^r60 diverse species of birds. In retirement he continues his research and has just stood down as editor of Bird Study after seven years. He is Vice-President of the BOU and Council member of the European Ornithologists' Union. This meeting is in Tower Rooms, Section A, Sherfield Building, Imperial College, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ. The entrance is opposite the Queen's Tower in the main quadrangle. The nearest Tube station is at South Kensington. For maps, see: http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/campusinfo/southkensington The meeting commences with the talk at 6.00 pm. After the talk the cash bar opens and at 7,30 pm there is a light buffet supper (sandwiches etc.) costing £15 per person which must be ordered in advance. Vegetarian and gluten-free options can be ordered. Those wishing to order the buffet supper should apply to the Chairman (address below) as soon as possible. All orders must be received by Thursday 13 September 2012. Entry is free but those wishing to attend must notify the Chairman no later than Monday 17 September 2012. 23 October 2012— Indian ornithology, British botany and Allan Octavian Hume (1829-1912): the scientific legacy of a founder of the Indian National Congress A one-day meeting in the Flett Theatre, Natural History Museum (NHM), South Kensington, organised by the NHM and the South London Botanical Institute (SLBI), supported by the British Ornithologists' Club and the Linnean Society of London. For more information about this event, including a list of the planned talks, see the June Club Announcements. There is a registration fee of £25 (which includes buffet lunch, teas / coffee and post-conference reception) and there is an opportunity, when booking, to arrange to visit the SLBI on Monday 22 October and the Natural History Museum at Tring on Wednesday 24 October. Please note that the SLBI is handling all the bookings which must be received before Monday 1 October. Full programme and booking details are available on the SLBI website http://www.slbi.org.uk/ and on the BOC website. Bookings by post can be made to: Hume Conference, South London Botanical Institute, 323 Norwood Road, London SE24 9AQ. (SLBI telephone: 020 8674 5787; e-mail: info@slbi.org.uk ). 2013 Programme Evening meetings will be held in an upstairs room at The Barley Mow, Horseferry Road, Westminster, London SW1P 2EE. Provisional dates are: 26 February, 21 May 24 September and 19 November. A bar will be available and, for those wanting it, the talk will be followed by a meal which can be chosen from a menu on arrival. Saturday 6 April 2013— Joint meeting with the African Bird Club and the Natural History Museum. A one-day meeting in the Flett Theatre, Natural History Museum, South Kensington, London SW7 5BD. Please check the website for further details. The Chairman: Helen Baker, 60 Townfield, Rickmansworth, Herts WD3 TDD UK. Tel. +44 (0)1923 772441. E-mail: helen.baker60@tiscali.co.uk Club Announcements Bulletin of the BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB Vol. 132 No. 3 Published 1 September 2012 137 the NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM 1 1 S2? 2312 PRESENTED TRING LIBRARY Bifll. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) CLUB ANNOUNCEMENTS Chairman's message At the AGM on 12 June Keith Betton was elected to the Committee in place of Mike Walton whose term ended. A Special General Meeting, following the AGM, approved the new Club Rules and Bye-laws. For some time Committee has been considering how best to make back numbers of the Bulletin available free online. We have now agreed with the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) for our Bulletins to be placed on their website. BHL (www.biodiversitylibrary.org) is an international consortium of natural history libraries that cooperate to digitise and make freely accessible the legacy literature of biodiversity. Bulletins for the years up to and including 1922 were already available: www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/46639. Those covering the period 1923-2007 are now being added. Thereafter, one volume will be added p.a. so that only those from the latest five years will not be available online. Copies of volumes made available online will no longer be available in print form for sale, following a move to a smaller storage unit. The evening meeting on 18 September will be the last at Imperial College. In 2013 we are moving to a new venue (see opposite). Full details will appear in the December Bulletin. Helen Baker ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING The Annual General Meeting of the British Ornithologists' Club was held in Room SALC 3, Sherfield Building, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ on Tuesday 12 June 2012 at 5.15pm with Miss H. Baker in the chair. Twelve members were present. Apologies were received from Mr K. F. Betton, Mr S. E. Chapman, Mr S. P. Dudley, Revd. T. W. Gladwin, Mr S. M. S. Gregory, Dr J. P. Hume, Mr G. M. Kirwan, Mr P. J. Oliver, Mr R. C. Price, Dr P. Rudge, Mr M. J. Walton and Mr P. J. Wilkinson. 1. Minutes of the previous meeting. The Minutes of the 2011 AGM held on 14 June 2011, which had been published (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 131: 137-138) were approved and signed by the Chairman. 2. Chairman's report. The Chairman's review, the Trustees' Annual Report and the Annual Accounts were combined in one document and had been available in the room before the start of the meeting. The Chairman thanked Committee members for their contributions and support over the last year. She said that 2011 had seen a new venture, a Joint Meeting with the Neotropical Bird Club (NBC) and the Natural History Museum (NHM). She thanked Dr R. P. Prys-Jones and Mr D. J. Fisher for organising it. Further Joint Meetings were planned. The Chairman reminded members that more volunteers are needed to help run the Club. 3. Trustees' Annual Report taken with item 4, the Bulletin. The Hon. Secretary, referring to the Trustees' report, stated that there had been a small fall in membership again in 2011 but there was still a good geographical spread. In addition to the Joint Meeting with the NBC and NHM, which had been well received, there had been three evening meetings. Talks had been given by Dr Joe Tobias and Rachel Bristol and there was a social evening with a series of mini-talks. The Bulletin was going from strength to strength. Volume 131 contained many interesting, well-illustrated papers. Waiting time from submission to publication was short and the rejection rate low due largely to the willingness of the editor to assist authors. There had been more good reviews of Systematic Notes on Asian Birds, which the Club had published in 2010. There had not been any BOC-BOU Joint Publications in 2011 but several titles were in the pipeline. The Hon. Treasurer drew attention to the income and expenditure details, which showed a surplus of £808 for the year. He explained that this was because no grants were paid during the year, while the Club had received a £1,000 legacy from the late Diana Bradley and had written back the provision of £3,334 originally set aside for the Reftax project which was currently dormant. There was a small improvement in investment income but a drop in sales of publications as there had been no new titles. Subscription income from members had fallen but there had been an increase from Institutional Subscribers. He considered that the Club was well placed to cope with the current financial uncertainties. Mr M. W. Woodcock asked whether some of the cash in hand should be invested. The Hon. Treasurer agreed to consider this but pointed out that it was very difficult at present to determine what to invest in and when. The Hon Treasurer proposed the adoption of the Report and Accounts and this was seconded by Dr C. F. Mann. Club Announcements 138 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) 6. Election of Officers. The Chairman proposed that Dr R. P. Prys-Jones be re-elected as Hon. Secretary, Mr D. J. Montier be re-elected as Hon. Treasurer and Mr K. F. Betton be elected to serve on the Committee in place of Mr M. J. Walton whose term had ended. This was seconded by Mr K. Heron Jones. Ex-officio members are appointed by the Committee. 7. Any Other Business. There was none. The meeting closed at 5.32 pm. The Chairman's review. Trustees' Annual Report and the Accounts are available on the BOC website (www. boc-online.org) and hard copies can be obtained from the Hon Treasurer, D. J. Montier, Eyebrook, Oldfield Road, Bickley, Bromley, Kent BR1 2LF, UK, e-mail: djmontier@btinternet.com SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING 12 JUNE 2012 A Special General Meeting of the British Ornithologists' Club was held in Room SALC 3, Sherfield Building, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ on Tuesday 12 June 2012 at 5.40pm with Miss H. Baker in the chair. Thirteen members were present. Apologies were received from Mr K. F. Betton, Mr S. E. Chapman, Mr S. P. Dudley, Revd. T. W. Gladwin, Mr S. M. S. Gregory, Dr J. P. Hume, Mr G. M. Kirwan, Mr P. J. Oliver, Mr R. C. Price, Dr P. Rudge and Mr P. J. Wilkinson. Item 1. Special resolution to propose the adoption of the new Rules for the Club in accordance with the draft special resolution attached The Chairman reminded members that the proposed Rules, the special resolution and the Agenda for the Special General Meeting had been published in Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 131: 225-232. All present had a copy. She explained that current Rules dating from 2000 needed to be amended as permitted under Rule 40. The proposed Rules were based on the latest model produced by the Charity Commission. During their preparation the Committee had been advised by a solicitor whose areas of expertise included charity law. He had drafted the special resolution. The Chairman referred to a table of destinations which provided guidance as to where provisions in the current rules could be found, highlighted substantive changes and explained why certain provisions had not been carried through. The Chairman asked if there were any questions. Mr S. A H. Statham asked: • whether Rule7(4), under which a list of members' names and addresses must be made available to a member on request, was compatible with data protection legislation. The Chairman said that this was taken directly from the Model Rules and the solicitor had confirmed that, bearing in mind the nature of the Club, it was appropriate. • whether the Committee was now maintaining the official record electronically. The Chairman said that at present records for the Club archive were all on paper. • why, if the Chair did not arrive, there was a waiting period of 15 minutes at a general meeting (Rule 12(3)) and just ten minutes at a meeting of Trustees (Rule 18(11)). The Chairman said that these were the times in the Model Rules. Mr F. M. Gauntlett asked whether Rule 16(l)(a) would be problematic if for example a stockbroker was appointed as a Trustee. The Hon. Treasurer explained that this provision related to Trustees in their role as Trustees of the Club. It was resolved unanimously by the members present: 1. That the Rules of the Club be amended and adopted in accordance with the draft annexed hereto pursuant to Rule 40 of current Rules of the Club and the new rules shall operate until further amendment. 2. That the Committee shall forthwith notify the Charity Commission of the changes in accordance with the current procedure set down by the Charity Commission. No votes by post or e-mail had been received. Item 2. Subject to the adoption of the new Rules the adoption of the Bye-Laws made under Rule 26 of the new Rules The proposed Bye-laws had been published in Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 131: 230-231. The members present agreed unanimously to adopt the proposed Bye-laws made under Rule 26. The meeting closed at 5.58 pm. The 970th meeting of the Club was held on Tuesday 12 June 2012 in the Sherfield Building, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ. Sixteen members and seven non-members were present. Members attending were: Miss H. BAKER (Chairman), Cdr. M. B. CASEMENT, RN, D. J. FISHER, F. M. GAUNTLETT, A. GIBBS, K. HERON JONES, R. R. LANGLEY, Dr C. F. MANN, D. J. MONTIER, Dr R. P. Club Announcements 139 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) PRYS-JONES, N. J. REDMAN, S. A. H. STATHAM, C. W. R. STOREY, M. J. WALTON, P. J. WILKINSON and M. W. WOODCOCK. Non-members attending were: Mrs M. H. GAUNTLETT, H. VAN GROUW (Speaker), Mrs J. HERON JONES, P. LAMBERT, Mrs M. MONTIER, A. WILSON and Mrs B. WOODCOCK. Hein van Grouw spoke on the topic of What colour is that bird? How to recognise and name colour aberrations in birds. He presented an overview of the six most common aberrations found, illustrated with many photographs of their appearance in an array of different species, and provided a simple identification key to help name the aberrations correctly. The talk, on a topic of considerable confusion to many, generated much discussion. Those interested in pursuing the subject further can consult his following papers: Not every white bird is an albino: Sense and nonsense about colour aberrations in birds. Dutch Birding 28: 79-89 (2006); How to recognize colour aberrations in birds (in museum collections). J. Afrotrop. Zool. Spec. Issue: 53-59 (2010); and What colour is that bird? The causes and recognition of common colour aberrations in birds. Brit. Birds (in press). CORRIGENDA A recent paper by Tennyson et al. (2012, Notornis 59: 39-48) has drawn attention to an error in Bretagnolle & Shirihai (2010, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 130: 300), wherein the type material of Pterodroma brevipes magnificens is incorrectly listed in Appendix 1. The text should read: AMNH 215400 (paratype), 216919 (holotype), 216920 (paratype), 216921 (paratype), 216922 (paratype) and 222193 (paratype). Note that the paper's main text and figure legends are correct throughout. Thomas M. Donegan 140 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Range extensions and other notes on the birds and conservation of the Serrania de San Lucas, an isolated mountain range in northern Colombia by Thomas M. Donegan Received 3 August 2011 Summary.-— Bird inventories of the isolated Serrania de San Lucas, northern Colombia, yielded range extensions for several foothill or highland birds of the adjacent Central Andes: Pavonine Cuckoo Dromococcyx pavoninus, Lyre-tailed Nightjar Uropsalis lyra, White-tipped Sicklebili Eutoxeres aquila, Masked Trogon Trogon personatus, Golden-headed Quetzal Pharomachrus auriceps, Smoky-brown Woodpecker Picoides fumigatus, Crimson-mantled Woodpecker Colaptes rivolii, Red- faced Spinetail Cranioleuca erythrops, Western Woodhaunter Hyloclistes virgatus, Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner Philydor rufum, Spotted Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus erythropygius, Slaty Antwren Myrmotherula schisticolor, White-crowned Tapaculo Scytalopus atratus, Rufous-browed Tyrannulet Phylloscartes superciliaris, Ornate Flycatcher Myiotriccus ornatus, White-winged Becard Pachyramphus poly chop ter us, Brown-capped Vireo Vireo leucophrys, Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus aurantiirostris, Black-billed Thrush Turdus ignohilis, Golden Tanager Tangara arthus and Yellow- throated Bush Tanager Chlorospingus flavigularis. M. schisticolor and S. atratus show small differences from Central Andes populations and require further research. Range extensions for lowland species (some based on older specimens) include Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus, Scaled Dove Scardafella squammata, Vermiculated Screech Owl Megascops 'guatemalae' centralis, Central American Pygmy Owl Glaucidium griseiceps, Spot-tailed Nightjar Hydropsalis maculicaudus, Green-and-rufous Kingfisher Chloroceryle inda, Sooty Grassquit Tiaris fuliginosus and Black-faced Grassquit T. bicolor. The threatened Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia castaneiventris and Recurve-billed Bushbird Clytoctantes alixii (both last collected in the 1940s in the region) were recorded. Tens of new elevational records for typically lowland species were made. San Lucas woodnymphs are intermediate between Thalurania fannyi and T. colombica, raising questions as to whether two species are involved. Nominate Lineated Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla subalaris (of the West Andes) occurs in the northern Central Andes including San Lucas. Various highland species recorded at similar elevations in the Central Andes are apparently absent, perhaps due to lower humidity, island effects and ecological release of lowland species. The highest elevations of San Lucas remain unknown but occupy very small areas. Further work will doubtless yield additional new records, but is complicated by security issues and land-use conflicts. Anti-personnel landmines do not provide a viable 'defence' against deforestation in the long term due to habitat disturbance associated with their clearance. For decades, the isolated Serrania de San Lucas has been one of the great enigmas of the northern Andes, a rare example of tierra incognita. The San Lucas range rises to c.2,300 m (Fig. 1) in southern dpto. Bolivar, to the north of Colombia's Central Andes, separated from the main range by a c.75-km foothill plateau with a mean elevation of 500 m. The range is also isolated by 65 km from the East Andes. Some collections of birds were made in the © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 141 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) lowlands surrounding the massif and in the foothills to premontane elevations in Santa Rosa del Sur municipality, most significantly by M. A. Carriker in April-May 1947 (Paynter 1997). Hilty & Brown (1986) mapped 58 bird species above 1,000 m in Serrania de San Lucas. With the exception of 13 species typical of high elevation recorded by Carriker, most were assumed to occur based on their broad distribution (Salaman et al. 2002a). No further studies were made until 1999-2001, when Salaman et al. (2002a) visited primary lowland sites and disturbed habitats at higher elevations (to 1,400 m), reporting a host of avian range extensions. However, field workers were detained and prevented from accessing other areas due to the security situation, being able to study only forest edge habitats higher up (Salaman & Donegan 2001). As a result, the interior of highland forests and higher elevations remained unknown. Study sites and Methods In 2008-09, with the improving security situation, local authorities indicated that surveys of some habitats not previously studied were now feasible. In January 2010, a small team visited localities at higher elevations and primary lower montane forest for the first time. This led to the description of a new subspecies of Immaculate Antbird Myrmeciza immaculata (Donegan 2012), and a host of range extensions and other notes, detailed here. Details of all sites studied by the author and other localities referred to based on historic collections appear in Table 1. Coordinates for historical localities are based on Paynter (1997), while those for highland localities in Salaman & Donegan (2001) contain errors so they were geo-referenced again in 2010. Localities in southern dpto. Bolivar between the rios Cauca and Magdalena, south of the northernmost extension of the San Lucas foothills are included in this paper. Data from sites west of the rio Cauca in the Achi region or north of Montecristo and Rio viejo are not generally included. Our major highland study site at Santa Cecilia lies on a C-shaped ridge that includes c.18 km2 of land above 1,500 m, rising to a peak marked on maps as 'Troja' at 1,664 m. The ridgetop is characterised by primary forest, although the agricultural frontier is close. Immediately to the north, the mountains rise again to the 'Cerro de San Lucas', known locally as the 'Teta de San Lucas' and on maps as 'Dedal' (2,270-2,310 m). This region includes c.60-80 km2 of land above 1,500 m, mostly at 1,500-1,700 m, encompassing San Pedro Frio, Alto Quebrada La Fria and forest above sites visited by Salaman et al. (2002a). The Teta de San Lucas and highest elevations of the massif hold generally intact forest, but there are numerous gold mines and a notable increase in agriculture at foothill to premontane elevations since 2001. At Santa Cecilia, field work followed rapid assessment protocols employed by previous EBA Project expeditions (e.g. Salaman et al. 2002a,b, Donegan et al. 2007). Twenty mist- nets were operated 12 hours per day and sound-recordings were made with a mini-disc and small microphone. We mist-netted on a ridge rising to the local peak, at c. 1,500-1,600 m and made field observations in second growth down to c. 1,350 m and to the top of the transect. At San Pedro Frio and Alto Quebrada La Fria, more degraded forest and nearby scrub was investigated, with sound-recordings and some photographs and videos taken. Mist-netted birds were photographed and measured (wing, tail, tarsus, culmen and mass; data are available from the author or ProAves) and a ProAves metal ring applied. Almost all birds were released, but a handful of selectively taken specimens and mist-net mortalities were deposited at the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Bogota (ICN), marked t. Skins, skeletons and tissue samples were preserved. Sound-recordings are archived at the British Library National Sound Archive, London, and www.xeno-canto.org (XC herein). © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 142 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Table 1 Sites in Serrania de San Lucas studied by the author and others. Study site Elevation (m) Slope Coordinates Municipality, Department Study Dates Habitat New study sites Rio Magdalena 100 m East Broad area Various, Bolivar EBA 2010 2 Jan and 12 Rivers, (Gamarra, and Cesar Jan 2010 riparian to Cerro de scrub, Burgos) disturbed habitats and marsh Santa Rosa 600-1,000 m East 07°57'47"N, Santa Rosa del EBA 2010; 2-3 Jan and 5 Urban, del Sur (urban 74°03'08"W Sur, Bolivar (also, M.A. Jan 2010 scrub, farms, and environs) (coordinates Carriker, plantations of town centre) 1947) San Pedro Frio 1,550-1,650 m East 08°09'22"N, Santa Rosa del EBA 2010 3-4 Jan 2010 Lower 74°16'57"W Sur, Bolivar montane forest border and scrub Alto Quebrada 1,500 m East 08°05'50"N, Santa Rosa del EBA 2010 4 Jan 2010 Lower La Fria 74°11'12"W Sur, Bolivar (brief montane surveys in pm) forest border Santa Cecilia 1,350-1,600 East 07°58'33"N, Santa Rosa del EBA 2010 6-11 Jan 2010 Lower m (main 74°12'55"W Sur, Bolivar montane transect at (entrance forest 1,550 m) into forest) Salaman et al. (2002a) localities San Pablo 50-250 m East 07°59'00"N, San Pablo, EBA 2001 5-6, 9-12 Rivers, 74°13'33"W Bolivar Mar 2001 riparian scrub. disturbed habitats and marshland La Punta 1,200-1,400 m East 08°08'57"N, Santa Rosa del EBA 2001 15-20 Mar Foothill 74°13'09"W Sur, Bolivar 2001 forest border and scrub 'La Teta 1,280 m East 08°08'45"N, Santa Rosa del EBA 2001 22 Mar-3 Foothill Resort' 74°14'00"W Sur, Bolivar Apr 2001 forest border and scrub 'Apollo 13' 300 m West 07°21T4"N, El Bagre / EBA 1999 3-8 Aug 1999 Disturbed 74°40'95"W Puerto Lopez, lowland Antioquia humid forest Old collecting localities (Paynter (1997) Simiti 85 m East 07°58'N, Simiti, Bolivar E. L. Kerr; 1909 (ELK); Wetlands 73°57'W M. A. 2-8 Mar and and lowland Carriker 10-11 Apr 1947 (MAC) forest Volador 750-1,150 m East 07°58'N, Santa Rosa del M. A. 5-10, 12-17, Foothill and 74°15'W Sur, Bolivar Carriker 19-20, 22-31 premontane May, 1 Jun 1947 areas Norosi 120 m North 08°32'N, Montecristo, M. A. 27-28 Feb, Wetlands 74°02'W Bolivar Carriker 1-15 Mar and lowland 1947 forest Rio Viejo 100 m North 08°35'N, Montecristo, M. A. 16-24 Feb Wetlands 73°51'W Bolivar Carriker 1947 and lowland forest © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 143 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) This paper details the most significant new distributional records from field work in San Lucas. Overlooked specimens now databased by Biomap Alliance Participants (2012) at the following museums are also discussed: United States National Museum (Smithsonian Institution), Washington DC (USNM), Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA (MCZ) and American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH), with all specimen identifications cited herein verified, unless specified otherwise. Details of various observations are presented below. Numbers in parentheses refer to number of birds mist-netted, excluding re-captures. Taxonomy, order and nomenclature generally follow Salaman et al. (2010). Subspecies are only mentioned when identified to this level. Almost all records were mapped (and the elevational data included) in McMullan et al. (2010, 2011) but no details have previously been published. Species accounts Range extensions from the northern Central Andes to San Lucas.— All of the following species are considered or confirmed to occur in the Central Andes, including northern dpto. Antioquia (fide Hilty & Brown 1986, Salaman et al. 2002a, SAO 2003, Restall et al. 2006, Castano & Pastino 2007, Cuervo et al. 2008a,b, Donegan et al. 2009a, McMullan et al. 2010, 2011) but none has previously been recorded in San Lucas (Hilty & Brown 1986, Salaman & Donegan 2001, Salaman et al. 2002a). Each record represents a c.100-130 km northwards range extension. Further notes are presented only if there is additional significance to the record. PAVONINE CUCKOO Dromococcyx pavoninus Sound-recordings (XC99423, 99504, 99534, 104192, 104204-206, 104209-210, 104243) and field observations at Santa Cecilia. A pair held territory near the transect and was observed foraging on the ground at close quarters. All recordings probably relate to this pair. They moved between mid-level branches of trees and shrubs and the ground, sometimes overflying the mist-nets. Until recently, known in Colombia only from a Bogota skin (BMNH 1887.12.19.482) and a 1941 Carriker specimen (USNM 368717) from Tierra Nueva, Perija, with a series of recent records at various localities in the northern Central Andes of Antioquia (Alvarez et al. 2007, Cuervo et al. 2008a) and Serrania de los Yariguies (Fundacion ProAves 2008, Donegan et al. 2010, Freeman et al. 2012). East Andes and northern Central Andes sound-recordings are indistinguishable from those from San Lucas. The rare Pheasant Cuckoo D. phasianellus is known from just five specimens in Colombia (Biomap Alliance Participants 2012), one of them collected by Carriker at nearby Santa Rosa (610 m) (USNM 392054). Although the latter has not been reported more recently in the region, the two species may replace one another elevationally in San Lucas. LYRE-TAILED NIGHTJAR Uropsalis lyra The distinctive falling cadence of this species' song was heard once at night at Santa Cecilia, but not sound-recorded. WHITE-TIPPED SICKLEBILL Eutoxeres aquila Mist-netted and photographed at Santa Cecilia (2: Fig. 4). Most recent records in the Magdalena Valley (e.g. Donegan et al. 2010, Cuervo et al. 2008b) are from the foothills and there are recent high-elevation records elsewhere in Colombia (e.g. Donegan & Davalos 1999). In contrast, field guides (e.g. Hilty & Brown 1986, Restall et al. 2006, McMullan et al. 2010, 2011) generally hold E. aquila to be widespread in Colombia's lowlands. Whilst © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 144 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) it occurs at low elevations in the Choco, there are no specimen localities from the base (as opposed to the foothills) of the Magdalena Valley (Biomap Alliance Participants 2012). MASKED TROGON Trogon personatus Sound-recorded at Santa Cecilia (e.g. XC104321-323) and Alto Quebrada La Fria. Collared Trogon T. collaris (previously reported by Salaman et al. 2002a) was also present at Santa Cecilia (1). GOLDEN-HEADED QUETZAL Pharomachrus auriceps A single distant recording made at Santa Cecilia (XC99291), but not observed during field work. SMOKY-BROWN WOODPECKER Picoides fumigatus A pair trapped together at Santa Cecilia (2: Fig. 6), where observed several times in mixed- species flocks. CRIMSON-MANTLED WOODPECKER Colaptes rivolii Observed well in mixed-species flocks at Santa Cecilia. RED-FACED SPINETAIL Cranioleuca erythrops Trapped and photographed at Santa Cecilia (1: Fig. 7). Sound-recordings of a short and long version of the song (XC99537, 100016) are similar to those of other north Andean populations. WESTERN WOODHAUNTER Hyloclistes virgatus Mist-netted and photographed at Santa Cecilia (2: Fig. 9) and observed in mixed flocks. BUFF-FRONTED FOLIAGE-GLEANER Philydor rufum Trapped and photographed at Santa Cecilia (1: Fig. 10), where observed in mixed-species flocks, with foraging or contact calls (e.g. XC1 04264) and a presumed recording of its song (XC104475) sound-recorded. Occurs to unusually low elevations (800 m) near the plateau separating San Lucas from the northern Central Andes (Salaman & Donegan 2001) so these populations may be continuously distributed. SPOTTED WOODCREEPER Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Mist-netted and photographed at Santa Cecilia (1: Fig. 11); seemed similar in plumage to birds elsewhere in the north Colombian Andes, so presumably referable to X. e. insolitus of Panama to the foothills of the Magdalena and Cauca valleys (cf. Marantz et al. 2003). Legend to figures on facing page Figure 1. Teta de San Lucas peak, taken from San Pedro Frio, Colombia (Thomas M. Donegan) Figure 2. Wattled Guan Aburria aburri, San Pedro Frio, Colombia, January 2010 (© B. Huertas) Figure 3. Rufous-fronted Wood Quail Odontophorus erythrops, Santa Cecilia, Colombia, January 2010 (© B. Huertas) Figure 4. White-tipped Sicklebill Eutoxeres aquila, Santa Cecilia, Colombia, January 2010 (Thomas M. Donegan) Figure 5. Woodnymph Thalurania sp., Santa Cecilia, Colombia, January 2010; note both green and purple feathering in the crown (Thomas M. Donegan) Figure 6. Male Smoky-brown Woodpecker Picoides fumigatus, Santa Cecilia, Colombia, January 2010 (© B. Huertas) © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 145 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 146 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) SLATY ANTWREN Myrmotherula schisticolor Two females, an immature male and adult male trapped at Santa Cecilia (4, 3+). Sound- recordings of call notes of birds in the hand and on release (XC93256, 104126, 104218, 104230) are similar to natural recordings of contact calls elsewhere in the Andes. The female specimen is essentially identical to those from Anori, Antioquia, and elsewhere in the north Central Andes at ICN, which are generally considered to pertain to the wide-ranging nominate subspecies. However, the male has notably paler grey posterior underparts than most Central Andes specimens and more marked speckling on face and moustachial due to rather pale grey basal plumage (Fig. 12), and is closer to East Andes birds, which are generally considered as M. s. sanctaemartae or interior. Chapman (1914) diagnosed currently recognised Colombian subspecies based only on female plumages, due to individual variation in males. However, Zimmer & Isler (2003) noted that male sanctaemartae is paler grey than the nominate (as is interior). Other geographical variation exists in Colombia and further work is needed to determine subspecies limits. Southern West Andes birds (Narino to Cauca) are on average shorter tailed (30.8 mm ± 2.59, n = 5 specimens; 29.5 mm ± 2.00, n = 9 mist-net data from P. Salaman) than those in the Central Andes (37.67 mm ± 0.58; n = 3 specimens), San Lucas (36.25 mm ± 3.40; n - 4 mist-net data) and East Andes (37.81 mm ± 0.98, n- 11 specimens; 35.88 mm ± 1.72; n - 8 mist-net data from Yariguies). In contrast, there are few discernible differences in plumage between those on the east and west slopes of the East Andes, which have been treated as different subspecies ( interior and sanctaemartae). The possibility that sanctaemartae is restricted to Santa Marta or that some other populations, e.g. San Lucas and southern / Ecuadorian west slope, may represent '75% rule' or better subspecies requires investigation. Moreover, differences between Andean and Central American populations (type locality of M. s. schisticolor is in Costa Rica) also require study. A detailed molecular and vocal study appears necessary, given molecular structure in other wide-ranging species occupying similar-elevation forests in Colombia (e.g. Chaves & Smith 2011, Gutierrez-Pinto et at. 2012). WHITE-CROWNED TAPACULO Scytalopus atratus A 'Scytalopus (femoralis) sp/ was reported by Salaman et al. (2002a) at La Teta Resort. At Santa Cecilia, sound-recordings (XC99283, 104290-291) of S. atratus were made. The species was also heard at Alto Quebrada La Fria. Recordings are marginally lower pitched than others from Colombia (loudest note peaking at <2.5 kHz) but otherwise similar. A S. atratus was collected by Carriker at Boca del Monte, Volador, at 1,128 m (USNM 398730). Observed down to c.2-3 m distance at Santa Cecilia, on playback of Alvarez et al. (2007) recordings. S. atratus is a highly terrestrial tapaculo that passed below mist-nets both in response to playback and without. All those observed and the specimen had a clear white crown spot and limited white streaking on the lower belly, being more similar to specimens from Anori (sometimes assigned to S. a. confusus) than the more extensively white-streaked birds in the East Andes at Serrania de los Yariguies (Donegan et al. 2007). Legend to figures on facing page Figure 7. Red-faced Spinetail Cranioleuca erythrops, Santa Cecilia, Colombia, January 2010 (© B. Huertas) Figure 8. Lineated Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla subalaris, Santa Cecilia, Colombia, January 2010 (© B. Huertas) Figure 9. Western Woodhaunter Hyloclistes virgatus, Santa Cecilia, Colombia, January 2010 (© B. Huertas) Figure 10. Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner Philydor rufum, Santa Cecilia, Colombia, January 2010 (© B. Huertas) Figure 11. Spotted Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus erythropygius, Santa Cecilia, Colombia, January 2010 (© B. Huertas) Figure 12. Male Slaty Antwren Myrmotherula schisticolor, Santa Cecilia, Colombia, January 2010 (© B. Huertas) © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 147 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 148 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) RUFOUS-BROWED TYRANNULET Phylloscartes superciliaris Very few records in Colombia. Trapped and photographed at Santa Cecilia (3: Fig. 13), including a pair mist-netted together. ORNATE FLYCATCHER Myiotriccus ornatus Common at Santa Cecilia (1), particularly at our camp and forest borders where sound- recordings (XC99282, 99294-295, 99297-298) and many observations made. Given that it is such a common and conspicuous species, but neither Salaman et al. (2002a) nor Carriker recorded it, its elevational range in San Lucas probably starts at 1,400-1,500 m. WHITE- WINGED BECARD Pachyramphus polychopterus Sound-recorded at Santa Cecilia (XC1 04272). BROWN-CAPFED VIREO Vireo leucophrys Observed at San Pedro Frio and Alto Quebrada La Fria. ORANGE-BILLED NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH Catharus aurantiirostris Generally stated to occur only in the headwaters of the rio Magdalena in dpto. Huila (Hilty & Brown 1986, Clement & Hathaway 2000), but there are also records from near Medellin, Antioquia (SAO 2003). One, similar in plumage to brown-headed birds from the east side of the Magdalena Valley and illustrated in SAO (2003), was trapped at Santa Cecilia (1). BLACK-BILLED THRUSH Turdus ignobilis Observed near Santa Rosa del Sur town, with a specimen, similar in plumage to Central Andes specimens from Antioquia, collected by Carriker at Volador (USNM 398755). GOLDEN TANAGER Tangara arthus Observed and a flight-call sound-recorded (XC 104487) within a mixed-species flock at Santa Cecilia. YELLOW-THROATED BUSH TANAGER Chlorospingus flavigularis Observed in mixed-species flocks at Santa Cecilia and apparently this species also sound- recorded (XC104192, 104210, 104212, 104320). Given that the landbridge between Anori and San Lucas encompasses suitable elevations for this species (Hilty & Brown 1986, Isler & Isler 1999), populations are presumably continuously distributed. Other new distributional records JABIRU Jabiru mycteria Three overlooked Simiti specimens collected by E. L. Kerr in 1909 (MCZ 67799, AMNH 102397-398). Only a handful of records from localities west of the Andes in Colombia, including at sites along the rio Magdalena north and south of San Lucas (Hilty & Brown 1986), but the Simiti records have been overlooked in the literature. ORNATE HAWK-EAGLE Spizaetus ornatus Generally not considered to occur in the Magdalena Valley or east of the Central Andes in Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986), although once mapped east of San Lucas (Restall et al. 2006). There is an old Santa Rosa specimen (610 m) collected by Carriker (USNM 391867). © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 149 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) SCALED DOVE Scardafella squammata Although not (yet) recorded west of the rio Magdalena in the San Lucas region, S. squammata is now common below San Lucas in farmland in adjacent southern dpto. Cesar, where seen at Ayacucho (08°37'N, 73°35'W), San Bernardo (08°41'N, 73°42'W) and La Tapia (08°42'N, 73°47' W) (Donegan et al. 2003a,b). At each, birds were observed in pairs but no documentation obtained. These are the first records for the Magdalena Valley and the southernmost west of the Andes. Known previously from arid scrub and disturbed areas on the north coast of Colombia and lowlands around Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Guajira Peninsula (Hilty & Brown 1986). As noted by Estela et al. (2005), the wider distribution accorded this species by Baptista et al. (1997) was erroneous. Nonetheless, by 1997 at least, it had spread along the coast to Santa Lucia, Bolivar (de la Zerda & Rosselli 2003) and thereafter west to Sucre and Cordoba, and south to Mompox, Bolivar, in the Sinu lowlands, c.80 km north- west of the Cesar records (Estela et al. 2005). A specimen (ICN 30802) was collected by H. Zuniga in 1989 in La Jagua de Ibirico municipality, Cesar (09°37'N, 73°36,W), c.100 km north of the observations reported here. Older specimens were collected only as far south and west as Valledupar municipality and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta foothills (Hilty & Brown 1986), c.200 km north of recent records. This dove is widespread in Colombia's llanos and broadly east of the Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986, Baptista et al. 1997). Given that the La Jagua de Ibirico and other records are all recent, and that Carriker's 1940s visits to San Lucas and southern Cesar did not yield specimens, this dry-land specialist has probably spread south relatively recently in response to deforestation. VERMICULATED SCREECH OWL Megascops 'guatemalae' centralis Sound-recorded at Santa Cecilia (XC104127, 104129). Until recently, known in Colombia only in the Choco region near the Ecuador and Panama borders (Hilty & Brown 1986), but recently sound-recorded in Serrama de las Quinchas by N. Athanas et al. (XC10835; Freeman et al. 2012) with unconfirmed records from the lowlands below Serrama de los Yarigufes (Donegan et al. 2010). The San Lucas sound-recording is the first for the Central Andes and the highest-elevation record in Colombia for the guatemalae group, which generally occurs below 1,000 m (Hilty & Brown 1986) (here at 1,550 m). The song is similar to populations in the Choco of Colombia and Ecuador, generally treated as subspecies centralis (and sometimes split as Choco Screech Owl, e.g.. Restall et al. 2006). These range extensions and recordings could shed some light on the taxonomy of this difficult genus, which requires thorough revision (Remsen et al. 2012) and includes an undescribed species in Colombia (American Bird Conservancy 2007). CENTRAL AMERICAN PYGMY OWL Glaucidium griseiceps Sound-recorded at Santa Cecilia (1,550 m) (XC104318). As noted by Donegan et al. (2007), this was probably the same species identified by Salaman et al. (2002a) as ‘G. ( brasilianum ) ridgwayi’ in the San Lucas lowlands and the Glaucidium at Anori. In Ecuador, generally at 200-400 m (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001) and to 600 m in Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986), with recent records to 1,000 m (Donegan et al. 2007) and 1,300 m (Restall et al. 2006). There is another high-elevation sound-recording from Agua de la Virgen, Ocana, dpto. Norte de Santander, East Andes (08°13,N, 73°24'W; 1,600 m) (XC20548) and a specimen at the Los Angeles County Museum from the Magdalena Valley between San Lucas and Agua de la Virgen, at San Alberto, Cesar, labelled 'G. hardyi minutissimum' (LACM 58183, taken by Carriker in 1962, not verified). With other recent records (Donegan et al 2007, Moreno- Palacios & Rodriguez-Ortiz 2008), the species appears to occur throughout the remnant foothill to premontane forests of the middle to lower Magdalena and lower Cauca valleys. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 150 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) SPOT-TAILED NIGHTJAR Hydropsalis ( Caprimulgus ) maculicaudus Apparently migrates between South and Central America (Cleere 2010) and small numbers probably occur across much of Colombia at appropriate seasons. However, it has only been recorded on the Caribbean coast and in the Cauca Valley (Hilty & Brown 1986, McMullan et al. 2010). A Volador specimen refers to a juvenile growing its tail that was previously misidentified as White-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus cayannensis albicauda (USNM 392117). It was re-identified by N. Cleere in 2004, but the record's significance —apparently the only Magdalena Valley occurrence — seems to have been overlooked (e.g. Cleere 2010). GREEN-AND-RUFOUS KINGFISHER Chloroceryle inda Two specimens from Simiti (USNM 392376-377, identified as C. i. chocoensis). Previously known only from coastal regions west of the Andes (Hilty & Brown 1986), c.250 km distant. PALE-TIPPED TYRANNULET Inezia caudata Zimmer & Whittaker (2000) considered that l. caudata does not occur south to the cienagas bordering San Lucas, although others (e.g., Hilty & Brown 1986, McMullan et al. 2010) have mapped it there. Several specimens from below San Lucas and surrounding region collected by Carriker, including at Simiti (2), Norosi (2) and rio Viejo (3), with one sound- recorded (XC20533) and mist-netted at La Tapia, southern Cesar, in forest abutting a cienaga east of San Lucas (08°42'N, 73°47'W) (Donegan et al. 2003b). The supposed occurrence of Slender-billed Tyrannulet I. tenuirostris in cienagas in dptos. Bolivar and Cesar (Franco & Bravo 2005) appears to represent an erroneous transcription of these records. SOOTY GRASSQUIT Tiaris fuliginosus Rare in Colombia, with records from Santa Marta (Strewe & Navarro 2004) and two localities on the west slope of the East Andes in dpto. Santander, Cerro de la Paz and Portugal (Donegan et al. 2007). Several trapped at Santa Cecilia including a pair together (5: Fig. 14), apparently the first records for the Central Andes. BLACK-FACED GRASSQUIT Tiaris bicolor Widespread in the Magdalena Valley, mostly on the East Andes side and adjacent lowlands (Hilty & Brown 1986). Few records in the Central Andes north of the head of the Magdalena Valley, and not reported during recent surveys elsewhere (e.g. Verhelst et al. 2001, Cuervo et al. 2008b). Male observed singing in scrub was sound-recorded (XC97555, 97560, 97582-584) at San Pedro Frio, a range extension of c.400 km for the Central Andes population, or just a few tens of kilometres from the East Andes side of the lower Magdalena Valley. Taxonomic notes WOODNYMPHS Thalurania sp. Trapped previously by Salaman et al. (2002a) at La Punta (5) and La Teta Resort (12) and others mist-netted at Santa Cecilia (11, 2+) where sound-recorded in the hand or on release (XC99512-513, 104416-417) and while foraging (XC104452). All males at Santa Cecilia had a spot of purple feathers slightly behind the centre of the otherwise green crown (Fig. 5). In this feature, they are intermediate between Purple-crowned Woodnymph T. colombica of the East Andes and Green-crowned Woodnymph T. fanny i hypochlora of the West Andes and adjacent lowlands, which were previously treated together as 'Crowned Woodnymph'. ICN specimens collected at Anori similarly possess a small purple forehead spot. Escalante- Pliego & Peterson (1992) noted that 'One to several violet feathers at the rear edge of the © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 151 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) forecrown are observed in most Panamanian specimens'. To this should now be added specimens from San Lucas and the northern Central Andes (F. G. Stiles in Remsen et al. 2012, proposal 137). T. fanny i and T. colombica were split largely on the basis of crown coloration in males (Escalante-Pliego & Peterson 1992). In the latter study, purple-crowned birds were considered restricted to the Santa Marta Mountains and Central Andes of Colombia, with green-crowned birds in the West Andes and adjacent lowlands. We now know that purple-crowned birds occur in the East Andes (Donegan et al. 2007), with green-crowned Figure 13. Rufous-browed Tyrannulet Phylloscartes superciliaris, Santa Cecilia, Colombia, January 2010 (© B. Huertas) Figure 14. Male (right) and female Sooty Grassquits Tiaris fuliginosus, Santa Cecilia, Colombia, January 2010 (© B. Huertas) © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 152 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) birds in the West Andes and purple-and-green-crowned birds in the northern Central Andes and San Lucas. At rio Samana, Caldas (05o25'39"N, 75°01,07,,W)/ purple-and-green- crowned males also occur, as do males with almost no purple in the crown (M. Slaymaker in litt. 2012). Green-and-purple-crowned males from Panama are generally assigned to T. f fannyi, with pure green-crowned hypochlora in the Colombian Choco and West Andes. Treatment of T. colombica and T. fannyi as separate species requires revision in light of the known distribution of morphotypes in Colombia, identical female plumages and similar vocalisations throughout the Colombian Andes. RED-BILLED SCYTHEBILL Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Observed in mixed-species flocks, mist-netted (1) and apparently sound-recorded (XC 106503-504) at Santa Cecilia. The bird vocalising was not seen, meaning the recordings are unconfirmed, but they are broadly similar in note shape to other Colombian recordings, differing in their higher frequency and change in frequency. This vocally very variable 'species' requires further study. LINEATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER Syndactyla subalaris Several mist-netted at Santa Cecilia (3: Fig. 8). Its song (XC104309, 104319) and in-the-hand vocalisations (XC104237, 104280) were sound-recorded. Specimen taken by Salaman et al. (2002a) at La Punta. In plumage, San Lucas birds resemble West Andes populations usually assigned to nominate S. s. subalaris in having a relatively rufous crown and indistinct, restricted belly streaking. Specimens with similar plumage from Anori (ICN 33521, 33982, 34577) and Frijolera, Antioquia (AMNH 133576). Remsen (2003) incorrectly assigned San Lucas birds to striolata, citing Salaman et al. (2002a) among others, although the latter did not identify S. subalaris in San Lucas to subspecies. Dickinson (2003) also restricted S. s. subalaris to the West Andes. As others have noted (e.g. Meyer de Schauensee 1964, Hilty & Brown 1986, Fjeldsa & Krabbe 1990, Salaman et al. 2001, 2008, 2010, Restall et al. 2006), the ranges of Lineated Foliage-gleaner subspecies in Colombia are rather unusual. S. s. subalaris (= 'striaticollis') occurs in the West Andes and northern Central Andes, and western Ecuador. Disjunct populations of rufous-headed birds belonging to different subspecies also occur in Panama and north through Central America. Darker and more contrastingly streaked birds, generally assigned to S. s. striolata or mentalis, occur at the head of the Magdalena Valley and in the East Andes south to eastern Ecuador. Although Hilty & Brown (1986), Fjeldsa & Krabbe (1990) and others map the species as widespread in the Central Andes, there are no specimen data from between dptos. Antioquia ( subalaris ) and Huila ( striolata ) in the Central Andes (Biomap Alliance Participants 2012). Verhelst et al. (2001) and Corpocaldas & Asociacion Calidris (2010) reported the species in Caldas, but the subspecies concerned is unknown. Further research into the geographical limits in the Central Andes of these two subspecies is needed. The name 'striaticollis', used by Meyer de Schauensee (1964), Hilty & Brown (1986) and other authors in place of subalaris, would appear to be a nomen nudum, arising perhaps due to confusion with Anabacerthia names. SHARPBILL Oxyruncus cristatus First recorded in Colombia in San Lucas by Salaman et al. (2002a) and subsequently collected in the adjacent northern Central Andes in Antioquia (Cuervo et al. 2008a). At Santa Cecilia (It), observed twice in mixed-species flocks, acrobatically feeding in the subcanopy and making short, single-note contact calls. Sound-recordings of a bird in the hand prior to collection (XC 104288, 104466) are similar to those, made in similar circumstances, in Alvarez et al. (2007). The adult male from San Lucas is similar to the female from Anori, © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 153 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) except that it has a red (not orange) crown, perhaps due to sex-related variation (Kirwan & Green 2011). Cuervo et al. (2008a) considered that the whitish breast and belly of their specimen recalled eastern races such as hypoglauca. However, USNM specimens attributed to brooksi of Panama also have pale underparts, consistent with the tentative subspecific identification in Alvarez et al. (2007). Chapman (1931) and Kirwan & Green (2011) drew attention to the similarity of all northern populations of this species. A new subspecies is perhaps involved (Donegan et al. 2009b), but any assessment of subspecific limits requires natural sound-recordings from both Colombia and Venezuela and direct comparison of the Colombian specimens with a series from Venezuela and Panama. Threatened species WATTLED GUAN Aburria aburri Previously recorded in San Lucas (Donegan et al. 2001, Salaman et al. 2002a), but because it is Near Threatened, additional localities are of note. A bird raised from a chick was in semi-captivity— free-ranging but periodically returning to a farm for food— at San Pedro Frio (Fig. 2). Sound-recorded at Santa Cecilia (XC99272), where much less abundant than at La Teta Resort or La Punta, perhaps due to hunting pressure. CHESTNUT-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD Amazilia castaneiventris Observed at a large flowering bush below Santa Cecilia (c.1,400 m) on 6 January 2010. However, none was mist-netted at the nearby forest site. Collected by Carriker at Norosi (Collar et al. 1992: USNM 392313) but Salaman et al. (2002a) did not find the species and BirdLife International has recently excluded San Lucas from its range data used in conservation assessments. The preference of A. castaneiventris for flowering vegetation in modified habitats and its absence from primary forest is consistent with observations in Serrania de los Yariguies (Donegan et al. 2007) and elsewhere (e.g. Chaves-Portilla & Cortes- Herrera 2006). RECURVE-BILLED BUSHBIRD Clytoctantes alixii One responded to playback of recordings of C. alixii in Alvarez et al. (2007) in bamboo- dominated growth below Santa Cecilia (c.1,400 m), but was not observed or sound-recorded. None was heard or recorded at our forest site, despite extensive playback. Like A. castaneiventris, there had been no records in San Lucas since specimens (USNM 392828-837) were collected at Santa Rosa in the 1940s (Collar et al. 1992), although other populations have recently been found in the northern Colombian Andes (Laverde & Stiles 2007, Colorado 2008, Donegan et al. 2010). Unusual elevational records.— None of the records here is claimed as 'new' due to the sporadic publication of elevational records and the substantial grey literature. For each species, its currently recognised elevational range is summarised, followed by details of San Lucas records. GREAT TINAMOU Tinamus major Generally to 1,000 m, including in Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986, Parker et al. 1996), but once to 1,350 m in Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001) and rarely to 1,500 m in Venezuela (Hilty 2003, Restall et al. 2006). Sound-recorded at Santa Cecilia (XC104125) at 1,550 m. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 154 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) CHESTNUT-WINGED CHACHALACA Ortalis garrula Generally below 800 m (Parker et al. 1996). Sound-recorded distantly at Santa Cecilia (1,550 m) (XC99458) and observed below San Lucas at Apollo 13 and San Pablo (Salaman & Donegan 2001) and nearby La Tapia, Cesar (cf. Scaled Dove, above) (XC20507-513). RUFOUS-FRONTED WOOD QUAIL Odontophorus erythrops Generally in foothills to 1,100 m in Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986), but to 1,600 m in Ecuador (Parker et al. 1996, G. M. Kirwan in Madge & McGowan 2002) and previously to 1,400 m in San Lucas (Salaman et al. 2002a). Heard, photographed (Fig. 3) and video- recorded at Santa Cecilia (1,550 m). Sang at dawn on several days, but not sound-recorded. SCALED PIGEON Patagioenas speciosa Generally to 1,000 m in Colombia; rarely to 1,300 m in Santa Marta (Hilty & Brown 1986). In Ecuador mainly below 1,200 m, with occasional records to 1,700 m there (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001) and 1,400 m in Venezuela (Hilty 2003). Sang from canopy of forest borders where sound-recorded (XC92157, 99276, 99453, 100031, 104411, 104115, 104118, 104223, 104226-229, 104292-293, 104325-326, 104328, 104404-405) and observed daily at Santa Cecilia (1,550 m). BLUE-HEADED PARROT Pionus menstruus Generally to 1,500 m (Rodriguez-Mahecha & Hernandez-Camacho 2002) or 1,400 m (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Restall et al. 2006). In Venezuela mainly below 1,000 m, once to 1,500 m. Observed and sound-recorded (XC97537) at 1,600 m at San Pedro Frio. MEALY PARROT Amazona farinosa Generally to 1,100 m in Colombia (Rodriguez-Mahecha & Hernandez-Camacho 2002) but below 500 m in Venezuela (Hilty 2003) or 700 m in Ecuador, with records rarely to 900 m (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001), but it has been recorded to 1,500 m (Restall et al. 2006). Observed well and dusk vocalisations sound-recorded at Santa Cecilia (XC99457, 100026, 100028-030, 104410, 104412, 104414, 104416-417, 104119-123) at 1,600 m. This is presumably the Amazona sp. reported by Salaman & Donegan (2001) in the San Lucas highlands. BARRED PUFFBIRD Nystalus radiatus Considered by Restall et al. (2006) to be found mainly below 900 m, although locally to 1,500 m in Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). Sound-recorded at Santa Cecilia at 1,550 m (XC 104222-226). WHITE-FRONTED NUNBIRD Monasa morphoeus Considered by Restall et al. (2006) to be found mostly below 300 m, but to 1,350 m in Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Restall et al. 2006) and to 1,100 m in Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986). Observed at Santa Cecilia to 1,500 m. BEAUTIFUL WOODPECKER Melanerpes pulcher This Near Threatened country endemic was recently recorded at 1,350 m in the East Andes (Donegan et al. 2007). Observed in degraded habitat and forest borders at Santa Cecilia (1,350 and 1,550 m). SLATY- WINGED FOLIAGE-GLEANER Philydor fuscipenne Generally to 1,200 m (Hilty & Brown 1986, Ridgely & Tudor 1994, 2009, Remsen 2003, Restall et al. 2006) or 1,400 m (Parker et al. 1996), and to the latter elevation in San Lucas © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 155 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) (Salaman et al. 2002a). Mist-netted at 1,550 m Santa Cecilia (1), consistent with a recent record at 1,600 m in the East Andes (Donegan et al. 2007). FASCIATED ANTSHRIKE Cymbilaimus lineatus Generally below 900 m in Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986), 1,000 m in Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001), 1,300 m in Venezuela (Hilty 2003) but rarely to 1,600 m (Zimmer & Isler 2003, Restall et al. 2006) and previously to 1,400 m in San Lucas (Salaman et al. 2002a). To 1,550 m at Santa Cecilia, where sound-recorded (XC104325-326, 104328, 104409-412, 104414). Birds west of the Andes appear to differ slightly in speed and note shape of their loudsongs from those east of the Andes. RUFOUS-WINGED ANTWREN Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus Generally below 1,300 m (Hilty & Brown 1986) but sound-recorded near the top part of the transect at Santa Cecilia (at 1,600 m) (XC104477, 104558) and collected by Carriker near Santa Rosa del Sur (1). BLACK-TAILED FLYCATCHER Myiobius atricaudus Generally below 1,400 m (Hilty & Brown 1986, Restall et al 2006). Ridgely & Tudor (1994) considered that the species attains its highest elevations (1,400 m) in dry valleys of Colombia, although found to 1,600 m on the humid Pacific slope in Cauca (Donegan & Davalos 1999). Mist-netted at 1,550 m in Santa Cecilia (1). RUFOUS PIHA Lipaugus unirufus To 1,000 m in Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986, Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Restall et al. 2006), but only to 700 m in Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). Observed and sound-recorded at 1,550 m at Santa Cecilia (XC99291, 99295, 104123, 104249, 104264, 104453-465). Notably, this is the same elevation as the type locality of the threatened Chestnut-capped Piha L. weberi in the adjacent northern Central Andes of Anori, which does not occur at Santa Cecilia. PURPLE-THROATED FRUITCROW Querula purpurata To 1,200 m in western Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986, Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Restall et al. 2006). Eastern populations in Ecuador and Venezuela mostly below 500 m with small numbers to 700 m in Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Hilty 2003) and generally considered to occur below 500-700 m (Snow 2004, Kirwan & Green 2011). Found at 1,400 m below Santa Cecilia, where a small group was observed but not sound-recorded. It was absent from the higher elevation forest transect. GOLDEN-HEADED MANAKIN Pipra erythrocephala Previously considered to occur to 1,000 m in Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986) or 1,100 m (Parker et al. 1996) and generally at lower elevations elsewhere (Restall et al. 2006). It has recently been recorded at higher elevations in the East Andes (1,400 m: Salaman et al. 2002b; 1,350 m: Donegan et al. 2007) and San Lucas (1,200 m: Salaman et al. 2002a) and to 2,000 m in Venezuela (Hilty 2003). A female was mist-netted at 1,550 m at Santa Cecilia (1). SLENDER-BILLED SCHIFFORNIS Schiffornis stenorhyncha Formerly part of the 'Thrush-like Schiffornis S. turdina' complex, this taxon is generally considered to occur to 1,400 m (Hilty & Brown 1986, Restall et al. 2006). Found at Santa Cecilia at 1,550 m (illustrated in Donegan et al. 2011), where sound-recorded (XC81205, 100022, 104205, 104212). These are apparently the first available sound-recordings from the Central Andes. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 156 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) SCALY-BREASTED WREN Microcerculus marginatus Previously recorded to 1,400 m in Colombia (Salaman et ah 2002a) but mist-netted at 1,550 m at Santa Cecilia (4) where also sound-recorded (XC104467). WHITE-BREASTED WOOD WREN Henicorhina leucosticta Previously recorded to 1,400 m in Colombia (Salaman et ah 2002a) but to 1,550 m at Santa Cecilia (4) and Alto Quebrada La Fria, where sound-recorded (XC98898, 99278-281, 99454- 456, 104241). SOOTY ANT TANAGER Habia gutturalis Considered Near Threatened due to habitat loss in the Magdalena Valley and Caribbean Colombia. Generally found below 1,100 m (Hilly & Brown 1986, Parker et ah 1996, Restall et ah 2006, Ridgely & Tudor 2009), although previously to 1,400 m in San Lucas (Salaman et ah 2002a). Mist-netted and sound-recorded (XC99286, 99536) at 1,550 m at Santa Cecilia (2). The species was not recorded above 1,350 m at similar latitude on the more humid west slope of the East Andes (Donegan et ah 2010). GREYISH SALTATOR Saltator coerulescens Generally to 1,200 m (Hilty & Brown 1986, Ridgely & Tudor 2009) or 1,300 m (Restall et ah 2006) with small numbers to 1,600 m in Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001) and generally below 850 m in Venezuela (Hilty 2003). Observed at 1,600 m at San Pedro Frio, where canopy frugivores in tall second growth included several Saltator spp. CHESTNUT-HEADED OROPENDOLA Psarocolius wagleri Generally below 1,000 m in Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986, Restall et ah 2006) and to 700 m in Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001), although it has been recorded to 1,200 m (Parker et ah 1996, Jaramillo & Burke 1999) and to 1,300 m in San Lucas (Salaman et ah 2002a). This rare species was observed and sound-recorded (XC 100024, 104316) singing in the canopy at Santa Cecilia (1,550 m). Dubious records COLOMBIAN CHACHALACA Ortalis columbiana Records by Salaman et ah (2002a), based on reports by local people, are doubtful in light of the high-elevation Chestnut- winged Chachalaca record, detailed above. ASHY-TAILED SWIFT Chaetura andrei Reported by Salaman & Donegan (2001) and Salaman et ah (2002a) for San Lucas, but the identification appears erroneous. Based on modern taxonomy (Marin 1997), the record was probably of Chapman's Swift C. chapmani. Avian assemblage of the San Lucas highlands My observations provide insight into the highland forest birds of the San Lucas range. At Santa Cecilia, forest was characterised by tall trees (c.25-30 m) with some moss and arboreal bromeliads, but overall relatively sparse epiphytes for this elevation in Colombia. A dense undergrowth including bamboo was noted, with selective logging in the lower part of the transect. Forest of similar physiognomy was observed at the other two localities, extending to at least 1,900 m on the eastern slope and main ridge. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 157 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Santa Cecilia is noteworthy for its highly diverse flocks involving 20-30 species dominated by Fumariidae / Dendrocolaptidae but also typically including 2-3 woodpeckers, various warblers, vireos, tyrant flycatchers, tanagers and Sharpbill. In some forest- dependent groups, especially Picidae, Fumariidae and Thamnophilidae, various expected lower montane bird species were confirmed in San Lucas, among them numerous range extensions. Birds in these groups generally show close affinities to populations in the Anori region of the northern Central Andes, as did some other highland species recorded by Salaman et al. (2002a). For several premontane to lower montane bird species, plumage and vocal data suggest that the range of low hills between San Lucas and the Central Andes may have facilitated relatively recent or ongoing contact. In other groups, different patterns are evident. For example, in Psittacidae, Columbidae, Troglodytidae and Icteridae, mostly lowland species have been recorded, many of them at unusually high elevations. Salaman et al. (2002a) suggested that the avifauna of the higher part of San Lucas 'undoubtedly will be more unique', and anticipated 'high levels of endemism'. In a recent study of Three-striped Warblers Basileuterus tristriatus, San Lucas specimens which Salaman et al. (2002a) considered to represent a new subspecies were found to be phylogenetically basal to most other northern Andean populations (Gutierrez et al. 2012). The status of this species, which was also trapped and sound-recorded at Santa Cecilia, will be discussed separately (Donegan submitted). Molecular work is required to confirm the relations of some populations, especially Thalurania sp., Syndactyla subalaris, Myrmotherula schisticolor, Scytalopus atratus, Oxyruncus cristatus and Henicorhina leucophrys, all of which are represented by specimens. The premontane forest birds of Santa Cecilia and other San Lucas localities can be compared with those of ProAves' Reserva Natural de Aves (RNA) Arrierito Antioqueno, near Anori, Antioquia (= 'La Forzosa'), which was subject to a rapid assessment at the same elevation as Santa Cecilia (1,550 m) by Salaman et al. (1999), with further study by Cuervo et al. (2008a,b) and is the closest locality of similar elevation in the adjacent Central Andes. Santa Cecilia is notably less humid with fewer arboreal epiphytes than RNA Arrierito Antioqueno (as are San Pedro Frio and Alto Quebrada La Fria). Perhaps as a result of the differing climatic and ecological conditions, various highland species found at 1,550 m in RNA Arrierito Antioqueno are (apparently) absent from Santa Cecilia, including Highland Tinamou Nothocercus bonapartei, Colombian Chachalaca Ortalis Columbiana (vs. Chestnut- winged Chachalaca O. garrula), Chestnut-capped Piha Lipaugus weberi (vs. Rufous Piha L. unirufus), Greenish Puffleg Haplophaedia aureliae, Booted Racket-tail Ocreatus underwoodii, Olive-backed Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus triangularis (vs. X. erythropygius ), Brown-billed Scythebill Camphylorhynchus pusillus (vs. Red-billed Scythebill C. trochilirostris), Azara's Spinetail Synallaxis azarae (vs. Pale-breasted Spinetail S. albescens), Spotted Barbtail Premnoplex brunnescens, White-bellied Antpitta Grallaria hypoleuca, Uniform Antshrike Thamnophilus unicolor, Green Jay Cyanocorax yncas, Grey-breasted Wood Wren Henicorhina leucophrys (vs. H. leucosticta), Andean Solitaire Myadestes ralloides (vs. Orange-billed Catharus aurantiirostris and Spotted Nightingale Thrushes C. dry as), Great Turdus fuscater and Glossy- black Thrushes T. serranus (vs. Pale-vented Thrush T. obsoletus), Beryl-spangled Tanager Tangara nigroviridis, Purplish-mantled Tanager Iridosornis porphyrocephala, White-winged Tanager Piranga leucoptera, Oleaginous Hemispingus Hemispingus frontalis, Yellow-throated Brush Finch Atlapetes albinucha and Red-bellied Grackle Hypopyrrhus hypopyrogaster. Some of these might occur in more humid, higher elevation habitats at San Lucas but many probably are absent. In contrast, several typically lower elevation species not found at © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 158 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) similar elevations in RNA Arrierito Antioqueno have been recorded above 1,500 m in San Lucas. Two highland species collected by Carriker in the 1940s have not been found since. Chestnut-collared Swift Streptoprocne rutila and Grey-breasted Wood Wren Henicorhina leucophrys. Perhaps Carriker spent time at higher elevations at 'Volador' than is generally assumed (above 1,700 m) or climate change and deforestation have resulted in changes to elevational distributions. It is unusual for Carriker's specimens to bear incorrect locality data. The H. leucoprhys specimen from San Lucas will be treated separately. Forests at 1,600-2,300 m in the Andes would typically support several species not found lower down. The steep slopes of Teta de San Lucas, which we observed from San Pedro Frio, possess more stunted vegetation (Fig. 1) and frequent ground-level mist, so may support additional species. However, the land area at the highest elevations of San Lucas is very small (just 1 km2 exceeds 2,000 m elevation and only c.8 km2 is above 1,800 m). As a result, island effects could restrict the persistence of high-elevation species, which in turn might influence the unusual number of typically low-elevation species in lower montane forest found by this study and Salaman et al. (2002a). The number of unusually high-elevation records for lowland species could result from competitive release (at least up to 1,600 m on the east slope and ridgeline). Conservation and anthropogenic issues In the 1990s, the San Lucas range was reportedly subject to significant coca-related deforestation and harboured several armed groups (Davalos 2001, Alvarez 2001, 2002). That decade and the start of the millennium witnessed intense armed conflict and coca fumigation with glysophate (Davalos 2001, Salaman & Donegan 2001). Davalos et al. (2011) reported no sign of coca-driven deforestation in San Lucas during the period 2002-07 and we saw no evidence of this. However, there remain reports of armed groups deeper and higher in the mountains and in other municipalities, restricting opportunities for field work. The recently improved security situation has led to noteworthy work on birds and other taxa (e.g. Krabbe et al. 2006, Donegan et al. 2007) and the development of birdwatching tourism in Colombia. However, various regions remain problematic (e.g. Regalado 2011), including parts of San Lucas. Great care, thorough research of security issues and the support of local communities are paramount when working in previously unstudied regions. Notably, it has taken c.10 years for a premontane forest locality in San Lucas (Santa Cecilia) to become accessible to scientists, although the highest elevations around the Teta de San Lucas were still inaccessible in 2010, with no immediate prospect of this changing. Communities in the highlands are concerned about two potentially conflicting government initiatives: (i) extraction concessions granted to multinationals over land presently occupied by artesanal gold-mining communities (largely unexploited to date due to security issues and property disputes); or (ii) the imposition of national protected areas. A more recent ornithological expedition to the San Lucas highlands was reportedly abandoned due to a security incident. Any research or conservation initiatives in the region must fully engage, and have the support of, local communities to succeed. Some insights were made into the effects of anti-personnel landmines on conservation. Elsewhere in Colombia, it is rare to see forest so close to roads or settlements, and those who visited San Lucas in the 1990s to early 2000s remarked that forests may have been protected by landmining (Davalos 2001, Salaman & Donegan 2001, Alvarez 2003). The same authors stressed the negative human and social consequences of this aspect of Colombia's conflict, although the press has sometimes drawn more controversial conclusions (e.g. Cooke 2010). Our study suggests instead that any positive conservation outcome of landmines © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Thomas M. Donegan 159 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) is temporary and that it can be negative for forest conservation over the longer term. The previously landmined forests along the road to La Punta studied by Salaman et al. (2002a) had been almost entirely cleared for agriculture by 2010, whilst unmined forests further from the road at La Teta Resort were intact. This is because de-mining machines (similar to large bulldozers able to withstand explosions) have been used in San Lucas in the intervening years, in combination with manual mine and vegetation clearance. Acknowledgements Thanks to 2010 EBA Project team members Blanca Huertas, John Jairo Arias and Jose Pinto for their collaboration, and to ProAves for supporting the project. Blanca Huertas took several photographs presented here. Corporacion Autonoma Regional del Sur de Bolivar (CSB) provided the necessary permit (auto no. 231 del 10 de diciembre del 2008, including collecting permission). 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New and noteworthy records of birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region, north-eastern Colombia. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 124: 38-51. Verhelst, J. C., Rodriguez, J. C., Orrego, O., Botero, J. E., Lopez, J. A., Franco, V. M. & Pfeifer, A. M. 2007. Aves del municipio de Manizales-Caldas, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 2: 265-284. de la Zerda, S. & Rosselli, L. 2003. Mitigacion de colision de aves contra lineas de transmision electrica con marcaje del cable de guarda. Orn. Colombiana 1: 42-62. Zimmer, K. J. & Isler, M. L. 2003. Family Thamnophilidae (typical antbirds). Pp. 448-681 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie D. A. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 8. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Zimmer, K. J. & Whittaker, A. 2000. Species limits in Pale-tipped Tyrannulets ( Inezia : Tyrannidae). Wilson Bull. 112: 51-66. Address: ProAves Foundation, c/o Southmead, The Vale, London N14 6HN, UK, e-mail: tdonegan@proaves. org © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Fernando Angulo Pratolongo et al. 162 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Notes on the birds of Laquipampa Wildlife Refuge, Lambayeque, Peru by Fernando Angulo Pratolongo, Jeremy N. M. Flanagan, Willem- Pier Vellinga & Napoleon Durand Received 12 October 2011 Summary. ^-Laquipampa was first designated a Reserved Zone, a temporary protected area category used by the Peruvian government until more complete studies permit a final designation, in 1982. The initial designation was based on the presence of the endemic and globally threatened White-winged Guan Penelope albipennis, but few other data on its other avifauna were available. We present the first comprehensive bird list (187 species) for this important reserve based on observations in 2001-10 and provide comments on several noteworthy records. Laquipampa lies within the Incahuasi district of Ferrenafe province in Lambayeque. With the rediscovery of the presumed extinct White-winged Guan Penelope albipennis in Quebrada San Isidro in 1977 (see De Macedo 1979), further searches were initiated in Lambayeque and Piura. Ortiz (1980) found the species in two valleys at Laquipampa: Negrahuasi and Reloj. Based on this, a protected area was proposed and, in 1982, 11,346 ha were declared the Zona Reservada de Laquipampa to protect the guan (El Peruano 1982). However, apart from guan surveys (cf. Ortiz 1980, Ortiz & Diaz 1997), little was known of the area's avifauna and it received little government interest for almost two decades. In 1998 the Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA, now the Servicio Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas, SERNANP) appointed the area's first refuge manager and in 2001 the first park ranger was assigned. In July 2006 the area was finally designated a Refugio de Vida Silvestre (El Peruano 2006) or wildlife refuge, covering 8,328 ha. Here we present the first comprehensive bird list for the conservation area, with notes on species of interest. Study area and field work Laquipampa Wildlife Refuge (LWR) is sited on a ridge on the north bank of the rio La Leche (known as the Moyan above its confluence with the Sangana). Elevation in the refuge ranges from 200 m in the south-west (06°24'30"S, 79°33'45"W) to 2,600 m, the peak of 'La Punta' (06°15'55"S, 79°28'09"W), in the extreme north-east (Fig. 1). According to CDC-UNALM (2006), the lower part of LWR belongs to the 'Piura and Tumbes Dry Forests' ecoregion and the upper part to the 'West Montane forests of the North Andes' ecoregion (Fig. 1). The dry forest is semi-deciduous and is found from 200 m to 1,300-1,400 m, and dominant species include Loxopterygium huasango (Anacardiaceae), Bursera graveolens (Burseraceae) and Eriotheca ruizii (Malvaceae). It has leaf cover in the wet season (December-May ) . Humidity and vegetation density increase with altitude. Montane forest is found in the upper LWR at 1,400-1,800 m, the vegetation does not shed its leaves in the dry season, and is considerably more humid than dry forest, reflected in the biomass of orchids, ferns and lichens. Another important floral community is Sural and scrub, which is dominated by Suro bamboo ( Chusquea sp.: Poaceae) and many shrubs, with Barnadesia spp. (Asteraceae) dominant. This habitat occurs at 1,800-2,600 m and is characterised by low tree density, except on the sides of ravines. Agricultural areas also exist in the reserve including fields, mostly of corn, rice and sugarcane, near the rios Moyan and La Leche, and formerly © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Fernando Angulo Pratolongo et al. 163 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Figure 1. Map showing the location of the Laquipampa Wildlife Refuge in north-west Peru, its extent and the location of the five sites mentioned in the text. Site 1: Quebrada Negrahuasi, c.590 m. Site 2: Quebrada Shambo, c.1,360 m. Site 3: Corral Grande in Quebrada Salsipuedes, c.1,830 m. Site 4: lower reaches, c.350 m. Site 5: El Porongo, c.2,100 m. used areas on level terrain dominated by Acacia macracantha (Fabaceae) at all elevations (established prior to the creation of the protected area). On 21-31 August 2001, in the dry season, an expedition by ProAves Peru and Asociacion Cracidae Peru produced the first bird list of 110 species (Flanagan & Angulo 2003). Two locations were visited: Quebrada Negrahuasi (22-24 August, 590 m, site 1) and Quebrada Shambo (25-29 August, c.1,000 m-1,400 m, site 2). In February 2006, a second expedition by Asociacion Cracidae Peru explored the area in the wet season. Three camps were established, in Quebrada Negrahuasi (12-14 February, 590 m, site 1), Quebrada Shambo (15-19 February, c.1,360 m, site 2) and Corral Grande in Quebrada Salsipuedes (20-24 February, 1,830 m, site 3). A total of 130 species, 37 of them 'new' to the area (Angulo & Aleman de Lama 2006), was identified. Most records described here were made during these two visits. Other visits were in the dry season: on 11-13 July 2008 (at c.350 m, site 4) by FAP & JNMF, and 11-14 November 2010 (c.2,100 m, site 5, El Porongo) by FAP. An additional source is the records made during a two-year migrant bird project (September 2006-July 2008) conducted by ECOAN. Also included are records made around Moyan town, just outside LWR but with similar habitats and elevation, on the road to Incahuasi in February 2006. Finally, documented (with photographs) reports by local people are also included. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Fernando Angulo Pratolongo et al. 164 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Results The Appendix presents an annotated species list for LWR totaling 187 species. Of these, seven are globally threatened — one Critically Endangered (CR) and six Vulnerable (VU) (BirdLife International 2012), 34 are restricted-range Tumbesian endemics and two are restricted-range Southern Central Andes endemics (Stattersfield et al. 1998). Sound- recordings have been archived at www.xeno-canto.org and are indicated by their catalogue number, e.g. XC66383. Noteworthy records not previously reported in the literature are detailed below. COMB DUCK Sarkidiornis melanotos Recorded twice in Laquipampa (5 June 2005 and 2 February 2006) at Puchaca (200-350 m), on both occasions singles in rice fields beside the rio La Leche. The species is rather rare in north-west Peru, but was recorded during 1979-2010 at the Eten marshes near Chiclayo (Angulo et al. 2010). Approximately ten other records (usually of singles) in 2005-12 are available online (Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology & National Audubon Society 2011), from Rica Play a, in Tumbes, Laguna Napique (max. 25), Batanes and Puente Internacional, in Piura, and Olmos, Bosque de Pomac and Tinajones Reservoir (max. 55) in Lambayeque, the latter being the closest locality to Laquipampa. There is also a record from the rio Tocto, Lambayeque (C. Hesse in lift. 2010). BEARDED GUAN Penelope barbata VU This restricted-range species was first reported at LWR in August 2001, in the Quebrada Shambo, where up to ten were seen at 1,300-1,700 m (Flanagan & Angulo 2002), and it was also heard in Quebrada Pescadera, a forested valley north of the refuge and above the village of Salas. In February 2006, P. barbata was found near the Shambo and Corral Grande camps, at 1,350-1,830 m. In November 2010 it was recorded to 2,150 m at El Porongo. On 17 February 2006, near Shambo camp at 1,400 m, a pair was found with a chick estimated on plumage to be c. 2 weeks old (Delacour & Amadon 2004), suggesting that breeding here coincides with the wet season (December-February). The estimated population at LWR is 20-25 individuals based on available habitat. WHITE- WINGED GUAN Penelope albipennis CR First recorded at LWR in 1978 in Quebrada Negrahuasi, where 5-6 individuals were seen (Ortiz 1980). In 1987, 2-4 were recorded there (Ortiz & Diaz 1997). In 2000-01, FAP surveyed Quebrada Negrahuasi and two other sites— Lajas and Quebrada Shambo — on the advice of local people, finding six, 11 and two guans respectively (Angulo 2000, 2001). As of 2005, the refuge supported a min. population of 22 individuals (Angulo 2008). At LWR, White- winged Guan has been found at 600-1,400 m and also in the same quebrada, Shambo, as Bearded Guan, where they share a narrow altitudinal band at 1,300-1,400 m. The species is recorded regularly at Lajas, just below the village of Laquipampa (outside the refuge), and is also known to descend at dawn and dusk to a place c.500 m north of the village of Laquipampa, accessed via some fields. Moreover, ND noted that the species feeds in the village itself when a certain Ficus sp. (Moraceae) tree is fruiting. In 2007 eight captive-bred birds were reintroduced into Quebrada Negrahuasi (Angulo 2008) and had two chicks three months later. The estimated population in the refuge is 25-30 individuals. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Fernando Angulo Pratolongo et al. 165 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Figure 2. Rufous-necked Wood Rail Aramides axillaris, Quebrada Shambo, Laquipampa Wildlife Refuge, Peru, 15 February 2007 (Oscar Rodriguez) Figure 3. Captive Ruddy Quail-Dove Geotrygon montana, claimed to have been trapped locally, Laquipampa, Peru, 3 October 2005 (Napoleon Durand) Figure 4. Mouse-coloured Tyrannulet Phaeomyias murina tumbezana, Laquipampa Wildlife Refuge, Peru, 22 February 2006 (Willem-Pier Vellinga) Figure 5. Male Blue Seedeater Amaurospiza concolor, Corral Grande, Laquipampa Wildlife Refuge, Peru, 24 February 2006 (Willem-Pier Vellinga) RUFOUS-NECKED WOOD RAIL Aramides axillaris Photographed by O. Rodriguez in Quebrada Shambo at 1,270 m on 15 February 2007 (Fig. 2). A. axillaris was first recorded in Peru in Tumbes Reserved Zone (now Cerros de Amotape National Park) in 1986 (Parker et al. 1995). In Tumbes it has been reported from mangroves (Valqui & Walker 2002) and dry forest near El Caucho and Pozo del Pato in the north of Cerros de Amotape National Park (Walker 2002). Our LWR record extends the species' distribution c.280 km south. According to (unconfirmed) information from the park rangers, the species is present at LWR year-round, but is more active and vocal in January-April. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Fernando Angulo Pratolongo et al. 166 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) OCHRE-BELLIED DOVE Leptotila ochraceiventris VU Heard at 550-2,100 m, with one poor sound-recording (XC38631) obtained at Quebrada Shambo in February 2006, and it was recorded again at El Porongo in November 2010. These records appear to be the southernmost published. Further north it has been reported at Palambla (Koepcke 1961). [RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE Geotrygon montana One kept as a 'pet' by a local person (Fig. 3), who claimed that the bird was captured in the valley. Its origin is of course unclear. In Amazonia (and possibly elsewhere), the species reportedly undertakes irruptive movements (Stouffer & Bierregaard 1993), so our record could be related to the closest known west-slope population (c.300 km to the north in Loja, Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001), or perhaps to that in western Amazonia.] KOEPCKE'S SCREECH OWL Megascops koepckeae Sound-recorded near the Corral Grande camp in February 2006: during the night one was heard calling regularly and two birds, presumably male and female, were counter- singing just before dawn (XC5526, 8649). The species was also heard at night at 2,150 m at El Porongo. This is the northernmost record of the species on the west slope of the Andes. Several apparently well-documented records from the nearest localities further south (Sinsicap and Bosque Cachil) are unpublished (but see Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology & National Audubon Society 2011). OILBIRD Steatornis caripensis One observed on a tree was photographed by JNMF in Quebrada Shambo at c. 1,400 m in August 2001. Schulenberg et al. (2007) stated 'very rarely is reported from coast'. It has been recorded in Pimentel and Chiclayo (FAP unpubl.). The closest-known caves are apparently near San Andres de Cutervo (SERNANP 2010) on the east slope of the Andes 77 km east of LWR. LITTLE WOODSTAR Chaetocercus bombus VU One photographed by A. Gonzales de la Cruz in Quebrada Shambo at 1,317 m, in May 2008, matches the species' presumed habitat preference for humid and semi-deciduous forests. Little Woodstar was formerly considered threatened based on the paucity of late- 20th century records (implying a decrease in numbers) and the destruction of humid forests (Collar et al. 1992). However, recent years have witnessed increasing records from the northern part of the historical range in Peru, especially the Maranon basin in Cajamarca, Piura, Amazonas and Lambayeque (Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology & National Audubon Society 2011). However, little is known of its ecology (Collar et al. 1992) and it would be interesting to clarify the species' status in LWR. RUFOUS-NECKED FOLIAGE-GLEANER Syndactyla ruficollis VU In Peru known from the west slope of the northern Andes and from the Amotape range at 600-2,650 m (Schulenberg et al. 2007). After Cerros de Amotape National Park and El Angolo Hunting Reserve, LWR becomes the third protected area known to harbour the species in Peru and the only one in the main Andean chain. It was found at 1,360-2,150 m. HENNA-HEADED FOLIAGE-GLEANER Hylocryptus erythrocephalus VU In Peru protected areas known to support this species are Cerros de Amotape National Park and El Angolo Hunting Reserve, making LWR the third conservation unit in the country © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Fernando Angulo Pratolongo et al. 167 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) and the first in the main Andean chain. In LWR it was encountered at Negrahuasi and Shambo, between c.550 and 2,100 m. RUSTY-BREASTED ANTPITTA Grallaricula ferrugineipectus leymebambae The song of G. ferrugineipectus was recorded at 2,150 m at El Porongo (XC66383). In recent years the species has been encountered at various locations on the west slope in Peru and Ecuador. In Ecuador, where it was previously unknown, the species has been found north to dpto. Pichincha, and in Peru it was initially found on the west slope near Canchaque (Schulenberg 1981) and subsequently near Ayabaca by P. Coopmans (Vellinga et al. 2004). Ours is the southernmost record (c.100 km south of Canchaque) and the first for Lambayeque. MOUSE-COLOURED TYRANNULET Phaeomyias murina A small confusing flycatcher that was trapped and observed several times in Quebrada Shambo (c. 1,400 m) and Corral Grande (c. 1,800 m) was identified as P. m. tumbezana. Our photographs compare well with specimens of P. m. tumbezana (Fig. 4) and the illustration in Schulenberg et al. (2007). In less-than-ideal field conditions the conspicuous wingbars and eyestripe, and the dark crown could cause confusion with Grey-breasted Flycatcher Lathrotriccus griseipectus, rather than with P. m. inflava. On current knowledge, P. m. inflava occurs from the lowlands of southern Piura south, whereas P. m tumbezana occurs in the lowlands of northern Piura north to Ecuador, but occurs south at least to the Olmos-Bagua highway, e.g. at 1,800 m at Limon de Porculla (D. F. Lane in litt. 2009). P. m inflava has not yet been found in LWR but is known from Bosque de Pomac Historical Sanctuary, lower down in the floodplain of the rio La Leche (06°29'S 79°46'W; 100-200 m). It is unclear if P. m. inflava and P. m. tumbezana co-occur in LWR. For now, there are no records at 500-1,400 m. Vocally, P. m. inflava and P. m. tumbezana are apparently similar (Schulenberg et al. 2007), although one vocalisation of P. m. tumbezana (XC38632) is perhaps unique, as we have not heard it from P. m. inflava. GREY-BREASTED FLYCATCHER Lathotriccus griseipectus VU Found at all three 2006 camps. It was sound-recorded in Quebrada Shambo (XC5626). LWR is south of the presumed range of the species, but it has recently been encountered even further south in the Zana Valley as well (FAP unpubl.). PIURA CHAT-TYRANT Ochthoeca piurae NT This Peruvian endemic is known from Palambla and Porculla (Piura), Samne and Sinsicap (La Libertad), and Colcabamba, Winapatun, Noqno and San Damian (Ancash) (Collar et al. 1992). LWR is the first known location for Lambayeque and the first protected area known to harbour the species, when one was mist-netted near Corral Grande on 23 February 2006. At a similar elevation on the road to Incahuasi, just outside LWR (Moyan), the species was also observed and sound-recorded (XC5228) on 12 February 2006. BLUE SEEDEATER Amaurospiza concolor A male was trapped on 24 February 2006 near Corral Grande, at c. 1,840 m in a mist-net within Chusquea sp. (Fig. 5). A presumed female and a male were observed by WPV at the same place one day earlier. LWR represents only the third-known location for the species in Peru; it was found in the Zana Valley in 1996 (Salinas et al. 1998) and in a scrubby area west of Porculla pass at c.1,800 m (B. Walker in litt. 2009). © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Fernando Angulo Pratolongo et al. 168 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Discussion The preliminary report on the 2001 expedition was instrumental in securing the present status of wildlife refuge, and the results presented here reinforce the importance of LWR for bird conservation in the Tumbesian Endemic Bird Area. The main importance of LWR remains the population of White-winged Guan; this is the only state-protected area known to date. Recently, two Regional Conservation Areas in which the species occurs have been created, in Piura and Lambayeque. LWR also harbours a large number of Tumbesian endemics. Of the 55 range-restricted species of the Tumbesian region ( cf . Stattersfield et al. 1998), 34 occur in LWR, making it meritorious of broader recognition as a key site in the protection of Tumbesian natural heritage. LWR is also crucial due to the altitudinal gradient of undisturbed forest protected therein, with species more associated with montane cloud forest present at higher altitudes, e.g. Bearded Guan. Such elevational transects of intact forest are increasingly scarce on the west slope of the northern Andes in Peru. Further field work could still discover other scarce species, e.g.. Grey-headed Antbird Myrmeciza griseiceps, which is known both north and south of LWR in the main Andean chain. Such field work should focus on upper montane forests (2,000-2,600 m) and include seasons other than those during which we visited. LWR lies immediately south of Comunidad Campesina Laquipampa and north of Salas. The economy of these communities mostly focuses on agriculture and cattle. Major threats to the refuge include its excessive use by cattle and land invasions by people. Acknowledgements Field work in 2001 was funded by the American Bird Conservancy and World Pheasant Association. 2006 field work was supported by BirdLife International via funds from the British Birdfair. Other visits were supported by Asociacion Cracidae Peru. The people of Laquipampa are thanked for their friendship and assistance throughout, especially Simon Mendo, Simon Vasquez, Nazario Rojas, Marta Llaquento, Marias Santa Cruz, Wilmer de la Cruz and Winston de la Cruz. Team members at different times have included: Todd Mark, Giacomo Podesta, Carlos Benites, Pablo Venegas and Jefferson Diaz. Alex More is thanked for his help in the field and for producing the map. Dan Lane, Letty Salinas and Alfredo Begazo assisted with species identification from sound-recordings and photographs. Barry Walker shared his notes on Blue Seedeater. Constantino Aucca permitted use of data from the ECO AN / NMBCA migratory bird study and its field workers Oscar Rodriguez, Daniel Diaz and Alejandro Gonzales. INRENA / SERNANP personnel Anibal Calderon, Dante Aleman, Vicente Cortez and Leticia Vasquez provided study permits. References: Angulo, F. 2000. Informe de la salida de campo a la Zona Reservada de Laquipampa (29 febrero al 07 de marzo de 2000). Reporte interno 1. Asociacion Cracidae Pern, Chiclayo. Angulo, F. 2001. Informe de la salida de campo a la Zona Reservada de Laquipampa (21 al 28 de agosto de 2001). Reporte interno 3. Asociacion Cracidae Peru, Chiclayo. Angulo, F. 2008. Current status and conservation of wild and reintroduced White- winged Guan ( Penelope albipennis). Orn. Neotrop. 19 (Suppl.): 279-286. Angulo, F. 2009. Peru. Pp. 307-316 in Devenish, C, Diaz Fernandez, D. F., Clay, R. P., Davidson, I. & Yepez Zabala, I. (eds.) Important Bird Areas Americas: priority sites for biodiversity conservation. 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D., Beaujon, S., Brooks, D. M., Begazo, A. J., Sedaghatkish, G. & Olmos, F. (eds.) The Cracidae: their biology and conservation. Hancock House, Blaine, WA. Parker, T. A., Schulenberg, T., Kessler, M. & Wust, W. H. 1995. History and conservation of the endemic avifauna in north-west Peru. Bird Conserv. Intern. 5: 201-233. Ridgely, R. S. & Greenfield, P. J. 2001. The birds of Ecuador. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY. Salinas, L., Franke, I., Samame, M. & Fjeldsa, J. 1998. Primer registro de Amaurospiza concolor (Emberizidae, Passeriformes) para el Peru. Resum. VII Reunion Cient. ICBAR: 10 7. Schulenberg, T. S. & Parker, T. A. 1981. Status and distribution of some northwest Peruvian birds. Condor 83: 209-216. Schulenberg, T. S., Stotz, D. F., Lane, D. F., O'Neill, J. P. & Parker, T. A. 2010. Birds of Peru. Princeton Univ. Press Servicio Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas (SERNANP). 2010. Plan maestro del Parque Nacional Cutervo 2010-2014. SERNANP, Lima. Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. & Wege, D. C. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the world: priorities for biodiversity conservation. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. Stouffer, P. C. & Bierregaard, R. O. B. 1993. Spatial and temporal abundance patterns of Ruddy Quail-Doves (Geotrygon montana) near Manaus, Brazil. Condor 95: 896-903. Valqui, T. & Walker, B. 2002. Importance of mangrove forests in Peru with notes on Bare-throated Tiger- heron Tigrisoma mexicanum and Rufous-necked Wood-rail Aramides axillaris. Cotinga 18: 58-61. Vellinga, W. P., Flanagan, J. N. M. & Mark, T. R. 2004. New and interesting records of birds from Ayabaca province, Piura, north-west Peru. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 124: 124-142. Walker, B. 2002. Observations from the Tumbes Reserved Zone, dpto. Tumbes, with notes on some new taxa for Peru and a checklist of the area. Cotinga 18: 37-43. Addresses: Fernando Angulo Pratolongo, Asociacion Cracidae Peru & CORBIDI. Jeremy N. M Flanagan, Asociacion Tu Tierra, Chiclayo, Peru. Willem-Pier Vellinga (corresponding author), Stichting xeno- canto voor natuurgeluiden (xeno-canto foundation), Groenesteinlaan 12, 9722 BX, Groningen, the Netherlands, e-mail: wp@xeno-canto.org. Napoleon Durand, Refugio de Vida Silvestre Laquipampa, Servicio Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado (SERNANP), Av. Victor Muro 1175, Ferrehafe, Lambayeque, Peru. APPENDIX: birds of Laquipampa Wildlife Refuge X = recorded in the season indicated. An empty box indicates a lack of records at the relevant season, and - = a degree of certainty that the species was not present. Evidence: C = mist-netted, photographed and released, P = photographed, R = sound-recorded, V = seen only, H = heard only, O = just outside LWR limits. Photographs include species photographed in the wild or birds photographed after being captured in the area by local people. Also shown are species indicative of Endemic Bird Areas; T = Tumbesian EBA, SCA = South Central Andes EBA, or country endemics (P) and threat status according to both IUCN (BirdLife International 2012) and the Peruvian government (El Peruano 2004). © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Fernando Angulo Pratolongo et al. 170 Bull. 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B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Range extension for Buff-fronted Owl Aegolius harrisii in south-east Brazil by Flavio Kulaif Ubaid, Fdbio Maffei, Guilherme Marson Moya & Reginaldo Jose Donatelli Received 7 December 2011 Summary. -Buff-fronted Owl Aegolius harrisii is a poorly known species. Field records are rare and sparse, with large gaps throughout its distribution. We present five new records of A. harrisii in south-east Brazil, in the states of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais, and the second ever nest description. In Sao Paulo, records from Franca are >300 km from previous records, while the new record in Minas Gerais is 600 km from the only previous state record. More nocturnal field work is required to better evaluate the true distribution of A. harrisii. Little is known concerning the behaviour and precise range of the widely distributed Buff-fronted Owl Aegolius harrisii (Konig et al. 2009). Its main characters include: pale buff face and underparts, dark upperparts, black lines separating the neck and face and two dark bands connecting the eyes and crown, brown tail with two white-spotted bars, several large buffish-ochre spots on the scapulars, and wings with round whitish spots (Antas 2009, Konig et al. 2009). It inhabits open woodland including cerrado and caatinga (Girao & Albano 2010), stunted sandy-belt woodland in Minas Gerais, Bahia and Ceara (A. Whittaker pers. obs.) and forest edges (Sick 1997). There are reports from seasonally flooded forests near watercourses (Santos 2009) and human-altered landscapes, e.g. orchards (Marks et al. 1999) and pine plantations (Ribas & Santos 2007, Santos 2009). Although found from sea level to 3,800 m in the Andes (Marks et al. 1999), field records are scarce and fragmented, and the species is poorly represented in collections. Knowledge of its range and biology are hindered by its inconspicuous habits (Girao & Albano 2010). Seven records of A. harrisii exist from south-east Brazil: one from Minas Gerais, in Januaria municipality (Whittaker 2004) and six from Sao Paulo as follows. Two specimens at Museu Zoologia de Universidade de Sao Paulo are from the municipality of Osasco and an unknown locality (Willis & Oniki 2003, Ribas & Santos 2007), with two records (2001 and 2002) from Intervales State Park, Ribeirao Grande, one in 2006 at Mogi das Cruzes (Ribas & Santos 2007) and most recently at a privately owned reserve (Parque de Zizo) in the municipalities of Tapirai / Sao Miguel Arcanjo (Lima & Salles 2008). Buff-fronted Owl is not on the list of threatened species in Minas Gerais (Machado et al. 1998), which was published prior to the record by Whittaker (2004). For Sao Paulo, it is listed as Data Deficient (Silveira et al. 2009) due to the lack of available information on which to base a categorisation. Here, we report new locations for Buff-fronted Owl in south-east Brazil, including a nest description and habitat information. Field work Nocturnal bird surveys were conducted monthly between November 2007 and December 2009, with c.3 nights of sampling per month, in the municipalities of Lengois Paulista, Avare and Borebi, in Sao Paulo. Following this, each area and new localities were surveyed quarterly, including northern Sao Paulo and southern Minas Gerais. Sampling consisted of visits to main forest remnants at dusk/night, for c.3 three hours per night. We © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Flavio Kulaif Ubaid et al. 176 Bull. B.O.C 2012 132(3) Figure 1. Riparian forest edge, rio Palmital, Avare, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F. K. Ubaid) Figure 2. Buff-fronted Owl Aegolius harrisii, Fazenda Rio Pardo II, Avare, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 22 June 2011 (F. K. Ubaid) Figure 3. Records of Buff-fronted Owl Aegolius harrisii in south-east Brazil: yellow circles = historical records; red circles = present study. -53.00 -48.00 -43.00 -53.00 -48.00 -43.00 © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club -25.00 -20.00 -15.00 Flavio Kulaif Ubaid et al. 177 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) used playback of the song to search for A. harrisii. Sound-recordings were made using a Marantz PMD-661 solid state recorder and Sennheiser ME-67 microphone. Areas sampled comprised a mosaic of cerrado and semi-deciduous and riparian forests, some being seasonally flooded. New records On 29 September 2008, the vocalisation of A. harrisii was recorded at a forest beside a watercourse at Fazenda Rio Claro, municipality of Lengois Paulista (22°47'03"S, 48°54'09"W; 650 m). The bird vocalised twice, at c.23.00 h, but was not seen. A new record was obtained on 22 June 2011 at Fazenda Rio Pardo II, municipality of Avare (22°50'47"S, 48°58'44"W; 640 m), on the left bank of the rio Palmital (Fig. 1), 6 km south-west of the previous site. Vocal activity from this individual (Fig. 2) commenced early evening (c.19.00 h) and continued regularly until the observers left at c.02.00 h. Recordings have been archived at the Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds (MLNS 165198) and Fonoteca Neotropical Jacques Vielliard (FNJV 12056). Two birds responded to playback. One, possibly a male by its smaller size, behaved aggressively, vocalising more frequently and for longer, and flying close to the sound source. We also discovered a nest, strongly defended by the same bird. It was in a hollow trunk of an unidentified dead palm, 9 m above ground and measured 40.5 cm deep, with an entrance hole 10.5 cm by 8.5 cm wide, 9 m above ground. The cavity's base was covered with wood chips, owl feathers and the carcass of a small headless rodent ( Oligoryzomys sp.). On 8 September 2011, the pair was recorded again, displaying the same aggressive behaviour to playback. Tropical Screech Owl Megascops choliba and Barn Owl Tyto alba were recorded nearby. Both sites are enclosed by Eucalyptus plantations (c.15 m tall) with no understorey and small patches of cerrado and cerradao connected by riparian forest corridors. A. harrisii was recorded at two localities in Franca (20°31'S, 47°15'W; 20°32'S, 47°08'W), northern Sao Paulo, and in Ibiraci (20°16'S, 47°05'W), southern Minas Gerais (D. Fernando pers. comm.). At both localities, only sound-recordings (FNJV 12870: Franca, FNJV 12871: Ibiraci) are available as documentation due to the dense vegetation. A pair of Mottled Owls Strix virgata was also recorded at one of the Franca sites. Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus, Ferruginous Pygmy Owl Glaucidium brasilianum and Tropical Screech Owl were present in the Ibiraci fragment. Discussion Our records fill a considerable gap in the known range of A. harrisii in south-east Brazil (Fig. 3). The records from inland Sao Paulo are c.155 km from the nearest locality (Ribeirao Grande), while those from Franca are >300 km away from any previous locality. Ibiraci lies c.600 km away from the record at Januaria, Minas Gerais. It appears that Buff-fronted Owl inhabits small cerrado fragments, with a mosaic of riparian forests, and plantations of pine and eucalyptus, suggesting that the species can tolerate some level of habitat change. In the Serra de Misiones, Argentina, decline has been associated with deforestation (Konig 1999) and Silveira et al. (2009) cited forest loss as the main threat to birdlife in Sao Paulo, although this is apparently not the main reason for the few records of A. harrisii. In Franca, the species was recorded in a very small fragment (20 ha) enclosed by pasture and coffee plantations. Conversely, Buff-fronted Owl has been recorded in a large, well-preserved Atlantic Forest remnant (Lima & Salles 2008). Girao & Albano (2010) concluded that Buff-fronted Owl might be more inconspicuous than rare. As in our study, several hours of nocturnal observations at other known locations © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Flavio Kulaif Ubaid et al. 178 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) failed to produce further records. The few records might result from other factors, e.g. the activity of A. h. dabbenei (in north-west Argentina) was determined by that of certain bat species on which it feeds (Barrionuevo et al. 2008). Similarly, Girao & Albano (2010) argued that the sparse records of A. harrisii in Ceara, north-east Brazil, might be related to fluctuations in bat populations, although this requires confirmation. It is possible that the species has a preferred vocalisation period, as is the case for Boreal A. funereus and Northern Saw-whet Owls A. acadicus (Clark & Anderson 1997). The other Neotropical member of the genus. Unspotted Saw-whet Owl A, ridgwayi is also extremely poorly known and very infrequently heard (A. Whittaker pers. obs.), though like A. harrisii it sometimes vocalises by day (G. M. Kirwan in lift. 2012). Other explanations for the paucity of records include the possibility of altitudinal and / or seasonal movements (Barrionuevo et al. 2008), short periods of song activity, few vocalisations to avoid competition with more sedentary species (Girao & Albano 2010) and presence of large owls (e.g. Pulsatrix) that are potential predators, clumped spatial distributions (Konig 1999), and inaudible vocalisation at distance. The striking similarity of the voice of some species of toads to the owl's song must also be considered as another possible reason for the lack of records. These factors might also indicate that the species' population is under-estimated compared to other owls (Bodrati & Cockle 2006, Barrionuevo et al. 2008). Conversely, A. harrisii could be naturally rare. Future field work is required particularly during the supposed peak activity period of Septe rnber -N o vembcr (Konig 1999) and should focus on breeding biology, as the nest we found is only the second for the species. The avifauna of south-east Brazil, the most developed region of the country, has suffered dramatically at human hands. Forests are now extremely fragmented, and different forms of land use have generally limited their area (Anjos 2001). Consequently, the few remnants of cerrado and riparian woodland should be preserved (Silveira et al. 2009), while efforts to protect, monitor (including via radio telemetry) and study rare species such as A. harrisii should be encouraged in existing conservation units. With better surveys, new data will fill gaps in the distribution of this and other poorly studied species. Moreover, compilation of all records will provide a substantial database to understand the various aspects of Buff- fronted Owl biology and habitat use. Acknowledgements Duratex S. A. proffered financial and logistical support. We thank Guilherme Ortiz, Weber Girao and Giro Albano for providing references, Douglas Fernando for his field observations, Paulo Guerra for help during field work, and Sonia Belentani for identifying the rodent. Jose Carlos Motta-Junior, Andrew Whittaker and an anonymous reviewer made helpful comments on the submitted manuscript. The curators and technicians at the Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds and Fonoteca Neotropical "Jacques Vielliard" kindly responded to our requests. References: Anjos, L. 2001. Comunidades de aves florestais: implicates na conserva^ao. Pp. 17-37 in Albuquerque, J. L. B., Candido Junior, J. F., Straube, F. C. & Roos, A. L. (eds.) Ornitologia e conservacao: da ciencia as estrategias. Ed. Unisul, Tubarao. Antas, P. T. Z. 2009. Guia de aves: especies da Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural do SESC Pantanal. SESC Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. Barrionuevo, C., Ortiz, D. & Capllonch, P. 2008. Nuevas localidades de la Lechucita Canela (Aegolius harrisii dabbenei) (Strigidae) para la Argentina. Nuestras Aves 53: 45=47. Bodrati, A. & Cockle, K. 2006. New records of rare and threatened birds from the Atlantic Forest of Misiones, Argentina. Cotinga 26: 20-24. Clark, K. A. & Anderson, S. H. 1997. Temporal, climatic and lunar factors affecting owl vocalizations of western Wyoming. J. Raptor Res. 31: 358-363. Girao, W. & Albano, C. 2010. Sinopse da historia, taxonomia, distribuigao e biologia do cabore Aegolius harrisii (Cassin, 1849). Rev. Bras. Orn. 18: 102-109. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Flavio Kulaif Ubaid et al. 179 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Konig, C. 1999. Zur Okologie und zum Lautinventar des Blasstimkauzes Aegolius harrisii (CASSIN 1849) in Nordargentinien. Orn. Mitt. 51: 127-138. Konig, C., Weick, F. & Becking, J.-H. 2009. Owls of the world. Second edn. Yale Univ. Press, New Flaven. Lima, B. & Salles, O. 2008. Novo registro documentado do cabure-acanelado ( Aegolius harrisii) para o Estado de Sao Paulo. Atualidades Orn. 143: 23. Machado, A. B. M., Fonseca, G. A. B., Machado, R. B., Aguiar, L. M. S. & Lins, L. V. 1998. Livro vermelho das especies ameagadas de extingao da fauna de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Funda^ao Biodiversitas. Marks, J. S., Cannings, R. J. & Mikkola, H. 1999. Family Strigidae (typical owls). Pp. 76-242 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 5. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Ribas, C. F. & Santos, R. E. F. 2007. Novo registro documentado do cabure-acanelado Aegolius harrisii iheringi (Sharpe, 1899) para o Estado do Parana. Atualidades Orn. 140: 4-5. Santos, R. E. F. 2009. Ampliagao da distribuigao de Aegolius harrisii a partir de coleta por atropelamento. Atualidades Orn. 147: 46-47. Sick, H. 1997. Ornitologia brasileira. Ed. Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro. Silveira, L. F., Benedicto, G., Schunck, F. & Sugieda, A. Z. 2009. Aves. Pp. 87-284 in Bressan, P. M., Kierulff, M. C. M. & Sugieda, A. M. (eds.) Fauna ameagada de extingao no Estado de Sdo Paulo - vertebrados. Funda^ao Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo e Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, Sao Paulo. Whittaker, A. 2004. VENT Brazil 2004 northern Minas Gerais & the Rio Araguaia. www.ventbird.com/ system/tour_departure/legacy_birdlist/310/birdlist_310.pdf. Willis, E. O. & Oniki, Y. 2003. Aves do Estado de Sdo Paulo. Ed. Divisa, Rio Claro. Addresses: Flavio K. Ubaid, Fabio Maffei & Reginaldo J. Donatelli, Programa de Pos Graduagao em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CEP 18618-000, Distrito de Rubiao Junior, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil, e-mail: flavioubaid@yahoo.com.br. Guilherme M. Moya, Instituto Pro-Terra, Programa de Conservaqiao da Biodiversidade, Rua Nicolau Piragine 253, Jau, Sao Paulo, Brazil. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 180 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Reappraisal of Koepcke's Screech Owl Megascops koepckeae and description of a new subspecies by Jon Fjeldsa , Jan Baiker, Gunnar Engblom, Irma Franke , David Geale, Niels K. Krabbe, Daniel F. Lane , Miguel Lezama, Fabrice Schmitt , Robert S. R. Williams, Joaquin Ugarte-Nunez , Virgilio Ydbar & Ramiro Ydbar Received 23 January 2012 Summary. —Little empirical evidence has ever been presented to justify the taxonomic ranking of Koepcke's Screech Owl Megascops koepckeae. We summarise current knowledge of its distribution and ecology, and provide detailed information concerning its distinctive vocalisations. There is no evidence to support its asserted occurrence in Bolivia, but two distinctive populations can be recognised in Peru. A new subspecies is described here from the rainshadow valleys of south-central Peru. Koepcke's Screech Owl Megascops koepckeae was described in 1982 (Hekstra 1982b) as a subspecies ( koepckei , sic ) of Tropical Screech Owl Megascops ( Otus ) choliba. Doubts were expressed regarding the assumed relationship with M. choliba (Marshall & King 1988, Konig & Straneck 1989, Marshall et al. 1991, Konig et al. 1999, 2008) and although little peer- reviewed empirical evidence has ever been presented, it has been treated as a species (e.g.. Holt et al. 1999, Schulenberg et al. 2007). Hekstra (1982b) based his description on 23 specimens from north-west Peru (Chachapoyas and Yanac and the type locality Quebrada Yanganuco in Cordillera Blanca, Ancash), south-central Peru (Ninabamba in Ayacucho) and La Paz (Chulumani, Irupana) and Cochabamba (Tin-tin), Bolivia. A description of this owl, with the proposed name Otus roboratus alticola, was drafted in 1969 by M. Koepcke, Peru's pre-eminent ornithologist, and this was forwarded via J. Weske to E. Eisenmann, who made Koepcke aware of Hekstra's ongoing project to revise the classification of New World screech owls (M. Koepcke in lift. 1969). Sadly, Koepcke was killed in a plane crash in 1971 and her text was never published, but Hekstra named the new taxon in her honour given that she was the first to recognise it as a distinct form. In March 1987, JF & NKK encountered a road-kill Megascops near Abancay in Apurimac, south-central Peru, and immediately recognised it as being phenotypically distinct from specimens from north-west Peru examined few weeks earlier in Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in Lima. Despite its poor condition, the bird was prepared as a specimen, but because of the lack of vocal data (of either population) nothing was concluded. In 1995 GE obtained another specimen near Abancay, and in 2001 a sound-recording. In January 2003 VY & RY obtained two additional specimens, the first video and additional sound-recordings from this area, documenting the distinctive vocalisations. Similar (but not identical) vocalisations were recorded from Lima in the 1990s (IFJ) and La Libertad in 2004 (DFL), south and north, respectively, of the type locality of M. koepckeae in Cordillera Blanca. With several new specimens and sound-recordings available we are now able to describe more precisely how Koepcke's Screech Owl differs from other Andean screech owls, and to define differences between geographical populations within the species. Here we provide this new information and describe and name the population inhabiting the dry © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists7 Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 181 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Figure 1. Records of the two subspecies of Koepcke's Screech Owl Megascops koepckeae in Peru. Bold lines mark major rivers and thin lines mark departmental borders. Stars mark the type localities of the two taxa (map prepared by Daniel F. Lane) montane valleys of central Peru. However, it falls outside the scope of this paper to present molecular data that places the bird in a phylogenetic context. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 182 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Materials and Methods Morphological evidence has been assembled over a long period of time, mainly by JF, through visits to various museums: American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP), the Natural History Museum, Tring (BMNH; specimen loan); Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago (FMNH), Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology, Baton Rouge (LSUMZ; JF & DFL), Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima (MUSM; JF, DFL & RW), Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (SMNH), the United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC (USNM), Museo de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad, Cuzco (MUSAAC; DFL), Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa (MUSA) and Centro de Ornitologia y Biodiversidad, Lima (CORBIDI; JF, JB & DFL). However, because of heterogeneous measurement protocol, we used below only the measurements taken by JF: bill length (to skull), tarsus, wing (flattened against the ruler) and tail (from base of central rectrices). Total length, wingspan and mass were in some cases noted from specimen labels. For defining plumage characteristics, comparison was made with Andean screech owls with yellow eyes, firstly the widespread Megascops choliba, West Peruvian Screech Owl M. roboratus of the drier forests of north-west Peru and adjacent Ecuador, Montane Forest Screech Owl M. hoyi of the Boliviano-Tucumano forest zone, and to a lesser extent the very dark White-throated Screech Owl M. albogularis. Colour terminology is from Ridgway (1912). Sound-recordings were obtained by us over many years of field surveys and from published or online sound archives (Krabbe & Nilsson 2003, Coopmans et al. 2004, Lysinger et al. 2005, Boesman 2006, Jahn et al. 2008; Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds and xeno- canto); altogether 11 recordings of 13-14 M. koepckeae individuals from north-west Peru and 41 recordings of 23-24 individuals from south-central Peru (recorded by DFL, JB, RW & RY). These were compared with 76 recordings of M. choliba (of seven subspecies), 13 M. roboratus pacificus, seven M. r. roboratus, nine M. hoyi, 11 M. ( guatemalae ) napensis, six M. (guatemalae) centralis and 28 M. albogularis. Results Geographical distribution ofM. koepckeae.— M. koepckeae occurs in two separate areas of Peru ( contra the distribution map in Konig et al. 1999, 2008), in north-west Peru and in the east-draining valley systems of south-central Peru. In northern Peru it is found in evergreen forests of the western Andes from Lambayeque (Bosque de Chinama, at 2,250 m and Corral Grande in Laquipampa reserve, 1,840 m) to La Libertad (Sinsicap, c.2,500 m) and Cajamarca (La Granja, 2,200 m and Bosque Cachil, 2,470 m) and around the Utcubamba Valley in Amazonas (San Pedro Chachapoyas, 2,620-2,870 m and ACP San Antonio-Chachapoyas; F. Leon photo). Other populations occur at high elevation in Cordillera Blanca, Ancash (rio Santa valley, Yanac and Quebrada Yanganuco above Yungay, 2,458-4,500 m) and on the Pacific slope of Lima (Bosque Zarate, 2,850 m; Bosque Linday, 2,730 m). In general, the habitats are oligothermic and often mist-dependent forests and evergreen high-elevation Polylepis forests. Thus, the species could potentially occur at many additional sites in the Cordillera Blanca to adjacent northern Lima, as well as more widely along the upper slopes of the Mar anon Valley, and perhaps into the drier upper Huallaga Valley. In northern Peru M. koepckeae is broadly sympatric with M. roboratus, which has been recorded south to San Damien on Peru's Pacific slope (GE), usually in dry forest at © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 183 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Figure 2. Megascops koepckei hockingi, two birds showing different facial expressions (Jon Fjeldsa) lower elevation than M. koepckeae. The altitude of the replacement zone may vary locally. In Laquipampa reserve on the Pacific slope in Lambayeque the two species have been found only 2 km apart, roboratus at 1,400 m (sound-recording XC41268), koepckeae at 1,840 m (XC8649). In Ancash roboratus has been recorded to 2,100 m (Schulenberg et al. 2007), koepckeae not below 2,458 m. East of the continental divide their distributions are less well known, the two closest records >100 km apart, the highest roboratus record at 1,340 m, the lowest koepckeae at 2,200 m. On the most humid cloud-forest ridges, M. koepckeae is replaced by M. albogularis. In south-central Peru, M. koepckeae was first collected in 1939 at Ninabamba in Ayacucho (Morrison 1948; identified by him as Otus choliba crucigerus) and recently at several other sites, especially in Apurimac (see Fig. 1 and below). Unlike in north-west Peru, it frequents rainshadow valleys with dry woodland, primarily Prosopis, but often with many large deciduous Eriotheca vargasii ('pati') trees ( Bombax sensu latof Malvaceae) with many epiphytic bromeliads ( Tillandsia ), mainly around 2,000 m (Baiker 2011). In the Mantaro, it appears not © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 184 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) TABLE 1 Some characteristics of typical songs of selected taxa of Megascops. Values for pitch are for first harmonic although sometimes the loudest pitch is on second harmonic. Taxon n Length of song Pace at start of song Change in pace Average pitch Special mean ± SD mean ± SD mean ± SD characteristics (range) (s) (range) (notes/s) (range) (Hz) M. koepckeae 6 2.0 ± 0.2 7.6 ±1.0 Slowing, especially 968 ± 112 Second last 1-2 (north-west Peru) (1. 6-2.2) (5.8-8.6) towards end (850-1,160) notes accentuated M. koepckeae 5 2.6 ± 0.5 6.9 ±0.9 Slowing, especially 1,246 ± 111 Second last 1-2 (south-central Peru) (2.0-3.1) (5.5— 7.7) towards end (1,070-1,360) notes accentuated M. choliba 59 1.2 ±0.2 14.5 ±1.5 Constant except 711 ± 75 Last 1-2 notes (0.9-1. 7) (12-17) for pauses between (460-870) accentuated and last 1-2 notes higher pitched M. roboratus 5 2.6 ± 0.3 25.0 ± 2.4 Constant 602 ± 13 roboratus (2.3-3.1) (21-27) (580-610) M. r. pacificus 12 2.6 ± 0.9 21.8 ±2.1 Constant 564 ± 60 (2.3-3.1) (19-25) (510-670) to reach above 2,000 m and is found down to 1,400 m, but in Apurimac it can occasionally be found to 3,400 m. Thus, habitat selection here seems more similar to that of M. roboratus in the middle Maranon Valley in north-west Peru. The species should be looked for also in other arid intermontane valleys. Characteristics and plumage variation. — M. koepckeae resembles M. roboratus in having small gracile feet, similar plumage and golden-buff under-down visible through the body plumage. However, M. koepckeae is apparently monomorphic, but varies from chocolate- brown in northern Peru to more greyish brown in south-central Peru. M. roboratus has, on the other hand, distinct greyish and rufous-brown colour morphs. Both species have a distinct black border to the pale facial disk, the 'herringbone' pattern on the underparts is often broken, as missing bars cause large white patches, and the shaft stripes are often expanded or bifurcate near the feather tip (as in M. hoyi). M. koepckeae has a very poorly developed or missing collar of whitish mottles on the hindneck, unlike M. roboratus , in which a whitish collar separating the dark cap from a paler nape is well visible in the field. Furthermore, M. roboratus has more uniform dark distal inner webs to the outer primaries and more vermiculated underparts, as the 'herringbone' marks are dominated by double bars, which are often irregular or disintegrated as stippled lines (see Johnson & Jones 1990, Fjeldsa & Krabbe 1990: PI. XXV 5b, Schulenberg et al. 2007: PI. 80). In M. koepckeae the transverse bars on the underparts are usually prominent, with four per feather, or two bars below the breast, and little tendency towards vermiculation. M. koepckeae further differs by being less vermiculated dorsally, with narrower black streaks on the forehead and crown. Unlike M. roboratus (Johnson & Jones 1990), all known populations of M. koepckeae are fairly uniform in size (110-130 g, see Table 2). Whereas birds from north-west Peru are quite brown above (warm sepia-brown with darker chocolate-brown or blackish markings) with a significant ochre-brown to cinnamon wash over the neck-sides and breast, and some ochre on the legs and vent (Schulenberg et al. 2007: PL 80), those of the east-draining valleys of south-central Peru are the greyest of all Megascops populations in Peru. They have very little brown in the plumage (except for mostly hidden ochraceous bars in the wings), and generally much whiter underparts below the breast. Thus, the underparts show a marked contrast between a mottled breast and white lower parts with a well-spaced grid of vertical and horizontal black lines (Fig. 2). © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 185 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Figure 3. Songs of Megascops koekckeae (left, from La Libertad, middle, from Apurimac) and M. choliba (right, from Tucuman). Notice the lower pitch and the constant, fast pace of M. choliba, and differences in accentuation and change of pitch. 0 3 6 9 Time (sec) Figure 4. Duets of Megascops koepckeae. A: La Libertad, B: Apurimac. The lower pitched birds are males. In A the male gives an aggressive song rather than typical song. Hekstra (1982a,b) referred 13 specimens from La Paz and Cochabamba to his Otus choliba koepckei, although he noted that they averaged smaller and more rufous, intermediate with his O. c. alilicuco of the Andean foothills of northern Argentina. JF found that specimens collected in the Andean valleys of Bolivia, below 2,500 m, varied much by plumage, some of them being very dark and heavily streaked, generally with 4-5 bars per 'herringbone' mark and a rather ochraceous appearance (Fjeldsa & Krabbe 1990, and photographs and notes on specimens in AMNH, ANSP and SMNH). Although some © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 186 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) -H— K 3 N I A B 9 "'A. -vlA A. c 1 - cr »***»**# iliiUifiiiMIkli 3 6 Time (sec) Figure 5. Duets of Megascops albogularis (A; Merida, Venezuela) and M. koepckeae (B; Lambayeque, Peru). Note that the pace slows down in M. koepckeae. resemble M. koepckeae specimens from north-west Peru in plumage, no specimen could be referred to that taxon with any confidence. More noteworthy, all screech owls (except M. albogularis and marshalli) in the Andean valleys of La Paz and Cochabamba are vocally typical of O. choliba and voices corresponding to those of M. koepckeae have never been heard in Bolivia (JF pers. obs., S. Arias pers. comm., S. K. Herzog in litt. 2009; Mayer 1996). The semi-evergreen Boliviano-Tucumano forests further south are inhabited by the vocally distinct M. hoyi (Fjeldsa & Mayer 1996). This species, overlooked by Hekstra (1982a,b), has distinct colour morphs, including grey birds resembling M. koepckeae in south-central Peru. We conclude that Hekstra was probably confused by the significant phenotypic variation © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 187 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) S' c D O" 0) k_ LL 0) E 3 O > A B C D 1 1 Ik jMlikL 0 5 10 13 Time (sec) Figure 7. Aggressive songs of Megascops spp. A: M. choliba (Norte de Santander, Colombia). B: M. hoyi (Jujuy, Argentina). C-D: M. koepckeae (La Libertad and Apurimac, Peru). Note the similarity. Time (sec) Figure 8. Male songs of some species of Megascops. A: M. r. roboratus (Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador). B: M. r. pacificus (Lambayeque, Peru). C: M. [guatemalae] centralis (El Oro, Ecuador). D: M. [g.] napensis (Napo, Ecuador). Notice that pacificus is lower pitched than roboratus despite its significantly smaller body size (70-90 g vs. 144-162 g: Marks et al. 1999). In D only the first harmonic shows in this example. among Bolivian specimens of M. choliba and hoyi, and erroneously referred some of them to his Otus choliba koepckei. Vocalisations of M. koepckeae.— The song of M. koepckeae consists of a loud, rising and falling series of 'hysterical' shrill notes that slows down, especially at the end, with accentuated second or third to last notes: ko-ko-ko-ko-ko-ko-ka Ka Ka Kah or ko-ko-ko-ko-ko-ko- ka Ka Kah (Fig. 2). This is quite unlike any other Megascops. Thus, M. roboratus, including pacificus, produces very fast, low-pitched trills, like many other congeners (Fig. 5), but well outside the range of variation documented for M. koepckae. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 188 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) TABLE 2 Measurements of specimens per subspecies. Population n Bill length to skull Tarsus Flattened wing Tail Mass (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (g) M. koepckeae, 6 21.7 ± 0.73 28.7 ± 0.70 177.2 ± 4.29 99.3 ± 1.71 119.9 ±4.8 north-west Peru (20.8-22.3) (28-30) (173-185) (98-102) (112-127) M. koepckeae, 8 21.5 ± 1.73 30.7 ± 2.63 172.3 ± 2.45 94.6 ± 5.16 121, 122, 130 south-central Peru (19.0-23.7) (25.3-37.0?) (169-174) (86-103) Most similar to the song of M. koepckeae, perhaps, M. choliba also gives trills at lower pitch, slightly rising at constant pace and succeeded by one or two (rarely three) higher pitched and accentuated notes: popopopopopopopopo-pu, popopopopopo-pu-pu (Fig. 3, Table 1). Songs from throughout the vast geographical range of M. choliba (59 recordings) are remarkably uniform. Songs of five individuals from eastern Peru are no different from the rest, showing no intermediacy towards M. koepckeae, just as none of the songs of 11 presumed males of M. koepckeae shows any tendency towards that of M. choliba. The two differ consistently from each other in pace, change of pace, pitch, change of pitch and accentuation. Additionally, M. choliba does not normally duet, whereas M. koepckeae apparently does so commonly. Very few (at most two of 59) recordings of M. choliba are duets, vs. nine of 23 (39%) of M. koepckeae recordings. Among South American screech owls, duetting is most frequent in M. albogularis, with 19 of 28 songs (68%) (Fig. 2b), but is also common in M. roboratus (11 of 20 songs, 55%) and M. sanctaecatarinae (four of nine songs, 44%). During duets of M. koepckeae, the presumed male song is answered by a similar, but slightly shorter and slower paced, 5-40% higher pitched song, presumably the female (Fig. 2). In response to playback, songs of both sexes become slightly higher pitched and longer (pitch of an excited presumed male is thus much like a relaxed presumed female), or sometimes more dissonant ('hoarse'). Following repeated playback, the female (alone?) may give a high-pitched long series, up to 1,700 Hz and nine seconds long (Fig. 3). Some presumed male songs may be incomplete, given with notes at constant pace and without accentuation. The 'aggressive song' ( sensu Schulengerg et al. 2007; 'type B song' of many authors), an alternate type often given by more agitated birds, is similar but slightly longer and faster paced, approaching the 'aggressive songs' of M. choliba and M. hoyi (Fig. 4), but with a slower pace than in M. robotatus, centralis and napensis (Fig. 5). Other vocalisations of M. koepckeae include a hiss (female only?) given in response to male song (Schulenberg et al. 2007). There are constant differences between songs of the two geographical populations of M. koepckeae. Those from the Maranon and Pacific drainages (Cajamarca, Lambayeque, La Libertad) are shorter and lower pitched than those from central Peru (Junin, Apurimac, Cuzco), with little overlap (Fig. 1, Table 1). New taxon.— Plumage colours are, in general, of little use in screech owl systematics, but differences in vocalisations and habitat are usually more reliable (Holt et al. 1999, Konig et al. 2008). The differences in song and habitat choice between M. koepckeae populations of north-west and south-central Peru may suggest their long isolation. This would make sense biogeographically, as the north-western and central Peruvian Andes possess separate aggregates of endemic species (Fjeldsa 1992, Garda-Moreno & Fjeldsa 1999, Garcia-Moreno et al. 1999, Fjeldsa & Irestedt 2009). However, we adopt here the conservative approach that species rank should not be proposed unless thorough molecular studies, with adequate sampling and modeling of coalescence and gene flow, confirm the existence of separate © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 189 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) evolutionary lineages. Lacking such data, we propose to recognise the central Peruvian population as a subspecies, which we formally name: Megascops koepckeae hockingi, subsp. nov. Holotype.— Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, no. 24278. Adult male collected 8 May 2002 by J. Mattos, preparatory no. 400, at 1,925 m, C'onoq [=Cconoc] at rio Apurimac, Apurimac, Peru. Description of the holotype.— Upperparts from forehead to rump Drab (Ridgway 1912 for colours) with 2-3 mm-wide fuscous streaks, somewhat irregular and often expanded near feather tips, the lateral parts of feathers finely mottled and often with roundish spots of pale ochre to whitish, and only faint indication of a pale ochraceous nuchal collar. Humerals with large white patch on outer webs, on most feathers separated by black line from pale ochraceous base. Wing-coverts like back but outer greater coverts with large white subterminal spots; greater coverts black with ochraceous notches and white border on outer web; carpal joint white and wing linings mostly pale ochraceous; remiges and rectrices Dusky Drab with indistinct ochraceous to pale pinkish-buff bars and mottles including on terminal parts. Facial disk Pallid Mouse Grey with faint Drab mottles, partly as concentric rings, and whitish border towards forehead and bill, and black lateral border continuing on side of throat, which is white with Dark Mouse Grey herringbone marks. Breast greyish white with some Cinnamon-buff and Fuscous-black herringbone marks of variable structure: shaft stripes mostly 1-2 mm but up to 5 mm wide; most feathers with 4-5 bars, but often asymmetrical with many gaps creating white spots; belly and sides white with distinctive black lines (shaft stripe and generally two transverse bars) creating distinctive 'grid' pattern; vent white, most feathers with small black arrow-shaped mark; feathered tarsi buff with small fuscous streaks. Label data: irides yellow, bill greyish green, and feet greyish brown; 'regular' fat; no moult; left testis 6 * 4 mm. Measurements of the type.— Bill (to skull) 22.3 mm, tarsus 28.0 mm, flattened wing 174 mm, tail 97.5 mm. Other specimens examined.— M. k. hockingi: ZMUC 103.504-505; BMNH 1946.49.130 from Ninabamba, Ayacucho; MUSA (JUN10-100) from Patibamba, Ayacucho, and MUSA 2150 from Apurimac; MUSAAC TO-01 from Alfapata south-west of Abancay, 2,500 m, Apurimac; MUSM 24279, 24293 and 25300; LSUMZ 179642-643; CORBIDI AV-08618-619. Specimens of M. k. koepckeae : MUSM 2202, 7298-99, 8428-29, 8824, 12790-791, 15462, 16798, 19433-435, 20020, 25058; LSUMZ 179540 (and examined by JF in 1980s: AMNH 235429, 235431-432, 476729, 802425 [holotype]; Paris CJ1903 u.87). Several photos and videos of live birds of both subspecies also examined see http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=xArRBU02Pys and http://www.youtube.com/watch7v41J8IRkztFnQ. Diagnosis.— Differs from M. k. koepckeae by generally more drab grey (rather than Chocolate- to Snuff Brown) appearance and more sparsely marked rear underparts, contrasting with densely barred breast and throat. Very little brown in plumage, except ochraceous hue to greater primary-coverts, and only a little ochraceous underdown or tinge on legs and vent, as seen in nominate subspecies. Feathers of underparts below breast white, typically with 1.0-1 .5 mm-broad shaft-streaks that extend laterally into bars, occasionally with an expanded bifurcation near tip of feather, and only two transverse bars, affording general impression of white rear underparts with 'grid' of black lines (Fig. 2). Generally some distinct short black shaft-streaks or arrow-shaped marks on feathered tarsi. M. k. koepckeae, in contrast, is more richly hued, with ochre-brown to cinnamon patches in plumage, and more gradual transition between densely barred breast and whiter belly, which often has some stippled bars and several narrow bars spaced 1.5 mm apart. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 190 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Individual variation.— All specimens of M. k. hockingi very greyish but some variation in pattern, as certain individuals have dense pale speckles and spots, and conspicuous dark streaks dorsally, while others are more uniform dark brownish grey with indistinct mottling; some have virtually no indication of nuchal collar. Similarly, boldness of shaft- streaks on ventral side varies, as in females some dark stripes on breast up to 6 mm broad, thus much heavier than those illustrated in Fig. 2, with white parts of feathers rather peppered with small dark spots or indications of double bars. Some specimens have more ochraceous down on upper flanks and some pinkish cinnamon on the feathered tarsi. Measurements overlap with northern populations, albeit with slightly lower mean values, except the tarsus (Table 2). Eyes (based on label data supplemented with photos of live birds) deep yellow, darkest near pupil; cere greenish, bill greenish (or blue-grey) with greenish-yellow cere and distal part; feet greenish-grey (with variation, as specimens from La Libertad had pale tan feet with olive soles, and a photo from Cordillera Blanca, Ancash, suggests pink feet). Distribution.— Dry intermontane valleys of Apurimac, Ayacucho, Huancavelica and southern Junin, in central Peru (Fig. 1). Localities in Junin: below Pariahuanca, 12°02,41,,S, 74°50,31"W, 1,950 m (sound-recordings DFL, T. S. Schulenberg) and north-east of Pariahuanca, 12°01'26,,S, 74°50'56"W, 2,150 m (sound-recordings DFL); Acobamba near Estancia Chillo, 11°46'22"S, 74°47'28"W, 2,320 m (tape-recordings by FS). Huancavelica: Mantaro Valley, right bank on Surcubamba-Huachucollpa road, 12°05'28"S, 74°41'56"W, 1,400 m (sound-recordings DFL). Ayacucho: Ninabamba in lower rio Pampas Valley (BMNH); Patibamba on rio Torobamba (near Rio Pampas), 13°07'S, 73°54,W, 2,253 m; near Huanta on rio Huarpa (Mantaro Valley), 12°56'S, 73°07,W, 2,450 m; Chinchipata, 13°13'S, 73°52/W, 2,900 m, between Chilcas and Rosaspampa, and rio Pampas Valley near Rosaspampa, 13°16'S, 73°49'W, 1,700 m (JB). Apurimac: Alfapata at 13°35'S, 73°07'W, between Andahuaylas and Abancay (collected, T. Aucca), Villa Los Loros Choquequirao lodge, near Huanipaca, beside rio Tambobamba; Pachachaca Valley and ascent towards Abancay town, 1,550-2,100 m, 13°40'S, 72°55,W (two collected, many observations, Colcapata, Pachachaca, Pomachaca); Chalhuanca Valley south to Tampumayu 14°irS, 73°19'W and Atunhuaijo north to Mutca, at 14°12'S, 73°17'W, 3,320 m; Apurimac Valley, including dpto. Cuzco (two collected at Tincocc, 13°50'S, 71°56'W at 2,626 m, Cocha, Pumachaca, San Ignacio, Cocamasana at 2,276 m, Banos de Cconoc [^C'onoq', type locality], Curahuasi, Huallpachaca, Colcapata, Huanipaca, Pachachaca, Tocto Huaylla and Rio Yaurisque on rio Molle Molle, and towards Choquequirao 13°25'55"S, 72°49,55,,W, at 1,500-1,900 m, Ayusbamba 13°48'S, 71°57'W and Yaurisque 13°40'S, 71°55'W, at 3,400 m). Etymology.— We name this owl for Pedro Hocking, in honour of his life-long efforts to document the Peruvian avifauna, notably the poorly explored forests of the central Peruvian Andes. Ecology and biology.— The east-draining basins of the central Peruvian Andes are erroneously classified as humid montane forest by many ecological atlases (e.g., Dinerstein et al. 1995). In fact, these valleys are mostly a rainshadow area with dry forest and scrub, and relict patches of various types of evergreen mist vegetation only locally on the upper slopes towards the puna (Podocarpus, Myrcianthes, Escallonia, Hesperomeles etc., and Polylepis highest up). The only small owl reported from these evergreen forests is Andean Pygmy Owl Glaucidium (Jardinii) bolivianum. In Lima and Ancash, however, the evergreen forests have M. k. koepckeae, whereas G. peruanum is mainly found in mist-dependent woodlots lower down, but in Apurimac, e.g., the latter occurs syntopically with M. k. hockingi (Baiker 2011). The rainshadow valleys of central Peru are mostly severely degraded, as deciduous forests have been turned into open land with spiny scrubs through most of Ayacucho, and © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 191 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) few wooded patches are left, other than numerous Eucalyptus plantations. However, there are still large tracts of mature dry forest in the Mantaro, Pampas, Pachachaca, Apurimac and Chalhuanca valleys, at 1,400-2,000 m. M. k. hockingi is locally fairly common in woodland dominated by Eriotheca vargasii, Ficus cuatrecasasiana and Schinus molle along the rio Apurimac. However, it also occurs in scrubby areas with groves of tall Eucalyptus trees at 3,400 m at Ayusbamba, Mutca and Yaurisque. The owls appear in pairs, maintaining frequent vocal contact. They are noisy and audible at long distance, and respond readily to playback. The small feet suggest that the diet is mainly insects, as also noted on several specimen labels. Breeding is in February- March (rainy season), based on the gonadal state of specimens. Roosting may be in holes in trees or cavities in large masses of epiphytic bromeliads. On 3 March 2010 DG, with J. Ccahuana & H. Clyman, observed a pair of M. k. hockingi , in a cultivated landscape with rows of trees and scrubs below Abancay, of which one bird flew into an apparently naturally eroded hole in a 4 m-high north-facing roadcut. On 29 March the site was visited again by DG & ML, and an adult and two nestlings were photographed in the hole. The hole was c.3 m above ground, oval-shaped, c.30 cm high, 70 cm wide and 1 m deep, tapering to c.20 cm high and 40 cm wide at its end, where the nest chamber was placed. The nestlings, probably a few days old, had pale grey down, the eyes closed, bill bluish grey. This taxon is common in many places, even in rather degraded habitat. Provided some trees remain for roosting and perching, and holes in trees or banks for nesting, it seems to survive well. Thus, no particular conservation concern should exist for this owl. Yet, further work is much needed to clarify the apparent geographical variation in environmental requirements of Koepcke's Screech Owl, and there is also a need for genetic sampling to model the history of gene flow between its populations. Acknowledgements Special thanks go to all those who contributed observations during field trips (Constantino Aucca, Gustavo Ordinola Choquecota, Jaime Valenzuela Trujillo). Also thanks to curators for permission to examine screech owls in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in New York, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP), Natural History Museum, Tring (BMNH; specimen loan). Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH) in Chicago, Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology in Baton Rouge (LSUMZ), Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in Lima (MUSM), Centro de Ornitologia y Biodiversidad in Lima (CORBIDI), Museo de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad in Cuzco (MUSAAC), Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa (MUSA), Swedish Museum of Natural History (SMNH) in Stockholm, and United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM), Washington DC. JB thanks the Programa Regional ECOBONA-HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation for financing field trips in northern Apurimac. JF acknowledges the Danish National Research Foundation for support to the Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate. DFL's field work was financed by grants awarded to Thomas Valqui and Fernando Angulo (CORBIDI), Robb Brumfield (LSUMNS) and Chris Witt (University of New Mexico) as well as private funds. He thanks Luis Alza, Fernando Angulo, Emil Bautista, Monica Flores, Antonio Garcia, Thomas Valqui and Pablo Venegas (all CORBIDI), Tom & Michi Schulenberg (Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology) and Miriam Torres (MUSM) for their companionship in the field. References: Boesman, P. 2006. Birds of Brazil: MP3 sound collection. CD. Birdsounds, Winsum. Baiker, J. 2011. Guia Ecoturistica: Mancomunidad Saywite-Choquequirao-Ampay (Apurimac, Peru). Con especial referenda a la identificacion de fauna, flora, hongos y liquenes en el departamento de Apurimac y sitios adyacentes en el departamento de Cusco. Serie Investigacion y Sistematizacion No 15. Programa Regional ECOBONA- INTERCOOPERATION, Lima. Coopmans, P., Moore, J. V., Krabbe, N., Jahn, O., Berg, K. S., Lysinger, M., Navarrete, L. & Ridgely, R. S. 2004. The birds of southwest Ecuador. CDs. John V. Moore Nature Recordings, San Jose, CA. Dinerstein, E., Olson, M., Graham, D. J., Douglas, L., Webster, A. A., Primm, S. P., Bookbinder, M. & Ledec, G. 1995. A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank, Washington DC. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 192 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Fjeldsa, J. 1992. Evolution of the avifauna inhabiting woodlands isolated on very high altitudes in the Andes. Steenstrupia 18: 9-62. Fjeldsa, J. & Irestedt, M. 2009. Diversification of the South American avifauna: patterns and implications for conservation in the Andes. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 398-409. Fjeldsa, J. & Rrabbe, N. 1989. An unpublished major collection of birds from the Bolivian Andes. Zool. Scripta 18: 321-329. Fjeldsa, J. & Rrabbe, N. 1990. Birds of the high Andes. Zool. Mus., Univ. of Copenhagen & Apollo Books, Svendborg. Fjeldsa, J. & Mayer, S. 1996. Recent ornithological surveys in the Valles region, southern Bolivia - and the possible role of Valles for the evolution of the Andean avifauna. DIVA Tech. Rep. 1. National Environmental Research Institute, Kalo. Garda-Moreno, J. & Fjeldsa, J. 1999. Phylogeny and re-evaluation of species limits in the genus Atlapetes based on mtDNA sequence data. Ibis 141: 191-207. Garda-Moreno, J., Arctander, P. & Fjeldsa, J. 1999. A case of rapid diversification in the Neotropics: phylogenetic relationships among Cranioleuca spinetails (Aves, Fumariidae). Mol. Phyl. & Evol. 12: 273-281. Hekstra, G. P. 1982a. "I don't give a hoot". A revision of the American screech owls ( Otus ; Strigidae). Acad. Proefschrift. Thesis. Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. Hekstra, G. P. 1982b. Description of twenty-four new subspecies of American Otus (Aves, Strigidae). Univ. Bull. Zool. Mus. Univ. Amsterdam 9: 49-63. Holt, D. W., Berkley, R., Deppe, C., Enriques Rocha, P. L., Olsen, P. D., Petersen, J. L., Rangel Salazar, J. L., Segars, K. P. & Wood, K. L. 1999. Species accounts of Strigidae. Pp. 152-243 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 5. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Jahn, O., Moore, J. V., Valenzuela, P. M., Rrabbe, N., Coopmans, P., Lysinger, M., Navarete, L., Nilsson, J. & Ridgely, R. S. 2008. The birds of northwest Ecuador, vol. 1. Revised and expanded edn. CD & DVD. John V. Moore Nature Recordings, San Jose, CA. Johnson, N. R. & Jones, R. E. 1990. Geographic differentiation and distribution of the Peruvian Screech-owl. Wilson Bull. 102: 199-212. Ronig, C. & Straneck, R. 1989. Eine neue Eule (Aves: Strigidae) aus Nordargentinien. Stuttgart. Beitr. Naturk. Ser. A, 428. Ronig, C., Weick, F. & Becking, J.-H. 1999. Owls. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT & London. Ronig, C., Weick, F. & Becking, J.-H. 2008. Owls of the world. Second edn. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT & London. Rrabbe, N. & Nilsson, J. 2003. Birds of Ecuador: sounds and photographs. DVD-ROM. Bird Songs International, Westernieland. Lysinger, M., Moore, J. V., Rrabbe, N., Coopmans, P., Lane, D. F., Navarrete, L., Nilsson, J. & Ridgely, R. S. 2005. The birds of eastern Ecuador: the foothills and lower subtropics. CDs. John V. Moore Nature Recordings, San Jose, CA. Marks, J. S., Cannings, R. J. & Mikkola, H. 1999. Family Strigidae (typical owls). Pp. 76-242 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 5. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Marshall, J. T. & Ring, B. 1988. Genus Otus. Pp. 331-336 in Amadon, D. & Bull, J. (eds.) Hawks and owls of the world: a distributional and taxonomic list. Proc. West. Found. Vert. Zool. 3: 295-357. Marshall, J. T., Behrstock, R. A. & Rdnig, C. 1991. Special review: Voices of the New World owls (Strigiformes: Tytonidae, Strigidae). Wilson Bull. 103: 311-338. Mayer, S. 1996. Birds sounds of Bolivia. Bird Songs International, Westernieland. Morrison, A. 1948. Notes on the birds of the Pampas River Valley, south Peru. Ibis 90: 119-126. Ridgway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. A. Hoen & Co., Baltimore, MA. Schulenberg, T. S., Stotz, D. F., Lane, D. F., O'Neill, J. P. & Parker, T. A. 2007. Birds of Peru. Princeton Univ. Press. Wink, M., El-Sayed, A. A., Sauer-Giirth, H. & Gonzalez, J. 2009. Molecular phylogeny of owls (Strigiformes) inferred from DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b and the nuclear RAG-1 gene. Ardea 97: 581-591. Addresses : Jon Fjeldsa & Niels R. Rrabbe, Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DR-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Jan Baiker, Programa Regional ECOBONA-HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation, Av. Ricardo Palma 857, Miraflores, Lima 18, Peru. David Geale & Miguel Lezama, Tanager Tours, San Antonio A-l, Cusco, Peru. Gunnar Engblom, Rolibri Expeditions, Arias Schreiber 292 of 300, Miraflores, Lima, Peru. Irma Franke, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Daniel F. Lane, LSU Museum of Natural Science, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-3216, USA. Fabrice Schmitt, Manu Expeditions, P.O. Box 606, Cusco, Peru. Robert S. R. Williams, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Clorinda Matto de Turner 305, Cusco, Peru. Joaquin Ugarte- Nunez, Asociacion para la Conservation y el Desarrollo Sostenible Sallqa Pern, Indo 114, Coop58, j.l. Bustamente, Arequipa, Peru. Virgilio & Ramiro Yabar, Amazonia Lodge, Calle Matara 334, Cuarto Piso, Cusco, Peru. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Jon Fjeldsa et al. 193 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Appendix 1: sound-recordings examined LNS = Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds (http://macaulaylibrary.org), XC = Xeno-Canto (http://www. xeno-canto.org). Megascops choliba: M. c. margaritae song 7 (LNS 59303, 59305-306, 59308-311, 105908, 59307, XC 45400), alarm 3 (LNS 59304, 105908, XC 45400), calls 3 (LNS 59300, 59304, 59308). M. c. crucigerus song 27 (LNS 4476-77, 59301, 59312, 59314-316, 59318-319, 59321, 89811, 90479, 95027, 134790, XC 6577, 7877, 8389, 10844, 12931-932, 12934, 13530, 14643, 27842, 28142, 30811-812), alarm 8 (LNS 4476-77, 59312, 59314, 59316-317, 87585, XC 12933), calls 3 (LNS 59302, 59313, 59321). M. c. decussatus song 8 (LNS 113387, XC 1225, 4369, 6604, 6890, 7416, 18921, 24732), calls 2 (XC 6420, 16809). M. c. choliba song 5 (XC 10240, 15944, 23848, 30363, 33444), alarm 1 (XC 8109). M. c. uruguaiensis song 5 (LNS 59320, XC 16289, 22566, 24378, 30450), alarm 1 (XC 22565). M. c. suturutus song 7 (LNS 110727, 120858, 120992, XC 2162, 2824, 3016, 4378), alarm 2 (LNS 120992, XC 3017), call 2 (LNS 120993, XC 3016). M. c. wetmorei song 3 (LNS 116068, 139170, XC 45228). Megascops koepckeae: North-west Peru (11 recordings of 13-14 individuals): Cajamarca ('La Granja', 06°21'S, 79°07'W, 2,200 m) duet 1 (DFL), Lambayeque ('Corral Grande', 06°17'S, 79°27'W, 1,840 m) songs of two birds (females?) 1 (XC 8649), duet 1 (XC 5526), La Libertad (Sinsicap, 07°51'S, 78°45'W, 2,500-2,550 m) song 3 (GE, DFL), duet 3 (XC 14127, LNS 129552, DFL). South-central Peru (41 recordings of 23-24 individuals): Junin (Acobamba, 11°46'S, 74°47'W, 2,318 m) song 1 and alarm 1 (XC 23646-647), (below Pariahuanca, 12°03'S, 74°50'W, 1,950 m) song 2 and duet 1 (DFL) (north-east of Pariahuanca, 2,150 m) duet 1 (DFL), Apurimac ('San Ignacio', 13°25'S, 72°52'W, 1,784 m) song 1 (JB), (Cocamasana, 13°26'S, 72°50'W, 2,276 m) song 1 (JB), (Cconoc, 13°33'S, 72°35'W, 1,850-1,900 m) song 2, duet and call 2 (RY, JB), (Pacchani, 13°34'S, 73°04'W, 2,457 m) song 1 (JB), (3.5 km south-west of Abancay, 13°39'S, 72°56, 2,000 m) song 1 (DFL), (Pachachaca bridge, 13°40'S, 72°56'W, 1,775 m) song 1, call 1 (RY, RW), (6 km south-west of Abancay, 13°41'S, 72°57'W, 2,200 m) duet 1 (DFL), (Huallpachaca, 13°41'S, 72°20'W, 2,100 m) song 1 (RY), Cuzco (Molle Molle, 13°41'S, 71°57'W, 3,000 m) call and song 1 (RY), (Tocto Huaylla, 13°44'S, 71°59, 2,750 m) call 1 (RY), (Colcapata, 13°47'S, 71°58'W, 2,900 m), (Cocha, 13°50'S, 71°56'W, 2,626 m) duet 1 (RY). Also analysed were the following recordings deposited in Macaulay Library, xeno-canto.org, or published by Hardy et al. (1989), Jahn et al. (2002), Krabbe & Nilsson 2003, Coopmans et al. (2004), Lysinger et al. (2005) and Boesman (2006); also an unpublished recording of pacificus from Loja by Anonymous (© Ginkgo) and two unpublished recordings of roboratus and three of albogularis by NKK: Megascops roboratus pacificus: songs from 13 individuals or pairs, calls from five, from Ecuador and Peru. M. r. roboratus: songs from seven individuals, calls from two, from Ecuador and Peru. M. hoyi: songs from 16 individuals from Bolivia and Argentina. M. [guatemalae ] napensis: songs from 13 individuals from Ecuador and Peru. M. Ig.] centralis: songs from nine individuals from Panama, Colombia and Ecuador. M. albogularis: songs or duets from 28 individuals or pairs from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. M. sanctaecatarinae: songs or duets from nine individuals or pairs. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 194 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Studies of Socotran birds VII. Forbes-Watson's Swift Apus berliozi in Arabia— the answer to the mystery of the 'Dhofar swift' by Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan Received 6 March 2012 Summary.— Analysis of specimens of Apus swifts held in the Bonn, Tring and Washington museums, previously identified as Common Swift A. apus pekinensis or Pallid Swift A. pallidus, and collected in southern Arabia, revealed all of them to be Forbes-Watson's Swifts A. berliozi, and probably of the doubtful subspecies bensoni, previously known only from coastal Somalia (where it breeds) and winter- collected specimens in south-east coastal Kenya. The Arabian specimens, all taken in south-west Oman or southern Yemen, were confidently identified as A. berliozi based on a combination of plumage, especially vocal, and biometric characters, which eliminate all other possible species. These specimens and the evidence of recent sight records demonstrate that A. berliozi is a locally common summer visitor to parts of the southern Arabian coast and the immediate hinterland, as well as a handful of offshore islands. The migrant or partially migratory A. b. bensoni is separable only on its marginally longer wing from nominate A. berliozi, which is apparently confined to Socotra, where it is resident or largely so. Originally described as a subspecies of Pallid Swift A. pallidus Shelley, 1870, Forbes- Watson's Swift Apus berliozi, Ripley 1966, is usually considered to be restricted, as a breeder, to Socotra (A. b. berliozi) and coastal (perhaps also inland) Somalia (A. b. bensoni, Brooke, 1969), some of which move south to coastal Kenya in the non-breeding season (Brooke 1969, Fry 1988, Chantler & Driessens 2000). It is worth remarking that the date of authorship of A. berliozi has usually been ascribed to 1965 (Dickinson 2003), but is correctly assigned to 1966 (GMK pers. obs. 2006; Dickinson et al. 2011). Taxonomy of the Pallid Swift superspecies is especially complex. In addition to the two species already mentioned, the group also includes African (Black) Swift A. barbatus (P. L. Sclater, 1865), which occurs disjunctly through sub-Saharan Africa, principally in the south and east, and Bradfield's Swift A. bradfieldi (Roberts, 1926) of south-west Africa, with some authorities (e.g., Sibley & Monroe 1990, Gill & Wright 2006) also recognising A. barbatus balstoni (E. Bartlett, 1880), of Madagascar, and A. b. mayottensis (Nicoll, 1906), of the Comoros, at the specific level, as Malagasy Black Swift A. balstoni. In recent years, various authors (e.g., Evans 1994, Jennings 1995, Chantler & Driessens 2000, Tibbett 2006) have promulgated that the range of Apus berliozi is rather wider than hitherto realised, encompassing parts of southern Arabia, between the Dhofar region of south-west Oman in the east to the environs of Aden (Yemen) in the west. Records of 'mystery' swifts in Arabia span more than 50 years, since Smith (1956) reported some unusual swifts, perhaps breeding, in southern Yemen in June 1954, with further reports of unidentified Apus in the same country in November 1985 and January 1986 (Brooks et al. 1987). Reports from Jeddah and Jizan, as well as the Eastern Province (all in Saudi Arabia) of Plain Swift A. unicolor (a species endemic as a breeder to Macaronesia) were rejected understandably by Jennings (1981) and Stagg (1984). Gallagher & Woodcock (1980) mentioned the presence of apparent Common Swifts A. apus pekinensis in Dhofar in July and © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 195 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) October, which statement was based on two specimens obtained by M. D. Gallagher in 1977 (Gallagher & Rogers 1980), both at the Natural History Museum, Tring. Shortly thereafter, Bundy (1986) reported coastal colonies of what he considered to be probably Nyansa Swift A. niansae, although the Oman Bird Records Committee did not accept the identification. It seems probable that not all of the above reports relate to the same (unidentified) species of swift, but what is clear is that since Bundy's observations quite some interest and attention has been paid to what has come to be known as the 'Dhofar swift'. This bird appears to be a common breeding summer visitor to coastal cliffs in south-west Oman, and many observers have noted the apparent close resemblance of these birds to Apus berliozi, though presumably relatively few of these had field experience with the latter. In May 1993, J. S. Ash and G. Nikolaus acquired three specimens (now held in The Natural History Museum, Tring, the National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, and the Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn) of the mystery Apus but failed to resolve their identity, although A. berliozi was apparently ruled out as a possibility at this time (Eriksen et ah 2003). Given Ash's familiarity with A. berliozi in Somalia, to some extent this finding appeared to quell interest in the issue. However, further field observations by ourselves of swifts feeding over Salalah in southern Oman in April 2005, which GMK immediately identified as Forbes-Watson's Swifts based on his Socotran field work, prompted a new investigation into the identity of the 'Dhofar swift'. Simultaneously, other colleagues have also tended to assign some populations of swifts breeding in extreme southern Arabia to A. berliozi, including Porter & Aspinall (2010) and this course was also adopted by Kirwan (2010). Material and Methods Specimens.— All Apus specimens, except Alpine Swift A. melba and Little Swift A. affinis from Arabia and Socotra held in The Natural History Museum, Tring (BMNH), and the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC (NMNH), were examined and descriptions for all taxa compiled. Morphometric data were acquired according to standard procedures (see below and Table 2). In addition, a description was compiled and morphometric data collected for a further taxon, A. p. bensoni, to compare with those swifts occurring and breeding in Arabia and Socotra. Data were also collected for a sample of A. a. pekensis from their breeding range, for comparison, given that the Dhofar swifts had previously been ascribed to this taxon. Our analyses included the types of A. b. berliozi (NMNH 518025) and A. b. bensoni (NMNH 519515), as well as a few specimens of A. apus from coastal East Africa. The following data were obtained from each specimen: wing (flattened) and tail length, using a standard metal wing-rule with a perpendicular stop at zero (precision 0.5 mm), and using digital callipers (precision 0.01 mm) for the following: the distance between the tip of the longest and the tip of the shortest tail feather, which procedure has previously been used to measure the tail fork (e.g., Brooke 1969), the maximum width of the longest and second longest tail feather, and the depth and width of the pale throat patch. Wherever possible, we excluded specimens known to be non-adult from our statistical analyses, as younger birds could have differently shaped rectrices and smaller and paler throat patches. The three specimens collected in Dhofar, Oman, by J. S. Ash and G. Nikolaus, in May 1993 were re-examined. These specimens (one male and two females) are separately housed in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC (NMNH 609005), Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn (ZFMK-Orn. 95.008), and the Natural History Museum, Tring (BMNH 1994.2.1). That in the Natural History Museum, Tring, was formerly housed with the A. a. pekinensis specimens from Iran, India and © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 196 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) China. The two specimens (one male, the other unsexed) obtained by S. M. Brogan, M. D. Gallagher and T. D. Rogers in Dhofar were also examined at the Natural History Museum, Tring (BMNH 1977.21.16 and BMNH 1977.21.17). This gave a total of five so-called 'Dhofar' swifts available for general analysis, all of which were labeled as A. a. pekinensis; however, BMNH 1977.21.17 was not subject to statistical analysis as it is a juvenile (see above). In addition, a further six swifts (four males, two females) obtained by H. L. Powell from Aden in March- April 1922, and also housed in the Natural History Museum, Tring, were critically examined; hereafter referred to as the 'Aden' swifts, these were all labeled and originally identified as A. pallidus brehmorum (Meinertzhagen 1924; BMNH 1965.M.5539-5544). Vocal analysis. — Sound-recordings of 'Dhofar' swifts were made at Tawi Atir, near Salalah, Oman, on 17 September 2007, by AG, using a Sony D5 recorder and parabolic reflector with Telinga PR04 microphone. The same parabolic reflector and microphone were used to make recordings of Common Swifts A. apus pekinensis at Bukhara, Uzbekistan, on 11 May 2009, using an Edirol R05 digital recorder, for comparison with the 'Dhofar' swift recordings. Data for pekinensis was used in this analysis as it is this subspecies that is considered most likely to occur on passage in southern Arabia, and all specimens of the 'Dhofar swift' were ascribed to this taxon. Additionally, a sound-recording of Pallid Swift A. pallidus brehmorum was accessed on www.xeno-canto.org, recorded at Uludag, in north-west Turkey, in May by S. Fisher (XC25820) to provide further comparisons with the 'Dhofar swift' recordings. Finally, a sound-recording of Forbes- Watson's Swift made on Socotra Island in February was provided by R. F. Porter. Analysis of the sound-recordings was undertaken using WaveSurfer software (Sjolander & Beskow 2000) from which maximum, minimum and mean peak frequencies within each burst of 'screaming' were measured using a Hamming window and a fast Fourier transformation of 2,048 points at a sampling rate of 44,100 kHz. Sonograms were produced in the software Raven using a FFT-length of 256 points in a Hamming window. Photographs and field work. — Field photographs by AG were taken of 'Dhofar swifts' in April and May 2005 (Fig. 2) and September 2007, and were compared to photographs of a Forbes-Watson Swift trapped on Socotra Island in spring 1993 (see Porter & Martins 1996: plates 25-26). For another field image from southern Oman, see Jennings (2010: 99). GMK studied A. berliozi on Socotra during one week in April 1993, and has broad field experience with relevant Apus taxa from other field work in most areas of the Middle East and south Asia since 1990, while AG has even broader experience, also encompassing Central Asia, especially Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Results Table 1 summarises the main plumage features of the five specimens of the 'Dhofar' swifts and the six 'Aden' swifts, their affinities to A. berliozi and A. b. bensoni and the differences from A. a. pekinesis specimens from Iran, India and China, and A. pallidus from Oman. As is evident from this, in morphology the southern Arabian birds are closest to A. berliozi from Socotra and Africa, and distinguished clearly from A. a. pekinensis in underwing pattern, the pale throat patch's size, tail feather width, and to a lesser extent the colour of the primaries. Porter et al. (1996) suggested, on the basis of field observations on Socotra, that the differences between A. berliozi and A. a. pekinensis centred on the former's pale-fringed upperparts feathers, larger white throat patch, slight dark 'saddle' effect on the mantle, overall paler coloration, plO longest (vs. p9), voice, and an oily sheen to the median and secondary coverts of the upperwing. Our own analysis of specimens suggests that the wingtip character is variable and therefore unreliable. Brooke (1969) too did not find plO to be longest in A. berliozi. Throat patch size does appear to be a consistent and useful © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 197 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) -a -a bO C -o 3 1 & 8, Oh !D i s- a> T3 C P © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 198 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) TABLE 2 Biometrics of four taxa of adult Apus swifts and the 'Dhofar' / 'Aden' swifts (two juveniles (BMNH 1977.21.16 and BMNH 1977.21.17) obtained by S. M. Brogan, M. D. Gallagher and T. D. Rogers in Dhofar were excluded from the analysis). For data collation protocols see Material and Methods. * = small sample size. NS = not significant. Character Taxon Sample .(») Mean SD(±) Min. Max. Comparison f-test with Dhofar / Aden birds Wing A. b. bensoni ((females) 4 171.75 6.85 162.0 177.0 NS A. b. bensoni (males) 11 172.18 3.84 167.0 178.0 NS A. b. berliozi (females) 10 164.85 4.07 157.0 170.0 P = 0.003 A. b. berliozi (males) 18 168.19 3.08 164.0 173.0 P = <0.001 Dhofar / Aden (females) 3 173.00 2.00 171.0 175.0 - Dhofar / Aden (males) 6 175.50 3.15 171.0 180.0 - A. pallidus (females) 2 163.50 0.707 163.0 164.0 NS * A. pallidus (males) 5 173.40 3.36 169.0 177.0 NS A. a. pekinensis (females) 10 171.80 3.55 166.0 177.0 NS A. a. pekinensis (males) 11 173.36 3.53 167.0 178.0 NS Tail A. b. bensoni (females) 4 76.75 4.92 73.0 84.0 NS A. b. bensoni (males) 11 77.45 2.266 73.5 80.0 P = 0.005 A. b. berliozi (females) 10 71.85 1.248 70.0 74.0 P - <0.001 A. b. berliozi (males) 18 75.05 2.849 69.0 79.0 NS Dhofar / Aden (females) 3 72.67 2.89 71.0 76.0 - Dhofar / Aden (males) 6 72.67 3.78 70.0 80.0 - A. pallidus (females) 2 67.00 2.83 65.0 69.0 NS * A. pallidus (males) 5 71.50 0.577 71.0 72.0 NS A. a. pekinensis (females) 10 71.77 1.922 69.0 75.0 P = 0.002 A. a. pekinensis (males) 11 74.61 3.35 70.0 80.0 NS R4 width A. b. bensoni (females) 4 10.66 0.577 10.0 11.0 NS A. b. bensoni (males) 11 10.25 0.890 9.0 12.0 NS A. b. berliozi (females) 10 10.35 0.669 9.0 11.0 NS A. b. berliozi (males) 18 10.52 0.795 9.0 12.0 NS Dhofar / Aden (females) 3 10.50 0.361 10.2 10.9 - Dhofar / Aden (males) 6 10.66 0.635 9.9 11.8 - A. pallidus (females) 2 9.10 0.141 9.0 9.2 P = 0.008 * A. pallidus (males) 5 9.26 1.108 8.2 10.1 P = 0.001 A. a. pekinensis (females) 10 9.17 0.559 8.0 9.9 P = 0.003 A. a. pekinensis (males) 11 9.45 0.425 8.5 9.9 P = <0.001 Throat depth A. b. bensoni (females) 4 25.73 3.26 21.63 28.53 NS A. b. bensoni (males) 11 25.21 2.318 22.25 29.82 NS A. b. berliozi (females) 10 22.58 1.703 20.05 25.84 NS A. b. berliozi (males) 18 23.32 2.132 20.26 27.82 P = <0.001 Dhofar / Aden (females) 3 24.50 2.80 22.5 27.7 - Dhofar / Aden (males) 6 28.16 1.728 26.1 30.3 - A. pallidus (females) 2 28.65 2.62 26.8 30.5 NS A. pallidus (males) 5 30.80 3.22 27.5 34.3 NS A. a. pekinensis (females) 10 22.29 3.28 16.6 26.5 P = <0.001 A. a. pekinensis (males) 11 21.91 2.986 15.6 25.6 P = <0.001 © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 199 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 Throat width A. b. bensoni (females) 4 22.07 2.79 19.47 24.84 NS A. b. bensoni (males) 11 21.52 3.146 15.7 25.15 NS A. b. berliozi (females) 10 23.76 1.482 21.44 27.19 NS A. b. berliozi (males) 18 23.56 1.501 20.94 26.13 P = 0.004 Dhofar / Aden (females) 3 21.31 1.629 19.43 22.30 - Dhofar / Aden (males) 6 20.82 2.63 18.70 24.60 - A. pallidus (females) 2 17.25 0.212 17.1 17.4 NS A. pallidus (males) 5 19.25 1.848 17.3 21.2 NS A. a. pekinensis (females) 10 16.24 2.193 12.1 20.7 P = 0.004 A. a. pekinensis (males) 11 15.70 1.393 13.9 18.5 P = <0.001 TABLE 3 Vocal characters of 'Dhofar' swifts compared to Forbes-Watson Swift A. berliozi, Common Swift A. apus and Pallid Swift A. pallidus. Frequencies in Hz. Sample (n) Mean peak frequency Min. peak frequency Max. peak frequency Standard deviation Comparison f-test with Dhofar birds 'Dhofar swift' (Oman) 15 3,944.3 3,516 4,493 239.6 Forbes-Watson Swift (Socotra) 15 3,949.9 3,516 4,354 284.9 NS Common Swift (Bukhara, Uzbekistan) 15 5,901.9 5,051 6,252 287.5 P = <0.001 Pallid Swift (Uludag, Turkey) 12 5,898.3 5,396 6,391 317.1 P = <0.001 distinguishing character, although the preparatory style can influence this in specimens. The overall paler coloration of berliozi and the 'saddle' effect are of much more marginal utility. However, with experience, voice is a very useful character for identification (see Table 3 and below). Our biometric analysis, see Table 2, further confirmed that the specimens from Aden and Dhofar possess the characters of A. berliozi and not those of A. a. pekinensis or A. pallidus. As evidenced in Table 3, there is no significant difference between the mean peak frequencies of the 'Dhofar swifts' and Forbes-Watson's Swift, and their calls appear identical to the human ear, whilst both Common and Pallid Swifts vocalise at significantly higher frequencies. Sonograms (Fig. 1) also show the differences between Pallid / Common Swifts and the 'Dhofar' / Forbes-Watson Swifts. The latter maintain a steady, lower frequency around the mean (4,000 Hz) throughout their 'scream', compared to the rising, higher frequency of c.6,000 Hz in both Pallid and Common Swifts, a frequency not achieved by Forbes-Watson's or the 'Dhofar' swifts. Discussion The sound-recordings of the 'Dhofar swifts' were made in September, post-breeding, with less duetting than in recordings of Forbes-Watson's Swift made in February on Socotra, i.e. in the early breeding season (Kirwan 2010). Despite this, the recordings are remarkably similar and analysis showed that they were almost identical (Table 3, Fig. 1). The only obvious difference between them was the slightly shorter duration of the 'Dhofar birds', which might merely reflect less intensive calling in the post-breeding season (Fig. 1). Recordings of Forbes-Watson's Swift and the 'Dhofar swift' lack the rising and falling © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 200 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) 1B- B- E- 4- 2- Q.OOG kHz SO 'Dhofar swift' □ 2 0 4 OB l 0.B 1.2 i 1.4 10- 8- 6- 4- 2- 0.000 j 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.0 1 1.2 1.4 Common Swift Apus apus pekinensis — r- — — » — — r i * 1 * 1 * *i * r“ SB 0.2 0.4 0.6 OB 1 1.2 1.4 kHz SO 10- 8- 6 - 4- 2- B.OOiD ' Forbes- Watson's Swift Apus berliozi Figure 1. Sonograms of the 'Dhofar swift', Forbes- Watson's Swift Apus berliozi, Common Swift A. apus pekinensis and Pallid Swift A. pallidus brehmorum (see text for recording localities). component during the main part of the 'scream' of both Pallid Swift and pekinensis Common Swift (Fig. 1). Comparing morphometries, 'Dhofar', 'Aden' and Forbes- Watson's Swift have similar wing and tail lengths, and the size of the throat patch is as in A. pallidus, but all three have © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 201 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Figure 2. Forbes- Watson's Swift Apus berliozi, Jarziz Farm, Salalah, Dhofar, Oman, May 2005; note broad tail feathers, extent of throat patch, white-tipped fringes to underparts and white edges to underwing-coverts forming distinct bars (Andrew Grieve) significantly broader tail feathers than the latter, when comparing the fourth rectrix of each (Table 2). They also possess much darker plumage than Pallid Swift (Table 1). There were more significant differences compared to pekinensis, with the width of the fourth rectrix again being wider, but more noticeable was the throat patch, which was considerably more extensive on the 'Dhofar', 'Aden' and Forbes- Watson's Swifts (Tables 1-2). All of the latter three also had slightly blacker plumage, but this would be generally very difficult to discern in the field, except perhaps in comparative views. The biometric data also revealed that the 'Dhofar' and 'Aden' swifts had closer affinities to A. b. bensoni, rather than A. b. berliozi, with their similarly longer wings being statistically significant (Table 2). The 'Dhofar swifts' are summer visitors to Oman (and neighbouring eastern Yemen) mainly between April and September, with some probably remaining into October (Eriksen et al. 2003, Kirwan 2010). However, it almost certainly is the case that occasional November records of swifts in this region reflect confusion with Pallid Swift (a photograph of one such misidentified bird appears at http://mikewatsonsdiary.blogspot.co.uk/2009/ll/oman- bahrain-2009-with-birdquest-south.html). The slight difference in wing lengths between A. b. berliozi (on Socotra) and the southern Arabian swifts is easily explained because the latter is a migratory population, which presumably winters in continental Africa, whereas the population on Socotra is apparently wholly, or at least, principally resident (Kirwan 2010, Porter & Aspinall 2010). A. b. bensoni was described from specimens taken in the boreal midwinter (December-January) in south-east coastal Kenya (Brooke 1969), which in terms of their morphometries (and plumage) are very similar to those collected in Dhofar (Chantler & Driessens 2000; pers. obs.). Subsequently, additional specimens of A. b. bensoni (also at NMNH) were collected by J. S. Ash in coastal Somalia, between April and August in 1979-80. Fry (1988) and Ash & Miskell (1998) noted that this population is also resident or perhaps partially migratory, and breeding has been recorded in most months between March and December. Those in southern Somalia have been considered to be intermediate © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 202 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Figures 3-4. Forbes-Watson's Swift Apus berliozi specimens held in the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington DC, left to right: female A. b. berliozi, Socotra Island, May 1964; male A. b. berliozi, Socotra Island, May 1964 (holotype); female A. b. bensoni, coastal Kenya, January 1966 (holotype); and male A. b. bensoni, coastal Kenya, January 1966 (Guy M. Kirwan / © NMNH) © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 203 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Figure 5. The six specimens of 'Dhofar' swifts and one of the six 'Aden' swifts. 'Dhofar' swift (A) collected by J. S. Ash & G. Nikolaus (Andrew Grieve © Natural History Museum, Tring). 'Dhofar' swift (B) collected by J. S. Ash & G. Nikolaus (Andrew Grieve © Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn). 'Dhofar' swift (C) collected by J. S. Ash & G. Nikolaus (Guy M. Kirwan © National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC). Two 'Dhofar' swifts (D) collected by M. D. Gallagher (Andrew Grieve © Natural History Museum, Tring). Juvenile 'Dhofar' swift (E) collected by M. D. Gallagher (excluded from biometric analysis) (Andrew Grieve © Natural History Museum, Tring). One of six 'Aden' swifts (F) collected by R. Meinertzhagen (Andrew Grieve © Natural History Museum, Tring). Note general darkness of underparts, extent of the pale throat patch, fine dark streaking on throat and typically some white-tipped feathers on underparts. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 204 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Figure 6. Forbes- Watson's Swift Apus berliozi specimens held in the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural Flistory (NMNH), Washington DC, left to right: male A. b. berliozi, Socotra Island, May 1964 (holotype); female A. b. bensoni, coastal Kenya, January 1966 (holotype); female A. b. berliozi, Socotra Island, May 1964; and female A. b. bensoni (?), south-west Oman, May 1993 (Guy M. Kirwan / © NMNH) in size between A. b. berliozi and A. b. bensoni collected in Kenya (Fry 1988) and as a result Ash & Miskell (1998) suggested that their racial separation is only doubtfully valid. Brooke (1969) stated that A. b. bensoni differs from nominate berliozi 'in being darker and browner throughout, in being somewhat larger . . . and with faint dark shafts to the white throat feathers'. However, as Figs. 3-4 and 6-7 demonstrate, colour differences between the two subspecies are practically undetectable, while both taxa can show dark shaft-streaks to the white throat feathers. Thus, with the exception of the slight increase in wing length between A. b. berliozi from Socotra vs. those specimens from southern Arabia ascribed to Forbes- Watson's Swift and the A. b. bensoni specimens from Kenya and Somalia, there are no differences in morphology that cannot be accounted for by wear and moult state. Consequently, we suggest that A. b. bensoni can be upheld, marginally, solely on the basis of its slightly longer wing than A. b. berliozi, but that some authorities might prefer to regard Forbes- Watson's Swift as a monotypic species. Our reinvestigation of the problem posed by the 'Dhofar swift' (Fig. 5), which was previously considered to represent either Pallid Swift or Common Swift of the subspecies pekinensis, reveals that these birds can be confidently identified as Forbes-Watson's Swift. The same is true of the Aden specimens (Fig. 5) 'discovered' in the Tring collection during the course of this work. These latter specimens from the Meinertzhagen (1924) collection, like all of his material, require closer verification. M. C. Jennings has drawn our attention to the fact that in the same work Meinertzhagen (1924) reported an Arabian Accentor Prunella fagani from an unusually low elevation, but this specimen (and another in the Meinertzhagen collection) prove to have been stolen from G. W. Bury (Rasmussen & Prys-Jones MS). In the © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 205 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Figure 7. Apus specimens held in the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington DC, left to right: female A. berliozi bensoni (?), south-west Oman, May 1993; female A. a. apus, coastal Kenya, February 1966; female A. b. berliozi, Socotra Island, May 1964; and male A. a. apus, coastal Kenya, February 1966 (Guy M. Kirwan / © NMNH) case of the 'Aden' swifts, it appears that we can be sure of their provenance. The birds' original labels are annotated as being collected by H. L. Powell and the preparation can be matched to his rather unusual style (the incision is made under the right wing), while close reading of Meinertzhagen's text makes it obvious that they could only have been taken by Powell. Furthermore, the only south-west Arabian collection available in the early 1920s from which Meinertzhagen could have readily stolen other specimens was Bury's. Neither Sclater (1917) nor Hartert (1917) mentioned that Bury collected any Apodidae other than Little Swift Apus affinis. The field and museum work reported here formed the substantiative basis for much of the relevant species account in the recently published Arabian bird atlas (Kirwan 2010). On current knowledge, Forbes- Watson's Swift appears to be a migrant breeder at coastal sites in Dhofar, Oman, as well as discontinuously westwards along the southern Yemeni coast, and on some offshore islands, as far west as Aden (Jennings 2003, Kirwan 2010). Acknowledgements We are grateful to staff members at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Robert Prys-Jones and Mark Adams) and National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC (James P. Dean, Christina Gebhardt, Chris Milensky and Brian Schmidt) for their assistance at these institutions. In particular, Robert Prys-Jones assisted in establishing the provenance of the 'Aden' swifts. Renate van den Elzen is thanked for expediting the loan of the specimen of A. berliozi held at the Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, to the Tring museum. Richard Porter provided a sound-recording of A. berliozi from Socotra. Our referees, Mike Jennings and Richard Porter, contributed variously to the final manuscript. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Andrew Grieve & Guy M. Kirwan 206 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) References: Ash, J. S. & Miskell, J. E. 1998. Birds of Somalia. Pica Press, Robertsbridge. Brooke, R. K. 1969. Apus berliozi Ripley, its races and siblings. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 89: 11-16. Brooks, D. J., Evans, M. Iv Martins, R. P. & Porter, R. F. 1987. The status of birds in North Yemen and the records of the OSME expedition in autumn 1985. Sandgrouse 9: 4-66. Bundy, G. 1986. Blackstarts in southern Oman. Sandgrouse 7: 43-46. Chantler, P. & Driessens, G. 2000. 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On some birds of Dhofar and other parts of Oman. J. Oman Stud., Spec. Rep. 2: 347-385. Gallagher, M. D. & Woodcock, M. 1980. The birds of Oman. Quartet Books, London. Gill, F. & Wright, M. 2006. Birds of the world: recommended English names. Christopher Helm, London. Guichard, K. M. & Goodwin, D. 1952. Notes on birds collected and observed in Oman and Hadhramaut. Ibis 94: 294-305. Hartert, E. 1917. A few notes on the birds of Yemen. Novit. Zoo/. 24: 454-462. Jennings, M. C. 1981. The birds of Saudi Arabia: a check-list. Privately published, Whittlesford. Jennings, M. C. 1995. An interim atlas of the breeding birds of Arabia. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation & Development, Riyadh. Jennings, M. C. 2003. ABBA Survey 31: Bir Ali and Red Sea Islands, Yemen. Phoenix 19: 11-20. Jennings, M. C. (ed.) 2010. Atlas of the breeding birds of Arabia. Fauna of Arabia 25. Frankfurt & King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology, Riyadh. Kirwan, G. M. 2010. Forbes- Watson's Swift Apus berliozi. Pp. 438^40 in Jennings, M. C. (ed.) Atlas of the breeding birds of Arabia. Fauna of Arabia 25. Frankfurt & King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology, Riyadh. Kirwan, G. M., Martins, R. P., Morton, K. M. & Showier, D. A. 1996. The status of birds in Socotra and 'Abd Al-Kuri and the records of the OSME survey in spring 1993. Sandgrouse 17: 83-101. Meinertzhagen, R. 1924. A contribution towards the birds of Aden Protectorate. Ibis 11(6): 625-642. Porter, R. & Aspinall, S. 2010. Birds of the Middle East. Second edn. Christopher Helm, London. Porter, R. F. & Martins, R. P. 1996. Southern Yemen and Socotra: the report of the OSME survey in spring 1993. Sandgrouse 17: 1-188. Porter, R. F., Dymond, J. N. & Martins, R. P. 1996. Forbes- Watson's Swift Apus berliozi in Socotra. Sandgrouse 17: 138-141. Ripley, S. D. 1966. Le martinet pale de Socotra. Oiseau et R.F.O. 35 (no. spec.): 101-102. Sclater, W. L. 1917. The birds of Yemen, south-western Arabia, with an account of his journey thither by the collector, Mr. G. Wyman Bury. Ibis (10)5: 129-186. Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT & London, UK. Sjolander, K. & Beskow, J. 2000. WaveSurfer— an open source speech tool. Pp. 464-467 in Yuan, B., Huang, T. & Tang, X. (eds.) Proc. Sixth Intern. Conf. on Spoken Eanguage Processing, Beijing. Smith, K. D. 1956. On the birds of the Aden Protectorate. Ibis 98: 303-307. Stagg, A. 1984. The birds of S.W. Saudi Arabia: an annotated checklist. Privately published, Riyadh. Tibbett, S. 2006. Forbes- Watson's Swifts nesting in Dhofar. Phoenix 22: 23. Addresses: Andrew Grieve, 3 Miriam Close, Second Avenue, Caister-on-Sea, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk NR30 5PH, UK, e-mail: agl947@hotmail.co.uk. Guy M. Kirwan, Research Associate, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lakeshore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA, e-mail: GMKirwan@aol.com © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club C. Steven Sevillano Rios 207 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Rainbow Starfrontlet Coeligena iris in Huascaran National Park, Ancash, Peru by C. Steven Sevillano Rios Received 23 September 2010; final revision accepted 23 May 2012 On 14 June 2007 two Rainbow Starfrontlets Coeligena iris were mist-netted in Polylepis weberbauri forest at Quebrada Aquillpo (09°20'48.66"S, 77°28'48.90"W; 4,016 m), Huascaran National Park, Ancash, Peru. Both were caught at c.18.00 h while the mist-nets were being closed. One was dead in the net, and the other was weighed, measured and released. Individual 1 (Fig. 1): collected, total length 139 mm, bill 34 mm, wing 80 mm, rectrix 1 36.5 mm, rectrix 5 48.0 mm; individual 2: released, total length 141 mm, bill 34.45 mm, wing 77.35 mm, tarsus 9.06 mm. Comparing these morphometries with those in Sanchez (2003), both were probably subadult males (C. Sanchez pers. comm.). On 21 November 2008, another C. iris was observed in P. weberbaueri forest at Quebrada Llanganuco (09°04,50.12,,S, 77°39,13.96,,W; 3,750 m), and on 8 May 2010, two were photographed at Quebrada Aquillpo. These are the first documented records of C. iris in Huascaran National Park to be published, and come from much higher elevations than were previously reported for the species (1,300-3,300 m: Schulenberg et al. 2010). Birdwatchers have regularly recorded the species at Llanganuco since the late 1990s, but none published their observations or ascertained which subspecies was involved. C. iris has a fragmented distribution, from southern Ecuador to the northern Peruvian Andes (Sanchez 2003; Fig. 2). The geographically proximate subspecies is C. i. eva, whose diagnostic characters such as the absence of black on the neck and upper back, the lack of a violet throat patch, and well-developed olive tips to the rectrices (Sanchez 2003) were evident in the birds at Huascaran. Why has this hummingbird been largely overlooked in Huascaran National Park by previous surveys? I speculate that Rainbow Starfrontlet is present at low densities and only patchily distributed in the Cordillera Blanca. During 2007-09, 1 surveyed ten different localities and only recorded C. i. eva at Aquillpo and Llanganuco (Sevillano et al. 2011). Aquillpo has c.110 ha of P. weberbaueri and P. sericea forest (with trees up to 16 m tall). Other dominant flora includes Buddleja incana, Gynoxys sp., Oreocallis grandiflora and the Figure 1. Rainbow Starfrontlet Coeligena iris, Aquillpo, Huascaran National Park, Ancash, Peru, June 2007 (C. Steven Sevillano Rios) © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club C. Steven Sevillano Rios 208 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Rainbow Starfrontlet distribution Altitude □ 0-1,084 □ 1,084-2,449 □ 2,449-3,813 □ 3,813-5,178 ■ 5,178-6,543 Previous records Peru Huascaran National Park records A 0 KM) 200 Kilometers Figure 2. Map showing current Rainbow Starfrontlet Coeligena iris distribution, with previous records mainly from Sanchez (2003). The three triangular points correspond to the records from Llanganuco (northernmost) and Aquillpo and Rurichinchay (southernmost), in Huascaran National Park, Ancash. parasite Tristerix longibracteatus. P. iveberbaueri is also abundant at Llanganuco and the forest extensive as well; other trees and woody plants in the same area include Alnus spp., Passiflora spp., Puya angusta, Berberis spp. and abundant bromeliads ( Tillandsia spp.). C. iris is currently known from Ancash (Schulenberg et al. 2010) based on an unpublished specimen collected by M. Koepcke at Llanganuco on 7 August 1960 (T. S. Schulenberg pers. comm.). Frimer & Nielsen (1989) mentioned one of the few published reports of the species in the region, a single individual at Rurichinchay in 1988; consequently, Fjeldsa & Krabbe (1990) stated that C. iris might occur in Huascaran National Park, but questioned whether it was a vagrant. Fjeldsa (1987) and Barrio (2002) failed to find it too. The records presented here indicate that C. i. eva is resident at a few localities in the Cordillera Blanca. These represent the highest elevational records and the southernmost limit of the species' distribution. Further study of the Huascaran population could yield important insights into the taxonomy of the C. iris complex (Sanchez 2003). Acknowledgements Thanks to Thomas Schulenberg and Manuel Plenge for providing information and literature, and Huw Lloyd, Armando Valdes- Velasquez, Carlos Sanchez Oses, Laura V. Morales and an anonymous reviewer for their suggestions that improved the manuscript. References: Barrio, J. 2002. Reporte tecnico: evaluacion rapida de la avifauna, presencia de mamiferos y prioridades de conservation en el Parque Nacional Huascaran. Fjeldsa, J. 1987. Birds of relict forests in the high Andes of Peru and Bolivia. Zool. Mus., Univ. of Copenhagen. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club C. Steven Sevillano Rios 209 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Fjeldsa, J. & Krabbe, N. 1990. Birds of the high Andes. Zool. Musv Univ. of Copenhagen & Apollo Books, Svendborg. Frimer, O. & Nielsen. S. M. 1989. The status of Polylepis forests and their avifauna in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Zool. Mus., Univ. of Copenhagen. Sanchez, C. 2003. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography of the Andean hummingbird genera Coeligena Lesson, 1832; Pterophanes Gould, 1849; Ensifera Lesson 1843; and Patagona Gray, 1840 (Aves: Trochiliformes). Dissertation Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen. Fakultat der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat, Bonn. Schulenberg, T. S., Stotz, D. F., Lane, D. F., O'Neill, J. P. & Parker, T. A. 2010. Aves del Peru. Centro de Omitologia y Biodiversidad, Lima. Sevillano, S., Lloyd, H. & Valdes- Velasquez, A. 2011. Bird species richness, diversity and abundance in Polylepis woodlands, Huascaran Biosphere Reserve, Peru. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna & Environ. 46: 69-76. Address: Programa Alto Tambopata, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Calle Arias Aragiiez 152, Miraflores, Lima, Peru, e-mail: csevillano@wcs.org. First Uruguayan records of Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera by Sebastian Jimenez, Jose S. Abente, Adrian B. Azpiroz, Christian Savigny & Martin Abreu Received 22 November 2011 Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera comprises two subspecies, of which P. m. gouldi (Grey-faced Petrel) is endemic to New Zealand. The near-circumpolar P. m. macroptera breeds in the Southern Hemisphere, including the Atlantic (on Tristan da Cunha and Gough), Indian (Prince Edward, Marion, the Crozets and Kerguelen) and Pacific Oceans (southern Australia and northern New Zealand). Post-breeding, it disperses widely in the temperate south-east Atlantic and Indian Oceans, mainly at 30-50°S (Brooke 2004, Camphuysen 2007, Onley & Scofield 2007) with some reaching Antarctic waters (Montalti et al. 1999). The main pelagic distribution in the Atlantic is around southern Africa, where it typically occurs in oceanic waters and over the shelf edge (Camphuysen & van der Meer 2000, Camphuysen 2007). It is rare in the south-west Atlantic (Tickell & Woods 1972, Brown et al. 1975, Thurston 1982, Brooke 2004, Bugoni 2006, Onley & Scofield 2007). Data on the species' occurrence in the south-west Atlantic are scarce, with scattered records for southern Brazil (Harris & Hansen 1974, Bugoni 2006), Argentine waters, the Falklands and South Georgia (Tickell & Wood 1972, Brown et al. 1975, Thurston 1982, Curtis 1994, Mazar Barnett & Pearman 2001, White et al. 2002, Chebez 2009). Some authors have highlighted the difficulties of identifying P. macroptera, especially vs. Kerguelen Petrel Lugensa brevirostris, so undocumented records should be treated cautiously, especially south of the polar front (cf. Mazar Barnett & Pearman 2001, Chebez 2009). Favero & Silva Rodriguez (2005) erroneously quoted Veit (1995) as mentioning P. macroptera as being a recurrent species at pelagic seabird assemblages in Argentine waters. However, the species mentioned by Veit was Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis and he found P. macroptera to be rare (R. Veit pers. comm.). Confusion probably originated through use of the Spanish name 'Petrel Pardo', which is applied to several species, including Puffinus gravis and Pterodroma macroptera. P. macroptera was included in the Uruguayan avifauna by Cuello (1975) based on a specimen from La Floresta, dpto. Canelones, in July 1973, which Escalante (1980) reidentified as Lugensa brevirostris. Here we report the first documented records of P. macroptera in © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Sebastian Jimenez et al. 210 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Uruguay. On 24 May 2003 a specimen was collected by JSA at Solymar (34°50'S, 55°56'W), in coastal dpto. Canelones, southern Uruguay. The specimen (Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo, MNHN 6235) was a female in excellent condition, found alive the previous day by Javier Abente. Initially identified as L. brevirostris, careful examination by J. P. Cuello revealed that it was P. m. macroptera (Figs. 1-2). P. m. macroptera is a mid-sized. Figure 1. Ventral view of specimens of Kerguelen Petrel Lugensa brevirostris, La Floresta, dpto. Canelones, Uruguay, July 1973 (Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo, MNHN 4142; above) and Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma m. macroptera, Solymar, dpto. Canelones, Uruguay, May 2003 (MNHN 6235; below) (Adrian B. Azpiroz) Figure 2 (left). Head of Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma m. macroptera (above), Solymar, Uruguay, May 2003 (MNHN 6235) and Kerguelen Petrel Lugensa brevirostris, La Floresta, dpto. Canelones, Uruguay, July 1973 (MNHN 4142; below) (Adrian B. Azpiroz) Figure 3 (right). Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma m. macroptera, Uruguayan waters, 1 March 2007 (Sebastian Jimenez) © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Sebastian Jimenez et al. 211 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) long-winged, all-dark petrel with dark underwings and black feet (Brooke 2004, Onley & Scofield 2007) separable from most other dark petrels ( Pterodroma , Bulweria and Procellaria spp.) by size, absence of pale underwing areas, and bare-parts coloration. This applies to all potential confusion species in the south-west Atlantic (L. brevirostris, dark-morph Trindade Petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana and Atlantic Petrel P. incerta). The specimen lacks the pale face (including forehead, chin and base of bill) characteristic of P. m. gouldi. Measurements (mm) are: bill length (exposed culmen) 36.7, bill depth at base 15.0 and bill depth at nail 15.2. On 1 March 2007 a Pterodroma sp. was observed by SJ (Fig. 3) from a Uruguayan pelagic longline fishing vessel targeting swordfish Xiphias gladius, during a 30-minute count commencing at 08.10 h, at 36°04,S, 51°00'W, in Uruguayan waters (sea surface temperature 24.32°C, northerly wind and sky completely cloudy, rain during final part of count). Other species present were c.60 Spectacled Petrels Procellaria conspicillata and c.15 P. incerta. The single Pterodroma was observed at the onset of rain and followed the vessel for 30 minutes. At c.09.00 h the number of P. incerta doubled and photographs of the all-dark Pterodroma were taken (Fig. 3). A small patch of paler feathers at the base of the black bill, characteristic of P. m. macroptera (Brooke 2004, Onley & Scofield 2007), distinguishes it from dark-morph P. arminjoniana from Trindade, which has dark lores and a pale throat (Onley & Scofield 2007). Onley & Scofield (2007) stated that dark-morph P. arminjoniana has a reduced pale patch on the outer underwing, but has a narrow white line on the inner forewing. These features were not detected on the Uruguayan bird, which appeared similar in size or smaller than the P. incerta present, thereby excluding the much smaller L. brevirostris. It was concluded that the petrel was P. m. macroptera. Acknowledgements CS is grateful to Prof. Richard Veit for his comments. SJ thanks Meidad Goren and Ross Wanless, and SJ & ABA thank Leandro Bugoni for their comments on the photographs and for information on P. macroptera and other similar species. Juan P. Cuello clarified the identity of the specimen in Montevideo. References: Brooke, M. 2004. Albatrosses and petrels across the world. Oxford Univ. Press. Brown, R. G. B., Cooke, F., Kinnear, P. K. & Mills, E. L. 1975. Summer seabird distribution in Drake Passage, the Chilean fiords and off southern South America. Ibis 117: 339-356. Bugoni, L. 2006. Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera in Brazil. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 126: 52-54. Camphuysen, K. 2007. Where two oceans meet: distribution and offshore interactions of Great-winged Petrels Pterodroma macroptera and Leach's Storm Petrels Oceanodroma leucorhoa off southern Africa. /. Orn. 148: 333-346. Camphuysen, K. & van der Meer, J. 2000. Notes on the distribution of the Spectacled Petrel Procellaria conspicillata in the Southern Ocean. Atlantic Seabirds 2: 13-18. Chebez, J. C. 2009. Otros que se van. Fauna Argentina amenazada. Ed. Albatros, Buenos Aires. Cuello, J. 1975. Las aves del Uruguay (suplemento I). Com. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo 139: 1-27. Curtis, W. F. 1994. Further South Atlantic records. Sea Swallow 43: 19-28. Escalante, R. 1980. Notas sobre tres Procellariidae en el Uruguay y Rio de la Plata ( Pterodroma brevirostris, Pachyptila belcheri, Macronectes halli). Primeras Jornadas Cienc. Natur. (Montevideo): 123-124. Favero, M. & Silva Rodriguez, M. P. 2005. Estado actual y conservacion de aves pelagicas que utilizan la plataforma continental Argentina como area de alimentacion. Hornero 20: 95-110. Harris, M. P. & Hansen, L. 1974. Sea-bird transects between Europe and Rio Plate, South America, in autumn 1973. Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidsskr. 68: 117-137. Mazar Barnett, J. & Pearman, M. 2001. Lista comentada de las aves Argentinas. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Montalti, D., Orgeira, J. L. & Di Martino, S. 1999. New records of vagrant birds in the South Atlantic and in the Antarctic. Polish Polar Res. 20: 347-354. Onley, D. & Scofield, P. 2007. Albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters of the world. Princeton Univ. Press. Thurston, M. H. 1982. Ornithological observations in the South Atlantic Ocean and Weddell Sea, 1959-64. Brit. Antarctic Survey Bull. 55: 77-103. Tickell, W. N. L. & Woods, R. W. 1972. Ornithological observations at sea in the South Atlantic Ocean, 1954-1964. Brit. Antarctic Survey Bull. 31: 63-68. Veit, R. R. 1995. Pelagic communities of seabirds in the South Atlantic Ocean. Ibis 137: 1-10. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Sebastian Jimenez et al. 212 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) White, R. W., Gillon, K. W., Black, A. D. & Reid, J. B. 2002. The distribution of seabirds and marine mammals in Falkland Island waters. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Addresses : Sebastian Jimenez, Proyecto Albatros y Petreles— Uruguay, Centro de Investigacion y Conservacion Marina (CICMAR), Av. Giannattasio km 30.5, C.P. 15008 Canelones, Uruguay; Direccion Nacional de Recursos Acuaticos, Recursos Pelagicos, Constituyente 1497, C.P. 11200, Montevideo, Uruguay, e-mail: jimenezpsebastian@gmail.com. Jose Abente, Aves Uruguay, Canelones 1164, Montevideo, Uruguay, e-mail: jabente@disgal.com.uy. Adrian B. Azpiroz, Laboratorio de Genetica de la Conservacion, Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas Clemente Estable, Av. Italia 3318, C.P. 11600, Montevideo, e-mail: azpiroz@iibce.edu.uy. Christian Savigny, Birds of the Southwest Atlantic & Antarctica Project, Mar del Plata, Argentina, e-mail: chris„savigny@yahoo.com.ar. Martin Abreu, Proyecto Albatros y Petreles— Uruguay, Centro de Investigacion y Conservacion Marina (CICMAR), Av. Giannattasio km 30.5, C.P. 15008 Canelones, Uruguay, e-mail: petrelatlantico@gmail.com Missiemuseum, Steijl, the Netherlands— the history of a little-known collection by J us tin J. F. J. Jansen Received 26 February 2012 The Missiemuseum at Steijl, which contains c. 1,200 ornithological mounts / skins, is not mentioned by Roselaar (2003) but deserves a place among his 'B-list' collections. On 8 September 1875, Father Arnold Janssen (1837-1909) inaugurated the Societas Verbi Divini (SVD) in response to the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf policy pursued by the Prime Minister of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, in 1871-78. The first foreign mission was established at Hong Kong (1879), followed in 1882 by China's Shandong Province, or Qingdao (leased from China by Germany in 1897-1914) and in 1884 by Kaiser- Wilhelmsland, part of German New Guinea, a protectorate of the German Empire. Further missions followed in Italy (1888), Argentina (1889), Austria (1892), Togo (1892), Ecuador (1893), Brazil (1895), USA (1895) and Papua New Guinea (1896). No fewer than 47 other countries followed up until 1993. One of the aims of the SVD was to found a museum, to provide the public with knowledge of the countries and cultures in which the Societas worked. The collection's nucleus dates from 1884 when Janssen started the Missiemuseum, financed by Monsieur von Anzen, with anthropological and natural history items from China, among them birds. It was housed in two small rooms by the mission's printing shop. The last new material was purchased in 1937. Unfortunately, specimens were neither registered nor labelled. Information concerning them has been kept in numerous papers, held in storage in the museum's attic, thus with some effort many could be adequately labelled, thereby meeting the criterion set by Roselaar (2003) of 100 well-labelled specimens for 'B-list' inclusion. Initially, Janssen was responsible for the collections, then P. Schaaf (fl. 1885-94), but when in February 1894 the museum was enlarged Schaaf resigned. He was succeeded by Hermann auf der Heide (1865-1930) and taxidermist Philo Maier (fl. 1894-1901); Maier resigned in 1901. Thereafter, Johannes Giessen (1868-1935), known as Father Berchmans, was appointed collection manager, collaborating with auf der Heide. After the latter died, P. Schmitz (fl. 1935) and then P. Balkenhol (fl. 1935-37) became the museum's taxidermists. On 1 February 1931 the museum moved to its present location, with Berchmans responsible for furnishing the new museum. At present (2012) the Missiemuseum is administrated by Missiehuis St. Michael, but has not expanded its natural history collections. Since Berchmans' death in 1934 very little concerning the displays has changed. The museum can © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Justin J. F. J. Jansen 213 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) be visited daily; all mounted specimens are on display, with a few skins held elsewhere in the building. Material at the museum came from foreign-based missionaries or via purchases and exchanges. From papers held at the museum, it is clear that natural history items were acquired not only for the museum, but more especially for trade purposes, to expand and finance foreign missions. Material was received in exchange or by purchases from companies like that of Wilhelm Schluter (1828-1919) at Halle an der Saale (Germany) and from captive-held birds at Allwetter Zoo, Munster (Germany) and Castle Broekhuizen (Arcen, the Netherlands). Private collectors included Franz Werner (1867-1939) from Vienna, who sent specimens from Brazil and Togo in 1925. An important purchase was (part of) the Merkelbeek collection (the Netherlands), at public auction in December 1937. Merkelbeek' s collection contained material from the monastery of the Benedictine Confederation of the Order of Saint Benedict at Merkelbeek, which in 1923 was moved to the Sint Benedictusberg abbey at Mamelis, Vaals. In 1910 the collection of Johannes Renier Joseph van der Harten (1852-1925) was purchased; it contained material collected by Willem de Greef (b. 1863), Cornelus Notten (1847-1911) and Willem Lodewijk Joost Spoor (1827-93). The collection of D. W. Jansen (fl. 1900-12) from Arnhem was purchased in December 1906 and those of Carolus Roncken (1871-1944) and J. L. Wielders (fl. 1920-21) before 1931. Specimens were also traded with German missionaries, e.g., in Drieburg, Geilenkirchen, Neuenkirchen and Wengerohr, and exchanges also occurred with the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (176 specimens) and Zoologisch Museum Amsterdam (unknown). Among active missionaries were Franz Bartels (1889-1928) and Ludwig Klapheck (1868-1931) at Qingdao, Friedrich Girards (1875-1935), Hermann auf der Heide (1865-1930), Franz Kirschbaum (1882-1930) and Andreas Puff (1879-1939) in Kaiser- Wilhelmsland, and P. A. Muller (fl. 1907-08) and Wilhelm Schmidt (1868-1954) in Brazil. Unknown at present is how much of each collection remains, due to the lack of a register. However, most of the van der Harten collection is still present. Plumes from birds-of-paradise. Dwarf Casuarius bennetti and Northern Cassowaries C. unappendiculatus, and Victoria Crowned Pigeon Goura victoria found their way via the missionaries to the Missiemuseum. For example, between October 1910 and June 1912 some 143 Victoria Crowned Pigeons and 626 birds-of-paradise passed via the museum to be sold. This is c.10% of all Paradisaeidae exported during this period from Kaiser- Wilhelmsland (Swadling 1996), although the Missiemuseum is not mentioned in the latter work. My research provided additional information on some specimens (all of which still lack labels). The collection holds a number of rarities, and the main focus was on these and their data. Specimens of Slender-billed Curlew Numenius tenuirostris , Spix's Macaw Cyanopsitta spixii and Chinese Crested Tern Sterna bernsteini can be singled out. The Slender- billed Curlew was collected on 5 December 1888 at Zierikzee (51°38,59,,N, 03°54,59,,E) and was the second record for the Netherlands (de Graaf 1893). The Spix's Macaw was collected in Brazil but lacks collecting data. The Chinese Crested Tern is from Jiaozhou Bay (36°07'24.44"N, 120°14'44.3"E), and arrived on 24 July 1909 at Hamburg, Germany, in a collection of 131 bird skins formed by Franz Bartels and Josef Klapheck. Dutch rarities include a Greater Spotted Eagle Acpiila clanga collected on 5 November 1892 at Weert (Vliet et at. 2005), a Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos medius taken on 15 February 1922 at Blerick, a Great Bustard Otis tarda dated 10 February 1922 from Wijlre and two Pallas's Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes paradoxus (an adult female and young female) from Zeelst, near Eindhoven (the sole inland record during the 1888-89 invasion). For Germany, an Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica collected on 12 January 1907 on the Rhine near Emmerich represents one of the country's very few inland records. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Justin J. F. J. Jansen 214 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Acknowledgements P. J. Leader, R. P. Prys-Jones, G. M. Kirwan and D. R. Wells reviewed an early draft, and my sincere thanks are due to them. Truus Coppens provided access to the Missiemuseum during seven visits (2005-11). References: de Graaf, H. W. 1893. Letter. Ibis (6)5: 150-151. Roselaar, C. S. 2003. An inventory of major European bird collections. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 123A: 253-337. Swadling, P. 1996. Plumes from paradise: trade cycles in outer Southeast Asia and their impact on New Guinea and nearby islands until 1920. Papua New Guinea National Museum, Boroko. Vliet, R. E. van der, Laan, J. van der & CDNA 2005. Rare birds in the Netherlands in 2004. Dutch Birding 27: 367-394. Address : Ravelijn 6, 5361 EJ Grave, The Netherlands, e-mail: justin.jansen@gmail.com Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii in Brazilian waters by Samantha R. Klein, Nicholas W. Daudt & Leandro Bugoni Received 5 March 2012 Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii has a pantropical distribution, breeding on islands in the North Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans (Megysi & O'Daniel 1997, Onley & Scofield 2007). In the Atlantic it breeds on the Azores, Madeira, the Desertas, Selvagem Grande, the Canaries and Cape Verdes, with a total population estimated at >11,000 breeding pairs (Brooke 2004). Atlantic breeders spend much of the year at sea, moving south and south- west to tropical latitudes, reaching 40°S and even South Africa (Carboneras 1992, Bourne 1995, Megysi & O'Daniel 1997, Flood & Fisher 2011), and north to 40°N (Bourne 1995, Legrand et al. 1999). Limits in the North Atlantic are based on records off the eastern USA, Caribbean Sea and Netherlands Antilles (ffrench 1973, Haney & Wainright 1985, Legrand et al. 1999, Howell 2012), with vagrants off Ireland (Alibone 1980), continental Europe and in the Mediterranean (Flood & Fisher 2011). The species' distribution in the Atlantic was mapped in Flood & Fisher (2011), based on unpublished results from data loggers provided by J. Gonzalez-Solis. The at-sea distribution of Bulwer's Petrel in the South Atlantic potentially includes Brazilian waters. Van Oordt & Kruijt (1953) mentioned the species as 'rather common' and 'regular' off north-east Brazil between 31 December 1951 and 4 January 1952, and provided max. daily counts of six, nine, nine, five and 12 birds. They travelled from the Caribbean to South Africa and during this period crossed between Fernando de Noronha and Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, within the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Their southernmost record was one bird at 21°16'S, 09°30'W, midway between South America and Africa on 9 January (van Oordt & Kruijt 1954). Similar data were provided by Harris & Hansen (1974), who made a transect from north-east of Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo to south-west of Fernando de Noronha (while travelling from Europe to Uruguay) in October-November 1973. They recorded daily maxima of three, 15, 20 and 42 birds, the last just south-west of Fernando de Noronha. Bourne & Curtis (1985) mentioned 24 records in 1982-84, with up to eight birds in a day, all between 06°-39°S and 17°-37°W, in December-February. Bourne (1995) provided additional records, most between 10°N and 10°S and mentioned 'many records' in north-east Brazil during the boreal autumn, i.e. the post-breeding period. More recently, one was seen in Brazilian waters on 19 February 1999, 157 nautical miles (nm) south-west of Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo (Naves & Vooren 2000). These undocumented records suggest the © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Samantha R. Klein et al. 215 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Figure 1. Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii, 176 nautical miles east of Cabo de Sao Tome, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 22 December 2011 (Samantha R. Klein) species is frequent in the tropical Brazilian Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ), especially near Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Fernando de Noronha and the Atol das Rocas, as well as in adjacent international waters. Given the lack of pelagic work in Brazilian waters and off oceanic islands, the species has not been documented. Here we provide the first documented record of Bulwer's Petrel off Brazil. The observation occurred aboard the R/V Atlantico Sul, at 14.57 h on 22 December 2011. A single bird (Fig. 1) was seen by SRK & NWD over waters 3,500 m deep (22°17'61"S, 37°52'51"W), <15 nm from the Almirante Saldanha seamount, the top of which is just 61 m below the surface. It is located east of Cabo de Sao Tome, Rio de Janeiro state, which is 176 nm away, and thus well within the Brazilian EEZ. There was good light, sea state 4 on the Beaufort scale, and the wind was 22 knots from the north. The bird was first seen c.200 m away, was in view for c.2 minutes and at one point crossed the bow of the ship, permitting photographs (Fig. 1). The only other species seen nearby was a Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis. The bird flew low over the surface, alternating between gliding zigzags (similar to a gadfly petrel) with fast circular bat-like flight comprising strong wingbeats (like a storm petrel). It foraged at the surface, dipping its head to partly immerse the bill in flight. Size was estimated at between Wilson's Storm Petrel Oceanites oceanicus and Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus, both of which we observed during the trip. The long wings and tail were notable. Plumage was all dark with a pale band on the upperwing-co verts, from the scapulars (where narrow) to the carpal region, where it broadened, typical of B. bulwerii and, according to Onley & Scofield (2007), visible up to 250 m away. Photographs reveal that the dark bill was less robust than those of Pterodroma petrels, but longer than in storm petrels. Plumage, flight action, structure and size made identification straightforward, eliminating any all-dark Pterodroma and smaller storm petrels. The marked pale band on the wing-coverts and pointed tail eliminated the similar, but larger, Jouanin's Petrel Bulweria fallax (Legrand et al. 1999, Onley & Scofield 2007), which is unknown in the Atlantic Ocean (Flood & Fisher 2011, Howell 2012). Our record in December accords with Bourne (1995), who stated that the species migrates to the South Atlantic in the boreal autumn, reaching 20°S by November, and returns to the Northern Hemisphere by April. The only other at-sea study in the same region, in July-September 1984, did not record the species (Coelho et al. 1990). Our sighting close to a seamount might indicate the species was foraging in an upwelling area, which was suggested to explain previous records near Fernando de Noronha (van Oordt & Kruijt 1953, Harris & Hansen 1974, Bourne 1995, Megysi & O'Daniel 1997). Upwellings are productive areas, where Bulwer's Petrel could find its main prey, like zooplankton, small © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Samantha R. Klein et al. 216 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) fish and squid (Zonfrillo 1986). Bulwer's Petrel generally forages alone or in pairs (Onley & Scofield 2007, Howell 2012), as noted also by van Oordt and Kruijt (1953). Bulwer's Petrel was placed on the secondary list of Brazilian birds (CBRO 2011) due to a lack of tangible evidence (i.e., specimens, photographs etc.) ( sensu Carlos et al. 2010). The present report provides the first documentation of the species' presence in Brazilian waters. Acknowledgements We are grateful to Dr Eduardo R. Secchi for inviting us to participate in the Trojeto Cetaceos do Talude Sudeste-Sul - FURG/Chevron', sponsored by Chevron Brasil Petroleo. Juliana C. Di Tullio (Graduation Program in Biological Oceanography — FURG) acted as the survey's leader, and Bob Flood provided a critical review of an early version of the manuscript. S. R. Klein is supported by a CNPq scholarship through Projeto Pro-Trindade (557134/2009-9) and N. W. Daudt by the Program IniCie/UERGS. References: Alibone, M. R. 1980. Bulwer's Petrel in Co. Cork. Brit. Birds 73: 217-218. Bourne, W. R. P. 1995. The movements of Bulwer's Petrel and the larger shearwaters in the Atlantic Ocean. Sea Swallow 44: 49-52. Bourne, W. R. P. & Curtis, W. F. 1985. South Atlantic seabirds. Sea Swallow 34: 18-28. Brooke, M. 2004. Albatrosses and petrels across the world. Oxford Univ. Press. Carlos, C. J., Straube, F. C. & Pacheco, J. F. 2010. Conceitos e definigoes sobre documentagao de registros ornitologicos e criterios para elaboragao de listas de aves para os estados brasileiros. Rev. Bras. Orn. 18: 355-361. Coelho, E. P., Alves, V. S., Soneghet, M. L. P. & Carvalho, F. S. 1990. Levantamento das aves marinhas no percurso Rio de Janeiro - Bahia (Brasil). Bol. Inst. Oceanogr. Sdo Paulo 38: 161-167. Comite Brasileiro de Registros Ornitologicos (CBRO). 2011. Listas das aves do Brasil. 10a edn. www.cbro.org. br (accessed 30 December 2011). Carboneras, C. 1992. Family Procellariidae (petrels and shearwater). Pp. 216-257 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 1. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, ffrench, R. 1973. A guide to the birds of Trinidad & Tobago. Livingston Publishing Co., PA. Flood, B. & Fisher, A. 2011. Multimedia identification guide to North Atlantic seabirds - storm-petrels & Bulwer's Petrel. Pelagic Birds & Birding Multimedia Identification Guides, Penryn. Haney, J. C. & Wainright, S. C. 1985. Bulwer's Petrel in the South Atlantic Bight. Amer. Birds 39: 868-870. Harris, M. P. & Hansen, L. 1974. Sea-bird transects between Europe and Rio Plate, South America, in autumn 1973. Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidsskr. 68: 117-137. Howell, S. N. G. 2012. Petrels, albatrosses & storm-petrels of North America, a photographic guide. Princeton Univ. Press. Legrand, H. E., Guris, P. & Gustafson, M. 1999. Bulwer's Petrel off the North Carolina coast. N. Amer. Birds 53: 113-115. Megysi, J. L. & O'Daniel, D. L. 1997. Bulwer's Petrel (Bulweria bulwerii). In Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.) Birds of North America. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia & American Ornithologists' Union, Washington DC. Naves, L. C. & Vooren, C. M. 2000. Ocorrencia e densidade de aves oceanicas no trajeto entre o Atol das Rocas e o Arquipelago de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo em fevereiro de 1999. Anais 13“ Semana Nac. Oceanogr., Itajai: 620-622. Onley, D. & Scofield, P. 2007. Albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters of the world. Princeton Univ. Press, van Oordt, G. J. & Kruijt, J. P. 1953. On the pelagic distribution of some Procellariiformes in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans. Ibis 95: 615-637. van Oordt, G. J. &. Kruijt, J. P. 1954. Birds observed on a voyage in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans in 1951/1952. Ardea 42: 245-280. Zonfrillo, B. 1986. Diet of Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii in the Madeiran archipelago. Ibis 128: 570-572. Addresses: Samantha R. Klein & Leandro Bugoni, Laboratorio de Aves Aquaticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, CEP 96201-900, RS, Brazil, e-mails: samantha.r.klein@gmail.com and lbugoni@yahoo.com.br. Nicholas W. Daudt, Laboratorio de Biologia da Conservagao de Aves e Mamiferos Aquaticos, Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Mostardeiro 3635, CEP 95595-000, Cidreira, RS, Brazil, e-mail: nicholaswdaudt@gmail.com © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Harold F. Greeney & Marcello Jipa 217 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) The nest of Crescent-faced Antpitta Grallaricula lineifrons in north-east Ecuador by Harold F. Greeney & Marcello Jipa Received 27 March 2012 The genus Grallaricula includes nine of the 51 species of antpittas (Grallariidae) and comprises small, semi-terrestrial species (Krabbe & Schulenberg 2003, Remsen et al. 2012). Thirty years ago Wiedenfeld (1982) reviewed published information on the nesting of antpittas, at which time the nest of only one species had been described (Schwartz 1957). Despite a recent flush of publications on their taxonomy, distribution, conservation and natural history (Andrade & Lozano 1997, Holley et al. 2001, Delgado-V. 2002, Greeney et al. 2004, Verea 2004, Greeney & Sornoza 2005, Donegan 2008, Niklison et al. 2008, Freile et al. 2010), the nests of fewer than half of the described species are known, and the breeding biology of most species is poorly documented (Greeney et al. 2008). Crescent-faced Antpitta G. lineifrons is one of the most strikingly plumaged members of the genus and is considered Near Threatened (BirdLife International 2012). The type specimen was collected in 1923 (Chapman 1924) and remained unique for 49 years. In fact. Crescent-faced Antpitta was not reported in life until 1971 (Lehman et al. 1977) and even 70 years after being described its distribution and behaviour were virtually unknown (Fjeldsa & Krabbe 1990, Robbins et al. 1994). Today it is known to be more widespread than was previously thought, in humid Polylepis woodlands and other treeline and elfin forests, often with small patches of bamboo, at elevations of 2,900-3,400 m, in the Central Andes of Colombia and the Eastern Andes of Ecuador south to northern prov. Loja (Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Krabbe & Schulenberg 2003). Apart from a young bird collected in mid March in prov. Carchi, northern Ecuador (Robbins et al. 1994), nothing has been published on the species' reproduction. Here we provide the first description of the nest and brief observations on the nestling and parental care from north-east Ecuador. Methods and Results On 10 February 2012, we found a nest of Crescent-faced Antpitta just above the town of Papallacta, prov. Napo (00°19'S, 78°12'W), at c.3,300 m. At the time of discovery, it contained a single nestling, estimated to be no more than five days from fledging based on the experience of HFG with other species of Grallaricula. We photographed both adults arriving at the nest to provision the young (Fig. 1), but were unable to examine the nest and nestling more closely due to its precarious position (see below). Based on direct observation and from pictures taken on 10 February, the nestling was covered in a dense coat of rusty- brown downy plumage, and primary feathers were at least halfway emerged from their sheaths. The mouth lining was bright crimson-orange, mandible dusky orange, maxilla dark grey and rictal flanges yellow-white. We returned on 6 March, at which time the nest was empty but undisturbed, and we collected it for closer examination. The open-cup nest was 3.6 m above ground and constructed within a loose tangle of three thin (c.l cm diameter) vines hanging from a 10-cm diameter branch. The three vines hung c.l m below the branch before becoming tangled, creating a loose 'basket' into which the nest was built. This 'basket' of vines was filled with a loose mixture of green moss, short sticks and leaf petioles creating a 10.5 cm-tall platform onto which the nest itself was built. This base was 13.5 cm in diameter at the narrowest point and 15 cm at the widest. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Harold F. Greeney & Marcello Jipa. 218 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) The uniform mixture of sticks and moss, as well as the loose composition of the base strongly suggest that the material was brought there by the antpittas. The outer portion of the nest comprised similar materials to those used for the base, but the moss was more tightly packed, permitting the nest itself to be easily separated from the supporting base. This portion of the nest was symmetrical and measured 11 cm in diameter by 5.5 cm tall externally. The internal egg cup was neatly lined with a c.0.5-cm thick layer of crisscrossed dark rootlets and fibers, intermixed with only a few paler grass stems and flexible fibres. Internally, the egg cup was 6.5 cm wide and 3.5 cm deep. Additional photographs of the nest and nestling are available on the Colaboraciones Americans Sobre Aves project website (http://avesamericanas.lifedesks.org/pages/69356). Habitat in the vicinity of the nest was typical of this elevation in northern Ecuador, with a 6-10 m-high canopied forest, dominated by Polylepis trees with a patchily vegetated understorey varying from dense Chusquea bamboo thickets to fairly open areas with only sparse vegetation. Most areas, however, were well covered in a dense layer of moss and epiphytes. The nest was at the edge of an area with little understorey vegetation, c.10 m from the edge of low, dense vegetation covering an old landslide. While we waited near the nest to take photographs, the adults foraged 15-30 m from the nest in the more open areas. On several occasions they visited areas disturbed by our passage, catching small arthropods by probing into displaced moss and soil, providing nominal support for the hypothesis that many antpittas facultatively follow large mammals while foraging (Greeney in press a). Adults were silent while we were near the nest, except an occasional, soft, downslurred whistle as described for the species (Robbins et al. 1994), which is similar to that made by Ochre-breasted G. flavirostris and Peruvian Antpittas G. peruviana (Robbins & Ridgely 1990, Greeney et al. 2004). We also occasionally heard adults make this noise while foraging for food to bring to the nest, but during c. 2 hours in the vicinity we did not hear any other Figure 1. Adult Crescent-faced Antpitta Grallaricula lineifrons feeding nestling, Papallacta, prov. Napo, north-east Ecuador, 10 February 2012 (Harold F. Greeney) © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Harold F. Greeney & Marcello Jipa 219 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) vocalisations by this pair. One member of a different pair, c.40 m from the nest, gave the more typical song of the species, a series of slightly ascending, closely spaced notes (Robbins et al. 1994, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). This pair was seen carrying small pieces of moss and sticks, indicating they were in the process of nest construction, but we were unable to locate a nest. Discussion Although we are unable to offer a detailed description of the older nestling of Crescent- faced Antpitta, it is clearly similar to the older nestlings of other Grallaricula, all described as having dense, rusty-brown down and striking, orange mouth linings (Greeney et al. 2004, Greeney & Miller 2008, Niklison et al. 2008, Greeney et al. in press). It is now clear that in Grallaricula this downy coating is not natal down (which develops predominantly or entirely pre-hatching), but rather is formed by an early appearing semi-plume portion of the incoming juvenile plumage (Collins 2010). Thus, in all likelihood, nestling Crescent-faced Antpittas are naked at hatching and develop this downy plumage c.l week after hatching (Greeney in press b). The nest described here, being a relatively shallow, open-cup nest lined with dark fibres, matches descriptions of other Grallaricula nests. The predominance of moss in the external portion agrees with nests of Peruvian (Greeney et al. 2004) and Ochre-breasted Antpittas (Holley et al. 2001, Maillard & Vogel 2003, Greeney et al. in press), in contrast to the leaf, stick and petiole exterior to nests of Slate-crowned Antpitta G. nana (Greeney & Sornoza 2005, Greeney & Miller 2008, Greeney et al. 2010) and Rusty-breasted Antpitta G. ferrugineipectus (Schwartz 1957, Niklison et al. 2008). The large amount of extra material placed below the nest described here appears unusual for the genus, but is not inconsistent with the nest architecture of other species, all of which create a platform upon which to construct their nest cups (Greeney et al. 2008, in press). Few nests are known for most Grallaricula spp., but in general they are built below 2 m (but see Holley et al. 2001), making the nest described here unusually high. It remains to be seen if the placement and voluminous platform witnessed here are typical for Crescent-faced Antpitta. Our observation of one pair with an older nestling and one pair nest building in mid February suggest that the species' breeding season in this area may be at least January-April. This is the wetter season in the area, and contrasts with the dry-season nesting peak for most other species (Greeney et al. 2011). Acknowledgements Field work by HFG and the purchase of equipment used in this study were supported by Matt Kaplan, John V. Moore, the Population Biology Foundation, Maryland Ornithological Society and Field Guides, Inc. HFG was supported by a Rubenstein Fellowship in 2011 and 2012. We thank Niels Krabbe and Kevin Zimmer for critical comments which improved this manuscript. References: Andrade, G. I. & Lozano, I. E. 1997. Ocurrencia del Hormiguero de Corona Pizarra Grallaricula nana en la Reserva Biologoca Capanta, macizo de Chingaza, Cordillera Oriental Colombiana. Cotinga 7: 37-38. BirdLife International. 2012. Species factsheet: Grallaricula lineifrons. www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/ index.html (accessed 25 March 2012). Chapman, F. M. 1924. Descriptions of new genera and species of Tracheophonae from Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Amer. Mus. Novit. 123: 1-9. Collins, C. T. 2010. A review of natal pterylosis in passerines: useful information or avian marginalia? Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 130: 96-101. Delgado-V., C. A. 2002. Observations of the Ochre-breasted ( Grallaricula flavirostris) and Slate-crowned (G. nana) Antpittas in Colombia. Orn. Neotrop. 13: 423-425. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Harold F. Greeney & Marcello Jipa. 220 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Donegan, T. M. 2008. Geographical variation in Slate-crowned Antpitta Grallaricula nana, with two new subspecies, from Colombia and Venezuela. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 128: 150-178. Fjeldsa, J. & Krabbe, N. 1990. The birds of the high Andes. Zool. Mus., Univ. of Copenhagen & Apollo Books, Svendborg. Freile, J. F., Parra, J. L. & Graham, C. 2010. Distribution and conservation of Grallaria and Grallaricula antpittas (Grallariidae) in Ecuador. Bird Conserv. Intern. 20: 410-431. Greeney, H. F. in press a. Antpittas and worm-feeders: a match made by evolution? Evidence for possible commensal foraging relationships between antpittas (Grallariidae) and mammals. Neotrop. Biol. & Conserv. 7. Greeney, H. F. in press b. The natal plumages of antpittas. Orn. Colombiana 12. Greeney, H. F. & Miller, E. T. 2008. The nestling and parental care of the Slate-crowned Antpitta ( Grallaricula nana) in northeastern Ecuador. Orn. Neotrop. 19: 457-461. Greeney, H. F. & Somoza, F. 2005. The nest and egg of the Slate-crowned Antpitta ( Grallaricula nana), with observations on incubation behavior in southern Ecuador. Orn. Neotrop. 16: 137-140. Greeney, H. F., Hannelly, E. C. & Lysinger, M. 2004. First description of the nest and vocalisations of the Peruvian Antpitta Grallaricula peruviana with a northward range extension. Cotinga 21: 14-17. Greeney, H. F., Dobbs, R. C., Martin, P. R. & Gelis, R. A. 2008. The breeding biology of Grallaria and Grallaricula antpittas. J. Field Orn. 79: 113-129. Greeney, H. F., Juina-J., M. E., Harris, J. B. C., Wickens, M. T., Winger, B., Gelis, R. A., Miller, E. T. & Solano- Ugalde, A. 2010. Observations on the breeding biology of birds in south-east Ecuador. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 130: 61-68. Greeney, H. F., Martin, P. R., Gelis, R. A., Solano-Ugalde, A., Bonier, F., Freeman, B. & Miller, E. T. 2011. Notes on the breeding of high- Andean birds in northern Ecuador. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 131: 24-31. Greeney, H. F., Solano-Ugalde, A., Juina-J., M. E. & Gelis, R. A. in press. Observations on the breeding of Ochre-breasted Antpitta (Grallaricula flavirostris) in Ecuador. Orn. Colombiana 12. Holley, D. R., Lindell, C. A., Roberts, M. A. & Biancucci, L. 2001. First description of the nest, nest site, and eggs of the Ochre-breasted Antpitta. Wilson Bull. 113: 435-438. Krabbe, N. & Schulenberg, T. S. 2003. Family Formicariidae (ground-antbirds). Pp. 682-731 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D. A. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 8. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Lehmann V., C., Silliman, J. R. & Eisenmann, E. 1977. Rediscovery of the Crescent-faced Antpitta in Colombia. Condor 79: 387-388. Maillard Z., O. & Vogel, C. J. 2003. First description of nest and eggs of the Ochre-breasted Antpitta (Grallaricula flavirostris). Orn. Neotrop. 14: 129-131. Niklison, A. M., Areta, J. I., Ruggera, R. A., Decker, K. L., Bosque, C. & Martin, T. E. 2008. Natural history and breeding biology of the Rusty-breasted Antpitta (Grallaricula ferrugineipectus). Wilson J. Orn. 120: 345-352. Remsen, J. V., Cadena, C. D. Jaramillo, A., Nores, M., Pacheco, J. F., Robbins, M. B., Schulenberg, T. S., Stiles, F. G., Stotz, D. F. & Zimmer, K. J. 2012. A classification of the bird species of South America, www. museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html (accessed 20 March 2012). Ridgely, R. S. & Greenfield, P. J. 2001 The birds of Ecuador. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY. Ridgely, R. S. & Tudor, G. 1994. The birds of South America, vol. 2. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin. Robbins, M. B., Krabbe, N. K., Ridgely, R. S. & Molina, F. S. 1994. Notes on the natural history of the Crescent- faced Antpitta. Wilson Bull. 106: 169-173. Schwartz, P. 1957. Observaciones sobre Grallaricula ferrugineipectus. Bol. Soc. Ven. Cient. Nat. 18: 42-62. Verea, C. 2004. Contribucion al conocimiento del Ponchito Pechiescamado (Grallaricula loricata) (Formicariidae) de los bosques nublados del Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, norte de Venezuela. Orn. Neotrop. 15: 225-235. Wiedenfeld, D. A. 1982. A nest of the Pale-billed Antpitta (Grallaria carrikeri) with comparative remarks on antpitta nests. Wilson Bull. 94: 580-582. Address: Yanayacu Biological Station & Center for Creative Studies, c/o Foch 721 y Amazonas, Quito, Ecuador, e-mail: revmmoss@yahoo.com © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Edward C. Dickinson & Lars Svensson 221 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) A new name for a buzzard from the Himalayas by Edward C. Dickinson & Lars Svensson Received 4 April 2012 As pointed out by Penhallurick & Dickinson (2008) the name Circus plumipes 'Parbattiah' [= Hodgson], 1836, is preoccupied in the genus Buteo by Falco plumipes Daudin, 1800, a synonym of Buteo lagopus lagopus. They also observed that the name Buteo burmanicus Hume, 1875, was used by Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) for presumably the same species, the 'Himalayan Buzzard'. The latter authors depicted B. burmanicus on pi. 24 of their work, and we see the lower, perched figure as a good likeness of the type specimen. Penhallurick & Dickinson (2008) also mentioned molecular screening by Kruckenhauser et al. (2004) in which Buteo refectus Portenko, 1935, was sampled, and agreed with Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) that refectus should be considered a synonym of burmanicus. This section of Penhallurick & Dickinson's paper was inserted, at proof stage, by the senior author without consultation. We now possess photographs of the holotype and one paratype of B. refectus and photographs of a specimen in Berlin (ZMB 35.364) labelled B. buteo japonicus which Kruckenhauser et al. (2004) identified as B. refectus from its mtDNA profile. In addition, we examined many other specimens, among them BMNH 1949. Whi.l. 472, a specimen also screened by Kruckenhauser et al. (2004) and listed by them as B. refectus. At this stage, we wish to make clear our view that neither of the names refectus Portenko, and burmanicus Hume, applies to the dark-morph birds that Hodgson called plumipes. This conclusion is based on an examination of Hodgson's type, as well as the type of burmanicus, and photographs of the holotype of refectus. We are satisfied that burmanicus is a migrant from a northern breeding range including Manchuria. Our present impression is that dark-morph plumipes lacks characters that would be present if refectus and plumipes were conspecific. As we have found no other name that applies to Hodgson's species, we propose: Buteo (buteo) hodgsorti nom. nov. as a replacement name for Circus plumipes Parbattiah [= Hodgson], 1836. Acknowledgements We thank Vladimir Loskot, Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, for providing photographs of the holotype and a paratype of Buteo refectus, Sylke Frahnert, Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin, for the photograph of ZMB 35.364, which is said to be refectus (although this requires confirmation as the original type material of refectus was not screened), and Robert Prys-Jones and Mark Adams, the Natural History Museum, Tring, for access to all relevant specimens in their care including the type of Circus plumipes Hodgson, the type specimens of Buteo burmanicus Hume and other types of Asian buzzards. David Pearson kindly assisted us in these examinations. Richard Schodde read a draft that helped us to improve this paper. References: Kruckenhauser, L., Haring, E., Pinkser, W., Riesing, M. J., Winkler, H., Wink, M. & Gamauf, A. 2004. Genetic vs. morphological differentiation of Old World buzzards (genus Buteo, Accipitridae). Zool. Scripta 33: 197-211. Penhallurick, J. & Dickinson, E. C. 2008. The correct name of the 'Himalayan Buzzard' is Buteo (buteo) burmanicus. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 128: 131-132. Rasmussen, P. C. & Anderton, J. C. 2005. Birds of south Asia: the Ripley guide. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC & Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Addresses: Edward C. Dickinson, Flat 3, Bolsover Court, 19 Bolsover Road, Eastbourne BN0 7JG, UK. Lars Svensson, S:ta Toras vag 28, 269 77 Torekov, Sweden. © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Mary LeCroy et al. 222 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Rediscovery of missing specimens once held at Vassar College, including the holotype of Baudo Guan Penelope ortoni by Mary LeCroy, Jeremy J. Kirchman & Lois Horst Received 11 June 2012 In early 1874, Osbert Salvin and his wife were ready to depart from Guatemala, intending to visit California and New York before returning to England. Frustrated by undependable schedules of ships calling at Central American ports, they sailed to Panama and thence directly to New York. Taking advantage of the five weeks until their ship departed for home, they visited both public and private bird collections in the eastern USA, and Salvin (1874) reported on the highlights of what he saw. One of the collections visited was that of Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York. There Salvin was shown the collection by the newly appointed Professor of Natural History and Curator of the Natural History Museum, James Orton, who no doubt took pleasure in introducing the collection to such a famous visitor. Orton had recently led two expeditions to South America which yielded many specimens of new birds. By the time of Salvin' s visit, Orton had already published a landmark book The Andes and the Amazon (1870) and an article on some of the Vassar rarities (Orton 1871a). Several new species were named by George Newbold Lawrence based on the specimens at Vassar. However, it was a large, dark guan taken on Orton's first trip that intrigued Salvin most. On his return to England, Salvin (1874) named the large, dark bird Penelope ortoni. The name was based on a single specimen that Salvin found had been identified as P. greeyi (= P. mar ail). Orton told him that it had been collected near Mindo, on the west slope of Volcan Pichincha, Ecuador, at 6,000-7,000 feet elevation. It was the first species of Penelope found in western Ecuador. Salvin noted that 'the white markings of the feathers of the chest of this species are inconspicuous, are confined to the pectoral region and do not extend to the back of the neck as in the allied species, P. mar ail and P. greeyi.' On that first expedition Figure 1. Holotype of Baudo Guan Penelope ortoni, New York State Museum, Albany (NYSM9991) (Jeremy J. Kirchman) © 2012 The Authors; lournal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Mary LeCroy et al. 223 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) Orton's group had crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached the coastal tropical forest of Guayaquil, Ecuador, in July 1867, later spending 2.5 months in the Quito area, arriving in August and leaving at the end of October 1867. They visited many areas in the Quito valley, including Pichincha (Orton 1870: 133-142) and, although Mindo is not mentioned by Orton, they likely collected the new Penelope during this time. In fact, it probably was the species listed by Orton (1871b: 625) as Ortalida Montagnii (= Penelope m. montagnii) and only later reidentified as P. greeyi. In 1877, Prof. Orton returned to South America but died during the expedition. After his death, the whereabouts of the holotype slipped into obscurity. In the 1920s, known types in the Vassar Collection were sent on long-term loan and later donated to the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), but the holotype of P. ortoni was not among them. In 1942, Hellmayr & Conover (1942: 145-146) noted that the type was at Vassar College, did not say that they had examined it, but noted that the altitude mentioned by Orton for Mindo, the type locality of P. ortoni , was high for this low-altitude species. The altitude given by Paynter (1993) is 1,264 m, and there are specimens of Penelope ortoni in AMNH collected subsequently by the Olallas at Mindo. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, when Dean Amadon was researching cracids for his book with Jean Delacour (Delacour & Amadon 1973: 124, pi. 10, upper right) and James C. Greenway (1973) was looking for types of the family Cracidae that might be in AMNH, the holotype of P. ortoni was not found despite considerable correspondence. As a result of renewed research into the present whereabouts of Vassar specimens by ML & LH, contact was made with JJK, now Curator of Birds at the New York State Museum in Albany, NY (NYSM), which had adopted parts of the Vassar Collection in the 1950s when Dr Ralph Palmer was State Zoologist. During the years 1942-49, with time out for service in World War II, Palmer taught at Vassar and probably realised that valuable specimens were still present in the collection, which was being used for teaching. When he became Zoologist for NYSM in 1949, he arranged to have the more important specimens still at Vassar transferred to Albany. Over 1,100 skins, nearly all collected in New York, were accessioned at that time. It is probable that the holotype of P. ortoni found a new home at this time as well, but with no indication of its importance it was stored apart from the main series in a cabinet containing several tropical species that remained unidentified. In 2007, shortly after taking over as Curator, JJK identified and accessioned most of these specimens, including one skin of P. ortoni (Fig. 1), with a label only verifying that it had come from Vassar ('Advanced Ornithology 26, Vassar College'), but containing no further data. So, now 138 years after its description, the holotype of P. ortoni has been rediscovered and safely included in the type collection of NYSM as NYSM 9991, a fitting tribute to James Orton, a largely unappreciated early explorer of South America. In the same paper in which P. ortoni was named, Salvin (1874: 323) mentioned that Orton had presented him with the second known specimen of Icterus graceannae, collected at Machala, near Guayaquil. The species had been named by Cassin (1867: 52), and the type deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The type specimen had been included in a collection of birds mostly from Peru, but also some Ecuadorian and Bolivian birds, so its exact collecting locality could not be stated. Orton's specimen provided a known locality for the species. I. graceannae had been on some of the lists of type specimens that were to have been sent to AMNH on extended loan, but on at least one of them someone had noted 'not a type'. The collection at AMNH has been searched more than once for this specimen, thinking that perhaps it had come to AMNH as a type, but when its non-type status was discovered, that it had been placed in the regular collection. Because the Salvin-Godman Collection was © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists' Club Mary LeCroy et al. 224 Bull. B.O.C. 2012 132(3) deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH) bird collection, now housed at Tring, UK, we inquired of R. Prys-Jones whether this specimen had come to Tring with that collection. Prys-Jones (in litt. 2012) confirmed that it had and is now BMNH 1885.11.2.503 from Machala, Guayaquil, and is listed in Sclater (1886: 378). Acknowledgements We thank Robert Prys-Jones for sending us the information on Salvin' s specimen of Icterus graceannae, Thomas Trombone for his help in preparing the photographs for publication, and Robert Prys-Jones and Juan Freile for their helpful comments on the manuscript. References: Cassin, J. 1867. A third study of the Icteridae. 3. Sub-family Icterinae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1867: 45-74. Delacour, J. & Amadon, D. 1973. Curassows and related birds. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. Greenway, J. C. 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Pt. 1. Tinamidae- Rallidae. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 150: 207-346. Hellmayr, C. E. & Conover, B. 1942. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands, pt. 1(1). Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 13(1). Orton, J. 1870. The Andes and the Amazon or, across the continent of South America. Harper & Brothers, New York. Orton, J. 1871a. Notes on some birds in the museum of Vassar College. Amer. Natur. 4: 711-717. Orton, J. 1871b. Contributions to the natural history of the valley of Quito.— No. I. Amer. Natur. 5: 619-626. Paynter, R. A. 1993. Ornithological gazetteer of Ecuador. Second edn. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, MA. Salvin, O. 1874. A visit to the principal museums of the United States, with notes on some of the birds contained therein. Ibis (3)4: 305-329. Sclater, P. L. 1886. Catalogue of the Passeriformes or perching birds in the collection of the British Museum, vol. 11. Trustees of the Brit. Mus., London. Addresses: Mary LeCroy, Dept, of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA e-mail: lecroy@amnh.org. Jeremy J. Kirchman, New York State Museum, Albany, NY, USA, e-mail: jkirchma@mail.nysed.gov. Lois Horst, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA, e-mail: lohorst@vassar. edu © 2012 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2012 British Ornithologists7 Club BOC Office P.O. Box 417, Peterborough PE7 3FX, UK E-mail: boc.office@bou.org.uk. Website: www.boc-online.org Tel. & Fax: +44 (0)1733 844 820. MEMBERSHIP Subscriptions were due for renewal on 1 January 2012 PLEASE NOTE THAT FROM 1 JANUARY 2012 THE SUBSCRIPTION RATE IS £25 PER PERSON. All paid-up members receive (postage free) four issues of the Bulletin (including index). Membership correspondence and applications for membership, changes of address and all other membership related items should be addressed to the BOC Office (above). No registered items should be sent to the P.O. Box. Contact BOC Office for direct mail of such items. For general Club correspondence see below. 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R. Wells (2009) K. F. Betton (2012) S. M. S. Gregory (2009) K. Heron Jones (2009) R. R. Langley (2011 C. W. R. Storey (2009) Registered Charity No. 279583 Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club ISSN 0007-1595 Edited by Guy M. Kirwan Associate Editor: Frank D. Steinheimer Volume 132, Number 3, pages 137-224 CONTENTS Club Announcements 137 DONEGAN, T. M. Range extensions and other notes on the birds and conservation of the Serrania de San Lucas, an isolated mountain range in northern Colombia 140 ANGULO PRATOLONGO, F„ FLANAGAN, J. N. M„ VELLINGA, W.-P. & DURAND, N. Notes on the birds of Laquipampa Wildlife Refuge, Lambayeque, Peru 162 UBAID, F. K., MAFFEI, F., MOYA, G. M. & DONATELLI, R. J. Range extension for Buff-fronted Owl Aegolius harrisii in south-east Brazil 175 FJELDSA, J., BAIKER, J., ENGBLOM, G., FRANKE, I., GEALE, D., KRABBE, N. K., LANE, D. F., LEZAMA, M., SCHMITT, F., WILLIAMS, R. S. R., UGARTE-NUNEZ, J., YABAR, V. & YABAR, R. Reappraisal of Koepcke's Screech Owl Megascops koepckeae and description of a new subspecies 180 GRIEVE, A. & KIRWAN, G. M. Studies of Socotran birds VII. Forbes- Watson's Swift Apus berliozi in Arabia —the answer to the mystery of the 'Dhofar swift' 194 SEVILLANO RIOS, C. S. Rainbow Starfrontlet Coeligena iris in Huascaran National Park, Ancash, Peru 207 JIMENEZ, S„ ABENTE, J. S., AZPIROZ, A. B„ SAVIGNY, C. & ABREU, M. First Uruguayan records of Great- winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera 209 JANSEN, J. F. J. Missiemuseum, Steijl, the Netherlands— the history of a little-known collection 212 KLEIN, S. R., DAUDT, N. W. & BUGONI, L. Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii in Brazilian waters 214 GREENE Y, H. F. & JIPA, M. The nest of Crescent-faced Antpitta Grallaricula lineifrons in north-east Ecuador 217 DICKINSON, E. C. & SVENS SON, L. A new name for a buzzard from the Himalayas 221 LECROY, M., KIRCHMAN, J. J. & HORST, L. Rediscovery of missing specimens once held at Vassar College, including the holotype of Baudo Guan Penelope ortoni 222 EDITORIAL BOARD Murray Bruce, R. T. Chesser, Edward C. Dickinson, Framboise Dowsett-Lemaire, Steven M. S. Gregory, Jose Fernando Pacheco, Robert B. Payne, Pamela C. Rasmussen, Cees Roselaar, Thomas S. Schulenberg, Lars Svensson Authors are invited to submit papers on topics relating to the broad themes of taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of birds. Descriptions of new species are especially welcome and will be given priority to ensure rapid publication, subject to successful passage through the normal peer review procedure, and wherever possible should be accompanied by colour photographs or paintings. On submission, manuscripts, double- spaced and with wide margins, should be sent to the Editor, Guy Kirwan, by e-mail, to GMKirwan@aol.com. Alternatively, two copies of manuscripts, typed on one side of the paper, may be submitted to the Editor, 74 Waddington Street, Norwich NR2 4JS, UK. Where appropriate half-tone photographs may be included and, where necessary to illustrate important points, the Editor will consider the inclusion of colour figures. Review, return of manuscripts for revision and subsequent stages of the publication process will be undertaken electronically. For instructions on style, see the inside rear cover of Bulletin 132(1) or the BOC website. Registered Charity No. 279583 www.boc-online.org Printed on acid-free paper. Published by the British Ornithologists' Club Typeset by Alcedo Publishing of Arizona, USA, and printed by Latimer Trend, UK