in an immature [10] state. 3. Certhia. Length ab'. 4 Inches. Back & upper parts ash colour, throat & beUy yeUow. Sherwoods Creek. The natives name of the three preceeding species is songa. 4. Sciurus. Head & Body yellowish brown & black, a light stripe on each side, taU barred with black, given by M. Fitzmaurice, it was brought on board the Dorothy by the natives near Sharks Point. Native name Conchae. 5. Toucan. Length i foot. Bill 4 Inches, very irregularly notched. Colour pied, black most predominent. Shot by Dr McKerrow the surgeon in this expedition whose kindness & wish to contribute birds &c to the stock collected demands & has my most sincere acknowledgements. 6. Mus. Length about 6 Inches. Tail short, general colour dirty brown, near Sharks point from floating wood picked up along side. Nati[ve] name Nooge. 7. Scams. This fish is plentiful at Sharks point, Sherwoods creek, &c. 8. Ibis. General colour brown, back a little glossed with purple. Length ab'. one foot, upper mandible of the biU much bent. 9. Certhia. Length 4 Inches. Dirty brown. Belly & sides lighter. Legs & bUI black. 10. P. [elecanus] Soola. Taken at sea on board the Dorothy, it certainly is not a true Pelicanus. 11. Alcedo from St Jago, the native names [sic] is Passerine. 12. Scarus. Sharks point, Congo R[iver], native name Combe, very common & used as food by the natives. 13. Ardea supposed to be the female of A. [rdea] cinerea, it is not uncommon in this River. Irides bright yellow. Natives call them En Zeddee. 14. Plotus Ahinga, shot near Sharks point. It is not unfrequent in other parts of the River between that & Boma. 15. 16. Alcedo. Black & white variegated, common every were [sic] up the River as far as we have yet been. Native name Sympalale Kongatoo^'*. 17. Supposed a [?] or a genus akin to it. Bill yellowish orange, hghtest at the point, mandibles very compressed, margins extremely thin, the upper valve fits into a groove in the under one. Eyes yeUow, color [sic] [11] white & dark brown. Length i foot, expands 20 Inches. Common at Sherwoods Creek*". [manque le n° 18] 5" Ceryle rudis. evidemment. •» Evidemment le Rhynchops flavirostris. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) 51 19. Ardea Egretta. Shot & given by Lieut. Hawkey. 20. Ardea. Length one foot. Back, scapulars & wing coverts green. Bill black, the upper part of the lower mandible yellowish. Irides bright yellow. 21. Certhia. Common 22. Alcedo pres"*. by M. Hawkey 23. Certhia. Common 24. Certhia. Sherwoods Creek 25. Certhia. Above Sherwoods Creek, common. 26. Falco. General colour black & white. Irides yellow. BiU light horn colour. Legs dusky, claws long & black, common on the shores of the River. 27. Falco. From Porto Praya, St Jago, shot & given by M. Fitzmaurice. 28. Ardea. Same as 20. 29. Corvus, supposed the collared Raven of Valliant [sic], common here^^ 30. Ardea, supp"". male of the cinerea. 31. Caprimulgus, similar if not the same species as Whip Poor Will of N. America, the note of this bird is also like it, common above Sherwoods creek. 32. Supposed Oriolus, common. 33. Ibis. 34. Avocetia Recurvirostra. 35. 36. supposed Coriaceus [sic, = Coracias], common. 37. Alauda, shot at a plantation near Fetish Rock above Sherwoods creek, given by Dr McKerrow. 38. Certhia. 39. Caprimulgus Europeus. 40. Tringa sqtiatalaria [sic] 41. Pelicanus sola, taken at sea. 42. Ardea alba ". [B, p. 9-11] August 7 Benoo Wednesday August 7 "Shot this morning in one of the creeks near [?] the following birds. I. Genera not certain : characters external agree with the following description. Bill rather conic, the upper mandible a trifle largest, 2 long fleshy appendages, from the anterior part of the eye & a horny spine projects from the [?] part of the wing. Legs [bare of feathers] thighs full 3/4 do. Claws 3 all placed forward. Claws short & slightly bent. The individual accords as follows. BiU rather strong & conic, the base yellow, the anterior part black. Nostrils very open. Length bill I 1/4 Inch. Irides of a pale yellow, from the anterior part of the Eye project 2 fleshy & thin appendages, full i 3/4 Inch in Length, these are irregular in form & rather taper towards the point, on the upper side orange yellow, as the under for half its length black, from the base of the upper mandible to the nape (?) of the neck across the crown of the head [to the nape (?)] of the neck the feathers are pure white, neck on the upper part & sides ash colour, on the under a sUght streak of white extends from the base of ®1 Corvus atbus. 52 JOHN CRAXCH. L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) the mandible. The under part of the breast, belly, thighs, under wing coverts Primaries (the 3 first excepted which have about 3 Inches of the exterior points black), secondaries, coverts of the Primaries, under & upper tail coverts with a small ring on the extreme part of the neck & ab'. one third from the base of the tail feathers white. Neck bluish ash colour, principal part of the wing coverts, the tip of the tail feathers black. Back Ughtest brown. Spurs at the extremity full an Inch in length, black, tapering to a point. Legs & feet pale green, toes & nails black. Length 13 Inches from bill to tail (?) do. legs 15 Inches. Length of the leg & thigh (?) full 7 1/2 Inches, the first 6 of which are bare of feathers. Expanse being 2 feet. The only individual noticed & was killed sitting on the sand*-. [2] 2. Ardea. BUI rather strong, length 3 Inches, the under part of the lower mandible for 3/4 its length dirty yeUow. Nostrils open their [?] part yellow ; bare space from the bUl to the eye & around it dirty yellow. Head black & belly & thighs rather paler, on the upper part of the back are a few long white feathers, the other parts do. are rather dusky blue, primaries secundaries coverts & all upper parts dusky blue. Legs & bare parts of the thighs yellowish. Claws rather long, the middle toe sharply serrated, inner part of the wings rather lighter. Length from the bill to the end of the toes full 2 feet 2, to the end of the tail 4 Inches less. Eye extremely large the irides brown. Shot by Dr Smith as fljing across a small creek, Aug. 7. Tail short, feathers 12, a trifle rounded. 3. Gallimda^^. Length from bill to toes 17 Inches. To the tail very little more than 10. Bill blueish, crown of the head, upper part of the neck with a small spot at the base of the upper mandible black, cheeks, a streak above the eyes & sides of the neck white. Throat & lower parts of the breast yellowish. Back & belly reddish brown darkest on the latter. Primaries & principle [sic] part of the secundaries of a dark greenish tinge. Legs dusky, the toes remarkably long, the largest being 3 1/4 Inches. 4. Tringa. Evidently the Purre of Montagus'*, \i jg not a common bird here. A species of Heron was also seen perhaps allied to cinerea & a few other birds ". [D, p. 1-2] August 8 " August 8. On the adjacent shore of [sic] which we lay shot in the morning 3 birds — I Psittaciis. Bill bluish, the base & point of the upper mandible black. Irides bright yellow. Space immediately beyond (?) the [i mot manquant] rather dusky & bare of feathers, at the base of the bill & front of the head black the feathers edged with grey. Head back, upper part of the tail feathers dusky brown, under side (?) of the body & tail rather lighter, the latter more inclined to rufous. Legs & feet nearly red, particularly on their anterior part, nails quite black. Back a fine red brown, wing coverts & quills nearly the colour of the head. Tail of 10 feathers, the 4th from the exterior one at least 2 Inches longer than any of the others. Length from biU to neck (?) 5 Inches, from do. to tail I foot, flies in flocks*^. 82 Xiphidiopterus albiceps. w Evidcmment Actophilornis africana. ^ Ornithol. Diet., ^d. E. Newman, s.d., p. 260 {Tringa cinclus). *s S'il s'agit bicn comme on peut le penser du Psittacus erithacuR, comment se fait-il que Cranch ait oubli^ la queue rouge? JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 53 [3] Augt 8 2. Columba. Rustica. — A specimen this day that differs so [?] from the European species that description is unnecessary. 3. Turdus. Length 8 Inches from bill to extremity of tail. General colour the head & back olive green, throat & belly very pale yellow. Irides yellow. Tail very slightly rounded (?) & the same colour as the head. Legs pale flesh colour. Bill dusky, under wing coverts yellowish. [?] few other birds were seen & not a single animal of any description " [D, p. 2-3] August 11 " Sunday 11. Fish. Length 2 f. 4, greatest depth ab'. 6 Inches. Branch, rays 4. Head rather depressed. Snout obtuse, Ups double, a simple row of teeth ab'. 30 in each jaw, which are truncate at the ends, nearly uniform in size & rather distant from each other. Head very smooth. The eyes sit.[uated] ab. i 1/2 Inch from the snout, there [sic] are remark, [ably] small not exceeding 1/8 Inch diam. The skin of the h"* forms a complete covering over them, the body is rather thick. Back appears completely smooth, sides cover* with large reddish scales very soft in texture but firmly united to the body. Tail slightly fork'd the points however are rounded. The dorsal fin commences ab' 10 Inches from the tail & terminates about 4 from the caudal fin, 23 rays, these gradually decrease from the first 4 or five. Pectoral fins ab. 3 Inches long, 10 rays & are a trifle rounded, abdom' fins very small, not exc* an inche [sic] in length, of stiff 6 rays, anal opening very conspicuous, immed. behind which commences the a. fin 46 rays gradually declining in length of rays from the 6 or y"". Irides yell[ow]. General colour of the head yellowish, back & sides yel. brown the latter strongly red, tail nearly red. Weigh ab. 8 pounds. Tu bulue, Tu bulo, native name. Said to be not uncommon & of superior size at Dooki Congi. Native say 2 these [?] the only one I have seen given by Capt° Tuckey*^. " August 12 [4] " Monday 12. i. Bird. — Length from the bill to the extreme end of the centr[al] tail feather 9 Inches. Bill lead colour, inside of the mouth yellow. The upper mandible slightly hooked & extending ab. 1/16 I[nch] beyond the other 3/4 I[nch] in length, several long black bristles at the base of the mouth. Irides dusky. Head, upper part of the throat & hind part of the neck deep & bottle (?) green, under part of the neck, belly, thighs smowky [sic] blue. Back, tail, under coverts, upper wing coverts & the outer edge of the second[ary] feath[ers] of a rich brown. Tail of 12 feathers, the centr. [al] one near I Inch long[er] than any others prim^ quills f. [eathers] nearly black, the edges very slight [ly.] ting'', with brown. Legs black. Perhaps shrike. Very few birds frequented the place (Nookae) were [sic] this solitary individual was shot. — Doves . . . 2. At a small island ([?] Kacanso) M. Hawkey shot a Toucan — Length 2 feet, biU ab* 3 1/2 [Inches] long very slighly notched. Irides reddish, bill very pale horn ^^ Mormyrops deliciosus ; un croquis a I'encre. 54 JOHN CRANCH. L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) colour. Feathers on the h"" a trifle elongate forming a thick crest. Head, neck, back, breast deep glossy green. Primaries heavy black. Secundaries 2/3 of the [?] white. Tail coverts, belly, thighs & one half the exterior of the tail white. Legs brown. Tail rather rounded. Legs feather^ below the knee. 3. Toucan. Length 21 I[nches]. Bill orange, the notches irregular but more dis- tant than in the former, base nearly white 31/4 I[nches], whole upper parts ash colour. Head slightly varigated [sic] with white. Belly, thighs & tips of tail fea[thers] white, 10 f.[eathers] on tail longer than the former, prim.[aries] & tail nearly black. Irides bright yellow. Legs & claws dusky. 4. Plover. Base of the bill red, point black, length of body 7 1/2 Inches. Upper parts light ash colour, a streak of white from the eye round the neck, belly, head & upper tail coverts white. Tail slightly forked, the bar (?) white the [?] ones 2/3 do, expanse ab' 16 Inches. Legs red, claws black. Fhes in flock on the main land op- posite the island before menf. [?] Alcedo, not uncommon " [D, p. 4] Les entrees des 13-16 aout trop peu Hsibles pour pouvoir etre utilement transcrites. La note du Friday 16 se termine par " Hippopotamus heard in night "; pour Satur- day 17 il n'y a que la date : c'est sans doute, dans le present dossier, le dernier mot ecrit par Cranch, peu avant de tomber malade le 23 aout. August 17 (Nomaza Cove, au retour de rexp6dition a Yellala) " During my absence the seine was hauled, but not a single fish was taken. The only implements of fishing seen with the natives were the scoopnet, already spoken of, and a kind of fish pot of reeds. The fish we could prouve from them are all very small, with the exception of one which I bought, and whose skin Mr. Cranch preserved. It appears to be of the genus Murena. Testaceous fish are extremely few ; a single shell {Helix) found on the summit of one of the hills near a fishing hut, and an oyster taken up by the dredge, are all we have been able to procure " (H h, p. 157). August 22 " In the morning we found we had pitched our tent over a nest of pismires ; but although we were covered with them, not a person was bitten, any more than by the musquetoes, who, from its shade and humidity, had chosen this as their head quarters. At day-light we were roused by the discordant concert of a legion of monkeys and parrots chattering, joined with that of a bird named by the natives booliloso (a crested Toucan) having a scream between the bray of an ass and the bleat of a lamb ; another, with a note resembUng the cuckoo, but much hoarser ; and another crying " whip poor will " (a species of goat sucker). We also found that several buffaloes had been to drink at one of the holes in the rocks, about 200 yards from one of our tents." (H b, p. 173) September 6 Bay of Bobomga : " An alligator was swimming in the lake, and another before the mouth. Traces of hippopotamis were seen every\vhere. Shoals of fish abounded in the small creeks. A Haematopus and several other birds were seen " (H c, p. 334) JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 55 September 7 " Near some rocky island, a number of small Charadrii were seen " (He, p. 334). September 8 " A young Mustela was seen " (H c, p. 335) V. LES ILLUSTRATIONS Le ms 681 renferme un certain nomber de dessins en noir, au crayon ou k la plume et en couleurs (aquarelle). Les pieces comportant des illustrations sont las suivantes : 1. A, cf. p. 9-10 2. C, cf. p. lo-ii. 3. G, recueil de 35 feuillets illustr6s (35 Poissons, i Crustace, i C6phalopode) ; cf. p. II. On retrouvera reproduites ici quelques illustrations parmi les plus interessantes et plus faciles a reproduire. Divers croquis de personnages non reproduits sont amus- ants d'ailleurs par leur extreme maladresse.* Si les figures de A et de C sont certainement de Cranch, celles de G sont ou sans auteur indigue avec pourtant la mention " Hawkie " ou, plus rarement, " Smith ". Quand le mSme poisson se retrouve dans un manuscrit de Cranch et dans le recueil G, on se demandera si I'une des figurations depend de I'autre et, dans ce cas, laquelle. " 35 drawings or sketches of Fishes. — From the voyage to the river Congo by Smith, Hawkie (sic) & J. Cranch ". A = auteur, D = description, Aq = aquarelle, C = crayon, I = identification. [i] " April loth " ; Aq (bleu clair) ; A : ? ; date probablement fausse : le 10 avril, Cranch 6tait k Porto Praya ; I : Slernoptyx diaphana Hermann 1781. [2] " April 26 " ; C : " Red, fins scarlet " ; A : ? (sans doute Cranch puisqu'il y a, de la mSme espece, I croquis doc. C, p. 9) ; I : on pourrait songer a un jeune Vomer (mais la couleur rouge ?) ou ^ quelque PteracHdide (aff. Pferycombits). [3I " May 2nd to the termination " ; Aq (vert tres pale) ; A : I : Leptocephale. [4] " May 3. 1816 " ; Aq (gris) avec un croquis au crayon de la bouche (dents sectoriales en bas, coniques en haut) ; A : ? ; I : apparemment un Dalatiide, par les dents, mais les 2 dorsales sont figurees bien rapprochees ; ou un Echinor- hinide car Echninorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre 1788) a bien les 2 dorsales rap- prochees : serait-ce un Echinorhinns juv. ? [5] " May 4. " ; Aq (gris) avec un croquis de la tete au crayon ; A : ? ; I : Lepto- cephale. [6] " May 4. Preserved in Bot. 1909 " ; Aq (gris pile) ; A : ? ; I : prob*. un jeune Lepidopus. [7] " May 5. 1816. Preserved in Bot. 1909.2 specimens " ; Aq (bleu avec bandes verticales outremer) ; A : ? ; I : evidemment le Nomeus albida (Meuschen) = N. gronovii (Gmel.) • Des photographies des illustrations non reproduites dans cet ouvrage ont ^t^ d^pos^es dans la BIOLOGICAL DATA COLLECTION, General Library, British Museum (Natural History), oi elles peuvent 6tre examinees. 56 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) [8] sans date, " Preserved in Bot. 1909 " ; Aq (gris-bleu, a bandes verticales) ; A : ? ; I : probablement encore un Nomeus, mais bien mal dessin^. [9] " May 13.1816 " ; C ; A : ? (sans doute Cranch puisqu'il y a 2 autres croquis, doc. A, p. 12 (haut) et C, p. 27, haut) ; D : doc. A, p. 12) ; I : Exocetide juv. a appendices mentonniers ( ? Cypseliirus ou Cheilopogon). [10] " May 13.1816 " ; C : " no scales, yellow, eyes yellow, pupil purple " ; A : ? (sans doute Cranch puisqu'il y a 2 croquis, doc. A, p. 12 (bas) et C, p. 27, bas) ; D : doc. A, p. 12 ; I : un Gonostomatide {Cyclothone P) mal figure ? On voit assez bien les organes lumineux. [11] " May 20. Length 2 inches. Depth 3 1/8 — . No teeth, no scales perceptible " ; Aq (dos bleu fonce, cotes et ventre bleu pale avec des points jaune verdatre) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : un jeune Naucrales ? [12] " May 22.1816 ". Aq (bleu a petites taches jaunatres) ; A : ? (il y a i croquis doc. A, p. 16) ; D : doc. A, p. 15-16 ; I : jeune de Scyris (ou genre voisin) ? [13] " May 25.1816. Length 4 inches. Syngnathus " ; Aq (brunatre) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : probt. le jeune de Syngnathus pelagicus. [14] " May 26. Teeth, i 1/4 Inch Long, i 1/2 — deep " ; Aq (gris a bandes verti- cales) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : tres jeune Naucrates ? (cf. n" 11). [15] " May 27. No scales. Slimy fish. Length 2 1/2 inches. Depth 1/2 inch " ; Aq (gris) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : tres jeune Coryphaena ? [16] " May 28. 2 inches long, 3 1/4— deep " ; Aq (brun, rose et jaunatre) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : Monacanthide juv. [Alutera ?). [17] " May 29. Length 6 1/2 inches. Tail 3 " ; Aq (gris et rose) ; A ; " Hawkie " ; I : d'une autre ecriture : " Syngnathus Hawkianus " , en reaUt^ una jeune Fistulaire, avec les lobes lateraux de la caudale non figures. [18] " May 30. Natural size " [70 mm] ; Aq (du rose et du jaune) ; A : " Hawkie " ; D : doc. A, p. 18 mais a la date de " June i " ; I : zoe geante de Porcellanidd. [19] " May 30 " ; Aq (blanchatre ponctue de rose) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : Cephalo- pode {Cranchia maculata, plutot que scahra puisque la surface du corps semble lisse) . [20] " May 30th, full size [12 mm], pale blue " ; Aq ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : Tel^ost^en juv. [21] " May 30, full size " [24 mm] ; Aq (dos bleu, ventre rose) ; A : Hawkie ; I : jeune de Carangide {Scyris ?). [22] " May 30. Natural size " [21 et 22 mm] ; Aq (dos gris bleu) ; A : Hawkie ; I : deux tr6s jeunes Tetraodontides. [23] " June 10. 1816. Red with golden spots " ; Aq ; A : ? ; D : doc. A, p. 21, avec croquis ; I : Batistes juv. (ou Monacanthid6 ?). [24] " loth June. Natural size " [2 images, 50 et 44 mm] ; Aq (brun) ; A : " Haw- kie " ; D : doc. A, p. 20 ; I : Histrio histrio. [25] " June 10. 1816 " ; Aq (bleu fonce a taches dordes) ; A : ? (probt. Hawkey) ; D : doc. A, p. 20 (le meme texte pourrait s'appliquer aux 2 specimens 24 ct 25), avec croquis bien moins mauvais que I'aquarelle ; I : sans doute encore Histrio histrio, mais la coloration semble un peu surprenante. [26] Aq (brun tachete) : A : " Hawkie " ; I : encore Histrio histrio. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 57 [27] "iithjune" ; Aq (gris et rose) ;A :? ;I : figure reconnaissabled'^rgyro;^e/ecMs affinis. [28] " 15 June " ; Aq (gris fonce) ; A : ? ; I : tout a fait enigmatique ; je ne vois meme pas la famille. [29] " 15 June " ; Aq (gris) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : un Exocetide juv. [30] " 16 June " ; Aq (gris et rose) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : je ne puis meme pas identifier la famille. [31] " No scales " ; Aq (jaune a bandes verticales beues) ; A : ? ; I : meme remarque que pour le precedent. [32] Aq (gris brun avec une serie de taches marginales) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : d'une autre main : " Solea chrysophthalmata " , mais ce Pleuronecte juvenile est totalement inidentifiable, naturellement. [33] C ; A : Smith ; I : apparemment un Pleuronecte tres jeune (le dessin n'est pas mauvais). [34] Aq (jaunatre) et detail de la tete ; A : Smith ; I : Leptocephale. [35] " Preserved in Bot. igog. i specimen " ; Aq (gris avec lignes transversales- obhques de petits points bleus) ; A : ? ; I : Leptocephale. VI. LES COLLECTIONS On I'a vu par I'inventaire du MS. 68i, ce dossier renferme, outre plusieurs etats d'un journal oil sont mentionnes de tres nombreux animaux observes ou captures, une serie de Hstes se rapportant a des recoltes (C/6, 9-13 et E). II ne m'a pas semble necessaire de reproduire toutes ces listes et je me contenterai de donner le document E, " A List of specimens pres** in spirit ". C'est un document int^ressant ; il n'est pas date et la derniere date de recolte y est le 15 juin ; on pourra done se demander s'il ne s'agit pas du catalogue d'un premier envoi et qu'aurait accompagne, avec la lettre a Banks du 29 juin, le document B. La liste est divisee en colonnes : Numb.[£rs], subdivises en " Lead " et " Glass " — Genera — Number pres* — When taken — Remarks. Le systeme d'inscription et de num^rotation est incomprehensible : si la serie " Lead " est reguliere (1-48), la serie " Glass ", d'ailleurs lacunaire, ne parait suivre aucun ordre : 95-757-1352-295-5340-191, etc ; les dates ne se suivent pas non Z. 2 N.2 plus. On eut pu penser que " Lead " representait une serie de contenants princi- paux*' a I'interieur desquels des r&ipients plus petits (serie " Glass ") eussent trouve place, mais il semble cependant qu'il n'y ait qu'«« numero " Glass " par numero " Lead ". Un document conserve dans le dossier P.R.O., Admiralty e/2617 donne une liste d'objets " forwarded from Boma by Tuckey " ; 16 spec, of minerals — Smith 2 spec, of the country money — Tuckey I musical instrument — Tuckey I specimen of hard wovel — Tuckey I tin case of seeds — Smith *' Pour lesquels on se fut d'ailleurs plutot attendu a une designation telle que " barrel ", etc. 58 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 1 ^ c V a eg 'C 'o d ° ») jj C '^' ° ^ «, •^ ^ 111 j: 5j CO S 4, C . (J (u kJ (« +J O 3 J3 H^ S S S- >,.S o . I- rt a; -t; S ^ ^ j= =« •^ [/J £ s 0) o fc u E.2 g '5 -M « ■< s "i ■ ■ft, ai ■3 -2 ^ o rt a^ nl HO C *:• ^ -O ^ ■*-* -*-> xi u .> "So "> '^ n L- ca OJ • rt c ^ > o '^ 3 J) 4, "J s-^ ■5 ^ § S ^^ rt 4) OJ ^ x; J3 H H ^ ^ <« J3 i; J3 m "T 0 E CL 1 -1 0) l5 >:■ >■ S rt . rt g . >, 1 r- " -^ rt " i s 4> x: c 00 V M jS a. t < o -s ri "1 l^ 3 " _ > eft 55 -i< .2 8 a d -23 = ^§' ^ M-l ^ in 0 0 OJ 0 iS £ X H I " r^ > CO W n < ■c Oh < a. < a, < 3 ex c 3 O H kH l-l 0) u O c/5 t/) H ^ LO 3 *o ■§ 1 a ■ft. *c3 !■ = ^ 11 u X] tt OJ <;* ^ "e* ■~1 H c^> •-J f^Q Ui crt S 3 •a o .2 ^ .2 1, 13 <>riii ,0 a Q\ U-) in I JOHN CRANCH, L'EXP^DITION DU CONGO (1816) 59 13 " ,^ o V rt CO bo (U eg OJ « ^ „ "o ■» 3 d OJ H K* •a o 0 > O § 5f OJ o I ^ ■a rt c G OJ I, +^ ^ o o , ^- *■? ■* bc' " C o « 5 'Vi ^ i- ?, f^ b -^ en E wi t! ■e^y S . i S ■a J3 (11 "^ ■5 J3 "> .2 S S O ■!-• S y, 2 > J3 .5 c o 4S Oh E 3 O ^ H M ^ M c S a. ^ ^ 2 ^ V. '^ "R ° V > "U fe S c o O 4j i n! 10 (y OJ OJ H .CI 'u J3 on 3 01 «3 •" P" +-' .d C Oh O " s^ O J-. ■^^ o o a 'C oJ "h «1 o rf 43 O a Sh ■2 0} e 2^ o ^ -o bo ■43 4: o +^ O O w S; *" t aj CO OJ N O M tfi 0! c > h-1 Oh g OJ < ■^ fH 0^ 5.S s §§^ E ij:2 g is o ■a c a S -e t S = O Oh ~ 5 Wh O OJ +J (i> a> 0 0 > B CO CJ x: +j 0) rt OJ X3 -t-> tn =5 c ^ 6 "o 21 (i) b H 4 .5 r^ "3 c ;z; H « «i 5 "3 ^ " S S o ■p i/i o a ^ - "^ •" "< § S S3 ■2 "1 H-" Oh c J3 S -" tH OJ ? £ Oh ^ ^j _ OJ T3 =0 g u D 0^ ° 5 g Ef >. 2 Oh OJ 'o Oh J" rt O ■ : -d ^ ^ s ^^^ .B -^ ^ Xl oJ O . c Ho rt 1 IS +J Oh -M OJ 4h 60 E E e o P > 2 o ■" E-2 'i 2 < 1 00 SH Oh ™ O rt .- Oh •c Ph < Oh O Oh <3 Q < S a O b S > > > > H O c/) (/I I/) c/1 S H t/) ■S 1- ■S u d i J2 to s 0 0 CL, >-J 0 ja > > 0 '^<^ ^^i •S c^ o JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 5 S E c E en c rt <« -!-> 3 1 0 s "-Zj .- 0 tn 0) OJ 0 &c 0 0 c tfi xi 'S N- tn" 7 ^ 0 0 >. C/J C 'S 03 0) J3 0 0 ^ _c J= ■0 S 6 C 0) be l-l c Ul 5 '■*j w « 0) c 0 •3 0 "Kb C G OJ ^ 0 2 S 0 d 0 E "S 3 rt 4-» en 4) E >. 0 0 1 P. en 0) 0 < 'a. c 0 , >. p< A a ri ^ <; < g S o -C >^ ^ ^ 4J ! 13 ■« ^ = ^ x; a d 0 1; ? rt ■^ rt J3 -O s u •a S S s DC C OJ u "E. in 0) 2 1- c 0 J3 *a3 be C 1 OJ 0 Si ■*-• _>. BO ^ ;g Qi c nl 1> 4> J2 ■3 C ■^ 0 c 0 3 r ■4-> 4J t/1 E 'S tt.B^ .-•-• _Q br -t-» J3 C C 0 s ■" O o b .£ -S S« OJ -72 43 > 1-. "^ OJ 0 0 > ^2 1 JU OJ w H 0 J3 H 6 o J3 •a V u ■a J3 C t! c ^ > c <" ■ OJ OJ a! ~ .S o ~ « -a T^ ■« (0 c o o OJ o en J3 J3 IS H H £ s tjj ^ 3 " C 3 O O (/] en k. x: ■° c .3 ° CO ' — ' , , O 1> (l> D c — e o s ^ < J3 tn to ttl fc< fti <^ >; 2 -s -a -2 S JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 61 2 bones of Hippopotamos — Tuckey I case of plants — Smith I box stuffed birds — Tudor I case of preserved animals — Cranch Cette derniere caisse aurait-elle contenu les collections de la " List of specimens preserved in spirit " ? En tout les cas, un certain nombre des specimens recoltes par Cranch sont arrives a Londres, ceux au moins dont Leach aUait dans I'Appendix IV de la " Narrative ..." fournir une sommaire et incomplete enumeration. Mr. P. J. P. Whitehead, du British Museum (N.H.) a decouvert d'interessants renseignements sur certains objets recoltes par Cranch et deposes au Hunterian Museum. II a bien voulu me permettre, ce dont je lui suis tres reconnaissant, de reproduire ci-dessous ces interessantes precisions : " Another institution which showed great interest in the Congo Expedition was the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London. The Curator, VVilham Clift, records that the College supplied two chests (presumably filled with collecting jars) to William Tudor for this expedition. Unfortunately, the chests were never returned. Clift also records that Leach donated specimens to the College, and that some of these were duphcates from the Congo Expedi- tion. This information, which is contained in the third volume of the Donation registers of the College (i.e. 1817-22) is of sufficient interest to be quoted in full. Donation 842. for 1817. " Sept. 19th. Received from Dr Leach, for Sir Everard Home, Eighteen small specimens of Fishes ; Three of Amphibia ; Two dried Skulls of Fishes ; and four ditto of Toucans ? or HornbiUs,* from the Congo Expedition. (* See note opposite) No list of names Dr Leach was to have named them but became incapable from ill health. Put up Marked from 1-20 In a row behind Nat. History, Fishes " On the opposite page is a note on this collection. " Mem. to 842. Two boxes were fitted out by the College, and sent in Charge of Mr William Tudor, Surgeon and naturalist to the Congo Expedition. He unfortunately died ; and his effects were as usual sold ; but who purchased or purloined the Boxes, which were deeply cut as " Belonging to the Royal College of Surgeons in London, to the care of Mr Tudor " I never could learn ; — although I apphed to Mr Barrow, at the Admiralty ; and to Dr Leach, and Mr Konig, at the British Museum ; who received the Boxes sent out by them in charge of Mr Cranch ; who also died. — " Saturday Morning Dec'' : 6. 1817 Dear Sir When I sent the Congo Duphcates, did I not send several specimens of a head somewhat resembUng the above ? [sketch given] If you will oblige me by returning one by the Bearer — faithfully yours W. E. Leach [Buceros fasciatus) " 62 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) It would appear that these specimens were lost during the bombing in 1941. " II est probable que I'editeur de la " Narrative . . . ", Sir John Barrow, soucieux de voir sortir au plus tot le volume consacre a la malheureuse expedition aura press6 Leach de fournir son chapitre sans attendre I'^tude d^taiUde du materiel. II faut reconnaitre d'ailleurs que parvenir k publier des 1818, moins de deux ans apres le retour des navires, le gros v'olume de la " Narrative . . . " , represente une reussite d'autant plus remarquable qu'il s'agissait d'un ouvrage collectif. II n'a pas paru sans int^ret d'essayer d'etabUr une liste des especes recoltdes par Cranch, parvenues en Europe et identifiees ou decrites par divers zoologistes. II est d'ailleurs certain que beaucoup des specimens recoltes par Cranch ou ne sont pas parvenus en Europe ou se sont reveles inutilisables : Leach specific (1818, p. 419) qu'au moins une caisse d'animaux en alcool et " a very large proportion of the birds " ont ete perdus ; U ajoute meme que sur les Oiseaux arrives a Londres la plus grande partie etait " totally destroyed by insects" et que la plupart des Insectes " were entirely destroyed by insects and damp ". I. Cnidaires 1. Siphonophore — C, p. 40, descr. et fig. ; supra, p. 11 2. Porpita granulata [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 418, 8°i2'o"N — i8°i3'7"W (cf. A, p. 5-6) ; cette espece est mise avec doute en synonymic avec Porpita liitkeana Brandt par Lesson (Hist. Nat. Zooph. Acalephes, 1843, p. 588 [P. granulosa (sic)] — 589), en attribuant par erreur I'espece a Cranch alors qu'elle est, bien entendu, de Leach. 3. Velella scaphidea Per. et Les. — Leach, 1818, p. 419, 26°34'o"N — i8°28'o"W (cf. A, p. 1-2 ; supra, pp. 11, 18 et pi. 3, fig. 3) ; I'identification serait Aoui&ise fide Lesson, loc. cit., p. 573 ; Leach ne cite ni date, ni locaUte. 4. Velella pyramidalis [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 419, pourrait etre V. caurina Eschsch. d'apres Lesson, loc. cit., p. 578. II. — Tr^matodes I. Hirundinella — C, p. 26, plusieurs croquis, [non reproduits] cf. Leach, 1818, p.418: " Found in the stomach of an Albicore. The bulb at the extremity oval but tapers rather to the extremity, the connecting part is very like the wind pipe of an animal consisting of numerous concentric. (?) & retractile rings at a it is a small oval opening perhaps the anus, from there [?] projects a slender tube at the end of which the mouth has this form ". Length of the an.[imal] 1/3 Inch. " III . — Polychetes 1. Nereis sp. — Leach, 1818, p. 418 [Aphrodite (A, p. 16 ; E. p. i)], 22 mai, sur " a small piece of floating wood " (lead 15, glass 295). 2. Lumhricalis — E, p. i, 28 juin, " taken in the dredge, it inhabits mud into which it had perforated & made a compact cell " : est-ce I'Ann^hde appartenant k " a genus not known to me " (Leach, 1818, p. 418) ? L'auteur la dit prise avec celle du bois flotte : il semble plutot que les 2 specimens aient €i€ simplement dans le mime contenant. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) 63 IV. — Crustaces I. — Copepodes 1. Pandarus Cranchii [n.sp.] — Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat., XIV, 1819, p. 535, i°S — 4°E (position qui ne correspond d'ailleurs pas a celles que nous connaissons) ; certaine- ment recolte par Cranch dans le Golfe de Guinea et probablement sur le " Sqiialus glaucus " pris le 22 avril et sur les pectorales duquel Cranch recueillait une serie de " Crustacea perhaps Onisci " (A, p. 7) — B.M. (N.H.), White, 1847, p. 119 : 2 spec. J. Cranch. II est inexact comme I'affirme Lewis (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 118, 1966, p. 90) que " Pandarus cranchii and P. satyrns were synonymised by Shiino (1954)" ; en realite, Shiino (Rept. Fac. Fish. Pref. Univ. Mie, i. No. 3, 1954, p. 312 et 323-325) place dans la synonymic de Pandarus satyrus Dana 1852 les P. cranchii de Steenstrup & Liitken {1861) et de Rathbun (1886) mais nuUement le P. cranchii de Leach (1819) : d'ailleurs, dans ce cas, I'espece de Leach etant tres anterieure a celle de Dana, Shiino n'eut evidemment pas utilise pour I'espece le nom de cette derniere. 2. Caligus, 2 nov. spp. — Leach, 1818, p. 418 I'une au moins de ces 2 especes est sans doute le Nogaus latreillii Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat., XIV, 1819, p. 536 — (B.M. (N.H). White, 1847, p. 118, 2 spec. J. Cranch) qui est le male de Pandarus cranchii. 2 bis. Lernea cyclophora Blainville 1822, p. 438, pl.n.num. fig. 7 et 1823, p. 122: " Je ne connais cette espece, qui me parait bien distincte, que d'apres une figure manuscrite du Voyage des Anglais au Congo ". D'apres Brian, Copedodi parasiti dei Pesci d'ltalia, 1906, p. 89 et Wilson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 53, No. 2194, June 13, 1917, p. 39, L. cycloptera serait synonyme de Lernaeenicus sprattae (Sowerby 1806) Olsson 1868. 2 ter. — Copepode parasite (fam. Lernaeidae) — Blainville, 1822, pl.n.num., fig. 17 : " Espece de Lerneide articule, copiee des manuscrits du Voyage des Anglais au Congo, mais sur laquelle je n'ai aucun detail " : d'apres Baird, Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom., 1850 (p. 341) il s'agirait encore du Lernaeenicus sprattae. Ces deux dernieres references soulevent un probleme curieux. II faut remarquer, d'abord, qu'aucune des deux figures que Blainville signale avoir emprunt^es aux manuscrits du Voyage au Congo, done a ceux de Cranch, ne se retrouve dans ces derniers. D'autre part, Baird ecrit en 1850 [loc. cit., p. 340), jugeant que les figures en cause sent empruntees non a Cranch mais a J. Sowerby : " How he [Blainville] saw the original figures of Sowerby it is difficult to say ; perhaps in the possession of Dr Leaches He has, however, in his paper in the " Journal de Physique "... reproduced the two figures, the one in situ of the natural size, the other the magnified sketch of the upper portion only, and described them as two distinct species! The only information, he adds, that he has concerning the two species is, " that they are copied from MS. drawings of the English voyage to the Congo ! " Baird ajoute que dans la figure de L. cyclophora le petit cercle tenu pour la tSte du Copepode est, dans Sowerby . . . I'oeil du Poisson parasite. Grace a I'amabilite du Dr A. L. Rice, j'ai pu prendre connaissance de I'article de J. Sowerby, "Lernea Sprattae", The British Miscellany, II, 1806, p. 17-18, tab "8 Cette supposition est d'autant plus int^ressante qu'elle doit se voir formulee egalement pour les papiers de Cranch. 64 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) LXVIII, dat^e June i, 1806. Ce que rapporte Baird est parfaitement exact : les fig. 7 et 17 de Blainville {1822) sont bien emprunt^es a Sowerby {1806) et la " tete " du Lernea cyclophora Bl. est tout simplement I'oeil du poisson-hote. Est-il par consequent possible que si Blainville a vraiment vu la planche de Sowerby (avec le poisson parasite, ce qui ne pouvait provoquer aucune confusion quelconque) il ait pris I'oeil, sur lequel sont fixes d'aiUeurs deux Copepodes, pour la tete de son L. cyclophora'^ De plus, Blainville decrit deux especes, L. cyclophora et le " Lerneide articule " : un seul coup d'oeil a la planche de Sowerby eut permis de voir qu'il s'agissait d'une meme espece, une fois fixee sur I'hote, une fois avec la partie anterieure degagee. Enfin, Blainville ne parle pas de I'hote, qui est pourtant cite dans Sowerbj'. Pour ces diverses raisons, on devra conclure que Blainville n'a pas emprunte ses figures directement a la publication de Sowerby. Et ceci expliquerait peut-etre ce que dit Baird d'un emprunt, non a I'article de 1806 mais a des "original figures" (communiquees par Leach ?). On songerait plutot a quelques maladroites copies des figures de Sowerby, sans le poisson, parvenues sans le texte correspondant entre les mains de Blainville et, de plus, sans provenance bien precisee puisque ce dernier les attribue au dossier Cranch. Blainville aura peut-6tre melange dans ses notes un document Sowerby (copie manuscrite, et incomplete, de la planche de 1806) et les papiers Cranch, pretes par Leach*^. D'oii la confusion du texte imprime, attribuant a celui-ci ce qui appartenait a celui-la. On doit a j outer : 1° que les deux figures ne se trouvent pas dans le dossier Cranch et 2° que ce dernier n'aurait guere pu recueillir des sprats ou des sardines parasit^es par le Lernaeenicus que tout au debut de I'exp^dition, a une periode oil aucune recolte n'est cependant signalee (la premiere semble avoir ete du 28 mars, par env. 36°I5'N) ; il est vrai que les civils de I'e.xpedition avaient quelque peu souffert du mal de mer ... La confusion de Blainville entre des dessins de Sowerby et ceux de Cranch semble done tout a fait vraisemblable. 2. Cirripedes'" 1. Cineras Chelonophilus [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 412 ( = Conchoderma virgatum (Spengler 1790) Olfers 1814), " on some turtles ", 36°i5'o N — i6°32'o W, done 28 mars 1816 (cf. supra, p. 17). 2. Cineras Cranchii [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 412 ( = Conchoderma virgatum), sans provenance (devenu Cineras Cranchianus, Leach, 1825, p. 212). 3. Cineras Olfersii [n. sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 412 ( = Conchoderma virgatum), sur " Fucus naians " (devenu Cineras Olfersianus, Leach, 1825, p. 213). 4. Pentalasmis Cheloniae [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413 ( = Lepas Hillii (Leach 1818) Darwin 1851), " on turtles " (avec Cineras Chelonophilus) 36°i5'o N — 16°32° o. W. 5. Pentalasmis Hillii [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413 ( = Lepas hillii (Leach) Darwin 1851), pas de provenance. " A cette ^poque, on pratiquait encore largement, et apparemment sans remords, le d^coupage des planches imprim^es pour en constituer des dossiers. '" Les types de 8 (sur 9) des espdces crepes par Leach se trouvent au British Museum oil ne manque que ceux de Cineras Ol/ersii. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (iSiG) 65 6. Pentalasmis Spirulae [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413 ( = Lepas pectinata Spengler 1793), sur Spirilla, 22°o'o N-i9°i7'o W, done 5 avril 1816, au large de la cote saharienne. 7. Pentalasmis dilatata [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413 ( = Lepas anserifera L. 1767), snx J anthina fragilis, o°i4'o N-6°i8'52 E, done fin mai, mais eette position ne coin- cide pas avec eelles que nous connaissons. 8. Pentalasmis Donovani [nov. sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413 ( = Lepas fascicularis EUis & Solander 1786), o°38'o S-7°5o'o E, done 28 mai 1816. 9. Pentalasmis Spirulicola [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413 ( = Lepas fascicularis Ellis & Solander 1786), 22°o'o N-i9°i7'o W, done 5 avril 1816, au large de la cote saharienne. 3 . — A mphipodes 1-4. Quatre nov. gen. et n. spp. — Leach, 1818, p. 417 ; un de ces Amphipodes est " Primno Guerinii " , White, 1847, p. gi, B.M. (N.H.), I spec. Congo Expedition, " 8°S-46° E", position necessairement fausse, et qui pourrait etre i°36'S-8°46'E, done le 30 mai, jour oil Cranch signale avoir pris de nombreux Crustaees. 4. — Isopodes 1. Oniscus volitans Craneh MS. — A, p. 10 ; cf. supra p. 30 et PI. Ill, fig. 2 : recueilli le 7 mai sur la pectorale d'un Exocet (que Cranch appelle Exocoetus volitans), cet Isopode est, malgre I'imperfection manifeste du croquis, identifiable car le specimen existe dans les coUeetions du British Museum oil j'ai pu I'examiner ; il s'agit de Nerocila trichiura (Miers 1877 ex White 1847) [Anilocra trichiura White 1847 est un nomen nudum'] ; j'ai cite et figure I'exemplaire de Cranch, une ? ovigere de 22 mm (Monod, 1931 : 6, fig. i). 2. Sphaeroma [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 417. 3. Cymothoa [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 417. 4. Nov. gen. et n.sp. — Leach, 1818, p. 417, " intermediate betwixt the genera Aega and Eurydice ". 5. Palinonres 1. Phyllosoma brevicorne [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 417, pl.n.num., i fig. non num. B.M. (N.H.) : White eat. n" 168 a-b (a sec) et 168 e^ (alcool)— White, 1847, p. 82, 14 spec, {a-d, a see et e-n, en alcool). 2. Phyllosoma clavicorne [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 417, pl.n.num., i fig. non num., cf. croquis de Craneh, C. p. 30, supra, fig. B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n° 171 a (a sec) — White, 1847, p. 82, 6 spec. 3. Phyllosoma commune [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 417, pl.n.num., i fig. non num., cf. croquis de Craneh, C, p. 51, pi. Ill, fig. 4 — B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n" 170 a-e (a see) et lyo f-h (alcool) — White 1847, p. 82, 8 spec, {a-e, a sec etf-h, en aleool). 4. Phyllosoma laticorne [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 417, pl.n.num., i fig. non num. B.M. (N.H.) : White eat. n" 169-169 a (a see) — White, 1847, P- 82, i spde. [ = Phyllosoma cassideum (Forster 1782)]. 5. Phyllosoma Smithii [n.sp.] — Leach MS., B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n" 693 a 66 JOHN CRANCH. L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (iSi6) (alcool), " Congo Exped. J. Cranch " — White, 1847, p. 82 [nom. nud. : " Phyllosoma Smythii, Leach]. 6. Phyllosoma Cranchii [n.sp.] — Leach MS., B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n''692 a, (alcool), " Congo Exped. J. Cranch ", 36°S [sic] — 9°E ; il faut lire bien entendu 3°S, ce qui place la capture dans la lere quinzaine de juin 1816 — White, 1847, p. 82, 2 sp6c. ; " Phyllosoma Cranchii, Leach " [tiomen nuduni]. 6. Anomoures I. Una zee de PorceUanide est decrite (cf. p. 18 et 56) et figuree (cf. G, fig. 18). 7. Brachyoures 1. Zoea clavaia [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 414, pl.n.nuni., i fig.non num. B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n^dgo a (alcool), reg. n" 1949 ; 10 : 25 : 4 — White, 1847, p. 80 : " i°S-8°W " est impossible, mais i°S-8°E correspond aux 29-30 mai 1816. 2. Megalopa maculata [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 414. B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n° 695 a-b [n'a pas ete retrouve] — WTiite, 1847, p. 64, 2 sp^c. 3. Megalopa Cranchii [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 414. B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n° 694 a [n'a pas 6t6 retrouv^] 4. Megalopa scnlpla [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 414. B.M. [N.H.] : White cat. n" 690 a (alcool), reg. n" 1949 : 10 : 25 : 2 — White 1847, p. 64, i spec. 5. Portunus sp. [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413. B.M. (N.H.) : i spec, (a sec), non enreg., " Gulf of Guinea. Congo Exped. ", etiquete " Portunus rugosus ", = Macropipus rugosus (Doflein, 1904). 6. Lupa Smythiana [n.sp.]— Leach MS.— B.M. (N.H.) : White cat, n° 22 et White, 1847, P- 27 [nomen nudum), 2 spec, (a sec)'!, etiquet^s " Callinectes smythianus " (White, 1847, p. 27 : " Neptunus sanguinolentus "), = Callinectes gladiator Benedict 1893. 7. Lupa Smythiana [n.sp.] — Leach MS. — B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n<'22, i spec, (alcool), etiquete "Callinectes Smythianus" (White, 1847, p. 27: "Neptunus sanguinolentus "), = Callinectes gladiator Benedict 1893. 8. Lupa Cranchiana [n.sp.] — Leach MS. — B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n<'26, i spec, (alcool) (White, 1847, p. 27) : "Neptunus sanguinolentus", White, 1847, p. 27, 3 spec, = Portunus validus Herklots 1851. 9. Grapsus minutus — Leach, 1818, p. 414 — B.M. (N.H.) : 2 spec, (alcool), non enreg., " Gulf of Guinea. Congo Expd. ", = Nautilograpsus minutus (L. 1758). Grapsus [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 414. 10 Dorippe armata Miers 1881 ex White, 1847— B.M. (N.H.), i spec, (a sec), " Congo Expd. Coll. J. Cranch " = Dorippe sp. Cranch 1818 (H, p. 414) = Dorippe armata \\Tiite, 1847, p. 54 [nomen nudum) — B.M. (N.H., i sp6c. ; la description et la figure de Miers (1881, p. 269-270, pi. XV, fig. 4-4 a) sont d'apres le specimen de Cranch. 8. Stomatopodes I. Alima hyalina Leach, 1818, p. 416, pl.non num., I fig. non num. (Porto Prava et '1 ? juv.fide Rathbun, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1897, p. 50. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 67 7°37'o N-I7°34'i5 W, done i8 avril). B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n^ 164 a-b (a sec) et 164 c-n (alcool) — White 1847, p. 83, 17 spec. Cette larve a ete identifiee par Manning (1962) a celle de Squilla alba Bigelow, 1893 ; plus recemment le mfime auteur (1968, p. 136-137) adopte " Alima Leach, 1817 " comme nom d'un genre, malgre la frequente utilisation faite de ce nom pour designer un type de larve de Stomatopode, et utilise le binom " Alima hyalina Leach, 1817 " { = Squilla alba Bigelow, 1893). On aura remarque la date " 1817 " : Manning specific (p. 142) que le texte de Leach de la " Narrative ..." est de 1818, tandis que la planche non numerotee sur laquelle figure Alima hyalina serait de 1817. II est exact que I'exemplaire de la Royal Geographical Society, comme ceux cites par Holthuis et Manning (1964, p. 140) portent, au has de la planche en question : " Published Novr. i st, 1817, by John Murray, London " ; on pent done penser que si I'exemplaire du Museum {n° 22795) ^^ porte pas eette indication, c'est qu'elle aura disparu au cours du rognage. Est-il certain qu'une espece decrite dans un texte paru dans un volume bien date (1818) figure sur une planche appartenant a ce volume mais imprimee a I'avance (1817) doive porter eette derniere date plutot que celle du volume ? 2. Smerdis armata Leach, 1818, p. 415-416, pi. non num., fig. non num. B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n° 165 a-b (a sec) et 165 c-n (alcool) — White, 1847, p. 82, i spec. [Erichius armatiis]. 3. Smerdis vulgaris Leach, 1818, p. 415, pi. non num., fig. non num. B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n" 166 b (a sec) et 166 c-e (alcool) — White, 1847, p. 82, 5 spec. [Erichihus vitreus'] : la position " 5°N-I2° W " correspond au 30 avril 1816. 9. Divers II ne semble guere possible d'identifier, en I'absence des specimens ou meme de figures, les 5 genres et 6 especes decrits par Leach en 1830 dans les Transactions of the Plymouth Institution, bien que 4 des genres soient attribuee a la famille de " SquiUadae " . 1. Odontorynchus Leach, 1830, p. 169. 1 a. Odontocerus [sic] lutescens Leach 1830, p. 170 : " Habitat ad Guineae littora ". 2. Prionorhynchus Leach, 1830'^, p. 170. 2 a. Prionorhynchus Cranchianus Leach, 1830, p. 171, 24° 13'N — i8°5i'i5 W, done le 4 avril, au large de la cote saharienne. 3. Opithiocheirus Leach, 1830 a, p. 172. 3 a. Opithiocheirus Chrysophthalmus Leach, 1830 a, p. 172-173, " inhabits the Atlantic Ocean near the river Congo ". 4. Usterocheirus Leach, 1830 a, p. 173. 4a. Usterocheirus Macropocoiliuni Leach, 1830 a, p. 173-174, "inhabits the Atlantic, adhering to Fucus natans " . 4 b. Usterocheirus Brachycoilion Leach, 1830 a, p. 174, avec le precedent. 5. Zuphanusa Leach, 1830 a, p. 174-175. 5 a. Zuphanusa Smithiana Leach, 1818, p. 175, meme habitat. '2 Nee Jacquinot & Lucas, 1853 [Braychyoure]. 68 JOHN CRANCH. L-EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) V. Myriapodes 1-2. lulus, 2 spp. (i n.sp.), Leach, 1818, p. 418. 3. Scolopendra n.sp., ibidem. VI. Insectes 1-36. 36 especes parvenues a Londres " in a tolerable state " (un n.gen. de Scara- baeidea, 5-6 n.spp.), tout le reste detruit par I'humidite et les Insectes (Leach, 1818, p. 418). Les seules descriptions que je connaise a ce sujet sont celles de : (i) Platygenia Zairica MacLeay, Horae Entom . . . , I, i, 1819 : 152 [Platygenia n.gen. : 151], type BM. = Platygenia barbata (Afzelius 1817) (2) Euporus strangulaUts Audinet-ServUle 1834 : 171 ex Dejean, 1821, Cat.Coleo. : 105 (Callichroma strangulata nom. nudum), type B.M. (3) Bombyx Mariana A. White 1843 : 264, holotype B.M. = Janomima mariana (White). VII. Mollusques 1. Gasiropodes 1. Janthina fragilis, seule espece parvenue a Leach ; tous les autres Gastropodes perdus (Leach, 1818, p. 412). 2. Firola arcuala n.sp. Leach, 1818, p. 411, notet 3°i5'o S— 9°38'o E done au large des cotes du Gabon. 3. Firola sp.. Leach, 1818, ibidem (croquis par Hawkey, pas de specimen). 4. Firola sp., Leach, 1818, ibidem, idem. 2. Pteropodes 1. Cleodora sp. 2°i4'o S — 9°55'i5 E, done Leach, 1818, p. 411. 2. Cleodora sp. 2°4i'o S-9°i6'o E, done Leach, ibidem, p. 411-412. 3. Cephalopodes 1. Ocyihoe Cranchii Leach, 1817, p. 295-296, pi. XII, fig. 1-6 ; 1817 a, p. 139 ; 1818, p. 410 ; 1818 c, p. 394 ; BlainviUe, 1818, p. 49-51. fig. 2 A-B— B.M. (N.H.) : I ex. (alcool) " J. Cranch, Congo Expedition ". [probablement Argonatda hians Solander iy86,fide Malcolm R. Clarke, in litt., 9-I-1969] I a. Cranchia n.gen. Leach, 1817 a, p. 140 ; 1818 c, p. 394 (" Cranchie, Cranchia ", note : " Ce genre est dedie a M. Cranch, I'une des victimes de I'expedi- tion anglaise au Congo, et homme vraiment remarquable par le zele qu'il a montre pour la Zoologie "). 2. Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817 a, p. 140 ; 1818, p. 410, pl.n.num., i fig. n. num. ; 1818 c, p. 395, pl.n.num. fig. 6— B.M. (N.H.) : i ex (alcool) + 1 coq., " J. Cranch " : [Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817] 3. Cranchia maculata Leach, 1817 a, p. 140 ; 1818, p. 410 ; 1818 c, p. 395 — B.M. (N.H.) : I ex. (alcool), " the sac only ", " J. Cranch ". [Hoyle (Rep. Scient. Res. H.M.S. Challenger, Zool., XVI, 1886, p. 186-187) signale avoir examine le type, qui est en mauvais 6tat et pourrait etre un Megalocranchia (Taonius juv. ?)] 4. Loligo Banksii Leach, 1817 a, p. 141 ; 1818, p. 411, pl.n.num., i fig. n. num. ; 1818 c, C. [almar] (laps. cal. pour L. [oligo]) Banksii, p. 396, pl.n. num., fig. 4— B.M. (N.H.) ; I ex. (alcool), = Onychoteuthis banksi (Leach, 1817). 5. Loligo Cranchii BlainviUe, Journ.Phys.Chim.Hist.Nat., XVCI, 1823, p. 123 ; JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 69 Dict.Sc.Nat., XXVII, 1823, p. 135 et XXXII, 1824, p. 174 ; c'est comme I'a note deja A. d'Orbigny, Moll.viv. et foss., 1855, p. 240, le Cranchia scabra : on le voit par I'Atlas du Dict.Sc.Nat. oil Blainville appeUe " Poulpe de Cranch " (pl.n.num., fig. 2-2 a) VOcythoe Cranchii et " Calmar de Cranch " (autre pl.n.num., fig. 4) le Cranchia scabra ; " Cranchia " est pour lui une " subdivision " de Loligo, mais pourquoi aura- t-il cre6 le binom Loligo Cranchii ? Les regies de la nomenclature, alors, n'existaient pas encore. Quand Blainville public en 1823 (p. 123) un " C.[almar] de Cranch L.[oUgo] Cranchii Leach, Voy. au Congo, pi. I et J. Phys. LXXXVI, pi. de juin, fig. 6 " il fait en effet erreur car il n'y a pas de Loligo Cranchii Leach dans la Narrative . . . , ni autre part d'ailleurs. 6. Loligo leptura Leach, 1817 a, p. 141 (L. lepturo [sic]) ; 1818, p. 411, pl.n.num., I fig. n.num. ; 1818 c, p. 395, pl.n.num., fig. 5— B.M. (N.H.) : 2 ex. (alcool), " West Africa, J. Cranch ", i°8'o"N— 7°26'30" E^s, done le 19 mai, non loin de Sao Tome, = Enoplofeuthis leptura (Leach, 1817). 7. Loligo Smythii Leach, 1817 a, p. 141 ; 1818, p. 411, pl.n.num., i fig.n.num.— B.M. (N.H.) = I ex. (alcool), meme localite que L. leptura, = Enoploleuthis leptura (Leach, 1817). VIII. Tuniciers 1. Salpa fusi/ormis Cuv. f. gregata — Figurde par Cranch, C, p. 40, cf. p. 11 2. Salpa maxima Forsskal f. gregata — Figuree par Cranch, C, p. 23, cf. p. 11. IX. Poissons II n'est pas possible d'enumerer avec certitude les specimens de Poissons recoltfe par Cranch et conserves au British Museum, aucun enregistrement systematique ne les concernant. Trois holotypes, en tons les cas, existent : 1. Oxyrhynchus deliciosus [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 410, cf. descr. et croquis de Cranch, D, p. 3, supra p. 53, ( = Mormyrops deliciosus, cf. Boulenger, Freshwater Fishes of Africa, I, 1909, p. 33-34)^B.M. (N.H.) : i ex. naturahse, SL = 695 mm, LT = 745 mm ; cet holotype est aussi celui du Mormyrtis Tuckeyi Valenciennes in Cuvier et Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des Poissons, XIX, 1847, P- 263-264. 2. Silurus congensis Leach, 1818, p. 409 ( = Eutropius congensis ; on se demande pourquoi Boulenger ecrit, Poissons du Bassin du Congo, 1901, p. 268 : congoletisis, comme dans ses Freshwater Fishes of Africa, II, 191 1, p. 281-282 ; il ne peut s'agir que d'un lapsus qu'il n'y a aucune raison d'accepter)— B.M. (N.H.) : i ex. en alcool, SL = 265 mm, LT = 315 mm. 3. Pimelodus Cranchii Leach, 1818, p. 409-410 ( = Chrysichthvs cranchii, cf. Boulenger, loc. cit., II, 1911, p. 332-334— B.M. (N.H.) : i ex. en alcool, SL = 179 mm, LT = 215 mm, " River Congo — Congo Expedition "). 4. Squalus serrata [sic] n. nudum, Tuckey, 1818, p. 40. X. Reptiles Les types de Coluber Palmarum Leach, 1818, p. 408-409 ( = Dasypeltis scaber (L.) var. palmarum) et de Coluber Smythii Leach, 1818 (p. 409 ( = Grayia smythii) se " Gray {1849, p. 47) donne 1° 8'N — 26° 30'E, ce qui est ^videmment faux. JO JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) trouvent dans les collections du British Museum ; par contra la tete de Trionyx Egyptiacus est perdue. XI. Oiseaux II ne semble exister a Londres qu'un seul specimen de Cranch : le type de Perdix Cranchii Leach 1818 (p. 408)'^ est en effet conserve au British Museum (No. 1965. 2.1), sans etiquette d'origine mais avec une etiquette du musee : " No. 7. Type. Plernistes cranchii, Leach. Loc. Congo. Pres. by Congo Expedition " ; specimen mentionne par R.L.M. Warren, Type-specimens of Birds in the British Museum (N.H.), vol. I, 1966. p. 70. Les iypts d'Himndo Smithii Leach, 1818 (p. 407) et de Plotus Congensis Leach, 1818 (p. 408) ne se trouvent pas a Londres : ont-ils 6te deposes au British Museum en meme temps que Perdix Cranchii ? II est impossible de le decouvrir. Je ne sais rien non plus du type de Sterna senex Leach, 1818 (p. 408). La liste donnee par Leach (1818, p. 407-408) des autres Oiseaux (32 spp.) est la suivante, reproduite avec addition de la nomenclature actuelle'^. [-P.407-] 1. " Aquila melanaeios, {Savignys Oiseaux d'Egypt. pi. ii. f. 2.) " = Aquila pomarina Brehm. 2. " lerax rniisiciis, Singing hawk, [Le Vail. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 27.) " = Melierax canorus (Risl.) 3. " Circus , (L'Acoli, Le Vail.) " = ? 4. " Elanus melanopterus, {Sav. Ois. d'Eg.pl. ii.f. 2). In great plenty " = Elanits caerulens (Desf.) 5. " Milvus aetotius, (Sav. Ois. d'Eg. pi. iv. f. i) " = Milvus migrans aegyptius (Gmel.) 6. " Polophilus , [Sav. Ois. d'Eg. pi. iv.f.z) " = Centropiis senegalensis (L.) 7. "Corvus scapularis, (Le Vail. Ois. d'Af. ii. pi. 53.) " = Corvus albus P.L.S. Muller. 8. " Coracias afra, African roller " = Euryslomns ajer (Latham) 9. " Passer, (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. v. f. 7.) " = ? 10. " Hirimdo Savignii, (Sav. Ois. d'Eg. pi. iv. f. 4.) " = Hirundo lucida Verreaux 11. " Hirundo Smithii (New species) ... A single specimen was killed off Chisalla island " = Hirundo smithi Leach. 12. " Alauda, (Le Vail. Ois. d'Afr. pi. 196) " = Macronyx capensis (L.) 13. " Sylvia, (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. v. f. 3) " = Sylvia curruca (L.) 14. " Sylvia, (Le Vail. Ois. d'Afr. 121). = ? Acrocephalus sp. 15. " Certhia cincta, (Ois Dor. ii, pi. 10) " = Nectarinia afra (L.) 16. " Certhia chalybea, (Ois Dor. ii. pi. 13 et 14) " = Cinnyris chalybea (L.) 17. " Merops erythropterus, (PI. 6nl. 318) " = Melittophagus pusillus (P. L. S. Miiller) '* Devenu FrancoUnus Cranchii J. F. Stephens in G. Shaw, Gen. Zool., XI, Aves, 2, 1819, p. 336, Plernislis Cranchii (Leach 1818), J. G. Wagler, Isis (Oken), 1832, col. 1229 et Plernislis afer cranchi ou FrancoUnus afer cranchi. '5 Je dois remercier ici le Professeur Jean Dorst qui a bicn voulu m'aider dans la mise a jour de la nomenclature utilis^e par Leach. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO {1816) 71 18. " UpU'pa Epops, Common Hoopoe, not varying in the slightest degree from that of Europe " = Upiipa epops L. ig. Alcedo maxima var. ? With the breast ferruginous, the belly varied with black and white, the throat white. In other respects it agrees exactly with the common varieties from Senegal. " = Megaceryle maxima (Pallas) 20. " Alcedo , {PL enl. 556) probably a variety of Sencgalensis, or the other sex. " = Halcyon senegalensis (L.) 21. " Alcedo rudis, (PI. enl. 62.) " = Ceryle rudis (L.) 22. " Buceros , (Le Vail. Ois. d'Afr. pi. 233.) " = Tockus fasciatus (Shaw) 23. " Perdix Cranchii, (new species) . . . " = Pternistis cranchi (Leach) 24. " Columha , (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. 5 /. 9) common. " = Stigmatopelia senegalensis (L.) 25. " Vanellus , (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. 6. f. 3.) = Hoplopterns spinosus (L.) 26. " Scopus iimbretta, Tufted Umber ; not uncommon " = Scopus umbrella Gmel. 27. " Ardea , (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. 8f. 1.) " = Bubulcus ibis (L.) 28. " Ardea Senegalensis, (PI. enl. 315.) " = Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli) 29. " Parra Africana, (Lath. Syn. tab. 87.) " = Actophilornis africana (Gmel.) 30. " Recurvirosira Very much destroyed, but from the parts remaining, not to be distinguished from our European species, R. Avoselta, the common Avoset. " = Recurvirosira avoselta L. 31. " Phalacrocorax , (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. 8.f. 2.) " = Phalacrocorax africanus (Gmel.) 32. " Plotus Congensis, (new species) . . . One was killed. " = Anhinga rufa (Lacep. et Daud.) 33. " Anas , (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. 10. f. i) " = Tadorna. ferruginea (Pallas). 34. " Sterna senex, (new species) . . . " = Anous stolidus (L.) 35. " Rhynchops niger, (PI. enl. 357.) = Rhynchops fiavirostris Vieillot II va sans dire que cette liste, pour I'etablissement de laquelle j'ai beneficie de I'aide du Prof. Jean Dorst et de Mme Voisin, represente les identifications proposees par Leach sans qu'il soit possible pour certaines, en I'absence des specimens corres- pondants, d'en verifier I'exactitude. Les genres ou especes dediees a John Cranch me paraissent §tre les suivants : I. Crustaces 1. Achaeus Cranchii Leach, Malac. Podophth. Brit., Dec. 1817, pl. XX/C et leg. — [Brachy.]. 2. Campecopea Cranchii Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat., XII, 1818, p. 341. — [Isop., = C. hirstita (Montagu 1804)]. 3. Cineras Cranchii Leach, 1818 (supra, p. 64). — [Cirr., = Conchoderma virgatum (Spengler 1790)]. 4. Cineras Cranchianus Leach, 1825 (supra p. 64). — [Cirr., = Conchoderma virgatum (Spengler 1790)]. 5. Cirolana Cranchii Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat., XII, 1818, p. 347. — [Isop.]. 72 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 6. Ebalia Cranchii Leach, Malac. Podophth. Brit., Apr. 1817, pi. XXV/7 — 11 et 16g.- — [Brachy.]. 7. Hippolyte Cranchii Leach, Malac. Podophth. Brit., Dec. 1187, pi. XXXVIII/ 17-21 et leg. — [D6cap. Nat., = Thoralus cranchii (Leach, 1817)] 8. Lupa Cranchiana Leach MS. in White, 1847, p. 27. — [Brachy., = Poriuntis validus Herklots 1851]. 9. Megalopa Cranchii Leach, 1818 (supra, p. 66). — [Brachy.]. 10. Nelocira Cranchii Sherbom, Index Anim. 1S01-1850, C, p. 1589, sans doute pour Nelocira Swainsonii Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat., XH, 1818, p. 347. ir. Pandarus Cranchii Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat., XIV, i8ig, p. 535. — [Cop.] 12. Phyllosoma Cranchii Leach MS. in White, 1847, p. 82. — [Astac] 13. Pinnotheres Cranchii Leach, Malac. Podophth. Brit., Jan. 1815, pi. XI\'74-5 et 16g. — [Brachy., = Pinnoteres pisum (Pennant 1777)]. 14. Prionorhynchus Cranchiamis Leach, 1830 (supra, p. 67). — [?] 15. Vertutnnus Cranchii Leach MS. in White, 1847, p. 89, nomen ntcdiim. — [Amphi., = Epimeria cornigera (Fabricius 1779)]. II — Mollusques 1. Placophores 1. Chiton Cranchii Leach, 1847, P- 271 [nom.ntid.] 2. Gastropodes 2. Alvania Cranchii Leach, 1847, p. 270 [now. nud.'] 3. Bela Cranchii Leach, 1847, P- 270 [nom. nud.'] 4. Bulla Cranchii J. Fleming, Hist, of Brit. Anim., 1828, p. 292-293. — En reality plutot " Bulla Cranchii Fleming ex Leach " car ce dernier signale (p. 293) avoir re^u le specimen de Leach avec un nom in schedtdis. 5. Bulla Cranchii Fleming ex Leach 1828 ; cf. E. Forbes and S. Hanley, Hist. Brit. MoU., Ill, 1851, p. 533-534, pi. CXIV/D, fig. 8-9 et V.V., fig. 2. 6. Bulla Cranchii A. Adams ex Leach MS in G.B. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., II, (1856), Part II, p. 586, pi. CXXV/115 — Encore la meme espece. 7. Fusus Cranchii T. Brown, 111. Rec. Conchol. Gr. Brit. Ireland, 2nd ed. [1844], p. VII et 6, pi. V, fig. 5 (bien que la legende p. 140 ne mentionne pas F. Cranchii et donne la fig. 5 pour F. discors (irst ed., 1827, pi. 48, fig. 5). 8. Murex Cranchii Leach MS., in T. Brown (" Fusus Cranchii "), ibidem, p. 6. 9. Roxania Cranchii Leach, 1847, p. 268 [nom. nud.] ; cf. Leach, Moll. Brit. Synopsis, 1852, p. 43 ; le binom ms serait de 1819 ou 1820. 10. Scaphander Cranchii (Leach) Loven, Index. Moll. Scand. occid.hab., Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 3, 1846, p. 142. 11. Trochus Cranchii Leach, 1847, p. 270 [nom. nud.] 3. Cdphalopodes 12. Cranchia Leach, 1817 (supra, p. 68) [type : Cranchia scabra Leach] 13. Cranchea Schweigger, Handb. Nat. Skelett-losen ungegUed. Thiere, 1820, p. 758. 14. Liocranchia Pfeffer, Abhandl. aus dem Geb. der Naturvviss. Hamburg, VIII, 2, N° 4, 1884, p. 85. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO {1816) 73 15. Megalocranchia Pfeffer, ibidem, p. 84. 16. Cranchidae [fam.], cf. J. E. Gray, Cat. Moll. Coll. Brit. Mus., Part 1, 1849, p. 36 et 37- 17. Cranchina [sub-fam.] J. E. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1847, P- 205. 18. Ocythoe Cranchii Leach, 1817 (supra, p. 68) in. Poissons I. Pimelodus Cranchii Leach, 1818. IV. Oiseaux I. Perdix Cranchii Leach, 1818 (supra, p. 70). BIBLIOGRAPHIE Anonyme [probt. W. E. Leach], 1818. Biographical memoir of Prof. Smith and Mr. Cranch, Ann. Phil., II ; 321-329, — Kesumd, ne contenant rien de nouveau, des notes biographiques de J. Barrow dans I'Introduction de la " Narrative ..." Anstey, Roger. 1962. Britain and the Congo in the nineteenth century, Oxford, XIII + 260 p., 4 pis., front. Blainville, H. M. D. de, 1818. Note additionnelle au m^moire sur le Poulpe de I'Argonaute, /. Phys. Chim. Hist, nat., 87 : 47-52 — Blainville a re9ii de Leach un exemplaire A'Ocythoe Cranchii (p. 49.51 : " Ocythoe de Cranch de Leach ") dont il pubhe (livr. de juin, pi. n. num., fig. 2 A-B) une figure dessinee par lui. 1822. Meraoire sur les LernSes, (Lernea, Lin.), /. Phys. Chim. Hist, nat., 95 : 372-380 et 437-447, I pl- n.num. (p.p.). 1823. Article " Lernee, Lernaea ", Diet. Sc. Nat., 26 Paris, pp. 1 12-130. 1823. MSmoire sur les especes du genre Calmar [loligo, Lamarck), /. Phys. Chim. Hist, nat., 95 : 116-135. BowRiNG, Sir John, 1872. Ancient Exeter and its Trade, Trans. Devonshire Assoc, 1872 : 90-106. Brown, Thomas. 1844. Ulustrations of the Recent Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland . . . , 2nd ed., London and Edinburgh, XIII+i f. errata+144 pp., 59 pis. [col.] BuCH, Leopold von. 1826. Biographical Memoir of the late Christian Smith, M.D., Naturalist to the Congo Expedition, Edinb. New phil. J., 1 : 209-216. Gray, J. E. 1849. Catalogue of the Mollusca in the collection of the British Museum, Part I, Cephalopoda Antepedia, London, 1849, IV+164 pp. HoLTHUis, L. B. & Manning, Raymond B., 1964. Proposed use of plenary powers (A) to designate a type-species for the genera Pseiidosquilla Dana, 1852, and Gonodactvlus Bert- hold, 1827, and (B) for the suppression of the generic na.me Smerdis Leach, 1817 (Crustacea, Stomatopoda), Bull. zool. Norn., 21, (2) : 137-143. Home, Everard. 1817. The distinguishing characters between the ova of the Sepia, and those of the vermes testacea, that live in water, explained, Phil. Trans. R. Soc, 107, (I) Art. XXIII, [read June 5, 1817], : 297-301, pl. XIII-XIV — Ces 2 pl. sont reproduites dans la " Narrative ..." (pl. " 12-14 " ^ '■ " Direction for placing the plates "). Home, E. 1818. The distinguishing characters between the ova of the Sepia, and those of the vermes testacea, that live in water explained, in Tuckey, J. K., Narrative . . . to explore the River Zaire, Appendix III, pp. 402-406, pl. XIII-XIV [celles des Phil. Trans.] in : " Nar- rative ..." Leach, W. E. 181 7. Observations on the Genus Ocythoe of Rafinesque, with a description of a neiv species, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 107, (1) Art. XXII, [read June 5, 1817], : 293-296, pl. XII (6 fig.) — Cette pl. est plac^e dans I'article suivant (Home), auquel les " Directions for placing the plates " de la " Narrative ..." attribuent, par erreur, 3 pl. (12-14). 74 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) Leach, W. E. 1817 a. The Zoological Miscellany, 3, VI + 151 pp.. pi. 121-149. [Leach, W. E.]. 1818. A general notice of the Animals taken by Mr. John Cranch In Tuckey, J. K. Narrative . . . to explore the River Zaire, Appendix IV, pp. 407-409, i pi. coul. n. num. sans legende [appelee " ii " a : " Directions for placing the plates ", et placee dans I'article precedent [Ocythoe), in : " Narrative . . "]. Cet article est anonyme mais il n'est pas douteux que Leach en est I'auteur, ce que tous les citateurs et nomenclateurs ont admis et que prouve, par exemple, la phrase (p. 414) : " . . , Mr. Cranch took a new species of this interesting genus [Zoea^, by which I have been able to verify the opinion published in the Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica (vol. i, p. 423) where I have referred it to the Crustacea with pedunculated eyes " ; or il s'agit de I'article bien connu de Leach (1816) sur les " Annulosa ", p. 401-453, pi. XX-XXVI in : Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica . . . , 1, 1824 ; I'auteur : " V " est Leach : I'exemplaire du Museum est de 1824 mais I'edition a laquelle Leach fait allusion en 1818 est de 1816. Le Dr R. B. Manning (1968, p. 142) tout en admettant la date de 1818 pour le texte de I'Appendix IV accepte " 1817 " pour la planche n.num. illustrant I'Appendix IV mais placee dans I'Appendix II. i8i8a. Appendix, No. II. Observations on the Genus Ocythoe of Rafinesque, with a Description of a new species, in Tuckey, J. K. Narrative . . . to explore the River Zaire Appendix II pp. 400-401. i pi. " XII " [celle des Philos. Trans^, placee d'ailleurs dans I'article Home in : " Narrative . . . ". 18186. Sur plusieurs genres nouveaux de Crustaces. /. Phys. Chim. Hist, nat., 86 : 304-307, fig. 4-1 1 [pi. n. num.]'* Cet article aura-t-il \'Taiment ete publie en avril? On pent en douter puisque sa planche reproduit une planche parue dans la " Narrative . . . ". publiee en mars. Mais il n'est pas impossible non plus, evidemment, que Leach ait envoye plus ou moins simultanement deux articles, illustres chacun de la meme planche, d'une part a Sir John Barrow, pour la " Narrative . . . ", d'autre part a Blainville, pour le Journal de Physique. Zoe clavata, p. 304, fig. 4 ; Smerdis, p. 305 ; Smerdis vulgaris, p. 305, fig. 5 : Smerdis armata, p. 305, fig. 6 ; Alima, p. 305 ; Alima hyalina, p. 305, fig. 7 ; Phyllosoma brevicorne, p. 307, fig. 8 ; Phyllosoma laticorne, p. 307, fig. 9 ; Phyllosoma commune, p. 307, fig. 10 ; Phyllosoma clavicorne , p. 307. fig. 11. 1818 c. Sur plusieurs especes nouvelles de la classe des Cephalopodes et sur une nouvelle distribution systematique des ordres, families et genres de cette classe, ibidem, 86 : 393-396, fig. 3-6" [pi. n. num., parue dans la livraison de juin]. 1825. A Tabular view of the Genera comprising the Class Cirripedes, with Description of the Species of Otion, Cineras and Clyptra, Zool. J. Lond., 2: 208-215 — Cineras Chelonophilus, p. 212 ; C. Cranchianus, p. 212 ; C. Olfersianus, p. 213. 1830. On two new genera of Crustaceous animals, discovered by Mr. John Cranch in the Expedition to Congo. Trans. Plymouth Instn., 1830 ; 169-171. 1830 a. On three new genera of the Malacostraceous Crustacea, belonging to the family Squilladae, ibidem, 1830 ; 172-175. 1847. The Classification of the British MoUusca, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20 : 267-273. Lesson, Rene-Primevere. 1843. Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes. Acalephes, Suites a Buffon, Paris, 1843, VIII + 598 pp., 12 pis. col. Leyden, John. 1817. Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Africa, Edinburgh, 1, XX + 512 pp. 2 cartes h.t. Manning, Raymond B. 1962. Alima hyalina Leach, the pelagic larva of the Stomatopod crustacean Squilla alba Bigelow, Bull. mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb., 12 ; 496-507, fig. 1-4. 1968. A revision of the family Squillidae (Crustacea, Stomatopoda), with the description of eight new genera Bull. mar. Sci., 18 : 105-142, fig. i-io. MiERS, E. J. i88i. On a collection of Crustacea made by Baron Hermann Maltzam (sic) at " Tous ces dessins sent empruntes a la pi. de Leach, 1S18 (Narrative . . .), mais reproduits inverses. " Ces dessins sont emprunt&k lapl. de Leach, i8i8 (Narrative . . .) mais reproduits invers&. Les figs. I [Ocythoe antiquorum) et 2 [Ocythoe Cranchii) semblent bien appartenir k un article de Blainville, Sur le Poulpe habitant de I'Argonaute (suite), livr. juin. p. 434-455. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 75 Goree Island, Senegambia, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), 8 : 259-281, pi. XIII-XIV ; 364-377, pi. XV-XVI, MoNOD, Thi^odore, 1931. Sur quelques Crustac^s aquatiques d'Afrique (Cameroun et Congo,) Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 21, Fasc. 1, ler oct. 1931 : 1-36, fig. 1-24. 1967. Les Sciences de la mer dans le Golfe de Guin^e — Aper9u historique, Actes Symp. Ocdanogr. Ressoiirces Halieutiques Atl. Trap., Abidjan, 20-28 oct. 1966, F.A.O.,Rome : 29-36. Roper, Clyde F. E., 1966. A study of the genus Enoploteuthis (Cephalopoda : Oegopsida) in the Atlantic Ocean with a redescription of the type species, E. leptura (Leach 1817), Dana- Report No. 66, 46 pp., fig. 1-24. TucKEY, J. K. 1818. Narrative of an Expedition to e.xplore the River Zaire, usually called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, under the Direction of Captain J . K. Ttickey, R. N., London, 40, [March] 1818, LXXXII + 498 p., 13 fig. n. num., 13 p.l p. p. n. num., i carte h.t. — Ily aen rialitS 500 p.etnon 498 car laplanche "12" (cf. "Directives for placing the plates") se trouve au moins dans I'exemplaire du Museum, entre les p. 402 et " 401 " [sic) : on a en effet, par erreur : 401-402-401-402-403, etc. Mr. G. S. Dugdale, bibUoth^caire de la Royal Geographical Society, a bien voulu me preciser que le volume a paru en mars 1818 ; la Maison John Murray a eu I'obligeance de me confirmer que si la date exacte de publication est impossible a preciser, on retrouve la trace d'un depot du volume au British Museum le 14 mars. White, A. 1847. List of the Specimens of Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum, London, 1847, VIII4-143 pp. 1850. List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Musexim. Part IV. — Crustacea, London, 1850, IV4-i4i pp. Professeur Theodore Monod Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 57 rue Cuvier. Paris, 5'- PLANCH E I Fig. I, doc. G, No. i, cf. p. 55 Fig. 2, doc. G, No. 2, cf. p. 55 Fig. 3, doc. G, No. 4, cf. p. 55 Fig. 4, doc. G, No. 5, cf. p. 55 Fig. 5, doc. G, No. 20, cf. p. 56 Fig. 6, doc. G, No. 19, cf. p. 56 Fig. 7, doc. G, No. 11, cf. p. 56 Fig. 8, doc. G, No. 7, cf. p. 55 Fig. 9, doc. G. No. 33, cf. p. 57 Bull. Br. Mn>. nnt. Hut. (hist. Ser.) 4. I PI.ANCHE I CO ,th \ I I. CM ^^ ^. 4 in 1/ S ': \ PLANCHE i Fig. I, doc. G, No. 9, cf. p. 56 Fig. 2. doc. A, p. 21, cf. p. 10 Fig. 3, doc. G, No. 10, cf. p. 56 Fig. 4, doc. G, No. 23, cf. p. 56 Fig. 5, doc. G. No. 16, cf. p. 56 Fig. 6, doc. G, No. 12, cf. p. 56 Fig. 7, doc. G, No. 26, cf. p. 56 Fig. 8, doc. G, No. 27, cf. p. 57 Fig. 9, doc. G, No. 13, cf. p. 56 Fig. 10, doc. G, No. 28, cf. p. 57 Bull. B}\ Mils. nat. Hisl. (hist. Ser.) 4, I PLANCHE rA- ■-f ■'-,;&. M ^/ i-h fi>'^ , , f^ .-r^ ■A / — «**^ **" '**^ >/> • 'J. ». ,^«^ xi- _— -*- ~^-*--^ -X / .— »^^ «p — i A'«~' " ./^, 'yyr»^' 'V^wvw/^" 10 -=«C^ PLANCHE 3 Fig. I, doc- C. p. 30, lar\'e Ahma et Fhyllosome (le PhvUosinna chiviior)ie de la planche de Leach 1818). Fig. 2, doc. A, p. 10. Nerocila trichiiira. cf. p. 65 Fig. 3, doc. C, p. 28, Siphonophore, cf. p. 1 1 Fig. 4, doc. C, p. 51. Phyllosome (le Phyllosoma cominuite de la planche dc Leach 1S18). Fig. 5, doc. C. p. 28, cf. p. 11. Fig. 6, doc. C, p. 32, cf. p. 11. Fig. 7, doc. .■\, p. 25. specimen de stenographie. Bull. By. Mm. iial. Hisl. (hist. Ser) 4, i Pl.ANt HE 3 ip ,\ / .t -i^'- ' <- 1 U.-.>.^3^ t? ^ /-<- u^^ o» i: ^.^ ^ h.-eto, /j,,^ ^-^A. -^^ ■'•M*^ ^ /'/t^ 1"-'// <^ I i% ■jH ' ■i ■> 1 />* I. -» ^ -J, !■ J>rJ^.^ 1 >- o^ ^ (. ^^^ ^ 7 ^ -i c VVV-V,. ^ A^ y-A^ -^ -v. '- -i I B 5 AUG 1971 Printed in Great Britain by Alden & Mowbray Ltd at the Alden Press. Oxford J lU A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBRARIES AND LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) - 5 AUG 1971 1 F. C. SAWYER BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL Vol. 4 No. 2 LONDON : 1971 Bernard Barham Woodward Librarian, 1881-1920 Basil Harrington Soulsby Librarian, 1920-1930 Ctiaries i ia\'ics Sherborn Bibliographer, 1888-1942 Alexander Cockburn Towiisiiul, u.b.t. Librarian, 1 930-1 964 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBRARIES AND LIST OF MANUSCRIPTS AND ORIGINAL DRAW- INGS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) BY FREDERICK C. SAWYER Pp. 77-204 J',^ AUG 197/ BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. 2 LONDON: 1971 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (natural history), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily he completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 4, No. 2 of the Historical series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation : Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (hist. Ser.). I Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1971 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 31 May, 1971 Price £3.40 5 AIjGI971 i ,'o'''*iStMt;[, - , A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBRARIES AND LIST OF MANUSCRIPTS AND ORIGINAL DRAW- INGS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) By FREDERICK C. SAWYER CONTENTS Transfer of Collections from Bloomsbury Foundation of the Libraries The General Library : B, B. Woodward Charles Davies Sherborn Numbers and Prices Catalogues and Cataloguing . Later Librarians .... Departmental Libraries . Classification and Shelving Periodicals and the Zoological Record Notable Collections References ..... The Appendix : List of MSS. and Original Drawings Page 79 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 203 87 The 220 years of the life of the British Museum may, for convenience, be divided into three periods : that from its foundation in 1753 to 1830 at Montagu House, once standing on the forecourt of the present Museum ; the half century from 1830 to 1880 ending with the transfer of the Natural History Collections to South Kensington ; the third period covering the ninety years to the present. The history of the Library of the British Museum (Natural History), or more colloquially, the Natural History Museum, belongs almost exclusively to the last period. The transfer from Bloomsbury in 1880 was preceded by two most sur- prising anomalies. The first was the failure to give space to a Library in the new building to replace that at Bloomsbury. The architect's plan, approved by the Trustees and by the Keepers a dozen years before, provided Departmental Libraries, but as the detailed plans developed these disappeared and authority was too divided to restore them. The second anomaly was the principle accepted by the Trustees that no scientific literature could leave Bloomsbury that could be claimed to have fallen under the terms of the original Trust unless explicitly by Act of Parliament such as that of 1878 which permitted the removal of the Natural History Collections. The ban included one of the most famous of all natural history Ubraries, that bequeathed by Sir Joseph Banks on his death in 1820. When this came into the 8o A SHORT HISTORY OK THE LIBRARIES Museum in 1827, as a part of the Botanical Branch, it was understood that the Keeper of the Banksian Botanical Collections should have exclusive care of the library, manuscripts and drawings, but the Law Officers of the Crown, to whom the case for transferring the Banksian Library to South Kensington was referred in 1882, were of the opinion that the Trustees of the British Museum were prohibited by their Act of Incorporation from removing the Banksian Library from that building to South Kensington. That the ban should include the library of the Hans Sloane Collection of 1753, which brought the British Museum into being, was perhaps natural. But certain volumes which had found a permanent home in the Natural History Departments were seen as having become a part of the Collections and were allowed to go.' The other books which accompanied the Collections to South Kensington were a small number which a succession of Keepers in the course of 130 years had caused to be purchased for their own use. The records for the first hundred years or so of this period are obscure, but the Trustees' Minutes sanction the purchase from time to time of some work or another. From 1840, under the Keepership of John Edward Gray (1800-1875), the virtual founder of the Zoological Collections, the collection had doubled and re-doubled. There was an increase in staff and in catalogue making, but the reorganization of the main library at Bloomsbury at that time did not ease the borrowing of books by the Branches. Therefore in 1845-1847 the Natural History Branches (as they were called) of Botany, Mineralogy and Zoology, were each granted an annual sum of £25 for their special needs, especially for works of reference. Thus up to 1880, the Departments of Natural History at Bloomsbury had, with the exceptions stated, been entirely dependent on the main library for the loan and for the purchase of books. The collection of books which arrived in the new museum at South Kensington as a foundation for the Libraries there, was therefore, in all con- science, small enough. A Catahigue of Books in the Department of Zoology, published in 1880, shows 1,872 titles of books and 140 separate periodicals. There were only 70 works of a date older than 1801. The Mineral Department catalogue listed 1,129 titles of books and 48 periodicals. The Libraries of the Natural History Museum had, therefore, virtually to start from nothing. This lack of provision whether for proper accommodation for a library or for books was not due to want of protest on the part of the Keepers. From 1873 onwards, Albert Giinther, who was shortly to succeed J. E. Gray, continually pressed the claims of both. Eventually a year before the move, the Treasury sanctioned grants for book purchase : £5,700 for the year 1879/80, and £5,000 a year for each of the next five years.2 1 Some of these are of great interest. Sir Hans Sloane's copy of John Ray's Hisloria Plaiilarum was kept by the Department of Botany. The Trustees were making grants for special works as early as 1814. but it is not known what these were. Seventeen volumes of John .\bbot's water colour drawings of insects of Georgia, purchased in 1818 remained with the Zoological Branch. Following the Select Committee Report of 1836 there may well have been an increase in the printed books specially purchased for retention by the Zoological Branch, and in 1842, one of the first of these was Henri Milne Edwards' Histoire Naturelle des Crusiacis. ! Because no space had been allocated to the General Library, it had to be housed in what was in effect a communicating corridor on the eastern side of the Main Hall, and there it remained for the next seventy- IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 8i Before the move from Bloomsbury the Trustees had passed a special resolution that the new museum should have a General Library which should hold works common to more than one Department's interests. This was placed under the supervision of a Committee of the four Keepers, and to it was appointed an Assistant in Charge. Administratively the General Library was to be independent of the Departments, as the Departmental Libraries were to be independent of the central library. Until 1884, when the Director, Sir William Flower, took personal responsibility for the General Library, the Keepers were concerned both with it and their own libraries. Their influence was important, and their names merit record : W. Carruthers (Botany), L. Fletcher (Mineralogy), A. Giinther (Zoology), and H. Woodward (Geology). _ The Assistant in Charge appointed to the General Library was Bernard Barham Woodward (1853-1930), the first qualified librarian to join the Museum. He had served in the Department of Printed Books at Bloomsbury since 1876 and was trans- ferred to the Natural History Museum in 1881. If a record is needed of his bustling energy and efficiency, a story will illustrate it. B. B. Woodward had a cousin H. B. Woodward, who was employed in the Geological Survey, and to their friends they were known as " Bumble Bee " and " Humble Bee " respectively, names which very truly reflected their personalities. For the General Library, Woodward co-ordinated the expertise of the Keepers and of their staff with that available outside. For this he co-opted the assistance of Fred- erick Justen, a member of Dulau & Co., an old established firm of antiquarian book- sellers. Justen's wide knowledge of the second-hand book trade in natural history enabled him to comb the markets of Europe for copies of the basic works. If Woodward was a pioneer in this line of bibliographical work, there is another name that must be coupled with his, that of Charles Davies Sherborn (1861-1942). Born in Chelsea, his formal schooling ended at the age of fourteen when he started work at a bookseller's shop in New Bond Street for a weekly wage of seven shillings. He joined the Geological Department in 1888. His leisure was devoted to extensive reading and study at the Museum of Practical Geology, then located in Jermyn Street, and by determined self-education he became the foremost bibliographer of his time in the field of natural history. It was about the time when he first began work in the Museum that the germ of the idea of an Index Animalium — an alphabetical list of the scientific names applied to all animals since the year 1758 — was simmering in Sherborn's mind and after some encouragement from leading naturalists he commenced this stupendous task in July seven years. The departmental libraries were little better off, the botanical books housed in the East Tower, adjacent to the general herbarium, bore the greatest semblance of a designed library ; the palaeontological books had reasonable accommodation in one of the smaller galleries, while mineralogical and zoological books were housed in ground floor rooms in the front east and west wings respectively. In igog the Zoology Library was mo\'ed from the south-west corridor, to allow for expansion of the Insect Collection, and was installed in what was called the Fish Reserve Gallery on the western side of the Main Hall where it still remains, spreading spasmodically in diverse directions as necessity demands. It was not until 1967, when the former Insect Gallery was added to the accommodation, that reasonable facilities for readers' tables could be provided. In 1959 the General Library had, at last, been able to move into the new North Block to space specifically constructed for library purposes, the botanical books had moved to the West Tower, mineralogical to the East Tower, and palaeontological books to the old General Library accommodation. 82 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBRARIES 1890. Before starting the work it was necessary to compile a list of all the books and periodicals in every European language likely to contain descriptions of new genera or species of living or extinct animals. The value of this list to B. B. Woodward in his search for essential works can be imagined. Sherborn himself would go through booksellers' Usts at his breakfast table and if he spotted a rarity the Museum Library needed, would immediately telegraph for it on his own account. In this way some- thing like one thousand items were obtained which might otherwise have been missed. Sherborn's achievement, reflected in the Index Animalium, was justly recognised in 1931 when the University of Oxford conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Science, honoris causa. The following figures will give an idea of the number of books which passed into the Libraries during their first twenty years, the critically formative period of their growth. For 1884 : — General Library, 2,114 volumes added during the year, bringing the total number to 12,034 volumes ; Geology, 629 volumes and 302 pamphlets added ; Mineralogy, 305 volumes added ; Zoology, 2,450 volumes added making just over 10,000 in the department. By the year 1900 the census reveals the holdings as : — General Librarv\ 19,395 volumes and 5,569 sheets of maps ; Botanj', 14,980 volumes ; Geology, 9,395 volumes ; Mineralogy, 6,339 volumes, and Zoologv', 17,167 volumes. ^ It is also interesting to recall the prices paid for some of the early acquisitions com- pared with current values. Audubon's elephant folio edition of the Birds of America was purchased in 18S5 from Bernard Ouaritch Ltd. for £285 ; a copy auctioned in London in November 1969 was sold for ;f90,ooo. It was also in June 1885 that Bernard Quaritch was explaining to the Keeper of Zoology that £200, which the Keeper considered excessive, was a fair price for eight volumes, in beautiful fuU leather bindings, of Gould's Birds of Australia ; in 1968 a copy auctioned in London fetched £5,200. Many other examples would show that during the three decades in which these valuable works were bought, prices were at their lowest point. Throughout this period the work of cataloguing had of necessity been centralised in the General Library, the author, title, coUation and date being typed on a flimsy which was then mounted and filed in the central card catalogue. This became a complete record of all works in the museum. In the year 1903 the first volume of the Catalogue of the Books, Manuscripts, Maps and Draicings, comprising the letters A-D, appeared in print. The fifth and final volume of the main catalogue was published in 1915 and the three volumes of the supplement were issued between 1922 and 1940. Throughout, an e.xtremely high standard of accuracy was maintained and it is generally acknowledged to be one of the finest works of its kind. This quality was achieved primarily by the erudition and care devoted to his task by B. B. ^^'oodward, but the proof sheets besides being checked by the compiler, were sent to another member of the staff for examination. Whether by accident or thoughtful design the man selected by the Keepers was Professor F. Jeffery Bell, a zoologist known to be on unfriendly terms with the librarian and one who delighted in picking up any errors or omissions in the catalogue. By such means something akin to perfection was attained. 5 By 1969, the Museum Libraries' holdings had grown to a total of approx. 400,000 \ olumes. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 83 At the end of 1920 B. B. Woodward retired from his post with the satisfactory knowledge that during his forty years service at South Kensington, the hbraries, from such small beginnings, had become one of the foremost collections of books on natural science in the world. He was succeeded by Basil H. Soulsby (1864-1933), who had served in the Department of Printed Books from 1892 until 1909, when he was trans- ferred to the Natural History Museum and employed in the Director's Office until the library vacancy arose. During his nine years as librarian the steady growth continued, his tenure being marked by the compilation of the Catalogue of the Works of Linnaetts in the British Museum . . . published in 1929. His work on this catalogue resulted in the acquisition of a great number of obscure editions of the famous author and on his retirement in January 1930 the Linnean collection in the museum was, ne.xt to that of the University of Uppsala, the most extensive in the world. His successor, Alexander C. Townsend (1905-1964), served from 1930 until his tragic accidental death on the last day of 1964, during which period the regular inflow of books and periodicals continued, interrupted only by the 1939-1945 war and its after- math. His last few years were heartened by the sight of his beloved books installed in the new library with its spacious reading room, a distinct contrast to the old corridor where anyone consulting the card catalogue or opening a bookcase would block the passage. He in turn has been succeeded by Maldwyn J. Rowlands who brings to his new post wide experience obtained in three national scientific libraries. The end of 1968 saw the publication of a much needed List of Serial Publications in the British Museum (N.H.) Library, comprising 1,164 pages of letterpress with some 12,500 titles of journals available in the museum. Mention should be made of the system by which the books in the museum are divided among General, Departmental and Sectional libraries. Books and periodi- cals relating to more than one branch of natural history are held in the General Library, whereas those dealing with a specific branch such as Zoology, Botany etc. are placed in the appropriate departmental library. Since 1948 there has been central- isation of the book purchase grant by which the Museum Librarian is responsible for all purchases although naturally he is guided by the recommendations of the Keepers for works needed by the departments. The departmental libraries are for Botany, Mineralogy, Palaeontology, Zoology and, since 1935, Entomology, when the insect books were removed from the responsibility of the Zoological Department. To greater or lesser extent these departmental libraries are subdivided ; in Botany there are sectional libraries devoted to European flora and Cryptogamic plants ; in Entomology the books on Coleoptera are kept adjacent to the beetle collections, books on Rhopalocera are on the same floor as the butterfly cabinets, and so on. Palaeon- tology has responsibility for a sub-departmental library of works relating to anthro- pology, and Mineralogy for books on chemistry and oceanography. Large collections of topographical, .specialist geophysical and oceanographical maps are found in the General and departmental hbraries. The zoological books are divided into no less than twenty sectional libraries of varying sizes, the smallest contained in three or four bookcases, the largest comprising several thousand volumes. There are points for and against the centralisation of all books but bearing in mind that the libraries are mainly used by the staff, on balance it seems that this method of subdivision is 84 A SHORT HISTORY O I- THE LIBRARIES more convenient, especiaUy as most of the scientific staff and visiting research workers specialise in one particular field and find it invaluable to have the books they wish to consult adjacent to the specimens they are studying The method of classifjnng and shelving books varies in the different departments. The General, Entomological, Palaeontological and Zoological Libraries use, with slight modifications, a system devised by B. B. Woodward about sixty-five years ago and this is sufficiently flexible in most divisions for all the expansion required, and so is found adequate. On the other hand Woodward's original Scheme lacked the finer sub-divisions, but as new knowledge of the phylogeny of living things becomes avail- able, new sub-divisions are introduced in the various classes. The Botanical and Mineralogical Libraries have in recent years changed over to the Universal Decimal Classification. Periodical publications are arranged according to the country of origin, blocks of consecutive numbers having been allotted to the various national divisions of the world. Another of the Museum's services relates to making available an extensive range of serial publications used in the compilation of the Zoological Record. This was founded bv the then Keeper of Zoology in 1864, and was compiled by himself and six others in their spare time. In 1886 the Zoological Society of London assumed responsibility for the issue of future volumes, until 1906, when it was merged with the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. This arrangement broke down with the outbreak of the first World War; the Zoological Society again resumed responsibility for publication and today employs a number of full time staff searching journals and compiling the entries. It is found convenient to perform this work in the museum Ubraries because of the extensive range of serial pubhcations received, despite the fact that the museum does not enjoy any privileges under the Copyright Acts. These accessions are obtained by presentation, purchase and exchange. Current periodicals number over 6,500 and the total number of different journals available for consultation is around 13,200. Parts of journals containing articles on any branch of zoology, including fossil forms, are searched immediately after receipt ; a slip is written, quoting author, title, reference, and the class of animal with which the paper deals, e.g. Aves, Insecta, Vermes, etc. These slips are passed to the specialist Recorders who in due course examine the papers and insert the entries into the appropriate sections of the " Record ". New books are dealt with similarly. In addition, a considerable number of other abstracting and indexing services make use of the Library holdings. The libraries contain a considerable number of unique works in the form of original drawings and manuscripts. Until recently no separate catalogue of these had been compiled. Those preserved in the museum when the History of the Collectiotis was published in 1904 were listed in the section on Libraries. It is now out of print and it seems worth while to republish this list and incorporate details of the numerous collections of drawings and manuscripts acquired during the past sixty-five years. This is now issued as an Appendix to this paper. It is perhaps appropriate in conclusion to mention some of the major and more notable collections by which the libraries were enriched. Arthur Hay, ninth Marquis of Tweeddale {1824-1878), after a distingushcd army career in which he served in IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 85 India and the Crimea retired from active service in 1866 and devoted himself to natural history, mainly ornithology. Twenty years earlier he had been publishing descriptions of new birds from the Indian sub-continent and scientific papers appeared from his pen in unbroken succession until the year of his death in 1878. To facilitate his studies he had amassed over the years a magnificient ornithological library con- taining 2,560 volumes, many of them rare and costly works, and nine years after his death this collection was presented to the Bird Section of the Zoological Department by his nephew. Captain R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay. The next major acquisition was in 1901 when, by Deed of Gift, Lord Walsingham presented his collection of 200,000 specimens of micro-lepidoptera and his hbrary of books relating thereto. Thomas de Grey, sixth Baron Walsingham (1843-1919), had made a life-long study of the micro- lepidoptera and built up a magnificently bound library of more than 1,000 volumes of entomological periodicals and books. The collections were transferred to the museum in the spring of 1911. The year 1905 saw the addition of another sizeable collection of insect books, namely the Fry bequest. Alexander Fry (1821-1905) was an enthusiastic collector of coleoptera which he augmented by large purchases of important collections. His Hbrary of 611 volumes came to the museum as part of the bequest. Three years later C. D. Sherborn (1861-1942) presented to the General Library a valuable collection of specimens of handwriting of naturalists consisting of some 8,000 letters and other documents. This collection has proved invaluable as an aid to the identification of the holograph on collectors' labels. In 1910 Dr. Albert Giinther (1830-1914), a former Keeper of Zoology, presented 146 folios of drawings of Chinese fishes made by native artists, under the direction of John Reeves, in the early part of the nineteenth century. The Botanical Library was enriched in 1913 by the acquisition of 11,325 plates and original drawings of plants collected by Isaac Swainson (1746-1812) during his lifetime, and in the same year four volumes of original drawings made for Pieter Cramer's Papillons Exotiques were purchased for the Entomological Department. The personal copies of the works and memoirs of Sir Richard Owen (1804-1892), containing his autograph notes, drawings and other memoranda were presented to the General Library by his daughter-in-law, Mrs. Emily Owen, in 1915. Two most important collections were received in the Zoological Department in 1921 ; firstly, the library of works on oceanography formed by Sir John Murray (1841-1914) and presented by his son, Mr. J. L. Murray ; the research on the Murray collection of ocean-bottom deposits was carried out in the Mineralogical Department of the museum and in 1941 it was decided to transfer the Murray Library to this department : secondly, a fine collection of books on ornithology made by Captain G. E. Shelley (1840-1910) and presented by his widow. Three major acquisitions came to the museum in 1925 ; 719 volumes of separate works and bound reprints relating to Foraminifera were presented by Edward Heron-Allen (1861-1943), also 100 bound volumes and 1,200 pamphlets on Porifera were presented by Mrs. Ada Dendy, widow of Professor Arthur Dendy {1865-1925). These unique collections on speciaUsed subjects were invaluable for their usefulness to the Sections concerned. The third acquisition in this year comprised a set of 154 original zoological and botanical drawings, many of which constitute the types of the species they represent, painted in Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago by Pieter Cornehs de Bevere during the 86 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBRARIES years 1754-1757 for Joan Gideon Loten, then Dutch Governor of Ceylon. These are preserved in the General Library. It was in 1937 that the most extensive and valuable single library to be acquired was donated to the museum. Lionel Walter, second Baron Rothschild (1868-1937), had founded and maintained a museum of zoology at Tring, Hertfordshire, containing the largest collection of animals ever assembled by one man. The working library of nearlv 30,000 volumes, superbly bound, relating primarily to ornitholog\- and ento- mology, is also especially rich in accounts of early voyages and expeditions. The land, buildings and contents having been willed to the nation, the library has been kept up to date by continuation of the periodical publications and augmented by essential books required by the museum staff working on the collections preserved there. The next large bequest was in 1948 when the zoological books and reprints of Sir Sidney Harmer (1862-1950), a former Director of the museum, were received. His major studies had been on the Polyzoa and Cetacea and his very extensive collections of literature on these subjects were a welcome addition to the study libraries of these two Sections. Scarcely a year passes without some rare or unique works being acquired, also use- ful small collections of books. Examples of these are the Leston collection of more than one hundred volumes of the works of the Rev. J. G. Wood, many being editions not previously represented in the library ; this collection was presented by Mr. Denis Leston in 1958. A few years later, in 1964, the C. T. Trechmann bequest of 242 volumes and a large collection of reprints of papers mainly concerned with the palaeontology' of the West Indies was received. In 1965 a collection of books relating to Mineralogy and containing some comparatively rare works not represented in the Museum library was bequeathed by Sir Arthur Russell (1878-1964). Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen (1878-1967), the well known ornithologist, bequeathed, in 1967, his library comprising 367 volumes of works on birds, together with a most useful collection of 44 boxes of reprints. One of the most important recent additions to the Museum's collections of manu- scripts comes from the library of Dr. Albert C. L. G. Giinther, F.R.S. (1830-1914), one time Keeper of Zoology. These were acquired from his grandson in 1969, and comprise several thousand letters addressed to Dr. Giinther from the year of his arrival in England in 1857 to his death, and includes several hundred manuscripts relating to the period of his Keepership. Finally, in November 1969, an extensive collection of c. 2,500 autograph letters of various eminent naturalists and anti- quarians was acquired, mostly written before 1850 to James Sowerby and his son J. de C. Sowerby, together with autograph notes, drafts and drawings relating to zoological and botanical subjects. The strength of the libraries of the Museum is without question their comprehen- siveness. As has been noted, the Museum has been fortunate enough to be presented with large quantities of valuable material, but this should not detract from the considerable efforts made by the various librarians to obtain rare material as well as current publications. With the e\-er increasing book production throughout the world and the widening interests of the Museum it is no easy feat to acquire even IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 87 the most essential material, let alone aim for the degree of completeness for which the libraries have become world famous. The fact that they still manage to occupy this position is shown by the considerable use librarians throughout the world make of the bimonthly List of Accessions to the Miiseiim Libraries. The accommodation of the books and the staff to look after them was considerably eased by the move of the Botanical and Mineralogical libraries to the west and east towers and by the provision of a purpose built General Library, but the 1970s should witness the greatest develop- ment in library' building the Museum has ever experienced. Two floors of the new north-east block have been allocated for expansion of the General Library and enlarged accommodation for the Zoological Library. The new east block being erected for the Department of Palaeontology will include a completely new library with reading room and map room as well as the usual offices. Thus the coming decade should see the books housed in conditions worthy of them, and it would be as well to remember that it has not been the buildings which have made the libraries what they are today but the numerous members of the public who have presented to the Museum their collections great and small and the Museum and Library staff who over a number of decades have diligently sought and found so much unique material. It remains only to gratefully acknowledge the co-operation and assistance I have received from my former colleagues in the Departmental Libraries, particularly Miss P. L Edwards for additions and amendments relating to the Botanical Library and Mr. A. P. Harvey similarly for Palaeontology. I especially record my thanks to the Chief Librarian, Mr. M. J. Rowlands, for his encouragement and advice in the compilation of the Appendix to this work. LIST OF MANUSCRIPTS AND DRAWINGS ARRANGED UNDER THE NAMES OF AUTHORS, AND OR PREVIOUS OWNERS The initial of the Departmental Library in which the various works are kept is placed after each entry. Items preserved in the General Library are marked (L), those in the Tring Museum (T) and those in the Directorate (D). ABBOT (John) [1751-1840] A collection of original water-colour drawings of the Insects and Plants of Georgia, by J. Abbot, with manuscript descriptions, in 17 volumes, formerly the property of J. Francillon, was purchased in 1818 (Z). Some of these figures have served as types of new species. Two volumes of original drawings of Insects of Georgia and a volume containing 116 water-colour drawings of Birds of Georgia were bequeathed by the second Baron Rothschild in 1937 (E and Z). 148 water-colour drawings of Lepidoptera of Georgia were acquired with the Lord Walsingham collection in 1911 (E). ABBOT (William James Lewis) [1S53-1933] " The Geology of the new Wealden Colossal Gastropods and the life history of the ' Bluestones ' " 1929. Unpublished manuscript (P). 88 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS ABRAHAM (P. S.) MS. list of Anthobranchiate Nudibranchiate Mollusca in the British Museum also a list of these molluscs not in the British Museum (Z). ABREU (E. A. D'.) MS. note-book of Indian birds and reptiles of the Nagpur District, c. 1913 (Z). ACHARIUS (Erik) [1757-1819] 13 original water-colour drawings of plants and the original manuscript of his Monographic der Lichen-Gattung Pyrenula published in 1812 (B). ADAMS (Arthur) [1820-1878] Adams served as Assistant Surgeon and Naturahst on board the Samarang, in 1843-46. 109 water-colour and pen-and-ink sketches of animals made by him during that voyage were presented in 1875 (Z). ADAMS (Lionel Ernest) [1854-1945] MS. catalogue of the Adams collection of Mollusca, presented to the Con- chological Society in 1940 and subsequently donated to the Museum, i vol. (Z). ADKIN (Robert) [1849-1935] One volume of letters relating to entomology, by various correspondents, addressed to R. Adkin, 1896-1917 (E). AGASSIZ (Cecile) [Mrs J. L. R. Agassiz] See BRAUN (Cecile) AGASSIZ (Elizabeth Cabot) [Mrs J. L. R. Agassiz] Autograph letters of Elizabeth (nee Cary) second wife of J. L. R. Agassiz, written while accompanying her husband to Brazil and elsewhere, 1864-1873 (Z). AGASSIZ (Jean Louis Rodolphe) [1807-1873] The Museum possesses a copy of this celebrated ichthyologist's Modele de mes Cadres de Fossiles, annotated in his own writing. This was a privately issued scheme, or table, circulated apparently with the view to obtain co-operation and assistance. The present copy came from the hbrary of John Phillips (P). Two volumes of manuscript notes made by Agassiz when a student at Zurich, 1824-25, were presented in 1951 (L). A pencil portrait, dated 20 January 1835, drawn by his wife is preserved in the Museum (L). A manuscript list of fossil Echinodermata headed " Modele de mes Cadres de Fossiles " (P). AGNEW (J.) Three original water-colour drawings of Mollusca (Z). AGNEW (J.) & LEWIN (J. W.) See LE\\TX (John William) & AGNEW (J.) AGNEW (Thomas) Nine water-colour drawings of leeches, planarians and earthworms, 17S1-1784 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HIST(JRV) 8g AITON (William) [1731-1793] Alton had charge of the Botanic Gardens at Kew, and in conjunction with Sir J. Banks was instrumental in sending out Francis Masson, the collector {q.v.), some of whose drawings are in the Museum (B). The original drawings for twelve out of the thirteen plates, drawn by various artists, for Alton's Hortiis Keivensis form No. 17 of the Banksian MSS. (B). ALBIN (Eleazar) [fl. 1713-1740] Seven water-colour drawings of fishes (Z) . Two volumes of drawings of insects and flowers (E.) A series of proof plates of A natural history of English insects published in 1720. These run from I-L of the published series, and are continued by 15 unnumbered plates of the published LI-C. Many of the dedications of the plates were apparently altered before publication (E). ALCOCK (Alfred William) [1859-1933] 122 manuscript sheets, " Notes of a Naturalist in Kashmir and the Pamirs ", C.1905, an autobiographical account dated 1926 and 53 original drawings of marine animals published in .-1 naturalist in Indian seas 1902 (Z). ALDER (Joshua) [1792-1867] MS. note-book on the synonyms and localities of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. c. 1835-1864 (Z). ALDER (Joshua) [1792--1867] and NORMAN (Alfred Merle) [1831-191S] Seven volumes containing 1549 autograph letters to and from J. Alder and A. M. Norman, covering the period 1826-1911 were presented in 1937 (L). ALEXANDER (Boyd) Five MS. diaries relating to bird collecting in Africa, 1898-1909 (Z). ALLAN (Robert) MS. Diarv kept by R. Allan during a visit to Sicily, Llparl and the Cyclopean Isles from November to December 1830 (M). ALLAN (Thomas) [1777-1833] Manuscrijit catalogue of his collection of Minerals, 3 vol. After Allan's death his collection was purchased by R. H. Greg and thence passed to his son R. P. Greg {q.v) who added a supplementary volume. This catalogue contains some of the original line drawings pubhshed in Greg & Lettsom Manual of Mineralogy 1858 (M). ALLEN (William Berish) [1875-1922] Collection of correspondence with contemporary Mycologists (B). ALLMAN (William) [1776-1846] Allman held the post of Professor of Botany at Dublin from 1809 to 1844. An autograph MS. entitled " An attempt to illustrate a mathematical connection between the parts of Vegetables," &c. (B) formed part of R. Brown's collection, presented in 1876. It is apparently the original MS. of a paper read before the Royal Society in iSii but not printed by that body : an abstract was privately issued by Allman in 1844. 90 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AMEGHINO (Carlos) MS. " Catalogue des ossements d'oiseaux fossiles recueillis dans les terrains tertiares de la Patagonie australe pendant les anne6s de 1889 a 1894 " (P). ANDERSON (James) [1797-1842] Anderson accompanied Captain P. P. King in his circumnavigation in the Adventure (1826-30) as botanical collector. A manuscript list of plants collected is preserved in the Museum (B). ANDERSON (William) [1750-1778] Anderson served as surgeon's mate on the second voyage of Captain J. Cook to the Pacific (1772-75), and as naturalist on the third voyage (1776-78). His manu- script notes on the Birds observed on the second voyage, and his descriptions in MS. of the Plants and Animals of the third voyage formed the Banksian MS. No. 81 (B and Z). ANDREWS (Charles William) [1866-1924] Four holograph note-books relating to C. W. Andrews visit to Christmas Island in 1897-98 were presented in 1940. Much of the information was included in his Monograph of Christmas Island 1900, but many details taken on the spot were not incorporated. A collection of 23 letters from Andrews to C. D. Sherborn from Christmas Island and Egj'pt is also presers'ed in the Musuem (L). ANDREWS (Henry C.) [fl. 1794-1830] One water-colour painting of Azalea pontica dated 1796 (B). ANIMALS Descriptions of animals observed on a Voyage to Canton, with original water- colour drawings. 2 vol. This is the MS. cited by Broussonet in his Iihthvologia (1782) under Clupea thrissa (Z). ANIMALS A volume contedning a collection of water-colour drawings of Animals copied from old works on Natural History (Z). For a corresponding collection See PLANTS ANNING (Mary) Miss [1799-1847] Autograph transcripts of three memoirs in the Transactions of the Geological Society, with pencil copies of the accompanying plates, by Miss Mary Anning, the well-known fossil-collector at Lyme Regis and discoverer of Ichthyosaurus, were presented in 1885. Her portrait in oils was presented by Miss Annette Anning in 1935 (PI- ANONYMOUS One original charcoal drawing of Cynocephalus mormon (Z). See also entries under ANIMALS, BASKING SHARK, BIRDS, CEYLON, CHINA, FISHES, HONGKONG, INDIA, INSECTS, JAPAN, LEPIDOPTERA, NEW SOUTH WALES, PLANTS, SWEDEN. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 91 ANSLIJN (Nicolaas) [1777-1838] Afbeeldingen van Nederlandsche Dieren. 2 vol, 1830. 133 litho pis. coloured by hand, with descriptions in manuscript. With these there is a third volume containing 73 original water-colour drawings, apparently designed in continuation of the series (Z). ARBER (Mrs. Agnes) [1879-1960] One volume of miscellaneous drawings and notes (B). ARBER (Edward Alexander Newell) [1870-1918] Proof of text and illustrations of E. A. N. Arber's " Fossil Plants " intended for the Report of the National Antarctic Expedition but not published, also letters thereupon (P). ARCHER (Sir Geoffrey Francis) [1882-1964] Manuscript lists of birds and eggs collected in Somaliland for Lord Rothschild, c. 1921 (Z). ARENDT (J. J. F.) Arendt was a botanical writer, apparently resident at Osnabriick. His auto- graph " Floriferti Osnaburgensis anomali . . . specimen primum, " 1848, is preserved in the Museum (B). ARNOLD (Frederick Henry) [ -1906] Nine MS. notebooks containing Arnold's Flora of Sussex, 2nd edition, 1907 (B). ARNOTT (George Arnold Walker) [1799-1868] Twenty-one volumes of correspondence from contemporary botanists, addressed to Professor Arnott (B). ASHFORD (Charles) [1829-1894] Autograph notebooks, letters, pencil sketches and newspaper cuttings relating to Mollusca (Z). ASHTON of HYDE, Lord [1901- ] Seventy drawings of oriental birds, probably painted in India, c. 1840, by native artists were presented by Lord Ashton in 1957 (Z). ATKINSON (Edward Leicester) [1882-1929] One MS. note-book containing data relating to parasitic Protozoa, and two note- books relating to parasitic Worms, collected during the British Antarctic (' Terra Nova ') Expedition, 1910-13 (Z). AUBLET (Jean Baptiste Christophe Fus6e) [1720-1778] The French botanist Aublet was successively charged with the task of founding botanic gardens in the He de France, Guiana, and San Domingo : he wrote a Hislorie des Plantes de la Guiane Frangoise, and his original drawings for the plates of this work with many unpublished ones, and his manuscript descriptions form the Banksian MSS. Nos. 29, 58, 59 and 60. 610 original drawings of Guiana plants with MS. descriptions form Banksian MS. 92 LIST OK MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS No. 6i, also manuscript descriptions and drawings of Bankia borbonensis and of Bernantonia suaveolens, c. 1776 (B). AUBRIET (Claude) [1665-1743] Six original drawings of plants, 3 in water-colour painted on vellum (B). AUDOUIN (Jean Victor) [1797-1841] MS. and original drawings for part of the author's article on Arachnida in Todds Cyclopaedia, \'ol. i. 1836 (L). AUDUBON (John James) [1785-1851] Framed portrait in oils by Lance Calkin, presented bv Mr. R. W. Oates in 1939 (L). AUSTEN (Henry Haversham Godwin-) [1834-1923] A large collection of manuscript notes, drawings and proof plates relating to Mollusca. The author's own copy of his Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India including annotations, correspondence and extra original drawings are also preserved in the Museum (Z). AUTOGRAPHS Eleven autograph letters and 86 autograph signatures of eminent Naturalists, from the collection of F. \V. Harmer (L). AYLESFORD, Countess of See FINCH (L). BACSTROM (Sigismund) Floras of the Countries visited during Captain James Cook's first Voyage, com- piled by Bacstrom from Solander MSS. Autograph index to the species of the larger genera in Willdenows edition of Linnaeus Sy sterna Plantariim. MS. copy of botanical excursions through Wales by S. Brewer and J. Lightfoot (B). Water-colour drawings of the Greenland Whales, s.sh. 1786 (Z). BADGLEY (W. F.) Three volumes of manuscript and original drawings of the lepidoptera of Assam are preserved in the Museum (E). BAILEY (F. M.) Four volume manuscript catalogue of his collection of birds, also field notes relating to birds of Nepal and adjacent regions, c. 1938 (Z). BAILEY (R. H.) Manuscript notes of Orchids of the Blandford area, 5 ff. 1953 (B). BAIN (Andrew Geddes) [i 797-1864] A collection of hsts of fossils and localities, and copies of letters relating to the Geological Survey of South Africa, 1851-52 (P). BAINES (Thomas) [1820-1875] 155 original water-colour and pencil sketches, being a portion of those made by IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 93 this celebrated African explorer and artist during an expedition to explore the goldfields of Mashonaland, were purchased in 1886 (L). They in part illustrate his book on The Gold Regions of South-eastern Africa, in which he supports the theory that the land of Ophir lay in Mashonaland, and his sketches include one of the old workings near Maghoondas Village, in which district also he notes and depicts natives whose method of wearing their hair strikingly resembles that shown in drawings on Egyptian monuments. Three water-colour drawings and one pencil sketch of mammals were acquired in 1937 as part of the Rothschild bequest (L). BAKER (John Gilbert) [1834-1920] MS. notes on the life and character of Dr. John FothergDl, i vol. MS. note-book of plant records for the Lake District and Yorkshire floras. 1865-82 (B). BALSTON {Mrs. W. E.) Two collections of water-colour drawings of plants, by Mrs. Balston, from Switzerland, Western Australia, South America, Jamaica, South Africa &c., 1880-1913, were presented in 1950 and 1951 (B). BANKS (E.) See ROBINSON (H. C.) & CHASEN (F. N.) BANKS (.?!> Joseph), Bart. [1743-1820] The celebrated Library formed by Sir J. Banks was handed over to the care of the Trustees in 1827. The collection of books was placed in the Printed Book Department, with the exception of 26 works, numbering 149 volumes, chiefly systematic works used in the Herbarium, which were either duplicates or contained manuscript notes, by Solander, Dryander, and Robert Brown, and which, with the MSS., Prints and Drawings, remained in the custody of the Keeper of the Banksian Botanical Collections.^ The manuscripts and drawings included the following important items, many of which are cited in Dryander's Catalogue of the Banksian Library : — Depart- Title Banksian ment number where now kept AiTON (W.) [12 out of the 13 original water-colour draw- ings for Alton's " Hortus Kewensis, " by J. Sowerby, J. F. Miller, F. P. Nodder, G. D. Ehret, and Franz Bauer] 17 B Anderson' (W.) Genera nova Plantarum ... in itinere nostro [i.e. Capt. Cook's third voyage, 1776-78] visa, etc. V B Descriptiones Plantarum, etc. .... Zoologia nova, etc. ...... Characteres breves Avium . . . 1772-73 . AxiMALS. [Descriptions of Animals observed on a Voyage to Canton, with original water-colour drawings.] 2 vol. 84 & 85 Z ' Some of tliese were afterwards transferred to the Department of Manuscripts. B 94 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS B AuBLET (F.) [Manuscript descriptions of Plants collected in French Guiana] ....... 29 [Original pencil drawings for the plates in his Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Frangoise] . . . . 58 to 60 B [60 foil, of original unpublished drawings of Guiana Plants with manuscript descriptions Banks {Sir J.) [Autograph Notes on useful plants] [Various manuscript notes interspersed with Solander's q.v. infra] ........ Copy [by Sarah Sophia Banks] of Journal of a Voj-age to Newfoundland and Labrador ; commencing April seventh, and ending November the 17th 1766 Bartram (J.) [7 autograph letters to Dr. Fothergill (1769-71)] Bartram (W.) [Original MS. of his Travels through . . . Carolina, Georgia, etc.] ...... [102 foU. of descriptions with 53 drawings of the Plants and Animals of Carolina, Georgia, etc.] Bauer (Franz L.) [Original water-colour drawings illus- trating the Germination of WTieat and the Diseases of Corn, with a large miscellaneous series chiefly of the more remarkable Plants that had flowered at the Royal Gar- dens, Kew, of which a further series was presented in 1841] _ Blair (P.) [Copies of Dr. P. Blair's Correspondence, 1725-27] [Manuscript] Catalogue of the . . . Botanical dis- coverys . . . made by Dr. P. Blair, etc. Bobart (J.) The Younger. [Copy by Sir J. Banks of a " Catalogue of Plants sent from Mr. Bobart . . . 1689 "] Bolton (J.) [Original drawings for the plates of his Filices BritanniccB] ....... Brewer (S.) [Manuscript copy by D. Solander of his] Botanical Journey through Wales in . . . 1726 and 1727 Browne (P.) [Autograph MS.] Catalogue of the Plants of the EngUsh Sugar Colonies ..... Buchanan, afterwards Hamilton (F.) Enumeratio Plantarum quas in adeundo civitatem Barmanorum regiam . . . anno 1795 observavit F. Buchanan. [MS. with 53 drawings.] 2 vol ...... Caley (G.) [Autograph Journals of Journeys to New South Wales] ........ [Autograph] Descriptions of Plants of New South Wales ......... 61 23 23 35 94 36 95 70 B B B B B 78 & 79 B B B B B B B B 18 & 19 B B qi B 66 B 76 B IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 95 Castelvetri (G.) [Autograph MS.] Brieve racconto di tutte le Radici ... in Italia, etc. 1614 CiRiLLO (D.) [MS.] Institutiones Botanicae, etc. . [Autograph letter to Brownlow, Earl of Exeter] China. [24 water-colour drawings of Fish by a Chinese artist at Canton] ....... 11 Z [62 water-colour drawings of Chinese Plants, drawn under the superintendence of J. B. Blake, by a native artist] ......... 12 B [220 water-colour drawings of Chinese Plants and Animals, by a native artist.] 2 vol. . . . . 27 & 28 B Colden, afterwards Farquhar (Jane) [Autograph MS.] Flora Nov-Eboracensis, etc. ..... [99] B DiLLENius (J. J.) [Original drawings by himself for pis. i-lxxix of his Historia Ahiscorum] .... 56 B Dryander (J.) [Manuscript Catalogue of the drawings of Animals in the Library of Sir J. Banks] . . . ... Z [Inde.\ to the Species of Plants described and figured ^ by N. J. von Jacquin in his MSS.] . . . . ... > B Massonii Flora Maderensis. [Autograph MS.] . • ■ ■ J DuRAND (P.) De quibusdam Zoophitis quae in sinu Gibraltarico reperiuntur, etc. .... [102] B Ehret (G. D.) [65 original water-colour drawings of Plants from the collection of Sir R. More] ... 16 B [Original drawings of Rare Plants, Fruits and Seeds.] / [106 to "\ „ 4 vol. . . . . . . . . . ^_ 109] J [17 original drawings of Plants collected by Banks in Newfoundland] . . . . . . . ... B Ellis (W. W.) [115 original water-colour drawings of Animals made during Capt. J. Cook's third voyage, 1776-78] also two plants ...... 33 Z and B FoRSTER (J. G. A.) [261 foil, of original water-colour and pencil drawings of Animals made during Capt. Cook's second voyage, 1772-75.] 2 vol. . . . . 6 & 7 Z [Original water-colour and pencil drawings of Plants made during Capt. J. Cook's second voyage.] 2 vol. . 8 & 9 B Gerard (J.) [MS. copy of his] Catalogus Arborum . . . ac Plantarum ... in horto J. Gerardi . . . nascentium . . . 1596 89 B HousTOUN (W.) [Autograph] Catalogus Plantarum in America observatarum ...... 67 B [Autograph MS.] Plantae observatse circa Kingston ") in . . . Jamaica, et Havanam in . . . Cuba [Autograph MS.] Nova Plantarum Americanarum genera, etc. ........ 68 B 96 LIST OF MSS. AND UKIGINAL DRAWINGS 69 22 B 131015 B [Autograph MS.] Plantae circa Veram Crucem " observatae ........ [Autograph MS.] Nova Plantarum genera India. [MS.] Declara9ao das Aruores . . . Plantas . . .e Eruas vartuozas . . . seruem para se aphcar a varias doen9as declaradas pellos fizicos deste Anjenga . . . 1750 [228 water-colour drawings wth manuscript descriptions] India [559 water-colour drawings of Bengal Plants, painted by native artists, with their native and occasion- ally also the Linnean names. 3 vol. .... Jacquin (N. J. von) Autograph notes and letters addressed to J. Dryander, with sketches and water- colour drawings ....... Johnson (T.) Iter Plantarum investigationis ergo sus- ceptam ... in agrum Cantianum . . . 1629 1632. [Both in S. Dale's handwriting] . KONIG (J. G.) [Autograph journals of his voyages, with Usts and descriptions of East Indian (including Siam and Malacca) Plants, Animals and a few Minerals.] 21 vol. . L'Heritier de Brutelle (C. L.) [51 autograph letters to J. Dryander. 1785 to 1790] LiGHTFOOT (J.) [Transcript by Bacstrom of his] Journal of a botanical excursion in Wales. [1775] Lind (J.) A Catalogue of such Chinese and Japanese plants whose Chinese characters are known and are botanicaUy described, &c. ....... LiNNvEUS (C.) Forelasningar ofver Djur-riket . . . 1748 uppteknade of L. Montin . Fundamenta botanica . . . 1748 Vaxt-riket . . . 1746-48 Sten-riket . . . 1747 Diaten . . . 1748-49 LouREiRO (J. de) [Autograph MS.] Nova genera Plan- tarum in Cochin China sponte nascentium, etc. . . 93 M., R. [MS.] List of the different sorts of Grain, &c., cul- tivated in the Tanjore country [with 15 water-colour drawings by a native artist] ..... 97 Martyn (J.) and (T.) [Correspondence] . . . [103] Masson (F.) [54 water-colour drawings of Plants, 9 of "\ Animals, and 2 views of Niagara] . . -J Monte Bolca. [8 foil, of rough water-colour sketches of fossil Plants, and 12 of fossil Fish from Monte Bolca] . [114] Montin (L.) [Autograph.] Beskrifning ofver en resa . . . til Lapska fjallarne ifvan LuleS. stad .... 83 B 96 B 37 to 55 B [lOl] B 86 B B 71 Z 7-2 B 73 B 74 M 75 B { B B B P B IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 97 New South Wales [70 water-colour drawings of Animals and Plants made near Port Jackson, some of which were used in drawing the plates for J. White's " Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales "]. These have been erroneously attributed to Thomas Watling who did not arrive in the Colon}' until 1792 ; J. White's Journal was published in London in 1790 ..... Park (Mungo) [20 water-colour drawings of Fish from the coast of Sumatra with manuscript descriptions of six species. 1792] ....... Parkinson (S.) [40 water-colour drawings of Animals taken from specimens or drawings executed in India by order of J. G. Loten, and forming the originals of some of the figures in Pennant's Indian Zoology, and Quadrupeds] [Original water-colour drawings of Plants and Animals made during Capt. J. Cook's first voyage, 1768-71 ; with finished drawings by T. Burgis, J. Cleve- ley, Jas. Miller, J. F. Miller and F. P. Nodder, made from the incomplete sketches.] 21 vol. .... Petiver (J.) [73 rough water-colour drawings of Cape Plants, copied from Sloane MS. 5286 .... Plants. [124 rough coloured drawings of Plants, seem- ingly from old woodcuts] ...... [418 foil, rough water-colour drawings of Plants and some Animals, with their names in Greek and Latin] Plumier (C.) [312 copies of water-colour and pen-and-ink drawings of Plants, many of which were published in his various works.] 5 vol. ...... Pulteney (R.) [MS.] Flora Malabarica, etc. [Autograph MS.] A Catalogue of Plants spontane- ously growing about Loughborough, etc. Robinson (Sir T.) [MS. copy by Banks of] A catalogue of Plants observed in several parts of Wales in 1689 Rome. [MS.] Flora ruderata Romana, etc. . Seyffert (H. C.) Icones Fungorum, etc. [133 original water-colour drawings] ...... Sherard (W.) [Autograph Notes and Observations on the first two volumes of Ray's Historia Plantariim] SoLANDER (D. C.) [An extensive series of MSS. including notes and descriptions of Animals and Plants observed during the voyage with Banks to the South Pacific, and to Iceland, as well as indexes and lists compiled in con- nection with his curatorship of Banks' Collections and Library, and manj' of them containing notes in Sir J. Banks' handwriting ....... 34 88 62 63 I to 5 26 90 94 [100] 65 80 Z B 18 vol. Z 3 vol. B B B B B B B B BandZ 98 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS SowERBY (J.) [103 foil, of original drawings for No. 2-4 of Dickson's Fasciculus Plantarum Cryplogamarum Britannia;'] ........ 21 B Stephens (W.) Catalogus Plantarum in Horto Dublin- iensi. [MS. which, after p. 41, is in Stephens's own hand- writing] ......... 92 B Sweden. [192 original water-colour drawings on 24 pis. of Swedish Moths, Caterpillars and Spiders] ... 87 E TiLLi (M. A.) [Autograph MS.] Specimen Plantarum quae in Horto Medico Sapientiae Pisanae locisque finitimis extant. 1713-30 ..... [m] B TouRNEFORT (J. P. de) Catalogue des Plantes que M. P. de Tournefort trouva dans ses Voyages d'Espagne et de Portugal copie de I'original, etc. .... 82 B Young (W.) A Natural History of Plants, containing the production of North and South Carolina, etc. [302 water-colour drawings with manuscript, index and dedication] . . ...... 24 and 25 B MS. list in an unknown hand of bird skins in Banks' Col- lection, from the second and third voyages of James Cook, and from Labrador &c. 4 Pt. ? 1780 . . Z In 1876, a transcript, by the daughters of Mr. Dawson Turner, of the original Journal kept by Sir J. Banks during his voyage with Capt. J. Cook, 1768-71, was transferred to the Botanical Department. The original, which had been deposited with the MSS. Department to become the property of the Trustees on the death of Lady KnatchbuU, was subsequently claimed and removed by Lord Brabourne, by whom it was sold in 1S86 for £7 2s. 6d. The journal was afterwards printed from a transcript of the Dawson Turner copy, edited by Sir J. D. Hooker and published in 1896. Transcripts by the same hands of Banks' correspondence were transferred with the Journal and are now bound in 21 volumes. In 1895 a copy by Miss S. S. Banks of the journal, kept by Sir Joseph Banks during his voyage to Newfoundland and Labrador in 1766, was acquired (B). A manuscript book of weights of Bank's friends and acquaintances, alphabetically arranged with entries dating from 1778-1814 is preserved (B). BANNERMAN (David Armitage) [1886- ] One MS. note-book on the birds and ornithological literature of the Eastern Polynesian Islands, and, in conjunction with Willoughby P. Lowe, a manuscript Ust of birds, with ecological notes, collected in Tunisia, 1925 (Z). BARRIERS (M. J.) nee SNABILlfi [1776-1838] Two sheets of water-colour drawings of insects and flowers (E). BARBUT (Jacques) 12 coloured plates, 8 coloured original drawings and 23 original pencU drawings, mostly of molluscous animals. 1 782-1 788 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 99 BARCLAY (Arthur) [1852-1891] A collection of original drawings, outline and coloured, of Indian plants, also note- books and manuscript material relating mainly to Indian Uredineae (B). BARCLAY (George) [fl. 1835-1841] Barclay accompanied Capt, Belcher as botanical collector on board the Sulphur (1S36-41). His autograph journal of the voyage is preserved in the Museum (B). BARLA (Josef Hieronymus Jean Baptiste) [1817-1896] Manuscript " Catalogue des Champignons observes aux environs de Nice, suivant le Systema de Fries " (B). BARNARD (J.) [fl. 1800] Two original drawings of Cercopithecus cynomolgus, one coloured (Z). BARNES (H. E.) [1848-1896] MS. catalogue of his collection of Indian birds' eggs and skins, i vol., and mniuiscript notes on these, i vol. (Z). BARRELIERUS (Jacobus) A manuscript entitled " Barrelieri iconum Consensio cum Linnaei Sistemate " &c. c. 1810 (B). BARTHOLOMEW (Valentine) [1799-1879] Flower Painter in Ordinary to Queen Victoria. The Museum possesses one water-colour drawing of a flower by this artist (B). Other examples of his work are in the Victoria & Albert Museum. BARTRAM (John Tavenier) [1811-1889] A transcription of a manuscript in the library of the Bermuda Biological Station on the birds of Mullet Bay, Bermuda, c. 1864 (Z). BARTRAM (William) [1739-1828] Wilham Bartram, son of the botanist, John Bartram [1701-1777] (seven of whose letters to Dr. Fothergill form the Banksian MS. no. 23), travelled in 1773 at the request of Dr. Fothergill through the southern portions of the United States, and the original manuscript of his Travels llirough . . . Carolina, Georgia, etc., and a volume of 102 fols, containing 53 original drawings, with manuscript descrip- tions of the Plants and Animals of those districts, form the Banksian MSS. no. 23, 78, and 79 (B). BASKING SHARK 34 sheets of miscellaneous drawings of the Basking Shark captured at Brighton in 1812, and of other animals, with MS. notes, a handbill and a printed description of the Basking Shark. Presented by J. Whitehead Esq., in 1915 (Z). BASSEPORTE (Madeleine Francoise) [1701-1780] Miniature painter to the King of France and teacher of drawing to the daughters of Louis XV. The Museum possesses one water-colour drawing of a botanical subject by this artist (B). BATE (Charles Spence) [1818-1889] Notes on Boring MoUusca, dated April 1849. An original manuscript with loo LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS water-colour drawings, of a paper read at the British Association meeting 1849, of which an abstract only was printed in the Report, also a number of original draw- ings of Crustacea (Z). BATE (Dorothea Minola Alice) [1879-1951] Correspondence and note-books relating to the Bethlehem excavations in 1935, also an original coloured portrait, by her sister, Mrs. Cuddington (P). BATES (George Latimer) [1863-1940] Portfolio of original drawings (78 pieces) for Handbook of the Birds of West Africa, 1930 also drawings (8 pieces), apparently not published, by H. Gronvold. Two volumes of manuscript notes on the birds of West Africa. A considerable quantity of manuscript notes and the typescript of Bates' book on the Birds of Arabia. A duplicate typescript of this was presented to the Museum in 1957 with the Mein- ertzhagen bequest (also some manuscript lists of birds' eggs, 1904-1915) (Z). A collection of 12 autograph letters from G. L. Bates to W. E. De Winton, 1896-1900 (L). BATES (Henry Walter) [1825-1892] Two MS. note-books of H. W. Bates relating to the insect fauna of the Amazon Valley with original drawings, pencilled and coloured, 1851-1859 (E). BATHER (Francis Arthur) [1863-1934] Keeper of the Geological Department 1924-1928. Numerous manuscript note- books, drawings and photographs, also original sketches illustrating papers on Cephalopod and Crinoid morphology, 1892 (P). BATTERS (Edward Arthur Lionel) MS. Bibliography of British Algology. i vol. (B). BAUER (Ferdinand Lucas) [1760-1826] F. L. Bauer, who accomj)anied Robert Brown on Flinders' voyage to Australia, brought back a series of water-colour drawings of the Plants and Animals observed. 49 of his drawings of Animals (Z) and 203 of Plants (B) were presented by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty in 1843, and two portfolios of his drawings were bequeathed in 1858 by Robert Brown (B). His original drawings for some of his plates to A. B. Lambert's Genus Finns and Genus Cinchona are preserved in the Museum. A manuscript list of sketches of Plants and Animals made during the voyage of H.M.S. Investigator and subsequently at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island, i vol. c. 1814 (B). BAUER (Franz Andreas) [1758-1840] F. A. Bauer was employed by Sir Joseph Banks in making drawings of Plants in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, the work being continued after Sir Joseph's death under the special provisions contained in his wiU, until the decease of Bauer. His drawings illustrating the Germination of Wheat and the Diseases of Corn, with many others, were included in the Banksian Collection, and came to the Museum in 1827 ; but the extensive series of the drawings made at Kew after Banks' death and bequeathed to H.M. George IV, was presented to the Museum in 1841 by H.M. Oueen Victoria (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) loi His original drawings for the plates to Sir VV. J. Hooker's Genera Filiciim, and other works with 127 drawings of British Orchids, and some illustrating the form and structure of various parts of Plants, are preserved in the Museum (B). Other drawings of his were purchased in 1879 (B), while some illustrative of microscopic anatomy, done for Sir E. Home, were given in 1893 by the executors of Sir R. Owen, in whose collection of drawings they are (L). One of the 25 copies of vol. i of A. B. Lambert's Genus Piniis, coloured by him, is in the Museum (B). BEAVAN (R. C.) MS. catalogue of birds collected in the Maunbhoom district (Chota Nagpore) in 1864, presented in 1938 (Z). BECK (Richard) Forty-one original water-colour drawings of Acari, ca. 1862 and igi8 (Z). BEDDOME (Richard Henry) [1830-1911] A collection of original pencil drawings including the originals for his Icones plantanim, 1874. (B) BEDFORD (Edward John) 371 water-colour drawings from nature of British orchids, 1920-1921, were bequeathed by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild in 1923 (B). Some of these were issued in the Postcard Series. BELL (Alfred) [1835-1925] Manuscript lists of Fossils (animals and plants) recorded from the Pliocene to the Holocene deposits of the British Isles, with illustrations, 7 vols. (P). BELL (E.) Miss zy^i original drawings of caterpillars and pupae of moths (E). BELL (Thomas) [1792-16 A number of unpublished plates intended for T. Bell's Monograph of the Testudinata are preserved with the Museum copy of this work (Z). See also DARWIN (C. R.) BELL (Thomas Reid Davys) [1863-1948] Manuscript and typescript journal, from 1884 to 1948, of T. R. D. Bell, with a MS. index from 1884-1910. 66 volumes (E). BELLERBY (William) [1852-1936] 18 sheets of original drawings of Mosses, made by W. Bellerby (B). BELT (Thomas) [1832-1878] 180 letters addressed by various correspondents to Thomas Belt, author of The Naturalist in Nicaragua. 1864-1878. (L), also MS. notes with diagrams on the Thames VaUey gravels (P). BENBOW (John) [1821-1908] One manuscript volume on the Flora of Uxbridgc and district, 1884-1887 (B). I02 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS BENNETT (Arthur) [1843-1929] 5 MS. note-books on the genus Potamogeton Manuscript notes and lists of Norfolk Plants, post 1872, 3 vol. (B). BENNETT (John Joseph) [1801-1876] Appointed assistant to Robert Brown when the Banksian Herbarium was trans- ferred to the British Museum in 1827, Bennett succeeded Brown as Keeper of the Botanical Department in 1858. Brown had bequeathed to him a number of books and MSS., which remained in the Department and were presented to the Trustees in 1876 by Mrs. Bennett (B). The original pencil drawings by J. and C. Curtis for Bennett and Brown's Planta Javanica rariores, with proof engravings and hand-coloured proofs after letters of the plates are preserved (B). BENNETT (John Whitchurch) Original drawings for the plates of Bennett's FisJics found on the Coast of Ceylon, 1830. 30 sh. col. (Z). BENTINCK {Lady W.) 57 water-colour drawings of birds from the Himalava Mountains in the collection of Lady W. Bentinck. 1833 (Z). BERJEAU (C.) One mounted original water-colour drawing of the sandy tube dwelhngs of the marine worm Sahellaria spinulosa c. igo8 (Z). BERKELEY (Miles Joseph) [1803-1889] Berkeley, the distinguished mycologist, presented in 1876 530 original water- colour drawings. A considerable number were done for various Publications on English Fungi. (B). A series of his letters to C. E. Broome was bequeathed with the latter's corre- spondence in 1886 (B). Berkeley's own correspondence was presented in 1890 also some manuscripts and notes on fungi (B). BERNARDI (A. C.) [ -1863] 34 holograph letters (1851-61) of A. C. Bernardi, with a list of shells supplied, to G. van Koch. The volume also contains letters S-c from H. Cuming, \V. Dunker, M. T. Landauer, and E. Rosmer (Z). BEROLDINGEN (Franz Colestin, Baron von) [1740-1798] MS. catalogue of his collection of Minerals purchased by the Museum in 1816. 2 vol. (M). BERRY (Andrew) [c. 1766- ] An original water-colour drawing of an Indian palm with autograph description, sent to Sir Joseph Banks in 1808 (B). BEVERE (P. C. de) See LOTEN (J. G.) BEWSHER {Mrs. C. W. W.) 22 paintings of Mauritius plants, c. 1880 (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 103 BICKNELL (Clarence) [1842-1918] A collection of autograph letters written by Bicknell to the Baroness Helene von Taube during the period igog-1914 (B). BINGHAM (L. F.) MS. catalogue of the Bingham Collection of Minerals and Fossils made between 1839 and 1884, purchased by the Trustees in 1914 (P). BIRCH (Roger) Commander R. N. [ -1940] 18 water-colour drawings of fishes from the Maldives and Siam, c. 1934 (Z). BIRDS One volume containing 45 water-colour drawings of Indian birds, c. 1790 (T). BIRDS Raccolta di Uccelli, fatta da Giovanni da Udine. 82 leaves with 135 water- colour drawings of birds c. 1580. MS. title page, probably of 17th century, ascribes the drawings to Giovanni da Udine, but this ascription may be incorrect, vide Stresemann, 1914, Novit. Zool. 21 : 20 (Z). BIRDS 14 water-colour drawings of Birds from G. R. Gray's collection, i vol. (Z). BIRDS 75 drawings of Birds, probably painted in India by native artists. I vol. c. 1840 (Z). BIRDS Typescript of projected book on the migration of birds, c. 1930 (Z). BLACKMORE (William) [1826-1878] A collection of statistics, newspaper cuttings, reprints and MS. notes on the American bison gathered by W. Blackmore for a monograph on the subject (Z). BLAIR (Kenneth Gloyne) [1882-1952] See HOPKINS (Barbara) BLAIR (Patrick) [fl. 1706-1728] Copies of the correspondence and a " Catalogue of the discoveries . . . made by Dr. P. Blair, " botanist and surgeon, form the Banksian MS., No. 35 (B). BLAKE (Lady Edith) 195 coloured drawings of Jamaican Lepidoptera, in their different life stages with their food plants, were presented in 1926 (E). BLAKE (John Bradby) [1745-1773] Sent out in 1766 to Canton as one of the Hon. East India Company's super- cargoes, Blake devoted himself to Natural Science. A volume of drawings of Chinese Plants made under his superintendence by a native artist form the Banksian MS., No. 12. (B). BLAKE, U.S.S. Manuscript descriptions of the bottom deposits obtained by the " Blake " off I04 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS the eastern coast of the United States during 1875-1880 are preserved in the Murray Library (M). BLOMFIELD (James Edward) [1856- ] Manuscriirt, photographs and drawings of tree galls. 14 albums c. 1910-1914 (B). BLOOM (J. Harvey) Note-book containing a record of cryptogams collected in the Micklehani, Surrey area, 1922-1933 (B), and one note-book containing records of Arachnids iS:c. taken at Whitchurch and elsewhere, 1902-1909 (Z). BLOSSOM H.M.S. See SMYTH (W.) Mate of H.M.S. Blossom. BLOXAM (Andrew) [1801-1878] Bloxam went as naturahst on the Blonde in 1824-25, and on his return entered the church, becoming Rector of Twycross, in Leicestershire, and afterwards of Harborough Magna, in Warudckshire. His manuscript notes on the Cellular Cryptograms of Leicestershire, and his Correspondence (forming I vol.), were presented by his son in 1878 (B). At a later date his natural history notes made during the voyage of the Blonde and correspondence concerning them, from A. Newton, were acquired (L). BOBART (Jacob) the Younger [1641-1719] MS. copy, by Sir J. Banks, of a "Catalogue of Plants sent from Mr. Bobart " 1689. An interleaved and much annotated copy of Caspar Baulin's Pinax, 1623 (B). BOISDUVAL (Jean Baptiste Alphonse DechaufTour de) [1801-1879] Original water-colour drawings for Faune entomologiqiie de Madagascar, Bourbon et Maurice. Lepidopteres, &c. Paris, 1833 (E). BOLTON 4//i Baron Sec ORDE-POWLETT (W. T.) BOLTON (James) [fl. 1775 1795] The self-taught naturalist of Halifax, Yorks., J. Bolton etched the illustrations for his own works. His original drawings for the plates of his Filices Britannicae form the Banksian MS., No. 36 (B). 25 original water-colour drawings of fungi, executed 1788-1794, were purchased in 1892 (B). 50 original water-colour drawings of flowers from nature, made 1785-87, were purchased in 1894 and a further seven were acquired at a later date (B). BOLTON (Thomas) Portfolio of drawings and descriptions of living organisms 1879-1884 (L). BOND (Elizabeth) 45 sheets of water-colour drawings of English wild flowers, 1914-1929, 36 sheets of drawings of North American wild flowers, 1886-1912 (B). IN THli BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTDRY) 105 BONHOTE (John James Lewis) [1875-1922] MS. list of wild ducks kept and bred at the Fen Ditton Aviaries, 1900-1912. 2 vol. (Z). BORN (Ignaz von) Baron [1742-1794] Manuscript catalogue of the Born collection of Minerals. This collection was acquired by the Rt. Hon. Charles Greville [1749-1809] and with other collections was purchased for the Museum in 1810 (M). BOTANICAL CABINET About 1,800 original water-colour drawings made for Vol. 1-18 of Loddiges Botanical Cabinet, by W. Miller, T. Boys, E. W. Cooke, J. P. Heath, G. Loddiges and others, 14 vol. 1817-1834. A further collection of loi original drawings used in this work was purchased in 1940 (B). BOTANICAL SOCIETY [of London] The manuscript of the " Proceedings ", 1724-26, of this Society, which was a distinct Society from the later one bearing the same name (1836-57), is preserved in the Museum (B). BOURGUIGNAT (Jules Ren6) [1829-1892] MS. catalogue of Bourguignat's works, probablv compiled by J. Saunders, 1899 (Z). BOWDICH afterwards Lee (Sarah) [1791-1856] Author's proof copy of The Freshwater fishes of Great Britain, 1828-37, with some MS. corrections. The plates consist of original water-colour drawings, many signed by the author (Z). BOWELL (Ernest W. W.) One MS. note-book on radulae, 1916-1920 (Z). BOWER (T. H. Bowyer) 2 MS. note-books on birds collected in north and north-west Australia circa 1886. The notes were used by G. M. Mathews in his papers on the birds of this region of Australia, published in the South Australian Ornithologist, Vol. 2, 1915-16 (Z). BOWIE (James) [c. 1789-1869] see CUNNINGHAM (James) BOWLES (Edward Augustus) [1865-1954] A collection of water-colour drawings of plants, mainlv of Crocus species, 1895-1908 (B). BOYCOTT (Arthur Edwin) [1877-1938] Correspondence, udte-books and files concerning Professor Boycott's lifelong interest in the Mollusca are preserved in the Museum (Z). BRADY (Sir Antonio) [1811-1881] A collection of letters addressed to Sir A. Brady relating chiefly to his collection of Pleistocene Vertebrata. i vol. 1858-1874 (P). BRADY (George Stewardson) [1832-1921] Fourteen original drawings of Porcupine Crustacea (Z). io6 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS BRADY (Henry Bowman) [1835-1891] Brady made a special study of the Foraminifera. A copy of Soldani's rare work, Testaceographiw ac Zoophytographice parv Frederick John) [1860-1929] One manuscript volume containing notes on the wild life of East Africa and Uganda, 1908-1917. A catalogue of his East African bird collection in 11 volumes. One typescript catalogue of birds, birds' eggs, butterflies, beetles and other insects collected in East Africa (Z). JACOBS (S. N. A.) A collection of water-colour drawings of moths, to illustrate papers by the author which appeared in the Pmc. Trans. S. Land. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. I944-I955(E) JACQUIN (Nicholaus Joseph von), Baron [1727-1817] Jacquin, who was a Botanist of note, corresponded with Dryander. His auto- graph notes and letters, with sketches and water-colour drawings, were included in the Banksian Collection (B). JAMIESON (B. G. M.) Unpublished typescript dissertation on taxonomic studies of the Ocnerodrilinae and the Pareudrilinae genus Stithlmannia. 2 vol. 1959 (Z). JAN MAYEN, S.5. MS. records of meteorological and other observations made during 1865 and 1868 in the North Atlantic are preserved in the Murray Library (M). JANISCH (Carl) [1825-1900] 14 plates, numbered 1-6, 9, 11, 15-16, ig-22, being a part of Janisch's un- published Report on the Diatoms of the Gazelle Expedition, 1874-76. The plates are accompanied by MS. notes and a list by F. B. Taylor, and also by a list apparently in the handwriting of F. Kitten, c. i88g (B). JAPAN 20 sheets of water-colour drawings, by a Japanese hand, of insects, reptiles &c. c. 1840 (L). JAPAN 54 water-colour drawings of beetles by a native artist, 19th century (E). JARDINE {Sir William) [1800-1S74] Manuscript notes, letters, original drawings, proof sheets, and other material of this prolific author. Some of this relates to the Naturalists Library ; it also includes the manuscript of the English edition of A. Wilson's American Ornithology (Z). One volume of letters, many bearing well-known signatures, all under the date 1852, was presented to the Museum in 1920 (L). JELLY (Eliza Catherine) Miss MS. note-book on Polyzoa with tracings of plates by the compiler, photographs by " Mr. Waters " and sketches of cells "in violet ink by Mr. Busk " (Z). 146 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS JENKINSON ( ) 35 drawings, mostly in pencil, of the anatomy of Peclen, Ostrea and other :Mo11uscs. With MS. notes (Z). JENSEN (Fritz) 43 pencil drawings, with manuscript explanations, of the vegetation of Lifu. Loyalty Island, made in 1876 by F. Jensen, were purchased (B). JERDON (Archibald) [1819-1874] Manuscript " List of Hymenomycetes fungi found at Mossburnford, Rox- burghshire " (B). JESSON (Thomas) Manuscript catalogue of his Cambridge Greensand collection purchased in 1893 (P). JEUDE (Lith de) An original drawing of Gibbon condre (Z). JOHANN BAPTIST JOSEF FABIAN SEBASTIAN Archduke of Austria [1782-1859] Joannes Archdux Austriae icones Plantarum Alpestrium Austria. 51 tabulae ineditae. 1S07 seqq. (B). JOHN {Rev. C.) Additional observations on snakes. MS. of a paper read before the Linnean Society of London on 3rd March 1807 but not printed in the Transactions. The manuscript was sent to Dr. W. Roxburgh in 1804 by the Rev. Dr. John who was then in Tranquebar, Madras (Z). JOHN (C. S.) Letters to William Roxburgh, i vol. (Phillipps MSS. No. 19520) (B). JOHN MURRAY EXPEDITION The John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, 1933-1934 in H.E.M.S. " Mabahiss " was under the leadership of Lt. Colonel R. B. Seymour Sewell. His manuscript station records, log books, charts &x. were presented to the Museum in 1961 (Z). JOHNSON (Christopher) [1782-1866] Two volumes of letters from G. A. W. Arnott and other contemporary botanists (B). JOHNSON (Henry) [1823-1885] Manuscript notes made by Dr. F. A. Bather when reporting on the Johnson Collection in 1913 (P). JOHNSON (Theo) " Illustrations of British Entomology ". 3 volumes containing 102 hand draw n and coloured plates with accompanying text in manuscript, 1889. 18 water- colour drawings of insects and their food plants (E). " Our aquatic Flora ". 45 plates witli text. The plates are original water- colour drawings (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 147 26 hand coloured drawings of birds were acquired with the Rothschild bequest in 1937 (T). JOHNSON (Thomas) [ -1644] The Botanist and Apothecary, T. Johnson, became a prominent member of the Apothecaries' Company. The Society was in the habit of making botanical excursions, and Johnson published accounts of the results of their expeditions into Kent and to Hampstead Heath. Manuscripts by S. Dale of these, the earliest local Floras known, form the Banksian MS. No. 96 (B). JONES (Thomas Rupert) [1819-1911] Original drawings of fossil Ostracoda together with some manuscript notes, i vol. A manuscript catalogue of the Rupert Jones collection of fossils was presented by Lady Prestwich in 1896 (P). JOOSTEN (D. J. H.) [ -1882] One water-colour drawing of Tulipa Gessneriana (E). JORDAN (David Starr) [1851-1931] 13 autograph letters from D. S. Jordan to A. Giinther, 18S4-1913, are preserved in the Giinther Collection (L). JUDD (John Wesley), C.B. [1840-1916] In 1897, Dr. Judd presented three photographic facsimiles of maps and of a table by W. Smith (P). JUSTEN (Frederick) [1832-1906] In addition to many minor presentations at various times, Mr. Justen gave in 1890 a copy of the rare and \aluable Salidiim Woburnense (B), and in 1896, three volumes containing notes and descriptions, with a few drawings, of Peruvian Plants by A. Mathews (B). KANNEMEYER (Danniel Roussouw) A collection of his correspondence with H. G. Seeley concerning the South Africa Fossil Reptilia, 1891-1905, i vol. (P). KAUP (Johann Jacob) [1803-1873] Kaup was Inspector of the " Naturaliencabinet " at Darmstadt. His original drawings for the illustrations to his Catalogue of Apodal Fish in the . . . British Museum, 1856, are preserved in the Museum (Z). Water-colours by him, chiefly of fossil vertebrata remains, are in the Owen Collection (L) and Geological Collection of drawings (P). KEENAN (John) 21 sheets of original water-colour drawings of orchids (B). KELAART (Edward Frederick) [1819-1860] A manuscript note-book and a series of sketches of invertebrate animals of Ceylon were presented to the Museum by Miss F. Kelaart in 1913 and 1925. Some of these drawings were reproduced in a paper on the nudibranchs of Ceylon, by Sir Charles EHot, pubUshed in the Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1906 : 636-691 (Z). 148 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS KELLER (Johann Christoph) [1737-1792] Four water-colour botantical drawings dated 1756-1760 (B). KELLY (Chloe E. Talbot) [1927- ] Two water-colour paintings of birds were presented in 1961 (Z). KEMPTER (J.) One water-colour drawing of an Orang-Utan, 1905 (Z). KENNEDY (Norman B.) MS. list of birds and mammals from Manipur, 1945-46 (Z). KENNEL (Julius von) [1854-1939] Original water-colour drawings of " Die Palaearktischen Tortriciden " published in Zoologica, Stuttgart Heft 54 1908-16 (E). KENT (William Saville) [1845-1908] A manuscript catalogue of corals, which comprises a close translation of H. Milne Edwards Histoire natiirelle des Corailiaires, with the addition of new species, also notes and sketches of water mites (Z). KENT'S CAVERN COLLECTION Manuscript list of specimens of fossils (P). KERR (William) [ -1814] A Botanical Collector sent out to China by Sir Joseph Banks, Kerr, afterwards Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens, Ceylon, visited the Philippines. His autograph journal of a " Botanical Mission to the Island of Luconia in . . . 1805 " is in the Museum (B). KEULEMANS (John Gerrard) [1842-1912] Many original water-colour drawings of birds by this artist, also the full set of his pattern plates to G. E. Shelley's Monograph of the Sun-Birds (Z). 29 framed drawings of birds and 4 volumes of the original drawings for Sir Walter BuUer's History of the Birds of New Zealand were acquired with the Rothschild bequest (T), also 7 water-colour drawings of mammals (Z). Four framed paintings of birds, two in oils and two in water-colour are pre- served in the Bird Section (Z) . KING (William) [fl. 1753-1767] 35 water-colour drawings of plants, some painted on vellum (B). KINNEAR {Sir Norman Boyd) [1882-1957] For many years in charge of the Bird Section in the Museum and Director 1947-1950. A considerable quantity of his manuscript notes and correspondence, including his unfinished " Biographies of Indian Ornithologists ", was presented by Lady Kinnear (Z). A holograph Journal of a Whaling Voyage in S.Y. Scotia to the (ireenland Seas ill iqo7 was presented in 1947 (L). KIRBY (William) [1759-1850] Two MSS. of the Rev. W. Kirby, the entomologist and joint author with W. Spence of the famous Introduction to Entomology, are in the Collection : an IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 149 autograph MS. entitled " Museum Entomologicum Barhamense. Pars prima sistens Insecta M. Britanniae indigenae, " which was presented with their col- lections in 1863 by the Entomological Society, and a manuscript catalogue of British Staphylinidae in 3 vol. presented by Dr. J. E. Gray in 1869 (E). KISCH (B. S.) [1882-1961] A quantity of correspondence and notes relating to Mollusca of south-western France, 1950-1961 (Z). KLUYVES (N.) One water-colour drawing of Varaniis komodnensis, 1926 (Z). KNAUTH (Bernhard) 2,000 original coloured drawings of European fungi were purchased in 1938 (B). KNAUTH (Walter) 107 original coloured drawings of Riissida were presented in 1939 (B). KNIGHT (Horace) 384 original water-colour drawings of Acronycta and Caja. One volume of water-colour drawings of insect larvae and copies (made by Knight) of Carl Plotz's unpubhshed drawings of Hesperidae, 16 pis. 1886 (E). KNIGHT ERRANT, H.M.S. MS. descriptions of soundings, list of Foraminifera and rough book on cruise made off northern Scotland in 1880 are preserved in the Murray Library (M). KNOX (M.) 382 original coloured drawings of fungi were presented in 1954 (B). KNOWLTON (Thomas) [1692-1782] Ivnowlton began life as Superintendent of Dr. Sherard's garden at Eltham, and in 172S entered the service of Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, at Lanes- borough, Yorks. He attained eminence as a botanist, and corresponded with many noted contemporaries, including S. Brewer. Knowlton's letters to Brewer between 1728 and 1741. i vol. (B). KOCH (Albert Carl) Manuscript catalogue of remains of the Mastodon now in the British Museum. Probably relates to remains offered for sale at J. C. & S. Stevens auction rooms in London on 23rd Nov. 1843 (P). KOENIG (Carl Dietrich Eberhard) [1774-1851] Keeper of the Mineral Department from its inception in 1837 until his death in 1851. Some of his manuscript is preserved in the Department including his diary covering the period 1816-1817, 1819-1827, a manuscript catalogue of the General Mineral Collection in 1809, 2 vol. and notes on letters written between 1830-35 and 1839-40 (M). Si.x of his autograph note-books, covering the period 1816-1840 are deposited in the Palaeontological Library (P). KOHTS (Alexander Eric) See MOSCOW. — Museum Darwinianum ijo LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS KONIG (C. D. E.) See KOENIG (Carl Dietrich Eberhard) K0NIG (Johan Gerhard) [i 728-1785] Konig, a Danish Medical Missionary in Tranquebar, kept journals of his voyages with lists and descriptions of East Indian (including Siam and Malacca) Plants, Animals, and Minerals. These form the Banksian MSS., No. 37-55 (B). An Enghsh translation of such portions as relate to the Straits Settlements appeared in the Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc. Xos. 26 and 27 (1894). KREBS (Henry) Manuscript notes from which this author's West Indian Marine Shells, 1864, was compiled are preserved in the Museum (Z). KOUWENHOVEN (G. van) Two water-colour drawings of flowers (E). KREFFT (Johann Ludwig Gerhard) [1830-1881] Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney, 1861-1874. A series of his auto- graph letters addressed to A. Giinther, 1861-1877, are preserved in the Giinther Collection. Some of these deal with his dismissal from his post and subsequent action for redress (L). KUHN (K.) One original water-colour drawing of a cassowar\' (Z). KUHNERT (VVilhelm) [1S65-1926] Three oil colour paintings of mammals. Bequeathed by Sir WilUam Garstin in 1925 (Z). LACAITA (Charles Carmichael) [1853-1933] Correspondence, c. 1925-1931, is preser\'ed in the Museum (B). L'ADMIRAL (Jakob) [1699-1770] Seven sheets of water-colour drawings of insects and spiders (E). One sheet depicting Phrynus reniformis and Gastracantha arcuata (Z). LAESTADIUS (Lars Levi) [1800-1861] Manuscript notes in Latin on a collection of Willows. ])p. 16, 1836 (B). LAISHLEY (Richard) [1815-c. 1890] One volume of water-colour and pencil drawings illustrating the natural history of New Zealand together with a manuscript entitled " Gleanings of Natural History in New Zealand " (Z), also a note-book containing extracts copied from R. Laishley's autobiography (L). LAMBERT (Aylmer Bourke) [1761-1842] In 1S41. Lambert presented a copj' of Cramer's Papillons exotiqties, formerly the property of H. Seymer, by whom it had been annotated and some of the i)lates re-touched (E). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 151 At the sale of Lambert's library in 1842 the Museum acquired the MSS. of H. Ruiz Lopez and J. Pavon relating to their botanical exploration of Peru and Chili in 1777-88, and including the journal of the voyage and description of plants (B). The original drawings by Ferdinand L. Bauer for some of the plates to Lambert's Genus Finns, with one of the 25 copies of vol. i, coloured by Franz A. Bauer, are preserved (B). LANDAUER (M. T.) See BERNARDI (A. C.) LANDBECK (Christian L.) 54 original water-colour drawings of the birds of VViirtenberg, c. 1833-34. ^^' queathed by Lord Rothschild in 1937 (T). LANG (William Dickson) [1S78-1966] Keeper of the Department of Geology, 1928-38. Some manuscript material and 18 bo.xes of correspondence are preserved in the Museum (P). LANGMEAD (L. B.) MS. register of a collection of British Mollusca. 1951 (Z). LANGTON (Herbert) [1853-1923] Two box files of MS. notes on birds, including six note-books containing deriva- tions of ornithological names and terms. These were presented in 1923 (Z). LANKESTER (Sir Edvt'in Ray) [1847-1929] Edwin Ray Lankester was appointed Director of the British Museum (Natural History) in October 1898. Almost immediately he was in conflict with the Director of the British Museum, Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, on the question of his subordination to the authority of the Director of the parent Museum. This and other disagreements led to Lankester's compulsory retirement in 1907. Documents and press cuttings relating to these matters are preserved in the Museum (L.) LATHAM (Ann) Daughter of the well known eighteenth century ornithologist John Latham ; the Museum possesses a number of original water-colour drawings of birds by this artist (Z). LATHAM (John) [1740-1837] A collection of 888 original water-colour drawings of birds, some of which are signed by A. Latham, T. Davies, Lord Stanley, and J. Abbot ; also a MS. sketch of the museum at Dartford in Kent, belonging to Dr. Latham, 1795 (Z). LA TOUCHE (Thomas Henry Digges) Typescript catalogue of the Palaeozoic Fossils in the Museum of the Ludlow Natural History Society, 1928. The collection was purchased in 1947 (P). LAWRANCE (Mary) [fl. 1790-1831] Three water-colour drawings of plants dated 1794 and 1796 (B). 152 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS LAYARD (Edgar Leopold) [1825-1900] 44 sheets of water-colour drawings of insect larvae and imagines, and of fishes from Cej-lon all apparently made by Layard c. 1844 (E). LEACH (John) 50 water-colour drawings of Erica 1790 (B). LEACH (William Elford) [1790-1836] One pen and ink drawing of a crustacean (Z). LEARMONTH (Walter Livingstone-) .-1 cruise in the Arctic. 1888. Reproduction of MS. journal, with mounted photographs in 2 volumes. Davis' Straits and Baffin's Bay. 1889. Reproduction of MS. Journal, with mounted photographs and newspaper cuttings. 2 volumes (Z). LEE (Ann), Miss [fl. 1769-1779] Ann Lee, daughter of James Lee, of Hammersmith, the Horticulturist, was an excellent flower-painter. 19 water-colour drawings by her, mostly on vellum, illustrating the genus Mesemhryanthenuim, are preserved in the Museum (B). LEE (Charles) In 1884, 87 water-colour drawings of Cape Plants by F. Masson (B) were pre- sented by C. Lee, nephew of the foregoing. LEEDS (Alfred Nicholson) One note-book of the contents of his museum in the holograph of Henry Wood- ward, 1890. Various notes and lists relating to his collection (P). LEGGE (William Vincent) Six autograph letters addressed to J. H. Gurney between ist June, 1877 and 27th February 1878 (L). LEICESTER Earl of See COKE (Thomas William) Earl of Leicester LEIGH (Miss D. Austen-) A collection of original coloured drawings of British fungi (B). LEPIDOPTERA 936 sheets of original water-colour drawings consisting of 269 of larvae of British butterflies and moths, 62 of microlepidoptera and 605 of the eggs of British lepidoptera, 1895-1905 (E). LEPIDOPTERA One hundred figures of diurnal lepidoptera prepared by scale transference [Lepidochromy] with the bodies of the insects painted in. From the collection of Dr. Sariziat, ante 1S97 (E). LEWIN (John William) [1770-1819] & AGNEW (J.) A collection of 511 water-colour drawings of British land, fresh and salt-water shells made between 1786 and 1818. Some of the drawings were used by G. Montagu in his Testacea Britannica (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 153 LEWIN (Thomas W.) 75 water-colour drawings of Birds by Levvin form part of the Hardwicke Collection of drawings (Z). LEWIS (Richard T.) 123 original water-colour drawings of Insects and Ticks (E). L'HfiRITIER DE BRUTELLE (Charles Louis) [1748-1800] A series of 51 autograph letters from L'Heriticr de Brutelle, one of the most celebrated French Botanists of his time, to Dryander, forms the Banksian MS., No. loi (B). LHUYD (Edward) [1660-1709] Edwardi Luidii. . . . Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia. Being the true cutts of every species of fossils in Mr. Luids collection now reposited in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, with their several names transcribed from the Catalogue kept in the press with them December ix. 1722, i vol. This is an incom- plete set of plates with MS. descriptions from the printed work of 1699 (P). LIGHTFOOT (John) [1735-1788] The Rev. J. Lightfoot, some time Librarian and Chaplain to the Duchess of Portland, and the author of Flora Scotica, kept a journal of a botanical excur- sion made in Wales in 1775, of which a transcript by S. Bacstrom forms the Banksian MS., No. 86 (B). LILFORD Lord See POWYS (Thomas Lyttelton) 4th Baron of Lilford LIND (James) [1736-1812] The Scottish physician J. Lind, visited China in 1766, and accompanied Banks on his voyage to Iceland in 1772 ; he subsequently became physician to the Royal Household at Windsor. A holograph " Catalogue of such Chinese and Japanese Plants whose Chinese characters are known and are botanically described ; being an Index to find there [sic] Chinese characters in Kempfer's Amaenitates exoticae, " &c., 17S9, addressed to Sir Joseph Banks formed part of the Banksian Collection (B). LINDLEY (John) [1799-1865] An early autograph draft by the celebrated Botanist Lindley for his " Natural System of Botany " is preserved in the Museum, also 16 autograph letters, 1829 to 1832, addressed to William Hutton relating to their joint pubUcation of the fossil flora of Great Britain. 74 water-colour drawings of plants, by Lindley, were purchased in 1897 (B). LINN£ (Carl von) [1707-1778] A series of lectures delivered by the great Swedish Naturalist between 1746 and 1749, and written down by L. Montin, form the Banksian MSS., No. 71-75 (B M Z). An album of holograph letters, portraits &c. relating to Linnaeus is preserved in the Museum (L). 154 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS LINNEAN SYSTEM zq sheets of pencil and water-colour drawings of plants drawn by an ancestor of Mrs. F. M. Miles and classified according to the Linnean System. Probably early 19th century (B). LINTON (Edward Francis) [1848-1928] A collection of manuscript notes relating to the genus Salix (B). LISTER (Gulielma) Miss [1860-1949] Five boxes of original coloured drawings of Mycetozoa arranged in alphabetical order of genera. 221 original coloured drawings for plates in her publications on the Mycetozoa. 29 notebooks containing original drawings and manuscript notes of fungi, mosses, lichens, algae, mycetozoa, insects and mites. Two notebooks of original drawings and notes on hepatic mosses. One notebook of original drawings and notes on dissections of amphibia, reptiles, birds &c. One notebook of original drawings and notes on dissections of snails, worms mammals &c. (B). A collection of nine sketch-books containing water-colour drawings, mounted photographs &c. of birds, with some MS. notes, c. 1903-1936 (Z). LISTER (Joseph Jackson) [1857-1927] Six volumes of manuscript laboratory notebooks mainly concerned with re- searches on Foraminifera during the period 1S92-1909 were presented as part of the E. Heron-Allen collection in 1925, also the original autograph MS. and notes upon the reproduction processes of Polystomella crispa. This imfinished work was completed by E. Heron-Allen and published in 1930 (Z). LISTER (Martin) [1638-1712] Copies of M. Lister's De Cochleis and Historia Conchyliorum, annotated by the author, Sir Hans Sloane and James Petiver, are preserved in the Museum (Z). LITTLEDALE (H. A. P.) Diary and papers relating to his egg collection made in Southern Africa 1906- 1911 (Z). LOAT (W. Leonard S.) 71 original water-colour drawings and pencil sketches, used in the preparation of Anderson, J. Zoology of Egypt, Vol. 3, " The fishes of the Nile " by G. A. Boulenger, 1899-1901 (Z). LOCKHEAD (William) [ -1815] Lockhead was curator of the St. Vincent Botanic Garden. 19 of his original drawings of West Indian Plants are preserved in the Museum (B). LOCKET (G. H.) & MILLIDGE (A. F.) Five volumes of original drawings for the RAY SOCIETY publication on British Spiders, 1951-53 (Z). LODDIGES (Conrad) [1738 -1826] See BOTANICAL CABINET IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 155 LODDIGES (George) [1784-1846] Ten manuscript note-books containing remarks on humming birds, 1826-1845 (Z). George Loddiges seems to have been the actual editor of all the scientific pub- lications bearing the name Conrad Loddiges & Sons. See also BOTANICAL CABINET LODER (Gerald Walter Erskine), 1st Baron Wakehursl [1861-1936] Manuscript " Bibliography of Rhododendrons " 1910 (B). LODGE (George E.) [i860 1954] A large collection of pencil sketches of animals and some plants together with his manuscript and typescript notes are preserved in the Museum (Z). Five framed water-colour drawings of birds were acquired as part of the Rothschild bequest (T). LONSDALE (William) [1794-1871] Lonsdale, who was some time Curator and Librarian to the Geological Society, made a special study of Fossil Corals. His unpublished autograph, " Report on some Fossil Zoantharia collected by Sir C. Lyell ... in Madeira and the Islet of Baxio during 1854, " is preserved in the Museum (P). LOO (Pieter van) [1731-1784] Four water-colour drawings of flowers (E). LOTEN (Joan Gideon) [1710-1789] A collection of 154 coloured drawings of Birds, Mammals, Insects and Plants, painted from life for J. G. Loten, Dutch Governor of Ceylon, 1752-1757, by P. C. de Bevere, in Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago 1754-1757 (L). LOUREIRO (Joao de) [1715-1796] The Portuguese Jesuit Loureiro, who travelled in Indo-China, and wrote a Flora CochinchineHsis, sent to England original descriptions of the new genera, that form the Banksian MS., No. 93 (B). LOWE (Percy R.) [1870-1948) One volume of manuscript check lists of Birds collected during the second cruise of the S.Y. " Zenaida " October 1906 to June 1907, and the third cruise, No\embcr 1907 to April 1908, also a collection of manuscript notes dealing with the anatomy and myology of birds to.gether with original figures of some of his published works (Z). LOWE (Richard Thomas) [1803 1874] A collection of manuscripts relating to fishes and invertebrates of Maderia 1850-1861 (Z). LOWE (Willoughby P.) See BANNERMAN (D. A.) LUDLOW (F.) Ten manuscript note-books containing field notes of birds collected mainlv in Tibet (Z). 156 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS LUMSDEN (Phyllida) Original water-colour drawings and pen and ink sketches of birds, published in J. D. Macdonald's Birds of Britain 1949 (Z). LYNES (Hubert) [1874-1942] Thirty-three note-books relating to his bird collecting trips in Europe and Africa, 19 10-1936 (Z). LYSAGHT (Averil Margaret), Miss Typescript preliminary guide to literature dealing with zoology of Captain James Cook's ist, 2nd, and 3rd voyages. Compiled 1951 (Z). M. (E. M.) Fishes (and other marine animals) at the Andaman Islands, 1868-71 by E.M.M. 19 sh. of water-colour drawings (Z). MABILLE (Paul) [1835-1923] 35 original water-colour drawings of butterflies. Some of these are the originals of Mabille's types published in GRANDIDIER (A.) Hist, pliys. nut. pol. de Madagascar 18 & ig, 1885-87 (E.). M'BAIN (James) Manuscript " Supplementary remarks on Fossil Trees of Craigleith " 1874 (P). MACONACHIE (Sir Richard) [1885- ] Manuscript notes on birds by Sir R. Maconachie, who was H.M. Minister at Kabul 1930-1935, used by Hugh Whistler in his Ornithology of Afghanistan published in the J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 1944 (Z). McCONNEL (F. V.) [1868-1914] MS. account of a journey into the interior of Guyana in 1894. 2 vol. (Z). MACDONALD (Gulielmo Rio) MS. Index Plantarum in usum Societatis Pharmaceuticae Londinensis, 1835 (B) MacGILLIVRAY (John) [1822-1867] Autograph catalogue of Radiata and Molluscs collected during voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake 1846-1850 (Z). MacGILLIVRAY (William) [1796-1852] 213 of the original water-colour drawings of British Animals (13 Mammals, 122 Birds, and 78 Fish) executed between 1831 and 1841 by the celebrated Natural- ist, W. MacGillivray, who was noted for the care and fidelity of his drawings, were presented in 1892 by his son P. H. MacGillivray (Z). McINTOSH (William Carmichael) [1838-1931] A volume of manuscript notes and sketches relating to Annelids. The notes are in several autographs and probably include those of G. Johnston and W. Baird, as well as those of W. C. Mcintosh. 36 of the original drawings used to illustrate A Monograph of the British Annelids, 1873-1900 are also preserved in the Museum (Z). These drawings are by Mcintosh's sister, Roberta Mcintosh, who married Dr. Albert Giinther in 1868 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 157 McKEAN (H.) of Croydon Manuscript account, with some inserted photographs, of the Mollusca of Surrey, 1877-1886 (Z). McLACHLAN (Robert) [1837-1904] 65 original drawings and pattern plates for the author's Monographic revision and synopsis of the Trichoptera of the Enropean Fauna, 1874-1880 (E). MACONOCHIE (Alexander) [1787-1860] Capt. Maconochie, R.N., Lieut-Governor of Norfolk Island, gave to R. Brown a series of autograph " Reports on Norfolk Island, " containing natural history observations (B). MADDEN {Sir Frederic) [1801-1873] Correspondence with W. Roscoe on the subject of the Holkham Catalogue. 1820-30 (B). MAHLER (P.) Two oil paintings of mammals and one of a bird (Z). MAINLAND (Alice M.) Geographical index to figures of Diatoms contained in books and pamphlets of the Adams Collection in the Department of Botany, ff. 1-708, 1932, also an alpha- betical index, 2 vol. 1934 (B). MAITLAND (Lorna) 71 water-colour paper mosaics of West Australian flowers, 1959 (L). MAITRE DE DANZIG AUX INITIALES S.N. 20 original drawings of molluscs and crustaceans (Z). MAJOR (Charles Immanuel Forsyth) [1843-1923] A manuscript catalogue of fossil Rodentia, 1905, and various papers (P). See also PARIS (Charles) MANCHESTER CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Manuscript records of Mollusca found in Lancashire 1888-1890. i vol. (Z). MANN (J.) See FISCHER von ROESLERSTAMM (J. E.) MANTELL (Gideon Algernon) [1790-1852] One volume of letters from Mantell on " Telerpeton " &c., other letters from Duff, Lyell and Murchison, all addressed to Captain Lambart Brickenden, 1848-1858. MS. catalogue of the Mantell Collection of Fossils (P). See also SMITH (M. H.) Mrs. MAPLESTONE (C. M.) Two original pencil sketches of plates published in the author's paper on Polyzoa which appeared in Records of the Australian Museum 8, 1911 : ii8-iig, pis. 34 & 35 (Z). 158 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MARTIN (WUliam) [1767-1810] A manuscript list of specimens figured in Martin's Petrificala Derhiensia preserved in the Museum, compiled by C. D. Sherborn, 1890 (P). MARTINI (Bartolommeo) Martini was author of a Caialogus Plantarum a me in itinere mantis Baldi inventarum, pubUshed in 1707. The manuscript of a further work by him dated 1715, entitled Catalogo al fassiculo di Monte Bcddo delle Piante naturali, is in the Museum (B). MARTYN (John) [1699-1768], and (Thomas) [1735-1825] A series of the autograph letters of these Botanists form the Banksian MS. No. 103 (B). MARTYN (Thomas) Draughtsman [fl. 1760-1816] 88 sheets of water-colour drawings and coloured proof plates of Shells, made for the Universal Conchologist. These are probably in part original, in part trial or rejected drawings (Z). MASON (Kenneth) and CAVE (Francis O.) Manuscript notes on birds collected in 1926 on an expedition into the Shaksgan Valley and the Aghil Range which lie near the frontier between Kashmir and Chinese Turkestan (Z). MASSEE (George Edward) [1850-1917] Some drawings of Fungi were presented in 1888 by Mr. Massee, formerly Principal Assistant, Royal Gardens, Kew. 1,036 of his water-colour drawings of Fungi were purchased in 1892 (B). MASSON (Francis) [1741-1805] The first botanical collector sent out from Kew Gardens was F. Masson, who travelled in South Africa, the Canaries, Azores, Madeira, the West Indies and North America. 54 of his water-colour drawings of Plants made on these expeditions and a further series of 87 of his water-colour drawings of Plants were presented by Mr. C. Lee in 1885. i vol. (B). MASSON (P. W.) Manuscript list of timber specimens collected by P. W. Masson, 1901 (B). MATHEWS (Andrew) [ -1841] Some notes with a few pencil drawings of Peruvian Plants by the Botanical collector, A. Mathews, forming 3 volumes, were presented by his daughters in 1896 (B), also a holograph letter to G. Loddiges dated October nth 1835, containing coloured sketches of two South American humming birds (Z). MATTHEWS (Leonard Harrison) [1910- ] Sixty-seven water-colour sketches (Heads and Feet) of South Georgian Birds, made on the " Discovery Expedition " 1927-29 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 159 MAUND (Benjamin) [1790-1864] B. Maund combined in his person the callings of chemist, botanist, bookseller, printer and publisher of The Butanic Garden. 1,248 water-colour drawings of ornamental flowering plants, originals of the illustrations in The Botanic Garden 1825-1851, were presented in 1882 by Miss Sarah Maund. The artists were E. D. Smith, the Misses E. and S. Maund and others (B). MAYER (F. Shaw) Four pen and ink sketches of cassowaries, with MS. notes 1930-1933 (Z). MEADE-WALDO (E. G. B.) See WALDO (E. G. B. Meade-) MEDENBACH DE ROOIJ (A. B.) One \olume of unpublished manuscript descriptions of Californian Noctuidae, c. 1.S75 (E). MEDICO-BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON MS. account of members' subscriptions, list of officers and members, minutes of meetings 1821-1831, Law Book of the Society, 1823 and Catalogue of the Herbar- ium, 1824-28 (B). MEDLYCOTT {Sir William Coles Paget) [1831-1887] Water-colour drawings and pencil sketches of animals of Malta, together with manuscript notes in 16 volumes, also 3 volumes of drawings and sketches of birds and fishes of North America, 1857-1862 (Z). A collection of sketches and water-colour drawings of plants of Malta, 1853-1R57, were presented in 1957 and 256 drawings of Canadian plants, 1868-1885 (B). MEEN (Margaret) [fl. 1775-1824] An English flower painter in water-colours in the second half of the iSth century, her works appeared in the Royal Academy from 1775-1785. There is one example of her work in the Museum (B). MEIGEN (Johann Wilhelm) [1764-1845] Numerous original water-colour drawings of Diptera also a number of pen-and-ink drawings (E). MEIKLEJOHN (R. F.) Si.x manuscript field note-books, concerned with egg collecting in Algeria, Crete, Greece, Russia and Switzerland in the period 1919-1939 (Z). MEINERTZHAGEN (Richard) [1878-1967] A manuscript catalogue of his bird collection with ecological notes on birds, 42 vols. (Z). MENZIES (Archibald) [1754-1842] Naturalist and Surgeon on Captain George Vancouver's voyage to the Pacific and North West America, 1790-95. Some of his manuscript notes on mammals and birds are preserved. 8 ff. (L). i6o LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MERIAN (Maria Sibylla) [1647-1717] Two water-colour drawings of flowers painted on vellum (E). METZ (Gertraud) [1746- ] 55 original water-colour botanical drawings made from plants in Kew Gardens and James Lee's gardens at Hammersmith 1755-1779 (B). MEYER (Henry Leonard) [ -1864] A pencil sketch of H. L. Meyer, author of Coloured illustrations of British birds and their eggs, probably by his wife Mary Anne, was presented in 1961 (Z). MEYRICK (Edward) [1854-1938] A collection of his line drawings and water-colour paintings of Micro-Lepidoptera was presented in 1938 and some manuscript descriptions of this group of insects in 1955 (E). MICHAEL (Albert Davidson) [1S36-1927] 3 volumes of original drawings of Oribatidae, Acari, and Gamasidae. Many of these drawings were published in Linnean Society and Microscopical Society journals. The original water-colour drawings of the author's monograph on the British Tyroglyphidae are also preserved in the Museum (Z). MIERS (John) [1789-1879] The engineer and botanist, J. Miers spent many years in South America. His MSS. including " A Catalogue of the Woods of Brazil " and original drawings of South American Plants and their dissections, as well as the works used and annotated by him, were presented by J. W. Miers in 1879 and 1880 (B). MILLER (Gerrit Smith) Jr. [1869- ] Manuscript catalogue of the bird skin collection of G. S. Miller, 1884-1893, 6 vol. (Z). MILLER (John), otherwise MULLER (Johann Sebastian) [1715 ?-i790 ?] Miiller, the draughtsman and engraver, came to England in 1744, and was always known after 1760 as John Miller. He published and projected several illustrated works dealing with Plants and Insects. " A series of 928 drawings (in water-colour) of the leaves, stalks and ramifica- tions of Plants. . . . executed for the Earl of Bute, in the years 1783-84, " in 5 vols, was purchased in 1880, also 27 original drawings in a manuscript work by the 3rd Earl of Bute entitled " Tabular Distribution of the Vegetable Kingdom, " 1783 (B). MILLER (John Frederick) [fl. 1775-1796] The son of John Miller (or Miiller). He and his brother James were employed by Banks in making finished drawings from S. Parkinson's sketches of the plants collected during Cook's first voyage round the world ; these are preserved with the Parkinson drawings to which they refer. He also accompanied Banks in 1772 to Iceland as botanical artist. 25 original water-colour drawings and sketches, 1772-1776 (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) l6l MILLETT (Fortescue William) [1833-1915] Manuscript extracts and notes, drawings and tracings relating to the Foramini- fera, also the original drawings and correspondence concerning his Foraminifera of the Malay Archipelago 1898-1904 and The Shore Sands of Misaki, Japan c. 1904 (Z). MITCHELL (James) [1786-1844] A collection of manuscript observations on flints in the U.K., and three volumes of manuscript notes of geological excursions (P). MIVART (St. George) [1827-1900] A collection of his autograph letters is contained in the A. Giinther Collection, also one letter in the Sowerby Collection, filed with William Sowerby Testimonial (L). MOHR (Paul) P. Mohr collected numerous fossils, chiefly from Germany and France, which were purchased in 1848. A manuscript catalogue of these is preserved (P). MOLD (F. R.) Water-colour drawings of mammals made for the postcard series issued by the Museum, 1925 (Z). MOLENGRAAFF (Gustaaf Adolf Frederik) See NEWTON (Richard Bullen) MONTAGU (George) [1755-1815] Author of many memoirs on the birds and shells of the south of England. His major zoological works were his Ornithological Dictionary and Testacea Britannica. A manuscript note-book of Colonel Montagu covering the period 1796-1798 and miscellaneous family MSS. including his will (L). MONTE BOLCA 8 foil, of rough water-colour sketches of fossil Plants, and 12 of fossil Fish from Monte Bolca. Banksian MS. No. 114 (P). MONTICELLI (Teodoro) [1759-1S46] A manuscript list of his collection of Vesuvian minerals and lavas, in the auto- graph of N. CoveHi (M). MONTIN (Lars) [1722-1785] Certain of Linnaeus' lectures delivered between 1746 and 1749, and written down by his pupil L. Montin, form the Banksian MSS. No. 71-75 (B, M, Z), while the journal Montin kept on a journey he made in 1749 to Lapland forms the Bank- sian MS. No. 83 (B). MOON (Alexander) [ -1825] ^j original water-colour drawings by A. Moon, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Ceylon, with autograph descriptions of Ceylon Plants, are preserved in the Museum (B). iftj LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MOON (Maley de C.) Mrs. 46 water-colour drawings of sugar canes from New Caledonia, 1869-1870 were presented by Lady Anne Barkly in 1917. Descriptions of these canes were pub- lished in J. Caldwell's Report on New Caledonia ?i870. Also by this artist there are 12 water-colour drawings of Mangoes grown in Mauritius, 1845-1846 (B). MOORE (Spencer le Marchant) [1850-1931] One sheet of original drawings illustrating resemblances between certain insects & arachnids and Euphorbiaceous seeds, c. 1879 and manuscript notes made on his Matto Grosso expedition, 1891-1892 (B). MORANDI (Giambattistia) Morandi, Knight, of Milan, was author of an Historia Bolanica Practica, etc., 1744 : a manuscript draft for this work, said to be in his handwriting, entitled, " Erudimenta Botanica," etc., and illustrated by 133 plates of his original draw- ings, is preserved (B). MORGAN (Robert) [1863-1900] 50 original drawings (published) and 13 (unpublished) of Potamogetons for the work of A. Fryer and A. Bennett The Potamogetons [Pond Weeds) of the British Isles 1898-1915 (B). MORLEY (Claude) A typescript catalogue of his natural history collection, dated 1946, and an album of signatures of early 20th century entomologists (E). MORRIS (John) [1810-1886] A collection of letters referring to the Morris Collection of British Fossils. 1886 (P). MORRIS (Stanley) A long series of note-books containing observations and occurrences in natural history with indexes, covering the period 1887-1942 ; these were presented by Mrs. Morris in 1945 (E). MORRISON (A.) Four note-books giving details of localities of his collection of South American and Chinese birds (Z). MORSE (Mrs. Hosea B.) 152 water-colour drawings of North American wild flowers, 1890-190S (B). MORTON (George Highfield) [1826-1900] A manuscript catalogue of Upper and Lower Palaeozoic Fossils, 1885. 2 vol. (P) MOSCOW — Museum Darwinianum A collection of photographs of paintings, sculptures &c., in the Darwin Museum, Moscow, made under the supervision of Dr. Alexander Eric Kohts, 1958 (L). MOSELEY (Harriet), Miss [H. 1836-1867] 1,922 original water-colour drawings of British Plants, by Miss Moseley, were purchased in 1886 (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 163 MOSELEY (Henry Nottidge) [1844-1891] Moseley was one of the members of the scientific staff of the Challenger. His autograph journal of natural history observations made during the voyage was presented by him in 1883 (Z). MOSS (A. Miles) Five sheets of water-colour drawings of larvae of South American lepidoptera, 1912-1945, also a number of letters over the period 1908-1933, from H. I. Thouless to the Rev. A. Miles Moss. One volume of original drawings of Sphingidae, c. 1912 (E). Five water-colour drawings of South American plants, c. 1935 (B). MOURITZ (Leofwyn Beresford) [1888-1915] Two manuscript note-books relating to the ornithology of Southern Rhodesia (Z). MULLER (J.) afterwards MILLER See MILLER (John) MUMFORD (A. A.) Two letters, dated February 1917, addressed to Sir Lazarus Fletcher, containing biographical details of John Abbot (L). MUNFORD (George) [1795-1871] MS. note-book on natural history, 1854-57, and a volume of miscellaneous notes on Pliny's Natural History, 1847-51, were presented in 1955 (L). MUNT (Henry) Catalogue of eggs in the collection of H. Munt, purchased by Lord Rothschild in 1926 and bequeathed with the Tring Museum in 1937, 3 vol. (Z). MURPHY (Robert Cushman) [1887- ] Typescript hst of the birds in the Tring Museum in 1932. In that year Lord Rothschild transferred ownership of the whole of this vast collection of birds to the American Museum of Natural History, with the exception of the mounted collec- tion and the skins of the family Struthionidae ; this list shows the extent of the collection so transferred. 5 vol. (Z). MURRAY (Sir John) [1841-1914] One of the naturahsts on board the " Challenger " during the scientific expedi- tion, 1873-1876 ; he later superintended the publication of the scientific results. His very fine library of works relating to Zoology and Oceanography was presented to the Museum by his son, Mr. J. L. Murray, in 1921. Included in this is his autograph diary kept during the voyage. An album containing the portraits and autographs of the contributors to the Challenger Reports, presented to Sir J. Murray in 1896, is also preserved in the Museum (M). A series of autograph letters addressed to A. Giinther, 1883-1911, is preserved in the Giinther Collection (L). See also CHALLENGER, H.M.S. i64 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MURRAY (Captain William) [1791- ] 35 line drawings of fishes, made from specimens taken in the rivers Narbudda and Dhamora. C.P. India (Z). MYERS (J. G.) One fihng box containing data cards of skins and eggs of birds (Z). MYRMIDON, H.M.S. MS. Hst of soundings taken by H.M.S. " Myrmidon " off the north coast of Australia in 1887 (M). NATURALIST'S LIBRARY See JARDINE {Sir William) NEILL (J.) Neill, who was Deputy Assistant Commissary-General of Albany, King George's Sound, Western Australia, made, at the suggestion of Governor Grey, water-colour drawings of the Vertebrata of the district. 67 of these, some of which illustrate and are referred to in Eyre's Journals of Expeditions of discovery into Central Australia (1845), were presented by Mr. Neill in 1845 (Z)- NERO, U.S.S. MS. account of the deposit samples taken by U.S.S. " Nero " on a trans-Pacific track in 1899-1900 (M). NEUMANN (Paul) Two water-colour drawings of cassowaries, 1906 (Z). NEW SOUTH WALES 70 water-colour drawings of Animals and Plants made near Port Jackson, some of which were used in drawing the plates for J. White's Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales. Banksian MS. 34. These have been erroneously attributed to Thomas WatUng who did not arrive in the Colony until 1792 ; White's Journal was published in London in 1790 (B). See also PORT JACKSON PAINTER NEWBOULD (William Williamson) [1819-1886] A number of manuscript note-books containing local lists of plants &c. are preserved in the Museum (B). NEWMAN (Edward) [1801-1876] One note-book containing coloured drawings of British Ferns (B). NEWPORT (George) [1803-1854] 37 pencil sketches and proof plates of Myriapoda c. 1840 (Z). NEWTON (Alfred) [1829-1907] Nine letters addressed to A. R. Bloxham concerning Bloxham's natural history notes made during the voyage of H.M.S. Blonde, 1824-25. The letters are dated between 1890-1898. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 165 A collection of letters from Newton over the period 1859-1906 is contained in the A. Giinther Collection q.v. (L). NEWTON (Richard Bullen) [1854-1925] MS. notes on some boulders from West Central Borneo collected by G. A, Molen- graff, 190 1. A collection of correspondence addressed to R. B. Newton, 1910-1923 (P). NICfiVILLE (Charles Lionel Augustus de) [1852-1901] A series of autograph letters relating to insects of India addressed to T. R. D. Bell, 1891-igoi, and 12 sheets of original drawings b)' B. L. Dos, G. C. Chuck- rabutty and B. M. Watson to illustrate de Niceville's papers in /. Bombay N.H. Soc. 1889-1893 (E). NITZSCH (Christian Ludwig) [1782-1837] Two volumes autograph MSS. Beobachtungen fiber Eingeweidewiirmer and Beobachtungen fiber Thierwiirmer, 1814-1815 (Z). NODDER (Frederick Polydore) [fl. 1767-1800] The botanical draughtsman F. P. Nodder was employed by Sir Joseph Banks to make finished drawings, from Sydney Parkinson's sketches, of the plants collected during Cook's first voyage round the World ; these are preserved with the Parkin- son drawings to which they refer. 16 water-colour drawings of plants made between 1776 and 1786, and 34 draw- ings of Erica. The original drawing made by this artist for plate 5 of Alton's Hortus Kcwensis, 1767, is also preserved (B). NORFOLK NATURAL HISTORY A volume, so lettered, from the library of Dawson Turner (1775-185S) bearing his signature and that of Edward Arnold, a later possessor of the volume, ff. 63. Contains autograph material of R. Brown, J. de Carle Sowerby, J. Arnold and Dawson Turner (L). NORMAN (Alfred Merle) [1831-1918] and SCOTT (Thomas) Original drawings of plates 1-9 of The Crustacea of Devon & Cornwall, published in 1906 (Z). See also ALDER (J.) and NORMAN (A. M.) NORONHA (Fernando) [ -1787] The Spanish botanist F. Noronha or Norofia, who greatly improved the Royal Botanic Gardens at Manilla, subsequently travelled in Java and Madagascar. A set of III water-colour drawings of Java Plants made by him, or for him, of which there is a similar set in the Royal Library at Berlin, were included among the MSS. and drawings of L. A. Deschamps, that were presented by J. R. Reeves in 1861 (B). NORRIE (E. G.) Mrs. See FISHES 106 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS GATE (H. H. Ten) [1803-1856] One water-colour drawing depicting seven insects (E). GATES (Eugene William) [1845-1911] Four autograph letters addressed to R. G. W. Ramsay between 14th June and 9th October 1882 (L). GLAFSEN (Jon) Manuscript " Ichthyo-Graphia Islandica, eller Underretning om de Fiske som leve i salt og ferskt \'and udi Island sammen skreven i Kjobenhavn anno 1737 " (Z). GLD HAWKING CLUB MS. Journal of the Club from 1905-1926 in three volumes (Z). OLDFIELD (H. A.) 16 water-colour drawings of Nepalese birds collected in the Himalayas between 1856 and 1864, and drawn by a native artist Rajman Singh, for Dr. H. A. Oldfield, Surgeon-Major of the Bengal Staff Corps (Z). OLDHAM (Charles) [1868- 1942] One MS. catalogue of his shell collection and a file of his records of genetical studies of the MoUusca (Z). ONDAATJE (W. C.) 44 original water-colour drawings of Ceylon Holothuridae and Comatula were purchased in 1899, also two water-colour drawings of fishes of the Indian Ocean (Z). GORT (P. van) [1804-1835] Three original water-colour drawings Haliolus discus and Triton variegatum (dorsal and ventral) (Z). GRBIGNY (Alcide Charles Victor Marie D') [1802-1857] Memoires di\ers (Manuscripts of 18 papers some of which were published in Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. and other journals), also the holograph MS. of Modeles des Foraminiferes vivans et fossies ze edition. The pubUshed work appeared in 1843. The original autograph MS. of the section Foraminiferes, in SAGRA (R. DE LA) Histoire physique . . . et natiirelle de Vile de Cuba Pt. 2., is preserved in the Museum (Z). ORD (George) [1781-1866] Autograph letters dated February 22nd, March 28th and April 24th, 1843 addressed to Charles \\'aterton (Z). ORDE-PGWLETT (W. T.) 4th Baron Bolton [1845-1922] One volume of letters from Lord Bolton to R. B. Sharpe, chiefly with reference to the latter's edition of Gilbert White's Selboiirne, 1904-1909, was presented in 1936 (L). GRLEY (Laszlo) MS. list of round and other parasitic worms preserved in the Museum, compiled in 1881 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 167 ORMEROD (Sarah) [1784-1860] 138 sketches of plants, and some mammals, were presented in 1942 (B). OS (Gregorius Jacobus Johannes van) [i 782-1861] Four original water-colour drawings of shells (Z). Two sheets of water-colour drawings of insects (E). OSMASTON (A. E.) MS. catalogue of his collection of eggs of European birds and a catalogue of eggs collected in India (Z). OWEN (Sir Richard), K.C.B. [1804-1892] Sir R. Owen was Superintendent of the Natural History Departments of the British Museum, 1856-83. In 1893, Sir R. Owen's executors presented a large series of MSS. and original drawings including : — The original autograph notes made while chssecting the Pearly Nautilus, the successive drafts for portions of the memoir, the author's interleaved copy of the completed memoir with his autograph notes and other memoranda as well as the original water-colour drawings from which the plates were engraved, and proof impressions of the plates (L). The set of his manuscript notes and synopsis of lectures from 1828 to 1864 (L). Notes and sketches of remains of fossil Reptilia in various Museums, made when preparing his British Association Reports on the British Fossil Reptilia (G). A set of original water-colour drawings by W. Clift, Franz Bauer, Mrs. Marsh and others for the illustrations to Sir E. Home's papers (L). 520 folios of original drawings by various artists (e.g. G. Scharf, J. Dinkel, S. Parkinson, J. Wolf) in water-colour, pen-and-ink and pencil, with photographs, all of zoological and palaeozoological subjects, mostly fossil Vertebrata, very many being the originals for illustrations in Sir R. Owen's own works (L). A portrait in oils painted by his friend William Holman-Hunt, O.M. in 1881, was bequeathed to the Museum by C. B. Holman-Hunt in 1934. Holman-Hunt hardly ever accepted a commission for a portrait and this represents a side of the artist's work which is little known (D). Another portrait of Owen at the age of 40, by H. W. Pickersgill, was acquired in 1949 (D). PACKMAN (J. C. D.) ;\Ianuscript catalogue of tiic collection of birds made by J. C. Packman at Mergui in Tenasserim, 1841-1842 (Z). PAGESMITH (Gordon) MS. catalogue of his collection of eggs of birds, igoo-1910 (Z). PAISLEY (J. C.) One note-book relating to birds' eggs collected in Nigeria, 1933-1934 (Z). PANZER (Georg Wolfgang Franz) [1755-1829] 18 plates of insects prepared for part 191 of Panzer's Faunae Insecloriim Gcrmanicac Initia, 1793-1809, but never pubHshed (E). i68 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS PARIS (Charles) MS. Catalogue de la Collection d'Ossements fossiles recueillis pres de Mitylini, dans rile de Samos . . . par C. J. Forsyth Major. 1893 (P). PARK (Mungo) [1771-1806] Afterwards celebrated as an African explorer, Mungo Park went in 1792 as surgeon on board the Worcester to Sumatra, where he made botanical and zoological observations. 20 water-colour drawings of Fish executed at the time with manu- script descriptions of six of the species were probably included in the Banksian Collection (Z).5 PARKER (William Kitchen) [1823-1890] 26 sheets of original pencil drawings of Foraminifera (Z). PARKINSON (George S.) In 1896, a series of 185 sketches in water-colour, pen-and-ink and pencil by G. Shaw, the zoologist (L), as well as a portrait of S. Parkinson the artist (Z), were presented by Mr. G. S. Parkinson. PARKINSON (Sydney) [1745-1771] Parkinson accompanied Banks as draughtsman on Cook's first voyage round the world (i 768-1771). 40 water-colour drawings of animals, mostly on vellum, made from specimens or drawings executed in India, by order of J. G. Loten, and including the originals of some of the figures in Pennant's Indian Zoology and Quadrupeds, formed the Banksian MS. No. 20 (Z). 12 water-colour drawings made from plants in the gardens at Kew and Hammer- smith, mostly on vellum, and executed in 1767 before he started his ill-fated journey on Cook's first voyage were also acquired with the Banksian Collection (B). The large collection in 21 volumes of his water-colour drawings and pencil sketches of plants and animals made on the voyage round the world, with finished drawings made from his sketches by T. Burgis, J. Cleveley, Jas Miller, J. F. Miller and F. P. Nodder, came from the same source (B, Z). Folios 77, 282 and 283 in the Owen Collection of drawings, and drawings number 18 and 19 in the Sir Everard Home collection are also by Parkinson (L). A portrait of Parkinson in oils was presented in 1896 (Z). PARKYNS (Mansfield) Autograph letter to Sir William Jardine concerning a specimen of Balaeniceps collected by M. Parkyns. 1851 (Z). PARSONS (Charles Wynford) 23 drawings of AdeUe Penguin and 7 of Emperor Penguin embryos, with MS. notes, made for C. W. Parsons by Miss D. Thursby Pelham, c. 1935 (Z). PAUL! (Anna) Two sheets of water-colour drawings of insects, c. 1700 (E). 5 Cf. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. (1797). pp. 33-38- IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 169 PAVON (Jose) [fl. 1770-1825] The Spanish botanist, Pavon, accompanied Ruiz Lopez to Peru and Chile. In addition to the manuscripts named later under Ruiz Lopez, the Museum possesses autograph lists of American and Spanish plants forwarded by Pavon to A. B. Lambert (B). PAYN (W. A.) MS. catalogue of the Payn collection of birds, 1920-1949 (Z). PEAKE (E.) MS. note-book on slugs and snails, 1909 (Z). PEILE (Alfred James) [1S68-1948] MS. notes on names and localities of shells, and correspondence from H. W. Preston, B. Walker and E. G. Vanatta, 1921-1929 (Z). PELHAM {Miss D. Thursby) Original drawings of Emperor and Adelie Penguins (Z). PENGELLY (William) [1812-1894] MS. catalogue of the Pengelly Collection of fossils (P). PENGUIN, H.M.S. MS. descriptions of deposits collected by H.M.S. " Penguin " between Funafuti and Fiji in 1896 (M). PENNANT (Thomas) [1726-1798] A collection of 73 zoological plates from the library of Thomas Pennant, includ- ing birds by P. Briinnich and N. Robert, mammals by W. Holler, 1645-1771, also the working copies of T. Pennant's British Zoology, 4th edition, and his Arctic Zoology, 2nd edition, with autograph annotations and additions (Z). Correspondence between Sir Sidney Harmer and the Countess of Denbigh con- cerning the presentation of Pennant's collections to the Museum in 1912. The specimens received included mammals, birds, shells and other invertebrates, minerals and fossils (L). MS. catalogue of Flintshire fossils (M). Original manuscript catalogues of the Pennant collection of Minerals presented by the Earl of Denbigh in 1913. Vol. 1-2 (M) Vol. 3 (P). PERCEVAL (Spencer George) [1838-1922] Eleven water-colour drawings of Devonian Corals in the Perceval Collection and one volume of correspondence addressed to Perceval by members of the Museum staff, 1867-1905 (P). PERCIVAL (A. B.) MS. notes on an expedition into South-Western Arabia, August 9th to October 19th, 1899 ; with a rough map showing the various routes taken by the party (L). PERKOIS (J.) [1756-1804] Si.x water-colour drawings of flowers (E). PERRIN J. B. [fl. 1793] Nine water-colour drawings of botanical subjects signed and dated 1793 (B). I70 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS FETCH (Tom) Collections of original coloured drawings of Cryptogams from Ceylon, also corre- spondence with contemporary Mycologists, notebooks, manuscript slips and notes chiefly relating to Entomogenous fungi, 1930-1948 (B). PETERS (Wilhelm Carl Hertwig) [1815-1883] Director of the Zoological Museum, BerUn. A series of autograph letters addressed to A. Giinther, 1859-1875, is preserved in the Giinther Collection (L). PETIVER (James) [1663 or 4-1718] A set of ys rough water-colour drawings of Cape plants, copied from Sloane Manuscript 5286, forms the Banksian MS. No. 88 (B). The copy of Ruraph's D' Amboinische Rariteitkamer , used by Petiver in the preparation of his " Gazophyllacium," and having an interhnear manuscript translation, was transferred in 1889 from the Printed Book Department ; it would seem to have previously formed part of Sir Hans Sloane's library (L). PHILIPS (G.) [fl. 1790] Two sheets of water-colour drawings of insect larvae (E). PHILLIPS (William) [1822-1905] Manuscript monograph on Cyphellae, note-books, manuscript determinations of fungi illustrated with sketches, and collections of correspondence with contemporary Mj-cologists. Large collections of his original coloured drawings of fungi were purchased in 1906 (B). PHILLIPPS (Sir Thomas) [1792-1872] See ROXBURGH (William) for letters from A. Ross, T. Hardwicke and others which were formerly in the manuscript collection of Sir T. Phillipps. PIAGET (Edouard) [1817-1910] The original drawings of the 56 plates published in Piaget's Essai Mono- graphiqiie. Les Pediculines and the 17 plates issued with the Supplement to this work were purchased in 1928 (Z). PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE (F. O.) See CAMBRID(;E (Frederick Octavius Pickard-) PIGEONS Five volumes of original water-colour drawings, by Japanese artists, of different breeds of Pigeons, probably executed for the library of some Japanese nobleman (Z). PILGRIM (Henry Guy Ellcock) [1875-1943] Nine volumes of manuscript notes of fossil mammals (P). PILKINGTON (William) [1758-1848] Manuscript list, with descriptions of British plants (B). PILTDOWN A collection of manuscript notes by A. S. Woodwanl and Charles Dawson, relating to the Piltdown skull. 1912 (P). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 171 PIPER (G. E. M.), Miss A manuscript catalogue of rocks, minerals, fossil invertebrates, plants, and vertebrates presented in 1951. The collection belonged to the donor's father by whom it was originally obtained from Mr. J. Chisman (P). PLANTS A large collection of water-colour Drawings of Plants copied from old works on Natural History, forming 8 thick volumes. (B). For a corresponding volume. See ANIMALS PLANTS 124 roughly coloured drawings of plants seemingly copied from old wood-cuts. Bought from the library of J. Soranzo of Patavia in 1781. Banksian MSS. No. 62 (B). PLANTS 28 water-colour drawings of plants with a manuscript inscription " Pflanzen welche I.R.H. unser Erzherzoginn bekomen und in ihren Garten legte " (B). PLATT (Joshua) [c. 1699-1773] A manuscript entitled " Extraneous fossils selected in January 1772, for Chris- topher Sykes Esqre, of Wheldrick, near Yorks ". 5 fol. (P). PLAYFAIR {Sir Robert Lambert) [1828-1899] H.M. Consul General at Algiers, author of A Bibliography of Algeria. A series of autograph letters addressed to A. Giinther, 1864-1897, is preserved in the Giinther Collection (L). PLOWRIGHT (Charles Bagge) [1849-1910] A collection of annotated original coloured drawings of Uredineae, Ustilagineae and Pyrenomycetes was presented in 1953, also manuscript notes and miscellan- eous papers on fungi (B). PLUMIER (Charles) [1646-1704] The French botanist and traveller, C. Pluniier, was author of many works on American plants. 312 copies of his water-colour and pen-and-ink drawings of plants, many of which were used in illustrating his published works, were obtained by the 3rd Earl of Bute [1713-1792], passed into the possession of Sir J. Banks and form Banksian MS. No. 1-5 (B). PLUNKENET (Leonard) [1642-1706] A small collection of sketches of botanical subjects (B). PODMORE (G.) Three water-colour paintings of Australian fishes, and one crayfish, 1885- 1892 (Z). PONTHIEU (Henry de) Autograph descriptions of some West Indian Plants, by H. de Ponthieu, a French West Indian Merchant, are preserved in the Museum (B). 172 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS POPE (Clara Maria), Mrs. [ -1838] Eleven original water-colour drawings illustrating species and varieties of the gtnusPceonia, executed in 1821 or 1822 by Mrs. Pope, the artist and flower painter to the Horticultural Society, are preserved in the Museum (B). POPHAM (Hugh Francis Arthur Leyborne) [1864-1943] MS. diaries of H. L. Popham, mainly recording his travels and bird notes in Russia, Lapland &c., 7 vol. 1892-1914. One note-book on birds collected in Siberia, 1895-1900. One manuscript catalogue of birds' eggs in the Popham collection and four note- books relating to his egg collection (Z). PORCUPINE, HM.S. MS. Ust of bottom deposits and sponges collected in the North Atlantic in 1869-70 (M). PORT JACKSON PAINTER 70 water-colour drawings of Animals and Plants made near Port Jackson, New South Wales. Banksian MS. 34. Previously erroneously attributed to Thomas Watling (B). See also NEW SOUTH WALES POUJADE (G. A.) 39 original water-colour drawings of South American Heterocera, 1891-1892 (E). POUSHKIN (Coimt Apollos de Moussin) Manuscript list of his collection of Minerals from Russia (M). POWER (A.) [fl. 1780-1800] Five water-colour drawings of plants (B). POWYS (Thomas Lyttelton) 4th Baron of Lilford [1833-1896] Author of the excellent Coloured figures of the Birds of the British Islands. Three volumes of liis autograph correspondence with A. Giinther, 1868-1896, are included in the Giinther Collection (L). PRESTON (Hugh Berthon) [1871-1945] A number of autograph letters from Preston to A. J. Peile, 1921-1924, and a manuscript catalogue of MoUusca, in loose leaf form, c. 1915 (Z). PRESTWICH (52> Joseph) [1812-1896] Manuscript catalogue of the Prestwich Collection of fossils presented to the Museum in 1896 (P). PROCTER (Joan B.) [1897-1931] Five original drawings of frogs and toads reproduced in the Museum postcard series. Set K.i (Z). PROUT (Louis Beethoven) [1864-1943] A number of his note-books relating to Heterocera are preserved in the Museum (E). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 173 PULTENEY (Richard) [1730-1801] The original autograph of Pulteney's Catalogue of Plants spontaneously growing about Loughborough, forms the Banksian MS. No. 90 (B). A manuscript " Flora Malabarica, Plantas sistens, quas H. van Rhecde Drakenstein . . . praebuit. Synonimis Linnaei, Raii and Rhumphii additis per R. Pulteney, " forms the Banksian MS. No. 26 (B). The Museum also possesses his autograph Catalogue of English Plants, and unpubHshed " Flora Anglica abbreviata, " (B), a quantity of manuscript material relating to Testacea (Z), and one volume of letters addressed to R. Pulteney during the period 1 776-1800 (L). PUSTET (August) [1891- ] An unpubUshed typescript " Die Bisamratte in England ", together with an English translation, both dated 1933 are preserved in the Museum (Z). PYCRAFT (William Plane) [1868-1942] Manuscript of paper on The wing of Archaeopleryx read before the British Association August 13th 1894 (P). OUECKETT (John Thomas) [1815-1861] Manuscript catalogue of Coal Sections in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons (P). RAFFRAY (Achille) [1844-1923] Letters from Thomas Brown and others to A. Raffrey with descriptions of new species of Pselaphidae (E). RAILTON (William) [1800-1877] Three oil paintings of the Chelsea Physic Garden, mid 19th century (L). RAMAGE (George A.) [1864-1933] A collection of original water-colour drawings of plants (B). RAMBLER, H.M.S. MS. report of bottom deposits collected from Tizard and Macclesfield Banks, c. 1905 (M). RAMBUR (Jules Pierre) [1801-1870] Original water-colour drawings, by E. Blanchard, for the 22 plates of Rambur's Catalogue svstematique ties Lepidopteres de VAndalousie, 1858-66 (E). RAMSAY (Robert George Wardlaw-), Captain [1852-1921] The ornithological library of the Marquess of Tweeddale was presented in 18S7 by his nephew, Capt. Wardlaw-Ramsay. The collection comprises 698 works in 2,560 volumes, besides some 200 pamphlets. Captain Ramsay's diary relating to birds collected in Burma 1874-1875 is also preserved (Z). RAPER (George) [ -1797] 72 water-colour drawings of the scenery and natural history of New South Wales, Norfolk Island &c. made by G. Raper, Midshipman in H.M.S. " Sirius " 174 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS which sailed with the First Fleet in May 1787. Presented by Miss Eva Godman in 1962 (Z). RASHLEIGH (Philip) [1729-1811] The manuscript and original water-colour drawings of his Specimens of British Minerals 1797, were acquired with the collection bequeathed by Sir Arthur Russell in 1964 (M). RATTRAY (John) [1858-1900] Autograph diary of J. Rattray on board the Buccaneer, 1885-1886 (M). RAY (John) [1627-1705] 114 autograph letters of the celebrated naturalist, J. Ray, and his correspondents, were presented in 1884 (B). The original MS. of Derham's Life of Ray was acquired during the same year (B). A portrait in oils of Ray at about the age of 40, attributed to Mrs. Beale, was bequeathed to the Museum by Sir William Watson in 1788 (Z). REA (Carleton) [1861-1946] A collection of original coloured drawings of fungi was presented in 1946, also manuscript on the genus Russula (B) . READE (H. E.) [fl. 1830] Five water-colour drawings of plants (B). READE (Oswald Alan) [1848-1929] MS. Flora of the Maltese Islands, i vol. c. 1894 (B). RfiAUMUR (Rene Anton Ferchault de) [1683-1757] A collection of original wash drawings of Invertebrata and Algae, with auto- graph notes. Some have been reproduced as plates in the Histoire de l' Academic Royale des Sciences, Paris, for 1709-1712, but those accompanied by notes are of later date, one bearing reference to 1743. Four plates of MoUusca and Cirripedia by another hand are included (Z). REES (VVilliam James) [1913-1967] One box file of drafts of papers, and manuscript notes on MoUusca, 1950-1960, also a number of original drawings of Hydroids (Z). REEVES (John) [1774-1856] J. Reeves, when Inspector of Tea at the East India Company's establishment in Canton, made careful study of natural history and resources of the country. He employed native artists in making water-colour drawings of the Animals and Plants. 481 of these drawings of Animals (Z) and 911 of the Plants (B), were presented in 1877 with MSS. notes concerning the drawings of Fish, of which Sir J. Richardson states (Rept. Brit. Assoc, 1845, p. 188), that four sets were made, one of which was given to Major-General T. Hardwicke whose collection of drawings was bequeathed to the Museum in 1835. Another set came to the Museum from Sir John Richardson in i860 (Z), the fourth set is in the library of the Zoological Society of London. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 175 REEVES (John Russell) [1804-1877] J. R. Reeves, the son of John Reeves, was in Hon. East India Company's service at Canton for thirty years and devoted to botany and horticulture. He presented in 1861 the unpublished autograph journals of L. A. Deschamps, kept on the voyage of the Recherche in search of La Perouse, and during subsequent travels in Java, with the notes for a Flora Javanica and the original sketches of Scenery, Animals and Plants by, or made for F. Noronha (B, Z). On his death, his widow, Mrs Eliza Reeves presented the collection of Chinese drawings which her father-in-law, J. Reeves, had formed (B, Z). REICHEL (T.) [fl. 1787] Eleven water-colour drawings of Indian plants made in Madras 1787-1789 (B). REID (Savile Grey) [1845-1915] 2 MS. volumes of " Strav notes on Ornithology, " compiled between 1871 and 1890 (Z). REID-HENRY (David M.) See HENRY (David M. Reid-) REINHARDT (Johannes Christopher Hagemann) [1776-1845] Naturhistorisk Dagebog i Sommeren 1808. Autograph notes and drawings, principally of insect anatomy (Z). RESEARCH, H.M.S. Soundings, log book and other manuscript material relating to the cruise of H.M.S. " Research " in the Bay of Biscay in 1900 (M). RHOADES (E. L.) 18 original water-colour drawings of fishes from Lake Nyasa, 1908 (Z). RICHARDSON {Sir John) [1787-1865] One MS. notebook and miscellaneous tracings and drawings of fishes, mostly cut out from published works (Z). RICKETT (Charles Boughey) [1851-1943] .MS. notes on the birds of Penang, and other subjects of Chinese natural history ; illustrated with photographs and original drawings 1884-1908. Notes on the birds of Fohkien Province, S.E. China from 1889-1904, and a manuscript catalogue of a collection of birds from this region (Z). RIDEWOOD (Walter George) [1867-1921] 61 drawings of plates appearing in a paper of the structure of the gills in Lamelli- branchiata published in Phil. Tr. Roy. Soc. Loud. Ser. B. \o\. 195, 1903 (Z). RILEY (Alexander) A contemporary copy of a letter dated from Port Dalrymple, 26 November 1S04 from Riley to Lt. Governor W. Paterson relating to articles of hardware in his charge (B). RISALA-I-KATIB-AL-BAGHDADI Photostat of Persian MS. on Zoology. The original dated c. 1450 is in the Blacker Library of Zoology, Montreal (Z). 1/6 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS ROBERT (Nicholas) [1614-1685] Two sepia coloured drawings of plants (B). ROBIEN (Le Charles de) ^03 original Chinese drawings of Plants (B). ROBINSON (Herbert Christopher) [1874-1929] and CHASEN (F. N.) Birds of the Malay Peninsula. The unpublished manuscript, written by E. Banks, c. 1950, wdth plates by H. Gronvold, which was to have been the fifth volume of this work, is preserved in the JIuseum (Z). ROBINSON (M.) One album of original coloured dra%vings of Indian fungi, c. 1928 (B). ROBSON (Edward) [1763-1813] Unpubhshed MS. Supplement to S. Robson's British Flora with biographical notes by the author's great-nephew, J. J. Green (B). ROBSON (Guy Coburn) [1888-1945] Manuscript of two papers on the Octopoda, apparently unpublished c. 1930 (Z). G. C. Robson was Assistant Keeper in the Mollusca Section of the Museum 1913-1936. ROBSON (John Emmerson) [1833-1907] 120 water-colour drawings of British lepidoptera, larvae and their food plants. Presented in 1947 (E). ROEBUCK (William Denison) [1851-1919] 21 volumes of manuscript records compiled for a census of distribution of mollusca in the British Isles (Z). ROEMER (E.) See BERNARDI (A. C.) ROEMER (Johann Jacob) [1763-1819] 210 original drawings, formerly the property of Dr. Roemer, were purchased in 1S83 (B). ROFFEY (John) [1860-1927] One volume of miscellaneous manuscript material (B). ROSCOE (William) [1753-1831] Autograph letters to Dawson Turner and others, with letters to Roscoe from T. W. Coke, Earl of Leicester 1820-1830 (B). ROSS (Andrew) Letters to William Roxburgh. 2 vols. (Phillipps MSS. Nos. 23283 and 23679). ROTHSCHILD (Lionel Walter) 2nd Baron [1868-1937] The munificent bequest by Lord Rothschild of the Tring Museum, together with his working library of nearly 30,000 volumes, came to the Museum in 1937. Many original water-colour drawings of animals are Included, some framed and some in bound volumes. These are noted under the appropriate artists (T). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 177 A large collection of his autograph letters over the period 1884-1914 is included in the A. Giinther Collection (L). One note-book listing birds eggs collected in Algeria and western Sahara, 1908-1914, and correspondence in various autographs concerning purchase of birds and eggs from Tristran de Cunha, 1928-1936 (Z). ROUND (F. H.) 120 original water-colour drawings of Iris, c. 1914, were bequeathed to the Museum by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild in 1923 (B). ROWE (Arthur Walton) A collection of field note-books, correspondence and geological maps (P). ROXBURGH (James) Sketches of animals and plants. Part of Philhpps MSS. No. 18552. See Roxburgh, William. ROXBURGH (John) [fl. 1717-1817] One letter to his father William Roxburgh in Phillipps MSS. No. 18552. ROXBURGH (William) [1759-1815] The botanist W. Roxburgh was surgeon on the Madras establishment of the Hon. East India Company and afterwards Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden. The Museum possesses the following volumes of Roxburgh correspondence from the library of Sir Thomas Phillipps. Letters from C. S. John and T. Hardwicke, i vol. (Phillipps MSS. No. 19320). Letters from Andrew Ross, 2 vols. (Phillipps MSS. No. 232838, 23679). Letters to T. Hardwicke and from Roxburgh to Dr. G. Taylor, i vol. (Phillipps MSS. No. 18552). Letters from F. Buchanan (afterwards Hamilton, 1795-1812). Manuscript copy of his Flora Indica, containing autograph notes by him and by Robert Brown that are not in the printed edition ; an index to the whole of his botanical MSS. ; 14 water-colour drawings of Malayan plants, with one of a Cycas from the Moluccas — and some autograph descriptions, with 22 coloured drawings of Indian palms and the drawings of the dissections, used in his Plants of the Coast of Coramandel, also one portfolio containing 67 miscellaneous drawings of plants (B). ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON MS. account of the petrological, botanical, and zoological collections made in Kerguelen's Land and Rodriguez during the Transit of Venus Expeditions in 1874-75 (L). The report of the expedition was published in Philosophical Trans- actions Vol. 168, 1879. RUIZ LOPES (Hipolito) [1754-1815] and PA VON (Jose) These Spanish botanists made a botanical exploration to Peru and Chili 1777- 1788, with special reference to Cinchona. MSS. lists relating to tlieir collections were purchased at the Lambert sale, 1842, and include "Flora Peruviana"; " Systema vegetabilium Flora Peruviana et Chilensis "; species in the Peruvian 178 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS collection not contained in the above ; lists of fruits and seeds, Spanish and Mexican plants. Their joint manuscript descriptions of the plants procured, which formed the basis for their Flora Peruviana et Chilensis. with Ruiz Lopez's autograph ' ' Relacion historica del Viage " and his important manuscripts on Cinchona, were also purchased at the above sale. (B). RUSSELL (Anna), Mrs. [1807-1876] 730 of her original water-colour drawings of the higher Fungi were bequeathed by Mrs. Russell in 1876, and 5 more w^ere presented in 1886 (B). RUSSELL (Lord Arthur) Manuscript list of the Russell collection of portraits of Naturalists in the library of the Linnean Society of London, compiled by Warren R. Dawson (L). RUSSELL (Str Arthur) [1878-1964] Manuscript catalogue of his collection of Minerals, i vol. dated 1924 (M). RUSSELL {Sir Frederick Stratten) [1897- ] Water-colour paintings and pen and ink drawings used to illustrate The Medusae of the British Isles 1953 (Z). RUYSCH (Rachel) [1664-1749] One sheet with two mounted water-colour drawings of dragonfiies (E). RYLANDS (Thomas Glazebrook) [1818-1900] One volume of correspondence from contemporary botanists, addressed to T. G. Rylands (B). SAFTLEVEN (Cornelius) [1607-1682] Original charcoal and chalk drawing of Canis familiaris (Z). SALISBURY (Albert Edward) [1876-1964] 17 note-books containing lists of species and notes on nomenclature and ecology of Mollusca, also a card index of moUuscan species described between 1850 and 1864 ; this bridges the period between Sherborn's Index Animalium and the commencement of the Zoological Record (Z). SALISBURY (Richard Anthony) [1761-1829] R. A. Salisbury, the botanist, left his property to W. J. Burchell the explorer, on whose decease in 1863 the MSS. and drawings passed into the hands of Dr. J. E. Gray, by whom they were given to the Museum (B) in 1865. Salisbury's notes and drawings of Ericaceous Plants were transferred from the Royal Gardens at Kew in 1881 (B). SALMON (Ernest Stanley) [fl. 1900-39] One notebook containing records of fungi, chiefly from Surrey (B). SALMON (John Drew) Manuscript catalogue of the Salmon collection of birds' eggs, i vol. c. 1850 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 179 SALT (Henry) [i 780-1827] Salt acted as secretary and draughtsman to Lord Valentia on his travels in India, Ceylon and Abyssinia, 1802-1805. He was sent to Abyssinia in i8og by the British Government to carry presents to the Emperor and the 15 rough sketches of Abyssinian plants preserved in the Museum were probably made on this journey (B). SALTER (John William) [1820-1869] J. W. Salter, the palaeontologist, was apprenticed at the age of 15 to James De Carle Sowerby and when working with him prepared illustrations for the supple- ment to his English Botany. These original drawings were acquired with Sower- by's in 1862 (B). SALVIN (Osbert) [1S35-1898] Three note-books relating to Salvin's collecting trips in Central America in 1857- 1859, and a manuscript list of Central American birds, dated 1862, have been presented to the Museum (Z). See also GODMAN (F. D.) & SALVIN (0.) SAMOUELLE (George) [ -1846] Samouelle's reports to the Trustees, British Museum, with lists of accessions, 1830-1841. 3 vol. (E). SARG (F. C.) Sarg collected and made coloured drawings of Araneida for the Biologia Centrali- Americana of Godman and Salvin, 1879-1915. A MS. note-book of zoological notes on the Spiders of Guatemala, illustrated in pencil and water-colour is pre- served in the Museum (Z). SARS (Georg Ossian) [1837-1927] Original drawings by G. 0. Sars to illustrate his " ChaUenger " Report on the Schizopoda published in 1885 (Z). SAUNDERS (George Sharp) Three volumes of MS. notes on the natural history of Reigate etc. With pencil and water-colour sketches, 1848-1867 (L). SAUNDERS (Howard) [1835-1907] Three note-books containing localities and descriptions of birds (Z). SAUNDERS (John) [1827-1908] J. Saunders was the first librarian of the Zoological Department and his manu- script catalogue of the library, post 1869, is preserved (Z). SAUNDERS (William Wilson) [1809-1879] 466 original coloured drawings and 105 tracings of British Basidiomycetes, also collections of coloured spore drawings of fungi and British Discomycetes and Pyrenomycetes (B). SAVAGE (William) MS. account of the growth of Plants in a close situation, in the metropolis. 3 sh. 1810 (B). i8o LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS SAVERY (Roelandt) [1576-1639] A framed painting of a Dodo by R. Savery, presented by Mr. George Edwards in 1759 (D). SAVIN (Alfred C.) Manuscript catalogues of the Savin collections of Fossil Mammalia from the Cromer Forest Bed. 9 vol. (P). SCHAEDLER (Johann Georg) [1777-1866] A volume containing water-colour copies of Schiffermiiller's original drawings, by Schadler, with names added by Hiibner (E). SCHAEFFER (Julius) 43 original coloured drawings of Russula were purchased in 1934 (B). SCHARF (George) [1788-1860] A number of original drawings chiefly of fossil vertebrate remains, by G. Scharf, form part of the Owen Collection of Drawings, presented in 1893 (L.) SCHIFFERMUELLER (Ignaz) [1727-1809] Original water-colour drawings of pupae, caterpillars and plants, with manu- script text by Schiffermueller and others. 2 vol. c. 1776 (E). SCHLEIDEN (Matthias Jakob) [1804-1881] A series of original water-colour and pen-and-ink drawings of Plants, by M. J. Schleiden, Professor of Botany at Jena, with manuscript descriptions of them, the whole bound in 9 volumes, were purchased in 1886 (B). SCHMIDT (Johann Carl) [1793-1850] The Museum possesses an autograph work by J. C. Schmidt, the Curator of the Shuttleworth Herbarium at Bern, entitled : — " Beschreibung der innlandischen Arten von Cuscuta " (B). SCHOMBURGK (Sir Robert Hermann) [1804-1865] Sir R. H. Schomburgk, the traveller, acted as Commissioner for delineating the boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela in 1841-43. A manuscript of his memoir On the Forest Trees of British Guiana and their uses, etc., read before the British Association in 1844, and subsequently to the Linnean Society, and printed by that Society in its proceedings, is preserved in the Museum (B). A series of 248 original water-colour drawings of Plants of British Guiana was presented in 1847 in part by Sir Robert himself, and in part by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Earl Grey (B). SCHOUMAN (Aart) [1710-1792] Two original water-colour drawings of snakes (Z). SCLATER (P. L.) [1829-1913] MS. alphabetical index to the Genera in the 27 volumes of the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, 1899 (Z). A collection of autograph letters addressed to A. Giinther, 1862-1898, is pre- served in the Gunther Collection (L). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) i8i SCOTT (Ernest) [1892-1949] Manuscript " Log of the sixth Anglo-Catholic pilgrimage to Palestine April-May, 1930 ". Presented by his brother Dr. Hugh Scott F.R.S. in 1957 (E). SCOTT (Hugh) [1885-1960] Twelve note-books and a box, containing manuscript journals of Hugh Scott over the period 1899-1937, also eight albums of photographs and some miscellane- ous note-books (L). A series of letters addressed to Dr. H. Scott from Dr. David Sharp and other correspondents 1901-1956 (E). SCOURFIELD (David Joseph) [1866- 1949] A collection of manuscript notes, original sketches and correspondence relating to Rhynie Chert fossils (P), also notes and original drawings relating to Entomo- straca (Z). Presented by Mrs. Scourlield in 1950. SEALARK, H.M.S. MS. descriptions of bottom samples collected in the Indian Ocean, 1905 (M). SEEBOHM (Henry) [1832-1895] 4 MS. diaries of travels to Turkey, Greece, Norway, the Danube &c. from 1872-1882, also a manuscript catalogue of the Eggs of Birds in the British Museum in 10 volumes (Z). SEELEY (Harry Govier) [1839-1909] A collection of autograph letters, 1892-1893, addressed to A. S. Woodward, also a hst of fossil reptiles purchased from Mrs. Seeley, 1909-1910 (P). " An outline of the Osteology of the animals which are usually named Reptiles ". One volume in the author's autograph (P). See also KANNEMEYER (Danniel Russouw) SEWARD (Sir Albert Charles) [1863-1941] Typescript and illustrations of " Antarctic Fossil Plants of the 1910 ' Terra Nova ' Expedition " 1914 (P). SEWELL (Robert Beresford Seymour) [1880- ] A quantity of manuscript station records, log books, charts and miscellaneous data relating to the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean 1933-1934, was presented to the Museum in 1961 (Z). SEYFFERT (Heinrichus Christophorus) 133 original water-colour drawings of Fungi, by H. C. Seyffert, a physician at Possneck, form the Banksian MS. No. 65 (B). SEYMER (Henry) [1745-1800] A copy of Cramer's Papilluns exotiques which had belonged to H. Seymer of Hanford, Dorset, who had added the Linnean names and retouched several of the coloured plates, was presented by A. B. Lambert in 1841 (E). iSi LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS SHARP (David) [1840-1922] MS. catalogue of the localities for Sharp's collection of British Coleoptera, 1861-75 (E). SHARP (G. J.) Two water-colour sketches of cassowaries (Z). SHARPE (Richard Bowdler) [1847-1909] This famous ornithologist was in charge of the bird collections in the Museum from 1872 until his death in igog. One of his last tasks was the completion of the fifth volume of his " Hand-list of the genera and species of birds ". A manuscript key to the English names of birds listed in the hand-hst, in Sharpe's holograph, is preserved in the Museum (Z). SHAW (D.) formerly D. Schmidt Manuscript catalogue of a collection of fossils and minerals, presented by his grandson, Lt. Col. C. T. Shaw, in 1952 (P). SHAW (George) [1751-1813] 185 original water-colour, pen-and-ink and pencil sketches, by G. Shaw, Keeper of the Natural History Section of the British Museum, 1807-1813, were presented in 1896, also a manuscript copy (by WUliam Clift) of Dr. Shaw's catalogue of part of the natural history collections preserved in spirit in the Hunterian Museum, 1806 (L). SHELLEY (George Ernest) [1840-1910] The artist's pattern plates of this author's Monograph of the Nectariniidae, or family of Sun-Birds, were presented to the Museum in 1921 (Z). SHEPHERD (Charles Edward) Manuscript notes and sketches relating to the Shepherd Collection of fish otoliths (P). SHERARD (William) [1659-1728] W. Sherard, the Botanist who was Consul at Smyrna, contributed some notes and observations on the first two volumes of Ray's Hisloria Plantarum and his MSS. endorsed by Ray, form Banksian MS. No. 80 (B). SHERBORN (Charles Davies) [1861-1942] Compiler of the stupendous Index Animalium covering the years 1758-1850. Sherborn's holograph slips for this work, the minute book of the Committee supervising the compilation, and the manuscript of his last book, published in 1940, under the title Where is the — Collection are preserved in the Museum (L), also MS. field notes for Rowe & Sherborn's Chalk Papers published in Proc. Geol. Soc. igoo-1908 and " Evidences as to the dates of books, collected while compiHng the Index Animalium, 1890-1926 ", 2 vol., together with a collection of correspondence relating to the compilation of the Index Animalium 1903-1939 (P). SHRUBSOLE (William Hobbs) [1838- ] A collection of holograph letters from various correspondents, including Sir Richard Owen, 1879-1914 (P). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 183 SHUEL (Ronald S.) Two volumes containing details of the Shuel collection of birds' eggs (Z). SICH (Alfred) J09 original water-colour drawings of Lepidoptera larvae and their food plants, also a note-book containing 103 drawings of moths, 1877-1920 (E). SIDDALL (John Davies) MS. note book belonging to J. D. Siddall with autograph letters from H. B. Brady inserted, also the original drawings for the author's paper on Shepheardella, and manuscript of a lecture on The Foraminifera of the River Dee, read Dec. 11 1873 (Z). SIDEBOTTOM (Henry) The original drawings for the Report on the recent Foraminifera from the coast of the Island of Delos 1904-09, are preserved in the Museum, also an album of original drawings for the plates of Laf^enae of the south-west Pacific Ocean published in the Journal Ouekett Microscopical Club 1912-1913 (Z). SIMPSON (Martin) [1799-1892] M. Simpson, the Geologist, was author of several works on the geology and palaeontology of Yorkshire. His original drawings of Belemnites for his book on The Fossils of the Yorkshire Lias, consisting of 8 unpublished plates, were presented in 1899 (P). SIMONS (Perry O.) MS. notes on localities of the Simons bird collection (Z). SIMULA (Johann Gottfried) " Flora exotica ", 474 water-colour drawings, 1720 (B). SLOANE {Sir Hans) [1660-1753] The original manuscript catalogues of the natural history collections of Sir H. Sloane, 17 volumes in all ; the copy of his Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados . . . and Jamaica, &c., annotated in his autograph ; the original drawings for the plates to that work (bound up with the specimens from which they were made in the 8 volumes of Sloane's Jamaica Herbarium) and his copy of Ray's Historia Plantarnm, with marginal references to his herbarium, and autograph addenda, may be said to have formed the nucleus of the present Natural History Library (B, P, M & Z). The MS. catalogue of his Vegetable and Vegetable substances Collection. 3 vol. (B). A series of pen-and-ink drawings with autograph descriptions by G. J. Camellus, entitled " Descriptiones Fruticum et Arborum Luzonis," etc., from Sir H. Sloane's library, was transferred from the MSS. Department in 1884 (B). MS. hst of Sloanian specimens preserved in the Palaeontological Department, compiled by C. D. Sherborn, 1889 (P). A copy of the portrait, now in the National Portrait Gallery, by Stephen Slaughter, 1736 (D). iS4 LIST OF iMSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS SMIT (J.) Two original water-colour drawings of cassowaries, 1898, 3 other birds and 24 mammals (Z). One framed water-colour drawing of a bird (T). SMITH ( ) Major [fl. 1845-1847] Manuscript of local lists of British plants with descriptions of some 200 British lichens (B). SMITH (Miss Annie Lorrain) [1854-1937] A collection of manuscript notes on Cryptogams (B). SMITH (Arthur) [1916- ] A collection of original drawings of Insects (E). SMITH (Charles Hamilton) [1776-1859] Smith's original MS. on Horses, the Eqiiidcc or genus Equits of authors, illustrated with 100 water-colour drawings, is preserved in the Museum (Z). It formed the basis for the volume in the Naturalists' Library. SMITH (Christian) [1785-1816] A manuscript biography of Christian Smith, Prof, of Botany at the University of Christiania, who travelled in the British Isles, to Madeira and Teneriffe and lost his life on Tuckey's Congo Expedition in 1816, is preserved in the Museum (B). SMITH (Christopher) [ -1806 ?] 183 original water-colour drawings of Plants from the Straits Settlements by C. Smith, Superintendent, Botanic Gardens, Moluccas, were acquired in 1885 (B). SMITH (Edward) [1839-1919] The library purchased in 1963 a grangerized copy of Smith's Life of Sir Joseph Batiks containing a number of autograph letters from Banks, Sir E\-an Nepean, Captain C. J. Phipps, Sir James Smith and others (L). SMITH (Edwin Dalton) [fl. 1823-1832] 56 original water-colour drawings by E. D. Smith for the illustrations to R. Sweet's Flora Australasica are preserved in the Museum (B). SMITH (Matilda) A number of pencil sketches of plants of Madagascar, originals of plates pub- lished by J. G. Baker in /. Linn. Soc. Botany 20 1883 (B). SMITH (M. H.) Mrs., ofTunbridge Wells Catalogue of Fossil organic Remains in the cabinet of Mrs. M. H. Smith. (Manu- script list by S. P. Woodward, with water-colour drawings of some of the specimens by him, G. A. Mantell, \V. L. Bensted, J. Delves, and T. Merritt. 1845-46 (P). SMITH (Stanley) Correspondence addressed to members of the Palaeontological Department, 1924-1933, with copies of the replies (P). SMITH (William) [1769-1839] Of the few but valuable maps, or their facsimiles, and memoirs bj- W. Smith, " The Father of English Geology, " the Museum possesses (P) : — IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 1S5 1. Observations on . . . Water Meadoivs . . . leith an account 0/ Prisley Bog, 1806. 2. Photograph of the original MS,, in the possession of the Geological Society, of a Table of the " Order of Strata and their embedded Organic remains, in the vicinity of Bath, examined and proved prior to 1799. " This was dictated by Smith and written down by the Rev. Benjamin Richardson at the house of the Rev. J. Townsend in 1799. It was revised and printed in the Memoir to the Map in 1815. This facsimile was presented to the Museum in 1897 by Prof. f. W. Judd. 3. A coloured photographic reproduction of " A map of five miles round the City of Bath, on a scale of one inch and half to a mile . . . 1799, " geologically coloured the same year by W. Smith, of which the original is in the possession of the Geological Society, presented in 1897 by Prof. J. W. Judd. 4. A coloured photographic reproduction of the " General Map of Strata found in England and Wales . . . 1801 " [Scale I in. = 37 m. about], taken from the original in the possession of the Geological Society, presented in 1897 by Prof. J. W. Judd. 5. A geological map begun in 1812 and completed in 1815 entitled, " A delineation of the Strata of England and Wales with part of Scotland " [Scale i in. = 5 m.], presented in 1880 by Mr. (afterwards Sir) A. W. Franks. 6. A Memoir to the Map, etc., 1815. 7. A new Geological Atlas of England and Wales [Scale from ij to 8A m. = i in.], Pt. i.-iii. and vi. [Besides Pt. iv. and v. the maps of Wilts, Cumberland and Westmorland are wanting.] Purchased 1889. 8. Strata identified by Organized Fossils, 1816. 9. Stratigraphical System of Organized Fossils, 1817. 10. Six coloured geological views and sections across various parts of England and Wales, 1817-19, formerly in the hbrary of Smith's nephew, J. Philhps (after- wards Professor of Geology at Oxford), presented by W. Topley in 1887. 11. A new Geological Map of England and Wales [Scale i in. = 15 m.], 1827. Presented, in 1884, by W. Carruthers, who notes that it is identical with editions dated 1820 and 1828. 12. Synopsis of Geological Phenomena, 1832. In 1872 " A Book about W. Smith, LL.D., and the Somersetshire Coal-Canal, " was projected by W. S. Mitchell ; his notes and photographs with geologically coloured keys were purchased, circa i8go (P). A collection of correspondence, biographical material and manuscript notes, assembled and presented by A. G. Davis (P). SMITH (Worthington George) [1835-1917] A large amount of material by W. G. Smith has been presented to the Botanical Department and includes : — A set of proofs on India paper of his illustrations to J. Stevenson's Hymenomycetes Britannici ; upwards of 1,500 water-colour drawings of fungi, as well as a complete series of the British Hymenomycetes ; 39 water-colour drawings of British Orchidaceae, and 26 plates of pen-and-ink draw- ings of pollen grains ; 250 sheets of magnified drawings of plants, dated 1 905-11 ; i86 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS 133 sheets of outline drawings of genera and subgenera for his Sy>wpsis of the Basidiomycetes, 1908, and collections of manuscript notes on fungi and diseases of plants (B). 323 pen and ink, and wash process drawings, twice the scale of Nature, of culti- vated or garden and greenhouse Plants, being the originals of plates in the Gardiner's Chronicle. ? 1904-1915 (B). SMYTH (William) Smvth was Mate of H.M.S. " Blossom " which made a voyage to the Pacific and Behring Straits in 1825-1828 and nineteen fohos of his water-colour drawings of vertebrates with MS. notes are preserved in the Museum (Z). SNELLING (Lilian) [1879- ] Four water-colour drawings of plants, c. 1922 (B). SOAR (Charles David) Original drawings used to illustrate papers on mites by C. F. George, 1900-1915 (Z). SOCIETY OF AMATEUR BOTANISTS, LONDON Two volumes of manuscript of papers read at meetings of the Society, illustrated with some original drawings 1863-1864 (B). SOLANDER (Daniel Charles) [1736-1782] Solander, the Swedish botanist, and pupil of Linnaeus, became Assistant Librarian at the British Museum and at the same time acted as librarian to Sir J. Banks. He accompanied the latter on Capt. J. Cook's first voyage round the world (1768-71), and the complete set of his autograph notes made during that voyage, from the original rough notes to the completed descriptions, with lists of the various local faunas and floras are preserv-ed (B, Z), as well as a series of lists of the Plants collected during Cook's first voyage (1768-71) in the order in which they were arranged in the dr\'ing books in which they were brought home (B). A " Florula Indiae Occidentalis " and a " Florula Capensis " contain complete lists of the then known species from those regions (B). A descriptive slip-catalogue of Animals and Plants, ^ systematically arranged and kept in Solander cases, has since been bound and occupies, Animals 27 (Z), and Plants 25 volumes (B). Lists and descriptions by Solander of the Plants (B), and Fish (Z), obtained during the visit with Banks to Iceland in 1772, as well as many other manuscripts written in connection with his curatorship of the Banksian Museum, came with those before mentioned in that Collection. Many of the above manuscripts are interspersed with notes in Banks' hand- writing. SOLDANI (Ambrogio) [1733-1808] A copy of Soldani's rare work Testaceographiae ac Zoophytugraphiae parvae ct microscopicae tomus primus (-secundiis) , was by bequest of H. B. Brady presented by the Royal Society in 1891 (L). ' The Plant Catalogue practically (ormed the basis of .\iton's Hortus Kewensis and also relates to the Banksian Herbarium. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 187 SOWERBY (Arthur de Carle) [1885-1954] Geneological tree of the family of John Sowerby [1718-1766] and Arabella Goodreed [1725-1782], prepared in 1950, also other biographical details of the Sowerby family (P). SOWERBY (George Brettingham) [1788-1854] Manuscript catalogue of the Mollusca contained in the Museum of the East India Company (Z). SOWERBY (George Brettingham) 2nd of the name [1812-1884] 148 original water-colour drawings of fossil remains from the neighbourhood of Cheltenham, c. 1840 (L). SOWERBY (James) [1757-1822] James Sowerby, naturalist and artist, illustrated many works on natural history. His original drawings for Plates i, ii and xii of Alton's Hortits Keivensis, form part of the Banksian MS. No. 17 (B). The original drawings for No. 2-4 of Dickson's Fasciculus Planlanim Crypto- gamarum Britanniae, form the Banksian MS. No. 21 (B). The original water-colour drawings for the English Botany, over 2,500 in number, were purchased in 1859 (B). The original water-colour drawings for his English Fungi were presented in 1876 and have been incorporated in the collection of drawings of Fungi (B). A collection of coloured drawings of plants growing in the garden of Lettsom at Grove Hill, Camberwell. 2 vol. c.1787 (B). Manuscript report and correspondence on [Dry Rot in ships] 1812-1814 (B). Three original water-colour drawings of Minerals were acquired with the col- lection bequeathed by Sir Arthur Russell in 1964 (M). 213 original coloured drawings of Fungi together with MSS. were purchased in 1937 (B). An extensive collection of c. 2,500 autograph letters of botanists, geologists, mineralogists, entomologists and antiquaries, mostly written before 1850 to James Sowerby and his son J. de C. Sowerby, together with autograph notes, drafts and drawings relating to zoological and botanical subjects was purchased in 1969 (L) and Departmental Libraries. See also Fraser (John). SOWERBY (James De Carle) [1787-1871] James De Carle Sowerby was well known both as a naturalist and artist. His original water-colour drawings for the illustrations to the Supplement to English Botany were purchased in 1862 (B). 29 plates of original water-colour drawings of mosses, dated 1S03, from which the plates to Dawson Turner's Muscologiw HiherniccB Spicilegium were engra\'ed, were purchased in 1866 (B). The set of 65 original water-colour drawings of Chelonia to illustrate J. Bell's Monograph of the Testudinata and subsequently utilised for Sowerby and Lear's Tortoises, was presented in 1875 (Z). i88 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS SPAENDONCK (Gerrit van) [i 746-1822] 70 water-colour drawings of Flowers after Nature, by G. Spaendonck, the celebrated botanical artist at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, were purchased in 1885 (B). SPAINK (G.) Original drawings of Odoslomia from specimens in the Mollusca Section and Palaeontology Department of the Museum. 13 ff. 1962 (Z). SPRAGUE (T. B.) and (B.) Two note-books with numerous drawings relating to Entomostraca. 1899-1901 (Z). STAINTON (Henry Tibbats) [1822-1892] This eminent 19th century entomologist conducted an extensive correspondence with the naturalists of his day and a very large number of letters received by him over the period 1852-1892 are preserved in the Museum. A collection of his water- colour drawings illustrating the hfe-history of the Micro-Lepidoptera was pre- sented by Lord Walsingham in 1893 (E). STALKER (W.) Three note-books relating to the birds of New Guinea, c. 1909 (Z). STANDISH ( ) 1021 original water-colour drawings on 245 folios, of British Lepidoptera, circa 1800 (E). STARING (M. H. A.) One water-colour drawing of Varanus kmnodoensis, 1926 (Z). STARKS (Chloe Lesley) Seven wash drawings of bones of reptiles (Z). STEBBING (Thomas Roscoe Rede) [1835-1926] Many original drawings used to illustrate this author's publications have been presented, including those of his " Challenger " Report on the Amphipoda pub- hshed in 1889 (Z). STEINMAN (Bella) Seven water-colour drawings of insect larvae, ante 1880 (E). STELFOX (Arthur William) Original drawings by A. VV. Stelfox to illustrate his paper — The Pisidium Fauna of the Grand Junction Canal in Herts and Bucks — published in /. Conchologv 15 1918 : 289-304, also three box files of notes and correspondence relating to Mollusca, covering the period 1907-1950 (Z). STENNETT (Ralph) 43 original water-colour drawings of plants, named by Da\id Don, 1805-1807 (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 189 STEPHENS (James Francis) [1792-1852] One volume of letters from various correspondents addressed to J. F. Stephens, 1825-1837 (Z), also 94 original pattern plates of his Illustrations of British Entomology (E). STEPHENS (William) [fl. 1718-1732] A " Catalogus Plantarum in Horto Dubliniensi, " in part in the handwriting of W. Stephens, Botanist and Lecturer at Trinity College, Dublin, forms the Banksian MS. No. 92 (B). STEPHENSON (Thomas Alan) [1898-1961] Five original framed paintings of invertebrate animals and one of iridescent sea weeds were presented by Mrs. Stephenson in 1965 (Z). STEWART (James) [1791-1863] A collection of water-colour drawings of birds by Stewart, published in Sir William Jardine's Naturalists Library (Z). STONE (Sarah) One portfolio of drawings, mostly of zoological subjects, for Sir Ashton Lever's Museum, 1781-1785 (L). Thirteen water-colour drawings of birds, c. 1788, were acquired with the Rothschild bequest in 1937 (T). STRACHEY (Sir Richard) [1817-1908] A small collection of manuscript notes and sketches relating to Geology, pre- sented in 1909 (P). STRICKLAND (Catherine Dorcas Maule) Mrs. A collection of miscellaneous sketches and photographs, including a number of water-colour drawings of birds by Mrs. Catherine Strickland, wife of Hugh Strick- land, daughter of Sir William Jardine, covering the period 1846-1873 (Z) and (L). Manuscript diary of a continental honeymoon tour in 1845 (P). STRICKLAND (Hugh Edwin) [1811-1853] A sketch book of a tour in Asia Minor in 1837. Some of these sketches were reproduced in Sir Wilham Jardine's Memoirs of H. E. Strickland, 1858. An autograph diary of a tour of Scotland in 1838 (P). Manuscript journal of a visit to the continent of Europe in July-October 1845 (L). STUART (John) 3rd Earl of Bute See MILLER (John) SUTHERLAND (Peter Cormack) [1822-1900] Manuscript notes and descriptions of zoological specimens collected during the voyage of the steamship Isabel in 1852 (Z). SWAINSON (Isaac) [1746-1812] Formed a private botanical garden at Twickenham and a collection of 11,325 plates and original water-colour drawings of plants ; these were acquired in 1913 (B). 190 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS SWAINSON (J. T.) [ -1825] Manuscript catalogue of fossil shells (P). Manuscript catalogue of British shells 1783-1S08 (Z). SWANSTON (William) Autograph MSS. relating to the geological excursions of W. Swanston, 1875-1876 21 ff. (P). SWEBACH-DESFONTAINES (Francois Louis) [fl. 1769] MS. prospectus : " Histoire naturelle, ou exposition des morceaux, les mieux choisis pour servir a I'etude de la mineralogie et de la cristallographie ", with 160 original drawings in colour, some in two versions, of minerals. The prospectus is signed " a Paris 1789. Swebach Desfontaines ... La revolution est cause que cet ourvage n'a pas paru ". Recueil complet de Mineralogie. ... 5 vol. MS. and 246 hand-coloured plates (M). SWEDEN 192 original water-colour drawings, on 24 sheets, of Swedish moths, caterpillars, and spiders. Forms the Banksian MS. No. 87 (E). SWEET (Robert) [1783-1835] The 56 original water-colour drawings by E. D. Smith for Sweet's Flora Austra- lasica are preserved in the Museum (B). SWINEY LECTURES ON GEOLOGY Manuscript abstracts of these lectures from 1883-1949 are preserved in the Museum (P). SYKES (WUliam Henry) [1790-1872] Manuscript notes, with a few small sketches by W. H. Sykes, and some water- colour drawings by native artists, describing the economic plants and agriculture of the Deccan. 10 volumes. ? 1824-30 (L). SYLVIA, H.M.S. MS. account of soundings obtained in the Red Sea by H.M.S. " Sylvia ", 1877 (M). TALBOT (Percy Amaury) [1877- ] 24 water-colour and pencil sketches of Nigerian plants (B). TAUBE {^Baroness Helene von) See BICKNELL (Clarence) TAYLOR (C.) [1762-1818] Letters from Wilham Roxburgh, i vol. (PhiUipps MSS. No. 18552) (B). TAYLOR (J. E. Campbell-) MS. catalogue of British land and freshwater MoUusca in the collection of J. E. Campbell-Taylor, presented to the Museum in 1948 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 191 TAYLOR (J. Kidson) MS. notes on shells of the genera Cypraea, Atnphidromus and Olivella. 302 pp. c. 1915 (Z). TAYLOR (John William) [1845-1931] 208 MS. note-books containing data collected by the author for his Monograph of the land and freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles, published between 1894- 1921 ; this was never completed. When publication was suspended the author was 76 years old with about a quarter of the land and all the aquatic species still to be done, so much of the manuscript data is unpublished. There are also the author's own copies of two of the volumes with his holograph annotations and additions, together with a quantity of manuscript notes, corre- spondence and a typescript list of his shell collection (Z). TAYLOR (R.) A collection of letters from G. A. W. Arnott, C. Johnson and other botanists, 1858-1859 (B). TAYLOR (Simon) [ -1798] 25 water-colour drawings of plants, some dated 1776-1777 (B). 106 water-colour drawings of plants, undated, formerly in the collection of the Earl of Bute (B). TAYLOR (Thomas Lombe-) Sub-kingdom MoUusca. A manuscript catalogue in four volumes (Z). TCHERNAVIN (Vladimir Viacheslavovich) [1887-1949] A collection of original drawings and photographs used in his ichthyological publications is preserved in the Museum (Z). TEALE {Sir Edmund Oswald) [1874- ] Manuscript details of localities of the Teale Collection of Australian fossils, presented in 1925 (P). TEIXEIRA (J.) One water-colour drawing of Tulipa Gesneriana dated 1820 (E). TEMPLE (Vere) Miss 102 original water-colour drawings of British plants and trees, dated between 1928 and 1967, was acquired in 1968 (B). TEMPLETON (John) [1766-1825] 300 drawings of Irish Cryptogams, with manuscript notes. Presented by Miss A. L. Smith in 1931 (B). TENISON (William Percival Cosnahan) [1884- ] 225 original drawings pubhshed in C. T. Regan & E. Trewavas Fishes of the families Stomiatidae and Malcosteidae, 1930. 14 original drawings published by these authors in their paper on Deep Sea Angler-Fishes, 1932. 10 drawings of Oceanic Angler-Fishes published in the Museum postcard series Sets M 3 and M 4. 4 original drawings of Patagonian coast fishes published in Discovery Reports 16 1937 (Z). 192 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS TERZI (Engel) [ -c. 1944] Numerous examples of the very accurate line and colour drawings of insects by this artist are preserved in the Museum (E), also seven pen and ink drawings of mammal skuUs (Z). THOMAS (Michael Rogers Oldfield) [1859-1929] Oldfield Thomas was in charge of the mammals in the Museum at the time of the removal to South Kensington and devoted the next forty years to building up these collections. Two portraits in oils of Thomas were bequeathed in 1929 ; one is signed by J. E. Braun and dated 1904, the other is by an unidentified artist (Z). THORBURN (Archibald) [1860-1938] 18 original drawings by A. Thorburn for his British Mammals published 1920-21 (Z). THORNHILL (W. Blundell) A notebook containing original drawings of Lagenidae, with short MS. notes, c. 1895-1900. At the time of his death (c. 1900) W. B. Thornhill was engaged on an account of the Lagenidae from the south-west Pacific. His collection passed to H. Sidebottom who pubhshed the work, 1912-1913 (Z). THUNBERG (Carl Pehr) [1743-1822] An autograph " Flora Capensis " made some time prior to 1782 by the cele- brated naturalist Thunberg (that is of interest as showing the state of the work at that time as contrasted with its extension when first published in 1820), with a transcript in Dryander's handwriting, were among the Banksian MSS. (B). TICEHURST (Claude Buchanan) Four folders of incomplete notes for a book on Indian birds (Z). TICKELL (Samuel Richard) [c. 1809-1875] 41 water-colour drawings and illustrated MS. relating to Indian Birds, forming one of a set of volumes from which the illustrated MS. work by Tickell on mammals &c. of India, in the hbrary of the Zoological Society of London was elaborated, also 64 water-colour drawings of Arakan fishes (Z). TILLI (Michael Angelus) [1655-1740] An autograph " Specimen Plantarum quae in Horto Medico Sapientiae Pisanae locisque finitimis extant " 1713-30 (3 vol.), by M. A. TiUi, Professor of Botany at Pisa, forms the Banksian MS. No. iii (B). TOMLIN (John Read le Brockton) [1864-1954] Two manuscript note-books on Oliva &c. Seven files containing autograph lists of Mollusca in the Museum collections c. 1923 (Z). TONGE {Mrs Olivia Frances) [1858-1949] Sixteen sketch books of Indian subjects, done at Sind, Calcutta, etc., between 1908 and 1913 were presented in 1952 (L). TOPLEY (William) [1841-1894] A set of the six views and geological sections of various parts of England and IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 193 Wales, made by W. Smith in 1817-19, was presented in 1887 by W. Topley, the Geologist. (P). TOURNEFORT (Joseph Pitton de) [1656-1708] A copy of the manuscript of the celebrated French Botanist Tournefort, entitled " Catalogue desPIantes que M. P. de Tournefort trouva dans ses voyages d'Espagne et de Portugal, " forms the Banksian MS., No. 82 (B). TOYNBEE (Mrs. Henry) 189 original water-colour drawings of Marine Animals and Plants made by Mrs. Toynbee during voyages between England and India, via the Cape, in 1856-58, with manuscript notes, were presented in 1895 by Capt. H. Toynbee (Z). TREGONING (Joseph) nf Truro A collection of autograph correspondence addressed to John Hawkins, a dis- tinguished Cornishman and mining geologist, covering the period 1800-1840 (M). TRISTRAM (Henry Baker) [1822-1906] Manuscript register of the egg cabinets of the Rev. H. B. Tristram, 9 vol. [in 3] ; these were presented to the Museum in 1927. Volume i contains a portrait and biographical details of the collector (Z). TRITON, H.M.S. MS. descriptions of soundings taken in the Atlantic Ocean, 1882 (M). TRUAN y LUARD (Alfred) [1837-1890] Autograph letters from various correspondents to Truan, 1886-1890 (B). TUCKEY (James Kingston) [1776-1816] 8 original drawings of Crustacea, by several artists, collected on Captain Tuckey's expedition to explore the River Congo in 1816 (Z). TUNNARD (T. E.) Notes on birds' eggs collected in Ceylon, 1923-1926 (Z). TURNER (Dawson) [1775-1858] Autograph letters to William Roscoe and others, 1809-1829 (B). TUSCARORA, U.S.S. MS. descriptions of soundings taken by U.S.S. " Tuscarora " in the Pacific Ocean, 1873-1878 (M). TWEEDDALE, Arthur Hay, gth Marquess of [1824-1878] The Marquess of Tweeddale, traveller and ornithologist, formed an extensive library, which, numbering 698 works in 2,560 volumes with about 200 pamphlets, was presented by his nephew, Capt. R. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay, in 1887. Two manu- script catalogues of the specimens of birds in the Tweeddale collection, dated 1880 are preserved (Z). TWELVETREES (William Harper) [1848-1919] loi mounted original drawings, mostly in pencil, of fossil plants, shells and bones from the Russian Permian cupriferous marls north of the town of Orenburg, 1877, I vol. (P). 194 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS TWINING (Elizabeth) [1805-1889] 176 drawings of plants including the originals for her Illustrations of the Natural Order of Plants 1849-1855 (B). TYTLER (R. C.) 326 original water-colour drawings of Indian Birds made for R. C. T\tler c. 1 840-1860 (Z). UDINE (G. da) See BIRDS ULRICH (Edward Oscar) [1857- ] Jlanuscript catalogue of species and thin-sections contained in a set of American fossil Bryozoa prepared for the Museum in 1897-99, with notes on systematic classification (P). VALOROUS, H.M.S. MS. notes on Foraminifera collected from the North Atlantic Ocean, 1875 (M). VAN DER BYL (P. B.) 12 manuscript note-books of expeditions to Asia, Africa, Europe and North America between 1897 and 1921 (Z). VAN DER VINNE (Jan Laurenszoon) [1699-1753] Four sheets of water-colour drawings of tulips (E) and one drawing designated by the artist as " La Charmante Bleue " (B). VAN DER VINNE (Laurens) [1658-1729] Two water-colour drawings of lepidoptera (E). VAN DER VINNE (Vincent) [1736-1811] Two water-colour drawings of flowers (B). VEEN (Rochus van) [ -1706] Water-colour drawings of Cobitus barbatulus, Triitta farin, Trigla gtirnadus, signed and dated 1670, Lacerta agilis, Pica caudata, Epeira diadema, and Cancer paguriis, undated (Z). Six sheets of water-colour drawings of insects, c. 1673 — 1680 (E). VELLOZO (Jose Mariano da Conceicao) [1742-1811] Thirteen original line drawings for his Florae Fluminensis 1825, are preserved in the Museum (B). VERREAUX (Jean Pierre) [1807-1873] Photostat of unpublished journal of J. P. Verreaux for the years 1842-1844. The original MS. is in the library of the Australian Museum (Z). VICARY (W.) MS. notes made by Dr. F. A. Bather when reporting on the Vicary collection of fossils presented in 1903 (P). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 195 VICTORIA, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland In 1841, Queen Victoria presented a large series of water-colour drawings by Francis Bauer, " being that part of Mr. Bauer's drawings made at the expense of the late Sir Joseph Banks, Baronet, which did not accompany his Library and Botanical Collections when transferred to the Museum, but was bequeathed by Sir Joseph to his late Majesty King George the Fourth " (B). VIENNA. — Kalserlich-Koenigliches Naturhistorisches Hof museum. 21 water-colour drawings of types of Enrema in the Vienna Museum, c. 1887 (E). VOET (Karel Borchart) [1670-1745] Eight sheets of water-colour drawings of beetles and one drawing of a butterfly on Scabiosa (E). WAIT (W. E.) [1878-1957] MS. register of birds' eggs collected in Ceylon, 1907-1928. i vol. (Z). WAITE (H. W.) MS. Register of H. W. Waite collection of Indian bird skins, the greater part of which were presented to the Museum in 1948 & 1949 (Z). WAKEHURST, Lord See LODER (Gerald Walter Erskine) WALDO (Edmund Gustavus Bloomfield Meade-) [1855-1934] 28 diaries and note-books covering the period 1889-1923, and some correspon- dence concerning observations on Kites. One note-book relates to the cruise of the R.Y.S. " Valhalla ", 1905-1906, and contains the original observation of the sea- serpent seen off the coast of Brazil, December 7th 1905, and reported in the Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1906 : 719, also one note-book on birds of the Canary Islands coUected 1887-1888 (Z). MS. account of a collection of Butterflies from Morocco, 1903 (L). WALKER (Bryant) [1856-1936] Ten letters addressed to A. J. Peile relating to description and collection of shells, 1922-1929 (Z). WALKER (Francis) [1809-1874] Manuscript account of the Diptera of Madeira, apparently unpublished (E). WALKER (John Francis) Correspondence relating to fossil Brachiopoda addressed to J. F. Walker, 1865-1907 (P). WALLACE (Alfred Russel) [1823-1913] Two MS. note-books, giving localities for his collections of birds &c. in the Malay Archipelago, 1855-1861. Four volumes of original pencil drawings of fishes of the Rio Negro, made be- tween 1850-1852. A number of MS. descriptions of fishes and some other animals of the Amazon and Rio Negro (Z). A framed portrait in oils is preserved in the Museum (D). igfi LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS WALLER (Edward) [1803-1873] Seven drawings — " J. J. Wild ad nat. del. " — of British Foraminifera dredged off the W. Coast of Kerry and off the Shetland Is., by E. Waller, 1870 (Z). WALLICH (George Charles) [1815-1899] 59 sheets of original drawings in pencil and water-colour, of marine animals, mostly microscopic, with two manuscript charts of voyages between Portsmouth and Calcutta in 1850, 1851 and 1857, and a manuscript notebook containing critical comments on the Reports of the "Challenger" Expedition with sum- marized details of Sir James Ross's dredgings (Z). The original manuscript notes and drawings descriptive of the results of dredging during August, i860, when on H.M.S. " Bulldog ", off the south-west coast of Greenland are also preserved in the Museum (L). A collection of original drawings and manuscript notes on Desmideae and Diatomaceae was presented by the Royal Microscopical Society in 1918 (B). WALLICH (Nathanael) [1786-1854] 100 water-colour drawings of plants made by native artists for Wallich's Planfae Asiaticae Rariores 1830-1832 (B). WALSINGHAM, Baron See DE GREY (Thomas) WALTON (Sarah) One water-colour drawing of Cephalanthera grandiflora (B). WARD (John) Manuscript Catalogue of Fossil Fishes and Amphibia from the Coal Measures, principally of North Staffordshire, 1892 (P). WARREN (Samuel Hazzledine) [1873-1958] Two-note-books of numbered locaUties and specimens of fossils collected by S. H. Warren. Purchased in 1936 (P) . WARREN (William) [1839-1914] A collection of his manuscript notes relating to Heterocera (E). WATELET (Adolphe) [1811-1879] Watelet, the palaeobotanist was author of a Description des Plantes fossiles dn bassin de Paris, 1866. The original pencil drawings for the plates to that work, with 21 additional unpublished ones, and their descriptions in manuscript, were purchased in 1880 (P). WATERHOUSE (Alfred) [1830-1905] The famous 19th century architect who in 1868 was entrusted with the construc- tion of this Museum, on which he allowed himself an unwonted exuberance of detail. Two sketch books containing pencil drawings for the ornamentation of the Museum were presented in 1962 (L). WATERHOUSE (George Robert) [1810-1888] Letters of Waterhouse to his father J. E. Waterhouse dated 1836 and other IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 197 correspondence relating to his employment at the Zoological Society of London and later as Keeper of Geology in the British Museum, also a series of letters addressed to the well known entomologist, H. T. Stainton, 1861-1864 (L). A preliminary manuscript for a catalogue of Fossil Vertebrata in the Museum, written between 1847 and 1851 is also preserved (P). WATLING (Thomas) [1762- ] Wathng was convicted of forgery and sentenced at Dumfries in April 1789 to be transported for 14 years ; he eventually reached Sydney, New South Wales, on 7th October 1792. A collection of 512 original water-colour drawings of the Natives, Animals, Plants and Scenery (with maps) in the neighbourhood of Port Jackson, New South Wales, c. 1792-1794, was purchased in 1902 (Z). The collec- tion has come to be known as the " Watling Drawings " although many are not by Watling and the works of at least three distinct artists are included. Paintings by Watling are signed Thos. Watling or T. Watling, none of the others have ai^y signature. WATSON (Hewett Cottrell) [1804- 1881] The manuscript records used in the compilation of Watson's Cybele Britannica were presented in 1887, also MS. notes intended for an Addenda (B) WATERTON (Charles) [1782-1865] MS. copy of an unpublished paper on " Living in the Tropics ". ff. [i] 9. 1838 (L). WATSON (Robert Boog) [1823-1910] One note-book containing manuscript notes on Mollusca c. 1863-1892 (L), also autograph notes on the Mollusca obtained by the Challenger Expedition 1873-1876 (M). WATSON (White) [fl. 1773-1831] Manuscript " Catalogue of a collection for Fossils, the produce of Derbyshire. . . ." I vol. 1799 (M). WATTISON (J. T.) Six sheets of original drawings for Wattison's " Lepidopteros de Portugal " Mems Estud. Mus. Zool. Univ. Coimhra, No. 29, 1928-1930. The drawings, made by a Portuguese convict imprisoned for forging bank notes were checked and corrected by the author (E). WATTS (G.) Lt. Colonel Eight volumes of MS. botanical note-books, 1921-1947 (B). WEBB (Philip Barker) [1793-1854] Manuscript biography of P. Barker- Webb by Jacques Gay, q.v. 1856 (B). WEBBER (John) [1752-1793] Webber was appointed draughtsman to Captain Cook's third voyage. One water-colour drawing of Pringlea antiscorbiitica is preserved in the Museum ; also two of plants bound with the collection of drawings by Francis Masson (B). WEHDEMANN (C. H.) 56 original water-colour sketches of plants growing about Plettenburg Bay on 198 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS the coast of Africa, with autograph descriptions by Major-General Hardwicke, 1812 (B). WELWITSCH (Friedrich Martin Josef) [1806-1872] Correspondence addressed to W'ehvitsch, c. 1865 is preserved in the Museum, also his manuscript notes on Cryptogams (B). WENDLAND (Johann Christoph) [1755-1S28] 20 water-colour drawings of the genus Erica, some dated 1787 (B). WESTON (Joseph) Manuscript catalogue of a collection of fossil fishes purchased in 1890 (P). WESTWOOD (John Obadiah) [1805-1893] Three volumes of original water-colour drawings of insects, c. 1832, 36 un- pubUshed drawings of Madeiran insects, and 24 water-colour drawings of Lepidop- tera from Madeira and the Canary' Is., together with 15 unpublished drawings of Coleoptera from the Salvages, 1857-1860 (E). WETHERELL (Nathaniel Thomas) [1800-1875] Figures cut out from an unpubhshed plate of London Clay shells from Highgate Archway, also some manuscripts referring to his paper on the Well at Hampstead c. 1832-1838 (P). WHALE Oil painting of a stranded Rorqual Whale, late i6th century (Z). WHEELER (Edwin), of Clifton [1833-1909] 2,449 water-colour drawings of British Fungi made between 1880 and 1895 by Mr. Wheeler, were presented in 1895 (B). 127 sheets of water-colour drawings of fishes from British locahties, done between 1897 and 1908, were purchased in 1959 (Z)- WHEELER (J. F. G.) Four coloured drawings for J. F. G. Wheeler's report on " Nemerteans from the South Atlantic " pubUshed in Discovery Reports 9 : 215-294, 1934 (Z). WHELER, Mrs. Five water-colour drawings of birds made by a native artist for Mrs. Wheler, wife of a member of the Supreme Council of Bengal, c. 1783 (Z). WHIMPER (Charles) [1853- ] See WHYMPER (Charles) WHISTLER (Hugh) [1889-1943] Typescript of an unpubhshed work on the birds of the Himalayas, 212 sh. c. 1942, six isound volumes of manuscript notes on measurements of Indian birds and one of Palaearctic birds, 24 box files containing the author's MS. notes on Indian birds, 2 box files of notes on moulting in birds and one note-book Usting the bird skins in the Whistler collection (Z). WHITE (John) Navigator Copy of a water-colour drawing made about 1585 by J. White, containing the earliest known representation of the King Crab, Limulus polyphemus (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 199 WHITE (John) [1757-1832] White went as surgeon-general to Botany Bay. The original drawings used for some of the plates of White's " Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales " are included in the Banksian MS. No. 34 (B). WHITE (Timothy) A manuscript copy of Moses Harris' Exposition of English Insects 1776, contain- ing water-colour copies of the plates published in Harris' work, each inscribed " T. White pinx." ; the holograph title-page is dated " York 1786 " (E). WHITEHEAD (John) [i860- 1899] Catalogue of birds' eggs in the collection of J. Whitehead, 1881 (Z). WHYMPER (Charles) [1853- ] Framed water-colour painting of a Shoebill Stork, presented by Sir William Garstin in 1925 (Z). WHYMPER (Edward) [1840-1911] Three manuscript note-books, with other notes, drawings, proofs and corre- spondence relating to the Greenland expedition of 1867, also lists of Insects, Spiders &c. collected in Ecuador, Switzerland and North America in the period 1879 to 1892 (Z). WIGG (Lilly) [1749-1828] An autograph" Catalogue of Esculent Plants, " 1810, by L. Wigg, botanist, of Great Yarmouth, is preserved in the Museum (B). WIGHT (Robert) [1796-1872] A large collection of water-colour drawings and manuscript relating to Indian plants (B). WILCOCK (Joseph) [fl. 1888] One volume of woodcuts of British Unionidae, and 62 unbound woodcuts of Mollusca together with miscellaneous manuscript correspondence relating to his publications (Z). WILD (John James) Official artist on the Challenger during the scientific expedition of 1873-1876. His autograph diary kept during the voyage is preserved in the Museum (M). See also WALLER (Edward) WILEMAN (A. E.) [1860-1929] Nine original drawings for the author's " Notes on Japanese Lepidoptera and their larvae " published in ih.e Philippine Journal of Science 1914-1925 (E). WILKINS (Guy Lawrence) [1905-1957] 138 original drawings of Mollusca were presented by Mrs. A. Wilkins in 1966 (Z). WILKINS {Sir Hubert) [1888-1958] Two typescript copies, with manuscript notes by the author, of Undiscovered Australia, published in 1928 (L). 200 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS VVILLEMOES-SUHM (Rudolph von) [1847-1875] One of the naturalists on the Challenger during the scientific expedition of 1873-1876 whose death in 1875 occurred on the voyage to Tahiti. His autograph diary kept during the expedition is preserved in the Museum, also a collection of rough sketches and MS. notes left on board H.M.S. Challenger after his death (M). WILLIAMS (Frederick Newton) [1862-1923] MS. of flora of the count\- of Middlesex. FamiUes 1-50 Campanulaceae- Rosaceae. With the introduction and other notes (B). WILLIAMS (Roswell C.) 138 sheets of drawings of American Lycaenid genitalia (E). WILLIAMSON (Sir Walter) [1867-1954] Manuscript notes on birds of the Far East, mainly Thailand, also papers relating to his collection of Siamese birds' eggs (Z). WILSON (Alexander) [1766-1813] Original manuscript of American Ornithology ; or the natural history of the Birds of the United States, English edition, in 2 volumes, 1832. The volumes contain cuttings from the first edition of the American Ornithology , with many MS. additions, and from these notes Sir William Jardine published the English edition of the work (Z). WILSON (Edvt'ard Adrian) [1872-1912] The naturalist and Antarctic explorer. Material preserved in the Museum com- prises, one volume of pencil sketches and water-colour drawings of British mam- mals with MS. notes, 1890-1907. A quantity of manuscript notes and original drawings of marine mammals c. 1901-1911, also pencil sketches of whales, dolphins and seals made on the British Antarctic " Terra Nova " Expedition, 1910 (Z). A framed sepia painting of Periphylla (Z) . WILSON (Edwin) 173 original drawings of North American Tortricidae pubhshed in the work by Lord Walsingham, 1879 (E). WILSON (William) [1799-1871] W. Wilson, the botanist was author of Muscologia Britannica. His original drawings and notes, as well as his correspondence (fiUing 12 volumes) relating to Mosses, were purchased with his Herbarium in 1874 (B). WINDT (L. E.) A manuscript on " The Barberry Bush, an enemy to Winter Corn, " 1806, translated from the German original of L. E. Windt, that was published 1806, is in the Museum (B). WING ( ) 61 sheets of zoological sketches in pencil (Z). WINKLER (Tiberius Cornelius) [ -1898] Manuscript " Catalogue des poissons fossiles " i860 (P). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 201 WINKWORTH (Ronald) [1884-1950] MS. card index of " Who's Who in Conchology " covering the 17th century until 1950, and a quantity of manuscript material including systematic notes, and a card catalogue of genera and species of Mollusca (Z). WITHERBY (Henry Forbes) [1873-1943] MS. catalogue of the birds in the museum of H. F. Witherby, 1890-1931, 2 vol. (Z). WITHERS Mrs. Flower Painter in Ordinary to Queen Adelaide. Three botanical water-colour paintings dated 1839-1847 (B). WITHOOS (Alida) [1659 or 60-1715] Daughter of Mathias Withoos [1627-1703] a noted painter of plants, reptiles and insects, she worked in her father's manner and eleven of her water-colour plant drawings are preserved in the Museum (B). WITHOOS (Matthias) [1627-1703] Three sheets of water-colour drawings of insects (E). WITHOOS (Pieter) [1654-1693] Framed painting of the Reunion Dodo and other birds (Z). WITHORST (Johannes) [1648-1695] One water-colour drawing of a plant, Icosandria dipentagynia, dated 1682 (B). WOLF (Josef) [1820-1899] Original water-colour drawings of the Aye-Aye, by Wolf, are included in the Owen Collection of Drawings (L). WOLLASTON (Thomas Vernon) [1822-1878] Autograph correspondence between Sir Richard Owen and T. V. Wollaston relating to expurgation of derogatory remarks in the preface to his Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries pubhshed by the Museum in 1864 (E). WOOD (Casey Albert) [1856-1942] Typewritten copy of a letter dated November 12, 1923, containing, inter alia, ornithological notes of a voyage to Fiji, Australia, New Zealand &c. (Z). WOOD (Henry Hayton) [1825-1882] 200 drawings of Bryophytes (B). WOOD (Searles Valentine) [1798-1880] The original drawings and MS. notes for the Monograph of the Crag Mollusca 1848-1882, were presented as part of the E. Heron-Allen Library (Z). WOODWARD (Sir Arthur Smith) [1864 1944] Keeper of the Geological Department from 1901 until his retirement in 1924. Large numbers of his manuscripts, including letters, note-books, Piltdown skull material and his own and Lady Woodward's autobiographical notes are preserved in the Museum (P). 202 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS WOODWARD (Samuel) [1790-1838] A collection of papers, printed and in manuscript. Includes " An outline of Geolog}' " and " On the Geology of Gt. Britain, " both in manuscript, i vol. (P). WOODWARD (Samuel Pickworth) [1821-1865] A manuscript " Catalogue of Fossil Organic Remains in the Cabinet of Mrs. M. H. Smith, of Tunbridge Wells, " 1845, with water-colour drawings by S. P. Woodward (who compiled the Catalogue), W. H. Bensted, and others, was pre- sented in 1892 (P). Some original drawings by Woodward are included in the Davidson collection of drawings of Brachiopoda, which was presented in 1886 (P). The original MS. and drawings for the plates of ,4 Manual of the Mollusca, 1851-1856, and notes and original drawings of MoUuscan radulae are preserved in the Museum (Z), also manuscript " Notes from Nature " made at Norwich, 1832-1834 (L). Manuscripts of his Sketch of the Norwich Crag Deposit with a, descriptive catalogue of its fossils, A Synoptical table of British Organic Remains, 1829 and Theoretical view of Geological Changes 1835 are also preserved (P). WOOLWARD (Florence Helen) Miss [1854-1936] A collection of drawings of poplars and elms, also 16 water-colour drawings of West Indian and Madeira plants which were presented in 1933 (B). WOOSNAM (R. B.) [1880-1915] MS. notes on mammals and birds collected in S. Africa, 1903- 1904, and mam- mals observed in Persia, 1905 (Z). WRIGHT (Charles A.) Ten note-books relating to birds collected at Malta 1860-1869, one note-book on birds of Spain, Greece and Turkey, 1873, and two small note-books containing records of plants collected in England 1884-89. There are also a quantity of manuscript notes on the shells of Malta (Z). WRIGHT (C. W.) & (E. V.) Typescript catalogue of the collection of Cretaceous Fossils presented to the Museum in 1939 (P). WRIGHT (Joseph) Four volumes of tracings of figures of Foraminifera (Z). WRIGHT (Thomas) [1809-1884] Manuscript material relating to the Wright Collection of fossil invertebrates purchased in instalments between 1887-1906 (P). WUYTS (O. F.) A collection of correspondence regarding asymbiotic culture of orchid seeds (B). YALDEN (Thomas) [fl. 1750-1774] Autograph descriptions of plants and animals, chiefly Scottish, I773-I774 (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 203 YATES (James) [1798-1871] A collection of 25 water-colour botanical drawings by various artists, made for James Yates, mid 19th century (B). YOUNG (William) [fl. 1753-1784] 302 water-colour drawings of Plants from North and South Carolina made in 1767 by W. Young, with manuscript title, index and dedication, form the Banksian MS. No. 24 (B). ZAHN (Martin) ^ "" ";-"■ Four original sketches, dated iq44-iq'56, made fofWroni's published works (B). ZAPHIRO (Ph. C.) V -.^ ^ ' MS. notebook on collection of fishes during the trip to Kaffa and Lake Rudolphe, i8th April 1905 (Z). ZELLER (Philipp Christoph) [1808-1883] Four volumes of correspondence between the two eminent entomologists, P. C. Zeller and H. T. Stainton, covering the period 1869-1883, and a large number of letters addressed to Zeller by numerous correspondents are preserved in the Museum, also a number of original drawings, diaries and manuscript notes (E). REFERENCES Audubon, J. J. L. 1827-1838. The Birds of America from original drawings of J. J. Audubon. London (The Author). 4 vol. British Museum (Natural History). 1880. Catalogue of the Books in the Department of Zoology. London. (The Trustees, British Museum (N.H.) ). pp. 124. 188 1. Catalogue of the Books in the Department of Minerology. London. (The Trustees, British Museum (N.H.) ). pp. 105. 1903-1940. Catalogue of Books, Manuscripts, Maps and Drawings in the British Museum (Natural History). London. (The Trustees, British Museum (N.H.) ). 8 vol. 1904-1912. The history of the collections contained in the Natural History Departments of the British Museum. London. (The Trustees, British Museum (N.H.) ). 2 vol. & Appendix. 1933- ''^ Catalogue of the works of Linnaeus . . . preserved in the libraries of the British Museum (Bloomsbury) and the British Museum (Natural History). 2nd edit. London. (The Trustees, British Museum (N.H.) ). pp. xi, 246 (68) : frontis., 6 pis. 1968. List of Serial Publications in the British Museum (Natural History) Library. London. (The Trustees, British Museum (N.H.) ). pp. iv, 1164. Edwards, H. Milne. 1834-1840. Histoire naturelle des Crustacis . . . Paris. 3 Tom. & Atlas. Gould, J, [i84o]-i848. The Birds of Australia. London. (The Author). 7 vol. 1851-1869. Supplement. London (The Author). 81 pis. col., with descriptive letterpress. Jordan, K. 1938. In memory of Lord Rothschild, Ph.D., F.R.S., J. P. born the 8th February, 1868, died the 27th August, 1937. Novit. zool. 41 : 1-41, text illust. Norman, J. R. 1944. Squire, Memories of Charles DaviesSherborn. London (G. C. Harrap & Co.). pp. 202, 4 pis., text illust. Ramsay, R. G. W. 1881. The ornithological works of Arthur, ninth Marquis of Tweeddale. London. (Private circulation) pp. Ixvi, 760 i portrait. Ray, J. 1686-1704. Historia Plantarurn . . . Londini. 3 vol. 204 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS Sherborn, C. D. 1902. Index Animalium . . . Sectio prima . . . Cantabrigiae (University Press), pp. lix, 1195. 1922-1933. Sectio secunda a KaUndis laiiuariis MDCCCI usque ad finem Decembris MDCCCL. London. (The Trustees, British Museum (N.H.) ). 9 vol. 5 AUG 197 1 I Frederick C. Sawyer, M.B.E. 67, Robin Hood Lane Kingston Vale Printed in Great Britain by Aldcn & Mowbray Ltd at tlie Aldcn Press. Oxford - 5 /a CHARLES DARWIN'S QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION R. B. FREEMAN AND P. J. GAUTREY BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. 3 LONDON : 1972 J^ QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION. ^^ T;^ ( 1.) Is astonishinenl expressed by the eyes ud month being opened wide, and by the eyebrows being raised ? /\ ( 2.) Does shame excite a blush when the colour of the skin allows it to be visible? and especially bow low down the body does the bluah extend ? ( 3.) When a man is indignant or defiant does he frown, hold his body and head erect, square his shoulders and clench his fists ? ij , (4.) When considering deeply on any subject, or trying to understand any puzzle, does he frown, or wrinkle the skin beneath the lower eyelids. . ( r*.) When in low spirits, are the comers of the mouth depressed, and the inner comer of the eyebrows raised by that muscle which the French "■ call the " Grief muscle ? " The eyebrow in this state becomes \ slightly oblique, with a little swelling at the inner end ; and the ^ forehaad is transrersly wnukled in the middle part, but not across ^ the whole breadth, as tyhen the eyebrows are raised in surprise. ( G.) When in good spirits do the eyes sparkle, with the skin a little *, wrinkled round and under them, and with thejnouth a bttle drawn back at the comers ? ( 7.) When a man sneeiB or snarls at another, is the comer of the upper Up ov«r the canine or eve tooth raised on the side facing toe man whom he addresses f .^ ( 8.) Can a d(^ged or obstinate expression be reogjiixed, which is chiefly "0^ shewn by the mouth being firmly closed, Flowering brow and a ^. slight frown ? { 9.) Is contempt exprefised by a slight prntrusion {>f the Upe and by turning up the nose, with a slight expiration ? * ( 10.) la disgubt shewn by the lower lip bein^ turned down, the npper lip slightly raised, with a sudden expiratitM, something Uke incipient Tomiting, or like something spat out of the mouih ? ^'' ( ll>) ^ extreme fear expressed in the same general maancr as'with ^v , Europeans ? ( 12.) Is laughter ever carried to such an extreme as to bring tears into the ^ eyes ? ^^M^B^ (13.) When a man wishes to shew that he cannot prevent something b«ing >. done, or cannot himself do something, does be shrug his shoulders, »*- ^._ tum inwards his elbows, extendj^utwards h^ hands and open the palms ; with the eyebrows raised/ ^ A-*^^ ^**' ^ - ^ jT' /^ ^ \. ^*^^ 14.) Do the children when solky, pout^or greatly protmde th? lips^i^ *^^ T. j^^ • — (15.) Can guilty, or sly. or jealous expressions be recugnizeti ? tnough I ^*^ '^.••' know not how these can be defined. ^^ if^ ^ ( 16.) As a sign to keep silent, is a gentle hiss uttt^red ? , ^^^ (17.) Is the head nodded vertically in affirmation, and shaken laterally iu *y^ '^ negation ? ^^ /^ Observations on natives who have^ad liUle communication with Europeans would be of course most valuable, though those made on any natives would ke of much intek-est to me. Oeneral remarks on expression are of comparatively little value ; and memory is so deceptive that I earnestly beg it may not be trusted. ^ definite lieterijiitun of the countenance under any emotion or frame of rnind, with a statement of the circumstances under which it occurrod, would possess much value. An answer within six or eight months, or ^hhw %>^fm^ to any Hngie one of the foregoing questions would be gratefully accepted. In sending answers, the questions need not be copied, hut reference may be made to t^ numbers of each query. CliAllLES DAKWIN, Down, Brohlkt, Kekt. l^fij. Queries abottt expression. ^ CHARLES DARWIN'S QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION BY RICHARD BROKE FREEMAN AND PETER JACK GAUTREY Pp. 205-219; I Plate BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. 3 LONDON : 1972 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (natural history), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Paris will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 4, No. 3 of the Historical series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (hist. Ser.) ©Trustees of the British .Museum (Natural History), 1972 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 24 October, 1972 Price 65P CHARLES DARWIN'S QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION By R. B. FREEMAN & P. J. GAUTREY The intention of this paper is to publish, for the first time, the original text of Queries about expression which Darwin had had printed for private circulation in 1867, and to compare its text with that of other printed and manuscript versions. In the first (1872) and all subsequent editions and issues of The expression of the emotions in man and animals Darwin writes (page 15) : 'Conventional expressions or gestures, acquired by the individual during early life, would probably have differed in the different races, in the same manner as do their languages. Accordingly I circulated, early in the year 1867, the following printed queries with a request, which has been fully responded to, that actual observations, and not memory, might be trusted. These queries were written after a considerable interval of time, during which my attention had been otherwise directed, and I can now see that they might have been greatly improved. To some of the later copies, I appended, in manuscript, a few additional remarks: — ' Then follow sixteen numbered paragraphs, several with more than one query in them, and some final remarks. Another version, with seventeen queries and many other differences, was published by the Smithsonian Institution of Washington in 1868. Whenthe 'DajwinBibliographical Handiistwa.s'pu.hlished in 1965, these were the only two versions of the queries that were known to us, although the existence of an original was assumed and it is fairly accurately described at No. 231. Since then, six further versions of the text, as well as related manuscript material including a consolidated set of the answers, have come to light. All of these are in the Darwin archive or the Robin Darwin deposit in the University Library at Cambridge. There are now eight texts known as follows : 1. A printed proof with corrections in Darwin's hand. The corrections bring the text, exactly, up to the printed version. Darwin's corrections are all easily legible, and this may be the proof from which the compositor worked, or it may be a copy. It has a printed date of 1867 as in the final work, but, bearing in mind the 'early in the year 1867' quoted above, it may have been pulled late in 1866. {DAR 96). 2. A copy of the original printed version without any manuscript alterations or additions. (DAR 53 [i]). 3. Another copy of No. 2, but with alterations and additions in Darwin's hand to queries (i), (13) and (14), and a small deletion in the final remarks. This copy is reproduced here in facsimile and will serve to represent both this and text form No. 2. The three deleted words are 'even a year'. The additions, so far as they can be read, are as follows : (i) The hands at the same time being opened and raised high, v«th the fingers separate and the palms directed towards the person causing the astonishment. 2o8 QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION (13) & mouth opened. (14) ... Do they press join arm to hps under .... In blue pencil, left hand margin. No. 31 Dr. Rothrock* keep for Desc. of Man. It is clear that this copy could never have been sent to a correspondent: the addi- tions are far too illegible. It may have been intended as a key copy for alterations that Darwin wished to make to copies sent out later, but these alterations bear almost no relation to the texts of Nos. 5 and 6. There are also no 'few additional remarks'. (Robin Darwin deposit). 4. A rough draft, entitled E.xpression of Savages, on both sides of a single sheet, of nine queries on expression, one on ideas of feminine beauty, and three on domestic animals. These are addressed to an unnamed correspondent who was familiar with Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia and the Falkland Islands. The sheet is undated, but there is plentiful evidence (see page 213) that a fair copy of it was sent on January 6th i860 to 'Mr. Bridges, a catechist residing with the Fuegians'. 5. A copy, dated 1867, in Emma Darwin's hand, but signed by Charles. This copy is accompanied by a letter to Dr F. MiiUer, vmtten by Mrs. Darwin but again signed by Charles, dated February 28th, without year. The consolidated answers show that the MiiUer to whom this letter was addressed was Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich (1825-96), Government Botanist of Victoria, Australia, from 1852 \mtil his death, later K.C.M.G., F.R.S. and a Baron. Another F. Miiller also sent replies; he was Johann Friedrich Theodor kno%vn as Fritz (1822-97), a schoolmaster in Brazil, later to be a personal friend of Darwin and the author of Fiir Darwin. (DAR. 92). 6. A copy in the hand of Dyson Lacy, Aramac, Baccao, near Rockhampton, Queensland, with answers to all seventeen queries and text of sixteen, that for No. 6 being omitted. A note in Darwin's hand at the top of the first page of the manu- script reads 'Observations made by a relative of Mr. E. Wilson on return several hxmdred miles into interior of Queensland Australia — received Sept. 18, 1868. Edward Wilson of Hayes Place, Kent is mentioned on page 19 of The expression of the emotions, and Dyson Lacy, the relative, on page 20. (Robin Darwin deposit). 7. The text in the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1867, (1868). Miss Mary Sharon Carmody, Research Assistant at the Institution, informs us that no original copy for this version survives in the archives at the present time. 8. The text in The expression of the emotions (1872) and all later printings. All eight texts differ to a greater or lesser extent. No. i, the proof, needs no further consideration because its corrections, when made, produce No. 2. No. 3 also needs no further consideration because the alterations to it do not relate to the other versions. A detailed collation of the three printed texts, Nos. 2, 7 and 8, shows that all three differ from each other in many points, and a comparison of these differences with the three manuscript texts, Nos. 4, 5 and 6, may throw some light on why the printed ones differ. It is possible, but not probable, that there may ha\'c been a ♦Spelt Rottrock throughout in the consohdated answers. Joseph Trimble Rothrock, M.D. (1839- 1922). American botanist; he answered the queries in relation to his experience with North American Indians. QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION 209 second, earlier or later, printed version. Darwin says only that he appended in manuscript to later copies: had he had the leaflet reprinted he would surely have mentioned the fact, and it is much more probable that the copy he sent to the printer had the additional material added to it. The collation of Nos. 2, 7 and 8 is as follows: Title : 2 : Queries about expression 7: Queries about expression for anthropological inquiry 8 : [No title], but in index Queries concerning expression. I. 2. Is astonishment expressed by the eyes and mouth being opened wide and by the eyebrows being raised? and 8. As 2. Does shame excite a blush when the colour of the skin allows it to be visible? and especially how low down the body does the blush extend? color. All after the first interrogation point wanting. As 2. When a man is indignant or defiant does he frown, hold his body and head erect, square his shoulders and clench his fists? Comma after shoulders. As 2. When considering deeply on any subject, or trying to understand any puzzle, does he frown, or wrinkle the skin beneath the lower eyelids. Comma omitted after frown. Interrogation point added at end. Interrogation point added at end. WTien in low spirits, are the corners of the mouth depressed, and the inner corner of the eyebrows raised by that muscle which the French call the 'Grief muscle?'. The eyebrow in this state becomes slightly oblique, with a little swelling at the inner end; and the forehead is transversely wrinkled in the middle part, but not across the whole breadth, as when the eyebrows are raised in surprise. 7. inner corner or angle of the eyebrows, grief Leg. Whole of second sentence wanting. 8. As 2, but 'Grief Muscle', 6. 2. When in good spirits do the eyes sparkle, with the skin a little wrinkled round and under them, and with the mouth a little dravvai back at the comers? 7. When in good spirits do the eyes sparkle, with the skin around and under them a little wrinkled, and with the comers of the mouth a little drawn back? 8. As 2. 7. 2. When a man sneers or snarls at another, is the corner of the upper lip over the canine or eye tooth raised on the side facing the man whom he addresses? 7. the canine teeth. 8. As 2. 8. 2. Can a dogged or obstinate expression be recognized, which is chiefly shewn 7 2. 2 3- 2 4. 2 5- 2 QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION 7- 8. 9- 2. 7- 8. 10. 2. 11. 2 7 12. 2 7 13- 2 14. 2 7 8 15- 2 7 16. 2 7 8, 17. 2 7 by the mouth being firmly closed, a lowering brow and a slight frown? sho\\Ti. Comma after brow, shown. Is contempt expressed by a slight protrusion of the lips and by turning up the nose, wth a slight expiration? and turning up of the nose. As 2. Is disgust shewn by the lower lip being turned down, the upper lip slightl}' raised, with a sudden expiration, something like incipient vomiting, or like something spat out of the mouth? shown. No comma after expiration. Last eight words wanting, shown, spit. Is extreme fear expressed in the same general manner as with Europeans? and 8. As 2. Is laughter ever carried to such an extreme as to bring tears into the eyes? and 8 . As 2. When a man wishes to shew that he cannot prevent something being done, or cannot himself do something, does he shrug his shoulders, turn inwards his elbows, extend outwards his hands and open the palms; with the eye- brows raised? show. Comma after hands. Last four words wanting, with interrogation point after palms, show. Do children when sulky, pout or greatly protrude the lips? Comma after children. Comma after pout. As 2. Can guiltj', or sly, or jealous expressions be recognized? though I know- not how these can be defined, and 8. As 2. As a sign to keep silent, is a gentle hiss uttered? As 2. This query is absent. Is the head nodded vertically in affirmation, and shaken laterally in negation? No comma after affirmation. As 2, but numbered 16. Observations on natives who have had little communication with Europeans would be of course most valuable, though those made on any natives would be of much interest to me. General remarks on expression are of comparatively little valin'; and memory is so deceptive that I earnestly beg it may not be trusted. A definite description of the countenance under any emotion or frame of mind, with a statement of the circumstances under which it occurred, would possess much value. An answer within six or eight months, or even a year, to any single one of the foregoing QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION 211 questions would be gratefully accepted. In sending answers, the questions need not be copied, but reference may be made to the numbers of each query. 7. Observations on natives who have had little communication with Europeans would be, of course, the most \'aluable, though those made on any natives would be of much interest. General remarks on expression are of comparatively little value. A definite description of the countenance under any emotion or frame of mind would possess much more value. An answer to any single one of the foregoing questions would be gratefully accepted. Memory is so deceptive on subjects like these that I hope it may not be trusted to. 8. Printed as one paragraph. Expression with an upper case E. No italics. 'An answer ... of each query' all wanting. 2. is signed to right at foot CHARLES DARWIN and to left and below Down, Bromley, Kent,/i867. 7. is headed belowtitle andbetween two short rules ByCh.\rles Darwin, of Down, Bromley, Kent, England. 8. is without signature or address. Query numbers are in parentheses, e.g. (2) in 2 and 7, but not in 8, e.g. 2. It is clear that text version No. 8, that in The expression of the emotions, is printed from a printed or a manuscript copy of No. 2, the original printed leaf. The differ- ences are slight; show and shown for shew and shewn; one interrogation point added and one moved, both correcting composition faults ; and spit for spat in query 10, perhaps a misprint. The two large changes are the omission of query 16, which results in the renumbering of query 17, and the omission of parts of the final remarks. Darwin purports that he reprints the queries in their original form, and it is possible that he struck out query 16 in some later copies. It does differ from the rest in that it is concerned with language rather than with expression, the matter of the enquiry. The 'gentle hiss' st is treated by the Oxford English dictionary as an interjection usually verbalized in English as hist, hush, or whist. This query is not discussed in the text of the book. The last two sentences, about how soon he wants the answers and in what form they would be helpful, are irrelevant in the printed book, and could with justification be omitted. No. 7, what the Smithsonian Institution printed, is more difficult. A minor Americanism, color for colour, and eight added or omitted commas can be ignored. But there are textual differences in queries 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 13. In four of them the queries are shorter, the variation in each case being at the end ; in query 2 eleven words are wanting; in query 5 the whole of the second sentence of forty words is wanting; in query 10 eight words and in query 13 four. In query 7 there is 'the canine teeth' instead of 'the canine or eyetooth' and in query 9 'turning up of the nose' instead or 'turning up the nose'. In the concluding remarks there are a number of differences, the most important perhaps being the placing of the statement 212 QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION about not reljang on memon' at the end, rather than incorporating it in the second sentence. On the evidence of the three printed versions alone, it is clear that No. 7 could not have been composed from an unaltered copy of No. 2 ; no editor, let alone a com- positor, would have made such alterations to printed copy in front of him. It is possible that No. 7 was printed from a copy of No. 2 wdth manuscript alterations, but the fact that four of these are conspicious omissions and the structiu'e of the concluding remarks make this improbable. It is possible also that No. 7 was printed from an earlier version, before the additions and the rewording of the concluding remarks, but there is no evidence for the e.xistence of such a printed leaf. It is also possible that No. 7 was printed from a manuscript copy sent to the Smithsonian Institution shortly before the printed version was available, and one of the survi^^ng manuscript versions. No. 5, gives some evidence to support this view. This version is a primary source in Mrs Darwin's hand, whereas No. 6, in Dyson Lacy's hand, is secondary, being transcribed in Queensland from some other sources. In No. 7, the absent words in queries, 2, 5, 10 and 13 are exactly the same as in No. 5. Query 7 has 'canine teeth' as in No. 7 rather than 'canine or eye tooth' of No. 2. Query 9 has 'turning up of the nose' as in No. 7 rather than 'turning up the nose' of No. 2. The concluding remarks are as in No. 7, rather than tho.se in No. 2, with the statement about not relying on memory at the end. On this last point, a letter to A. R. Wallace, which is No. i of the letters commented on below, gives additional evidence. The only difference is in querj^ 7 which concludes 'with the mouth a little drawn back in the comers' which more closely resembles No. 2 'with the mouth a little drawn back at the corners', rather than No. 7 'with the comers of the mouth a little drawn back.' On the other hand, there is a letter in the Robin Darwin deposit from George Gibbs to Dar\\in, headed Smithsonian Institute, Washington, March 31, 1867, which reads 'Professor Baird has shown me your circular"Queries about expression". This would tend to suggest a printed text. The D3-son Lacy version. No. 5, does not give any further evidence. It is a rough transcription throughout, which was perhaps based on a late manuscript copy. The eleven additional words are present in query 2, and query 10 has the last phrase, but query 5 is omitted altogether, although the answer, misnumbered 6, is present. Querj' 13 is only present in abbre\'iated form. On the other hand there is 'canine teeth' in query 7 and 'tuming up of the nose' in query 9. Two such variants which agree with Mrs Dar\\an's manuscript and disagree with the first printed version cannot be coincidence. The concluding remarks are omitted. No. 4 has been left until last because its connection with the printed texts is remote But its composition is undoubtedly about seven years earlier than the others, and probably represents Dan\'in's first ideas on the subject. The evidence for this is fourfold : 1. From the manuscript itself, the different order of the questions, the indication to the copjdst to change the order of the questions, and the striking out of the three questions on domestic animals. 2. Also from the manuscript, the use of red crayon for the title and the particular QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION 213 paper on which it is written is characteristic of around 1859. Indeed this paper is known to students of the Cambridge archive as 'Origin paper' because almost the whole of the long version of On the origin of species is written on it. 3. In the consolidated answers, the only set from Tierra del Fuego (No. XXIX, from Mr Bridges) has the seven individual answers to the queries in the same order as they are in No. 4, whereas all the other thirty-four sets have them in the order found in the printed text. For example, the query about nodding and shaking the head is No. i, that about astonishment No. 3, but in the printed text these are Nos. 17 and i respectively. 4. A letter to Sir Charles Lyell {Life and letters, Vol. II, pp 264-265) dated January loth [i860], reads 'By the way I sent off a lot of questions the day before yesterday to Tierra del Fuego on expression.' The internal evidence for the year of this letter is fortunately good. The first volume of Hcnsleigh Wedgwood's A dictionary of English etymology, is referred to as 'new'; it was published in 1859. The insertion of A. R. Wallace's name on page 484 of a new edition of On the origin of species is referred to. It occurs on this page only in the fifth thousand, i.e. the second edition, which was published on January 7th, i860. The only correspondent in Tierra del Fuego who is referred to in The expression of the emotions is 'Mr. Bridges, a catechist residing with the Fuegians' who 'answered some questions about their expression, addressed to him many y:irs ago'. This was Thomas Bridges (1841-1898), a missionary with the South American Mission and later a farmer. In i860 he would have been working from the Keppel Mission in the Falkland Islands, but later he moved to Ushuaia on the north side of the Beagle Channel (see Riesenberg, 1940). He translated two Gospels and the Acts into the language of the Yaghan boat Indians, and compiled a dictionary of it which was not published until 1933, when the Yaghans were extinct. In a brief autobiographical article (1892) Bridges writes that he first entered the service of the mission in 1861, but this may be a slip of memory for Darwin clearly knew him as a catechist very early in i860. This set of queries, probably Darwin's first attempt to collect material for what was eventually to become the book, is of sufficient interest to be printed in full : [Title on Verso, Darwin's hand, red crayon] Expression of Savages [Recto] Do the Fuegians or Patagonians X or both X nod their heads / vertically X to express assent & shake their heads horizontally to express dissent? Do they blush? & at what sort of things? Is it chiefly or most commonly in relation to personal appearance or in relation to women? Do they express astonishment by X widely X open eyes X uplifted eyebrows X & open mouth Do they evince anger or fear by same expression of countenance & actions as we do? X B [ringed] Do they express contempt by the same gesture [?s] as we do, namely by turning up nose & puffing out their breath or even spitting? 341 QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION Do they frown when trvnng to imderstand anything or considering any difficulty? Do they e\-er shrug their shoulders to show that they are incapable of doing or understanding anything? [This querj' is ringed and with an insert mark to show that it should precede the previous two] Do they sneer, which is chiefly shown by turning up the comers of upper lip? X see Back a [ringed] What ideas of feminine beauty have the Fuegians; do they admire women with strong American cast of countenance or such as at all approach Europeans in appearance. [This querj- is deleted]. Do the Fuegians take any pains in breeding or matching their dogs ; or is all left to chance. — The habits of the Fuegian dogs would be worth observing. E X [ringed] [Verso] B [ringed] When out of spirits or (in some [deleted]) dejected do they turn down the corners of the mouth? a [ringed] Any information on the manner of Expression of countenance of any emotion in savages would be curious, & I believe is a subject, which has been wholly overlooked. — The onl}' satisfactorv' method to collect information is to make notes at the time. — [These queries are deleted]. Are the young of the Wild Pigs at the Falkland Islands striped lengthways on the back when first bom? What colour are the calves of the white cattle with red ears, on the Falkland Islands? Mr. Norman Write on both sides of paper. The copyist was Mr Ebenezer Norman, at one time schoolmaster at Downe; he transcribed for Darwin for many years. His transcript survives together with a part only of the answers and presumably it had travelled to the Falkland Islands and back. It is, as ordered, written on both sides of two sheets and signed at the end 'Charles Darwin Down Bromley, Kent January 6 i860'. Oddly, it contains the three queries about animals, and it must be presumed that they were struck out at some later date. Some other relevant information is available in printed letters and associated editorial comment : I. A letter to A. R. Wallace {Alfred Kiissel Wallace: letters and reminiscences. Vol. I, page 140) dated March 7, i860. 'The addresses which you have sent me are capital, especially that to the Rajah; and I have dispatched two sets of queries. I now enclose a copy to QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION 215 you, and should be very glad of any answers; you must not suppose the P.S. about memory has been lately inserted; please return these queries, as it is my standard copy'. The two recipients are apparently identified on page 20 of The expression of the emotions. 'The Rajah Brook has given me some information with respect to the Dyaks of Borneo. Respecting the Malays, I have been highly successful; for Mr. F. Geach (to whom I was introduced by Mr. Wallace), during his residence as a mining engineer in the interior of Malacca, observ'ed many natives who had never before associated with white men'. A fragment of manuscript for this passage and a letter identify him more closely as Frederick F. Geach. (Robin Darwin deposit). Rajah C. Brooke is mentioned on page 207 of the book, but the position in relation to the first two Rajahs of Sarawak is confusing. In i860, the apparent date of the letter, the first Rajah, Sir James, was still in Sarawak ; he retired to England in 1863 and died in 1868. He was succeeded, at his death, by his nephew, his sister's son. Sir Charles Anthony Johnson Brooke. Although clearly printed as i860, the date of this letter is suspect. Firstly there is no mention of Rajah James in the book; secondly the letter seems to be in answer to Wallace's reply to one printed in Life and letters, No. 4 below, which is dated February 26 [1867], and No. 5, dated March [1867], also relates; thirdly the 'P.S. about memory' could not possibly have been inserted some time before i860, although it is hinted at in the queries sent to Tierra del Fuego in that year; and fourthly Wallace was in the far-east until 1863, and it is most improbable that Darwin would have sent his standard copy so far and asked for it back. An unpublished letter at Cambridge (Robin Darwin deposit) from Rajah Charles to Darwin, dated from Sarawak Nov. 30/70 reads as follows ; Dear Sir, Altho' three years have passed since I reed yr note accompanied by the 17 queries about expression — since then I have been a year in Europe or I should have sent a reply before — as I have never lost sight of observing the counten- ances of the people — more particularly the Dyaks of Sakarang and Sarebus tribes — From Malays I think little originality can be expected as they are early tutored in conducting themselves in an orthodox Mahomedan Code — for instance — when seated on a mat receiving, or visiting a stranger, the feet are not to be shown — they are doubled up underneath — the hands clasped one on the other — not to show the palms — body slightly stooping & head inclined downwards — eyes looking down — in being surprised, they slowly move their heads to & fro without expressing any remark — These customs are brought from other parts more than derived from their forefathers. — I enclose a few answers yr queries — and regret they are not more complete — I have lately forwarded a 2i6 QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION female Maias* to the Taunton Museum — I believe a perfect specimen — tho' not large & found in the Rajang river some little distance from Si Munjan & Batang Lupar where Mr. Wallace & Signor Beccari obtained their specimens. If I can be of any servace in obtaining a few natural history specimens I shall be happy to do mj' best. I am Dear Sir Yrs faithfully C. Brooke The first sheet of this letter is on mourning paper, presumably for his uncle. In the consolidated list of answers received to the queries, Rajah Brooke's answers are not entered in the list under localities. Had they been, they would have come between the Australian and the Indian ones and numbered XIII. In the list under questions they are entered, without acknowledgement to the Rajah, as No. 36, and there are eleven entries. Mr F. Geach is No. 34 and 35 in both lists. It would seem that both these sets of answers were recei\'ed after the consolidated lists were made up, perhaps in 1869 or 1870. The letter to Wallace should clearly be dated 1866 or thereabouts. 2. A letter to A. R. Wallace (Life and letters, Vol. Ill, page 95) dated February' 26 [1867] states T would send such a person a list of queries'. 3. A letter to A. R. Wallace (Life and letters. Vol. Ill page 95) dated March [1867] states 'I will, however, see if I can get the queries inserted in some Indian paper'. This letter clearly relates to No. 2, and probably also to No. i ; the dates for Nos. 2 and 3 are probably correct because their matter concerns the early stages of the production of The descent of man which appeared in 1871. 4. A letter to Fritz Miiller (Life and letters. Vol. Ill, page 112) dated February 22nd [1869] states 'accordingly I enclose some questions as a guide and if you could answer me even one or two I should feel truly obliged'. Miiller answered the queries from Brazil. For the dating of this letter see No. 6 below. 5. A letter to Thomas Henry Huxley (More letters. Vol. I, page 287) dated Jan. 30th [1868], states 'Give Mrs. Huxley the enclosed, and ask her to look out when one of her children is struggling and just going to burst out crying'. A footnote refers 'the enclosed' to the queries, presumably at this date in printed form. The first paragraph of this letter refers to the receipt by Huxley of an advance copy of Variation under domestication which was published on 30 January 1868, and the third to George Darwin being placed second Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos for 1868. The Tripos list was posted on 24 January' 1868 (Emma Darwin, 1904, Vol. II, page 216; 1915, Vol. II, pages 187-88). This letter is probably in reply to an imdated note from Huxley a part of which has been printed in Life and letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, Vol. I, page 306. This note is stated to belong •The Dyak word for the orang-outang, more usually anglicized as mias. QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION 217 'to the very end of this year [1868], or to the beginning of the next'. Its true date must be in the last week of January 1868. 6. A letter to Fritz Miiller (More letters. Vol. II, page 98) dated Januar}' 30th [1868]. The estimated year of this or of No. 4 must be wrong, because this one acknowledges the receipt on October 5th of Miiller's answers to the queries, and is dated apparently before the latter was sent out. There is in the Darwin archive a set of fifty-eight letters from Darwin to Miiller, copied out by the latter for Francis Darwin, and numbered consecutively. That of 22 February bears the number 13, and the previous letter, 12, has a postscript dated i January 1867. The letter dated 30 January, No. 20, immediately precedes one bearing the date 1868. There- fore 30 January [1868] would appear to be correct, whilst that dated 22 February should be [1867] not [1869]. It will be noticed that in none of the letters listed above, nor in the letter to Rajah Charles Brooke, is there any mention of printed queries. Printed queries are however mentioned twice in editorial matter: 7. In Life and letters, Vol. Ill, page 134, 'The work required much correspond- ence, not only with missionaries and others living among savages to whom he sent his printed queries, but among physiologists and physicians'. 8. In More letters. Vol. II, page 108. 'Mr. [Francis] Galton had written on Nov. 7th 1872 offering to send to various parts of Africa Darwin's printed list of questions intended to guide observers on expression.' The offer was refused. The consolidated answers are written on twenty-six half sheets of brief writing paper (12.72 X 8 inches), on one side of the paper. They are mostly in Mrs Darwin's hand in ink, but with some additions by Charles in ink or pencil. The first seven sheets are numbered 1-7, and they summarize the answers by locality, starting with Australia and moving westwards to North America. The correspondents are identified and numbered I-XXXI. The last four, XXXII to XXXV are one from New Zealand and three about Malayans ; these presumably arrived after the rest had been arranged. The remaining nineteen sheets are unnumbered and summarize the results query by query from i to 17. The same thirty five sets of answers are used, although they have here Arabic numerals, 1-35. A thirty-sixth set, for the Dyaks, is entered last for eleven of the queries. These are presumably Rajah Charles Brooke's answers, though his name is not mentioned. These consolidated answers throw no further light on the history of the develop- ment of the queries than has been referred to above. They do however form much of the evidence on which almost two-thirds of the book itself is based. They are considered in Chapters VI-XIII, and many of the individual observations are quoted, although the order in which the expressions are considered is not the same as the order of the queries. CONCLUSIONS Although the evidence is not complete, certain conclusions may be drawn. It can be seen that Darwin was asking queries about expression of at least one correspondent as early as January 6th r86o. The text of the queries printed by the Smithsonian 2i8 QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION Institution in 1868 was composed from an earlier version than that printed as a single leaf in 1867; though whether the copy was manuscript or printed is not appar- ent. The text printed in The expression of the emotions, 1871, was composed from a suitably altered copy of the leaf. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Sir Robin Danvin and to the University Librarian, Cambridge, for permission to print from original manuscripts. We are grateful also to the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, for attempting to trace the original copy from which the Institution printed the queries ; and to Lady Nora Barlow, Dr Sydney Smith and Professor Robert C. Stauffer for trying to improve on our transcription of the additions to the copy of the queries which is reproduced here. The third of these is considered by us all to be an e.xample of Darwin's hand at its worst. REFERENCES Bridges, Thomas. 1892. Datos sobre Tierra del Fuego. Rev. Mus. de la Plata, 3 : 19-25 [Text in English]. 1933. Yamana-English. .i clic/ionary of the speech of Tierra del Fuego. Edited by Ferdinand Hestermann and Dr :\Iartin Gusinde. Missionsdruckerei St. Gabriel, Modling. Darwin, Charles, i860. On the origin 0/ species by means of natural selection, or the preserva- tion of favoured races in the struggle for life. Fifth thousand. John Murray, London. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. 2 vols, John Murray, London. 1868. Queries about expression (or anthropological enquiry. A nn. Rep. Smithson. Instn, for 1867, p. [324]. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. 2 vols, John Murray, London. 1872. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. John Murray, London. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. Edited by Francis Darwin. 3 vols, John Murray, London. 1903. More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpub- lished letters. Edited by Francis Darwin and A. C. Seward. 2 vols, John MuiTay, London. . The long version of Darwin's Origin of species. Edited by Professor R. C. Stauffer. Cambridge University Press [In the press]. Darwin, Em.ma. 1904. Emma Darwin wife of Charles Darwin. A century of family letters. Edited by H. E. Litchfield, 2 vols. Privately printed at the University Press, Cambridge. 1915. Emma Darwin. A century of family letters. 1792-1896. Edited by Henrietta E. Litchfield. 2 vols, John Murray, London. Freeman, R. B. 1965. The works of Charles Darwin. An annotated bibliographical handlist. Dawsons of Pall Mall, London. Huxley, T. H. 1900. Life and letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. Edited by Leonard Huxley. 2 vols, Macmillan, London, Mullek, Fritz [J.F.D.]. 1864. Fiir Darwin. Engelmann, Leipzig. Riesenberg, Felix. 1940. Cape Home. The story of the Cape Horn region. Dodd Mead, New York. QUERIES ABOliT EXPRESSION 219 Wallace, A. R. 1916. Alfred Riissel Wallace, letters and reminiscences. Edited by Sir James Marchant. 2 vols, Cassell, London. Wedgwood, Hensleigh. 1859-65. A dictionary of English etymology. 3 vols, Triibner, London. R. B. Freeman Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomv, University College London London, W.C.i P. J. Gautrey Department of Western Manuscripts, University Library Cambridge Printed in England by Staples Printers Limited at their Kettering. Norlhants. establishment THE ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLlfiRE (1811-1887) K. SATTLER AND W. G. TREMEWAN NAT. HIST. '' 13AUG1974 BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. 4 LONDON: 1973 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE (1811-1887) BY KLAUS SATTLER AND WALTER GERALD TREMEWAN Pp. 221-280 ; 3 Plates 1 3 AUG1974 BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. 4 LONDON: 1973 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (natural history), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 4 No. 4 of the Historical series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation : Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (hist. Ser.). I Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1973 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 16 A ugust, iqy^ Price £2.70 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE (1811-1887) By K. SATTLER and W. G. TREMEWAN CONTENTS Synopsis .......... Introduction .......... Acknowledgements ........ Part I. Iconogyaphie et Description de Chenilles et LSpidopteres inidits P.\RT II. Catalogue raisonni des Lipidopteres (du Dipartemeni) des A Ipes-Maritimes Llpidoptirologie Part III. Part IV. Part V. Bibliography . Catalogue raisonni des Lipidopteres des A Ipes-Maritimes, SuppUment, et Notes entomologiques diverses Catalogue of the taxa described by Milliere Page 223 223 226 226 247 251 260 263 275 SYNOPSIS Four entomological works of Milliere, which were published in parts, are discussed in detail and their dates of publication established. All entomological works of Milliere are listed in the bibliography. All taxa described by Milliere are catalogued together with their original references and the dates of publication. INTRODUCTION Pierre Milliere was born on i December, 1811, at Saint-Jean-de-Losne (Cote d'Or) and died on 29 May, 1887, at Cannes (Alpes-Maritimes). During his life he wrote 61 entomological papers in which he described over 260 new taxa. Four of Milliere's publications, namely Iconographie et Description de Chenilles et Lipidopteres inedits, Catalogue raisonne des Lepidopteres (du Departement) des Alpes-Maritimes, Lepidopterologie, and Catalogue raisonne des Lepidopteres des Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Supplement, et Notes entomologiques diverses, are made up of parts, most of which were pubUshed at different times. Nearly aU of these parts were also published as articles in periodicals. The issue in a periodical was pub- lished either before or after that which forms part of one of the above works. Both issues were printed from the same or different type-set, with or without alterations, the text sometimes having been revised. In some cases two different editions of a part {livraison, fascicule) of one of the above works are known. Throughout the present paper the following terms are used : edition - to dis- tinguish two different versions (termed editions ' a ' and ' b ') of a particular part (livraison, fascicule) in the same work ; issue - to distinguish the publication of a part {livraison, fascicule, partie) in one of the above works from that in a periodical. 224 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN The different editions and issues which have come to our notice are recorded below ; however, it seems likely that further variations may be found when more copies are examined. WTien there are two editions, the accompanying plates appear to ha\e been printed from the same blocks, except those of the Iconographie, livraison i, editions ' a ' and ' b ', which were printed from different blocks. In livraison 6 of the Iconographie copies of plates 2-4 are found with and without the printer's signature. As a rule the plates are coloured, but certain issues in periodicals are accompanied by uncoloured plates. As might be expected in hand-coloured plates, differences in coloration were found between copies. Occasionally copies were found in which a figure has been missed and left uncoloured. The plates are generally well pre- served but in some figures deterioration of the pigments has occurred. This is especially noticeable in the plates of some of the periodicals, for which usually inferior pigments were used. The publication of the above works in parts with different editions and issues resulted in great difficulty in determining the exact date of pubhcation of each new taxon. Consequently we have attempted to establish as accurately as possible from all available evidence the dates of pubhcation of the various parts of these works. The evidence for the estabUshment of these dates is presented in parts I -IV of the present paper. Details of each part and the estabhshed dates of pubhcation are tabulated, the tables containing the pagination of each edition and issue of every part. As the plates in the periodicals do not differ from those in the above four works details are given only once. The established dates for each edition and issue are included ; the earliest date is given in bold type. All taxa described by MiUiere, regardless of their status, are catalogued in part V of the present paper. It should be noted that Milliere was not always consistent in designating taxa as aberrations, varieties, or races, the term ' var. ' having been used to denote both aberrations and subspecies. The BibUography includes a complete hst of the entomological works of MiUiere, with their exact dates of pubhcation. We have established the exact dates of publication from the available evidence in accordance with the provisions of the Int. Code zool. Norn. Article 21 (1961), which reads as follows : Article 21. Interpretation of date. - The date of publication of a work and of a contained name or statement affecting nomenclature is to be interpreted in accordance with the provisions of this Article. (a) Date specified. - The date of publication specified in a work is assumed to be correct in the absence of evidence to the contrary'. (b) Date incomplete. - If the date of publication is not completely specified, it is to be interpreted as the earliest day demonstrated by evidence, but in the absence of such evidence, as (i) the last day of the stated month, when month and year, but not the day, are speci- fied ; and as (ii) the last day of the year, when only the year is specified. (c) Date incorrect. - If the date of pubhcation specified in a work is found to be incorrect, the date is to be interpreted as the earliest demonstrated by the evidence. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 225 (d) Dates of work issued in parts. - If parts of a work were published on different days, the date of each is reckoned independently- (e) Range of dates. - If the specified date of publication contained within a work is a range of dates, the work is to be dated from the latest day within that range ; but if evidence proves that one or more parts were issued before that day, it or they are to be interpreted as dating from the earliest day demonstrated by the evidence. (f ) Date not stated. - In the absence of internal evidence of its date of publication, a work is to be dated in whole or in part from the earliest date demonstrated by external evi- dence, such as mention in another work. We have cited the dates in accordance with Recommendation 22A, whiclt reads as follows : Recommendation 22A. Method of citation. - In citing the date of publication of a name, an author (i) should not enclose the date in either parentheses or square brackets if the work containing it specifies the date of publication ; (2) should enclose the date, or part of it, in parentheses if it is determined by evidence derived from the volume concerned other than in (i) ; or (3) should enclose the date, or a part of it, in square brackets if it is determined only from e-xternal evidence. Throughout the present paper plate numbers are cited as found in the original work, i.e. Roman or Arabic ; however, in the catalogue of taxa described by Milliere all Roman plate numbers have been converted into Arabic. All plates are coloured unless otherwise stated. We have examined all available copies of the works of Milliere in the libraries of the British Museum (Natural History), London, Royal Entomological Society, London, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Societe entomologique de France, Paris, and L. G. Higgins, Chobham, Surrey. In addition we have received information on the copies in the libraries of the Museum fiir Naturkunde an der Humboldt-Universitat, Berhn, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Zoo- logische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Mimich, and Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. In estabhshing the dates of publication of the individual parts the following evidence was taken into consideration : dates on original wrappers, title pages, plates and any further dates cited in the text. The dates of receipt which were recorded by Stainton in his personal copies of Milliere's works were also considered. In addition to these sources we have examined the following bibliographical works and catalogues : Bibliographie de la France (1850-90), British Museum (Natural History) Hbrary catalogue (1910), Derksen & Scheiding-Gollner (1968), Hagen (1862), Horn & Schenkling (1928), Junk (1900-13), Lorenz (1869 ; 1877), Stau- dinger & Rebel (1901), Staudinger & Wocke (1861 ; 1871), Taschenberg (1890), Zoological Record (1850-90). Reference was made to the obituaries by [Anony- inous, a] (1887), [Anonymous, b] (1887), [Anonymous, c] ([1888]), Constant (1887), D[immock] (1888), Gozis (1887), Heylaerts (1888), and Kheil (1887). Various periodicals, including Annls Soc. ent. Belg., Annls Sac. ent. Fr., Annls Soc. linn. 226 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAX Lyon, Berl. cut. Z., Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., Mem. Soc. Sci. rial. hist. Cannes, N aturalista sicil., Naturaliste, Petites Notiv. ent.. Revue Ent., Revue Mag. Zool., and Stettin, ent. Ztg have been checked for reviews, book notices, and casual references. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are particularly indebted to Dr P. Viette, Museum national d'Histoire natureUe, Paris, for reading parts of the typescript and suggesting improvements, as well as for help during a visit to the libraries of the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle and the Societe entomologique de France, Paris. We thank Dr H. J. Hannemann, Museum fiir Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, Dr H. Schroder, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Dr W. Dierl, Dr W. Forster, and Dr G. Mauermaier, Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich, and Mr R. Imb, Naturhistorisches Museum, \'ienna, for information on copies of works by MiUiere in the libraries of their institutions, and Dr L. G. Higgins, Chobham, for allowing us to examine a cop\' of the Iconographie from his private library. We are also indebted to Dr I. W. B.' Nye, Mr B. V. Ridout, and Mr P. E. S. Whalley, British Museum (Natural History), London, for advice and assistance. PART I Iconographie et Description de Chenilles et Lepidopteres inedits Between 1859 and 1874 Milliere published under the above title a work in three volumes, comprising 35 livraisons with 154 plates. With the exception of num- bers II and 27 to 35 the livraisons were also pubhshed in the Anyils Soc. linn. Lyon (1858-72). An article under the same title and accompanied by a plate 155 was published by Milliere in Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 25 : [i]-i2 (1878). This article also forms fascicule [4] of another work under the title Lepidopterologie, which is discussed in part III of the present paper. As the exact date of publication of each livraison was unknown, incorrect dates have sometimes been cited in the literature. Therefore it was necessary to estab- lish as accurately as possible from all available evidence the date of publication of each livraison. Details of each livraison and the established dates of publication are tabulated below (Tables 1-3). The tables contain the pagination of each edition and issue of every livraison. As the plates in the Annates do not differ from those in the Iconographie details are given only once. The tables are followed by a detailed discussion of all available evidence. All taxa described as new by Milliere in the Iconographie are included in the catalogue which forms part V of the present paper. Throughout part I of our work the following terms are used : Iconographie - Iconographie et Description de Chenilles et Lepidopteres inedits ; Annates - Annates de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon ; (N.S.) - Nouvelle Serie ; Society - Societe Linneenne de Lyon ; ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 227 Edition - to distinguish two different versions (termed editions ' a ' and ' b ') of the same livraison in the Iconographie ; Issue - to distinguish the pubUcation of a livraison in the Iconographie from that in the Annales. We have examined five complete sets, volumes 1 and 2 of an incomplete set, and unbound copies with their original wrappers of livraisons 1-7 and 10 of the Icono- graphie, and a run of the Annales. In establishing the dates of publication of the individual livraisons the following evidence was taken into consideration : dates on the original wrappers (when present) and title pages, the dates on the first page of the ' ExpHcation des Planches ', and on the plates, and the date of submission of the manuscript to the Society or the date on which Milliere signed some of the livraisons. Reference was made to Biblphie Fr., Petites Nouv. ent., Zool. Rec, and Staudinger & Wocke (1861 ; 1871), for any additional evidence. Original wrappers are preserved for livraisons 1-7 and 10. It is probable that wrappers were also issued for livraisons 8 and 9. We have not found wrappers for any of the livraisons of volumes 2 and 3 and it is possible that no such wrappers were issued. Volumes 1 and 2 of the set of the Iconographie in the L. G. Higgins library have grey original wrappers (front portion only) which are dated 1875 and were therefore issued after completion of the work. These wrappers are marked ' Iconographie et Description de Chenilles et Lepidopteres inedits, par P. Milliere, Laureat de la Sorbonne (Medaille d'Or 1874). Tome Premier [' Tome Deuxieme ' on wrapper of volume 2] Paris, E. DeyroUe Fils, 23, rue de la Monnaie. 1875 '. Original wrappers, which are preserved for some of the volumes of the Annales, indicate that each volume was issued complete in one part. Where original wrap- pers are preserved, the date on the wrapper agrees with that on the title page of the volume. Some volumes bear two dates, as for example ' 1859. Janvier i860 '. This may be interpreted as the volume for the year 1859, which was issued in January i860. Internal evidence (recorded dates of the deaths of members of the Society) shows that the year of publication cited on the title pages of volumes 10 and 11 is erroneous. A title page was issued with each of the livraisons 1-9, 11 and 23 of the Icono- graphie. The title pages of livraisons 1, 11 and 23 are also the title pages of volumes 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Two different title pages of livraison 1 (and volume 1) are known (page 230, Pis 1,2). Another title page, which lacks the volume number and the exact date of publication, is found in each volume of the set in the L. G. Higgins library (PI. 3). This title page was not intended for a specific volume, as blank spaces were left so that the volume number and exact date could subsequently be filled in as appropriate. Some authors have erroneously considered the date on the title page of each volume to apply to all included livraisons. Livraisons 1-28 were submitted to the Society for pubhcation. The date of submission of the manuscripts is recorded on the first page of each livraison under the title. Livraisons 29-35 were not submitted to the Society but were signed and dated by Milliere at the end of the text. We consider that the livraisons were 228 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN completed and ready for press, but not yet published, on the date of submission or signature. Although livraisons 1-28 were submitted to the Society, only i-io and 12-26 were published in the Annates (N.S.), volumes 5-19, which, except for volume 14, were recorded in Bihlphie Fr. Only livraison 11 of the Iconographie was recorded in Biblphie Fr., possibly because that livraison was not published in the Annates. However, tivraisons 27-35 were neither pubUshed in the Annates nor recorded in Bibtphie Fr. From 1S66 onwards Milliere's work was recorded in Zoot. Rec, but because of the time lapse between pubUcation and record, the available data have little significance. Livraisons 23-28, 30, and 32-35 of the Iconographie were recorded in Peiites Nouv. ent. between 1870 and 1875 as ' just pubUshed '. However, in our opinion the ' vient de paraitre ' should not be interpreted in too strict a sense. For example, livraison 30 was recorded in Peiites Nouv. ent. issued 15 April, 1S73 ; however, almost seven weeks earlier, on 26 February, 1873, a printed copy of this livraison had been presented to the Societe des Sciences naturelles et historiques . . . de Cannes. The Iconographie was also advertised in Petites Nouv. ent. but with apparent discrepancies concerning the number of plates available. The donation of volumes 1 and 2 as well as tivraisons 25-32 and 34 to the library of the Societe des Sciences naturelles et historiques . . . de Cannes . . . was recorded in Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes. Staudinger & Wocke (1861 : XVI) recorded livraisons i and 2 in their biblio- graphy. In the catalogue and the ' Corrigenda et Addenda ' they also include all the species which MiUiere described as new in tivraisons 3 and 4, and on plate i of livraison 5, citing plate references only. We consider plates I and 3 of livraison 4 and plate i of livraison 5 as having been published in advance of the rest of these livraisons, as they were available to Staudinger & Wocke for citation in their catalogue. Staudinger & Wocke (1871 : XXIX) recorded livraisons 1-25 in their biblio- graphy. In the catalogue they also include the species dealt with in livraison 26, citing plate references only. The Iconographie consists of livraisons 1-35, of which livraisons i-io and 12-26 were also pubhshed in the Annates. The title pages of livraisons 1-9 are marked ' Extrait des Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon . . .'. Although this impUes that the tivraisons of the Iconographie are reprints from the Annates the majority appear to have been pubhshed earlier. For example, according to the dates on the title pages livraison 2 was published in the Iconographie in 1S59 and in the Annales in January, i860. In this respect tivraisons 3-6 are analogous. Simi- larly the title page of livraison 8 edition ' a ' (dated 1863) is marked ' Extrait . . . vol. X ', but was never pubhshed in the Annates. MiUiere submitted a revised edition ' b ' to the Society at a later date, and it is this edition which agrees with the issue pubUshed in the Annates. A further indication is found in livraison 25, in which pages 49 and 50 of the Annates are erroneously numbered 129 and 130 respectively. The latter pagination is that of the Iconograpliie and indicates that the Iconographie was printed before the A nnales. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 229 In most instances the issues in Iconographie and Annales agree except in pagi- nation and signatures. Identical printer's errors and damaged type indicate that both issues were printed from the same type-set, but sometimes with minor modi- fications. For example, in livraison ig (Iconographie 2 : 329 = Annales 16 : i) ' var. panoptes ' has been moved to a different position. Similarly, in livraison 20 [Iconographie 2 : 407 = Annales 16 : 79) the ' E.xplication des Planches ' has been re-arranged. Occasionally the two issues agree in contents but differ slightly in format, having been printed from a different type-set, although the same type-face was used (see livraisons 8-10). In the Iconographie two editions of livraisons 1 and 8 are known. In addition to the slightly revised text they differ in type-face and format, which accounts for the different number of pages. Two impressions of livraison 28 are known. As can be seen from minor typographical errors and damaged type they were printed from different type-set, although the same type- face was used. As the text had not been revised and the format appears to be identical the two impressions are not regarded as different editions. Two different editions of plates of livraison I are known. Those which ac- company the issue in the Annales are also found in edition ' a ' of the Iconographie. However, we have examined one copy of the Iconographie in which plates of both editions are mixed. Differences between the plates of editions ' a ' and ' b ' are discussed under livraison i (page 230). In livraison 6 copies of plates 2-4 are found with and without the printer's signature. Apart from livraison i and the minor discrepancies in livraison 6 there is no indication that the plates were printed from different blocks. The 35 livraisons are accompanied by 154 plates. The plates of livraisons 1-6 are numbered independently, each livraison beginning with plate i. When citing these plates it is necessary to add the appropriate livraison number in order to dis- tinguish, for example, (liv. i) pi. 3 from (liv. 4) pi. 3. The plates of livraisons 7-35 are numbered 33-154. Volume 1 Livraison I Iconographie. Livraison i was submitted to the Society on 9 August, 1858. Two different editions which are here termed ' a ' and ' b ' are known. The origi- nal wrapper and title page of edition ' a ' and the title page of edition ' b ' are dated 1859. Editions ' a ' and ' b ' of this issue of livraison I are therefore as- sumed to have been pubHshed not earlier than 10 August, 1858, and not later than 31 December, 1S59. Staudinger & Wocke (1861 : XVI) recorded livraisons i and 2 as having been published in 1859. All species included in livraison I are dated 1859 except Psyche malvinella which on page 27 is dated 1858. References are made to the plates only with the exception of Psyche malvinella for which 30 is cited as the page reference. This shows that edition ' a ' was available to Staudinger & Wocke, as in edition ' b ' Psyche malvinella is found on page 29. Edition ' a ' comprises an original wrapper, a fly-leaf, a title page (PI. i), pages [i]-36, and plates 1-4. The fly-leaf bears the printer's name and address on the 230 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN reverse side. The title page is not marked ' Premiere Livraison ' nor ' Tome Premier '. According to the title page this edition was issued in Lyon by F. Dumoulin ; however, the original wrapper indicates that it was issued in Paris by F. Savj'. No printer is indicated on the last (page 36) or any other page. The plates were printed by Tourfaut, Paris. On the back wrappers of livraison i, edition ' a ', and livraison 2 both livraisons are advertised for sale. The fact that livraison 2 is advertised on the back wrapper of livraison i shows that both livraisons were pubhshed simultaneously. Edition ' b ' comprises a fly-leaf, a title page (PI. 2) which at the same time is a title page of volume 1, pages [i]-34, and plates 1-4. We have not seen an original wrapper. The fly-leaf does not bear the printer's name and address on the reverse side. The title page is marked ' Premiere Livraison ' and ' Tome Premier '. This edition was issued in Paris by F. Savy. The last page (page 34) is marked ' Lyon. - Association t\'pographique. Regard, rue Tupin, 31 '. The plates were printed by Houiste, Paris. The text of edition ' b ' differs from that of edition ' a ' and appears to have been revised. The two editions differ in format and type-face. Consequently page references to certain species do not agree. Some of the plates differ in some details from those in edition ' a '. For example, plate 3 depicts a complete moth (fig. 3) (right half only on Tourfaut plates) and the larva (fig. i) differs in some detail, particularly the head. On plate 4 a complete moth (fig. 3) is illustrated (right half only on Tourfaut plates), while the position of the number ' III ' is different from that on the Tourfaut plate. It should be noted that the two editions are not always clearly differentiated as regards the plates. For example, we have examined one copy in which Tourfaut plates and Houiste plates are mixed. Annales. Livraison i was published in (N.S.) volume 5 : [15] -50, plates 1-4, for the year 185S. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 5 but the title page is dated 1S58. On page IX the death on 28 September, 1858, of a member of the Society was recorded. This issue of livraison i is therefore assumed to have been published not earUer than 29 September and not later than 31 December, 1858. ^'olume 5 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 3 : 445, issued on 24 September, 1859. This issue is accompanied by uncoloured Tourfaut plates. Re.marks. We are unable to decide whether edition ' a ' was published earlier or later than edition ' b '. Edition ' a ' agrees with the issue in the Annales except in pagination and signatures, and appears to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison i was first published in the Annales. Livraison 2 Iconographie. Livraison 2 comprises an original wrapper, a title page, pages [5i]-ii2, and plates 1-6. Livraison 2 was submitted to the Society on 6 August, 1859. The original wrapper and the title page are dated 1859. This issue of livraison 2 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 7 August and not later than 31 December, 1859. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATION'S OF PIERRE MILLIERE 231 The pagination is not continuous, livraison i ending on page 36 and livraison 2 beginning on page 51. However, livraison i in the Annates terminates on page 50 and this may account for the gap in pagination. All species included in this livraison were recorded by Staudinger & Wocke (1861) as having been published in 1859. References are given to the plates only except for Stegania penniUaria for which page 65 is cited. On the back wrappers of livraison i, edition ' a ', and livraison 2 both livraisons are advertised for sale. The fact that livraison 2 is advertised on the back wrapper of livraison i shows that both livraisons were published simultaneously. Annales. Livraison 2 was published in (N.S.) volume 6 : [385]-446, plates 1-6, for the year 1859. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 6 but the title page is dated January, i860. This issue of livraison 2 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than i January and not later than 31 January, i860. \'olume 6 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 4 : 273, issued on 16 June, i860. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 2 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 2 was first published as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 3 Iconographie. Livraison 3 comprises an original wrapper, a title page, pages [ii3]-i92, and plates i-io. Livraison 3 was submitted to the Society on 13 August, i860. The original wrapper and the title page are dated 1S60. This issue of livraison 3 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 14 August and not later than 31 December, i860. This livraison was not recorded by Staudinger & Wocke (1861 : XVI) in their bibliography, but of the 24 included species, the four described as new by Milliere were accounted for (Sciaphila limoniana, Argyrolepia mtdsantana, Nemoria bruand- aria, Agrotis constanti). These were recorded in the ' Corrigenda et Addenda ' (1861 : 189-190) and were erroneously dated 1861. References were given to the plates only. Annales. Livraison 3 was published in (N.S.) volume 7 : [193] -272, plates i-io, for the year i860. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 7, but the title page is dated February, 1861. This issue of livraison 3 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than i February and not later than 28 February, 1861. Volume 7 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 5 : 365, issued on 3 August, 1861. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 3 agree except in pagination and sig- natures, and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 3 was first published as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 4 Iconographie. Livraison 4 comprises an original wrapper, a title page, pages [i93]-22i ([222]-[224] blank), and plates 1-4. Livraison 4 was submitted to the 232 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN Society on 8 July, 1861. The original wrapper and the title page are dated 1861. This issue of livraison 4 is therefore assumed to have been published not earher than 9 July, and not later than 31 December, 1861. There is evidence that plates i and 3 were issued prior to the publication of livraison 4. This livraison was not recorded by Staudinger & Wocke (1861 : XVI) in their bibliography but, of the eight included species, the two described as new by Milliere were accounted for (Alucita olbiaeUa, illustrated on plate i, and Etipi- thecia globulariata. illustrated on plate 3). These were recorded in the ' Corrigenda et Addenda ' (1861 : 190-191) and dated 1861. References were given to the plates only. There is no evidence that plates 2 and 4 were issued prior to the pubhcation of livraison 4. Plates i and 3 must have been available before [30] September, 1861, the date of publication of Staudinger & Wocke's work. On the back wrapper of livraisons 4 and 5 both Uvraisons are advertised for sale. The fact that livraison 5 is advertised on the back wrapper of livraison 4 shows that both livraisons were published simultaneously. Annales. Livraison 4 was published in (N.S.) volume 8 : [i77]-205, plates 1-4, for the year 186 1. We have not seen an original WTapper of volume 8 but the title page is dated Februan,', 1862. This issue of livraison 4 is therefore assumed to have been pubhshed not earlier than i February and not later than 28 February, 1862. Volume 8 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 6 : 461, issued on 11 October, 1862. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 4 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 4 w^as first pubhshed as part of the Icoiiographie. Livraison 5 Iconographie. Livraison 5 comprises an original wrapper, a title page, pages [225]-256, and plates 1-4. Livraison 5 was submitted to the Society on 11 Novem- ber, 1861. The original wrapper and the title page are dated 1861. This issue of livraison 5 is therefore assumed to have been published not earher than 12 November and not later than 31 December, 1861. There is evidence that plate i was issued prior to the publication of livraison 5. This livraison was not recorded by Staudinger & Wocke (1861 : XVI) in their bibliography but, of the ten included species, one of the two species described as new by Milhere, and illustrated on the plates, was accounted for (Butalis dorycniella, illustrated on plate i). This was recorded in the ' Corrigenda et Addenda ' {1861 : 191) and dated 1861. Reference was made to the plate only. There is no evidence that plates 2 and 4 were issued prior to the publication of livraison 5. The fact that the second new species (Zygaena genevensis, illustrated on plate 3) was not accounted for indicates that plate 3 was not available to Staudinger & Wocke prior to the pubhcation of their catalogue. Plate i must have been available before [30] September, 1861, the date of pubhcation of Staudinger & Wocke's work ; this is prior to the submission of livraison 5 to the Society. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 233 On the back wrappers of livraisons 4 and 5 both livraisons are advertised for sale. The fact that livraison 5 is advertised on the back wrapper of livraison 4 shows that both livraisons were pubHshed simultaneously. Annales. Livraison 5 was published in (N.S.) volume 8: [209]-240, plates 1-4, for the year 1861. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 8 but the title page is dated February, 1862. This issue of livraison 5 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than I February and not later than 28 February, 1862. Volume 8 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 6 : 461, issued on 11 October, 1862. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 5 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 5 was first published as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 6 Iconographie. Livraison 6 comprises an original wrapper, a title page, pages [257]-28o, and plates 1-4. Livraison 6 was submitted to the Society on 10 February, 1862. The original wrapper and the title page are dated 1862. This issue of livraison 6 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than II February and not later than 31 December, 1862. On page 279 (ExpHcation des Planches) (= page 23 of the Annales) the date 1861 is given. This may be a typographical error or it could indicate that the livraison was originally intended for publication in 1861. Annales. Livraison 6 was published in (N.S.) volume 9 : [i]-24, plates 1-4, for the year 1862. The original wrapper and the title page of volume 9 are dated February, 1863. This issue of livraison 6 is therefore assumed to have been pub- lished not earlier than i February and not later than 28 February, 1863. Volume 9 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 7 : 381, issued on 15 August, 1863. On page 23 (ExpHcation des Planches) (= page 279 of the Iconographie) the date 1861 is given [see above). Remarks. The two issues of livraison 6 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The plates of this livraison were printed by Geny-Gros, Paris (all other plates with the exception of some of livraison i were printed by Houiste, Paris). The printer's signature is missing on some copies of plates 2-4. The above evidence indicates that livraison 6 was first pubUshed as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 7 Iconographie. Livraison 7 comprises an original wrapper, a title page, pages [28i]-3i2, and plates 33-36. Livraison 7 was submitted to the Society on 11 August, 1862. The original wrapper and the title page are dated 1863. This issue of livraison 7 is therefore assumed to have been published not earUer than II August, 1862, and not later than 31 December, 1863. 234 K- SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAX Page 309 (Explication des Planches) and the plates are dated 1862. The plates are numbered 33-36 and are referred to as such in the text, but in the 'Explication des Planches', pages 309-312 (pages 53-56 of the Annales), they are numbered 1-4. Annales. Livraison 7 was pubUshed in (N.S.) volume 9 : [25J-56, plates 33-36, for the year 1862. The original wrapper and the title page of volume 9 are dated Februar^^ 1863. This issue of livraison 7 is therefore assumed to have been pub- hshed not earher than I February- and not later than 28 February', 1863. Volume 9 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 7 : 3S1, issued on 15 August, 1863. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 7 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same tj'pe-set. From this livraison onwards the plates are numbered consecutively to the end of volume 3, while they are numbered independently in each of the livraisons 1-6. The above evidence indicates that livraison 7 was first published in the Annales. Livraison 8 Iconographie. Two different editions which are here termed ' a ' and ' b ' are known. Livraison 8, edition ' a ', comprises a title page, pages [3i3]-344, and plates 37-40. Edition ' a ' was submitted to the Society on 10 November, 1862, and on page 341 (Explication des Planches) (= page 339 of edition ' b ') is dated 1862. We have not seen an original wrapper but the title page is dated 1863. Edition ' a ' of this issue of livraison 8 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than II November, 1862, and not later than 31 December, 1863. The first page of livraison 9 (page 345) is continuous with the pagination of this edition. Livraison 8, edition ' b ', comprises a title page, pages [3i3]-342, and plates 37-40. Edition ' b ' was submitted to the Society on 13 July, 1863, and on page 339 (Explication des Planches) (= page 341 of edition 'a') is dated 1863. We have not seen an original wrapper but the title page is dated 1864. Edition ' b ' of this issue of livraison 8 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 14 July, 1863, and not later than 31 December, 1864. The first page of livraison 9 (page 345) is not continuous with the pagination of this edition. The text of edition ' b ' differs slightly from that of edition ' a ' and appears to have been revised. The two editions differ in format and type-face. Consequently page references to certain species do not agree. Annales. Livraison 8 was pubhshed in (N.S.) volume 10 : [i87]-2i6, plates 37-40, for the year 1863. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 10 but the title page is dated February, 1863 [recte 1864]. This issue of livraison 8 is therefore assumed to have been pubhshed not earlier than I February and not later than 29 February, 1864. Volume 10 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 8 : 437, issued on 17 September, 1864. Livraison 8 was recorded (as having been pubUshed in February, 1864) in Zool. Rec. (1865) 2 : 573, issued (not earher than August) 1866. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 235 The text of this issue differs sHghtly from that of edition ' a ' in the Iconographic and appears to have been revised. This issue also differs from edition ' a ' in format and type-face as well as in pagination and signatures. The text of this issue agrees with that of edition ' b ' in the Iconographie, except for some dis- crepancies in the spelling of scientific names. This issue agrees with edition ' b ' in type-face but differs in format and was therefore printed from a different type- set ; it also differs in pagination and signatures. Remarks. The above evidence indicates that livraison 8 was first published as edition ' a ' of the Iconographie. Livraison 9 Iconographie. Livraison 9 comprises a title page, pages [345]-372, and plates 41-44. Livraison 9 was submitted to the Society on 11 January, 1864. We have not seen an original wrapper but the title page is dated 1S64. Livraison 9 is therefore assumed to have been published not earher than 12 January and not later than 31 December, 1864. Annales. Livraison 9 was published in (N.S.) volume 10 : [2i7]-244, plates 41-44, for the year 1863. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 10 but the title page is dated February, 1863 [recte 1864]. This issue of livraison 9 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than i February and not later than 29 February, 1864. Volume 10 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 8 : 437, issued on 17 September, 1864. This issue of livraison 9 was recorded (as having been published in February, 1864) in Zool. Rec. (1865) 2 : 573, issued (not earlier than August) 1866. This issue agrees with that in the Iconographie in contents and type-face but differs in format and was therefore printed from a different type-set ; it also differs in pagination and signatures. Remarks. The above evidence indicates that livraison 9 was first pubUshed in the Annales. Livraison 10 Iconographie. Livraison 10 comprises an original wrapper, pages [373]-424, and plates 45-50. Livraison 10 was submitted to the Society on 11 January, 1864. No title page was issued but the original wrapper is dated 1864. Livraison 10 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 12 Januarj* and not later than 31 December, 1864. This issue of livraison 10 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1865) 2 : 565, issued (not earlier than August) 1866. An index (Table alphabetique des matieres contenues dans ce volume) to livrai- sons i-io is included in livraison 10 (pages [4i9]-424) and forms part of the Iconograpliie. No inde.K to livraisons i-io was issued with the Annales. When there are dis- crepancies in references to certain species in editions ' a ' and ' b ' of livraisons 1 and 8, the index refers to edition ' a ' only. 236 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN Annales. Livraison lo was published in (N.S.) volume 11 : [i]-45, plates 45-50, for the year 1864. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 11 but the title page is dated February, 1864 [recte 1865]. This issue of livraison 10 is there- fore assumed to have been published not earlier than i February and not later than 28 February, 1865. Volume 11 was recorded, and erroneously cited as volume 2, in Bihlphie Fr. (2) 9 : 209, issued on 13 May, 1865. This issue agrees with that in the Iconographie in contents (except for the absence of an index and some minor discrepancies) and type-face but differs in format and was therefore printed from a different tjrpe-set ; it also differs in pagination and signatures. Remarks. The above evidence indicates that livraison 10 was first published as part of the Iconographie. Table i Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits Volume I Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits A nnls Soc. linn. Lyon liv. pages plates date vol. pages date I [a] W- 36 I- 4 [31. XII.] 1859 5 [15I- 50 [31. XII] 1858 i[b] [I]- 34 I- 4 [31. XII.] 1859 — — — 2 [51]-"^ I- 6 [31. XII.] 1859 6 [3851-446 [31.] I. i860 3 [Ii3]-I92 I-IO [31. XII.] 1850 7 [1931-272 [28.] II. 1861 4 I. 3 [29. IX.] 1861 [I93J-22I 2. 4 [31. XII] 1861 8 [1 77] -205 [28.] II. 1862 5 I [29. IX.] 1861 [225] -236 2- 4 [31. XII.] 1861 8 [209]-240 [28.] II. 1862 6 [257] -280 I- 4 [31. XII.] 1862 9 [I]- 24 [28.] II. 1863 7 [28l]-3I2 33-36 [31. XII.] 1863 9 [25]- 56 [28.] II. 1863 8 [a] [3i3]-344 37-40 [31. XII.] 1863 — — — — — — — 10 [i87]-2i6 [29.1 II. i86[4] 8[b] [3131-342 37-40 [31. XII.] 1864 — — — 9 [345] -372 41-44 [31. XII.] 1864 10 [217I-244 [29.] II. 186[4] 10 [3731-424 45-50 [31. XII.] 1864 Volume 2 Livraison 11 11 [il- 45 [28.] II. i86[5] Iconographie. Livraison 11 comprises a title page, pages [i]-36, and plates 51-54. Livraison 11 was submitted to the Society on 9 May, 1864. The title page, which also is the title page of volume 2, is dated 1864. Page 33 (Exphcation des Planches) and the plates are dated 1864. This livraison was recorded in Bihlphie Fr. (2) 8 : 526, issued on 5 November, 1864. This issue of livraison 11 was therefore published not earlier than 10 May and not later than 4 November, 1864. Livraison 11 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1865) 2 : 565, issued (not earUer than August) 1866. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 237 Annales. Livraison 11 was not published in the Annalcs. Remarks. This is the only livraison of the whole work to have been recorded in Bihlphie Fr. The above evidence indicates that only one issue of livraison 11 was published, viz. in the Iconographie. Livraison 12 Iconographie. Livraison 12 comprises pages [37]-67 ([68] blank), and plates 55-58. Livraison 12 was submitted to the Society on 14 November, 1864. Page 64 (Explication des Planches) bears no date. The plates are dated 1864. This issue of livraison 12 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 15 November and not later than 31 December, 1864. This issue of livraison 12 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1865) 2 : 565, issued (not earlier than August) 1866. Annales. Livraison 12 was published in (N.S.) volume 11 : [258J-28S, plates 55-58, for the year 1864. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 11 but the title page is dated February, 1864 [rede 1865]. This issue of livraison 12 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than i February and not later than 28 February, 1865. Volume 11 was recorded and erroneously cited as volume 2 in Biblphie Fr. (2) 9 : 209, issued on 13 May, 1865. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 12 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 12 was first published as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 13 Iconographie. Livraison 13 comprises pages [69] -100 and plates 59-62. Livrai- son 13 was submitted to the Society on 9 January, 1865. Page 97 (ExpUcation des Planches) and the plates are dated 1865. This issue of livraison 13 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 10 January and not later than 31 December, 1865. This issue of livraison 13 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1865) 2 : 565, issued (not earUer than August) 1866. Annales. Livraison 13 was published in (N.S.) volume 12 : [413] -444, plates 59-62, for the year 1865. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 12 but the title page is dated 6 January, 1866, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of pubhcation of this issue. Volume 12 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 10 : 185, issued on 28 April, 1866. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 13 agree e.xcept in pagination and signatures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 13 was first published as part of the Iconographie. 238 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN Livraison 14 Iconographie. Livraison 14 comprises pages [ioi]-i43 ([144] blank) and plates 63-66. Livraison 14 was submitted to the Society on 10 April, 1865. Page 140 (Explication des Planches) and the plates are dated 1865. This issue of livraison 14 is therefore assumed to have been published not earher than 11 April and not later than 31 December, 1865. This issue of livraison 14 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1S66) 3 : 439, issued (not earher than November) 1867. Annales. Livraison 14 was published in (N.S.) volume 13 : [i]-43, plates 63-66, for the year 1866. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 13 but the title page is dated 30 June, 1866, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of publication of this issue. Volume 13 was recorded in BiUphie Fr. (2) 10 : 469, issued on 13 October, 1866. This issue of livraison 14 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1866) 3 : 439, issued (not earher than November) 1867. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 14 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 14 was first published as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 15 Iconographie. Livraison 15 comprises pages [i45]-i87 ([188] blank) and plates 67-70. Livraison 15 was submitted to the Society on 11 December, 1865. Page 184 (Explication des Planches) and the plates are dated 1865. This issue of livraison 15 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 12 Decem- ber and not later than 31 December, 1865. This issue of livraison 15 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1866) 3 : 439, issued (not earlier than November) 1867. Annales. Livraison 15 was pubhshed in (N.S.) volume 13 : [44] -86, plates 67-70, for the year 1866. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 13 but the title page is dated 30 June, 1866, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of pubUcation of this issue. Volume 13 was recorded in Bihlphie Fr. (2) 10 : 469, issued on 13 October, 1866. This issue of livraison 15 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1866) 3 : 439, issued (not earher than November) 1867. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 15 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 15 was first pubhshed as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 16 Iconographie. Livraison 16 comprises pages [i89]-246 and plates 71-76. Livraison 16 was submitted to the Society on 12 March, 1866. Page 241 (Expli- cation des Planches) and the plates are dated 1866. This issue of livraison 16 is ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 239 therefore assumed to have been published not earher than 13 March and not later than 31 December, 1866. This issue of livraison 16 was not recorded in Zool. Rec. Annales. Livraison 16 was pubUshed in (N.S.) volume 14 : [2g7]-354, plates 71-76, for the year 1S66. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 14 but the title page is dated 15 January, 1867, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of publication of this issue. Volume 14 was not recorded in Biblphie Fr. This issue of livraison 16 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1867) 4 : 338, issued (not earlier than November) 1868. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 16 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 16 was first published as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 17 Iconographie. Livraison 17 comprises pages [247]-28o and plates 77-So. Livraison 17 was submitted to the Society on 12 July, 1866. Page 277 (Expli- cation des Planches) and the plates are dated 1866. This issue of livraison 17 is therefore assumed to have been pubHshed not earlier than 13 July and not later than 31 December, 1866. This issue of livraison 17 was not recorded in Zool. Rec. Plate 80 is marked livraison 18, which is erroneous as shown by the date on the plate and reference to the Explication des Planches of livraisons 17 and 18. Annales. Livraison 17 was published in (N.S.) volume 14 : [355] -388, plates 77-80, for the year 1866. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 14 but the title page is dated 15 January, 1867, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of pubUcation of this issue. Volume 14 was not recorded in Biblphie Fr. This issue of livraison 17 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1S67) 4 : 338, issued (not earlier than November) 1S68. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 17 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 17 was first published as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 18 Iconographie. Livraison 18 comprises pages [28i]-327 ([328] blank) and plates 81-84. Livraison 18 was submitted to the Society on 14 January, 1867. Page 324 (Explication des Planches) and the plates are dated 1867. This issue of livraison 18 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 15 January and not later than 31 December, 1867. This issue of livraison 18 was not recorded in Zool. Rec. Annales. Livraison 18 was published in (N.S.) volume 15 : [i89]-235, plates 81-84, for the year 1867. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 15 but 240 K. SATTLER & W, G. TREMEWAN the title page is dated 15 January, 1868, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of publication of this issue. Volume 15 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 12 : 489, issued on 17 October, 1868. This issue of livraison 18 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1868) 5 : 309, issued (not earlier than December) 1869. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 18 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. Plate 80 {livraison 17) is marked livraison 18, which is erroneous as shown by the date on the plate and reference to the Explication des Planches of livraisons 17 and 18. The above evidence indicates that livraison iS was first published as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 19 Iconographie. Livraison 19 comprises pages [329J-364 and plates 85-88. Livraison 19 was submitted to the Society on 10 June, 1867. Page 361 (Expli- cation des Planches) and the plates are dated 1867. This issue of livraison 19 is therefore assumed to have been pubUshed not earlier than 11 June and not later than 31 December, 1867. This issue of livraison ig was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1869) 6 : 342, issued 1870. Annates. Livraison 19 was published in (N.S.) volume 16 : [i]-36, plates 85- 88, for the year 1868. The original wrapper and the title page of volume 16 are dated 28 December, 1868, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of pub- lication of this issue. Volume 16 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 14 : 173, issued on 16 April, 1870. This issue of livraison ig was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1869) 6 : 342, issued 1870. Remarks. The Explication des Planches [Iconographie, pages 362, 363 ; Annales, pages 34, 35) for plates 86 and 87 are transposed. The two issues of livraison 19 agree except in pagination and signatures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set with minor modifications. The above evidence indicates that livraison 19 was first published as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 20 Iconographie. Livraison 20 comprises pages [365] -410 and plates 89-92. Livraison 20 was submitted to the Society on 11 November, 1867. Page 407 (Explication des Planches) and the plates are dated 1867. This issue of livraison 20 is therefore assumed to have been pubUshed not earUer than 12 November and not later than 31 December, 1867. This issue of livraison 20 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1869) 6 : 342, issued 1870. Annales. Livraison 20 was published in (N.S.) volume 16 : [37]-82, plates 89-92, for the year 1868. The original wrapper and the title page of volume 16 are dated 28 December, 1868, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of publication of this issue. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 241 Volume 16 was recorded in Bihlpliic Fr. (2) 14 : 173, issued on 16 April, 1870. This issue of livraison 20 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1869) 6 : 342, issued 1870. In the Explication des Planches, the plate number is erroneously cited as 85, but should be 8g, and some of the legends are out of place. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 20 agree except in pagination, signatures and the above noted discrepancies, and could have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 20 was first published in the Icono- graphic. Livraison 21 Iconographie. Livraison 21 comprises pages [4ii]-449 ([450] blank) and plates 93-96. Livraison 21 was submitted to the Society on 10 February, 1868. Page 446 (E.xpHcation des Planches) and the plates are dated 1S68. This issue of livraison 21 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 11 February and not later than 31 December, 1868. This issue of livraison 21 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1869) 6 : 342, issued 1870. Annales. Livraison 21 was published in (N.S.) volume 17 ; [i]-39, plates 93-96, for the year 1869. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 17 but the title page is dated 28 December, 1869, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of pubUcation of this issue. Volume 17 was recorded in Bihlphie Fr. (2) 14 : 173, issued on 16 April, 1S70. This issue of livraison 21 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1869) 6 : 342, issued 1870. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 21 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 21 was first published as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 22 Iconographie. Livraison 22 comprises pages [451] -506 and plates 97-100. Livraison 22 was submitted to the Society on 9 March, 1868. Page 495 (Expli- cation des Planches) and the plates are dated 1868. This issue of livraison zz is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 10 March and not later than 31 December, 1868. This issue of livraison 22 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1869) 6 : 342, issued 1870. An index (Table alphabetique des matieres contenues dans le second \'olume) to livraisons 11-22 is included in livraison 22 (pages [497]-5o6) and forms part of the Iconographie. No index to livraisons 11-22 was issued in the Annales. Annales. Livraison 22 was published in (N.S.) volume 17 : [4i]-88, plates 97-100, for the year 1869. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 17 but the title page is dated 28 December, 1869, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of publication of this issue. Volume 17 was recorded in Bihlphie Fr. (2) 14 : 173, issued on 16 April, 1870. This issue of livraison 22 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1869) 6 : 342, issued 1870. 242 K. SATTLER & \V. G. TREMEWAX Remarks. The two issues of livraison 22 agree except in pagination and sig- natures, and in the presence or absence of an index, and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 22 was first pubUshed as part of the Iconographie. Table 2 Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits Volume 2 Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lepid. inidits Annls Soc. linn. Lyon liv. pages plates date vol. pages (late II [I]- 36 51- 54 (5. XI.] 1854 — — — 12 [37]- 67 55- 58 [31. XII] 1864 II [258] -288 [28.] II. i86[5] 13 [69]- 100 59- 62 [31. XII.] 1865 12 [4 1 31-444 6. I. 1866 14 [ioi]-i43 63- 66 [31. XII.] 1865 13 [I]- 43 30. VI. 1866 15 [1451-187 67- 70 [31. XII.] 1865 13 [44I- 86 30. VI. 1866 16 [1 89] -2 46 71- 76 [31. XII] 1866 14 [297I-354 15. I. 1867 17 [2471-280 77- 80 [31. XII] 1866 14 [355I-388 15. I. 1867 18 [2811-327 8i- 84 [31. XII.] 1867 15 [189I-235 15. I. 1868 19 [3291-364 85- 88 [31. XII.] 1867 16 [I]- 36 28. XII. 1868 20 [3651-410 89- 92 [31. XII] 1867 16 [37]- 82 28. XII. 1868 21 [411I-449 93- 96 [31. XII.] 1868 17 [il- 39 28. XII. 1869 22 [451I-506 97- 100 [31. XII] 1868 \'okmie 3 17 [4.]- 88 28. XII. 1869 Livraison 23 Iconographie. Livraison 23 comprises a title page, pages [i]-40, and plates 101-104. Livraison 23 was submitted to the Society on 9 August, 1868. The title page, which also is the title page of volume 3, is dated 1869. Page 2,7 (ExpU- cation des Planches) is dated 1868. The plates are dated 1869. This issue of livraison 23 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 10 August, 1868, and not later than 31 December, 1869. This issue of livraison 23 was recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 51, issued I January, 1870, but was not recorded in Zool. Rec. Annales. Livraison 23 was pubhshed in (N.S.) volume 18 : [i]-40, plates loi- 104, for the year 1870-71. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 18 but the title page is dated 31 January, 1872, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of publication of this issue. Volume 18 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 16 : 325, issued on 20 July, 1S72. This issue of livraison 23 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1871) 8 : 350, issued (not earUer than May) 1873. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 23 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 23 was first published as part of the Iconographie. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 24J Livraison 24 Iconographie. Livraison 24 comprises pages [4i]-8o and plates 105-108. Livraison 24 was submitted to the Society on 12 April, 1869. Page 77 (Expli- cation des Planches) and the plates are dated 1869. This issue of livraison 24 is therefore assumed to have been pubHshed not earlier than 13 April and not later than 31 December, 1869. This issue of livraison 24 was recorded in Petiies Nouv. enl. 1 : 75, issued i April, 1870, but was not recorded in Zool. Rec. Annales. Livraison 24 was published in (N.S.) volume 18 : [4i]-8o, plates 105-108, for the year 1870-71. We have not seen an original wrapper of volume 18 but the title page is dated 31 January, 1872, wliich is therefore accepted as the correct date of publication of this issue. Volume 18 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 16 : 325, issued 20 July, 1872. This issue of livraison 24 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1871) 8 : 350, issued (not earlier than May) 1873. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 24 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 24 was first published as part of the Iconographie. Livraison 25 Iconographie. Livraison 25 comprises pages [8i]-i30 and plates 109-112. Livraison 25 was submitted to the Society on 10 January, 1870. Page 127 (Expli- cation des Planches) and the plates are dated 1870. This issue of livraison 25 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 11 January and not later than 31 December, 1870. This issue was recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 128, issued 15 July, 1871, but was not recorded in Zool. Rec. It was also recorded as having been received for the library of the Societe des Sciences naturelles et historiques . . . de Cannes . . . at the meeting held on 10 May, 1871 (1874, Mem. Sac. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 3 : 12). Annales. Livraison 25 was published in (N.S.) volume 19 : [i]-48, [49], [50], plates 109-112, for the year 1872. The original wrapper and the title page are dated 31 December, 1872, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of pub- lication of this issue. Volume 19 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 17 : 361, issued ig July, 1873. This issue of livraison 25 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1873) 10 : 370, issued (not earlier than April) 1875. Pages 49 and 50 are erroneously numbered 129 and 140 respectively, the latter pagination being that of the Iconographie. This is an indication that the Icono- graphie was printed before the Annales. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 25 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 25 was first published as part of the Iconographie. 244 K- SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN Livraison 26 Iconographie. Livraison 26 comprises pages [ijij-iyo and plates 113-116. Livraison 26 was submitted to the Society on 14 Februarj', 1870. Page 167 (Explication des Planches) and the plates are dated 1870. This issue of livraison 26 is therefore assumed to have been published not earUer than 15 February and not later than 31 December, 1S70. This issue was recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 185, issued 15 February, 1872, but was not recorded in Zool. Rec. It was also recorded as having been received for the hbrar>' of the Societe des Sciences naturelles et historiques . . . de Cannes . . . at the meeting held on 10 April, 1872 (1874, Mem. Soc. Set. nat. hist. Cannes 4:5). Annales. Livraison 26 was pubhshed in (N.S.) volume 19 : [SiJ-go, plates 113-116, for the year 1872. The original wrapper and the title page are dated 31 December, 1872, which is therefore accepted as the correct date of publication of this issue. Volume 19 was recorded in Bihlphie Fr. (2) 17 : 361, issued 19 July, 1873. This issue of livraison 26 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1873) 10 : 370, issued (not earlier than April) 1975. Remarks. The two issues of livraison 26 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that livraison 26 was first published as part of the Iconographie. The following livraisons (27-35) were issued only as part of the Iconographie and were never pubhshed in the Annales. All of these livraisons and the completion of this work were recorded in Zool. Rec. (1877) 14 (Insecta) : 117, where 32 is erroneoush' cited f6r livraison 35. Livraison 27 Iconographie. Livraison 27 comprises pages [i7i]-i94 and plates 117-120. Livraison 27 was submitted to the Society on 6 February, 1871. Page 193 (Expli- cation des Planches) is not dated but the plates are dated 1871. This livraison is therefore assumed to have been pubhshed not earlier than 7 February and not later than 31 December, 1871. The plates are marked 'Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon ' although, as stated above, this livraison was not published in the Annales. This livraison was recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 196, issued i April, 1S72 ; it was also recorded as having been received for the library of the Societe des Sciences naturelles et historiques . . . de Cannes ... at the meeting held on 10 April, 1872 (1874, Mem. Soc. Set. nat. hist. Cannes 4 : 5). Livraison 28 Iconographie. Livraison 28 comprises pages [i95]-226 and plates 121-124. Livraison 28 was submitted to the Society on 6 February, 1871. Page 224 (Expli- cation des Planches) and the plates are dated 1871. This livraison is therefore ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERKE MILLIICRE 245 assumed to have been published not earher than 7 February and not later than 31 December, 1871. This Uvraison was recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 241 (erroneously cited as 23rd Uvraison but corrected to 28th on page 245), issued 15 September, 1872 ; it was also recorded as having been received for the library of the Societe des Sciences naturelles et historiques . . . de Cannes ... at the meeting held on 13 November, 1872 (1874, Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 4 : 19). The legends to plates 123 and 124 (the latter erroneously cited as 120) are trans- posed. The plates are marked ' Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon ' although, as stated above, this Uvraison was not published in the Annales. The text of this Uvraison was printed twice from different type-set, as can be seen from minor typographical errors and damaged type. The format appears to be identical, the text was apparently not revised, and errors such as transposed legends were not corrected ; therefore the two impressions are not regarded as different editions. The following Uvraisons (29-35) were not submitted to the Society and the plates (125-154) are not marked 'Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon '. Livraison 29 Iconographie. Livraison 29 comprises pages [22y]-2^z ([252] blank) and plates 125-128. Page 248 is signed by Milliere and dated January, 1872. Page 249 (Explication des Planches) and the plates are dated 1872. This livraison was not recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. ; however, it was recorded as having been received for the library of the Societe des Sciences naturelles et historiques . . . de Cannes . . . at the meeting held on 13 November, 1872 (1874, Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 4 : ig). This livraison was therefore published not earlier than i January and not later than 13 November, 1872. Livraison 30 Iconographie. Livraison 30 comprises pages [253J-274 and plates 129-132. Page 271 is signed by Milliere and dated April, 1872. Page 272 (Explication des Planches) and the plates are dated 1872. This livraison is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than April and not later than 31 December, 1872. This livraison was recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 297, issued 15 April, 1873 ; it was also recorded as having been received for the library of the Societe des Sciences naturelles et historiques . . . de Cannes ... at the meeting held on 26 February, 1873 (1874, Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 4 : 35). Livraison 31 Iconographie. Livraison 31 comprises pages [275J-298 and plates 133-136. Page 296 is signed by Milhere and dated November, 1872. Page 297 (Exphcation des Planches) is dated 1S72 but the plates are dated 1873. This livraison was not recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. ; however, it was recorded as having been received (together with livraison 32) for the library of the Societe 246 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN des Sciences naturelles et historiques . . . de Cannes ... at the meeting held on 24 December, 1873 (1874, Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 4:56). There is no evidence that any of the livraisons were pubhshed out of sequence ; consecutive pagination would otherwise have been difficult to maintain. Therefore it seems unlikely that this livraison was pubUshed later than livraison 32. As livraison 32 was published not later than 30 September, 1873 (see below), we consider that livraison 31 was published not earlier than November, 1S72, and not later than 30 September, 1873. Livraison 32 Iconographie. Livraison 32 comprises pages [299J-324 and plates 137-140. Page 320 is signed by Milhere and dated January, 1873. Page 321 (Explication des Planches) and the plates are dated 1873. This livraison w-as recorded in Petites Nouv. cut. 1 : 341, issued i October, 1873, and was therefore published not earlier than January and not later than 30 September, 1873. This livraison was also recorded as having been received for the library of the Societe des Sciences naturelles et historiques . . . de Cannes ... at the meeting held on 24 December, 1S73 (1874, Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 4 : 56). Livraison 33 Iconographie. Livraison 33 comprises pages [325] -360 and plates 141 -144. Page 356 is signed by Milliere and dated AprU, 1S73. Page 357 (ExpUcation des Planches) and the plates are dated 1873. This livraison is therefore assumed to have been published not earher than April and not later than 31 December, 1873. This livraison was recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 381, issued i March, 1874. Livraison 34 Iconographie. Livraison 34 comprises pages [361] -388 and plates 145-148. Page 384 is signed by Milhere and dated February, 1874. Page 385 (Exphcation des Planches) and two of the plates (145, 146) are dated 1874. This livraison was recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 422, issued I August, 1874, and was therefore published not earlier than February and not later than 31 July, 1874. This livraison was also recorded as having been received for the library of the Societe des Sciences naturelles et historiques . . . de Cannes ... at the meeting held on 28 October, 1S74 (1876, Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 6 : [m]). Two of the plates {147, 148) are dated 1873. However, this date is assumed to be erroneous as there is no evidence to suggest that these plates were published prior to the text and plates 145, 146. Livraison 35 Iconographie. Livraison 35 comprises pages [389J-488 and plates 149-154. Page 454 is signed by Milhere and dated May, 1874. Page 467 of the 'Addenda et Corrigenda ' is signed by Milliere and dated June, 1874. Page 445 (Explication des Planches) and the plates are dated 1874. This livraison is therefore assumed to have been pubUshed not earlier than June and not later than 31 December, 1874. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 247 An index (Table generate des matieres contenues dans les trois volumes) to volumes 1-3 is included in livraison 35 (pages 469-488) and forms part of the Iconographie. This livraison was recorded in Petites Noiiv. ent. 1 : 489, issued 15 April, 1875. Table 3 Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles L^pid. ineJits Volume 3 Iconogr. Descr. Chevilles Lipid, inidits Annls Soc. linn. Lyon liv. paRL^s plates date vol. pages date 23 [I]- 40 lOI - -104 [31. XII.] 1859 24 [41]- 80 105- -loS [31. XII.] 1869 25 [8i]-i3o 109- -112 [31. XII.] 1870 26 [I3i]-i70 "3- ■116 [31- XII.] 1870 27 [I7i]-I94 117- -120 [31. XII.] 1871 28 [i95]-226 121- ■124 [31. XII.] 1871 29 [2271-251 125- -128 [13. XI.] 1872 30 [2531-274 129- -132 [31. XII.] 1872 31 [2751-298 133- -136 [30. IX.] 1873 32 [299] -324 137- -140 [30. IX.] 1873 33 [325] -360 141- -144 [31. XII.] 1873 34 [3611-388 145- -148 [31. VII.] 1874 35 [3891-488 149- -154 [3I.XII.] 1874 PART II 18 [1I-40 31. I. 1872 iS [4i]-8o 31. I. 1872 19 [1I-48, [491, [50] 31. XII. 1872 19 [5i]-9o 31. XII. 1872 Catalogue raisonne des Lepidopteres (du Departement) des Alpes-Maritimes Between 1871 and 1S76 Milliere published under the above title a work in three parties. These parties were also published in Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes (1872-76). Details of each partie and the established dates of publication are tabulated below (Table 4). The tables contain the pagination of each issue of every partie. As the plates in the Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes do not differ from those in the Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes, details are given only once. The established dates for each issue are included ; the earliest date is given in bold type. The tables are followed by a detailed discussion of all available evidence. All taxa described by Milliere in the Cat. raisonne Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes are included in the catalogue which forms part V of the present paper. Throughout part II of our work the term ' issue ' is used to distinguish the pub- hcation of a partie in the Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes from that in the Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes. We have examined five complete sets of the Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes, one separate copy of partie 2, and two separate copies of partie 3. One of the sets originated from the library of P. Milliere, another is personally signed by Milliere and was presented to R. Galichon. A complete run of the Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes in the British IMuseum (Natural History) and a run lacking volume 7 in the Museum national d'Histoire 248 K. SATTLER & \V. G. TREMEWAN" naturelle have been examined. The relevant volumes have their original wrappers preserved. From unbound copies in Paris it can be seen that each volume was published complete and not in parts. In establishing the dates of pubUcation of the three parties the following evidence was taken into consideration : dates on the original wrappers (when present) and title pages, the date on which Milliere signed a partie, any further dates cited in the text, and the dates on the plates. Reference was made to Lepidopterologie, Biblphie Fr., Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes, Petites Nouv. ent., and Zool. Rec. for any additional evidence. Original wrappers exist for partie 2, partie 3, and jointly for parties i and 2. No separate wrapper was found for partie i although it seems likely that one was issued in 1871. The dates on the wrappers agree with those on the corresponding title pages, except for partie 3. A title page was issued with each of the three parties. In adcUtion, a joint title page was issued for parties i and 2. Pages [384J-4I3 of partie 3 form a supplement to parties i and 2. A second supplement was pubhshed in Naturalista sicil., volumes 4 and 5 (1885-86) ; it also forms part of a separate work published under the title Catalogue raisonne des Lepidopteres des Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Supplement et Notes entomologiques diverses, which is discussed in part IV of the present paper [see page 261). Derksen & Scheiding-GoUner (1968 : 105) erroneously recorded as the first supplement a paper by Milliere (1880) entitled ' Lepidopteres des Alpes-Maritimes '. The Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes, volumes 2 and 5, were recorded in Biblphie Fr. ; volume 3 and the Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes, parties 1-3, were not recorded. In Zool. Rec. the publication of parties i and 2 was recorded ; partie 3 was not recorded. Partie i Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes. Partie i comprises a fly-leaf (page [i]), a title page (page [3]), and pages [5]-i35. We have not seen an original wrapper although such wrappers exist for parties 2 and 3. The title page is dated Cannes 1871. Partie 1 was dated 1871 and recorded as ' extr. Mem. Soc. Cannes. Jan. 1871 ' in Zool. Rec. (1873) 10 : 373, issued (not earher than April) 1875. The date for partie 2, which is recorded in the same place, refers to a meeting of the Society at which partie 2 was announced. In our opinion ' Jan. 1871 ' does not constitute the date of publication but refers to a similar meeting ; however, no such meeting was recorded in Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes. This issue of partie i is therefore assumed to have been published not earher than i January and not later than 31 December, 1871. The title reads ' Catalogue raisonne des Lepidopteres du Departement des Alpes- Maritimes '. The title page is not marked ' Premiere Partie ' or 'Extrait des Memoires . . .'. Partie i was also issued in 1873, together with partie 2. The two parties ha\e a joint original ^Tapper and a joint title page. The original wrapper and the title ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 249 page are dated Cannes 1873, and marked ' Extrait des Memoires de la Societe des Sciences naturelles, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Cannes et de Tarrondissement de Grasse. {Seance de mars 1873.). Premiere & Seconde Parties '. The title differs from that of 1871 in that ' du Departement ' has been omitted. Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes. Partie i was published in volume 2 : [89J-2I9. The title page of volume 2 is dated 1870 ; however, the original wrapper is dated 1872. Volume 2 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 16 : 390, issued 24 August, 1872. This issue of partie i was therefore published not earlier than i January and not later than 23 August, 1872. Although not seen by the recorder this issue was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1871) 8 : 350, issued (not earlier than i June) 1873, where it was erroneously referred to ' Bull. Soc. Yonne, 1871 '. Page [89] is headed ' Catalogue raisonne des Lcpidopteres du Departement des Alpes-Maritimes . . .' ; the corresponding page [5] of the Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes- Maritimcs lacks this heading. On page 91 the final E in ' MILLIERE ' is inverted ; it is not inverted on the corresponding page 7 of the Cat. raisonne Lcpid. Alpes- Maritimes. The family Cymatophoridae (pages 164-165) precedes the Caradrinidae (pages 165-166) ; in the Cat. raisonne Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes (pages 80-82) this order is reversed. Remarks. The two issues agree except in pagination, signatures, and the above noted discrepancies ; they appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that partie i was first published as part of the Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes. Partie 2 Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes. Partie 2 comprises an original wrapper, a fly-leaf (page [137]), a title page (page [139]), and pages [i4i]-247. The original wrapper and the title page are dated Cannes 1873. The original wrapper (but not the title page) is marked ' Extrait des Memoires de la Societe des Sciences naturelles, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Cannes et de I'arrondissement de Grasse. (Seance de mars 1873.) '. Page 247 is dated 25 October, 1873. The donation of the Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes to the Societe des Sciences naturelles . . . Cannes . . . was recorded in the minutes of the meeting held on 24 December, 1873 (1874, Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 4 : 56). In our opinion this can only refer to partie 2. This issue of partie 2 was therefore published not earlier than 26 October and not later than 24 December, 1873. Partie 2 was dated 1873 and recorded as ' extr. Mem. Soc. Cannes. March, 1873 ' in Zool. Rec. (1873) 10 : 373, issued (not earlier than April) 1875. The date ' March, 1873 ' refers to a meeting of the Society held on 26 March, 1873, at which partie 2 was mentioned in ' Rapport sur les Travaux de la Societe ' (1874, Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 3 : 297). In our opinion this announcement indicates that the manuscript had either been submitted to the .Society or was near to com- pletion. Subsequently, Milliere added further notes, the last on 25 October, 1873. Partie 2 was also issued together with partie i. The two parties have a joint original wrapper and a joint title page. The original wrapper and the title page 250 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAX are dated Cannes 1873, and marked ' Extrait des Memoires de la Societe des Sciences naturelles, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Cannes et de I'arrondissement de Grasse. {Seance de mars 1873.). Premiere & Seconde Parties '. Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes. Partie 2 was published in volume 3 : [i6i]-267. The title page of volume 3 is dated 1873 ; however, the original wrapper is dated 1874. This issue of partie 2 is therefore assumed to have been published not earUer than I January and not later than 31 December, 1874. Volume 3 was not recorded in Biblphie Fr. Remarks. The two issues agree except in pagination, signatures, and some minor discrepancies ; they appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that partie 2 was first published as part of the Cat. raisonne Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes. Partie 3 Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes. Partie 3 comprises an original wrapper, a title page (page [249]), pages [25i]-455, and plates I, II. The original wrapper is dated Paris 1876 ; the title page is dated Cannes 1875 ; the plates are dated 1876. The wrapper is marked ' Extrait des Memoires de la Societe des Sciences NatureUes, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Cannes et de I'arrondissement de Grasse. {Seance dii 10 novembre 1875). '. Page 252 is signed by Milliere and dated October, 1875. Milliere completed the manuscript in October, and it was probably submitted to the Society on 10 November, 1875, although this was not recorded in the minutes of the meeting held on that date (1876, Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 6 : x.x.xi- xxxiv). Reference to this issue of partie 3 was made ihrowghoni fascicule i of the Lepidopterologie. That fascicule is signed by Milliere and dated !May, 1876. This issue of partie 3 is therefore assumed to have been pubUshed not earUer than I Januar}' and not later than 31 May, 1876. Stainton's copy of partie 3 bears the inscription in his handwriting ' reed. 28.9.76. H.T.S[tainton]. '. This issue of partie 3 was recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. 2 : 79, 80, issued 15 October, 1876. The donation of partie 3 of the Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes to the Societe des Sciences naturelles . . . Cannes . . . was recorded in the minutes of the meeting held on 23 January, 1877 (1879, Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 8 : 25). Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes. Partie 3 was published in volume 5 : [5i]-2i6, pis I, II. The original wrapper and the title page of volume 5 are dated 1875. All plates in that volume other than those which accompany Milliere's paper are dated 1876, and a footnote on page 223 refers to periodicals pubUshed from 1860-76. This issue of partie 3 is therefore assumed to have been pubUshed not earUer than I January and not later than 31 December, 1876. X'olume 5 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. {2) 21 : 418, issued 28 July, 1877. Remarks. The plates are marked 'Annales des Sciences naturelles de Cannes' [recte : Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes]. Subsequently the plates were used to iUustrate fascicule i of the Lepidopterologie, which was pubUshed in 1881 {see page 253). ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 251 The two issues agree except in pagination and signatures, and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that partie 3 was first pubhshed as part of the Cat. raisonne Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes. Table 4 Cat. raisonui Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes Mint. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes partie pages pis date vol. pages pis date 1 [i]-i35 — [31. XII.] 1871 2 [89]-2i9 — [23. VIII.] 1872 2 [I37J-247 — [24- XII.] 1873 3 [i6i]-267 ^ [31. XII.] 1874 1,2 [i]-247 — [31. XII.] 1873 _ _ _ _ 3 [249]-455 I, II [31. v.] 1876 5 [5i]-2i6 I, II [31. XII.] 1876 PART III Lepidopterologie In 1881 and 1882 MilUere pubhshed under the above title a work in two un- numbered volumes, here termed [1] and [2], comprising 8 fascicules. With the exception of numbers I, 6 and 7 the fascicules were also published between 1877 and 1883 in the Annls Soc. ent. Belg., Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes, or Annls Soc. linn. Lyon. As the exact date of pubUcation of each fascicule was unknown, incorrect dates have sometimes been cited in the hterature. Therefore it was necessary to estab- lish as accurately as possible from all available evidence the date of publication of each fascicule. Details of each fascicule and the estabhshed dates of publication are tabulated below (Table 5), the tables containing the pagination of each issue of every fascicule. As the plates in the above journals do not differ from those in the Lepidopterologie details are given only once. The tables are followed by a detailed discussion of all available evidence. All taxa described as new by Milhere in the Lepidopterologie are included in the catalogue which forms part V of the present paper. Throughout part III of our work the term ' issue ' is used to distinguish the publication of a. fascicule in the Lepidopterologie from that in a periodical. We have examined five complete sets of the Lepidopterologie, incomplete copies oi fascicules 5 and 7, and a reprint from Annls Soc. ent. Belg. of the paper which also iorms fascicule 2 of the Lepidopterologie, as well as runs of the above-mentioned journals. In establishing the dates of pubhcation of the individual fascicules the following evidence was taken into consideration : dates on the original wrappers and title pages (when present), the date on which Milliere signed some of the fascicules, any further dates cited in the text, and the dates on the plates. Reference was made to Biblphie Fr., Naturaliste, Petites Nouv. ent., and Zool. Rec. for any additional evidence. 252 K. SATTLER & \V. G. TREMEWAN All examined copies are bound in one of two different types of binding. Both types are found in London as well as in Paris and in addition were used for presen- tation copies of other works of Milliere ; it must therefore be assumed that such binding is original. All copies which have come to our notice are bound and were issued by MUliere as complete volumes. There is evidence that, prior to the pubhcation of these volumes, fascicules [3] and [4] were also issued separately ; no such evidence was found for the remaining fascicules. It is apparent that only a Hmited number of copies was produced. These were privately distributed and we have never found the work advertised for sale by Milhere. Four of the above-mentioned sets of the Lepidopterologie are personally signed by MiUiere, a set ha\dng been presented to each of the following : E. Blanchard, the Societe entomologique de France, H. T. Stainton, and Lord Walsingham. The fifth set is signed by Charles Milliere, brother of Pierre MiUiere, and was presented to A. Laboulbene. A further set of the Lepidopterologie, which was dechcated by Milliere to Baron Huene, is found in the Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich, and was not examined by us. No original wrappers were found for tlie two volumes or any of their parts, except for fascicule [3] which has an original wrapper but no title page. A title page was issued with each of the two volumes and v;ith. fascicule [4]. Original wTappers, which are preserved for the relevant volumes of the Annls Sac. ent. Belg., Mem. Soc. Set. nat. hist. Cannes, and Annls Soc. linn. Lyon, indicate that each volume was issued complete in one part. In each case the date on the wrapper agrees with that on the title page. Neither volume [1] nor volume [2] nor any of tlieir fascicules were recorded in Biblphie Fr. Of the relevant journals only Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes, volume 7 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. In Zool. Rec. the pubhcation ol fascictdes 1-7 as a complete volume of the Lepi- dopterologie was recorded. The contents oi fascicules 2, [4], and 5 were recorded in Zool. Rec, either with or without reference to the Lepidopterologie. In Petites Nouv. ent., which ceased publication on 15 March, 1879, when it was followed by Naturaliste, only fascicules [3] and [4] of the Lepidopterologie were recorded. In Naturaliste the pubhcation of fascicules 1-7 as a complete volume was recorded. Volume [1] Volume [1] comprises a fly-leaf marked ' Lepidopterologie, Sept Fascicules ', a lithograph depicting Milliere, a title page to fascicules 1-7, dated Cannes, 1881, and fascicules 1-7 with twelve coloured plates. Each fascicule has independent pagi- nation. The plates are all bound together at the end of the volume and their numbering is not consecutive. The latest date mentioned in volume [1] is 14 May, 1881 {fascicule 7 : 3). Stainton's copy of that volume bears the inscription in liis liandwriting ' reed. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 253 14. 1 1. 81. H.T.S[tainton] .'. Volume [1] was therefore published not earlier than 15 May and not later than 13 November, 1881. Fascicules [3] and [4] are not marked as such in print ; however, at the time of issue ' 3" fasc. ' or ' 4^ fasc. ' as appropriate had generally been inserted in pencil or ink above the title. The appropriate fascicule number is hkewise indicated at the top of each of the plates of fascicules 1-7. In each case the handwriting is identical. A few inconsistencies are found in the numbering of the plates, although it appears that some attempt was made to number them consecutively. The reasons for these inconsistencies are unknown and no satisfactory explanation can be given. Fascicule i Lepidoplerologie. Fascicule I comprises pages [i]-i6 and plates I, II. We have not seen an original wrapper or a title page and it is probable that none were issued. Page [i] is headed ' Lepidopterologie. Premier fascicule. Memoire extrait des Annales de la Societe des Sciences naturelles, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Cannes. (Annee 1875.) '. Page 14 is signed by Milliere and dated May, 1876. The plates are marked 'Annales des Sciences naturelles de Cannes. Annee 1875 '. The text is a compilation of species which had been described or dealt with previously by Milliere in Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes {see part II) or Revue Mag. Zool. (1874), and which were illustrated on the two plates. The state- ment that fascicule i is extracted from the Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes (erroneously cited as Annales) is incorrect. The two plates were originally used to illustrate the third and last part of the Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes, which was first pubhshed in 1876. The Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes, including the two plates, was also published in Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes with different pagination {see part II). Fascicule 1 was not recorded in Biblpkie Fr. and Petites Nouv. ent. ; however, the pubUcation in 188 1 oi fascicules 1-7 as a complete volume was recorded in Naturaliste 4 : 32, issued 15 February, 1882, and in Zool. Rec. (1S81) 18 (Insecta) : 141, issued (not earlier than December) 1882. The legend to plate 2, figure 12 (page 16) is erroneous and should read ' Ergatis staticella ' . The above evidence indicates that only one issue of fascicule i was ever pub- lished. Although MiUiere completed the manuscript in May, 1876, there is no evidence that fascicule i was pubhshed before 1881, the date on the title page of volume [1]. Volume [1] was received by Stainton on 14 November, 1881 {see page 252). Fascicule i was therefore published not earlier than 15 May, 1876, and not later than 13 November, 1881. We consider that it was published in 1881 as part of volume [1]. Fascicule 2 Lepidopterologie. Fascicule 2 comprises pages [i]-i4, and plate I. We have not seen an original wrapper" or title page and it is probable that none were issued. Page [1] is headed ' Lepidopterologie. Deuxieme Fascicule. Six Especes de 254 K- SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN Chenilles incdites des Environs de Cannes (Alpes-JIaritimes). Extrait des Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique (Annee 1877.) '. Page 13 (=66 of the Annls Soc. ent. Belg.) is signed by ^MiUiere and dated March, 1877 ; however, page 12 (=65 of the Annls Soc. ent. Belg.) has a footnote (on Eupithecia mnemosynata MiUiere) written on 14 August, 1877, in which MilUere states that he had a number of pupae from which he did not expect moths to emerge until September. In an additional note (which is not found in the Annls Soc. ent. Belg.) on page 13 MiUiere confirms that the moths emerge in the autumn. The plate is marked 'Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique. Tome XX '. This issue oi fascicule 2 was reprinted from Annls Soc. eiit. Belg. from different type-set, with a sUghtly different title, some changes in format, and the addition of a short note on page 13. Some of the legends in the ' Explication des Figures ' (page 66) are out of sequence in Annls Soc. ent. Belg. ; this has not been corrected in the resetting of the Lepidoptcrologie. This issue oi fascicule 2 was not recorded in Bihlphie Fr. and Petites Noiiv. ent. ; however, the publication in 1881 of fascicules 1-7 as a complete volume was re- corded in Naturaliste 4 : 32, issued 15 February, 1882, and in Zool. Rec. (1881) 18 (Insecta) : 141, issued (not earher than December) 1882. MiUiere dated the manuscript March, 1877, and added further notes on 14 August, 1877, and in autumn, 1877. There is no evidence that fascicule 2 was published before 1881, the date on the title page of volume [1]. Volume [1] was received by Stainton on 14 November, 1881 {see page 252). This issue of fascicule 2 was therefore pubhshed not earlier than autumn, 1877 and not later than 13 November, 1881. We consider that it was published in 1881 as part of volume [1]. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. Fascicule 2 was published in volume 20 : [58J-66, pi. I. Tlie original wrapper and title page of volume 20 are dated 1877. The volume includes the minutes of the meeting of the Society held on 26 December, 1877. It is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 27 December and not later than 31 December, 1877. It is possible that volume 20 was not issued until early in tlie year 1878 ; how- ever, its contents were recorded in Zool. Rec. (1877) 14 (Insecta), issued (not earlier than July) 1879. Subsequently the date 1877 has generally been accepted for the references to the species included in Milliere's paper. MiUiere's manuscript was submitted to the Societe entomologique de Belgique on 3 March, 1877 ; this was also recorded in the minutes of the meeting held on that date (1877, Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 20 : XVI). Page 66 is dated (but not signed by MiUiere) 26 February, 1877. In the ' ExpHcation des Figures ' (page 66) some of the legends are out of sequence. In the plate of this issue deterioration of the pigments has occurred. This issue of fascicule 2 was also reprinted with different pagination, odd- numbered pages becoming even-numbered and vice versa. The reprint has a grey, immarked wrapper and comprises pages [i]-ii, plate I. Page [i] is a title page which bears the full title and the name of the author, is marked ' Extrait des Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique ' and is dated 1877. Page [3] (= page 58 of the Annls Soc. ent. Belg.) has a slightly modified heading. Apart ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 255 from these differences the reprint agrees witli the issue in the Annls Soc. cut. Belg. and appears to have been printed from the same type-set. Remarks. The above evidence indicates that fascicule 2 was first published in Annls Soc. ent. Belg. Fascicule [3] Lepidopierologie. Fascicule [3] comprises an original wrapper, pages [i]-24, and plates III, IV. We have not seen a title page and it is possible that none was issued. The original wrapper is marked ' Extrait des Memoires de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles et Historiques des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Cannes (Alpes- Maritimes). Tome VII, Annee 1878. Cannes. Imprimerie et Lithographie H. Vidal, Rue Bossu. 1879.', and differs from the original wrapper of the Mem. Soc. Set. nat. hist. Cannes in colour, contents, format and type-face as well as in the date. Page [i] is headed ' Lepidopterologie '. This part is not marked fasci- cule 3 in print ; however, at the time of issue ' 3'' fasc. ' had generally been inserted in pencil or ink above the title. Page 22 is initialled by Milliere and dated 30 September, 1878. The plates are marked 'Annales des Sciences Naturelles de Cannes. Annee 1878 '. In the Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes (page 41), fascicule [3] is dated (but not signed by Milliere) May, 1878. The ' Explication des Figures ' (pages 42, 43) is followed on page 43 by a postscript which is initialled by Milliere and dated 30 September, 1878. In the Lepidopterologie, fascicule [3] is initialled by Milliere and dated only once (on page 22), 30 September, 1878. The postscript is placed before the ' Exphcation des Figures ' (pages 23, 24) and has been enlarged by additional paragraphs. The plates in the Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes are uncoloured. This issue ol fascicule [3] was recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. 2 : 308, issued I March, 1879, and was therefore published not earlier than i Januarj', 1879, and not later than 28 February, 1879. This issue was not recorded in Biblphic Fr. ; however, the publication in 1881 of fascicules 1-7 as a complete volume was recorded in Naturaliste 4 : 32, issued 15 February, 1882, and in Zool. Rec. (1881) 18 (Insecta) : 141, issued (not earlier than December) 1882. Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes. Fascicule [3] was published in volume 7 : [20]- 43, plates III, IV. The original wrapper and title page of volume 7 are dated 1878. Pages [i5i]-i55 contain a eulogy which was deUvered to the Societe des Sciences naturelles . . . Cannes ... on 3 April, 1879. Volume 7 was recorded in Biblphie Fr. (2) 23 : 384, issued 21 June, 1879. It was therefore pubhshed not earlier than 4 April and not later than 20 June, 1879. The plates of this issue are uncoloured. Remarks. The two issues ol fascicule [3] agree except in pagination, signatures, and the above-noted differences and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. As the postscript contains two additional paragraphs, and as the earlier date was omitted, it must be assumed that the issue in the Lepidopterologie was printed after that in the Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes, although it was pubhshed earlier. 3* 256 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN The above evidence indicates that the article which forms fascicule [3] of the Lepidopterologie was first published as an independent paper. Fascicule [4] Lepidopterologie. Fascicule [4] comprises pages [i] (title page) -14, [15] (Expli- cation de la Planche), and plate 155. We have not seen an original wrapper and it is possible that none was issued. The title page (page [il) is marked ' Icono- graphie et Description de Chenilles et Lepidopteres inedits par P. MOliere, Laureat de la Sorbonne (Medaille d'Or). E.xtrait des Annales de la Societe Linneenne. Lyon. Imprimerie Pitrat Aine, 4, Rue Gentil. 1878 '. The plate is marked 'Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon. Annee 1878. PI. 155. '. This part is not signed or dated by MilUere. It is not marked fascicule 4 in print ; however, at the time of issue ' 4*^ fasc. ' had generally been inserted in pencil or ink above the title or on the plate. As the title page is dated 1878 and the latest date mentioned in the fascicule is II June, 1878, this issue of fascicule [4] is assumed to have been published not earUer than 12 June, and not later than 31 December, 1878. This issue oi fascicule [4] was recorded in Petites Nouv. ent. 2 : 308, issued i March, 1879, but was not recorded in Biblphie Fr. The publication in 18S1 of fascicules 1-7 as a complete volume was recorded in Naturaliste 4 : 32, issued 15 February, 1882, and in Zool. Rec. (1881) 18 (Insecta) : 141, issued (not earlier than December) 18S2. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon. Fascicule [4] was published in (N.S.) 25 : [i]-i2, E.xpli- cation de la Planche, plate 155. The original wrapper and title page of volume 25 are dated October, 187S ; however, the manuscript of a paper by Mulsant & Rey {Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 25: [323]-325) was submitted to the Societe Lin- neenne de Lyon on 11 November, 1878 (see page [323]). Volume 25 containing this issue of fascicule [4] is therefore assumed to have been pubUshed not earlier than 12 November and not later than 31 December, 1878. Volume 25 was not recorded in Biblphie Fr. It is possible that volume 25 was not issued untU 1879, as this issue of fascicule [4] was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1879) 16 (Insecta) : 124, issued (not earlier than April) 1 88 1. Remarks. The title of this article suggests that it was originally intended as a continuation of the Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lepid. inedits, which is discussed in part I of the present paper. This opinion is further supported by the plate number which is 155 ; the last plate of the Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inedits is numbered 154. The two issues of fascicule [4] agree except in pagination and signatures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set, that in Annls Soc. linn. Lyon having been printed first. Page 13 of the issue in the Lepidopterologie was not repaginated and thus still bears the original pagination (page 11) of the Annls Soc. linn. Lyon. In the Annls Soc. linn. Lyon the plate and the ' Exphcation de la Planche ' precede the text. The ' Explication de la Planche ' is not included ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 257 in the pagination of volume 25 and lacks the printer's signature which is found at the bottom of the corresponding page of the issue in the Lepidoptcrologie. We assume that the article which forms fascicule [4] of the Lepidoptcrologie was first published in the A nnls Soc. linn. Lyon. Fascicule 5 Lepidoptcrologie. Fascicule 5 comprises pages [i]-3i, and plates V-VII. We have not seen a title page or an original wrapper and it is probable that none were issued. Page [i] is marked ' Lepidoptcrologie. Cinquieme Fascicule. Memoire presente a la Societe des Sciences naturelles, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Cannes. (Seance du 26 Mars 1879) '. Page 17 is signed by MilHere and dated March, 1879 ■ P^g^ 29 is signed and dated November, 1879. The plates are marked 'Annales des Sciences Naturelles de Cannes. Annee 1879.' This issue of fascicule 5 was not recorded in Biblphie Fr. ; however, the publi- cation in 1881 oi fascicules 1-7 as a complete volume was recorded in Naturaliste 4 : 32, issued 15 February, 1882, and in Zool. Rec. (1881) 18 (Insecta) : 141, issued (not earlier than December) 1882. Although Milliere completed the manuscript in November, 1879, there is no evidence that this issue oi fascicule 5 was published before 1881, the date on the title page of volume [1]. Volume [1] was received by Stainton on 14 November, 1881 {see page 252). This issue oi fascicule 5 was therefore published not earlier than November, 1879 and not later than 13 Novem- ber, 1881. We consider that it was published in 1881 as part of volume [1]. An incomplete copy oi fascicule 5, comprising pages [i]-i6 (no plates), exists in the W^alsingham reprint library (British Museum (Natural History)). Man. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes. Fascicule 5 was published in volume 8 : [109]- 139, plates V-VII. The original wrapper and title page of volume 8 are dated 1879. Page 152 is dated December, 1879. Volume 8, which includes this issue of fascicule 5, is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than 2 December and not later than 31 December, 1879. It is possible that volume 8 was not issued until 1880 as this issue oi fascicule 5, although not seen by the recorder, was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1880) 17 (Insecta) : 125, issued (not earlier than December) 1881. Subsequently, however, the date 1879 has been generally accepted for the references to the species included in Milliere's paper. Volume 8 was not recorded in Biblphie Fr. The plates of this issue of fascicule 5 are uncoloured. Remarks. The two issues of fascicule 5 agree except in pagination and sig- natures and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. Fascicule 5 consists of two parts both of which are signed and dated. The first part deals with the species illustrated on plates V and VI, the second with those illustrated on plate VTI. The above evidence indicates that fascicule 5 was first published in Mem. Soc Sci. nat. hist. Cannes. Fascicule 6 Lepidoptcrologie. Fascicule 6 comprises pages [i]-20, and plates \TII, IX. We have not seen a title page or an original wrapper and it is probable that none were 258 K. SATTLER & \V. G. TREMEWAN issued. Page [i] is headed ' Lepidopterologie. Sixieme Fascicule '. Page 19 is signed by Milliere and dated April, 1880. The plates are marked 'Annales des Sciences Naturelles de Cannes. Annee 1880.'. Fascicule 6 was not recorded in Bihlphie Fr. ; however, the publication in 1881 of fascicules 1-7 as a complete volume was recorded in Naturaliste 4 : 32, issued 15 February, 1882, and in Zool. Rec. (1881) 18 (Insecta) : 141, issued (not earlier than December) 1882. The only species described as new by Jlilhere in fascicule 6 has generally been dated 1880 and cited as pubHshed in Man. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes (erroneously referred to as Annales). The available evidence indicates that only one issue of fascicule 6 was ever pub- lished. Milliere completed the manuscript in April, 1880, and on page 5 records an observation made on 21 August, 1880, but there is no evidence that fascicule 6 was published before 1S81, the date on the title page of volume [1]. \'olume [1] was received by Stainton on 14 November, 1881 {see page 252). Fascicule 6 was there- fore pubhshed not earher than 22 August, 1880, and not later than 13 November, 1881. We consider that it was published in 1881 as part of volume [1]. Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes. As stated above the plates are marked 'An- nales . . .' (recte Memoires). This indicates that fascicule 6 was to have formed part of Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes, volume 9 (1880), which volume was never published (British Museum (Natural History), 1910 : 1316). For the same reason references to the species dealt with in fascicule 6 have been erroneously cited as 'Ann. Sc. Cannes '. Fascicule 7 Lepidopterologie. Fascicule 7 comprises pages [i]-22, and plate X. We have not seen a title page or an original wrapper and it is probable that none were issued. Page [i] is headed ' Lepidopterologie. Septieme Fascicule '. Page 21 is signed by Jlilliere and dated April, 1881. The plate is marked 'Annales des Sciences Natur- elles de Cannes. Annee 1880.'. Fascicule 7 was not recorded in Bihlphie Fr. ; however, the publication in 1881 of fascicules 1-7 as a complete volume was recorded in Naturaliste 4 : 32, issued 15 February, 1882, and in Zool. Rec. (1881) 18 (Insecta) : 141, issued (not earlier than December) 1882. The species described as new by Milliere in fascicule 7 have generally been dated 1880 and cited as published in Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes (erroneously referred to as Annales). The available evidence indicates that only one issue of fascicule 7 was ever pub- lished. MiUiere completed the manuscript in April, 1881, and on page 3 refers to 14 May, 1881. Volume [1] was received by Stainton on 14 November, 1881 {see page 252). Fascicule 7 was therefore published not earher than 15 May and not later than 13 November, 1881. An incomplete copy ol fascicule 7, comprising pages [i]-i6, and an uncoloured plate X, exists in the Walsingham reprint library (British Museum (Natural History)). ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 259 Mem. Soc. Sci. nut. Iii'st. Cannes. As stated above the plate is marked 'An- nales . . .' (recte Memoires). This indicates that fascicule 7 was to have formed part of Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes, volume 9 (1880), which volume was never published (British Museum (Natural History), 1910 : 1316). For the same reason references to the species dealt with in fascicule 7 have been erroneously cited as 'Ann. So. Cannes '. Volume [2] Volume [2] comprises a fly-leaf marked ' Lepidopterologie, Huitieme Fascicule ', a title page to fascicule 8 dated Lyon, 1882, And fascicule 8 with four coloured plates. Stainton's copy of volume [2] bears the inscription in his handwriting ' requ le 3 Mars. 1884 H. T. S[tainton].'. Fascicule 8 Lepidopterologie. Fascicule 8 comprises a fly-leaf, a title page, pages [i]-2j, [29]-[36] (E.xplication des Planches), and plates I-IV. The fly-leaf is marked ' Lepidopterologie. Huitieme Fascicule '. The title page is marked ' Lepidop- terologie. Huitieme fascicule. Par Pierre Milliere, Membre correspondant de I'Academie de Lyon. Lyon, Imprimerie Pitrat Aine, 4, Rue Gentil, 4. 1882 '. Page [i] is headed ' Lepidopterologie. Huitieme Fascicule '. Page 27 is signed by Milliere and dated September, 1882. The plates are marked ' Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon. 8" Fascicule. 18S2 '. This issue of fascicule 8 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than i October and not later than 31 December, 1882. Although not seen by the recorder this issue of fascicule 8 was recorded in Zool. Rec. (18S4) 21 (Insecta) : 164, issued (not earlier than 18 December) 1885 ; it was not recorded in Biblphie Fr. and Naturaliste. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon. Fascicule 8 was pubhshed in (N.S.) 29 : [i53]-i79, [i8i]-[i88], plates I-IV. The original wrapper and title page of volume 29 are dated 1883. This issue of fascicule 8 is therefore assumed to have been published not earlier than i January and not later than 31 December, 1883. This issue of fascicule 8 has generally been considered as having been published in 1883 ; it was recorded in Zool. Rec. (1883) 20 (Insecta) : 157, issued (not earlier than January) 1885. Volume 29 was not recorded in Biblphie Fr. According to a note on page 388 the four plates of fascicule 8 were to be issued at the end of volume 30 published in 1884. The plates of this issue oi fascicule 8 are uncoloured. The heading of page [153] differs from that of the Lepidopterologie (page [i]). A separate of the paper which also forms fascicule 8 of the Lepidopterologie is found in the Lepidoptera Section of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. It is bound in a stiff paper cover which is not original and comprises a title page of Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) volume 29, pages [i53]-i79, Explication des Planches I-IV, and plates I-IV [uncoloured]. This separate agrees completely with the 26o K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN issue in Annls Soc. linn. Lyon, and we find it impossible to decide whether it is a genuine reprint or a tear-out. Remarks. On page 3 of the issue in the Lepidopterologie the species heading reads as follows : ' THERA ULICATA, Rb. '. In the Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (page 155) the ' Rb ' is missing although the full stop is found in its place. We consider this as an indication that the issue of the Lepidopterologie was printed first. The two issues agree except in pagination, signatures and the above noted dis- crepancies, and appear to have been printed from the same type-set. The above evidence indicates that fascicule 8 was first pubUshed as volume [2] of the Lepidopterologie ; however, in subsequent literature the later issue {Annls Soc. linn. Lyon, 1883) has generally been cited. Table 5 Lipidoptirologie Volumes [1] and [2 Lipidoptirologie, \ olume [i] Periodical fasc. pages plates date vol. pages date I [I]-I6 I. II [13. XI.] 1881 — — — 2 [I]-I4 I [13. XL] 1881 20 [58]- 66 [31. XIL] 1877 {A nnls Soc. ent. Belg.) reprint [I]- II [31. XIL] 1877 [3] [l]-24 III, IV [28. 11] 1879 7 (Mlm [20]- 43 [20. VI. 1879] . Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes) [4] [I]-I4, [15] 155 [31. XII.] 1878 25 ( [i]- 12 [31. XIL] 1878 .innls Soc. linn. Lyon) 5 W-31 V-VII [13. XL] 1881 8 {Mini [io9]-l39 [31.] (XIL) 1879 . Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes) 6 [l]-20 VIII, IX [13. XL] 1881 — — — 7 [l]-22 X [13. XL] 1881 — — — Lipidopthologie, \ olume [2] Periodical 8 [I]- 27. [29] -[36] I-IV [31. XII] 1882 29 [153]- 179, [31- XIL] 1883 [i8i]-[i88] (Annls Soc. linn. Lyon) PART IV Catalogue raisonne des Lepidopteres des Alpes-Maritimes, 2'^ Supplement et Notes entomologiques diverses The work comprises a fly-leaf, a photograph showing Milliere's house and garden at Cannes, and eight parts ([i]-[8]), which are not bound in chronological order, and which are reprints or different issues of papers pubhshed previously in \-arious journals. Details of each part and the established dates of publication are tabu- lated below (Tables 6, 7). We have examined four identical copies, each with original binding which is similar to that of the Cat. raisonne Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes and the Lepidopterologie. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 261 We have also examined two runs of Naluralisla sicil., one of tliem with original wrappers, and the relevant volumes of A mils Soc. ent. Fr. and Revue Ent. The work lacks a title page and date of publication ; however, various dates are cited throughout the volume, the latest being September, 1886. Stainton's copy bears the inscription in his handwriting ' reed. 26.3.87 '. The work was therefore published not earlier than September, 1886, and not later than 25 March, 1887. The work as a whole does not appear to have been recorded and it could be argued that the binding together of a number of reprints does not constitute the publi- cation of a separate work. However, as Milliere distributed at least four identical copies under a special title and as some of the included papers are not straight- forward reprints but were reset with modified format or with minor revisions, we consider it to be an independent publication. [i]. Catalogue raisonne des Lepidopteres des Alpes-Maritimes (2'' Supplement) This paper comprises pages [3] -87 and was first published in 17 parts in Natura- lista sicil., volumes 4-5 (1885-86). It has been reprinted from the same type-set, but with its own consecutive pagination. The text which originally was split into 17 parts runs on in the reprint, therefore the contents of a given page do not necessarily agree with those of the corresponding page in N aturalista sicil. [See Table 6.) Table 6 Cat. raisonni Lipid. .Alpes-Maritimes, 2" Sup pi. , Notes ent. diverses Part [i] Cat. raisonni . . . Notes ent. . . . Naturalista sicil. pages date vol. pages date [3]- 6 7-13 13-18 18-23 23-27 27-33 33-36 36-4^ 42-46 46-52 52-54 54-59 59-63 63-67 67-76 76-80 [8i]-87 [25. in. 1887] 147-150 I. Ill 1885 170-176 I. IV. 1885 195-199 I. V. 1885 218-223 I. VI. 1885 [2331-237 I. VII 1885 275-280 I. VIII 1885 301-304 I. IX. 1885 16- 21 I. X 1885 44- 48 I XI 1885 67- 72 I. XII. 1885 102-104 1. 1. 1886 127-132 I. II. 1886 152-156 I. Ill 1886 176-180 I. IV. 1886 195-204 I. V. 1886 220-224 I. VI. 1886 [2251-231 I. VII. 1886 [2]. Chenilles europeennes inedites ou imparfaitement connues et Notes lepidop- terologiques This paper comprises pages [i]-io and is a revised issue of the paper published under the same title in Naturalista sicil. 4 : 7-16, pi. I (1884). It differs in 262 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN pagination, signatures and format, was printed from a different type-set, and lacks the plate. The name ' Cidaria Capitata, HS. ' (N aturalista sicil. 4 : ii) was changed to ' Cidaria Silacata, Hb. ' (page 5) and the accompanying text was revised. {See Table 7.) [3]. Notes lepidopterologiques This paper comprises pages [i]-6 and is another issue of the paper published under the same title in Naturalista sicil. 3 : [33]-37 (1883). It differs in pagination, signatures and format, and was printed from a different type-set. {See Table 7.) [4]. Lepidopteres inedits et Notes entomologiques This paper comprises a wrapper (page [i]) and pages [3] -9 and is another issue of the paper published under the same title in Revue Ent. 3 : [i]-7, pi. I [uncoloured] (1884). It agrees in contents but lacks the plate and differs in pagination, sig- natures, format and type-face, and was therefore printed from a different type-set. {See Table 7.) [5]. Acidalie nouvelle. Lepidopteres nouveaux et Chenilles inedites pour la Faune fran^aise This paper comprises a wrapper marked ' Extrait des Annales . . .', pages [113]- 120, and pi. 2, and is a reprint of the paper published under the same title in Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 5 : [ii3]-i20, pi. 2 (1885). It completely agrees with the latter and appears to have been printed from the same type-set. {See Table 7.) [6]. Chenilles nouvelles. Lepidopteres nouveaux ou peu connus This paper comprises a wrapper marked ' Extrait des Annales . . .', pages [5]-io, and pi. I, and is a reprint of the paper published under the same title in Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 6 : [5]-io, pi. i (1886). It completely agrees with the latter and appears to have been printed from the same type-set. {See Table 7.) The copy in the British Museum (Natural History) comprises the wrapper and plate only, while the text has erroneously been replaced by the first six pages of the paper which immediately follows that of Milliere in Annls Soc. ent. Fr. [7]. Notes entomologiques (N.3) This paper comprises pages [i]-4 and is a reprint of the paper pubUshed under the same title in N aturalista sicil. 5 : [24i]-245 (1886). It differs in pagination, signatures, and format but appears to have been printed from the same type-set. {See Table 7.) [8]. Chenilles inedites et Lepidopteres nouveaux pour la Faune europeenne This paper comprises pages [iJ-Q, Explication des figures de la planche I, and pi. I, and is a reprint of the paper published under the same title in Naturalista sicil. 6 : [ij-g, Exphcation des figures de la planche I, pi. I (1886). It appears to have been printed from the same type-set. The plate in Naturalista sicil. is uncoloured while that in the reprint is coloured. {See Table 7.) ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 263 Table 7 Cat. raisonne Lipid. Atpes-Maritimes, 2' Siippl., Notes ent. diverses Tarts [2] -[8] Cat. raisonni . . . Notes ent. . . . Periodical part pages pis date vol. pages pis date [25. III. 1S87] 4 7- 16 I [30.] XI. 1884 (Naturalista sicil.) 3 [33]- 37 - I- XI. 1883 (Naturalista sicil.) 3 W- 7 I [31.] I. 1884 {Revue Ent.) '■ (6)5 [ii3]-i^o 2 14. X. 1885 (Annls Soc. ent. Fy.) [ (6) 6 [5]- 10 I 15. VII. 1886 {Annls Soc. cut. Fr.) 5 [2411-245 — I. VIII. 1886 (Naturalista sicil.) 6 [i]- 9 I I. X. 1886 (Naturalista sicil.) [2] [I]- 10 [3] [I]- 5 [4] [I]- 9 [5] [II3J-I20 [6] [5]- 10 [7] [I]- 4 [8] [I]- 9 PART V Catalogue of the taxa described by Milliere The following catalogue comprises all the taxa described by Milliere regardless of their status ; unavailable names are marked by an asterisk (*). It should be noted that Milliere was not always consistent in designating taxa as aberrations, varieties, or races, the term ' var. ' having been used to denote both aberrations and subspecies. Some names were attributed by Milliere to wrong authors. As we cannot decide whether this was intentional or unintentional no corrections are made. The generic assignments are as cited by Milliere. When a paper was published in two different places, both references are cited for the included new taxa. References are included to any subsequent pubhcation by Milliere where the taxa are again cited as new. The 35 livraisons of Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lepid. inedits are accompanied by 154 plates. It should be noted that the plates of livraisons 1-6 are numbered independently, each livraison beginning with plate i. When citing these plates it is necessary to add the appropriate livraison number in order to distinguish, for example, (liv. i) pi. 3 from (liv. 4) pi. 3. The plates of livraisons 7-35 are num- bered 33-154- Lepidoptera abencerragella Milliere, Psyche, 1869, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidiis 3 : 11, 38, pi. 102, figs 4, 5 ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 18 : 11, 38, pi. 102, figs 4, 5. acquiaria Milliere, Thamnonoma (Halia), 1875, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1875 : 166 ; 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Mariliines : 407, 414, pi. i, figs 14, 15 ; [1876], Mint. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 207, 214, pi. i, figs 14, 15 ; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (i) : 6, 15, pi. i, figs 14, 15- 264 K- SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAX acrisella Milliere, Coleophora, 1872, I'elites Xouv. ent. 1 : 172. itegitnalis Milliere, Metasia olbienalis Guen^e var., 1885, Naturalista sicil. 5 : 20 ; 1886, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 6 : 10 ; [1887], Cat. raisonnS Lipid. Alpes-M aritimes, 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([i]) : 40 ; [1887], ibidem ([6]) : 10. aereinitidella Milliere, Cephaltspheira, 1854, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 2 : 60, pi. 3, fig. (II) 2. iilbarinata Milliere, Gnophos pullata Denis & Schiffermiiller [cited as ' W.-V. '] var. an bona sp., 1859, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 64, (liv. 2) pi. i, figs 12-15 ; i860, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 6 : 398, pi. i, figs 12-15. albiguttella Milliere, Bucculatrix, 1886, Naturalista sicil. 5 : 204 ; 1886, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1886 ; 23 ; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([i]) : 75 ; 1887, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 7 : 221, pi. 5. fig. i. albiputictella Milliere, Psyche febretta Boyer de Fonscolombe var., 1S71, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 210, 225, pi. 122, figs 14-16. alyssumata Milliere, Acidalia, 1871, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 197, 224, pi. 121, figs 6-11. amaryllana Milliere, Eudemis, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-M aritimes : 282 ; [1876], Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 82. amissella Milliere, Scoparia, 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 401, 417, pi. 50, fig. I ; 1865, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (X.S.) 11 : 29, 45, pi. 50, fig. i. *andalusiaria Milliere, Nychiodes lividaria HUbner ab., 1865, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 77, 98, pi. 60, fig. 2 ; 1866, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (X.S.) 12 : 421, 442, pi. 60, fig. 2 [infrasubspecific name]. andorrana Milliere, Conchylis, 1865, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 ; 167, 186, pi. 6g, figs 4, 5 ; 1866, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 13 : 66, 85, pi. 69, figs 4, 5. andryaladactylus Milliere, Oxyptilus, 1863, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits [edn a] 1 : 335 Tunnecessary (objective) replacement name for Oxyptilus laetus Zeller] ; 1864, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (X.S.) 10 : 207; 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits [edn b] 1 : 333. andryalae Milliere, Oxyptilus, 1863, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits [edn a] 1 : 335 [unnecessary (objective) replacement name for Oxyptilus laetus Zeller] ; 1864, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 10 : 207 ; 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits [edn b] 1 : 333. anglicata Milliere, Eupithecia helveticaria Boisduval var., 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 102, 128, pi. no, fig. 21 ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19 ; 22, 48, pi, 1 10. fig. 21. antirrhinella Milliere, Gelechia, 1866, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 274, 280, pi. 80, figs 6-8 ; 1867, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 14 : 382, 388, pi. 80, figs 6-8. apollina Milliere, Aciptilia, 1882, Lipidoptirologie [2] (8) : 25, 36, pi. 4, fig. 9; 1883, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (X'.S.) 29 ; 177, 188, pi. 4, fig. 9. APTERONA Milliere, 1857, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 4 : 181, 192. arcanaria Milliere, Chondrosoma, 1884, Revue Ent. 3 : 6, pi. 1, fig. 5 ; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-M aritimes , 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([4]) : 8. argentilimbella Milliere, Coleophora, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 355 ; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 155. aristotelis Milliere, Gelechia, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 324, 414, pi. i, figs I, 2; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5; 124, 214, pi. i, figs i, 2; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (i) ; i, 15, pi. i, figs i, 2. askoldella Milliere, Adela, 1879, Naturaliste 1 : 139. astnodella Milliere, Butalis, 1873, Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 310. asteriscella Milliere, Myelois, 1873, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 1 : 9. asteroidella Milliere, Coleophora, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 354 ; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 154 [in error for acrisella Milliere, 1872, see Milliere, 1886, Naturalista sicil. 5 : 198]. aureliaria Milliere, Nemoria, 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 37, 64, pi. 55, figs I, 2 ; 1865, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 11 : 258, 285, pi. 55, figs I, 2. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 265 aureocapitella Milliere, Nepticula, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 374 [as aureocaputella, incorrect original spelling] ; 416 [as aureocapitella, justified emendation] ; [1876], Mdm. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 174 [as aureocaputella'] ; 216. * aureocaputella Milliere, Nepticula, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 374 [incor- rect original spelling of aureocapitella Milliere]. barcinonella Milliere, Epidola, 1867, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 313, 326, pi. 83, figs 13-15 ; 1808, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 15 : 221, 234, pi. 83, figs 13-15. barcinonensis Milliere, Micro, 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 136, 167, pi. 113, figs 10, II ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19 : 56, 87. pi. 113, figs 10, 11. belemiata Milliere, Acidalia, 1868, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 486, 498, pi. 100, figs 8, 9 ; 1869, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 17 : 76, 88. pi. 100, figs 8, 9. bimaculata Milliere, Agrotis flammatra Denis & Schiffermiiller [cited as ' S.V, '] var., 1885, Naturalista sicil. 4 : 197 ; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([i]) : 15. bituminelta Milliere. Myelois, 1873. Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 1 : 8. blachieri Milliere, Lycaena cyllarus Rottemburg var., 1887. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 7 : 215. pi. 5. fi.gs 8. 9. borreonella Milliere. Guenea, 1874. Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 436, 451, pi. 153, figs 20. 21 ; 1874, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2 : 245. bruandaria Milliere. Nemoria, i860. Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 163. 190. (liv. 3) pi. 8. figs 10-12 ; 1861. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 7 : 243. 270. pi. 8, figs 10-12. brunneodactyla Milliere. Pterophorus, 1854. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 2 : 65. pi. 3. figs (II) 6. 6a. buffonaria Milliere, Tephrina, 1867, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 368. 407. pi. Sg, fig. 2 ; 1868. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 16 ; 40. 79, pl. 89, fig. 2. buffonella Milliere. Butalis, 1876. Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 361 ; [1876]. Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 ; 161. bulgariata Milliere. Melanippe, 1868. Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 433, 448. pl. 95, figs 17. 18 ; 1869. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 17 : 23. 38. pl. 95, figs 17, 18. canensis Milliere, Bombyx, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 393 ; [1876], Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 193. canuisalis Milliere, Stenia, 1868, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 426. 448, pl. 95, figs 5-7 ; i86g, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 17 : 16, 38, pl. 95. figs 5-7. canuisana Milliere. Sciaphila, 1874, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2 : 247 ; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (i) : 3. 15. pl- I. fig- 6. canuisella Milliere, Psecadia funerella Fabricius var.. 1867. Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid. inidits 2 : 291. 324, pl. 81, fig. 13 ; 1868, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 15 : igg. 232. pl. 81, fig- 13- capucina Milliere. Miselia oxyacanthae Albin var., 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid. inidits 3 : 165. 170. pl. 116. fig. 6 ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19 : 85, 90, pl. 116. fig. 6. cassandrata Milliere. Acidalia, 1874. Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 382, 387, pl. 148. fig. I. catalaunensis Milliere. Aporophyla, 1873. Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 1 : 4. cervantaria Milliere. Acidalia, 1869. Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 21, 39, pl. 103. figs 1-3 ; 1872. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 18 : 21. 39. pl. 103, figs 1-3. chimaeraria Milliere. Acidalia circuitaria Hiibner var. et ab., 1869, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 47. 77, pl. 105, figs 23-27 ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 18 : 47, 77, pl. 105, figs 23-27. chloris Milliere, Apamea, 1882. Lipidoptirologie [2] (8) : 20. 36. pl. 4, figs i. 2 ; 1883. Natura- lista sicil. 3 : 37 ; 1883. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 29 : 172. 188, pl. 4. figs i, 2 ; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([3]) : 5. 266 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN cinerariae Milliere, Leioptilus, 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 418, 448, pi. 152, fig. I. cistella Milliere, Phycis, 1859, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 97, 112. (liv. 2) pi. 6, figs 6-12 ; i860, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 6 : 431, 446, pi. 0, figs 6-12. cistorum Milliere, Butalis, 187O, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 360, 414, pi. i, figs 7, 8 ; [1876], Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 ; 160, 214, pi. i, figs 7, 8 ; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (I) : 3, 15. Pl- I. figs 7. 8- citri Milliere, Acrolepia, 1873, Petites Noiiv. ent. 1 : 310. clothella Milliere. Myelois, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 262 ; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : (>2. cocciferata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 45, 65, pl. 56, figs 1-4 ; 1865, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 11 : 266, 286, pl. 56, figs 1-4. constanti Milliere, Agrotis, 18O0, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 165, 191, (liv. 3) pl. 9, figs I, 2 ; 1861, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 7 : 245, 271, pl. 9, figs i, 2. corneliata Milliere, Gnophos variegata Duponchel var. an bona sp., 1873, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 156 ; 1874, Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 3 : 176. cossurata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1875, in Ragusa, Boll. Soc. ent. ital. 7: 254. cryptogamarum Milliere, Oecophora, 1872, Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 172. cyaneimartnorella Milliere. Argyresthia, 1854, -"Innls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 2 ; ()4, pl. 3, fig. (II) 5. cymbalariata Milliere, Gnophos variegata Duponchel var., 1869, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 57, 78, pl. loO, figs 12-15 i 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 18 : 57, 78, pl. 106, figs 12-15. damoTtella Milliere, Bryotropha, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 328 ; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 128. dardoinella Milliere, Psyche, 1863, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits [edn a] 1 : 318, 341, pl. 37, figs 8-11 ; 1864, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 10 : 192, 213, pl. 37, figs 8-11 ; 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits fedn b] 1 : 318, 339, pl. 37, figs 8-11. dardoinella Milliere, Typhonia, 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 27, 36, pl- 54. figs 3-5- dardoinula Milliere, Nolo, 1871, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3:172; 173 [as darduinula, incorrect (multiple) original spelling] ; 193, pl. 117, figs i, 2. "darduinula Milliere, Nola, 1871, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3:1/3 [incorrect (multiple) original spelling of dardoinula Milliere]. decemberella Milliere, Depressaria feruliphtla Milliere var. et ab., 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 322 ; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 122. dorycniella Milliere, Butalis, 1861, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1, (liv. 5) pl. i, figs 1-6 ; 1S61, ibidem 1 : 225 ; 1862, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 8 : 209, pl. i, figs 1-6. dorycnii Milliere, Bon\byx, 1864, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 10 : 229, pl. 43, figs 1-7 ; 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits I : 357, pl. 43, figs 1-7. doubledayaria Milliere, Aniphidasys betularia Albin var., 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3: 117, 129. jil. iii, fig. i ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19:37, 129 [lecte 49], pl. in, fig. i. doubledayi Milliere, Dianthoecia caesia Borkliauscn ab. et var., 1886, Naiuralista sicil. 6 : 2, pl. I, fig. 4. egeriella Milliere, Ephestia, 1873, Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 310 ; 1873, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 328, 357, pl. 141, figs 4, 5. engadinensis Milliere, Agrotis, 1873, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 1 : 3. eryngiella Milliere, Depressaria, 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (6) : 7, 20, pl. 8, figs 8, 9. estereUita Milliere, Acidalia, 1879, Naturaliste 1 : 138. esterella Milliere. Depressaria peucedanella Milliere var., 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (7) : 15, 22, pl. 10, fig. 15. euboica Milliere, Acontia moldavicola Herrich-Schaffer var., 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 437, 451, pl. 154, fig. i. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 267 eugeniata MiUiere, Acidalia, 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 118, 129, pi. iii, figs 4-0 ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19 : 38, 129 [rede 49], pi. iii, figs 4-6. euphrasiata Milliere, Emmelesia unifasciata Haworth var., 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 148, 168, pi. 114, fig. 13 [as odoniata] ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19 ; 68, 88. pi. 114, fig. 13 [as odontata]. [Milliere names this form euphrasiata in the text and odontata on the plate.] fadella Milliere, Elachista, 1876, Cat. raisonne Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 364 ; [1876], Mint. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 164. fauna Milliere, Mimaeseoptilus, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 380 ; [1876], Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 180. faustinata Milliere, Nemoria, 1868, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 436, 449, pi. 96, figs 2-8 ; 1869, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 17 ; 26, 39, pi. 96, figs 2-8. fenestrata Milliere. Eupithecia, 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 431, 450, pi. i'S3, figs 14, 15 ; 1874, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2 : 243. feruliphila Milliere, Depressaria, 1866, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 209, 243, pi. 73, figs 1-3 ; 18(17, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 14 : 317, 351, pi. 73, figs 1-3. fingalana Milliere, Olindia, 1884, Revue Ent. 3:3; 1885, Naturalista sicil. 5 : 71 (Cochylis) ; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([i]) : 50 (Cochylis) ; [1887], ibidem ([4]) : 5. *fingalaria Milliere, Tephronia, 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 389, 445, pi. 149, fi.g. I [incorrect subsequent spelling oi fingalata MiUiere]. fingalata Milliere, Mniophila, 1873, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 159 ; 1874, Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 3 : 179 ; 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 389, 445, pi. 149, fig. I [3.S fingalaria, incorrect subsequent spelling oi fingalata] (Tephronia). fulminella Milliere, Gelechia, 1882, Lipidoptirologie [2] (8) ; g, 32, pi. 2, fig. 4 ; 1883, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 29 ; 161, 184, pi. 2, fig. 4. fulminella Milliere, Psyche, 1865, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 127, 142, pi. 65, figs 6-8 ; 1866, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 13 : 27, 42, pi. 65, figs 6-8. galathea Milliere, Bryophila, 1874, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2 : 241. genevensis Milliere, Zygaena, 1861, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 237, 255, (liv. 5) pi. 3, figs I, 2 ; 1862, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 8 : 221, 239, pi. 3, figs i, 2. gentianata Milliere, Melanippe, 1873, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 1 : i. gigantea Milliere, Geometra smaragdaria Fabricius var., 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 423, 449, pi. 152, figs 16-18. GLACIES MiUiere, 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 429, 450, pi. 153 [legends to figs 6-9]. globulariata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1861, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 ; 206, 220, (liv. 4) pi. 3, figs 1-7 ; 1862, .4nnls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 8 : 190, 204, pi. 3, figs 1-7. gnidiella Milliere, Ephestia, 1867, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 308, 326, pi. 83, figs 4-9 ; 1868, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 15 : 216, 234, pi. 83, figs 4-9. gondebautella Milliere, Psyche, 1863, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 9 : 30, 54, pi. 34, figs 1-8 ; 1863, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 286, 310, pi. 34, figs 1-8. graecella Milliere, Fumea, 1866, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 252, 277, pi. 77, figs 8, 9 ; 1867, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 14 : 360, 385, pi. 77, figs 8, 9. gueneata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1862, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 257, 279, (liv. 6) pi. I, figs I, 2 ; 1S63, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 9 : i, 23, pi. i, figs i, 2. halimi Milliere, Mamestra ininiunda Eversmann var., 1877, Annls Soc. ent. Bclg. 20 : 58, pi. I, figs 17-19 ; 188:, Lipidoptirologie [1] (2) : 4, pi, i, figs 17-19. halymella Milliere, Gelechia, 1864, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 10: 224, 242, pi. 42, figs 4-8 ; 1864. Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 352, 370, pi. 42, figs 4-8. HASTULA MiUiere, 1858, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 5 : 799, 802. 268 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN hederarum Milliere, Ochsenheimeria, 1874, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2:249; 1881, Lipidop- tirologie [1] (i) ; 5, 15, pi. i. figs 12, 13. heleniella Milliere. Butalis, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 361 ; [1876], Mint. Soc. Set. vat. hist. Canyxes 5 : 161. helianthemata Milliere, Acidalia, 1870, Jconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 134, 167, pi. 113, figs 6-9 : 1872, Annh Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19 : 34. 87. pi. 113, figs 6-g. helianthemella Milliere, Coleophora, 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3: 131, 167. pi. 113. figs 1-5 ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19 : 51, 87, pi. 113, figs 1-5. heylaertsii Milliere. Psyche, 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (7) : 18, 22, pi. 10, figs 16-19. himmighoffeni Milliere, Micro, 1867, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 292, 325, pi. S2, figs I. 2 ; 1868, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 15 : 200, 233. pi. 82, figs i, 2. hispanaria Milliere, Scodiona, 1866, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 265, 279, pi. 79. figs 5-9 ; 1867, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 14 : 373, 387, pi. 79, figs 5-9. huguenini Milliere, Trichosoma, 1878, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 25: 10, pi. 155, fig. 10 ; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] {[4]) : 12, pi. 155, fig. 10. hyerana Milliere, Hastula, 1858, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 5 : 799, 801, pi. 14, figs (III) 1-6. immunita Milliere, Euclidia munita Hiibner var., 1867, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid. inidits 2 : 406, 410, pi. 92, fig. 11 ; 1868, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 16 : 78, 82, pi. 92, fig. II. incana Milliere, Mamestra leucophaea Denis & ScliiffermiiLIer [cited as ' W.P. '] var., 1885, Naturalisia sicil. 4 : 198 ; [1887] Cat. raisonne Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2" SuppL, Notes ent. diverses ([i]) : 17. incerta Milliere, Psilothrix, 1886, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1886 : 53 ; 1886, Naturalista sicil. 6 : 3, pi. I, figs 5, 6 ; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Suppl., Xotes ent. diverses ([8]): 3. pi. I, figs 5. 6. incertata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 410 ; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 210. inesata Milliere, Acidalia, 1868, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 482, 498, pi. 100, fig5 3^5 '• 1869, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 17 : 72, 88, pi. 100, figs 3-5. intermedia Milliere, Bombyx, 1871, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 58 ; 1872, Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Ctniyies 2 : 142. isabellaria Milliere, Acidalia, 1868, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 453, 495, pi. 97, figs 3. 4 ; 1869, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 17 : 43, 85. pi. 97, figs 3, 4. islandiae Milliere, Hadena, 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 459. *italica Milliere, Acidalia, 1885, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 5, pi. 2, fig. i [incorrect (multiple) original spelling of italicata Milliere]. italicata Milliere, Acidalia, 1885, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 5 : 113, 120 ; pi. 2, fig. i [as italica, incorrect (multiple) original spelling] ; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([5]) : 113, 120 ; pi. 2, fig. i [as italica, incorrect subsequent spelling]. italogallica Milliere, Leucanta albipuncta Fabricius ab. et var., 1885, Naturalista sicil. 4 : 222 : [18S7], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([i]) : 21. italogallicella Milliere, Pempelia, 1882, Lipidoptirologie [2] (8) : 8, pi. 2, fig. 3 ; 1883, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 29 ; 160, pi. 2. fig. 3. jankowskiaria Milliere, Phorodesma, 1879, in Oberthiir, Diagnoses d'Esphes nouv. Lipid. de rile Askold: 8. juanella Milliere, Argyresthia, 1886, Naturalista sicil. 5 : 132 ; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([i]) : 58. Juniperana Milliere, Coccyx, 1858, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 5 : 17, 47, pi. i, figs (I) 1-5 ; 1859, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits [edn a] 1 : 3, 33, (liv. i) pi. i, figs (I) 1-5 ; 1859, ibidem [edn b] 1 : 3, 31, (liv. i) pi. i, figs (I) 1-5. lantoscanus Milliere, Oxyptilus, 1882, Lipidoptirologie [2] (8) ; 24, 36, pi. 4, fig. 8 ; 1883, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 29 : 176, 188, pi. 4, fig. 8. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 269 lantoscata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1873, Cat. raisoniU Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 201 ; 1874, Mim. Soc. Sci. not. hist. Cannes 3 : 221. lantosquella Milliere, Coleophora, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 352 ; [1876], Mhn. Soc. Sci. nat. liist. Cannes 5 : 152. lasthenia Milliere, Anthocaris [sic!] cardamines Linnaeus ab., an liybr. ?, an var. ?, an bona sp. ?, i860, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits I : 174, 192, (liv. 3) pl. 10, figs i, 2 ; 1861, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 7 ; 254, 272, pl. 10, figs i, 2. lathonialis Milliere, Nolo chlamydulalis Hiibner var., 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, iiiedils 3 : 142 ; 168, pl. 114, fig. 4 [as lalonialis. incorrect (multiple) original spelling] ; 1872. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19 : 42 ; 88, pl. 114, fig. 4 [as latonialis, incorrect subsequent spelling]. latifoliata Milliere, Larentia incultaria Herrich-Schaffer var., 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 432, 450, pl. 153, figs 16-19. latifoliella Milliere, Nepticula, 1886, Naturalista sicil. 5 : 220 ; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Manltmes, 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([i]) : 76; 1887, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 7 : 219, pi. 5. figs 10-13 (Cracilaria). 'latonialis Milliere, Nola chlamydulalis Hiibner var., 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid. midils 3 : 168, pl. 114. fig. 4 [incorrect (multiple) original spelling of lathonialis Milliere]. latoniata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1882, Lipidoplirologie [2] (8): 13, 32, pl. 2, fig. 10; 18S3, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (X.S.) 29 : 163. 184, pl. 2, fig. 10. latoniella Milliere, Oecophora augustella Hiibner var. et ab., 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 345 ; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 145. lavaterana Milliere, Paedisca, 1863, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 9 : 34, 54, pl. 34, figs 9-13 ; 1863. Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 290, 310, pl. 34, figs 9-13. lavaterella Milliere, Bucculatrix, 1865, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2:69, 97, pl. 59, figs 1-5 ; 1866, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 12 : 413, 441, pl. 59, figs 1-5. ledereri Milliere, Orgyia, 1868, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2:451, 495, pl. 97, figs I, 2 ; 1869, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 17 ; 41, 85, pl. 97, figs i, 2. lerinsis Milliere, Agdistis, 1876. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1875 : 168 ; 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 376, 415, pl. 2, figs 10, 11 ; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5: 176, 215, pl. 2, figs 10, II ; 1881, Lipidoplirologie [1] (i) : 11, 16, pl. 2, figs 10, 11. leucochrysella Milliere, Chrysia, 1854, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 2 : 61, pl. 3, fig. (II) 3. liguriata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1884. Revue Ent. 3:3; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes- Maritimes. 2' Suppl., Xotes ent. diverses ([4]) : 5. liguriella Milliere, Tinea, 1879, Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 8: 124, 138, pl. 6, fig. 11; 1881, Lipidoplirologie [1] (5) : 16, 30, pl. 6, fig. 11. liguris Milliere, Bryophila glandtfera Denis & Schiffermiiller [cited as ' S.V. '] var. et ab., [1879], Mirn. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 7 : 27, 42, pl. 3, fig. 8 ; 1881, Lipidoplirologie [1] _ ([3]) : 8, pl. 3, fig. 8. limoniana Milliere, Sciaphila [Sericoris, pl. 4], i860, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 132, 186, (liv. 3) pl. 4, figs 4-8 ; 1861, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 7: 212, 266, pl. 4, figs 4-8. litigiosella Milliere, Parasia, 1879, Naturaliste 1 : 139. ludovicata Milliere, Cidaria nigrofasciaria Goeze var. et ab., 1887, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 7 : 218, pl. 3, fig. 14. lugdunella Milliere, Ephestia, 1874, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2 : 250. lugdunellus Milliere, Crambus, 1867, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 305, 326, pl. 83, fig. 2 ; 1868, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 15 : 213, 234, pl. 83, fig. 2. lugdunensis Milliere, Catocala electa Guenfe, Boisduval, Godart var., 1855, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 3 : 208, pl. 11, fig. i. *lugdunensis Milliere, Zygaena fausta Linnaeus ab., 1859, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 ; 85, no, (liv. 2) pl. 4, fig. 4 ; i860, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 6 : 419, 444, pl. 4, fig. 4 [infrasubspecific name]. 270 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN magnata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1873, Revue Mag. Zool. {3) 1 : 2. tnalvinella Milliere, Psyche, 1858. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 5 : 44, 50, pi. 4. figs (III) 1-3 ; 1S39, IcoHOgr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits [edn a] 1 : 30. 36. (liv. i) pi. 4. figs (III) 1-3 ; 1859, ibidem [edn b] 1 : 29. 34, (liv. i) pi. 4, figs (III) 1-3. mantonella Milliere, Epichnopteryx, 1877, Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 20, pi. i, fig. 8 [incorrect (multiple) original spelling of mentonella Milliere]. maritanella Milliere, Euzophera, 1S76, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Marilimes : 264, 415, pi. 2, fig. 15 ; [1876], Mint. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 64, 213, pi. 2, fig. 15 ; 1881, Lipi- doplirologie [1] (i) : 13, 16, pi. 2, fig. 15. tnassiliata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1865, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 145, 1S4. pi. 67, figs I, 2 ; 1866, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 13 : 44, 83, pi. 67, figs i, 2. tnassiliensis Milliere, Nudaria, 1864, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 10: 222. 242, pi. 42, figs 1-3 ; 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 350, 370, pi. 42, figs 1-3. mediterranella Milliere, Zophodia, 1874, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2 : 248 ; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (i) : 14, 16, pi. 2, fig. i6 (Euzophera). medusalis Milliere, Hypsopygia egregialis Herrich-Schaffer var.. 1872, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 ; 242, 250, pi. 127, figs 4, 5. mentonella MilUere, Epichnopteryx, 1877, Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 20 : 64, 66 ; pi. i, fig. 8 [as mantonella, incorrect (multiple) original spelling] ; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (2) : 10, 14 ; pi. I, fig. 8 [as mantonella, incorrect subsequent spelling], meridiaria Milliere, Acidalia degeneraria Hubner var., 1868, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid. inidits 2 ; 491, 498, pi. 100, figs 13-15 ; 1869, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 17 ; 81, 88, pi. 100. figs 13-15. meridionalis Milliere, Platypteryx binaria Hufnagcl var., 1871, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 212, pi. 123, figs 1-5. mistralella Milliere, Euzophera, 1S74, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2 : 250 ; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (I) : 2, 15, pi. I. fig. 3. mnemosynata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 409 ; [1876], Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 209. mnemosynella Milliere, Blastobasis, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 346 ; [1876], Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 146. mulsantana Milliere, Argyrolepia, i860, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 156, 190, (liv. 3) pi. 8, figs 1-5 ; 1861, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 7 : 236, 270, pi. 8, figs 1-5. multiflorata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1866, Iconogr. Descr. Clienilles Lipid, inidits 2: 194, 241, pi. 71, figs 8-13 ; 1867, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 14 : 302, 349, pi- 7'. fiss 8-13- tnyricariella Milliere, Trachonitis, 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chemlles Lipid, inidits 1 : 376, 412, pi. 45, figs 3-7 ; 1865, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 11 : 4, 40, pi. 45, figs 3-7. napolitalis Milliere, Scoparia coarctalis Zeller var., 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid. inidits 3 : 90, 127, pi. 109, fig. 17 ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19 : 10, 47, pi. 109. fig. 17. neapolisata Milliere, Melanippe ftuctuata I,innaeus var., 1872, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 267, 273, pi. 131, fig. 7. nigricantella Milliere, Tinea, 1S72, Petites Xouv. ent. 1 : 172. nigromaculella Milliere, Gelechia, 1872, Petites Nouv. ent. 1 ; 172. nodiflorella Milliere, Depressaria, 1866, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2: 214, 243, pi. 73, figs 8-11 ; 1867, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 14 : 322, 351, pi. 73, figs 8-11. nolckenella Milliere, Chitnabacche, 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (7) : 5, 22, pi. 10, fig. 7. oberthurella Milliere, Tinea, 1879, Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 8 : 121, 138, pi. 6, figs 5, 6 ; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (5) : 13. 30, pi. 6, figs 5, 6. obscura Milliere, Acidalia incanaria Hubner var., 1882, Lipidoptirologie [2] (8) : 16, pi. 3, fig. 3. obscura Milliere, Libythea celtis Esper var. et ab., 1879, Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 8 : 123, 138, pi. 6, fig. 10 ; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (5) : 15. 3°. pl- f'' ^g- 'o- ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 271 ochrea Milliere, Naclia punctata Fabricius var., 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 391 ; [1876], Mini. Soc. Sci. nnt. hist. Cannes 5 : 191. ochreotnaculella Milliere, Chauliodus, 1854, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 2 : 63. pi. 3, fig. (II) 4. odontata Milliere. Emmelesia unifasciata Haworth var., 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidils 3, pi. 114, fig. 13 [3 : 148, 168, as euphrasiatd] ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19, pi. 114, fig. 13 [19 : 68. 88, as euphrasiata]. [Milliere names this form euphrasiala in the text and odontata on the plate.] olbiadactylus Milliere, Pterophorus, 1859, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 89, iii, (liv. 2) pi. 5, figs 1-3 ; i860, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 6 : 423, 445, pi. 5, figs 1-3, olbiaella Milliere, Alucita, 1861, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 193, 218, (liv. 4) pi. I, figs 1-6 ; 1862, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 8 : 177, 202, pi. i, figs 1-6. olbiaria Milliere, Larentia multistrigaria Haworth ab. et var., 1865, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 157. 185, pi. 68, figs 5-8 ; 1866, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 13 : 56, 84. pi. 68, figs 5-8. oleastrella Milliere, Tinea, 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 42, 64, pi. 55, figs 7-9 ; 1865, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 11 : 263, 285, pi. 55, figs 7-9. ononidella Milliere, Coleophora, 1879, Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 8 : iii, 138, pi. 5, fiRS 4, 5 ; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (5) : 3, 30, pi. 5, figs 4, 5, ononidis Milliere, Zygaena hilaris Ochsenheimer var., 1878, Petites Nouv. ent. 2 : 249. opulentana Milliere, Grapholitha, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 287, 415, pi. 2, fig. 14 ; [1876], Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 87, 215, pi. 2, fig. 14 ; 1881, Lipi- doptirologie [1] (i) : 12, 16, pi. 2, fig. 14. ossianella Milliere, Bufo/ii, 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 397, 446, pi. 150, fig. i. osyridellus Stainton, Paradoxus, July i86g, Entomologisfs mon. Mag. 6 ; 42 ; Milliere, [31 December] 1869, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 42, 77, pi. 105, figs 12-22 ; Stain- ton, [31 December] 1869, Tineina sth. Europe : 167, fig. [The name osyridellus has been erroneously attributed to Milliere by several authors. P. osyridellus originated from Milliere but was used and unintentionally made nomenclaturally available by Stainton prior to its proposal and description by MiUiere.] *oxybialis Milliere, Crambus, 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3, pi. 135, fig. 1 [incorrect subsequent spelling of C. oxyhiellus Milliere, 1872]. oxybialis Milliere, Ebulea crocealis Treitschke var., 1872, Revue Mag. Zool. (2) 23 : 62. oxybiana MiUiere, Penthina sellana Hiibner var., 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 449, pi. 152, figs 14, 15. oxybiaria Milliere, Melanippe, 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 414, 448, pi. 151, fig. 9 [unjustified emendation of M. oxybiata Milliere, 1872]. oxybiata Milliere, Melanippe. 1872, Revue Mag. Zool. (2) 23 : 61 [see also M. oxybiaria Mil- liere, 1874]. oxybiella Milliere, Synimoca, 1872, Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 172. oxybiellus Milliere, Crambus, 1872, Revue Mag. Zool. (2) 23 : 62 ; 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 284, 298 ; pi. 135, fig. i [as oxybialis, incorrect subsequent spelling]. oxybiensis Milliere, Bryophila, 1874, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2 ; 242. oxycedrana Milliere, Grapholitha juniperana Milliere var. et ab., 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 286 ; [1876], Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 86. oxycedrella Milliere, Gelechia, 1871, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3:177, I93. pi. 118, figs 1-6. pollens Milliere, Setina ratnosa Godart var., 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 86, 127, pi. 109, figs 10, II ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19 : 6, 47, pi. 109, figs 10, 11. pandorella MiUiere, Guenea, 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (7) : 16, 22, pi. 10, fig. 20. *pantellaria Milliere, Eupithecia, 1877, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 7 : 9, 12 [incorrect subsequent spelling of pantellata MiUiere]. pantellata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1875, in Ragusa, Boll. Soc. ent. Hal. 7 : 253 [see also E. pantellaria Milliere, 1877]. 272 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAX PARADOXUS Stainton, July i86g. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 6 ; 42 ; Milliere, [31 December] 1869, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 8:42, 77, pi. 105, figs 12-22; Stainton, [31 December] 1869, Tineina sth. Europe : 167. [The name Parado.rus has been erroneously attributed to Milliere by Friese (i960 : 62). Paradoxus originated from Milliere but was used and unintentionally made nomenclaturally available by Stainton prior to its proposal and generic description by Milliere] peucedanella Milliere, Depressaria, 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (7) : 13, 22, pi. 10, figs 14, 15. peyerimhoffata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1870, Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 88. phalenarum Milliere, Erastria scitula Rambur var., 1884, Revue Ent. 3 : 2, pi. i, fig. 4. philerrtonella Milliere. Myelois, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 263 ; [1876], MeiH. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 63. phillyrella Milliere, Zelleria, 1867, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 286, 324, pi. 81, figs 6-8 ; 1868, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 15 : 194, 232, pi. 81, figs 6-8. phoebusella Milliere, Bryotropha, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 328 ; [1876], Mhn. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 128. pinastrella Milliere, Apterona, 1857, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 4 : 199, 202, pi. 2, figs 3-5. pollinis Milliere, Retinia, 1S74. Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2 : 251. polymnia Milliere, Thais polyxena Denis & Schiffermiiller [cited as ' Schifi. '] var., 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 438, 451, pi. 154, fig. 2. polyxenella Milliere, Ephestia, 1872, Revue Mag. Zool. (2) 23 : 63. primiilata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1874, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2 : 244, provinciata Milliere, Etipithecia, 1872, Revue Mag. Zool. (2) 23 : 61. psoralaria Milliere, Boarmia, 1885, Naturalista sicil. 4:278; [1887], Ca/. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Siippl., Notes ent. diverses ([l]) : 30. psoratella Milliere, Gelechia, 18O5, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 83, 99, pi. 61, figs 1-6 ; 1866, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 12 : 427, 443, pi. 61, figs 1-6. psychidella Milliere, Incurvaria, 1854, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 2 : 59, pi. 3, fig. (II) i. pulchellalis Milliere, Pyralis, 1873, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 221 ; 1874, Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 3 : 241. * punctata Milliere, Acidalia, 1866, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 206, 208 ; 1867, .Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 14:314, 316 [published in synonymy, not nomenclaturally available, see Int. Code zool. Xoni., Article 11 (d)]. purpurana Milliere, Carcina quercana Fabricius var. et ab., 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 343 ; [1876]. Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 143. pythonissa Milliere, Papillio [sic!] [Limenitis,: 110, pi. 4] Camilla Fabricius ab. et var., 1859, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 82, no, (liv. 2) pi. 4, fig. i ; i860, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 6 : 416, 444, pi. 4, fig. i. pythonissata Milliere, Cidaria immanata Haworth var., 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3: 120, 129, pi. in, fig. 9; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19:40, 129 [recte 49], pi. in, fig. 9. ragonotella Milliere, Ephestia, 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (7) : 4, 22, pi. 10, fig. 6. ragusaria Milliere, Nychiodes lividaria Hiibner var., 1884, Naturalista sicil. 3 : 196, pi. 3, fig. I. reaumuraria Milliere, Cleta, 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2: 2, 33, pi. 51, figs I, 2. rhadama Milliere, Orthosia, 1882, Lipidoptirologie [2] (8) : i, 30, pi. i, fig. i ; 1883, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 29 : 153. 182, pi. i, fig. i. robiniella Milliere, Myelois, 1865, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2: 87, 99, pi. 61, figs 8-11 ; 1866, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 12 : 431, 443, pi. 61, figs 8-n. romanaria Milliere, Acidalia, 1869, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 52, 78, pi. 106, figs 4-11 ; 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 18 : 52, 78, pi. 106, figs 4-11. romanelta Milliere, Rhodophaea, 1870, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 150, 169, pi. 115. figs 1-5 ; 1872. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 19 : 70, 89, pi. 115, figs 1-5. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 273 *rose Milliere, Liparis rubea Denis & Schiffermiiller var., 1866, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles L^pid. inMits 2 : 258 [incorrect (multiple) original spelling of rosea Milliere]. rosea Milliere, Liparis rubea Denis cS: Schiffermiiller [cited as ' S.V. '] var., 1866, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 258 [as rose, incorrect (multiple) original spelling], 278, pi. 78, figs 4-6; 1867, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 14:366 [as rose, incorrect subsequent spelling], 386, pi. 78, figs 4-6. rosmarinana Milliere, Olindia, 1865, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 108, 140, pi. 63, figs 9-12 ; 1866. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 13 : 8, 40, pi. 63, figs 9-12. rosmarinata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1865, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 104, 140, pi. 63, figs 4-8 ; 1866, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 13 : 4, 40, pi. 63, figs 4-8. rubricella Milliere, Depressaria, 1876, Cat. raisonne Lipid. Alpes-Mariliines : 323 ; [1876], Mini. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 123. ruminata Milliere, Acidalia asellaria Herrich-Schaffer ab. et var., 1885, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 5: 115, 120, pi. 2, figs 4, 5; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([5]) : 115, pi. 2, figs 4, 5. rumicivorella Milliere, Gelechia, 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (7) : 11, 22, pi. 10, fig. 13. sapho Milliere, Fttmea, 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 25. 36, pi. 54, figs i, 2. satanas Milliere, Agdistis, 1876, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1875: 167; 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 377, 415, pi. 2, fig. 9 ; [1876], Mint. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 177, 215, pi. 2, fig. 9 ; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (i) : 10, i5, pi. 2, fig. 9. satureiella Milliere, Nephopteryx, 1873. Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 1 : 7. scalettaria Milliere, Dasydia operaria Hiibner var. an bona sp., 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 404, 417, pi. 50, figs 3-7 ; 1865, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 11 : 32, 45, pi. 50, figs 3-7. scopariae Milliere, Agrotis agathina Duponchel ab. et var., 1865, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 151, 184, pi. 67, figs 7-10 ; 1866, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 13 : 50, 83, pi. 67, figs 7-10. * semibrunnea Milliere, Lycaena corydon [sic!] Fabricius ab., 1859, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 84, no, (liv. 2) pi. 4, fig. 3 ; i860, Annls Soc. linn Lyon (N.S.) 6 : 418, 444, pi. 4, fig. 3 [infrasubspecific name]. sextiata Milliere, Eupithecia, 1867, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 370, 407, pi. 89, fig. 5 ; 1868, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 16 : 42, 79, pi. 89, fig. 5. sibirialis Milliere, Stenia, 1879, Naturaliste 1 : 139. silphana Milliere, Penthina, 1874, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2: 247; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (I) :4, 15, pi. I, fig. 9. silphella Milliere, Psyche, 1871, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3: 204, 225, pi. 122, figs 1-5. smilaxella Milliere, Acrolepia, 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 385, 413, pi. 46, figs 6-11 ; 1865, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 11 : 13, 41, pi. 46, figs 6-ii. staintonellus Milliere, Chauliodus, [31 December] 1869, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3:45, 77, pi. 105, figs i-ii ; Stainton, [31 December] 1869, Tineina sth. Europe: 169 ; Milliere, 1872, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 18 : 45, 77, pi. 105, figs i-ii. [The name staintonellus has been attributed to Stainton by several authors. C. staintonellus originated from Milliere and was used by Milliere and by Stainton in 1869. The exact dates of publication of their works are unknown. Milliere's paper was submitted to the Societe Linneenne de Lyon on 12 April, 1869 (see page 243). The introduction to Stainton's book is dated 4 October, 1869 (page iv), and on page 370 Stainton states ' Monsieur Milliere's descriptions of these species will probably be published before the appearance of this volume '. There is also evidence in a letter from Stainton to Zeller that on 25 November, i86g, the Tineina sth. Europe was not yet published. As Stainton attributed the name staintonellus to Milliere and as from the above evidence it seems likely that Milliere's paper was published first it is here given priority over that by Stainton. This is also in agreement with Friese (i960 : 66).] 274 !<• SATTLER & \V. G. TREMEWAX staticeana Milliere, Lobesia, 1868, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inedits 2 : 430, 44S, pi. 95, figs 9-14 ; 1869. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (X.S.) 17 : 20, 38, pi. 95, figs 9-14. staticella Milliere, Ergatis (Gelechia). 1876, Bull. Soc. enl. Fr. 1875 : 167 ; 1876, Cat. raisonni Lepid. Alpes-Maritimes : 334 ; 413 erroneously as lerinsis]. pi. 2, figs 12, 13 ; [1876]. Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hisl. Cannes 5: 134; 215 [erroneously as lerinsis], pi. 2, figs 12, 13; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (i) : 12 ; 16 [erroneously as lerinsis], pi. 2, figs 12, 13. staticis Milliere, Agdistis, 1876, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1875 : 167 ; 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 375, 415, pi. 2, figs 4-8 ; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 175, 215, pi. 2, figs 4-8 ; 1881, Lipidopterologie [1] (i) : 8, 16, pi. 2, figs 4-8. stelviana Jlilliere, Tortrix steineriana Hiibner var., 1874, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 3 : 434, 450, pi. 153, figs 11 -13. subcaerulea Milliere, Zygaena wagneri Milliere var. et ab., 1886, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 6 : 7 : [i887[. Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([6]) : 7. subflavaria Milliere, Boarmia, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : ^o^; [1876]. Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 204. subflavella Milliere, Fumea, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 305 ; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 105. submundalis Milliere, Orobena, 1882, Lipidoptirologie [2] (8) : 8, 32, pi. 2, fig. 2 ; 1883, Aunts Soc. linn. Lyon (X.S.) 29 : 160, 184, pi. 2, fig. 2. subnigra Jlilliere. Spilosama \s\c\] fuliginosa Linnaeus var., 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] (6) : 4. 6, 20, pi. 8, fig. 7. siibtriquetrella Milliere, Apterona, 1857, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (X.S.) 4 : 193, 202, pi. i, figs 1-5. suriens Milliere. Fumea, 1865, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 126, 142, pi. 65. figs 4, 5 ; 1866, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (X.S.) 13 : 26, 42, pi. 65, figs 4, 5 [unjustified emen- dation of Psyche surientella Bruand, 1858, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 6 : 465. Bruand first pub- lished the name suriens but did not make it nomenclaturally available as he placed it in synonymy] . thorencella MiUiere, Oecophora, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 3^6 ; [1876], Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 146. thymula Milliere. Nolo, 1867, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 337, 361, pi. 85, figs 11-16 ; 1868, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (X.S.) 16 : 9, 33, pi. 85, figs 11-16. turatiella Milliere, Tinea, 1885, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1885 ; in ; 1886, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 6 : 9, pi. I, fig. 10 ; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses (•(}]) : 9, pi. I, fig. 10. typhonia Milliere, Polia dubia Duponchel var., 1882, Lipidoptirologie [2] (8) : 26, 36, pi. 4. figs 10, II ; 1883, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 29 : 178, 188, pi. 4, figs 10, 11. unedella Milliere, Teleia, 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes : 331 ; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 131. unicoloretla Milliere, Tinagma transversellum Zeller var., 1876, Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes- Maritimes : 358 ; [1876], Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 5 : 158. valesiella Milliere, Psyche, 1866, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 250, 277 ; pi. 77, figs 6, 7 [as vulesiella, incorrect (multiple) original spelling] ; 1867, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (X.S.) 14 : 358, 385 ; pi. 77, figs 6, 7 [as vulesiella, incorrect subsequent spelling]. vandalicia Milliere. Bombyx, 1865, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2 : 93, 100, pi. 62, figs 6, 7 ; 1866, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (X.S.) 12 : 437, 444, pi. 62, figs 6, 7. vesubiata Milliere. Acidalia, 1873, Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 1 : 6. vesubiella Milliere, Psyche, 1872, Petites Nouv. ent. 1 ; 255. 'vulesiella .Milliere. Psyche, 1866, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 2, pi. 77, figs 6, 7 [incorrect (multiple) original spelling of valesiella Milliere]. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 275 wagneri Milliere, Zygaena, 1885. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1885 : 92 ; 1886, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 6 : 6, pi. I, figs 3-7 ; [1887], Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-M aritimes , 2' Suppl., Notes ent. diverses ([6]) : 6, pi. i, figs 3-7. walsinghamella Milliere, Argyrestia [sic!], 1881, LSpidopihologie [1] (7) : 21. zephyrata Milliere, Acidalia, 1872, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles IJpid. inMits 3 : 268, 274, pi. 132, figs 1-8. DlPTER.\ bigoti Milliere, Morinia. 1864, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 385, 413, pi. 46, figs 4, 5 ; 1865, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 11 : 13, 41, pi. 46, figs 4, 5. Hemiptera ■\longicaudatus Milliere, Aphis, 1853, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 1 : 9, pi. 3, fig. II. [Fossil.] Hymenopter,\ hirtae Milliere, Cryptus, 1862, Iconogr. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits 1 : 277, 280, (liv. 6) pi. 4, fig. 10 ; 1863, Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 9 : 21, 24, pi. 4, fig. 10. vesubiellae Milliere, Eulophus, [1879], Mint. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 7 : 33, 43, pi. 4, figs 5-7 ; 1881, Lipidoptirologie [1] ([3]) : 14. 24. pi. 4, figs 5-7. Plants esterelensis Chanay & Milliere, Viola, 1879, in Milliere, Mem. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 8 : 119, 139, pi. 6, fig. ; 1881, in Milliere, Lipidoptirologie [1] (5) : 11. pi. 6, fig. BIBLIOGRAPHY This bibliography contain.s references to all entomological works by Milliere and to other publications relevant to our paper. Articles bj' Milliere which were pub- lished in more than one publication are cross-referenced ; for this purpose all his pubUcations have been numbered. The exact date of pubhcation as established from available evidence in accordance with the provisions of the Int. Code zool. Nom. Article 21 {see page 224) is given in parentheses together with such evidence. Reprints with original or independent pagination of pubUcations by Milliere are recorded. [Anonymous, a]. 1887a. Aux obseques de M. P. Milliere. Le Littoral Illustri, Jeudi 2 Juin 1887. [Anonymous, b]. 1887b. Obituary. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 24 : 70-71. [Anonymous, c]. [1888]. Biographische Mittheilungen. Leopoldina 23 : 214-220. British Museum (Natural History). 1910. Catalogue of the books, mamiscripts, maps and drawings in the British Museum (Natural History) 3 : 1316. London. Constant, M. A. 1887. Notice necrologiqiie siir Pierre Milliere. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 7 : 209-214. Derksen, W. & Scheiding-Gollner, U. 1968. Inde.x Litteraturae Entomologicae (2) 3 (M-R) : 104-105. Berlin. D[immock], G. 1888. Necrology. Psyche. Canih. 5 : 35-36. Friese, G. i960. Revision der palaarktischen Yponomeutidae unter besonderer Berijck- sichtigung der Genitalien (Lepidoptera). Beitr. Ent. 10 : 1-131. 276 K. SATTLER & \V. G. TREMEWAX Gozis, M. DES. 1887. Notice sur Pierre Milliere. i?et)«e £«<. 6 : 248-253. Hagen, H. A. 1862. Bibliotheca Entomologica I : 541-^42. Leipzig. Heylaerts, F. J. M. 1888. Notice n&rologique sur M. Jean Pierre Milliere. Annls Soc. enl. Belg. 32 : LXXIV-LXXVII. Horn, W. & Schenkling, S. 1928. Index Lilteraturae Entomologicae (i) 3 ; 824-825. Berlin-Dahlem . Junk, W. 1900-1913. Kara Hislorico-Xaturalia et Mathematica 1 : 14^-144. Berlin. Kheil, N. M. 1887. Pierre Milliere. Bet-/. fn<. Z. 31 : 383-386. Lorenz, O. 1869. Catalogue giniral de la Librairie Franfaise i: n&y. Paris. 1877. Catalogue giniral de la Librairie Fran(aise. 6 : 275. Paris. 1. Milliere, P. 1851. [Note sur une chenille qui est v^n^neuse . . . . ] Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1851 : 79. (i November, 1851, original wrapper.) 2. 1852a. [Des details importants sur des chenilles ichneumonisccs de la Deilephila vespertilio.] Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1852 ; 16-17. ([31 December], 1852, original wrapper and title page.) 3. 1852b. [Note au sujet des manieres de vivre de la Dicranura vinula.] Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1852 : 47-48. ([31 December], 1852, original wrapper and title page.) 4. 1852c. [Sur le Bombyx (Saturnia) cecropia.] Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1852 : 64-65. ([31 December], 1852, original wrapper and title page.) 5. 1853. Observations relatives a I'empreinte d'un H^miptere fossile. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) l:[9]-ii,pl. 3, fig. II. (8 June, 1853, original wrapper.) 6. 1854a. Note sur une variety de la Gnophos obscuraria, Hub., Boisd., Dup. : ob- scurata, Treits., Illig., God.; Phal. lividata, Fabr. ; Geom. carbonaria, Esp. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 1 : 389-390. {14 January-, 1854, original wrapper.) 7. 1854b. Description de nouvelles especes de Microlepidopteres. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 2 : [59]-68. pi. 3, figs (II) 1-6, 6a. (12 July, 1854, original wrapper.) 8. 1855. Note sur une varitt6 de la Catocala electa (Guen. Boisd. God.) ; Xoctua electa (Hubn. Borkh.) ; Noctua pacta (VVein. Verz. Esper.) ; Noctuelle choisie (Oliv. Latr.) (PI. II, N" I.). Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 3 : [205]-2o8, pi. 11, fig. I. ([31 December], 1855, original wTapper and title page.) 9. 1856a. Histoire de Choreutis dolosana, Herr.-Sch. dolosalis, F.-V.-R. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 4 : 39 49, pl- i. fig- IV. (23 July, 1856, original wrapper.) ID. 1856b. [Note sur VElachista treitschkiella.] Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1856 : 39. (12 November, 1856, original wrapper.) 11. 1856c. Histoire des metamorphoses de VAcidalia asbestaria, Koll. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 3 : [523] -529, [530 (Explication de la Planche)], pl., figs 1-5. ([31 December], 1856, title page.) 12. 1857a. [Note sur les Diasemia litteralis et ramburialis.'] Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1856 : [89] -90. (8 April. 1857, original wrapper.) 13. 1857b. Creation d'un genre nouveau, G. Apterona, et histoire des insectes qui le composent. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 4:[i8i]-20l, [202 (Explication des Figures)], pl. I, figs 1-5, pl. II, figs 1-5. ([31 December], 1857, title page.) 14. 1858. Description d'un Platyomide nouveau et histoire des metamorphoses de sa larve. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (3) 5 : [799]-8o5, pl. 14, figs (III) 1-6. (24 February, 1858, original wrapper.) Also as separate witli same pagination but undated wrapper. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIEKE 277 15. 1858-1872, Iconographie et Description de Chenilles et Lepidopteres inedits. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 5: [ij^-jo, pis 1-4 (1858); 6:[385]-446, pis 1-6 (i860); 7 ; [i93]-272, pis i-io (1861) ; 8 : [i77]-205, pis 1-4 (1862) ; 8 : [209]-240, pis 1-4 (1862); 9:1-24. pis 1-4 (1863); 9:[25]-56, pis 33-36 (1863); 10 : [i87]-2i6, pis 37-40 (i86[4]) ; 10 : [2i7]-244, pis 41-44 (i86[4]) ; 11 : [i]-45, pls 45-5° (i86[5]) : ll:[258]-288, pis 55-58 (i86[5]) ; 12 : [4131-444, pis 59-62 (1866); 13 : [i]-43, pis 63-66 (1866) ; 13 : [44]-86, pis 67-70 (1866) ; 14 ; [2971-354, pis 71-76 (1867) ; 14; [3551-388, pis 77-80 (1867); 15: [189I-235, pis 81-84 (1868); 16:[il-36, pis 85-88 (1868); 16:[37l-82, pis 89-92 (1868); 17:[il-39. pis 93-96 (1869): 17:[4il-88, pis 97-100 (1869); 18 : [1I-40, pis 101-104 (1872); 18 : [41I-80, pis 105-108 (1872); 19 : [il-[5ol, pis 109-112 (1872); 19:[5il-90, pis 113-116 (1872). [See also 16. 1 For a detailed discussion of this work and the dates of publication see page 226. 16. 1859-1874. Iconographie et Description de Chenilles et Lepidopteres inidits. 1, 424 pp., 50 pis (1859-1864) ; 2, 506 pp., 50 pis (1864-1868) ; 3, 4S8 pp., 54 pis (1869- 1874). Paris. [See also 15.] For a detailed discussion of this work and the dates of publication see page 226. 17. 1862. Notice necrologique sur Ch.-Th. Bruand d'Uzelle. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (4) l:[65il-654. (26 March, 1862, original wrapper.) 18. 1864. Note sur VHaemerosia renalis. Hub., Pyr. 157, Noct. 864, fig. 5.-Gn., VI, 201. = Renifera, Bdv., p. 164. - Stgr., Cat., p. 58. = Renigera, Dup., Sup., Ill, 47, fig. 7. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (4) 4 : [1951-196, pi. 5, figs 5, 5a-d. (12 October, 1864, original wrapper.) [ 1866. [Chenilles rejetees par Testomac d'un enfant. 1 Annls Soc. lin.. Lyon (N.S.) 12 : xxiv-xxv. (6 January, 1866, title page.) Erroneously cited by Derksen & Scheiding-GoUner (1968 : 105) as a publication of Milliere ; however, this is merely a reference to comments made by Milliere and others at a meeting of the Society Linn^enne de Lyon held on 12 June, 1865. 1 19. 1868. [Une seconde eclosion du Lasiocampa pini.] Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1868 : 91. ([31 Decemberl, 1868, original wrapper and title page.) 20. 1870. Eupithecia Peyerimhoffata. Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 88-89. (15 May, 1870, page 87.) 21. 1871-1876. Catalogue raisonni des L^pidoptires (du Dipartement*) des Alpes- Maritimes. (i) : [i]-i35 (1871) ; (2) : [137I-247 (1873) ; (3) : [2491-455, pis I, II (1876). Cannes. [See also 25.I * The words ' du Departement ' are omitted from the title of parts (2) and (3). For a detailed discussion of this work and the dates of publication see page 247. 22. 1872a. [Lepidopteres nouveaux.] Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 172. (i January, 1872, page 171.) 23. 1872b. Notice sur la faune lepidopt^rologique de la vallee de Lantosque. Petites Nouv. ent. I : 255-256. (15 November, 1872, page 255.) 24. 1872c. Descriptions de Lepidopteres nouveaux de France. Revue Mag. Zool. (2) 23:61-63. ([31 Decemberl, 1872, signature on page 61.) 25. i872-[i8761. Catalogue raisonne des Lepidopteres (du Departement*) des Alpes- Maritimes. Mim. Soc. Set. nat. hist. Cannes 2 : [89I-219 (1872); 3:[i6il-267 (1874): 5 : [51I-216, pis I, II ([1876I). [See also 21.] * The words ' du Departement ' are omitted from the title of parts (2) and (3). For a detailed discussion of this work and the dates of pubhcation see page 247. 26. 1873a. Lepidopteres nouveaux de France. Petites Nouv. ent. 1 : 310. (I June, 1873. page 307.) 278 K. SATTLER & W. G. TREMEWAN 27. 1873b. Description de huit Lepidopteres inedits d'Europe. Revue Mag. Zooi. (3)1: W-10. ([31 December], 1873, original wrapper and title page.) 28. 1874. Description de Lepidopteres nouveaux d'Europe. Revue Mag. Zool. (3) 2 ; 241-251. ([31 December], 1874, title page and signature on page 241.) 29. 1875a. Description de Chenilles et de Lepidopteres inedits d'Europe. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 5 : [ii]-i4, pi. i, figs 1-12. (14 July, 1875, original wrapper.) 30. 1875b. Hypopta Caestrum Hb. Pelites Xouv. ent. 1 : 523. (i September, 1875, page 523.) 31. 1875c. [Eiipithecia pantellata (Species nova) et Eupithecia cossurata (Species nova).] In Ragusa, E. Boll. Soc. ent. ital. 7 ; 253-254. ([31 December], 1875, original wrapper.) 32. 1875- 1876. Description de chenilles et de Lepidopteres inedits d'Europe (2' partie). Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1875 : 166-168. 166 (22 December, 1875, original wrapper) ; 167-168 (26 April, 1876, original wrapper.) 33. 1877a. Description de Six Lepidopteres d'Europe. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 7: [5]- 12, pi. I, figs I -10. (11 July, 1877, original wrapper.) 34. 1877b. Iconographie et description de si.x especes de chenilles inidites des environs de Cannes (Alpes-Maritimes) avec leurs papillons a peine connus. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 20 : [58]-66, pi. I, figs 1-19. [See also 42.] ([31 December], 1877, original wrapper and title page.) Also as separate : ^i] (title page, dated 1877), [3]-ii, pi. L figs 1-19. 35. 1878a. Zygaena Inlaris Och. (var. Ononidis Mill.). Petites Nouv. ent. 2 : 249-250. (i August, 1878, page 249.) 36. 1878b. Iconographie et Description de Chenilles et Lepidopteres inedits. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 25 : [i]-i2, Explication de la Planche, pi. 155, figs 1-10. [See also 42.] {[31 December], 1878, original wTapper, title page and internal evidence.) 37. [i879]a. Lepidopterologie. Mim. Soc. Sci. nat. hist. Cannes 7:[2o]-43, pis III, IV. [See also 42.] ([20 June, 1879], external evidence, see page 255.) 38. 1879b. Phorodesma Janhowshiaria, Milliere. In Oberthiir, Ch., Diagnoses d'Especes nouvelles de Lepidopteres de Vile Askold : 8-9. Rennes. ([31] August, 1879, page [i].) 39. 1879c. Description de Lepidopteres inedits d'Europe. Xatiiraliste I : 138-139. (15 December, 1879, page 137.) 40. i879d. Lepidopterologie. Cinquieme Fascicule. M^m. Soc. Sci. nat. hisl. Cannes 8 : [109] -139, pis V-VII. [See also 42.] ([31] (December), 1879, original wrapper, title page and internal evidence.) 41. 1880. Lepidopteres des Alpes-Maritimes. Xaturaliste 1 : 22S-22g. (I June, 1880, page 225.) Erroneously recorded as the ist Supplement of Cat. raisonni Lipid. Alpes-Maritimes by Derksen & Scheiding-GoUncr (1968 : 105). 42. 1881-1882. Lipidoptirologie. Volume [1]. (i) : [i]-i6, pis I, II; (2) : [i]-i4, pl- I ; ([3]) : [i]-24. pis III. IV ; ([4]) : [i]-i4, Exphcation de la Planche, pi. 155 ; (5) : [i]-3i. pis V-VII ; (6) : [i]-20, pis VlII, IX ; (7) : [i]-22, pl. X (1881). Vol- ume [2]. (8) : [i]-27, [29]-[36], pis I-IV {1882). The following /ascicu/es were also published separately : (2) [see 34] ; ([3]) [see 37] ; ([4]) [see 36] ; (5) [see 40] ; (8) [see 46]. For a detailed discussion of this work and the dates of publication see page 251. ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE MILLIERE 279 43. 1882. Deux nouveaux faits de parasitisme. Revue Ent. 1 : 167-168. ([31] July, 1882, signature on page 161.) 44. 1883a. Notes lepidopterologiques. Revtie Ent. 2 : ^0-^2. ([28] February, 1883, signature on pages [25] and 41.) 45. 1883b. Notes lepidopterologiques. Naturalisla sicil. 3 : [33J-37- [See also 59.] (i November, 1883, page [33].) Also as separate (with original wrapper, dated 1883) : [i] (title page, dated 1883), [3] -7. 46. 1883c. L^pidopt^rologie. Huitieme Fascicule. Annls Soc. linn. Lyon (N.S.) 29: [i53]-i79. [i8i]-[i88], pis I-IV. [See also 42.] ([31 December], 1883, original wrapper and title page.) 47. 1884a. L^pidopteres inedits et notes entomologiques. Revue Ent. 3: [i]-7, pi. I, figs 1-5. {See also 59.] ([31] January, 1884, signature on page [i].) Also as separate (with original wrapper, dated 1884) : [i]-7, pi. I, figs 1-5. 48. 1884b. Nychiodes lividaria, Hb. var. rngusnria. Mill. Naturalista sicil. 3 ; 196, pL III, fig. I. (I April, 1884, page [193].) 49. 1884c. Chenilles europeennes inedites ou imparfaitement connues et notes lepi- dopterologiques. Naturalista sicil. 4 : 7-16, pi. I, figs i-ii. [See also 59.] ([30] November, 1884, page [i],) Also as separate (with original wrapper, dated 1S84) : [i] (title page, dated 1884), [3]-i2, pi. I, figs I-II. 50. 1885a. Acidalie nouvelle. Lepidopteres nouveau.x et chenilles inedites pour la Faune fran^aise. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 5 : [ii3]-i20, pi. 2, figs 1-15. [See also 59.] (14 October, 1885, original wrapper.) 51. 1885b. [Note relative a la Zygaena wagneri Mill.] Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1885 : 92-93. (14 October, 1885, original wrapper.) 52. 1885c. Tinea Turatiella, sp. nov. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1885 ; iii. (14 October, 1885, original wrapper.) 53. 1885 (-1886). Catalogue raisonne des Lepidopteres des Alpes-Maritimes (2" Sup- plement). Naturalista sicil. 4:147-150, 170-176, 195-199, 218-223, [233]-237, 275-280, 301-304; ibidem 5 : 16-21, 44-48, 67-72; 1886, ibidem 5:102-104, 127-132, 152-156, 176-180, 195-204, 220-224, [225]-23i. [See also 59.] (For exact dates of pubhcation see Table 6, page 261 (date on title page of each part).) 54. 1886a. Chenilles nouvelles. Lepidopteres nouveaux ou peu connus. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 6 : [5] -10, pi. i, figs 1-12. [See also 59.] (15 July, 1886, original wrapper) 55. 1886b. Bucculatri.x albigiittella Mill., nov. sp. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1886 : 23-24. (15 July, 1886, original wrapper.) 56. 1886c. Psilothrix incerta Mill., sp. nov. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1886 : 53-54. (15 July, 1886, original wrapper.) 57. i886d. Notes entomologiques (N.3). Naturalista sicil. 5 : [24i]-245. [See also 59.] (i August, 1886, page [241].) 58. i886e. Chenilles inedites et Lepidopteres nouveaux pour la faune europeenne. Naturalista sicil. 6 : [i]-9, pi. i, figs 1-16. [See also 59.] (I October, 1886, page [i].) 59. [i887]a. Catalogue raisonni des Lepidopteres des Alpes-Maritimes, 2' Supplement et notes entomologiques diverses. ([i]) : [i]-87, i photograph ; ([2]) : [i]-io ; ([3]) : [l]-6; ([4]):[i]-9; ([5]) : [II3]-I20, pi. 2, figs 1-15; ([6]) : [5]-io, pi. i, figs 1-12 ; ([7]) : [i]-4 ; ([8]) : [i]-9, Explication des figures de la planche 1, pi. i, figs I -16. ([25 March, 1887], external evidence, see page 261.) The following parts were also published separately : [i] [see 53] ; [2] [see 49] ; [3] [see 45] ; [4] [see 47] ; [5] [see 50] ; [6] [see 54] ; [7] [see 57] ; [8] [see 58]. 28o K. SATTLER & \V. G. TREMEWAN 60. 1887b. Notes entomologiques (N'.4). Des resultats varife que donnent chez les L^pidopteres les accouplements consanguins. Saturalista sicil. 6 : 125-130. (i May, 1887, page [107].) 61. 1887c. Lepidopteres nouveaux ou peu coiinus. Chenilles nouvelles. Annls Soc. ent . Fr. (6) 7 : [2i5]-22i, pi. 5. figs i, 4-14. (28 December, 1887, original wrapper.) Also published separately (together with a paper by Ragonot, 1887, Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 7 : [2221-224, pi. 5, figs 2, 3) : [2151-221, pi. 5, figs i, 4-14. Stainton, H. T. 1869. The Tineina of Southern Europe, viii + 370 pp.. i pi. London. Staudinger, O. & Rebel, H. 1901. Catalog der Lepidopteren des palaearctischen Faunen- gebietes. I. Theil, xxx + 411 pp. ; II. Theil, 368 pp. Berhn. Staudinger, O. & WocKE, M. 1861. Catalog der Lepidopteren Europa's und der angrenzenden Lander, xvi + 192 pp. Dresden. 1871. Catalog der Lepidopteren des europaeischen Faunengebiets. xxxvii + 426 pp. Dresden. Taschenberg, O. 1890. Bibliotheca zoologica II. Verzeichnis der Schriften iiber Zoologie etc. 3 : 1790. Leipzig. Klaus Sattler, Dr.rer.nat. Department of Entomology British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road, London S\V7 5BD England Walter Gerald Tremewan, M.I.Biol. Department of Entomology British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road, London S\V7 5BD England PLATE I Title page of Icon. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits, volume 1, livraison i, edition ' a '. JSull HiMii^ iiiit Hist (hist. Ser.) 4, 4 PLATE I IC0N0(iR4PHIE ET DESCRIPTION UE CHENILLES ET LEPIDOPTERES INfiDITS, P. MILMERB. EXTRAIT HFll »^^^LIS DI H SOCI^T* LINNKlhXI DI LTON , LYON, IMWUMERIE DE W. DUMOULIM , LIBRAIRE, rua Sl-Pierre , 20. 1859. PLATE 2 Title page of Icon. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inidits, volume 1, Uvraison i, edition ' b ' Bull Hi. Mks. not. Hist. (hist. Ser.) 4, 4 PLATE 2 fCONOGRAPHIE ET DESCRIPTION CHEJNILLES ET LEFIDOPTERES IMiDlTS' P MILLIERK. Mil V Ki. i.h si:im: , rij.y k \ (HKKMIKKK LIVKAISON) TOMK PHKMIER Kxduit ilo>- Aniirtlun He la ?Societe l^inneeiiiic Mo l^von PARIS K. SAW I.IBHAIRE UK 1^ SOCltTft g£ologique dk krance RUE HAUTEFEUILLE, 34 186& PLATE 3 Title page of Icon. Descr. Chenilles Lipid, inedits in whicli the volume number and date ol publication can be inserted as appropriate. Hull Br Mils. mil. Hisl. (hist. Scr.) 4, 4 I'LATE 3 ICONOGRAPHIE ET DESCRIPTION DE CHENILLES ET LEPIDOPTERES INEDITS p. MILHERE TOME PARIS F SAVY LIBHAIRE DE LK SOCltT£ GtOLOGIQDE DE FRANCE RUE HkUTEFCUILlE, 34 18 '«*'•. HJS7. *\ '3 4UG (974 Printed in Great Britain by John Wright and Sons Ltd. at The Stonebridge Press, Bristol BS4 5NU ,:> / u SIR JOSEPH BANKS AND THE PLANT COLLECTION FROM KEW SENT TO THE EMPRESS CATHERINE II OF RUSSIA 1795 H. B. CARTER BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. 5 LONDON: 1974 32 Soho Square The study and the library SIR JOSEPH BANKS AND THE PLANT COLLECTION FROM KEW SENT TO THE EMPRESS CATHERINE II OF RUSSIA 1795 BY HAROLD B. CARTER Pp 281-385 ; ^Plates '3AUGI9M, BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. 5 LONDON: 1974 The bulletin of the British museum {natural history), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate suppletnentary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 4, No. 5, of the Historical series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation : Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (hist. Ser/ I Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History'), 1974 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 9 May, 1974 Price ;f5.45 SIR JOSEPH BANKS AND THE PLANT COLLECTION FROM KEW SENT TO THE EMPRESS CATHERINE II OF RUSSIA 1795 By HAROLD B. CARTER CONTENTS Introduction . Historical Background . The Circumstances of 1795 Key to the Documents . THE DOCUMENTS Notes on the Illustrations Acknowledgements Index .... Page 283 284 288 324 327 367 370 373 INTRODUCTION It has long been the author's belief, in spite of the growing list of scholarly studies, that nothing less than a complete gathering and collation of his surviving widely scattered papers will place Sir Joseph Banks in his right place among the hierarchy of great Englishmen. Even a short acquaintance with accessible samples of his correspondence is enough to emphasise the formidable nature of such a task. This has effectively discouraged any practical attempt ever since the range and size of the originally well-organised mass of manuscripts was for the first time realised after his death in 1820. The vicissitudes of these papers and their final dispersal after 1886 have been reported in sufficient detail elsewhere within recent years*. There is no need for repetition here. It is enough to note that the episode recorded in the present sequence of documents is a small example of what can be restored on a much greater scale if a systematic attack is made on the problem. There is in fact no good reason why the surviving Banksian papers, despite their world-wide scatter, should not now be brought together in a grouping and continuity somewhat similar to their original good order. The disrupting hand of the dealer in manuscripts and the capricious taste and attitudes of the market itself within the past century have created some gaps that probably cannot now be filled. Enough remains, however, to ensure that at last something hke justice can be done to a man whose life was an e.xtraordinary example of public service in its best form and broadest sense. Traces of the present episode were first seen by the author in September 1964 at the Alexander Turnbull Librar}', Wellington, New Zealand, in the isolated item * The most informative account is that by Miss Phyllis Mander-Jones, 'A History of the Papers of Sir Joseph Banks' (1949, rev. 1951 and 1953), Mitchell Library, Ab 67"^/', in typescript. 284 H. B. CARTER ATL No. 112 [Banks to Burges, 6 May 1795]. Soon after in the same month the draft paper B.21 was read in the Auckland Institute and Museum [Banks to Burges, 15 June 1795]. Together these more than hinted at the circumstances of an im- portant incident in the historj' of plant migrations. The framework of the story was, however, not defined until several weeks later in October 1964 during a system- atic study of the Banks maimscripts in the Sutro Library at the University of San Francisco. Here, sufficiently complete, was the main body of records from Banks's own files and in a state from which the circumstances of the plant gift from George III to Catherine II of Russia could be deduced. It was not until several years later, however, that this forgotten and unpubMcised chplomatic incident could be fitted into its proper historic niche. This was made possible by the aid of two generous grants from the American Philosophical Society (Penrose Fund No. 3776 and Johnson Fund No. 634) toward the full collation of the Banks papers. In the interim much time was spent in gather- ing on microfilm and otherwise copies of all the known major collections of the Banks manuscripts and in preparing the foundations of a complete chronological inde.x of the scattered documents. Out of this work the present series emerges as a succinct example of many other operations more extended and significant in which Banks was concerned as a central and indispensable figure during his long presidency of the Royal Society of London. In 1795 Banks was in his fifty-third year and had been P.R.S. for sixteen years. The 'dissensions' of 1783-4 were long past and there was no immediate threat to what had become for him almost an estabhshed position in the public service. In the previous eight years gout had laid an increasingly heavy hand upon him. His fifty-second birthday was passed during one such severe episode, probably in bed, at 32 Soho Square. Another burden had recentl}' been added to his life by the death of his uncle and former guardian, Robert Banks Hodgkinson, F.R.S. (1722- 1792) in November 1792. The Overton estate thus reverted to his control with the residual duties as executor of his uncle's wiU jointly with Sir Henry Hawley, ist bart. (1745-1826). He was now the only surviving Banks in the direct male line as heir to the entailed estates of his grandfather, Joseph Banks, F.R.S. (1695-1741). The year 1795 into which by historical chance this episode in botanical diplomacy comes is therefore a suitable period in Banks's life on which to focus a httle more closely. By this we can reveal something of that detail of his hfe and mode of work- ing which is so conspicuously absent from the brief memoirs and short biographies so far to hand. Nor would the episode itself be clear without some background of how it was done by Banks and of the roots of the organisation he was able to command in order to fulfil the bare command received, possibly, direct from the King himself in one of their frequent meetings in the Gardens at Kew. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND During the eighteenth century British relations with Russia centred round the maintenance of trade, especially in strategic materials - timber, pitch, tar, hemp, BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 285 sailcloth, iron and steel - essential to the growth and upkeep of her naval and mer- cantile shipping. This relationship had been formulated in a series of commercial treaties after the death of Peter the Great who had already decisively influenced its pattern when he made St. Petersburg the political capital. The commercial treaty of 1734 under the Tsarina Anna ended the period of Anglo-Russian enmity which followed the strong rule of Peter and estabUshed the eastern Baltic trade as the a.xis of their political relations for the rest of the century. Politically Britain needed Russian support against the counterweight of France with her Baltic satellites, Denmark and Sweden. Strategically Britain needed access to Russian sources of naval stores. Commercially she needed the Russian markets for British woollens as a defence against the competing industry of Silesia at a time when woollen exports formed about one-third of the total British export trade. Although in modern terms the Russians were in the position of the most-favoured nation they made little use of this privilege in the trade with Britain, with whom the mercantile initiative lay almost entirely. In this trade the Russia Company was the effective instrument throughout the eighteenth century even though it was then in the last phase of its own long life as a trading corporation. The trade was almost entirely conducted in fleets of British merchant vessels in a restricted seasonal movement from England in the spring returning in the autumn. It was a very stable trade and a steady peacetime training of merchant seamen, though providing a rich source for the press-gangs of the Royal Navy in time of war. However, to preserve this system Britain was very dependent on a neutral Russia (at best) and an open Baltic Sea for the maintenance of her merchant and naval marine. It was a precarious life-line always menaced by the vagaries of the climate both of Nature and of international politics. It is easy to understand therefore why Britain was prepared to sustain a negative trade balance for so long which was in general one-third against her. On the other hand, Russia was almost entirely dependent on British merchants and British ship- ping for the greater part of her export income, although she gained thereby a steady flow of ready finance. On the whole these circumstances kept the pohtical balance fairly even. However, there is more than a little substance to the view of some recent Soviet historians that without the Baltic trade with Russia in the eighteenth century the first British empire could never have been formed nor Britain ever have become a great power. With the accession of Catherine II in 1762 and the relaxation of tension between Britain and Russia at the end of the Seven Years' War, the commercial treaty of 1734 which had expired in 1757 was at length renewed in that of 1766 by Sir George (later Lord) Macartney after many attempts by previous envoys since 1755. The volume of the trade in the half-century since 1700 had increased more than tenfold but the value of British exports had no more than doubled. Thus the imbalance of trade against Britain was stronger than ever. However, the advantages of its maintenance were no less favourable to both sides in spite of shifting pohtical alignments in which alternately Russo-Turkish or Russo-PoUsh affairs were the central themes. Britain on the whole was insensitive to Polish affairs and aloof to Catherine's successive interventions in that luckless country. On the other 286 H. B. CARTER hand, Russia's relations with Turkey eUcited more active British responses to the extent that these were due to Catherine's maritime adventures, mercantile or naval. To these Britain certainly could not remain indifferent. The protracted diplomatic manoeuvres of the 1760's and 1770's were sharpened into more precise form by the War of American Independence. Britain's hopes for Russian aid in this war were rebuffed. Worse than this Catherine organised the Armed Neutrality of 1780 in her bid for the role of peacemaker in Europe and as an expression of growing Russian resentment of Britain's stranglehold on her foreign trade. The twelve years from 1775 to 1787 under the impact of this policy saw the number of British ships in the Russian trade trebled, certainly, but those of other nations including Russia increased sevenfold. Catherine's persistent efforts towards economic freedom from British trading pressures culminated in the events of the Ochakov crisis of 1791. In this affair relations with Poland and Turkey became entangled with the spectre of Russian expansionism. Russian control of Polish trade through the Black Sea, which the capture of Ochakov from the Turks imphed, conveyed a double threat to British trade in that area. As William Pitt and his advisers saw it, this was not only a disruption of the Baltic trade pattern but also the admittance of the French to the naval stores from Poland and the Ukraine. For a time war threatened between Britain and Russia as Pitt vacillated and until Catherine made peace with the Turks, concluded at the Treaty of Jassy in January 1792. In the flurry of diplo- matic activity that preceded this pause in the dechne of Anglo-Russian relations Sir Charles Whitworth was at the centre as British envoy-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary at Warsaw"^, a post he had held since 1785. Well-received as he had been at first in this capacity by Catherine his relations at her Court were severely strained for a brief period during March and April 1791 when his orders to deliver an ultimatum to the Empress were hastily and only at the last moment countermanded. Britain's influence on the Russo-Turkish peace concluded at Jassy was only marginal. Of this Uttle, however, much was due to Whitworth and he obtained some credit at home for his skilful recovery of diplomatic favour with Catherine. No less important perhaps was the restraint exercised from London by Charles James Fox and His Majesty's Opposition skilfully handled by Count Simon \'orontsov, the Russian Ambassador at the Court of St. James's^. The short-lived but dramatic Ochakov crisis with Britain was quickly submerged in Catherine's mind, however, by her rising fears at the course of the French Revolu- tion, the pMght of the French monarchy, and the growing excesses of the National Convention with all the threats implied by these events to monarchies everywhere. She renounced the commercial treaty with France made in 1790. Then in 1793 she renewed the old Anglo-Russian agreement of 1766 (lapsed in 17S7) with little sub- stantial change in its terms. ' Charles Whitworth, ist Earl Whitworth (175^-1825). Envoy-extraordinary and minister-pleni- potentiary at W£irsaw, 1785-1791: at St. Petersburg. 1793-1800: ambassador at Paris, 1S02-1803. He was the grandson of another Charles Whitworth, Baron Whitworth {1675-1725). also envoy-extra- ordinarj' to Russia, 1704-1710, and author of Account of Russia as it was in the Year 1710, published by Horace Walpole (Strawberry Hill, 1758). • Count Simon Vorontsev (1744-1833), Russian Ambassador at the Court of St. James's, 1785-1806. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 287 Through all the events of this rapprochement between Britain and Russia Sir Charles Whitworth, fully restored to Catherine's favour, proved himself an able diplomat. Early in 1793 he was recalled to London at a time when Britain's pre- occupation with the recent outbreak of war with revolutionary France obscured the part played by Catherine in the second partition of Poland. Later that year on 17 November 1793, at the Court of St. James's, Whitworth was created a Knight of the Order of the Bath as his just reward. The euphoria of his success, however, did not in any way dull his sensitivity to the minutiae of diplomacy. It was almost certainly at his inspiration that Catherine came to express her wishes for a plant collection from the Royal Gardens at Kew. He would have known well her long-standing admiration of the EngUsh garden expressed so fervently to Voltaire in 1772 : ' I love to distraction these gardens in the English style - their curving lines, the gentle slopes the ponds like lakes. My Anglomania predominates over my plutomania. . .''. He would have been aware also of the fine landscape about the new Palace of Pavlovsk which had been under construction since 1781 for the Grand Duke Paul, Catherine's son and heir, to the plan and under the supervision of Charles Cameron of whom Catherine had said : 'A present je me suis emparee de Mister Cameron, ecossais de nation, Jacobite de profession, grand dessinateur nourri d'antiquitcs, connu par un hvre sur les bains romains'^. Pavlovsk was Cameron's classic success after his earlier work on Catherine's great Palace of Tsarskoe Selo and one of the finest pieces of Neo-Classicism in Russia^. Whitworth could have had no difficulty in developing the notion with the old Empress that plants from the Royal Gardens at Kew would be the final adornment. It was a shrewd point in diplomatic finesse that he conveyed the Imperial wishes to Lord Grenville at the Foreign Office in a letter not long before his investiture with the cross of the K.B.* Through the same channel he received soon after His Majesty's formal assent.^ * Catherine II to Voltaire, 25 June 1772. ' Catherine to Baron Grimm, 23 August 1779, Records. Imperial Historical Society. XXIII. p. 248, and also in Correspondence arlistique de Grimm avec Catherine II. Archives de V Art frangais, Reau. L. (1932). Charles Cameron {1740-1812), certainly a Scot but probably not a Jacobite, was a distinguished contemporary of Robert Adam but has been little studied or known outside Russia. For what we know see the monograph Charles Cameron, Loukomski, G. (1943), London, The Commodore Press. ' These two great palaces were developed under Charles Cameron with lavish finance from Catherine II during the last seventeen years of her reign, 1779-1796. Tsarskoe Selo is about 13-16 miles [c. 25 km] south of Lenmgrad [St. Petersburg] and Pavlovsk nearby about one or two miles further south. That at Tsarskoe Selo [Tsar's Village] was the usual Imperial residence, a Russian Windsor Castle of the eighteenth century. After the Revolution in 191 7 it was re-named Detskoe Selo [Children's Village] and more recently changed to its present name Pushkino after the poet Pushkin. Pavlovsk was designed and decorated primarily by Charles Cameron from 1 781-1796 and under his supervision until Paul I replaced him by his assistant Brenna after Catherine's death. It was later the centre of a charming garden city and was regarded as one of the finest examples of park landscaping in the world. The 'Private Garden' was developed from 1784 onwards. During the siege of Leningrad 1941-1944 in World War II both Palaces were in the front line of the besieging German army and. with their surrounding grounds, almost destroyed. They have since been magnificently restored by the Russians. No traces, however, remain of the original Private Garden or the greenhouses to which the plant collection from Rew was brought in 1795 [Cf. letter dated 19 December 1967 from M. S. F'ilippov. Director of the Library of the Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, to M. J. Rowlands, Chief Librarian, British Museum {Natural History), London.] Nor does there seem to be any surviving evidence in USSR of the transaction described in this bulletin. * Grenville to George III, 15 November 1793, Fortescue MS. ^ George III to Grenville, 16 November 1793, Fortescue MS. 288 H. B. CARTER However, the fulfilment of such diplomatic gambits, important as they are in the fine structure of international relations, is not always easy. As with so many other things during those fateful years of 1793-4 other preoccupations and dangers inter- vened to prevent or delay effective action. The emotional shock of the Terror in France on the fabric of European governments and the sequence of mihtary disasters in 1794 obscured for His Majestj-'s Government the relevance of botanical douceurs to ageing Empresses. In February 1795 the initialhng of a preliminary defensive treaty between Catherine and the Coalition Powers clearly revi\ed the gesture as a fitting embeUishment of \Miitworth's success in achieving the new Russian commit- ment against France^. THE CIRCUMST.\NCES OF 1795 The interest of the Tsarina Catherine II sustained over two years of war had slowly infiltrated the maze of political events and diplomatic protocol to become a matter of practical urgency for the President of the Royal Societj' of London. The onset of spring after the deep and severe winter of 1794-5 brought the King and Sir Joseph Banks together on their common meeting ground at Kew as soon as the weather would allow on 4 April 1795. It is verv' probable that on this particular day Sir Joseph received in person from the King himself the definitive orders to gather and arrange the despatch of the plant collection for the Tsarina. Somehow this task had to find its place suddenly in the intricate and unending activities of a man whose pubUc service never ceased, the fuU range of his work being known to few, probably to none. This particular Roj'al command was laid on an ever-willing work-horse in one of the most critical and disturbed years in the long and by no means tranquil reign of George III. For the nation the year 1795 was to be one of widespread ci\'ic unrest and violence. This was compounded of the pressures arising from the extending mobilisation for war and the star\'ation and w-ant due to the state of the seasons. All this was brought to a frothy ferment by the inoculation of revolutionary thoughts from France. These elements are present as factors influencing the day-to-day activities and correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks, hmiting or guiding his operations, occasion- ally breaking through in a revealing sentence, but never deflecting him from his purposes. The winter of 1794-5 was one of the most severe ever experienced in Britain since records of any kind have been kept or weather conditions in any way noted system- atically. From the beginning of the New Year the evidence of this is to be found in almost every letter to Soho Square, especially in the estate correspondence from Revesby Abbey and Mareham-le-Fen as James Roberts and Benjamin Stephenson reported the depth of the snow and its duration, the hardness of the frost, the force of the wind, or the progress of the thaw and the extent of the floods that followed across the acres of the Revesby estate. This was the year in which Benjamin Stephenson (c. 1720-1795), the old and faithful steward of the Banks family, * For authoritative recent studies of the background to ttiis brief account cf. Great Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, Horn, D. B. (1967), pp. 201-235. ^^^ ^^^ Younger Pitt, Ehrmann, J. (1969), PP- 467-515- BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 289 wrote his last letter to the master in Soho Square. Fifty-one years of service lay behind - twenty-one years under William Banks (1719-1761) the father and thirty under Joseph Banks the son. Before the summer was over old Benjamin was dead. His place as agent at Revesby was for a time filled by another as steadfast and faithful in James Roberts (1752-1826) who at sixteen in 1768 had become the servant of the young master on the Endeavour and so continued until Banks's death in 1820. This was a relationship of fifty-two years' standing rather as trusted friends than as master and man. There were other echoes of that adventurous past during the bitter January of 1795. Henry Dundas, as President of the Board of Control, and until recently the Home Secretary who had drafted the ' Instructions ' to the Macartney Embassy to China, was now anxious for Banks's views on the publication of its results. The Embassy had returned on H.M.S. Lion the previous September and already Banks had spent some time on the plant collections brought home by Sir George Leonard Staunton and the botanists and gardeners. In his answer to Dundas, Banks gave a long and detailed account of how, twelve years before, the publication of Cook's third voyage was managed as a guide to the present. He dechned the task of formal supervision of the Embassy publication and recommended that all should be left to George Nicols the King's publisher. He would, however, act as an adviser if he should be needed^ [16 Jan.] Almost at the same time began that long and, in more senses than one, fruitful correspondence with Thomas Andrew Knight at his Herefordshire retreat near Ludlow^. [11 Jan.] There was also the beginning of the applications for the post of Assistant Librarian at the British Museum, following the death of the Reverend Richard Southgate, all demanding some reply or advice from the man who was something more than an ex-officio Trustee. This was the month also of the final stages in the preparations for the departure of Governor John Hunter to the colony at Port Jackson. For Banks, in these pre- parations, there had been the problem of the plant cabin on the quarter deck of H.M.S. Reliance, Captain Henry Waterhouse, suitably modified from that on the ill-fated Guardian, Captain Edward Riou, to meet the exigencies of the state of war now prevaiUng. On board with the plants for New South Wales was the young master's mate, Matthew Flinders. Eighteen months earlier he had returned from a voyage of two years as midshipman under Captain William Bhgh on H.M.S. Providence in the second and successful bread-fruit expedition. In the interim, not much more than six months previously, he had served as midshipman in his only naval action in H.M.S. BeUerophon, Captain Thomas Pasley, off Ushant on 'the Glorious First of June' 1794. In the same battle his former Captain, William Bligh, had commanded H.M.S. Warrior and was now on active service again in the North Sea in command of H.M.S. Calcutta. Another shipmate from H.M.S. ^ Banks to Dundas, i6 January 1795, ML Banks MS. in 182. To this was appended a separate state- ment on the publication of Captain Cook's third voyage and a final draft of this appears to be the manu- script in SL Banks MS., undated, but considered by the present editor to be the one in question. Cf. J. C. Beaglehole, The Voyage of the Resolution and Discovery iyy6-jy8o, Hakluyt Society, London 1967, vol. I, cciv n. " Knight to Banks, 11 January 1795, DTC 9. 182-187. 290 H. B. CARTER Providence, Christopher Smith the botanist, was now far away in Calcutta itself just beginning his Indian work under Dr. WiUiam Roxburgh. With Smith was Peter Good the gardener from Kew who would five years hence join Fhnders in the Investigator. Smith and Good had sailed the previous August in 1794 in the Royal Admiral Indiaman, Captain Edward Bond, with an outward bound collection of plants from Kew. Whether at sea or ashore on naval or botanical occasions in their endless journeys all these men - so many young men - never ceased to be the care or the correspondents of the man at 32 Soho Square. At home this month, however, James Roberts and Banks were in jubilant corre- spondence about the excellent wood sales from Tumby that year, modified only by the buyers' dissatisfaction with the auctioneer, and the current bids for the oak bark^. [7 Jan.] Old Benjamin Stephenson, in spite of the viciousl}' cold weather, was honoured still to be Banks's almoner once more distributing money and other aid to the poor of the Revesby and Mareham villages^. [20 Jan.] Thomas Coltman, magistrate, of Hagnaby was concerned about the enfeeblement of Benjamin Stephen- son but glad to receive from Banks the Reports of the Committee of Waste Lands and to discuss the technique of sowing turnips by drilP. [18 Jan.] John Burcham wished to exchange ten shares in the new Horncastle Canal for some land at Toft Hill held by a Mr. Dyson from Banks as a site for brick kilns*. [27 Jan.] Winter was still fastened hard upon the country as February opened, slightly warmer, but with more snow. On the first of February Banks wrote to Pierre Broussonet exiled in Lisbon, a refugee from the Terror since the previous summer^. Separated from his baggage and the gift of forty tortoises for Banks which accom- panied it he had missed a passage on one British frigate for London. He now faced a long wait of two months for another ship and Banks's help with money for his immediate needs was extended to Gibraltar on his behalf through General Charles Rainsford, F.R.S., second-in-command of the garrison. All this was reported by- Banks to Dr. James Edward Smith^ [15 Feb.] who was also in touch with the fugitive and also concerned with the welfare of Adam AfzeUus in distant Sierra Leone. Banks had consulted Dryander about Afzehus as a possible candidate for the Library vacancy at the British Museum but both thought him unsuitable as the post was antiquarian not botanical. African affairs at this period were never far from Banks's thoughts. The news of the French attack on Freetown outraged him and he hastened to assure AfzeUus that he would replace his lost equipment and continue to honour all his biUs. None- theless he thought the danger of fresh attacks was high and he advised him to return to England'. [17 Feb.] These fears for AfzeUus, however, did not prevent him from writing with warm encouragement to John Gray, accountant in the Sierra Leone Companj' at Freetown, who proposed a journey from thence across Africa • Roberts to Banks, 7 January' 1795, UY Banks MS. ^ Stephenson to Banks, 20 January 1795, UV Banks MS. ' Coltman to Banks. 18 January 1795, UY Banks MS. • Burcham to Banks, 27 January 1795, UY Banks MS. ' Banks to Broussonet, i February 1795, cf. Broussonet to Banks, 23 March 1795, BM..\dd.MS. 8498. 251-252. ' Banks to Smith, 15 February 1795, Smith MS. i. 89-90. ' Banks to .\fzelius, 17 February 1795, ML Banks MS. in 182 (orig.); DTC. 9. 197-198 (copy). BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 291 with James Wall, surveyor*. [16 Feb.] Still, he counselled severe limits to their ambitions by suggesting Timbuctu as a first goal. There was to be a consul to Bambouk or, more vaguely, 'Senegambia' with a small armed force. More signi- ficant was the news that soon a young man of 23, Mungo Park, surgeon of Peebles, was to set out for the Gambia to explore the interior. With this went all the avail- able publications of the African Association as the strong meat of literary encourage- ment for ambitious young men. He could not, however, report any news of the unfortunate Major Daniel Houghton who had set out so long ago with the same remit that Mungo Park was so soon to carry. Houghton's widow and young children stiU remained as a heavy charge on the conscience and the charity of the Association and with Henry Beaufoy's death on 17 May Banks was left with the task of resolving the debt. It is some measure of a returning balance in the affairs of the nation, after the shocks and depression of the past two years, that Banks could turn again to the experimental wool manufacture of tlie Royal clip which for good economic reasons he had delayed until now. George Hawker of Lightpill in Gloucestersliire was ready and honoured to execute Banks's orders of 14 February^ and repeat the excellent work he had done so much to the King's satisfaction two years before'. [22 Feb.] Benajamin Stephenson, however, from Mareham-le-Fen in Lincolnshire wrote* [22 Feb.] with news of the widespread effects of the recent thaw and the floods arising from the blockage of the drains and sewers with the thick ice and hard- packed snow spread out over the low ground of the Lordships of Revesby and Mare- ham, with water running more than two feet deep through Horncastle. All this fell hard on the labouring poor of the parish prevented from working in the woods of Revesby and Tumby so that they were flung back again on Banks's charity which Stephenson reported ' . . . I give your money away freely, as I know you wish it sh^ be'. Ahead there seemed to be no rehef as Stephenson foresaw ' . . . I think there never was a time in my Memory, that there was so bad a prospect of scarcity as the present'. Again the war intruded as John Parkinson from Asgarby raised the murmurings from the parishes on the raising of men for the Militia under the proposed Bill and the matter of fees to be paid on the volunteers^ [17 Feb.] for the commissions of the officers. All this discontent flowed naturally to Banks's door for he had spent so much time during his term as High Sheriff in 1794 in the successful raising of the Lincolnshire Militia. Here was some unfinished business to be laid at the door of William Windham, the Secretary at War, who eased his worries for the county on this score [19 Feb.] with the assurance that no fees were payable, only the stamp duty*. Banks duly expressed his satisfaction' [20 Feb.] but was able to emphasise to Matthew Lewis, Deputy Secretary at War^, [21 Feb.] that Windham would never ' Banks to Gray, i6 February 1795, DTC 9. 193-196. " Banks to Hawker, 14 February 1795. SL Banks MS. and BM(SC) I, 10. 8-9. ' Hawker to Banks, 22 February 1795, SL Banks MS. and BM(SC) I, 10. 9-10. * Stephenson to Banks, 22 February 1795. UY Banks MS. ^ Parkinson to Banks. 17 February 1795, UY Banks MS. * Windham to Banks, 19 February 1795, Lindsey, 11. 3. 2. ' Banks to Windham, 20 February 1795, Lindsey, 11. 3. 2A. ^ Banks to Lewis, [21 February 1795], Lindsey, 11. 3. i.^. 292 H. B. CARTER have heard of the problem had not Banks mentioned it to Lord Onslow, the King's Lord-in-vvaiting, and currently Colonel of the Surrey Regiment of Fencible Cavalry. Then, after more than a year of freedom from gout, the last weeks of February brought the beginnings of an attack that would last with mounting severity for some weeks to come. Early in March, howe\-er, he was not so crippled nor so low in spirits that he could not write the first letter of a correspondence that would so often test his good nature to its limits. Writing from Manchester, a young Yorkshire stableman had approached Banks for ad\ice on how to change his trade to that of botanical assistant or something similar^. [7 Mar.] This was well-seasoned with specimens of the sundew Drosera and an unknown moss for identification as evidence of his serious intentions. In reply, George Caley was to receive the first of that long series of patient and helpful letters from Banks^ [7 Mar.] that was to guide him into and through the unprosperous paths of field botany in New South Wales for the next twenty years. Neither then nor in the years ahead was there a hint to Caley of the physical pain that added its own burden to the problems which that difficult young man so often presented. On the second and fifth of March Benjamin Stephenson wrote his last letters from Mareham to Banks about the affairs of the estate which he had served so faithfully for fifty years^. Conscientious to the very end he reported the complications in the matter of the late Dr. Thorold's house in Horncastle ; the damage and losses of sheep from the late flood ; the Revesby low grounds full of water ; ' all Engine Grounds very much oppressed, by want of Wind, to make the Engines go' ; the persistent hard frost and very slow thaw, so that ' the Plows cannot go' ; the ' Com- mon People' so infected with discontent 'I almost dread the puting in execution the Act for raising Men in Parishes'. Finally there was the optimism of his last sentence - ' I keep mending' - a hope unfulfilled for at the end of the month when James Roberts returned from Soho Square to Revesby he found the old man unable to climb the stairs any more, though his gout had certainly eased*. [28 Mar.] With Banks, however, it was quite otherwise for the disease with him had advanced with some speed and for the rest of March he was in no state to attend to the flow of business which never ceased its passage to and from No. 32 Soho Square. There was the war, for example. For the past year the Privy Council had been occupied with the subject of the French need for saltpetre. Banks had been asked in February 1794 to obtain a scientific opinion on the methods available for producing this substance. The subject now appeared again in a letter from Charles Jenkinson 1st Baron Hawkesbury, President of the Board of Trade^. [17 Mar.] This enclosed a letter from the old Field Marshal Henry Seymour Conway whose opinion had also been sought and who now advised a prohibition of the export of nitric acid [12 Mar.] as a strategic blow at French industry*. For the past year Banks and Blagden ' Caley to Banks, 7 March 1795, DTC. g. 201-202. ' Banks to Caley. 7 March 1795, DTC. 9. 199-200. ' Stephenson to Banks, 2 and 5 March 1795, UY Banks MS. * Roberts to Banks, 28 March 1795. UY Banks MS. ^ I.orcl Hawkesbury to Banks, 17 March 1795, DTC. 9. 156. • Conway to Lord Hawkesbury, 12 March 1795, DTC. 9. 156-159. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW TOR RUSSIA 1795 293 had reviewed the problem in all its details and now Sir Charles Blagden replied for them both [20 Mar.], excusing Banks from the task on account of the severity of his gout^ Neither of them, however, thought that the French were gaining any benefit from the English nitric acid in their explosives manufacture. From Windsor Dr. James Lind sought support from Banks [15 Mar.] in Royal circles as a possible custodian of the King's presents, brought back from the Emperor of China by the Macartney Embassy, and with this a possible grace-and-favour house within the precincts of the Castle. Otherwise he found his future prospects disquieting as the middle classes could not now afford physicians owing to the high cost of present living^. From distant Tothill on the Lindsey wolds Mr. J. T. Bell intervened for his friend Dr. Laycock who was in financial cUstress to the tune of some £6000 and whose ' Heart was too heavy to suffer him to communicate ' his worries to Banks or seek his assistance^. [22 Mar.] In early April the worst severities of the winter had passed and Banks's gout was eased sufficiently for him to return to his correspondence and even more active business. On 2 April he was able to apologise to Henry Shirley of the House of Assembly in Jamaica for the delay caused by his gout in replying to the congratula- tions from the planters for the success of the new bread-fruit importations*. He disclaimed any merit for this beyond the preliminary arrangements. To Captain Bligh was due the highest commendation for his ultimate success in the transport of the plants through the hazards of their voyage from the South Seas. Perhaps there was a hint of spring already in the air but certainly Banks was well enough on the fourth of April to meet the King at Kew to discuss there at Marsh Gate Farm the future of the Spanish flock and the first projected sale of surplus breeding ewes=. Here, perhaps, was the right occasion for him to receive also direct commands from the King himself to fulfil the long-delayed promise of plants for Catherine H of Russia. Here also was no doubt the time and the occasion immediately to give the appropriate orders to William Alton the Younger about the selection of the plants and to Mr. Brown, clerk of works at Kew, to prepare drawings of the hot houses. At Soho Square again he was able to send a polite disclaimer to Lord Auckland [10 April] of any interest in collecting works on politics, certainly not twenty-one volumes of a particular work, for his library, though large, had no room for other than books on the general subject of natural history^. Under this head without question was included the subject of geography for this month was a fruitful one in African affairs. On 17 April that Committee of two - Sir Joseph Banks and Andrew Stuart, M.P. - from the African Association met where it mostly did - in Soho Square'. From this came the final sum of fifty-five pounds for the passage and outfit of Mungo Park, effectively releasing him to sail for the River Gambia on his ' Blagden to Lord Hawkesbury, 20 March 1795, BM.A.MS. 33980. 5-8 (orig.) ; DTC. 9. 160-164 (copy). ^ Lind to Banks, 15 March 1795, DTC. 9. 203-204. ' Bell to Banks, 22 March 1795, UY Banks MS. * Banks to Shirley, 2 .April 1795, DTC. 9. 205-207. ' Ms. diary notes, 4 April 1795, BM(SC), I, 22. 24-26. • Banks to Lord Auckland, 10 April 1795. BM.A.MS. 34453. 238-239. ' Minute Books of the African .Association, UC MS. Add. 7087. 83-84. 294 H B. CARTER first expedition. His instructions followed on 21 April, identical with those drafted by Henry Beaufoy five years earlier for the late Major Daniel Houghton*. Botanically there was some advance too in the acceptance by George Caley [13 Apr.] of Banks's invitation to London^ and Banks's confirmation [18 Apr.] of his promise to find an educational emplovTnent for him^. Anthropologically, there was also a graceful recognition from Johann Blumenbach [11 Apr.] in his letter of dedication to Banks for the third edition of De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa, then in the press at Gottingen^. Here is one of those all too rare tributes not only to the extraordinary scientific generosity of Banks to his fellow scientists but also to his influence in the advance of taxonomy beyond the limits set by the Linnaean system. There was a step forward also in Banks's letter of 16 April to Dr. James Edward Smith recording his request to the Mayor of Falmouth for a passport for Joseph Porto, the Abbe Correia de Serra, to come to London*. From this would emerge that field excursion to Sutton on the east coast of Lincolnshire by Banks and the Abbe together during the autumn equinox of September 1796 leading to that probe of the evolutionary past on the subject of a 'submarine forest' published three years later*. There was no end to the demands on the plant collections at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. On 20 April Banks took some trouble to dissuade Wilham Wilberforce of the Sierra Leone Company from their urgent request to the King for useful plants for the colony. He was adamant that the conditions were not in the least favourable to a successful future for such a botanical cargo at that time - a reasonable view when the tribulations of AfzeUus and the settlement at Freetown so recently at the hands of the French is remembered'. The troubles of the country were well reflected in one of his usually informative letters to John Lloyd of Wigfair in Denbighshire on the same day. [20 Apr.] The connection was mediated by a visit from Thomas Pennant's son, David, a few days previously with news of the disturbances in North Wales arising from the prevailing doubts about the conditions of raising men for the Navy. Lloyd as a magistrate had been somewhat mishandled by a riotous mob and Banks hoped that now the people understood that there was no compulsion they had returned to their ploughs and the sowing of their Lent corn. In spite of the exorbitant price of corn Banks now saw the prospect of a fine harvest as so often followed a severe winter. The floods in Cambridgeshire, he told Lloyd, had done great damage in the three levels to the extent of £750,000 and about one-third as much again ne.xt year with no relief from the flood waters expected until 1797. On the other hand, Lincolnshire seemed to have escaped in his opinion fairly well. As to the Ro3'al Society he was able to report that they expected very soon to have the report from Lt. -Colonel Edward Williams on the continuation of the trigonometrical survey begun by General ' Minute Books of the African .Association, UC MS. .Add. 7087. 85-87. 2 Caley to Banks, 13 April 1795. DTC. 9. 208. ' Banks to Caley, 18 April 1795, DTC. 9. 209. * Blumenbach to Banks, 11 April 1795. introductor\' letter to De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa, Gottingen, 3rd ed. ' Banks to Smith, [16 April 1795], Smith MS. i. 91. * Phil. Trans. Hoy. Snc. 1799, Lxx.xix (i) : 145-146. ' Banks to the Sierra Leone Company, 20 April 1795. SL. Banks MS. A 3 : 16. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 295 William Roy, to be printed in the next part of the Philosophical Transactions. William Herschel had also promised to present an account of his great forty-foot reflecting telescope, the instrument made possible by Banks's own mediation of Herschel's case with the King and the King's hberal financial support from his own pocket'. There still remained, however, Banks's anxiety for artichoke suckers if Lloyd could spare some to replace those lost at Spring Grove from the severity of the winter. On this and similar matters James Roberts wrote frequently towards the end of the month with news of the slow sinking of Benjamin Stephenson ; the vaca- tion of the 'Fox and Goose' punch house in Horncastle by Mrs. Smith, a tenant of Banks : the acorns gathered at Revesby for Lord Yarborough ; and the final hag- gling with Connington the tanner over the price for the oak bark that year^. Before the end of April [27 Apr.] came a letter from Broussonet in Gibraltar dated 23 March, in reply to Banks's letter of the first of February^. From this it is clear Banks had recovered Broussonet's lost baggage and received the tortoises sent on board the British frigate from Lisbon. It is clear also that Banks's financial arrangements for Broussonet through General Rainsford at Gibraltar had been made and duly appreciated. Banks replied to this on the first of May. The network of Banks's friendship was extending greatly to the benefit of Broussonet and of natural history. The spring was now certainly at hand but May proved to be a dull and cloudy month. However, the temperature was rising sufificiently for thoughts of ships for a Baltic voyage to become urgent. A visit to the Foreign Office by Banks on the morning of 4 May set this matter in train with James Bland Burges, Under-secretary of State*. But the lengthening days and the first promise of spring warmth had also brought Colonel Robert Fulke Greville to Soho Square in pursuit of breeding ewes from the King's Spanish flock at Kew on behalf of his fair cousin Louisa, Countess of Mansfield. So Banks on 3 May was able to offer him twenty-three at a guinea each, a good bargain, destined after the shearing in July to join the rest of Lady Mansfield's flock at Ken Wood on the hills above the village of Hampstead^. The business of the King's sheep and the plants for Russia, both centred at Kew, remained through the spring and summer closely interwoven as Banks, recovered from his gout, set about coping with the problems they set in his duty to the King. The pace quickened and Banks called soon after on Edward Forster jr., a future President of the Linnaean Society, but then serving in his father's business, Edward Forster and Sons, Russia merchants of Threadneedle Street. Here, on 8 May, Banks consulted him on the whole problem of ' the Present ' but especially on ways and means of transport to St. Petersburg^. Edward Forster referred him the same day to Thomas Raikes, a director of the Bank of England, but also another merchant in the Russian trade and a member of the Russia Company. Raikes had moreover ' Banks to Lloyd, 20 April 1795. NLW MS. 12415. 37- ' Roberts to Banks, 15, 24, and 30 April 1795, UY Banks MS. ' Broussonet to Banks. 23 March 1795, BM.A.MS. 8098. 251-252. * Burges to Banks, 4 May 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 2. ' Ms. diary notes, 3 May 1795, BM(SC), \, 22. 24-26. • Ms. diary notes, 8 May 1795, SL IBanks MS. Ru i : 33-34. 296 H. B. CARTER travelled through the Baltic to Russia and could provide Banks with those practical details which he always sought. Through the merchants of the Russia Company in the City he was now able to bring pressure to bear on Bland Burges at the Foreign Office to accept another ship somewhat later in the season than the Jemima, Captain Metcalfe, due to sail a mere week hence on 15 May for St. Petersburg - too early if any hot-house or stove plants were to sur\i\'e the voyage. In his own words, Banks had begun to 'get matters forward' on the subject of 'the Present' at last. He could not, however, persuade the astute merchants of the Russia Company to share even modestly in the cost as a gamble on possible benefits to their trade from the Royal gesture of conciliation. Banks now turned to his other time-consuming service to the King. On 12 May he visited the flock at Kew and discussed its affairs with the shepherd. The following day, the thirteenth, he visited it again, inspected the lambs, and marked 11 ram lambs for castration, in spite of the lateness of Ramsay Robinson, the King's steward, with whose unpunctual habits Banks was just becoming acquainted since their first meeting at Soho Square on 23 March during Banks's ordeal by gout that year. The matter of Colonel Greville's impatience for the surplus ewes was quickly settled and Robinson instructed to sell the fat wethers to the butcher immediately. This followed from the emphatic message sent by the King to Banks much earlier [24 Mar.] pleading for less Spanish mutton at the Royal table^. Later that same day [13 May] back at Soho Square he promised Lord Auckland to lay the prospectus for a pubUcation by Francis Jarry, the French emigre, on his table and to promote subscriptions to it as far as possible. However, he also sent Auckland a card of invitation to one of his Sunday soirees to meet men who are, as he teased, 'more interested in the Laws of Nature than the Laws of Nations'^. Agriculture not Natural History prompted his letter to Sir John Sinclair a few days later on 16 Ma\' in search of a copy of the Report to the Board of Agriculture on the West Riding of Yorkshire for Sir Thomas Frankland, 6th bart., F.R.S., of Thirkleby. He took the opportunity before ending of passing some shrewd com- ments on the fleece of the Shawl or Kashmir goat received at No. 32 from the 3rd Earl of Egremont and which mistakenly had been shorn instead of combed to separate the fine undercoat from the outer hair. It was, he said, of the red kind resembhng what the trade called Carmina and suitable for fine clothing or hatting. It was as fine as Vicuna and of much the same colour. He mentioned this as a reminder to Sinclair ' to have a Comb put among the Shaggy Hair of Some of those Scotts Gents whom you are informed have [wool] down below it'^. On the same day [16 May] he sent his advice to Robert Mylne, F.R.S., the architect and engineer who w'as his feUow-member on the committee of the Smeatonian Club*. In September 1793 Banks had bought the manuscripts of John Smeaton, through the mediation of Henry Cavendish, and he was now counselling a selection of the best of the reports for publication. These were the first steps in a long task ' Ms. diary notes. 24 March, 3, 12, 13 May 1795, BM(SC), I, 22. 24-26. ' Banks to Lord .\uckland, 13 May 1795. BM.A.MS. 34453. 255. ' Banks to Sinclair, 16 May 1795. Sinclair MS. * Banks to Mylne, 16 May 1795, UTC. 9. 215. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 297 that did not end until 1812 when the three-volume work was published by what had then become the Society of Engineers. Then from Portsmouth there set sail on 22 May the brig Endeavour, Captain Wyatt, bound for the River Gambia with Mungo Park on board setting out at last alone on his first African expedition^. From the same port by chance on the same day another Scottish medical traveller wrote to Banks from the Loyalist, Hospital Ship, fitting out for India. Here was Dr. Hugh Gillan, recently elected an F.R.S. (17 February 1795) asking Banks for collecting instructions^. It was just three years to the day on 22 May 1792 since Banks had sent Gillan, letter of introduction in hand, after their breakfast together in Soho Square to Lord Macartney in Curzon Street'. With Banks's commendation Gillan found a place in the Embassy to China under Macartney at £200 a year for 'Salary was no Primary Object with the D""'. This was quite unlike Dr. James Lind who had refused the position unless £6000 were advanced to him before departure - seduced. Banks feared, by the Doctor's recollections of that Parliamentary vote of £4000 in 1772 which had been offered to him to go on Cook's second voyage*. Meanwhile in Lincolnshire James Roberts was busy about the affairs of the Revesby estate^ - attending to small details such as the much needed artichokes for Spring Grove ; attending to larger matters such as the supply of acorns to Lord Yarborough ; visiting the faihng Benjamin Stephenson. [10 May.] Thomas Coltman of Hagnaby [12 May] sought his approval over a submission by the magistrates of Boston to the Court of Admiralty concerning their responsibilities in the matter of wrecks on the coast within their jurisdiction and directing the matter to his management in London^. He was further troubled in his capacity of a Lin- colnshire Justice of the Peace by Mr. R. Nowell in the matter of a certain troublesome George Parkinson [13 May] even though Banks was out of the county and believed himself entitled to refuse to act'. Thomas Coltman [13 May] drew his attention to the vacant place of Governor or Constable of the Castle of Bolingbroke and his plea for Banks's patronage on behalf of his brother*. This produced an exchange of notes with Lord Hawkesbury [17 May] in whose gift 'this small Feather' lay and who was if necessary prepared to lay it on Sir Joseph'. However, finding that the receivership of the King's rents for the Duchy of Lancaster in his home county no longer went with this sinecure Banks told his Lordship ' . . . that Circumstanced as it now is having lately fallen out of the Cap of the Collector of Rents he does not believe that any Gentleman of the tenantry would chuse to put it into his'. [17 Maj'.] So Thomas Coltman and his brother were disappointed and Banks had to swallow the success of Mr. John Brackenbury of Spilsby in achieving the only part of the position that mattered and to accept, though not without protest, the superior ^ Travels in the interior districts of Africa in tygs, 1796, and lygy, .... Mungo Park (London, 1799). ■ Gillan to Banlts, 22 May 1795, BNI.A.MS. 33980. 12-13. ' Banks to Lord Macartney, 22 May 1792, UY Banks MS. ^ Banks to Lord Macartney, 21 March 1792, UY Banks MS. ' Roberts to Banks, 10 May 1795, UY Banks MS. " Coltman to Banks, 12 May 1795. UY Banks MS. ' Nowell to Banks, 13 May 1795, UY Banks MS. * Coltman to Banks, 13 May 1795, UY Banks MS. ' Lord Hawkesbury to Banks, 17 May 1795, UY Banks MS., writing in his capacity of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. 298 H. B. CARTER patronage of 'the Bertie family', the Duke of Ancaster, to whom his Lordship had deferred'. The affair of j'oung George Parkinson, imprisoned at Lincohi Castle and still seeking sureties for his bond of three years good behaviour toward Miss Frances Hickman, still haunted Banks at Soho Square- in a letter from William Lumbj' on Parkinson's behalf. [i8 May.] So also did the plea of Joseph Dickinson for Banks's intervention on his behalf to secure better terms for his leases in Lincolnshire from the Governors of Bethlehem and Bridewell Hospital and in particular some release from the direction of a Mr. Emmet. [20 May.] The last week of May passed with Dr. James Lind sending Banks ' a Knife for digging up and transplanting Plants ' of his own design from W'indsor [24 May] and tickets from 'the Frogmore Fair' for Sarah Sophia Banks's collection*; some Royal Society correspondence with Mathew Boulton, F.R.S.^ convei^ing the referee's points for the revision of William Chapman's paper for the Philosophical Transactions [25 May] ; the fears of the Reverend Edward WaUs of Spilsby of pirate landings on the vulnerable Lincolnshire coast^ [30 May] ; in contrast, the deep concern of Thomas Coltman about powers to control the ' barbarous custom ' of the Lincolnshire lands men in plundering wrecks' so that '. . .The Merchants & Sailors (I am informed) Say it is a worse Coast to be in distress upon than that of Africa' [30 May] ; and finally the hopes of the future professor Sir John LesUe, F.R.S., from distant Fife for Banks's patronage in seeking a passage to India' and a post under the H.E.I. company to instruct its young men there in the Natural Sciences. [31 May.] The month of June opened well with sunny skies and the King's approval [2 June] of William Alton's nomination of George Noe, the Wurttemberg assistant gardener at Kew', as custodian of the plant collection for Russia with his salary to commence from Sunday 31 May. At the same time in the drier heat of a Gibraltar summer [2 June] Broussonet was acknowledging Banks's letter of i May unable fully to express his gratitude for the help received, cheered by hopes of a safe return to his family under the new French decrees with his new collections from southern Spain and North Africa, but still determined to emigrate to America^". So too from the more enervating moist heat of the West African coast at Freetown Adam Afzelius'' [3 June] was writing to acknowledge the safe arrival of bottles and collecting materials with funds for his other necessities sent by Banks as far back as 17 February. But their common benefactor in London was more preoccupied then with his committee meetings and explaining to Sir John Sinclair [4 June] his priorities therein setting ' his old and established duty to the British Museum ' and its Committee of Expenditure above the ' Banks to Lord Hawkesbury, 17 May 1705, UV Banks MS. ' Lumby to Banks, 18 May 1795. UV Ranks MS. ' Dickinson to Banks, 20 May 1795, UY Banks MS. ♦ Lind to Banks, 24 May 1795, UY Banks MS. * Banks to Boulton, [25 May 1795], B.AO (35). • Walls to Banks, 30 May 1795, Hill Coll. 3. 16. ' Coltman to Banks, 30 May 1795, UY Banks MS. * Leslie to Banks, 31 May 1795, DTC. 9. 217. • Ms. diary notes, 2 June 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i ; 33-34. "• Broussonet to Banks, 2 June 1795. BM..\.MS. 8098. 253-254. " Afzclius to Banks, 3 June 1795, BM..\.M.S 33980. 14-15 and DTC. 9. 219-220, BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 299 claims of the Board of Agriculture and its Drainage Committee meeting set for the same hour^. Next day [5 June] he sent to Matthew Boulton the last pieces of wootz which he had received in July 1794 from Dr. Helenus Scott at Bombay and which had been successfully worked into superior steel at Sheffield by Sir Thomas Frank- land in England for the first time". Indeed Dr. George Pearson, F.R.S., lecturer in chemistry and materia medica at St. George's Hospital, would on the following Thursday, 11 June, at the Royal Society, read the paper on his careful study of the nature and properties of these very steels, about whose production Frankland had reported to the same body already^. On 6 June Banks had a few words of encouragement for John Leslie in his Indian aspirations but urged him to publish his work on hygrometers as a measure of self- help to that end for ' . . .when the farmer put his shoulder heartily to his cart wheel he had no occasion for Hercules to help him out of the slough ' - infuriating but just advice to any young scientist on the score of pubhcation*. Matthew Boulton meanwhile had come to London delighted with the chance which Banks had offered him to exercise his skills with the new wootz steeP. He promised to take charge of William Chapman's paper and secure its revision. He hoped, however, that Banks had not forgotten the matter of the copper coinage for which he had made an offer to WiUiam Pitt some four years earlier to make some 1500-2000 tons of half-pence each to weigh half an ounce. [9 June.] The new copper coinage was a matter for the future. Of more immediate concern was the letter of reminder that same day [9 June] from Colonel Robert Fulke Greville, the King's equerry, at the Queen's Lodge, Windsor, prompting him about the shearing of the King's flock - the rams in the Little Park at Windsor Castle and the ewes at Marsh Gate Farm, Kew". Then, as Banks returned to Soho Square from Spring Grove for the meeting of the Royal Society on Thursday, 11 June, he found a note waiting from Edward Forster jr.' This was the much-needed confirmation of a ship for Russia - the Venus, Captain Mamiaduke Vickermann, lying in the Thames near Rotherhithe. Banks replied immediately to Forster, proposing to visit the ship on Sunday, 14 June, at 3 p.m. if that was convenient to the Captain and his Mate. In the interim there was time to arrange the washing of the King's flock in the Thames near Richmond on Friday, 12 June - 'opposite Mr. Keane's house'. There was time also for a jocular note to Sir John Sinclair the same day [12 June] deflecting that serious man from what Banks regarded as a work of supererogation under the mantle of the Board of Agriculture - a botanical guide to the recognition of the potato, ' . . . I fear we shall be Laughd at as matters now stand for having pubhshd so much Common Place & I am loth to add my mite to the Triumph of the Jokers who I fear will some time or other assail our quarters'^. ^ Banks to Sinclair. 4 June 1795. Siyiclair MS. ^ Banks to Boulton, 5 June 1795, BAO (36). ^ Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, 1795, L.x.xxv (ll): 322-341. * Banks to Leslie, 6 June 1795, DTC. 9. 218. ^ Boulton to Banks, 9 June 1795, B.\0 {37). ' Greville to Banks, g June 1795, BM(SC), I. 17. 28-29. ' Ms. diary notes, 11 June 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru 1 : 33-34. * Banks to Sinclair, 12 June 1795, Sinclair MS. 3O0 H. B. CARTER On 13 June, Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Williams was able to assure Banks that the account of the trigonometrical survey begun in 1791 which had been accepted for reading at the Royal Society would be paid for by the Board of Ordnance to the extent of 500 copies and the cost of engraving the plates, a most useful easement*. The business of the week, however, was not yet done. There still remained the general meeting of the subscribers to the 'Association for Promoting the Discovery of the interior Parts of Africa' held on that same Saturday at St. Alban's Tavern. Here Banks still bore the burden of the occasion as he announced the recent death of Henry Beaufoy, the Association's diligent Quaker Secretary, and offered his services in that office for the time being additional to his work as Treasurer. He further announced the engagement and departure of Mungo Park as their most recent 'geographical Missionary' on the same task as the late Major Houghton for whose widow he then asked the meeting to affirm the financial provisions made. With all his proposals confirmed by the subscribers he could turn again from African to Russian af^airs^. On the morning of Sunday, 14 June Banks, who was beginning to feel the pressure of his diverse appointments, saw fit to send a sharp note to Ramsay Robinson at Kensington about the shearing at Kew on Monday morning^ ' ... as I have various occupations & am usd to Rise Early the Sooner the Shearers attend the more Convenient it will be for me...'. Then punctual to his appointment that same afternoon he went down river to Rotherhithe to inspect the little Venus at her moorings 'in Adermann's chains' to assess her capacity for the Russian voj'age and the safe accommodation of 'the Present'. Surprised but not discouraged by her small size - much less than half the tonnage of the Bounty - he carefully measured her stem cabin and hold and retired to Spring Grove that night to begin his calcula- tions. The next morning he was abroad early to drive the five miles or so from Small- bury Green to Marsh Gate Farm across the Thames over Kew Bridge in good time to set the six shearers to work on the King's Spanish Merino ewes sharp at eight o'clock*. He saw the process through to the end in the early afternoon and dispensed a guinea to the shearers on His Majesty's behalf. Then he turned to the matter of the plants for Russia and in the Royal gardens less than two miles from the King's farm he set the gardeners to work selecting and potting the chosen specimens for 'the Present'. Later he retired to the Queen's Lodge at Windsor to ponder his maritime problems. On reflection he could not forbear to try at least one more alternati\'e to the tiny Venus, one which seemed to him more appropriate in every way for this Royal gift. What better custodian and conveyance of the plants for the Grand Duchess than Captain Wilham Bligh of H.M.S. Calcutta then conveniently lying at Longreach in the Thames Estuarj'?^ Such was the nice problem which James Bland Burges received in Downing Street next morning and such was the problem he liawked ' Williams to Banks, 13 June 1795, R. S. Misc. MSS. 3. 50. ' Ms. autograph draft for minutes, 13 June 1795, SL Banks MS. A 3 : 31. ' Banks to Robinson, r.) June 1795, BM(SC), I, 22. 24-26. * Ms. diary notes, 15 June 1795, B.M(SC), I, 10. 19. ' Banks to Burges, 15 June 1795, .\uckland Inst. & Mus. B.21 and SL Banks MS. Ku i : 6. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 301 about Whitehall all that day. Late that night after weary hours with the Foreign secretary. Lord Grenville, to say nothing of the Board of Admiralty the only answer Burges could send Banks was a clear ' No ! '^ Fighting ships, even if they were con- verted Indiamen, at this stage of the war were not to be spared and hard-bitten captains of experience like William Bligh were much needed in the uncertain temper of the Navy's seamen as was made clear enough before the year was out. So the little Venus and her captain, Marmaduke Vickermann, had to suffice for the King's botanical service to Russia as Banks was indeed quite prepared to accept^. [17 June.] But while James Bland Burges was busy in and about Downing Street on Tuesday, 16 June, Banks himself was up betimes and busy at the Queen's Lodge, Windsor, where from 8.45 a.m. to 1.45 p.m. four shearers and the shepherd struggled to relieve forty-two rams of their fleeces under the critical eye and remorseless time-keeping of the President of the Royal Society who again rewarded them with the King's guinea^. On Wednesday, 17 June, Banks rela.xed awhile at Spring Grove before returning to Soho Square later in the day. On Thursday, iS June, he negotiated the final details of the freight for the plants and the passage money for George Noe on the Venus with Captain Vickermann. On Friday, 19 June, the bargain was clinched by Banks on board the ship itself. On the same occasion he gave working instruc- tions to Edward Benbrook the carpenter of No. 82 Rotherhithe Street, Rotherhithe. This was the man recommended by Mr. Hamilton of Hamilton and Towry, his advisers in the tricky negotiations with the Captain*. During this week the weather had turned suddenly and severely cold and Banks hurried back to Spring Grove worried about the recently shorn rams on whose care and shelter he had previously given a warning. From the unfrocked rams at Windsor on Saturday, 20 June, he turned to the matter of clothing George Noe at Kew and that day gave him a gratuity of £30 to fit himself out for the Russian voyage in a fashion to meet the standards required by this Royal affair^. On Sunday, 21 June, Banks perhaps relaxed awhile with time to write a gossiping letter as from Soho Square to John Lloyd in Denbighshire. In this he commended Lloyd as an active and intelUgent magistrate for his role during the spring in keeping the King's peace in his part of the country which otherwise could so easily have been '...a scene of Riot miUtary execution and bloodshed'. His plans for the summer in Derbyshire and Lincolnshire were now mature and Lloyd was invited to join the family '. . .at Either or both our Residences. . . ' during the northern vacation^. It was on this day too, as it would later appear that just one month after his departure from Portsmouth in that other and less famous Endeavour Mungo Park had arrived at JoUipa on the River Gambia to prepare for his journey into the African interior and immortality. ' Burges to Banks, 16 June 1795, SL. Banks MS. Ru i : 7. ' Banks to Robertson, 17 June 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 45. ' Ms. diary notes, 16 June 1795, BM(SC). L 10. 19. * Ms. diary notes, 18 June 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 33-34. ' Ms. receipt, 20 June 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 23. ' Banks to Lloyd, 21 June 1795, NLW MS. 12415. 38. 302 H. B. CARTER Then on Monday, 22 June, from Spring Grove Banks visited the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, viewed the plant collection for the Tsarina, approved what he saw, and wisely ordered double potting as a suitable precaution against the rigours of the \oyage'. On Tuesday, 23 June, at the urgent insistence of Colonel GreviUe he visited the Spanish rams at Windsor, early in the morning as usual, onlj' to find that Ramsay Robinson had been remiss again and had not observed Major William Price's specific orders to have the sheep ready for Banks's inspection and annual review-. However, the sheep were gathered as Banks breakfasted with the equer- ries at the Queen's Lodge and in the end all went well. The animals had come through the recent severe cold weather since shearing in good order and Banks was moderately pleased with those he was able to select for service next autumn in the flock at Kew. The list of numbers of those rams destined to be spread throughout England and Scotland that season he sent to Ramsay Robinson next day on Wednes- day, 24 June'. At the same time he again visited the Gardens at Kew to weigh the potted plants for the Venus as a step toward checking the vaUdity of the freight charges and assessing the Ughterage necessary to bring the collection down river to the ship's side in due time. In all they weighed that day 3 tons i cwt. and 22 lb.* On Thursday, 25 June, Banks was back in London for the meeting of the Royal Society at which was read the paper by Williams, Mudge and Dalby on the extension of Roy's trigonometrical survey for the years 1791-1794. During the day, however. Banks was again on board the Venus where he found the plant platform partly laid and the work going on well. To Captain Vickerman he paid £30 in advance on George Noe's passage mone\' and from him heard that one Russian convoy had already sailed^. From WiUiam Marsden, Second Secretary at the Admiralty, he learned on Satur- day, 27 June, that the next convoy was due to sail on 7 July - a useful point to help Banks's planning but not one on which Marsden wished to be quoted, though he presumed that all the Trade knew it*. With this date in mind Banks was now able to assess his problems in moving rather more than three tons of potted plants from Kew to the Venus near Rotherhithe. This was a tricky conundrum of tides and times whose solution he condensed into a letter to Captain Vickerman at Batson's Coffee House, written from Spring Grove on Sunday, 28 June, and sent by the penny post from Brentford before 8 a.m. on Monday, 29 June'. The next day on Tuesday, 30 June, came a surprise and one of the pleasures of Banks's long hfe of pubHc service - a peremptorj' command to attend at St. James's Palace the following day, Wednesday, i July, for his investiture with the insignia of Knight of the Order of the Bath*. This was the Red Ribbon so long hinted at by the King, so recently discussed by the former Home Secretary Henry Dundas, * MS. diary notes, 22 June 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 33-34. ' MS. diary notes, 23 June 1795, BM(SC), I, 22. 24-26. ^ MS. diary notes. 24 June 1795, BM(SC). I. 22. 24-26. * MS. diary notes, 24 June 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 33-34. ' MS. diary notes. 25 June 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 33-34. *■• Marsden to I3anks. 26 June 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 46. ■ Banks to \'ickerman, 28 June 1795. SL Banks MS. Ru i : 43. " Kau()uier to Banks, 29 June 1795. BM..\.MS. 6325. 36. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 303 and now at last so sudden in its descent upon his broad and worthy shoulders. All this was epitomised in a brief letter from William Fauquier, Registrar of the Order, in Clifford Street and dated 29 June. If Banks found the notice somewhat short it was altogether too much so for General Sir Ralph Abercromby who was to have been his fellow Red Ribbon that day and failed to appear. So Banks had the undivided attention of his Sovereign as he knelt on the cushion to receive the accolade and heard the Royal whisper : ' I have many years wished to do this'. This indeed appears to have been so if we may accept Banks's own record in his letter to Henry Dundas more than a year before [5 April 1794] when he had refused the honour during his term as High Sheriff for Lincolnshire'. By this it would seem that the King himself as far back as 1789 had told him that in his view a Red Ribbon was a proper honour due ' . . . from the manner in which I conducted the business of the station I hold', that is, the Presidency of tlie Royal Society and aU that this implied. This was probably during or soon after the King's convalescence at Kew after the long illness in the winter of 1788-9, when Banks had been a personal comfort to the King in many direct ways. In other words this was to have been an innovation of some note in the pattern of the Order which at that time Banks felt he could receive '...without suffering any diminution of my Pretensions to the Character of an independent Landowner'. But when in April 1794 Dundas as Home Secretary had proposed the honour to him he had felt the situation to be different. During his term as High Sheriff in his successful actions toward the defence of the county he thought he had somehow become too involved in a political sense ; that, indeed, he could not accept at that time without risk to his reputation for ' incorruptible independence'. His refusal then, though painful, he felt was unavoidable. But now, as he replied to the congratulations of his cousin Sir Henry Hawley on Monday, 6 July, he felt he could accept the distinction as ' . . . coming in a direct Course from the pure Fountain of honor without any portion of Ministerial Contamination'-. All this high-mindedness, however, could not protect him from what he most wished to avoid - contumely in the public estimation. The Red Ribbon had scarcely been settled across his shoulder and the Star of the Order on his breast than he was firmly labelled and crueUy pinned down for posterity in the gross injustice of Gillray's cartoon. Published by Mistress H. Humphrey of 37 New Bond Street and spread abroad from that address by the genial lady this was a piece of most un- natural history, 'The Great South Sea Caterpillar transformed into a Bath Butterfly'. How much the iron of this historical mounting pin entered Banks's soul we cannot tell. Certainly there was no immediate effect for Banks was then too much engaged in the practical minutiae of so many unsought commitments^. * Banks to Dundas, 5 April 1794, De Beer Coll. i. ^ Banks to Hawley, 6 July 1795, Hawley MS. '^ 'The great South Sea Caterpillar, transformed into a Bath Butterfly. Description of the New Bath Butterfly " taken from the Philosophical Transactions for 1795 -"This Insect first crawled into notice from among the Weeds & Mud on the Banks of the South Sea; & being afterwards placed in Warm Situation by the Royal Society, was changed by the heat of the Sun into its present form - it is noticed & Valued Solely on account of the beautiful Red which encircles its Body & the Shining Spot on its Breast: a Distinction which never fails to render Caterpillars valuable-" ' This is the caption on the engraving, of which copies may be found in 'Catalogue of political and personal satires' by M. D. George. No. 8718, British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings. 304 H. B. CARTER Even at the time of the investiture the King had told him of the death of one of the rams at Windsor Castle since his last visit. This called for a letter to Ramsay Robinson [3 July] at Kensington Square ordering its replacement with No. 107 in the list of proposed destinations^. There was the small matter of gratuities to the servants of the Royal Household paj^able by Banks as a new Knight of the Bath - £128. 5. lod. - and the fees due to the officers of the Order itself-. On Thursday, 2 July, there was the celebratorj' end of the Royal Society year in the dinner and annual general meeting of the Royal Society Club at the Crown and Anchor in the Strand^. But on Saturday, 4 July, the newly hatched ' Bath Butterfly ' was busy down the Thames at Rotherhithe on board the good ship Venus checking the stowage in the hold of the 300 potted plants of 'the Present'^; complimenting the carpenter on the economy and neatness of the special platform made to Banks's design ; giving George Noe his written instructions freshly drawn up, his wages and money for gratuities to the sailors. The plants had come down safely on the evening tide of Thursday, 2 July, as Banks and the Captain had agreed. With them had come the list of plants prepared by William Alton [2 July] somewhat hastily at the last for Banks to check^. This done he had prepared his own precautionary advice to Sir Charles Whitworth in St. Petersburg on the details of ' the Present ' which he en- trusted evidently to the safe hand of George Noe in a small departure from strict protocol in case the King's messenger with the diplomatic pouch should not arrive before the Venus. This was a copy of his own letter to James Bland Burges at the Foreign Office dated 4 July under cover of a personal note to W'hitworth of the same date. It was a typical piece of forethought in which Banks asked Whitworth onl}' that he would keep the means whereby he received the information secret. It was also a sign of Banks's confidence in the integrity of George Noe'. With this parting visit to the Venus, satisfied by his own careful supervision to the last that all was well with 'the Present' he returned to Soho Square, able to give Burges a final report on all that he had done to fulfil the intentions and spirit of the Royal gift'. [4 July.] He could do no more and as the Venus dropped down the river on Monday, 6 July, to wait a further week for her convoy, Banks turned to the task of answering the letters and footnotes of congratulation on his K.B. that flowed in from Lord Auckland, Lord Macartney, John Lloyd and many others near and far. He turned to Richard Cough seeking prints of rele\-ance to his collection of maps and illustrations relating to the County of Lincolnshire from the second volume of Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain then in press with John Nichols". From * Banks to Robinson, 3 July 1795, Ms. diary notes, BM{SC), I. 22. 24-26. " Cooke to Banks. - July 1795 (receipt), DTC. g. 227. * Geikie, A., Annals of I he Hoyal Society Club {1917), p. 201. ' MS. diary notes. 4 July 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 33-34. ' .\iton to Banks, 2 July 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 39. * Banks to Whitworth, 4 July [1795]. SI.. Banks MS. Ru i : 48. ' Banks to Burges, 4 July 1795, U.S. Misc. MS. 6. 64 and DTC 9. 221-226. * Banks to Gough, ll July 1795, Xichols, L.l. 4. 698; Sepulchral Monuments 0/ Great Britain applied to illustrate the History of Families, Manners, Habits, and Arts from the Norman Conquest, vol. I, publ. 1786; vol. n, publ. 1796; introduction publ. 1799. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 305 Nichols himself the same day, Saturday, 11 July, he sought the return of Sir George Staunton's paper on the East Indian poison tree Cayu Upas which had been sub- mitted to the Gentleman's Magazine, the receipt of which he acknowledged* on Sunday, 19 July. On Tuesday, 14 July, as George Noe and the Venus sailed at last from the Nore- under convoy of H.M.S. Daedalus, 'a nice little frigate' of 32 guns, Banks himself was among the Spanish rams in the ii-acre field in the Little Park at Windsor^. Here he was checking their condition which he found much improved ; the state of their yard and shelter shed which he found good ; and the state of their pasture which he found overgrown, and for which he recommended a few head of cattle to eat down the fast-growing grass tufts. The rams for Josiah Ridgway, Major William Price's tenant in Herefordshire, had already gone away on 8 July. Many others remained, notably those for the Duke of Montrose to go to his estate at Buchanan near Glasgow. About their despatch Banks wrote from Spring Grove on Saturday, 18 July, after the Duke's servant had called on Banks the previous afternoon with a covered cart* for the two rams in question, Nos. 16 and 91. They were to sail from the Thames that Sunday, 19 July, for Leith where they arrived the next Friday, 24 July. The following afternoon of Saturday, 25 July, the plants for Russia had completed the first stage of their risky voyage as the Venus anchored safely at Elsinore in Denmark^. In Lincolnshire, the undercurrent of estate matters had been flowing quietly but steadily, undeflected by the affairs of Courts and Kings during the early summer. James Roberts on 2 June had reported the collection of the Holbeach rents and the arrival of the new pointer puppy for the keeper at Revesby^. He added a long account of the paralytic stroke and further decline of Benjamin Stephenson whose longer survival was not much expected by John Parkinson' when he wrote on 28 June. The old man was still in the same sorry state he had suffered for the past six weeks when James Roberts again wrote on 4 July reporting the collection of the Revesby and Horncastle rents and the sending of some 'ancient Arms' in a box to Soho Square^. Charles Chaplin of Blankney on 10 July speaking for the proprietors of land west of the River Witham sought Banks's support for an extension of the embankment and Lady Banks's sponsorship for his new-born daughter at her christening but added his congratulations on the new honour, perhaps the first from the county^. This was followed soon after by one from Richard Elhson, M.P., on 16 July to the effect - ' Honors become really such when they are the reward of 1 Banks to Nichols, 11 July 1795, Nichols, L.T. 4. 698; Banks to Nichols, 19 July 1795, Nichols L.I. 4. 698. ' Noe to Banks, 13 July 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 14. = MS. diary notes, 14 July 1795, BM(SC), I, 22. 24-26. « MS. diary notes, BM(SC), I, 22. 24-26. ' Noe to Banks, 25 July 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 15. ' Roberts to Banks, 2 June 1795, UY Banks MS. ' Parkinson to Banks, 28 June 1795, UY Banks MS. * Roberts to Banks, 4 July 1795, UY Banks MS. For a metallurgical analysis of these 'ancient arms' see Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1796, Lxxxvi (11) : 395-451. This paper read by George Pearson, F.R.S . 6 June 1796, acknowledges Banks as the provider of the instruments and 'for almost all the curious particulars relative to the history of these instruments'. ' Chaplin to Banks, 10 July 1795, UY Banks MS. 3o6 H. B. CARTER merit & the character of Sir Joseph Banks must stamp a value upon anj- title conferd upon him'i. This was a hurried courtesy in passing on to the more immediate problems of the Horncastle Canal, which was a matter taken up also by John Parkinson in his letter of i8 July complete with a sketch plan^. The nub was a proposal by the Commissioners of the Horncastle Na\'igation for a waggon bridge at the end of Kirkby Lock to hnk the village with the pastures on Banks's Lordship of Toft HiU. Banks consented to it on 22 July subject to agreement with John Bumham about the course of the road which could affect the site of certain proposed brick-kilns. This was a change eventually made as today's ordnance survey shows in common with so much else due to Banks in the present map of Lincolnshire^. The scene of this smaU piece of civil engineering on the River Bain was onl}' a few miles north of the fishing rendezvous which cannot have been far from Banks's mind as he thanked John Lloyd on 23 July for his congratulations and repeated his invitation of 21 June to the summer relaxations of Revesby Abbey '. . .now if you will Drive with us, Fish with us, Race with us, or be Quiet with us any or all of these things we shall be happy in your participation'. He gave Lloyd the dates and the route settled at last but a somewhat later departure from Spring Grove than he had formerly intended. He ended with the foreshadowed problems of the harvest and the national shortage of the corn supply which was to dog his travels that summer and autumn ' . . . we are all Eating Wheat meal no Flower usd in Rich FamiUes it will be a near run matter whether or no we can hold it out'*. The month, however, closed with a somewiiat curt rejection of a long dissertation from one, Gregory Farquharson of WUderwick House^, upon the uses of yeast in baking and brewing [24 July]. Banks demurred on the ground that he was President of the Royal Society not of the Brewers Association" and that it should be addressed to the pubUc at large not to him as a private individual. [30 July.] This may have been a sign of strain after the past three months of unending physical activity so soon after his gout in March. Or perhaps he was merely in some haste to leave London for his weekend in Sussex at Sheffield Place with the Holroyd family, though not this year enticed by the bait of 'the Gibbon'' being present. He alas was beyond these summer jollities. For eighteen months now he had been resting in the Sheffield mausoleum at Fletching quietly waiting for his reunion with the noble Lord to come. Meanwhile Banks was at his most charming that year relaxing with his host and the women of their famihes, captured for us briefly b\' Maria Josepha Holroyd*, one of the future ladies of Alderley : '. . .The Red Ribbon has made no alteration to Sir Jo. in any other respect than that there is a red ribbon on his w-aistcoat. He sprawls upon the Grass, kisses Toads, and is just as good-humoured a nondescript of an Otaheitan as ever ! '' So much for the image of the Great South Sea Caterpillar in ' Ellison to Banks. i6 July 1795, UY Banks MS. * Parkinson to Banks. 18 July 1795, UY Banks MS. ' O.S. one-inch, sheet 114, TF 245 625 for site of bridge. * Banks to Lloyd, 23 July 1795, NLW. MS. 12415. 39. * Farquharson to Banks, 24 July 1795, Kew B.C. 2. 126. * Banks to Farquharson. 30 July [1795]. Kew B.C. 2. 126 (2). ' Edward Gibbon, F.R.S. (1737-1794). historian, lor whom Lord Sheffield was literary executor. * Maria Josepha Holroyd (1771-1863), eldest daughter of John Baker Holroyd, 1st Earl Sheffield, wife of Sir John Thomas Stanley, F.R.S. (1766-1847), ist Baron Stanley of .\lderley. " .Adcane, J. H., The Girlhood of Maria Josepha Holroyd . . . (1896), p. 329. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 307 the Gillray smear. Then on Monday, 3 August, Banks and Lord Sheffield visited the Wool Fair in Lewes ; an occasion now of some eight years standing which Banks had done so much to initiate in 1787. For a quarter of a century more it would survive as a base from which Lord Sheffield, with Banksian data to serve him, would provide a one-man price review for the sheepbreeder and wool trade of the nation. On his return to London he was greeted by a letter from Sir Charles Blagden, Secretary of the Royal Society since the ' Dissensions' of 1783-4I, but now summering at Bognor in Dorset. [2 Aug.] Hovering as always on the fringes of aristocracy Blagden was now in the orbit of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, then in her ripe maturity, but this did not suborn him from his secretarial duty to the Royal Society. The summer vacation for both the President and the Secretary was never free from the problems of papers, past, present and future. In this case Blagden was reporting not merely the state of the Dorset crops but the intentions of a precocious young man of seventeen in Edinburgh who was proposing to report to the Royal Society of London on his physical and mathematical studies of certain branches of Optics which the great Newton had apparently neglected. The young man wished to remain anonymous for the present but in due course he would stand revealed as Henry Peter Brougham, the future Lord Brougham, Lord Chancellor of England. Banks also received about the same time a letter from John Leslie at Largo in Fife^ with- drawing his paper on hygrometry for further revision and re-writing although it had been accepted by the Royal Society [2 Aug.], a course which Blagden later much approved^. [11 Aug.] Again the King's flock claimed Banks's attention immediately on his return to London from Sheffield Place* as Ramsay Robinson told him on 4 August that arrangements had been made for the wool weighing in the barn at Marsh Gate Farm on Saturday, 8 August. With this news Banks arranged for John Buxton, wool stapler at Bermondsey^, to meet him next Saturday at nine a.m. on the farm. [6 Aug.] At the same time Banks asked for the ram lambs to be folded in the yard in front of the barn* so that he could inspect them while the wool was being weighed. [6 Aug.] All this was duly arranged and the wool sent through John Buxton to John Walker of Painswick in Gloucestershire to be made there into cloth. This was done the following week with Ramsay Robinson acting under a certain amount of pressure' from Banks [9 Aug.] who left the affairs of the flock with a final demand for details of the carcase weights and prices of the Spanish wethers' which had been put out to fatten. [12 Aug.] He turned again also to the affairs of the African Association in the matter of the petition for aid by Major Daniel Houghton's widow. Acting on a verbal message from Sir John Hort who headed the Association's Committee presenting ' Blagden to Banks, 2 August 1795. BM.AMS. 33272. 139-140. Henry Brougham's paper on light was read on 28 January 1796 and printed in Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lxxxvi (i) : 227-277. 2 Leslie to Banks, 2 August 1795, DTC. 9. 273-274. = Blagden to Banks, 11 August 1795, BM..\.MS. 33272. 143 and DTC. 9. 280-281. ' Robinson to Banks, 4 August 1795, BM(SC), I, 10. 12. ' Buxton to Banks, 6 .August 1795, BM(SC). I, 10. 15. « Banks to Robinson, 6 .August 1795, BM/SC), I, 10. 14. ' Banks to Robinson, 9 August 1795, BM(SC), L 10. 20. ® Banks to Robinson, 12 .\ugust 1795, BM(SC), T, 10. 22. 3o8 H. B. CARTER the memorial to the Government he WTOte personally to William Windham, Secretary at W'ar. [8 Aug.] He took it upon himself to urge Windham to fulfil his promise to present the memorial to Pitt because, he said, it was not possible to assemble the Committee at that season to do this more formally. This move was in the end successful and very much to the benefit of the good lady and her two young sons and as a salve to the conscience of the Association, who had, nonetheless, already done much to ensure her comfort and security*. The August migration of the Banks's menage was now close at hand but there was one last point from Dr. Andrew Kippis to be answered. This concerned Kippis's life of Captain Cook prepared for inclusion in Biographica Brilannica [lo Aug.] and fresh hght which he had received from Boston, New England, about the American attitude to Cook's third voyage''. Banks was able to confirm that Benjamin Franklin was mistaken in supposing that Congress would support his view that Cook's ships should be protected and thought that Kippis's reputation as a biographer would not suffer if he were to correct his account on this point. [15 Aug.] With this last-minute footnote to history despatched the family carriage could turn out of Soho Square and along Oxford Street on the first stage of its journey north^. To reach Overton Hall in the shadow of the scarp above the River Amber in Derbyshire b}' Tuesday, 18 August, implied an early start on the morning of Saturday, 15 August - early enough to pause for breakfast at the Red Lion at Barnet, and to sleep that night at the White Lion in Brickhill. Next day the route usually lay through Stony Stratford and Northampton to sleep in the Three Swans at Market Harborough. Then on through Leicester and Loughborough to Derby staying overnight at the George. Finally came the last slow 22 miles to Overton Hall near Ashover, through Matlock Bath, and the last few tricky miles down the steep narrow roads of the scarp in time to dine. This was a journey of about 150 miles and about three and a half daj's of travelling time in well-regulated stages of about ten miles each for a daily average of forty to forty-five miles. At Overton the next ten days passed in the customary problems of estate affairs dominated here by the business of the Gregory Mine and its lead ore, the operation of its Boulton and W'att pumping engine, and the smelting of its produce at the works near Matlock over the hill. These were ten fairly strenuous days, largely on horseback, moving about the steep roads along the valley of the River Amber and over the moors westward toward the Derwent, covering a territory of about forty square miles around the village of Ashover. This year on the day of his arrival he was immediately con- fronted with the problems arising from the competition for water supplies, arising from the Eddlestow spring, between the house at Overton and Stephenson's mill farther down the Amber. At the same time Sam Kirk, the overseer at the Gregory Mine, drew his attention to the poor running of the new 'Fire Engine' from Boulton ' Banks to Windham, 8 August 1795, SL Banks MS. A 2 : 58. ^ Kippis to Banks, 10 .\ugust 1795, DTC. g. 279. ' Banks to Kippis, 15 .\ugust 1795, DTC: 9. 282-283; cf. MS. letter Kippis to 'Mr. Urban', 11 Sep- tember 1795, inserted in the front of the copy of Kippis's Life of Cook in the General Library, British Museum (Natural History), which acknowledges the error and corrects it. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 309 and Watt costing as much in repairs as it appeared to save in coal. The week continued with visits to Kelstedge where his agent William Milnes had bought land sufficient for a new reservoir ; to Butterley where he approved a new oak threshing floor laid on coal cinders as a good method of checking ' that dry rot which originates from Claveria hypoxylon ' ; to the Upper Engine of the Gregory Mine on the edge of the scarp near the Rocking [= Cocking] Tor to settle with Francis Thomson, the Ashover engineer, about erecting a whimsie for the new shaft ' to be a Power of 8 Horses' for £280 ; over the hill to Lea where he saw Mr. Peter Nightingale's 'Pig of Roman Lead which weighs so near 8 stone as to give a just ground for Supposing that the intended weight ' ; and finally a ride by himself over the hills on 28 August to discuss Isaac Alsop's cart shed. Among the tenants of the Overton estate were the members of the Allen family near the Amber from whom would come John Allen, miner, to go with Flinders on the Investigator voyage five years later, but this year their affairs did not obtrude in any apparent way'. Final instructions to John Lloyd driving with his own horses up from North Wales on how to find the fishing party later on the River Witham below Dog Dyke [25 Aug.] set the scene for the first real holiday distraction-. This was quite overlaid by the arrival at Overton on 29 August of a letter from Lord Hawkesbury of 20 August after a hunt circuitously through Revesby on an uncertain postal route. Thus on the very eve of his departure on the two-day journey east to Revesby Abbey Banks was faced with a demand for his opinion by the President of the Board of Trade on a contentious paper on the corn supply of the nation, including proposals for the importation of foreign wheat. This was heavily weighted with the remark that Hawkesbury proposed to show Banks's answer to William Pitt himself and other members of the Cabinet. Banks could not forbear to remind Hawkesbury that he was in fact 'on the wing' for Lincolnshire but, in the event, his answer was as long and as well-considered as if he had been at rest in his own study at Soho Square'. It was well laced with his own topical observations on the state of the crops and the temper of the people on his route up through the Midlands. [30 Aug.] This year the family arrived at Revesby on Tuesday, i September, delayed it would seem by Banks's last-minute cogitations on the corn supply at Overton for ne.xt day the fishing expedition started somewhat later than Banks had promised John Lloyd. In fact the carriages did not leave Revesby Abbey until about eleven and the party did not embark on the boats at Dog Dyke until somewhat after twelve-thirty. Lloyd himself did not overtake the boats until after dinner on board just before six p.m. near Copin Sike, well down the Witham. Soon after the whole party landed at the Grand Sluice in Boston and Sir Joseph and his ladies stayed that night with Mr. Thomas Fydell, M.P. for Boston. For four days the boats netted up and down the Witham between the Grand Sluice and Langrick Ferry with a total catch that year of 2567 pounds of pike, perch, eels and various white fish. Of this weight some 200 pounds were dressed and consumed for dinner at various points along the Witham, either on the bank or under awnings 1 MS. estate notes. SL Banks MS. " Banks to Lloyd, 25 August 1795. NLW. MS. 124 15. 40. ^ Banks to Lord Hawkesbury, 30 August 1795, SL. Banks MS. Ag i : 97. 3IO H. B. CARTER on the boat as the weather dictated. On an average this year some thirty people, young and old, male and female, composed the party as Banksian guests - all Lincolnshire friends, except John Lloyd from distant Denbighshire. These were a cross-section of the county middle class, families of property, men of responsibility in county affairs, the church, the civil service and the magistracy - Cartwright, Fydell, Batty, Linton, Kenrick, Pacey, Brachenbury, Coltman, Walls, Rogers, llassingberd, Ellison, Elphinston, Partridge, Wheeler, Brand, Chaplin. These were the families represented this year at the fishing on the Witham. The method was to use a long Seine net, 200 x 20 feet, drawn by two horses, one on either bank. The River Witham was well suited to this procedure for from Dog Dyke to the Grand Sluice it was an artificial channel ten and a half miles long, varying from 80 to 100 feet in width, and so free from roots, weed and other obstruc- tions that the net was seldom caught or torn. The week preceding the races at Lincoln, generally the first week in September, was the usual time for the fishing parties. As this was only done once during the year there was never any failure of sport though the total catch varied much from year to year. Usually ' the Company' dined under an awning on the big boat which was 52 feet 6 inches long with a deck 11 feet wide. The cooking fires were made on the river bank and here, if the weather were right, a more casual dinner was some- times taken. The catch was most commonly pike, perch, and eels 'in the highest perfection' occasionally carp and barbel though these were rare. A profusion of bream and chub was alwaj's caught and these were divided among the numerous followers and assistants from the surrounding countryside and towns at this annual and well-known event. Occasionally a salmon, a flounder or a tench (as this year) would appear in the catch. The nets would be drawn during the day about ten times and the catch on each occasion carefully recorded by Sarah Sophia Banks from the weights taken by her brother Joseph. Other boats were there apart from the covered boat for 'the Company'. There was 'the black boat' covered with a tarpaulin for the servants ; there was Major John Cartwright's rowing boat ; there was Thomas Fydell's yacht the Union, and perhaps others which varied from time to time. As a regular event of the late summer the Witham fishing continued at least for the thirteen years from 1783 to 1796. Thereafter it decUned and probably ceased after 1798 when Banks's e.xceptionally long and painful illness confined him at Spring Grove that year so that the northern journey was not made. This year the catch included 21 silver coins found in the Witham on 6 May at Cumnock Lock and brought to Banks during tlie first day's fishing on 2 September as a small sop to his known interest in all things antiquarian'. There was also that same day brought to him a letter from Francis Masson in London as a sign of his concern and responsibility for all things botanical^. Masson, but recently returned from nearly a decade at the Cape, was seeking from Banks an order on Messrs. Coutts for /80 in cash as an immediate settlement of his passage ' 'Minute of the annual Fishery on the River Witham began MDCCLXXXIV, p. 133, Hawley MS. Tliis volume contains the details of the fishing for the period 1784-1796. " Masson to Banks, 28 .August 1795, SL Banks MS. A i : 28. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEVV FOR RUSSIA 1795 311 money home and promising to have all his accounts in order for Banks's inspection in the autumn. With his customary promptness in all these financial problems of his collectors Banks replied on 3 September with the bankers order required and at the same time setthng Masson's mind on the score of all further bills to come. With a brief respite at Revesby Abbey after the fishing the races at Lincoln took place the following week from Wednesday, 9 September, to Saturday, 12 September, an annual concession to the enthusiasms of Lady Banks and that excellent whip, Sarah Sophia, but less rewarding to Sir Joseph though he endured them with his usual good humour. The fishing and the races in Lincolnshire were probably the only two weeks in the year of almost complete relaxation for Banks from the un- relenting sequence of his correspondence. From Blagden', in London again, soon came a letter on Royal Society business [3 Sept.] noting progress on the engravings for Herschel's paper on his forty-foot reflecting telescope, read on 11 June. This was already in press, with three other papers delivered since March, but only two out of the nineteen drawings were ready for engraving^. Two papers in French had been received - an abstruse one in higher mathematics from Simon L'Huiher and one on the manufacture of sugar in Martinique by De la Corbiere - seeking acceptance by the Royal Society. From Dr. John Laidley, the physician at Pisania on the River Gambia, came the first news Banks had received of Mungo Park. This was a letter directed to Henry Beaufoy, Secretary of the African Association, dead since 17 May that year. Banks acknowledged this as Secretary for the time being [10 Sept.] approving all that Laid- ley had done for Park and promising reimbursement for expenses incurred^. In this he enclosed a letter for Mungo Park himself attributing the lack of direct news to the capture of the httle Endeavour on its return passage from the Gambia. He had accepted the office of Secretary, he told Park, because he 'was unwilhng that your affairs Should be Conducted by any one Else'^. As the races at Lincoln ended two other letters were posting north to Revesby Abbey, both from the industrious President of the Board of Trade, Lord Hawkes- bury. The first was the matter of the collections of M. de Calonne^ recently offered to the King or to the British Museum for purchase. [11 Sept.] This was a dilemma for whose solution Banks's opinion was sought and which he deferred, with qualified expectations of the value of the collections^, until he could inspect them after his return to London on 3 November. [14 Sept.] The second pursued the theme of his last letter from Overton of 30 August to the noble Lord about the corn supply and which Hawkesbury was now acknowledging [11 Sept.] from Addiscombe Place in Surrey, though he wished any reply to be sent to him through William Fawkener, clerk to the Privy Council'. Banks answered this letter on Tuesday, 15 September, rej oiced to learn that his Lordship had ' hit upon an expedient for Securing some weeks ' Blagden to Banks, 3 September 1795, BM.A.MS. 33272. 144-145 and DTC. 9. 2S4-285. 2 Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1795, L.x.xxv (11) : 347-409. ' Banks to Laidley, [10 September 1795], Dawson MS. 46. 25-26 and SL Banks MS. -A 3 : 53. * Banks to Park, [10 September 1795], SL Banks MS. A 3 : 52. ' Lord Hawkesbury to Banks, [11 September 1795], BM.A.MS. 38310. 144: original, signed, SL Banks MS. NH I : 2. ' Banks to Lord Hawkesbury, 14 September 1795, SL Banks MS. NH 1:1. ' Lord Hawkesbury to Banks, 11 September 1795, SL. Banks MS. Ag i: 100. 3ii H. B. CARTER provision of wheat for our Luxurious Metropolis without interfering in the usual course of Commerce''. He had no doubt he would approve the plan when he learned exactly what it was in his Lordship's own good time. Meanwhile he launched into the state of the wheat crop and wheat prices in Lincolnshire, noting the trend toward sub- stituting oats and barley for wheat in the domestic diet as he had already observed in Derbyshire and Northamptonshire. Much nearer to Banks's immediate interests a letter came from Jonas Dryander written on 14 September sending specimens of WUliam Bulmer's type for the printing of the first volume of the Catalogus Bibliothecae . . . of the Banksian Library at Soho Square^. He also presented Nichol's suggestions for the arrangement of the entries, and asked for Banks's comments on both these things. If all was well Dryander hoped the volume would go to press in a fortnight. There was also some mention of the 'nastiness' oozing from 'the httle house' into one of the coal cellars at Soho Square and Mr. Goran's report on what was necessary to deal with it. Banks's comments were sent back on 17 September to which Drysander replied from London on 24 September happy to have Banks's approval of the specimen sheets^. He hoped to start Bulmer composing the following week but intended to go slowly at first. He noted also that Mr. Goran and his henchmen would set to work emptjdng 'the httle house' at dead of night next Sunday, 27 September. The Proceedings of the Board of Longitude intruded also in a letter from the astronomer-royal. Dr. Ne\'il Maskelyne, F.R.S. [15 Sept.] consulting Banks on the best plan for distributing a printed paper on the Board's proceedings against the University of Oxford to recover the valuable manuscripts of Maskelyne's predecessor. Dr. James Bradley*. Should they go first to their friends or ' into the enemies quarters', the colleges of Oxford? He was also able to report that the Admiralty were prepared to receive James Weir and Joseph Lindley on H.M. cruisers at Portsmouth for the testing of Weir's artificial horizon which the Board had had under its scrutiny for the past two years. Abroad it is instructive to view the letters that were preparing under their writers' hands as the autumn approached. From St. Petersburg, even as the Grand Duchess's new plants from Kew were setthng into their new hot-houses, Anton Hove was reporting to Banks the disruption of his work in Poland^, the destruction of his collections, his ilight to Russia and his possible future employment on the Turkish border. [20 Sept.] In Vienna, however, Nicolaus Jacquin the elder was emphatic in his complaint that he had received no answers to his last six letters to Jonas Dry-ander [22 Sept.], httle appreciating that industrious man's preoccupation with the Catalogus Bibliothecae . . .^. He would receive some months later Banks's own full exculpation of the offender [8 Mar. 1796] and a promise of the great work itself. In Gibraltar Pierre Broussonet [23 Sept.] announced his early return to France where * Banks to Lord Hawkcsbur)*, 15 September 1795. SL. Banks MS. .\g 2 : 2. ' Dryander to Banks, 14 September 1795, FMC. Banks MS. 190 and DTC. 9. 292-293. " Dryander to Banks. 24 September 1795, FMC. Banks MS. 191. ' M£iskelync to Ranks, 15 September 1795. DTC. 9. 294-295. ' Hove to Banks, 20 September 1795. Kew B.C. 2. 128. Cf. Noe to Banks, 12 November 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 47. " Jacquin the elder to Banks, 22 September 1795, BM.A.MS. 8098. 363. ' Banks to Jacquin the elder, 8 March 1796, ML. Banks MS. 'J'. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 313 his property was still safe, promising an early settlement of his debts to Banks, and rhapsodising over the vast unworked field of Natural History he had found in North Africa^ From Lisbon the Due de Lafoens [26 Sept.] was seeking news of ' our Abbe' Correia de Serra and the use of Banks's library and collections on his behalf^ - a fruitful association already established and due to blossom just one year hence in their exploration of the palaeobotany of the Lincolnshire coast together^. From Dominica Henry Hamilton, the island's Governor, [27 Sept.] was seeking Banks's opinion on a theory he had formed about climatic changes and variations in the Polar ice-pack - a subject close to Banks's own heart*. Perhaps of more immediate impact was the letter from Archibald Menzies [14 Sept.] written on board H.M.S. Discovery in the Shannon on her way home after nearly si.K years in the Pacific on the American coast and among the islands, portend- ing new botanical riches^. It presaged also much trouble for Banks as Menzies's state of arrest imposed by Captain George Vancouver gave ample warning. More hopeful but more distant yet was the letter received under cover of one from East IncUa House dated 22 September. This was the copy of Dr. William Roxburgh's letter from Calcutta*, directed to Banks, with the list of plants now sailing home under the care of Peter Good on the Royal Admiral, dated as far back as 25 April. But this was a problem for the coming winter'. While these letters were being framed or slowly finding their way across a war- torn world towards him Banks and his family were 'all well and merry' after the fishing and the races as he told John Lloyd later'. Indeed Banks was happily en- gaged in practising the art of water divining according to the principles of l\Ir. Elkington. This harked back to a visit by Banks to Woburn Park on 4 December the previous year where he had seen Elkington at work for the Duke of Bedford'. Now he was applying what he had learned with apparent success in discovering springs in the upper levels of Revesby Abbey park. A particular success was the finding of one that his father had sought but failed to find some forty-eight years before in 1747. This was already yielding three hogsheads a daj' (c. 160 gallons per day or c. 1100-1200 gallons per week). From all these new springs, when linked to- gether, he had estimated the house could be supplied entirely instead of by the pre- vailing system of pumping from ponds and wells. To meet the weekly household demand he would require some 70 hogsheads or roughly 3800 gallons. October, the last month of the late summer vacation, opened and continued with the affairs of the Royal Society becoming more insistent as Blagden raised problems of incoming papers, referees, and the printing of papers already accepted and read. • Broussonet to Banks, 23 September 1795, BM.A.MS. 8098. 255-256. ' Due de Lafoens to Banks, 26 September 1795. BM.A.MS. 33980. 16 and DTC. 9. 296. ' Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1799, lxxxix (i) : 145-156. * Hamilton to Banks, 27 September 1795, BM.A.MS. 33980. 18-19. ' Menzies to Banks, 14 September 1795, Kew B.C. 2. 127 and DTC. 9. 288-291. ' H.E.L Co. to Banks, 22 September 1795, BM.A.MS. 33979. 192. ' Roxburgh to Banks, 25 April 1795. BM.A.MS. 33980. 9-10. ■ Banks to Lloyd, 5 October 1795, NLW. MS. 12415. 41. ' MS. notes by Banks on a visit to Woburn Park, 4 December 1794, and further notes of a ride with Elkington on Crawley Moor. 24 March 1796. UY Banks MS. Banks said of him; '. . . he seems free from all Charlatanery & desirous of Communicating all he Knows but for want of science he has not the means of e.xplaining himself. 314 H. B. CARTER [5 Oct.] There was some dispute among the authors of the paper on the trigono- metrical survey presented b}' Lieutenant-Colonel Williams which was dela\'ing the printing. De la Corbiere in Martinique must have his replj' written in French by Layard, the Society's Foreign Secretary, who was away. The very long paper on optics by the very young 'gentleman of Edinburgh' had been received. The mathematical paper by Simon L'Huilier, on Banks's suggestion, had been submitted to Maskelyne but he was still out of town'. All these things reflected the seasonal dislocation of academic and scientific Ufa as its practitioners pursued the last comforts of a dying summer. However, by the end of the month, Blagden could report [23 Oct.] that at least the title of the paper on the trigonometrical sur\-ey and its authorship had been settled as between Lieutenant-Colonel \\'ilUams, Captain Mudge, and Mr. Dalby and its communication assigned to the Duke of Richmond, who was still at the Ordnance Office, though since the pre\'ious February no longer Master-General. The young man's paper from Edinburgh had been found tedious and badly prepared and if thought worthy of printing would have to be much altered. On the other hand L'HuiUer's paper seemed to have much merit. Count Rumford had arrived in England with a batch of papers drafted but unfinished. Then as a final rub for the President he reported that Elkington the water diviner had completely failed in his attempts to drain Petworth Park in Sussex and his reputation had greatly suffered^. At Soho Square the seduction of the summer and approaching autumn had left Jonas Dryander unmoved. The business of the Library was well-matched with that of the Royal Society. He was undoubtedly giving priority to the preparation of the Catalogus Bibliothecae . . . for its printing by Bulmer but he dutifully sent on the letters as they arrived and recorded the steady flow of publications, [i Oct.] From the Rabbi Herman Treschow in Denmark had come the Flora Danica and the pro- ceedings of the Agricultural Society at Copenhagen ; from Norway a periodical ; from various quarters four bundles of theses some of which were good and ' made a hole in the catalogue of wants' ; a volume on Oaks was sent on to Revesby Abbey with a ' Scotch Crown ' for Miss Banks from Dr. Wright of Edinburgh ' who also wants something' - a copper medal of Captain Cook'. In answer to a letter of enquiry from John Lloyd the wide-ranging character of Banks's intelUgence system revealed itself again as he confirmed the reports in the newspapers of the finding of gold in Ireland. [9 Oct.] Banks had in fact seen a letter from WiUiam Marsden's brother Alexander who had been on the spot in the middle of September, just three weeks earlier*. He now sent Lloyd the details of where it was 'in the County of Wicklow 6 miles west of Arelow in a Level valley abutting on & very near to the Steep side of a high Mountain' with many other circumstantial details. This was the beginning of a sequence of letters and action as John Lloyd set off forthwith for Ireland. The results would finally appear as ' Blagden to Banks, 5 October 1795. BM.A.MS. 33272. 146-147 and DTC. 9. 298-299. The paper by Simon L'Huilier. F.R.S., was read 18 February J796 and printed in Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lxxxvi (I) : 142-165. * Blagden to Banks, 23 October 1795, BM.A.MS. 33272. 148-149 and DTC. 9. 306-307. * Drj'ander to Banks, i October 1795, FMC. Banks MS. 192. « Banks to Lloyd. 9 October 1795, NLW. MS. 12415. 41. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 315 a communication to the Royal Society and be printed in the Philosophical Transac- tions^. The community of interest between these two mine-owners prompted Banks to lay another task on John Lloyd, emphasising their deep concern with all things geological, not merely Irish gold. He prayed that when Lloyd should return to visit their mutual friend Sir George Shuckburgh, F.R.S., in Warwickshire he would 'Examine the mineral in the Tunnell which is Calld Clunch'. He was to report to Banks ' how many beds of Iron Stone have been seen in this Clunch as they call it & whether nautili which are the genuine Productions of the ocean are found in Strata above the Iron Stone beds which seem by the Flags they abound with to have been of vegetable origin in Short the Peat bogs of a Prior world'. As the annual visit to Revesby Abbey came to its autumnal end a variety of matters from the world outside the fens maintained the ebb and flow of letters. Banks had been pondering the value of swan skins and seeking information in London from whence came full information on the skinning and dressing of the birds from Mr. Kleinert- of Highgate [12 Oct.] and also no less than Alexander Aubert, F.R.S.^ who had probed the business among other more philosophical pursuits. [20 Oct.] January seemed to be the proper month for killing the birds, a detail reserved for future reference*. John Leslie from Fife [15 Oct.] was now a candidate for the chair of Natural Philosophy at St. Andrews and was eager for Banks's support^. Across the Forth at Leith Captain William Bligh was anchored in H.M.S. Calcutta^, instead of with the convoy from the Orkneys, having been diverted to aid the Army in quel- ling a mutiny on board H.M.S. Defiance, and with this news kept his name fresh in the mind of his benefactor, [ig Oct.] From Vienna William Heidinger had come, a mineralogist, whom Banks was sure from his credentials he could safely recommend to Matthew Boulton at Birmingham' as an upright scientist who would not pry into secrets of manufacture. [20 Oct.] Heidinger would later be the safe hand to Vienna bearing a soothing letter back to the elder Jacquin^, nettled by Dryander's silence from Soho Square. [8 Mar.] Then to William Ramsay of the Honourable East India Company he sent his thanks for presentation to the Court of Directors for the plant collection sent home by Robert Brooke, Governor of St. Helena. [22 Oct.] He promised to draw the King's attention to the handsome manner in which the Directors had promoted the science of botany'. The subject was again foremost in his mind as he answered the letter from the Due de Lafoens of 26 September, pledging [27 Oct.] every assistance to the Abbe Correia de Serra^", a promise well fulfilled and amply rewarded, if by no other means than the Abbe's part in * Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1796, Lxx.xvi (i) : 34-38. 43-45. 2 Kleinert to Banks, 12 October 1795, Dawson MS. 45. 13. ^ Aubert to Banks, 20 October 1795, Dawson MS. 45. 14. * Roberts to Banks, 13 January 1802, UY Banks MS. Here Roberts, concerning the killing of some swans at Stickford for their skins, reminds Banks *. . . you know Sir that I have been a little used to skinning Birds, and have not quite forgot, tho' now 'tis about 33 years since you taught me how, when at New Zealand'. ^ Leslie to Banks. 15 October 1795. DTC. 9. 300-301. * Bligh to Banks, 19 October 1795. DTC. 9. 303-305. ' Banks to Boulton, 20 October 1795. BAO. (39). ' Banks to Jacquin the elder, 8 March 1796, ML,, Banks MS. 'J'. " Banks to the H.E.L Co., 22 October 1795, LO. Misc. Letters Received, 93. 207. '° Banks to the Due de Lafoens, 27 October 1795, BM.A.MS. 33980. 17 and DTC. 9. 207. 3i6 H. B. CARTER consolidating the introduction of Robert Brown into the circle at Soho Square three years hence'. Then at last the matter of 'the Present' emerged again with James Bland Burges announcing his retirement from 'official drudgery' though still 'hable for some time to what the Lawyers call Remanets'. With one of these small pieces of unfinished business he now troubled Banks [24 Oct.], namely Captain Vickerman's account received from Sir Charles Whitworth in St. Peterburg for the transport of the Tsarina's plant collection^. Banks was quick to reply [28 Oct.] with congratulations on the baronetcy to be conferred on Burges at the end of his public life but no less ready to contest the accuracy of the account with which he would deal further on his return to London on 3 November 'floods permitting'^. Again it is worth a gUmpse at some of Banks's distant correspondents who were that October preparing letters yet to come - some within weeks, others not for many months far into the ne.xt year. From Naples Sir William Hamilton, longing for the end of a war that had scarcely begun, wrote to acknowledge the arrival of four copies of his paper on the most recent eruption of Vesuvius, from the first part of the current volume of the Philosophical Transactions. [10 Oct.] He sent also a sketch and description of some small fishes called Cicinielli by the Neopolitans and greetings from the second Lady Hamilton, on the brink of becoming Admiral Nelson's Emma, whose ' mind has gained and her body lost nothing of its beauty' since Banks had last seen her four years before*. Less comphcated by social undertones was the letter from Johann Blumenbach from Gottingen curious to obtain a small specimen of the Indian wootz steeP of which already he had heard rumours that the Royal Society possessed some. [15 Oct.] But more distant still at the very limits of Banks's or any European's lines of communication several letters were prepared that month at Sydney in Port Jackson, New South Wales. The new Governor, Captain John Hunter, announced his arrival in H.M.S. Reliance on 7 September, having escaped the French cruisers and after a passage of more than seven months. [12 Oct.] He had found the colony much better than had been reported ; the live- stock and the cultivation thriving better under the hands of private individuals than of Government ; and, most valuable, the finding again of the cattle lost in 1788 now grown to a large but very wild herd*. Commander Henry Waterhouse, Captain of the Reliance, wrote to the former Governor, Captain Arthur Philhp, a long account of the state of the colony which duly found its way into Banks's hands. [24 Oct.] He recorded his plain opinion of the Reliance - ' I never sailed in so complete a tub' - and noted without comment 'A Mr. Flinders is appointed our 2^ Lieut, in the room of the one left at Rio de Janeiro...''. The young master's mate had advanced a step further and was soon to lay up a store of experience in seamanship and sailing with that same 'tub' in its next historic circumnavigation under Waterhouse in the wild unruly 'forties' of the South Seas. There was also 1 Corriea de Serra to Banks, 17 October 1798, Kew B.C. 2. 206 and DTC. 11. 14. • Burges to Banks, 24 October 1795, DTC. 9. 308-309. ' Banks to Burges, 28 October 1795, DTC. 9. 310. * Hamilton to Banks, 10 October 1795. BM.A.MS. 34048. 83-85. ' Blumenbach to Banks, 15 October 1795, BM.A.MS. 8098. 224. " Hunter to Banks, 12 October 1795, DTC. 9. 246-251. ' Waterhouse to Phillip, 24 October 1795, DTC. 9. 252-255. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 317 a long letter from the 30-year-old Army Captain William Paterson, the aspirant F.R.S. and present commander of the turbulent N.S.W. Corps, who had for the past year carried the burden of Lieutenant-Governor of the young colony of little more than three thousand people, two-thirds of them convicts or convict born'. He referred to the letter from Banks which Governor Hunter had brought and which, he said, had brought great satisfaction to the colony. This and the contents of the small plant cabin on the quarter deck of H.M.S. Reliance were an earnest of real and practical services by Banks to the colony which were to extend over the next twenty- five years with incalculable results to the future of the Southern Hemisphere. [26 Oct.] These letters were apparently all swept together with Hunter's despatches to the Duke of Portland^, successor to Henry Dundas as Home Secretary, and sent home by the Young William by way of China, sailing from Sydney on 29 October. The next day, 30 October, Banks turned south from Revesby Abbey unaware of the violent scenes of the previous few days in London for no hint had filtered through in any of the late letters from that quarter. The popular unrest had indeed been so great that few civil servants and Ministers of the Crown had risked appearing at their offices in the vicinity of Westminster, Whitehall and St. James. Of these few William Pitt, the prime target as well as the Prime Minister, and Henry Dundas, Secretary for War, were the most prominent among those who refused to be intimi- dated by the spate of popular turmoil at the impending Acts to restore order - the Seditious Meetings Act and the Treasonable Practices Act^. James Bland Burges was also among the steadfast few who kept his normal hours at Downing Street but there was no hint of this in his letters to Banks. It was indeed on 29 October, while Banks's letter of 28 October was on its way to Burges, that the King himself was attacked in his coach on his way to and from the opening of Parliament that day - even shot at, according to witnesses and above all to the lords-in-waiting with him in the coach, the Earls of Westmoreland and of Onslow. It was into the aftermath of these frightening scenes of public disorder bordering on violent revolution that Banks made his return to Soho Square. One of his first acts was to join with Lord Yarborough to press Ayscoughe Boucherette, M.P., his successor as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire, to convene a county meeting for purpose of carrying resolutions of loyalty to the King. To these would be joined an address of thanksgiving for the King's escape from 'the late atrocious attack' upon his per- son. The request was carried verbally by Robert Vyner, M.P. for the county, to Boucherette who agreed [17 Nov.] and set 28 November for the meeting at the County Hall in Lincoln*. The address of loyalty was generally acclaimed marred only by the written dissent of that well-known dissenter. Major John Cartwright, lately and often Banks's guest at the Witham fishing. Banks himself, for reasons which he explained to Boucherette [23 Nov.], did not return to Lincoln for the occasion but instead signed the address from Oxford which he made a particular point of attending ' as a graduate of that university ' on Wednesday, 25 November^. ' Patterson to Banks, 26 October 1795, DTC. 9. 256-258. ' Hunter to Duke of Portland, 21 December 1795, HRNSW. II. 344-346. ^ Seditious Meetings Act, 36 Geo. III. c. 7. Treasonable Practices Act, 36 Geo. III. c. 8. * Vyner to Banks, 17 November 1795, UY Banks MS. ^ Banks to Boucherette, 23 November 1795, UY Banks MS. 3i8 H. B. CARTER Meanwhile John Lloyd had visited the scene of the Irish gold discovery with Abraham Mills, F.R.S., mineralogist, and wrote in some detail to Banks in two letters dated 4 November from Cronbane, County Wicklow, nearby'. Banks replied on 13 November, the day after receiving them, and promised that Lloyd's letters should be read at the next Royal Society meeting^. Meanwhile he craved Mills's supporting geological report. On 8 November he was constrained to refuse John LesUe's plea of 15 October from Fife for support in his candidature for the chair of Natural Philosophy at St. Andrew's gently suggesting that others who actually knew the members of the University might be more usefuF. On 11 November he received from John Steel at Revesby Abbey a progress report on the new water supply from his new found springs [9 Nov.] and the laj-ing of the lead pipes and drains*. On 17 November he replied to Sir William Hamilton's letter of 10 October acknowledging the arrival of a parcel of plants from John Graeffer', the Queen's gardener at Naples, especially the Sterculia. Then, almost as though stirred by the very mention of the vulcanologist Hamilton's name, the earth quaked in England on 18 November. Banks immechately set about gathering as many reports of the phenomenon as he could stimulate from his correspondents. These he summarised and in due course a paper was presented to the Royal Society and printed in the Transactions^. While he was engaged on this Count Rumford was aflame with a new idea for conserving coal in its domestic use and was trying to persuade Banks to apply it at Soho Square - ' He has threatened my Kitchen & I am submissive but I Seriously hope he will find some one better suited for his Practice than mine''. Before the month was out there came a final touch to the long list of disbursements which followed his elevation to the Order of the Bath. The Lord Chamberlain's clerk, Samuel Betty, proclaimed the Knight's Collar ready to be collected and the fees for it to be £26. 14. 6.* The month of December was notable for the frequency with wluch the name of BUgh appeared on Banks's desk. Early in December EUzabeth Bligh sought a position for her husband at Greenwich Hospital. [5 Dec] How much of this notion William Bligh himself had instigated does not appear, though he was certainly intent on keeping his name fresh at Soho Square with news of his movements and adventures^. At all events on lo December Banks wrote on Bligh's behalf to the First Lord, the 2nd Earl Spencer, soliciting the vacancy 'spontaneously', he said. This is one of those extremely rare deviations from the strict truth, it would seem, which Banks permitted himself as far as we can judge him in this way'". An ' Lloyd to Banks, 4 November 1795, DTC. 9. 311-314; DTC. 9. 315-316. * Banks to Lloyd, 13 November 1795, NLW. MS. 12415. 42. Lloyd's letters were published in Phil. Trans. Hay. Soc. Lxxxvi (i); 34-45: Abraham Mills's reports were published in Phil. Trans. Ray. Soc. Lx.x.\vi (i) : 45-51; read before the Society, 17 December 1795. ^ Banks to Leslie. 8 November 1795, DTC. 9. 302. * Steel to Banks, 9 November 1795, UY Banks MS. * Banks to Hamilton, 17 November 1795, BM. Egerion MS. 2641. 157-158. ' Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1796. lxxxvi (ii) : 353-381. Written by Edward Whitaker Gray, F.R.S., from the letters provided by Banks. ' Banks to Hamilton, 17 November 1795, BM.A.MS. 2641. 157-158. ' Betty to Banks. 26 November 1795, DTC. 9. 28. * Elizabeth Bligh to Banks, 5 December 1795, DTC. 9. 321-322. '" Banks to 2nd Earl Spencer, 10 December 1795, DTC. 9. 326-327. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 319 immediate reply from the Earl on the same day [10 Dec] said that the Greenwich vacancy was already filled but that he could promise Bligh a larger 64-gun ship at the end of his present cruise^. For this dispensation Banks was duly grateful to his Lordship and was himself sure that this advance would do much to heal Bligh's spirits wounded as they were by the unjust actions against him by the relatives of the Bounty mutineers^. Unaware of this brightening turn to his future Bligh meanwhile had been cruising off the Texel coast vainly seeking Admiral Duncan and was now sheltering in Yarmouth Roads where the Calcutta had narrowly escaped fire from a nearby timber ship. [25 Dec] This Christmas newsletter was seasoned with a hopeful quid pro quo. Bligh, in passing his Pacific charts over to Aaron Arrowsmith for engraving had named an island group north of the New Hebrides after Banks'. Another aspect of the war also intruded to emphasise the web of confidences spun from 32 Soho Square. On 16 September the Dutch garrison at the Cape of Good Hope under Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon had surrendered to a British fleet under Admiral Elphinstone. Before the month was out the Colonel had been driven to suicide by his compatriots, leaving a widow and a small sheep flock. Both were destined to come under Banks's notice. On 21 December Henry Dundas from the Board of Control submitted to Banks a long questionnaire on the Cape colony of the Dutch East India Company, its products and potential''. In the course of his reply Banks specifically noted the state of the sheep population and the presence there of the small flock of Spanish Merinos developed by Colonel Gordon. Within the next two years most of these animals were destined to sail for Port Jackson in New South Wales on board H.M.S. Reliance, Captain Henry Waterhouse, and H.M.S. Supply, Lieutenant William Kent. Here we have a first glimpse of a small asset of the war that was later to be a significant catalyst in the European colonisation of the new lands in the Southern Hemisphere. At last, just before the end of the year on 29 December came George Noe himself to report a successful end to his Russian journey with the plants for the Empress Catherine. The interview clearly followed the pattern of numberless others, prob- ably in the 'unarrangd regularity' of his 'little den', the study or 'small Library' which opened off the entrance hall at the foot of the staircase^. Here probably at the big desk under the long studio window Banks jotted down his notes of what Noe told him and soon after these were re-drafted into an urgent letter to James Bland Burges the same day*. Banks was now very anxious to meet Burges at 'the ofirce that we may finish the affair' as soon as he returned from his retreat at Eltham beyond Greenwich. Three weeks passed and there was no word from Burges. In * 2nd Earl Spencer to Banks, 10 December 1795, DTC. 9. 328. * Banks to 2nd Earl Spencer. [11 December 1795], DTC. 9. 332. ' Bligh to Banks. 25 December 1795, DTC. 9. 333-335. ' Bruce to Banks, 21 December 1795, SL Banks MS. A3 : 18. In his answer to the questionnaire, assessing the products of the colony, he notes '. . . altho the Spanish [Merino] sheep have been introduced by Colonel Gordon little expense has been incurred or trouble taken by the Settlers in spreading them". There was time enough for this information to reach Port Jackson and have an influence on later events before Captain Waterhouse and Lieutenant Kent sailed for the Cape in late September 1796. ' MS. notes by Banks. SL Banks MS. Ru i : 50. ■* Banks to Burges, 29 December 1795, Kew B.C. 2. 130. 320 H. B. CARTER that irritating interval, however, there were still the felicities of the Christmas season to be attended to, especially his thanks to James Edward Smith for the fine Norfolk turkeys his wife had procured for him [3 Jan.] with sapient remarks on turkeys in generaP. Captain Bhgh was able [7 Jan.] from H.M.S. Calcittta to announce his commission to H.M.S. Director with Lord Spencer's permission to take with him all his officers and men to the new ship. Nevertheless he still clung to hopes of Banks's support for future appointment to Greenwich Hospital^. Problems of naval unease were never far from Soho Square and there was also the shadow of that other thorny character. Captain George \'ancouver, the Camelford incident, and the arrest of Archibald Menzies yet to be set straight with the Duke of Portland as Home Secre- tary. The home affairs of Lincolnshire were no less insistent than those of the nation. John Parkinson senior of Asgarby was now the steward for the Revesby and Holland estates in the place of the Benjamin Stephenson of Mareham-le-Fen, dead since the pre\-ious Jul}-. He was now assisted by James Roberts, the boy of sLxteen who had set out with Banks as his sei-^-ant on the Endeavour in 176S. They were both now somewhat concerned at the dissatisfaction of the tenants expressed during the last rent collection in December when many had thought the increase announced to them as not wholly fair. This seemed to revert to the question of whether the surveyed areas were correct and this in turn impugned the accuracy of Thomas Stone who had recently completed this task for Banks. Parkinson^ raised this in his letter of 7 January and promptly Banks answered on 9 January that he would forthwith ask Stone to explain the discrepancies*. He promised justice to his tenants, especially the old, and would rectify the errors on his next visit to Revesby. There was also a call on his advice about the future of his young relative Henry Hawley at Oxford^, only son of his cousin Sir Henrj' Hawley, ist bart. [6 Jan.] Young Henry hankered after the Guards but had been dissuaded by the logic of Banks's arguments and had returned for the time being to his University. Banks, however, was disturbed at this easy compliance [8 Jan.] and hoped that he was really convinced and not merely swayed by adult pressure^. There was time also to answer a very old correspondent', Johann Ludwig Formey, F.R.S., Secretary of the Berhn Academy, [9 Jan.] whose letter of 29 November he had just received*. His reply was a polite envy of his old friend's friendship with the great ones of Europe - Voltaire, Maupertuis, D'Alem- bert - and a speculation that ' Prussia may stand in the breach between England and France'. From Dr. James Edward Smith he sought information about the effects of the November earthquake' in or about Nonvich. [11 Jan.] While Banks was engaged in seismology John Sibthorp at thirty-eight was dying at Bath and dating his will [12 Jan.] which was so soon to become a preoccupation at Soho * Banks to Smith. 3 January 1796, Smith MS. i : 92-93. * Bhgh to Banks, 7 January' 1796, DTC. 10 (i). 1-2. " Parkinson to Banks, 7 January 1796, BM..4.MS. 43837. 8-9. * Banks to Parkinson, 9 January 1796, BM.A.MS. 43837. 10. * Hawley to Banks, 6 January 1796, UY Banks MS. * Banks to Hawley, 8 January 1796. UY Banks MS. ' Banks to Formey, [9 January 1796], Kew B.C. 3. 12; DTC. 10 (i). 5-6. * Formey to Banks, [29 November 1796]. BM.A.MS. 8098. 39-40. * Banks to Smith, 11 January 1796. Smith MS. i ; 94. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 321 Square as he ensured the future of his Flora Graeca and a new chair in Rural Economy to be held by the Sherardian Professor of Botany at Oxford^. Problems of rural economy were indeed many and none more insistent than that of the wheat supplies, the grinding of flour and the making of bread. This then was the substance of a long technical discourse [13 Jan.] on the mechanics of stone hand-mills to Stephen Digby, ranger of Richmond Park, who had sought Banks's advice^. All these things and very much more had occupied the dark days through December and January. There was in particular the steady work with Jonas Dryander, diverted from the Catalogns . . . , classifying the botanical gatherings from China brought more than a year before by the Macartney Embassy. This involved frequent correspondence with Sir George Leonard Staunton^ as each batch was finished [23 Dec, 26 Dec. 1795 ; 6 Jan., 23 Jan., 24 Jan. 1796]. To all this was added the collections by Archibald Menzies on the long Vancouver voyage of 1790-1795 which had ended when the ships H.M.S. Discovery and H.M.S. Chatham anchored in the Thames on 20 and 17 October respectively. From these Banks not only received at Soho Square their fascinating new accessions to botany from the Pacific coasts of the Americas and the islands of that ocean but also the whole tangled business of another contretemps between the Navy and science. There was the problem of Menzies's arrest to resolve and his future to ensure at least until his journals and his collections were put into a fit state for the world to see and to use*. None of these things could detract from the nagging irritation of a task completed but an account unpaid. Three weeks' silence from James Bland Burges in retire- ment at Elton was more than Banks was now prepared to allow and on 19 January he felt impelled to 'aim another Shot' in that direction'. This was a masterly discharge compounded of a just claim and an unusual display of bared feelings. It was enough to shock any civil servant into action however bruised and gout-ridden he may in fact have been. A quick exchange of letters followed^ and accounts checked and cross-checked. [20, 22, 23 Jan.] These disposed of the main problems as Burges agreed to relieve Banks of further trouble and pass the matter into the obscure channels of the Foreign office for ultimate - very ultimate - settlement from the Contingency Fund'. With this assurance but clearly with his private doubts Banks at least saw that the good and faithful George Noe should not stand in want. On 4 February he paid the final amount due to Noe for salary and expenses - £56. 17. 5 - leaving Sir Joseph himself now with a total sum owing from an un- concerned Government of £162. o. 6 and - as far as we know - no official word of thanks from any quarter. For three years the debt remained unpaid until 6 Febru- ary 1799 when Mr. Thomas Bidwell sr., Chief Clerk at the Foreign Office 'took the ' Copy of the will of John Sibthorp, ii January 1796, BM.A.MS, 33980. 49-50; DTC. 15. 294-297 ^ Banks to Digby, 13 January 1796, DTC. 10 (1). 9-10. ' Banks to Staunton, 23, 26 December 1795; 6, 23, 24 January 1796, SL Banks MS. [BM(SC), Mf. 28]. • Banks to Duke of Portland. 3 February 1796, DTC. 10 (i). 15-16. ^ Banks to Burges, iq January 1796, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 11. « Burges to Banks. 20 January 1796; 22 January 1796; Banks to Burges, 23 January 1796, SL Banks MS. Ru I : 19-20. ' Note by Thomas Bidwell sr. in MS. volume of Foreign Office Contingency Fund accounts, now in Foreign Office Library, dated 11 February 1799. 322 H. B. CARTER liberty of enclosing a draft for £102 being the amount spent by Sir Joseph on His Majesty's service'. This was all that George Hammond, Burges's successor as Under-Secretary, had authorised. What further shots were fired by Banks we do not know. There remains only that bare footnote to the account : ' I received the whole of the money Feb 11 1799 being exactly 3 years after 1 had paid it & nobody has Thankd me'^. Perhaps by then he was bej^ond further words. Certainly it would not be easy to advance beyond those unusual, scathing, even bitter comments to Burges three years before : ' ... If I am to do all to write all to direct all & to pay all & no human being feel inclined to thank me I shall I fear in due time feel as Sulky as a measly Sow who has lost her scrubbing Post '^. It is probable that Time, since those harsh words, had eased the original irritation, the frustration and the sense of official ingratitude. His very private form of pubUc sers'ice had indeed been recognised by his elevation to the Privy Council on 29 March 1797, although even this was merely making de iure what had been for some years de facto. It is possible that he was more than commonly exhausted in spirit as well as in body after the harrowing months of illness during 1798, which had confined him at Spring Grove and from which he certainly had not recovered in February' t799- However, it is much more likely that in spite of his very evident infirmitv he was simply dismissing the matter as of no further importance to him when so much else was immediately claiming his attention. He was in fact immersed again in the problem of plant transport by sea to distant latitudes. This centred round the fitting out of the first H.M.S. Porpoise to sail for Port Jackson under the future Governor of that colony, Captain Philip Gidley King. It is another case in the long series of naval problems associated with Banks's unwearying attempts to move plants of scientific and commercial value across the oceans of the world or, in a wider context, to marry Science and the Sea. From the days of the Endeavour and the disappointment of the Resolution to the present case of the Porpoise there had been a chain of tricky compromises to be found between naval ideas of sea- worthiness and the notion of effective scientific service. In this sequence both Banks and the Navy Board had learned much not only about each other but about the inescapable problems set when something other than aids to sailing or fighting were added to one of the King's ships. The ghost of the old Resolution argument might seem to hover over the Porpoise and the difficulty of accommodating her 'garden', but in the end she was condemned and discarded as a ship of unfit design and sailing capability regardless of any contentious plant cabins on the quarter deck. Meanwhile the long, involved, and finally unsuccessful attempts of all concerned to make the Porpoise fit for the voyage briefly brought the experience with the Uttle Venus into the calculations of what might be possible. Captain King mentioned to Banks on 6 Febniar\' 1799 that the master of the vessel 'has found it absolutely necessary to write officially to the Navy Board, and has stated the necessity for removing the plant-cabin from the quarter deck, and has • Bidwcll to Banks, 6 February 1799. SL Banks MS. Ru i : 29. • MS. account of money spent, February 1796, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 30. ' Banks to Burges. 19 January 1796. SL Banks MS. Ru 1:11. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 323 suggested the propriety of its being placed in the ' tween decks ''. There is no rancour here for King added : ' Should the Navy Board see the necessity for this request being agreed to, I shall very much lament the disappointment that will attend your benevolent exertions and endeavours to benefit a place that owes so much to your bounty and well-directed efforts, which I fear will be frustrated in the present instance, unless you think the plants can have a chance by being placed between decks.' The closeness and goodwill with which the naval officers worked with Banks were underlined by the presence of the first Governor of the Colony, Captain Arthur Phillip, who, said King, 'is now standing by me' even as he wrote and who was ready to add the weight of his experience. Banks thus had ample time for reflection before the Navy Board did in fact write to him on g February with the essence of Lieutenant William Scott's strong views arising from the ship's very alarming crank behaviour on her passage round from the Downs to Portsmouth. The Board had indeed judged 'it proper the plant-room on the quarter deck should be taken away'. There was here also a note of consideration as the Board added : ' We therefore request to have your opinion on the propriety of placing it between decks, in the manner Mr. Scott has proposed'-. It was a strange chance that on the very day that he could record the closing of his account with the Foreign Office over the debt of three years' standing for the expenses of the Venus and her successful cargo to Russia he was now prompted by the Navy Board to recall the episode, as he answered its letter on 11 February'. He laid claim, he said, to no great experience in the management of plants between the decks of a ship and could not be answerable for the success of the measures proposed by Lieutenant Scott. Then he said : ' I once sent a cargo of plants from the Royal Gardens at Kew to St. Petersburgh. They were stowed in the hold of a small vessel, and all of them arrived safe at Cronstadt, tho' they had a long and boisterous passage. I have also frequently received Uving plants from the East Indies that have been preserved during the long passage from thence to Europe in the cabbins of passengers. I am therefore of opinion that in case good care is taken of the plants in their intended situation between decks, and all opportunities of giving them air made use of, that the largest part of the cargo will arrive safe at its destination, unless the passage is unusually unfortunate. . .'. By coincidence the weights of the two floating gardens in this comparison were almost the same : on H.M.S. Porpoise 3 tons 3 cwt. 3 qr. ; on the Venus 3 tons i cwt. 22 lb,, weights large enough in these small vessels to be a potent factor in their bearing on the ship's behaviour at sea according to their placement. In the end after another year of mishaps and delay to the acute frustration of all concerned, not least George Caley, another ship had to be found. The plant garden, however, survived well enough in its new situation to be transferred to the new Por- poise in which it made the voyage with moderate success only under the care of George Suttor alone in a situation between the main and the mizzen mast. Thus, by the end of the eighteenth century, the episode of the Venus and her plant cargo for the Empress Catherine II had played its small part in adding a modicum ' King to Banks, 6 February 1799. HRNSW. Ill, .533-534. 2 Navy Board to Banks, 9 February 1799. HRNSW. Ill, 536. ' Baniis to Navy Board, 11 February 1799, HRNSW. Ill, 538-539. 324 H. B. CARTER of experience and guidance in the organised dispersal of plant species by man. With the advent of the new century from the mistakes and failures of the old the transport of living plants both for economic and scientific reasons quickly settled into an established and fairly smooth routine even for the longest voyage to and from the Antipodes. The circumstances of the year 1795 surrounding the episode of the Venus and her diplomatic cargo may also be viewed as a revealing glimpse of the general pattern of Banks's working year during the last and most influential thirty years of his life. KEY TO THE DOCUMENTS The sources of the documents cited in this bulletin and the abbreviations used are as presented here : ATL Alexander Turnbull Librarj-, Wellington, New Zealand. By registration number. Auckland Inst. -Auckland Institute and Museum, Auckland, New Zealand. By registration number. BAO Birmingham Assay Office, Birmingham. Boulton and Watt Correspondence. Not numbered. BM British Museum, Bloomsbury, London. .'Additional Manuscripts and Egerton Manuscripts. By registration number and folio. BM(SC) British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington, London. Copies of the Banks 'Sheep and Wool' papers in the Sutro Library, San Francisco, California. By microfilm number, section, and frame. Dawson MS. Manuscripts in the collection of the late Warren R. Dawson, Esq. By volume number and folio. DTC Dawson Turner Copies of the Banks Correspondence in the Botany Department, British Museum (Natural History). By volume number and folio. de Beer Coll. Manuscripts in the collection of the late Sir Gavin de Beer. By serial number. FMC FitzwiUiam Museum, Cambridge. By serial number. Fortescue MS. Manuscripts in the collection of the late Sir John William Fortescue. Un- numbered. Hawley MS. Manuscripts in the collection of Sir David Hawley. 7th Bart., Mareham-le-Fen, Lincolnshire. Unnumbered. Hill Coll. Manuscripts in the collection of Sir Francis Hill now in the Lincolnshire Archives Office. By file and serial number. HRNSW Historical Records of New South Wales. Edited by Frank Murcott Bladen, 8 vols., Sydney, 1892- 1901. By volume number and page. 10 Records of the Honourable East India Company, now in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. By volume and serial number. Kew B.C. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey. Banks Correspondence. By volume and serial number. Lindsey Letters and papers relating to Lincolnshire in the Lindsey County Library, Lincoln. By registration number. ML Mitchell Library, Library of New South Wales, Sydney. By registration number, volume, and folio number. NLW National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth. By volume and serial number. Nichols L.A. Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century. By John Nichols and John Bowyer Nichols. 8 vols, 1817-1858. By volume and page. PML Pierpont Morgan Library, New York. Not numbered. RS The Royal Society of London. By file and serial number. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 325 Sinclair MS. Manuscripts in the collection of the Viscount Thurso of Ulbster, Thurso, Caithness. Not numbered. Smith MS. The correspondence and papers of Sir James Edward Smith in the collection of the Linnean Society of London. By volume and folio. SL Sutro Library, University of San Francisco, California. By alphabetical order of subject and folio. UY Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Banks Correspondence. Ar- ranged in chronological order, unnumbered. The documents presented in the ensuing pages of this bulletin were transcribed from Microfilm No. 12 (in the custody of the author) of the papers of Sir Joseph Banks in the Sutro Library, now in the precincts of the University of San Francisco. In these and all other relevant documents the editorial procedure followed is identical with that used formerly by the author in the book His Majesty's Spanish Flock, published in 1964. This implies that the idiosyncratic details of each document (in spelling, use of capitals, abbreviations, punctuation, etc.) are presented as closely as modem typography conveniently allows. However, in this bulletin, an exception is made in the case of all identifiable scientific names of plants. These are by con- vention given in italics and in the modern spelling wherever they occur. All documents which may be attributed to Sir Joseph Banks as the author, whether in his autograph or not, are identified by an asterisk thus *. The same symbol identifies any annotation in the autograph of Banks on any document and these are set within square brackets, thus [*...]. Where words or phrases are deleted in draft or other documents these are presented in italics between obliques, thus / . . ./ as far as these can be discerned and placed appropriately. In two cases (Banks to Burges 5 May 1795 and also 6 May 1795), where separate versions of the same document occur in Banks's autograph (the draft and the final form), both are given. These are useful examples of Banks's common working method even in the small details of his correspondence. They illustrate his general care in drafting even minor letters and the relative status of the first scribbled draft compared with the version actually sent. THE DOCUMENTS Sir Joseph Banks ael. c. 51 BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 329 1793 November 15 Whitehall Her Majesty having done Sir Watkin Williams the honour to lay her commands upon him for Monday next, he has requested Lord Grenville to submit to your Majesty his humble request to be allowed to wear your Majesty's uniform. Lord GrenvUle at the same time takes the liberty to trouble your Majesty with the expression of Sir Watkin WiUiam's sense of your Majesty's goodness to him with respect to the Lieutenancy of Merionethshire. Lord GrenvUle begs leave also humbly to request to be honoured with your Majesty's commands respecting the letter from Sir Charles Whit worth on the subject of the seeds and plants desired by the Grand Duchess from your Majesty's garden at Kew^. 1793 November 16 Windsor Lord Grenville is to acquaint Sir Watkin Williams that I shall be very glad to see him in my uniform as also to confer on Wednesday the Lieutenancy of Merioneth- shire on him. I shall order the seeds wished for the Russian Empress's garden to be collected at Kew and such plants as in the present early state of cultivation can be spared to be sent at the proper season to Petersburgh. Lord GrenviUe will notify this to Sir Charles Whitworth^. 1795 May 4 Downing Street I have the Honor to acquaint you that, since you was here this morning, I have had a notice from the Russia Company, that the Jemima, Cap' Metcalfe, will sail for [St.] Petersburgh on the 15"' of this month. If your arrangements for conveying the Plants can be finished by that time, I am assured that Cap* Metcalfe may safely be intrusted with the care of them. 1 have the Honor to be with the most perfect truth and respect. . .' 1795 May 5 Soho Square *if by telling me in your Favor of yesterday that "Capt Metcalfe may safely be intrusted with the Care of the Plants " you mean that he has SkUl to take care of them during their Passage, I will readily undertake to put them on board the Jemima before the is"" ins*, but if otherwise I by no means advise their being sent to Sea till midsummer at the soonest if you recollect that we England Shall not for a month to Come venture to expose our most Hardy green house plants to the open air, you will probably agree with me that hot house Plants which are the principal Object of the Grand duchesses request, ^ Lord GrenvUle to H.M. King George III, 15 November 1793, Forlescue MS. William Wyndham Grenville, Baron Grenville (1759-1834). Foreign Secretary 1791-1801, and first cousin to the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806). 2 H.RI. King George III to Lord Grenville, 16 November 1793, Fortescue MS. ^ Burges to Banks, 4 May 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 2. Sir James Bland Burges, ist bart. (1752- 1824), LTnder-secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1789-1795 when he retired from the Foreign Office to make way for George Hammond (q.v.); later known as Sir James Lamb, after 1824. 330 H. B. CARTER cannot safely be venturd on the Baltic at this Season of the year unless perhaps the Captain Consents to fit up his Cabbin with Flues for the purpose of Protecting them I have the honor to be with the most perfect Truth & Regard ... * 1795 May 5 [Soho Square] *if by telling me that " Capt Metcalfe may safely be intrusted with the care of the Plants", you mean that he has Skill to take Charge of them during their Passage I will readily undertake to put them on board the Jemima before the 15"' inst but if otherwise, I by no means advise their being put on board until near midsummer time. if you recollect that we in England Shall not for near a month venture to expose our most hardy green house Plants to the open air, you will probably agree with me that hothouse Plants which are the Principal object of the grand Ducheses request cannot safely be /jw/trusted to Cross the Baltic at this Season of the year except perhaps the Capt Consents to have his Cabbin made into a hothouse for the Purpose^ 1795 May 5 Downing S' Give me leave without loss of time to assure you that I do not mean to vouch in any degree for the skill of Cap' Metcalfe, of whom I know nothing personally. I should on the contrary suppose that he is entirely unskilled in the management of Plants, and that it will be necessary for you to send an experienced Gardiner whenever your Cargo is put on board. Your reasoning with respect to the propriety of delay- ing the transport of the Plants till a later period in the Season strikes me as being perfectly just ; but as you must be the best judge of the period when they ought to go, I shall be obliged to you if you will let me know of the arrangement being settled, that I may be enabled immediately to obey Lord Granville's order by applying again to the Russia Company for their recommendation of a proper vessel. I have the Honour to be with the sincerest respect and regard . . . [*May 6 Saw M'' Burgess & laid before him the Paper intitled Articles of Charge which he approvd]'. 1795 May 6 Soho Square *in Answer to your Favor of yesterday I have the honor to inform you that I have receivd The King's Commands to Select from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew as Compleat a Collection of Exotic Plants as can possibly be Spard, which his majesty intends as a present to the grand Duchess of all the Russias His Majesty has moreover been Pleasd to Direct that Plans & Elevations of the Principal Hothouses at Kew be immediately Prepard by the clerk of the Works, in order that they may be Sent with the Plants & has orderd one of his own Gardiners to Proceed to S' Petersburgh in the Ship which w ill Carry them, who will be instructed to take charge of them during the voyage & to give such information Respecting the * Banks to Burges, 5 May 1 795. PML, Banks MS. * Banks to Burges, 5 May 1795. SL Banks MS. Ru i : 2 [draft]. ' Burges to Banks, 5 May 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 3. BANKS AM) I^LANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 331 English mode of Culture as the Grand Duchesses Gardiners may wish to Receive from him. in order that this Collection may be Properly Securd from the influence of Sea water during the Passage, it will be necessary that the whole of the great Cabbin of the Ship on board of which they are Embarkd, be appropriated to their accomoda- tion ; a Proper fire place must be Constructed in it, in order that a Fire may be kept up in case chilly nights during the Passage render that precaution necessary & a bed place must be made for the Gardiner as near the Plants as Possible. An Extra Provision of water will also be necessary, which must be taken on board as near to the time of the Ship's departure as may be, in case the weather proves very Sunny & hot a Butt a week may be necessary during the whole Passage The Proper time for the Ship to Sail is between the 24"^ of June & the 24"' of July ; before midsummer we are Uable to Frost in the nights in this Climate & after the end of August winter approaches Fast in the high Latitude of S' Petersburgh I have the honor to be Sir with Real Regard & Esteem your very Faithfull Hble Serv'. . .^ 1795 May 6 [Soho Square] *in answer to your Favor of yesterday I have the honor to inform you that I have receivd the King's Commands to Select from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew as Compleat a Collection of Exotic Plants as can be Possibly Spard which his Majesty intends as a Present to the Grand Duchess of all the Russias his Majesty has moreover been pleasd to direct that Plans & Elevations of the Principal hothouses at Kew be immediately prepard by the Clerk of the Works in order that they may be Sent with the Plants & also [that one off directed jorderdj one of his own Gardiners jthere shallj to Proceed with ihejml Collection! to S* Peters burgh jas adviser &j take Charge of them during the Voyage & jtoj give such informa- tion concerning the Culture of them as the Grand Duchesses Gardeners may have occasion to receive when the}' are carried on Shore in order that the Collection may be Properly Securd during the Passage by Sea from the dangers to which Plants are subject from the neighbourhood of Salt water, it will be necessary that the great Cabbin of the Ship on board which they are Embarkd be wholly given up for their accomodation a proper Fire Place must also be fixd in it & Fuel Imust also bej provided that in case chilly nights during the passage should Render the Precaution necessary a fire may be kept up & a Standing bed place for the Gardiner Placd as near the Plants as possible an extra provision of water will also be necessary which must be taken on board as near the time of the Ship's departure as possible, if the weather proves very Sunny & hot a Butt a week may be necessary The Proper time for the Ship to Sail jshoiddl is between the 24 of June & the 24"' of July before midsummer we are in danger of Frosty nights in this climate & after the End of August jauhimnj winter approaches fast in the high Latitude of S' Petersburgh^ ' Banks to Burges, 6 May 1795, ATL. No. 112. ^ Banks to Burges, 6 May 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 5. 332 H. B. CARTER 1795 May 6 [Soho Square] ♦Articles of Charge' A Gardiner who should be taken from the Kings Establishment at Kew next week to Carry messages & Prepare himself &c at one guinea a week Say for 6 months 27 for his Extra Maintenance while at Petersburgh wliere he must appear like a Gentleman Say 6 weeks at a guinea a week 6 Gratuity for his cloth[e]s &c 30 for his Passage out & home & his Maintenance while on board .... 21 Gratuity to a man or boy to assist in watering Plants Removing Pots &c on board 2 For freight of Plants which ought to occupy the whole of the great Cabbin 52 Cost of a Stage to place them upon in the Great Cabbin to advantage . 20 Cost of Carrying the Plants from Kew to the Ship with a Mate to the Gardiner at Kew 5 jCost of Removing d° from the Ship to the Grand Duchesses Garden j Garden Tools for his use on board & when he assists at S' Petersburgh . 3 16 10 o Memorandums if the Plants are not Placd in the great Cabbin a hutch must be built to Receive them on deck which will cost near £50 but in that Case the Freight will be less & the Stage will not be wanted outward bound they will Require an extra provision of water say a Butt a week homeward a hogshead a week a Standing bed place for the Gardiner should be provided as near the Plants as possible The Ship Should Sail between the 26"' of June & the 24"" of July Proper Fuel must be provided to Keep a Fire in the Cabbin in Case of chilly nights while at Sea Gratuity to M"' Brown for making Plans & Elevations of the Hothouses at Kew 10 . . 10 . . o 178 . . 2 . . o 188 .. 12 . . o This was Exhibited to M^ Burgess May 6 1796 [sic] & he approvd all the charges in ink 1795 May 8 Threadneedle Street Mf Forster presents his compHments to S"" Joseph Banks, the Russia Company have as a Company no ships nor strictly speaking any fund, they lay a small duty on Importations for defraying necessary expences, & the surplus is the only sum they have the command of, which can only be disposed of by a resolution of the Council of Assistants where the proposition hinted at by S'' Joseph Banks might probably meet with a variety of opinions, & might become the subject of a discussion which perhaps it might be better not to hazard. - • Banks to Surges, 6 May 1795, MS. estimates and memoranda, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 4. • Forster to Banks. 8 May 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 35. 1/95 June 14 BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 *22 Feet by 16 — I of an inch to a Foot Platform for the Venus's hold June 14 1795' 333 Leaves 244 square Feet for the Stowage of Plants 16 X 22 = 352 X 6 = 2112 Cubic feet of space 53 Tons measure 1795 June 15 Soho Square *as I had a private intimation from M"" Forster Juni" that the Venus is the only merchant Ship likely to Sail for S' Petersburg within the Limits of the Time that appears most EUgible for Sending away the Grand Duchesses Plants, I conclude you have received similar information officialy from his Father the Governor of the Russia Company, if not I request you to make the Enquiry that I may be sure I am acting upon Certain grounds I yesterday went on board the Venus, she is very Small for tho She is Rated at 100 Tons in her Freight bill. She does not measure much more than 70, her Cabbin is only 8 Feet 4 by 6 Feet 3 so that no Possible use can be made of it for our Purposes, 1 Sketch plan by Sir Joseph Banks of the dimensions of the hold in the ]'eiius, 14 June 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru 1:41. 334 H. B. CARTER in her hold I can get a Platform large enough to Contain a sufficient number of Plants, but I wish to avoid that measure, for the Plants when in a Cabbin which has plenty of Light & Air, Continue healthy & Flourishing during a long \oyage, in a hold thev are liable if bad weather happens to be so long deprivd of both the one & the other that if not Quite Killd their beauty is materially impaird & in the case of a Present you will I am sure agree with me that it is very desirable for the Object presented to be in the best Possible Condition at the moment it is Receivd. For this Reason I am clearly of Opinion that it will be desirable to ask the Admiralty for one of the Indiamen that have been newly Equipped for their Service, if we could obtain the Calcutta Capt Bligh's Ship which now lies at Long Reach, his Experience in the Care of Plants at Sea will be of infinite use to the undertaking. & his name wUl add not a little to the Compliment, indeed I think it will be Compleat if the Foreman of the Royal Botanic Garden attends the Plants, as is intended, & Capt. Bligh carries them out. in the meantime I Shall arrange myself in such a manner as will Enable me to take advantage of Either Plan, Early this morn I shall go to Kew, Set the Foreman to work & Forward the Selection &c of Plants that all may be ready in that department & that whatever the destination may be I may be read}' to adopt it I Shall be glad to hear from you on the Subject as soon as you have anything to communicate a letter by this nights Post directed to me at the Queens Lodge Windsor will find me tomorrow morning occupied with the Kings Flock & Consequently in Condition to Communicate to my Royal master anything on the subject which may be thought necessary to make him acquainted with on Wednesday my address will be Spring grove near Hounslow on Thursday Soho Square' beleive me my dear Sir with unfeignd Esteem & Regard Your Faithfull Hble Servant Jos : Banks 1795 June 15 Soho Square *as I have had a private intimation from M'' Forster Jun'' that the Venus is the only merchant Ship likely to Sail for S' Petersburgh within tlie Limits of the Time that appears most Eligible for Sending away the Grand Duchesses plants I conclude that you have receivd The Same information olilicialy from his Father the Governor of the Russia Company if not I request you will make Enquiry that I may be sure I am acting upon Certain Grounds I this day went on board the Venus she is very Small for tho She is rated in her Freight bills at 100 She does not measure much more than 70 Tons her Cabbin is 63 by 8-4 & She has only 2 Stern lights of 2-1 by 1-3 & one small Sky light so ' Hanks to Burgcs, 15 June 1795. Auckland Inst. cS: Mus., B.2. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KF.W FOR RUSSIA 1795 335 that no use can possibly be made of it for our Purpose, in her hold I can get a Platform if [?] large Enough jfor my purpose/ but I wish to avoid that measure if Possible for Plants when in [a] Cabbin Continue healthy during a Long voyage what- ever the weather may be but in the hold they are liable if bad weather happens to be so long deprivd of Light & Free air that if they are not Quite Killd they lose much of their beauty which in the Case of a Present it is very desirable that the Object Presented be in the best Condition possible at the moment when it is receivd For this Reason Sir I am clearly of opinion that it will be desirable to ask the admiralty for one of the India men that have been newly Equipped in their Service, if we could obtain the Calcutta the Ship which Capt Bligh Commands now lying in Long Reach his Experience in the Care of Plants at sea will be of great use to the undertaking & his name will add not a little to the Compliment indeed I think it will be Compleat if The Foreman of the Royal Botanic Garden attends the Plants as is intended & Capt Bligh Carries them in the meantime I Shall arrange myself in such manner as will Enable me to take advantage of Either plan Early tomorrow I will visit Kew & Set the Foreman at work & Forward the Selection of Plants that all in that department may be ready & that whatever the destination may be I may be ready to adopt it I Shall be glad to hear from you on the Subject as soon as you have anything to Communicate a Letter by this nights Post directed to me at the Queens Lodge Windsor will find me jocctipiedj on Tuesday morn occupied with the Kings Flock consequently in condition to Communicate to my Royal Master anything on the subject it may be necessary for him to be acquainted with' 1795 June 15 Understanding that you are in want of a Vessel to carry out Plants to Petersburgh and that you was fearful the Vessel you was looking at yesterday would be too shallow in the Hold being only 9 feet I took the liberty of waiting on you with a tender of a I Vessel! "^'<"T fine roomy Vessel lying now in the River Thames and ready to proceed to Petersburgh, She is ii| feet deep which perhaps may answer you better and the Captain is a steady careful Man & will I am confident pay every attention to the safety of what is intrusted to him and will go upon very moderate Terms - Should you wish for any further Information or be inclined to Treat a Message or a few Lines will be particularly attended to. . .[P.S.] The Vessels name is the Charlotte Capt Sheriff 120 Tons Measurement or 160 Tons Burden 11 J feet deep lying in Addermans Chain - ^ 1795 June 16 10 P.M. Downing Street I have lost no time in laying your Letter of yesterday before Lord Grenville and the Admiralty Board ; and I am sorry to be obliged to acquaint you, that I see no ^ Banks to Burges, 15 June 1795. SL Banks MS. Ru i : 6 [draft]. ^ Robertson to Banks, 15 June 1795, SL Banks MS. F I Rec"i and the platform will be ready on Thursday Eve[n]ing So you may send the plants down on Thursday night or early on friday morning which you think will be the safest for them for should they have to Lay in the Lighter all night perhaps they might happen some misfortune from some other vessel get[t]ing foul of the Lighter but you can act as you think proper in the business for we shall have plenty of time to save the convoy - 1 shall clear on Saturday and Sail early on Sunday morning — I have wrote to the carpinter desireing him to come on board & to do any thing [that] may be wanting before the plants come along side . . . ■• 1795 July 2 [Kew] Herewith I send you the Catalogue of the plants for the Arch Dutchess I believe it is correct & I hope will meet your approbation, I would have sent a jbetterj neater Copy but shipping the plants & other directions I have been necessitated to attend to today would not allow of it, I have added a few remarks in pencil as they jmayj struck me. The Stove plants do not run Alphabetically because I could not refrain to start off with Strelitzia the others do, in the List I have kept the Botanj' Bay plants together which I hope you will approve. In all there are upwards of 300 pots & 3'ou will perceive 226 Species. I have the Honor to be Sir. . .^ ' Banks to Vickerman, 28 June 1 795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 43. * Jonas Dryander (1748-1810), botanist and librarian at 32 Soho Square; original fellow and librarian of the Linnaean Society of London, 1788; vice-president. Linnacan Society: compiler of Ca/a/o^H5 i^ift/io- thecac HistoricoSahiralis Josephi Banks Baroneti, 1796-1800. ^ William Cartlich. clerk to Sir Joseph Banks at 32 Soho Square. * \'ickerman to Banks. 30 June 1795. SL Banks MS. Ru i : 42. ' .Viton to Banks. 2 July 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 39. William Townsend .\iton (1766 1849), suc- cessor to his father William .-\iton (1731-1793) as head gardener at the Ro>'al Botanic Ganiens at Kew in 179^ ; a founder and original fellow of the Roval Horticultural Society: editor of Hortus Kewensis, 3rd ed., 1810-1813. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 339 1795 July 2 [Kew] stove Plants' I Strelit:ia reginae 2 Fuchsia coccinia 3 Crinutn /Botany Bay/ 4 Polygala bracteolata 5 Dracaena Jerrea 6 marginata 7 Clusia flava 8 Calophyllxim calaha 9 Xylophylla latijolia 10 Calycantlius praecox I Euphorbia jsp/ t^ Pelargonium crithmifolium 3 glaucum 4 Erodium hymenodes 5 incarnattim 0 Myytus pinienta 7 Ixora coccinea 8 Solatium auriculatum t9 Moraea norlhiana new species from Bra; zil 20 Solandra grandiftora 21 Datura arborea 2 Salvia violacea 3 coccinea 4 Haenianthus niultiflorus 5 Chloranthus inconspicuus 6 Sisyrinchimn striatum 7 A ntirrhinum macrocarpum 8 Tradescantia discolor 9 Murraya exotica 30 Pothos lanceolata I Caryota urens 2 Pentapetes acerifolia 3 Garcinia ? /mangostana/ 4 Limodorum tanhervilliae 5 Justicia hyssopifolia 6 formosa 7 punica 8 nitida 9 Alstroemeria ligtu 40 Eucomis striata I Oxalis incarnata 2 Iris jspj from China 3 Kaempferia jlongifoliaj rotunda 4 Epidendrum vanilla 5 cochleatum 6 Convolvulus jalapa 7 A ucuba japonica 8 Dorstenia contrajerva 9 Heritieria littoralis 2 plants 2 plants 2 plants 2 plants 2 plants Hort. Kew incd. Hort. Kew incd. Hort. Kew incd. 2 plants ' Ms. catalogue of the plants sent from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, prepared by WilUam Townsend Alton, 2 July 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 40. Names marked thus: |=species which appear on lists of plants sent from the Cape by Francis Masson, 1786- 1795. 340 H. B. CARTER 50 Begonia nitida I Brucea ferruginea 2 Lemon Grass, Schoenanthum amboinicum Rumphii 3 Celsia linearis 4 Campanula aurea 5 Verbena triphylla 6 Adiantum reniforme 7 Hydrangea hortensis Cape House Plants 58 Adonis vesicatoria 9 Anthyllis hermanniae 60 cytisoides tl Blaeria ericoides t62 Borbonia cordata 3 Brunia nodiflora 4 superba 5 Cussonia thyrsiflora 6 laciniata 7 Casuarina equisetifolia t8 Chironia /new sp/ 9 frutescens 70 linoides I baccifera 2 Cliffortia trijoliata 3 jorbiculataj obcordata t4 cuneata 5 Ceslruin parqui 6 Clethra arborea 7 Cistus sp 8 Cytisus foliolosus 9 Cluytia pulchella 80 Cytisus proliferus I Cineraria cruenta 2 Curtisia faginea 3 Crotolaria elegans 4 Dais cotinifolia 5 Daphne tartonraira 86 Decumaria barbara 87 Diostna uniflora 8 /3 lati/oliaj} latifolia 9 serrata 90 Digitalis sceptrum I Oenothera rosea 2 Euphorbia mellifera 2 Erica urceolaris t4 halicacaba t5 marifolia 6 vastita 7 pluknetii 8 comosa 9 capitata 100 parviflora I monsoniae 2 plants 22 PI. 2 pi. 2 do 2 do 2 plants 2 do 2 do Hort. Kew incd. Hort. Kew incd. 2 plants 2 plants 3 plants Hort. Kew incd. 2 plants Hort. Kew incd. 3 plants 3 do 2 do 3P1. 2 do 2 do 2d« BANKS AND PLANTS FROM K t2 lutea 3 quadriflora 4 veniricosa 5 discolor t6 tubiflora t7 triflora 8 cruenta 9 cubica no jgelida sp/ I concinna 2 persoluta 3 baccans t4 banhsii 5 jalbensj 6 sebana 7 grandiflora 8 mammosa 9 versicolor I20 nudiflora I sessiliflora 2 peliolata t3 cerinthoides 4 jconfrateroidesj 5 patersonia 6 taxifolia 7 denticulata 8 coccinea 9 ISpl ti30 massonia ti Gnaphalium congestum Lamarck 2 crassi/oiium t3 Gardenia florida 4 Genista linifolia t5 Gnidia pinifolia 0 oppositifolia 7 Gentiana viscosa 8 /Genus ?/ Unknown, not having yet flowerd 9 Haloragis cercodia 140 Hypericum glandulosum 141 Hermannia salvifolia 2 Hydrangea hortensis 3 Linum arboreum 4 Lauriis foetens 5 Myrsine retusa t6 Menyanthes ovala 7 Malva tridactylites ts M esembryanthemum /Sp/ 9 hispidum 150 linguiforme I pugioniforme 2 Oedera prolifera t3 Protea conocarpuni t4 scolymiis t5 jconiferaj 1795 341 2 d» 3 do 2 d» 2 d" 3 d" 2 d° 2 d" 2 do 2 plants 2 do 2 do 2 do 3 d° 3 do 2 do 2 do 2 plants 2 pi. 2 do 2 do 2 plants 342 H. B. CARTER t6 gtoftosa 7 /sp Itii-taj 8 purpurum 9 argentea ti6o iiiellifera Ti speciosa 2 /coronacea/ 3 spathulata u Psoralea aculeata 5 bracteata 6 pinnata 7 Parietaria arborea 8 Phylica bitxifolia 169 Plectranthus fruticostis ti7o Polygala heisteria I Pelargonium tricolor 3 plants 2 tenuifolium 2 d° 3 crispum 4 apiifolium 2 do 5 exsHpulatum 6 fragrans 2 do 7 Rosa semperftorens Curtis ni t8 Royena myrtifolia 9 Rhamnus prinoides iSo Salvia formosa 2 do I Struihiola brevifoUa 2 do 2 Solanum marginatum 2 do 3 Scholia speciosa 4 jSelinum arboreumj An umbelliferous arborescent plant from Madeira 5 Sophora biflora t6 capensis 7 Teucrium betonicum 3 do 8 Heranthemum proUferum 9 Banksia serrata 190 dentata I gibbosa, Smith 2 do 2 /Bilardera/ Billardieria scandens. Smith 3 do 3 [missing number] 4 Dillenia humilis Hort. Kew incd. 2 plants 5 Dodonaea /sp/ 5 Dodonaea l%^l 6 Ficus /sp/ 7 Glycine bimaculata Curtis 1 magaz. 2 do 198 Glycine rubicunda Curtis magaz. 3 plants t9 Indigo/era /sp/ 200 Metrodiseros jspl 2 do I Metrosideros /sp ?/ 2 citrina Curtis magaz. 2 do 3 /piperita/ 4 /sp?/ 5 /sp?/ to Mimosa suaveolens Smith 2 plants 7 /suaveolens/ 2 do 8 myrtifolia Smith 2 do BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW TOR RUSSIA 795 343 9 vetticillata 2IO Opercularia aspera 1 Phormium tenax 2 Plank Tree, a new species of Genista 3 Zamia Isy> ?/ 4 Philadelphus /sp/ 5 floribundus 6 aromaticus 7 scoparius myrlfolius 8 Pulienaea daphnoides Smith 9 Platylobium formosum Sniitli 220 Sophora ynicrophylla 1 /Genus ? 2 Genus ? 3 Genus ? 4 Genus ? 5 Genus ? 226 Genus ?/ d" /2do/ 2 plants 2 plants unknown plants, not having yet flowered [1795] May - July' [Soho Square] May 8. *Visited M'' Forster Jun"" & Consulted him on the subject of the Present in order to get matters forward he undertook to speak to his Father & desire him to Recommend another Ship to M'' Burgess I proposed that the Company should pay the Freight of the Plants & the Passage of the Gardener but my Proposal did not seem to make the same impression as it would have done on a director of the E. I Company - The Present is Conciliatory & the Company ought to make themselves Sharers in the Comphment by Sending it out at their expence but they have not the Spirit of a [sic] iMay 81 Visited M"" Raikes^ who seemd to Feel as M^ Forster did about the Companies engaging in the expence of £60 - he said that when he visited Russia he did not Sail till the lo'ii of June & that he Experienced some very Cold nights in the north sea but that as soon as he passd the Sound the heat was excessive & uninterrupted he informed me that the Ship in which the Plants are embarkd will not proceed father than Cronstadt & that the Plants must be then put on board a galliot & sent to Petersburgh about 20 miles a GaUiott he says is a Roomy vessel with wide Hatches & plenty of hold but no Cabbin Conveniences The Grand Duchesses Garden is at Paveleffski 26 versts from S' Petersburg he beheves wholly by Land ' Autograph MS. diary notes by Sir Joseph Banks, May - July 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 33-34- ^ Thomas Raikes (1741-1813), director, Bank of England, 1797; London merchant; member of the Russia Company; personal friend of William Pitt the younger; father of Thomas Raikes (1777-1848), dandy and diarist, partner in his father's firm. 344 H. B. CARTER May q. I told M'' Forster that the Hint I gave respecting the Russia Company paying the Freight of the Plants was not intended as a measure to save the Expence to the King it was merely a suggestion whether the Company might not chuse to make themselves a party in a measure which it was Expected to Prove Concihatory to the Empress & that whether or not they chose to do so it was a matter of the most Thorough indifference to the King's interest & to me. June 2. the King approvd of M'' Aitons nomination of [George] Noe to go with the Plants his Salary should therefore Commence from the beginning of this week Sunday May 31. June II. M' Forster had left a paper at Soho Square which I met with this Morn informing me that the venus would be the only Ship likely to Sail about the time that will suit I wTote to him immediately Stating that I would go on board the \'enus on Sunday about 3 if it suited the Captain or his mate June 14. Visited the Venus She is very Small indeed measuring only 70 Tons her Cabbin 8 Feet 4 by 6-3 & 5-6 high 2 Stem Lights 2-1 by 1-3 & one Small Skylight in her hold a Platform might be Commodiously laid 22 Feet by 17 & 6 feet high or more if necessary with a main hatch way of 8 feet by 5-4 & a small fire hatch way over it but no possibiUty of any Scuttles through the Sides The Captain asks ten guineas for a Passenger & says that his Ship will hold from £150 to 200 freight he Cannot undertake to find water Cask for the Plants. June 18 Saw the Capt & agreed for the Freight of the Plants the Gardener & his maintenance at ;f8o - The Capt Engaging for all due assistance & to take water Cask freight free & to fill them at Elsinore M'^^^ Hamilton & Towrj^ assisted me very much £100 was asked for freight & ten guineas for the Passenger they told me that the Real value of the Room I am to occupy is £40 but advised me to offer £50 & ten guineas for the Passenger none of the Russia Company would help me they turnd their backs both Forster & Raikes 19. Went on board to CUnch the bargain met W Benbrook Carpenter No 82 Redriff Street recommended by M"" Hamilton who agreed to build the Platform He is recommended as an honest man so I did not attempt a bargain he is to have it Laid by Thursday at 2 O clock saw M' Burgess who approvd of what I have done 22 ^'isited Kew & Found all Going on well orderd all to be double potted 24 Visited Kew again the larger pots of 12 inches over with their Plants weigh about 30 the Smaller one of g^ about 20. of the larger ones there are 103 = lb 3090 of the Smaller .... 184 = lb 3680 Total Weight, lb 6770 being 3 Tons i Quarter 22 lb 25 Visited the Venus found the Platform in part laid but the Convoy Saild it is Probable the next will Sail in about 12 or 14 days M'' Alton & Noe went with me they approve the Platform much BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 345 27 Rec'i from M"" [William] M[arsden] notice that Convoy would Sail on the 7'Muly Q. V. 29 Wrote to the Capt Q. V. July 2 Rec Banks to Burgcs, 4 July 1795. DTC. 9. 221-226; autograph MS. R. S. Misc. MS. 6. 64. ^ Noe to Banks. 4 July 1795, MS. receipt signed. SL Banks MS. Ru I : 21. ' Banks to Whitworth, 4 July 1705. SI- Banks MS. Ru i : 3S. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 349 July 4 Paid him 5 weeks subsistance due this day £5 . . 5 . . o advancd to him on account of d" . . . . 5 . . 5 . . o (Gave him also for Gratuities to such Sailors as assist him in the Care of his Charge 2 . . 2 . . oj [1795] July 4 [Soho Square] *I take the Liberty jin Confidencej For your information in case the Messenger dispatchd from the office Should not jarrivej Reach Petersburgh till after the Ship which brings the Kings Present of Plants for the Grand Duchess has arrivd to Enclose you in Confidence a Copy of the Letter which I have written to the Foreign depart- ment Explainatory of the Transaction I Should have Enclosed a Copy of the List of Plants had there been time to make it out but as Gardener is Furnished with one you will not be at all at a Loss for want of it I have only to Request that you will keep jthisj the jCommtmication Secretj means by which this Communication Came to your hands ja Secret tilljSecretj Quiet. The Letter from the office will Certainly arrive in due Course so that you may in the mean time make sucli use as you See proper of the Contents for making the Present acceptable & Conciliating the Good will of the Grand Duchess towards our Court! [1795] July 4 [Soho Square] *instructions for George Noe Foreman of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew^ The King having intrusted you with the Care of a Collection of Plants Sent by his Majesty as a Present to the Grand Duchess of all the Russias, You are to take Charge of the Said Collection as soon as it is Sent jfrom Kewj by M'' Alton from the Royal Gardens & Proceed with it to the Ship Venus, on board of which jit isj the Plants are to be Embarkd & where a Passage is Provided for you as soon as you arrive at the Ship, you are to Assist in Placing the Plants properly on jhoardj the Platform Provided for their Reception, & attend the Carpenter Employd to Fix them to See that he does his business in Such a manner that there may be no danger of their being Shaken out of their Places by the motion of the Ship at Sea, & yet that Each jPlantj Pot Containing a Plant may Easily be removd from one Part of the Platform to another in case it is requisite on the Passage to jShiftj alter the Places of any of them ; as soon as the Plants are Stowd you are to jEmharj take your Station on board the Ship & by no means to Leave jthe Shipj her till her arrival at S' Petersburgh in Stowing the Plants you are to take Especial [care] as far as 3"our Judgment will Enable you to Place such Plants in the IShadyj darker Parts of the Platform, as will ^ Banks to Noe, 4 Julv [1795], SL Banks MS. Ru i : 37. 2 Banks to Whitworth', 4 July [1795], SL Banks MS. Ru i : 48. 350 H. B. CARTER best bear the want of Light & from time to time during the Voyage/You are to attend to this Circumstance &/(Stet) if any Plant Shall have sufferd from the Closeness of the Place where it is Stowd, you are to change it into a more airy one & to Place in its Stead some Plant That has been least incommoded by the Closeness of the Ship during the Whole of your Voyage you are to visit the Plants as often as Possible & to Spend as much time among them as you can, watering those that Require water & attending above aU to the Effect the close air of the Ship will produce upon them & j-ou are Continualy to remind the Captain, that as air & Light arc Essential to the well being of your Charge, the more the hatchwa\'s are kept open over the Platform the better Condition the Plants wUl be in when they arrive at their destination ; in Fine weather there is no doubt that all the Hatchways may be kept open lleftj Provided their Coverings are placd to windward of them to ward off the jSplashj Spray of the Sea Ithat may accidentally Come on hoardj & except in jCase of I an Actual Storm it is not likely that it will //;; / under any Icasej circumstances be necessary to Shut them all up at the Same time in Case by Shipping a Sea, or by the influence of the Salt Sparay with which the air is always jchargdj filld when the waves are turnd over by the wind into what Seamen Call White Caps, the leaves of any of the Plants become Salt, which is Easily known by the taste when the tongue is applied to them, you must as soon as possible wash them Abundantly with the Rose of your watering Pot, which will disolve the Salt j& save the PI & carry it into the Soil below ; the leaves of all the /whole/ Plants Should be Sprinkled every 3'i or 4"" day lest Salt Should have got upon them without being Observd When the Ship Comes to an anchor at Elsinore or Elsewhere you are to Remind the Captain to Fill all your Empty water Casks, which he has agreed to do, with the best Fresh water that can be procurd & you are afterwards to use the new water in preference /to the Thames water/ for watering & the Thames water for Sprinkling the Plants as soon as you arrive at S' Petersburgh you are to wait upon Sir /Roht/ Cha'/ Whitworth/[stet] his Britanic majesties / ambassador j Envoy Extraordinary there & report to him the State /nt which/ of your Plants, /are/ he will give you orders Concerning their future destination & your own Conduct which orders you are in all Cases implicitly to Obey during the whole of your Stay in Russia on the King's account, it is Probable that he will detain you till the Plants have been dehverd to the Person appointed by the Grand Duchess to Receive them, & till you have fully instructed her /Royal/ Imperial Highness's Gardiners in the mode of Cultivating them usd in the Royal Gardens at Kew, & in case it Shall be her /Royal/ Imperial highness's Pleasure to Retain you in her Service you have the King's Permission to /engage yourself/ Enter into it at all times when you have an opportunity you are to write to me & tell me in what State your Plants are /in/ & in what manner the Master of the Ship has behavd himself respecting them & you & this you are more particularly to do at the times of 3-our Sailing from England your arrival at Elsinore & your Sailing from thence & your Arival at /Russia/ St Petersburgh & the delivery of your Plants to the Grand Duchesses agent BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 351 1795 July 7 II P.M. Downing Street I have the pleasure to tell you that your Letter has met with great approbation. It has however been thought right that a Copy of it should be sent by the vessel which conveys the Plants, if it is not yet sailed, and that a Duplicate should go by the Messenger who probably will be dispatched soon. I fear we shall be too late for the Ship, and I do not well know how to get at this circumstance. If you could devise means to ascertain this, and whether a Letter sent tomorrow can reach the vessel, you will greatly add to the many favours you have already conferred on My Dear Sir your sincerely faithfull and most obed' Servant. . .^ 1795 July II Rotherhithe I Rec<' Your Draught this Morning for which and Your Aprobation of the Business I return You My most gratefull Thanks and am and shall ever be Happy to be Sir. . .^ 1795 July II Rec but are obliged to wait for a Convoy till the 14*'' of July, and perhaps not then if the wind does not turn out more favour- able. The name of the Convoy is Daedalus of 32 Guns, and an nice little frigate. The plants are at present in excellent order ; but I had at first a good deal of trouble to Keep the damp from them, as the[y] came so very Weet [sic] on board the ship, but since our saihng from London which it was on the 6"^ inst. I brought them in very good order as I could admit more air. The Captain and Crew behave with a great deal of Kindness to me. I am Sir with the greatest respect ... * 1795 July 25 Elseneur I have the pleasure to inform You that we arrieved at Elsineur on the 25"' inst. about 2 o Clock in the afternoon, and are going to Sail the Same evening as we have such fair wind. The weather was in general very favourable to the state of my charge excepting 3 or 4 nights where we had high Sea and rain, and then only I kept the hatch ways shed. The plants were all in as good order as when I brought them first on board the ship, except — The Siruthiola previfolia [brevifolia] Erica quadriflora, ' Surges to Banks, 7 July 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 8. ^ Benbrook to Banks, n July 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 24. ^ Benbrook to Banks, 11 July 1795, MS. receipt signed, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 25. * Noe to Banks. 13 July 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru 1 : 14. 352 H. B. CARTER and Prunis sitperba both a little Sick. I filled 3 of my watter casks with fresh waiter, The Captain behaves with a great deal of Kindness to me and gives me all the assistance I desire, such as to help to move the plants on deck, which I do as often as possible and as many as I can well store I am Sir with the greatest respect . . . ' 1795 July 30 S' Petersburg Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess of Russia being informed of the com- placent part you took in chusing and forwarding to her the compleat and valuable Collection of Exotic plants which His Majesty was pleased to Send her as a present, and w'hich She has received in as good a condition, as it is possible to desire, has commanded me to transmitt to you the full Sense Her Imperial Highness entertains of your endeavours to Serve and obhge her, and to assure you, Sir, of the esteem which your known abilities, Superior Knowledge and Courteous C[h]aracter inspire her with. I have the honour to be Sir ... ^ [1795] August 8 St: Petersburg It is with pleasure I acquaint You of our arrieval at St. Petersburg where I wated // wated/ on his E.xcellency Sir Charles [Whitworth] according to comand. His Excellency ordered the plants to the Imperial Garden, till Such time as he had her Imperial highness acquainted of their arrieval, on the 7"> I had orders to go with the plants to her Imperial Highness Seat about 20 miles from Petersburg, where I arrieved at 12 " clock at night and was Sent for daily by her Highness, to acquaint Her of the state of my plants, and in the morning. She came at 6" clock, to see them, in the afternoon the Grand Duke and all his Court came to See them and they was all very well pleased with them. It is with pleasure I informe You that I brought the plants in very good order, I loosed 3 of them and 4 are rather Sick, but the rest look as well as if thc[y] had been at Kew, She had a house built for the reception of the plants but a very poor one, I am making such alteration on it as can be made at present, till Such [time as] they can built a house after the plans lay'd by. The Grand Duches[s] will w-ant me for a few weeks to Set all Her plants in order, who want it very much. I am Sir with the greatest respect. . .* [Received by Banks, 15 December 1795] [1795 September 12] [Revesby Abbey] *I beg leave to Request of j'ou that [you] will do me The honor to Return my most gratefull thanks to her Imperial highness the Grand Duchess of Russia for the honor of her gracious approbation of the manner in which I have executed the Commands ' Noe to Banks, 25 July 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 15. • Plescheyefi to Banks, 30 July 1795, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 17. Sergius Plescheyeff. Captain with the rank of General-Major in the Fleet of Her Imperial Majesty of all the Russias, Knight of the Order of St. George 4th class. ' Noe to Banks, 8 .\ugust [1795], SL Banks MS. Ru i : 16. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 353 receivd from my Royal Master here & to you Sir I beg to make my acknowledgement for the obliging manner in which you were pleasd to Communicate to me her Im- perial highnesses Commands That her Imperial highness Should Receive the Collection with Pleasure is I am confident a matter of infinite Satisfaction to my King & I am also confident that if at any time hereafter her I.H. wishes for any addition to the Collection it will Readily be sent over as I well Know that the delay which took place on the Late Occasion originated Solely in his majesties ministers not knowing how to manage the detail of the Transport of the Plants not having heard of the Gardiner who attended them to Russia since his departure from Elsinore I am in some degree anxious lest he should be ill if that Should be the Case you will much oblige me by giving me a Line to acquaint me with the circumstances of his situation' 1795 September 13 *I conclude you have long ago heard that our Cargo of Plants Arrivd in good order at Petersburg, I this day receivd a Letter signd Sergius Plescheyeff & dated S' Petersburgh July 30 in which I am told that they Came in " as good a Condition as it possible to desire" & which conveys to me at the same time a hansome Compliment from the grand Duchess which greatly overpays the Little Trouble I had in arranging the business now as I wish to Shew that I feel a due sense of the honor of having been noticd by her Imperial Highness I wish to answer this Letter but as I do not Know Either the Rank of my Correspondent or the Station he holds it is impossible I can address my Letter to him according to the Customary Etiquette May I therefore trouble you to send me the necessary information & also request that I may be allowd to Forward my Letter through your office, it cannot be a matter of the Least moment at what Period my answer arrives in Russia, Provided it bears an Early date & it is Known that the means by which it is sent would not have brought it sooner I tremble at the Idea of my Letter having miscarried as in that case I should have incurrd the censure of impoUteness without deserving it, it came by the Penny Post with a penny to pay adressd to me at London so that if the directors of the Penny Post had not been so good as to Enquire where I livd it would have been opend & destroyd because they could not tell where M'' Plescheyeff resided believe me my dear Sir with infinite Esteem & Regard most Faithfully yours . . . - 1795 October 3 Downing Street It is not from want of attention towards you that I have delayed 'till now to answer your Letter, but solely from not having sooner been enabled to procure for you the information you wanted. This morning, Count Woronzow sent me the inclosed Paper, which I suppose contains all that can be necessary for you. ' Banks to Plescheyeff, [12 September 1795], SL Banks MS. Ru i : I7. ' Banks to Burges, 13 September 1795, .\TL. No. 112. 354 H. B. CARTER I take it for granted you %vill soon be in town. I shall not fail to take an early opportunity of pacing my respects to you ; as there is nothing which I more sincerely wish than to afford j-ou proofs of the truth and respect with which I have the Honour to be ... ' [1795] October 6 Monsieur de Plestcheef Captain du Rang de General-Major au Service de la Flotte de S. M. I. de toutes les Russies & Chevalier de I'ordre de S' George de la !<' Classe. * Correspondence & information respecting the Voyage & the Reception of the Plants^ 1795 His Excellency Sir Charles Whitvvorth D"- to Shairps & C' For Freight & Port charges of I'lants in p'' Capt" \'ickerman Labourers, charges & Carriage R°s 11.45: Customs on a Telescope value /500 60. — on Some Empty Potts ; 42 Town dues. 2 p'' Cent i : 20 Inspectors, & Expences at the Custom House 25- Ro "98^ Y fJ>o 13 13 1795 October 24 Eltham Though I have been so fortunate as to make my escape from official drudgery, and am once more become a free agent, I still am liable for some time to what the Lawyers call Remanets. On one of these I feel it right to give you a little trouble. The inclosed is an account which I have received from Sir Charles Whitworth, for the amount of which he has drawn upon me. If you wUl be so good as to cast 3"our eye over it, and let me know whether Capt" Vickerman has made a proper charge, I will honour the Bill when it shall be presented. As I have had many proofs of your friendly kindness, I think it may not be a matter of indifference to you to know how very generously and handsomely our Royal Master and His Prime Minister have acted towards an old servant. I retire from office with a provision for life, equivalent to my official appointment ; and with the Reversion of a place for life of about £600 a year to my eldest son. This, ' Burgos to Banks. 3 October 1795, SI. Banks MS, Ru i : g. « MS. note, 6 October [1795], SL Banks MS. Ru i : 13. " Shairps and Co. to Whitworth, [1795], MS. account, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 10. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 355 tho extremely agreeably [sic] to me, may perhaps be but little interesting to others, but I am sure it will not be uninteresting to you to know that the King we have both served has been kind to his servant, and that his kindness is felt properly and grate- fully. I have the honour to be with the most perfect regard and respect, . . .^ 1795 October 28 Revesby Abbey *I rejoice with unfeigned sincerity to hear that 3'our valuable labours for the public service have been rewarded in a manner satisfactory' to yourself : it does credit to Ministers & honor to the Country when veteran servants of the public are provided for according to their deserts. Respecting Hesse's Shairp's Bill I have only to observe upon it that the agreement I made with Capt. Vpckerman] was to give £80 for the freight of the plants & the outward bound passage of the Gardener, & that I advanced him £30 on that ace', so that £50 only is due instead of £60 as is charged. To countervail this extra charge of £10 is port charges of Plants &c. & I conclude freight for the Telescope, which was not in my department. Respecting the remaining charges of £11-19, they are of a nature that neither you or I have it in our power to investigate ; I confess, however, that they appear to me very reasonable. I shall, ifoods &c. permitting, be in London on the 3/ facility of unpacking them. The Grand Duchess was in the Garden by Six the next morn & gave directions respecting them, before noon Noe was sent for into the Palace & had the honor to exhibit the Plans of the hothouses at Kew & the Drawings of Plants he had been chargd with to the Grand Duke and Duchess, at 2 they Came to the Garden with 70 attendants The G. Duchess orderd the King of Englands Mark, G. R., to be inscribd by Noe on Every Pot he had brought that they might not be confounded with her own & She Every day Spent an hour in Learning the names of the Plants When her imperial highness removd from Paulefsky to a Palace About 30 miles from it, she orderd Noe to attend with Every Plant that Should Flower & she with her own hand made a drawing of Each. The most Hansome overtures were made to Noe if he would Consent to Enter into her Service, but he declined on account of his having had a recal[l] sent to him from Wurtemburgh, Where he says he is sure he never shall receive so much pay as was offerd him by the grand duchess. he Receivd when he went away a hansome gold watch & 100 ducats as a Present Whenever you Come to Town my dear Sir if you will let me Know I will meet you at the office that we may finish this affair beleive me my dear Sir with infinite Regard & esteem very Faithfully Yours. . .[P.S.] he has brought a large Collection of Seeds & some curious Plants for Kew many more I am Sure will follow^ 1796 January 19 [Soho Square] *I wrote to you on the 29''' dec^" to acquaint you that [George] Noe had Returnd from S' Petersburgh after a Passage of 11 weeks that his Present had been Rec^ in a manner truely super royal & that he had got a gold watch & 100 ducats as a present So that our business has succeeded beyond the warmest Stretch of our fears & equald indeed our most Sanguine wishes I fear however that my Letter never came to your hands as I have not Rec'^ an answer, as I had hopes of seeing you yesterday at S' Jame's I waited till today before I should aim another Shot at you I have now made out Noes bill & find that an account of Salary no part of which appears to have been paid to him in Russia of expences incurrd in the River at * Banks to Burges, 29 December 1795, Kew B.C. 2. 130. 36o H. B. CARTER Elsineur & in Russia on account of the Plants & his Passage home we Stand indebted to him in the balance of £56 : 17 : 5 as no part of the money I advanced on this account during j'our Reign has to the best of my Recollection been Repaid to me I am unwilling to advance any more till some person has acquainted M'' Hammond with the Particulars of the business, 1 told my whole story to L** Grenville the other day, he heard me Patiently but did not deign to give me even a Sentiment of approbation much less of Thanks Give me then my dear Sir your advice for if I am to do all to write all to direct all & to pay jdl & no human being feel inclind to thank me I Shall I fear in due time feel as sulky as a measly Sow who has lost her scrubbing Post . . . ' 1796 January 20 Eltham I will not make any apology to you for having delayed to answer \'ou last Letter, because I feel that I have been in the wrong, and I hate to defend a bad cause. However I must say, that accident has in a great degree been the occasion of this omission ; for I hoped to have been able to call upon 3'ou, and to put the business into a proper course of final arrangement ; but I was so unlucky as to fall down, and to bruise my knee and strain my leg ; the consequence of which has been a fit of the Gout, which took this opportunity of paying me his first visit, and of lading me up with my foot on a stool for some time past. I hope however to be in town very soon when I will not faU to do every thing in my power to conclude the affair to your satisfaction. In my opinion, you have not been treated in the manner you ought ; for the money you advanced when the Plants were sent ought to have been paid long ago, and there can be no excuse for withholding it. As to Lord Grenville and his manner of receiving the account you gave him, I confess I feel no surprize for a very long acquaintance with that great man has familiarized me with his manners, tho' they are such as must appear singular to those who have had less experience of them. In the present case however you need not lay yourself under any further necessity of submitting to them ; for I will state the matter fully to M'' Hammond. It will however be right that M' Noe should make out an account of what is due to him ; and if he wUl send it to me, I will lose no time in putting it into a proper train, and wUl try to save you and him from any more trouble. I can only add, that, if there should be any thing in which you can employ me on this or any other occasion, I shaU feel the truest pleasure in convincing you of the sincere respect and esteem with which I have the Honour to be. . . [*Sent Noes account for approbation Jan 21.]" 1796 January 22 Eltham I do not perceive any article in M'' Noe's account to which an objection can be made, as I take it for granted that his Pay and Extra : Allowance in Russia were what had been agreed upon when he undertook the expedition. I therefore send you back the Paper, in order that it may receive such a Title as will explain its ' Banks to Surges, ig January 1796, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 11. ' Burges to Banks, 20 January 1796, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 12. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 361 purport, and enable those who were not acquainted with the transaction to under- stand it. When you shall be so good as to let me have it again, I wiU immediately set it agoing, and will do all I can to procure M"" Noe his money. I am now able to walk about, and hope to be firm enough on my legs to pay my duty to the King next Wednesday. I have the Honour to be with great respect and regard . . . ^ [1796 n.d.; Extraordinary expences which I was necessarily under going and coming from S' Petersburg On my passage to Petersburg. " for a Trowel i 2 watering Pots 8 for a Truss of Hay at London 4 for a pump the old broken. . Gravesend 3 for 2 Trusses of Hay including ferriage . SIneerness 13 Elseneur Hay and ferriage 10 for Letters from Elseneur & S' Petersburg 6 for a Sound pass 2 Schg: p 0 2 ;£ 8 Sch8 2 p In Russia At Cronstadt to the Translator 3 Ruble Custom house duty for my wearing apparel ^i . . for 2 Extraordinary Custumhouse ofhcer 2 . . for bringing the plants from the Venus to the Imperial Gardens at S' Petersburg . Barge 7 . • for carriage to & from the Imperial Gardens to Sir Charles Withworth 4 . . Coach hire to PauUowsky and Gatachena 25 . . for advertising in the paper to leave Russia 1 . . Passport interpreter and other fees 10 . . for coach to Crownstadt 8 . . Custum house fees at Crownstadt 3 . . In my 4 weaks stay at Elseneur 7 • ■ 8 Rubles I. £ Sterling g £ 3.SchB Passage to England lo^io.. Custum house duty at London i i . £ sh Ten weeks in Russia at 2 . 2 per week Received before I left London }.. 44 £ .6 . 12 SchK 6 . .18 £ 6 Schg Burges to Banks, 22 January 1796, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 20. Noe to Banks, [1796 n.d.], MS. account of expenses, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 19. 362 H. B. CARTER [1796 n.d.] [Soho Square]! *George Noe a Wurtemburger originaly recommended to Kew Gardens by the duke of Wurtemburg & intended for his own Garden but left destitute at Kew by the dukes death is the Person Recommended by M"' Aiton for the Care of the Plants he is Foreman of the Botanic Garden at Kew approvd by His Majesty June 2^'^ his Pay is therefore to Commence from May 31 the first day in the week wlien he was approvd to have Gratuity to Find him Cloths &c £^0 a guinea a week during his Stay in England & his Passages at Sea 2 guineas a week during his Stay at S' Petersburgh to Charge Coach hire & boat hire whUe employd on his Service 1795 June July 1796 Feb Accompt Paid to George Noe Gratuity to Furnisli him witli Cloths & necessaries /30 . . o Paid to Capt Vickerman in advance on account "\ of his Passenger & in part of freight J Paid to Geo Noe 5 weeks wages due this day 5 ■ ■ 5 advancd d" d" on account of wages to be due 6 . . 6 i-i d° d° d° for Gratuities to Sailors who assist him to be accounted for in his Contin- _gent bill Paid to M'' Brown Clerk of the works at Kew being a gratuity for his Trouble in making drawings of >■ 10 . . 10 . . o Two hothouses by his majesties orders Paid E. Binbrook Carpenter for making the Plat- for & form furnishing water cask & Pump Paid balance due to George Noe of wages & expences when I settled finaly witli him 56 . . 17 162 Feb. 6. 1799 Rec* from L" Grenville Si 02 in full I suppose of this Expenditure I conclude I have ReC" /50 before but Realy do not Remember [1796] January 23 [Soho Square] *I return with this tlie Accompt witli a Title placed at the head of it The extra pay was in the original estimate approvd by you it was not thought unreasonable that he Should have for Salary & board wages a guinea a week & Two during his stay at Petersburgh The weekly pay was agreed to continue during his Passage as a kind of douceur not likely to Cost Government more than 8 or g guineas as a * MS. notes and account by Sir Joseph Banks, n.d. probably February 1796, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 18. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 363 months passage is about the average it has increasd somewhat on account of the Length of his homeward bound passage which took up 11 weeks but I Still think it would not have been Easy & for a person unacquainted with the business to have procurd a man Capable of taking care of Plants of Speaking Two Languages of being Civil & Prudent to go & Return from Russia & have the honor of Receiving Commands from the grand Duchess there for Less money than £45 : 10 & be perfectly Contented & satisfied on his Return to Resume his Station in Life without any claim for further favor^ 1796 February 4 London *Receivd of Sir Jos: Banks the Sum of Fifty Six Pounds 17/6 being in Full of the Balance of wages due to me & all charges paid by me during the Time I was Employd in Carrying Plants from Kew to Russia & my stay & [sic] there & my Return home^ [sgd] George Noe 1796 January 23 [*Sent to S'' J B Burgess Jan 23 1796] Final Account of Geo: Noe for salary & expences of attending a Collection of Plants sent from the Royal Gardens at Kew & delivering them to the Gardiners of the Grand Duchess of Russia^ On my passage to S' Petersburg 1 Trowel t 2 watering pots 8 I truss of hay at London 4 1 pump, the old one broken . . . Gravesend 3 2 truss of hay including ferriage . . Sheerness 13 Hay and ferriage . . Elseneur 10 Postage of letters from Elseneur reC* at Petersburg 6 a Sound pass 2 ' Banks to Burges, 23 January [1796], SL Banks MS. Ru i : 20. 2 Noe to Banks, 4 February 1796, MS. receipt signed, SL Banks MS. Ku i : 26. ^ Noe to Banks, 23 January 1796, MS. account of expenses, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 27. 364 H. B. CARTER In Russia Translator at Cronstadt 3 Custom-house duty for my wearing apparel .... 4^ 2 Extraordinary' custom-house officers .... Bringing the plants from the Venus to the Imperial Gardens at S' Petersburg . . Barge . Carriages from the Imperial Gardens to Sir Cha^ Withworth's Coach-hire to PauUowsky and Gatoechena .... 25 Advertising in the Paper to lea\'e Russia i Passport Interpretor and other fees lo Coach to Cronstadt 8 Custom-house fees at Cronstadt 3 In my 4 weeks stay at Elseneur 7 8 Rubles being I ./ sterling 74 i are 9. 6. Passage to England 10. 10. Custom-house duty at London i . i . Ten weeks extra allowance in Russia I . I . p week .... 10. 10. 31- 7- 3 Pay from May 31. 1795 to Jan. 15. 1796 being 33 weeks at one Guinea a week 34. 13. . 68. Received 5 weeks pay due July 4 5- 5- in advance before I left London 6. 6. Balance due £56. 17. 5 /Received also for Gratuities to Sailors who should assist 2. 2.I 1799 February 6 Downing Street W Bidwell' presents his Compliments to Sir Joseph Banks and takes the Liberty of encloseing a Dr[aft] for £102 being the amount of Money which he expended on his Majesty's Service which Sum M^ Bidwell is directed by M'' Hammond^ to pay Sir Joseph. [*My Ace' Stands Creditor to Government £.162 I have no Copy I suppose I have Reel £50 but forget when I had no Clerk & Kept no Copy of ace* put in Expecting it to be paid the next day it was sent in in Feb'' 1796.] ' Bidwell to Banks, 6 February 1799, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 29. Thomas Bidwell sr. (d. 1817), chief clerk of the Foreign Oflice. » George Hammond (1763-1853), Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1795-1806, 1807- 1809; first accredited British Minister to the United States, 1791 ; close friend of Lord Grenville, Foreign Minister, who had James Bland Burges make way for Hammond on his return from Philadelphia. BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 365 [1796 February -] [Soho Square] Account.' 1795 ;£ s d June 2o"» I Paid to Geo: Noe a Gratuity to provide him with Cloths, necessaries etc" 30 . . 25 1 Paid Capt Viclserman in advance on Ace' of //(is Pflss^Kjec iS-/ Freight of Plants 30 . . July 4 3 Paid Geo; Noe on Account of his Wages commencing May 30 in advance 11.. 11.. 4 Paid D" as a Gratuity to be divided among such Sailors as assist him for which he is to account in his contingent Bill 2 . . 2 . . 6 5 Paid M"- Brown Clerk of the Works at Kew a Gratuity for his Trouble in making drawings of two hothouses whicli were sent with the Plants 10 . . 10 . . 9 5 Paid E Benbrook Carpenter for making the platform & finding a water cock &• a Pump 21 . . ;£i05 • • 3 ■ • To be paid. To complete the Freight it being agreed for at ^80 50 Primage average &c . . . . suppose 5 Contingent Bill 5 Noe's return Passage 10 Wages if he is kept 6 weeks at S' Petersbourg 21 Gratuity if his Business is well done, and the Office is pleased with Noe 10 /102 [1799 ii.d.] [Soho Square]^ Account of Moneys expended & paid by Sir Joseph Banks in the execution of his Majesties commands by sending a present of Exotic Plants from the Royal Gardens at Kew to her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess of all the Russias under the care of George Noe Foreman of the Royal Botanic Garden 1 MS. interim account rendered by Sir Joseph Banks to the Foreign Office perhaps in February 1796 and evidently enclosed in Bidwell to Banks, 6 February 1799, as authority for the paj-ment of the sum of ;^io2. SL Banks MS. Ru i : 28. « MS. statement of account, n.d. but most probably February 1799, SL Banks MS. Ru i : 30. Cf. Bidwell to Banks, 6 February 1799, above and Banks's annotation thereto. 366 H. B. CARTER 1795 June 20"' Paid to Geo Noe Foreman of the Royal £ s d Gardens as a Gratuit>' to provide him 30. o. o with Cloths Necessaries &c as pr Rec' N" i .... 25"" Paid Cap' Vickerman of the Ship Venus in advance on account of M"' Noe's passage 30. o. o & Freight of Plants as pr Rec< N" 2 July 4"' Paid Geo Noe on account of his Wages commencing May 30 Eleven weeks part in 11. 11. o advance as pr Receipt N" 3 Paid Do as a Gratuity to be divided among such Sailors as assist him for which he is to 2. 2. o account in his contingent Bill as pr Rec' N" 3 ... 6"> Paid Mf Brown Clerk of the Works at Kew a Gratuity for his trouble in making Drawings of two Hot houses 10. 10. o which were sent with the Plants in obedience to his Majesties commands g"" Paid E. Benbrook Carpenter for making the Platform & finding a \V'atercock & 21. o. o a Pump as pr Receipt N" 5 1796 Feb. 4 Paid to Geo Noe balance due to him of Wages & Expences when I finally settled with him as pr Bill & Rec' N" 6 56. 17. 6 162. o. 6 [* I receivd the whole of Received Feb'' 7 1799 102. o. o the money Feb II 1799 being Remains due £ 60. o. 6 exactly 3 years after I had paid it & nobody has Thankd me J B] BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 367 NOTES ON THE ILLUSTRATIONS Frontispiece The two sepia drawings of the frontispiece were brought to hght at the Linnean Society of London in July 1972. They were found by Mr Gavin Bridson, the Society's Librarian, after specific enquiries made in correspondence by the present author. They were mounted together within the same frame, identified by an old hand-written label at the back which read : ' Museum and Library of Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. 17 Dean Street, Soho : the residence from 1S20 to 1858, of his Librarian, Robert Brown'. Beneath this label read : 'Lucas, del. ? (Mrs Btt)', the tt in the parentheses being doubtful. So far the artist has not been identified. However there is no doubt that the drawings are authentic views of the state of these rooms more or less as they were known to Sir Joseph Banks at the time of his death. There are enough identifiable items of detail in each room to make this certain even though the drawings were probably made at some time after March 1828, perhaps about the time of the death of Lady Banks in that year. From this point the house in Soho Square was finally divided between Robert Brown and the Linnean Society of London and the 'back premises' occupied by Brown became known as 17 Dean Street thereafter. In the context of the present bulletin these two drawings effectively give us for the first time a contemporary glimpse of the interior of the power-house epitomised by the address : 32 Soho Square. In 1795 the Library was the scene of the last stages in the preparation of the first volumes of the Catalogtis Bibliothecae Historico- Naturalis Josephi Banks ... by Jonas Dryander. It is however in the study that we must look for the background not only to the majority of the papers written by Banks in the present transaction of the plant collection sent from Kew to St Petersburg, but also for the scene where Banks worked and from which his influence radiated more than any other single place from the autumn of 1777 almost to his death in June 1S20. Here is what he himself once described as ' the unarranged regularity of my httle den'. This is the room at the foot of the main stairs on the ground floor opening off the left-hand rear corner of the large entrance hall, approaching from Soho Square. It was originally described as ' the Breakfasting Parlour' when Banks bought the 'Elegant and Spacious Leasehold House' known as 32 Soho Square on 29 March 1777. In size it was 20 feet by 13 feet. In this compact room with its south light from the large studio window Banks not only worked but also probably received from day to day most of that unending stream of visitors who sought his advice, co-operation, or merely his company. His chair to the left of the fire-place is apparently that in which he was painted by Thomas Phillips in 1820, the year of his death, posed against the background of the doorway and bookshelves at the right. The big desk under the studio window is now the desk of the Keeper of Botany in the British Museum (Natural History). It was doubtless also used extensively by the first Keeper of Botany, Robert Brown, for the greater part of his working life, after the death of Banks. The Library was one of the ' two large Apartments ' on the first floor which formed part of the ' extensive back Building ' and was already defined as such when Banks 368 H. B. CARTER bought the house in 1777. The herbarium cabinets along the wall on the right are now incorporated in those of the Botany Department of the British Museum (Natural Historj^) at South Kensington. The blank space on the far wall at the end of the Librar}' over the fire-place is where the portrait of Captain Cook hung after it had been commissioned by Banks in 1776 from Nathaniel Dance, R.A., and untU Robert Brown in March 1828 delivered it to Banks's executor, Sir Edward KnatchbuU 9th Bart. It was then presented to Greenwicli Hospital in 1S29 by Sir Edward where it hung in the Painted Hall untU 1937 when it was removed to the National Maritime Museum. The 'Apartment' beyond tliis wall was presumably the main Herbarium where the bulk of the plant collections were kept and where the portrait of Linnaeus, now in the Linnean Society of London, was hung. This was the copy by Laurcnz Pasch of the original painted by A. Roslin in 1775 given to Banks b\^ Archbishop von TroU. Banks bequeathed this copy to Robert Brown who presented it to tlic Linnean Society of London. The dimensions of these two rooms are as yet uncertain but each would have been not less than 20 feet wide and in length together no more than about 50 feet. Taken together the Banksian studj'^ and the Library shown in the frontispiece, with the Herbarium of which we have no visible record as yet, may with good reason be accepted as the effective nucleus of the present British Museum (Natural History). We may also with some confidence accept them as the working environ- ment in which Robert Brown first firmly directed attention to that other nucleus - the ' kernel ' in the plant ceU - from which so much of the pattern of modem biology has evolved. The original drawings have now been presented by the Linnean Society of London to the British Museum (Natural History) where they are lodged in the General Librarv. Plate I This plan shows the general state of the Royal Gardens at Kew about the time of the episode described in this bulletin. The centre of activity in preparing the collection of plants for the Empress was almost certainly the Great Stove and the Exotic Ground in front of it, a httle below left centre in the plate. This was an area of slightly more than an acre and a half lying about 400-500 feet south of tlie present Orangery, then known as the Greenhouse. The Great Stove was demolished in 1864 and its former site is roughly marked by the large Wisteria on its iron cage and the Gingko or Maidenhair Tree which was probably near its western end. The Exotic Ground was therefore where the present lawn is between the Wisteria, the Broad Walk, and the path leading from the Turkey Oak back past the Ferneries. The general orientation is clear from the position of St. Anne's Church on Kew Green at the extreme left just beyond the north-west end of Kew Lane (now Kew Road). Sandycombe Road may be seen passing through the fields toward the top right-hand comer and the junction with the present Lower Richmond and Lower Mortlake Roads continuing beyond as Manor Road, beside which lay the King's Marsh Gate Farm just outside the scope of tfie map. In the bottom left-hand corner BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 369 the position of the building now known as Kew Palace is at the end of a short avenue of trees leading from a small wharf on the River Thames. The original of this plan is in the Map Room of the British Museum by whose permission it is published here. The press mark is K Top XL 4601. Plate II a and h The plan of the Park of Pavlovsk is shown in Plate II a as it appears to have been about the period of the events described in this paper. In extent it was apparently at least four times the area of the Royal Gardens at Kew at the same date and in design is clearly much the more elaborate. The Palace itself lies in the south-west corner and nearby was the Private Garden into which many of the plants from Kew were introduced. This garden may have been of about the same area as the Exotic Ground at Kew from which so many plants in the Royal gift had come. The general style of these extensive and elaborate grounds may be assessed from the engraving in Plate II b which illustrates a view of the Slavyanka valley below the Palace and which traversed the Park from the south-west. This was engraved by S. Galaktionov from the original painting by S. Shchedrin. Both illustrations are taken from The Park of Pavlovsk by O. Ivanova (1956), Leningrad. A copy of this volume was generously presented to the General Library of the British Museum (Natural History) from the Library of the Pavlovsk Museum and Park through the kindness of M. A. Flitt, Chief Custodian of the Park of Pavlovsk. Plate II a is Plate 2 and Plate II 6 is Plate 9 in the original volume. Plate III a Strelitzia reginae Ait. or Bird of Paradise Flower, native to the coastal areas of Cape Province, was among the first species sent to Great Britain by Francis Masson on his first visit to South Africa in the years 1772-1774. According to WUham Curtis the first plant was received in the Royal Garden at Kew in 1773 and Banks himself was responsible for the naming of the genus, long before the publication of Hortus Kewensis, in honour of the Queen, Charlotte Sophia {1744-1818), a daughter of the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strehtz in North Germany. The plant is widely cultivated and in recent years has become popular in floristry. The plate is from the original water-colour drawing by James Sowerby, 1787, in the Banksian MS. No. 17, in the Botany Department, British Museum (Natural History). Plate III h Phaius tancarvilliae (L'Herit.) Blume or Lady TankerviUe's orchid, was introduced into Great Britain from China by John FothergUl about 1778. It is apparently named after Emma, Lady Tankerville (d. 1836), wife of Charles, 4th Earl Tankerville (1743- 1822), of ChiUingham Castle, Belford, Northumberland. It was first named Limodorum tankervilleae. 370 H. B. CARTER The plate is from the original water-colour drawing by James Sowerby (1757-1822) for William Alton's Hortits Kewensis, vol. 3, t. 12 (1789) and is now in Banksian MS. No. 17, in the Botany Department, British Museum (Natural History). Plate IV a Phormium tenax Forst., or New Zealand Flax, endemic in New Zealand and Nor- folk Island, was first seen by Banks in 1769 during Captain Cook's first cirumnaviga- tion in H.M.S. Endeavour when its potential value as a source of strong vegetable fibres for industry greatly attracted him. Although twenty years later in 1789 he introduced it to Great Britain it now survives there only as a garden species. In the Azores, St. Helena, Argentina, Chile and South Africa it has become a useful crop plant. The plate is from the original water-colour drawing by Sydney Parkinson (c. 1745- 1771) in H.M.S. Endeavour during the circumnavigation of New Zealand in 1769-70. It is now preserved with the Banksian MSS. in the Botany Department, British Museum (Natural History). Plate IV b Brucea antidysenterica J. F. Mill. (syn. B. ferruginea) was discovered by James Bruce (1730-1794) during his Abyssinian journey and named after him. It was reputed to have considerable value as a tonic and as a cure for dysentery. It is strongly astringent. The plate is from the original water-colour drawing made for Banks by John Frederick Miller (fl. 1759- 1794) who later engraved it as Plate 25 in his Cimelia physica, 1796. This drawing is also preserved in the Banksian MSS. in the Botany Department, British Museum (Natural History). Line drawing p. 327 The line drawing of the profile of Sir Joseph Banks at the beginning of the section THE DOCUMENTS was derived by the author from the drawing by Henry Edridge in the National Art Gallery, Sydney, N.S.W. This is Banks apparently at the age of 51 in the year 1794 and therefore as he was about the time of the present episode as far as this can be deduced. The original drawing by Edridge is undated. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The task of gathering even the small sample of Banksian papers represented here would have been impossible for the author without the two generous grants from the American Philosophical Society and another from the Royal Society of London at an early stage. This assistance is now gratefully acknowledged. Among individuals it is a particular pleasure to acknowledge the unfailing courtesy of Mr. Richard Dillon, Librarian of The Sutro Library in San Francisco during the BANKS AND PLANTS FROM KEW FOR RUSSIA 1795 371 weeks of studying the Banks Papers under his care and from whicli the main core of documents for this bulletin was made available for publication. In the same way much help was received from Mr. Michael Hitchings, Deputy Librarian of the Alexander Turnbull Library, WelUngton ; Mr. R. Duthie, Librarian of the Auckland Public Library and Miss Dorothy Lyon, Research Librarian ; and Miss E. Evans, Librarian, of the Auckland Institute and Museum, Auckland, New Zealand. The final task of editing and preparing these documents for publication has been eased by the advice and help of Mr. M. J. Rowlands, Chief Librarian, of the General Library ; of Miss P. I. Edwards of the Botany Library at this Museum ; of Miss B. M. Skramovsky (now Mrs. H. Watson) formerly of this Museum ; and of Mrs. Helene Sabo of the General Library. Finally, due acknowledgement is made to the Libraries in whose custody the documents are for permission to publish them in the context of this Bulletin. INDEX 373 Abercromby, General Sir Ralph, 303 Abyssinia, 347 Account 0/ Russia as it was in the Year Ijio, 285« Aconitum dahuriciim , 357 camarum, 357 Actaea laccis rubra, 357 Addermann's Chain, 335 Addiscombe Place, Surrey, 311 Adiantuni reniforme, 340 Admiralty, Board of, 301, 312, 335 Court of, 297 Adonis vesicatoria, 340 African Association, 291, 293, 300, 307, 311 Afzelius, Adam, 290, 294, 298 AiTON, William (the Elder), 338);, 347 Aiton, William Townsend (the Vounf;er), 293. 298. 304. 338", 344^5. 349. 362, 370 Alcaeaficifolia. 357 Alexander TurnbuU Library, Wellin.gton, N.Z., 283, 371 Allen, John, 309 Alsop, Isaac, 309 Alstroemeria ligtu, 339 Alyssum hahnifolium, 357 montanum, 357 singulare, 357 taurica, 357 Amaryllis tatarica, 357 Amber, River, 308 American Independence, War of, 286H American Philosophical Society, 284, 370 Amygdalus pedunculata, 357 Anabasis aphylla, 357 Androsace lactiflora. 357 macrantha, 357 Anemone narcissiflora, 357 Antheniis melifoliata , 357 A nihyllis cytisoides, 340 hermanniae, 340 Antirrhinum junceutn, 357 macrocarpum , 339 Aquilegia alpina, 357 sanguinea, 357 viridiflora, 357 Arabis pendula, 357 grandiflora, 357 Arelow, Co. Wicklow, 314 Argentina, 370 Armed Neutrality, 2S6 Arrowsmith, Aaron, 319 Artemisia adozatissima, 357 Ashover, Derbyshire, 308-9 Asgarby. Lincolnshire, 291, 320 Asphodelus luteus, 357 Aster alpinus, 357 Astragulus melitotoides, 357 Aubert Alexander, 315 Auckland Institute and Museum, 284, 371 Auckland Public Library, 371 Aucuba japonica, 339 Avena sp., 357 Azores, 370 Bain, River, 306 Bambouk, 291 Bank of England, 295 Banks {n^e Hugessen) Dorothea, 311, 367 Banks, Joseph (the Second), 284 Banks, Sir Joseph first Baronet scattered papers of, 283 grants toward collation of his papers, 284 his position in 1795, 284 receives Royal command to assemble plants for Catherine II, 288 relations with the Revesby Abbey staff, 288-9 as editorial adviser on Cook's third voyage and Macartney Embassy to China, 289 begins correspondence with T. A. Knight, 289 and plants for New South Wales, 289 and plants for India, 290 sends funds for Broussonet, 290 sends equipment to Afzelius, 290 and Mungo Park's first expedition, 291 arranges manufacture of the Royal wool clip, 291 and winter relief for the poor at Revesby, 291 success as High Sheriff in raising the Lincolnshire Militia, 291 incapacitated by gout, Feb. -Mar., 1795, 292 encourages Caley to come to London, 292 advises Privy Council on French use of salt petre, 292 recovers from gout, April 1795. 293 disclaims credit for Jamaican bread-fruit importations, 293 visits Spanish Merino flock at Marsh Gate Farm, Kew, 293 orders Aiton to collect plants for Russia, 293 approves final funds for Mungo Park, 293 scientific generosity recognised by Blumen- bach, 294 374 INDEX requests a passport for Correia de Serra, 294 disapproves plant collection for Sierra Leone Company, 294 estimates flood damage in Cambridgeshire, 294 seeks artichoke suckers from Wales, 295 recovers Broussonet's lost baggage, 295 \isits Foreign Office, 295 sells Spanish sheep to Lady Mansfield of Ken Wood, 295 visits Russia Company in the City, 295-6 visits the Spanish flock at Kew, 296 invites Lord Auckland to Soho Square, 296 comments on a fleece of the Kashmir goat, 296 advises on publication of Smeaton's MSS., 296-7 recommends Dr. GiUan to Lord Macartney for the Embassy to China, 297 as justice of the peace, 297 solicits I^ord Hawkesbury's patronage for Thomas Coltman, 298 correspondence with Matthew Boulton, 298 Afzelius receives equipment from, 298 attends British Museum Committee on Expenditure, 298 sends Boulton some wootz steel, 299 encourages Leslie to publish on hygro- metry, 299 declines to encourage a botanical guide to potatoes, 299 attends meeting of the African Association, as Secretary and Treasurer, 300 inspects the Venus, 300 X'isits Spanish flock at Kew, 300 suggests that Bligh carry the plants to Russia, 301 completes arrangements for the plants on the Venus, 301 gives Noe money for clothes, 301 invites Lloyd to spend the holidays with him, 301 inspects the plant collection at Kew, 302 selects the Spanish rams at Windsor, 302 at a meeting of the Royal Society on Thursday June 25. 302 receives the KB. at St. James's, 302 declines K.B., April, 1794, Gillray's car- toon of, 303 pays fees for the Order of the Bath, 304 attends annual dinner of the Royal Society Club, 304 attends annual general meeting of the Royal Society, 304 pays final visit to the Venus, 304 replies to congratulations on K.B., 304 seeks Lincolnshire prints from Itichard Gough, 304 inspects Spanish rams at Windsor Little Park and sends rams to Duke of Montrose, 305 receives congratulations from County friends, 305 approves Bridge over the River Bain, 30O arranges Lloyd's visit to Revesby Abbey, 306 visits Lord Sheffield in Sussex, 306 attends Wool Fair at Lewes, 307 deals with Royal Society correspondence from Blagden, 307 weighs the King's wool at Kew, 307 sends the King's wool for manufacture at Painswick, 307 petitions aid from the Government for Houghton's widow. 308 advises Kippis on Franklin's error about the attitude of Congress to Cook's last voyage, 308 sets out for Overton, 308 attends to the problems of the Gregory' lead mine, 308 attends to Derbyshire estate affairs, 309 advises Privy Council on the national corn supplies, 309 travels from Overton to Revesby Abbey, 309 fishes the River Witham, 309-10 receives old coins from the Witham, 310 settles Masson's expenses in returning from the Cape, 3 10- 11 attends Lincoln Races, 311 correspondence from Blagden about Royal Society papers in press, 311 receives news of Mungo Park's arrival in Gambia, 311 attends to Privy Council correspondence with Lord Hawkesbury, 311 receives letters from Dryander about Soho Square, 312 approves the first volume of Catatogus Bihliothecae . . . going to press with William Bulmer, 312 receives letter from Maskelyne about Board of Longitude affairs, 312 receives complaints from Jacquin (the Elder) about Drj-ander's neglect, 312 INDEX 375 many letters from abroad, 312-13 practises water-divining at Revesby Abbey, 313 more Royal Society correspondence from Blagden, 314 more Soho Square correspondence from Dryander, 314 directs Lloyd to the site of a gold find in Ireland, 314 asks Lloyd to report on geological strata in Warwickshire, 315 enquires about value of swan skins, 315 recommends Heidinger to Boulton, 315 thanks Governor of St. Helena for plant collection, 315 promises help for Correia de Serra, 315 receives account for plant transport to Russia, 316 congratulates Burges on baronetcy, 316 returns from Revesby Abbey to I^ondon, 317 urges addresses of loyalty to the King, 317 signs address of loyalty from University of Oxford, 317 promises to present Lloyd's letters on Irish gold to the Royal Society, 318 does not support Leslie's application for a chair at St. Andrews, 318 acknowledges plants from Graefler at Naples, 318 collects accounts of the earthquake in England, 318 submits to Count Rumford's ideas for conserving domestic coal, 318 receives his collar of tlie Order of the Bath, 318 supports Bligh's application for a posting to Greenwich Hospital, 318-9 answers questionnaire on the Dutch colony at the Cape, 319 receives Noe at Soho Square, 319 thanks Smith for some Norfolk turkeys, 320 deals with complaints from Revesby tenants about surveying errors, 320 advises on his nephew's career, 320 seeks information from Smith about the November earthquake in Norfolk, 320 works with Dryander on classifying plants from China, 321 receives Menzies plant collection from the Vancouver voyage, 321 seeks a settlement of the Russian plant collection accounts by the Foreign Of&ce, 321-2 appointed to Privy Council, March 1797, 322 organises plant transport to New South Wales, 322 relations with the Navy Board on plant cabins in H.M. ships, 322 collaboration with Governors Phillip and King in carrying plants to and from New South Wales, 323 experience gained with plants sent to Russia, 323 advises Burges on the proper season to send plants through the Baltic, 329-30 sets out the general plan for sending the plant collection, 330-1 his preliminary estimate of costs, 332 devises a plant platform for the Venus, 3ii suggests H.M.S. Calcutta as more suitable, 334-5 visits Kew and pays Noe his clothing allowance, 336 pays 'Vickermann freight for the plants, 337 receives catalogue of the plants from Alton, 338 visits Edward Forster jr., 343 and Thomas Raikes sr., 343 visits the Venus, 344 visits Kew, 344 gives Noe his travelling instructions, 345 sends details of the collection to Whit- worth, 345 pays Noe his subsistence, 348 his draft instructions to Noe, 349-50 acknowledges the thanks of Catherine II, 352 asks Burges to send his letter to Russia through the Foreign Office, 353 discusses the accounts with Burges, 355 his notes on his conversation with Noe, 356 asks Burges for settlement of the accounts, 356-7 settles Noe's accounts in full, 363 receives final settlement from the Foreign Office, 364 the drawings of his study and library at Soho Square, 367 names the genus Strelitzia, 369 introduces New Zealand flax, 370 Banks, William, 289 Banks, Sarah Sophia, 298, 310-11 Banksia dentata, 342 376 INDEX gibbosa, 342 serrata, 342 Batson's Coffee House, 302. 338 Batty, family, 310 Beaglehole, J. C, 289» Beaufoy, Henry, 291, 294, 300, 311 Begonia nitida, 340 Bell, J. T., 293 Belhrephon, H.M.S., 289 Benbrook, Edward, 301, 337, 344, 351, 362, 365-6 Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, third Duke of Portland, 317, 320 Berberis mongola, 357 Bermondsey, 307 Bertie, Brownlow, fifth Duke of AnC ASTER AND KeSTEV-EN, 298 Beta cycla taurica, 357 Bethlehem and Bridewell Hospital, 298 Betty, Samuel, 318 Betula fruticans, 357 nigra, 357 Bidwell, Thomas sr., 32i«, 36411 Billarderia scandens, 342 Biographia Britannica, 308 Bird of Paradise Flower see Strelitzia reginae Birmingham, 315 Biscuiella alsinus, 357 Blaeria ericoides, 340 Blagden, Sir Charles, 293, 307, 311, 313-4 Blankney, Lincolnshire, 305 Bligh, Elizabeth, 318 Bligh, Captain William, 289, 293, 300-1, 315, 318-20, 334-5 Blumenbach, Johann, 294, 316 Board of Agriculture, Drainage Committee of, 299 Board of Agriculture, Report of, on the West Riding of Yorkshire, 296 Board of Control, H.E.I. Company, 319 Board of Longitude, 312 Borbonia cordata, 340 Bognor, Dorset, 307 Bolingbroke, Castle of, 297 Bombay, 299 Bond, Captain Edward, 290 Boston, Lincolnshire, 297 Boston, New England, U.S.A., 308 Botany Bay, 338 BOUCHERETTE, AySCOUGHE, 317 Boulton, Matthew, 298-9, 315 Boulton and Watt, 308 Bounty, H.M.S., 300, 319 Brackenbury, family, 310 Brackenbury, John, 297 Bradley, Dr. James, 312 Brand, family, 310 Brenna -, 287?! Brentford, 338 Brewers' Association, 306 Bridson, Gavin, 367 British Museum, 289, 290, 298, 311, 369 British Museum (Natural History), 367-70 Brooke, Governor Robert, 315 Brougham, Henry Peter, first Earl Brougham and Vaughan, 307 Broussonet, Pierre-Marie-Auguste, 290, 295, 298 Brown, Mr., 293, 332, 362, 365-6 Brown, Dr. Robert, 316, 367-8 Bruce, James, 347, 370 Brucea antidysenterica (syn. B. ferruginea), 340. 347, 370 Brunia nodiflora, 340 superba, 340 Buchanan, nr. Glasgow, 305 BuLMER, William, 312, 314 Bunias cakile, 357 Burges (later Lamb), Sir James Bland first Baronet, 295-6, 300-1, 304, 316-7, 319, 321, 329K, 330-2, 343-4. 357. 364« Burnham, John, 306 Butterley, Derbyshire, 309 Buxton, John, 307 Cacalis daucoides, 357 Cachrys alpina, 357 Calcutta, 290, 313 Calcutta, H.M.S., 289, 300, 315, 319-20, 334-6 Caley, George, 292, 294, 323 Calophyllum calaba, 339 Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, 311 Calycanthus praecox, 339 Cambridge, Botanic Garden, 347 Cameron, Charles, 287 Campanula aurea, 340 latifolia, 357 lilifolia, 357 punctata, 357 Cape of Good Hope, 319 Cape Province, 369 Cartlich, William, 338« Cartwright, family, 310 Cartwright, Major John, 310, 317 Caryota urens, 339 Casuarina equisetifolia, 340 INDEX 377 Catalogus Biblioihecae Hislorico-Naturalis Josephi Banks . . ., 312, 314, 321, 338)!, 367 Catherine II, Tsarina of Russia, 285-88, 323, 329-31, 345/, 348/, 352-3, 356, 359 Cavendish, (nie Spencer), Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, 307 Celsia linearis, 340 Centaureus gemelius, 357 Cestrtim parqui, 340 Cicinielli, 316 Chapman, William, 298-9 Chaplin, family, 310 Chaplin, Charles, 305 Charles Cameron, 287 Chatham, H.M.S., 321 Charlotte Sophia, H.M. Queen, 369 Charlotte, merchant ship, 335 Cheiranthus fenestralis, 357 Chile, 370 Chillingham Castle, Belford, Northumber- land, 369 China, 369 Embassy to, 289, 293, 297, 321 Emperor of, 293 Chironia spp., 356 baccifera, 340 frutescens, 340, 356 linoides, 340 Chloranthus inconspicua, 339 Cimelia physica . . ., 370 Cineraria cruenta, 340 glauca, 357 siberica, 357 Cistus, sp., 340 Claveria hypoxylon, 309 Cleome nivalis, 357 Clethra arborea, 340 Clifford Street, 303 Cliffortia cuneata, 340 obcordata, 340 trifoliata, 340 Clusiaflava, 339 Cluytia pulchella, 340 Clypeola minima, 357 Cnicus acaulis, 357 salinus, 357 Coltman, family, 310 CoLTMAN, Thomas, 297-8 Colutea sp., 357 Cojiawrfj-a testiculatum, 357 Connington, Mr., 295 Convolvulus jalapa, 339 tauricus, 357 Conway, Field Marshal Henry Sey- mour, 292 Cook, Captain James, 314, 368, 370 Copenhagen, Agricultural Society of, 314 Copin Syke, Lincolnshire, 309 Cotyledon sinense, 357 spinosa, 357 County Hall, Lincoln, 317 Coutts, bankers, 310 CORBIERE, DE La -, 3! I, 3I4 Correspondence artistique de Grimm avec Catherine II , 28jn Crawley Moor, 3i3« Crinum sp., 339, 356 Crimea, 355 Cronbane, Co. Wicklow. 318 Cronstadt, 323, 343, 361, 364 Crotolaria elegans, 340 Crown and Anchor, Strand, 304 Cruciaia singularis, 357 Cucubalus occulatits, 357 sibericus, 357 Cumnock Lock, Lincolnshire, 310 Curtis, William, 369 Curtisia faginea, 340 Curzon Street, 297 Cussonia laciniata, 340 thyrsiflora, 340 Cymbaria dahurica, 357 Cytisus foliolosus, 340 proliferus, 340 Daedalus, H.M.S., 305, 351 Dais coiinifolia, 340 Dalby, Isaac, 302, 314 Dance-Holland. Sir Nathaniel, 368 Daphne tartonraira, 340 Datura arborea, 339 D'alembert, Jean le Rond, 320 Dean Street, No. 17, Soho, 367 Decumaria barbara, 340 Defiance, H.M.S., 315 De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa, 294 Denmark, 285, 314 Derwcnt, River, 308 Dianthus prolifer, 357 Dickinson, Joseph, 298 Didelphia sp., 357 DiGBY, Stephen, 321 Digitalis sceptrum, 340 Dillenia huniilis, 342 Dillon, Richard, 370 Diosma latifolia, 340 serrata, 340 378 INDEX uniflora, 340 Director, H.M.S., 320 Discovery, H.M.S., 321, 313 Dodonaea sp., 342 Dog Dyke, Lincolnshire, 309-10 Dominica, 313 Doronicum altaicum. 357 Dorstenia contrajerva, 339 Downing Street, 300-1, 335, 351 Dracaena ferrea, 339 marginata, 339 Dracocephalum altaiense, 357 glutinosum, 357 grandiflora. 357 pinnatum, 357 Drosera sp., 292 Dryander, Jonas, 290, 312, 314-5, 321, 338". 345. 367 Duncan, Adam, Admiral, Viscount Dun- can, 319 DuNDAS, Henrv, first Viscount Melville, 289, 302-3, 317, 319 DuTHiE, Mr. R., 371 Dyson, Mr., 290 East India Company, the Honourable, 315, 343 the Dutch, 319 East India House, 313 Eddlestow, Derbyshire, 308 Eden, William, first Baron Auckland, 293, 296, 304 Edridge, Henry, 370 Edwards, Miss P. I., 371 Ehrmann, J., 288 Elkington, Mr., 313-4 Ellison, family, 310 Ellison, Richard, 305 Elphinston, family, 310 Elsinore, 305, 344, 350-1, 353, 355-7, 360, 361, 363 Eltham, Surrey, 319, 354, 360 Emmet, Mr., 298 Endeavour, brig, 297, 301, 311 Endeavour, H.M.S., 289, 320, 322, 370 Ephedra sp., 357 Epidendrum cochleatum, 339 vanilla, 339 Erica albens, 341 baccans, 341 banksii, 341 capitata, 340 cerinthoides, 341 coccinea, 34 1 comosa, 340 concinna, 34I confrateroides , 34 1 cruenta, 341 cubica, 341 denticutata, 341 discolor, 34I gelida, 341 grandiflora, 341 halicacaba, 340 lutea, 341 matnmosa, 341 marifolia, 340 massonia, 341 monsoniae, 340 nudiflora, 341 parviflora, 340 patersonia, 341 persoluta, 341 petiolata, 341 pluknetii, 340 quadriflora, 341, 351 sebana, 341 sessiliflora, 341 taxifolia, 341 iriflora, 341 tubiflora, 341 urceolaris, 340 vastila, 340 ventricosa, 341, 356 versicolor, 341 Erodium hymenoides, 339 i«ca(-«aiMm, 339 Eucomis striata. 339 Euphorbia sp., 339 mellifera, 340 Evans, Miss E., 371 Fane, John tenth Earl of Westmorland, 317 Farquharson, Gregory, 306 Fauquier, William, 303 Fawkener, William. 311 Ferula mongolica, 357 Ficus sp., 342 Filippov, M. S., 287 Fletching, Sussex, 306 Flinders, Lieutenant Matthew, 289-90, 309. 3'6 Flitt, M. a., 369 Flora Danica, 314 Flora Graeca, 321 Foreign Office, 295, 321, 323 Formey, Johann Ludwig, 320 INDEX 379 FoRSTER, Edward, sr., 333-4, 3361; FoRSTER, Edward, jr., 295, 299, 332-4, 336". 343-4 FoRSTER AND SoNS, Threadneedle Street, 295 FoRSTER, Edward and Sons, Gracechurch Street, 336n FoRSTER, Lubbock, Forster, and Clarke, Threadneedle Street, 335b FOTHERGILL, Dr. JOHN, 369 Fox, Charles James, 286 'Fox and Goose', Horncastle, Lincolnshire, 295 France, 285, 346 commercial treaties with, 286 National Convention, 286 Frankland, Sir Thomas, sixth Baronet, 296, 299 Franklin, Benjamin, 308 Freetown, 290, 294, 298 Fritillaria sp., 357 Fuchsia coccinea, 339 Fydell, family, 310 Fydell, Thomas, 309-10 Galaktionov, S., 369 Gambia, River, 291, 293, 297, 301, 311 Garcinia sp., 339 Gardenia florida, 341 Genista sp., see Plank Tree, 343 linifolia, 341 Gentiana cruciata. 358 indeterminala , 358 viscosa, 341 Gentleman' s Magazine, 305 George III, H.M. King, 287, 329, 344-5 George, Derby Gibbon, Edward, 306 Gibraltar, 290, 295, 298, 312 GiLLAN, Dr. Hugh, 297 GiLLRAY, John, 303 'Glorious First of June', 289 Glycine bimaculata , 342 rubicunda, 342 Glycyrriza mongolica, 359 Gnapkalium congestum, 341 crassifolium, 341 Gnidia oppositifolia, 341 pinifolia, 341 Good, Peter, 290, 313 Goran, Mr., 312 Gordon, Colonel Robert Jacob, 319*1 Gottingen, 294, 316 Gough, Dr., Richard, 304 Graeffer, John, 318 Graham, James, third Duke of Montrose, 305 Grand Sluice, Boston, Lincolnshire, 309-10 Gravesend, 361, 363 Gray, Edward Whitaker, 318H Gray, John, 290 Great Britain, 369-70 Great Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century, 288 Greenwich, Painted Hall, 368 Greenwich Hospital, 318-20 Gregory Mine, 308-9 Grenville, William Wyndham, first Baron Grenville, 287, 301, 329K, 335, 360, 362, 364 K Greville, Colonel Robert Fulke, 295-6, 299, 302 Grimm, Baron, 287H Guardian, H.M.S., 289 Guy's Hospital, 336K Gypsophyla altissima, 358 siberica, 358 Haemanthus multiflorum , 339 Hagnaby, Lincolnshire, 290, 297 Haloragis cercodia, 341 Hamilton, Mr., 301 Hamilton (nie Lyon, alias Hart) Emma, second Lady Hamilton, 316 Hamilton, Governor Henry, 313 Hamilton, Sir William, 316, 318 Hamilton and Towry, 301, 344 Hammond, George, 322, 329K, 360, 364K Hawker, George, 291 Hawley, Sir Henry, first Baronet, 303, 320 Hawley, Sir Henry, second Baronet, 320 Hedysarum alpinum, 358 argenteum, 358 criticum, 358 obscurum, 358 Heidinger, Wilhelm, 315 H eranthemum proliferum, 342 Heritieria littoralis, 339 Hermannia salvifolia, 341 Herschel, Sir William, 295, 311 Hesperis sibirica, 358 tartarica, 358 Hickman, Miss Frances, 298 Highgate, 315 Hippophae albus, 358 physaloides, 358 His Majesty's Spanish Flock, 325 38o INDEX HiTCHixGS, Michael. 371 HoDGKiNSON, Robert Banks, 284 Holbeach, Lincolnshire, 305 Holland, Lincolnshire, 320 HoLROYD, John Baker, first Earl Shef- field, 306-7 HoLROYD, Maria Josepha, 306 Horn, D. B., 288 Horncastle, Lincolnshire, 291-2, 305 Homcastle Canal, 290, 306 Horncastle Navigation, Commissioners of, 306 HoRT, Sir John, iirst Baronet, 307 Hortus Keweiisis, second edition, 346, 369, 370 third edition, 3387! Hounslow, 334 Hove, Anton, 312, 355 Houghton, Major Daniel, 291, 294, 300, 307 Humphrey, Mistress H., 303 Hunter, Governor John, 289, 316-7 Hydrangea hortensis, 340, 341 Hypericum glandulosum, 341 Indigofera sp., 342 Investigator, H.M.S., 290, 309 Iris sp., 339 Ivanova, O., 369 Ixora coccinea, 339 J.ACQUIN, NiCOLAUS JOSEPH, FrEIHERR VoN (the Elder), 312. 315 Jamaica, Botanic Gardens at, 346 House of Assembly in, 293 Jarry, Francis, 296 Jassy, Treaty of, 286 Jemima, merchant ship, 296, 329-30 Jenkinson, Charles, first Baron Hawkes- BURY, 292, 297, 309-11 Jolhpa, 301 Justiciaformosa, 339 hyssopifolia, 339 nitida, 339, 356 punica, 339 Kaempferia rotunda, 339 Katchina, 356, 361, 364 Keane, Mr., 299 Kelstedge, Derbyshire, 309 Kenrick, family, 310 Kensington Square, 304 Kent, Lieutenant William, 3I9« Ken Wood, Hampstead, 295 Kew, 334-5 Bridge, 300 Green, 368 Lane (now Kew Road), 368 Marsh Gate Farm at, 293, 299, 300, 307, 368 Royal Botanic Gardens at, 287, 294, 302, 323. 329-31. 336K, 338M, 347/, 349-50. 368-9 Saint Anne's Church, 368 King, Governor Philip Gidley, 322-3 Kippis, Dr. Andrew, 308 Kirk, Samuel, 308 Kirkby Lock, Lincolnshire, 306 Kleinhert, Mr., 315 Knatchbull, Sir Edward, ninth Baronet, 368 Knight, Thomas Andrew, 289 Lady Bruce of Kennet, merchant ship, 355 Lady Tankerville's orchid, see Phaius tan- cervilliae Lafoens, Dug de, 313, 315 Laidley, Dr. John, 311 Lancaster, Duchy of, 297 Langrick Ferry, Lincolnshire, 309 Largo, Fife, 307 Lathyrus nesfoUa, 358 Laurus foetens, 341 La yard. Dr. Peter, 314 Laycock, Dr., 293 L'Huilier, Simon, 311, 314 Leicester, Leicestershire, 308 I-eith, 305 Lemon grass, see Schoenathum sp. Leningrad, 369 Lennox, Charles, third Duke of Rich- mond, 314 Leontice sp., 358 Leonurus alpinus, 358 Leslie, Sir John, 298-9, 307, 315, 318 Lewes, 307 Lewis, Matthew, 291 Life of Cook, 3o8« Lightpill, Gloucestershire, 291 Liliacea, 358 Limodorum tankervilliae , see Phaius tancer- villiae Lincoln, Lincolnshire, 310- 1 Lincoln Castle, 298 Lincolnshire Militia, 291 Lind, Dr. James, 293, 297-8 Lindley, Joseph, 312 Linnaeus, Carl, 368 INDEX 381 Linnaean Society of London, 295, jy'in, 367-8 Linton, family, 310 Linuni arboreum, 341 caeruleum, 358 perenne, 358 Lisbon, 290, 295, 313 Lion, H.M.S., 289 Lloyd, John, 294, 301, 304, 309, 313-5, 318 London, port of, 345 Longreach, 300, 334-5 Lonicera alpine, 358 Loughborough, Leicestershire, 308 LOUKOMSKI, G., 287« Lower Mortlake Road, 368 Lower Richmond Road, 368 Loyalist, hospital ship, 297 Lucas -, 367 Ludlow, Herefordshire, 289 LuMBY, William, 298 Lycopus pinnatus, 358 Lyon, Miss Dorothy, 371 Macartney, George, first Earl Macart- ney, 285, 297, 304 Malva tridactylites, 341 Mareham-le-Fen, Lincolnshire, 288, 292, 320 Marsden, Alexander, 314 Marsden, William, 302, 314, 337K, 345 Martinique, 311, 314 Manchester, 292 Mansfield (nie Cathcart), Louisa, Countess of Mansfield, 295 Maskelyne, Dr. Nevil, 312 Massingberd, family, 310 Masson, Francis, 310- i, 369 Manor Road, 368 Matlock, Derbyshire. 308 Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, 308 Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, 320 Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duke of, 369 Melissa officinalis, 358 Mentha pataniana, 358 Menyanthes ovata, 341 Menzies, Archibald, 313, 320-1 Metcalfe, Captain, 296, 329-30 Mesembryanthemum hispidum, 341 linguijorme, 341 pugioniforme, 341 Mespilus sp., 358 Metrosideros citrina, 342 piperita, 342 Miller, John Frederick, 370 Mills, Abraham, 318 MiLNES, William, 309 Mimosa myrtifolia, 342 suaveolens, 342 verticillata , 343 Moraea northiana, 339, 356 Mudge, Captain William, 302, 314 Murraya exotica, 339 Mylne, Robert, 296 Myrsine retusa, 341 Myrtus pimenta, 339 Naples, 316, 318 National Art Gallery, Sydney, N.S.W., 370 National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, 368 Navy Board, 322-3 Nelson, Horatio, Viscount Nelson, 316 Nepeta conica, 358 lavendulacea , 358 neraxica, 358 New Hebrides, 319 New South Wales, 292 New South Wales Corps, 317 New Zealand, 346, 370 New Zealand Flax see Phormium tenax Nichols, John, 304. 312 Nicols, George, 289 Nightingale, Peter, 309 Noe, George, 298, 301-2, 304-5. 319, 321, 336)!, 344-5. 347/. 356. 359-66 Nore, 337, 351 Norfolk Island, 370 Norway, 314 Nowell, Mr. R., 297 Ochakov, 286 Oedera prolifera, 341 Oenothera rosea, 340 Onosma taurica, 358 Onslow, George, first Earl of Onslow, 292, 317 Opercularia aspera, 343 Ordnance, Board of, 300 Ordnance Office, 314 Orkney Islands, 315 Ornithogalum narbonense, 358 Otaheite, 346 Overton Hall, 308-9 Oxalis incarnate, 339 Oxford, Sherardian Chair of Botany at, 321 Oxford, LIniversity of, 312 Pacey, family, 310 Paeonia laciniata, 358 multifida, 358 382 INDEX officinalis, 358 sinensis alba, 358 tenuifolia, 358 Painswick, Gloucesters}iire, 307 Pallasia pterococciis, 358 Papaver hybridiim, 358 sinensis, 358 Parietaria arborea, 342 Park, Mungo, 291, 293, 297, 300, 301, 311 Parkinson, George, 297-8 Parkinson, John, sr., 291, 305, 320 Parkinson, Sydney, 370 Partridge, family, 310 Pasch, Laurens, 368 Pasley, Captain Thomas, 289 Paterson, Captain William, 317 Paul, Grand Duke (later Paul I, Tsar of Russia), 287 Pavlovsk, Palace of, 287, 343, 356, 359, 361, 364 Pavlovsk, Park of, 369 Pavlovsk Museum and Park, Library' of, 369 Pearson, Dr. George, 299, 305 Pedicularis caespitosa, 358 incarnata, 358 rubens mongolum, 358 Pelargonium apiifolium, 342 crispum, 342 crithmifolium , 339 exstipulatum, 342 fragrans, 342 glaucuni, 339 tenuifolium, 342 tricolor, 342 Pelham, Charles, first Earl of Yar- borough, 295, 297, 317 Pennant, David, 294 Pennant, Thomas, 294 Pentapetes aceriplia, 339 Peter the Great. 285 Petworth Park, Sussex, 314 Phaca arenaria procumbens, 358 elata, 358 rarissima, 358 siberica, 358 Phaius tancarvilliae, 339, 346, 369 Phalaris erucaeformis , 358 Philadelphia, 364 Phillip, Governor Arthur, 316, 323 Phillips, Thomas, 3C7 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 294-5, 298, 299, 305, 307*!, 3ii», 3i3«, 314)!, 315H, 316, 3:8« Phormium tenax, 343, 34O, 370 Phylica biixifolia, 342 Pisania, 311 Pitt, Thomas, second Baron Camelford, 320 Pitt, William (the Younger), 286, 299, 308-9, 317, 329n, 343K Plank Tree see Genista sp. Platylobium formosum, 343 Plectranthus fruticosus , 342 Plescheyeff, Captain Sergius, 352K, 353-4 Poland, 312 Polygala bracteolata, 339 heisteria, 342 pinnata, 356 speciosa, 358 Polygonia sp., 358 Porpoise, H.M.S. (the first), 322-3 (the second), 323 Port Jackson, N.S.W., 289 Porto, Joseph, Abbe Corriea de Serra, ^94. 315 Portsmouth, 297, 301, 312, 346 Portugal. 346 Potentilla nivea, 358 Pothos lanceolata, 339 Price, Major William, 302, 305 Primula civitusoides, 358 Privy Council, 311 Protea argentea, 342, 356 conifera, 341 conocarpum, 341 coronacea, 342 globosa, 342 hirta. 342 mellifera, 342 purpurum, 342 scolymus, 341 spathnlata, 342 speciosa, 342 Providence, H.M.S., 289-go Prunius mahaleb, 357 superba, 352 taurica, 358 Psoralea aculeata, 342 bracteata, 342 pinnata, 342 Pultenaea daphnoides, 343 Pyrus baccata, 358 Raikes, Thomas, sr., 295, 343«, 344 Raikes, Thomas, jr., 343*! Rainsford, General Charles, 290, 295 Ramsay, William, 315 Red Lion, Bamet, 308 INDEX 383 Redriff Street, No. 82, 344 Reliance, H.M.S., 289, 316-7, 319 Resolution. H.M.S., 322 Revesby, Lincolnshire, 288-92, 297, 305, 320 Revesby Abbey, 306, 309-18, 352, 355 Rhamnus prinoides, 342 Rheum dentatum , 358 latifolium, 358 mongolum, 358 Rhodiola roses, 358 Rhododendron chrysanthum, 355, 358 dauricum, 358 Rhus cotinus, 358 Ribes diacaniha, 358 mongolum, 358 taranuska, 358 trista, 358 Richmond, Surrey, 299 Richmond Park, 321 RiDGWAY, JosiAH, 305 Rio de Janeiro, 316 Riou, Captain Edward, 289 Roberts, James, 288-92, 295, 297, 305, 320 Robinia friitescens, 358 pseudoacacia, 356 pygmaea, 358 Robinson, Alexander Ramsay, 296, 300, 304 Rocking [= Cocking] Tor, Derbyshire, 309 Rogers, family, 310 Rosa alba mongolica, 358 pimpinillifolia , 358 puniila, 358 setnperflorens, 342, 356 taurica, 358 ROSLIN, A., 368 Roy, General William, 295, 302 Royal Admiral, Indiaman, 290, 313 Royal Horticultural Society, 338n Royal Society Club, 304 Royal Society of London, 294, 298, 299, 300, 302, 307, 31 1 -3, 318, 370 Royena myrtifolia, 342 Roxburgh, Dr. William, 290, 313 Rotherhithe, 299, 302, 304, 337, 351 Rotherhithe Street, No. 82, 301, 337 Rowlands, M. J., 287W, 371 Rubus arcticus, 358 Rumex sp., 358 Russia, 346-7 Russia Company, 285, 295-6, 332-4, 344-5 Russell, Francis, fifth Duke of Bedford, 313 Ruta sp., 358 Sabo, Mrs. Helene, 371 St. Alban's Tavern, 300 St. Andrew's, Fife, 315, 318 St. George's Hospital, 299 St. Helena, 315, 370 St. James's Palace, 302, 317, 359 St. Petersburgh, 295-6, 304, 312, 316, 323, 329-32, 333-6, 343, 345, 347/, 352, 356-7, 359, 361/ St. Vincents, Botanic Gardens at, 346 Salicornia herbacea, 358 Salsola laniflora, 358 loela, 358 Salvia coccina, 339 forrnosa, 339 violacea, 342, 356 Sandycombe Road, 368 Saxifraga sp., 358 Schoenanthum amboinicum Rumphii, 340 Scholia speciosa, 342 Scott, Dr. Helenus, 299 Scott, Lieutenant William, 323 Seditious Meetings Act, 317K Selimun arboreuin, 342 'Senegambia', 291 Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain . . . from the Norman Conquest, 304 Serratula salicifolia, 358 Shannon, River, 313 Shairps and Company, 354-5 Shchedrin, S., 369 Sheerness, 356, 361, 363 Sheffield, 299 Sheffield Place, 306-7 Sheriff, Captain, 335 Shirley, Henry, 293 Shuckburgh, [-Evelyn] Sir George, sixth Baronet, 315 Siberica siberica, 357 nova, 357 SiBTHORP, John, 320 Sierra Leone, 290, 294, 346 Sierra Leone Company, 290 Silene amoena, 358 Sinclair, Sir John, first Baronet, 296, 298, 299 Sisymbritim sp., 358 Sisyrinchium striatum, 339 Skramovsky, Miss B. M., 371 Slavyanka valley, 369 Smallbury Green, 300 Smeaton, John, 296 Smeatonian Club, 296 Smith, Mrs., 295 384 IXDEX Smith, Christopher, 290 Smith, Sir James Edward, 290, 294, 320 Society of Engineers, 297 Soho Square, No. 32, Soho, 367 Solandra auriculatum , 339 grandiflora, 339 marginatum, 339 Sophora biflora, 342 capensis, 342 lupinoides, 358 microphylla, 358 South Africa, 370 Southgate, Rev. Richard, 289 Sowerby, James, 369-70 Sparrow, Mr., 356 Spencer, George John, second Earl Spencer, 318 Spilsby, Lincolnshire, 297-8 Spring Grove, nr. Hounslow, Middlesex, 295, 297, 299, 300-2, 305, 322, 334 Staticeflexuosa, 358 paradoxa, 358 speciosa, 358 Irigona, 358 Staunton, Sir George Leonard, first Baronet, 289, 305, 321 Steel. John. 318 Stephenson, Benjamin, 288-92. 295. 297. 305. 320 Sterculia sp., 318 Stone, Tho.mas, 320 Stony Stratford, Buckinghamshire, 308 Slrelitzia reginae, 338-9, 346, 369 Strulhiola brevifolia, 342, 351 Stuart, Andrew, 293 Stuttgart, 336« Supply, H.M.S., 319 Surrey Regiment of Fencible Cavalry, 292 Sutro Library, University of San Francisco, 284, 370 Sutton, Lincolnshire, 294 SuTTOR, George. 323 Sydney, Port Jackson, N.S.W., 316, 319 Sweden, 285 Swertia corniculata, 358 rotata, 358 Tanacetum sibericum, 358 Tankerville, Charles Bennet, fourth Earl of Tankerville, 369 Tankerville {nie Coleerooke), Emma, Lady Tankerville, 369 Teucrium betonictim, 342 Te.\el, 319 Timbuctu. 291 Thames. River. 369 The Girlhood of Maria Josepha Holroyd, 3o6n The Park of Pavlovsk, 369 The Voyage of the Resolution and Discovery, ijy6-iy8o, 289 The Younger Pitt, 288 Thompson, Sir Benjamin, Count Rum- ford, 314. 318 Tho-mson. Francis, 309 Thorold. Dr.. 292 Three Swans, Market Harborough, 308 Thymtis odoratissimus , 358 Toft Hill, Lincolnshire, 290, 306 Tothill. Lindsey. Lincolnshire. 293 Tradescanlia discolor, 339 Trai'els in the interior districts of Africa in 1795, 1796. «"'^ ^797 ■ ■ ■■ 297 Treasonable Practices Act, 3i7n Treschow, Rabbi Herman, 314 Trifolium subterraneum, 358 Trigonella sp., 358 Trollius asiaticus, 358 Tsarskoe Selo, Palace of. 287n Tulipa altaica, 358 Tumby. Lincolnshire, 290-1 Turkey. 286 Ulmus puinila, 358 Union, yacht, 310 Urtica cannabina, 358 Ushant, 289 Vackeri -, 336 Vancouver, Captain George, 313, 320 Venus, merchant ship, 299-302, 322-4, 333-4. 344-5. 349. 351. 361, 364 Verbena triphylla, 340 Viburnum lantana, 356 Vickermann, Captain Marmaduke, 299, 301-2, 316, 337-8, 354-5, 362, 365-6 Vienna, 312, 315 Viola uniflora, 358 Voltaire. FRAN901S Marie Arouet de, 287, 320 Von Troil, Archbishop Uno, 368 Vorontsov, Count Simon, 286«, 353 Wall. James, 291 Walls, family, 310 Walls, Rev. Edward, 298 Walker. John. 307 Walpole. Horatio or Horace, fourth Earl of Orford. 286 I N D E X 385 316. Warrior, H.MS., 289 Warsaw, 286 Waste Lands, Committee of, 290 Waterhouse, Captain Henry, 319M Watson, Mrs. H. see Skramovsky, Miss B. M. Weir, James, 312 Westminster, 317 Wheeler, family, 310 Whitehall, 301, 317 White Lion, Brickhill, 308 Whitworth, Charles, Baron Whitwokth, 286n Whitworth, Charles, first worth, 304, 316, 329, 336, 352, 354-6, 361, 364 Wigfair, Denbighshire, 294 WiLBEKFORCE, WiLLIAM, 294 Wilderwick House, 306 Williams, Lt. -Colonel Edward, 294, 30^. 313 Williams[-Wynn], Sir Walker, fifth Baronet, 329 Earl Whit- 345/. 348-50. 300, Windham, William, 291, 30S Windsor, Castle, 304 Little Park, 299, 305 Queen's Lodge, 299, 300-2, 334-5 Witham, River, 305, 309-10 Woburn Park, 313 Wright, Dr. William, 314 Wiirttemberg, 359 Wurttemberg, Charles Eugene, Duke OF, 336«, 347, 362 Wyatt, Captain, 297 Wyndham, George O'Brien, third Earl of Egremont, 296 Xylophylla latifolia. 339 Yarmoutli Roads, 319 'i'oiing William, merchant ship, 317 Zamia sp., 343 Harold B. Carter Yeo Bank Congresbury Bristol 13 PLATE I Plan of the Royal Gardens at Kew c. 1785 Scale : i cm = c. 100 m. Hull Hr Mit-i mil. Hifl (Inst. Slt ) 4. 5 I'l.Aii'; I .%-••• ^■^5-- V . -..^ '^.: ^ * PL A TIC II a. Plan of the Royal Park at Pavlo\s!< c 1793 Scale I cm = c. 250 m. h. Landscape of the Sla\yanka \alley at 1 'a\l(i\ sk c. 1795 Hull- [it. Mils mil Hiil. (hist. Scr ) 4. 5 I'l. A ri; I I PLATK III a. Strelitzia reginae Ait. See p. 346 b. Phaius tancarvilliae (L'Herit) Blunic See p. 346 BiilL Br Mm nut Hnl (hist. Ser.) 4, 5 I'LATE III PLATE I\' {I. Phoymium tenax Forst. See p. 346 /(. Brucea antidysenteyica J. F. Mill (syn. B . feyyuginea) See p- 347 Bull. III. Mm. mil. Iliil. (lust. S(.t.| _| , 5 1M.AI1-: I\' Printed in Great Britain by John Wright and Sons Ltd. at The Stonebridge Press, Bristol BS4 sNU THE NON-DESCRIPTIVE PALAEONTOLOGY OF THE SOWERBYS' MINERAL CONCHOLOGY G. F. ELLIOTT BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. 6 LONDON : 1975 THE NON-DESCRIPTIVE PALAEONTOLOGY OF THE SO WERE YS' MINERAL CONCHOLOGY I 2: v;w o BV GRAHAM F. ELLIOTT ^Z* 387-399; ^Piii'' BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. 6 LONDON: 1975 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (natural history), instituted in 1949. " issued in five series corresponding to the Scientific Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 4, No. 6, of the Historical series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation : Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Hist. ISSN 0068-2306 Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1975 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 4 September 1975 Price £1.00 THE NON-DESCRIPTIVE PALAEONTOLOGY OF THE SO WERE YS' MINERAL CONCHOLOGY By GRAHAM F. ELLIOTT CONTENTS Synopsis ....... Introduction ...... Internal Structures and Microstructures Comparisons with Living Forms and Palaeoenv Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography Conclusion . . . . . References ...... Page 389 389 390 393 396 397 398 SYNOPSIS Analysis of the classic descriptive work on British fossils. Mineral Concliologr by J. and J- de C. Sowerby, published 1812-1846, shows a surprising number of small but significant passages foreshadowing lines of research and development carried out subsequently as the science of palaeontology and its appropriate technology developed, up to the present day. Included are some internal structures and their significance for foraniinifera, cephalopoda, barnacles and brachiopoda ; comparisons of fossils with their living analogues and reconstruction of the palaeoenvironnients ; the significance of some different types of fossils for stratigraphv ; and a very early speculation on the evidence of fossils, for different, earlier positions of the Earth's poles. Finally a comment of James Sowerby on structures which are sometimes preserved to be seen more clearly in fossils than in recent e.Namples, is justified by reference to the palaeo- botany of a centurv later. 1. INTRODUCTION The Mineral Conchology of the Sowerbys occupies a very special place in British Palaeontology. Although produced from 1812 to 1846, with the majority of text and plates before 1830, its minutely accurate coloured illustrations and descriptive comments have ensured its working value, as opposed to historical interest, to the present day. This is in spite of the pioneer nature of much of the contents, and of the uneven geological documentation resulting from the gradual development of stratigraphy (and its terminology) during the years of publication. The Journal of the Society for the Bibliographv of Natural History recently devoted an entire number (1974 : 6 {())) to the Sowerbys and their publications, especially the Mineral Conchology, and to the contents of the very interesting and meticulous studies therein I have nothing to add. The present paper endeavours to deal with another aspect of the Sowerbys' work which has long interested me. Given that the attempt to describe and illustrate British fossils was a likely development from James Sowerby's descriptive works on living plants and minerals, how far, if at all, are modern developments in palaeontology foreshadowed in the work? How much did James Sowerby, and his son James de Carle, think of their fossils as remains of once-living creatures ; how far did they realize the special considerations which 390 G. F. ELLIOTT apply to a fossil, as opposed to a Recent, shell? It must be realized that any such thoughts would be made in a 'pre-evolutionary' mental climate, that the geological time-factor would be, at best, very dimly sensed, and that any ideas found will be expressed in literary and imprecise terms, without any of the later terminologies which have grown to fit what are now subjects of study in their own right. Ine\itably, an\' compilation of such evidence will be capable of arrangement in various w-ays. That adopted here is to take those aspects arising directly from the fundamental descriptive nature of the Mineral Conchologv, first, and to proceed from these to the writers' more philosophic speculations. The quotations which in this paper are ascribed to James Sowerby, or to James de Carle Sowerby, are on the basis of attribution of text and plates to the former up to the end of part 65 (in volume 4), and thereafter to the latter. Cleevely (1974 : 446) in discussing this boundary, has drawn attention to a letter of J. de C. Sowerby (iiS39) stating that much of the text (as opposed to plates) in the earlier parts was prepared by J. de C. and G. B. Sowerby and, indeed, the work as a whole seems very much to have been a family production. 2. INTERX.\L STRUCTURES .\ND MICROSTRUCTURE Devoted as it was to British fossil shells, the detailed external form and hinge- structures of molluscs form a great part of the work. But fossils are more usually filled with hard and intractable matrix ; the Sowerbys, operating before the days of thin-sections, serial sections and X-rays, and with only the minority of hollow or easily excavatable specimens and the occasional lapidary's polished surface, nevertheless show an early realization of the essential importance of internal structures. (a) Cephalopoda [and Foraminifera) From the first part of Volume I James Sowerby showed an interest in recording the position of the siphuncle, an internal shelly tube of hydrostatic significance found in shelled cephalopods. Siphuncles are usually peripheral in ammonites and central in nautiloids. J. Sowerby was careful to indicate its position in the aberrant, uncoiled or turricone members of the former {Hamites, Turrilites ; I, 135, 169, 170), and to mention it where it could be seen, in many species of the latter. J. de C. Sowerby, towards the end of the work, gave a summary of the form of the septa and position of the siphuncle in London Clay nautili (V'll, 35, pi. 627), showing the change in position of the siphuncle during the growth of Nautilus imperialis. This interest of the Sowerbys extended to all fossils referred to the Cephalopoda. At that time the shelled foraminifera were regarded as minute nautili. This ascrip- tion was made from the shells and not from the living animals, the foraminifera being of course much lower in the scale of life than the Cephalopoda (MoUusca) to which Nautilus belongs. D'Orbigny (1826) whilst recognizing the distinctive shelly characters of foraminifera, still grouped them as a section of the Cephalopoda, and it was not until after the recognition of living species as Protozoa (Dujardin 1835) that they became classified in their own right and not as minute Cephalopoda THE SOWERBYS' MINERAL COSCHOLOGY 391 (Mollusca). Hence in 1816 James Sovverby, describing a Cretaceous loraminifer as Nautilus comptoni (probably a Lenticnlina sp.), wrote : 'I am sorry not to be able to find the siphuncle, but I suspect it is at the outer extremity'. In all my specimens, which is seldomer the case in Nautili than in Ammonites, it was obscure : one had a little break where I expected it, but I could not say it was there : - it must there- fore be left for further research' (II, 45, 4O), The siphuncle is exclusively a cepha- lopod structure, and so, naturally, he could not find it. This foraminifer seems to have troubled the Sowerbys. Perhaps they realized that whilst its characters conformed to those used in the then current taxonomy, it (and its kind) were nevertheless in some way different, a feeling not unknown to many taxonomists. Thus in 1S26 J. de C. Sowerby, discussing nummulites, wrote : 'The Nummulariae are supposed to belong to the same division of the Order Cephalo- poda as Nautilus, Spirula, etc Nautilus Comptoni Tab. 121 belongs to this genus.' But a couple of pages later he added a footnote 'N. Comptoni, tab. 121, has only one or two whorls and about eight septa, and is one of the most remote species from Nummularia of Authors' (\T, 74, 7(3). (b) Brachiopoda Although Brachiopoda have long been recognized as a distinct and more primitive phylum than the Mollusca, their usual double-valved, shelly remains have some general similarity to those of bivalved molluscs, and the Sowerbys described many brachiopods in the Mineral Coiichology. Many, though by no means all, brachiopods have an internal structure, the brachidium, composed of thin shelly ribbons inside the valves and often of considerable complexity in form ; these structures are of the greatest value in classification. In fossils, usually filled solid with hard matrix or mineral infilling, the brachidia are difficult of access ; serial sections, and chemical or mechanical dissection and clearance, are the usual means of revealing them today. In hollow or friable fossils, broken specimens sometimes reveal them, usually damaged, and often crusted with calcite or other mineral, and rather more frequently', the hinge-structures to which they are attached. Internal moulds in clear calcite may also sometimes show internal structures by translucency. Such specimens were carefully figured by the Sowerbys when available : I, pi. 15 ; III, pis 265, 2(^^ ; V, pis 435, 502 ; VI, pi. 535 ; VII, pi. 616. Of Terebratiila plicatilis (now Cretirhynchia) James Sowerby wrote that it occurred 'sometimes in such a state as to separate from the chalk, and show something of the interior construction, which is very desirable in this division of shells, as it is often very remarkable' (II, 37). But in addition there are a few brachiopods whose internal structures were dealt with by the Sowerbys in more detail. James Sowerby. in two short communications to the Linnean Society in 1S14-15 (Sowerby 1S19), drew attention to the spiral brachidia in certain Carboniferous species, indicating that these occurred not merely in the externally transverse species typical of spiriferids, but in other, terebratuliform, shells. This work is referred to in the Mineral Conchology (II, 41, footnote), and this subject is returned to in IV, pi. 376, p. 105, by J. de C. Sowerby (see Cleevely 1974 : 444-446 on attribu- tion of authorship here) : 'In general appearance it does not agree with most of the 392 G. F. ELLIOTT species of the Genus Spirifer, but approaches nearer to the smooth Terebratulae ; its having a perforated beak, and little or no hinge-line, still further distinguish it ; but the actual existence of spiral appendages seems to confirm it a Spirifer, unless its combining the characters of both Genera should render it advisable to construct a new genus of it. But as the appendages within the Terebratulae are very variable, it will be well to wait until more of them are known.' The 'terebratuliform' species described is now Composita ambigua, a member of the Athyridacea ; this was an earlv recognition of the occurrence of shellv spiral lophophore supports in several different families of the Brachiopoda. James Sowerby also interested himself in the brachial supports of Magas pumilus, an Upper Cretaceous brachiopod with a somewhat unusual pattern of brachial support. Magas often occurs in, and is filled with, soft chalk which can easily be removed. It must be remembered that at this period even the more usual types of brachial structures in present-da}' shells were rarities, and little understood. Sowerby recognized the unusual nature of Magas from a broken specimen and described it as follows : 'In the middle of the shell rises a thin longitudinal septum reaching from one valve to the other ; the upper part of it arches over to the hinge, the front of it is perpendicular, on each side arc two shelf-like appendages, one over the other, the upper ones united by slender processes to the hinge. [Upside-down by later conventional orientation.] I know of but one species, some \ariation in these particulars may be expected in others, but the general structure is sufficiently remarkable to warrant the establishment of the Genus' (II, 39). This was the first described genus of these 'long-looped' brachiopods. Plate 119 gives a good, en- larged and recognizable figure, even though knowledge was so elementary that he could write : '. . . to which valve this septum is attached I ha\c not been able to ascertain, because I could not open the shell without breaking it'. He also noted the distinctive shell-punctation under magnification (II, 40). In a footnote (p. 39) he added 'it were much to be wished that some person would publish an account of the curious internal appendages of these shells' (though it is not clear if he means species cited in an erroneous comparison, or brachiopoda in general). And, indeed, the study of brachiopod brachial structures now has a large intrinsic literature, and has thrown much light on the variety and inter-relationships of these brachiopods, as well as on past anatomy. Finally in 1826 J. de C. Sowerby described a Lower Cretaceous brachiopod as Terebratula truncata (VT, 71). This name was preoccupied for a living species of Lamarck's, and the fossil is now known as Gemmarcula aurca Elliott. Sowerby wrote : 'Were it not for the aperture in the beak and the internal structure, which is fortunately well preserved, it might be taken for a Spirifer.' (A continuation of tlu- eldcr Sowerb3''s thoughts on the relations of external form and internal structure.) In Plate 537 J. de C. Sowerby illustrates this species. Because of the 'hollow' preservation, this was the species which I used (LUiott 1947) to demonstrate the full series of ontogenetic changes in a fossil terebratellacean for comparison with similar growth-stages in living genera. Sowerby's figured enlarged shell with loop is recognizable as the growth-stage which I termed 'campagiform' ; it is of an example with septum and descending branches intact but the ascending portion of the loop THE SOWEKBVS' MINERAL CUXCHOLOOY 393 broken, as sometimes occurs. When one measures the size of the little shell from which the enlargement is taken (Sovverby's middle two figures of four collectively forming fig. 3), the size (transverse diameter) is exactly that given by me for that growth-stage (Elliott 1947 : 151). No better example could be given of the Sowerbys' amazing accuracy in drawing things understood but \'ery little at the time, though there are many examples as good. (c) Barnacles {Cirripedes) In figuring the shelly remains of these Crustacea from the Pleistocene Crags of East Anglia, James Sowerby commented : 'The inside projections and pores at the narrowish base are exposed in the lower figures 3 and 4 ; in one of them which is very thick, the bottom pores are elongated. Perhaps it will become of use to notice these parts as the progress of the yet infant knowledge of organic remains will point out' (I, 194). Although barnacles are not favourites of palaeontologists, yet this prediction, too, has come true, and the monograph of Davadie (1963) deals in great detail with the internal structures and pores of such fossils. From all these examples it is clear that, in spite of limitations of knowledge and the absence of techniques now taken for granted, the Sowerbys showed a remarkable perception of avenues of future research on the less obvious or concealed characters of their fossils. (d) Serpidids In describing the Jurassic Serpiila tricarinata (\T, 22b) J. de C. Sowerby wrote 'Among the squamae ... or between the lines of growth . . . there are frequently minute pores or short tubes, but whether formed by the animal of the Serpula or some minute one is not easily discovered.' Scrutton (1975) records this as probably the first notice of what he described in detail as a hydroid-serpulid symbiosis, ranging from the Mesozoic to the present day. 3. C011P.\RIS0XS WITH LINING FORMS .\XD P.\L.\EOEN VI ROXME NTS As conchologists, the Sowerbys were familiar with much general information on the structures, and to a lesser extent on the habits and environments of living mollusca and other shelled organisms. It is therefore not surprising to find frequent comparisons, and some reconstruction, with their fossils. James Sowerby compared the operculum of a London Clay serpulid with those of Recent forms (a subject returned to by J. de C. Sowerby, VII, pi. 634, together with their varying objects of attachment), the variation in Wealden Viviparus with that to be found in living freshwater snails, and a comparison of Coal Measure mussels with living freshwater mussels (I, 73, 77, 84). All these are lines of investiga- tion followed in more recent times (VVrigley 1951, Prashad 1928, Eagar 1948). In comparing the living Teredo, or shipworm mollusc, with fossil remains (I, 229-234), he remarked : T have not detected the spatulate valves' (I, 234). These pallets, as they are now called, are of much classificatory value and a considerable literature 394 G. F. ELLIOTT exists on them. They may be isolated by washing from incoherent rocks (cf. Stinton 1957), or occasionally, with exceptional preservation, revealed in hard rocks by sectioning (Elliott 1963). Wrigley (1930, 1939) ascribed some but not all of Sowerby's figures to Teredina personata Lamarck, which he states does not have pallets. In dealing with attached (sessile) molluscs J. Sowerby commented on Recent cemented Oslrea and Aiioniia showing the ribbing of Pecten to which they were attached (II, 22, footnote). Of oysters in general he wrote (III, ()(>) : 'Oysters and some other common shells are the most puzzling, because they admit of such extensive variation that, although there are certainly many species among them, the greatest discernment meets continually with stumbling blocks, while attempting to dis- tinguish them from one another, or the recent from those of ancient times.' Many palaeontologists subsequently must have echoed the spirit of these words ; it is to be hoped that the admirable Treatise volume on oysters (Stenzel 1971) will provide a basis for determination hitherto in great part lacking. Classification apart, J. de C. Sowerby gives an early but excellent consideration of evidence to be obtained from fossil oysters. Writing of oysters attached to the cast of a Jurassic ammonite (\', 22) he said : '. . . there does not appear to be space enough between them and the stoney cast for any shell, it must have been thin, and is perhaps of such a te.xture as does not permit it to be readily distinguished from the Oyster ; or we must conclude that the Ammonite was in a fossil state before the Oysters existed, but had not been removed far from its original station, before it was again buried to form along with the Oysters the index to another epocha.' Examination of a large ammonite in the British Museum (Natural History) from this level, the Corallian Sands (Upper Oxfordian) of Wiltshire- Berkshire, in the preservation depicted by Sowerby (articulated casts of the chambers) showed small oysters attached to the body-chamber, which was a matri.x cast. It was not possible \-isually to be sure whether the oysters were attached to shell (sur\-iving where they covered it) or direct to the cast. Dr M. K. Howarth thought the shell of the bodj'-chamber on an ammonite of that size would be thick enough to show, and it does seem likely that the 03'sters were attached to the cast, which must thus have been re-exposed on the sea floor after burial and some diagenesis, after a geo- logically short interval. It shows considerable perception on the part of J. de C. Sowerb}^ to have evaluated these possibilities. This realization of the varying conditions under which organisms could be buried together for fossilization is again well shown in J. de C. Sowerby's discussion of the moUusca from the 'White Sand connected with the Lower Freshwater [or rather, perhaps, the so-called Upper Marine] Formation in the Hordwell Cliff' in Hampshire (VI, 61, 62). 'We have therefore either a mixture of Marine and Freshwater shells in a bed hitherto thought by us to contain onlv Freshwater ones, or we are mistaken in drawing conclusions from analogy without sufficient examination.' (Then follows an analj'sis of the fauna as then known and named, with comparisons with living analogues and their environments.) He continued : 'All these shells still leave us, therefore, in doubt. But what does the Serpula |)rove? No Serpula is known to live in fresh water, and the one we have along with these Mussels is too tender to THE SOWEKBYS' MIJ G. F. ELLIOTT Like many palaeontologists, and especially considering the period in which they worked, the Sowerbvs were dependent upon published zoological accounts of the lleshv anatomv of some of the organisms on which they worked. Thus James Sowerby mentioned Cuvier's account of the anatomy of Lingula, a genus familiar to palaeontologists for its common occurrence and persistence through much of Phanerozoic time, but now a tropical and sub-tropical brachiopod and thus in his day a raritv in European collections. Sowerby wrote laconically (I, 56) : 'He found that it has two hearts.' Cuvier (1802) was in error over this anatomical identifica- tion, though in his defence it must be said that the current authoritative account describes the 'heart' in Lingida as normally a very simple and inconspicuous thicken- ing - 'contractile appendage' - of the central mid-dorsal channel of the so-called circulatory system, and that Crania is said to have several of these (Williams & Rowell 1965). But James Sowerby consulted the standard anatomical account of his day, and quoted Cuvier correctly, even if (we may surmise) with some doubt. 4 STR.\TIGR.\PHV .\ND P.\L.\EOGEOGR A PH V British stratigraphy underwent much of its early development during the period covered by the publication-years of the Mineral Conchology. James Sowerby was the engraver for William Smith's classic Strata identified by organized fossils, etc. (Smith 1816-19), sold from (amongst other addresses) Sowerby's publishing home, and perhaps because of this direct references to stratigraphy are few. James Sowerbv (II, 212), dealing with Jurassic gastropods from equivalent strata (Bajocian), in the Jurassic of southern England and northern France, wrote : 'It appears very remarkable to me, that strata agreeing in their composition so closely should produce several shells resembling each other, but, as far as I have hitherto learnt, none are precisely the same. I wish to instigate further research. It is a circumstance corresponding with pro\incial differences among mankind ; whether such differences among shells should be considered as specific, may remain a question.' The gastropods considered, Trocliits spp.', are pleurotomariids, abundant at this horizon and a very variable group both in space and time. Irrespective of later developments in both exact stratal correlation, and in the ta.xonomy of the shells, the comments of Sowerby show an early appreciation of the difficulties of the taxonomic handling of regional differences in closely related taxa. In dealing with the London Clay, he wrote {l\ , 77) of its conspicuous nautlH : It is remarkable that the prevailing species of Nautilus, found at the depth of about 60 feet, in the Regent's Canal, near the White Conduit House at Islington, in 1S15, and also in Hyde Park, should prove different from that found at Highgate, and upon the Isle of Sheepey, yet numerous specimens prove that fact.' This is a very eariy attempt (1822) at indicating faunal divisions within the London Clay, a comparison of lower with higher levels within the formation, well in advance of Wetherell's classic paper (1S36), a system later worked out in great detail 1)>- Wrigley (1924, 1940) and currently under review by the Tertiary Research Group. Finally, written in the year of his death, there is James Sowerby's prophetic passage, including later-established views on the \ariable stratigraphic value of THE SOWERBVS' MISERAI. COSCHOLOGY 397 fossils, but rising above this to an early appreciation of one of the great problems in earth science : 'May not the several formations that lie in strata, or coats, over the nucleus of the earth, have successive zones replete with the fossil remains of the animals etc. peculiar to them, besides such as are universally distributed through them, which zones might be discovered by a diligent comparison of the fossils of different countries, and indicate the probable position of the poles previously to the destruction of life in those strata, for the order and perfection of many of the remains seem to indicate that they are not far removed from their original sites' (IV, 63). The occurrence of well-preserved remains of tropical and subtropical life in what are now temperate or cool latitudes (cf. Arkell 1935) has exercised many minds, and the reverse may be found in the tropics. Changes in distribution of land and sea, continental drift and its crustal mechanisms, changes in solar radiation or in the tilt of the earth and, currently, changes in global diameter pari passu with crustal drift have all been invoked without, so far, decisive conviction. It is to the lasting credit of the artist, engraver and natural history illustrator James Sowerby that he saw above the careful perfection of his illustrating, for which he is now celebrated, to the tantalizing and curious mysteries of the earth's history. 5. CONCLUSION' It will, I hope, be realized from what is written above tiiat the Sowerbys, father and son, in their careful descriptions and illustrations of British fossils, saw well beyond this routine work into the realms of thought now elevated into separate studies. Yet the mere handling of material objects itself gives the intelligent worker unexpected vision. I quote from James Sowerby (II, 53) writing of a worn and imperfect specimen of a fossil nautiloid (ever one of his favourites) : 'How ad- mirable is it that Nature allows us so much distinction in specimens that have under- gone such vicissitudes, while we are often puzzled with very perfect recent ones! It is truly useful . . . and thus will the recent species become more easy to our exercised faculties.' His son, James de Carle Sowerby, was later to illustrate the famous fossil fruits of the London Clay for Bowerbank (1840). Reid & Chandler (1933). in one of the most fascinating pieces of research ever produced, revised this flora in the light of nearly a century of knowledge of both recent and fossil tropical botany. They wrote (p. 29) : '. . . in fossilized fruits and seeds the fusion of suc- cessive coats, which in life may appear complete, tends to be dissolved b}' the pro- cesses of maceration and decay, the separation being yet further emphasized by the intercalation of layers or films of matrix. Consequently the structure as well as the succession of coats can often be more readily obser\'ed and more completely studied in the fossil than in the living' ; and on p. 30 (referring again to this phenom- enon) : 'This was particularly well exemplified in sjiecimens of Tricarpellites com- munis when compared with Canarium. One of the most remarkable of the coats of T. communis is that described by Bowerbank as a "beautifully reticulated layer". The term exactly describes it ; and in the fossil it is most conspicuous. It forms the middle coat of the endocarp. Although we had traced in the li\'ing all the other coats seen in the fossil, we could find no sign of this, which in the fossil separates 398 G. F. ELLIOTT freely from tlie others. It was only after many weeks of maceration in nitric acid that we were able at last adequately to expose the coat.' I need give no further illustration of the Sowerbys' excellence in their chosen field, over and above the descriptive work for which they are famous. .\CKNO\VLEDGEMENTS My thanks are due to my colleagues at the British Museum (Natural History), Department of Palaeontologv, for queries promptlv dealt with : Dr C. G. Adams, Mr R. J. Cleevely, Dr N. J. Morris, Dr M. K. Howarth and Mr S. Ware. Likewise to Dr N. Edwards (Worthing) and Dr X. Holme (Plymouth) for their help. Mr Cleevely also kindly read the paper and commented helpfully. REFEREXCES Arkell, \V. J. 1935. On the nature, origin and climatic significance of the coral reefs in the vicinity of Oxford. 0. Jl geol. Soc. Loud. 91 : 77-110. BowERB.^NK, J. S. 1840. .4 history 0/ the fossil fruits and seeds of the London Clay. London. 144 pp., 17 pis- Cleevely, R. J. 1974- The Sowerbys, the Mineral Conchology and their fossil collection. J. Soc. Biblphy nat. Hist. 6 ; 418-481. Cray, P. E. 1973. Marsupalia, Insectivora, Primates, Creodonta and Carnivora from the Headon Beds (Upper Eocene) of Southern England. Bull. Br. Mtis. nat. Hist. (Geol.) 23 : I -102. CuviER, G. 1802. M^moire sur I'animal de la Lingule (Lingula analina Lam.). Ann. Miis. Hist. nat. Paris 1 : 6g-8o. D.\LEY. B. 1972. JIacroinvertebrate assemblages from the Bembridge Marls (Oligocene) of the Isle of Wight. England, and their environmental significance. Palaeogeogr. I'alaeo- climat. Palaeoecol. 11 : 11-32. Dav.\die, C. 19O3. Systimatiqiie el structure des Balanes fossiles d'Europe et d'Afrique. Paris, Centre nat. Recherche scient. 146 pp., 55 pis. DujARDiN, F. 1835. Observ'ations nouvelles sur les Cephalopodes microscopiques. Observa- tions nouvelles sur les pretendus Cephalopodes microscopiques. Annls. Set. nat. (Zool.) (2) 3 : 108-109. 31 --314- Eagar, R. M. C. 1948. Variation in shape of shell with respect to ecological station. A review dealing with Recent Unionidae and certain species of the .Xnthracosiidae in Upper Carboniferous times. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. (B) 63 : 130-148. Edwards, N. 1970. The Hastings Collection (fossil vertebrates) : history of additions made by the Marchioness of Hastings between 1845- 1851 from the Upper Eocene Beds at Hordle Cliff, Hampshire. /. Soc. Biblphy nnt. Hist. 5 : 340-343. 1971. Report of field meeting to Milford-on-Sea. Hampsliire. September ujth. 1070. Tertiary Times 1 {3) : 50-52. Elliott, G. 1". 1947. The development of a British .\ptian brachiopod. I'roc. Geol. Ass. London, 58 ; 1 44 -159. 1963. A Palaeocene teredinid (MoUusca) from Iraq. Palaeontology 6 : 315-317. H.\ST1NGS, B. (Marchioness of) 1852. Description geologique des falaises d'Hordle. sur la cote du Hampshire, en .^ngleterre. Bull. Soc. giol. Fr. (2) 9 ; 191-203. d'Orbigny, \. D. 1826. Tableau methodique de la classe dc Cephalopodes. Annls Sci. nat. 7 : 96-109. 245-314. Prashad, B. 1928. Recent and fossil \iviparidae. .\ study in distribution, evolution and palaeogeography. Mem. Indian Mus. 8: 153-251. Rkii), E. M. & Chandler, M. E. J. 1933. The London Clay Flora. London. 5G1 pp., 33 pis. f}'^ THE SOWERBVS' MI SURAL CONCHOLOCY 399 ScRUTTON, C. T. 1975. Hj-droid-Serpulid symbiosis in the Mcsozoic and Tertiary. I'a/aeon- tology 18 : 255-274. Smith. W. 1816-1819. Strata identified by organized fossils, containing prints on coloured paper of the most characteristic specimens in each stratum. London. 32 pp., ig pis. SowERBY, J. i8ig. Some account of the spiral tubes or ligaments in the genus Terebralula of Lamarck, as observed in several species of fossil shells. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 12(2) : 514- 516. (Read in 1814 and 1815 : published part of Transactions dated 1818. issued i8iy.) & SoWERBY, J. DE C. 1812-46. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain; or coloured figures and descriptions of those remains of testaceous animals or shells, which have been preserved at various times and depths in the earth. London. 7 vols. Stenzel, H. B. 1971. Oysters. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology , N (3) 953-1224. Lawrence, Kansas. Stinton, F. C. 1957. On the occurrence of Teredinidae in the Upper Eocene of Barton, Hampshire. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 82 : 167-173. Wetherell, N. T. 1836. Observations on some of the fossils of the London Clay, and in particular those organic remains which have recently been discovered in the tunnel for the London and Birmingham railroad. Lond. Edinb. Phil. Mag. (3) 9 ; 462-469. Williams, A. & Rovvell, A. J. 1965. Brachiopod anatomy. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology , H (i), 6-57. Lawrence, Kansas. Wrigley, a. 1924. Faunal divisions of the London Clay, illustrated by some exposures near London. Proc. Geol, Ass. London, 35 : 245-259. 1930. Notes on English Eocene boring moUusca, with descriptions of new species. Ibid. 40:376-383. 1939. Field meeting at Tolworth. Ibid. 50 : 418-419. 1940. The faunal succession in the London Clay, illustrated in some new e.xposures near London. Ibid. 51 ; 230-245. 1951. Some Eocene serpulids. Ibid. 62 : 177-202. Dr G. F. Elliott Dept. of Palaeontology British Museum (N.\tural History) Cromwell Road London SWy 5BD Top : Plate 537 of the Mineral Conchology, showing various fossil brachiopods. natural size. The two middle figures of the four comprising figure 3 (top centre) show an immature example of 'Terebrahila tnincata J. de C. Sowerby' and an enlarged line drawing of its internal structure. Bottom : Enlargement of the two middle figures of the composite figure 3, above, to show Sowerby 's careful depiction of the slightly broken immature brachial structures within the hollow shell-cavitv. Bidl. By. Mils. iial. Hist. (Hist.) 4, 0 ^^ mt :S J^^ J^u ^a M,- Prinudin Great Britain by John Wright and Som Ltd. at The Stonehridge Prets, Bristol BS4 sNU