TOS (02 British Ornithologists’ Club Volume 133 No. 3 September 2013 FORTHCOMING MEETINGS See also BOC website: http://www.boc-online.org BOC MEETINGS are open to all, not just BOC members, and are free. Evening meetings are held in an upstairs room at The Barley Mow, 104, Horseferry Road, Westminster, London SWIP 2EE. The nearest Tube stations are Victoria and St James's Park; and the 507 bus, which runs from Victoria to Waterloo, stops nearby. For maps, see http://www.markettaverns.co.uk/the_barley_mow. html or ask the Chairman for directions. The cash bar will open at 6.00 pm and those who wish to eat after the meeting can place an order. The talk will start at 6.30 pm and, with questions, will last about one hour. It would be very helpful if those who nre intending to come would notify the Chairman no later than the day before the meeting and preferably earlier. 24 September 2013 — 6.30 pm — Dr Roger Salford- Recent advances in the knowledge of Malagasy region birds Abstract: Tire Malagasy region comprises Madagascar, the Seychelles, the Comoros and the Mascarenes (Mauritius, Reunion and Rodrigues), six more isolated islands or small archipelagos, and associated sea areas. It contains one of the most extraordinary and distinctive concentrations of biological diversity in the world. The last 20 years have seen a very large increase in the level of knowledge of, and interest in, the birds of the region. This talk will draw on research carried out during the preparation of the first thorough handbook to the region's birds — 487 species — to be compiled since the late 19"'' century. The systematics of most taxa have been assessed using molecular techniques, revealing numerous surprises and a new family, the Bernieridae (tetrakas), although intriguing questions remain, not least the relationships of those two most baffling of groups, the Leptosomidae (cuckoo-roller) and Mesitornithidae (mesites). Current work is very patchy, with remarkably little study of 'natural history' despite the many gaps in understanding; an interesting exception is the explosion of work of satellite tracking of seabirds. These and other aspects will be reviewed in a wide-ranging talk. Biography: Roger Safford has been a frequent visitor to the Malagasy region since 1988, and in 1989-93 he completed a Ph.D. on the conservation of the endemic passerines of Mauritius, visiting all of the high islands in the region and developing an intimate knowledge of the region's birds. His subsequent work has always retained a link to the Malagasy region, with numerous visits and publications, and since 2001 he has been responsible for supporting the work of the BirdLife international partnership in Madagascar. 19 November 2013—6.30 pm — Dr Christina leronymidou— Az'/ni; responses to land use in Cyprus, and the potential effects of agricultural change Abstract: Land-use change in agricultural landscapes poses a major threat to bird conservation in Europe, particularly in states newly acceded to the EU. I examine how bird assemblage composition and abundance of priority species vary in relahon to land use across Cyprus, and how recent changes in agricultural policy are likely to affect avian biodiversity. Sampling of the bird assemblage and habitats was conducted along line transects at 202 locations across Cyprus. Bird cominunity composition and abundance of priority species were related to habitat structure, land use, and landscape-level land cover. Agricultural statistics and policy documents were used to quantify agricultural change. Models of farmland bird responses to landscape structure show which land cover types and land uses are most important to priority bird species, and the effect of agricultural policy on key land uses indicates the likely impact on bird biodiversity. These results permit recommendations for targeted farmland bird conservation in Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean. Biography: Christina leronymidou recently completed a Ph.D. at the Univ. of East Anglia, on 'Avian land-use associations in the eastern Mediterranean'. Following an internship on nature conservation and biodiversity policy analysis at the Institute for European Environmental Policy, she is currently working at BirdLife Internahonal, implementing a study on wildlife comeback in Europe, funded by Rewilding Europe. The Chairman: Chris Storey, 22 Richmond Park Road, London SW14 8JT UK. Tel. +44 (0)208 8764728. E-mail: c. storey IS’hhnternet. com Club Announcements 165 Bulletin of the BRITISH MATURALHISTC^ tJBPAM 5 SEP 2013 .O.C. 2013 133(3) m Vol. 133 No, 3 Published 3 September 2013 CLUB ANNOUNCEMENTS Chairman's message After the AGM on 21 May 2013, Helen Baker handed the chairmanship to myself. Helen carried out her responsibilities with tenacity, vision and good humour. She saw the need to make absolutely certain that our constitution was in good order and that the Club made proper provision in the digital age for online access to the Bulletin. Both tasks, which she skilfully completed, could have worn down a lesser person and the Club is very much in her debt. 1 too am in her debt and I am grateful that her immense store of knowledge, both ornithological and about the BOC, will continue to be available to the Club and myself. I am delighted that Nigel Redman has joined the committee, while the Club's grateful thanks go to Steven Gregory and Ken Heron Jones whose terms on Committee ended at the AGM. There are many challenges ahead and I look forward fo hearing from members in the UK and abroad with their views about the Club and its future. Chris Storey ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING The Annual General Meeting of the British Ornithologists' Club was held in the upstairs room at the Barley Mow, Horseferry Road, Westminster, London SWIP 2EE, at 5.30 pm on Tuesday 21 May 2013 with Helen Baker in the chair. Fifteen members were present. Apologies for absence were received from Nigel Crocker, Steve Dudley, David Fisher, Steven Gregory, Guy Kirwan and Robin Prytherch. 1. Minutes of 2012 AGM, The Minutes of the AGM held on 12 June 2012, which had been published {Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 132: 137-138, and the BOC website) were approved and signed by the Chairman. 2. Minutes of 2012 SGM. The Minutes of the Special General Meeting held on 12 June 2012, which had been published {Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 132: 138-139, and the BOC website) were approved and signed by the Chairman. 3. Chairman's Review, Trustees' Annual Report and Accounts for 2012. The document had been on the website for several days and copies were available at the meeting. The Chairman thanked Committee members, Guy Kirwan, Steve Dudley and Eng-Li Green for their contribuhons and support in 2012. She mentioned in particular Ken Heron Jones and Steven Gregory whose terms on Committee were ending and were not standing for appointment in another capacity. The Chairman said that 2012 had seen the Club enter into an agreement with the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) under which all Bulletins (except the most recent five volumes) and Supplements were freely available on the BHL website. The Club also supported two research students, enabling them to attend the International Ornithological Congress of Soufheast Asia in Thailand last November, Her concerns remained the falling membership and shortage of volunteers to run the Club, The Hon. Secretary introduced the Trustees' Annual Report. He reminded members that the Club's new Rules, approved at the SGM in June 2012, came into effect immediately thereafter. The Committee had met three times and had continued to conduct much of its business by e-mail. He agreed that the fall in membership was a cause for concern. While the percentage decline was small, it was part of an ongoing trend. There had been three very good evening meetings, with talks on Black Guillemots Cepphus grylle, colour aberrations in birds and a double bill on John Gould's hummingbird cases and Dr George Murray Levick's unpublished notes on the sexual habits of Adelie Penguins Pygoscelis ndeliae. In addition, the Club had supported a very successful Natural History Museum and South London Botanical Institute one-day meeting on Allan Octavian Hume last October. TLie two research students (from Cambodia and Indonesia) supported by BOC had expressed their appreciation to the Club. Each would receive a free copy of the 2013 Bulletin. The Bulletin continued to go from strength to strength. Vol. 132 contained a wide range of interesting, well-illustrated papers. 'There had not been any new BOC-BOU Joint Publications in 2012. The BOU was currently conducting an online questionnaire concerning the Checklist series and he encouraged anyone who had not completed it to do so. The Hon. Treasurer drew attention to the income and expenditure details, which showed a deficit on Unrestricted Funds of £3,499 and a marginal surplus on Resfricted Funds of £179 compared with an overall Club Announcements 166 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) surplus of £808 in 2011. However, that had included over £4,000 non-recurring items. The increase in members' subscriptions had boosted revenue and there was a small increase in investment income but sales were down, primarily because there was no new Checklist in 2012. Expenditure on the Bulletin was c. £1,000 more than in 2011 while grants had been made to the Allan Octavian Hume meeting and the students attending the IOC Southeast Asia meeting. Stephen Chapman asked whether consideration had been given to making the Bulletin available electronically for those who wish as this would reduce production costs. The Hon. Treasurer said that he had discussed this with Steve Dudley but it did not appear feasible. Ibis is produced online by Blackwell but it was most unlikely that they would be willing to take on a journal with a much smaller distribution. Clive Mann asked what had happened to the project to produce the Bulletin on CD. The Hon. Treasurer said that only volumes 1-40 had been produced on CD (available for sale) and this project had been superseded by the arrangement with BHL. The Hon. Treasurer proposed the adoption of the Report and Accounts and this was seconded by Stephen Chapman. 4. Election of Officers and other Trustees. The Chairman proposed that Chris Storey be elected as Chairman, in her place, Robert Prys-Jones be re-elected as Hon. Secretary, David Montier be re-elected as Hon. Treasurer and Nigel Redman be elected to serve on the Committee in place of Ken Heron Jones whose term had ended. This was seconded by Ken Heron Jones. 5. Any Other Business. There was none. The meeting closed at 5.54 pm. The Chairman's review, Trustees' Annual Report and the Accounts are available on the BOC website (www. boc-online.org) and hard copies can be obtained from the Hon. Treasurer, D. J. Montier, Eyebrook, Oldfield Road, Bickley, Bromley, Kent BRl 2LF, UK, e-mail: djmontier@btinternet.com The 973rd meeting of the Club was held on Tuesday 21 May 2013 in the upstairs room at the Barley Mow, 104 Horseferry Road, Westminster, London SWIP 2EE. Nineteen members and four non-members were present. Members attending were: Miss H. BAKER, K. BETTON, Cdr. M. B. CASEMENT, RN, S. CHAPMAN, M. GAUNTLETT, K. HERON JONES, J. HUDSON, R. LANGLEY, Dr C. MANN, D. J. MONTIER, R. PRICE, Dr R. PRYS-JONES, N. J. REDMAN, P. RUDGE, P. SELLAR, A. SIMMONS, S. A. H. STATHAM, C. W. STOREY (Chairman) and P. J. WILKINSON. Non-members attending were: Mrs M. H. GAUNTLETT, MRS J. HERON JONES, MRS M. MONTIER and H. WRIGHT (Speaker). Dr Hugh Wright (previously Univ. of East Anglia, now Univ. of Cambridge) spoke on White-shouldered Ibis Conservation and the value of traditional land use. The ecology of the Critically Endangered and little-studied White-shouldered Ibis Pseudibis davisoni is of interest to conservationists concerned for its survival, and to scientists intrigued by its association with traditional human land uses. Hugh presented data on ibis foraging and breeding ecology, and the relationship between livelihoods and ibis conservation, collected in Cambodia for his Ph.D. Recording ibis sightings in dry forest at Western Siem Pang Important Bird Area, Hugh and his team revealed the importance of waterholes and open habitats (such as abandoned rice paddies) to foraging ibises (Wright et al. 2012. Foraging ecology of sympatric White-shouldered Ibis Pseudibis davisoni and Giant Ibis Thaumatibis gigantea in northern Cambodia. Forktail 28: 93-100; Wright et al. in press. Amphibian concentrations in desiccating mud may determine White-shouldered Ibis breeding season. Auk). They also studied the role of local land use practices in maintaining these habitats, experimentally excluding domestic livestock grazing and human-induced fires, and finding significant increases in ground vegetation as a result. These land uses are important for keeping habitats accessible to the ibis, especially in the near-absence of natural ecosystem engineers such as large herbivores, which have been lost to hunting. Local activities may not all be beneficial, however, as conservationists suggest that exploitation and interference is a limiting factor at nests. Nevertheless, deterring these actions by employing local people as nest guardians did not improve ibis nest success, and Hugh provided evidence that natural predation may be the greater threat to nests, at least at Western Siem Pang (Wright et al. in press. Experimental test of a conservation intervention for a highly threatened waterbird. /. Wildl. Manag.). The dry-forest landscape and low-intensity agricultural land uses within it are important to local people (many of whom live in poverty) as well as to the ibis. Hugh studied livelihoods in 64 households, finding that forest products were a major source of subsistence and income, while livestock provided a valuable form of savings and insurance. Opportunities to build on mutual interests and link ibis conservation with local livelihoods may be short-lived however, as, in parhcular, the rise in tractors used for farming and transport is likely to replace livestock and diminish the grazing upon which the ibis depends. Mechanisation and an increasing human population are likely to change local land uses considerably; although there are now more ibises than previously thought (the global population is c.1,000 birds), the development of agriculture towards cash crops and industrial-scale agro-forestry plantations is a severe threat (Wright et al. in press. White-shouldered Ibis Pseudibis davisoni population size and the impending threat of habitat conversion. Club Announcements 167 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Forktail 29). Hugh concluded that conservationists face a difficult challenge to reconcile rapidly advancing economic development (vital for local people) with the needs of a species reliant on more traditional farming and forest use. ADDENDUM In Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 133: 146, the Frankfurt specimen of Cuban Macaw Ara tricolor was referred to as being from the Hartert Coll. (No. 2399). In fact, this number refers to the catalogue prepared by Hartert during his fixed-term contract at the Senckenberg Museum in 1890/91 (Hartert, E. 1891. Katalog der Vogelsnmmhmg im Museum der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main. Gebriider Knauer, Frankfurt). The specimen was also listed in Mayr, G., Peters, D. S. & B5hm, K. 2004. Ausgestorbene und gefahrdete V5gel in den Sammlungen des Forschungsinstitutes und Naturmuseums Senckenberg. Abhand. Senckenberg. Naturfor. Gesell. 560: 1-101. I am grateful to Dr A. Manegold for drawing this matter to my attention.— The Hon. Editor. Jean-Claude Thibault et al. 168 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Breeding birds of Hatuta'a, Marquesas Islands: species inventory and influence of drought on their abundance by Jemi-Clnude Thibault, Alice Cibois, Jean-Frangois Biitaud, Frederic A. Jncq, Elie Poroi & Jenn-Yves Meyer Received 29 Jantinr]/ 2013 Summary. — Hatuta'a (or Hatutii) is a small, remote, uninhabited island located in the northern Martjuesas Islands (French Polynesia) that supports a rich seabird assemblage of at least 15 breeding species and four landbird species, including fhe largesf populafion of fhe rare Marquesas Ground Dove Gallicolumba riibescens. We present data collected from 1922 fo 2010 on the breeding birds of Hatuta'a and discuss the influence of a severe drought, observed in 2010, on their distribution and abundance. Numbers of Marquesas Ground Doves and Northern Marquesas Reed Warblers Acwcephnlus percernis appear to fluctuate according to wet and dry periods that markedly affect the vegetation. The Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) are located in the south-east Pacific Ocean at 07-1 1°S and 139-141°W, c.500 km north of fhe Tuamotu archipelago and 1,300 km north-east of the Society Islands (Fig. 1). Their climate is a mix of 'humid tropical' and 'arid tropical' (Laurent et al. 2004). Because of their exposure to south-eastern humid winds and their Hatuta'a (llatiitii) 6.6 km' I - 1 • Motiione r Eio«r'»rtf Foode^C09l'»^'3uC«JSAU Scarcely vegetated rocks Nicotiana-Leptochloa (205 9 ha - 31.1%) Mixed tussock grassland & shrubland ' Leptochloa-Porlulaca (86.5 ha - 13 1%) Leptochloa-Bidens (56 9 ha -8 6%) Shrublands Cordia lutea (236 7 ha - 35 8%) I Psydrax odorata (11.8 ha - 1 8%) Groves (forest) A Cordia subcordala (0 1 ha - <0 1%) T Thespesia populnea (0 4 ha ■ 0 1%) mull Pisonia grandis (63 2 ha -9 6%) Figure 2. Topographic vegetation map of Hatuta'a and location of the transect used to census Marquesas Ground Doves Gallicolumba rubescens in 2010 (modified from Butaud & Jacq 2007) high elevation, most of the Marquesas exhibit a dry to wet altitudinal gradient (Florence & Lorence 1997, Gillespie et al. 2011). Flatuta'a, also called Flatutu (07°926'S, 140°578'W) is a small (6.6 km“) remote and uninhabited island in the north of the archipelago, comprising a plateau with a low slope oriented west to east (max. elevation 428 m) and surrounded by sea cliffs (Fig. 2). It is a typical 'dry island' (Decker 1973) regularly subjected to severe droughts. There is no permanent standing water, only temporary pools on the ground or on flat rocks, formed after rain. Low vegetation comprising largely succulent herbs (Portiilaca spp.), tussocky grass (Leptochloa xerophila) and xerophitic shrubs {Cordia lutea, Waltheria tomentosa), along with scattered groves of larger trees {Pisojiia grandis, Thespesia piopulnea) cover most of the island. The vascular flora comprises just 26 native species (Florence et al. 2007, Butaud & Jacq 2007, 2009, 2011; J.-Y. Meyer unpubl. data 2010). Hatuta'a has been classified as a 'Territorial Natural Reserve' since 1971 and 'Habitats and Species Management Area' since 2000 (Meyer 2007, Meyer & Salvat 2009). Decker (1973: 66) described it as 'a pristine terrestrial ecosystem — the only sizeable one left undisturbed in the central Pacific dry zone'. The two kinds of oceanic upwelling within the region (Rougerie et al. 1992, Rougerie & Wauthy 1993) provide nutrient-rich waters and contribute to the diversity of seabirds, which are well represented on Hatuta'a. On the other hand, a dry climate and small island size probably has contributed to the paucity of landbirds on Hatuta'a, where only four species are known, in contrast to as many as ten on larger islands in the Marquesas. This paper presents a list of the breeding birds of Hatuta'a, an island rarely visited by naturalists, with documented changes since the early 20th century, and records the impact on landbirds of the severe drought of 2010. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Jean-Claude Thibault et al. 170 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) TABLE 1 Sources of information on the birds of Hatuta'a. Acronyms: CEPA = Conservation des Especes et des Populations Animales, CNRS = Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EPHE = Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, ORSTOM = Office de la Recherche Scienhfique et Technique Outre-Mer (now = Institut pour la Recherche et le Developpement), PES = Pacific Entomological Survey, SOP = Societe d'Ornithologie de Polynesie. Visitors Dates Sources R. H. Beck (WSSE) 26-29 September, 2-5, 8, 10-12 October 1922 Beck (ms) A. M. Adamson (PES) October 1929 Adamson (1936) G. Lebronnec & Tauraa (PES) April 1931 J.-C. Thibault (ORSTOM-EPHE) 18-28 September 1975 Thibault (1989) S. L. Montgomery, W. C. & B. H. Gagne (Univ. of Hawai'i, Bishop Mus.) 9 August 1977 Montgomery et al. (1980) J.-C. Thibault (EPHE) 8-13 August 1987 Thibault (1989) C. Blanvillain & J.-M. Lernould (CEPA/SOP) April 2002 Blanvillain & Lernould (2003) B. Gangloff (CNRS) & P. Raust (SOP) 1 1-14 March 2007 Gouni & Raust (2007) P. Raust (SOP) 17 August 2008 Raust (2008) ].-F. Butaud & F. Jacq 5-8 June 2010 This work A. Cibois, J.-Y. Meyer, E. Poroi & J.-C. Thibault 15-19 November 2010 This work Methods Our sources of ornithological data for Hatuta'a include unpublished notes of the Whitney South Sea Expedition (WSSE) archived at the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH), various published expedition and research reports (see Table 1), data from museum specimens at AMNH and the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN), and field work conducted by the authors in June and November 2010. Bird censuses conducted at different times were difficult to compare due to heterogeneity among observers. However, we used these data to assess status of breeding birds and report on population trends where evident. Our studies of landbirds focused largely on the Marquesas Ground Dove, a Vulnerable species (BirdLife International 2013) found only on Hatuta'a and Fatu'uku in the Marquesas. In November 2010, two teams of observers independently geo-referenced (GPS Garmin) the same c.40 m-wide line transect between the landing site and the summit (Fig. 2). Bird counts were segregated into four 100-m altitudinal zones. Transects were linked to a vegetation map indicating the estimated area of the different vegetation types. This topographic vegetation map results from analysis of aerial photographs taken in 2003 compared to field data from 2007 (Butaud & Jacq 2007). Results and Discussion Senh/rds.— Table 2 summarises dafa on status and number of seabirds obtained between 1922 and 2010. With 15 to 19 breeding species, Hatuta'a supports most of the seabird diversity of the Marcjuesas Islands (21 species in total). However, this diversity obscures the small numbers of breeders of most species, especially terns and boobies, and contrasts with the very large colonies of Sooty Terns Onychoprion fuscatus found in some years on other small islands in the Marquesas (Holyoak & Thibault 1984). © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Jean-Claude Thibault et al. 171 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) TABLE 2 Data on status and number of breeding seabirds from 1922 to 2010. Empty cells correspond to lack of record (see text for references). Species September- October 1922 September 1975 August 1987 March 2007 June and November 2010 Herald Petrel Pterodroma heraldka one displayed with Phoenix Petrels (18 November); status unknown Phoenix Petrel Pterodroma alba at least 17 collected; several dozen present f.30 pairs one individual 250 pairs uncommon in June; f.lOO in Nov. Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bidwerii five collected at sea several seen at sea near Hatuta'a (8 June) Christmas Shearwater Puffinus nativitatis at least 19 collected, including two chicks several seen at dusk flying to the plateau several pairs displaying in the morning at south cliffs (November) Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus at least 11 collected; small colonies several tens of pairs possibly heard Tropical Shearwater Puffinus bailloni one chick collected; numerous at sea heard at dusk and early in the morning mainly on the west side (slopes covered by tussock grass) White-throated Storm Petrel Nesofregetta fidiginosa two adults collected at sea several dozen seen at sea near Hahita'a (8 June) Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda eight collected including two chicks several pairs displaying 20-30 pairs around cliffs of north and south coasts White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus one visiting a hole in a cliff one in flight a pair flying along southern cliffs (November) Great Frigatebird Fregata minor 12 collected; numerous nests observed C.300 occupied nests on north and west slopes C.200 occupied nests, mainly on west slope 150-200 occupied nests on west slope breeding in June; >1,000 occupied nests in November Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel at least two chicks collected; nests observed on leeward side 200-300 occupied nests at the same place no breeding colony no breeding colony no breeding colony Masked Booby Sula dactylatra three pairs 11 pairs 37 pairs (f.l50- 200 pairs) breeding in June; 74 nests (c.100-150 pairs) in November Red-footed Booby Sula silk five collected; numerous breeder in trees and shrubs several hundred nests several hundred nests c.50-100 pairs breeding in June; >1,000 pairs in November Brown Booby Sula kucognster six collected 65 occupied nests 54 occupied nests c.100-150 pairs, mainly on plateau breeding in June; 20 occupied nests; several tens of non-breeders in November © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Jean-Claude Thibault et al, 172 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Species September- October 1922 September 1975 August 1987 March 2007 June and November 2010 Grey-backed Tern Oin/ciwpriou lunatiis one male collected in breeding condition Sooty Tern Onychoprion fnscatus at least six collected; nests on western islet and on plateau 200-400 pairs breeding on western islet and 1,000 pairs on plateau breeding on western islet and 300 pairs on plateau a few dozen on western islet several tens breeding on western islet in June; no breeding in November Brown Noddy Anous stolidus nine collected; not numerous and not breeding several dozen pairs breeding several dozen pairs breeding several pairs breeding breeding in June; several dozen pairs, but not breeding in November Black Noddy Anous winutus 12 collected; numerous, but not breeding several dozen at roost; not breeding several hundred pairs breeding 200-500 pairs breeding breeding in June; >1,000 pairs on fresh nests, but no eggs or chicks in November Blue Noddy Procclsterim ccrulea three collected several pairs breeding on west cliffs several pairs breeding on west cliffs breeding in June; several dozen pairs on west and south cliffs in November White Tern Gyyis alba 'common' and at least 17 specimens collected several hundred pairs breeding C.700 pairs breeding pairs several hundred breeding pairs breeding in June; >1,000 pairs, but no breeding in November Breeding uncertain. Two species, Polynesian Storm Petrel Nesofregetta fidiginosa and Bulwer's Petrel Buhveria huhverii, have been recorded at sea close to Hatuta'a, but never ashore. A Grey-backed Tern Onychoprion lunntns in breeding condition was collected in 1922, but no subsec]uent evidence of its presence exists. White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus, recorded several times, might breed in small numbers. A single Herald Petrel Pterodroina heraldica (pale morph) displayed in flight with a small group of Phoenix Petrels P. niha on 18 November 2010. Regularly recorded species. Twelve species were recorded by most observers: Phoenix Petrel, Wedge-tailed Shearwater Pnffiniis pacificiis, Christmas Shearwater P. nativitatis, Tropical Shearwater P. bailloni, Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon, rnbricaiida, Red-footed Booby Snla snla, Brown Booby S. lencogaster, Great Frigatebird Fregata mnior, Blue Noddy Procelsterna cernlea, Brown Noddy Anous stolidiis, Black Noddy A. nihnitns and White Tern Gygis alba. Numbers of Phoenix Petrel are relatively small, with some variation, possibly related to a complex breeding cycle undetected by infrequent visitors (see Schreiber & Ashmole 1970). However, Hatuta'a is one of the species' few known breeding sites (Brooke 2004, Gangloff et al. 2009). Numbers of Great Frigatebirds were large during every visit, and the island represents this species' most important breeding locality in the Marquesas. Irregular breeders. Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel has not bred since 1975, while Sooty Tern populations have varied over the years, with the lowest numbers in 2007 and 2010. Colonisers. Although known from subfossil remains (Steadman 2006), Masked Booby Sula dactylatra was not recorded by the WSSE in the first quarter of the 20th century (Beck ms, Quayle ms). The first record, of a few pairs, on Hatuta'a was in 1975, with 100-200 pairs in the 2000s. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Jean-Claude Thibault et al. 173 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) TABLE 3 Numbers of breeding landbirds between 1922 and 2010. Periods of severe drought are shaded (see text) and empty cells correspond to lack of record. Species September- October 1922 September 1975 Pacific Reef Heron Egretta sacra one pair and a juvenile; one empty nest Spotless Crake Porzana tabiiensis several specimens collected one only Marquesas Ground Dove Gallicolumba riibescens common, 73 collected f.200-250 Northern Marquesas Reed Warbler Acrocephalus percernis postremus 22 collected c.35-50 pairs August 1987 March 2007 June 2010 November 2010 one only; two empty nests at least two one pair recorded individually or in pairs at 11 localities four not recorded not recorded; no response to playback c.200-250 c.1,070 148 counted <200 (see Table 4 for details) c.35-50 pairs c.50-100 uncommon C.15 Landbirds. — Only four species breed on Hatuta'a (Table 3), one each from the Ardeidae, Rallidae, Columbidae and Acrocephalidae. Pacific Reef Heron Egretta sacra occurs on nearly all of the main Marquesas, but at low densities, making the occurrence of only several pairs on Hatuta'a unsurprising. The lack of records of Spotless Crake Porzajia tabiiensis in 2010, despite use of playback in November, is surprising because it was encountered during nearly all previous visits. Its apparent absence may be attributable to the severe drought (see below). Marquesas Ground Dove is endemic to the archipelago and occurred on several islands in the past (Nuku Hiva: Gray 1859; Hiva Oa, Tahuata and Ua Huka: Steadman 2006). Today, it is confined fo fhe smallest islands of Fatu'uku (= Fatu Huku), where a few pairs were recorded in 2011 (Butaud 2011), and Hatuta'a, with the largest remaining population. Both islands are refugia from predators (e.g. feral cats. Black Rat Ratius rattiis and pigs, which are otherwise widely distributed in the Marquesas). Counts conducted on Hatuta'a in November 2010 (Table 4) revealed a sharp decline compared to 2007 (Table 3). Over the years, Marquesas Ground Dove has been found throughout the island, from shore to summit, including cliffs. They forage on the ground in most habitats, less frequently in trees, and are most abundant in mixed tussock grassland {Leptochloa xerophila, Portulaca spp.) and subshrub (Bidens beckiana), which cover just 21.7% of the island (Fig. 2). Northern Marquesas Reed Warbler Acrocephalus percernis is known from only four islands in the northern Marquesas, with each island inliabited by an endemic subspecies (Cibois et al. 2007)— A. p. postremus occurs on Hatuta'a. Twenty-two specimens were collected on Hatuta'a in 1922 and as many as 100 birds were observed in each of 1975, 1987 and 2007, but many fewer in 2010 (Table 3). Overall, the numbers of individuals and populafion density are much lower for A. p. postremus compared to other populations of A. percernis and Southern Marquesas Reed Warbler A. niendenae, which is endemic to the southern Marquesas (AC & J-CT unpubL). Consequences for birds of the 2010 drought. — Several severe droughts affecting the vegetation of Hatufa'a have been described (Beck ms, Adamson 1936, Blanvillain & Lernould 2002). More recently, in 2002 and 2010, droughts resulted in complete defoliation and the disappearance of many plants over much of the island. In March 2007, the vegetation © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 Brihsh Ornithologists' Club Jean-Claude Thibault et al. 174 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Figure 3. Vegetation of Hatuta'a during wet and dry periods: (a) West coast. Left: relatively 'green' aspect (August 1987). Right: during severe drought, Piso)un trees and Waltcria-Coniia shrubland mostly defoliated (November 2010) (J.-C. Thibault); (b) Ridge in front of Eiao. Left: subshrub {Bidcns) and shrub (Wnlteria) in front, and trees (Pisoiiia) behind, with their leaves (March 2007) (© Benoit Gangloff). Right: same patch of vegetation completely defoliated (November 2010) (J.-Y. Meyer); (c) Near the summit. Left: patches of succulent herbs {Portulaca spp.), tussock grass (Lcptochloa xempliiln) and shrubs (Coniia) (March 2007). Right: defoliated shrubs and bare ground (June 2010) (j.-F. Butaud) was luxuriant, but in June 2010 it was largely defoliated. Some water was trapped in rocky depressions in gullies at the time of the June visit, indicating recent rainfall, but largely dry conditions apparently persisted for the next few months as trees and shrubs were defoliated and ground cover largely absent in November (Fig. 3). Changes in the vegetation in 2010 did not appear to affect seabird breeding. We observed nesting Great Frigatebirds in the defoliated Coniia liiten, Red-footed Booby in defoliated Pisoiiia grajuiis, Brown and Masked Boobies on bare ground, and Phoenix Petrels in dry tussock grass Leptochloa xewpliila. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Jean-Claude Thibault et al. 175 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) TABLE 4 Results of Marquesas Ground Dove Gnilicoliimlm rubescens surveys on Hatuta'a in November 2010. Habitat Area investigated (ha) Number of birds counted Density (birds/ha) Total area (ha) Number estimated Count 1 Count 2 Count 1 Count 2 Count 1 Count 2 Count 1 Count 2 Leptochloa-Portulaca (0-100 m) 2 1.2 0 0 0 0 21.0 0 0 Leptochloa-Portulaca (100-200 m) 10.7 1.52 1 0 0.09 0 23.1 2 0 Leptochloa-Portiilaca- Bidens (200-300 m) 7.8 3.4 2 4 0.25 1.18 39.2 10 46 Leptochloa-Portulaca- Bidens (>300 m) c.lO 12.6 23 31 2.3 2.46 60.1 138 148 Pisonia grandis C.15 - 5 - 0.33 - 63.0 21 - Cordia lutea C.5 c.5 0 0 0 0 236.6 0 0 Other habitats not occupied 218.4 Totals 661.4 171 194 The 2010 drought appeared to have a marked affect on populations of at least three of the landbirds. Only Pacific Reef Heron, which forages mainly in marine habitats, seemed unaffected. We attribute the lack of records of Spotless Crake in 2010 to diminished numbers, as well as their being more secretive because of drought-induced reduction in vegetation cover, rather than the species being absent from the island. In the case of the ground dove, numbers drastically declined between March 2007 and November 2010, when birds were mostly concentrated at the (probably more humid) summit and where available habitat covers just 43.5 ha. They were less frequently seen in groves of Pisonia grandis and on cliffs on the south side; shrublands of Cordia lutea were used to hide from observers and for protection against attacks by frigatebirds. Numbers of ground dove encounters diminished further between June and November 2010, and their range was more restricted. Tliey were encountered at elevations as low as 50 m in June, but not below 100 m in November. Numbers of reed warblers also declined (Table 3). Tlae defoliated Cordia lutea was abandoned, in favour of Pisonia groves that are probably richer in invertebrates in the leaf litter. No song was heard and all nests were empty, suggesting no recent breeding. A similar situation was noted by the WSSE in 1922, during another severe drought, when all specimens were sexually inactive (Beck ms; AMNH specimens). Conversely, breeding was recorded during a normal wet period when the vegetation was green (Thibault 1989). During most of the dry periods, reed warblers bred on neighbouring Eiao, where the drought was less severe as the island's higher elevation captured rain clouds (Thibault 1989; AC & J-CT unpubl.; AMNH specimens). We suspect that on Hatuta'a, the droughts led to a decrease in resources for landbirds, mainly invertebrates for the reed warbler and seeds for the ground dove. We are uncertain of the rainfall in 2011, but in October 2012 photographs taken from offshore show the vegetation to be only partially defoliated. At this time, Marquesas Ground Doves were again 'abundant' (X. Curvat pers. comm. November 2012 to J-CT). Our records of Hatuta'a's breeding birds and native biota indicate that they appear relatively well adapted to periodic droughts. In view of global change, with increasing air temperatures (IPCC 2007) and potentially more frequent and intense droughts, the island © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Jean-Claude Thibault et al. 176 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) may lose its natural resilience to these climatic fluctuations in the future, which would probably dramatically impact its endemic avifauna and flora. We recommend that this protected area of high ecological value should be carefully monitored as a 'sentinel island site' for French Polynesia's terrestrial biodiversity. Acknowledgements We thank the ships captains and their crew (Xavier Curvat, Damas Taupotini, Patiano Falchetto) for their safe voyage and landing on Hatuta'a, as well as those who helped to conduct field work in June and November 2010 (Michel Charleux, Peter Oboyski — Univ. Calif. Berkeley) and who kindly sent photographs of the island's vegetation, in 2002, 2007, 2008 and 2012 respectively (Xavier Curvat, Benoit Gangloff, Jean- Marc Lernould and Philippe Raust), as well as staff at the American Museum of Natural History for access to specimens and the journals of the Whihrey South Sea Expedition. AC & J-CT obtained hnancial support from the Delegation a la Recherche, French Polynesian government (covenant n°5992/MEE/REC), the Frank M. Chapman Memorial Fund ( AMNH) and the Systematics Research Fund (Linnean Society and Systematics Association). Permission to land on Hatuta'a was provided by the Direction de I'Environnement, French Polynesian government. Unpublished data on vegetation were provided by the Direction de I'Environnement (covenant 7.0006/MTE/ENV from 26 March 2007) and the aerial photographs and IGN Map were obtained from Service de I'Urbanisme, French Polynesian government (covenant n°5/2007). Special thanks to Don Buden, Guy Kirwan, Douglas Pratt and Dick Watling for their comments on the submitted manuscript. References: Adamson, A. M. 1936. Marquesan insects environment. Bernice P. Bishop Miis. Bull. 139: 1-73. Beck, R. H. ms. Journal of the Whitney South Sea Expedition (Vol. E). Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. BirdLife International. 2013. Species factsheet: Gnllicoluiuba rubescens. www.birdlife.org (accessed 8 January 2013). Blanvillain, C. & Lernould, J.-M. 2003. La gallicolombe et autres oiseaux endemiques des Marquises. CEP A Mag. (8): 10-12. Brooke, M. 2004. Albatrosses and petrels across the world. Oxford Univ. Press. Butaud, J.-F. 2011. Oiseaux de Fatu Huku (Marquises). Te Mann (Bull. Pohpiesiaji Soc. Orn.) (75): 5-6. Butaud, J.-F. & Jacq, F. 2007. Elements pour servir au plan de gestion de I'aire protegee de Pile de Elatuta'a (Hatiitu), archipel des Marquises, groiipe Nord. Direction de I'Envircmnement, Polynesie frangaise. www. environnement.pf/spip.php?articlel45. Butaud, J.-F. & Jacq, F. 2009. Guide floristique, Eiao, Elatutaa, Mohotaui. Direction de I'Environnement, Polynesie franijaise. www.environnement.pf/spip.php?articlel25. Butaud, J.-F. & Jacq, F. 2011. Flore de I'aire protegee de Eiao en 2010. La lettre de Eiao 2: 4-7. http://tahitinui. blog.lemonde.fr/201 1/01/26/marquises-la-seconde-lettre-de-eiao-de-michel-charleux/. Cibois, A., Thibault, J.-C. & Pasquet, E. 2007. Uniform phenotype conceals double colonization by reed- warblers of a remote Pacihc archipelago. /. Biogeogr. 34: 1 150-1166. Decker, B. G. 1973. Unique dry-island biota under official protection in northwestern Marquesas Islands (lies Marquises). Biol. Conserv. 5: 66-67. Florence, J. & Lorence, D. H. 1997. Introduction to the flora and vegetation of the Marquesas Islands. Allertoma 7: 226-237. Florence, J., Chevillotte, H., Ollier, C. & Meyer, J.-Y. 2007. Base de donnees botaniques Nadeaud de I'Herbier de la Polynesie frangaise (PAP), http://www.herbier-tahiti.pdf. Gangloff, B., Raust, P., Tliibault, J.-C. & Bretagnolle, V. 2009. Notes on the Phoenix Petrel (Pterodroma alba) from Hatuta'a Island, Marquesas. Waterbirds 32: 453^58. Gillespie, T. W., Keppel, G., Pau, S., Price J. P., Jaffre, T., Meyer, J.-Y. & O'Neill, K. 2011. Floristic composition and natural history characteristics of dry forests in the Pacific. Pacific Sci. 65: 127-141. Gouni, A. & Raust, P. 2007. Vers une gestion durable et rationnelle des reserves des iles Marquises ? Te Mami (Bull. Polynesia)! Soc. Orn.) (59): 9-11. Gray, G. R. 1859. Catalogue of the birds of the tropical islands of the Pacific Ocean in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the Brit. Mus., London. Holyoak, D. T. & Thibault, J.-C. 1984. Contribution a I'etude des oiseaux de Polynesie orientale. Man. Mus. Natl. Elist. Nat., Paris (ser. A), Zool. 127: 1-209. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Climate change 2007 - impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to Fourth Assessment Report to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge Univ. Press. Laurent, V., Maamaatuaiahutapu, K., Maiau J. & Varney, P. 2004. Atlas climatologique de la Polynesie franqaise. Meteo-France. Direction Interregionale de Polynesie fran^aise, Tahiti. Meyer, J.-Y. 2007. Conservation des forets naturelles et gestion des aires protegees en Polynesie frangaise. Bois et Forets des Tropiques 291: 25^0. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Jean-Claude Thibault et al. 177 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Meyer, J.-Y. & Salvat, B. 2009. French Polynesia, biology. Pp. 332-338 in Gillespie, R. G. & Clague, D. A. (eds.) Encyclopedia of islands. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley. Montgomery, S. L., Gagne, W. C. & Gagne, B. H. 1980. Notes on birdlife and nature conservation in the Marquesas and Society Islands. Elepmio 40: 152-155. Mueller-Dombois, F. & Fosberg, F. R. 1998. Vegetation of the tropical Pacific islands. Springer Verlag, New York. Quayle, E. ms. Journal of the Whitney South Sea Expedition (Vol. L). Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. Raust, P. 2008. Comment observer 8 especes rares en 12 jours. Te Mann (Bull. Polynesian Soc. Orn.) (64): 3M. Rougerie, F. & Wauthy, B. 1993. L'oceanographie du Pacifique central sud. PI. 20-21 in Dupon, J.-F, Bonvallot, J. & Vigneron, E. (eds.) Atlas de la Polynesie frangaise. Ed. I'O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris. Rougerie, F., Wauthy, B. & Rancher, J. 1992. Le recif barriere ennoye des lies Marquises et I'effet d'ile par endo-upwelling. Comptes rendus I'Acad. Sci., Paris (ser. II) 315: 677-682. Schreiber, R. W. & Ashmole, N. P. 1970. Sea bird breeding seasons on Christmas Island, Pacific Ocean. Ibis 112: 363-394. Steadman, D. W. 2006. Extinction & biogeography of tropical Pacific birds. Univ. of Chicago Press. Thibault, J.-C. 1989. L'avifaune des lies Eiao et Hatuta'a (Polynesie, Pacifique sud): modifications intervenues au XXeme siecle. Oiseaii & R.F.O. 59: 305-324. Addresses: J.-C. Thibault, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Departement Systematique et Evolution, UMR7205 Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversite, 55 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France, e-mail: jncldthibault@aol.com. A. Cibois, Natural History Museum of Geneva, Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, C.P. 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. J.-F. Butaud, Consultant in forestry and botany, B.P. 52832 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia. F. A. Jacq, Consultant-Ecologist engineer, B.P. 141260 Arue, Tahiti, French Polynesia. Elie Poroi, Association (NGO) Te Rau Ati Ati A Taua A Hiti Noa Tu, Tahiti, French Polynesia. J.-Y. Meyer, Delegation a la Recherche, Gouvernement de Polynesie fran(;aise, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 178 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Alta Floresta revisited: an updated review of the avifauna of the most intensively surveyed locality in south-central Amazonia In/ Alexander C. Lees, Kevin J. Zimmer, Curtis A. Marantz, Andrew WJnttaker, Bradley J. W. Davis & Bret M. Whitney Received 10 February 2013 Summary. — Without adequate knowledge of species distributions and life-history characteristics it is impossible to undertake robust analyses to answer even basic biogeographical questions or undertake evidence-based conservation planning. We present a follow-up to the first avifaunal inventory from Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Zimmer et al. 1997) following an additional 17 years of field work. We add 124 species to the regional list and clarify the status of others. Many of the species reported here are poorly known, therefore we present data on their status and distribution, both at Alta Floresta and other Amazonian localities. The tropical forests of South America, particularly those of the Amazon basin, host the highest avian species richness on earth (Wallace 1878, Amadon 1973, Haffer 1978, 1990), yet coverage by even basic avifaunal inventories of much of the region is incredibly poor (Oren 2001). No area in southern Amazonian Brazil has been sampled as intensively over the past two decades as that surrounding the town of Alta Floresta (09°53'S, 56°28'W), in north- central Mato Grosso astride the rio Teles Fires, a primary tributary of the rio Tapajos. From the perspective of traditional morphology based taxonomy, the rio Teles Fires may not appear to be an important faunal barrier (Bates et al. 2004), yet the region is of considerable biogeographic significance because it lies close to the transition between Amazonian terra firme forest and cerrado, and between postulated centres of endemism — the Belem / Fara and Rondonia areas (Cracraft 1985, Haffer 1985), with the former sometimes subdivided into the Xingu and Tapajos regions (Silva et al. 2002). Inauspidously, the region also lies at another frontier, the 'Arc of Amazonian Deforestation', which represents the most aggressive frontier of tropical deforestation on earth (FAO 2006, Giglio et al. 2006). Alta Floresta was founded in 1976 by southern Brazilian colonists and urban planners with the objective of colonising the upper rio Tapajos basin. Frior to 1976, the region was covered by undisturbed Amazonian forest of relatively uniform physiognomy (Oliveira-Filho & Metzger 2006). The region lies at 200-300 m elevation and its soils are predominantly ultisols with some oxisols (RADAMBRASIL 1983), which are the principal soil types in the Brazilian Amazon (Moraes et al. 1995). Mean annual rainfall is 2,350 mm, and the evapotranspiration rate is 1,000 mm / p.a., providing a 1,350-1,400 mm / p.a. surplus; however, in the dry season (May-August) there is a hydrological deficit of 250-300 mm (RADAMBRASIL 1983). Relative to many central Amazonian sites, the study area exhibits high habitat heterogeneity. Much of its northern third is dominated by primary terra firme and seasonally flooded forests, with smaller patches of stunted, drought-deciduous forest atop small granitic serras (located almost exclusively on the right bank of the rio Teles Fires). Typical terra firme forests in the study area are classified as open, tropical submontane rainforest with lianas (RADAMBRASIL 1983), and the forest canopy often includes emergents from the families Lecythidaceae (e.g., Bertholletia excelsa, Cariniana spp.) and Leguminosae [Cedrelinga © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 179 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) catenaeformis and Diissia spp.) (Sasaki et al. 2008). Other dominant trees include Leguminosae (Dipteryx odorata, Hymenaea spp., Euterolobiuvi spp.), Moraceae {Clarisia racemosa, Perehea spp.), Sapotaceae (Pouteria spp., Micropholis spp.), Combretaceae {Bucheiiavia spp.) and Euphorbiaceae {Akhorneopsis spp.). In contrast, pockets of semi-deciduous forests nested within a matrix of tall term firme forest and typically occurring on areas of steeper relief are dominated by the families Anacardiaceae {Spondias spp.), Apocynaceae {Aspidosperma spp.), Bignoniaceae {Tabebida barbnta, T. capitata, Tabebuia spp.), Bombacaceae {Bomhacopsis spp., Pseudobombax cf. longiflorum), Cochlospermaceae {Cochlospermiim orinocense), Leguminosae {Anadenanthera peregrina, Chloroleiicon acaciodes, Hymenaea courbaril, Platymiscium dnckei), Meliaceae (Cedrela odorata), Myrtaceae {Eugenia spp.), Rubiaceae {Coutarea hexandra, Dialypetalanthiisfuscescens), Rutaceae {Zanthoxyliim rhoifoUum) and Vochysiaceae {Callisthene fasciculata) (Sasaki et al. 2008). In the extreme north of the study area there are extensive Mnuritia palm swamps and oxbow lakes. The southern two-thirds are dominated by anthropogenic land uses, with the non-forest matrix representing principally managed and unmanaged cattle pasture with smaller areas of agro-forestry and limited cultivation of crops (mostly corn, soybeans and rice). Between 1984 and 2004, 3,607 km^ of forest was lost from a 7,295 km^ region south of the Teles Fires, corresponding to a decline in forest cover of 91.1% to 41.7% over 20 years (Michalski et al. 2008) after which deforestation rates decreased. This loss has led to the rapid collapse of avifaunal communities in many of the small forest fragments that remain (Lees & Peres 2006). The first inventory of birds in the region (Zimmer et al. 1997), based on nearly 70 days of field work in October 1989-September 1995, produced a total of 474 species. The sites included in the original survey were scattered across an 1,800 km^ polygon (defined simply by the total area encompassed by the perimeter of all sites visited), but the actual area surveyed amounted to c.30 km^, with an estimated 90% of the effort being restricted to an area <15 km^ (Fig. 1, Zimmer et al. 1997). The huge discrepancy between the large size of the study area, and the much smaller area actually surveyed was primarily the result of including a single site c.60 km south-west of Alta Floresta at Garimpo do Cabega (10°22'S, 56°25'W)— not 45 km south-east (Zimmer et al. 1997). This site was visited only once, in 1989, yet it represented the only field work conducted south of Alta Floresta prior to the publication of the original survey (Zimmer et al. 1997), and it produced several noteworthy records for the region. In the 15 years following the first survey, resident and visiting ornithologists have conducted extensive investigations over a much larger part of the study area. Moreover, survey effort prior to 1997 was conducted almost exclusively in August- November (when many migrants may be absent), and was restricted to a small number of existing trails, so some habitat types were sampled poorly or not at all. More recent work has expanded the coverage to all months, and has been aided by a proliferation of new trails that have increased access to both banks of the rio Teles Fires and the rio Cristalino. Concomitantly, many forest patches and the open country south of Alta Floresta have now been surveyed, so coverage is far more representative of the region as a whole. Conversely, several sites surveyed in the first inventory (e.g., the 'Teles Fires Trail' of Zimmer et al. (1997), here referred to as the 'Gold Miners' Trail') have been completely denuded. We detail the many additions to the region's avifauna based on field work conducted through 31 December 2012. Although some of these reflect new arrivals to the region, many probably reflect better coverage of the area and better knowledge of the vocalisations of some species. Similarly, many of the species reported here for the first time were expected, but others represent range extensions of biogeographical significance. We provide accounts for all 124 species added to the Alta Floresta list since the 1997 publication including both an overview of recent reports and sufficient background to consider these records in a broader © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 Brihsh Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 180 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Figure 1. The greater Alta Floresta region delimiting the area sampled and illustrating the extent of deforestation through 2011. Remaining closed-canopy forests are shown in black and non-forested regions in grey. The four-pointed star marks the location of Cristalino Jungle Lodge (CJL) and the five-pointed star the centre of Alta Floresta town. geographical context. To better partition the many species adcied to the list, we group accounts by habitat (terra firmc forest, transitional forest, wetlands and river edge, edge, and non-forest species) and by migratory status (austral, intra-tropical, and boreal migrants). Methods Study region. — We delimit the Alta Floresta 'region' to the same 1,800 km“ polygon in the first survey (Fig. 1, Zimmer et al. 1997). Most field work in the 1995-2012 period was concentrated in the same area as the first survey — principally the trail network of the Cristalino Jungle Lodge (CJL), within the Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural Cristalino (formerly Reserva Florestal Cristalino), and in the isolated, 230-ha forest fragment ® 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 181 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) adjacent to the Floresta Amazonica Hotel (FAH) at the south-west edge of the town of Alta Floresta. CJL now possesses >24 km of trails that traverse: river edge / seasonally flooded forest (Cacau, Manakin and Kawall's Trails), tall terra firme forest (Rochas, Figueira, Castanheira, Serra Nova and Caja Trails), forest dominated by extensive thickets of Giiadiin bamboo (Haffer and Taboca Trails), and semi-deciduous forest growing atop a granitic dome (parts of both the Serra and Serra Nova Trails). The addition of two observation towers (I & II), each 50 m tall, has further facilitated study of the forest canopy. Tower I was built in 2001 and is 1 km from the lodge on the right bank of the Cristalino on the Rochas Trail, and Tower II was constructed in 2010 and is on the left bank of the Cristalino downstream of the lodge, with the trailhead located off the Cacau Trail. The Alta Floresta region is therefore the ornithologically best-inventoried area in southern Amazonia and represents a major centre for ecotourism (Whitney 1997, Lees 2011). ACL spent >500 days in the field around Alta Floresta in April 2003-0ctober 2006, surveying forest fragments, continuous terra firme forest (Lees & Peres 2006, 2008a), corridors in seasonally flooded and riparian forest (both igapo and vdrzea-, Lees & Peres 2008b), gap sites (Lees & Peres 2009) and agricultural areas (Mahood et al. 2012) across the entire region. BJWD spent 290 days there between January 2004 and August 2007 before moving permanently to Alta Floresta in March 2008. The other authors spent the following periods: KJZ — 72 days (August 1991, October 1992, and September 1993-99 and 2005), CAM — 106 days (95 days in October 1997- January 1998 and 11 days in August 2005), AW — 101 days (September 1993-2000, August and November 1996, June-August and November 2003, September 2005 and August 2010), and BMW -no days (September 1993 and 1995-2002, June 2005-11). The original survey devoted much effort to forested sites along the road between Alta Floresta and the rio Teles Pires, especially along the abandoned Gold Miners' Trail (the 'Teles Pires Trail' in Zimmer et al. 1997, which should not be confused with a relatively new trail with the same name at CJL), located 28 km north of town, which traversed extensive thickets of Giindiia bamboo and tall terra firme forest (Zimmer et al. 1997). Since the original survey, all of these sites, including the Gold Miners' Trail, have either been replaced by pastures or reduced to degraded fragments. Consequently, since 1996, there has been less intensive coverage of what had been extensive terra firme forest on the west (south) bank of the rio Teles Pires, simply because so little of this habitat is intact and accessible. Nevertheless, ACL surveyed five forest patches of >5,000 ha on the west bank of the river, including 'Fazenda Cristalino,' which is now within the trail network at CJL. Open agricultural habitats were poorly sampled during the first survey, yet they are now both more widespread and better surveyed because they represent the dominant habitat type south of the rio Teles Pires. Avian status in the region. — We present qualitative estimates of avian abundance based on frequency of detection (visual or auditory) and reflecting our impression of population density in preferred habitats. For ease of comparison, we use the same abundance categories as the initial survey (Zimmer et al. 1997): 'common' species are those for which five or more individuals were encountered daily in appropriate habitat, 'fairly common' species were encountered either irregularly in numbers or as 1-5 birds on most days in appropriate habitat, 'uncommon' species were encountered periodically but not daily, and 'rare' species were encountered only a few times per season, even in appropriate habitat. Given the much more extensive coverage since the first survey, we consider that the avifauna is now sufficiently known to add a new category of 'very rare' for those species recorded on fewer than ten occasions. Most of these are assumed to be rare visitants or vagrants, but a few are probably resident at very low densities. Seasonal status is denoted for those species for which abundance varies over the year. 'Austral migrants' breed in the © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 182 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) south and move north during the austral winter (April-September), 'boreal migrants' arrive from North America for the northern winter (with landbirds typically present October- April, but shorebirds arrive from mid July), and 'unspecified intratropical migrants' that move within tropical South America at as yet undetermined spatiotemporal scales that result in seasonal periods of lower abundance or even absence. We ranked hierarchically the evidence documenting each species in the region, but we present only the strongest available evidence for each (Appendix). We regard specimens as the most definitive evidence, followed by a published or archived photograph, video or audio recording that confirms the identification and provides a permanent record that can be examined by others. The weakest evidence is provided by field encounters (either visual or audio) without supporting physical evidence. Species within their expected range, and for which there have been repeated encounters in the region over the years by numerous cqualified observers, are included on the primary list, even if physical evidence is unavailable. By contrast, we require physical documentation for records that represent range extensions, or those involving species seen only very rarely in the region (even if plentiful at nearby sites), and in the absence of such documentation, we treat them as hypothetical. We removed completely three species that either were unambiguously re-identified or were deemed extremely unlikely based on biogeography, and which lacked documentation. All specimens from the region are, to our knowledge, housed at the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG), Belem, Para, Brazil. Voucher audio recordings are or will be deposited at one or more of the following institutions: the Macaulay Library, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York (LNS), Arquivo Sonoro Natural, Universidad Estadual de Campinas, Sao Paulo (ASN), and British Library Sound Archive, London (BLSA). Many recordings and images from this region are included in the commercial production Bird voices of Alta Floresta and southeastern Amazonian Brazil (Marantz & Zimmer 2006) and online at http://macaulaylibrary.org/, http://www.xeno-canto.org and www.wikiaves.com.br, while species vouchered on these sites are listed in the Appendix. Results We present a list of 586 bird species reported from the Alta Floresta region through 31 December 2012, an increase of 124 species on the first survey. Of these, 566 species (96%) are documented either by a specimen, photograph or voucher recording (audio/video), and 524 (89%) are available online as publically accessible, digital vouchers. Recordings made in the region for 256 species (44%) are included in a published sef of audio recordings (Marantz & Zimmer 2006). Species removed from the Zimmer et al. (1997) list PEARLY ANTSHRIKE Megastictiis margaritatns Listed by Zimmer et al. (1997) as hypothetical from a single, undocumented sighting on the west bank of the rio Teles Pires in October 1990 (R. Ridgely, V. Emanuel & G. Tudor). No subsequent reports, but the area is no longer forested. Tire closest known sites to Alta Floresta are on the left bank of the rio Roosevelt, Amazonas (Marantz & Zimmer 2006, Whittaker 2009), 520-560 km west-northwest of Alta Floresta. We suspect it does not occur east of the rio Tapajos / rio Juruena (Zimmer & Isler 2003). BLACK-AND-WHITE TODY-FLYCATCHER Poecdotricciis capitalis Included by Zimmer et al. (1997) based on a female seen and tape-recorded (ML48203) by M. & P. Isler at the Gold Miners' Trail on 7 November 1989, and subsequently identified © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 183 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) from this recording by T. A. Parker. ACL reidentified this recording as pertaining to Black¬ chested Tyrant Taeniotriccus andrei, an identification consistent with the plumage details noted by the Islers {in Zimmer et al. (1997), which could apply to either species. The voice of T. andrei went undescribed until February 2003, when KJZ made the first definitive sound- recordings in the Serra dos Carajas (Zimmer & Whittaker 2004). P. capitalis must be removed from the Alta Floresta list. A male collected at Juina, Mato Grosso, on 24 November 2006 (Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso [UFMT] 1709) becomes the first record for Mato Grosso (Signor et al. 2011). TAWNY-CROWNED PYGMY TYRANT Euscarthmus meloryphus Reported in the first inventory (Zimmer et al. 1997) by multiple observers from forest edge and non-forest habitats; however, as the species has not been seen in the last 15 years despite much apparently suitable habitat, we consider it best removed from the main list unhl supporting documentation becomes available. An archived sound-recording (ML48262) by M. & P. Isler obtained on 2 November 1989, and listed as this species, was reidentified as Yellow Tyrannulet Capsiempis flaveola (ACL). The closest records to Alta Floresta are documented by audio recordings from stunted campinarana on the rio Sao Benedito II in southern Para (BJWD). Species added since 1997 The 124 species added to the regional avifauna since the publication of Zimmer et al. (1997) are treated under six groups based on either their primary habitat association or migratory tendencies. New species were scattered across most non-passerine orders and most passerine families, but more non-passerines than passerines were added. The majority of additions are characteristic of habitats other than 'core' terra firme forest, which reflects both the increased attention given to open areas south of the rio Teles Pires and the loss of forest m this region. Species o/ terra firme and seasonally flooded forests.— Thirty -tive species added to the local avifauna occur predominantly in tall forest (either terra firme or seasonally flooded), the principal habitat sampled in the first survey. The distinction between terra firme and seasonally flooded forest m this region is not always sharp, and much of the forest at CJL is more accurately considered transitional. Many species occur in both forest types (and all gradations in between), even if showing a preference for one over the other. Many species missed by the first survey are low-density or patchily distributed taxa easily overlooked in all but the most thorough assessments. Examples include Violaceous Quail-Dove Geotrygon violacea, Long-tailed Potoo Nyctibius aethereus, Banded Antbird Dichrozona cincta and Amazonian Scrub Flycatcher Sublegatus obscurior. Two others, Kawall's Parrot Amazona kaivalli and Bald Parrot Pyrilia aurantiocephala, are relatively recent discoveries, and were virtually unknown in life during the initial survey, which probably contributed to their being overlooked. UNDULATED TINAMOU Crypturellus nndulatus Although unrecorded prior to mid-September 1997, when found along the rio Cristalino (KJZ, AW), it is fairly common in scrubby, riverine forest along both the rios Teles Pires and Cristalino. BARE-FACED CURASSOW Crax fasciolata Occurs in small numbers on the right bank of the rio Teles Pires, with several semi- habituated birds frequenting the clearing at CJL. Extremely rare on the left bank of the © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 184 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Teles Fires, where recorded only by camera-trap surveys (F. Michalski unpubl.). Hunting pressure is probably a limiting factor in the more populated southern half of the region. WHITE HAWK Leiicopternis albicollis Another low-density species most commonly recorded soaring over semi-deciduous forest on the granitic serrns and less frequently in non-forested areas. BLACK-FACED HAWK Leucopteniis melanops Two documented records at CJL: singles photographed from Tower I on 18 Augusf 2005 (Wallace & Petermann 2007) and along the Cacau Trail on 9 June 2010 (J. Montejo & A. McAndrews; Fig. 2). These records support the hypothesis (Amaral et al. 2007) that the species is widespread yet overlooked in southern Amazonia, with sympatry now demonstrated as far west as south-east Peru (Shrum et al. 2011). Given recent records at CJL, and other documented records from southern Amazonia, we must re-evaluate a 20 August 1991 sighting by KJZ & T. A. Parker of a pair of Leucopteniis seen counter-calling in forest edge near the Gold Miners' Trail. One was a typical adult White-browed Hawk L. kiihli, whereas the other appeared like typical L. melanops. Parker & KJZ debated the identity of the second bird, with Parker agreeing that it looked like a Black-faced Hawk (whitish crown, dark mask, pale-spotted mantle), but ultimately persuading KJZ that, in light of what would have been a considerable range extension for L. melanops, fhe bird was perhaps more likely in an undescribed juvenile plumage of L. kulili (Amaral et al. 2007). Given current knowledge, KJZ now feels it was indeed L. melanops, although apparent south-bank sympatry of two such closely related (and vocally similar) raptors is puzzling. VIOLACEOUS QUAIL-DOVE Geotn/gon violacea The first local record of this species, previously unrecorded in lowland Amazonian Brazil, involved a female seen by AW on 9 November 1996 foraging at close range on the Rochas Trail. Several subsequent reports in June-October, but the only well-documented records involve birds videotaped by KJZ on the Cacau Trail on 18 September 1998 (Fig. 3) and by BJWD at the rio Cristalino on 8 September 2010 (Fig. 4, WA845115). First records for Mato Grosso. Perhaps makes seasonal or nomadic movements similar to Ruddy Quail-Dove G. montana, which ranges widely, probably to exploit regional peaks in fruit production (Stouffer & Bierregaard 1997). Elsewhere in Amazonian Brazil, two specimens from Santana do Araguaia, in south-east Para (14-24 June 1992), one from the Fiona do Tapirape-Aquiri, Serra dos Carajas, July 2009 (MPEG) and one from Prata, near Belem, Para, 23 June 1903 (Hellmayr 1906). Field separation of females of G. violacea and the more frecjuent G. montana can be challenging. Both sexes of violacea are disfincfly whitish on the lower breast to undertail- coverts, contrasting sharply with the upper breast, which is pinkish in males and greyish brown with a slight pinkish cast in females. Female montana also has a noticeably pale belly, buff or dingy off-white, and the drab brown breast fades into the belly with a less pronounced demarcation. Violaceous Quail-Dove also shows marked contrast between the rufous-brown remiges and drab brown coverts on the folded wing, and between the drab brown back (which, even in females, often has a purplish tinge) and 'warmer' rufous rump, uppertail-coverts and rectrices. In female Ruddy Quail-Dove, the remiges are darker and duller than the coverts, not 'warmer' or more rufescent in tone, and the back, rump, uppertail-coverts and tail are essentially concolorous. Female G. violacea tends to have the forehead, supraloral region and chin whitish, whereas these are distinctly buffy in most female G. montana. Male Violaceous Quail-Dove is more distinctive, with a paler, greyish- © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 185 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Figure 2. Black-faced Hawk Leucopteruis melanops, 9 June 2010 (J. Montejo) Figure 3. Composite series of videograbs of Violaceous Quail-Dove Geotri/goii violacea, 18 September 1998 (K. J. Zimmer) Figure 4. Composite of videograbs of Violaceous Quail-Dove Geotrygon violacea, 8 September 2010 (B. Davis) © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 186 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) white head and face, strong violaceous tones to the mantle and rump, a noticeably pinkish breast, and more extensively white belly; it also lacks the bold malar stripe characteristic of many other quail-doves, including G. montana. LONG-TAILED POTOO Nyctibius aethereus The first regional record was one tape-recorded on 1 June 2006 in the forest fragment adjacent to FAH (BJWD, XCl 16371). It continued to sing until at least mid October and was seen by many observers (e.g., ACL, BMW, S. Mahood & D. Luther). Subsequently, four territories were discovered at CJL (Fig. 5). Outside our region, also in Mato Grosso, one was collected at Querencia on 27 July 2010 (S. M. Dantas). First documented state records. Patchily distributed and often at low density, but widespread in southern Amazonia. The closest localities to Alta Floresta are the Serra do Cachimbo in Para (Pacheco & Olmos 2005), Santarem (Lees et at. 2013) and rio Roosevelt in southern Amazonas (Whittaker 2009). RUFOUS NIGHTJAR A)itrostomus riifiis Regional status unclear. First recorded on 15 July 2004, when ACL found an incubating bird with two eggs in a forest fragment 20 km south-east of Alta Floresta. Only 2-3 additional records from the vicinity of CJL: one photographed and sound-recorded along the Serra Trail on 26 June 1998 (BMW, W. & G. Carter), one photographed at the base of Tower II on 23 June 2010 (J. Lopes, A. McAndrews) fhat was possibly the same bird tape-recorded there on 13 August 2010 (AW), and a singing bird near the base of Tower 1 pre-dawn on 24 August 2012 (BJWD). SILKY-TAILED NIGHTJAR Antrostomus sericocaxidatiis First found on 18 September 1996, when one was tape-recorded immediately adjacent to the lodge clearing at CJL (AW, KJZ). No more records until 6 September 2006, when two were singing along a newly cut trail 1.5 km south of the lodge (R. Hoyer, N. Athanas), with individuals subsequently found intermittently at this site. First records for Mato Grosso. Elsewhere in eastern Amazonia, recorded in Para at Santarem (Griscom & Greenway 1941), Floresta Nacional do Tapajos (Lees et al. 2013), Pinkaiti (Aleixo et al 2000) and Carajas (Marantz & Zimmer 2006, Pacheco et al. 2007). AMAZONIAN SWIFT Chaetura viridipeunis Status of all swifts confused by idenfification difficulfies. Nevertheless, this species appears to be a fairly common constituent of the large, multi-species flocks of Chaetura fhat occur over the rio Cristalino, and has also been recorded on the left bank of the rio Teles Pires. Amazonian Swift is larger than other Chaetura at Alta Floresta. Relative to Grey-rumped Swift C. cinereiventris, with which it is probably most likely to be confused locally, C. viridipeunis is noticeably larger, proportionately longer winged, and flies with stronger, less rapid wingbeats. It also tends to appear less obviously capped, and its rump is browner and less contrastingly pale relative to the back. LESSER SWALLOW-TAILED SWIFT Panyptila cayennensis A single observed for several minutes over Alta Floresta airport on 5 January 1998 (CAM) was the first local record. A scarce resident around Alta Floresta, in both the extensively forested areas east of the Teles Pires and the fragmented landscape to the west. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 187 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) CRIMSON TOPAZ Topaza pella First recorded on 27 December 1997, a female flycatching over the rio Cristalino (CAM). All subsequent sightings from the vicinity of the river, where the only consistently occupied territory is near the start of the Serra Trail (B. Carlos pers. comm.). A female photographed and sound-recorded on 23 November 2008 upstream of the Castanheira Trail (M. Reid & BJWD). Much more frequent at the nearby rio Sao Benedito II in southern Para, where several territories are known (Davis & Olmstead 2010). TAPAJOS HERMIT Phaethornis aethopyga Described as a subspecies of Little Hermit P. longuemareus from two specimens collected at Caxiricatuba on the right bank of the lower rio Tapajos (Zimmer 1950). Although aethopyga was subsequently dismissed as a hybrid Streak-throated Hermit P. rupiiriiniii x Reddish Hermit P. ruber (Hinkelmann 1996), specimens matching the type have now been collected from multiple locations in the rio Tapajos drainage, and their morphological distinctiveness leaves no doubt that it represents a valid species (Piacentini et al. 2009). First recorded on 19 September 1996, when KJZ & AW observed one or more feeding at a flowering Inga along the rio Cristalino just upstream of CJL. Subsequently found to be a low-density inhabitant at several sites on the right bank of the Teles Pires, with a lek near the Castanheira Trail in July 2004 (B. Carlos). WHITE-BEARDED HERMIT Phaethornis hispidus Presence long suspected, but difficulties in identifying Phaethornis meant that it was not confirmed until three were mist-netted along the Taboca Trail in May 2005 (J. Tobias & N. Seddon; Fig. 6). A nest in the 'Bungalow Clearing' at CJL in mid-April 2005 contained two eggs on 5 May and two nestlings on 8 May (F. Lambert, J. Tobias & N. Seddon). FIERY-TAILED AWLBILL Avocettula recurvirostris An easily overlooked species first recorded in semi-deciduous woodland along a new extension to the Serra Trail on 27-29 October 2005, when a male and female were observed feeding at terrestrial bromeliads (G. Bernadon). A male was at the same site on 17 July 2006 (S. Olmstead & S. Woods) and a female there on 24 July 2006 (ACL & BJWD). Subsequent sightings include a male photographed in stunted, semi-deciduous forest 1 km south of the lodge on 6 August 2007 (R. Hoyer; WA679972), a male in the crown of a low, isolated tree atop the Serra Trail on 11 June 2008 (BMW) a female hawking gnats in the canopy of leafless trees there on 22 June 2010 (BMW), a female at the first rocky summit of the Serra Nova Trail on 12 November 2009 (BJWD), an adult male observed flycatching in the canopy along the lower rio Cristalino on 14 August 2010 (AW) and an adult male photographed on the Serra Trail on 1 August 2011 (M. Lilje). First records for Mato Grosso. Elsewhere in central-south Amazonia, found in Rondonia at Cachoeira Nazare (Stotz et al. 1997); in Para at Carajas (Pacheco et al. 2007), Floresta National do Tapajos (Marantz & Zimmer 2006), Parque Nacional do Amazonia (AW & BMW), Floresta Nacional do Caxiuana (AW & BMW), Pousada Rio Azul on the rio Sao Benedito II (BJWD), the rio Guama at Marituba (ACL, N. Moura) and around Paragominas (Lees et al. 2012); in Amazonas along the rio Madeira at Itapinima (Cohn-Haft 2007), at Pousada Rio Roosevelt (AW, BJWD) and near Borba (AW, BMW, G. Kirwan, H. Shirihai). FESTIVE COQUETTE Lophornis chah/beus The only documented records concern a perched male photographed preening by a treefall gap along the Cacau Trail on 29 September 2005 (R. Hoyer; WA673423) and a female © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 188 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Figure 5. Long-tailed Potoo Nyctibins nethcrcus, 9 August 2010 (A. Whittaker) Figure 6. White-bearded Hermit Pliaetiwniis hispidiis, May 2005 (J. Tobias) Figure 7. Rusty-breasted Nunlet Noiinula nibecula, 31 August 2007 (B. Freeman) photographed feeding at Rodrigiiezia sp. orchids in the CJL clearing on 5 October 2011 (R. Hoyer; WA673422). Undocumented records include a male and female on the Serra Trail on 18 June 2003 (A. Kirschel), a female at a flowering higa at the FAH clearing on 27 January 2004 (BJWD) and another female on two dates in February 2004 on the Serra Trail (BJWD), with a male there on 1 July 2005 (S. Mahood). Also known from the Serra dos Caiabis, 70 © 2013 Tire Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 189 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) km south of Alta Floresta (Lees et al. 2008). Records pertain to Amazonian L. c. verreaiixii and not the nominate, which is endemic to the Atlantic Forest (and may warrant recognition as a separate species). GOULD'S JEWELFRONT Heliodoxa aurescens Five documented records. Tliree during the wet season involved single males photographed feeding at red flowers of terrestrial bromeliads Bromelia balansae and Costus sp. within the same small patch of semi-deciduous forest surrounded by term finne adjacent to CJL on 24 February 2004, 17 February-5 March 2009 (BJWD; WA559052) and 21 February 2012 (BJWD; WA869951). The two dry-season records involved single males photographed on 6 September 2010 on the Castanlieira Trail (E. Ramirez; WA588152) and on 1 August 2012 from Tower II at CJL as it fed at flowers in the canopy (AW). First documented state records. Probably under-recorded and we are aware of several other undocumented records in the wet season, when observer coverage is weakest. RUFOUS MOTMOT Baryphthengiis inartii Remarkably scarce. Tape-recorded and seen along the Castanheira Trail on 15 October 1997 (BMW), then seen and recorded next day and on 17-18 November 1997 (CAM; Marantz & Zimmer 2006). This territory is the only one that has been consistently occupied at CJL, yet birds have also been observed on the Rochas and Cacau Trails. First recorded on the left bank of the rio Teles Fires when one was video- and audio-recorded in a large forest fragment 30 km west of Alta Floresta in July 2005 (ACL), but subsequently found at five other widespread forest patches in 2005-06 (e.g. ACL; XC86621). RUSTY-BREASTED NUNLET Nonnula rubecula An unobtrusive species first recorded when one was videotaped along the Flaffer Trail on 26 June 2002 (P. Donahue). Five subsequent sightings, all in forest near the river: a pair along the Tapiri Trail on 7 June 2006 (S. Olmstead), a single along the Manakin Trail on 21 September 2006 (R. Hoyer) with one photographed there on 31 August 2007 (B. Freeman; Fig. 7), one tape-recorded along the Cacau Trail on 30 September 2007 (S. Olmstead) and one photographed on the Taboca Trail on 17 August 2008 (G. Kirwan, W. Price). First records for Mato Grosso, with two subsequently collected at Paranaita on 4 May and 25 September 2009 (AW). Elsewhere, recorded in southern Para as close as Thaimagu on the rio Sao Benedito on 23 November 2005 and at Pousada Rio Azul on the rio Sao Benedito II on 9 and 30 September 2009 (BJWD), and in Amazonas at the rio Roosevelt (Whittaker 2009). BLACK-NECKED ARACARI Pteroglossus aracari Rare to uncommon at CJL, where reported by J. Haffer in November-December 1993. Apparently more abundant further upstream on the rio Cristalino and recently proven to occur regularly at Tower II (BJWD). Unknown on the left bank of the rio Teles Pires. The study region marks the contact zone between Black-necked and Chestnut-eared Aracaris P. castanotis, but it is unclear if hybridisation occurs, as may be the case in south-east Amazonia (Haffer 1974). Both species also occur along the rio Peixoto de Azevedo, 100 km east of Alta Floresta (Novaes & Lima 1990). HYACINTH MACAW Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus An occasioiaal visitor, but regular in the neighbouring Serra do Cachimbo (Buzzetti 2005, Pacheco & Olmos 2005). Most records from the rio Cristalino, where an adult was photographed in mid-July 2008 (J. Lopes). There is a resident population in an area © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilahon © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 190 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) dominated by Astrocaryum palms on the left bank of the rio Sao Benedito II 70 km north¬ west of Alta Floresta (BJWD). BALD PARROT Pyrilin aiinvjtiocephnln Recently described and known in the region from just two records: two photographed on 10 October 2005 in young second growth near the forest edge along the road that bisects Parque Estadual Cristalino near Limao c.lO km upstream from CJL (R. Hoyer; Fig. 8), and three photographed with Orange-cheeked Parrots P. barrabaudi on 28 August 2008 on Ilha Ariosto (J. Lopes, D. Buzzetti), with one photographed there next day (R. Santos; WA163160). First recorcis for Mato Grosso, a southern extension from the nearest localities in extreme southern Para on the Serra do Cachimbo at Cachoeiras do Curua (Pacheco & Olmos 2005), the rio Sao Benedito at Thaima^u (Gaban-Lima et al. 2002) and rio Sao Benedito II (BJWD). These are both right-bank tributaries of the middle rio Teles Pires. Given the abundance of P. barrabaudi in the study region, and apparent rarity of P. auraiitiocephala, it is probable that birds in our region are strays from nearby populations. KAWALL'S PARROT Amazona kawalli Described from captive birds (Grantsau & Camargo 1989), it was not until 1995 that A. kaivalli was discovered in the wild (Martuscelli & Yamashita 1997). First found on 13 October 1997, the first records for Mato Grosso, when documented by audio recordings made by BMW. Now known to be one of the commonest Aamzoiia on the right bank of the rio Teles Pires, but seemingly absent from the left bank, where apparently replaced by Mealy Parrot A. farinosa, which is rare on the right bank. The near-total lack of published information on the species prior to the first survey, coupled with its morphological similarity to Mealy Parrot, undoubtedly led to A. kawalli being overlooked prior to 1997. SCARLET-SHOULDERED PARROTLET Point hiictii Appears uncommon in terra firine forest, where most often detected by voice as singles or small groups pass high over the forest canopy. It is unclear if T. hiietii undertakes local movements in response to seasonal changes in food resources across the region. BANDED ANTBIRD Dichrozona ciiicta A singing bird on the Caja Trail on 11-12 July 2002 (P. Donahue) was the only record until June 2005, when what may have been the same individual was found in the same spot (D. Euther) and subsequently seen and recorded by many observers until at least August 2010 (e.g., Marantz & Zimmer 2006). Another singing bird was on the left bank of the rio Cristalino near Tower II on 6 October 2009 (BJWD & J. Topes). First documented state records. Here, at the southern edge of its range, apparently at very low density, whereas the species is a more conspicuous inhabitant of terra firme forest in western Amazonia and, at least locally, east of the rio Xingu (CAM, KJZ & ACE). Also known in eastern Amazonia in Para at the Floresta Nacional de Caxiuana (Silva 1998, Marantz & Zimmer 2006), on the right bank of the rio Xingu at Pinkaiti (Aleixo et al. 2000), Trairao (Pacheco & Olmos 2005), the Floresta Nacional do Tapajos (Henriques et al. 2003), Parque Nacional da Amazonia (AW) and Serra dos Carajas (Pacheco et al. 2007). CINNAMON-RUMPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER Philydor pyrrhodes The first record concerned two (MPEG 51438-439) collected on the Haffer Trail on 22 and 27 November 1993 (J. Haffer), with unseen birds heard along the Rochas Trail on 15-18 October 1997 and Serra Trail on 3 November 1997 (CAM), and one was recorded © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 191 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Figure 8. Bald Parrot Pyrilia aurantiocephala, 10 October 2006 (R. Hoyer) Figure 9. Slender-billed Xenops Xenops temiirostris, 23 November 2008 (M. Reid) Figure 10. Amazonian Scrub Flycatcher Sublegatiis obsciihor, 19 September 2011 (R. Hoyer) Figure 11. Black-faced Tanager Schistochlamys melanopis, 22 October 2011 (M. Matthiessen) Figure 12. Paint-billed Crake Neocrex en/thropiis, TJ August 2012 (W. Chambers) © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 192 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) singing and subsec|uently seen on 15 September 1998 at the Taboca Trail (KJZ, AW). Scarce inhabitant of riparian forests, particularly those dominated by palms. SLENDER-BILLED XENOPS Xeiiops tenuiwstris Given that Streaked Xenops X. rutilans is apparently restricted to semi-decidious forests atop serras, it is probable that the account in the original survey of X. teniiirostris / rutilans from the left bank of the rio Teles Pires indeed involved Slender-billed Xenops, which was first recorded definitively on 10 November 1997, when one was seen in the canopy of igapd forest near the start of fhe Haffer Trail (CAM). Documenfation is provided by a sound¬ recording obtained by BMW on 8 October 1999 (ML108748) and photographs by M. Reid on 23 November 2008 (Fig. 9) of a Slender-billed Xenops with a mixed-species flock at the CJL clearing. A scarce and often overlooked resident, principally in seasonally flooded forest along the rio Cristalino. WHITE-CHINNED WOODCREEPER Dcndrocincla merula A relatively common inhabitant of terra firme forest accidentally omitted from the original list. AMAZONIAN SCRUB FLYCATCHER Sublegatiis obsciirior An inconspicuous flycatcher of the canopy and subcanopy of tall forest, usually at light gaps and edges. First recorded at Tower 1 on 3 July 1999 (BMW), followed by observations by AW from Tower 1 on 5 May 2003 and in August 2004, and on the left bank of the rio Teles Pires at Fazenda Cristalino on 17 June 2004 (BMW). ACL sound-recorded one at the edge of terra finite forest 30 km south-west of Alta Floresta on 13 September 2005 (XC115822). BMW has subsequently tape-recorded or videotaped at least one almost annually since 2005, and along most of the trail system at CJL. The only photograph was taken at Limao on 19 September 2006 (R. Hoyer; Fig. 10). First documented state records. BLACK-CHESTED TYRANT Taeniotricciis andret Added to the Alta Floresta list on the basis of the reidentified tape-recording (ML48203) of a female seen by M. & P. Isler along the Gold Miners' Trail on 7 November 1989 (ACL; see Black-and-white Tody-Flycatcher). This is the hrst record of T. aiuirei for Mato Grosso. Black-chested Tyrant has recently been discovered in the adjacent municipality of Paranaifa, where Signor et al. (2011) collected a male at 09°24'S, 57°06'W on 27 April 2008. M. Persio & AW subsequently tape-recorded and collected specimens 80 km north-east of Alta Floresta in September 2009. We anticipate the species' future rediscovery around Alta Floresta. YELLOW-MARGINED FLYCATCHER Tolmomyias assimilis An audio recording made along the Gold Miners' Trail on 17 September 1993 (KJZ) was the first documentation of this species' occurrence in the region, but the recording was not identified until after the final submission of Zimmer et al. (1997). Based on its voice, this flycatcher is a relatively plentiful and vocal member of mixed-species canopy flocks in the region. Populations in south-east Amazonia (T. a. paraensis), including Alta Floresta, are very different vocally from the T. assimilis complex in western Amazonia, the Guianas and Central America, which are the subject of ongoing investigation by KJZ, AW & BMW. The contact zone between T. a. paraensis and T. a. assimilis lies in the municipality of Alta Floresta, given that T. a. assimilis has been recorded immediately south of the region at Serra dos Caiabis (Lees et al. 2008). © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 193 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) CINNAMON NEOPIPO Neopipo cinnamomea The only documented records concern one tape-recorded on the Castanheira Trail on 20 June 2004 (BMW) and a singing bird filmed by B. Carlos on 5 November 2012 on the Serra Trail, with several undocumented reports from elsewhere at CJL. No records from the left bank of the rio Teles Pires, but encountered frequently in white-sand forest to the south at Serra dos Caiabis (Lees et al. 2008) and to the north on Serra do Cachimbo (Pacheco & Olmos 2005). WHITE-CROWNED MANAKIN Dixiphia pipra Apparently one of the scarcest manakins in the region, it was first recorded at the Haffer Trail on 17 November-9 December 1993, when nine specimens were collected by J. Haffer. Subsequently three leks have been discovered: one along the rio Cristalino 1 km south of CJL, another on the right bank of the rio Cristalino upstream of the Castanheira Trail, and on the left bank of the rio Teles Pires along the Borboletas Trail (ACL & BJWD). Singles, typically in female-like plumage, are found sporadically elsewhere (including one banded adjacent to the Saleiro along the Rochas Trail on 29 May 2005 by ACL). First documented state records. BLACK-NECKED RED COTINGA Phoenicircus nigricollis ' Phoenicirciis sp.' appeared on the original list based on an unidentified bird heard in the canopy of dense forest at the Gold Miners' Trail on 25 August 1991 (T. A. Parker & KJZ) and another heard and glimpsed at a fruiting tree along the Rochas Trail on 21 October 1992 (KJZ & B. Schram). On 4 August 2012 AW tape-recorded the song and briefly saw an unsexed P. nigricollis below Tower 1 and at the Saleiro. Closest records from the right bank of the rio Teles Pires just upstream from the mouth of the rio Sao Benedito, 130 km from Alta Floresta, where a female was collected on 24 June 1999 (J. Weckstein; MPEG 54729). DOTTED TANAGER Tangara varia This enigmatic tanager was first reported when a single was seen on 26 September 2008 on the 'Manakin Trail' (B. Freeman). It was observed feeding for c.lO seconds at 20 m distance on a low (4 m-high) melastome with other Tangara tanagers, dacnises and manakins. BMW sound-recorded and subsequently saw one from the upper platform of Tower II on the left bank of the rio Cristalino on 22 June 2011, and AW observed a male in the same place feeding on berries in the canopy on 27 June 2012 and heard an additional bird on the Serra Trail by the river on 29 June 2012. Confirmation of this species' presence in the study area was anticipated, given that it is known from the Serra do Cachimbo immediately to the north (AW) and Serra dos Caiabis to the south (Lees et al. 2008). BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER Phaeothlypis fiilvicauda The first records involved a territorial pair at a stream in terra firme forest 30 km west of Alta Floresta in July 2005 (ACL; XCl 15824) and a pair seen and sound-recorded in similar habitat 39 km west-southwest of Alta Floresta in August 2005 (ACL). Also occurs on the Serra dos Caiabis south of Alta Floresta (Lees et al. 2008), but unknown on the right bank of the rio Teles Pires, where replaced by Riverbank Warbler P. rivularis. The two sites where Buff-rumped Warblers were recorded were the westernmost of 37 riparian sites surveyed in 2005, so the species may reach the limits of its distribution in the west of the region. These sightings suggest that the contact zone between dark-rumped P. rivularis and bright- rumped P. fulvicauda lies at or at least near the rio Teles Pires. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 194 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Semi-decidiious forest species.— Six species reported for the first time since 1995 have been in either semi-deciduous, xerophytic woodland atop rocky serras, or in patches of stunted forest within tall, evergreen forest. Only a few hundred metres of trails traverse these habitats at CJL and semi-deciduous forests remain unsampled on the left bank of the rio Teles Fires. These small habitat islands host a depauperate avifauna different from that in adjacent evergreen forest. Analysis of Landsat images indicates the presence of cmnphiarmia-type forests upstream along the rio Cristalino, at the extreme southern edge of the Serra do Cachimbo, and in our region. The avifauna at these sites is probably similar to that at the Serra do Cachimbo to the north in southern Para (Pinto & Camargo 1957, Pacheco & Olmos 2005) and the Serra dos Caiabis to the south in Mato Grosso (Lees et nl. 2008). Several other species of transitional forest habitats have recently been reported from the region, albeit without documentation. We anticipate that their presence will be confirmed in future and speculate that the occurrence of several species during major drought events may be more than coincidental. Populations of many terra firiiie forest species may also have been locally reduced, even within continuous forest, a trend that, if proven, may be tied to recent anomalies and shifts in rainfall regimes, such as those discussed by Spracklen et al. (2012). SCALED PIGEON Patagioenas speciosa First recorded on 21 September 1997 when one was seen from atop the Serra Trail (AW). P. speciosa is now an uncommon resident most frequently found in semi-deciduous forests atop the serras or along rivers. SPOTTED PUEEBIRD Biicco taiiiatia Initially found on 17 September 1998, when a territory was discovered on the Serra Trail (KJZ & AW, KJZ audio recording), and this territory remained occupied through July 2012 (BJWD). BMW has also seen and heard individuals on both banks of the rio Cristalino just above the head of the Serra Trail. BJWD found at least three on the first rocky summit of the Serra Nova Trail in November 2011, where the species was photographed on 18 July 2012 by E. Ramirez (WA708138). BLUE-WINGED MACAW Primolius maracana This Near Threatened species is scarce in the region. The first record involved a pair heard and seen over the rio Cristalino near the Haffer Trail on 20 October 1996 (BMW). Recorded most frequently in semi-deciduous forest along the rio Cristalino, but also fairly regularly in agricultural landscapes south of the rio Teles Pires, particularly in and near Alta Floresta, where apparently increasing (BJWD). May be colonising the region from source populations on the Serra do Cachimbo (Pacheco & Olmos 2005) or Serra dos Caiabis (Lees et al. 2008). YELLOW-BROWED ANTBIRD Hypocnemis hypoxantha Known from a single territory along the Serra Trail found on 9 June 2004 (BMW) and occupied at least through June 2009 (BMW). First record for Mato Grosso. Elsewhere in south-central Amazonia, the distinctive H. h. ochraceiventris is known from southern Para, in the Floresta Nacional do Tapajos (Marantz & Zimmer 2006), the rio Sao Benedito II (BJWD), rio Sao Benedito (BMW; J. Minns & A. Grosset in litt. 2003) and Altamira on the rio Xingu (Griscom & Greenway 1941). Additionally, BMW et al. are describing a new species in the H. hypoxantha complex from the left bank of the Tapajos / Juruena. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 195 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) BLACK-FACED TANAGER Schistochlamys melanopis Single adult photographed by T. Brooks & M. Matthiessen on the summit of the Serra Trail on 22 October 2011 (Fig. 11). Occurs in transitional forest north and south of the region on the Serra do Cachimbo (Pacheco & Olmos 2005) and Serra dos Caiabis (Lees et al. 2008), respectively. RED-LEGGED HONEYCREEPER Cyanerpes cyaneiis Following a report from the summit of fhe Serra Trail on 6 July 2012 (E. Patrial), BJWD observed an adulf and subadulf male accompanying a mixed-species flock including Purple C. caeruleus and Short-billed Floneycreepers C. nitidiis, and various Tangam spp. in the canopy of terra firme forest at Tower 11 on 22 August 2012. Occurs on the Serra do Cachimbo immediately north of Alta Floresta (Pacheco & Olmos 2005). Scrub, young second-growth, and non-forest species.— Seventy million hectares of Amazonia have been converted into anthropogenic habitats, resulting in massive floral and faunal impoverishment (Laurance et al. 2004). Filling this vacuum is a predictable subset of edge and non-forest species, the community structure of which was described by Mahood et al. (2012). Thirty-two such species were recorded for the hrst time in Alta Floresta since 1997. In the previous study (Zimmer et al. 1997), non-forest habitats were poorly sampled, so many of these species were probably overlooked; however, others probably represent recent colonists following the continued loss of forest, and it seems certain that even more open-country species will invade in the future. Expected species include Eared Dove Zenaida auriculata, White-eared Puffbird Nystalus chaciirii, Spot-backed Puffbird Nystalus maculatus and Peach-fronted Parakeet Aratinga aurea, all of which occur in degraded habitats not far to the south in the Serra dos Caiabis (Eees et al. 2008). Cattle Tyrant Machetornis rixosiis also seems overdue given its widespread distribution in open habitats. SPECKLED CHACHALACA Ortalis guttata First recorded on 27 November 1997, when one was seen in scrub on llha Ariosto, a large river island in the rio Teles Fires (CAM). Chachalacas also ocur in igapo forest at Lagoa Cigana, but are rare on the left bank of the rio Teles Pires (although this may reflect poor sampling of river-edge habitats). Encountered several times near the Porto de Areia river crossing downstream of fhe moufh of the rio Cristalino (BJWD) and in scrub between there and the town of Alta Floresta (BMW & S. Mahood). TURKEY VULTURE Cathartes aura First recorded on 31 December 1997 just outside Alta Floresta along the road to the rio Teles Pires (CAM), yet it is now a common inhabitant of farmland and over urban areas on the south side of fhe river. WHITE-TAILED KITE Elaniis leiicuriis Although first noted behind FAH on 2 December 1997 (CAM), it is now a fairly conspicuous inhabitant of farmland on both sides of the rio Teles Pires. GREY-LINED HAWK Buteo mtidus Unrecorded until 18 September 2001, when one was seen between Alta Floresta and the rio Teles Pires (S. Hansson), Grey-lined Hawk is now conspicuous away from continuous forest, where it appears to prefer small forest patches bordering unmanaged pasture and scrub. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 196 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) RUSSET-CROWNED CRAKE Amirolivvias virkiis First recorded on 17 September 1996, when a pair was tape-recorded and seen between Alta Floresta and the rio Teles Fires (KJZ, AW), but now a common inhabitant of non-forest habitats, particularly cattle pastures and scrub, often far from water (Mahood et al. 2012). SCALED DOVE Cohnnbina squatnmnta A bird photographed 20 km west-northwest of Alta Floresta on 12 May 2005 (ACL; WA839394) was the first record. Seen only sporadically in 2005-06, when recorded on just 0.5% of point counts in non-forested habitats (Mahood et al. 2012), yet is now increasing rapidly (BJWD). PICAZURO PIGEON Patagioeiias picazuro Since the first record — two on 4 November 1997 between Alta Floresta and the rio Teles Fires (CAM) — has become a fairly common inhabitant of open country. Detected on 16% of surveys in non-forested habitats around Alta Floresta (Mahood et al. 2012). WHITE-TIPPED DOVE Leptotila verreaiixi Apparently unrecorded prior to a report on 9 August 2001 along the road between FAH and the Teles Fires (S. Hansson), but now a fairly common resident in agricultural and suburban areas, evidently replacing Grey-fronted Dove L. nifaxllla, which is primarily associated with forest and forest edges. STRIPED CUCKOO Tapera naevia First recorded on 10-24 December 1997 at Fazenda Cristalino (CAM), and subsequently found to be an uncommon resident of non-forested habitats on both banks of the Teles Fires. Occurs principally in tall pasture with some arborescent vegetation, and in scrub on llha Ariosto. GUIRA CUCKOO Giiira guira First reported on 19 September 2001 (S. Hansson), it has subsequently become one of the most conspicuous inhabitants of farmland around Alta Floresta. TROPICAL SCREECH OWL Megascops choliba Although recorded only as recently as 2005, when one was found 12 km south-east of Alta Floresta on 15 June (ACL; XC86649) and another photographed 9 km south-west of Alta Floresta on 23 June (ACL; WA559376), the species has proven to be widespread in farmland and edge habitats, and occurs in urban Alta Floresta (BJWD). STRIPED OWL Pseudoscops clauiator First recorded in the CJL clearing, where one was observed on 11 December 2003 (M. Shirley). Subsecjuently found at four farmland sites in 2005 (ACL), and breeding was confirmed on 28 September 2008, when a dependent juvenile was photographed in degraded forest adjacent to the airport (BJWD; WA561761). Since found at low density on cattle ranches near Pousada Rio Azul, 70 km north of Alta Floresta (BJWD), suggesting that its range continues to expand with deforestation. COMMON POTOO Nyctibius griseus The most frequently encountered Nyctibius in the region, where it is a fairly common in forest edge bordering rivers and non-forested areas. ACL was shown two nests on 15 July © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 197 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) 2005, both atop fence posts amid pastures >1 km from the nearest forest 10 km north of Carlinda (ACL; WA350115). NACUNDA NIGHTHAWK Chordeiles naciinda Scarce, but potentially increasing, in open country on the left bank of the rio Teles Fires. Records span the period April-October, with the earliest on 26 April 2012 (BJWD; WA625866) and a max. count of 40 on 20 August 2006 roosting at the airport in Alta Floresta (ACL). WHITE WOODPECKER Melanerpes caiididus Recent colonist; the first record was an individual videotaped 35 km north-west of Alta Floresta on 27 May 2006 (S. Mahood), followed by a foraging party of three in the town of Alta Floresta on 5 May 2009 (BJWD), and a single at the same location on 31 October 2010 (BJWD). At least one family group of at least four individuals has become resident in an area of pastures with scattered snags and Brazilnut Bertholletia excelsa trees on the east side of Alta Floresta (BJWD). Also known from the Serra dos Caiabis, 60 km south of the region (Lees et al. 2008). APLOMADO FALCON Falco femoralis Just three records: one at FAH on 27 July 2003 (A. Kirschel), a pair photographed 15 km west of Alta Floresta on 13 June 2004 (ACL) that remained through June 2005 (ACL; WA559382) and one 10 km south-east of Alta Floresta on 16 April 2006 (S. Mahood). BARRED ANTSHRIKE Thamiiophiliis doliatus First found on 21 April 2004, when a female was observed on llha Ariosto (F. Lambert & J. Tobias), but it has subsequently proven to be quite common in scrubby second growth and unmanaged pasture on the left bank of the rio Teles Fires (ACL). PALE-BREASTED SPINETAIL Synallaxis albescens Although this open-country spinetail went unrecorded until 10 June 2006, when discovered in pastures 3 km east of Alta Floresta (BJWD & ACL), it has subsequently been proven to be an uncommon resident in non-forested habitats, preferring unmanaged pasture with some scrub. RUSTY-FRONTED TODY-FLYCATCHER Poecilotriccus latirostris Fairly common in habitats similar to those frequented by Barred Antshrike and was mistakenly omitted from Zimmer et al. (1997). First record came from 20 km north of Alta Floresta on 27 October 1989 (P. Isler; ML48005). Currently known in the study area only from the left bank of the rio Teles Fires; however, it has also been found north of the river in second growth 65 km north of Alta Floresta (BJWD). YELLOWISH PIPIT Anthus lutescens First detected on 20 August 2002, when one was in a pasture 35 km north of Alta Floresta (B. Carlos). Subsequent searches have revealed it to be locally plentiful, but patchily distributed, in short-grass pasture. WHITE-LINED TANAGER Tachyphonus rufus First found when a male was seen on 28 November 1997 on llha Ariosto (CAM). Uncommon locally, being most frequently recorded around FAH. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 Brihsh Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 198 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) RUFOUS-COLLARED SPARROW Zonotrichia cnpensis Fairly common in farmland and urban areas on the left bank of the rio Teles Pires, but also appears sporadically in forest clearings and on the serra north of the Teles Pires. GRASSLAND SPARROW Ammodrainus humemlis First discovered on 21 July 2003, when a singing bird was on the airfield at Alta Floresta (A. Kirschel). Found at seven sites in 2004 (ACL) and subsequently detected on 20% of 397 point counts during surveys of non-forested habitats (Mahood et al. 2012). RUSTY-COLLARED SEEDEATER Spowphila collaris A single male photographed (D. Lorin; WA649377) and sound-recorded at the northern edge of the town of Alta Floresta on 19 May 2012. Prior to this, ACL photographed two captives (a female/immature and an immature male) on 4 August 2005 said to have been obtained 15 km north-west of Alta Floresta. YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER Spowphila nigricollis Following the Hrst record, a male in the bungalow clearing at CJL on 30 October 1997 (CAM), this Spowphila has become common in farmland and forest edge. Often in mixed flocks with Lined Seedeater, but unlike S. liueola, which is only a migrant in the region, S. nigricollis is also a local breeder during the austral winter. CHESTNUT-BELLIED SEEDEATER Sporophila castaneiventris Three records, all males in August-September; on 13 September 2004 on Ilha Ariosto (M. Pretti), with a large flock of Sporophila in fields adjacent to FAH on 24 September 2005 (ACL), and a captive male photographed at a fazenda 15 km north-west of Alta Floresta on 4 August 2005 (ACL). The latter was reportedly trapped the previous week, and a large Sporophila flock was still present during ACL's visit. RED-CRESTED FINCH Coryphospingiis ciicullatiis Two at the edge of semi-deciduous forest atop the large, granitic dome at the end of the Serra Nova Trail on 12 November 2009 (BJWD) was the first local record. The species' presence was not entirely unexpected given that it was found on the Serra dos Caiabis (Lees et al. 2008) and photographed at Salto Apiacas (on the municipal border of Alta Floresta and Juara) on 20 May 2009 (BJWD). GREYISH SALTATOR Saltator coerulescens An uncommon resident of river islands and non-forested areas on both banks of the rio Teles Pires; hrst detected on 4 November 1997 at Lagoa Cigana (CAM). CHOPl BLACKBIRD Gnorimopsar chopi One tape-recorded as it flew over FAH on 29 July 2003 (AW) is the only record. SHINY COWBIRD Molothrus bonariensis A recent arrival, hrst found on 27 September 2005, when at least six were foraging with Giant Cowbirds Molothrus oryzivorus and other icterids 35 km south of Alta Floresta (ACL). Small numbers are now present around the town and at hshponds immediately to the west, where up to 20 were seen in August 2006 (ACL; WA563033). © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 199 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD Stumella militaris First recorded locally on 15 May 2005 when two displaying males were at a lake 3 km north¬ west of Alta Floresta (ACL; WA839393). Subsequently recorded at an additional 15 sites, May-October 2005 and April-September 2006, with recently fledged juveniles at two sites in July 2005 (ACL, S. Mahood). All singing birds chose artificial wefland sites, invariably <100-ha lakes within cattle ranches. Also recorded in May 2005 150 km west of Alta Floresta at Nova Bandeirantes (ACL), 70 km north of Alta Floresta near the rio Sao Benedito 11 (BJWD), and west of Alta Floresta in the municipalities of Paranaita and Apiacas (BJWD). PURPLE-THROATED EUPHONIA Euphonia chlorotica Firsf recorded on Ilha Ariosto, when a singing male was seen briefly on 28 November 1997 (CAM), and it is now an uncommon inhabitant of edge habitats and semi-deciduous forest throughout the region. Wetland and river-edge species. — Wetlands were poorly sampled during the first survey. Natural wetlands are restricted to rivers and perennial streams, palm swamps and small oxbow lakes. In this list, we include species associated with sandbars and beaches along rivers (shorebirds, terns) and waterbirds associated with forested river edges (forest-dependant herons and rails). Although no large, natural lakes exist in the region, the damming of numerous small streams and rivers to create waterholes for livestock and piscicultural ventures has provided a patchwork of artificial wetlands up to 100 ha in size throughout the deforested landscape. Some newly recorded species, e.g. Hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin and Black-collared Hawk Busarellus nigricollis, are locally common upriver along the rio Cristalino, and at other sites with similar igapo / vdrzen habitats. Other species, such as Boat-billed Cochlearhis cochleariiis and Zigzag Herons Zebriliis undiilatus are easily missed because of their nocturnal or crepuscular habits, respectively. This is particularly true of Z. iindidatus, which is vocal only seasonally and can be extremely difficult to locate at other times. Some wetland species exhibit some degree of seasonality in their occurrence, such as Jabiru Jabiru mycteria, which typically appears in July-August, whereas others, e.g. Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominiciis, occur erratically, but apparently year-round. Further sampling is required to elucidate the local status of most wetland species. WHITE-FACED WHISTLING DUCK Dendrocygna znduata The more plentiful of the two Dendrocygna in the region, with flocks of up to 300 at larger lakes and fishponds. Numbers peak in August-September when water levels in natural wetland areas are at their lowest. BLACK-BELLIED WHISTLING DUCK Dendrocygna autumnalis First recorded on 9 December 1997, when two were seen and tape-recorded in the swamp behind FAH (CAM; ML89005). Small numbers are now recorded in association with the generally more plentiful D. viduata. MASKED DUCK Nornonyx doniinictis Recorded only three times: one at a small lake 10 km north-west of Alta Floresta on 20 October 1999 (B. Carlos & P. O'Neil), a female-plumaged bird photographed at a perennial wetland 7 km south-west of Alta Floresta on 3 July 2004 (ACL, S. Mahood; WA350079) and another female-plumaged bird photographed at a lake in the town on 20 May 2009 (BJWD). © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 200 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) LEAST GREBE Tnchi/hnptus dominicus Recorded annually in small numbers at Alta Floresta, chiefly in March-June. Nearby, along the rio Sao Benedito 11, it is resident on small pools on cattle ranches, but breeding is unproven (BJWD). AGAMI HERON Agamia agami Recorded primarily along the rio Cristalino, most frequently upriver in igcipio and particularly around the oxbow lakes of Lagoa Cigana. Six fo eight seen, all at or above Lagoa Cigana, during a two-day trip upstream along the rio Cristalino, 19-20 November 1997 (CAM), was the highest count. An immature at the artificial wetland behind FAH on 2 December 1997 (CAM) is the only record south of fhe rio Teles Fires. BOAT-BILLED HERON Cochlearius cochlearhis Apparently a scarce resident in suitable riverine habitat on both banks of the Teles Fires, but a paucity of nocturnal surveys (particularly along rivers) result in its remaining poorly known in the region. Almost all records in the dry season, but this may reflect the relative ease of finding the species when water levels are low, because during the wet season there are no exposed fishing perches viewable from easily navigable sections of fhe river. ZIGZAG HERON Zebrilus iindulatiis An adult along the Taboca Trail on 16 September 1997 (AW) was the first record in the region. Subsequently documented breeding along the rio Cristalino, with males vocalising at dusk and before dawn in late October-early April. A nest found on 4 April 2003 was c.l m above the water surface in a partially submerged shrub (ACL, J. Minns & A. Grosset). Other nests on 28 November 2003 (AW), in late March 2004 (J. Lopes) and on 10 April 2005 (S. Mahood). Only one record from the left bank of the rio Teles Fires, a single foraging in a dense riverside thicket at the rio Santa Helena on 20 July 2005 (ACL). Elsewhere in the region has been collected along the rio Feixoto de Azevedo (Novaes & Lima 1990). LEAST BITTERN Ixobrychus exdis. ACL flushed a male at close range (affording views of fhe bird's unsfreaked black manfle and remiges) at a perennial wetland 40 km west of Alta Floresta on 15 September 2004. Another observed at close range at Lagoa Cigana on 9 August 2010 (S. Boddington, J. Lopes). JABIRU Jabiru mycteria Encountered annually, usually alone or in pairs, at perennial wetlands and fishponds on the left bank of the rio Teles Fires in May-October. Breeding was confirmed when a nest with four chicks was photographed on 13 August 2010 1 km north of the rio Teles Fires near the Forto de Areia ferry 28 km north of Alta Floresta (BJWD; WA569675). The nest was in the primary fork (c.25 m above ground) of an isolated, 40 m-tall BerthoUetia excelsa in a cattle pasture beside a road. MAGUARI STORK Ciconia maguari The only record was an adult photographed in a field 4 km south of fhe rio Teles Fires, 35 km north-west of Alta Floresta, on 14 July 2009 (BJWD; WA568849). After being flushed, the bird circled on a thermal to soar with a juvenile Wood Stork Mycteria americaua and several Black Vultures Coragyps atratiis. Borrow ponds in vdrzeas of the Teles Fires are frequented © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 201 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) by M. americana during the dry season, and it is possible that this bird arrived in the area together with migrants of that species. BLACK-COLLARED HAWK Busarelhis nigricoUis Low-density inhabitant of major river systems in the region, on the rios Teles Fires, Cristalino, Santa Helena, and Ribeirao Carmindo. SLATE-COLOURED HAWK Buteogallus schistaceus Documented for the first time in July 2012, when D. Hofmarm photographed one along the rio Sao Joao on 9 July, and BJWD & L. Rondini photographed another at a forest corridor near the rio Santa Helena (south of the rio Teles Fires), 30 km due west of Alta Floresta on 14 July (WA694726). UNIFORM CRAKE Amaiirolimnas concolor One photographed foraging on muddy edges of the right bank of the rio Cristalino upstream from the Serra Trail on 8 September 2010 (J. Davis) was later filmed foraging in the open at the water's edge (BJWD; WA844383). The first state record, it was remarkably tame, allowing a boat to approach to within 5 m. PAINT-BILLED CRAKE Neocrex erythrops Recorded twice; a corpse in the bungalow clearing at CJL on 23 October 1997 (identification confirmed by CAM) and an adult photographed along the rio Cristalino on 27 August 2012 (BJWD & W. Chambers; Fig. 12). Elsewhere in southern Amazonia, known in Mato Grosso from Sao Vicente (Naumburg 1930), and in Fara at the Serra do Cachimbo (Finto & Camargo 1957), Faragominas (Lees et al 2012), rio Xingu (Sick 1993), rio Jamanxim (Snethlage 1914) and Santarem (Lees et al. 2013). No concrete evidence of regular movements, but the many extralimital records suggest either migration or vagrant tendencies (Taylor & van Ferlo 1998). COMMON GALLINULE GnUinula galeata Unrecorded until 24 December 1997, when one was at a pond between Alta Floresta and the rio Teles Fires (CAM), it is now a scarce resident at perennial wetlands. Reported most frequently around FAH and between Alta Floresta and the Teles Fires. BLACK-NECKED STILT Himantopiis mexicamis One record, a pair of adults at fishponds 1 km south of Alta Floresta on 15 June 2004 (ACL). HOATZIN Opisthocomus hoazi}i Confined to vdrzea / igapd, conspicuous upriver on the rio Cristalino above Limao, with dispersing birds occasionally encountered elsewhere along the rios Cristalino, Teles Fires (e.g., Ilha Ariosto) and Santa Helena (ACL, CAM). GREEN-TAILED GOLDENTHROAT Polytmus theresiae The first record was a single on Ilha Ariosto in mid-August 2005 (B. Carlos, R. S. Ridgely). Two singing birds on rocky islets adjacent to Ilha Ariosto on 22 August 2012 and on 27 August when sound-recordings were made (BJWD; XCl 16039). Also recorded just outside our area at Fazenda Madeseik c.50 km north of Alta Floresta (where resident at a large swamp dominated by dead Mauritia flexuosa palm snags; BJWD), in low campinarana near the rio Sao Benedito II 70 km north of Alta Floresta, and upriver along the rio Cristalino in © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 202 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) the Reserva Biologica Nascentes do Cachimbo (Buzzetti 2005). The southernmost published records are from white-sand forest on the Serra dos Caiabis (Lees et al. 2008), but one was photographed at Campos do Julio, 570 south-west of Alfa Floresta (D. Mofa; WA663952), with sight records from Sao Jose do Rio Claro, 410 km south of Alta Floresta (BJWD, F. F. Oliveira). AMAZONIAN TYRANNULET Inezia subflava Fouird in the study area on 13 October 1996 on a small river island adjacent to Ilha Ariosto (BMW). Subsequently found to occupy various small islands along the rio Teles Fires, but unknown from the blackwater rio Cristalino. Also recorded south of the basin in the state of Tocantins along the rio Araguaia near Caseara (KJZ & AW) and the rio Formoso near Lagoa da Confusao (BMW), and in Mato Grosso along the rio Araguaia, rio das Mortes at Sao Felix do Araguaia (BJWD & AW), the rio Guapore, and rio Verde downstream of Vila Bela da Santissima Trindade (BJWD). BLACK-COLLARED SWALLOW Pygochelidon melanoleuca Apparently a recent colonist. Following an undocumented report in mid-June 2005 on Ilha Ariosto (L. Navarette), there was a flurry of sightings in 2006, including one along the rio Cristalino near CJL on 2 May (S. Mahood), a single over the mouth of the Cristalino on 18 June (BMW), one over rapids in the rio Teles Fires on 11 October (R. Hoyer) and another there on 19 October (M. Van Biers). Observed more frec]uently in recent years and breeding confirmed on a rocky island in the Teles Fires in August-September 2011 (R. Hoyer; WA673420). Just east of our region, flocks of several dozen were seen 11-12 September 2010 frequenting rocky rapids in the Teles Fires in the municipality of Carlinda, 47 km east of Alta Floresta (BJWD). Closest known site in Mato Grosso is the rio Aripuana in the west of the state (Novaes 1976). MASKED YELLOWTHROAT Geothlypis aeqiiiiioctialis The only local records involved a singing male at a permanent wetland in the town of Alta Floresta on 3-8 July 2009, and a pair at a permanent wetland 4 km east of Alta Floresta on 13 February 2010 (both BJWD). Also, November-February records in dry cattle pastures near the rio Sao Benedito 11 in southern Fara (BJWD). Austral and intratropical migrants.— The extent and nature of austral migration in South America is poorly understood because many species migrate north and 'disappear' into Amazonia between April and October (Chesser 1994, Jahn et al. 2004, Alves 2007). These birds often are not particularly vocal, tend to occupy marginal habitats, and occur at low densities, so we have a poor understanding of their spatiotemporal distribution across the Amazon basin. Thirty-two species of austral migrants have been recorded from the region, of which 16 were added since Zimmer et al. (1997). Many of these are partial or leapfrog migrants, with resident populations augmented seasonally by migrant individuals from southern populations that either winter sympatrically, or which continue further north. In many cases, these migrants represent different subspecies, some of which can be identified in the field. In Grey-breasted Martin Progne chah/bea, for example, the nominate subspecies is a common resident at Alta Floresta that can be separated from the distinctive, white- bellied P. c. domestica, which occurs locally in May-September, and which has been collected elsewhere in eastern Amazonia (Griscom & Greenway 1941), but not in our region. Along with true austral migrants, several other species apparently undertake regular migrations © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 203 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) at tropical latitudes. At least five species recorded in the region for the first time since 1997 fit into this category of unspecified, intratropical migrants. RUFOUS-THIGHED KITE Harpagus diodon Partial migrant (Bildstein 2004) recorded twice: an adult perched in a Cecropia and feeding on cicadas along the Gold Miners' Trail c.28 km north of Alta Floresta on 17 September 1996 (AW), with another adult photographed still-hunting in a forest fragment 18 km north-west of Alta Floresta on 5 July 2005 (ACL; WA559352). AZURE GAEEINUEE Porphyria flavirostris Two records of this highly migratory rallid. One at the pond behind FAH on 15 June 1998 (BMW) and another at a lake in the town on 31 January 2009 (BJWD; WA844846). Just outside our region, an adult was at a permanent wetland surrounded by cattle pasture 53 km north of Alta Floresta, near the border between Mato Grosso and Para, on 9 February 2009 (BJWD). SOUTH AMERICAN SNIPE Gallinago paraguniae Two repeatedly flushed from a damp pasfure at the edge of a perennial wetland 40 km west of Alta Floresta on 15 September 2004 (ACL; XC84209) and one reported at Limao on 6 July 2011 (S. Boddington). ASH-COLOURED CUCKOO Coccycua cinerea Recorded five times: one videotaped along the Serra Trail on 11 June 2001 (BMW), singles seen from Tower I on 22 August 2001 (S. Hansson) and 29 June 2005 (S. Mahood), one in roadside scrub 8 km west of Alta Floresta on 28 April 2006 (S. Mahood) and one photographed at FAH on 5 May 2006 (T. Feltham; Fig. 13). Southern Amazonian records were summarised by Whittaker (2009). PEARLY-BREASTED CUCKOO Coccyziis euleri One documented record, a pair photographed and sound-recorded at the summit of the Serra Trail on 8 October 2012 (A. Spencer; XC115395; Fig. 15). Five additional, undocumented reports of singles, along the Serra Trail on 19 August 2001 (S. Hansson) and 7 October 2002 (W. & G. Carter), following a mixed-species flock at FAH on 2 May 2003 (ACL), flying across the rio Cristalino near Lagoa Cigana on 19 May 2003 (ACL) and foraging low in igapo forest along Kawall's Trail on 25 April 2005 (S. Mahood). All observers reported the absence of rufous primaries, but most reports are from dates within the expected range for migrant Yellow-billed Cuckoo C. americamis, and the rufous in the wings of that species can be difficult to see. RUBY-TOPAZ HUMMINGBIRD Chrysolanipis mosquitus Four records: a female or immature along the Serra Trail on 16 September 1997 (AW), a male in a degraded, bamboo-dominated corridor of riparian forest on the left bank of the rio Teles Pires, 30 km north of Alta Floresta, on 28 June 2004 (ACL, J. Tobias & F. Lambert), a female or immature photographed on the Serra Trail on 22 August 2011 (R. Hoyer; WA674843) and at least three (two males and a female or immature) at a flowering tree along the rio Santa Helena, 30 km west of Alta Floresta, on 19 July 2012 (BJWD). Seasonal movements into Amazonia poorly understood (Schuchmann 1999). Recorded 90 km south of Alta Floresta on the Serra dos Caiabis (Lees et al. 2008), at the Serra do Cachimbo (Pinto & Camargo 1957, Pacheco & Olmos 2005), 70 km north of Alta Floresta at the rio Sao Benedito II (BJWD), at © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 204 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Figure 13. Ash-coloured Cuckoo Coccycua cineren, 5 May 2006 (T. Feltham) Figure 14. Pearly-breasted Cuckoo Coccyzus euleri, 8 October 2012 (A. Spencer) Figure 15. Rufous-tailed Attila Attila plweiiicurtis, 5 October 2011 (R. Hoyer) Santa Cruz Velha on the right bank of the rio Purus in Acre (Guilherme & Dantas 2008) and recently for the first time in Bolivia (Tobias & Seddon 2007). Perhaps best considered an 'unspecified intratropical migrant', with movement into Amazonia and north-east Brazil consistent with post-breeding dispersal from south of fhe tropical zone. SOUTHERN SCRUB FLYCATCHER Siiblegatus modestiis First recorded in late June 2002 by P. Donahue, this inconspicuous flycatcher is reported annually in small numbers in June-September. Observed in varied forest habitats from the canopy of continuous terra firme to small fragments and semi-deciduous patches, such as those along the Serra Trail (ACL; WA349438). FUSCOUS FLYCATCHER Cnemotriccus fiiscatiis Apparently a rare visitor to semi-deciduous forest. The only documenteci records concern one tape-recorded at Lagoa Cigana on 25 June 1998 (BMW) and another seen and tape- recorded 6-14 June 2004 atop the Serra Trail (ACL, J. Tobias & F. Lambert; XC67969). Resident locally throughout south-central Amazonia, principally in drier forests and canipinaranas (BMW), and in our region collected at the rio Peixoto de Azevedo (Novaes © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 205 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) & Lima 1990), photographed on the Serra dos Caiabis (Lees et al. 2008) and resident in campinarana at the rio Sao Benedito II (BJWD). PLAIN TYRANNULET Inezia inornata Two documented reports, one tape-recorded on 7 September 2006 on the left bank of the rio Teles Pires opposte Ilha Ariosto (R. Hoyer; XC72934), and one photographed on the riverbank section of the Caja Trail on 11 September 2010 (J. Davis & S. Boddington). Elsewhere in Mato Grosso, known from the Pantanal, Porto Limao, the rios do Cagado, Guapore and Verde at sites north of Vila Bela da Santissima Trindade, all in the south-west of the state (Willis & Oniki 1990). Common in Rondonia at Cachoeira Nazare, May-July, with one bird in October (Stotz et al. 1997), and fairly common in June-July at Guajara- Mirim (Whittaker 2004). LITTLE GROUND TYRANT Muscisaxicola fluimtilis First found in the region on 13 November 2005 when one was on Ilha Ariosto (BJWD). Another, or perhaps the same, was there on 7 August 2008 (F. Ficagna & F. Souza), remained until at least mid October, and was seen again on 8 October 2009 (BJWD; WA572389), with it or another photographed on 30 October 2012 (G. Battistuzzo; WA871455). Previously reported in Mato Grosso at the upper rio Aripuana in August-October (Pacheco 1995) with one photographed in the same area at Balneario Primavera on 24 September 2012 (M. C. Neto; WA754682). YELLOW-BROWED TYRANT Satrapa icterophrys First reported in mid-June 2005 from Ilha Ariosto (L. Navarrete). Subsequently, one was videotaped on 13 September 2005 at Fazenda Caiabi, 31 km west-southwest of Alta Floresta (ACL), associating with a mixed-species assemblage that included several other potential migrants (e.g., Small-billed Elaenia Elaenia parvirostris, Variegated Flycatcher Empidonomiis variiis, Crowned Slaty Flycatcher £. aiirantioatrocristatus, White-throated Kingbird Tyranmis albogularis, Tropical Kingbird T. jnelancholiciis, Fork-tailed FlycatcherT. savana, White-naped Xenopsaris Xenopsaris albinucha and Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus). They were observed, following the passage of a cold front the previous day, foraging in bamboo / scrub at the edge of continuous terra firine forest bordering cattle pasture, and had possibly been grounded by overnight rain. Similar conditions have produced 'fall-outs' of hundreds of Tyranmis albogularis and T. savana in the region on other occasions (ACL; e.g., WA840953). Just outside our region, one was seen on 1 September 2010 beside a reservoir near Fazenda Madeseik, c.50 km north of Alta Floresta (BJWD). Records of Yellow-browed Tyrant from southern Amazonia are few; a June sighting from Palafitas Island was apparently the first for Rondonia (Whittaker 2004). SWAINSON'S FLYCATCHER Myiarchus sivainsoni Apparently a very rare migrant. First record a male collected on 10 June 1999 at Fazenda Guarana, 11 km south-west of Alta Floresta (J. Weckstein; MPEG 54531). All subsequent records from the summit of the Serra Trail, where one first seen on 24 May 2003 (ACL) was tape-recorded on 2 June 2003 (AW), and perhaps the same bird was sound-recorded on 11 May 2004 (F. Lambert & J. Tobias) and 8 July 2005 (S. Mahood). © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilahon © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 206 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) BOAT-BILLED FLYCATCHER Megaryiicliiis pntaiigiia Uncommon to fairly common migrant first recorded at CJL in August 2001 (S. Hansson), with all subsequent records in April-October (earliest 24 April 2012; BJWD; WA624669) from forest and agricultural landscapes on both sides of the Teles Pires. RUFOUS-TAILED ATTILA Attila phoemciirus The species' Amazonian wintering range is poorly known. In our region, first recorded on 1 1 August 2008, when one was photographed in varzea forest on Ilha Ariosto (B. Carlos & C. McFadden). Three subsequent records: one photographed on 26 September 2011 upstream of the Serra Trail (R. Hoyer; WA679974), what was presumably a different individual seen next day downstream of the lodge (T. Brooks & E. De Fonso) and a singing bird photographed on 5 October 2011 at the CJL clearing (R. Hoyer; Fig. 15; WA679975). Previous Amazonian records have been from similar, river-edge habitats (Whittaker 2009). CRESTED BECARD Pachyramphiis validiis Scarce visitor, always in May-September. A female along the Rochas Trail on 1 May 2004 (F. Lambert & J. Tobias) was the first record. Subsequent sightings from the rio Cristalino involved one on 16 June 2004 (F. Lambert & J. Tobias), a female-plumaged bird near the summit of the Serra Trail on 6 August 2005 (KJZ & AW; KJZ audio recording) and a male photographed from Tower 1 on 7 September 2011 (R. Hoyer; WA673421). Two records from the left bank of the rio Teles Pires: a male photographed with a mixed-species flock on 21 June 2004 near the Centro de Pesc^uisas do Cacau (ACL) and a pair at FAH on 21 June 2008 (BJWD, A. Davies & R. Miller). LINED SEEDEATER Sporophila lineola First recorded in 1997, when up to ten were in the Bungalow Clearing at CJL, 10 October-16 November (BMW & CAM). This austral migrant has since become the most plentiful seedeater locally, with flocks of up to 40 readily found August-December on both sides of the rio Teles Pires. Boreal migrants. — ParaWel to our knowledge of the austral migration system, there have been only incremental gains in our understanding of the status of North American migrants in Amazonia since the publication of Stotz et al. (1992) and Paynter (1995). Twenty- one species of boreal migrants have been recorded in the region, including 12 species only since 1995. Little field work has been conducted between December and April, the peak time to discover wintering or migrant landbirds. The lack of any structured, understorey mist-netting may further explain the near-absence of Cathariis thrushes (see Stotz et al. 1992). Shorebirds are relatively well known because they arrive earlier and are much easier to locate, given their preference for open areas and their concentration at the region's limited wetland habitats. Survey effort in July-September in 2005 and 2006 resulted in single-site counts of up to 19 Solitary Sandpipers Tringa solitaria, six Lesser Yellowlegs T. flainpes and three Pectoral Sandpipers Calidris melanotos (ACL), yet what little targeted effort there has been has not continued into October-November (peak passage for some species: Stotz et al. 1992). Almost all shorebirds recorded through late September are adults, but it is unclear whether the later passage of juveniles takes the same or a different route. Other boreal migrants likely in the future include: Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus, Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda, Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americaniis, Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrho}iota and Bobolink Dolichomyx oryzivorus. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 207 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) BROAD-WINGED HAWK Biiteo platypterns Just two records from the region, one involving a migrating flock of ten (adults and immatures) over CJL on 8 November 1996 (AW) and the other a single adult at the FAH fragment on 15-18 December 1997 (CAM). AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER Pliwmlis domimca The only records are a flock of c.60 at a football pitch in Alta Floresta on 12 September 2000 (AW), seven at a lake 35 km west-northwest of Alta Floresta on 26 August 2005 (ACL) and 27 photographed at a lake 35 km south of Alta Floresta on 9 September 2006 (ACL; WA559337). These records are all earlier than the published arrival date of 14 September at Manaus, Amazonas, where it is a common autumn migrant (Stotz et al. 1992). GREATER YELLOWLEGS Tringa melanoleiica One heard flying over llha Ariosto on 28 November 1997 (CAM) was the first record of what has subsequently proven to be a fairly regular migrant in July-November. Along with other migrant shorebirds, it occurs in both natural habitats, such as riverine sandbars and mudflats, and in man-made wetlands, e.g. dairy processing plants, fish farms and lakes amid cattle pasture. LESSER YELLOWLEGS Tringa flavipes Habitat preferences and patterns of occurrence similar to T. melanoleiica, with which it often occurs. Records span July-October with a max. 7 at Piscicultura Esteio on 2 August 2006 (ACL). WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER Calidris fiiscicollis Seven records, most of fhem singles and all of them adults. One on 22 September 2005 at a large (100-ha) lake 35 km south of Alta Floresta (ACL; WA839402) was the first local record. Subsequent surveys in August-September 2006 produced singles at a lake 2 km south of Fazenda Cristalino on 30 Augusf and 11-13 September, at the lake 35 km south of Alta Floresta on 9 September (WA559339) with two there on 21 September, and one at a lake 1 km west of Alta Floresta on 11-15 September (all ACL). The only record of a larger flock involved 26 adults photographed on llha Ariosto on 12 October 2007 (B. Freeman). PECTORAL SANDPIPER Calidris melanotos Singles photographed at a lake 35 km south of Alta Floresta on 27 September 2005 (ACL; WA880752) and on 21 September 2006 (ACL; WA348282). Uncommon at Manaus, but the commonest shorebird along the rio Ji-Parana in Rondonia (Stotz et al. 1992), which suggests that most passage occurs west of Manaus and Alta Floresta. STILT SANDPIPER Calidris liimantopiis The only records were single adults photographed on 27 September 2005 and 9 September 2006 at a lake 35 km south of Alta Floresta (ACL; WA335242), with another 11-17 September 2006 at ponds 1 km west of Alta Floresta (ACL, WA839403). Stotz et al. (1992) listed just four records (six individuals) in Amazonian Brazil, but it has subsequently been collected at Carajas, Para (Pacheco et al. 2007) and observed on river islands at Manaus and in the rio Madeira (BMW, AW & CAM). ACL, N. Moura & 1 Thompson saw c.40 with c.3,000 Tringa flavipes on the Para coast at Braganga on 23 February 2013, still present on 17 March (ACL; e.g. WA912757). Elsewhere in Amazonia, Pearson (1980) considered it a regular transient in © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 208 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) eastern Ecuador south to northern Bolivia, and Parker et al. (1982) an uncommon migrant in Peru. OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER Contopus cooper! Boreal migrant listed as Near Threatened (BirdLife International 2000), with habitat loss on the wintering grounds suspected to be a key factor in its decline. First recorded (precise location unknown) on 30 October 1989 (TAP; Willis 1993), followed by singles tape-recorded at CJL on 9 November 1996 (AW) and 11-13 October 1997 (BMW), one or more seen from the Serra Trail and Tower 1 in mid-December 2002 (A. Lang), 20 October 2003 to mid-March 2004 (BJWD & M. Shirley) and 28 October 2006 (M. Pretti). The cluster of records may reflect the uninterrupted views of the canopy that these locations afford, suggesfing that the species is perhaps more plentiful at CJL than is known. Stotz et al. (1992) considered C. coopen to be 'thinly distributed across much of Brazil, although its main wintering grounds is along the lower slopes of the Andes up to about 2,000 m.' The frequency with which it has been detected at Alta Floresta and other southern Amazonian sites, e.g. Carajas (Pacheco et al. 2007) and the rio Sao Benedito 11 (BJWD) in Para, the rio Roosevelt (Whittaker 2009) and Borba in Amazonas (AW), and Fazenda Rancho Grande near Ariquemes in Rondonia (KJZ, AW), suggests that Amazonia may be a more important wintering area than previously acknowledged. EASTERN WOOD PEWEE Contopus virens Two along the Serra Trail on 9 November 1996 (AW) was the first record; however, since found annually at CJL during the boreal winter, with most observations on the Serra Trail. The only record south of the rio Teles Pires involved a single seen and heard at FAH on 5 December 1997 (CAM). PURPLE MARTIN Progne siibis The most conspicuous boreal migrant passerine in the region, with the first record involving at least five adult males in a flock of Prague martins along the rio Teles Pires on 8 November 1996 (AW). Typically arrives in September, with the earliest record a male photographed on 14 September 2005 5 km east of Alta Floresta (ACL; WA559367), and present until at least February. A flock of c.200 Prague, containing about 40 adult male P. subis, was seen over the Teles Pires on 25 September 2005 (ACL). Many dropped down to the river to drink in flight. BJWD observed similar behaviour by a mixed-species flock of Prague containing many P. subis along the Teles Pires on 24 January 2004. BANK SWALLOW Riparia riparia A single sight record of a bird flying with a Barn Swallow Hiruudo rustica over a temporary pond near Fazenda Cristalino on 5 October 1999 (BMW). BARN SWALLOW Hiruudo rustica Probably under-recorded in the region, where first reported from the rio Cristalino on 23 November 1997 (CAM). Almost annual, with records spanning the period 5 October-16 April, and a max. 10 along the Cristalino on 21 March 2004 (BJWD). VEERY Catharus fuscesceus A female of western North American C. f. salicicola was collected at CJL on 20 November 1993 (J. Haffer; MPEG 51750). The region is well within the species' revised winter range as defined by Heckscher et al. (2011) based on data from geolocator tags. Late November is © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 209 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) close to the start of the 'non-transient period' (1 December-8 April) as defined therein, so this may have been a winterer rather than a passage migrant. However, in the absence of extensive surveys during midwinter, the species' status at Alta Floresta is uncertain. Species for ivhich we lack documentation. — Zimmer et al. (1997) listed four species as 'Hypothetical.' We have replaced this list with an auxiliary list of 22 species for which we lack details beyond location, date and observer. Because these records involve species outside of their known geographic or temporal ranges, we consider that supporting evidence is required for inclusion on the main list. PIED-BILLED GREBE Podih/mbus podiceps A single report involving a basic-plumaged bird observed on the rio Cristalino just below the Serra Trail on 24 July 2008 (BJWD). BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON Nycticorax nycticorax Single report of an immature roosting on Ilha Ariosto on 30 July 2006 (M. Pretti & K. Blumental). BARE-EACED IBIS Phimosus infuscatiis Two at a roadside pool 10 km north of Alta Floresta with Wood Storks Mycteria americana and Jabiru Jabiru mycteria on 13 August 2011 (A. Binns), and presumably the same two at the same site on 15 August (R. Hoyer). BLACKISH RAIL Pardirallus nigricans This skulking rallid has been recorded just once: an adult at a marsh north of Alta Floresta on 30 July 1996 (AW). No subsequent reports, despite intensive surveys of suitable habitat, suggesting that it was a vagrant. Only one other published report from Amazonian Brazil, a sight record at Pedra Branca, Rondonia, on 11 February 1988 (Stotz et al. 1997). FERRUGINOUS PYGMY OWL Glaucidium brasilianum Included by Zimmer et al. (1997) based on a report by KJZ & AW, but given the lack of supporting documentation or subsequent reports of this species, which typically proliferates in anthropogenic habitats, we remove it from the main list. STRAIGHT-BILLED HERMIT Phaethornis bourcieri Listed as hypothetical in Zimmer et al. (1997) based on sight records by T. A. Parker, KJZ & BMW. Continues to be reported from the regioir, which records if correct probably pertain to P. b. major, an endemic of the Tapajos interfluvium, but we are unaware of any documented records. BLUE-TUFTED STARTHROAT Heliomaster furcifer Reports of single males 17 km north-west of Alta Floresta on 2 June 2006 and 21 km north-west of Alta Floresta on 10 June 2006 (S. Mahood), in both instances visiting isolated flowering shrubs in pastures and neither could be relocated. It is conceivable that both sightings, involving birds seen c.4 km and one week apart, were of the same individual. Further south in Amazoniair Mato Grosso, documented by photographs on 20 May 2009 at Salto Apiacas, 105 km west-southwest of Alta Floresta (BJWD; WA558155), Serra dos Caiabis (Lees et al. 2008) and Fazenda Currupira das Araras, Serra das Araras (BMW). © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 210 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) RED-SHOULDERED MACAW Diopsittacn nobilts A single, aural encounter; flight calls were heard over the canopy at the Castanheira Trail on 11 June 1998 (BMW). Relatively widespread in transitional forest north and south of the region (Pacheco & Olmos 2005, Lees et al. 2008), so more records are expected. GOLDEN PARAKEET Gtmrouba guaroiiba One record involving three individuals at an unspecified site near Alta Floresta on 14 June 1991 (Lo 1995), observed perched and in flight at the forest edge, and with no obvious signs of recent captivity (V. K. Lo litt.). The nearest published records are from soufhern Para C.250 km north of Alta Floresta at Novo Progresso (Pacheco & Olmos 2005) and in terra firme and vdrzea north of the confluence of fhe rios Jamanxim and Tapajos (Oren & Novaes 1986), and from Rondonia on the right bank of the rio Madeira in Floresta Nacional do Jamari (Yamashita & Franca 1991, Laranjeiras & Cohn-Haft 2009). SAPPHIRE-RUMPED PARROTLET Touit purpuratus Listed by Zimmer et al. (1997) based on undocumented sightings. Given that it has not been recorded subsequently from the region and that Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet T. Inietii is now known to occur, we have concluded that the species requires documentation before being accepted on the main list. ORANGE-BREASTED EALCON Falco deiroleiicus Two reports by experienced observers familiar with the species: an adult feeding with a pair of Bat Falcons F. rufigularis on aerial termites over FAH on 19 October 1995 (BMW), and a subadult from Tower 1 on 9 August 2010 (AW), flying low over the canopy, before heading strongly north. Perhaps the same individual was reported from the Serra Trail on 24 July 2010 (S. Boddington). Often misidentified (Howell & Whittaker 1995), we consider that records, even those by experienced observers, require documentation. 'UNIDENTIFIED' BUSHBIRD Clytoctautes / Neoctantes sp. Zimmer et al. (1997) listed an unidentified bushbird as hypothetical from a brief sighting by T. A. Parker on the left bank of fhe Teles Pires. No subsequent reports; however, Rondonia Bushbird Clytoctautes atrogiilaris is now known, away from the type locality, on the left bank of the rio Ji-Parana in Rondonia (Lanyon et al. 1990), from the rio Sucunduri in Amazonas (Whitney 2005), Parque Estadual Igarapes do Juruena, Mato Grosso (Oliveira et al. 2009) and a sight record from the left bank of the rio Roosevelt in Amazonas (Whittaker 2009), all of which are west of the Tapajos / Juruena. This low-density and easily overlooked species may yet be confirmed at Alta Floresta. BLACK-BELLIED GNATEATER Coaopophaga melanogaster A report by T. A. Parker along the Gold Miners' Trail on the left bank of the rio Teles Pires in October 1989 (Zimmer et al. 1997). No subsequent reports from the original location (which was completely deforested prior to 1997) or elsewhere in the region. Nevertheless, has been documented east and west of Alta Floresta, with the nearest known localities along the middle rio Xingu in Para (Graves & Zusi 1990), Comodoro in the Chapada dos Parecis in Mato Grosso (Whittaker 2009) and the rio Roosevelt in Amazonas (Whittaker 2009). The only other Coiiopophaga in the region, Cheshrut-belted Gnateater C. aiirita snethlageae, remains undocumented from the left bank of the Teles Pires in the region. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 211 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) GREY-CAPPED ELYCATCHER Myiozetetes granadensis Previously listed on the basis of a bird seen by P. Isler on 4 November 1989 (Zimmer et nl. 1997), but just one subsequent report involving a single on 10 January 2010 at Lagoa Cigana (BJWD). The only sightings in Mato Grosso, and potentially a considerable range extension from the nearest locality at Cachoeira Nazare, Rondonia (Stotz et al. 1997), where also undocumented. Further investigation into the 1989 record revealed that the bird was tape-recorded (ML48079). Examination of the recording by KJZ revealed that it pertained to the visually and vocally similar M. luteiveiitris, a species very poorly known in 1989. In light of this, and given the potential for misidentihcation ot granadensis vs. luteiventris, we have removed the species from the main list until documentation can be obtained. CRIMSON ERUITCROW Haeinatodenis niilitaris T. Brooks briefly observed a female or immature from Tower II on 12 August 2011, the first report between the rios Tapajos and Tocantins. Published records from southern Amazonia are confined to the region east of the rio Tocantins (Novaes & Lima 2009, Lees et al. 2012) and the Madeira-Tapajos interfluvium, where it has been recorded at Cachoeira Nazare in Rondonia (Stotz et al. 1997) and the rio Roosevelt in Amazonas (Whittaker 2009). PURPLE-THROATED ERUITCROW Querula purpurata Previously known from a report of an unseen bird vocalising at CJL in October 1990 (R. S. Ridgely, V. Emanuel & G. Tudor; Zimmer et al. 1997), with a male from the Serra Trail overlook on 2 July 2010 (J. Montejo & A. McAndrews). Occurs in adjacent transitional forest habitats on Serra dos Caiabis (Lees et al. 2008) and Serra do Cachimbo (Pacheco & Olmos 2005), so occasional wanderers might be expected at Alta Floresta. Q. purpurata tends to be relatively conspicuous, being usually encountered in pairs or small groups, whose far- carrying and frequently delivered vocalisations readily reveal their presence. It is therefore likely that the species is at best very rare in the region. GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH Catlwi ■us mininius Boreal migrant known from a single sighting of a bird heard calling and then observed at close range on the Serra Trail on 12 December 2002 (A. Lang). The observer was familiar with the species, but without documentation we are unwilling to accept what would be the southernmost record in eastern Amazonia (Stotz et al. 1992, Paynter 1995). To the north, one was collected 84 km south of Santarem on 15 December 1972 (Lees et al. 2013). BLACK-BILLED THRUSH Tiirdus ignobilis A single at Limao on 19 August 2010 (S. Boddington) is the only report. Common in transitional forests north and south of the study area (Pacheco & Olmos 2005, Lees et al. 2008). BLACKPOLL WARBLER Dendroica striata A basic-plumaged bird from Tower I at CJL with a mixed-species flock in the subcanopy on 31 January 2004 (BJWD). Primary winter range appears to be in north-west Amazonia (Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Paynter 1995) and, apart from this report, it is unknown in Mato Grosso, with the nearest records from Para, where one was observed along the rio Sao Benedito on 24 November 2005 with a mixed-species flock that included Black-whiskered Vireo Vireo altiloqiius (BJWD), and a male seen and sound-recorded near the mouth of the rio Tapajos at Alter do Chao oia 24-28 January 1997 (CAM; ML117141), and in Amazonas at the rio Roosevelt (Whittaker 2009). © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 212 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) ORANGE-HEADED TANAGER Thiypopsis sordida One at Limao on 17 August 2010 (S. Boddington) was searched for subsequently but could not be relocated. Its occurrence coincided with a cold front (S. Boddington vi litt. 2011) during an extreme drought event (Lewis et al. 2011). FAWN-BREASTED TANAGER Pipraeiden melanonota A single, undocumented report of one on 29 May 2002 foraging with a mixed-species flock in the subcanopy along the rio Cristalino (P. Donahue & T. Woods). Essentially unknown in southern Amazonia, the nearest records being well south of the basin at the Chapada dos Guimaraes, 600 km south of Alta Floresta (Lopes et al. 2009). HEPATIC TANAGER Piraiiga flnva Reported by the first inventory on the basis of an all-red (mosfly dusky-billed) male Pirauga believed to be this species, and carefully studied as it moved 7-15 m above ground with a mixed-species canopy flock along the Rochas Trail on 22 October 1992 (KJZ & B. Schram). KJZ had previous field experience with the subspecies of P. flava (saira) that occurs further south in Mato Grosso (e.g., Chapada dos Guimaraes), and both observers had extensive held experience with Summer Tanager P. rubra, which they eliminated largely on bill colour, and for which there are no records for Mato Grosso and very few for south-east Amazonia. Because there was no documentation, and there have been no further reports, we have opted to move this species to the undocumented list. SOLITARY BLACK CACIQUE Cacicus solitarius A sight record by T. A. Parker on the left bank of the Teles Pires some time between 26 and 31 October 1989 (Zimmer et at. 1997) is now treated as hypothetical given the lack of subsequent reports of a usually quite conspicuous species, and lack of information concerning the circumstances of the sighting. Taxa not assigned to species level GROUND CUCKOO sp. Neouiorphus geoffroyi / squamiger Although an unidentified ground cuckoo was included on the original list, continued confusion over the taxon involved necessitates a review of recent sightings. Recorded on fewer than ten occasions, all at CJL, with the only record in the first inventory, one glimpsed by T. A. Parker on 23 August 1991 near to where KJZ had observed army ants {Eciton sp.) the previous afternoon. Parker did not see the bird sufficiently well to determine whether it was N. squamiger or N. geoffroyi (Zimmer et al. 1997). Twelve years elapsed before ACL tape-recorded bill-claps of two birds at a large Eciton sp. antswarm along the Rochas Trail on 7 June 2003 (recording on Marantz & Zimmer 2006). One was seen briefly, and although obviously assignable to the geoffroyi superspecies based on bare-parts coloration, views of the breast were inconclusive for specific identificafion. L. Lambert recorded bill-snapping in the same area on 4 May 2004 and glimpsed a ground cuckoo there on 19 June 2004, with another at the Cacau Trail on 22 May 2004. G. Wallace {in litt. 2005) obtained prolonged views of singles at antswarms on the Castanheira Trail on 28 July 2005 and the Taboca Trail on 30 October 2005. The hrst bird had an ivory-coloured bill with a decurved culmen, shaggy crest, and dark blue head, neck and mantle. An apparently red eye was surrounded by pale blue orbital skin that further contrasted with the dark blue head. The wings were dark blue, grading to purplish black on the flight feathers. The underparts appeared mostly pale buff, with the throat and ® 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 213 Bull, B.O.C. 2013 133(3) upper breast scaled grey and bounded by a broad, but possibly incomplete, black band on the upper breast. The tail was greenish purple and undertail-coverts red. It remained on a low perch cocking its head back-and-forth while constantly raising and lowering the crest. That seen along the Taboca Trail was much plainer, with the upperparts and broad tail dull brownish to chestnut-green (unlike the deep blue of the bird on the Castanheira Trail), and the shaggy crest appeared blackish or dark brown. The throat and breast were densely patterned with rows of grey chevrons on a dirty buff background terminating in a narrow breast-band (as opposed to the broad band of fhe bird on the Castanheira Trail) that separated the throat / upper breast from fhe rest of the underparts, which were unmarked dull buff. The plumage features of the bird on the Castanheira Trail are most consistent with N. g. geoffivxji, which is biogeographically the most likely species in the region (Haffer 1977). However, KJZ & AW noted iris colour on two different individuals of N. g. geoffroyi from the rio Capim region of Para to be pale yellow rather than red, and in Guajara-Mirim, Rondonia, AW recorded the eyes to be dull creamy white (Whittaker 2004). That seen along the Taboca Trail exhibited some features, most notably the indistinct breast-band, characteristic of the poorly known Scaled Ground Cuckoo N. squamiger, which is apparently restricted to northern Para south of the Amazon between the rios Madeira and Tocantins. Another seen briefly by S. Olmstead on 9 Sepfember 2008 also lacked a breast-band. Given the unlikely possibility of fwo species of Neomorphus occurring sympafrically, we speculate that the lack of a breast-band may be a feature of the undescribed, juvenile plumage of N. g. geoffroyi, which appears the most likely explanation for the apparent presence of two different phenotypes in the region. Unfortunately, none of the descriptions of Neomorphus from the study region have included details of the colour and pattern of the ear-coverts and malar regions (ferruginous to cinnamon, without dark barring in N. squamiger, vs. duller grey-brown and obviously barred in N. geoffroyi), which is arguably the most diagnostic means for separating the two taxa (Pinto 1964). It is also possible that the study region represents part of a contact zone between N. squamiger and N. geoff'oyi, in which case phenotypically intermediate individuals might reflect hybridisation. BJWD tape-recorded the song of a bird he glimpsed on the Cacau Trail on 13 July 2007. It gave, at four-second intervals, a deep, rising ‘ whoooooorrrp . whoooooorrrp' , easily passed- off as the song of a Leptotila dove, albeit deeper and longer in duration (BJWD; XC15743). This song is superficially similar to that of Rufous-winged Ground Cuckoo N. rufipeiinis (Zimmer & Hilty 1997) and N. g. salvini, the subspecies of Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoo in Panama (B. Zimmer recording). Just two previous records of N. geoffroyi from Mato Grosso: one observed by H. Sick at Diauarum, along the rio Manoel Correia, a tributary of fhe upper rio Xingu (Haffer 1977), and the other at the rio do Cagado, in the south-west of the state near the Bolivian border (Willis & Oniki 1990). THICK-BILLED / VIOLACEOUS EUPHONIA Euphoma laniirostris / inolacea This species-pair was listed in the first inventory, their contact zone probably lies at or near Alta Floresta, and photographs suggest that both species may be present, but we consider that more extensive documentation is needed to resolve this question. Changes to species limits.— The taxonomy of soufhern Amazonian birds was poorly studied until recently, making it unsurprising that recent work has clarified the systematics of some of the region's birds. Regional populations from ten species complexes treated by Zimmer et al. (1997) have been elevated to species rank by the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithologists' Union (SACC; Remsen et al. 2013). Additionally, © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 214 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) populations of one species included in the first inventory that were not even recognised at subspecies level were subsequently described as a new species: Cryptic Forest Falcon Micrnstiir mintoni (Whittaker 2002). Lined Forest Falcon M. gilvicollis as presently recognised is not known to occur east of the rio Madeira (Whittaker 2002). In ten other complexes, taxa occurring in the study region have been elevated from subspecies to species separate from those recognised in the hrst survey. Santarem Parakeet Pyninira amazomim was split from Painted Parakeet P. picta (Ribas et al. 2006). Amazonian Trogon Twgon rauioniaiiiis was recognised as distinct from Guianan Trogon T. violaceus (DaCosta & Klicka 2008). Following a revision of Olive-backed Foliage-gleaner Automohis iiifiiscatus (Zimmer 2002), populations south of the Amazon and east of the Madeira (including Alta Floresta) are treated as Para Foliage-gleaner A. pametisis. Zimmer et al. (1997) were unsure whether Spix's X. spi.xii or Elegant Woodcreepers X. elegaiis occurred at Alta Floresta, but Haffer (1997) clarified that issue by revising the taxonomy of this complex. Unlike previous authors, who treated X. spixii and X. elegans as polytypic, and in some places sympatric, Flaffer recognised only X. elegmis as polytypic, and concluded that nowhere are they truly sympatric. At Alta Floresta, they appear to be separated by the Teles Pires, with X. spixii occurring north and east of that river and along the rio Cristalino, and X. elegans south and west of fhe rio Teles Pires, including around the town of Alta Floresta (Haffer 1997, Aleixo 2002). In one of their first papers investigating species limits in typical antbirds, Isler et al. (1999) found that vocal variation in Streaked Antwren Mynnotheriila snrinamensis was sufficient to merit treating southern and western Amazonian populations as a species, M. multostriata, Amazonian Streaked Antwren. Similar work with Hypocnemis cantator and Schistocichla Iciicostignia (Isler et al. 2007a,b, respectively) revealed that both of fhese actually represent complexes of several species. The relevant taxa occurring in the study region are now recognised as Spix's Warbling Antbird Hypocnemis striata and Rufous-faced Antbird Schistocichla rnfifacies, respectively. White-bellied Tody-Tyrant Hemitricens griseipectus was recognised as separate from White-eyed Tody-Tyrant H. zosterops, in part based on Cohn- Haft et al. (1997), and Guianan Tyrannulet Zimmerins acer was recently treated as specifically distinct from Slender-footed Tyrannulet Z. gracilipes based on genetic (Rheindt et al. 2008) and vocal differences (Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Hilty 2003). Genetic work by Brumfield et al. (2007) demonstrated that inclusion of Scale-backed Antbird Hylophylax poecilinotus in Hylophylax made that genus paraphyletic. Thus a new genus, Willisornis, was erected for poecilinotus (Agne & Pacheco 2007). Furthermore, Isler & Whitney (2011) presented evidence that poecilinotus contains at least two biological species, and split subspecies vidua (with nigrigula) from populations west of the Tapajos. This also resulted in populations either side of fhe Teles Pires being elevated to full species, with the result that the regional list now contains two species of 'Scale-backed Antbirds', Common Scale-backed Antbird W. poecilinotus griseiventris and Xingu Scale-backed Antbird W. vidua nigrigula. Additional splits include the local populations of Momotus momota, which is now named Amazonian Motmot (Stiles 2009), and Trogon viridis, Green-backed Trogon (DaCosta & Klicka 2008). A change in scientific name, but not English name, resulted from the elevation of the local population of White-necked Puffbird Notharchus hyperrhynchus to species from the more local Guianan Puffbird N. macrorhynchos following Zimmer (2004). Although no split was involved, a nomenclatural change was that of the scientific name for Crimson-bellied Parakeet from Pyrrhurra rhodogaster to P. perlata (Arndt & Roth 1986). The hrst Brazilian records ascribed to Cabanis's Spinetail Synnllaxis cabanisi (Zimmer et al. 1997) appear to represent a new taxon phenotypically similar to S. cabanisi but belonging © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 215 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) to the Rufous-capped Spinetail S. ruficapilla complex. It is, however, vocally distinct from these species (e.g., compare recordings on Marantz & Zimmer 2006 with Schulenberg 2000). This taxon occurs elsewhere in Mato Grosso near Paranaita (50 km north-west of Alfa Floresta) (L. F. Silveira) and fhe Xingu Refugio Amazonico on fhe rio Von den Sfeinen (AW), with five specimens from Fazenda Ipe, Vila Rica, Mafo Grosso (Batalha-Filho et al. 2013), from Para along bofh the rio Riozinho near Aukre in the Kayapo reserve 'Pinkaiti' (BMW) and the rio Itacaiunas at Parauapebas (G. Malacco audio recording), and from Maranhao, where E. Dente collecfed five skins (LSUMZ 71655-71659) af Fazenda do Caximbo, Coroafa (Olmos & Brifo 2007, Stopiglia et al. 2013). Discussion Inter-regional patterns of species richness and sampling biases.— As a resulf of fhe high species richness and high incidence of rarity in tropical forest avifaunas (Terborgh et al. 1990, Thiollay 1994), inventories of such sifes will become near-asymptofic only after many years of sampling by experienced observers throughout the year, across all possible microhabitats, and employing a variety of techniques (Cohn-Haft et al. 1997). Furthermore, habitat alteration, climate change and random vagrancy events from within a huge species- pool mean that even with intensive observer coverage, new species will continue to be added almost ad infinitum. The list presented here details a 21% increase on Zimmer et al. (1997), yet sampling is still not uniform across the year and mist-netting and specimen collecting effort is very limited. In the 16 years since the cut-off point for fhe first manuscript in 1995, fewer fhan 600 specimens have been collected in the entire region. Conclusions concerning species richness for enfire regions can only be based on available data — typically, species inventories from scaffered sifes — and are dependent on the accuracy and completeness of those inventories (Remsen 1994). We nevertheless feel fhaf af least the 'core' tall {terra firme, seasonally flooded and transifional) forest avifauna of fhe Alfa Floresfa region has now been sampled adequately. Of fhe 124 species added to the list in the 17 years since the original survey, only 35 species (28%) are members of the 'core' (excluding migrants and vagrants), tail-forest avifauna. The remaining 72% of additions were from nori-forest habifats (wetlands, fields, edge), semi-deciduous forest, or were migrants. An examination of the area list from the original survey reveals that 361 species could be considered core members of the tail-forest avifauna. With the addition of 35 species, fhe tail-forest avifauna of fhe region now stands at 398 species. It is particularly revealing that the original survey, based upon c.70 days of field work within a limited seasonal span (August-November), recorded 91% of fhe core, fall-forest avifauna as elucidated by an additional 17 years of much more intensive efforf. More revealing still, is that the first ornithological surveys at Alta Floresta (T. A. Parker, M. Isler & P. Isler, 26 October-9 November 1989) and the rio Cristalino (T. A. Parker & KJZ, 18-26 August 1991, and KJZ & B. Schram, 20-26 October 1992), totalling just less than 30 days of combined field work, recorded upwards of 75% of fhe core, tail-forest avifauna. This provides further validation that the Rapid Assessment Program approach to avifaunal surveys, as originally conceived and developed by T. A. Parker for Conservation International (e.g., Remsen & Schulenberg 1997) can be effective in sampling most of the 'core' avifauna of even fhe most diverse tropical forests in a relatively short period. This provided that those conducting the surveys have the requisite knowledge of bird vocalisations and bearing in mind that more intense surveys may still be required to find some rare or low-densify species. Unfortunately, it is difficult to draw meaningful comparisons regarding species richness befween the now thoroughly documented tail-forest avifauna of the Alta Floresta © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 216 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) region, and those of other well-known sites in Amazonia. In part, this stems from the lack of precision in defining a core, tail-forest avifauna. For many Amazonian sites, the distinction between high-ground terra firme forest and seasonally flooded vcirzea or /gflpo is sharply defined, and the avifaunal distinctions between these two habitats are readily apparent. As previously discussed, much of the forest along the rio Cristalino is difficult not to categorise as 'transitional forest' and the vast majority of forest species move rather freely between river-edge anti interior forest, with little apparent discrimination. This has forced us to apply a broader habitat definition in defining the core, forest avifauna fhan fhat employed at other sites, with the result that attempts at meaningful inter-sife comparisons are confounded. Species totals from sprawling 'sites,' such as Alta Floresta and Carajas, are also naturally inflated when they straddle major rivers, or 'artifically' inflated through colonisation of non-foresf species following deforestation, while comparison between sites may be further confounded by sampling artefacts, such as the size of the region sampled. Each of these factors are meaningful when attempting to draw comparisons between Alta Floresta and any other site. As evidenced by the fact that 71% of additions to the avifauna are from non¬ forest or second-growth habitats, many of them from areas distant from anywhere sampled by the original survey, it is clear that much of fhe percieved increase in species diversify is more accurately viewed as the result of ongoing anthropogenic habitat alteration and concomitant colonisation by open-country species, coupled with more systematic sampling of a large, but previously under-sampled study area. Biodiversity inventories and systematic conservation planning. — Conservation planning in the 21st century requires an accurate assessment of biological diversity on a site-by-site basis, so trade-offs between reserve size and location, and species richness and endemism can be assessed (Winker 1996). As inventory efforts increase, so does the likelihood of detecting extinction-prone, rare and restricted-range taxa of higher conservation value (Manne et al. 1999). Ignoring spatial collecting bias may lead to important areas for avian conservation being overlooked (Bates & Demos 2001). It is not just conservation science that stands to gain from increasingly rigorous biodiversity inventories. Without a true appreciation of the patterns of diversity in lowland Amazonia, biogeographical research is also hampered. Locating ancient faunal and floral refugia, or the whereabouts of contact zones, and understanding trends in latitudinal, longitudinal and altitudinal diversity across the globe all depend on accurate and thorough biological surveys. Simultaneously, rampant habitat destruction creates a conservation imperative that initial regional surveys, at least, be conducted in a timely and efficient manner, and that the results of 'rapid assessments' be disseminated to the appropriate governmental agencies and NGOs swiftly. Conclusions. — Alta Floresta, at the southern fringe of the Amazon basin and at the junction of major biomes and centres of endemism, has a diverse avifauna, the core of which is now among the most thoroughly sampled anywhere in Amazonia. Movement of non-forest species into the area, following ongoing and intensive degradation, loss and conversion of forest throughout the region (Morton et al. 2006), may result in apparent increases in species richness, but these are temporary and will eventually be more than offset by the local loss of species dependent on undisturbed, primary forest. Despite some domestic and international support, even designated protected areas are under severe pressure from the highest levels of government (Lees 2007). Government support for these protected areas is urgently needed, as is an immediate end to the intense (and often illegal) logging. Lor this remarkable avifauna to survive, concerted action aimed at reducing forest loss will be required from local, sfate and federal government, as well as from organisations inside Brazil and abroad. ® 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 217 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Acknowledgements First and foremost we thank Vitoria da Riva Carvalho and the Fundagao Ecologica Cristalino for their dedication to conservation efforts in the region, and for their support of our research. S. Boddington, T. Brooks, B. Carlos, W. & G. Carter, S. M. Dantas, J. Davis, P. Donahue, A, Grosset, S. Hansson, R. Hoyer, Mort & Phyllis Isler, A. Kirschel, F. Lambert, A. Lang, M. Lilje, V. Lo, D. Longenbaugh, J. Lopes, D. Lorin, D. Luther, S. Mahood, A. McAndrews, F. Michalski, |. Minns, A. McAndrews, S. Olmstead, K. M. Olsen, M. Pretti, M. Reid, N. Seddon, M. Shirley, L. F. Silveira, A. Spencer, J. Tobias & G. Wallace provided their records. F. Lima provided data on specimens held at the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem. ACL thanks numerous landowners at Alta Floresta for their unreserved cooperation, G. Araujo and F. Michalski for logistical support, and C. Peres for the opportunity to work there. His work in Alta Floresta was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) and a small grant from the Center for Applied Biodiversity Sciences, Conservation International (USA), and is currently supported by a grant from the Coordena^ao de Aperfeigoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES). The 1991 visit by T. A. Parker & KJZ, all subsequent visits by KJZ and most of those by AW, were supported by Victor Emanuel Nature Tours. CAM thanks David Oren and the late Jacques M. E. Vielliard for collaboration on projects that resulted in his visits to Alta Floresta, the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) for authorisation to work in Brazil, and the Macaulay Library, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, for supporting his 2005 visit to the region and for archiving his recordings from the region. Most visits by BMW were in the capacity of leading tours for Field Guides Inc. We also thank C. Haven for being the driving financial and logistical force behind construction of the first canopy tower at CJL. References: Aleixo, A. 2002. Molecular systematics and the role of the "varzea"-" terra firme" ecotone in the diversification of Xiphorhi/nchus woodcreepers (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae). Auk 119: 621-640. Aleixo, A., Whitney, B. M. & Oren, D. C. 2000. Range extensions of birds in southeastern Amazonia. Wilson Bull. 112: 137-142. Alves, M. A. S. 2007. 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Davis, Rua Sao Cosme e Damiao 247, CEP 78580- 000, Alta Floresta, MT, Brazil, e-mail: sclateria@yahoo.ca. Bret M. Whitney, Museum of Natural Science, 119 Foster Hall, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA, e-mail: ictinia@earthlink.net Appendix List of 586 species recorded from the Alta Floresta region (Mato Grosso, Brazil) through December 2012. Asterisks (*) indicate species unrecorded by the Erst inventory (Zimmer et al. 1997). We present qualitadve estimates of abundance for each species in suitable habitat. The categories are as follows: C— 'common' (five or more individuals expected daily in appropriate habitat), FC — 'fairly common' (less than five birds expected in appropriate habitat on most days or encountered irregularly in larger numbers), U — 'uncommon' (encountered in small numbers on a less than daily basis), R — 'rare' (encountered only a few times per season or resident locally in very small numbers), and VR— 'very rare' (recorded on fewer than ten occasions), VR*— species not reliably reported since the first inventory. Documentation is as follows: X = specimen deposited at the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Belem), A = audio recording, P = photographic or video record, S = sight or aural record. A dagger (t) indicates that the species is represented on Marantz & Zimmer (2006) by a recording made within the study region. Digital vouchers are indicated in parentheses: M = sound- recordings archived at the Macaulay Library, Cornell Lab of Ornithology http://macaulaylibrary.org; X = sound-recordings on Xeno-Canto http://www.xeno-canto.org and W = images included on Wikiaves www. wikiaves.com.br. Habitat categories correspond to those used in the main text, and are coded as follows: N— non-forest, open-country habitats, such as pastures; PF — palm forest (refers to patches of swampy forest composed mostly of Mauritia flexuosa); R— riverine / river edge within otherwise forested habitat; S— scrub and second growth; TF — tall forest (terra firme, transitional and seasonally flooded forest); TFe— species occurring at the margins of tall forest, but not including river-edge forest; W — wetlands. Microhabitat preference, where noteworthy, is indicated by the following lower case characters in parentheses: aa — army © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 222 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) ants (pertains to obligate army-ant followers, but does not include occasional or opportunistic followers); ae — aerial (applies to species seen primarily in flight); b — bamboo stands, generally within tall forest or at forest edge; b / v — bamboo and vine tangles; sd— semi-deciduous forest growing on granitic serras surrounded by term firme forest. Where more than one habitat is listed, we order them in decreasing order of preference in the Alta Floresta region. Most species are year-round residents in the region, but some occur only seasonally. The latter are denoted as AM — austral migrants (if followed by * some individuals also resident), BM— boreal migrants, or UM — unspecified, intratropical migrants (if followed by * some individuals also resident). Taxonomy and scientific nomenclature follows Remsen et al. (2013). Order / Family / Common name Abundance Abundance Supporting Habitat, Scientific name (this work) (Zimmer et evidence microhabitat al.) & seasonality TINAMIDAE (tinamous) Tinamiis tao Grey Tinamou U U A TF Tinamus major Great Tinamou FC FC A, P (M,X,W) TF Tinamus guttntus White-throated Tinamou R R A TF Crypturelliis cinereiis Cinereous Tinamou C C At, P (M,X,W) R, TFe Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou FC FC A (M) S,Tfe Crypturelliis obsolctns Brown Tinamou U U At (M,X) TF Crypturellus undulatus* Undulated Tinamou FC Xt (M,X) R Crypturellus strigulosus Brazilian Tinamou C FC-C At (M,X) TF Crypturellus variegatus Variegated Tinamou FC FC A(X) TF Crypturellus parvirostris Small-billed Tinamou R R X(X) S, N Crypturellus tntnupa Tataupa Tinamou C U Xt (M) TF (sd), S ANATIDAE (ducks) Dendrocygna viduata* White-faced Whistling Duck U P(W) W Dendrocygna autumnalis* Black-bellied Whistling Duck u At P (M,W) W Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck FC U A, P (X,W) W, R Amazonetta brasiliensis Brazilian Teal c R P(W) W Nomonyx dominicus* Masked Duck VR P(W) W/UM CRACIDAE (guans) Penelope jacquacu Spix's Guan FC FC X (M,X,W) TF Pipile cujubi Red-throated Piping Guan U-FC FC X (M,X,W) R Ortalis guttata* Speckled Chachalaca FC A, P (W) S, N, R Crax fascwlata* Bare-faced Curassow U X (M,X,W) R, TF Mitu tuberosum Razor-billed Curassow U U X (M,X,W) R, TF ODONTOPHORIDAE (New World quail) Odontophorus gujanensis Marbled Wood Quail FC FC-U Xt (M,X) TF PODICIPEDIDAE (grebes) Tachybaptus dominicus* Least Grebe R S W CICONllDAE (storks) Ciconia maguari* Maguari Stork VR P(W) W/UM jabiru mycteria* Jabiru R P(W) W Mycteria americana Wood Stork U-FC U P(W) W PHALACROCORACIDAE (cormorants) Phalacrocorax brasilianus Neotropic Cormorant C c P(W) W, R © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 223 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Scientific name Common name Abundance (this work) Abundance (Zimmer et al.) Supporting evidence Habitat, microhabitat & seasonality ANHINGIDAE (darters) Anhinga anhinga ARDEIDAE (herons) Anhinga U FC A,P (X,W) W, R Tigrisoma lineatum Rufescent Tiger Heron FC FC A, P (W) R, W Agamia agami* Agami Heron R-U P(W) R Cochlearius cochlearius* Boat-billed Heron R-U P(W) R, W Zebrilus undulatiis* Zigzag Heron R-U A, P (M,X,W) R Ixobrychus exilis* Least Bittern VR S W/UM Butorides striata Striated Heron FC-C FC P(W) W, R Bubidciis ibis Cattle Egret C C P(W) N, W Ardea cocoi Cocoi Heron u u P(W) W, R Ardea alba Great Egret c u P(W) W, R Pilherodius pileatiis Capped Heron FC u P(W) R, W Egretta thida Snowy Egret c R P(W) W, R THRESKIORNITHIDAE (ibises) Mesembrinibis cayennensis Green Ibis FC FC At, P (M,W) R, W CATHARTIDAE (New World vultures) Cathartes aura* Turkey Vulture C P(W) N Cathartes burrovianus Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture FC R P(W) N Cathartes melambrotus Greater Yellow-headed Vulture FC FC P(W) TF Coragyps atratiis Black Vulture C C P(W) N Sarcoramphus papa PANDIONIDAE (Osprey) King Vulture U u P(W) TF Pandion haliaetus Osprey R R S R, W / BM ACCIPITRIDAE (hawks) Elanus leucurus* White-tailed Kite FC R P N Gampsonyx swainsonii Pearl Kite FC R P(W) N Chondrohierax uncimtus Hook-billed Kite U U A, P (W) R, TF / UM Leptodon cayanensis Grey-headed Kite U u A, P (W) TF, R Elanoides forficatus Swallow-tailed Kite U-FC u P(W) TF, R / UM* Morphnus guianensis Crested Eagle R R At, P (W) TF,R Harpia harpyja Harpy Eagle R R At, P (M,X,W) TF,R Spizaetus melanoleucus Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle R-U R P(W) TF, N Spizaetus tyrannus Black Hawk-Eagle U R A, P (W) TF, R, TFe Spizaetus ornatus Ornate Hawk-Eagle R-U R A, P (W) TF, R Busarellus nigricollis* Black-collared Hawk U-FC A, P (W) W, R Rostrhamus sociabilis Snail Kite U-FC u P(W) W, N / UM Harpagus bidentatus Double-toothed Kite U u P(W) TF Harpagus diodon* Rufous- thighed Kite VR P(W) TF, TFe / AM Ictinia plumbea Plumbeous Kite FC FC At, P (M,W) TF, TFe / UM* © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 224 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Common name Abundance Abundance Supporting Habitat, Scientific name (this work) (Zimmer et evidence microhabitat al.) & seasonality Accipiter poliogaster Grey-bellied Hawk R R A, P TF AccipUer superciUosus Tiny Hawk R-U R A, P (W) TF Accipiter bicolor Bicoloured Hawk VR R A, P (X,W) TF Geranospiza caeridescens Crane Hawk R-U R P(W) R Buteogallus schistaceiis* Slate-coloured Hawk VR P(W) R Buteogallus urubitinga Great Black Hawk FC U X (X,W) R, TF, W Rupornis nmgnirostris Roadside Hawk C R A, P (W) N, TFe Geranoaetiis albicaudatus White-tailed Hawk U R P(W) N Leucopternis albicollis* White Hawk u P(W) TF Leucopternis melanops* Black-faced Hawk VR P TF Leucopternis kuhli White-browed Hawk u R At, P (M,X,W) TF, TFe Buteo nitidus* Grey-lined Hawk c A, P (X,W) N, TFe Biiteo platypterus* Broad-winged Hawk VR S TF/BM Buteo brachyurus Short-tailed Hawk U-FC R P(W) N, TF, TFe ARAMIDAE (Limpkin) Aramus guarauna Limpkin U-FC U P(W) W PSOPHIIDAE (trumpeters) Psophia viridis Dark-winged Trumpeter u U Xt (X,W) TF RALLIDAE (rails) Aramides cajanea Grey-necked Wood Rail FC u A, P (W) R Amaurolimnas concolor* Uniform Crake VR P(W) R Anurolimnas viridis* Russet-crowned Crake FC A, P (X) N, S Laterallus melanophaius Rufous-sided Crake U u A(M) N, W Laternllus exilis Grey-breasted Crake FC u A, P (M,X,W) N, W Porzana albicollis Ash-throated Crake FC R A, P (W) W Neocrex erythrops* Paint-billed Crake VR P W Gallinula galeata* Common Gallinule U P W Porphyrio martinica Purple Gallinule FC u At, P (M) W Porphyria flavirostris* Azure Gallinule VR P(W) W/UM HELIORNITHIDAE (finfoots) Heliornis fidica Sungrebe U R Xt (M,W) W, R EURYPYGIDAE (Sunbittem) Eurypyga helias Sunbittem u U A, P (W) R CHARADRllDAE (plovers) Pluvialis dominica* American Golden Plover VR P(W) W, N / BM Vanellus cayanus Pied Lapwing U R A, P (M,X,W) W, R Vanellus chilensis Southern Lapwing c U A, P (X,W) W, N RECURVIROSTRIDAE (avocets and stilts) Himantopus mexicanus* Black-necked Stilt VR S W/UM © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 225 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Common name Abundance Abundance Supporting Habitat, Scientific name (this work) (Zimmer et evidence microhabitat al.) & seasonality SCOLOPACIDAE (sandpipers) Gallinago paragmiae* South American Snipe VR A(X) W/AM Actitis macularius Spotted Sandpiper U-FC R P(W) W, R / BM Tringa melanoleuca* Greater Yellowlegs U P(W) W/BM Tringa flavipes* Lesser Yellowlegs U-FC X(W) W/BM Tringa solitaria Solitary Sandpiper FC U P(W) W/BM Calidris fiiscicollis* White-rumped Sandpiper R P(W) W/BM Calidris melanotos* Pectoral Sandpiper VR P(W) W/BM Calidris himantopus* Stilt Sandpiper VR P(W) W/BM JACANIDAE (jacanas) Jacana jacana Wattled Jacana C FC A, P (W) W LARIDAE (gulls and terns) Sternula superciliaris Yellow-billed Tern u R P(W) W PhaeUisa simplex Large-billed Tern u R P(W) W RYNCHOPIDAE (skimmers) Rynchops niger Black Skimmer u R P(W) W COLUMBIDAE (pigeons and doves) Columbina talpacoti Ruddy Ground Dove c C A, P N Columbina squammata* Scaled Dove u P(W) N Claravis pretiosa Blue Ground Dove U-FC U A, P (W) TF (sd), R Patagioenas speciosa* Scaled Pigeon u A, P (M,W) TF (sd), R Patagioenas picazuro* Picazuro Pigeon u P N Patagioenas cayemiensis Pale-vented Pigeon c R P(W) R, N Patagioenas plumbea Plumbeous Pigeon FC FC Xt (M,XW) TF Patagioenas subvinacea Ruddy Pigeon FC FC-C At, P (M) TF, R Leptotila verreauxi* White-tipped Dove FC A, P (W) S, N Leptotila rufaxilla Grey-fronted Dove FC FC Xt (W,XW) R, TFe Geotrygon violacea* Violaceous Quail-Dove VR P(W) R, TF / UM? Geotrygon montana Ruddy Quail-Dove U FC X(M) TF/UM OPISTHOCOMIDAE (Hoatzin) Opisthocomus hoazin* Hoatzin FC A, P (M,X,W) R CUCULIDAE (cuckoos) Coccycua minuta Little Cuckoo U U Xt (M,W) S, N, R / UM? Cocajciia cinerea* Ash-coloured Cuckoo VR P TF, R / AM Piaya cayana Squirrel Cuckoo FC FC At, P (M,X,W) TF, R Piaya melanogaster Black-bellied Cuckoo U U At, P (M,X,W) TF Coccyzus melacoryphiis Dark-billed Cuckoo U u A,P N, S / AM Coccyzus eiileri Pearly-breasted Cuckoo VR A, P (X) TF, R / AM Crotophaga major Greater Ani FC u A, P (W) R Crotophaga ani Smooth-billed Ani C C A, P (M,W) N © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 226 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Scientific name Common name Abundance (this work) Abundance (Zimmer et al.) Supporting evidence Fiabitat, microhabitat & seasonality Guira guirn* Guira Cuckoo C A, P (X,W) N Tapera naevia* Striped Cuckoo FC A, P (M) N,S Dromococcyx phasianellus Pheasant Cuckoo R-U U Xt (M,X) R, TF, S Dromococcyx pavoninus Pavonine Cuckoo R-U R A, P (M,X) TF (b) Neomorphus geojfroyi / syiiamtger Rufous-vented / Scaled Ground Cuckoo VR R At (X) TF TYTONIDAE (barn owls) Tyto alba STRIGIDAE (owls) Barn Owl U U S N Megascops choliba* Tropical Screech Owl FC A, P (X,W) N, S Megascops watsonii Tawny-hellied Screech Owl FC-C FC-C At, P (M,W) TF Lophostrix cristata Crested Owl U-FC U At, P (M,W) TF Pulsatrix perspicillata Spectacled Owl u u A(X) TF, TFe Ciccaba virgata Mottled Owl u u A TF Ciccaba huhula Black-banded Owl R-U R A, P (M,X,W) TF Glaiicidium hardy! Amazonian Pygmy Owl U-FC u At, P (M,X,W) TF Athene cumcularia Burrowing Owl c R A, P (W) N Pseiidoscops clamator* Striped Owl R A, P (W) N NYCTIBIIDAE (potoos) Nyctibius grandis Great Potoo U U A, P (X,W) TF, TFe, R Nyctibius aethereus* Long-tailed Potoo VR A, P (X,W) TF Nyctibius griseus* Common Potoo FC A, P (W) N, TFe CAPRIMULGIDAE (nightjars) Chordeiles nacunda* Nacunda Nighthawk U-R P(W) N/UM Chordeiks minor Common Nighthawk VR R (as Chordeiles S TF (ae) / BM sp.) Lurocalis seniitorquatus Short-tailed Nighthawk FC FC A (M,W) TF, R Ni/ctipolus nigrescens Blackish Nightjar C C Xt (M,X,W) TF, TFe, NF (sd) Nyctidromiis albicollis Common Pauraque C U At, P (X,W) TF, TFe, S, R Setopagis panmliis Little Nightjar U u A, P (X) TF, S, N / UM? Hydropsalis maciilicaudus Spot-tailed Nightjar u U-R A N Hydropsalis climacocerca Ladder-tailed Nightjar u R A, P (X,W) R Nyctiphrynus ocellatus Ocellated Poorwill U-FC U-FC A, P (X,W) TF (b) Antrostomus sencocaudatus* Silky-tailed Nightjar R A TF Antrostomus rufus* APODIDAE (swifts) Rufous Nightjar VR A TFe (sd) Cypseloides senex Great Dusky Swift R R P (M,W) TF (ae), R, N /UM Streptoprocne zonaris White-collared Swift U-R U-R S TF, R (ae) © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Alexander C. Lees et al. 227 Order / Family / Scientific name Common name Abundance (this work) Abundance (Zimmer et al.) Supporting evidence Chaeturn cinereiventris Grey-rumped Swift C C A, P (X,W) Chaetura egregin Pale-rumped Swift U-FC U-FC A, P (W) Clmetiira viridipennis* Amazonian Swift U-FC A,P (M) Chaetura bracliyitra Short-tailed Swift C U-FC A, P (W) Tachornis squamata Fork-tailed Palm Swift C U-FC A, P Panyptila cayennensis* Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift u S TROCHILIDAE (hummingbirds) Topaza pella* Crimson Topaz R A, P Florisuga mellivora White-necked Jacobin U-FC U A, P (W) Glands hirsutus Rufous-breasted Hermit U-FC U X(X) Threnetes leucimis Pale-tailed Barbthroat R-U U X(W) Phaethornis aethopyga* Tapajos Hermit R A, P Pbaethornis ruber Reddish Hermit C FC At, P (M,W) Phaethornis hispidus* White-bearded Hermit R P(W) Phaethornis superciliosus Eastern Long-tailed Hermit FC-C FC X Heliothryx auritus Black-eared Fairy U U X (X,W) Polytmus theresiae* Green-tailed Goldenthroat VR A(X) Avocettula recurvirostris* Fiery-tailed Awlbill VR P(W) Chrysolampis mosquitus* Ruby-topaz Hummingbird VR P(W) Anthracothorax nigricollis Black-throated Mango FC U A, P (X,M) Discosura langsdorjfi Black-bellied Thorntail R R P Lophornis chalybeus* Festive Coquette VR P(W) Heliodoxa aurescens* Gould's Jewelfront VR P(W) Heliomaster longirostris Long-billed Starthroat U-FC U A, P (X,W) Calliphlox amethystina Amethyst Woodstar U U A, P (W) Campylopterus largipennis Grey-breasted Sabrewing FC FC X (X,W) Thalurania furcata Fork-tailed Woodnymph C C X (X,M,W) Amazilia versicolor Versicoloured Emerald FC FC-U At, P (M,X,W) Amazilia fimbriata Glittering-throated Emerald U R A, P Hylocharis sapphirina Rufous-throated Sapphire R R A, P (W) Hylocharis cyanus White-chinned Sapphire C U-R At, P (M) TROGONIDAE (trogons) Pharomachrus pavoninus Pavonine Quetzal R-U U-R At, P (M,X,W) Trogon melammis Black-tailed Trogon FC-C FC-C Xt (M,X,W) Trogon viridis Green-backed Trogon FC-C FC-C A, P (M,X,W) Trogon ramonianus Amazonian Trogon U-FC U-FC A, P (M,X,W) Trogon curucui Blue-crowned Trogon U-FC U-FC At, P (M,X,W) Trogon rufiis Black-throated Trogon U U At, P (M) Trogon collaris Collared Trogon FC FC Xt (M,X,W) Habitat, microhabitat & seasonality TF, R (ae) TF, R (ae) TF, R (ae) N, TF, R (ae) PF, N TF, R, N (ae) R TF, TFe, R R, S, TFe TF, R TF, R, S TF, TFe, S TF, R TF TF S TF (sd), R TFe (sd), R / UM N, TFe, R TF TF (sd) TF N, R, TFe TF, TFe TF, R TF TFe, N N TF TF, TFe TF TF, R TF, R TF, R TF, TFe, R TF, R TF, R © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 228 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Common name Abundance Abundance Supporting Habitat, Scientific name (this work) (Zimmer et evidence microhabitat al.) & seasonality ALCEDINIDAE (kingfishers) Megaccn/k torquata Ringed Kingfisher FC FC-U A, P (W) R, W Chlowcerifle muazona Amazon Kingfisher FC FC-C At, P (X,W) R, W Chlcroceryle americam Green Kingfisher U-FC U At, P (M,X) R, W Chloroccryle inda Green-and-rufous Kingfisher U U At, P (M,W) R Chloroceryle aenea American Pygmv Kingfisher u R X, P (W) R MOMOTIDAE (motmots) Electron platyrln/nclmm Broad-billed Motmot FC FC Xt (M,X) TF Boryphthengus mnrtii* Rufous Motmot R Xt (M,X) TF Momotiis inomota Amazonian Motmot FC FC X (M,X,W) TF GALBULIDAE (jacamars) Brachygalba lugubris Brown Jacamar U U A, P {M,W) R Gnlbidn cynnicollis Blue-cheeked Jacamar FC u Xt (M,X,W) TF Galbula ruficauda Rufous-tailed Jacamar FC FC At, P (M,X,W) R, TFe Galbula leiicogastra Bronzy Jacamar R R At, P (M,X,W) R, TFe Galbula dea Paradise Jacamar FC FC-C Xt (M,X,W) TF, R jacamcrops aureus Great Jacamar U U-FC A, P (M,X,W) TF BUCCONIDAE (puffbirds) Notharchus hyperriu/nchus White-necked Puffbird FC FC A, P (M,X,W) TF, R Notharcbus ordii Brown-banded Puffbird U U A, P {M,X,W) TFe (sd), R Notharchus tectus Pied Puffbird u u X(W) TF, R Bucco tamatia* Spotted Puffbird R A, P (X,W) TFe (sd), R Bucco capeusis CoJJared Puffbird R-U R A, P (M,X,W) TF Nystalns striolatus StrioJated Puffbird FC FC X (M,X,W) TF Malacoptila rufa Rufous-necked Puffbird R-U R Xt (X,W) TF Nonnula rubecula* Rusty-breasted NunJet VR A, P TF Nonnula ruficapilla Rufous-capped Nunlet U R Xt (M,X,W) TF (b) Monasa nigrifrons BJack-fronted Nunhird C C At, P (M,W) R, TFe, S Monasa morphoeus White-fronted Nunbird c C At, P (M,X,W) TF Chelidoptera tenebrosa SwaJJow-winged Puffbird c C X (M,X,W) R,TFe CAPITONIDAE (New World barbets) Capita dayi BJack-girdled Barbet FC U-FC At, P (M,X,W) TF RAMPHASTIDAE (toucans) Ramphastos tucanus White-throated Toucan C C Xt (M,W) TF, R Ramphastos vitellinus ChanneJ-bilJed Toucan FC-C FC Xt (M,X,W) TF, R Selenidera gouldii GouJd's Toucanet U FC Xt (M,X,W) TF, R Pteroglossus inscriptiis Lettered Aracari FC FC Xt (M,W) TF, TFe, R Pteroglossus aracari* Black-necked Aracari R X (W) TF, R Pteroglossus castanotis Chestnut-eared Aracari FC FC Pt (M,W) TF, R Pteroglossus beauharnaesii Curl-crested Aracari U U Xt {M,X,W) TF, R © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 229 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Common name Abundance Abundance Supporting Habitat, Scientific name (this work) (Zimmer et al) evidence inicrohabitat & seasonality Pteroglossus hitorqmtus PICIDAE (woodpeckers) Red-necked Aracari FC U X (M,X,W) TF, R Picumnus aurifrons Bar-breasted Piculet FC FC Xt (W) TF, R Meknerpes candidus* White Woodpecker VR P N Melnnerpes criientatus Yellow-tufted Woodpecker C C At, P (M,X,W) TF, TFe, R, N Veniliornis affinis Red-stained Woodpecker FC FC X (M,X,W) TF, R Picidus flavigula Yellow-throated Woodpecker FC FC X (M,X) TF, R Piculiis chrysochloros Golden-green Woodpecker U U A, P (X) R, TF Celeus grammicus Scale-breasted Woodpecker FC FC X (M,X,W) TF, R Celeus elegans Chestnut Woodpecker U U Xt (M,X) TF, R Celeus flavus Cream-coloured Woodpecker U FC Xt (M,X,W) R Celeus torquatus Ringed Woodpecker U U X (M,X,W) TF, R Dn/ocopus linentus Lineated Woodpecker FC FC At, P (M,X,W) TFe, R, N Campephilus rubricollis Red-necked Woodpecker U U At, P (M,X,W) TF Campephilus melanoleucos FALCONIDAE (falcons) Crimson-crested Woodpecker FC FC A, P (M,W) R, TFe, N Herpetotheres cachinnans Laughing Falcon FC U A, P (M,W) N, R Micrastur ruficollis Barred Forest Falcon U u Xt (M) TF Micrastur mintoni Cryptic Forest Falcon U-FC R At, P (M,X,W) TF Micrastur mirandollei Slaty-backed Forest Falcon R-U U-R At, P (M,W) TF Micrastur semitorquatus Collared Forest Falcon R-U R At, P (M,X,W) TF Caracara plancus Southern Caracara FC U P(W) N Ibycter americanus Red-throated Caracara FC u At, P (M,X,W) TF Daptrius ater Black Caracara FC u At, P {M,X,W) R Milvago chimachima Yellow-headed Caracara VR R S N Falco sparverius American Kestrel C R P(W) N Falco rufigularis Bat Falcon FC FC-U At, P (M,W) R, TF Falco femoralis* PSITTACIDAE (parrots) Aplomado Falcon VR P(W) N Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus* Hyacinth Macaw VR P PF, R Ara ararauna Blue-and-yellow Macaw FC FC A, P (X,M) R, PF, TF Ara macao Scarlet Macaw FC FC At, P (M,X,W) TF Ara chloropterus Red-and-green Macaw FC U At, P (M,X,W) TF Ara severus Chestnut-fronted Macaw C FC At, P (M,X,W) R, PF, TF Orthopsittaca manilata Red-bellied Macaw FC U At, P (M,X,W) PF, N Primolius maracana* Blue-winged Macaw R-U A, P {X,W) TF (sd), N Aratinga leucophthalma White-eyed Parakeet C u At, P (M,W) TF, N Pyrrhura perlata Crimson-bellied Parakeet U-FC u At, P (M,X,W) TF Pyrrlnira amazonum Santarem Parakeet C c At, P (M,X,W) TF, TFe Forpus modestus Dusky-billed Parrotlet u u At, P (M,X,W) TF, R © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 230 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Scientific name Common name B ro togeris ch rysop ter a Golden-winged Parakeet Touit huetii* Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet Pionites lemvgaster White-bellied Parrot Deroptyus accipihiuus Red-fan Parrot Pyrilia barrabandi Orange-cheeked Parrot Pyrilia aurantiocephala* Bald Parrot Piontis menstnnis Blue-headed Parrot Amazona ochrocephala Yellow-crowned Parrot Amazona kawalli* Kawall's Parrot Amazona fnrinosa Mealy Parrot Amazona amazonica Orange-winged Parrot THAMNOPHILIDAE (typical antbirds) Cymbilaimiis linentus Fasciated Antshrike Taraba major Great Antshrike Sakesphorus luctuosus Glossy Antshrike Thamnophilus doUatiis* Barred Antshrike Tbamnophihis palliatus Chestnut-backed Antshrike Thamnophilus schistaccus Plain-winged Antshrike Thamnophilus stictocephalus Natterer's Slaty Antshrike Thamnophilus aethiops White-shouldered Antshrike Thamnophilus amazonicus Amazonian Antshrike Thamnomanes saturninus Saturnine Antshrike Thamnomanes caesius Cinereous Antshrike Isleria hauxwelli Plain-throated Antwren Pygiptila stellaris Spot-winged Antshrike Epinecrophylla leucophthalma White-eyed Antwren Epinecrophylla ornata Ornate Antwren Myrmotherula brachyura Pygmy Antwren Myrmotherula sclateri Sclater's Antwren Myrmotherula multostriata Amazonian Streaked Antwren Myrmotherula axillaris White-flanked Antwren Myrmotherula longipennis Long-winged Antwren Myrmotherula menetriesii Grey Antwren Dichrozona cincta* Banded Antbird Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus Rufous-winged Antwren Microrhopias quixensis Dot-winged Antwren Formicwora grisea White-fringed Antwren Drymophila devillei Striated Antbird Abundance (this work) Abundance (Zimmer et al) Supporting evidence FFabitat, microhabitat & seasonality C C A, P (M,X,W) TF R A(X) TF FC FC At, P (M,X,W) TF U-FC U-FC At, P (M,X,W) TF U U A, P (M,X,W) TF, R VR P(W) TF, R C c At, P (M,X,W) TF, R FC FC At, P (M,X,W) TF,N FC At, P (M,X,W) R, TF FC u A, P (M,X,W) TF U u X (M,W) N, TFe, S FC FC-C Xt (M,X,W) TF,R FC FC At, P (M,W) S, N,R U-FC u At (M,X,W) R, S FC A, P (X,W) R, S, N FC FC At, P (M,X,W) TF (b), R FC FC-C Xt (M,X,W) TF, R FC FC At, P (M,X) TFe (sd) U U At, P (M,X) TF, TFe, S FC U-FC Xt (M,X,W) R, TF (b) U U XJ: (M,X,W) TF c C Xt (M,X,W) TF, R FC c Xt (M,X,W) TF, R FC FC Xt (M,X,W) TF, R FC FC Xt (M,X,W) TF,R FC FC Xt (M,X,W) R, TF (b) C C At, P (M,X) TF, R FC FC At, P (M,X,W) TF, R FC FC At, P (M,X,W) R U U-R Xt (M,X,W) TF, R (b) FC FC Xt (M,X) TF, R FC FC-C A (M,X) TF, R VR At, P (M,X,W) TF U-FC U-FC At (M,X,W) R, TF, TFe FC FC At, P (M,X) TF, R (b/v) U R A, P (M,X) S, TFe (sd) U FC At, P (M,X,W) TF (b) © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 231 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Scientific name Common name Abundance (this work) Abundance (Zimmer et al.) Supporting evidence Habitat, microhabitat & seasonality Hypocnernis striata Spix's Warbling Antbird FC-C FC-C Xt (M,X) TF, R Hypocnemis hypoxantha* Yellow-browed Antbird VR A, P (X,W) TF (sd) Cercomacra cinerascens Grey Antbird C C Xt (M,X) TF,R Cercomacra nigrescens Blackish Antbird FC FC-C Xt (M,X,W) TF, S Cercomacra manu Manu Antbird U FC Xt (M,X) TF (b) Pyriglena leuconota White-backed Fire-eye u U At, P (M,X) TF, R Myrmoborus leiicophrys White-browed Antbird FC FC Xt (M,X,W) R, TF (b), S Myrmoborus myotherinus Black-faced Antbird FC U Xt (M,X,W) TF, R Hypocnemoides maculicauda Band-tailed Antbird FC U-FC Xt (M,X,W) R Sclateria naevia Silvered Antbird U U X (M,X,W) R Schistocichla rufifacies* Rufous-faced Antbird u At (M,X) TF, R Myrmeciza hemimelaena Chestnut-tailed Antbird U-FC U Xt (M,X,W) TF, R Myrmeciza atrothorax Black-throated Antbird c C - west, R - east At, P (M,X) R, TFe, S Myrmornis torcpiata Wing-banded Antbird R R At, P (M,X) TF Rhegmatorhina gymnops Bare-eyed Antbird U U Xt (M,X,W) TF (aa) Hylophylax naevius Spot-backed Antbird FC FC Xt (M,X,W) TF, R Hylophylax punctulatus Dot-backed Antbird U U-R Xt (M,X,W) R Willisornis poeciUnotus Common Scale-backed Antbird U-FC U-FC Xt (M) TF, R Willisornis vidua* Xingu Scale-backed Antbird U-FC U-FC Xt (M,X) TF, R Phlegopsis nigromacidata Black-spotted Bare-eye FC FC Xt (M,X,W) TF, R (aa) CONOPOPHAGIDAE (gnateaters) Conopophaga aurita Chestnut-belted Gnateater U R Xt (M,X,W) TF GRALLARIIDAE (antpittas) Grallaria varia Variegated Antpitta u U-FC A, P (M) TF, R Hylopezus macularius Spotted Antpitta u U-FC At, P (M,X,W) TF Hylopeziis berlepschi Amazonian Antpitta u U At, P (M,X) TF (b), S Myrmothera campanisona Thrush-like Antpitta u U At, P (M,X,W) TF FORMICARIIDAE (antthrushes) Formicarius cohna Rufous-capped Antthrush FC FC Xt (M,X) TF Formicarius analis Black-faced Antthrush FC FC Xt (M) R, TF Chamaeza nobilis Striated Antthrush R R-U Xt (M,X) TF FURNARIIDAE (ovenbirds) Sderurus mexicanus Tawny-throated Leaftosser U U At (M,X) TF Sckrurus rufigularis Short-billed Leaftosser u u Xt (M,X) TF Sderurus caudacutus Black-tailed Leaftosser u u Xt (M,X,W) TF Sderurus albigularis Grey-throated Leaftosser VR R At (M,X) TF Certhiasomus stictolaemus Spot-throated Woodcreeper R-U R Xt (M,X,W) TF Dendrocinda fuliginosa Plain-brown Woodcreeper FC U X(M) TF, R (aa) © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilahon © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 232 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Scientific name Common name Abundance (this work) Abundance (Zimmer et al.) Supporting evidence Habitat, microhabitat & seasonality Dendrocinda mcriila* White-chinned Woodcreeper U-FC overlooked Xt (X,W) TF, R (aa) Sittasoiuus griseicnpillus Olivaceous Woodcreeper U U xt (M) TF, R Dcconydnira longicaiida Long-tailed Woodcreeper U U Xt (M,X) TF, R Gh/phoryndiiis spinirus Wedge-billed Woodcreeper FC FC XJ; (M,X,W) TF, R Dend rexe tns tcs rufiguin Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper U-FC U-FC Xt (M,X,W) TF, TFe Nasica longirostris Long-billed Woodcreeper FC U-FC Xt (M,X,W) R Dendrocolnptes ccrthin Amazonian Barred Woodcreeper U-FC u Xt (M,X) TF Dendmcolaptcs picuinnus Black-banded Woodcreeper U R A, P (M,X,W) TF (aa) Hykxetastes pcrrotii Red-billed Woodcreeper R R Xt (M,X) TF Xiphocolaptes promeropirhyndiiis Strong-billed Woodcreeper U U At, P (M,X) TF Xiphorlnpwhiis obsoletiis Striped Woodcreeper FC U-FC Xt (M,X) R Xiphorhyndius dcgnns* Elegant Woodcreeper FC C (as X. spixi Xt (M) / degans) TF Xiphorhyndius spixii Spix's Woodcreeper FC C (as X. spixi Xt (M,X) / degans) TF Xiphorhyndius guttatus Buff-throated Woodcreeper FC C Xt (M,X,W) TF, R Dendroplex piciis Straight-hilled Woodcreeper FC-C FC-C Xt (M,X,W) R, TFe, N Cnmpylorhamphiis procurvoides Curve-billed Scythebill U U-FC Xt (M,X) TF (b) Lcpidocolaptes albolinentiis Lineated Woodcreeper FC FC X (M,X,W) TF, R Xenops tcnu iros tris * Slender-billed Xenops R A, P (M,X) R Xenops minutiis Plain Xenops FC FC X (M,X) TF, R Xenops rutikns Streaked Xenops U R A, P (M) TF (sd) Bcrlepschin rikeri Point-tailed Palmcreeper u R A, P (X,W) PF Microxenops milleri Rufous-tailed Xenops R-U R A(X) TF Anahazenops dorsalis Dusky-cheeked Foliage- gleaner u FC At (M,X,W) TF (b) Phih/dor erythrocercum Rufous-rumped Foliage- gleaner FC FC At, P (M,X,W) TF,R Philydor erythropterum Chestnut- winged Foliage- gleaner FC FC A (M,X) TF, R Philydor pyrrhodes* Cinnamon-rumped Foliage- gleaner R X (M,X,W) R, TF Anabacerlhia ruficaudahim Rufous-tailed Foliage-gleaner U U A (M,X) TF, R Syndactyla ucayalae Peruvian Recurvebill R u At (M,X) TF (b) Andstrops strigilatus Chestnut-winged Hookbill FC FC At, P (M,X) TF, R Hyloctistcs subniatus Striped Woodhaunter U u X (M,X) TF, R Automolus odnolaemus Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner FC U-FC Xt (M,X) TF, R Autonwius paraensis Para Foliage-gleaner U-FC U-FC Xt (1V1,X) TF Automolus rufipileatus Chestnut-crowned Foliage- FC FC Xt (M,X) R, TF (b) gleaner © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 233 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Scientific name Common name Abundance (this work) Abundance (Zimmer et al.) Supporting evidence Flabitat, microhabitat & seasonality Cranioleuca vulpina Rusty-backed Spinetail FC U A (M,X) R Cranioleuca guttumta Speckled Spinetail U U At (M,X) R Synallaxis gujanensis Plain-crowned Spinetail U R At, P (M,X,W) R,S Symllaxis cabanisi Cabanis's Spinetail VR R At (M) TFe (b), S Synallaxis albescens* Pale-breasted Spinetail U A(W) N Synallaxis rutilans Ruddy Spinetail U-FC U X, (M,X) TF Synallaxis cherriei Chestnut-throated Spinetail U u At, P (M,X) TF (b), TYRANNIDAE (tyrant flycatchers) Tyrannulus elatus Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet c C A, P (W) TF, R, S, N Myiopagis gaimardii Forest Elaenia c c At, P (M,X,W) TF, Tfe, R, S Myiopagis caniceps Grey Elaenia FC u At, P (M,X) TF, R Myiopagis viridicata Greenish Elaenia R U-R A(W) S, TFe / AM? Elaenia spectabilis Large Elaenia VR R S S/AM Elaenia parvirostris Small-billed Elaenia U R A,P TFe, S / AM Ornithion inerme White-lored Tyrannulet FC FC At, P (M,X,W) TF, R Camptostoma obsoletum Southern Beardless Tyrannulet FC U At, P (M,X,W) N,S Phaeomyias murina Mouse-coloured Tyrannulet VR R A(W) N,S Capsiempis flaveola Yellow Tyrannulet FC U At, P (M,X) TFe (b) Corythopis torqnatus Ringed Antpipit U U Xt,P (M,X,W) TF, R Zimmerius acer Guianan Tyrannulet FC U-FC A, P (M,X,W) TF, R Mionectes oleagineus Ochre-bellied Flycatcher FC U Xt (M,X) TF Leptopogon amaiirocephalits Sepia-capped Flycatcher U U X (X,W) TF (b) Sublegatus obscurior* Amazonian Scrub Flycatcher R A, P (X,W) TF Siiblegatus modestus* Southern Scrub Flycatcher R R (as Sublegatus sp.) A, P (W) TF, S, N / AM Inezia inornata* Plain Tyrannulet VR A(X) R, S, TFe / AM Inezia subflava* Amazonian Tyrannulet U A, P (X,W) R Myiornis ecaudatus Short-tailed Pygmy Tyrant FC FC Xt (M,X,W) TF, TFe, R Lophotriccus galeatus Helmeted Pygmy Tyrant FC U At, P (M,X,W) TF, R Hemitriccus minor Snethlage's Tody-Tyrant FC FC X(M) TF Hemitriccus griseipectus White-bellied Tody-Tyrant U U Xt (M,X,W) TF, R Hemitriccus minimus Zimmer's Tody-Tyrant U R-U A,P (M,X,W) R, TF (sd) Poecilotriccus latirostris* Rusty-fronted Tody-Flycatcher FC overlooked A, P (M,X,W) N Taeniotriccus andrei* Black-chested Tyrant VR’" reidentified A(M) TF (b/v) Todirostrum maculatum Spotted Tody-Flycatcher U R X (X,W) S, N Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher U-FC U A, P (W) TF, R Rhynchocyclus olivaceus Olivaceous Flatbill R R A TF, R Tolmomyias sulphur escens Yellow-olive Flycatcher R-U FC At (M) TF, R I © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 234 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Scientific name Common name Abundance (this work) Abundance (Zimmer et al.) Supporting evidence Habitat, microhabitat & seasonality Tolmomyias assimilis* Yellow-margined Flycatcher FC X (M,X) TF Tolmomyias poliocephalus Grey-crowned Flycatcher FC U At (M,X) TF, R Tolmomyias flnviventris Yellow-breasted Flycatcher U U-R A, P (M,X) S, TFe (sd) Pktyrinchus saturatus Cinnamon-crested Spadebill R-U R Xt (M,X) TF Platyrinchus coronatiis Golden-crowned Spadebill R-U R X (M,X) TF Platyrinchus platyrhynchos White-crested Spadebill U U Xt (M,X) TF, R Onychorhynchus coronatus Royal Flycatcher R-U R X (M,X,W) TF, R Myiophobns fasciatus Bran-coloured Flycatcher R R A N/AM Myiobius barbahis Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher U U X(W) TF Terenotricciis en/thrurus Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher U-FC U X (M,X) TF, R Neopipo cinnamomea* Cinnamon Neopipo R P R Lathrotrkcus euleri Euler's Flycatcher FC U Xt (M,X) TF, R Cnemotriccus fuscatus* Fuscous Flycatcher R A (M,X) S/AM Contopus cooperi* Olive-sided Flycatcher VR overlooked A TF/BM Contopus virens* Eastern Wood Pewee R A(X) TF/BM Pyrocephalus rubinus Vermilion Flycatcher U R-U A, P (W) N/UM* Ochthornis littoralis Drab Water Tyrant u U Xt (M,W) R Satrapa icterophrys* Yellow-browed Tyrant VR P N/AM Muscisaxicola fluviatilis* Little Ground Tyrant VR P(W) R Fluvicola albiventer Black-backed Water Tyrant R R s R, W Colonia colonus Long-tailed Tyrant FC U At, P (M,W) TF, R Legatus leucophaius Piratic Flycatcher C FC A, P (M,W) N, TF, R / UM" Myiozetetes cayanensis Rusty-margined Flycatcher C FC At, P (M,X) N, R, TFe Myiozetetes luteiventris Dusky-chested Flycatcher u U A, P (M,X,W) TF Pitangus siilphuratus Great Kiskadee c U A, P (W) N, TFe, S Pitangus lictor Lesser Kiskadee U-FC U At, P (M,X,W) R, W Myiodynastes macidatus Streaked Flycatcher U R-U A, P TFe (sd), S, N /AM" Megarynchus pitangua* Boat-billed Flycatcher U A, P (W) TF, N, S / AM' Tyrannopsis sulphurea Sulphury Flycatcher U R A, P (M,W) PF Empidonomus varius Variegated Flycatcher FC U X(W) N, TFe, TF / AM" Empidononius aurantioatrocristatus Crowned Slaty Flycatcher R-U R A, P (W) TFe (sd), S / AM Tyrannus albogularis White-throated Kingbird R-U R-U A, P (W) N/AM ■ Tyrannus melanchoUcus Tropical Kingbird C FC A, P (W) N/AM" Tyrannus savana Fork-tailed Flycatcher FC U A, P (W) N/AM Rhytipterna simplex Greyish Mourner FC FC X (X,W) TF, R Sirystes sibilator Sirystes R U A, P (M,X,W) TF Casiornis rufus Rufous Casiornis R-U R A, P (X) TF (sd) / AM? Myiarchus tuberculifer Dusky-capped Flycatcher U-FC U At, P (M,X) TF,R © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 235 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Scientific name Common name Abundance (this work) Abundance (Zimmer et al.) Supporting evidence Habitat, microhabitat & seasonality Myiarchiis sioainsoyii* Swainson's Flycatcher VR X TFe (sd), S, N /AM Myiarchiis ferox Short-crested Flycatcher FC U At, P (M,W) S, N, R Myiarchns tyrannulus Brown-crested Flycatcher U R At, P (M,X) TF (sd) Ramphotrigon megacqjhalum Large-headed Flatbill FC FC Xt (M,X) TF (b) Ramphotrigon ruficauda Rufous-tailed Flatbill U R X(X) TF, R Ramphotrigon fiiscicauda Dusky-tailed Flatbill U U At, P (M,X,W) TF(b) Attila phoenicimts* Rufous-tailed Attila VR P(W) TFe, R / AM Attila cinnamomeus Cinnamon Attila FC U-FC Xt (M,X,W) R Attila spadiceus Bright-rumped Attila U-FC U Xt (M,X) TF, R COTINGIDAE (cotingas) Phoenicircus nigricollis* Black-necked Red Cotinga VR R A TF Cephalopterus ornatus Amazonian Umbrellabird U U X(W) R Cotinga cayana Spangled Cotinga u u X(W) TF, R Lipaugus vociferans Screaming Piha C c Xt (M,X,W) TF, R Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema Purple-throated Cotinga R R At, P (W) TF, R Xipholena pimicea Pompadour Cotinga R U (as Xipholena sp.) X (X,W) TF, R Gymnoderus foetidus PIPRIDAE (manakins) Bare-necked Fruitcrow U-FC U-FC P(W) R Tyranneides stolzmanni Dwarf Tyrant-Manakin FC U At, P (M,X,W) TF, R Chiroxiphia pareola Blue-backed Manakin FC FC Xt (M,X,W) TF, R Machaeropterus pyrocephalus Fiery-capped Manakin U-FC R-U At, P (M,W) TF, R Dixiphia pipra* White-crowned Manakin R X (X,W) TF, R Manacus manacus White-bearded Manakin U R-U X S,TFe Heterocercus Unteatus Flame-crowned Manakin U R Xt (M,X,W) R Ceratopipra rubrocapilla Red-headed Manakin C FC Xt (M,X,W) TF, R Pipra fasciicauda Band-tailed Manakin FC FC X (X,W) TF, R (b) Lepidothrix nattereri TITYRIDAE (tityras) Snow-capped Manakin U-FC U Xt (M,X,W) TF, R Tityra inquisitor Black-crowned Tityra U R-U At, P (M,W) TF, R Tityra cayana Black-tailed Tityra R U At, P (M) TF, R Tityra semifasciata Masked Tityra FC FC At, P (M,X,W) TF, R, N Schiffornis major Varzea Schiffornis R-U R Xt (M,XW) R Schijfornis turdina Brown-winged Schiffornis FC FC Xt (M,X) TF, R Laniocera hypopyrra Cinereous Mourner U U Xt (M,X) TF lodopleura isabellae White-browed Purpletuft u R-U A, P (M,X,W) TFe, R Xenopsaris albimicha White-naped Xenopsaris R R A, P (W) TF (sd)/ AM © 2013 Tlie Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 236 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Scientific name Common name Abundance (this work) Abundance (Zimmer et al.) Supporting evidence Habitat, microhabitat & seasonality Pachyrmnphus castaneiis Chestnut-crowned Becard FC U At (M,W) TF, R Pachyramphiis polychoptcrus White-winged Becard FC u AT P (M) R Pachyramphiis marginnhis Black-capped Becard FC FC At (M,X) TF, R Pachyramphiis minor Pink-throated Becard U U X(X) TF, R Pachyramphiis validiis* Crested Becard VR A, P (W) TFe (sd) / AM INCERTAE SEDIS Piprites chloris VIREONIDAE (vireos) Wing-barred Piprites FC FC At (M,X) TF, R Cyclarhis giijaneiisis Rufous-browed Peppershrike FC U At, P (M) TF, R, S, N Vircohmiiis Iciicotis Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo FC-C FC-C At, P (M,X,W) TF, R Virco olivaceiis Red-eyed Vireo U-FC u X TF, TFe / BM / AM’^ Virco altiloqiiiis Black-whiskered Vireo R R S TF, R / BM Hylophiliis sciiticiiiereiis Grey-chested Greenlet FC FC At, P (M,X,W) TF, R Hylophiliis hypoxaiithiis Dusky-capped Greenlet FC-C C X (M,X,W) TF, R Hylophiliis ochracciceps Tawny-crowned Greenlet U FC A (M,X) TF, R HIRUNDINIDAE (swallows) Pygochclidoii mclaiiolciica* Black-collared Swallow U-R P(W) R Atticora fasciata White-banded Swallow C FC At, P (W) R Attlcora tibialis White-thighed Swallow R-U R A, P TF Stclgidopteri/x ritficollis Southern Rough-winged Swallow C C Xt (W) R, W, N Progiic tapcra Brown-chested Martin FC U-FC P(W) W, R, N (ae) Progne siibis* Purple Martin U P(W) N, R (ae) / BM Prognc chalybea Grey-breasted Martin C U-FC A, P (W) N (ae) / AM’^ Tachycincta albiventer White-winged Swallow u FC At, P (X,W) W, R Riparia riparia* Bank Swallow VR S N, R (ae) / BM Hiriindo riistica* Barn Swallow R S N (ae) / BM TROGLODYTIDAE (wrens) Microcerciiliis margiiiatus Scaly-breasted Wren FC FC Xt (M,X) TF Odontorchiliis ciiicreiis Tooth-billed Wren U U At, P (M,X,W) TF Troglodytes aedon House Wren C C A, P (M,W) N Campylorhynchiis turdiniis Thrush-like Wren FC FC Xt (M,W) TF, R Phciigopcdiiis gcnibarbis Moustached Wren FC FC At, P (M) TF, R Cantorchilus leiicotis Buff-breasted Wren C FC-C Xt (M,X,W) R, N Cyphorhiniis arada Musician Wren u R Xt (M,X,W) TF POLIOPTILIDAE (gnatcatchers) Ramphocaeiiiis melaniirus Long-billed Gnatwren FC FC Xt (M,X) R, TF Polloptila giiianensis Guianan Gnatcatcher R R A, P (X) TF © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 237 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Scientific name Common name Abundance (this work) Abundance (Zimmer et al.) Supporting evidence Habitat, microhabitat & seasonality DONACOBIIDAE (Donacobius) Donacobius atricapilla TURDIDAE (thrushes) Black-capped Donacobius FC R At, P (M,W) W, R, N Catharus fuscescens* Veery VR X TF/BM Turdus hauxwelli Hauxwell's Thrush U-FC U (as T. hauxwelli / fumigatus) Xt (M,X) R Turdus laivrencii Lawrence's Thrush U U At (M,X) TF Turdus amaurochalinus Creamy-bellied Thrush VR" U-R S S, R / AM Turdus albicoUis White-necked Thrush U U Xt (M) TF, R MOTACILLIDAE (pipits and wagtails) Anthiis lutescens* Yellowish Pipit U A, P (W) N THRAUPIDAE (tanagers) Paroaria gidaris Red-capped Cardinal FC U-FC P(W) R Schistochlamys melanopis* Black-faced Tanager VR P TF (sd) Cissopis leverianus Magpie Tanager U-FC U At, P (M) TF, R Lamprospiza melanoleuca Red-billed Pied Tanager U FC At, P (M,X,W) TF, R hlemosia pileata Hooded Tanager VR R S TF (sd) Tacln/phomis cristatus Flame-crested Tanager FC C X (M,X,W) TF, R Tacin/phonus luctuosus White-shouldered Tanager FC FC X (M,W) TF, R Tachyphonus rufus* White-lined Tanager U A, P (W) N Lanio versicolor White- winged Shrike-Tanager FC FC At,P (M,X,W) TF, R Ramphocelus carbo Silver-beaked Tanager C FC A, P (W) N, R, S, TFe Thraupis cpiscopus Blue-grey Tanager C U (as T. episcopiis / sayaca) A, P (M,W) N Thraupis palmarum Palm Tanager C FC-C At, P (M,X,W) N, S, TFe Tangara nigrocincta Masked Tanager u U-R At, P (M,X,W) TF, TFe Tangara cyanicoUis Blue-necked Tanager u U At, P (M,W) TF, TFe Tangara varia* Dotted Tanager VR A TF Tangara punctata Spotted Tanager U R A TF, R Tangara mexicana Turquoise Tanager FC FC At,P (M,W) TF, R, TFe, S Tangara chiknsis Paradise Tanager FC C A, P (M,X,W) TF, R Tangara velia Opal-rumped Tanager FC FC A (M,X,W) TFe, TF, R Tangara gi/rola Bay-headed Tanager U-FC U At, P (M,W) TF, R Tangara schrankii Green-and-gold Tanager FC U X (M,X,W) TF, R Tersina viridis Swallow Tanager FC U-FC At, P (M,W) TF, R / UM Dacnis albiventris White-bellied Dacnis VR" R S TF Dacnis lineata Black-faced Dacnis FC FC A, P (X,W) TF,R Dacnis flaviventer Yellow-bellied Dacnis FC FC At, P (M,X,W) R,TF Dacnis cayana Blue Dacnis FC C A (M,W) TF, R Cyanerpes nittdus Short-billed Honeycreeper U U-R A, P (X,W) TF, R © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 238 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Scientific name Common name Cyancrpes cnerulciis Purple Honeycreeper Cymcrpes cyancus* Red-legged Honeycreeper Chloropimnes spizn Green Honeycreeper Hemiihraupis fInvicoUis Yellow-backed Tanager Conirostrum sptxiosiim Chestnut-vented Conebill Volatinia jacarim Blue-black Grassquit Sporophila collaris* Rusty-collared Seedeater Sporophila lineola* Lined Seedeater Sporophila nigricollis* Yellow-bellied Seedeater Sporophila cacrulcsccns Double-collared Seedeater Sporophila castmieiventris* Chestnut-bellied Seedeater On/zoborus angolcnsis Chestnut-bellied Seed Finch Coryphospingus cucuUatus* Red-crested Finch Coercba flaveola Bananaquit Parkcrthraustes huincralis Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak INCERTAE SEDIS Saltator grossus Slate-coloured Grosbeak Saltator inaximiis Buff-throated Saltator Saltator cocrukscens* Greyish Saltator EMBERIZIDAE (sparrows) Zonoirichia capcnsis* Rufous-collared Sparrow A mmodrivnus h u meralis * Grassland Sparrow Arremon taciturnus Pectoral Sparrow CARDINALIDAE (cardinal grosbeaks) Habia ritbica Red-crowned Ant Tanager Granatellus pelzelni Rose-breasted Chat Cyanocompsa cyanoides Blue-black Grosbeak PARULIDAE (wood warblers) Geothiypis aequinoctialis* Masked Yellowthroat Basdeuterus culicivorus Golden-crowned Warbler Phacothlypis fidvicauda* Buff-rumped Warbler Phaeothlypis rivularis Riverbank Warbler ICTERIDAE (New World blackbirds) Psarocolius decumanus Crested Oropendola Psarocolius bifasciatus Olive Oropendola Cacicus solitarius Solitary Black Cacique Cacicus cela Yellow-rumped Cacique Cacicus haemorrhous Red-rumped Cacique Icterus cayanensis Epaulet Oriole Gnorimopsar chopi* Chopi Blackbird Abundance Abundance Supporting Habitat, (this work) (Zimmer et al) evidence microhabitat & seasonality U-FC U At, P (M,X,W) TF, R VR S TF (sd) FC U A, P (WA) TF, R FC U-FC A, P (X,W) TF, R U R A(W) TF (sd) c C A, P (M,W) N VR P(W) N c P(W) N/AM u A, P (W) N c Rw m A, P N/AM VR P(W) N R-U R At, P (W) N VR P N FC U At, P (M,X) TF, R, S, N U U At, P (M,X,W) TF FC FC-C Xt (M,W) TF, R C FC-C Xt (M,W) TF, R, S, N c A, P S, N FC A, P (W) N FC A, P (X,W) N FC FC Xt (M,X) TF, R U-FC U-FC At, P (M,X) TF, R U-FC FC At, P (M,X,W) TF, B FC FCw Xt (M,X) TF, R, S VR S W, N U U At (M) TF (sd) R A R R U At (M) R C FC At, P (M,X,W) TF, R, N C FC-C Xt (M,X,W) TF, R U Rw S R, N c U-FC At, P(M,W) R, TF, S, N u R Xt (M) TF, R u U At, P (M,X,W) TF, R VR A N © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Alexander C. Lees et al. 239 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Order / Family / Common name Abundance Abundance Supporting Habitat, Scientific name (this work) (Zimmer et evidence microhabitat al) & seasonality Molothrus oryzivorus Giant Cowbird FC R A, P (MW) N, TF Molothrus bomriensis* Shiny Cowbird U A P (W) N Sturnella militaris* Red-breasted Blackbird FC A, P (W) N FRINGILLIDAE (finches) Euphonia chlorotica* Purple-throated Euphonia U A(X) N Euphonia laniirostris / Thick-billed / Violaceous u R A (MW) TF, N violacea Euphonia Euphonia chrysopasta Golden-bellied Euphonia FC FC At, P (M,W) TF, R Euphonia minuta White-vented Euphonia R-U U-R At (M,XW) TF, R Euphonia xanthogaster Orange-bellied Euphonia U U At (M) TF (sd) Euphonia riifiventris Rufous-bellied Euphonia FC FC A, P (M,XW) TF, R PASSERIDAE (Old World 1 sparrows) Passer domesticus House Sparrow C Rw P(W) N © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Lars Svensson 240 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) A taxonomic revision of the Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans by Lars Svensson Received 10 April 2013 Summary. — Recent research on Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans taxonomy is summarised, resulting in the recommendation to split the complex into three ditierent species: Western Subalpine Warbler S. inornata, Eastern Subalpine Warbler S. cajitillans and Moltoni's Warbler S. subalpnia. One consequence of this is that the name cantillans needs to be fixed by the selection of a neofype, and the Franco-Iberian population requires a new name. It has become apparent to careful observers that the Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans is best treated as three separate species. All three occur in Italy and can be distinguished both vocally and in the hand, and usually also in the field at least for adult males. Moreover, there is evidence of sympatric breeding by two of the taxa without evidence of mixed pairs, and all three can be separated genetically. Various aspects of this situation were described by Orlando (1939), Gargallo (1994), Shirihai et al. (2001) and Brambilla et al. (2006, 2008b, 2010). However, these findings are now examined in the wider context of a 'species group' so that steps can be taken to ensure that names are applied to each discrete population, properly anchored to their type specimens and type localities. This is complicated by the belief that type material pertaining to the name cantillans apparently no longer exists and the original type locality 'Italy' is insufficiently precise. Other names applied to populations of the broader species also require attention, and my research has demonstrated that one population requires naming. Populations and nomenclature One group within the S. cantillans complex differs more markedly, Moltoni's Warbler S. subalpina. This breeds in Mallorca, Cabrera, Corsica, Sardinia and much of northern mainland Italy, mainly in Toscana and Emilia-Romagna. It differs clearly in call (Orlando 1939, Gargallo 1994) and subtly in song (Brambilla et al. 2008a; pers. obs.); the underparts of spring males are pinkish, invariably different from the orange-red or deeper brick-red of males in ofher populations, and it has a different moult strategy related to, among other things, later spring arrival (Gargallo 1994). There is also a substantial genetic difference (Shirihai et al. 2001, Brambilla et al. 2008b). Tlius, few authorities today would question the wisdom of treating Moltoni's Warbler as a separate species. The remaining range of the species complex is broad and discontinuous. It is evident from morphological, vocal and genetic differences that two species are involved. Both breed in Italy but are hardly in contact. One occupies the bulk of central and south Italy, including Sicily, Campania and Puglia, extending north at least to Emilia Romagna and Marche, occurring over much of the Apennine slopes. A subtly different subspecies occurs in extreme north-east Italy, the Balkans, Greece, Bulgaria and east to western Turkey. The other species is established in a small northern enclave of Ifaly (wesfern Liguria and Piemonfe), where it is scarce if not rare (N. Baccetti in litt. 2013). This is also the common form in southern France and Iberia, and its range extends into north-west Africa, where it is represented by a subtly different subspecies. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilahon © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Lars Svensson 241 Bull, B.O.C. 2013 133(3) These three parts of the Subalpine Warbler complex, on the evidence summarised below (for which extensive details will be published elsewhere; Svensson in press), deserve recognition as separate species. I have dealt with the characters of Moltoni's Warbler above. The two remaining species. Western S. inornnta and Eastern Subalpine Warbler S. cantillmis, differ as follows. Genetically, there is a 3.7% difference in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Brambilla et al. 2008b), which in the genus Sylvia is a level typical of different species. All post-juveniles and many juveniles differ in tail pattern, and furthermore caiitillaiis shows stronger contrast between the rufous-red throat / breast and the more whitish lower flanks and belly (male Western is more uniformly reddish below). The white submoustachial stripe in males is on average broader and more prominent in Eastern Subalpine, narrower in Western (with only slight overlap). Eastern Subalpine averages slightly larger than Western. Vocal differences are slight; the call of Eastern is fuller and more compound, sometimes disyllabic, in Western invariably monosyllabic and drier. Slight differences in song appear to exist, but recjuire more study before they can be evaluated. The effect of this requires re-examination and clarification of all populations across the northern Mediterranean from Iberia to western Turkey, and those of north-west Africa. The result is a recommendation that three species be recognised as follows: Western Subalpine Warbler Sylvia inornata Tschusi, 1906 Sylvia inornata inornata Tschusi, 1906. North-west Africa. Sylvia inornata subsp. (Franco-Iberian subspecies, see below). Iberia, southern France, extreme north-west Italy. Eastern Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans (Pallas, 1764) Sylvia cantillans cantillans (Pallas, 1764). Central and south Italy except Sardinia (for application of this name to this population, see below). Sylvia cantillans albistriata (C. L. Brehm, 1855). Trieste, Balkans, Greece, Bulgaria, western Turkey. Moltoni's Warbler Sylvia subalpina Temminck, 1820 Monotypic. Mallorca, Cabrera, Corsica, Sardinia, north mainland Italy. Nomenclatural actions Fixing the type locality of nominate cantillans. — In Pallas' text in Vroeg's Catalogue (1764), on p. 4 under no. 177, male and female 'Motacilla {cantillans)’ are described. The male is stated to have the underparts terracotta-coloured ('subtus testacea') and a little further on rufous ('subtus rufa') with the addition that the belly is white ('abdomine albo'). This description matches the birds breeding in central and south Italy. On p. 18 the type locality is given as 'Italy' ('Uit Italie'). This locality for the name cantillans combined with loss of its two type specimens (fide Baccetti et al. 2007; pers. requests to Tring, New York, Paris, Rome, Leiden, Berlin museums), and the presence in Italy of fwo taxa with very similar morphology, requires that a neotype be designated to fix the name cantillans to one taxon. I designate a first-summer male collected on 23 May 1906 at Ficuzza, north-west Sicily, now in the Natural History Museum, Tring, BMNH 1909.11.18.50, as a neotype for S. c. cantillans Pallas, 1764. It was collected by Alphonse Robert, who sent material to various museums from as far afield as Europe and Brazil. Based on its collection date this bird was almost certainly a local breeder. Males usually arrive in central and southern Italy between late March and mid April, and breeding has almost invariably started by May. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Lars Svensson 242 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Figure 1. Neotype (BMNH 1909.11.18.50) for Eastern Subalpine Warbler Sylvia c. cantillans, first-summer male, Ficuzza, north-west Sicily, Italy, 23 May 1906; note fairly obvious contrast between orange-red breast and more whitish lower flanks with only slight rusty tinge — not visible is the rather broad and prominent white suhmoustachial stripe (Hein Van Grouw / © Natural History Museum, Tring) Figure 2. Neotype (BMNH 1909.11 .18.50) of Eastern Subalpine Warbler Sylvia c. cantillans, first-summer male, Ficuzza, north-west Sicily, Italy, 23 May 1906; note typical tail pattern, with long, narrow whitish wedge on inner web of penultimate rectrix, while a few central tail feathers are missing and one is growing (Lars Svensson / © Natural History Museum, Tring) © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Lars Svensson 243 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Figure 3. FFolotype (BMNH 1934.1.1.249) of Western Subalpine Warbler Sylvia inornata iberiae, adult male, El Pardo, Madrid, Spain, 24 May 1931; note fairly uniform orange-red underparts (apart from white central belly) — not visible is the rather narrow white submoustachial stripe (Mark Adams / © Natural History Museum, Tring) Figure 4. Holotype (BMNH 1934.1 .1 .249) of Western Subalpine Warbler Sylvia inor?iata iberiae; note typical tail pattern with small square white tip to penultimate rectrix (Mark Adams / © Natural History Museum, Tring) © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Lars Svensson 244 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Art. 75.3 of the luteriiatioual code of zoological uojueoclature (ICZN 1999) requires that any neotype is 'consistent with what is known of the former name-bearing type' and is 'as nearly as practicable from the original type locality'. In Pallas' (1764) original description, the male is described as being rufous or terracotta-coloured below, which fits two of the three species within the complex, but excludes Moltoni's Warbler, in which the male is pinkish below. Between the two other species, both of which have rufous underparts in males, mention of a white belly supports the interpretation that the birds breeding in central and south Italy are meant. Furthermore, birds similar to those breeding in Sicily are common and widespread over much of central and south Italy, as far north as the northern Apennines, whereas the other Italian taxon is rare and restricted to Liguria and Piemonte near the French border. It is therefore far more probable that it was the former taxon that Pallas described. Only one species in the complex breeds in Sicily, making this type locality unambiguous. Birds breeding in central and south Italy differ from those in extreme north-west Italy (and in southern France and Iberia) in that males in breeding plumage display more contrast between the rufous or orange-red throat / breast and paler, more whitish rear flanks and belly. Males of the Franco-Iberian population are more uniform rufous-red below, contrasting less with the only moderately paler orange belly. In central and south Italy, adults and many hrst-years have a narrow white wedge on the inner web of the penultinaate rectrix, whereas the Franco-Iberian population has a small square white tip to this feather, not a narrow wedge. The neotype displays both characters (Figs. 1-2), although because it is a first-summer male, the tail pattern is still immature and therefore less obvious. Morphological differences between the three groups will be treated in detail elsewhere (Svensson in press). Description. — The neotype has a medium pale lead-grey head, nape and mantle, narrow reddish orbital ring, prominent white submoustachial stripe, uniform orange-red throat and breast, but considerably paler orange, more whitish lower flanks and belly (Fig. 2). Wings brown tinged greyish, with ciuite abraded tips and fringes to renaiges, the rectrices being dark grey with large white portions on the outermost feather and a diffuse, whitish, long narrow wedge on the inner web of the penultimate feather. The pointed bill has a paler base. Legs pale, now dark straw-coloured. Wing length (max.) 63 mm and tail length 54 mm. Naming the Franco-Iberian population. — From the above it follows that once the name cajitillans is fixed to Eastern Subalpine Warbler, the oldest available valid name for any population of Western Subalpine Warbler is inornata, Tschusi, 1906, introduced for the North African population (type locality 'northern Tunisia'). Because the diagnosably distinct population breeding in Iberia, southern France and north-western Italy has not been named, following fixation of the name cantillans to the population elsewhere in Italy, I propose: Sylvia inornata iberiae subsp. nov. Holotifpe. — Adu\t male, BMNH 1934.1.1.249, collected by C. B. Ticehurst (orig. coll. no. 52: 22), at El Pardo, Madrid, Spain, on 24 May 1931. On the reverse of one label is written in pencil, presumably by Ticehurst, 'Breeding by river'. It is thus certain that the type was a local breeder. Description. — Adult male has orange-red underparts, only subtly paler on belly and lower flanks, but central belly and undertail-coverts whitish. Upperparts from crown to uppertail lead-grey, wings slightly tinged brownish. Tertials dark-centred but narrowly fringed paler brown-grey. Orbital-ring orange-red. Submoustachial stripe pure white. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Lars Svensson 245 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Figure 5. Map showing ranges of all five taxa and borders between the three species. Note that the circled area in northern Italy is a zone of overlap between subalpina and cantillans, with dark grey dots indicating localities of confirmed sympatry. The question mark in Tunisia denotes mainly lack of informahon concerning status within wide gaps between known breeding areas. Based mainly on Shirihai ef al. (2001) and Brambilla et al. (2006), with input by M. Ullman (pers. comm. 2013). rather narrow. Outer rectrices dark grey with large white outer portion (on average less extensive than in Eastern Subalpine Warbler), penultimate tail feathers st]uarely tipped white. Bill fine, culmen and tip dark, cutting edge and base of mandible paler (now pale yellowish brown). Wing (max.) 59.5 mm, tail 54.0 mm, bill (to skull) 12.6 mm, tarsus 19.5 mm. Figs. 3-4 show the type in ventral view and its tail pattern. Female differs in being mainly whitish or cream-white below, with faint pinkish-buff or pale cinnamon-buff tinge in some. Upperparts brown-grey, slightly paler than male, lacking all or most lead-grey hues. Lores often slightly paler than forehead and crown (concolorous in male). Wings finged slightly more brownish than in male. Either lacks white submoustachial stripe or has only faint suggestion of it. Female shares brick-red orbital ring, only less bright, but nearly always also has narrow off-white eye-ring outside orbital ring. Tail pattern as male. Diagnosis. — Both sexes differ from nominate inornata in being less yellow-tinged above and below, which difference is particularly obvious in series. There is a slight tendency for breeders in soufhernmost Spain to be slightly more yellowish than typical birds from central Spain and further north (Shirihai et al. 2001), but differences are slight with much overlap, and it seems best to draw the line between iberine and inornata through the Strait of Gibraltar, as in all major handbooks. In size and structure iberiae and inoiiiata are practically alike, but iberiae is on average very slightly smaller, although differences are miniscule and unhelpful for identification. By comparing 57 specimens of inornata with 58 iberiae in various collections it is evident that at least 75% differ diagnosably, probably many more. Etymology.— The name iberiae, a genitive singular, means 'of Iberia' and indicates the main range of this taxon, the Iberian Peninsula. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Lars Svensson 246 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) The scientific name of Moltoni's Warbler Moltoni's Warbler has been known either as siibalpina and iiwltonii. The latter name, given by Orlando in 1937, has been in wide use, but as Baccetti et al. (2007) pointed out subalpina is valid and has priority. The Temminck type specimen of subalpina is reputedly long since lost due to insect damage (fide Baccetti et al. 2007), and requests to the Leiden and Paris museums have not changed that. The type was described (Temminck 1820b) as a female, but based on Temminck's plate (see below), its lead-grey upperparts and prominent pink underparts, 1 conclude that the specimen was a male. According to Temminck, the type had 'a beautiful vinaceous colour' below. The adjective used (Fr. 'vineuse', vinaceous) is the same that Ridgway (1912) used for such a pink, and because males of all other Subalpine Warbler populations possess more orange-brown or reddish underparts it is probable that Temminck was struck by the unusual and attractive pink of male Moltoni's Warbler when he described subalpina. In his PI. 6, no. 2, a painting of subalpina shows an adult bird with lead-grey crown and mantle typical of males, and pink, not orange-red, underparts. Temminck specifically states that the bird in the said plate was the only known specimen, sent to Temminck by Bonelli, making it the hcalotype by monotypy. There can be no doubt that Temminck's plate refers to this taxon, making subalpina the oldest available valid name, with priority over nioltonii Orlando, 1937. That the type locality 'near Turin' could fit not only Moltoni's Warbler but theoretically also Eastern Subalpine Warbler is of subordinate importance given the existence of Temminck's plate and Temminck's (1820b) statement that the plate depicted the unique specimen. Furthermore, it clearly shows the characteristic tail pattern of Moltoni's Warbler, with the sc]uare white tips to the penultimate feathers excluding Eastern Subalpine Warbler. Temminck published information on his Sylvia subalpina twice in 1820. First (Temminck 1820a) was the plate in August 1820, along with a wrapper giving the scientific name of this and other taxa depicted in the six plates comprising this part of the Planches coloriees of Temminck & Laugier, wherein Baron Tangier took no part in naming taxa (cf. Dickinson 2001). Second was a description in the Manuel d'ornithologie (Temminck 1820b), published in October 1820 (see item 3681 in the Bibliographic de la France, issue no. 43, of 21 October 1820). Interestingly, Temminck (1824) depicted a perfectly identifiable Eastern Subalpine Warbler, presumably subspecies albistriata, in PI. 251. The contrast between the dark rufous- red breast and white belly is striking. In the text the bird is labelled as the male Sylvia subalpina. The painting was based on a bird collected by a Mr ITeckel in Silesia, Poland, near the German border (if correct, obviously a spring overshoot since the usual breeding range today runs south of the Alps east to south Bulgaria and western Turkey, and is not thought to have been substantially different then). ITowever, PI. 251 appeared four years later than PI. 6 and does not depict the type of sidialpina, which name must be linked to the bird on PI. 6F ’ It is interesting that the subject of PI. 251 is mentioned in this text; evidence exists that the texts eventually published for livraisons 1-10 (all of the first 20 originally lacked text) appeared no later than June 1823 (cf. Dickinson 2001). Thus this text must be a reissue and the original text must have been cancelled (E. C. Dickinson in litt. 2013). © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Lars Svensson 247 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Ensuing taxonomy with synonymy The effects of the above decisions in terms of synonymy are as follows. Fig. 5 maps species limits. Western Subalpine Warbler Sylvia inornata Tschusi, 1906 Sylvia inornata inornata Tschusi, 1906. Type locality: northern Tunisia. Sylvia inornata iberiae subsp. nov. Type locality: Madrid. Eastern Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillaiis (Pallas, 1764) Sylvia cantillans cantillans (Pallas, 1764). Type locality: Italy, but here restricted to Sicily. Synonym: lencopogon Meyer, 1822. Type locality: Sicily. Syhna cantillans albistriata (C. L. Brehm, 1855) Type locality: Egypt (in winter). Synonym: orientalis (A. E. Brehm, 1866). Type locality: Greece. Nomen nudiini. Moltoni's Warbler Sylvia siibalpina Temminck, 1820 Type locality: near Turin. Synonym: moltonii Orlando, 1937. Type locality: Sardinia (and Corsica?). Other names have been associated with the Subalpine Warbler. Both rhodogastra (Rafinesque Schmaltz, 1810) and tiirdella (Rafinesque Schmaltz, 1810), described from Sicily, have been applied to this species in the broad sense, but according to Baccetti et al. (2007), neither of these names came into use. Furthermore, the first of these is more likely to refer to Spectacled Warbler S. conspicillata (Temminck 1820b) (see Trischitta 1922), and the second is apparently based on a female and probably impossible to definitively link to one taxon in the complex. Both names are best treated as nomina dubia. It may be desirable in the future to clarify the application of these names in order to stabilise the nomenclature of the genus Sylvia. However, this lies outside the scope of this paper. Acknowledgements I am indebted to several people for help and information in resolving Subalpine Warbler taxonomy. Elsewhere (Svensson in press) 1 thank all of those who gave important assistance with field and museum work, and provided general advice, but here 1 concentrate on those who helped directly with nomenclatural matters and taxonomic judgements. My first thanks go to Edward Dickinson, who assisted throughout this paper's genesis and provided detailed and helpful improvements to the first draft. My thanks are also due to Andrea Corso, who helped examine Subalpine Warbler specimens in Rome. Nicola Baccetti gave good advice and other much-appreciated help. 1 am also grateful to Mark Adams and Hein Van Grouw at the Natural History Museum, Tring, who photographed the iberiae and cantillans types, and helped in other ways. 1 thank Normand David for advice on selechng a new name. Pierre- Andre Crochet was very helpful with various aspects of both nomenclature and taxonomy. Others who have helped are Mattia Brambilla, Gabriel Gargallo, Steven Gregory, Alison Harding, Robert Prys-Jones, Kees Roselaar, Frank Steinlieimer and Francisco Welter-Schultes. 1 thank Hadoram Shirihai for useful discussions and for 'sowing the seed' of the three-way split, already predicted by Brambilla and co-workers. Alan Knox and an anonymous reviewer suggested valuable improvements to the submitted paper. References: Baccetti, N., Massa, B. & Violani, C. 2007. Proposed synonymy of Sylvia cantillans ?noltonii Orlando, 1937, with Sylvia cantillans snbalpina Temminck, 1820. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 127: 107-110. Brambilla, M., Tellini Florenzano, G., Sorace, A. & Guidali, F. 2006, Geographical distribution of Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans subspecies in mainland Italy. Ibis 148: 568-571. Brambilla, M., Janni, O., Guidali, F. & Sorace, A. 2008a. Song perception among incipient species as a mechanism for reproductive isolation. /. Evol. Biol. 21: 651-657. Brambilla, M., Vitulano, S., Spina, F., Baccetti, N., Gargallo, G., Fabbri, E., Guidali, F. & Randi, E, 2008b. A molecular phylogeny of the Sylvia cantillans complex: cryptic species within the Mediterranean basin. Mol. Phyl. & Evol. 48: 461M72.‘ © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Lars Svensson 248 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Brambilla, M., Vitulano, S., Ferri, A., Spina, F., Fabbri, E. & Randi, E. 2010. What are we dealing with? An explicit test reveals different levels of taxonomic diagnosibility in the Sylvia cantillans species complex. /. On;. 151: 309-315. Dickinson, E. C. 2001. Systematic notes on Asian birds. 9. The 'Nouveau recueil des planches coloriees' of Temminck & Laugier (1820-39). Zoo/. Verhand. Leiden 335: 7-54. Gargallo, G. 1994. On the taxonenny of the western Mediterranean islands populations of Suhalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans. Bull. Brit. Oni. Cl. 114: 31-36. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth edn. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London. Meyer, B. 1822. Zusalze und Berichtigungen zu Meyers iind Wolfs Taschenbuch der dentschen Vdgelkunde, nebst kurzer Beschreibung derjenigen Viigel, welclie aufler Deutschland, in den iibrigen Tbeilen von Europa vorkommen, als dritter Theil jenes Taschenbiiclis. Frankfurt-am-Main. Orlando, C. 1939. Syli’ia cantillans, Pallas (1764). Rivista Ital. Orn. 9: 148-177. Pallas, P. S. 1764. Vroeg's Cat., Adumbratiunculae Avium variarum praecedenti Elenclio insertarum, sed quae in Systemae Naturae lllustr. Linnaei nondum extant. Gravenhage. Rafinesque Schmaltz, C. S. 1810. Caretteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e di piante della Sicilia, con varie osservazioni sopra I medesimi. S. Filippo, Palermo. Ridgway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Privately published, Washington DC. Shirihai, FI., Gargallo, G. & Helbig, A. J. 2001. Sylvia loarblers. Christopher Helm, London. Svensson, L. in press. Subalpine Warbler variation and taxonomy. Brit. Birds. Temminck, C. J. in Temminck, C. J. & Laugier, M. 1820a. Nouveau recueil de planches coloriees d'oiseaux, pour scri’ir de suite et de complement aux planches cnluminees de Buffon. Livraison 1, pi- 6. Paris. Temminck, C. ]. in Temminck, C. J. & Laugier, M. 1820b. Manuel d'oniithologie, ou Tableau systematique des oiseaux se trouvent en Europe. Paris. Temminck, C. J. hi Temminck, C. J. & Laugier, M. 1824. Nouveau recueil de planches coloriees d'oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complement aux planches enluminees de Bujfon. Livraison 42, pi. 251. Paris. Trischitta, A. 1922. Note ornithologiche. Atfi Soc. It. Sci. Nat., Milano 61: 121-131. Address: S:ta Toras vag 28, 269 77 Torekov, Sweden, e-mail: lars@lullula.se © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Edson Guilherme 249 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) A range extension for Varzea Thrush Turdus sanchezorum in south-west Amazonia by Edson Guilherme Received 19 November 2012 Varzea Thrush Turdus sanchezorum is a recently described cryptic species (O'Neill et al. 2011), the plumage of which is very similar to that of other species in the T. hauxzoelli / T. fiwiigatus complex. This similarity resulted in the species remaining overlooked by field workers and museum-based ornithologists, who misidentified it for other Turdus. However, through the careful investigation of specimens, ornithologists recognised a distinct plumage in some Individuals assigned to T hauxivelli, in particular those collected in the Peruvian Amazon. These were identified as representing a 'grey-tailed morph' of T. hauxivelli, an illustration of which appears in Schulenberg et al. (2007). Subsequently, genetic and vocal studies confirmed that this form is a distinct species and the sister taxon of Unicoloured Tlirush Turdus haplochrous, which is sympatric with T. hauxivelli in northern Bolivia (O'Neill et al. 2011). O'Neill et al. (2011) reviewed material in several ornithological collections and mapped T. sanchezorum as having a relatively ample distribution in western Amazonia (Fig. 1), where it is associated primarily with varzea along the Solimoes (Amazon) and its principal southern tributaries, including the Madeira and Purus, in Brazil, and the Ucayali, in Peru. On 10 May 2010, a T. sanchezorum was captured in a mist-net in the Parque Zoobotanico of the Universidade Federal do Acre (PZ-UFAC; 09°57'S, 67°52'W; Fig. 1). The bird (Fig. 3) was fitted with a band inscribed with the code J33044. It weighed 68 g, had a wing length of 110 mm, inner rectrices 90 mm, tarsus 35 mm and total length 235 mm. It was subsequently released near the capture site. Comparison of photographs of this individual with the description of T. sanchezorum (O'Neill et al., 2011) and a photograph of the species in the wild, kindly provided by G. H. Rosenberg, permitted confirmation of this taxon in the Brazilian state of Acre. On 9 June 2007, a specimen of the genus Turdus (MPEG 63654; Fig. 2) was collected at the edge of a varzea forest on Figure 1. The geographic distribution (grey lines and the left bank of the rio Acre, at Fazenda Sao yellow spot) of Varzea Thrush Turdus sanchezorum as Raimundo (09°57'S; 67°44'W), c.lO km east defined by O'Neill et al. (2011) and the new records Of Rio Branco, the capital ot Acre. Initially zoobotanico, Rio Branco; triangle = Fazenda Sao identified as Hauxwell's Thrush T. hauxivelli, Raimundo, on the left bank of the rio Acre. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Edson Guilherme 250 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Figure 2. Comparison of MPEG 63654 collected in varzea at Fazenda Sao Raimundo (below) and a specimen (MPEG 63600) of Hauxwell's Thrush Tiirdus hauxivelli (above) collected at the same locality. Note the darker coloration of the dorsal surface and the contrast between the rectrices and uppertail-coverts on MPEG 63654 (© Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem) Figure 3. Varzea Thrush Turdiis sanchezorum, Parque Zoobotanico, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, May 2010 (Edson Guilherme) following preparation and cataloguing, it was compared with the series of T. hauxivelli at the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG) in Belem, which includes specimens from Acre and elsewhere in Amazonia. The 2007 specimen proved to be more robust, with a yellowish-green bill and darker plumage, olive-brown dorsally, with dark outer rectrices contrasting markedly with the uppertail-coverts (Fig. 2), unlike the reddish-chestnut T. hauxwelli specimens from the same region (Fig. 2). It was therefore identified as the 'grey¬ tailed morph' from Peru (Guilherme 2009). © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Edson Guilherme 251 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) Capture of T. sanchezorum at PZ-UFAC permitted the tentative re-allocation of the specimen from Fazenda Sao Raimundo (MPEG 63654) to the same species, which was not possible at the time of its deposition in the Goeldi collection (2008) due to the lack of other specimens of this taxon for comparison. Although the general coloration of MPEG 63654 is similar to that of Varzea Thrush (Fig. 2), its orbital ring is the same colour as the plumage and the iris is red, whereas specimens of T. sanchezorum have a yellow / orange orbital ring and brown iris (O'Neill et al. 2011; Fig. 3), Given these inconsistencies in bare-part coloration, identification of MPEG 63654 should be treated with caution. Confirmation of the presence of T. sanchezorum in Rio Branco (PZ-UEAC) and its possible presence elsewhere in the vicinity of this city, extend the species' known range C.400 km south of the nearest locality, Igarape Castanha, on the rio Purus in the Brazilian state of Amazonas (Fig. 1), as reported by O'Neill et al. (2011). Its occurrence in Acre is not unexpected, however, given that the rio Acre is a right-bank tributary of the Purus, which rises in Peru and flows through Acre on its way north to discharge into the Amazon. Acknowledgements I am grateful to Gary H. Rosenberg for sending me a photograph of T. sanchezorum taken in Peru. I also thank the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservagao de Aves Silvestres (CEMAVE / ICMBIO) of the Brazilian government, for providing the bands used in project 1099. 1 also thank the Amazonian Ornithology class of 2010 and my undergraduate students for their assistance banding birds on the UFAC Campus and Parque Zoobotanico. The Brazilian Nahonal Research Council, CNPtp provided financial support via project no. 474592/2010-3 (2010-2012). 1 thank Kevin Zimmer and Dan Lane for refereeing the manuscript. References: Guilherme, E. 2009. Avifauna do estado do Acre: composic^ao, distribui^ao geografica e conserva^ao. Ph.D. thesis. Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Univ. Federal do Para, Belem. O'Neill, J. P., Lane, D. F. & Naka, L. N. 2011. A cryptic new species of thrush (Turdidae: Turdiis) from western Amazonia. Condor 113: 869-880. Schulenberg, T. S., Stotz, D. F., Lane, D. F., O'Neill, J. P. & Parker, T. A. 2007. Birds of Peru. Princeton Univ. Press. Address: Universidade Federal do Acre, Museu Universitario, Laboratorio de Ornitologia, Campus Universitario, BR 364, Km 04, Distrito industrial, Rio Branco, Acre, CEP 69.920-900, Brazil, e-mail: guilherme@ufac.br A Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe in mainland western Mexico by Jorge Nocednl & Federico Casillas Received 1 December 2012 Two subspecies of Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe breed in North America: O. 0. oenanthe in north-east Canada and Greenland, and O. o. leucorhoa on coasts of Alaska and far north-west Canada; both winter in sub-Saharan Africa, but follow different migration routes (Kren & Zoerb 1997). The species has the 'widest record of vagrancy of any passerine' (Collar 2005). Nevertheless, most records in North America away from the breeding grounds are from the Atlantic coast, with many fewer on the Pacific. On 20 October 2012, at Ejido Ojo de Agua El Cazador, 70 km west of the city of Durango, western Mexico (23°53'54.00"N, 105°17'26.39"W), JN observed a unusual bird that flew off before it could be identified. However, his photographs (Eig. 1) confirmed the bird's identity as a Northern Wheatear in non-breeding plumage. © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club Jorge Nocedal & Federico Casillas 252 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(3) We are unable to explain how the bird reached the highlands of the Sierra Madre Occidental in southern Durango state, but it seems probable that it was displaced by Hurricane 'Paul', which moved north across the Mexican Pacific on 13-17 October, in conjunction with the first winter weather front from Canada (weather.unisys.com/: accessed October 2012). In Mexico, there are two records (in October 2008 and 2009) from Baja California (Erikson et al. 2009) and Howell & Webb (1995) mentioned two records from the Yucatan Peninsula (in November 1973 and 1983). Elsewhere in the Neotropics, there are records from the West Indies, on the Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Puerto Rico (Buckley et al. 2009), as well as on Curacjao (November 1962) and Bonaire (December 1975) (Prins et al. 2009) and recently (O. e. leucorhoa) in continental South America, in French Guiana, in October 2006 (Renaudier & CHG 2010), as well as in Panama, in Chiriqui, in 2008 (Angehr & Dean 2010). Acknowledgement Hugo R. Flores Peters, federal delegate of SEMARNAT in Durango, is thanked for his invitation to visit Ejido Ojo de Agua El Cazador. References: Angehr, G. R. & Dean, R. 2010. The birds of Panama: a field guide. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY. Buckley, P. A., Massiah, E. B., Hutt, M. B., Buckley, F. G. & Hutt, H. F. 2009. The birds of Barbados: an annotated checklist. BOU Checklist No. 24. British Ornithologists' Club & British Ornithologists' Union, Peterborough. Collar, N. J. 2005. Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthc. Pp. 795-796 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D. A. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 10. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Erickson, R. A., Carmona, R. & Ruiz, G. 2009. Baja California Peninsula. N. Amer. Birds 63: 161-163. Howell, S. N. G. & Webb, S. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and iiorthern Central America. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. Kren, ]. & Zoerb, A. C. 1997. Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe). In Poole, A. (ed.) The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. http://bna. birds. cornell.edu. bnaproxy. birds. comell.edu/bna/species/316 (accessed October 2012). Prins, T. G., Reuter, J. H., Debrot, A. O., Wattel, J. & Nijman, V. 2009. Checklist of the birds of Aruba, Curasao and Bonaire, south Caribbean. Ardea 97: 137-268. Renaudier, A. & Comite d'Homologation de Guyane (CHG) 2010. Rare birds in French Guiana in 2005-07. Cotinga 32: 75-83. Addresses: Jorge Nocedal, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango, Rio Papaloapan esq. Blvd. Durango s/n. Col. Valle del Sur, 34120 Durango, Mexico, e-mail: nocedal. jCn‘gmail. com. Federico Casillas, SEMARNAT, Delegacion Federal Durango, Blvd. Durango 198, Col. Jalisco, 34170 Durango, Mexico. Figure 1. Non-breeding-plumaged Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe, Ejido Ojo de Agua El Cazador, Durango, Mexico, October 2012 (Jorge Nocedal) © 2013 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2013 British Ornithologists' Club BOC Office P.O. Box 417, Peterborough PE7 3FX, UK E-mail: boc.office@bou.org.uk. Website: www.boc-online.org Tel. & Fax: +44 (0)1733 844 820. MEMBERSHIP Subscriptions were due for renewal on 1 January 2013 All paid-up members receive (postage free) four issues of the Bulletin (including index). 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CLUB CORRESPONDENCE Correspondence on all general Club matters should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary, Dr R. P. (Robert) Prys-Jones, Bird Group, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring HP236AP, UK (e-mail: r.prys-iones@nhm.ac.uk). See inside front cover for details of Club meetings. COMMITTEE C. W. R. Storey (Chairman) (2009) K. F. Betton (2012) D. J. Fisher (Vice Chairman) (2011) R. R. Langley (2011) Dr R. P. Prys-Jones (Hon. Secretary) (2011) N. J. Redman (2013) D. J. Montier (Hon. Treasurer) (1997) Ex-officio members Hon. Editor: G. M. Kirwan (1 January 2004) Chairman of BOU/BOC Joint Publications Committee (JPC): S. P. Dudley Administration Manager: S. P. Dudley (2005) BOU/BOC Commissioning Editor: Dr D. R. Wells (2009) Registered Charity No. 279583 Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club ISSN 0007-1595 Edited by Guy M. Kirwan Associate Editor: Frank D. Steinheimer Volume 133 Number 3, pages 165-252 CONTENTS Club Announcements . 165 THIBAULT, J.-C., CIBOIS, A., BUTAUD, J.-F., JACQ, F. A., POROl, E. & MEYER, J.-Y. Breeding birds of Hatuta'a, Marquesas Islands: species inventory and influence of drought on their abundance.. 168 LEES, A. C., ZIMMER, K. J., MARANTZ, C. A., WHITTAKER, A., DAVIS, B. J. W. & WHITNEY, B. M. Alta Floresta revisited: an updated review of the avifauna of the most intensively surveyed locality in south-central Amazonia . 178 SVENSSON, L. A taxonomic revision of the Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans . 240 GUILHERME, E. A range extension for Varzea Thrush Turdus sanchezorum in south-west Amazonia ... 249 NOCEDAL, J. & CASILLAS, F. A Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe in mainland western Mexico . 251 EDITORIAL BOARD Murray Bruce, R. T. Chesser, Edward C. Dickinson, Fran^oise Dowsett-Lemaire, Steven M. S. Gregory, Jose Fernando Pacheco, Robert B. Payne, Pamela C. Rasmussen, Cees Roselaar, Thomas S. Schulenberg, Lars Svensson Registered Charity No. 279583 www.boc-online.org Printed on acid-free paper. Published by the British Ornithologists' Club Typeset by Alcedo Publishing of Arizona, USA, and printed by Latimer Trend, UK