British Ornithologists’ Club NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM LIBRARY Volume 135 No. 4 December 2015 Natural History Museum Library FORTHCOMING MEETINGS See also BOC website: http://www.boc-online.org BOC MEETINGS are open to all, not just BOC members, and are free. Evening meetings are in an upstairs room at The Barley Mow, 104 Horseferry Road, Westminster, London SW1P 2EE. Tire nearest lube stations are Victoria and St James's Park; and the 507 bus, which runs from Victoria to Waterloo, stops nearby. For maps, see http://www.markettaverns.co.uk/the_barley_mow.html or ask the Chairman for directions. The cash bar opens at 6.00 pm and those who wish to eat after the meeting can place an order. The talk will start at 6.30 pm and, with questions, will last c.l hour. It would be very helpful if those intending to come can notify the Chairman no later than the day before the meeting. Tuesday 15 March 2016—6.30 pm— Dr Robert Prys-Jones — 'The Soul of the Collection': key developments in the documentation of the British Museum's bird collection, 1753 to 1909 Abstract: In response to years of perceived mismanagement since its foundation in 1753, a Parliamentary Select Committee was set up in 1835 to investigate 'the condition, management and affairs of the British Museum'. A central concern of the inquiry was the question of documentation of specimens in the museum's possession and the communication of information concerning them to both the general public and interested specialists. Evidence presented suggested this had been flawed since the BM's inception, and the committee recommended that design and implementation of an improved system be treated as a matter of urgency. This presentation will analyse the nature of the problems that had arisen and the steps subsequently taken to address them, which culminated in the production of the extraordinary 27-volume Catalogue of birds in the British Museum, 1874—98, applauded at the time as a production of exceptional importance and still a key resource in museum ornithology. Biography: Robert Prys-Jones has been Collections Manager, Birds, and Head of the Bird Group at the Natural History Museum at Tring for more than 20 years, with particular interests in the evolutionary biogeography of Indian Ocean island landbirds and in collections-related projects aimed at enhancing the information associated with museum specimens. Tuesday 24 May 2016—5.30 pm — Annual General Meeting, followed at 6.30 pm by Dr Pat Morris — Birds of the parlour, a peep into some aspects of Victorian taxidermy. Tuesday 20 September 2016 — 6.30 pm— Dr John Burnside— The conservation and ecolog y of the over-exploited Asian Houbara Bustard. The Chairman: Chris Storey, 22 Richmond Park Road, London SW14 8JT UK. Tel. +44 (0)208 8764728. E-mail: c.storeyl@btinternet.com Club Announcements 281 Bulletin of the BRITISH ORNITHOLQ NATURAL W&TOW42Q15 135(4) museum library 15 DEC GISTS’ CLUB Vol. 135 No. 4 Published 6 December 2015 CLUB ANNOUNCEMENTS The 981st meeting of the Club was held on Tuesday 22 September 2015 in the upstairs room at the Barley Mow, 104 Horseferry Road, Westminster, London SW1P 2EE. Thirteen members and five non-members were present. Members attending were: Miss H. Baker, Mr S. Chapman, Dr R. A. Cheke, Mr D. J. Fisher, Mr R. R. Langley, Mr R. W. Malin, Dr C. F. Mann, Mr M. Montier, Mr R. Pritchett, Dr R. P. Prys-Jones, Mr A. Simmons, Mr S. A. H. Statham and Mr C. W. R. Storey (Chairman). Non-members attending were: Mr R. Borello, Mrs W. Borello, Mr W. Budd, Mrs M. Gauntlett, Mrs M. Montier and Dr Hazel Jackson (Speaker). Dr Hazel Jackson, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology at the Univ. of Kent, spoke on Molecular phylogeography and mechanisms of invasion success in Ring-necked Parakeets across Europe. Increasing human-mediated transport of species around the world has led to invasive species becoming one of the largest global conservation challenges of today. Studies in molecular ecology can help us to unravel how evolutionary processes are important for informing conservation and invasion biology by understanding genetic mechanisms that enable populations to grow and adapt in a changing world. Ring-necked Parakeets Psittacida krameri are one of the most widely introduced parrot species in the world, with breeding populations in more than 35 countries. Native to southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, they have been transported around the globe due to their popularity as pets, and these charismatic parakeets are now a staple feature of urban gardens and parks across Europe. To understand underlying evolutionary mechanisms that enable invasive Ring-necked Parakeets to be so successful, I conducted a genetic investigation on parakeets from across their native and invasive ranges. Phylogenetic reconstructions of patterns of evolution suggest that Asian Ring-necked Parakeets diverged c.2.5 million years ago and are ancestral to those found in Africa. Invasive populations across Europe, and in the Indian Ocean, predominantly originate from Asia, with surprisingly few individuals from Africa involved. Evidence from genetic phylo-groups, trade data and drivers of population growth highlight how multiple introductions and patterns of climatic similarities between the native and invasive ranges are mechanisms for invasion success, permitting parakeets to avoid problems associated with a small founding population size, such as inbreeding or high juvenile mortality. These findings are important to inform future policy for managing invasive species, and have already been applied to conservation and invasion management by improving the ability of ecological niche models to predict areas suitable for future invasions of Ring-necked Parakeets. EDITORIAL BOARD The Hon. Editor is pleased to welcome a new member of the Bulletin Editorial Board. Bruce Beehler is an ornithologist, conservationist and naturalist. He is currently a Research Associate in the Division of Birds at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. After conducting doctoral fieldwork in Papua New Guinea, Beehler worked for ten years at the Smithsonian, followed by stints at the Wildlife Conservation Society, US Department of State, Counterpart International, Conservation International, and the National Fish & Wildlife Foundation. Beehler is an elective Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union, and has served on the boards of RARE, the Livingston-Ripley Nature Conservancy, and American Bird Conservancy. He has published ten books and authored scores of technical and popular articles. Today, his field research is focused mainly on wildlife in the USA, but his museum research continues into the avifauna of the New Guinea region. REFEREES I am grateful to the following, who have reviewed manuscripts submitted to the Bulletin during the last year (those who refereed more than one manuscript are denoted by an asterisk in parentheses): Michael Andersen, J. I. Areta, John Atkins, Adrian Azpiroz, Andrew Black, Mark Brigham, Michael Brooke, R. Terry' Chesser, Alice Cibois, Adrian Craig, Brian Cresswell, Pierre-Andre Crochet, Marco Aurelio Crozariol, Jack Dumbacher, Guy Dutson, James Eaton, Andrew Elliott, Errol Fuller, Gary R. Graves, Steven M. S. Gregory, Philip Hall, Steve N. G. Howell, Julian P. Hume, Matthieu Le Corre, Mary LeCroy, Alexander C. Lees (*), Club Announcements 282 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Wayne Longmore (*), Clive F. Mann, Michael S. L. Mills, Jiri Mlikovsky, Ulf Ottosson, David Parkin, Robert Payne (*), Alan Peterson, Peter Pyle, H. D. Pratt, Robert Prys-Jones, Pamela C. Rasmussen, Bruce Robertson, Phil Round, Roger Safford, Richard Schodde, Elizabeth Schreiber, Jean-Claude Thibault, Colin Trainor, Andreanna Welch, David R. Wells, James Wiley and Iain Woxvold.— The Hon. Editor REVIEW Robb, M. & The Sound Approach. 2015. Undiscovered owls. Tire Sound Approach, Poole. 308pp + 4 CDs. ISBN 978-90-810933-7-8. Many birders will empathise with the Sound Approach's conclusion that 'Owls force us out of our comfort zone'. Personally speaking, I have on many occasions ignored an unknown nocturnal noise from a hammock on tropical expeditions when a similar diurnal vocalisation would have had me 'all ears'. Owls are 'hard' and as a consequence even in the relative terra cognita of the Western Palearctic the night is still ripe for discovery. The Sound Approach's latest offering, Undiscovered owls, is an intriguing tome led by Magnus Robb that focuses on vocal variation in Western Palearctic taxa. Understanding the extent of vocal variation (and how this relates to molecular differentiation) is likely to be key to arriving at a more representative species-level taxonomy for a group that often exhibits little morphological variation. This is not to mention frequent plumage polymorphism in owls, which we now know to be associated with elevated speciation rates (Hugall & Stuart-Fox 2012). Tire book's style is informal, in keeping with other titles in the series, and it is written accessibly for a non-academic audience. The nine Western Palearctic owl genera are each afforded individual chapters with the greater part of each species account given over to vocal analyses that include extensive treatment of age and sex variation. As with previous volumes in the series, the reader is directed towards the critical aspects of this vocal variation via annotated sonograms. Tire recordings are generally fantastic with few exceptions and transport the listener to exciting soundscapes in the comers of the Palearctic. However, 1 (and other commentators) do feel that CDs are becoming dated. I played them in my car (about the only CD player I own) and was disappointed to find that there were no announcements, so my journey was punctuated by an assortment of hisses and growls for which I had to periodically stop to refer to the book — an mp3 format would surely be more user-friendly? The book is a visual treat too, replete with brilliant images and sketches by the talented Hakan Delin, which capture behaviour and habitat equally well. A minor gripe is the absence of true 'plates', especially given that the book does feature some artwork by the field guide maestro Killian Mullarney, which would have been useful given the subtleties of differentiating several visually cryptic taxa. I was impressed by some of the taxa treated of which I have no personal field experience, e.g. Cape Verde Barn Owl Tyto (alba) detorta, Arabian Eagle Owl Bubo (africanus) milesi and Maghreb Wood Owl Strix (aluco) mauritanica, whilst other taxa flagged as splits are relatively less phenotypically distinctive and in some cases existing molecular data do not strongly support the authors' alpha taxonomy. That said, the authors are quick to admit that their taxonomy 'does not follow any existing authority, nor does it pretend to be one' However, there is a trade-off here, given the need for rigour it would have been nice if the novel taxonomic hypotheses had been supported with a little more academic rigour and incorporated the usual scientific protocols to assess the significance of the results. This would have perhaps been best achieved within a 'dry' scientific paper that could have preceded the book and its 'birder friendly' digest replete with all the personal anecdotes and tall tales that are another a hallmark of the series. It would be a disservice to all involved not to dwell on the team's fantastic discovery of a Strix owl in northern Oman. The Sound Approach Team initially described this taxon (using images and sound-recordings, without the benefit of a voucher specimen) as a new species 'Omani Owl ‘Strix omanensis' (Robb et al. 2013). Specimen collection continues to be a polarising and prickly subject, but in this instance, as in some others (e.g. Nguembock et al. 2008, Peterson 2013), the description of a new species without a complete physical type meant that controversy wasn't slow to follow. Kirwan et al. (2015) re-examined the 19th-century type of Hume's Owl S. butleri and concluded it to be diagnosably different from all other specimens, necessitating the description of a new taxon— Desert Tawny Owl S. hadorami for everything but the type. This left 'Omani Owl' in taxonomic limbo, albeit with a prognosis by Kirwan et al. that it would prove synonymous with Hume's type specimen. This hypothesis has now been confirmed within an as yet unpublished study by Robb et al. (2015), which neatly resolves what has proved to be a rediscovered owl. Undoubtedly, we face significant taxonomic inflation of global owl lists and the genuine discovery of new species as molecular and vocal analysis toolkits take over. Recent validation of species status for Cyprus Scops Owl Otus (scops) ci/prius by Flint et al. (2015) builds directly on the work of the Sound Approach, although their work commenced even earlier, and the book's other taxonomic hypotheses will doubtless be tested in the coming years. Ultimately, this inspiring book gives considerable hope to amateur and professional ornithologists alike that we don't need to visit the ends of the earth to make major ornithological discoveries. Go boldly forth into the night with sound-recording gear. . . Alexander C. Lees Club Announcements 283 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) References: Flint, P., Whaley, D., Kirwan, G. M., Charalambides, M., Schweizer, M. & Wink, M. 2015. Reprising the taxonomy of Cyprus Scops Owl Otus (scops) cyprius, a neglected island endemic. Zootaxn 4040: 301-316. Hugall, A. F. & Stuart-Fox, D. 2012. Accelerated speciation in colour-polymorphic birds. Nature 485: 631-634. Kirwan, G. M., Schweizer, M. & Copete, J. L. 2015. Multiple lines of evidence confirm that Hume's Owl Strix butleri (A. O. Hume, 1878) is two species, with description of an unnamed species (Aves: Non- Passeriformes: Strigidae). Zootaxn 3904: 28-50. Nguembock, B., Fjeldsa, J., Couloux, A. & Pasquet, E. 2008. Phylogeny of Laniarius : molecular data reveal L. liberatus synonymous with L. erlangeri and "plumage coloration" as unreliable morphological characters for defining species and species groups. Mol. Phyl. & Evol. 48: 396-407. Peterson, A. T. 2013. Case 3623: Grallaria fenwickorum Barrera et ah, 2010 (Aves, Formicariidae): proposed replacement of an indeterminate holotype by a neotype. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 70: 99-102. Robb, M., van den Berg, A. B. & Constantine, M. 2013. A new species of Strix owl from Oman. Dutch Birding 35: 275-310. Johan Ingels et al. 284 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Status and distribution of Golden-rumped Euphonia Euphonia cyanocephala on the Guiana Shield, South America by Johan Ingels, Maxime Dechelle, Vincent Pelletier, Tanguy Deville, Jan Hein Ribot & Olivier Claessens Received 12 January 2015 Summary.— Golden-rumped Euphonia Euphonia cyanocephala is widely but patchily distributed in South America. Until now, its presence over the Guiana Shield was poorly known. We discuss its status and distribution in French Guiana, Surinam and Guyana, and adjacent northern Brazil and southern Venezuela. We believe that the erratic and unpredictable occurrence of this euphonia over the Guiana Shield probably reflects seasonal, nomadic movements. Almost all observations in French Guiana and Surinam were made during the short and long dry seasons of February-March and July-December, respectively, suggesting that these are nomadic movements probably related to the seasonal availability of particular dietary items. Golden-rumped Euphonia Euphonia cyanocephala of Trinidad and South America, Antillean Euphonia E. musica of the West Indies, and Blue-hooded Euphonia E. elegantissima of Middle America were long treated as conspecifics (Isler & Isler 1999), but are now considered to be different species (Meyer de Schauensee 1966, Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Hilty 2011, Remsen et al. 2014). E. cyanocephala is widespread, albeit patchily distributed in South America (Restall et al. 2006, Hilty 2011). It occurs in northern Venezuela from Sucre and Monagas throughout the coastal cordilleras with isolated observations in Amazonas (Zimmer & Hilty 1997), and further throughout the Andes south to northern Argentina, as well as in the lowlands and coastal mountains of south-east Brazil and adjacent Argentina and Paraguay (Areta & Bodrati 2010). Milensky et al. (2005) mentioned Golden-rumped Euphonia for French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana and the south¬ east Venezuelan state of Bolivar. However, its status and distribution across the Guiana Shield are poorly known (Hilty 2011). The larger part of the range of Golden-rumped Euphonia is occupied by E. c. cyanocephala, while E. c. pelzelni and E. c. insignis occur from southern Colombia to Chimborazo in western Ecuador, and on the east slope of the Andes in Ecuador, respectively. The species occurs in a variety of habitats, in humid and fairly dry regions, from sea level to 3,260 m. It is observed in the canopy of lowland and montane forest, in shade plantations, thickets and trees in clearings, in gardens and parks. It usually forages in pairs or small groups, as well as in mixed-species flocks, mostly in the canopy but it descends to bushes in open places to feed on berries (Isler & Isler 1999, Restall et al. 2006, Areta & Bodrati 2010, Hilty 2011). Here, we present new information on the species' status and distribution in French Guiana, Surinam and Guyana, as well as adjacent northern Brazil and southern Venezuela. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Johan Ingels et al. 285 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) 200 km i Sources : SRTW30 © USGS - 01/10/2015 VC Figure 1. Localities on the Guiana Shield where Golden-rumped Euphonias Euphonin cyanocephala were recorded (circles) and not recorded (triangles). Coordinates and elevations are approximative. FRENCH GUIANA: 1. Nouragues Nature Reserve (04°04'N, 52°44'W, 400 m), 2. Mont Itoupe (03°01'N, 53°04'W, 800 m), 3. Saint Eugene (04°51'N, 53°03'W, 115 m), 4. Monts La Fumee (03°39'N, 53°12'W, 320 m), 5. Saul (03°38'N, 53°13'W, 200 m), 6. Monts Atachi Bakka (03°32'N, 53°54'W, 780 m). SURINAM: 7. Lelygebergte (04°25'N, 54°39'W/ 650 m), 8. Brownsberg (04°56'N/ 55°11'W, 480 m), 9. Zanderij (05°27'N, 55°11'W, 20 m), 10. Paramaribo (05°49'N, 55°10'W, 3 m), 11. Leonsberg (05°53'N, 55°07'W/ 2 m), 12. Weg aan Zee (05°53'N, 55°15'W, 1 m), 13. Kasikasima Top (02°58'N, 55°25'W, 700 m), 14. Grensgebergte (02°25'N, 55°35'W, 800 m), 15. Voltzberg (04°41'N, 56°10'W, 100 m), 16. Tafelberg (03°47'N, 56°09'W, 1,020 m), 17. Sipaliwini savanna (02°07'N, 56°08'W, 250 m), 18. Wilhelminagebergte (03°45'N, 56°30'W, 800 m), 19. Kaysergebergte (03°03'N, 56°35'W, 300 m), 20. Kwamalasamutu (02°20'N, 56°47'W, 230 m). GUYANA: 21. Essequibo River (01°35'N, 58°38'W, 500 m), 22. Acary Mountains (01°50'N, 58°56'W, 1,000 m), 23. Rupununi savannas (02°45'N, 59°45' W, 500 m), 24. Kanuku Mountains (03°12'N, 59°35'W, 1,000 m), 25. Iwokrama Forest (04°30'N, 59°00'W, 1,000 m), 26. Ayanganna Tepui (05°23'N, 59°59'W, 2,000 m). VENEZUELA: 27. Mount Roraima (05°09'N, 60°46'W, 1,500 m), 28. Santa Elaena de Uairen (04°39'N, 61°05'W, 900 m), 29. Uaipan Tepui (05°35'N, 62°31'W, 500 m), 30. Imataca Forest Reserve near El Palmar (07°59'N, 61°45'W, 250 m). BRAZIL: 31. Pacaraima (04°25'N, 61°08'W, 475 m) (Map prepared by A. Bordin & V. Charlet). Methods We discuss the status and distribution of the Golden-rumped Euphonia in French Guiana, Surinam and Guyana, and adjacent northern Brazil (Amapa, Para, Roraima) and southern Venezuela (Bolivar). In addition to data in the literature and on internet sites (www.faune-guyane.fr/, www.wikiaves.com.br), we present unpublished field observations made in Surinam and French Guiana held in the databases of Ribot (2014) and Comite d'Homologation de Guyane (OC). We also present previously unpublished data on relevant specimens collected in Surinam and Venezuela, and now in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, and Coleccion Ornitologica Phelps (COP), Caracas, respectively (Appendix 1). Specimens at the first-named museum were checked by JI in 1984 and at the latter by S. L. Hilty in 2014. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Johan Ingels et al. 286 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Results Localities across the Guiana Shield where Golden-rumped Euphonias have been recorded as well as intensively surveyed areas where this euphonia has not yet been recorded are shown in Fig. 1. The number of records per month in Surinam and French Guiana since 1902, are presented in Fig. 2, wherein we also provide generalised information on rainfall patterns across the Guiana Shield by indicating mean monthly rainfall in 1960-90 at Pokigron (c.04°29'N, 55°22'W) in central Surinam (CRU 2015). French Guiana. — First recorded by Thiollay (1986). Fie observed it four times at forest edges near Saul in central French Guiana between mid-October and mid-December 1984, but precise dates and details are no longer available (J.-M. Thiollay in lift. 2011). These records were mentioned by Tostain et al. (1992) under 'Euphonia aureata’. On 29 October 2002, VP observed two male £. cyanocephala in the crown of a tree at the edge of a small clearing at the viewpoint along the trail on Monts La Fumee, c.2.5 km north-east of Saul. The clearing is surrounded by primary forest. On 8-9 October 2008, MD photographed a pair foraging in the canopy at the edge of the same clearing (Renaudier et al. 2010). On 13 July 2009, a flock of at least 12, including males and females, and a young male in transitional plumage (Fig. 3), was photographed by TD at Monts Atachi Bakka, near Maripasoula (Renaudier et al. 2010). A pair of £. cyanocephala was seen in canopy on the outskirts of Saiil, on 9 October 2009, by FT Michel & S. Nicolle (Renaudier et al. 2010) and on 16 November 2012, by OC, P. Huet & A. Pataud. However, £. cyanocephala has never been recorded at Saint Eugene, near the hydro-electric dam of Petit Saut, where OC studied birds in 1993-96 (Claessens 2002), or at Nouragues Nature Reserve in eastern French Guiana, despite many avifaunal surveys since its creation in 1995 (Thiollay et al. 2001). During intensive surveys of Mont Itoupe, a forested table mountain in the interior of French Guiana, c.70 km south of Saiil, VP, G. Leotard & O. Tostain did not find the species in March 2010, nor did OC & A. Renaudier in October 2010. Surinam.— Between September 1902 and September 1905, B. Chunkoo & H. R. Putscher collected eight £. cyanocephala in Surinam for Walter Rothschild in England (T. Trombone in litt. 2009). They are now at AMNH: six are labelled 'near Paramaribo', one 'rijweg near Paramaribo', i.e. a road leaving Paramaribo towards Uitkijk, and one 'Saramacca District', which is adjacent to Paramaribo (Appendix 1). Therefore, all were collected close to sea level in a large area around Paramaribo, which was still largely forested in the early 20th century (Haverschmidt & Mees 1994; A. Spaans in litt. 2009). AMNH 511836, from an unknown locality in Saramacca District, was collected on 9 December 1904, not 7 December 1904 as stated in Haverschmidt & Mees (1994). Approximately 70 years later, T. Wals (1976) observed singles of E. cyanocephala on Brownsberg on 27 August 1976 and near Voltzberg on 13 September 1978. On 13 March 1978, G. Mees & V. Mees-Balchin observed a pair in the crown of a tree at the edge of a forest clearing atop the Brownsberg (Haverschmidt & Mees 1994). On 11 November 1979, T. H. Davis tape-recorded a male singing in the canopy at the edge of the same clearing (http://macaulaylibrary.org/audio/11565). B. J. O'Shea, on 10 June 2003, and I. Derfeld & G. Love, on 27 October 2005, saw singles of E. cyanocephala in the Lelygebergte (Alonso & Mol 2007; B. J. O'Shea in litt. 2009). During a stay of several months on Brownsberg, S. Wytema (in litt. 2009) observed E. cyanacephala just once, on 5 July 2005 along the Mazaroni road on the ridge of the Brownsberg. O. Ottema observed this euphonia on 10 December 2005 near Caiman camp on the slope of the Tafelberg (Zykowski et al. 2011). In April 2010, K. J. Zykowski (in litt. 2011) tape-recorded one in the Wilhelmiagebergte. B. J. O'Shea observed the species on 16 March 2012 in the Grensgebergte (O'Shea & Ramcharan 2012). However, © 2015 The Authors; journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Johan Ingels et al. 287 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) T3 k. O o a> n E 3 Figure 2. Records of Golden-rumped Euphonia Euphonia cyanocephala per month since 1902 in French Guiana (n = 5) and Surinam (n = 18). Only precisely dated records are included (bars, left X-axis). Mean monthly rainfall in mm at Pokigron (c.04°29'N, 55°22'W) in central Surinam in 1960-90 (circles, right Y-axis) (Graph prepared by R. Ribot). Figure 3. Immature male Golden-rumped Euphonia Euphonia cyanocephala, Monts Atachi Bakka, near Maripasoula, French Guiana, 13 July 2009 (Tanguy Deville) it has not been observed at localities such as the Zanderij savanna, the Kasikasima Top, the Kaysergebergte and Sipaliwini savanna in the interior of Surinam (Mittermeier et al. 2010, O'Shea & Ramcharan 2012, Ribot 2014). Guyana. — During intensive surveys since 1993, E. cyanocephala was not recorded in Iwokrama Forest, the Kanuku Mountains, Rupununi savannas, along the upper Essequibo River and in the Acary Mountains, all in the southern half of Guyana (Parker et al. 1993, © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Johan Ingels et al. 288 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Robbins et al. 2004, Ridgely et al. 2005, Braun et al. 2007, Robbins et al. 2007; B. J. O'Shea & M. B. Robbins in litt. 2009, C. M. Milensky in litt. 2011). However, in early 2014, during a survey of Ayanganna Tepui in the Pakaraima Mountains of western Guyana, a pair of £. cyanocephala was photographed (M. B. Robbins in litt. 2014). Venezuela.— Snyder (1966) mentioned E. cyanocephala for the Venezuelan side of Mount Roraima, near the junction of the Guyana, Venezuela and Brazil borders. It also occurs at other localities near the border with Guyana in south-east Bolivar. On 27 January 1948, W. H. Phelps Jr. collected a male at the western base of Uaipan Tepui and, on 16 March 1950, M. Castro took a pair on the slopes of Mount Roraima (Appendix 1). Subsequently, E. cyanocephala was seen in Imataca Forest Reserve, c.15 km east of El Palmar by T. A. Parker in February 1985 and 1987, and by S. L. Hilty in February 1989 and 1995, while C. Parrish observed the species near Santa Elaena de Uairen in the late 1970s (Hilty 2003; S. L. Hilty in litt. 2014). Brazil.— Until recently, there were no records north of the Amazon, i.e. in the states of Amapa, Roraima or northern Para (Novaes 1980, Silva et al. 1997, Naka et al. 2006; C. Carlos in litt. 2009). However, on 13 January 2011, R. Czaban photographed a pair near Pacaraima, a municipality in north-west Roraima (WA285878-79). Discussion Distribution.— In the early 20th century, Golden-rumped Euphonia was rather common in the forested interior of the Guianas (Penard & Penard 1910). The region around Saul in French Guiana is a well-inventoried part of this French overseas department (Renaudier 2009). Therefore, it is unsurprising that most records of E. cyanocephala were made there, while the avifauna of other parts of central or southern French Guiana is still poorly studied. A large area around Paramaribo was still largely forested in the early 20th century, but is now seriously degraded. In the early 1900s, E. cyanocephala appeared to be more numerous in the coastal region of Surinam during the drier months of the year (Penard & Penard 1910), i.e. the short dry season of February-March and long dry season of July-December (CRU 2015). According to two Surinamese aviculturists (H. Robert & J. Luchmun pers. comm, to JHR), in that epoch the species was also trapped for trade near Leonsberg and along Weg naar Zee in the coastal region near Paramaribo. However, nowadays E. cyanocephala is trapped around Kwamalasamutu, a village of Trio Indians surrounded by forest on the Sipaliwini River in southern Surinam. Although much field work is conducted around Paramaribo and in Saramacca District (Ottema et al. 2009, Ribot 2014), no sight records in the coastal region have been reported in recent decades. Recent, reliable observations in Surinam are from forested hills in the interior, e.g. the Voltzberg, Lelygebergte, Tafelberg, Grensgebergte, Wilhelminagebergte and especially Brownsberg, now a well-surveyed reserve managed by STINASU (Foundation for Nature Conservation in Suriname). The range of E. cyanocephala in southern Brazil generally reaches as far north as southern Bahia, Goias and Mato Grosso (Sick 1993), with the northernmost records in the Serra dos Carajas (c.06°00'S, 50°20'W) in central Para, where the species has been observed and tape-recorded on several occasions (Pacheco et al. 2007; G. M. Kirwan in litt. 2015), i.e. well south of the Amazon and c. 1,1 00 km from Saiil in French Guiana, the nearest locality on the Guiana Shield where this euphonia has been reported. In Venezuela, the population of E. cyanocephala on the Guiana Shield in southern Bolivar is separated by c.470 km from two observations at Junglaven camp in Amazonas (05°06'N, 66°44'W; Zimmer & Hilty 1997). © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Johan Ingels et al. 289 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Localities where E. cyanocephala has been recorded on the Guiana Shield post-1970 form two groups (Fig. 1). One is restricted to the forested and hilly interior of Surinam and extends over central French Guiana, following the Tnird-Camopi' Mountains including Mounts Atachi Bakka and Saul (Barret 2001). A second group of records is concentrated in the montane region at the junction of the Guyana, Venezuela and Brazil borders. Habitat.— Across the Guiana Shield (Fig. 1), the species has an obvious preference for the montane interior. No recent observations have been made in the coastal area despite constant effort by birdwatchers and surveys by ornithologists. Most sightings are nowadays made around open areas on forested hills at altitudes between c.200 and 2,000 m. In north¬ east Argentina, the species is commoner in mountainous regions and makes only slight incursions into the lowlands (Areta & Bodrati 2010). Abundance.— Due to their preference for the forest canopy, and despite males being quite colourful, Golden-rumped Euphonias can easily escape detection. The warbling song may help to locate them. Nevertheless, with just 13 records in the 21st century, the species certainly is rare or under-recorded on the Guiana Shield, in contrast to formerly (Penard & Penard 1910), which suggests that it was more abundant there in the past. The degree and causes of this potential decline are unknown, but any change in the species' habitats in this region appears unlikely. It is most frequently seen foraging in pairs, small groups or multi-species canopy flocks. In north-west Argentina and south-east Brazil, flocking with congeners appears to be related to the recently described longitudinal migration of Golden- rumped Euphonias (Areta & Bodrati 2010). Seasonal movements.— Altitudinal movements are known for many bird species occurring at higher elevations, especially in the Andes (e.g. Loiselle & Blake 1991, Bildstein 2004, Chaves-Campos 2004). At a much smaller scale, in the Guianas, several high-altitude, frugivorous, birds like Sharpbill Oxyruncus cristatus and White Bellbird Procnias albus occur during the long dry season in the lowlands and littoral of French Guiana and Surinam, far from the interior hills where they breed (A. Renaudier & O. Ottema in litt. 2009; OC pers. obs.). Although the sample is small, it is striking that most records of the species in French Guiana and Surinam, including those by Thiollay (1986), occurred during the drier seasons of the year (Fig. 2) Until now, E. cyanocephala was presumed to be a resident breeder in French Guiana and Surinam (Ottema et al. 2009). However, longitudinal migration has recently been described for the population breeding in south-east Brazil and migrating to Argentina (Misiones) and Paraguay in the austral autumn / winter (Areta & Bodrati 2010). Conversely, we believe that the species' sporadic occurrence on the Guiana Shield can be interpreted as seasonal movements from the highlands at the western edge of the Guianas into the hill and montane forests in the interior of these countries. The paucity of records, even in well-surveyed areas, indicates that these movements do not constitute regular migrations. Hilty (2003) also noted the species' 'unpredictable and erratic' occurrence in Venezuela. We speculate that these seasonal movements occur in search of food, although it is unclear if they are related to the fruiting season of their main foods, e.g. mistletoes (Isler & Isler 1999, Areta & Bodrati 2010, Hilty 2011). More observations are clearly needed to document and understand the pattern of occurrence of Golden-rumped Euphonia on the Guiana Shield. Acknowledgements We thank Frederik Brammer, Caio Carlos, Steven Hilty, Guy Kirwan, Alberto Masi, Christopher Milensky, Mark Robbins, Harry Robert and Jean-Marc Thiollay for information concerning the occurrence of Golden- rumped Euphonia in French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana, south-east Venezuela and northern Brazil. We thank Thomas Trombone for photographs of specimens at AMNH, Steven Hilty and Miguel Lentino for details of specimens at COP, and Annie & Jean-Paul Brun, Armelle Gairard, Steven Hilty, Philippe Huet, Herve Michel, Serge Nicolle, Brian O'Shea, Chris Parrish, Alain Pataud, Gerard Viret, Steven Wytema, Sophie © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Johan Ingels et al. 290 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Zimmerman, and particularly Mark Robbins, for permitting us to include their observations. We gratefully mention the bureau for environmental studies ECOBIOS for communicating the results of their Mont Itoupe mission commissioned by the Parc Amazonien de Guyane. We greatly appreciate comments by Nacho Areta, Des Jackson, Guy Kirwan and Alex Lees on earlier drafts of this paper. Finally, we are most grateful to Amandine Bordin and Veronique Charlet for preparing the map, and to Raoul Ribot for preparing the graph. References: Alonso, L. E. & Mol, J. H. (eds.) 2007. A rapid biological assessment of the Lely and Nassau plateaus, Suriname (with additional information on the Brownsberg plateau). RAP Bull. Biol. Assessment 43. Conservation International, Arlington, VA. Areta, J. I. & Bodrati, A. 2010. Un sistema migratorio longitudinal dentro de la selva Atlantica: movimientos estacionales y taxonomia del Tangara Cabeza Celeste ( Euphonia cyanocephala) en Misiones (Argentina) y Paraguay. Orn. Neotrop. 21: 71-86. Barret, G. 2001. Relief et hydrographie. Pp. 34-36 in Barret J. (ed.) Atlas illustre de la Guyane. Laboratoire de Geographie de la Guyane / Institut d'Enseignement Superieur de Guyane, Cayenne. Bildstein, K. L. 2004. Raptor migration in the Neotropics: patterns, processes, and consequences. Orn. Neotrop. 15: 83-99. Braun, M. J., Finch, D. W., Robbins, M. B. & Schmidt, B. K. 2007. Afield checklist of the birds of Guyana. Second edn. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Chaves-Campos, J. 2004. Elevational movements of large frugivorous birds and temporal variation in abundance of fruits along an elevational gradient. Orn. Neotrop. 15: 433-445. Claessens, O. 2002. Diversity and guild structure of the Petit Saut bird community. Rev. Ecol. Suppl. 8: 77-103. CRU (Climatic Research Unit, Univ. of East Anglia). 2015. http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index. cfm?page=country_historical_climate&ThisRegion=Latin%20America&ThisCCode=SUR (accessed 17 July 2015). Haverschmidt, F. & Mees, G. F. 1994. Birds of Suriname. VACO, Paramaribo. Hilty, S. L. 2003. Birds of Venezuela. Princeton Univ. Press. Hilty, S. 2011. Golden-rumped Euphonia ( Euphonia cyanocephala). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2014) Handbook of the birds of the world Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/61780 on 8 October 2014). Isler, M. L. & Isler, P. R. 1999. The tanagers. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. Loiselle, B. A. & Blake, J. G. 1991. Temporal variation in birds and fruits along an elevational gradient in Costa Rica. Ecology/ 72: 180-193. Meyer de Schauensee, R. 1966. The species of birds of South America with their distribution. Livingston Publishing, Narbeth, PA. Milensky, C. M., Hinds, W., Aleixo, A. & Lima, M. F. C. 2005. Birds. Pp. 43-74 in Hollowell, T. & Reynolds, R. P. (eds.) Checklist of the terrestrial vertebrates of the Guiana Shield. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13: 43-73. Mittermeier, J. C., Zyskowski, K., Stowe, E. S. & Lai, J. E. 2010. Avifauna of the Sipaliwini savanna (Suriname) with insights into its biogeographic affinities. Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. 51: 97-122. Naka, L. N., Cohn-Haft, M., Mallet-Rodrigues, F., Dantas Santos, M. P. & Torres, M. F. 2006. The avifauna of the Brazilian state of Roraima: bird distribution and biogeography in the Rio Branco basin. Rev. Bras. Orn. 14: 197-238. Novaes, F. C. 1980. 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Christopher Helm, London. Ribot, J. H. 2014. Birds of Suriname, South America. Version July 2014. www.surinamebirds.nl (accessed 31 July 2014). Ridgely, R. S. & Tudor, G. 1989. The birds of South America, vol. 1. Oxford Univ. Press. Ridgely, R. S., Agro, D. & Joseph, L. 2005. Birds of Iwokrama forest. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 154: 109-121. Robbins, M. B., Braun, J. M. & Finch, D. W. 2004. Avifauna of the Guyana southern Rupununi, with comparisons to other savannas of northern South America. Orn. Neotrop. 15: 173-200. Robbins, M. B., Braun, M. J., Milensky, C. M., Schmidt, B. K., Prince, W., Rice, N. H. & O'Shea, B. J. 2007. Avifauna of the upper Essequibo River and Acary Mountains, southern Guyana. Orn. Neotrop. 18: 339-368. Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT. Sick, H. 1993. Bird in Brazil: a natural history. Princeton Univ. Press. Silva, J. M. C., Oren, D. C., Roma, J. C. & Henriques, L. M. P. 1997. Composition and distribution patterns of the avifauna of an Amazonian upland savanna, Amapa, Brazil. Pp. 743-762 in Remsen, J. V. (ed.) Studies in Neotropical ornithology honouring Ted Parker. Orn. Monogr. 48. Snyder, D. E. 1966. The birds of Guyana. Peabody Mus., Salem. Thiollay, J.-M. 1986. Structure comparee du peuplement avien dans trois sites de foret primaire en Guyane. Rev. Ecol. (Terre et Vie) 41: 59-105. Thiollay, J.-M., Jullien, M., Thery, M. & Erard, C. 2001. Bird species recorded in the Nouragues area. Pp. 129-142 in Bongers, F., Charles-Dominique, P., Forget, P.-M. & Thery, M. (eds.) Nouragues: dynamics and plant-animal interactions in a Neotropical rainforest. Biol. Monogr. Ser. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht. Tostain, O., Dujardin, J.-L., Erard, C. & Thiollay, J.-M. 1992. Oiseaux de Guyane. Societe d'Etudes Ornithologiques de France, Brunoy. Zimmer, K. J. & Hilty, S. L. 1997. Avifauna of a locality in the upper Orinoco drainage of Amazonas, Venezuela. Pp. 865-885 in Remsen, J. V. (ed.) Studies in Neotropical ornithology / honouring Ted Parker. Orn. Monogr. 48. Zyskowski, K., Mittermeier, J. C., Ottema, O., Rakovic, M., O'Shea, B. }., Lai, J. E., Hochgraf, S. B., de Leon, J. & Au, K. 2011. Avifauna of the easternmost tepui Tafelberg in central Suriname. Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. 52: 153-180. Wals, T. 1976. Observation list of Guyana and Suriname, 4 August-12 October 1976. Privately published. Addresses: Johan Ingels, Galgenberglaan 9, BE-9070 Destelbergen, Belgium, e-mail: johan.ingels@skynet. be. Maxime Dechelle, 1 rue de Montgarde, FR-91280 Saint Pierre du Perray, France. Vincent Pelletier, Lotissement Cotonniere, 36 rue Mazurka, FR-97351 Matoury, France. Tanguy Deville, Le Bourg, FR-65560 Arbeost, France. Jan Hein Ribot, Idzerdastins 131, NL-8925 AG Leeuwarden, the Netherlands. Olivier Claessens, Residence Clos de Benedicte, apt. C14, 2510 route de Montabo, FR-97300 Cayenne, France. Appendix 1: specimens of Golden-ramped Euphonia Euphonia cyanocephala collected on the Guiana Shield in Surinam and south-east Venezuela Given are: collection number, sex, locality, date of collection and collector. See text for museum acronyms. Surinam AMNH 511839, o', near Paramaribo, 17 July 1902, B. Chunkoo. AMNH 511840, o", near Paramaribo, 1 September 1902, B. Chunkoo. AMNH 511841, o', rijweg near Paramaribo, 21 September 1902, B. Chunkoo. AMNH 511837, unsexed (female-like plumage), near Paramaribo, 14 August 1904, B. Chunkoo. AMNH 511838, d", near Paramaribo, 7 December 1904, B. Chunkoo. AMNH 511836, ¥, Saramacca District, 9 December 1904, B. Chunkoo. AMNH 511843, d" , near Paramaribo, 17 June 1905, H. R. Putscher. AMNH 511842, juvenile o', near Paramaribo, 10 September 1905, H. R. Putscher. Venezuela COP 43241, d", Uaipan Tepui, 13 February 1948, W. H. Phelps Jr. COP 50852, d". Mount Roraima, 16 March 1950, M. Castro. COP 50851, ¥, Mount Roraima, 16 March 1950, M. Castro. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 292 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Avifaunas of the Kumawa and Fakfak Mountains, Indonesian New Guinea by Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop Received 13 February 2015 Summary.— Of the 11 outlying mountain ranges along New Guinea's north and north-west coasts, the Kumawa and Fakfak Moun tains are those most isolated from the Central Range and from other outliers by flat lowlands almost at sea level. The Kumawa Mountains were previously unexplored ornithologically, and the Fakfak Mountains unexplored above 900 m. We report four surveys conducted in 1981, 1983 and 2013. The known combined avifauna is now 283 species, including 77 upland species of which the two ranges share at least 57. Among Central Range upland species whose geographic and altitudinal ranges make them plausible candidates to have colonised Fakfak and Kumawa, 15 are nevertheless unrecorded in both Fakfak and Kumawa. Of those 15, 13 are also unrecorded in the mountains of Yapen Island, which at Pleistocene times of low sea level was also separated from other New Guinea mountains by a wide expanse of flat lowlands. This suggests that colonisation of isolated mountains by those particular upland species depends on dispersal through hilly terrain, and that they do not disperse through flat lowland forest. Because of the low elevation, small area and coastal proximity of the Kumawa and Fakfak Mountains, avian altitudinal ranges there show the largest Massenerhebung effect (lowering) of any New Guinea mainland mountains known to us. We compare zoogeographic relations of the Fakfak and Kumawa avifaunas with the mountains of the Vogelkop (the nearest outlier) and with the Central Range. Mixed-species foraging flocks are of two types: small insectivorous flycatchers and warblers, and larger brown and black omnivores. We provide preliminary descriptions and four photographs of 14 distinctive undescribed taxa or pairs of taxa that we observed in the field, and that await collection and naming, in addition to the three endemic taxa already described. An appendix lists, for all 283 known species, the records, local names in the Baham language where known, and altitudinal ranges and abundances on each of our four transects. The mountains of the island of New Guinea consist of the Central Range that forms the island's east / west backbone, plus 11 isolated smaller and lower ranges along the north and north-west coasts (Fig. 1). New Guinea supports a rich upland avifauna, with nearly 200 bird species or superspecies confined to mountains and absent from the flat lowlands. For these upland species, the outlying mountain ranges, separated from each other and from the Central Range by intervening lowlands, constitute virtual islands of upland habitat. They offer an opportunity to study problems of island biogeography within a mainland setting (Brown 1971). One such problem is to understand species differences in colonisation and distribution: why are some species much more widely distributed than others? For instance, some upland species, e.g. Mountain Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus bellies and White-eared Bronze Cuckoo Chalcites meyerii, occupy all 11 outlying ranges. Others, e.g. Mountain Kingfisher Syma megarhyncha and Slaty-headed Longbill Toxorhamphus poliopterus, occur on only 1-2 outlying mountains, respectively, and have not been recorded on other mountains within their altitudinal and © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 293 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Figure 1. Map of New Guinea (modified from Diamond 1985), showing the main mountain ranges: the Central Range (cross-hatched); the 11 outlying ranges on the north and north-west coasts of the New Guinea mainland (numbered and in solid black); and the mountains of Yapen Island (also solid black). The dashed line marks the limits of the New Guinea / Australia continental shelf. During Pleistocene times of low sea level, the shelf, which is now a shallow sea, was a dry-land extension of the New Guinea mainland, so the mountains on Yapen Island were then a twelfth outlying range on the mainland. geographic range, despite being readily detectable. Another problem is to understand differences in the evolution of endemism: some species occupy many mountains as a single subspecies (e.g.. Red-breasted Pygmy Parrot Micropsitta bruijnii and Red-collared Myzomela Myzomela rosenbergii), while others are divided into many subspecies or even different allospecies on different mountains (e.g., the four allospecies of the Smoky Honeyeater super species Melipotes). Under current taxonomy, the outlying mountains support two endemic full species (Vogelkop Whistler Pachycephala meyeri and Emperor Bird of Paradise Paradisaea guilielmi), 14 endemic allospecies within nine superspecies, and many endemic subspecies. Why do species or superspecies differ so markedly in their proneness to geographic variation? Of the 11 outlying ranges, the Fakfak and Kumawa Mountains are among the smaller in area and among the lower ones in elevation: the Fakfaks (c. 1,400 m high) are the second lowest, and the Kumawas (1,654 m) tie for third lowest. However, four features make them of special interest. First, they comprise by far the most isolated upland habitats, being separated by 50-75 km of completely flat lowlands almost at sea level from the nearest hilly terrain of the Central Range, and by 30 km of flat lowland terrain from each other. In contrast, of the other outlying ranges, seven are connected by low hills to the Central Range, from which the other two (the Adelberts and Huon Peninsula) are separated by only narrow strips of flat lowlands. This difference, combined with knowledge of the composition of the Fakfak and Kumawa upland avifaunas, may illuminate mechanisms by which upland species colonise outlying ranges. Second, if one considers the outlying ranges as being distributed along a segment of a distorted circle along New Guinea's north and north-west coasts, the Fakfak and Kumawa Mountains define the south-west end of it. Third, the Fakfaks and Kumawas are those outliers with by far the most karstic terrain, which explains their © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 294 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) abundant populations of an otherwise rare and little-known New Guinea bird species. Greater Melampitta Megalampitta gigantea, a karst specialist (Diamond 1983). Finally, they support populations of Vogelkop Bowerbird Amblyornis inornata whose bower form and decorations differ greatly from those of morphologically nearly identical conspecific populations in other mountains (Fig. 2). Prior to our surveys, the Kumawa avifauna was wholly unknown, while knowledge of the Fakfak avifauna was based only on two small collections made at low elevations in 1896 without field observations. The paucity of earlier surveys was partly due to the dangers formerly posed by the inhabitants of the Fakfaks (cf. Doherty's account in Rothschild & Hartert 1901), and partly to the physical and logistical difficulties of penetrating inland across karstic terrain without surface water to reach the highest peaks. This paper describes our four surveys: one of the Fakfak Mountains (by JD in 1981) and three of the Kumawa Mountains (two by JD in 1983, and one by JD & KDB in 2013). In 2013 we reached the highest Kumawa summit, while in 1981 JD reached an elevation c.85 m below the highest Fakfak summit. Subsequent to Diamond's 1981 Fakfak survey, Gibbs (1994) and Rheindt (2012) surveyed Fakfak birds in 1992 and in 2008 and 2009 respectively. In Table 1 we list all 283 bird species recorded from the Fakfak and Kumawa Peninsulas, as well as presenting notes on 71 species of interest, and offer a preliminary biogeographic discussion of the avifaunas. Figure 2. Bower of Vogelkop Bowerbird Amblyornis inornata, Central Kumawa, New Guinea, March 2013; note the tower of sticks glued together, the four Pandanus leaves propped against the tower's base, and (at JD's feet) the rectangular row of pieces of buff-coloured clay (K. D. Bishop) Background Environment.— At seven weather stations in the Fakfak/Kumawa area, all of them at low elevations on or near the coast, mean annual rainfall varies from 214 to 388 cm, i.e. drier than average for New Guinea (Brookfield & Hart 1966). Presumably, rainfall is greater at higher elevations, where there are no weather stations in our area. Monthly rainfall in the locally wetter months of December-May is 2-4 times greater than in the drier months of July-November. Karst terrain, associated with an absence of streams and other surface water, is locally widespread in the area, including on all four transects (see below). Our North Kumawa transect was entirely within karst and entirely without surface water; JD depended on rain and lianas for water during his survey. On our Central Kumawa transect, the only surface water was the marsh at our Marsh Camp in a basin without entrance or exit streams. On our South Kumawa transect there was no surface water beyond a stream rising at 490 m, but nearby was a river with a waterfall above which were several cascades visible from the air © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 295 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) and on GoogleEarth. Our Fakfak transect had two small streams at 680 m and 745 m, and a few forest pools at lower elevations. While mountains rise directly from the coast around most of the perimeter of the Fakfak (or Onin) and Kumawa (or Bomberai) Peninsulas, the east side of the Kumawa Peninsula east of the base of the mountains consists of extensive flat alluvial lowlands traversed by east-flowing rivers draining the mountains. In areas without human disturbance the natural vegetation covering the Fakfaks and Kumawas consists almost entirely of forest. The only exceptions we saw were several small marshes with standing water in small basins at elevations of 790-1,010 m in the Central Kumawas. One of those was the site of our Marsh Camp, where we could observe the water level rising and falling from day to day in synchrony with rainfall. Anthropogenic second growth and coconut plantations are widespread in the many coastal villages and towns of the Fakfak Peninsula, but on the Kumawa Peninsula are confined to the vicinity of a few coastal villages (see People and languages), plus a narrow coastal strip that had been logged commercially at the northern (beach) terminus of our North Kumawa transect. Forest composition on our Fakfak transect was studied by the forester H. Makabory, who accompanied JD. There were few tree ferns, little ground moss, thin soil, and much leaf litter at low elevations because fallen leaves that land on hot karst rock tend to dry out and then decompose very slowly. Forest canopy was 20-30 m high and dominated by Pometia acuminata, P. coreaceae, P. pinnata, P. tomentosa, Sterculia macrophylla, Intsia palembanica, I. bijuga and Anisoptera polyandra. Above the canopy towered Araucaria cunninghamii up to 49 m tall and 130 cm in diameter. Other common trees were Casuarina montana, Cinnamomum massoia, Cupressus sp., Dillenia sp., Eugenia sp., Hopea papuana, Koordersiodendron bogoriense and Wormia sp., and (at higher elevations) Agathis labillardieri, Nothofagus sp. and Quercus sp. Trees growing on limestone in the Fakfaks were generally similar to those growing on limestone in the Arfaks, except for the rarity of Palaquium amboinensis in the former. Forest composition at our North Kumawa transect was studied by the forester F. Sadsuitubun (Directorate General of Forestry 1975), who accompanied JD. Common lowland tree species were Albizzia falcata, Alstonia scholaris, Burckella sp., Calophyllum sp., Cananga odorata, Canarium indicum, Intsia bijuga, I. palembanica, Palaquium sp., Piriteria sp., Planchonella sp., Pometia pinnata, Spondias cytherea and Terminalia sp. Common species at higher elevations were Anisoptera polyandra, Casuarina montana, Elaeocarpus sp., Intsia sp., Octomeles sumatrana, Palaquium sp., Podocarpus nereifolia and Spondias didcis. Sadsuitubun observed Agathis labillardieri and Araucaria cunninghamii elsewhere in the Kumawas, in non-karst wetter areas, and we observed Araucaria on ridges above our Central Kumawa Marsh Camp. People and languages.— Today, the Fakfak Peninsula's human population lives almost entirely in lowland villages, as well as in the growing town of Fakfak on the south coast. Formerly, the mountains were also inhabited, and the collector William Doherty encountered hundreds of mountaineers during his 1896 visit. As is true in coastal mountains elsewhere in New Guinea, one reason why people formerly lived in the mountains was to avoid the risk of murderous attacks and slave-hunting expeditions to which sea-going raiders constantly exposed coastal peoples. But the former Fakfak mountaineers, like New Guinea coastal mountaineers elsewhere, have abandoned their mountain villages and moved to the coast, on their own initiative and urged by the government, in order to gain access to stores, schools and medical care. By the time of Diamond's 1981 visit, the sole remaining mountain village still inhabited on the Fakfak Peninsula was the small settlement of Wanggasten. Local informants showed Diamond the site of another former mountain village called Siembra, and mentioned another such village, Rombena, which was also mentioned to Rheindt (2012), both abandoned (according to the informants) between 1967 and 1971. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 296 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) While the widespread language of the Fakfak Peninsula is now Indonesian, three indigenous languages are still spoken locally (Lewis 2009): the Austronesian language of Onin, with 500 recent speakers, on the peninsula's western tip and around Fakfak town; and the Papuan languages Iha and Baham, which are related to each other, with 5,500 and I, 100 recent speakers in the peninsula's western and eastern halves, respectively. Several additional indigenous languages, each with a few hundred speakers, are spoken on three islands just south of the peninsula and on the north-east coast. In contrast to the (former) habitation of the Fakfaks, the Kumawa Mountains are entirely uninhabited today, and early 20th-century Dutch maps also mark no villages. No signs of present or former human use were visible to us from the air, nor did we encounter any signs on the ground during our three visits. The reasons are readily understandable from the terrain: the lack of surface water in the north and the steep karst topography of most of the south. A single village, Nusawulan, is sited on Nusawulan Island and on the adjacent mainland coast at the peninsula's southern tip. This is the sole village from which it is possible to ascend into the southern slopes of the Kumawas, which rise steeply immediately from the south coast. Nusawulan inhabitants speak the Baham language spoken in the eastern Fakfaks, and claim that their ancestors moved from the Fakfak area to Nusawulan about three generations before Diamond's 1983 visit. Several other villages are located on the Kumawa Peninsula's east coast but are separated by c.30 km of flat lowlands from the Kumawas' easternmost foothills. All of Diamond's local informants in 1981 and 1983 spoke the Baham language: from New Weri and Wanggasten villages in the Fakfaks, and from Nusawulan village in the South Kumawas. We present lists of Baham bird names that Diamond recorded from these informants (Appendix). Other ornithological studies.— In addition to our studies, there have been five other studies or collections in Fakfak, and one in Kumawa. Fakfak.— Prior to Diamond's 1981 visit, during three months of 1896-97 William Doherty collected 97 species for the Rothschild museum while based at Sekru near the present town of Fakfak (Rothschild & Hartert 1901: 56-57). Doherty's letters state that he collected up to elevations of at least 900 m, but was limited by hostile natives. Most of his specimens evidently came from low elevations, because he obtained only eight upland species, all of which Diamond found at elevations below 790 m. Karl Schadler collected 76 species for the Leiden museum while also based at Sekru in the same months of 1896-97 as Doherty (Finsch 1900). Fie evidently remained at low elevations, because his collections include just one species confined to uplands in this area (Trumpet Manucode Phonygammus keraudrenii), which JD found to descend to 400 m. While based at Fakfak and the nearby Kaukas, C. L. J. Palmer van den Broek & P. J. van Cloven collected birds presented to the Leiden museum in 1908 (van Oort 1909). Unfortunately, most of their specimens were unlabeled, and some of these are of species or subspecies confined to other parts of New Guinea, while two of the species that van Oort reported as 'evidently from Fakfak' probably do not occur there (New Guinea Vulturine Parrot Psittrichas fulgidus and Masked Bowerbird Sericulus aureus ). Of the 19 species labeled as 'Fakfak' or 'Kaukas', all are lowland species and all were subsequently observed in Fakfak by JD and / or D. Gibbs except Eastern Great Egret Ardea modesta and Large-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus, both of which JD observed in Kumawa and whose presence in Fakfak would be unsurprising. Because of the uncertainties about collecting locality, we do not discuss Palmer van den Broek's and van Cloven's collections further. Subsequent to JD's 1981 visit, D. Gibbs observed 106 species during eight days in September 1992 along a trail cut by oil exploration teams from the coast up to and over the © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 29 7 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Fakfak summit (c.1,400 m). In two visits in August / September 2008 and June 2009 totalling nine days, reaching elevations of 950 and 1,300 m, respectively, F. Rheindt observed 147 species. Gibbs and Rheindt did not collect specimens. Because Gibbs reached higher elevations than Diamond or any other observer, he recorded 12 high-elevation bird species recorded there by no one else (see Appendix). Kumawa.— In 1948M9 Sten Bergman spent three weeks collecting on the east coast of the Kumawa Peninsula at Kambala village (133°25'E, 03°52'S), in flat lowlands far from the mountains (Gyldenstolpe 1955). He collected or observed 51 species, all of them species of lowlands or coasts, and all but five were subsequently observed by us. Present surveys.— V\le carried out one Fakfak survey and three Kumawa surveys of birds, all of them jointly with forest surveys by staff of the Indonesian Forestry Department, Environment Department, or both. The coordinates that we provide below for our sites were determined by GPS during our 2013 Central Kumawa survey, but are estimates derived from maps for our other three surveys, when GPS was not available. Fakfak, 1981.— JD and the forester H. Makabory arrived at the town of Fakfak on 17 February. After four days on the coast nearby, on 21 February they went by boat to the coastal village of New Weri south-east of Fakfak (c.132°38'E, 03°13'S), where they obtained carriers. Setting out on foot on 22 February, they reached a forest campsite at 620 m. (This and all other elevations measured by us and cited here were determined with Thommen altimeters in feet, and are converted to metres and reported as the average of multiple readings at each site on different days.) On 23 February they reached Wanggasten village at 690 m (c,132°42'E, 03°07'S) and on 27 February their highest campsite in forest at 1,210 m (c.132°39'E, 03°03'S), where they remained four nights, each day climbing to 1,315 m. They descended to Wanggasten on 3 March, to a forest campsite at 360 m on 5 March, and to New Weri and then by boat on 6 March to Fakfak, from which they departed on 8 March. North Kumawa, 1983. — This survey was undertaken by JD, F. Sadsuitubun of the Indonesian Forestry Department, and A. Irwanto of the Indonesian Environment Department. Following an aerial reconnaissance of the Kumawa Mountains, they and their carriers arrived from Fakfak by boat, and on 25 August established Camp 1 on a beach in the south-east corner of Teluk Sebakor (Sebakor Bay), on the north coast of the Kumawa Peninsula (c.132°54'E, 03°39'S). Over the next 14 days, proceeding south-southeast on a compass bearing of 160°, they cleared trail and moved to a series of nine camps: Camps 2-10, on 28, 29, 31 August, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8 September, respectively, at elevations of 260, 405, 520, 580, 555, 740, 690, 800 and 905 m, respectively. The highest elevation reached was 938 m, beyond Camp 10, which was estimated to be c.ll km from the coast (c,132°55'E, 03°46'S). Overland progress was slow because of the undulating karst terrain and the complete lack of water other than lianas and occasional rain. On 10 September the group descended to Camp 4, on 11 September to Camp 1 on the beach, and on 12 September they departed by boat. South Kumawa, 1983.— This survey was undertaken by JD, while A. Irwanto performed conservation surveys. Whereas the ascent inland from the beach in North Kumawa was very gradual, such that an elevation of just 938 m was reached after 11 km, the ascent inland from the beach in South Kumawa was steep, such that an elevation of 1,438 m was reached after only 5 km. On 16 September, JD and 12 carriers travelled by boat from Fakfak to Nusawulan village on the beach at the south tip of the Kumawas opposite Nusawulan Island (c,132°58.8'E, 04°06.4'S, per C. Thebaud). On 17 September they transferred to the beach opposite Kerowagi Island (c.133°02'E, 04°04'S). On 18 September they made two trial ascents from Air-Keser beach and Fatukama beach; the latter was less rocky. Camp 1 was established on Fatukama beach (133°04.05'E, 04°03.33'S, per C. Thebaud). On 19 September, © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 298 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) proceeding inland from Fatukama beach on a bearing of 350°, they climbed to Camp 2 near a stream (the highest surface water encountered on this transect) at 485 m. On 20, 21 and 24 September they reached Camps 3, 4 and 5 at 923, 1,137 and 1,390 m, respectively. The highest elevation reached was 1,438 m on the crest of the ridge above Camp 5 (c.133°04.46'E, 03°59.30'S per V. Broissart). On 28 September they descended to Fatukama beach, transferred to Kerowagi beach, and surveyed the three small Baniki islets offshore. On 29 September they surveyed Kerowagi Island and a waterfall on the mainland opposite Kerowagi Island, before returning to Nusawulan village that afternoon and returning by boat to Fakfak on 30 September. Central Kumawa, 2013. — This expedition, the last, was led and planned by R. Sneider and JD, joined by KDB, M. Ammer and T. Kammeyer, with the participation of the Indonesian Forestry Department. The approximate location of the highest Kumawa peak was already known from JD's 1983 aerial reconnaissance flight. Sneider & JD located this peak more precisely using GoogleEarth, and Ammer confirmed it during another reconnaissance flight in January 2013. On 5-11 February 2013, Sneider, Ammer and Kammeyer used a helicopter to establish two camps: Top Camp at 1,654 m on the summit itself (133°00'32"E, 03°55'02"S) and Marsh Camp in a natural clearing at 1,026 m consisting of a marsh-filled basin encircled by hills (133°02'52"E, 03°55'13"S). Three other such marshy clearings at similar elevations were located by aerial reconnaissance within 10 km. On 13 March 2013 all five personnel, plus three Dani field assistants, flew by helicopter to Top Camp, where JD & KDB spent the next four days surveying birds on or near the summit. On 18 March the helicopter returned, brought JD, KDB, Kammeyer and the three Dani men to Marsh Camp, and departed with Sneider & Ammer. For the next eight days JD & KDB surveyed birds from Marsh Camp up to 1,210 m. On 27 March the helicopter flew us out of Marsh Camp. Methods. — We made observations while walking trails that we cut, stopping at fruiting and flowering trees where birds gathered, and noting altitudes measured by Thommen altimeters and (in Central Kumawa) using a Garmin GPS. We recorded vocalisations with Sony TCM 5000 EV tape-recorders, played back unidentified vocalisations in the field to attract and identify the authors, and re-listened to recordings in camp each day because our directional microphones often captured vocalisations not noticed in the field. Forestry Department personnel operated mist-nets at North Kumawa Camps 9-10 and South Kumawa Camps 4—5. Those birds trapped were weighed and measured. All were then released in North Kumawa and most in South Kumawa. From 39 South Kumawa birds retained as specimens in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, three new subspecies were described previously (Smoky Robin Peneothello cryptoleucus maximus, Sclater's Whistler Pachycephala soror octogenarii and Smoky Honeyeater Melipotes cf. fumigatus kumawa; Fig. 4) by Diamond (1985). The present paper does not name other new taxa. Diamond (1985) also reported 16 records of distributional interest for Fakfak and 28 for Kumawa. Our other prior publications based on our Fakfak and Kumawa studies were accounts of Megalampitta gigantea (Diamond 1983), and of bower-building by Amblyornis inornata (Diamond 1986, 1987a, 1988). Species list The Appendix summarises available information for the 283 species recorded in the Fakfaks and Kumawas, considering the two ranges separately. For each species, column 2 indicates whether the species was recorded in each of our four surveys, in the four other Fakfak surveys (by Doherty, Schadler, Gibbs, and Rheindt), and in Bergman's Kumawa survey. Column 3 categorises abundance in four categories, from the least abundant to most abundant species (categories 1-4), in each of our four surveys. Column 4 provides © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 299 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) altitudinal ranges in each of our four surveys. Column 5 presents two sets of bird names in the Baham language: the names given by informants in the Fakfaks and those given at Kumawa's Nusawulan village. Our nomenclature follows that of Pratt & Beehler (2014). Upland species Definition.— The published literature concerning avian distributions on tropical mountains commonly refers to 'montane species'. A common-sense definition of a montane species is 'a species confined to the mountains, and absent at sea level'. For example, Beehler et al. (1986) considered as montane those New Guinea birds largely confined to elevations above 1,000 m, whereas Archbold & Rand (1935: 542) identified a break at 1,700 m. Other more finely divided classifications split a separate hill avifauna below the montane avifauna, or split the montane zone into lower (0 to 600-700 m), middle (800-1,500 m) and upper (above 1,500-2,000 m) montane zones (Stresemann 1923). Such definitions would be unambiguous if New Guinea bird species fell into two or more cleanly divided groups: e.g., to take the simplest twofold classification, species occurring from sea level upwards ('lowland species') vs. species confined to elevations above some particular altitude such as 1,000 m or 1,700 m ('montane species'). In reality, quantitative analysis reveals that altitudinal floors of New Guinea bird species are distributed continuously, from sea level to 3,800 m (Diamond 1972: 67-70). We see no value to considering species as montane only if their altitudinal limit exceeds some arbitrary value, e.g. 1,500 m. Instead, we distinguish between two categories of species: 'lowland species' vs. 'upland species', meaning 'those species present in' vs. 'those species absent from' the flat lowlands at or near sea level. All species absent from the flat lowlands are considered upland species, irrespective of whether their lower altitudinal limit is 500 m or 3,500 m. This definition has the advantage of recognising a biologically significant attribute: the ability or inability to exist or disperse in the flat lowlands at sea level seems to have had an important influence on the composition of the Fakfak and Kumawa avifaunas (see below). Of course, putting our definition into practice poses its own sources of ambiguity, but they are minor compared to the complete arbitrariness of categorising species by whether their lower altitudinal limits lie above or below 800, or 1,500 m, or some other arbitrary elevation. The five principal sources of ambiguity that we encountered in applying our definition were as follows. First, some species (e.g., Ornate Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus ornatus, Papuan Mountain Pigeon Gymnophaps albertisii) breed at high elevations but descend to the lowlands post-breeding. We consider such species as upland. Second, some species (e.g., Psittrichas fnlgidus, Torrent Flycatcher Monachelln muelleriana, Sericulus aureus) inhabit sloping hilly terrain and descend to elevations only slightly above sea level in such terrain, but are absent from flat lowlands at or near sea level. We consider such species as upland. Third, how gentle a slope must a terrain have in order to be considered 'flat', and how many records from 'flat lowlands' suffice to disqualify a species as upland? These questions cause species of the lower hill slopes to include borderline cases. Among them, we consider Pheasant Pigeon Otidiphaps nobilis, Papuan Cicadabird Edolisoma incertum and Magnificent Bird of Paradise Diphyllodes magnificus as upland, but Chestnut-breasted Cuckoo Cacomantis castaneiventris, Pale-billed Scrubwren Sericornis spilodera and Fairy Gerygone Gerygone palpebrosa as lowland. Fourth, some New Guinea species occur at sea level in the flat lowlands of the Fly River in southern New Guinea, but are confined to elevations above 600 m or higher in northern New Guinea, the Fakfaks and Kumawas. These include White-faced Robin Tregellasia © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 300 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) leucops, Yellow-legged Flycatcher Kempiella griseoceps, Phonygammus keraudrenii, Black-eared Catbird Ailuroedus melanotis, Spotted Honeyeater Xanthotis polygrammus and New Guinea White-eye Zosterops novaeguineae. We consider such species as upland in our study area, plus northern New Guinea. Finally, Hooded Pitohui Pitohui dichrous and possibly some other species, while confined to elevations above 600 m in most of northern New Guinea, plus the Fakfaks and Kumawas, occur in flat lowlands not only in the Fly River bulge but also locally in several other localities. We consider Pitohui dichrous as upland. Accordingly, approximately 77 species of the Fakfaks or Kumawas, or both, noted by an asterisk in the Appendix, rate as upland. Differences betiveen the Fakfak and Kumawa upland avifaunas.— The two avifaunas are largely similar. Of 77 upland species recorded in one or both ranges, 57 were found in both the Fakfaks and Kumawas, 12 only in the Kumawas and eight in the Fakfaks alone (Table 1). To interpret this apparent difference, we first consider to what extent it is probably real. The best-attested cases of species that probably occur in only one of the two ranges involve three noisy and common species, each of which descends in the relevant range to altitudes that have already been well surveyed in the other range wherein the species has not been recorded. The species are White-striped Forest-Rail Rallicula leucospila and Ashy Robin Heteromyias albispecidaris, recorded on both Kumawa transects (North and Central Kumawa) that reached its altitudinal range, but not recorded in Fakfak, and Goldenface Pachycare flavogriseum, which was abundant and noisy in Fakfak down to 787 m, but was not recorded on any of our three Kumawa transects although all three reached elevations above this. TABLE 1 Upland species recorded only in Fakfak or Kumawa, but not in both ranges. Fakfak Kumawa Notes White-striped Forest-Rail Rallicula leucospila no yes noisy, common Bronze Ground-Dove Alopecoenas beccarii no yes silent, cryptic, rare Rufous-throated Bronze Cuckoo Chalcites ruficollis no yes sings in canopy, rare Mountain Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles albertisi no yes nocturnal, uncommon; calls Feline Owlet-Nightjar Aeotheles insignis no yes nocturnal, uncommon; calls Red Myzomela Myzomela cruentata yes no ephemeral at flowers Spotted Honeyeater Xanthotis polygrammus yes no cryptic, rare Olive Straightbill Timeliopsis fulvtgula yes no cryptic, rare Goldenface Pachycare flavogriseum yes no noisy, abundant Large Scrubwren Sericornis nouhuysi no yes sings, rare; high altitudes Grey-green Scrubwren Sericornis arfakianus ? no abundant; identity uncertain Streaked Berrypecker Melanocharis striatlventris ? no cryptic, rare Barred Cuckooshrike Coracina lineata no yes calls in canopy, rare Varied Sitella Daphoenositta chrysoptera yes no cryptic, rare Paradigalla Paradigalla sp. ? no cryptic, rare Lesser Ground-Robin Amalocichla incerta no yes noisy, abundant; high altitudes Garnet Robin Eugerygone rubra no yes sings, not cryptic; rare Ashy Robin Heteromyias albispecidaris no yes noisy, abundant New Guinea White-eye Zosterops novaeguineae no yes abundant; identification hard when silent Russet-tailed Thrush Zoothera heinei no yes silent, cryptic, rare © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 301 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) There are four types of uncertainties applying to the other 17 species recorded only from one of the two ranges. First, Large Scrubwren Sericornis nouhuysi was found in Kumawa only on the summit itself (1,654 m) and Lesser Ground-Robin Amalocichla incerta in Kumawa only above 1,260 m (South Kumawa) or above 1,110 m (Central Kumawa). In Fakfak the only observer to ascend above 1,280 m was Gibbs, and he reached such elevations only briefly in transit on two days. Therefore, longer surveys of high elevations in the Fakfaks are required to determine whether these two species really are absent there. A second type of uncertainty applies to 12 species recorded in just one range, but cryptic or rare or both. Such species might simply have been overlooked in the other range, despite many days of survey time at appropriate altitudes. These include eight species recorded only in Kumawa (Bronze Ground-Dove Alopecoenas beccarii, Rufous-throated Bronze Cuckoo Chalcites ruficollis, Mountain Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles albertisi, Feline Owlet-Nightjar A. insignis, Barred Cuckooshrike Coracina lineata, Russet-tailed Thrush Zoothera heinei, Garnet Robin Eugerygone rubra and Zosterops novaeguineae), plus four species recorded only in Fakfak (a paradigalla Paradigalla sp., Varied Sitella Daphoenositta chrysoptera, Olive Straightbill Timeliopsis fulvigula and Xanthotis polygrammus). A third group comprises two species recorded only in Fakfak, but whose identification there was uncertain: Grey-green Scrubwren Sericornis arfakianus and Streaked Berrypecker Melanocharis striativentris. The final uncertainty concerns Red Myzomela Myzomela cruentata, which was observed regularly in Fakfak but not seen in Kumawa. It gathers at flowering trees but is locally very uncommon or absent when no trees that it utilises are flowering, raising the possibility that it went unrecorded in Kumawa merely because suitable trees were not flowering during our visits. (Note added in proof: we are grateful to C. Thebaud and B. Mila for the information that they twice observed Myzomela cruentata in South Kumawa in November 2014.) We guess that some of the 17 absences subject to these uncertainties are real, whereas others are artefacts of the species being overlooked in one of the two ranges. Further ornithological exploration will be required to resolve this uncertainty. Absentees.— The New Guinea upland avifauna comprises c.190 species or superspecies (Diamond 1972). Approximately half of these could not be considered 'good candidates' for colonising Fakfak and Kumawa, for either of two reasons: their altitudinal range elsewhere does not descend to the summit elevations of the Fakfak and Kumawa, or their geographic range does not extend to westernmost New Guinea. Therefore, we restrict our attention to unequivocally 'good candidates' that possess a suitable altitudinal range (i.e. down to at least 670 m, thus providing an ample area of habitat at suitable elevations in both ranges) and a suitable geographic range (i.e. present in the Arfak Mountains of the Vogelkop Peninsula). Of the 92 species that constitute 'good candidates' under these criteria, Fakfak and Kumawa support populations of 77. Table 2 lists the 15 suitable candidates not recorded from either range. Of those 15, we consider six to be so vocal or common, or both, wherever present ( Psittrichas fulgidus, Papuan Scrub-Robin Drymodes beccarii, White-rumped Robin Peneothello bimaculata, Green-backed Robin Pachycephalopsis hattamensis, Ornate Melidetes Melidectes torquatus and Obscure Honeyeater Caligavis obscura), that their apparent absences in both ranges are probably real. Three species (Salvadori's Teal Salvadorina waigiuensis, Monachella muelleriana and Torrentlark Grallina bruijnii) are specialists of fast-flowing mountain streams, which have not been surveyed in either range, although in aerial reconnaissance we spotted large mountain streams in Kumawa, so an opinion as to the presence of these three species must await surveys of those streams. Four species (Wallace's Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles wallacii, Sericulus aureus, Marbled Honeyeater Pycnopygius © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 302 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) TABLE 2 'Candidate' upland species recorded in neither Fakfak nor Kumawa. 'Candidates' are those New Guinea upland species with altitudinal and geographic ranges suitable for colonising the Fakfak and Kumawa Mountains, but the 15 species are nevertheless unrecorded in both ranges. The altitudinal lower limit (third column) is for the population in the Arfak Mountains or elsewhere in New Guinea. Fourth column: the number of outlying mountain ranges along the north coast that the species does occupy. Fifth column: does the species occur in the mountains of Yapen Island? Last column: factors influencing detectability. Note: most candidate species unrecorded in Fakfak and Kumawa are also unrecorded on Yapen, suggesting that there is a shared explanation. Altitudinal Number Yapen? Notes lower limit of (m) outliers Salvadori's Teal Salvadorina waigiuensis 100 4 no mountain streams New Guinea Vulturine Parrot Psittrichas fulgidus foothills 7 no very noisy Pygmy Lorikeet Charmosyna wilhelminae 500 2 no ephemeral at flowers Wallace's Owlet-nightjar Aegotheles wallacii 100 2 no nocturnal, uncommon Masked Bowerbird Sericulus superspecies foothills 5 no cryptic, rare Elfin Myzomela Myzomela adolphinae 800 3 no ephemeral at flowers Marbled Honeyeater Pycnopygius cinereus 800 3 no cryptic, uncommon Obscure Honeyeater Caligavis obscura 100 3 no vocal Ornate Melidectes Melidectes torquatus 800 3 no noisy Torrentlark Grallina bruijnii 800 5 no mountain streams (Green-backed) Robin Pachycephalopsis superspecies 800 7 yes vocal Torrent Flycatcher Monachella muelleriana foothills 5 no mountain streams Papuan Scrub-Robin Drymodes beccarii 500 7 no vocal White-rumped Robin Peneothello bimaculata 600 4 yes vocal Papuan Parrotfinch Erythrura papuana 800 2 no cryptic, rare cinereus, Papuan Parrotfinch Erythrura papuana) are cryptic or rare, or both, and could have been overlooked in both ranges even if present. Two species (Pygmy Lorikeet Charmosyna wilhelminae and Elfin Myzomela Myzomela adolphinae) are nomadic flowering-tree specialists that might have been overlooked if suitable trees were not in flower at the time of previous surveys. Hence at least six, and possibly up to 15, species that are good candidates to occur in both ranges are nevertheless absent. Taking these 15 apparent absences: is there any pattern to them? There might be none at all: colonisation involves a stochastic element and it may be mere chance that these particular 15 candidates failed, while the other 77 succeeded, and that no feature is shared by the 15 absentees. But considerations of how upland colonists move from one mountain to another suggest a possible factor beyond chance. Three mechanisms of avian colonisation between mountains can be distinguished. One is to fly out from one mountain over the forest canopy, either heading for another visible mountain or flying off without a visible target in the hope of eventually locating one. This mechanism is especially likely for species whose normal foraging method involves long-distance flights high above the canopy, as is true of many frugivorous pigeons and nectarivorous parrots, which are well represented among Fakfak and Kumawa montane species. In fact, the absentees listed in Table 2 include only one such species (the nectarivorous parrot Charmosyna wilhelminae), meaning that such species are much more likely to be present than to be absent. A second mechanism is juvenile dispersal through upland forests down to altitudes in the hills below breeding elevations (Diamond 1972: 30-31). This mechanism is likely to have been important for almost all of the New Guinea outlying mountain ranges, which © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 303 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) are connected to each other and to the Central Range by low hills. The exceptions are the Fakfaks and Kumawas, the only outliers completely separated from the Central Range and other outliers by a broad expanse (c.70-100 km) of flat lowlands close to sea level without any hills. Thus, for a species to reach the Fakfaks and Kumawas by dispersal through forests rather than by above-canopy flights, a third colonisation mechanism is required: dispersal through flat lowland forests. Could that mechanism be favoured by some upland species and not by others, and could the absentees in Table 2 be drawn especially from upland species that do not disperse via flat lowland forests? We have no direct information about such dispersal and there is no other New Guinea mainland outlying mountain range that shares Fakfak's and Kumawa's isolation and thereby permits a test of our hypothesis. But a test is furnished by Yapen Island, which is one of the six large New Guinea satellite islands now separated from the mainland by such shallow seas that they must have formed part of the mainland during Pleistocene era low sea levels, which ended with worldwide glacial melting c.12,000 years ago. Yapen is the only one of the six islands with mountains exceeding 1,200 m, and its highest peak (1,496 m) is nearly as high as Fakfak's and Kumawa's summits. During much of the Pleistocene, what is now Yapen Island would have been part of the New Guinea mainland (Fig. 1) and its mountains would have been separated from the closest other mountains (the Van Rees range) by a 50 km-wide expanse of flat lowland forest, much as the Fakfak and Kumawa Mountains are today. Approximately 21 upland species have been recorded on Yapen (JD unpubl.), of which all except two (Table 2: Peneothello bimaculata and Pachycephalopsis hattamensis) also occur in the Fakfaks and / or Kumawas. Of the 19 shared species, 17 occur both in Fakfak and Kumawa, i.e. Yapen's upland avifauna is very similar to a reduced fraction of the Fakfak and Kumawa upland avifaunas, both with respect to the species present on Yapen and those absent on Yapen. This parallel supports the hypothesis that poor dispersal via flat lowland forests contributes to explaining the absentees in the Fakfak and Kumawa (and Yapen) upland avifaunas, among the upland species of the Arfaks. Those three upland avifaunas were probably founded by a combination of colonists flying over the canopy, plus those dispersing via lowland forest. Massenerhebung effect. — If one compares the altitudinal range occupied by a given bird species on different New Guinea mountains, one finds that species tend to occur at lower elevations in the Fakfaks and Kumawas than in any other New Guinea mainland ranges of which we have experience. This illustrates a phenomenon termed the Massenerhebung effect, first described in the Alps and since found to be widespread in the tropics: altitudinal ranges are lowered and compressed on small low mountains, especially near the sea, compared to large high mountains far from the sea (Whitmore 1990: 16, 147). The explanation is thought at least partly to involve lowering of the elevation at which cloud habitually forms. Compared to New Guinea's other outlying ranges, the Fakfaks and Kumawas are among the smallest, lowest, and closest to the sea. Therefore, it is understandable that the Massenerhebung effect is especially marked in the Fakfak and Kumawa Mountains. For quantification and systematic analysis of this tendency, we tabulated lower altitudinal limits for all montane species in the Fakfaks and Kumawas on all four transects (see column 4 of the Appendix). We then discarded the less reliable limits: on our Central Kumawa transect, the limits of species present at our lower camp (Marsh Camp, 1,026 m) that might be expected also to occur at lower elevations, because we did not descend below Marsh Camp in Central Kumawa; on our South Kumawa transect, most species descending below 1,300 m, where JD spent little time; and most rare species, of which we had few observations. We averaged the Fakfak and Kumawa limits of each species over the 1-3 © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 304 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) TABLE 3 Massenerhebung effect on altitudinal lower limits (in m). Examples of the Massenerhebung effect: comparisons of altitudinal limits on four or five New Guinea mountains, for nine species whose lower limits could be determined particularly accurately because they are vocal and abundant (abundance rank 3 or 4 in the Appendix). The multiple values for Fakfak and Kumawa, separated by commas, are for different transects. Fakfak and Kumawa are small, low, coastal outliers; Foja is a larger, higher, inland outlier; Mt. Karimui is a higher, inland, isolated peak of the Central Range; and the Snow Mountains form the largest and highest part of the Central Range. Note that limits tend to increase in that sequence, from Fakfak and / or Kumawa to the Snow Mountains. See text for discussion. Range -* Fakfak and / or Kumawa Foja Mt. Karimui Snow Mts. Species i Mountain Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus bellus 387, 810 1,070 990 1,200 Mountain Mouse-Warbler Crateroscelis robusta 1,025 1,360 1,650 1,800 Brown-breasted Gerygone Gerygone ruficollis 740, 787, 832 1,320 1,370 1,600 Black-bellied Cicadabird Edolisoma montanum 786, 863 1,170 1,290 1,200 Fantailed Monarch Symposiachrus axillaris 652, 774 730 1,110 1,200 Friendly Fantail Rhipidura albolimbata 1,026 1,260 1,410 1,800 Lesser Ground-Robin Amalocichla incerta 1,109, 1,262 1,300 1,820 2,200 Ashy Robin Heteromyias albispecularis 845, 1,026 1,140 - 2,150 Island Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus poliocephalus 366, 552 950 1,310 1,200 transects that remained. We then compared these limits with two other sets of limits of the same species, determined on other mountains in western New Guinea: the inland face of the Foja Mountains (Beehler et al. 2012), an outlying range higher and larger than Fakfak and Kumawa, and lying further inland; and the northern slope of the Central Range above the Idenburg River in the Snow Mountains (Rand 1942), New Guinea's highest and largest range, lying further inland than the Foja Mountains and facing them across the basin of the Lakes Plains. That left 43 species in Fakfak and / or Kumawa for analysis, compared to 40 of those species present in both the Foja and Snow Mountains, two of those species present just in Foja, and one present only in the Snow Mountains. The results were as follows. Among the 42 species shared between Fakfak / Kumawa and Foja, the mean lower altitudinal limit was 230 ± 55 m (mean ± s.d.) lower in Fakfak / Kumawa than in Foja. Of the 42 pairs of values, for 25 species the limit was at least 150 m lower in Fakfak / Kumawa than in Foja; the max. was 1,100 m (for Blue-faced Parrotfinch Erythrura trichroa), a nomadic species whose presence and range depend on the availability of seeding bamboo. Among the 41 species shared between Fakfak / Kumawa and the Snow Mountains, the mean limit was 488 ± 74 m lower in Fakfak / Kumawa than in the Snow Mountains. Of the 41 pairs of values, for 25 species the limit was at least 300 m lower in Fakfak / Kumawa than in the Snow Mountains; the max. was 1,545 m (for Chalcites meyerii). Among 40 species shared between Foja and the Snow Mountains, the mean limit was 269 ± 70 m lower in Foja than in the Snow Mountains. Of the 40 pairs of values, for 28 species the limit was at least 150 m lower in Foja than in the Snow Mountains; the max. was 1,110 m (for Micropsitta bruijnii). Table 3 illustrates these findings by listing altitudinal limits for nine abundant and conspicuous species with especially well-determined limits in Fakfak / Kumawa, Foja and the Snow Mountains: Ptilinopus bellus, Black-bellied Cuckooshrike Edolisoma montanum, Amalocichla incerta, Mountain Mouse-Warbler Crateroscelis robusta, Brown-breasted Gerygone Gerygone ruficollis, Island Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus poliocephalus, Friendly Fantail Rhipidura albolunbata, Black Monarch Symposiachrus axillaris and Eleteromyias albispecularis. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 305 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) We also include in Table 3 the limits in another portion of the Central Range, Mt. Karimui of eastern New Guinea (Diamond 1972), which lies further from Fakfak / Kumawa and Foja than do the Snow Mountains, but where altitudinal ranges were determined much more precisely than in the latter. As shown in Table 3, altitudinal limits are somewhat lower on Mt. Karimui than in the Snow Mountains, which is consistent with Mt. Karimui being a smaller, lower and more isolated peak of the Central Range than are the Snow Mountains. However, the finding remains that, compared to Mt. Karimui, limits are on average lower in Foja, and even lower in Fakfak / Kumawa. The Fakfaks and Kumawas are similar in elevation, area and proximity to the coast, so would not be expected to differ in Massenerhebung effects. In fact, of 26 species shared between our Fakfak and North Kumawa transects, all have lower recorded limits in North Kumawa, on average by 225 ± 30 m, a difference as large as that between Fakfak / Kumawa and Foja. We consider that part of the apparent difference between our Fakfak and North Kumawa transects reflects the fact that JD spent much more time at low elevations in the latter than the former, meaning species were much more likely to be detected at low elevations in the Kumawas. However, in addition, eight of the 26 lower limits were for species whose Fakfak limits lay between 690 m and 1,190 m, where JD spent nine days. Hence the higher limits for the Fakfak transect are probably at least partly real. They may reflect either the possibly higher rainfall in Fakfak than in Kumawa (Brookfield & Hart 1966), or else effects of terrain on species' altitudinal ranges. Terrain differences. — Between our three Kumawa transects we noted some differences in species distributions, especially between our Central Kumawa transect and the other two, which appeared to be related to differences in terrain. This comparison is limited because of differences in our coverage: we did not descend below 1,026 m in Central Kumawa, JD did not ascend above 938 m in North Kumawa, and below 938 m JD spent 18 days in North Kumawa but only six days in South Kumawa. Terrain differences were as follows. The North Kumawa transect sloped gently upwards with small undulations, rising 938 m over 11 km, with a mean slope of 8.5%. The South Kumawa transect sloped much more steeply upwards with almost no undulations, rising 1,438 m in 5 km, with a mean slope of 29%. Our Central Kumawa transact descended from 1,654 m to terminate at 1,026 m in a basin encircled by hills, meaning that lowland species ranging up to 1,025 m would occur in the basin only if they reached at least 1,070 m (to cross the surrounding hills). These facts may explain why the well-studied Central Kumawa basin contained more high-altitude species and fewer low-altitude species than were present at comparable well-studied elevations on the other two transects. Five high- altitude species were present in the Central Kumawa basin at elevations 224-372 m below their altitudinal limits on the South Kumawa transect: Amalocichla incerta, Crateroscelis robusta, Rhipidura albolimbata, Peneothello cryptoleuca and Rufous-sided Honeyeater Ptiloprora erythropleura. Their presence at 1,026 m is unprecedentedly low for all of New Guinea. Fourteen species that were common up to at least 905 m or 938 m in North Kumawa (the elevation at which JD's transect ended) were absent in the Central Kumawa basin, although three ( Chalcites meyerii, Hook-billed Kingfisher Melidora macrorhina and Edolisoma incertum) were recorded up to 1,130-1,438 m in South Kumawa. Further observations are required to establish if these differences are real, but they would be unsurprising: large avifaunal differences resulting from differences in slope are well established for Mt. Karimui (Diamond 1972: 54-55). Pew Kumawa summit species.— Just three Kumawa upland species were observed at Central Kumawa's Top Camp with lower altitudinal limits above 1,438 m, the highest elevation reached in South Kumawa: Ptilinopus ornatus, Josephine's Lorikeet Charmosyna © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 306 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) josefinae and Sericornis nouhuysi. The probable reason is the small area of the Kumawa summit, such that species confined to the summit and not descending much below it would have a precariously small population size. Similarly, although the summit of the Foja Mountains is at 2,220 m and 12 Foja upland species have lower altitudinal limits between 1,620 m and 1,680 m, none has a lower altitudinal limit above 1,680 m (Beehler et al. 2012). Upland zoogeography With the bird populations of which other New Guinea mountains do Fakfak and Kumawa upland bird populations have their closest relationships, as a result of either past ancestry or ongoing gene exchange? There are four potential sources of upland colonists. First, the Arfak and Tamrau Mountains of the Vogelkop Peninsula are large, high (up to 2,900 m) outlying ranges, lying in a straight-line distance c.190 and 280 km north of the Fakfaks and Kumawas, respectively. The 190-km straight-line distance to the Fakfaks includes c.100 km of flat lowlands, plus a 60-km shallow-water gap (MacCluer Gulf) that would have been flat lowlands during the Pleistocene. Secondly, the Bird's Neck connecting the Vogelkop Peninsula to the Central Range consists of ornithologically unexplored low mountains (up to 1,500 m) c.120 km east of the Kumawas, most of the gap being flat lowlands. Third, the Wandammen Peninsula is a small, high, outlying range (up to 2,250 m) connected to the Bird's Neck and c.230 km east-northeast of the Fakfak and Kumawa Mountains. Finally, the nearest ornithologically explored high mountains of the Central Range are the Weylands (up to 3,200 m), 260 km east of the Fakfaks and Kumawas. Large collections of bird specimens are available from the Arfak, Tamrau, Wandammen, and Weyland Mountains. Samples of upland birds available for comparison from the Fakfak and Kumawa Mountains comprise small series of eight species collected by Doherty and discussed by Rothschild & Hartert (1901-15), mist-netted birds from North and South Kumawa examined by JD and released, the few prepared as study skins, JD's & KDB's notes on birds observed in the field, and KDB's held photographs of a few species, in Central Kumawa. These comparisons yield the following conclusions. Based on current information, Fakfak and Kumawa populations of 17 species are recognisably distinct, of which three have already been described as endemic subspecies (Diamond 1985) and the other 14 are unnamed (see Future studies). Of these 17 species with distinct populations, it is apparent that those of Tropical Scrubwren Sericornis beccarii and Heteromyias albispecularis are more similar to Vogelkop birds than to Weyland birds (and also to Wandammen birds in the case of the former; the latter is absent from Wandammen). Only some of the remaining species are zoogeographically informative, for either or both of two reasons: Vogelkop, Wandammen and Weyland populations lack recognisable differences, and / or collected specimens are not available for the Fakfak / Kumawa populations or distinctive subspecific characters were not apparent in the held. Those species that did prove informahve were as follows. In four cases ( Rallicula leucospila, Amblyornis inornatus, Vogelkop Scrubwren Sericornis rufescens and Vogelkop Melidectes Melidecte s leucostephes) the Vogelkop and Weyland populations belong to different allospecies of the same superspecies. In each case the Fakfak and / or Kumawa populahons belong to the Vogelkop allospecies, not the Weyland allospecies. Only the hrst two of these four species are present in Wandammen, both involving the same allospecies as in the Vogelkop. In two cases (Tregellasia leucops and Diphyllodes magnificus) the Fakfak and / or Kumawa population belongs to the same subspecies as on the Vogelkop and differs from the Wandammen and Weyland subspecies. Zosterops novaeguineae is shared between Fakfak / Kumawa and the Vogelkop, but is absent from Wandammen and Weyland. Finally, the © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 307 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Fakfak and Kumawa populations of Ptilinopus ornatus belong not to the purple-capped race P. o. ornatus of the Vogelkop, but to the yellow-capped race P. o. gestroi of the Central Range, known from the Snow Mountains eastwards, but not collected in the Weylands. Thus, of ten zoogeograpically informative cases, in nine the Fakfak and Kumawa populations are more similar to those of the Vogelkop (plus in four cases more similar to the Wandammen population) than to Central Range birds from the Weyland Mountains, while in one the closer relationship is with the Central Range. One possible explanation is that the Fakfaks are closer today to the Arfaks than to the Weylands (190 km vs. 260 km, respectively). But this modest difference appears inadequate to explain the preponderance of Arfak affinities. In addition, the straight-line distance comparison is complicated by the differing contributions of flat lowlands, shallow seas and low mountains (1,500 m) to the Arfak and Weyland routes. Therefore, we consider the explanation for the large preponderance of Arfak affinities to be an unresolved question. Mixed-species foraging flocks Itinerant mixed-species foraging flocks are conspicuous in New Guinea, as in other parts of the world. Three types of such flocks occur in New Guinea at elevations below 1,525 m (Bell 1983, Diamond 1987b). One, termed the flycatcher / warbler flock, comprises passerines that are insectivorous, small (body mass 7-25 g), often yellowish and / or greenish, and forage in the lower storey and midstorey at 3-9 m. A second flock, termed the brown and black flock, consists of passerine species that are omnivorous, medium-large (50-140 g), brown and / or black, and its members variously forage from the lower storey to the canopy. The third flock, termed the bird wave, combines the first two flocks into a large wave containing dozens of species and up to 100 individuals, and includes a few non¬ passerines. All three types of flocks occurred on all four transects. Flocks were commonest in Fakfak and North Kumawa, less common in South Kumawa, and least common and smallest in Central Kumawa. These differences may have resulted partly from altitude, because our observations on the South Kumawa and Central Kumawa transects were mainly at higher altitudes, where flocks are less common. Seasonal differences may also have been a factor, because our four surveys were at different times of year. The following initial comments are generalisations based on all four transects, to be followed by separate comments for each transect. Each flock has one or more nuclear species, which are the noisiest and most numerous taxa, and lead the flock, with other species following behind. Leaders of the flycatcher / warbler flocks consist (depending on locality) of Sericornis, Gerygone and Phylloscopus warblers, Rhipidura, Monarcha and Symposiachrus flycatchers, and Pachycephala whistlers. They may also include Machaerirhynchus and Microeca flycatchers and the warbler-like Green-backed Honeyeater Glycichaera fallax. Each species is represented in the flock by up to three individuals, usually one or two. Brown and black flocks have four main components. They are led by Papuan Babbler Garritornis isidorei at low elevation, plus species of pitohuis whose identity varies with altitude (mainly Rusty Pitohui Pseudorectes ferrugineus, Northern Variable Pitohui Pitohui kirhocephalus and P. dichrous, locally White-bellied Pitohui Pseudorectes incertus elsewhere in New Guinea, and occasionally Black Pitohui Melanorectes nigrescens and Piping Bellbird Ornorectes cristatus). A second component is Spangled Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus at low elevations and Pygmy Drongo Chaetorhynchus papuensis at higher altitudes. A third component is birds of paradise of 15 different species, with up to four species in a given flock. The fourth component is Coracina and Edolisoma cuckooshrikes of seven different species, with up to three species in a given flock. Brown and black mixed flocks also include © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 308 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) honeyeaters and Little Shrike-Thrush Colluricincla megarhyncha. One of the honeyeaters, the rare Tawny Straightbill Timeliopsis griseigula, is encountered almost solely in brown and black flocks, which may also be true of Pseudorectes incertus. The babbler and pitohuis forage at any height from the understory to the canopy, while the birds of paradise and cuckooshrikes remain in the crown. Unlike flycatcher / warbler flocks, in which only a few individuals represent each species, the leaders of the brown and black flocks are regularly represented by up to eight individuals. As their name implies, all species in the brown and black flocks are various shades of brown and / or black. Some are entirely black (the two drongo species, three species of birds of paradise in the genera Manucodia and Phonygammus, and males of several of the other birds of paradise species, plus Black Cicadabird Edolisoma meins and Melanorecte s nigrescens). Some species are wholly or almost entirely brown ( Garritornis isidorei, four pitohuis, two honeyeaters, Colluricincla megarhyncha, two birds of paradise, and females of nine birds of paradise and Edolisoma species). In addition to being confusingly similar in appearance, several flock members mimic each other's calls. The discovery that several of the leader pitohui species are poisonous suggests a driving force for the evolution of visual and vocal mimicry (Dumbacher et al. 1992, 2008). We now comment on the flocks separately for each of the four transects. In Fakfak, where flocks were common, the leaders of brown and black flocks changed with altitude: Garritornis isidorei, Pseudorectes ferrugineus and Pitohui kirhocephalus below 300 m, Pseudorectes ferrugineus, Pitohui kirhocephalus and P. dichrous at 690-785 m, and P. dichrous alone at higher altitudes. Birds of paradise were Diphyllode s magnificus and Magnificent Riflebird Ptiloris magnificus females, plus Phonygammus keraudrenii and Crinkle-collared Manucode Manucodia chalybatus. Cuckooshrike members were Edolisoma melas, Grey¬ headed Cicadabird £. schisticeps, E. incertum and Stout-billed Cuckooshrike Coracina caeruleogrisea. For flycatcher / warbler flocks at 690-789 m, the nuclear species were Yellow- bellied Gerygone Gerygone chrysogaster, Chestnut-bellied Fantail Rhipidura hyperythra and Frilled Monarch Arses telescopthalmus, plus Phylloscopus poliocephalus, Gerygone palpebrosa, Northern Fantail Rhipidura rufiventris, Rufous-backed Fantail R. rufidorsa, Spot-winged Monarch Symposiachrus guttula, Black-winged Monarch Monarcha frater, Golden Monarch Carterornis chrysomela, Pachycare flavogrisea and Grey Whistler Pachycephala simplex. In North Kumawa, where flocks were also common, leadership of the brown and black flocks changed with altitude in the same succession as in Fakfak. Lesser Bird of Paradise Paradisaea minor (both sexes) joined brown and black flocks in North Kumawa but not in Fakfak. Both of our only observations of the rare Timeliopsis griseigida in North Kumawa were in brown and black flocks, as was Rheindt's only observation in Fakfak. In South Kumawa, where JD observed fewer mixed flocks, changes with altitude were striking. At low elevation the brown and black flocks were led by Pitohui kirhocephalus and Pseudorectes ferrugineus, followed by Dicrurus bracteatus, while flycatcher / warbler flocks were led by Gerygone chrysogaster, Rhipidura rufidorsa, R. hyperythra, Arses telescophthalmus, Yellow-breasted Boatbill Machaerirhynchus flaviventer and Pachycephala simplex, and joined by Rhipidura rufiventris and Symposiachrus guttula. At 1,055 m, leaders of flycatcher / warbler flocks were Sericornis rufescens, S. beccarii, Symposiarchus axillaris and Pachycephala soror, joined by Monarcha frater . Above 1,400 m the nuclear species was Regent Whistler P. schlegelii, which several times per minute gave songs shorter and weaker than full dawn songs; other vocalists were Sericornis rufescens, Rhipidura albolimbata and Black Fantail R. atra. There were no brown and black flocks at such high altitudes, because the last potential leader, Pitohui dichrous, reached its altitudinal ceiling at 1,260 m, and the high-altitude pitohui Melanorectes nigrescens joins flocks only infrequently. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 309 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Finally, in Central Kumawa the brown and black flocks at 1,026-1,210 m were few and small, led by Pitohui dichrons and joined by Pseudorectes ferrugineus, Ptiloris magnificus, Edolisoma montanum and Pachycephala soror. Flycatcher / warbler flocks were more frequent and included three Sericornis species (S. beccarii, S. virgatus, S. spilodera), Phylloscopus poliocephalus, Rhipidura albolimbata, Pachycephala soror, Chaetorhynchus papuensis and Spectacled Longbill Oedistoma iliolophus. A single large bird wave included most of the flycatchers and warblers, plus several brown and black flock members ( Pitohui dichrous, Black-billed Sicklebill Drepanornis albertisi and female Diphyllodes magnificus), plus Mid¬ mountain Berrypecker Melanocharis longicauda. Local names Ornithologists conducting field work in New Guinea find it of enormous value to learn local language names for individual bird species. With those names, visiting ornithologists can ask local guides to point out particular species and identify songs, and can tap into the encyclopedic knowledge of bird habits and life histories that New Guineans have accumulated. Approximately 1,000 different local languages are spoken in New Guinea, each with its own set of bird names. Column 5 of the Appendix provides local names for bird species in two forms of the Baham language: as spoken in the Fakfaks, and as spoken at Nusawulan village at the base of the Kumawas. Emigrants from Fakfak founded Nusawulan about three generations before JD was given those names by local informants in 1983. Comparison of the two lists reveals that, of 28 species for which names are available in both dialects, 21 names are the same or very similar, while seven are different, perhaps because they have changed in the course of three generations. When Doherty was collecting in the Fakfak area in 1896, he recorded one local bird name, Tusi', for White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster (Rothschild & Hartert 1901: 57); JD was given the same name for that eagle in 1983. As the Appendix demonstrates, most local names refer to a single species. However, in seven cases the same name refers to two or more similar species that Western ornithologists also find difficult to distinguish: 'sikeke' is used for four waders, 'kananawa' for three terns, 'wihia' for two Ptilinopus fruit-doves, 'uriyasi' for three Coracina cuckooshrikes, 'sisi' for four small passerines (two Sericornis and two sunbird species), 'sihanut' for two Rhipidura fantails and 'wasisi' for two pitohui species. Less obviously, 'sororo' refers to both the black Shining Flycatcher Myiagra alecto and Banded Yellow Robin Gennaeodryas placens, because Baham informants found the nasal calls of these two species as confusingly similar in the field as did JD. The name 'totokweras' is applied by Nusawulan villagers both to the brownish Pitohui kirhocephalus of hill forests and the olive, grey and whitish Varied Honeyeater Gavicalis versicolor on offshore small islands— not because villagers are in any doubt about the distinctness of the two species, but because both have loud bubbly songs. As for etymologies of the names, a few are onomatopoietic renditions of the bird's vocalisation, such as 'kuwok-kuwok' for Brown Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia amboinensis and 'kowok' for Helmeted Friarbird Philemon buceroides. However, most names do not have obvious etymologies that we can recognise. The Appendix also provides six and 75 unidentified Baham names that informants at Nusawulan and in the Fakfak area, respectively, provided to JD. These names were applied to birds that the informants described, or to unidentified vocalisations heard in the field. They may help future observers to be guided in the field to some species that we did not succeed in observing ourselves. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 310 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Future studies We conclude by calling attention to four sets of problems whose resolution will require more field work in the Fakfaks and Kumawas. First, there are at least 14 species of which Fakfak and / or Kumawa populations are evidently morphologically distinct but have not been named. Preliminary diagnoses based on field observations, photographs (Figs. 3-7) or mist-netted individuals are provided herein or by Diamond (1985). Collection of specimens (or of more specimens) is required before they can be assessed and described. Most distinct is the Fakfak and Kumawa population of, or related to, Melanocharis longicauda, diagnosed below. The others (Fakfak and Kumawa populations, respectively, abbreviated F and K in parentheses) are Rallicula leucospila (K: Fig. 3), Amalocichla incerta (K), Chestnut-backed Jewel-Babbler Ptilorrhon castanonota (F, K: Fig. 6), Crateroscelis robusta (F, K: Fig. 5), Sericornis beccarii (F, K), Heteromyias albispecularis (K: Fig. 7), Pachycephala schlegelii (F, K), P. soror (F), Drepanornis albertisi (F, K), Melidecte s leucostephes (F, K), Mountain Meliphaga Meliphaga orientalis (F, K), Ptiloprora erythropleura (F, K) and Zosterops novaeguineae (K). Second, of the three populations of Kumawa birds already described as endemic subspecies (Diamond 1985), two pose uncertainties as to their true taxonomic assignment. The Kumawa population of the common mid-elevation whistler has been named Pachycephala soror octogenarii, but it is so distinctive compared to other populations of P. soror that its status as a separate species should be reconsidered. The whistler's Fakfak population, still uncollected, appeared in the field to be not identical to the Fakfak birds (see below). Melipote s honeyeaters are currently considered a superspecies with four allospecies (Common Smoky Honeyeater M. fumigatus of the Central Range and two outliers, Western Smoky Honeyeater M. gymnops of the Arfak, Tamrau and Wandammen outliers, Spangled Honeyeater M. ater of the Huon outlier, and Wattled Smoky Honeyeater M. carolae of the Foja outlier). The Kumawa population of the distinctive Melipote s populations of Fakfak and Kumawa, collected in 1983, was named M. fumigatus kumawa based on two specimens. However, field observations and photographs (see Fig. 4) that we made in Central Kumawa in 2013 suggest that the population is more distinctive in its face wattles and plumage than previously appreciated, and approaches M. gymnops and M. carolae in some characters, so that its species allocation is now uncertain. Third, the identification of seven populations or pairs of populations observed in the field is uncertain: the mountain cassowaries of both Fakfak and Kumawa (Dwarf Cassowary Casuarius bennetti or lowland Southern Cassowary C. casuarius?), the Talegalla allospecies of Fakfak and Kumawa (Yellow-legged Brushturkey T. fuscirostris or Red-billed Brushturkey T. cuvieri?), the marsh crake of Central Kumawa' s Marsh Camp, the Fakfak Sericornis identified in the field as S. arfakianus (but perhaps S. rufescens as in Kumawa?), the Fakfak Peneothello population that Gibbs (1994) identified as Blue-grey Robin P. cyanus (but possibly P. cryptoleuca as in Kumawa?), the two Fakfak birds that Gibbs identified as being the bird of paradise genus Paradigalla (which would be surprising), and the Fakfak berrypecker identified as Melanocharis striativentris (but perhaps female M. longicauda?). Finally, Tables 1-2 list upland species not yet recorded in one or both Fakfak and Kumawa, but which might be considered plausible candidates to be present, based on their overall geographic and altitudinal ranges. Which really are absent and which are present but have so far been overlooked? Of these absentees, those that we consider most likely to be present are (Table 1) Alopecoenas beccarii, Aegotheles albertisi, A. insignis, Coracina lineata, Zoothera heinei and Zosterops novaeguineae in the Fakfaks; (Table 1) Myzomela cruentata and Xanthotis polygrammus in the Kumawas; and (Table 2) Aegotheles wallacii, Monachella muelleriana and Grallina bruijnii in both ranges. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 311 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Species accounts CASSOWARIES Casuarius sp. We frequently saw piles of cassowary droppings and occasionally heard cassowaries up to between 915 m and 1,250 m in both ranges. Two brief sightings, plus descriptions by local people, were insufficient to identify if our observations referred to just one or both of the two regional cassowaries (Southern C. casuarius and Dwarf Cassowaries C. bennetti). Gibbs and Rheindt both identified only the former. WATTLED BRUSHTURKEY Aepypodius arfakianus A total of eight mounds, one containing > 20 rotting eggs, at higher elevations in both ranges. BRUSHTURKEYS Talegalla sp. We heard upslurred and constant-pitch Talegalla calls on three of our four transects. Calls that JD heard in Fakfak resembled a donkey's braying in quality and differed from calls of Fly River Yellow-legged Brushturkey T. fuscirostris and north-coast Red-legged Brushturkey T. jobiensis with which JD is familiar, suggesting they belonged to T. cuvieri. However, Rheindt identified one Talegalla that he saw in Fakfak as T. fuscirostris based on soft-part colours. Kumawa calls were hoarse upslurred honks similar to calls of T. fuscirostris and T. jobiensis. The only individual that we saw, in Kumawa, had yellow legs and a grey rather than yellowish-olive bare face, also suggesting T. fuscirostris rather than T. cuvieri. Thus, there remains uncertainty as to the Talegalla species involved. PACIFIC BLACK DUCK Anas superciliosa Up to 32 around the pond at Kumawa Marsh Camp. Numbers increased when the pond level rose after rains. Also observed by R. Sneider at another nearby marsh that he visited by helicopter. TRICOLOURED GREBE Tachybaptus tricolor One or two in breeding plumage on the pond at Kumawa Marsh Camp on three days. MEYER'S GOSHAWK Accipiter cf. meyerianus We once saw a notably large, slender-tailed accipiter, presumably this species, soaring over Kumawa Marsh Camp. GURNEY'S EAGLE Aquila gurneyi One adult displaying and then hunting over forest surrounding Kumawa Marsh Camp. WHITE-STRIPED FOREST-RAIL Rallicula leucospila This little-known rail had previously been recorded only from the Tamrau, Arfak and Wandammen Mountains, north of Fakfak. Its discovery to the south in Kumawa, but not in the intervening Fakfaks, and the identification of its remarkable call, were among our most interesting results (Fig. 3). Frequently heard and seen from c.1,020 m up to the highest elevations on both of our upper Kumawa transects, but neither heard nor seen in Fakfak. Walking on the forest floor as male/female pairs, or singles, or two separated individuals counter-singing. The presumed male is deep chestnut-red over the entire body, but the back and wings are black with fine whitish streaks. The presumed female is similar but © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 312 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) has indistinct barring on the tail and posterior flanks. Bill and legs are dark. The Kumawa population appears to differ from the nominate Vogelkop race in the male's unbarred tail. Of the three vocalisations, the simplest is a single, quiet, short, pig-like grunt. The second vocalisation, which we did not prove belongs to this species, is a series of 5-12 loud short grunts at intervals of 1.0-1 .5 seconds, all on the same pitch, but with a distinctive change in quality as it proceeds (initially frog-like, then progressively hoarser and more like a dog's bark). For the longest and most remarkable call, our Papuan colleagues and JD were initially uncertain whether it was made by a distant large beast or a nearby frog, snake or marsupial. The quality suggests a frog or an unpleasant electronic device, rather than a bird. It commences with a long, fast, ascending, accelerating series of notes, concluding in many rapid sets of notes of which the first note of each set is two whole tones lower in pitch, followed by 2-5 identical notes at the upper pitch, with unpredictable variation between them. One bird, not a duetting pair, gives the entire call. Singers approached us in response to playback. CRAKE Once KDB briefly saw a small black crake flutter across a stream in the marsh at Kumawa Marsh Camp. It could have been a juvenile of any of several species. Habitat makes Rnllicula leucospila unlikely. ORNATE FRUIT-DOVE Ptilinopus ornatus One of only three species (the others were Large Scrubwren Sericornis nouhuysi and Josephine's Lorikeet Charmosyna josefinae) that we found confined to the highest Kumawa elevations above 1,500 m. But Doherty, Gibbs and Rheindt all found it at lower elevations in Fakfak, as throughout New Guinea it breeds at higher elevations then moves in post¬ breeding flocks to lower elevations. Like those Fakfak birds observed or collected by others, Kumawa birds belong to the widespread yellow-capped race P. o. gestroi rather than to the purple-capped Vogelkop race P. o. ornatus. CORONETED FRUIT-DOVE Ptilinopus coronulatus In both Fakfak and Kumawa. Like many other Ptilinopus, its call is a series of hoo notes that at first rises slightly and then descends in pitch. However, the hoo series of P. coronulatus is easily distinguished because it accelerates greatly (more than in any other Ptilinopus known to us) and is high-pitched. CLARET-BREASTED FRUIT-DOVE Ptilinopus viridis A common montane species in both Fakfak and Kumawa, absent from the lowlands. It has a curious distribution on the New Guinea mainland: the species is unknown in the Central Range but occurs on all outlying ranges proceeding counterclockwise along the coast from the easternmost peak of the North Coastal Range (Prince Alexander Mountains) west to the Vogelkop and south to the Fakfaks and Kumawas. The sole possible exception is an 1828 record by S. Muller from Lobo on Triton Bay, just east of the Kumawas. ELEGANT IMPERIAL PIGEON Ducula concinna The sole New Guinea mainland records of this supertramp (small-island specialist) are several individuals that JD observed on the south coast of the Kumawas in September 1983 (Diamond 1985). © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 313 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) LORIKEETS Charmosyna spp. We identified both C. josefinae and Little Red Lorikeet C. pulchella in Fakfak and Kumawa. In both ranges we also heard and saw small lorikeets, either Red-flanked Lorikeet C. placentis and / or the very similar Red-fronted Lorikeet C. rubronotata, which we succeeded in identifying only once: C. placentis at 635 m in Fakfak. It remains an open question whether C. rubronotata also occurs in Fakfak, and which (or both) of these two small lorikeets occurs in Kumawa. LARGE FIG-PARROT Psittaculirostris desmarestii Calls similar to those of the closely related Salvadori's Fig-Parrot P. salvadorii, and stronger than those of the small Charmosyna lorikeets were heard: sucked-in and squeaky, reminiscent of the sound of a triphammer, with a sharp start and sharp finish (i.e., staccato). RED-BREASTED PYGMY PARROT Micropsitta bruijnii Notably common in Central Kumawa, where we located six active nests each attended by an adult male and adult female, and in some cases 1-2 immatures. Nests were holes 2-3 m above ground in standing and rotting trees, three nests each near Top Camp and near Marsh Camp. We once encountered a flock of 10-20 foraging in the lower canopy. RED-CHEEKED PARROT Geoffroyus geoffroyi Throughout New Guinea this species' call consists of a loud ringing series of equal-spaced notes on the same pitch, with a metallic quality like a hammer striking an anvil. The Kumawa dialect is distinctive in that the series decelerates markedly and descends slightly in pitch. MOLUCCAN KING-PARROT Alisterus amboinensis This species of far- western New Guinea and the Moluccas has three quite different calls. (1) A series of 4-12 piercing and very high-pitched upslurs at a rate of one per second; the whole series descends, or the first note is at a lower pitch than the second, or the first three notes descend, then the fourth note returns to the same pitch as the first, before the series descends again. (2) A loud nasal note, much like the sound of someone striking wood with an axe. (3) A fairly loud, short, staccato, unmusical note with the quality of two sticks being rubbed together. The related Papuan King-Parrot A. chloropterus of central and east New Guinea utters calls very similar to the first two of these, but we have not heard it give a call similar to the third. RUFOUS-THROATED BRONZE CUCKOO Chalcites ruficollis On the mornings of 26 March and 27 March 2013 at our Kumawa Marsh Camp (1,026 m), KDB saw well and tape-recorded a pair foraging in the forest canopy. This observation was surprising, because the species is known elsewhere from above 1,280 m, mainly above 1,800 m, whereas the common New Guinea Chalcites at 1,000 m is C. meyeri ; JD saw and heard White-eared Bronze Cuckko C. meyerii at or near this elevation on his North and South Kumawa transects in 1983, and Doherty and Gibbs, respectively, collected and saw C. meyerii in the Fakfaks. However, there is no doubt that KDB's observation involved C. ruficollis, as the pair had the chin, throat and breast very rich rufous or russet (rather than clean white as in C. meyerii ) and well-marked bars on the white belly posterior to the rufous. His tape-recordings involve a series of eight identical, very high-pitched, somewhat drawn- out notes, rather than short downslurs, delivered at the rate of 1.6 notes per second, with no change in pitch and rate over the series. KDB's recording agrees with S. Connop's of the © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 314 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) song of C. ruficollis. The song of C. meyerii, which we have often heard elsewhere, differs in being lower pitched, slower (one note per second), with a distinctive deceleration and drop in pitch over the last two notes. We did not hear or see C. meyerii at Marsh Camp. OWLET-NIGHTJARS Aegotheles spp. On five nights at our Kumawa Marsh Camp we heard the unmistakable hoarse three-note ascending call of Feline Owlet-Nightjar A. insignis. JD mist-netted a Mountain Owlet- Nightjar A. albertisi at his highest camp (1,390 m) in South Kumawa (Diamond 1985). On six nights at our Kumawa Top Camp and Marsh Camp, we heard the presumed call of A. albertisi: a soft, staccato, slightly upslurred, medium to high-pitched note, repeated ad nauseam at the rate of one note per second, with a quality resembling a small dog or Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps. At 180 m in forest in North Kumawa, JD observed a dull grey- brown aegothelid day-roosting on a branch; he noted fine white spots on the back and wings, 8-12 narrow white bands on the tail and no collar, characteristics compatible with either Wallace's A. wallacii or Barred Owlet-Nightjars A. bennettii, but not with A. insignis or A. albertisi. MOUNTAIN SWIFTLET Aerodramus hirundinaceus One mist-netted (feathered upper tarsus) at 1097 m in South Kumawa. In Fakfak the brown swiftlets at high elevations had whitish underparts, while those at low elevation over Fakfak town had brownish underparts, suggesting that the former were A. hirundinaceus and the latter were Uniform Swiftlet A. vanikorensis. VOGELKOP BOWERBIRD Amblyornis inornata The three previously known populations of this bowerbird, in the Arfak, Tamrau and Wandammen Moutains, are famous for their bowers of stick 'huts' up to 2 m in diameter and 1.5 m tall, extensively decorated with fruits, flowers, fungi, butterfly wings, beetle elytrae, sticks, stones, leaves, acorns, eggshells and resins (in red, pink, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, black, brown, grey and white) (Gilliard 1969, Frith & Frith 2004). The Fakfak bowers reported to JD by natives in 1981 and subsequently observed by Gibbs (1994), Uy & Borgia (2000) and Rheindt (2012), and the Kumawa bowers that JD discovered in 1981 (Diamond 1985, 1986, 1987a, 1988), differ drastically in comprising a tower of sticks up to 2.4 m tall, standing on a black moss platform up to 1.8 m in diameter, and (with one exception mentioned below) decorated only with black, white, grey and brown objects. Because of these large differences in bower style, Gibbs (1994) concluded that the Fakfak / Kumawa populations could not be conspecific with Arfak / Tamrau / Wandammen populations. However, the two populations are nearly identical morphologically (Diamond 1985) and differ genetically by only 0.5% (Uy & Borgia 2000). Bower-building by male bowerbirds, and mate selection on the basis of bower design by female bowerbirds, appear to be cultural traits involving learning in both sexes (Diamond 1986). Our 2013 observations extend this conclusion by adding evidence of geographic variation in bower style over small distances within the same range. Bowers that F. Sadsuitubun observed in Kumawa in 1975, c.8 km by air from JD's 1983 South Kumawa transect, differed from the latter bowers in being decorated with fruits of four colours, much more often decorated with white stones, and having dark stones scattered over the mat rather than assembled in a pile (Diamond 1987a). The eight bowers that JD & KDB observed in their 2013 Central Kumawa transect between 1,026 and 1,654 m, c.ll km from JD's South Kumawa transect, differed in that two were decorated with a neatly rectangular row, 1.2 m long by 13 cm wide, of 5-cm pieces of buff-colored clay (Fig. 2). These eight bowers © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 315 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) consisted of 1-2 towers of sticks up to 1 .5 m tall, glued together with an unidentified white substance around a sapling, on a circular moss mat 0. 9-2.1 m in diameter. Decorations besides the clay rectangle were Pandanus leaves propped against the stick tower, pale snail shells, black beetle elytrae, grey or buff stones, long thin black sticks, whitish limestone and black palm seeds. Gilliard (1969) and Gilliard & LeCroy (1970) previously noted wide individual variation in Tamrau bowers, similar to our observation of individual variation in the presence or absence of a clay rectangle in Central Kumawa bowers. As had Diamond (1986, 1988) in South Kumawa and Wandammen, and Uy & Borgia (2000) in Fakfak and Arfak, JD & KDB in 2013 in Central Kumawa placed coloured poker chips at bowers to test whether the absence of coloured natural decorations at Central Kumawa bowers reflects a lack of available natural objects in the environment, or instead the birds' preferences. Confirming the latter interpretation, when we placed poker chips on two of the bowers — chips uniformly coloured red, orange, yellow, blue, purple or violet, and green, blue or black chips with white spots — most or all of them disappeared, presumably discarded by the bower-owner. Similarly, South Kumawa bower-owners, which do not use coloured natural decorations, discarded coloured poker chips placed at their bowers, while Wandammen bower-owners, which do use coloured natural decorations, used coloured poker chips placed nearby to decorate their bowers (see Fig. 2 in Diamond 1986). BROAD-BILLED FAIRYWREN Chenorhamphus grayi Our only records of this very uncommon, sparsely distributed species were two observations in North Kumawa (Le Croy & Diamond 1995). WHITE-SHOULDERED FAIRYWREN Malurus alboscapulatus The sole known population in Fakfak and Kumawa was in the marsh grass at our Kumawa Marsh Camp, where it was by far the most abundant species, usually in groups of up to four. Populations fall into three groups, of which two have checkerboard distributions (Rand & Gilliard 1967). The Kumawa population belongs to the first of the three groups (races aida, moretoni and randi, from the north-west New Guinea lowlands, south-east lowlands and Wissel Lake, respectively) in being sexually monomorphic (all presumed adults black with white scapular patches). Presumed young birds (occasional individuals begging) were brownish black rather than black, with a white throat and variable blotchy white on the rest of the underparts. RUFOUS-SIDED HONEYEATER Ptiloprora erythropleura Abundant at high elevations in both Fakfak and Kumawa, mainly in the midstorey and lower canopy, and frequenting flowering trees. Fakfak and Kumawa birds resemble P. e. dammermanni of the Central Range in the green irides (red in nominate P. e. erythropleura of Arfak and Tamrau) but differ in the yellow-olive ventral wash. The flanks were rufous in some but apparently not all individuals we saw, and not in Fakfak birds observed by Gibbs. The high-pitched plaintive call, monotonously repeated every 3-6 seconds, is usually a single slurred note (upslurred, or downslurred, or slurred up then down, or vice versa) as in other Ptiloprora species. But some calls, unusually for the genus Ptiloprora, had a two-note or three-note pattern, and were high, plaintive and monotonously repeated. SMOKY HONEYEATERS Melipotes sp. In Fakfak seen three times by JD, seen by Gibbs, and briefly observed once by Rheindt. In South Kumawa JD saw eight individuals and mist-netted four, of which two were collected and described as M. fumigatus kumawa (Diamond 1985). In Central Kumawa JD & KDB saw © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 316 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) it daily at Top Camp, where KDB photographed one (Fig. 4). Always solitary and silent, foraging from the lower storey to the canopy, in flowering trees, and eating catkins and insects on leaves. Populations of the upland genus Melipotes are currently divided into four allospecies: Common Smoky Honeyeater M. fumigatus of the Central Range and two outlying ranges (Cyclops and North Coastal Range), and three allospecies confined to outlying ranges in the northern watershed (Wattled Smoky Honeyeater M. cnrolae of the Foja Mountains, Western Smoky Honeyeater M. gymnops of Arfak, Tamrau and Wandammen, and the sociable, noisy, much larger Spangled Honeyeater M. ater of the Huon Peninsula). In plumage M.f kumawa is closer to the widespread M. /. fumigatus than to M. gymnops or M. ater. M. f. kumawa differs from M. f. fumigatus in the alternating blackish and white, bold curved marks on the lower breast and belly, the white rather than indistinctly grey-tipped upperwing-coverts, the more extensive and whiter pale area on the underwing linings, and the blackish rather than pale grey chin and throat. In life the head wattles are yellow or deep yellow tending to orange, and are divided on each side into a face wattle and almost separate throat wattle obvious in Fig. 4. In wattle form Kumawa birds resemble M. carolae of the Foja Mountains (compare Fig. 2a in Beehler et al. 2007), which also approaches or resembles M. /. kumawa in its dark throat but differs in its deep red-orange wattles. More specimens are required to clarify relationships between Fakfak, Kumawa and Foja Melipotes, and to clarify species limits within the genus Melipotes. TAWNY STRAIGHTBILL Timeliopsis griseigula This rare honeyeater was observed twice by JD in North Kumawa (1985) and once by Rheindt in Fakfak. All three observations were within mixed-species flocks of brown and black birds, including several almost uniformly brown species very similar to T. griseigula, which is best distinguished by its hyper-nervous behaviour involving rapid movements with few and brief pauses, flaring its tail, and hanging upside-down to probe leaves. VOGELKOP MELIDECTES Melidectes leucostephes At higher elevations in Fakfak and Kumawa; previously known only from Arfak and Tamrau. In life Kumawa birds have the bare facial skin bluish white, the small throat wattles red and the bill pale. We found the Kumawa population uncommon, compared to the abundance of most other Melidectes species in other ranges. Vocalisations included some typical loud Melidectes calls, especially a series of short, medium-high, harsh or nasal upslurred or downslurred caws given at a rate of three per second. A distinctive call heard only at dusk is a rapid stereotyped series of four downslurs, the first on a lower pitch, the second and third higher, and fourth at middle pitch. Even more distinctive is a loud stereotyped duet: one individual gives a rapid series of seven notes, the first upslurred, the next six distributed over three lower pitches, while the other individual utters small clucks and a staccato series of identical pairs of notes, the second note of each pair louder and longer, and at a lower pitch than the first note. WHITE-EARED MELIPHAGA Meliphaga montana A shy forest interior species of the lower canopy at heights of 5-12 m, alone or in pairs, often joining mixed flocks. Readily distinguished from other meliphagas by two features: its call, a short upslurred wheep, and its loud wingbeats. Plumage is dull and dark, the underparts obscurely spotted, the rictal streak white, and the ear-coverts white in adults and soiled pale yellowish in immatures. In Fakfak Rheindt saw two and Doherty collected one. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 317 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Figure 3. White-striped Forest-Rail Rallicula leucospila, Kumawa Mountains, New Guinea, March 2013 (K. D. Bishop) Figure 4. Common Smoky Honeyeater Melipotes cf. fiimigatus kumawa, Kumawa Mountains, New Guinea, March 2013 (K. D. Bishop) Figure 5. Mountain Mouse-Warbler Crateroscelis robusta, Kumawa Mountains, New Guinea, March 2013 (K. D. Bishop) Figure 6. Chestnut-backed Jewel-babbler Ptilorrhoa castanonota, Kumawa Mountains, New Guinea, March 2013 (K. D. Bishop) Figure 7. Ashy Robin Heteromyias albispecularis, Kumawa Mountains, New Guinea, March 2013 (K. D. Bishop) MOUNTAIN MELIPHAGA Meliphaga orientalis Abundant in Fakfak and Kumawa above the altitudinal ranges of all closely related species of Meliphaga. Compared to other populations of M. orientalis, Fakfak and Kumawa birds are large-bodied, the yellow ear patch is small, and the ventral streaks or spots obscure. There are three calls, of which the first two enable one (with practice) to distinguish this species © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 318 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) from its very similar low-elevation relative Mimic Meliphaga M. analoga : a snapped, short, upslurred or downslurred disyllable (M. analoga' s disyllables are much louder and lack the snapped quality); a short, musical tp contrasting with the strong staccato tp note of M. analoga; and a piping, querulous, fussing series of c.7 notes, the first one on a lower pitch. In addition to M. albonotata, M. montana and M. orientalis, the other species in the M. analoga complex that we observed were M. analoga at low elevations with a single observation of Puff-backed Meliphaga M. aruensis in Fakfak, while Rheindt observed Yellow-gaped Meliphaga M. flavirictus in a fruiting tree in Fakfak. SCRUB MELIPHAGA Meliphaga albonotata Two individuals on two different days in 6 m-tall second growth within 30 m of the beach in North Kumawa gave two of this species' calls: a bright downslurred disyllable repeated three times, and a staccato note tp. In Fakfak Rheindt observed one and Doherty collected one. GOLDENFACE P achy care flavogriseum Abundant at 787-1,209 m, and giving fragmentary songs, on JD's Fakfak transect, but not encountered by Gibbs or Rheindt. The underparts of the Fakfak population are yellow in life, and not at all orange as are the populations of the Foja Mountains and the western Central Range, whose orange colour gradually fades to yellow with time in specimens (Rand 1942: 487, Diamond 1972: 273). MOUNTAIN MOUSE-WARBLER Crateroscelis robusta The Kumawa population (Fig. 5) does not resemble its geographically closest relatives, the sexually monomorphic races of the Arfak and Tamrau Mountains, and of the western Central Range. Instead, it recalls the more distant sexually dimorphic C. r. robusta of the eastern Central Range, from which both male and female plumages differ in colour traits (Diamond 1985). ha many parts of New Guinea C. robusta and its lowland relative Rusty Mouse-Warbler C. murina have altitudinal ranges that are mutually exclusive (Diamond 1972). However, in Central Kumawa their altitudinal ranges overlapped by at least 80 m, and we observed the two species within 100 horizontal metres of each other. PALE-BILLED SCRUBWREN Sericornis spilodera The song is a weak, slow, long, very high-pitched series of separate notes, alternating between higher and lower pitches like a faint, distant police siren, all within half an octave in pitch, repeated constantly at a rate of 1.2 notes per second. TROPICAL SCRUBWREN Sericornis beccarii Populations vary irregularly with respect to geography. Some are strongly patterned with whitish lores, forehead, throat and upperwing-covert tips, while others are drab with these markings reduced or virtually absent (Diamond 1969, 1985). The Fakfak and Kumawa populations are among the duller ones: the lores are unmarked and upperwing-coverts have only obscure pale tips, visible in the hand but usually invisible in the field. But all eight of the populations that JD has encountered (North Coastal Range, Cyclops Mountains, Yapen Island, Foja Mountains, Van Rees Mountains, Wandammen, Fakfak and Kumawa), including strongly patterned as well as virtually unpatterned populations, share similar, Gerygone-Yike, fast, light, high-pitched songs comprising a rapidly repeated three-note phrase. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 319 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) LARGE SCRUBWREN Sericornis nouhuysi Along with Ptilinopus ornatus and Charmosyna josefinae, this is the third Kumawa species confined to the highest elevations around our Top Camp. KDB saw and tape-recorded a singing pair and lone individual on 14—15 March 2013, foraging at heights of 6-10 m. Compared to S. rufescens at the same elevation and S. virgatus at lower elevations, this is a larger, heavier, larger billed bird. Like elsewhere in New Guinea, the song in Kumawa is a Gerygone- like three-note phrase repeated at a rate of 1.5-1. 6 phrases per second, similar to S. virgatus but lighter, less energetic, clearer, sweeter and possibly higher pitched. VOGELKOP SCRUBWREN Sericornis rufescens The most abundant bird species at high elevations in Kumawa, otherwise known with certainty only from the Arfak and Tamrau Mountains, and possibly also in Fakfak (see below). Seven were mist-netted in Kumawa and examined closely. The overall impression is of a very small dingy nondescript bird, predominantly dirty olive rather than brown. The only distinctive feature is the dark eye that is obvious in the pale face, pale buffy or buffy-orange around the eye. The back is dull olive, the tail brown or has an obscure dark subterminal spot. The underparts are paler than the upperparts, pale dull buff slightly yellowish and streaky. The bill is small compared to S. beccarii (see below), which shares the same habitats. In habits, this species is a leaf-gleaner, mainly foraging below 5 m, occasionally up to 18 m, often several together and occasionally in mixed-species flocks. The call is a dry chip similar to Buff-faced Scrubwren S. perspicillatus. The song, heard mainly at dawn, is weak but vigorous, moderately fast, medium-high in pitch, with a slightly sibilant, unclear, unmusical quality. Each song comprises several types of phrases, each consisting of several notes, and each phrase repeated several times before going on to the next phrase. One such song is repeated several times at intervals of several seconds before switching to another pattern. GREY-GREEN SCRUBWREN Sericornis arfakianus ? At high elevations in Fakfak in 1981, JD found to be abundant a small, dingy, nondescript Sericornis that he identified as S. arfakianus, with which he was previously familiar. At the time he had never encountered S. rufescens. Gibbs (1994) also reported seeing S. arfakianus daily at high elevations in Fakfak. But JD's field notes on the appearance of the small Fakfak Sericornis are similar to his notes on S. rufescens, which he encountered for the first time two years later in Kumawa. In retrospect, we are uncertain whether the common small Sericornis at high elevations in Fakfak is S. arfakianus or S. rufescens. MID-MOUNTAIN BERRYPECKER Melanocharis longicauda The Kumawa population observed by us, and evidently the Fakfak population seen by Gibbs, belong to a strikingly distinct undescribed subspecies or allospecies, characterised by the adult male's nearly white underparts (rather than yellowish olive-grey as in all other populations). The male has blue-black upperparts, white axillaries and white outer tail feathers. The female has olive upperparts and pale, slightly yellowish, obscurely streaky underparts, rather like the Fakfak berrypeckers that we provisionally identified as Streaked Berrypecker M. striativentris except for lacking an orange gape or rictal streak. Fairly common up to 9 m above ground (six individuals mist-netted, none collected) and joins mixed-species flocks. On 17 November 2014, at 1,200 m, B. Mila & C.Thebaud (in litt. 2015) mist-netted and collected an adult male similar overall to the birds that we observed. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 320 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) STREAKED BERRYPECKER Melanocharis striativentris ? Seen twice by JD at 1,170 m in Fakfak, 5 m and 12 m above ground, consuming tiny berries. The diagnostic orange gape or rictal streak suggests this species rather than female M. longicauda (see below). The small bill was black, the upperparts and head olive, the underparts streaky yellow-olive or dirty lemon, and the tail was of mid length. BLUE JEWEL-BABBLER Ptilorrhoa caerulescens In addition to very high-pitched faint clear notes at constant pitch, Kumawa and Fakfak birds share with north-west New Guinea populations a remarkable, loud, fast, dry, even- pitch, utterly unmusical rattle that reaches a crescendo. CHESTNUT-BACKED JEWEL-BABBLER Ptilorrhoa castanonota The call is a loud, quickly repeated chew-chew, deceptively similar to the call of Sooty Thicket-Fantail Rhipidura threnothorax, except that the latter always gives three chew notes, while the jewel-babbler gives its chew note once, twice or four times, but never thrice. Perhaps the jewel-babbler avoids three-note calls to avoid confusion with the fantail. The Kumawa population (Fig. 6) may prove to be subspecifically distinct (Diamond 1985). BARRED CUCKOOSHRIKE Coracina lineata Heard and seen calling once in North Kumawa, and heard once in South Kumawa. The call is a loud, high-pitched, piercing, sweet downslur, uttered once or twice in succession, and given either perched or in flight. PAPUAN CICADABIRD Edolisoma incertum Very common in both Fakfak and Kumawa at middle elevations, but absent in the lowlands. Heard more frequently than seen and easier to distinguish from other Edolisoma spp. (especially from E. schisticeps) by voice than by sight. Vocalisations vary geographically within New Guinea. In Kumawa and Fakfak we identified four vocalisations, all of which can be given by the same individual. One is a long rapid series of 27-60 notes on the same pitch, delivered at a rate of five notes per second for up to 12 seconds, decelerating towards the end, usually single notes but sometimes disyllabic, and typically mellow, musical and clear in tone, but sometimes simultaneously buzzy and musical. The second vocalisation is a slower, shorter series of 11-28 disyllabic notes at a rate of 1. 6-2.0 notes per second, buzzy and not musical, heard in North Kumawa but not in South Kumawa or Fakfak. The third is a nasal call of 2-3 notes, repeated usually four times; the first note short, the second or third usually downslurred but sometimes upslurred. The last call is given in flight or when about to fly: a brief, musical, cheerful tu-whit, the first note short, the second slurred (usually upslurred). In north New Guinea but never in Fakfak or Central or South Kumawa, JD also often heard a distinctive, musical, mellow short tp. COMMON CICADABIRD Edolisoma tenuirostre One record: a pair in female plumage in second growth 6 m tall, 100 m from the beach in North Kumawa. Except for the resident population in southern New Guinea, individuals on the New Guinea mainland are mostly or entirely winter visitors from Australia to non¬ forest habitats. BLACK PITOHUI Melanorectes nigrescens Both black and brown individuals (presumably male and female, respectively) at high elevations in Fakfak and Kumawa. Brown birds are superficially very similar to Vogelkop © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 321 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Bowerbird Amblyornis inornata and Little Shrikethrush Colluricincla megarhyncha, but the strongly hooked bill is a good field mark if seen well. Unlike Pitohui dichrous, P. kirhocephalus and Rusty Pitohui Pseudorectes ferrugineus in behaviour: occurs singly or in pairs, rather than in flocks, and perches upright like a large, stolid robin. Recent molecular studies reveal that it is closer to the yellow species of Pachycephala than to Pitohui species (Jonsson et al. 2007, Dumbacher et al. 2008). At least three vocalisations were identified in Fakfak and Kumawa. The simplest is a prolonged medium-pitch upslur, given either once or twice at an interval of slightly more than one second. The quality is distinctive, in that half the note is hoarse, the other half clear with a quality like calls of Colluricincla megarhyncha-, the hoarse half can either precede or follow the clearer half. A second call comprises a single short note followed by five breezy identical downslurs, lasts 2.5 seconds and is repeated every 10-12 seconds. The song is a loud, ascending and accelerating series of c.8 notes (reminiscent of some songs of Common Paradise Kingfisher Tanysiptera galatea, and a series of human burps), starting hoarser, but becoming less so during the series. REGENT WHISTLER Pachycephala schlegelii Common at high elevations on our two high-altitude Kumawa transects (South and Central Kumawa) and observed by Gibbs on Fakfak's summit above elevations reached by JD. At JD's highest South Kumawa camp (1,390 m), this was the loudest and most persistent dawn singer, and the nuclear species in mixed-species flocks. The unnamed Kumawa population is relatively small-bodied and possibly small-billed. SCLATER'S WHISTLER Pachycephala soror Common and noisy on all four Fakfak and Kumawa transects, occurring almost entirely at altitudes below Regent Whistler P. schlegelii (see above), with only slight altitudinal overlap on the South Kumawa transect. Songs comprise ringing repeated notes ending in louder slurs, but less loud than songs of P. schlegelii. The Kumawa population of P. soror, described as P. s. octogenarii (Diamond 1985), is the most distinctive named population of the Kumawas, and by far the most distinctive race of P. soror, if indeed it really belongs with P. soror. It is characterised by the male's extremely narrow dark breast-band and its female-like dark grey (not black) crown and head-sides. The unnamed Fakfak population is similar but differs in that the male's anterior breast immediately posterior to the breast- band is ochraceous, not yellow-olive. RUSTY WHISTLER Pachycephala hyperythra Elsewhere in New Guinea this is the common whistler of lower hill forests. In Fakfak and Kumawa it is puzzingly rare. In Fakfak one specimen was collected by Doherty, with single observations each by JD and by Rheindt, and in Kumawa there was one observation by JD. HOODED PITOHUI Pitohui dichrous Occasionally found at sea level in parts of New Guinea, but not on its outlying mountain ranges, where it is an upland species, descending only to between 553 m and 841 m on our four transects. It inhabits middle elevations, with little or no altitudinal overlap with Black Pitohui Melanorectes nigrescens (see above) at higher elevations, and some overlap with Northern Variable Pitohui Pitohui kirhocephalus that occurs at lower elevations down to sea level. It is an abundant, noisy and nuclear species of mixed flocks, but is shy and remains concealed within foliage except for quick flights, and is heard far more often than seen. Hooded Pitohui has at least six different vocalisations. The common flock song is a chatter comprising a series of medium-pitched mellow whistles, often starting with three © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 322 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) identical upslurs (first one, then after a slight pause a quick pair), similar to and confusable with the chatter of P. kirhocephalus but slower, clearer, less scratchy, less snapped and lower pitched. The second flock song, also comprising mellow to medium-pitched whistles, is related to the first: three quick, identical, equal-spaced upslurs without a longer interval between the first and second, followed by four slow notes— three on the same pitch, the fourth a downslur. The third song, much less common but more distinct, and apparently given by single individuals not in flocks, is a stereotyped, occasionally repeated, whistled, slow song of 2-A notes, the first 1-3 notes on a constant pitch, the last a downslur. Calls include frequent soft growls given in flocks, and a fast dry even-pitch rattle similar to Greater Black Coucal Centropus menbeki. Finally, there is a rarely heard call with a markedly bell-like quality similar to bell calls of Ornorectes cristatus, comprising 2-3 beautiful, clear, ringing notes on the same pitch, followed by one note several tones higher in pitch. GREATER MELAMPITTA Megalampitta gigantea Common only in areas of karst terrain, where it has the remarkable habit of roosting underground in sinkholes (Diamond 1983). Heard far more often than seen. It never responded to playback at any of the three locations we encountered the species (Fakfak, Kumawa and Kikori). The song is a loud ringing disyllable (either upslurred or downslurred) repeated monotonously ad nauseam at a mean rate of 1-2 notes per second, but a diagnostic feature is that the precise interval between notes varies irregularly from note to note. Not encountered in apparently suitable areas around Central Kumawa Top Camp, perhaps because the elevation was too high. TRUMPET MANUCODE Phonygammus keraudrenii Abundant at middle elevations, calling frequently, often from a conspicuous treetop perch, in Fakfak and Kumawa. This species descends to the flat lowlands in southern New Guinea, but not in Fakfak, Kumawa or northern New Guinea. It often joins mixed brown and black flocks of pitohuis and other species. The wingbeats are loud. Many loud calls with different qualities are given, all of them single notes or disyllables. Especially common is a medium- pitched disyllable, the second note on a lower pitch and either clear and bell-like or slightly hoarse. Other calls are a similar disyllable but with a gulping quality, rather than like a bell; a short, staccato, monosyllabic gulp with a sharp initiation; a prolonged rasping a-a-a-a-ah in crescendo; a tremulous, fluttering, breath-like, crescendo; a short harsh rasp; and a short, staccato, slightly hoarse whk. Two dissimilar calls are often given as duets between distant birds, with no consistency in which type of call is given first and which second; a-a-a-a-ah or a rasp may be followed by a bell-like disyllable, or a bell-like disyllable is followed by whk or a rasp. An individual puffs up its body and holds its wings extended while calling. BLACK-BILLED SICKLEBILL Drepanornis albertisi In Kumawa mist-netted once, seen once in a mixed flock and heard calling three times. PARADIGALLA Paradigalla sp.? Gibbs reported seeing two paradigallas at high elevations in the Fakfaks, providing a sketched illustration. A paradigalla in the Fakfaks would be surprising, because paradigallas are not known from any outlying mountain range, except the much higher and larger Arfaks and their known altitudinal range lies mostly above the Fakfak summit. This interesting report awaits confirmation. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 323 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) LESSER GROUND-ROBIN Amalocichla incerta Abundant at high elevations in Kumawa, hopping on the ground. Not observed in Fakfak, whether because it is absent or because its elevational range lies mostly above the highest altitudes reached by ornithologists. Upperparts warm brown or orange-brown; clean white throat without black tips, becoming pale grey on the breast; obscure pale lores; a small concealed pale band in the wing. Nominate A. i. incerta of the Arfak Mountains differs in that its underparts below the throat are ochraceous or olive-brown. Race olivascentior of central New Guinea differs in its black-tipped throat and possibly in its dorsal coloration. The brilliant, very long song commences with up to six staccato, hoarse, piercing notes at long intervals, accelerating into a long, fast, jumbled, high-pitched, piercing, slightly hoarse cascade of notes. ASHY ROBIN Heteromyias albispecularis In Kumawa abundant from 1,026 m to the summit, and the commonest singer at dawn, but not found in Fakfak despite that JD and Gibbs each spent several days in that altitudinal range. Hops on the ground and forages in the understorey, occasionally up to 5 m. Closest to the Vogelkop nominate race, but evidently a distinctive undescribed subspecies (Fig. 7): dark grey back and cheeks, brown wings and tail; pale grey breast, becoming pale ochraceous on lower belly and undertail-coverts; dark mask through eyes; clear white chin, extending as a band below the eyes; and a striking broad white supercilium. There are three songs, all consisting of whistled clear discrete notes. The dawn song is a ringing series of 4-17 medium-high notes at a rate of 4-7 notes per second, often repeated after a short pause to create the sense of a long, even-pitch series with frequent short interruptions. This song is reminiscent of that of Piping Bellbird Ornorectes cristatus, but the latter's song is uninterrupted and gradually accelerates. The second song is a fast medium-high series comprising many identical triplets, the third note of each at a slightly higher pitch than the first two, and the whole series preceded by a single note at the higher pitch of the third note of each triplet. The third song has various patterns of 2 -4 medium-pitched notes ascending in pitch, confusingly similar to songs of Rusty Mouse-Warbler Crateroscelis murina but lower pitched and louder, and also similar to the three-note ascending call of Hook-billed Kingfisher Melidora macrorrhina. SMOKY ROBIN Peneothello cryptoleuca Abundant at high elevations in Kumawa and one of the commonest songsters there. Forages from the understorey up to 5 m, occasionally 9 m, often perching sideways on vertical trunks. The Kumawa population is an endemic subspecies P. c. maximus distinguished by its whitish underparts and large size (Diamond 1985); the white throat is especially obvious in the field. The song is a weak, tremulous, very fast whistled trill on a constant pitch, similar to the song of the Foja population, but lacking the latter's final disyllabic flourish. The call consists of 2-5 identical, loud, medium-pitched, Pachycephala-like short downslurs with sharp introductions. There are also loud alarm notes. In Fakfak, Gibbs (1994) listed the similar P. cyanus as frequent at elevations higher than those that JD reached in Fakfak, where JD did not observe any Peneothello; could the Fakfak birds observed by Gibbs be P. cryptoleuca, like the Kumawa population? BANDED YELLOW ROBIN Gennaeodryas placens G. placens and Black-sided Robin P. hypoleuca are both strongly territorial. Ecological segregation depends largely on altitude, G. placens occurring at higher elevations. In Fakfak there was no altitudinal overlap: JD's highest observation of P. hypoleuca was at 494 m and © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 324 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) his lowest of G. placens was at 503 m. In North Kumawa two G. placens were encountered within the low-altitude range of P. hypoleuca, but with 100 m of horizontal separation from the nearest P. hypoleuca. G. placens prefers locally level terrain with an open understorey. There are five common vocalisations: two songs and three calls. One song consists of 5-7 medium-pitched notes at a rate of three notes per second. All notes except the first are on the same pitch, while the first is either at the same pitch or a whole tone higher. This song is distinguished by its beautiful flute-like quality and by the sharp start to each note, like the pipes of a baroque organ or a person pronouncing the consonant Y. A song of White-rumped Robin Peneothello bimaculata is similar. The other song is a weak, high- or medium-pitched, fast (five notes per second) whistled trill, which crescendos and decelerates slightly, either at constant pitch or slightly ascending or descending, and similar to a song of Blue-grey Robin Peneothello cyanus. The shortest call is 1-2 harsh scolding notes like Fantailed Monarch Symposiachrus axillaris. A second call comprises 2-3 notes with the flute-like quality of the first song: the first note short and hoarse, the second (and occasionally third) a downslurred disyllable at a slighter higher pitch and not hoarse. The last call is a nasal, very rapidly repeated note at constant pitch, confusingly like a call of Spangled Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus, and so similar to a call of Shining Flycatcher Myiagra alecto that Fakfak and Kumawa natives confused the two species. WHITE-FACED ROBIN Tregellasia leucops The Kumawa and Fakfak populations of this common, geographically variable robin belong to the Vogelkop race T. 1. leucops (Diamond 1985). RED-RUMPED SWALLOW Cecropis daurica A rare winter visitor to the New Guinea region: one at Fakfak airport on 13 March 2013, together with Pacific Swallows H. tahitica and Barn Swallows H. rustica. We noted the deeply forked tail, pale ochraceous rump and collar, and otherwise blue-black upperparts. WHITE-EYES Zosterops sp. In Kumawa we identified all three New Guinea mainland species of Zosterops, with readily distinguished songs. At low elevations in the hills (260-370 m), but absent from the flat lowlands, was Black-fronted White-eye Z. atrifrons with its unmistakable 'wheel' song: c.8 notes in a slightly descending series, with a quality like the turning of a wheel producing a sound at each rotation. At middle elevations (600-1,200 m) was New Guinea White-eye Z. novaeguineae, whose high-pitched, sweet, bright but loud song consisted of 1-5 slower introductory notes at 2-4 different pitches preceding a faster series of 5-8 notes all on the same lower pitch. The Kumawa population has a broad white eye-ring, yellow (not bright yellow-orange) throat, breast and undertail-coverts, white belly, and no black on the head. At Marsh Camp was Capped White-eye Z. fuscicapilla, uniformly yellow-olive except a white eye-ring and possibly a darker forehead, with a short, fast, medium-high- pitched, energetic, unmusical song. At Top Camp (1,654 m) we glimpsed white-eyes and heard their contact calls, without identifying them to species. In Fakfak JD and Rheindt both encountered Z. atrifrons at lower elevations and Z. fuscicapilla at high elevations, Gibbs found Z. fuscicapilla common at high elevations, and Doherty collected Z. atrifrons (presumably at low elevation). The only other New Guinea site besides Kumawa supporting all three species of Zosterops is Arfak, where Mayr collected all three without indications of altitude. The simplest interpretation, requiring confirmation, is that with increasing altitude Z. atrifrons is replaced by Z. novaeguineae, in turn replaced by Z. fuscicapilla, but with some overlap. Future observers in Fakfak should remain alert for the possible presence there, too, of Z. novaeguineae. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 325 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) GRAY'S GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER Locustella fasciolata We heard and tape-recorded one in rank grass near the forest edge adjacent to Kumawa Marsh Camp. GREY-STREAKED FLYCATCHER Muscicapa griseisticta JD observed one of this Asian winter visitor in a village clearing in Fakfak on 3-4 March 1981. EURASIAN TREE SPARROW Passer montanus Common in Fakfak town in March 2013, but absent when JD was there in 1981 and 1983. This introduced species arrived in New Guinea in the 1990s. BLUE-FACED PARROTFINCH Erythrura trichroa This finch's local abundance is known to vary enormously, in synchrony with local seedings of bamboo. During our visits we found it abundant in Fakfak and at our Central Kumawa Marsh Camp, but absent at our Central Kumawa Top Camp and on JD's North and South Kumawa transects. Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to acknowledge our debts to people and organisations without whose efforts our projects could never have taken place. They include many residents of the Fakfaks and of Nusawulan village; members of the Indonesian Forestry Department and Environment Department; Richard Sneider, who co-planned and supported the 2013 Central Kumawa expedition; our field associates Richard Sneider, Hans Makabory, Franz Sadsuitubun, Ardi Irwanto, Max Ammer and Tertius Kammerer; Guy Kirwan and three anonymous referees for valuable suggestions on our manuscript; Christophe Thebaud, Borja Mila and Vincent Droissart for information added in proof from their November 2014 South Kumawa survey; and the National Geographic Society, World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, and Resnick Family Foundation for support above. References: Archbold, R. & Rand, A.L. 1935. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 7. Summary of the 1933-1934 Papuan Expedition. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 68: 527-579. Beehler, B. M., Prawiradilehea, D. M., de Fretes, Y. & Kemp, N. 2007. A new species of smoky honeyeater (Meliphagidae: Melipotes) from western New Guinea. Auk 124: 1000-1009. Beehler, B. M., Diamond, J. M., Kemp, M., Scholes, E., Milensky, C. & Laman, T. 2012. Avifauna of the Foja Mountains of western New Guinea. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 132: 84-101. Bell, H. L. 1983. A bird community of lowland rainforest in New Guinea. 5. Mixed-species feeding flocks. Emu 82: 256-275. Brookfield, H. C. & Hart, D. 1966. Rainfall in the tropical southwest Pacific. Australian Natl. Univ., Canberra. Brown, J. H. 1971. Mammals on mountaintops: noneqilibrium insular biogeography. Amer. Natur. 105: 467-178. Diamond, J. 1969. Preliminary results of the ornithological exploration of the North Coastal Range, New Guinea. Amer. Mus. Novit. 2362: 1-57. Diamond, J. 1972. The avifauna of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. Nuttall Om. CL, Boston. Diamond, J. M. 1983. Melampitta gigantea: possible relation between feather structure and underground roosting habits. Condor 85: 89-91. Diamond, J. 1985. New distributional records and taxa from the outlying mountain ranges of Irian Jaya. Emu 85: 65-91. Diamond, J. 1986. Animal art: variation in bower style among male bowerbirds Amblyornis inornatus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 3042-3046. Diamond, J. 1987a. Bower building and decoration by the bowerbird Amblyornis inornatus. Ethology 74: 177-204. Diamond, J. 1987b. Flocks of brown and black New Guinean birds: a bicoloured mixed-species foraging association. Emu 87: 201-211. Diamond, J. 1988. Experimental study of bower decoration by the bowerbird Amblyornis inornatus, using colored poker chips. Amer. Natur. 131: 631-653. Directorate General of Forestry [Indonesia]. 1975. Report no. 583. Survey report on the Pegunungan Fak-fak - Pegunungan Kumawa forest complex, province of Irian Jaya. Directorate General of Forestry, Bogor. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 326 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Dumbacher, J. Pv Beehler, B. ML, Spande, T. F., Garraffo, H. M. & Daly, J. W. 1992. Homobatrachotoxin in the genus Pitohui : chemical defense in birds? Science 258: 799-801. Dumbacher, J. P., Deiner, K., Thompson, L. & Fleischer, R. C. 2008. Phylogeny of the avian genus Pitohui and the evolution of toxicity in birds. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 49: 774-781. Finsch, O. 1900. On a collection of birds made by Mr. Karl Schadler at Sekru (northwest-coast of New Guinea). Notes Leyden Mus. 22: 49-69. Frith, C. E. & Frith, D. W. 2004. The bowerbirds. Oxford Univ. Press. Gibbs, D. 1994. Undescribed taxa and new records from the Fakfak Mountains, Irian Jaya. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 114: 4-12. Gilliard, E. T. 1969. Birds of paradise and bower birds. Natural History Press, Garden City. Gilliard, E. T. & LeCroy, M. 1970. Notes on birds from the Tamrau Mountains, New Guinea. Amer. Mus. Novit. 2420: 1-28. Gyldenstolpe, N. 1955. Birds collected by Dr. Sten Bergman during his expedition to Dutch New Guinea 1948-1949. Arkivf. Zool. (2)8: 183-397. Jonsson, K. A., Bowie, R. C. K., Norman, J. A., Christidis, L. & Fjeldsa, J. 2007. Polyphyletic origin of toxic Pitohui birds suggests widespread occurrence of toxicity in corvoid birds. Biol. Lett. 4: 71-74. LeCroy, M. & Diamond, J. M. 1995. Plumage variation in the Broad-billed Fairy-wren Malurus grayi. Emu 95: 185-193. Lewis, M. P. (ed.) 2009. Ethnologue: languages of the world. SIL International, Dallas. Oort, E. D. van. 1909. On New Guinea birds. - 2. Notes Leyden Mus. 30: 225-244. Pratt, T. K. & Beehler, B. M. 2014. Birds of New Guinea. Second edn. Princeton Univ. Press. Rand, A. L. 1942. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 43. Birds of the 1938-1939 New Guinea expedition. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 79: 425-516. Rand, A. L. & Gilliard, E. T. 1967. Handbook of New Guinea birds. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London. Rheindt, F. E. 2012. New avian records from the little-explored Fakfak Mountains and the Onin Peninsula (West Papua). Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 132: 102-115. Rothschild, W. & Hartert, E. 1901-15. Notes on Papuan birds. Novit. Zool. 8: 55-88, 102-162, 10: 65-116, 196-231, 435^180, 14: 433^46, 22: 46-60. Stresemann, E. 1923. Dr. Burgers' ornithologische Ausbeute im Stromgebiet des Sepik. Archiv f. Naturg. Ser. A 89(7): 1-96. Uy, J. A. C. & Borgia, G. 2000. Sexual selection drives rapid divergence in bowerbird display traits. Evolution 54: 273-278. Whitmore, P. C. 1990. An introduction to tropical rain forests. Oxford Univ. Press. Addresses: Jared Diamond, Geography Dept., Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1524, USA, e-mail: jdiamond@geog.ucla.edu. K. David Bishop, Semioptera Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 1234, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia, e-mail: kdvdbishop7@gmail.com Appendix: birds of the Fakfak and Kumawa Peninsulas The table lists all bird species recorded from the Fakfak and Kumawa Peninsulas, including seabirds seen up to 1 km offshore. Asterisks in the left margin denote upland species as defined in the text. Entries in columns 2-5 consist of a double line, with Fakfak entries to the left and Kumawa entries to the right of the double line. Column 1. Scientific and English species names. Column 2. Records for Fakfak: a = JD in 1981 (plus a few records in 2013); D = Doherty in 1896; G = Gibbs in 1992; R = Rheindt in 2008-09; and S = Schadler in 1896. Records for Kumawa: b = JD in North Kumawa in 1983; c = JD in South Kumawa in 1983; d = JD & KDB in Central Kumawa in 2013; [a], [b], [c] = species described to us and reliably reported as present by local residents, but not observed by us; B = Bergman at Kambala in 1949. Column 3. Estimates of abundance in the habitat and elevation of greatest abundance, only for our four surveys. 1 = just 1-2 records. 2 = from a min. of three, to a max. 7-12 records. 3 = from a min. 8-13, to a max. 14—28 records. 4 = the most abundant species, with more than a min. of 15-31 records. (The borderline min. and max. numbers of records differ between our four surveys, depending on the total number of records in each survey). - = not observed by us in that survey, x = observed by us in that survey, but no reliable abundance estimate available (usually because we spent too little time in the species' zone of peak abundance). The entries for our four surveys are in the format a II bed (see column 2 for codes). Column 4. Altitudinal ranges (in m), only for our four surveys. The entries for our four surveys are in the format a II b/c/d (see column 2 for codes). - = not observed by us in that survey, x = observed by us in that survey, but only limited information concerning altitudinal range. Column 5. Left and right of double line: local name in the Baham language's dialect spoken in the Fakfak Mountains (mainly at Wanggasten and New Weri villages), and in Nusawulan village on the southern Kumawa coast, respectively. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 327 Scientific and English names Records Abundance Altitude Local names Cassowary Casuarius sp. aGR II bed 2 II 221 174-1,250 II 35-915 / 287-1,061/1,025 sorok II sorok Wattled Brushturkey Aepypodius arfakianus a II cd x II -xl 472-1,188 II -/ 1,437/1,654 yagoha II Brushturkey Talegalla sp. aR II be 2 II 22- 437-787 II 91-372/0-896/- waben II waban Orange-footed Scrubfowl Megapodius reinwardt [a]DR II cB X II -X- x II -101- kabatyau II kobachau Raja Shelduck Tndorna radjah - II cB - II -2- - II 70/- Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa - II [c]d - II -x2 - II -/x/1,025 II itik Storm-petrel Oceanite s sp., Fregetta sp. - II b - II 1- - II 0 /-/- Tricoloured Grebe Tachybaptus tricolor - II d - II -2 - II -/-/1,025 Nankeen Night-Heron Nycticorax caledonicus - II b - II 1- - II 0 /-/- Striated Heron Butorides striata aS II cB 1 II -1- 0 II -101- II tarakoka Great-billed Heron Ardea sumatrana R II - - II — - II -/-/- Eastern Great Egret Ardea modesta - II c - II -1- - II -/0/- Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia - II c - II -1- - II -/0/- Eastern Reef-Egret Egretta sacra S II be - II 23- - II 0/0/- II kajoka Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus - II c - II -1- - II 70/- Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel a II bcB 1 II 22- 0 II 0/0/- II ichara Brown Booby Sula leucogaster - II cB - II -1- - II -101- Little Pied Cormorant Microcarbo melanoleucos aR II c 1 II -2- 0 II 70/- II sia Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris R II b - II 1- - II o/-/- Eastern Osprey Pandion cristatus aS II be 2 II 12- 0 II 0/0/- woselau II wasela Pacific Baza Aviceda subcristata DS II be - II 21- - II 0/0/- Long-tailed Buzzard Henicopemis longicauda G II cd - II -11 - II 71,437 / 1,025 II sarewan Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus aRS II be 2 II 22- 0 II 0/0/- kaim-boet II kiwa White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster aD II be 2 II 12- 0 II 0/0/- II lusi Variable Goshawk Accipiter hiogaster G II cB - II -1- - II 70/- Grey-headed Goshawk Accipiter poliocephalus aGRS II d - II -1 690 II -/-/ 1,025 serabi II Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrocephalus - II b - II 1- - II 305/-/- Meyer's Goshawk Accipiter cf. meyerianus - II d - II -1 - II 7-/1,025 New Guinea Harpy-Eagle Harpyopsis novaeguineae aR II b[c]d 2 II 2x2 747-1,208 II 260-906 lx/ 1,055-1,158 kikma II toktok Gurney's Eagle Acjuila gurneyi - II d - II -1 - II 7-/1,025 White-striped Forest-Rail Rallicula leucospila - II cd - II -32 - II 71,009-1,417/1,025- 1,654 Crake sp. - II d - II -1 - II 7-/1,025 © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 328 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Scientific and English names Records Abundance Altitude Local names Rufous-tailed Bush-hen Amaurornis moluccana [a] II - x II - x II kidi-kidi II Beach Stone-curlew Esacus magnirostris - II c - II -2- - II -101- II sikeken lemora Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva a II - 1 II — 122 II -/-/- Sand-plover Charadrius sp. - II c - II -1- - II -101- II sikeke Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus aS II c 1 II -2- 0 II -101- II tabak-tabir Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia - II c - II -1- - II -101- Tattler Tringa sp. - II c - II -1- - II -10/- Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos aS II c 1 II -2- 0 II -101- II sikeke Sanderling Calidris alba - II c - II -1- - II -10/- Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis - II c - II -1- - II -/0/- II sikeke Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii a II be X II XX- 0 II 0/0/- Little Tem Sternula albifrons a II - X II — 0 II 77- Bridled Tem Onychoprion anaethetus a II c X II -X- 0 II 70/- Roseate Tem Sterna dougallii - II be - II XX- - II 0/0/- II kananawa Black-naped Tern Sterna sumatrana a II be X II XX- 0 II 0/0/- II kananawa Common Tem Sterna hirundo a II be X II XX- 0 II 0/0/- II kananawa White-throated Pigeon Columba vitiensis S II - - II - - II 77- Great Cuckoo-Dove Reinwardtoena reinwardti aDGS II bd 3 II 3-2 0-788 II 260-742/71,025- 1,654 Brown Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia amboinensis aDGS II bcdB 3 II 212 575-1,261 II 427-906/1,137- 1,234/1,025-1,036 kuwok-kuwok II Black-billed Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia nigrirostris aDG II bed 4 II 124 0-1,261 II 713/483- 1,378/1,025-1,654 koa-koa II New Guinea Bronzewing Henicophaps albifrons R II bcB - II 21- - II 604-802/113 /- Cinnamon Ground-Dove Gallicolumba mfigula a II bdB 2 II 2-1 690-863 II 640-695/71,025 kambarat, tuyuk-tuyuk II * Bronze Ground-Dove Alopecoems beccarii - II d - II -1 - II 7-/1,143 * Pheasant Pigeon Otidiphaps nobilis aR II bd 3 II 1-2 344-963 II 325-747/- /l, 025-1,207 kwaha, waias II Western Crowned Pigeon Goura cristata aGR II bcB 2 II 22- 437-690 II 223-579/0^33/- yemu II yemu Stephan's Ground-Dove Chalcophaps stephani aDGRS II b[c]dB 2 II lxl 366-533 II 172-183/ x/1, 025-1, 097 Wompoo Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus magnificus aDGRS II bB 3 II 3- 273-774 II 67-553/-/- suwinawau II Pink-spotted Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus perlatus aR II b 3 II 4- 242-690 II 67-623/-/ - * Ornate Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus ornatus DGR II d - II -2 x II 7-/1,654 Orange-fronted Fmit-Dove - II cB - II -1- - II 70/- II tota Ptilinopus aurantiifrons © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 329 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Scientific and English names Records Abundance Altitude Local names Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus superbus aDGRS II bcdB 4 II 423 69-1,189 II 99-906/396- 1,389/1,025-1,071 mabum, tuk-tuguri II Coroneted Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus coronulatus aR II b 1 II 2- 684-787 II 204-273/7- Beautiful Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus pulchellus aDRS II b 4 II 4- 69-841 II 67-579/-/- wihia II * Mountain Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus bellus aGR II bed 3 II 344 810-1,314 II 387-905/877- 1,414/1,025-1,654 wihia II * Claret-breasted Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus viridis aD II bd 4 II 4-2 69-1,208 II 229-937/- /l, 025-1, 158 Orange-bellied Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus iozonus aR II b 2 II 3- 69-504 II 0-520/-/- Dwarf Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus minus aR II b 2 II 2- 69-690 II 67-347/-/- kwan-kwan,nak- negrem, tuk-tuguri II Elegant Imperial Pigeon Ducula concinna - II c - II -1- - II -101- II wisuk Purple-tailed Imperial Pigeon Ducula rufigaster aDGR II b[c] 3 II 3x- 198-906 II 67-579/x/- Pinon Imperial Pigeon Ducula pinon aGRS II bcB 3 II 4x- 0-789 II 0-520/0-512/- wapi II wapir Zoe's Imperial Pigeon Ducula zoeae aDGR II bcB 3 II 31- 0-963 II 41-906/0/- tuk-tuguri II Pied Imperial Pigeon Ducula bicolor - II c - II -2- - II -101- II mumur * Papuan Mountain-Pigeon Gymnophaps albertisii aG II d 2 II -2 787-1,208 II 771,025- 1,654 kondago II Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus aDGRS II bed 2 II 212 690-1,208 II 0-728/0- 483/1,025-1,219 kweyong II kweyong Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita aDGRS II be 3 II 32- 0-1,208 II 0-742/0-137/- katoa II katuak * Red-flanked Lorikeet Charmosyna placentis and /or Red- fronted Lorikeet C. rubronotata aR II bed 2 II 212 634 II 138-553/923/1,025- 1,654 * Fairy Lorikeet Charmosyna pulchella aG II cd 2 II -12 722-1,189 II 71,389- 1,408/1,654 * Josephine's Lorikeet Charmosyna josefinae a II d 1 II -2 1,189 II 7-/1,654 Black-capped Lory Lorius lory aDGRS II be 3 II 4x- 0-1,189 II 0-906/0-524 /- werere II wararoi Dusky Lory Pseudeos fuscata aGS II B 2 II — 0-1,208 II -/-/- rita II Black Lory Chalcopsitta atra aR II B 1 II - 0 II 77- Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus aDRS II bcdB 3 II 442 0-1,208 II 0-906/0- 1,437/1,025-1,654 kikaras II sikaras Large Fig-Parrot Psittaculirostris desmarestii aDRS II bB 1 II 2- 0 II 0-457/-/- Orange-breasted Fig-Parrot Cyclopsitta gulielmitertii R II d - II -1 - II 7-/1,025-1,109 Double-eyed Fig-Parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma R II - - II — - II -/-/- Moluccan King-Parrot Alisterus amboinensis aDGR II bcdB 3 II 4x2 198-881 II 82-906/113- 158/1,025-1,654 sana II Eclectus Parrot Eclectus roratus aDGRS II bcB 2 II 22- 0-600 II 0-595/0/- Iskari (male), peta (female) II baying, sarek © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 330 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Scientific and English names Records Abundance Altitude Local names Red-cheeked Parrot Geoffroyus geoffroyi aDRS II be 2 II 31- 0-625 II 67-579/192-1,21 0/- penong-penong II * Blue-collared Parrot Geoffroyus simplex a II bed 3 II 322 617-1,314 II 553-906/1,052- 1,234/1,025-1,219 gwining-gwinong, geruan II Yellow-capped Pygmy Parrot Micropsitta keiensis aDRS II b 1 II 2- 273 II 375-553/-/- sikowba-kowba II bisibos * Red-breasted Pygmy Parrot Micropsitta bruijnii aD II bed 2 II 223 774-906 II 704-762/1,424- 1,437/1,067-1,654 II bis'nbao Greater Black Coucal Centropus menbeki aDGRS II b[c]B 2 II 2x- 0-690 II 0/x/- kuhubu II kuwuwu Lesser Black Coucal Centropus bernsteini R II - - II — - II -/-/- Dwarf Koel Microdynamis pnrva a II be 3 II 31- 0-787 II 260-770/0-483 /- Eastern Koel Eudynamys orientalis aS II d 2 II -2 690-787 II -/-/1,025 Channel-billed Cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae R II b - II 2- - II 0-685/-/- * Rufous-throated Bronze Cuckoo Chalcites ruficollis - II d - II -1 - II -/-/1,025 * White-eared Bronze Cuckoo Chalcites meyerii DG II be - II 32- - II 397-906/1 13-1,437/- Little Bronze Cuckoo Chalcites minutillus a II c 2 II -1- 690 II -/113/- White-crowned Cuckoo Caliechthrus leucolophus aD II b 2 II 3- 684-863 II 191-802/-/- kwandandong II Chestnut-breasted Cuckoo Cacomantis castaneiventris aGR II bed 3 II 422 509-1,189 II 168-906/265- 1,137/1,025-1,158 Bmsh Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus aDGR II b 2 II 2- 0-690 II 0-405/-/- Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa aG II bd 1 II 1-2 787-1,208 II 405-520/- /1,025 Rufous Owl Ninox rufal G? II - - II — - II 77- Papuan Boobook Ninox theomacha [D]G II bed - II xl2 - II 520-802/923/1,025 tutuakmu II Marbled Frogmouth Podargus ocellatus aDG II be 1 II 31- 690 II 520-802/923/- kabung-kabung II Papuan Frogmouth Podargus papuensis RS II bed - II 111 - II 405/0/1,025 II kuni Large-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus - II c - II -2- - II 70/- II marap-tenten * Feline Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles insignis - II d - II -2 - II 7-/1,025 * Mountain Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles albertisi - II cd - II -x2 - II 71,450/1,025-1,654 owlet-nightjar Aegotheles sp. - II b - II X- - II 183/-/- Moustached Treeswift Hemiprocne mystacea [a]R II b x II 2- x II 0-906/-/- pees-pees II Glossy Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta aGR II bed 3 II 322 0-1,313 II 0-906/0- 1,437/1,025-1,654 * Mountain Swiftlet Aerodramus hirundinaceus a II cd 3 II -x2 1,167-1,208 II 71,097/1,025-1,161 Uniform Swiftlet Aerodramus aGR II be 3 II 23- 0-690 II 0-906/0-483/- yaya II vanikorensis © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 331 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Scientific and English names Records Abundance Altitude Local names Papuan Spinetailed Swift Mearnsin novaeguineae R II - - II — - II -/-/- Oriental Dollarbird Eurystomus orient alis RS II be - II 11- - II 0/0/- II pelangor Common Paradise-Kingfisher Tanysiptera galatea aRS II bcB 1 II 31- 531 II 67-649/113-125/- tadap II kwau Red-breasted Paradise-Kingfisher Tanysiptera nympha aGS II - x II — 358 II -/-/- Hook-billed Kingfisher Melidom macrorrhina aGRS II be 2 II 21- 0-787 II 0-906/0-1,259 /- Rufous-bellied Kookaburra Dacelo gaudichaud aDGRS II bcB 2 II 21- 0-226 II 66-906/0/- makob II tongero Collared Kingfisher Todiramphus chloris S II c - II -2- - II -101- II tangsupa Sacred Kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus R II c - II -2- - II -101- Yellow-billed Kingfisher Syma torotoro aDGRS II bcdB 3 II 321 0-939 II 0-906/113- 1,437/1,025 werero II Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis - II b - II 1- - II 0/-I- Papuan Dwarf Kingfisher Ceyx solitarius aDRS II be 2 II 23- 617-690 II 162-658/0-902/- Azure Kingfisher Ceyx azureus DS II - - II — - II -/-/- II tangsupa Little Kingfisher Ceyx pusillns R II - - II — - II -/-/- Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus G II b - II 1- - II 0-379/-/- Blyth's Hornbill Rhyticeros plicatus aDGRS II bcB 3 II 32- 0-963 II 0-906/0-341/- wamo II wamor Red-bellied Pitta Erythropitta erythrogaster aDGRS II bcB 2 II 22- 457-690 II 405-579/287-875/- tuwaka II Hooded Pitta Pitta sordida aDRS II bcB 1 II 22- 531-690 II 195-405/0-433/- kwo-kware II White-eared Catbird Ailuroedus buccoides R II be - II 21- - II 182-573/0-207/- Black-eared Catbird Ailuroedus melanotis aGR II bed 2 II 232 1,189 II 610-906/841- 1,234/1,025-1,158 Vogelkop Bowerbird Amblyornis inornata [a]GR II cd x II -42 - II -/l, 052-1,437/1,025- 1,654 Masked Bowerbird Sericulus aureus ? ? II - - II — - II -/-/- Wallace's Fairywren Sipodotus wallacii aD II b 1 II 1- 575 II 390-728/-/- Broad-billed Fairywren Chenorhamphus grayi - II b - II 2- - II 296-553/-/- ' Emperor Fairywren Malurus cyanocephalus aDRS II B 1 II — 690 II -/-/- White-shouldered Fairywren Malurus alboscapulatus - II d - II -4 - II -/-/1,025 Red-collared Myzomela Myzomela rosenbergii aGR II cd 3 II -13 1,171-1,190 II -/1,408/1,654 sangedit II Dusky Myzomela Myzomela obscura - II B - II — - II -/-/- Ruby-throated Myzomela Myzomela eques aD II - 2 II — 635-690 II -/-/- Red Myzomela Myzomela cruentata aDGR II - 2 II — 684-1261 II -/-/- wis-wis II © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 332 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Scientific and English names Records Abundance Altitude Local names Papuan Black Myzomela Myzomela nigrita aDS II B 2 II - 723-774 II -/-/- Green-backed Honeyeater Glycichaera fallax aDR II b 1 II 2- 690-787 II 351-770/-/- * Rufous-sided Honeyeater Ptiloprora erythropleura aG II cd 4 II -44 1,207-1,314 II -/1,286- 1,437/1,097-1,654 Streak-headed Honeyeater Pycnopygius stictocephalus - II b - II 2- - II 0-378/-/- Silver-eared Honeyeater Lichmera alboauricularis R II - - II - - II -/-/- Tawny-breasted Honeyeater Xanthotis flaviventer aDRS II bcdB 4 II 422 367-1,208 II 61-906/125- 658/1,178-1,158 * Spotted Honeyeater Xanthotis polygrammus a II - 1 II — 635 II 77- Meyer's Friarbird Philemon meyeri a II be 3 II 21- 172-684 II 0-274/0-207/- Helmeted Friarbird Philemon buceroides aDRS II be 4 II 44- 0-579 II 0-671/0-1,030/- kowok II kowok * Smoky Honeyeater Melipotes sp. aGR II cd 2 II -33 1,189-1,261 II 71,389- 1,426/1,653 Long-billed Honeyeater Melilestes megarhynchus aDGR II bed 3 II 312 0-1,189 II 262-906/1,402/1,025-1,113 * Olive Straightbill Timeliopsis fulvigula G II - - II — - II -/-/- Tawny Straightbill Timeliopsis griseigula R II b - II 1~ - II 610-770/7- * Vogelkop Melidectes Melidectes leucostephes G II cd - II -22 - II 7844-1,408/1,025- 1,654 Varied Honeyeater Gavicalis versicolor - II cB - II -X- - II 70/- II totekweras Puff-backed Meliphaga Meliphaga aruensis a II - 1 II — 684 II -/-/- Yellow-gaped Meliphaga Meliphaga flavirictus R II - - II — - II -/-/- * White-eared Meliphaga Meliphaga montana aDR II b 4 II 2- 657-966 II 387-729/-/- * Mountain Meliphaga Meliphaga orientalis aR II bed 3 II 442 975-1,189 II 688-906/1,137- 1,437/1,025-1,128 kombuweyo II Mimic Meliphaga Meliphaga analoga aDRS II bcB 2 II 33- 0-856 II 229-664/244-506/- Scrub Meliphaga Meliphaga albonotata DR II be - II 11- - II 0/0/- * Goldenface P achy care flavogriseum a II - 4 II — 787-1,208 II -/-/- Rusty Mouse-Warbler Crateroscelis murina aDGR II bed 4 II 443 0-1,314 II 0-906/0- 1,314/1,025-1,100 siriri II siriri * Mountain Mouse- Warbler Crateroscelis robusta G II cd - II -33 - II 71,389-1,437/1,025- 1,654 Pale-billed Scrubwren Sericornis spilodera aGR II bed 2 II 311 690-963 II 235-905/483- 1,250/1,025 * Tropical Scrubwren Sericornis beccarii aGR II bed 4 II 332 1,170-1,261 II 677-906/1,137-1,402/1,025 II sisi * Large Scrubwren Sericornis nouhuysi - II d - II -1 - II 7-/1,654 © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 333 Scientific and English names Records Abundance Altitude Local names Vogelkop Scrubwren Sericornis rufescens a?G? II cd x II -44 1,170-1,261 II -/975— 1,437/1,025— 1,654 II sisi Grey-green Scrubwren Sericornis arfakianus ? a?G? 11 - ? II — ? II -/-/- Grey Thombill Acanthiza cinerea aG II c 2 II -3- 1,170-1,261 II 71,003-1,422/- Yellow-bellied Gerygone Gerygone chrysogaster aDGR II bcB 4 II 42- 172-788 II 67-704/113-523/- Green-backed Gerygone Gerygone chloronota a II be 3 II 42- 0-787 II 0-847/82-171/- Fairy Gerygone Gerygone palpebrosa aDGR II be 4 II 41- 172-835 II 61-906/113/- Large-billed Gerygone Gerygone magnirostris DR II c - II -1- - II -/0/- Brown-breasted Gerygone Gerygone ruficollis aGR II bed 4 II 322 787-1,314 II 742-906/832- 1,234/1,025-1,158 suondende II Papuan Babbler Garritornis isidorei aDRS II bB 2 II 2- 172-774 II 47-405/-/- wasisia II Black Berrypecker Melanocharis nigra DGRS II b - II 3- - II 67-553/-/- Mid-mountain Berrypecker Melanocharis longicauda G II bed - II 132 - II 906/1,082-1,437/1,025- 1,036 Streaked Berrypecker Melanocharis striativentrisl a? II - x II — ?1,170 II -/-/- Spectacled Longbill Oedistoma iliolophus aG II bed 3 II 341 360-1,234 II 262-906/1,021-1,422/1,021 Pygmy Longbill Oedistoma pygmaeum aD II - 1 II — 634-774 II 77- Yellow-bellied Longbill Toxorhamphus novaeguineae aDGR II bed 4 II 431 172-1,189 II 67-906/171- 1,247/1,025 tuwis-tawas II Blue Jewel-babbler Ptilorrhoa caerulescens a II b 2 II 2- 177-690 II 67-280/7- arara II Chestnut-backed Jewel-babbler Ptilorrhoa castanonota aR II bed 3 II 223 617-1,189 II 381-906/844- 1,250/1,025-1,219 das-das II Yellow-breasted Boatbill Machaerirhynchus flaviventer aDR II be 3 II 32- 504-906 II 290-906/1 13-171/- Black-breasted Boatbill Machaerirhynchus nigripectus G II d - II -2 - II 771,025-1,654 Lowland Peltops Peltops blainvillii DR II - - II — - II -/-/- Mountain Peltops Peltops montanus aGR II b 2 II 2- 684-690 II 604-906/-/- sererango II Black Butcherbird Cracticus cjuoyi aDRS II b 2 II 3- 0-690 II 0-575/-/- Hooded Butcherbird Cracticus aDRS II be 3 II 32- 0-558 II 0-573/0/- kavet II kowet cassicus White-breasted Woodswallow Artamus leucorynchus S II be - II 13- - II 0/0/- Great Woodswallow Artamus aG II d 1 II -2 1,189-1,311 II 7-/1,025- kwas-kwas II maximus 1,158 gwas-gwas Stout-billed Cuckooshrike Coracina caeruleogrisea aGR II bd 1 II 2-2 1,189 II 640-802/71,025 Barred Cuckooshrike Coracina lineata - II bd - II 1-1 - II 728/71,025 Boyeh s Cuckooshrike Coracina boyeri aRS II b 2 II 2- 69-787 II 0-579/-/- White-bellied Cuckooshrike Coracina papuensis aDRS II be 1 II 22- 61 II 0-219/0/- II timtimur Black-browed Triller Lalage atrovirens aR II be 2 II 11- 501-690 II 0-283/616/- © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 334 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Scientific and English names Records Abundance Altitude Local names Black-bellied Cicadabird Edolisoma montanum aG II bed 3 II 322 863-1,314 II 786-906/1,036- 1,259/1,025-1,219 uriyasi II Papuan Cicadabird Edolisoma incertum aGR II be 3 II 43- 690-787 II 5 1 8-906/403- 1,128/- uriyasi II Common Cicadabird Edolisoma tenuirostre - II b - II 1- - II 0 /-/- Grey-headed Cuckooshrike Edolisoma schisticeps aD II b 3 II 3- 573-835 II 0-671/-/- Black Cicadabird Edolisoma melas aDR II bcB 4 II 31- 172-905 II 67-770/0/- uriyasi II Varied Sittella Daphoenositta chrysoptera R II - - II — - II -/-/- Rufous-naped Bellbird Aleadryas rufinucha G II d - II -1 - II -/-/l, 025-1,189 Piping Bellbird Ornorectes cristatus aGR II bed 2 II 422 657-988 II 573-937/483- 1,137/1,025 wobwob II Little Shrikethrush Colluricincla megarhyncha aDGR II bed 4 II 433 172-1,259 II 0-876/287- 1,055/1,025 kombas II Rusty Pitohui Pseudoredes ferrugineus aDGRS II bcdB 3 II 422 369-1,261 II 61-906/0- 524/1,025-1,117 wasisia, tuk-tokma II Black Pitohui Melanoredes nigrescens aG II cd 1 II -31 1,283 II -/1 ,359-1 ,437/1 ,654 wasisi II Regent Whistler Pachyceplwla schlegelii G II cd - II -42 - II -/l, 389-1, 424/1,654 Setter's Whistler Pachycephala soror aGR II bed 3 II 333 690-1,228 II 375-906/738- 1,402/1,025-1,036 Rusty Whistler Pachycephala hyperythra aDR II b 1 II 1- 690 II 671/-/- weehakab II Grey Whistler Pachycephala simplex aDGRS II be 3 II 43- 271-787 II 67-906/113-805/- Northern Variable Pitohui Pitohui kirhocephalus aDGRS II be 4 II 44- 0-1,189 II 0-802/0-774/- tok-tok-waras II totokweras Hooded Pitohui Pitohui dichrous aGR II bed 4 II 434 690-1,314 II 553-906/841- 1,262/1,025-1,219 tok-tok-waras II Brown Oriole Oriolus szalayi aDRS II be 2 II 32- 0-558 II 0-728/0-616/- Shining Flycatcher Myiagra aledo [a]DRS II be x II 11- x II 0/0/- sororo II sororo Frilled Monarch Arses telescopthalmus aDGRS II bcB 4 II 4x- 203-1,208 II 61-906/113-512/- kabik-kabik II Fantailed Monarch Symposiachrus axillaris aGR II bed 3 II 312 774-1,234 II 652-906/1,055/1,025 kabik-kabik II Rufous Monarch Symposiachrus rubiensis - II b - II 1- - II 280/-/- Hooded Monarch Symposiachrus manadensis DR II b - II 1- - II 219-280/-/- Spot-winged Monarch Symposiachrus guttula aGR II be 3 II 21- 172-811 II 290-693/1 71-738/- Golden Monarch Carterornis chrysomela aDGR II bB 3 II 3- 172-788 II 219-728/-/- Black-winged Monarch Monarcha frater aGR II bed 3 II 432 689-963 II 411-906/512- 1,250/1,025-1,177 soweba II Spangled Drongo D icrurus bradeatus aDRS II be 2 II 33- 0-552 II 0-750/0-1,018/- kakasia II © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 335 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Scientific and English names Records Abundance Altitude Local names Pygmy Drongo Chaetorhynchus papnensis aGR II bed 3 II 324 690-1,250 II 622-906/738- damdamundu II 1,390/1,025-1,158 Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys aDS II be 1 II 22- 0 II 0/0/- II sikapapore Black Thicket-Fantail Rhipidura maculipectus R II - - II — - II -/-/- White-bellied Thicket-Fantail Rhipidura leucothorax DR II - - II — - II -/-/- Sooty Thicket-Fantail Rhipidura threnothorax aDRS II be 3 II 31- 172-788 II 67-567/0-46/- Rufous-backed Fantail Rhipidura rufidorsa aDGR II be 3 II 32- 172-811 II 53-937/1 13-616/- Black Fantail Rhipidura atra aG II bed 4 II 244 1,002-1,261 II 686-906/1,036- 1,347/1,025-1,654 Friendly Fantail Rhipidura albolimbata G II cd - II -43 - II -/l, 250-1, 437/1,025- 1,654 Chestnut-bellied Fantail Rhipidura hyperythra aR II be 4 II 41- 172-920 II sihanut II 67-906/171^83/- Northern Fantail Rhipidura rufiventris aDGRS II bed 4 II 321 69-796 II 0-671/0- sihanut II 738/1,036-1,654 Grey Crow Corvus tristis aDGRS II be 2 II 32- 0-1,189 II 188-738/0-805/- kweyang II kokweyong Torresian Crow Corvus orru aDS II bcB 2 1! 22- 0-67 II 0-46/0/- ngoya II gwaras Greater Melampitta Megalampitta gigantea aR II bed 3 II 331 835-1,289 II 680-906/722- suaran II 1,389/1,036 Trumpet Manucode Phony gammus keraudrenii aDGRS II bd 4 II 4-4 399-1,170 II 128-906 /- tokidi II /l, 025-1, 158 Crinkle-collared Manucode Manucodia chalybatus aDGRS II bed 3 II 432 359-787 II 235-906/1,234- wisma II 1,422/1,025-1,128 Glossy Manucode Manucodia ater aD II bB 2 II 1- 0 II 0 /-/- Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise Seleucidis melanoleucus R II B - II — - II -/-/- Magnificent Riflebird Ptiloris magnificus aDGR II bcdB 4 II 432 0-1,208 II 30-906/113- isap II 884/1,025-1,158 Black-billed Sicklebill D repanornis albertisi G II bed - II 111 - II 906/1,137-1,389/1,025 Paradigalla Paradigalla sp.? G II - - II — - II -/-/- King Bird of Paradise Cicinnurus regius aDGRS II bcB 2 II 21- 189-501 II 123-280/113 /- arok-arak II Magnificent Bird of Paradise Diphyllodes magnificus aDGR II bed 4 II 434 534-1,314 II 213-906/844- charok-charok II 1,437/1,025-1,219 Lesser Bird of Paradise Paradisaea minor aDGRS II bcB 3 II 43- 0-854 II 0-937/0-207/- wombi, sangan wombi Lesser Ground-Robin Amalocichla incerta - II cd - II -44 - II -/1 ,262-1 ,437/1 , 1 09- 1,654 Garnet Robin Eugerygone rubra - II cd - II -11 - II -/l, 405/1, 158 Yellow-legged Flycatcher Kempiella griseoceps G II b - II 1- - II 905/-/- Olive Flycatcher Kempiella flavovirescens aDR II bcB 1 II 21- 690-760 II 0-491/183/- Papuan Flycatcher Devioeca papuana G II cd - II -12 - II -11, 393/1, 654 © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Jared Diamond & K. David Bishop 336 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Scientific and English names Records Abundance Altitude Local names * Ashy Robin Heteromyias albispecularis - II cd - II -44 - II 7844-1,437/1,025- 1,654 Black-sided Robin Poecilodryas hypoleuca aDGRS II b 1 II 3- 457-494 II 104-579/-/- * Smoky Robin Peneothello cryptoleuca G? II cd - II -34 - II -/l, 398-1,437/1, 067- 1,654 Banded Yellow Robin Gennaeodryas placens aGR II be 4 II 31- 503-1,134 II 99-820/494/- sororo, tuan-tuan II * White-faced Robin Tregellasia leucops aGR II bed 2 II 431 988-1,247 II 616-906/923- 1,189/1,025 Bam Swallow Hirundo rustica a II c 1 II -1- 122 II - 101- Pacific Swallow Hirundo tahitica aDS II c 2 II -3- 0-122 II -101- II yaya Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica a II - 1 II — 122 II -/-/- 1 II - * Island Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus poliocephalus aGR II bed 4 II 434 552-1,261 II 366-906/884- 1,314/1,025-1,219 sikrin II * Black-fronted White-eye Z osterops ntrifrons aDR II b 4 II 2- 360-787 II 260-369/-/- * Capped White-eye Zosterops fuscicnpilla aGR II d 3 II -3 1,170-1,283 II 7-/1,025- 1,067 * New Guinea White-eye Zosterops novaeguineae - II bed - II 4xx - II 610-905/652- 1,194/1,025 Gray's Grasshopper-Warbler Locustella fasciolata D II d - II -1 - II 771,025 Metallic Starling Aplonis metallica aDRS II [c] 2 II -x- o II -Ixl- Singing Starling Aplonis cantoroides - II be - II 13- - II 0/0/- II kadader Yellow-faced Myna Mino dumontii aDRS II be 2 II 21- 0-575 II 0-274/0/- gawak-gawak II kowok Golden Myna Mino amis aDRS II B 1 II — 69 II 77- * Russet-tailed Thrush Zoothera heinei - II c - II -2- - II 71,082-1,417/- Grey-streaked Flycatcher Muscicapa griseisticta a II - 1 II — 684 II -/-/- Olive-crowned Flowerpecker Dicaeum pedorale aDGRS II bed 3 II 212 67-1,207 II 0-937/1,067/1,025 Black Sunbird Leptocoma aspasia DRS II [c] X II -x- - II 7 x/- II sisi Olive-backed Sunbird Cinnyris jugularis aDRS II be 2 II 12- 0-122 II 0/-/- II sisi Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus a II - 4 II — 0-122 II -/-/- * Blue-faced Parrotfinch Erythrura trichroa a II d 4 II -3 546-1,208 II 7-/1,025- 1,158 Grey Wagtail Motadlla dnerea - II d - II -2 - II 7-/1,025 Unidentified Fakfak Baham names. Bot'n-bodowit, bot-no-rau, b'roa, dibarasa, embo, ganggomba, gauwong, gingenes, gwarare, hagop, hor, iri-iri-tak, jou, ka-arom, kadua, kambasare, kawa-kandiri, kendriskom, kilip-kilip, kokowo, kongwongwa, kware, kwa-rong-tuau, kwau, kwiyaras, lis-oros, malington, mia-mia, mitmit, mongoria, muk-muk, n'gwahen, nimi, paparoyet, pasewa, patatua, ping, pukwiya, rara, rimen, ruakru, sabu, sambimina, sarap, sausau, sehengadit, sererengop, siarop, sibiri, sihibunim, simoworis, siopmu, sirikapahini, sisalup, sisia, siwon, sopatami, suane, suatidip, suonet, sup-suopme, suri, suribiyan, surikabahen, tarahau, timtimu, towerup-towerup, tua, tuwir-tuwir, ungwerom, waduma, wamindu, weak-weak, wiriri, yiyarop. Unidentified Kumawa Baham bird names. Krua, kuwatiitu, lusitua, manokvau, resin, siringunting. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Edward C. Dickinson & Anthony S. Cheke 337 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) The authorship of the names of two birds from Reunion by Edward C. Dickinson & Anthony S. Cheke Received 13 May 2015 Summary. — A number of endemic birds from Reunion, Indian Ocean, were described and named by Brisson (1760) whose species-group names are unavailable. Some were subsequently the subject of plates in the Planches enluminees (Daubenton 1765-80, Buffon 1770-83). Among them are Reunion Bulbul Hypsipetes borbonicus and Reunion Grey White-eye Zosterops borbonicus. Although the former was attributed to }. R. Forster, 1781, by Rand (1960), both have generally been attributed to J. F. Gmelin, 1789, or, in the case of Zosterops, also to Boddaert, 1783. Here we explore whether both should be credited to Forster, since he validly introduced both names. The island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean, an overseas 'Departement', or administrative division, of France, was named the Isle de Bourbon (or lie Bourbon) from 1649 after the patronym of the French royal family of the period. The initial change of name to La Reunion occurred in 1793 when the French Revolution saw the fall of the monarchy. French settlers had by then been on the island c.130 years, having been brought there by the French East India Company. The name Reunion became permanent only after 1848 when the Second Republic replaced the restored French monarchy which, in 1814, had followed the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte (Toussaint 1972). Prior to French settlement the island was known to the Portuguese, reputedly as early as 1507, and the group of islands that includes Reunion is known as the Mascarenes, taking its name from its Portuguese supposed discoverer (Dom Pedro Mascarenhas). Although previously uninhabited, the islands were apparently known to Arab mariners whose maps aided the Portuguese (North-Coombes 1980). The species-group epithet borbonica or borbonicus— which did not appear in the Systema naturae of Linnaeus (1758, 1766) — was employed by four authors in the period 1781-90 (Forster 1781, Boddaert 1783, Gmelin 1789, and Latham 1790) all or almost all apparently based on material known to Brisson (1760). The source given by Brisson (1760) on p. 294 of vol. 2 of his Ornithologie was a M. de Lanux1 who had sent specimens of several Reunion species to Reaumur (Cheke 2009) and whose important collection held at a museum in Rue de la Roquette, Paris, was discussed by Stresemann (1952). As Stresemann reported, following Reaumur's death in October 1757, the king ordered the collection be transferred to the Cabinet du Roi (the 'galerie d'oiseaux'), managed by Buffon. Buffon then instructed Martinet, who had provided the black-and-white illustrations for Brisson's book, to paint every species in colour, which was performed under the direction of Daubenton, and the Planches enluminees (Daubenton 1765-80) began to appear in 1765 (Schmitt 2007). The Planches bore names in French that correspond to those used by Brisson (1760). In his texts relating to the illustrations in the Planches Buffon (1770-83) sometimes used different French names, e.g., renaming Brisson's 'Figuier de File Bourbon' as 'Petit simon' from contemporary local Reunion usage (Cheke 2009). Schmitt (2007) reproduced the complete set of the Planches with modern identifications, although a few are uncertain or incorrect, notably, in the context of this note, figs. 705 and 681. 1 )ean Baptiste Francois de Lanux (1702-72), colonial administrator and amateur naturalist (Lacroix 1936). © 2015 The Authors; )ournal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Edward C. Dickinson & Anthony S. Cheke 338 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Brisson's work included scientific names in Latin, but it was not consistently binominal and, while some genus-group names from his work are accepted, names he used for species must be attributed to later authors (see Direction 16, ICZN 1955, and Direction 105, ICZN 1963). Linnaeus (1766) incorporated only a proportion of the species that Brisson newly described2. Thus the four authors mentioned above had the opportunity to list the others. Of these four, Boddaert's work is concerned solely with identifying the species depicted by Martinet in Daubenton's Planches enluminees. Sherborn (1902) reported use of the adjectival name borbonicus, -a in zoology prior to 1801; in connection with birds listing ten names in seven genera, three being named identically by two different authors. These were: Tennant in Forster' (1781) Motacilla borbonica [now Zosterops borbonicus, see below], Turdus borbonicus [now Hypsipetes borbonicus ]; Boddaert (1783) Certhia borbonica [now Zosterops borbonicus, see below]; Gmelin (1788-89) Certhia borbonica (p. 471), Emberiza borbonica (p. 886), Hirundo borbonica (p. 1017), Motacilla burbonica [szc] (p. 981), Muscicapa borbonica (p. 939), Turdus borbonicus (p. 821)3 4; and Latham (1790) Sylvia borbonica [now Zosterops borbonicus]. Two earlier names based on the same island, Loxia bourbonnensis and Muscicapa bourbonensis 4 [sic] were listed by Sherborn and attributed to P. L. S. Muller (1776) — an author whose spelling is apparently best rendered P. L. Statius Muller (see Kooiman 1950). The Planches enluminees included depictions of three other species listed by Boddaert, but for which he did not provide a scientific name. One, the 'Gobemouche huppe de l'lsle de Bourbon'5, in pi. 573 (fig. 1), was named by Statius Muller; the other two, the 'Hirondelle brune de l'lsle de Bourbon'6 depicted in pi. 544 (fig. 2), and the white-eye, the 'Figuier de l'lsle de Bourbon' in pi. 705 (fig. 2)7, were named by Gmelin, who also named the gobemouche, creating a synonym for Statius Muller's name. Unfortunately, the rather rare work by Forster (1781) has been widely overlooked. This book originated as the first part of a projected work by Thomas Pennant8 on Indian zoology, published in 1769 with just 12 plates (Pennant 1769). The project was then abandoned and the plates, including three unpublished ones, presented to Johann Reinhold Forster (see Zimmer 1926). Forster added a new essay and amplified Pennant's descriptions in his main text (see Pennant 1790 as quoted by Elliott 1877). Forster also added an appendix entitled Specimen faunulae Indicae, which he attributed to 'autore Thoma Pennant Armigero R.S.S.', hence Sherborn's attribution 'Pennant in Forster' mentioned above. Allen (1908) considered this appendix to have been written by Pennant, but cannot have read Pemaant (1790)9 who, writing of Forster, stated that 'he added several notes and at the end presented his readers with a Faunula of the quadrupeds and birds of the exteiasive region of India and its Islands'. Hence Forster clearly falsely attributed his own Faunula to Pennant, no doubt in homage, : See Stresemann (1952). 3 Currently, respectively, Zosterops borbonicus, 'Foudin bruante' (Statius Muller 1776) = F. madagascariensis (Linnaeus, 1766; see Cheke 1983), Phedina borbonica (J. F. Gmelin, 1789), Z. borbonicus (again), a synonym of Terpsiphone bourbonnensis (Statius Muller 1776), a synonym of Hypsipetes borbonicus (Forster 1781)— see below. 4 Now respectively a synonym of Serinus alario Linnaeus, 1758 (from southern Africa not Reunion, see Hellmayr 1938, Cheke 1983), and Terpsiphone bourbonnensis. 3 Now Terpsiphone bourbonnensis (Statius Muller, 1776). b Now Phedina borbonica. ' Discussed below in relation to Zosterops borbonicus. 8 Pennant was responsible for the text; the cost of the plates he shared with Sir Joseph Banks and Gideon Loten. 9 Hume (1878) noted that the Preface is dated 1791 and implied that the title page was given an early date. Hume's questions about the names found in Pennant (1769) were answered by Newton (1879) who listed the names from the 12 plates (1-11 + 13). © 2015 Tine Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Edward C. Dickinson & Anthony S. Cheke 339 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) despite it including many species well outside the geographical scope of Pennant's original descriptions and plates. As recognised by Elliott (1877), Forster, not Pennant, should be accepted as author of the Faunula. Pennant's repudiation of his authorship of the Faunula was missed by Zimmer (1926) and by Wood (1931). Forster's work seems to have been checked by Rand (1960) who, treating the Reunion Bulbul or Merle Hypsipetes borbonicus, gave its original combination as Turdus borbonicus J. R. Forster (1781)10 and below that listed its re-use by Gmelin (1789), perhaps signalling that historically Gmelin had been credited. This was accepted by Dickinson (2003), but not by Safford & Hawkins (2013) who reverted to the use of Gmelin (1789). However, in the course of resolving the more complex issue dealt with below, Forster's work has now been examined and therein, on p. 41 he lists 'Turdus Borbonicus Br. II. 293'. By inclusion of an indication of the source reference, wherein there is a description, this meets the requirements of Arts. 11-12 in the International code of zoological nomenclature (ICZN 1999). Dickinson (2003) did not check Forster's work and Dickinson & Christidis (2014) sustained the attribution to Forster, again without checking, because the differing treatment by Safford & Hawkins (2013) was initially overlooked. However, as explained above, Forster's introduction of the name was valid and he must be recognised as the author. Arising from this finding there appeared to be a related issue: the authorship of the name of the white-eye from Reunion Zosterops borbonicus. Moreau (1967), like Gadow (1884), attributed the name to Gmelin (1789) whose original combination he gave as Motacilla borbonica, although Gmelin's actual spelling, generally considered a typographical error* 11, was burbonica. Dickinson (2003) retained that attribution. However, Cheke (1983) and Safford & Hawkins (2013), concurring with Sherborn (1902), attributed the name to Boddaert (1783), while acknowledging that the name was usually attributed either to Gmelin (1789) or (Safford & Hawkins) to Forster (1781). After checking Boddaert's work, Dickinson & Christidis (2014) agreed with the attribution to Boddaert, having sought to satisfy themselves that the source used by both Boddaert and Gmelin was Brisson (1760). Brisson's material was the same as that painted by Martinet for many of Daubenton's Planches enluminees, thereby permitting Dickinson & Christidis (2014) to consider that the implicit type material (i.e. the original specimens) must have been the same. They did not realise, however, that Boddaert, as already discussed by Cheke (1983), had named his bird from Daubenton's pi. 681 fig. 2, using a different specimen probably from another source (Cheke 2009), and that Boddaert's original combination was Certhia borbonica with the French name 'Souimanga de File de Bourbon'. In contrast, Gmelin's name is clearly based on Buffon's 'Petit Simon', which is depicted in fig. 2 of pi. 705 of the Pla)iches enluminees, still entitled 'Figuier de l'lsle de Bourbon' as named by Brisson. Thus Gmelin's name is not based on the same material as Boddaert's name and when placed in Zosterops is a junior homonym. Boddaert himself mistook pi. 705 fig. 2 for a Finnean species, 'Motacilla dominie a' , which is why he did not give it a new name. Reunion White-eye is curious in that it is subject to remarkable local plumage variation referred to by Safford & Hawkins as 'clinal colour morphs', based on which Hartlaub (1877) described a population from Nez de Boeuf at 2,100 m and Storer & Gill (1966) named two other populations: one from sea level and another from 1,500 m. Given the complex nature 10 Note that Rand did not credit the name to 'Pennant in Forster (1781)', either having read Elliott (1877) or expecting that the forthcoming International code of zoological nomenclature, published in 1961, would give credit to the person who published the name and that Forster was that person. 11 Gmelin spelt borbonicus /-ca correctly in five other cases (see above, Sherborn's list), hence everyone, from early on— e.g. Lamouroux & Desmarest (1824-30)— has treated ' burbonica ' as a typographical error, which is justified by the internal evidence in Gmelin's work. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Edward C. Dickinson & Anthony S. Cheke 340 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) of this variation (Gill 1973, Mila et al. 2010), these names are not now accepted as relating to identifiable subspecies. The two plates in the Planches enluminees discussed above represent different colour morphs. Neither Boddaert's not Gmelin's names pre-date Forster (1781), where he was the first to introduce the name Motacilla borbonica. He gave a clear indication on p. 41 that he based this on Brisson, vol. 3: 510, where Brisson called this white-eye species Ficedula borbonica and Le Figuier de l'lsle de Bourbon. The original specimen was the subject of pi. 28 fig. 3 in Brisson's work, and, as mentioned above, subsequently of pi. 705 fig. 2 in the Planches enluminees. Thus Gmelin's name is a repetition of Forster's, based on the same material, and a change of authorship to Forster does not imply a change of type material. The correct names for the two species under discussion are thus: Reunion Bulbul Hypsipetes borbonicus (J. R. Forster 1781) Reunion Grey White-eye Zosterops borbonicus (J. R. Forster 1781). Acknowledgements We thank Les Christidis, Roger Safford, an anonymous reader and two referees for their helpful comments on a draft of this article. Scientific nomenclature in this paper has been reviewed by the Working Group on Avian Nomenclature of the International Ornithologists' Union. References: Allen, J. A. 1908. Pennant's 'Indian Zoology'. Bull. Amer. Mu s. Nat. Hist. 24: 111-116. Boddaert, P. 1783. Table des planches enluminees d'histoire naturelle de M. d'Aubenton. Avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precede d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enlumines. Utrecht. [Reprinted, with minor changes, 1874, ed. by W. B. Tegetmeier, London.] Brisson, M. J. 1760. Ormthologia sive synopsis methodica sistems Avium visionem in ordines Sectiones, Genera, Species ipsarumque Varietate s, 6 vols. Paris. Buffon, G. L. LeClerc (Comte de). 1770-83. Histoire naturelle des oiseaux. Imprimerie Royale, Paris. [Three original editions with variable numbers of volumes, published over more or less the same dates; one, in 10 vols. includes the Planches enluminees by Martinet. Numerous later reprints; see Genet-Varcin, E. & Roger, J. 1954. Bibliographic de Buffon, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, and Mayaud, N. 1939. Alauda 9: 18-32.] Cheke, A. S. 1983. Tire identity of Buffon's Grand Traquet and other nomenclatural problems in eighteenth century descriptions of endemic Mascarene birds. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 103: 95-100. Cheke, A. S. 2009. Data sources for 18th century French encyclopaedists - what they used and omitted: evidence of data lost and ignored from the Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean. /. Natl. Mus. Praha, Nat. Hist. Ser. 1 77: 91-117. Daubenton, E. L. (ed.) 1765-80. Collection de planches d'histoire naturelle enluminees. Pancoucke, Paris. Dickinson, E. C. (ed.) 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world. Third edn. Christopher Helm, London. Dickinson, E. C. & Christidis, L. (eds.) 2014. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, vol. 2. Fourth edn. Aves Press, Eastbourne. Elliott, D. G. 1877. [Letter to editor on Pennant's Indian zoology]. Ibis (4)1: 488-490. Forster, J. R. 1781. Indische zoologie oder systematischer Beischreibungen seltener und bekannter Thiere aus lndien, mit 15 illuminerten kupfertafeln erlaiitert. Halle. Gadow, H. 1884. Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum, vol. 9. Trustees of the Brit. Mus., London. Gill, F. B. 1973. Intra-island variation in the Mascarene White-eye Zosterops borbonica. Orn. Monogr. 12: 1-66. Gmelin, J. F. 1789. Systema naturae, per regna tria naturae, vol. 2. Bemuset, Delamolliere, Falque et Soc., Lugduni [Lyon]. Hartlaub, G. 1877. Die Vogel Madagascars und der benachbarten Inselgruppen: Em Beitrag zur Zoologie der iithiopischen Region. Schmidt, Halle. Hume, A. O. 1878. Pennant's Indian Zoology. Stray Feathers 7: 506-508. Hellmayr, C. E. 1938. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and adjacent islands, pt. 11. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser. 13(11). International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). 1955. Direction 16. Validation under the Plenary Powers of Brisson (M. J.), 1769 [?1760], "Omithologia sive synopsis methodica sistems avium divisionem in ordines". Direction in replacement of Opinion 37. Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature lc: 81-88. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Edward C. Dickinson & Anthony S. Cheke 341 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). 1963. Direction 105. Brisson, 1760 Ornithologie: restriction to certain portions of that work of the validation granted under the Plenary Powers. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 20: 343-344. International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth edn. International Trust of Zoological Nomenclature, London. Kooiman, W. J. 1950. Philippus Ludovicus Statius Muller. Earebondel ta de tachtichste jierdei fan Dr. G. A. Wumkes op 4 septimber 1949. Oanbean Troch de Fryske Akad. Boalsert, Utjowerij Fa. A. J. Osinga 74-130. Lacroix, A. 1936. Notice historique sur les membres et correspondents de l'Academie des Sciences ayant travaille dans les colonies fran^aises des Mascareignes et de Madagascar au XVIIIe siecle et au debut du XlXe. Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. France (2)62: 1-119. [Also published in book form by Gauthier Villars, Paris; usually cited as '1934' — the date of Lacroix's lecture.] Lamouroux, J. V. F. & Desmarest, A. G. (eds.) 1824-30. Oeuvres completes de Buffon avec les descriptions anatomiques de Daubenton son collaborateur, 11 vols. Nouv. Edn. Oiseaux. Ladrange & Verdi ere, Paris. Latham, J. 1790. Index ornithologicus, sive systema ornithologie. Leigh & Sotheby, London. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. Linnaeus, C. 1766. Systema naturae. Stockholm. Mila, B., Warren, B. H., Fleeb, P. & Thebaud, C. 2010. The geographic scale of diversification on islands: genetic and morphological divergence at a very small spatial scale in the Mascarene grey white-eye (Aves: Zosterops borbonicus). BMC Evol. Biol. 10: 158: 1-13. Moreau, R. E. 1967. Passeriformes: suborder Oscines, family Zosteropidae, African taxa. Pp. 326-337 in Paynter, R. A. (ed.) Check-list of birds of the world. A continuation of the work of James L. Peters, vol. 12. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, MA. Newton, A. 1879. [Letter to the editor.] Stray Feathers 8: 414-415. North-Coombes, G. P. A. 1980. La decouverte des Mascareignes par les Arabes et les Portuguais. Retrospective et mise a point. Service Bureau, Port Louis. Pennant, T. 1769. Indian zoology. London. Pennant, T. 1790. Indian zoology. Second edn. London. Rand, A. L. 1960. Passeriformes: suborder Oscines, family Pycnonotidae. Pp. 221-300 in Mayr, E. & Greenway, ]. C. (eds.) Check-list of birds of the world. A continuation of the work of James L. Peters, vol. 9. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, MA. Safford, R. & Hawkins, F. (eds.) 2013. The birds of Africa, vol. 8. Christopher Helm, London. Schmitt, S. (ed.) 2007. Buffon -histoire naturelle des oiseaux illustreepar 1008 gravures de Frangois Nicolas Martinet. Ed. Citadelles & Mazenod, Paris. Sherbom, C. D. 1902. Index animalium sive index nominum quae ab A.D. MDCCLVIll generibus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt. 1758-1800. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. Statius Muller, P. L. 1776. Des Ritters Carl von Linne' vollstdndiges Natursystems Supplements und register band. Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe, Numberg. Storer, R. W. & Gill, F. B. 1966. A revision of the Mascarene White-eye Zosterops borbonica (Aves). Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan 648. Stresemann, E. 1952. On the birds collected by Pierre Poivre in Canton, Manila, India and Madagascar (1751-1756). Ibis 94: 499-523. Toussaint, A. 1972. Histoire des lies Mascareignes. Berger-Levrault, Paris. Wood, C. A. 1931. An introduction to the literature of vertebrate zoology based chiefly on the titles in the Blacker Library of Zoology, the Emma Shearer Wood Library of ornithology, the Bibliotheca Osleriana and other libraries of McGill University, Montreal. Oxford Univ. Press, London. Zimmer, J. T. 1926. Catalogue of the Edward E. Ayer Ornithological Library. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 16: 365-706. Addresses : Edward C. Dickinson, Flat 3, Bolsover Court, 19 Bolsover Road, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN20 7JG, UK, e-mail: edward@asiaom.org. Anthony S. Cheke, 13 Hurst Street, Oxford OX4 1HE, UK. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Catherine Levy 342 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) An early description and illustration of Blue Mountain Vireo Vireo osburni by Catherine Levy Received 15 June 2015 Summary. — An early description and illustration of Blue Mountain Vireo Vireo osburni, dating from the 1760s, were located in a manuscript held in the Institute of Jamaica. The text and illustration pre-date (by almost 100 years) the original description published in 1861, when the species was named Laletes osburni. The species posed a problem for taxonomists until 1934, when James Bond proposed that it be treated as a Vireo, where it has remained ever since. I describe those features that accurately identify the early description to species. Jamaica's endemic Blue Mountain Vireo Vireo osburni was described in 1861 by Sclater and named for Lieutenant W. Osburn, RN, who collected four specimens in the parish of Trelawny. However, recently examined 18th-century folios. The natural subjects of Jamaica by Dr Anthony Robinson, include an illustration and a description of Vireo osburni. Robinson's account pre-dates the formal taxonomic description by nearly 100 years and probably is the first-ever narrative account and illustration of the species. Robinson was a well-trained botanist as part of his professional medical training. Although the date of his birth is unknown, it was probably c.1719 as Thomas Thistlewood (1721-86) wrote 'He was not much older than me' (Thistlewood 1750-86). However, Robinson died in 1768 leaving copious, disjointed notes, which were then transcribed and placed into some order by Robert Long in 1769, as noted on the manuscript: 'This [is a] faithfull transcript of Mr. Robinson's loose unconnected and detached papers, by Rt. Long, who has revised the whole and corrected the errors of copyists thro-out. Septr., 1769. Anthony Robinson Chirurgeon formerly of Sunderland by the Sea in Durham but lately of Jamaica MS vera Copia corrigata de Roberto Long Armxx'. As Edward Long (1789) recorded, Robinson died while undertaking further natural history research: 'it was in attempting to perfect the discovery of a tree balsam, analogous in quality to the celebrated balsam of Mecca, that he underwent a fatigue so excessive as to occasion the disorder of which he died.' Information from the manuscripts was used by several authors in the 18th and 19th centuries, e.g., Edward Long in The history of Jamaica (1774), Dr Dancer in The medical assistant (1801), Lunan in Hortus Jamaicensis (1814) and Bridges in The annals of Jamaica (1827). Subsequently, they were consulted by P. H. Gosse who clearly trusted Robinson to be a reliable natural historian. In his Jamaican diary, Gosse (1844-46) recorded that he was able to borrow Robinson's manuscripts from the (now defunct) Jamaica Society of Arts, via the goodwill of Richard Hill. Although Gosse did not encounter Vireo osburni while in Jamaica, readers familiar with his Birds of Jamaica will recognise Robinson's name as Gosse quoted extensively from his notes. Subsequent to their use by Gosse, the manuscripts disappeared, only to reappear in 1879 in the newly formed Institute of Jamaica. In 1920, at the request of William Fawcett, Director of Public Gardens in Jamaica (1887-1908), those folios containing botanical information, along with the illustrations, were loaned to the British Museum (Natural © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Catherine Levy 343 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) History), London, to assist with the preparation of Fawcett & Rendle's Flora of Jamaica. The volumes were returned to the Institute of Jamaica in 2009. Those volumes of Robinson's notes sent to the British Museum (Natural History) were nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, together with a small unnumbered volume (apparently there was no vol. 3), and two large volumes of botanical illustrations. Lying unnoticed in the National Library of Jamaica was a large folio of 162 bird illustrations and a manuscript of notes. The illustration (Fig. 1) of Vireo osburni is in MS 178 vol. 1, no. 88 in the National Library of Jamaica. The text, however, is in a volume loaned to the British Museum, MSS. 090 ROB, vol. 5, book 3, now in the Natural History Museum of Jamaica. All of the bird illustrations are mounted on 53 x 35.56 cm board, a few covering the entire space, some painted, and others unfinished or only sketched. There are 162 illustrations, approximately 125 executed by Robinson, some by E. Long (acknowledged with Robinson's assistance), some by A. Mackey and 11 by Andrew Peter Dupont ( d . 1770). Robinson's description Robinson did not assign a species name to the bird because he did not recognise it in existing sources to which he had access, e.g. Linnaeus, Sloane, Edwards, Browne and Catesby, but assigned it to the genus Lanius, reflecting the shrike-like bill of his unknown bird. 'This bird weigh'd 5 drachmas 24 Grms. The extended Wing nine Inches & half, the closed Wing 3 inches. The Beak six-eighths of an Inch long & a half & moderately arcuated [curved]. The upper Mandible had a narrow Ridge between the Nostrills and a Dent on each Side near the Tip. The Nostrills were two small oval Apertures having no Seta about them. The Base of the Beak as in the Baristi [tyrannids] or Loggerhead Genus. The Toung sagittated and lacerated. The Tail has ten equal Feathers of a brownish blue edged with green. Beneath of a whitish green where all the Shafts were white. The Throat, Breast, and Belly Sides and Anals were of a dull yellow. The Thighs greenish yellow. The Quill plumes resembl'd those of Tail in color. The Rump, Back, Coverts, and Neck's hind part were dull green as was the Head except its being of a duller hue. Tire Legs were barely 3/4 of an Inch long. The Back Toe has a narrow membrane on each side and the Middle Toe adher'd to the outer from the first to the second joint. The Legs were cover'd with pale Leaden color'd Scales and the Feet with white ones. This is a true Species of the Lanius or Butcher Bird and the only one of the kind I have ever seen in Jamaica. I had it from Miss Elizabeth Baker my very good Friend Mr. Baker's Daughter. One of her Negro Boys knocked it down with a stone near Chestervale in New Liguanea Mountains. The Eyes were small I know not of what color the hides. The Head large more elevated than those of the Baristi whose Heads are broad and depressed.' The vireo illustration, cut from its original paper, measures 20.64 * 18 cm, and is painted in watercolours with fine pen strokes. The label is 2.86 x 11.43 cm and reads 'Lanius superne virescente interne flavo. See posth. M.S. under omissions'. There is a very small diamond shape measuring 0.476 * 1.9 cm pasted onto the label, which was apparently added by Robert Long, who had the notes transcribed and Robinson's illustrations assembled. On the reverse side of each illustration is written the species name, no. 88 being labelled Laletes osburni. These were evidently added in the latter part of the 19th century as some corrections are in the hand of ornithologist Edward Newton, Lieutenant-Governor and © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Catherine Levy 344 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Figure 1. Anthony Robinson's watercolour of Vireo osburni, labelled 'Lanius superne virescente infeme flavo'; the inset shows the short outermost primary (© National Library of Jamaica, Kingston) Figure 2. Vireo osburni, Hardwar Gap, Jamaica, 2009, showing the 'compressed, deeply toothed bill' (© Paul B. Jones) Figure 3. PL XIV in Sclater (1861) showing Vireo osburni [Laletes osburni], with Jamaican Vireo V. modestus above. Figure 4. Right wing of Vireo osburni showing the short first primary (© Susan Koenig) Colonial Secretary in Jamaica, 1877-83. It is probable that this is whom Cockerell (1894) was referring when he wrote 'not long ago it was debated whether the ornithological observations (of Robinson) should not be issued by the Institute, accompanied by a selection from the colored drawings. This project after consultation with an experienced ornithologist was abandoned.' It is obvious that Robinson received the bird some time after it had been collected and did not observe it alive as he noted that he was unable to discern the colour of the iris, and 1 j$;. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Catherine Levy 345 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) recorded that the 'eyes were small'. On the contrary, in life, the eyes are relatively large, and the iris is brown. Furthermore, the length of the wings compared to the tail and the apparently short outer primary, plus the accurate description of the bill, and the plumage colours are unmistakably those of Vireo osburni. Additional evidence that he did not see the bird alive is that the 'jizz' of the bird in the illustration is quite unlike the species' usual posture, which is more hunched and rarely stretched upwards like Robinson's illustration. Osburn's description (1859) Lieutenant W. Osburn, RN, visited Jamaica and collected birds in 1859-60. Having read Gosse's The birds of Jamaica and A naturalist's sojourn in Jamaica, Osburn communicated several observations that he considered of interest. In a letter to Gosse, subsequently published in The Zoologist (1859), Osburn mentioned a bird not described in any of his books: 'A second bird, rather abundant in this district, and not included in your list, is a sober-suited olive-coloured little fellow, that keeps pretty much to the higher branches of lofty trees, though I have not unfrequently met with it on less elevated positions. From its strong, compressed, deeply toothed bill [cf. Fig. 2), I was at first inclined to suppose it might belong to Mr. Swainson's extensive genus Thamnophilus [antshrikes]; but better acquaintance with its habits and structure has convinced me that it should probably be classed among his Ampelidae [waxwings], and somewhere near Pteruthius [Old World shrike-babblers] perhaps, though I am unable to refer it satisfactorily to any of his genera '...the head is a gray dubious olive, which becomes greener on the back. The quills and tail smoky black, with olive edges and the under parts dingy yellow. But its chief characteristics are the disproportionate size and thickness of the head, which seems only owing to the arrangement of the feathers, for it would not be suspected from the dried skin.... The gray -blue of the beak is singularly in contrast with the prevailing tints of the plumage. The bird is tame and fearless, and, if perching low, may be easily approached; and is another of the lovers of profound solitude in the forest... They hunt insects with considerable bustle. It will give an idea of their movements if I add that on shooting them at great heights I mistook, before firing, one of them for Vireosylvia, and the other for Sylvicola pharetra [Arrowhead Warbler Setophaga pharetra]... The stomachs contained several large seeds, a plant-bug, elytra of beetles, &c.' Sclater's description (1861) Osburn died in Jamaica, but his brother Henry sent the collection of birds to P. L. Sclater of the British Museum, who published the type description of the new genus and species, Laletes osburni (see also Fig. 3). Sclater's (1861) account reads: 'Mr. Osburn's collection contains four examples of this bird, labeled 'Olive Chatterer' and obtained at Freeman's Hall, Trelawny, in the months of January and April 1859. Comparing it with Vireo flavifrons [Yellow-throated Vireo], which it exceeds by rather more than half an inch in total length, we find the beak more compressed and Shrike-like, and nearly similar to that of Vireolanius pulchellus [Green Shrike-Vireo], only shorter. The wings are much shorter in proportion than Vireo flavifrons, and the first spurious primary if well developed, measuring about three- quarters of an inch from its insertion.' It is noteworthy that independently of Robinson's 18th-century notes which he could not have examined, Sclater also described the bill as 'shrike-like'. His description reads 'rostrum altius, fortius, compressius quam in Vireolanio'. Furthermore, in describing the © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Catherine Levy 346 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) bird, Sclater remarked 'remige externo spurio presente', as also noted by Baird (1864). In Robinson's illustration the 'spurious' primary is clearly visible (Fig. 1, cf. Fig. 4). Vireo osbumi Vireos had not been described in Robinson's lifetime. Linnaeus first designated them 'Muscicapa' (flycatchers) because ‘Lanins' was occupied. Vieillot (1807) introduced Vireo as a genus name, using it for Vireo flavifrons. As he emphasised, Sclater (1861) did not believe osbumi belonged to this genus, 'Laletes genus novum Vireonidarum, inter Vireonem et Vireolanium medium.' Thereafter, Albrecht (1862) translated Sclater's account into German, while Gray (1869) referred to it as Cyclarhis Osbumi. Baird (1864) described the family Vireonidae (one of the three dentirostral families, the others being Ampelidae and Laniidae) writing 'The essential features of this family appear to consist in the combination of the dentirostral bill, notched in both mandibles; the ten primaries... of which the outer is usually from one-fourth to one-half the second; the rather short, nearly even tail with narrow feathers, and the great amount of adhesion of the anterior toes...'. Subsequently, Cory (1886) again treated the species under the name Laletes osbumi, as did Ridgway (1904). Flowever, Bond (1934) proposed that osbumi is a Vireo, in which genus it has remained since. He remarked, 'It is my opinion that Laletes is merely the Jamaican representative of a group of Antillean vireos, its closest relative being V. gundlachi [Cuban Vireo] of Cuba.' Distribution Robinson's specimen (now lost) was taken near Chestervale, St. Andrew, (c.1,070 m) in the Blue Mountains, but the species is not restricted to this region or to higher altitudes, as noted by Lack (1976). V. osbumi is widespread in moist forest (e.g. Cockpit Country, Mount Diablo and the Blue and John Crow Mountains), and has been observed at lower altitudes, such as Windsor, Trelawny (110 m). During data collection for the Important Bird Areas Programme, the largest concentration of V. osbumi was in core Cockpit Country, where counts were nearly double those in the Blue Mountains, followed by Litchfield Mountain / Matheson's Run (eastern Cockpit Country), the John Crow Mountains, Mount Diablo and western Cockpit Country. Thus, the name 'Blue Mountain Vireo' will confuse those visiting or living elsewhere in Jamaica. Osburn collected it in Trelawny, one of the centre-west parishes of Jamaica — the location of the type specimens, not in the Blue Mountains in the east of the island. Bond (1936) said it was 'Confined to high elevations (above 1500 ft.) in Jamaica. Most numerous in the Blue Mountains.' One presumes that Bond, in visiting Jamaica, saw the bird more commonly in the Blue Mountains, or perhaps he did not visit other areas as frequently. Conclusion It is little wonder Robinson had difficulties assigning a name to this enigmatic bird. As long ago as 1894, T. D. A. Cockerell (then curator of the Natural History Museum of Jamaica) said of Robinson's manuscripts and illustrations, 'Had these descriptions been published when Dr. Robinson wrote them, their value would have been very different'. Acknowledgements I acknowledge Dr James Wiley for a critical reading of the submitted version of this paper and for many valuable suggestions, as well as an anonymous reviewer for other pertinent comments and the editor for helpful advice. I thank the Natural History Museum of Jamaica and its staff for providing me with access to the manuscripts, and the National Library of Jamaica for permitting reproduction of Robinson's illustration. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Catherine Levy 347 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) I am grateful to Dr Susan Koenig of Windsor Research Centre who provided information and made suggestions, and to Dr Robert Prys-Jones, Natural History Museum, Tring, who assisted with information on specimens. I am grateful to Paul Jones for providing a photograph. References: Albrecht, R. 1862. Zur Omithologie von Jamaica. Nach Osburn, Sclater und Gosse zusammengestellt. J. Orn. 10: 192-207. Baird, S. F. 1864. Review of American birds in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part I. North and Middle America. Smiths. Misc. Coll. 181. Bond, J. 1934. The systematic position of Lawrencia and Laletes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 86: 399—402. Bond, J. 1936. Birds of the West Indies. Macmillan, New York. Bridges, G. W. 1827. The annals of Jamaica, vol. 1. John Murray, London. Cockerell, T. D. A. 1894. A little known Jamaican naturalist. Dr. Anthony Robinson. Amer. Natur. 28: 775-780. Cory, C. B. 1886. The birds of the West Indies, including the Bahama Islands, the Greater and the Lesser Antilles, excepting the islands of Tobago and Trinidad. Auk 3: 187-245. Dancer, T. 1801. The medical assistant or The Jamaican practice of physic. A. Aikman, Kingston. Fawcett, W. & Rendle, A. R. 1910-36. Flora of Jamaica, containing descriptions of the flowering plants known from the island. Trustees of the Brit. Mus., London. Gosse, P. H. 1844-46. A voyage to and residence in Jamaica. MS. 39. [Natl. Library of Jamaica, Kingston.] Gosse, P. H. 1847. The birds of Jamaica. John Van Voorst, London. Gosse, P. H. 1851. A naturalist's sojourn in Jamaica. Longman, Brown, Green & Longman, London. Gray, G. R. 1869. Hand-list of genera and species of birds distinguishing those contained in the British Museum, pt. 1. Trustees of the Brit. Mus., London. Hellmayr, C. E. 1935. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and adjacent islands, pt. 8. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser. 13(8). Lack, D. 1976. Island biology, illustrated by the land birds of Jamaica. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. Long, E. 1774. The history of Jamaica or, a general survey of the ancient and modern state of the island. T. Lowndes, London. Long, E. 1789. [Letter to Mr. Urban], Gentleman's Mag. & Hist. Chronicle 59: 217-219. Lunan, J. 1814. Hortus Jamaicensis. St. Jago de la Vega Gazette. Osburn, W. 1859. Notes on the mountain birds of Jamaica. Zoologist 17: 6658-6665. Ridgway, R. 1904. The birds of North and Middle America, pt. 3. Bull. US Natl. Mus. 50. Robinson, A. The natural subjects of Jamaica. MSS. 178, vol. 1, no. 88. [Institute of Jamaica, Natl. Library, Kingston.] Robinson, A. The natural subjects of Jamaica. MSS. 090. ROB, vol. 5, book 3. [Nat. Hist. Mus. of Jamaica, Kingston.] Sclater, P. L. 1861. List of a collection of birds made by the late Mr. W. Osburn in Jamaica, with notes. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861: 72-73. Thistlewood, T. 1750-86. Jamaican journal compiled between 1750 and 1786. Monson MSS. 31/19, May 12, 1768. [Lincolnshire County Archives, Lincoln.] Vieillot, L. P. 1807. Histoire naturelle de s oiseaux de I'Amerique septentrionale, depuis Saint Dominique jusqu'd la baie de Hudson, vol. 1. Chez Desray, Paris. Address: 2 Starlight Avenue, Kingston 6, Jamaica, West Indies, e-mail: bluequit@gmail.com © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Hadoram Shirihai & Vincent Bretagnolle 348 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Bulweria petrels off the Comoros, south-west Indian Ocean by Hadoram Shirihai & Vincent Bretagnolle Received 17 January 2015 During pelagic work to study 'Moheli Shearwater' Puffinus persicus temptator (Shirihai & Bretagnolle 2015), on 4, 5 and 8 November 2014, HS conservatively estimated the presence of 130 individuals of a Bulweria petrel off the Comoros, with max. 48 on 8 November, between Grande Comoro and Moheli (at c.12°01'S, 43°43E), and another 16 between Moheli and Anjouan and north of Anjouan on 9 November. This petrel was the fourth most abundant seabird observed, after Brown Noddy Anous stolidus, Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus and Moheli Shearwater. As noted by Zonfrillo (1988) the two Bulweria, Bulwer's B. bulwerii and Jouanin's Petrels B. fallax are clearly separated in biometrics, with the latter larger and heavier. Although the Comoros Bulweria appeared closer in size to B. fallax, we refrain from making a specific identification, as HS considered them to be smaller than other B. fallax he has seen. The relative location of the Comoros, with sea surface temperatures of 25°C, also better fit B. fallax (known to breed on Socotra, and possibly on the Arabian mainland). They were not B. bulwerii, which occurs over colder, more southerly waters. Observations of both Bulweria in the south-west Indian Ocean were summarised by Safford & Hawkins (2013); cf. Ryan et al. (2013) for recent evidence of B. fallax in the eastern Indian Ocean. HS observed two Bulweria (also unidentified to species as size was difficult to estimate, like the Comoros birds) off Mombasa, Kenya, in November 1996. Veit et al. (2007) reported undocumented sightings of several Bulweria identified as Jouanin's, near Mayotte, from the R/V Marion Dufresne in January 2003. In October 2008, Morris (2008) photographed Bulweria off the Comoros similar to those we describe here, which he hesitantly identified as B. bulwerii. Description of birds in November 2014 Size. — Intermediate between the two Bulweria: although apparently clearly larger and longer winged than Bulwer's, they did not seem as large and heavy as Jouanin's. This impression was constant. Estimating overall size at sea and from photographs is often subjective, and in strong sunlight over a very calm sea, birds often appear larger than they really are, while most birds were in active moult, which can also make them appear larger. In direct comparison with Moheli Shearwater these Bulweria usually appeared 5-10% smaller, thus closer in size to Jouanin's than to Bulwer's. Only by taking measurements will it be possible to confirm their true overall size. However, despite appearing closer to Jouanin's, all constantly showed narrower bills than B. fallax (e.g. Figs. 5-8). Among 54 birds observed sufficiently close to check bill size and structure, none showed adult Jouanin's characteristic large globular bill (typically square-shaped with well-developed plates, including the proportionately huge, bulging maxillary unguis). Nevertheless, Jouanin's with narrower bills exist (probably females and/or fledglings), and it is possible that Comorian waters harbour mostly narrow-billed Jouanin's. Flight. — In our experience, Jouanin's makes typically slower and more effortless progress than Bulwer's. Compared to the latter, Jouanin's has longer and more 'elastic' wings producing longer glides, with slower / fewer wingbeats producing less 'bouncy' and © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Hadoram Shirihai & Vincent Bretagnolle 349 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) Figures 1—4. Unidentified Bulweria petrels, off Moheli, Comoros, November 2014, in moult, with severely worn and damaged primary tips, showing two different individuals (Figs. 1-2 = one bird; Figs. 3-4 = second bird); note large flashes of silvery grey with bluish or ashy tone on greater coverts, and overall size estimated to be closer to Jouanin's (Tubenoses Project & Extreme Gadfly Petrel Expeditions / Hadoram Shirihai) Figures 5-8. Unidentified Bulweria petrels, off Moheli, Comoros, November 2014, showing three different individuals (Figs. 5-6 = one bird; Fig. 7 = second bird; Fig. 8 = third bird); all 54 birds seen close showed narrower bills compared to typical Jouanin's, with the thickest example represented by the bird in Fig. 8, the narrowest in Fig. 5-6 and average¬ sized bill in Figs. 3, 4 and 7; and note striking large silvery grey flashes with bluish hue on greater coverts (e.g., Fig. 5), and paler underwing-coverts that were present to some degree in most birds, e.g. Fig. 7 (Tubenoses Project & Extreme Gadfly Petrel Expeditions / Hadoram Shirihai) © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Hadoram Shirihai & Vincent Bretagnolle 350 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) erratic manoeuvres than Bulwer's. Again, flight behaviour of the birds off the Comoros appeared closer to Jouanin's, but perhaps even lighter. Plumage.— All showed a well-developed pale upperwing carpal (ulnar) bar (on the greater coverts), with some also having pale underwing-coverts forming a vague band. The pale carpal bar constantly appeared (see Figs. 1-5) as large patches of silvery grey or slate-blue with an ashy tone, and was detectable even at some distance. This coloration was present on fresh coverts and was not the result of pale reflections due to feather bleaching and wear, as often seen in very worn Jouanin's (cf. van den Berg et al. 1991). We already reported slate-blue dorsal pigmentation on Jouanin's observed elsewhere in the Indian Ocean, including off Reunion (Shirihai et al. 2014: 212). It seems that on some fresh Jouanin's, and in certain lights, slate or greyish hues can be present on the greater coverts, despite not being described in most of the general literature (e.g. Harrison 1987, Marchant & Higgins 1990, Brooke 2004, Onley & Scofield 2007, Porter & Aspinall 2010), but are usually smaller in area, duller and less contrasting than the petrels observed off the Comoros. Of 84 photographs of B. fallax on the internet (e.g. (www.uaebirding.com/index.html, www. mike-barth.blogspot.ch/2012/ll/jouanins-petrel-fest.html, www.birdsoman.com/Birds/011- Petrels/JouaninsPetrel/JouaninsPetrel.htm), only three showed similar bluish-grey coloration on fresh greater coverts, all off United Arab Emirates in November 2012 (K. Al Dhaher, O. Campbell & M. Barth). HS was unable to photograph the very few fresh, recently fledged juveniles he observed, which were aged by their evenly fresh remiges, with no moult limits among the upperwing-coverts, while their wings were rounder, as is often the case in juvenile petrels. While the carpal patch was well developed in these birds, unlike their adult counterparts the flashes appeared yellowish buff, not silvery grey with a bluish hue. Moult timing.— Of 54 birds that were close enough to check for moult, 46 were in various stages of moult, with 3-4 inner primaries, 1-4 secondaries, most greater coverts and some rectrices being renewed or growing; the remaining flight feathers and coverts were strongly worn and bleached, suggesting that they were undergoing complete moult, and thus post-breeding adults. The other eight were fresh fledglings. Behaviour The Bulweria often fed with Wilson's Storm Petrels Oceanites oceanicus (max. 32, 8 November) just above the continental shelf. The Bulweria mostly avoided the boat, and showed weak response to the chum, being rather shy. As a result, only 19 petrels were photographed, and for only six was it possible to secure close images, five of which are included here. Discussion The numbers of Bulweria reported here are probably among the largest ever recorded in the western Indian Ocean away from Arabia (cf. Safford & Hawkins 2013). We have also described in detail the appearance of a silvery slate-blue upperwing bar (on fresh greater coverts, in all petrels in moult), which was a constant feature of all (non-juvenile) Comoros Bulweria, despite being very rarely noted in Jouanin's off Arabia. We encourage observers to monitor the frequency and the nature of this character in birds off Arabia, to better understand plumage variation in B. fallax. Although estimating overall size at sea is always tricky, the Comoros Bulweria were estimated to be nearer Jouanin's but smaller and lighter, with consistently narrower bills. © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Hadoram Shirihai & Vincent Bretagnolle 351 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(4) The large numbers close to all three islands, especially in the evenings and early mornings around Moheli or between Moheli and Grand Comore, may suggest a winter¬ breeding population of these Bulweria. However, because the vast majority of birds were in active moult, our assumption is that they were not local breeders but from elsewhere in the western Indian Ocean. Published wing lengths of a Bulwer's Petrel incubating an egg on Round Island, Mauritius, in December 1994 (Safford & Hawkins 2013), and one on Cousin Island, Seychelles, in June 2009 (Andrews & Skerrett 2012), are intermediate between Bulwer's and Jouanin's Petrels, albeit closer to upper values of the former (for biometrics, cf. Brooke 2004, Safford & Hawkins 2013). Until Comoros birds can be handled for detailed analysis it will be impossible to confirm their identity. Our findings should stimulate research into Bulweria petrels in the western Indian Ocean as whole. Acknowledgements Shirihai & Bretagnolle (2015) listed those persons who assisted our work in the Comoros. We also received assistance from the staff of the following museums: P. Capainolo & T. J. Trombone (American Museum of Natural History, New York), C. S. Roselaar (Naturalis, Leiden), and M. Adams (Natural History Museum, Tring). Oscar Campbell and Tommy Pedersen provided images of Jouanin's Petrel off United Arab Emirates that were used to analyse plumage variation and moult, while Hanne & Jens Eriksen sent images of the species from Oman. G. M. Kirwan improved the manuscript. References: Andrews, D. J. R. & Skerrett, A. 2012. First records of Herald Petrel Pterodroma heraldica and Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii for Seychelles. Bull. Afr. Bird Cl. 19: 75-78. van den Berg, A. B., Smeenk, C., Bosnian, C. A. W., Haase, B. J. M., van der Niet, A. M. & Cadee, G. C. 1991. Barau's Petrel Pterodroma baraui, Jouanin's Petrel Bulweria fallax and other seabirds in the northern Indian Ocean in June-July 1984 and 1985. Ardea 79: 1-14. Brooke, M. 2004. Albatrosses and petrels across the world. Oxford Univ. Press. Harrison, P. 1987. Seabirds of the world, a photographic guide. Christopher Helm, London. Marchant, S. & Higgins, P. J. (eds.) 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds, vol. 1. Oxford Univ. Press. Morris, P. 2008. Tire Comoros & northern Madagascar: tour report (www.birdquest-tours.com). Onley, D. & Scofield, P. 2007. Field guide to the albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters of the world. Christopher Helm, London. Porter, R. F. & Aspinall, S. 2010. Birds of the Middle East. Second edn. Christopher Helm, London. Ryan, P. G., Rose, B., Carter, M. & Clarke, R. H. 2013. A review of Jouanin's Petrel records in the eastern Indian Ocean. Ostrich 84: 161-164. Safford, R. & Hawkins, F. (eds.) 2013. The birds of Africa, vol. 8. Christopher Helm, London. Shirihai, H. & Bretagnolle, V. 2014. Tire poorly known Moheli Shearwater Puffinus ( persicus ) temptator at the Comoro Islands, western Indian Ocean. Bull Brit. Orn. Cl. 135: 216-223. Shirihai, H., Pym, T., San Roman, M. & Bretagnolle, V. 2014. The Critically Endangered Mascarene Petrel Pseudobulweria aterrima : identification and behaviour at sea, historical discovery of breeding sites, and breeding ecology on Reunion, Indian Ocean. Bull Brit. Orn. Cl. 134: 194—122. Zonfrillo, B. 1988. Notes and comments on the taxonomy of Jouanin's Petrel Bulweria fallax and Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii. Bull Brit. Orn. Cl. 108: 71-75. Addresses: Hadoram Shirihai, Emek Ayalon 39, Shoham 60850, Israel, e-mail: albatross_shirihai@hotmail. com. Vincent Bretagnolle, CEBC-CNRS, Beauvoir sur Niort, France, e-mail: breta@cebc.cnrs.fr © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Robert J. Dowsett & Franchise Dowsett-Lemaire 352 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(3) The status of the name 'occidentalis Chappuis' for the Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx mechowi by Robert J. Dowsett & Frangoise Dowsett-Lemaire Received 23 June 2015 Del Hoyo & Collar (2014) mentioned a race occidentalis of Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx mechowi Cabanis, 1882. Sinclair & Ryan (2010), in describing the vocalisations of C. mechowi, stated that 'in C Africa song is faster and more rapidly delivered (may be undescribed species, tentatively named C. occidentalis by C. Chappuis)'. This name is also mentioned on the Avibase website (avibase.bsc-eoc.org/). None of these authors produced a reference in support of Chappuis having made this suggestion in print (A. Elliott, D. Lepage & P. G. Ryan in litt. 2015). Thanks to C. Chappuis himself (pers. comm. 2015), we know that this name was mentioned tentatively (as Cercococcyx mechowi/' occidentalis') by Chappuis (2000: 7). Chappuis (1974: 215-216) had merely described the vocalisations recorded in Cameroon/Nigeria. On p. 60 of the booklet accompanying his CDs (Chappuis 2000) he described the vocalisations of C. mechowi from north-east Gabon and what he labelled Cercococcyx 'x' from south-east Nigeria, thus recognising that this species has different dialects. He mentioned having tried playback in Ghana of the Gabon bird, with no response. Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett (2014: 197) pointed out that the Sanaga River in Cameroon is the region where the Upper Guinea dialect is replaced by that of Lower Guinea (cf. Fig. 1). That there are distinct differences between the songs of this cuckoo in parts of west- central Africa has long been known. Dowsett-Lemaire (1997: 24-28) discussed this problem, and presented comparative sonograms from the Cameroon-Nigeria border (based on Chappuis 1974), Odzala, Congo-Brazzaville (F. Dowsett-Lemaire) and Bwamba, Uganda (Keith & Gunn 1971). We have heard the song of the Upper Guinea population in Ghana (Ankasa and Tano Ofin), Togo (Assoukoko and Benali) and Cameroon (Kimbi River and Bakossi), and the Lower Guinea population in Cameroon (Ndongo, Boumba-Bek, Nki and Lobeke), Equatorial Guinea (Monte Alen), Congo-Brazzaville (Nouabale-Ndoki, Odzala Figure 1. Distribution of Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx mechowi, a species essentially of the forests of the Guineo-Congolian biome (heavy shading): open squares represent birds known or suspected to belong to the Upper Guinea population which is vocally distinctive (see text). © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Robert J. Dowsett & Frangoise Dowsett-Lemaire 353 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(3) and Lefini) and Uganda (Bwamba). In addition, we have listened to recordings from several localities in Uganda (Bwamba south to Bwindi) and one from Ghana (Ankasa) on xeno- canto (http://www.xeno-canto.org, accessed February 2015). However, no morphological differences are known to exist between the two populations (e.g. Payne 2005; R. B. Payne in litt. 2015). Chappuis (2000: 60) did suggest that birds of the Lower Guinea population ( mechowi ), with the higher pitched voice, are larger than Upper Guinea birds. Chapin's (1928) lone specimen from Upper Guinea (Ghana) was smaller than any of his large Lower Guinea sample, but he found no colour differences and this has not been investigated further. Only two forms have ever received names — nominate mechowi (type locality Malange, Angola) and wellsi Bannerman 1919 (type locality Bitye, Cameroon) — and both are within the range of the Lower Guinea population. If morphological or molecular differences were to be found, then it is the Upper Guinea population that would require a new name. But it is clear that ' occidentalis Chappuis' is a nomen nudum, and its use should be avoided at present. Acknowledgements We thank Claude Chappuis for kindly clarifying this problem, and Andy Elliott, Denis Lepage, Clive Mann, Bob Payne and Peter Ryan for useful discussion. References: Bannerman, D. A. 1919. [Description of new birds from Africa], Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 40: 7-9. Cabanis, J. 1882. [On Melierax Mechowi n. sp., Pachycoccyx n. gen. and Cercococcyx Mechowi n. gen. et sp. from Angola], Orn. Centralb. 7: 45-46. Chapin, J. P. 1928. The African cuckoos of the genus Cercococcyx. Amer. Mus. Novit. 313: 1-11. Chappuis, C. 1974. Illustration sonore de problemes bioacoustiques poses par les oiseaux de la zone ethiopienne. [Disc 1.] Alauda 42: 197-222. Chappuis, C. 2000. Oiseaux d'Afrique, 2. West and Central Africa. 11 CDs. Societe d'Etudes Omithologiques de France, Paris. Dowsett-Lemaire, F. 1997. The avifauna of Odzala National Park, northern Congo. Tauraco Res. Rep. 6: 15-48. Dowsett-Lemaire, F. & Dowsett, R. J. 2014. The Birds of Ghana. An atlas and handbook. Tauraco Press, Liege. del Hoyo, J. & Collar, N. J. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International illustrated checklist of the birds of the world, vol. 1. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Keith, G. S. & Gunn, W. W. H. 1971. Birds of the African rainforest. Two LPs. Federation of Ontario Naturalists & Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. Payne, R. B. 2005. The cuckoos. Oxford Univ. Press. Sinclair, I. & Ryan, P. 2010. Birds of Africa south of the Sahara. Second edn. Struik, Cape Town. Address: Le Pouget, Sumene 30440, France, e-mail: Dowsett@aol.com Appendix: gazetteer of localities mentioned Ankasa, Ghana Assoukoko, Togo Bakossi, Cameroon Bitye, Cameroon Boumba-Bek, Cameroon Bwamba, Uganda Bwindi, Uganda Kimbi River, Cameroon Lefini (Mah), Congo-Brazzaville 05°10'N, 02°39'W 08°01'N, 00°38'E 05°05'N, 09°43'E 03°01'N, 12°22'E 02°32'N, 15°05'E 00°52'N, 30°05'E 01°02'S, 29°41'E 06°36'N, 10°23'E 03°20'S, 15°30'E Lobeke, Cameroon Malange, Angola Monte Alen, Equatorial Guinea Ndongo, Cameroon Nki, Cameroon Nouabale-Ndoki, Congo-Brazzaville Odzala National Park, Congo-Brazzaville Tano Ofin, Ghana 02°19'N, 15°46'E 09°32'S, 16°20'E 01°40'N, 10°15'E 02°04'N, 14°52'E 02°12'N, 14°39'E 02°12'N, 16°12'E 00°36'N, 14°54'E 06°40'N, 02°10'W © 2015 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2015 British Ornithologists' Club Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club Edited by Guy M. Kirwan Index for Volume 135 (2015) Author and Contents Index 355 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(1) LIST OF AUTHORS AND CONTENTS ACEVEDO-CHARRY, O. A., CARDENAS, A., CORAL-JARAMILLO, B„ DAZA DIAZ, W„ JARAMILLO, J. & FREILE, J. F. First record of Subtropical Pygmy Owl Glaucidium parkeri in the Colombian Andes . ALBAN, N. J. See BRINKHUIZEN, D. M. ANDERSON, J. Eye colour variation in Rufous-bellied Tit Melaniparus rufiventris in western Tanzania . 98 AVENDANO, J. E. See DONEGAN, T. M. BARRIO, J., GARCIA-OLAECHEA, D. & MORE, A. The avifauna of El Angolo Hunting Reserve, north-west Peru: natural history notes . 6 BISHOP, K. D. See DIAMOND, J. BOND, A. L„ MCCLELLAND, G. T. W„ GLASS, T., HERIAN, K. & MALAN, L. Multiple records of a Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda on Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha . 190 BRETAGNOLLE, V. See CIBOIS, A. BRETAGNOLLE, V. See SHIRIHAI, H. BRINKHUIZEN, D. M„ SOLDATO, G„ LAMBETH, G„ LAMBETH, D„ ALBAN, N. J. & FREILE, J. F. Bluish-fronted Jacamar Galbula cyanescens in Ecuador . 80 CARDENAS, A. See ACEVEDO-CHARRY, O. A. CHEKE, A. S. See DICKINSON, E. C. CIBOIS, A., THIBAULT, J.-C., LECROY, M. & BRETAGNOLLE, V. Molecular analysis of a storm petrel specimen from the Marquesas Islands, with comments on specimens of Fregetta lineata and F. guttata . 240 CLAESSENS, O. See INGELS, J. COOPER, J. H. See TENNYSON, A J. D. CORAL-JARAMILLO, B. See ACEVEDO-CHARRY, O. A. COSTA, T. V. V. See DICKENS, J. K. DAZA DIAZ, W. See ACEVEDO-CHARRY, O. A. DECHELLE, M. See INGELS, J. DEVILLE, T. See INGELS, J. DIAMOND, J. & BISHOP, K. D. Avifaunas of the Kumawa and Fakfak Mountains, Indonesian New Guinea . 292 DIAZ M„ H. A. See SHIRIHAI, H. DICKENS, J. K„ COSTA, T. V. V., MACHADO, H. D. F. & FONTCUBERTA, E. First nesting record of Band-winged Nightjar Systellura longirostris in Uruguay . 278 DICKINSON, E. C. & CHEKE, A. S. The authorship of the names of two birds from Reunion . 337 DICKINSON, E. C. & RATY, L. The family-group name Claraviinae and its usage . 188 DINE, M. See FEARE, C. J. DONEGAN, T. M. & AVENDANO, J. E. 'Bogota' type specimens of the hummingbird genus Adelomyia, with diagnosis of an overlooked subspecies from the East Andes of Colombia . 195 DOWSETT, R. J. Comments on the ornithology of Nigeria, including amendments to the national list . 154 DOWSETT, R. J. & DOWSETT-LEMAIRE, F. New avian observations from south-western Ethiopia, with a review of overlooked literature and altitudinal limits . 224 Author and Contents Index 356 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(1) DOWSETT, R. J. & DOWSETT-LEMAIRE, F. The status of the name ‘ occidentalis Chappuis' for the Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx mechowi . 352 DOWSETT-LEMAIRE, F. See DOWSETT, R. J. EDWARDS, H. See FEARE, C. J. FEARE, C. J„ EDWARDS, H„ TAYLOR, J. A., GREENWELL, P„ LAROSE, C. S., MOKHOKO, E. & DINE, M. Stars in their eyes: iris colour and pattern in Common Mynas Acridotheres tristis on Denis and North Islands, Seychelles . 61 FEARE, C. J. Synchrony of primary moult in pairs of Common Mynas Acridotheres tristis . 185 FONTCUBERTA, E. See DICKENS, J. K. FREILE, J. F. See ACEVEDO-CHARRY, O. A. FREILE, J. F. See BRINKHUIZEN, D. M. GARCIA-OLAECHEA, D. See BARRIO, J. GLASS, T. See BOND, A. L. GOILRAUD, C. List of type specimens of birds in the Baillon Collection (La Chatre, France). Part 1. Non-Passerines . 131 GREENWELL, P. See FEARE, C. J. HERIAN, K. See BOND, A. L. HUME, J. P. Large-scale live capture of Passenger Pigeons Ectopistes migratorius for sporting purposes: overlooked illustrated documentation . 174 INGELS, J., DECHELLE, M„ PELLETIER, V., DEVILLE, T„ RIBOT, J. H. & CLAESSENS, O. Status and distribution of Golden-rumped Euphonia Euphonia cyanocephala on the Guiana Shield, South America . 284 JACKSON, H. D. Rufous-cheeked Nightjar Caprimulgus rufigem behaviour during the breeding season in Zimbabwe . 247 JANSEN, J. J. F. J. & VAN DER VLIET, R. E. The chequered history of the Chattering Kingfisher Todiramphus tutus on Tahiti. I: type specimens . 108 KIRWAN, G. M„ WHITTAKER, A. & ZIMMER, K. J. Interesting bird records from the Araguaia River Valley, central Brazil, with comments on conservation, distribution and taxonomy . 21 LAMBETH, D. See BRINKHUIZEN, D. M. LAMBETH, G. See BRINKHUIZEN, D. M. LAROSE, C. S. See FEARE, C. J. LECROY, M. See CIBOIS, A. LEVY, C. An early description and illustration of Blue Mountain Vireo Vireo osbumi . 342 MOKHOKO, E. See FEARE, C. J. JARAMILLO, J. See ACEVEDO-CHARRY, O. A. MACHADO, H. D. F. See DICKENS, J. K. MALAN, L. See BOND, A. L. MCCLELLAND, G. T. W. See BOND, A. L. MORE, A. See BARRIO, J. PELLETIER, V. See INGELS, J. PERPINAN, D. Gravid female birds cannot be determined by visual inspection . 92 PYM, T. See SHIRIHAI, H. RATY, L. See DICKINSON, E. C. Author and Contents Index 357 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(1) RIBOT, J. H. See INGELS, J. SALAMAN, P. A new subspecies of Three-striped Warbler Basileuterus tristriatus in the Serrania de San Lucas, Colombia . 84 SHEPHERD, L. D. See TENNYSON, A J. D. SHIRIHAI, H„ DIAZ M„ H. A. & BRETAGNOLLE, V. A. dark-morph White-bellied Storm Petrel Fregetta grallaria off Mas Afuera (Alejandro Selkirk) Island, Juan Fernandez archipelago, Chile?... 87 SHIRIHAI, H. & BRETAGNOLLE, V. The poorly known Moheli Shearwater Puffinus ( persicus ) temptator at the Comoro Islands, western Indian Ocean . 216 SHIRIHAI, H. & BRETAGNOLLE, V. Bulweria petrels off the Comoros, south-west Indian Ocean . 348 SHIRIHAI, H., PYM, T. & BRETAGNOLLE, V. Response to 'Gravid female birds cannot be determined by visual inspection' . 95 SOLDATO, G. See BRINKHUIZEN, D. M. SVENSSON, L. A new North African subspecies of Common Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs . 69 TAYLOR, J. A. See FEARE, C. J. TENNYSON, A J. D„ COOPER, J. H. & SHEPHERD, L. D. A new species of exfinct Pterodroma petrel (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae) from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand . 267 THIBAULT, J.-C. See CIBOIS, A. VAN DER VLIET, R. E. & JANSEN, J. J. F. J. The chequered history of Chattering Kingfisher Todiramphus tutus on Tahiti. II: review of status . 121 VAN DER VLIET, R. E. See JANSEN, J. J. F. J. WHITTAKER, A. See KIRWAN, G. M. ZIMMER, K. J. See KIRWAN, G. M. Scientific Names Index 358 Bull. B.O.C. 2014 133(4) INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES All generic and specific names (of birds only) are indexed. New specific and subspecific names are indexed in bold print under generic, specific and subspecific names. Illustrations and figures are numbered in italics. /Edicnemus vocifer 131, 140 abeillei, Arremon 14, 18, 19 abyssinicus, Zosterops 230, 237 Acanthiza cinerea 333 Accipiter bicolor 9, 15 Accipiter castanilius 155 Accipiter cirrocephalus 327 Accipiter hiogaster 327 Accipiter meyerianus 311, 327 Accipiter ovampensis 225, 237 Accipiter poliocephalus 327 Accipiter tachiro 237 Acridotheres fuscus 61 Acridotheres javanicus 61 Acridotheres tristis 61-68, 185-187 Acrocephalus arundinaceus 237 Acrocephalus caffer 129 Acrocephalus longirostris 129 Acrocephalus musae 129 Acrocephalus palustris 237 Actitis hypoleucos 328 Actitis macularius 10, 131, 141 acutipennis, Chordeiles 11 acutipennis, Pseudocolypteryx 39 adeliae, Catarrhactes 131 Adeliae, Catarrhactes 137 adeliae, Pygoscelis 131, 137 Adelomya simplex 207 Adelomyia 195-215 Adelomyia cervina 206, 208 Adelomyia chlorospila 206, 208 Adelomyia inornata 206, 208 Adelomyia intergrediens 208 Adelomyia maculata 206 Adelomyia melanogenys 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 207, 209, 210 Adelomyia sabina 204 Adelomyia simplex 195, 200, 205, 207 Adelomyia ultracervinus 208 adolphinae, Myzomela 302 adsimilis, Dicrurus 167, 235 aedon, Troglodytes 13 Aegotheles albertisi 300, 301, 310, 314, 330 Aegotheles bennettii 314 Aegotheles insignis 301, 310, 314, 330 Aegotheles sp. 330 Aegotheles wallacii 301, 302, 310, 314 Aeotheles insignis 300 Aepypodius arfakianus 311, 327 aequinoctialis, Geothlypis 14, 39 aereus, Ceuthmochares 226 Aerodramus hirundinaceus 314, 330 Aerodramus vanikorensis 314, 330 aeruginosus, Circus 237 aestiva, Amazona 28 aethereus, Phaethon 191 aethiopicus, Laniarius 167 afer, Nilaus 234, 237 afer, Turtur 156, 235 affinis, Sterna 142 affinis, Suiriri 35 africana, Aquila 155 africana, Mirafra 160 africana, Sasia 159 africana, Verreauxia 154, 159 africanoides, Calendulauda 237 africanus, Spizaetus 155 Agapornis pullarius 156 Agelaioides (badius) fringillarius 53 aguimp, Motacilla 161 Ailuroedus buccoides 331 Ailuroedus melanotis 300, 331 alaudinus, Phrygilus 13 alba, Ardea 9 alba, Calidris 26, 328 alba, Platalea alba 225 alba, Pterodroma 270, 271, 272-274 alba, Tyto 10, 237 albertisi, Aegotheles 300, 301, 310, 314, 330 albertisi, Drepanomis 309, 310, 322, 335 albertisii, Gymnophaps 299, 329 albicapillus, Cossypha 229 albicauda, Mirafra 154, 160 albiceps, Atlapetes 14, 19 albicollis, Nyctidromus 11 albifrons, Henicophaps 328 albifrons, Sternula 328 albilora, Synallaxis 32 albinucha, Xenopsaris 39 albispecularis, Heteromyias 300, 304, 306, 310, 317, 323, 336 albitorques, Columba 237 albiventris, Melaniparus 99, 105 alboauricularis, Lichmera 332 albocinereus, Sirystes 209, 210 albogriseus, Pachyramphus 13 albolimbata, Rhipidura 304, 305, 308, 309, 335 albonotata, Meliphaga 318, 332 albonotatus, Buteo 10 alboscapulatus, Malurus 315, 331 albus, Corvus 237 albus, Procnias 289 Alcedo atthis 331 Alcedo quadribrachys 158 Alcedo sacra 109,114,115 Alcedo tuta 108, 109 Alcedo venerata 108, 109, 114 Aleadryas rufinucha 334 alecto, Myiagra 309, 324, 334 Alectrurus tricolor 22 Alipiopsitta xanthops 22, 28 Alisterus amboinensis 329 Alopecoenas beccarii 300, 301, 310, 328 Amadina fasciata 169, 238 Amalocichla incerta 300, 304, 305, 310, 323, 335 Amaurornis moluccana 328 amazilia, Amazilia 11,15 Amazilia amazilia 11, 15 Amazilia franciae 203, 206 Amazilia rutila 203 Amazona aestiva 28 Amazona amazonica 28 amazonica, Amazona 28 amazonum, Pyrrhura 27 Scientific Names Index 359 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(1) Amblyomis inomata 294, 298, 314, 321, 331 Amblyomis inornatus 306 amboinensis, Alisterus 329 amboinensis, Macropygia 309, 328 americana, Chloroceryle 11 americana, Mycteria 9 americana, Sporophila 47 americanus, Coccyzus 21, 28 americanus, Ibycter 26 Ampelidae 345 anaethetus, Onychoprion 328 anais, Mino 336 analoga, Meliphaga 318, 332 Anaplectes rubriceps 168, 238 Anas sparsa 237 Anas superciliosa 311,327 Andropadus ansorgei 161 Andropadus curvirostris 161 Andropadus gracilirostris 162 angolensis, Sporophila 52 anomalus, Eleothreptus 28 Anous stolidus 218, 348 Anser brachyrhynchus 134 Anser Brachyrhynchus 134 ansorgei, Andropadus 161 ansorgei, Eurillas 161 antarcticus, Stercorarius 190 Anthocephala floriceps 203 anthonyi, Nyctidromus 11, 19 Anthoscopus flavifrons 165 Anthreptes longuemarei 166 Anthreptes orientalis 234, 237 Anthus cinnamomeus 161, 237 Anthus richardi 154, 161 Anthus trivialis 234, 237 antisiensis, Cranioleuca 12, 17, 19 antoniae, Trochilus 203 Apalis flavida 234 apiaster, Merops 237 Aplonis cantoroides 336 Aplonis metallica 336 Aplopelia larvata 237 approximans. Circus 128 Apteryx spp. 92 apus, Apus 237 Apus apus 237 Apus batesi 158 Aquila africana 155 Aquila gumeyi 311, 327 Aquila verreauxii 237 Ardea alba 9 Ardea cocoi 9 Ardea intermedia 237, 327 Ardea melanocephala 237 Ardea modesta 296, 327 Ardea sibilatrix 131 ARDEA SIBILATRIX 137 Ardea sumatrana 32 7 Ardenna bulleri 270, 272, 274 Ardeola ralloides 237 ardosiaceus, Falco 237 arfakianus, Aepypodius 311, 327 arfakianus, Sericomis 300, 301, 310, 319, 333 a riel, Fregata 218, 327 aristotelis, Phalacrocorax 131, 139 armillaris, Bucco 144 armillaris, Psilopogon 144 arminjoniana, Pterodroma 270, 273, 274 arquatrix, Columba 226 Arremon abeillei 14, 18, 19 Arremon aurantiirostris 14 Arses telescopthalmus 308, 334 Artamus leucorynchus 333 Artamus maximus 333 aruensis, Meliphaga 318, 332 arundinaceus, Acrocephalus 237 Asio clamator 143 Asio otus 237 aspasia, Leptocoma 336 assimilis, Puffinus 221 Astragalinus psaltria 14 ater, Manucodia 335 ater, Melipotes 310, 316 aterrima, Pseudobulweria 95, 270, 272 aterrimus, Probosciger 329 aterrimus, Rhinopomastus 237 Athene cunicularia 10 Atlapetes albiceps 14, 19 Atlapetes latinuchus 209 Atlapetes leucopterus 14, 18 Atlapetes seebohmi 14, 18 atra, Chalcopsitta 329 atra, Rhipidura 308, 335 atrata, Ceratogymna 158 atratus, Coragyps 9 atriceps, Hypergerus 163 atricilla, Larus 131, 141 Atricilla micropterus 131, 141 atrifrons, Zosterops 324, 336 atrothorax, Myrmophylax (Myrmeciza) 35 atrovirens, Lalage 333 atthis, Alcedo 331 aura, Cathartes 9 aurantiifrons, Ptilinopus 328 aurantiirostris, Arremon 14 aureata, Euphonia 286 aureus, Sericulus 296, 299, 301, 331 auricollis, Primolius 26 auriculata, Zenaida 10 australis, Ceuthmochares 226 Aviceda subcristata 327 axillaris, Pterodroma 270, 272, 273, 274 axillaris, Symposiachrus 334 axillaris, Symposiarchus 304, 308, 324 azureus, Ceyx 331 azureus, Coracina 161 azureus, Cyanograucalus 161 baboecala, Brady pterus 162, 224, 229, 237 Baeopogon damans 162 baeri, Leucippus 11, 15 baglafecht, Ploceus 234, 237 bailloni, Procellaria 149 bailloni, Puffinus 149, 216, 218, 220, 221, 223 bailloni, Rallus 131 Bailloni, Rallus 136 bairdii, Calidris 10 bairdii, Myiodynastes 12 barbatus, Criniger 162 baroli, Procellaria 149 Basileuterus trifasciatus 14 Basileuterus tristriatus 84—86 Basileuterus tristriatus sanlucasensis subsp. 84 batesi, Apus 158 Batis erlangeri 154, 165, 228, 230 Batis orientalis 164, 2 28, 230 nov. Scientific Names Index 360 Bull. B.O.C. 2014 133(4) Baris perkeo 237 baumanni, Phyllastrephus 162 beccarii, Alopecoenas 300, 301, 310, 328 beccarii, Drymodes 301, 302 beccarii, Sericornis 306, 308-310, 318, 319, 332 becki, Pseudobulweria 95 bellicosa, Sturnella 14 bellicosus, Polemaetus 237 bellus, Ptilinopus 292, 304, 329 bengalensis. Sterna 142 bengalensis, Thalasseus 142 bengalus, Uraeginthus 169, 234, 238 bennetti, Casuarius 310, 311 bennettii, Aegotheles 314 bergii, Thalasseus 328 bernardi, Thamnophilus 12, 19 bemsteini, Centropus 330 biarmicus, Falco 131, 145, 237 Bias musicus 164 bicolor, Accipiter 9, 15 bicolor, Ducula 329 bicolor, Lamprotomis 61 bicolor, Speculipastor 231 bilophus, Heliactin 30 bimaculata, Peneothello 301-303, 324 bistriatus, Burhinus 131, 140 blainvillii, Peltops 333 blanchori, Malaconotus 167, 237 Bleda notatus 162 blissetti, Dyaphorophyia 165 bodessa, Cisticola 234, 237 boehmi, Sylvia 237 bonariensis, Molothrus 14 borbonica, Certhia 338, 339 borbonica, Emberiza 338 borbonica, Hirundo 338 borbonica, Motacilla 338, 340 borbonica, Muscicapa 338 borbonica, Phedina 338 borbonica, Sylvia 338 borbonicus, Hypsipetes 337-340 borbonicus, Turdus 338 borbonicus, Zosterops 337-340 Bostrychia olivacea 154, 155 Bostrychia rara 155 bourbonensis, Muscicapa 338 bourbonnensis, Loxia 338 bourborunensis, Terpsiphone 338 bouvieri, Scotopelia 157 bouvreuil, Sporophila 47, 48, 49 boyeri, Coracina 333 brachyrhynchus, Anser 134 Brachyrhynchus, Anser 134 brachyura, Camaroptera 235, 237 brachyura, Chaetura 11, 30 brachyura, Sylvietta 234 brachyurus, Buteo 10 bracteatus, Dicrurus 307, 308, 324, 334 Bradornis microrhynchus 234 Bradypterus baboecala 162, 224, 229, 237 Bradypterus centralis 229 brasilianum, Glaucidium 52 brasilianus, Phalacrocorax 9 brevicauda, Muscigralla 12 breviceps, Petaurus 314 brevirostris, Lugensa 268, 270, 272 brissonii, Cyanocompsa 43 Brotogeris pyrrhoptera 11 bruante, Foudia 338 bruijnii, Grallina 301, 302, 310 bruijnii, Micropsitta 293, 304, 330 Bubo capensis 237 Bubo Clamator 143 Bubo virginianus 10 Bubulcus ibis 9, 237 Bucco armillaris 144 buccoides, Ailuroedus 331 buceroides, Philemon 309, 332 buckleyi, Columbina 10 buffoni, Circus 25 bulleri, Ardenna 270, 272, 274 bulocki, Merops 158 Bulweria 240, 348-351, 349 Bulweria bulwerii 348 Bulweria fallax 348 bulwerii, Bulweria 348 burbonica, Motacilla 338 Burhinus bistriatus 131, 140 Burhinus senegalensis 225 Burhinus superciliaris 10 Burhinus vermiculatus 225, 258 Buteo albonotatus 10 Buteo brachyurus 10 buteo, Buteo 237 Buteo buteo 237 Buteogallus meridionalis 148 Buteogallus solitarius 10 Buteogallus urubitinga 9 Butorides striata 9, 327 cabanisi, Emberiza 169 Cacatua galerita 329 Cacatua moluccensis 93 cachinnans, Herpetotheres 11 Cacicus cela 14, 19 Cacomantis castaneiventris 299, 330 Cacomanris flabelliformis 136 Cacomantis merulinus 136 Cacomanris variolosus 330 caerulea, Egretta 25 caeruleogrisea, Coracina 308, 333 caerulescens, Geranospiza 9 caerulescens, Muscicapa 163 caerulescens, Ptilorrhoa 320, 333 caerulescens, Sporophila 49 caffer, Acrocephalus 129 cahow, Pterodroma 270, 271, 272-274 Calandrella cinerea 160 Calandrella rufescens 154, 160 caledonicus, Nycricorax 327 Calendulauda africanoides 237 Calendulauda poecilosterna 229, 233 Calidris alba 26, 328 Calidris bairdii 10 Calidris melanotos 131, 141 Calidris minutilla 10, 140 Calidris ruficollis 328 Caliechthrus leucolophus 330 Caligavis obscura 301, 302 callonotus, Veniliornis 11, 15, 19 callophrys, Chlorophonia 44 calopterus, Mecocerculus 12 calurus, Criniger 162 calvus, Gymnobucco 159 calvus, Treron 156 Camaroptera brachyura 235, 237 camerunensis, Vidua 232 Scientific Names Index Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(1) 361 Campephilus gayaquilensis 11 Campethera nubica 235 Camptostoma obsoletum 12 Campylorhamphus trochilirostris 12 Campylorhynchus fasciatus 13, 16, 19 candicans, Eleothreptus 28, 261 canorus, Cuculus 237 cantans, Cisticola 234, 237 cantillans, Mirafra 160, 237 Cantorchilus superciliaris 13, 18 cantoroides, Aplonis 336 capensis, Bubo 237 capensis, Ptemistis 134 capensis, Zonotrichia 14 capicola, Streptopelia 235 Caprimulgus climacurus 261 Caprimulgus donaldsoni 226, 235, 237 Caprimulgus europaeus 247 Caprimulgus fossii 247 Caprimulgus inornatus 237 Caprimulgus macrurus 296, 330 Caprimulgus natalensis 247 Caprimulgus pectoralis 247 Caprimulgus rufigena 247-266, 255 caprius, Chrysococcyx 157 Caracara cheriway 1 1 Carbo cormoranus 138, 139 Carbo desmarestii 131, 139 Carbo macrorhynchus 138 carbo, Phalacrocorax 131, 138, 139 carolae, Melipotes 310, 316 Carterornis chrysomela 308, 334 cassicus, Cracticus 333 cassini, Muscicapa 163 castaneiceps, Phoeniculus 158 castaneiceps, Rhinopomastus 158 castaneiventris, Cacomantis 299, 330 castaneiventris, Sporophila 47 castanilius, Accipiter 155 castanonota, Ptilorrhoa 310, 317, 320, 333 Casuarius bennetti 310,311 casuarius, Casuarius 310, 311 Casuarius casuarius 310, 311 Casuarius sp. 311, 32 7 Catamblyrhynchus diadema 43 Catarrhactes adeliae 131, 137 Cathartes aura 9 Catharus fuscescens 40, 42 Catharus ustulatus 13 caudata, Drymophila 209 caudatus, Coracias 237 caudatus, Lamprotornis 167 cayana, Piaya 10 cayennensis, Panyptila 11, 29 Ceblepyris pectoralis 237 Cecropis daurica 324, 336 cela, Cacicus 14, 19 Celeus obrieni 21, 22, 31, 32 Celeus torquatus 31, 32 centralis, Bradypterus 229 Centropus bemsteini 330 Centropus menbeki 322, 330 Centropus monachus 157 Centropus phasianinus 135 Centropus superciliosus 237 Ceratogymna atrata 158 Ceratogymna elata 158 Cercococcyx mechowi 352, 352-353 Cercomacra ferdinandi 22, 34 Cercomacra manu 34 Cercotrichas leucophrys 234, 237 Cercotrichas podobe 162 Certhia borbonica 338, 339 Certhiaxis 22 cervicalis, Pterodroma 270, 272-274 cervina, Adelomyia 206, 208 Ceuthmochares aereus 226 Ceuthmochares australis 226 Ceyx azureus 331 Ceyx pusillus 331 Ceyx solitarius 331 Chaetocercus jourdanii 203, 206 Chaetorhynchus papuensis 307, 309, 335 Chaetura brachyura 11, 30 Chaetura cinereiventris 29 Chaetura egregia 21, 29 Chaetura meridionalis 29 Chaetura pelagica 11 Chaetura spinicaudus 29 Chalcites meyerii 292, 304, 305, 313, 330 Chalcites minutillus 330 Chalcites ruficollis 300, 301, 313, 330 Chalcomitra senegalensis 166, 234, 237 Chalcophaps stephani 328 Chalcopsitta atra 329 chalcospilos, Turtur 237 chalcurus, Lamprotornis 167 chalybaeus, Lamprotornis 231 chalybatus, Manucodia 308, 335 chalybea, Progne 13 chalybeata. Vidua 169, 231, 232, 238 Chamaepelia 188 Charadrius sp. 328 Charadrius tricollaris 237 Charadrius vociferus 10 Charitospiza eucosma 22, 52 Charmosyna josefinae 305, 312, 319, 329 Charmosyna placentis 329 Charmosyna pulchella 329 Charmosyna rubronotata 329 Charmosyna wilhelminae 302 Chenorhamphus grayi 315, 331 cheriway, Caracara 11 cherrug, Falco 93 chiniana, Cisticola 237 Chlidonias leucopterus 237 chloris, Todiramphus 110, 128, 331 Chloroceryle americana 11 chloronota, Gerygone 333 chloronotus, Criniger 162 Chlorophoneus multicolor 167 Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus 237 Chlorophonia callophrys 44 Chloropicus pyrrhogaster 160 Chloropicus xantholophus 160 chloropterus, Lamprotornis 231, 237 chlorospila, Adelomyia 206, 208 Chordeiles acutipennis 11 Chordeiles rupestris 29 Chrysococcyx caprius 157 Chrysococcyx klaas 157, 237 chrysoconus, Pogoniulus 159, 235, 237 chrysogaster, Gerygone 308, 333 chrysogaster, Pheucticus 14 chrysogaster, Ptilinopus (purpuratus) 129 chrysomela, Carterornis 308, 334 Scientific Names Index 362 Bull. B.O.C. 2014 133(4) chrysoptera, Daphoenositta 300, 301, 334 chrysostoma, Diomedea 242 Cichladusa guttata 234, 235, 237 Cicinnurus regius 335 cinerea, Acanthiza 333 cinerea, Calandrella 160 cinerea, Motacilla 336 cinereiventris, Chaetura 29 cinereum, Todirostrum 12 cinereus, Circaetus 237 cinereus, Contopus 12 cinereus, Cuculus 131, 136 cinereus, Pycnopygius 301, 302 cinnamomea, Sporophila 22, 49, 51 cinnamomeus, Anthus 161, 237 Cinnyris cupreus 166, 230, 237 Cinnyris habessinicus 234 Cinnyris johannae 166 Cinnyris jugularis 336 Cinnyris mariquensis 237 Cinnyris nectarinioides 230 Cinnyris pulchellus 234 Cinnyris superbus 166 Cinnyris venustus 237 Circaetus cinereus 237 Circaetus pectoralis 237 Circus aeruginosus 237 Circus approximans 128 Circus buffoni 25 Circus macrourus 237 Circus pygargus 237 cirrocephalus, Accipiter 327 cirrocephalus, Larus 131, 142 Cisticola bodessa 234, 237 Cisticola cantans 234, 237 Cisticola chiniana 237 Cisticola erythrops 235, 237 citrina, Sicalis 46 citrinelloides, Crithagra 232, 233 damans, Baeopogon 162 damans, Spiloptila 157 clamator, Asio 143 Clamator, Bubo 143 Clamator levaillantii 226, 237 clamator, Pseudoscops 10 clamosus, Cuculus 157 clamosus, Francolinus 134 Claravis 188 Claravis pretiosa 10, 19 Clibanornis erythrocephalus 12, 16 climacurus, Caprimulgus 261 clypeata. Spatula 237 Coccyzus americanus 21, 28 Coccyzus erythropthalmus 10 Coccyzus euleri 28 Coccyzus lansbergi 10 cocoi, Ardea 9 coelebs, Fringilla 69-76, 72, 74, 75 coelestis, Forpus 11, 16, 19, 92 Coereba flaveola 14 Colaptes rubiginosus 11 collaris, Hedydipna 237 collaris, Sporophila 21, 47, 49 collaris, Todiramphus 114 Collocalia esculenta 330 Colluricincla megarhyncha 308, 321, 334 collurio, Lanius 237 colma, Formicarius 35 colstoni, Puffinus 223 Columba albitorques 237 Columba arquatrix 226 Columba guinea 237 Columba iriditorques 156 Columba Pampusan 146 columbarius, Falco 11 Columba vitiensis 328 Columba xanthonura 146 Columbiana, Sicalis 46 Columbina buckleyi 10 Columbina cruziana 10, 15 Columbina cyanopis 22 comitata, Muscicapa 164 Compsothraupis loricata 21, 46 concinna, Ducula 312, 329 concolor, Falco 225, 237 concolor, Macrosphenus 163 concretus, Hemicircus 144 concretus, Picus 144 Conothraupis mesoleuca 21, 22, 41, 42, 43^5 Conothraupis speculigera 13, 18, 19, 44 conspicillatus, Pelecanus 327 Contopus cinereus 12 Contopus cooperi 12 Contopus fumigatus 12, 17 Contopus sordidulus 12, 17 Contopus spp. 17 cookii, Pterodroma 270, 272-274 cooperi, Contopus 12 Coracias caudatus 237 Coracias garrulus 237 Coracina 307, 309 Coracina azureus 161 Coracina boyeri 333 Coracina caeruleogrisea 308, 333 Coracina lineata 300, 301, 310, 320, 333 Coracina papuensis 333 Coragyps atratus 9 corallirostris, Trochilus 203 cora, Thaumastura 11 cormoranus, Carbo 138, 139 Cormoranus crassirostris 131, 138, 139 coronulatus, Ptilinopus 312, 329 coruscus, Lamprotornis 61 corvina, Sporophila 14 Corvus albus 237 Corvus edithae 235 Corvus orru 335 Corvus tristis 335 Corydonix variegatus 136 Cossypha albicapillus 229 Cossypha heuglini 229, 237 Cossypha natalensis 226 Cossypha niveicapilla 229, 235, 237 coturnix, Coturnix 237 Coturnix coturnix 237 Coturnix delegorguei 225 Cracticus cassicus 333 Cracticus quoyi 333 Cranioleuca antisiensis 12, 17, 19 crassirostris, Cormoranus 131, 138, 139 Crateroscelis murina 318, 323, 332 Crateroscelis robusta 304, 305, 310, 317, 318, 332 Criniger barbatus 162 Criniger calurus 162 Criniger chloronotus 162 Criniger ndussumensis 162 Scientific Names Index 363 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(1) crispus, Pelecanus 147 cristata, Fulica 237 cristata, Galerida 161 cristata, Goura 328 cristata, Pseudoseisura 46 cristatus, Omorectes 307, 322, 323, 334 cristatus, Oxyruncus 289 cristatus, Pandion 327 Crithagra citrinelloides 233 Crithagra gularis 233 Crithagra hyposticta 232, 233 Crithagra reichardi 233 Crithagra striatipectus 233, 238 Crithagra striolata 234 Crithagra tristriata 234, 238 Crithagra xantholaema 233 croconotus. Icterus 52 Crotophaga sulcirostris 10 cruentata, Myzomela 300, 301, 310, 331 cruentata, Pyrrhura 131, 145 cruentatus, Psittacus 131, 145, 146 cruentus, Rhodospingus 14 cruziana, Columbina 10, 15 cryptoleuca, Peneothello 305, 310, 323, 336 cryptoleucus, Peneothello 298 Cryptospiza reichenovii 168 Crypturellus strigulosus 23 Crypturellus transfasciatus 8, 9 Cuculus canorus 237 Cuculus cinereus 131, 136 Cuculus clamosus 157 Cuculus rufulus 136 Cuculus solitarius 226 cunicularia, Athene 10 cupreoventris, Eriocnemis 207 cupreus, Cinnyris 166, 230, 237 Cursorius somalensis 235 curvirostris, Andropadus 161 curvirostris, Eurillas 161 cuvieri, Talegalla 310,311 cyanea, Platysteira 237 cyanescens, Galbula 80-83, 81 cyanicollis, Tangara 42, 45 cyanocephala, Euphonia 54, 284-291, 285, 287 cyanocephalus, Malurus 331 Cyanocompsa brissonii 43 Cyanocorax mystacalis 13, 15, 18 Cyanograucalus azureus 161 cyanoleuca, Pygochelidon 13 cyanopis, Columbina 22 Cyanoramphus ulietanus 129 Cyanoramphus zealandicus 129 cyanus, Peneothello 310, 323, 324 Cyclarhis gujanensis 13, 19 Cyclopsitta diophthalma 329 Cyclopsitta gulielmitertii 329 Cymbilaimus lineatus 21, 33 Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae 33 Dacelo gaudichaud 331 Dacnis flaviventer 46 dactylatra, Sula 218 damarensis 224 damarensis, Phoeniculus 226, 227, 228, 237 Daphoenositta chrysoptera 300, 301, 334 darnaudii, Trachyphonus 237 daurica, Cecropis 324, 336 decipiens, Streptopelia 156 deckeni, Tockus 227 decoratus, Pterocles 237 delegorguei, Coturnix 225 Delichon urbicum 237 Dendropicos fuscescens 131, 144, 159 Dendropicos gabonensis 159 desmarestii, Carbo 131, 139 desmarestii, Psittaculirostris 329 Devioeca papuana 335 diabolica, Procellaria 147 diabolicus, Procellaria 147 diadema, Catamblyrhynchus 43 diademata, Tricholaema 237 Dicaeum pectorale 336 dichrocephalus, Ploceus 231 dichrous, Pitohui 300, 307-309, 321, 334 Dicrurus adsimilis 167, 235 Dicrurus bracteatus 307, 308, 324, 334 Dicrurus modestus 154, 167 Diomedea chrysostoma 242 diophthalma, Cyclopsitta 329 Diphyllodes magnificus 299, 306, 308, 309, 335 Dives warszewiczi 14 Dolichonyx oryzivorus 21, 54 Dolospingus 44, 45 Dolospingus fringilloides 44 dominica, Motacilla 339 donaldsoni, Caprimulgus 226, 235, 237 dougallii. Sterna 328 Drepanornis albertisi 309, 310, 322, 335 Drymodes beccarii 301, 302 Drymophila caudata 209 Dryobates minor 136 Dryocopus lineatus 11 Dryoscopus gambensis 230 Dryoscopus senegalensis 166 dubius, Pogonornis 131, 144 Ducula bicolor 329 Ducula concinna 312, 329 Ducula pinon 329 Ducula rufigaster 329 Ducula zoeae 329 dumontii, Mino 336 Dyaphorophyia blissetti 165 ecaudatus, Myornis 36 Eclectus roratus 93, 329 Ectopistes migratorius 174-184, 181 edithae, Corvus 235 edolioides, Melaenomis 237 Edolisoma 307, 308 Edolisoma incertum 299, 305, 308, 320, 334 Edolisoma melas 308, 334 Edolisoma montanum 304, 309, 334 Edolisoma schisticeps 308, 320, 334 Edolisoma tenuirostre 320, 334 egregia, Chaetura 21, 29 Egretta caerulea 25 Egretta sacra 327 Egretta thula 9 Elaenia flavogaster 12 elata, Ceratogymna 158 elegans, Melanopareia 12 Eleothreptus anomalus 28 Eleothreptus candicans 28, 261 Emberiza borbonica 338 Emberiza cabanisi 169 episcopus, Thraupis 13, 19 epops, Upupa 237 epulata, Muscicapa 154, 163 Scientific Names Index 364 Bull. B.O.C. 2014 133(4) eques, Myzomela 331 Eremomela icteropygialis 163 Eriocnemis cupreoventris 207 Eriopus simplex 207 erlangeri, Batis 154, 165, 228, 230 erythrocephalus, Clibanornis 12, 16 erythrocephalus, Trachyphonus 237 erythrogaster, Erythropitta 331 erythrogaster, Laniarius 235 erythrogenys, Psittacara 12, 16 Erythropitta erythrogaster 331 erythropleura, Ptiloprora 305, 310, 315, 332 erythrops, Cisticola 235, 237 erythroptera, Ortalis 8, 9 erythropthalmus, Coccyzus 10 Erythrura papuana 302 Erythrura trichroa 304, 325, 336 Esacus magnirostris 328 esculenta, Collocalia 330 Estrilda troglodytes 231 eucosma, Charitospiza 22, 52 Eudynamys orientalis 330 Eugerygone rubra 300, 301, 335 euleri, Coccyzus 28 Euodice griseicapilla 238 Euphonia aureata 286 Euphonia cyanocephala 54, 284-291, 285, 287 Euphonia laniirostris 14, 19 Euphonia saturata 14 Euplectes hordeaceus 235 Eurilias ansorgei 161 Eurillas curvirostris 161 europaeus, Caprimulgus 247 Eurystomus orientalis 331 Euscarthmus meloryphus 12 excubitor, Lanius 237 excubitoroides, Lanius 235, 237 exilis, Laterallus 26 externa, Pterodroma 87, 270, 272-274 exustus, Pterocles 135, 156 Falco ardosiaceus 237 Falco biarmicus 131, 237 FALCO BIARMICUS 145 Falco cherrug 93 Falco columbarius 11 Falco concolor 225, 237 Falco femoralis 11 Falco peregrinus 11 Falco rufigularis 11 Falco rutilans 148 Falco sparverius 11 Falco subbuteo 237 fallax, Bulweria 348 fallax, Glycichaera 307, 332 fanny, Myrtis 11 fasciata, Amadina 169, 238 fasciatus, Campylorhynchus 13, 16, 19 fasciatus, Myiophobus 12 fasciolata, Locustella 325, 336 feae, Pterodroma 270, 271, 272, 273, 274 femoralis, Falco 11 ferdinandi, Cercomacra 22, 34 ferrugineus, Pseudorectes 307-309, 321, 334 flabelliformis, Cacomantis 136 flava, Motacilla 237 flava, Piranga 14, 19 flaveola, Coereba 14 flaveola, Sicalis 13, 21, 46 flavicollis, Macronyx 237 flavida, Apalis 234 flavifrons, Anthoscopus 165 flavifrons, Vireo 345, 346 flavipes, Tringa 10, 131, 141 flavirictus, Meliphaga 318, 332 flaviventer, Dacnis 46 flaviventer, Machaerirhynchus 308, 333 flaviventer, Xanthotis 332 flavogaster, Elaenia 12 flavogrisea, Pachycare 308 flavogriseum, Pachycare 300, 318, 332 flavovirescens, Kempiella 335 floriceps, Anthocephala 203 Formicarius colma 35 Formicivora grisea 33 Formicivora melanogaster 33, 34 Formicivora rufa 33 Forpus coelestis 11, 16, 19, 92 fossii, Caprimulgus 247 Foudia bruante 338 Foudia madagascariensis 338 franciae, Amazilia 203, 206 franciae, Trochilus 203, 206 Francolinus clamosus 134 francsii, Uria 131, 142, 143, 148 Fraseria ocreata 163 fraseri, Myiothlypis 14 frater, Monarcha 308, 334 Fregata ariel 218, 327 Fregata magnificens 9 Fregetta grallaria 87-91, 88, 89, 240, 241, 242, 243-245 Fregetta guttata 240, 241 Fregetta lineata 240 Fregetta maoriana 240, 241, 242, 243, 245 Fregetta sp. 327 Fregetta tropica 240, 242, 243, 244, 245 Fregettornis guttata 241 Fringilla coelebs 69-76, 72, 74, 75 Fringillaria poliopleura 234 Fringillaria tahapisi 235 fringillarius, Agelaioides (badius) 53 fringilloides, Dolospingus 44 frontalis, Sporophila 43 fulgidus, Onychognathus 167 fulgidus, Psittrichas 296, 299, 301, 302 Fulica cristata 237 fuliginosa, Nesofregetta 243 fuligula, Ptyonoprogne 237 fulva, Pluvialis 328 fulvigula, Timeliopsis 300, 301, 332 fumifrons, Poecilotriccus 36 fumigatus, Contopus 12, 17 fumigatus, Melipotes 298, 310, 315, 316, 317 funebris, Laniarius 235, 237 furcatus, Hydrobates 242 Furnarius leucopus 12, 16 fuscata, Pseudeos 329 fuscatus, Onychoprion 218, 348 fuscescens, Catharus 40, 42 fuscescens, Dendropicos 131, 144, 159 fuscescens, Picus 131, 144 fuscicapilla, Zosterops 324, 336 fuscirostris, Talegalla 310, 311 fuscus, Acridotheres 61 gabar, Micronisus 237 gabonensis, Dendropicos 159 Scientific Names Index Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(1) 365 galatea, Tanysiptera 321, 331 Galbula cyanescens 80-83, 81 galbula, Galbula 82 Galbula galbula 82 Galbula jacamar 80 Galbula pastazae 80-82 galbula, Ploceus 238 Galbula ruficauda 82 Galbula tombacea 80-82 Galbula tridactyla 131, 143, 144 Galerida cristata 161 galerita, Cacatua 329 Gallicolumba rufigula 328 gallinago, Gallinago 149 Gallinago gallinago 149 gambensis, Dryoscopus 230 Gampsonyx swainsonii 9 Garritomis isidorei 307, 308, 333 Garrodia 240, 244 Garrodia nereis 87, 242, 243 garrulus, Coracias 237 gaudichaud, Dacelo 331 Gavicalis versicolor 309, 332 gayaquilensis, Campephilus 11 Gennaeodryas placens 309, 323, 324, 336 geoffroyi, Geoffroyus 330 Geoffroyus geoffroyi 330 Geoffroyus simplex 330 Geothlypis aequinoctialis 14, 39 Geranoaetus melanoleucus 10 Geranoaetus polyosoma 10 Geranospiza caerulescens 9 Gerygone 307 Gerygone chloronota 333 Gerygone chrysogaster 308, 333 Gerygone magnirostris 333 Gerygone palpebrosa 299, 308, 333 Gerygone ruficollis 304, 333 gigantea, Megalampitta 294, 298, 322, 335 Glareola pratincola 237 Glaucidium brasilianum 52 Glaucidium jardinii 77 Glaucidium parkeri 77-79, 77, 78 Glaucidium peruanum 10 Glycichaera fallax 307, 332 Goura cristata 328 graceannae. Icterus 14, 15, 19 gracilirostris, Andropadus 162 gracilirostris, StelgidiUas 162 gracilis, Oceanites 242, 243 grallaria, Fregetta 87-91, 88, 89, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245 Grallaria watkinsi 12, 15 Grallina bruijnii 301, 302, 310 Granatina ianthinogaster 234, 238 grayi, Chenorhamphus 315, 331 grisea, Formicivora 33 griseicapilla, Euodice 238 griseicapillus, Sittasomus 12 griseigula, Timeliopsis 308, 316, 332 griseipectus, Lathrotriccus 12, 17 griseisticta, Muscicapa 325, 336 griseoceps, Kempiella 300, 335 griseogularis, Phaetornis 11 griseus, Nyctibius 10 grus, Grus 237 Grus grus 237 gryphus, Vultur 9, 15 gubemator, Lanius 166 guifsobalito, Lybius 237 guilielmi, Paradisaea 293 guinea, Columba 237 guineensis, Melaniparus 105 gujanensis, Cyclarhis 13, 19 gularis, Crithagra 233 gularis, Merops 158 gulielmitertii, Cyclopsitta 329 gurneyi, Aquila 311, 327 guttata, Cichladusa 234, 235, 237 guttata, Fregetta 240, 241 guttata, Fregettornis 241 guttatus, Totanus 131, 141 guttula, Symposiachrus 334 guttula, Symposiarchus 308 Gymnobucco calvus 159 Gymnobucco peli 159 Gymnophaps albertisii 299, 329 gymnops, Melipotes 310, 316 Gymnoris pyrgita 237 Gyps rueppelli 225 habessinicus, Cinnyris 234 haematina, Spermophaga 168 haematodus, Trichoglossus 329 Halcyon malimbica 226 Halcyon senegalensis 237 Halcyon veneratus 124 Haliaeetus leucogaster 309, 327 Haliaeetus vocifer 237 haliaetus, Pandion 9 Haliastur indus 327 Harpyopsis novaeguineae 327 hartlaubi, Horizocerus 158 hartlaubi, Tockus 158 hasitata, Pterodroma 147, 270, 271, 272-274 hattamensis, Pachycephalopsis 301, 303 Hedydipna collaris 237 heinei, Zoothera 300, 301, 310, 336 Heliactin bilophus 30 Heliomaster longirostris 11 Hemicircus concretus 144 Hemiprocne mystacea 330 Hemitriccus minimus 37 hemprichii, Tockus 237 Henicopemis longicauda 327 Henicophaps albifrons 328 Herpetotheres cachinnans 11 Heteromyias albispecularis 300, 304, 306, 310, 323, 336 Heteroscenes pallidus 131, 136 Heterotetrax humilis 225 heuglini, Cossypha 229, 237 Himantopus mexicanus 10 hiogaster, Accipiter 327 Hippolais icterina 237 hirundinaceus, Aerodramus 314, 330 hirundineus, Merops 158 Hirundo borbonica 338 Hirundo megaensis 229 Hirundo rustica 324, 336 Hirundo smithii 237 hirundo. Sterna 328 Hirundo tahitica 324, 336 hispanica, Oenanthe 237 hispaniolensis, Poospiza 13 homochrous, Pachyramphus 13, 17 hordeaceus, Euplectes 235 Scientific Names Index Bull. B.O.C. 2014 133(4) 366 Horizocerus hartlaubi 158 hortensis, Sylvia 229 huetii, Touit 27 humilis, Heterotetrax 225 Hydrobates furcatus 242 Hydrobates leucorhous 147, 242 Hydrobates melania 242 Hydrobates microsoma 242 Hydrobates pelagicus 242 Hydrobates tethys 242 Hydrobates tristrami 242 Hylophilus semicinereus 41 Hypergerus atriceps 163 hyperythra, Pachycephala 321, 334 hyperythra, Rhipidura 308, 335 Hyphantornis personatus 168 Hypochera ultramarina 232 hypochroma, Sporophila 21, 50 Hypocnemis striata 34 hypoleuca, Poecilodryas 323, 324, 336 hypoleuca, Pterodroma 93, 95 hypoleucos, Actitis 328 hypopyrrha, Streptopelia 156 hyposticta, Crithagra 232, 233 hypoxantha, Sporophila 51 Hypsipetes borbonicus 337-340 ianthinogaster, Granatina 234, 238 ibis, Bubulcus 9, 237 ibis, Mycteria 237 Ibis papillosa 131,137 Ibycter americanus 26 icterina, Hippolais 237 icterinus, Phyllastrephus 162 icteropygialis, Eremomela 163 Icterus croconotus 52 Icterus graceannae 14, 15, 19 Icterus jamacaii 52 Icterus mesomelas 14 Ictinia mississippiensis 26 iliolophus, Oedistoma 309, 333 Illadopsis rufescens 154, 165 Illadopsis rufipennis 165 imberi sp. nov., Pterodroma 270, 272-275, 273 incerta, Amalocichla 300, 304, 305, 310, 323, 335 incerta, Pterodroma 271, 273, 274 incertum, Edolisoma 299, 305, 308, 320, 334 incertus, Pseudorectes 307, 308 indicator, Indicator 237 Indicator indicator 237 Indicator minor 237 Indicator variegatus 227 indus, Haliastur 327 inexpectata, Pterodroma 267, 270, 273, 274 Inezia subflava 31, 35 infuscata, Muscicapa 164 inornata, Adelomyia 206, 208 inornata, Amblyornis 294, 298, 314, 321, 331 inornatus, Amblyornis 306 inornatus, Caprimulgus 237 insignis, Aegotheles 301, 310, 314, 330 insignis, Aeotheles 300 insignis, Prodotiscus 159 intergrediens, Adelomyia 208 intermedia, Ardea 237, 327 intermedius, Ploceus 238 iozonus, Ptilinopus 329 Ipophilus obsoletus 160 iriditorques, Columba 156 isabellina, Oenanthe 237 isabellinus, Lanius 237 isidorei, Garritornis 307, 308, 333 Jacamaralcyon tridactyla 131, 143 jacamar, Galbula 80 jacarina, Volatinia 13, 47 jacksoni, Tockus 227 jacucaca, Penelope 24 jamacaii. Icterus 52 jamesi, Tchagra 230, 237 jardinii, Glaucidium 77 javanicus, Acridotheres 61 jobiensis, Talegalla 311 johannae, Cinnyris 166 josefinae, Charmosyna 305, 312, 319, 329 jourdanii, Chaetocercus 203, 206 jubata, Neochen 22 jugabilis, Pterodroma 275 jugularis, Cinnyris 336 keiensis, Micropsitta 330 Kempiella flavovirescens 335 Kempiella griseoceps 300, 335 keraudrenii, Phonygammus 296, 300, 308, 322, 335 kirhocephalus, Pitohui 307-309, 321, 334 klaas, Chrysococcyx 157, 237 Knipolegus nigerrimus 38 Knipolegus orenocensis 21, 37, 38 Knipolegus sclateri 37 kurodai, Pterodroma 275 lafresnayii, Merops 235 Lagonosticta larvata 232 Lagonosticta rhodopareia 231, 238 Lagonosticta rubricata 169 Lagonosticta rufopicta 169, 233 Lagonosticta senegala 169 Lalage atrovirens 333 Laletes osburni 342, 343, 345, 346 lamotti, Scolopax 149 Lampornis viridipallens 203 Lamprotornis bicolor 61 Lamprotornis caudatus 167 Lamprotornis chalcurus 167 Lamprotornis chalybaeus 231 Lamprotornis chloropterus 231, 237 Lamprotornis coruscus 61 Lamprotornis shelleyi 234 Laniarius aethiopicus 167 Laniarius erythrogaster 235 Laniarius funebris 235, 237 laniirostris, Euphonia 14, 19 Lanius 343, 346 Lanius collurio 237 Lanius excubitor 237 Lanius excubitoroides 235, 237 Lanius gubernator 166 Lanius isabellinus 237 lansbergi, Coccyzus 10 Larus atricilla 131, 141 Larus cirrocephalus 131, 142 Larus leucomelas 131, 141 Larus pacificus 131, 141 Larus sabini 148 larvata, Aplopelia 237 larvata, Lagonosticta 232 larvaticola. Vidua 224, 232, 238 larvatus, Oriolus 234, 237 Laterallus exilis 26 Lathrotriccus griseipectus 12, 17 Scientific Names Index Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(1) 367 latinuchus, Atlapetes 209 latirostris, Poecilotriccus 36 leachii, Procellaria 147 Lepidocolaptes souleyetii 12, 19 Leptocoma aspasia 336 Leptotila ochraceiventris 10, 19 Leptotila verreauxi 10, 15 lepturus, Phaethon 191 lessonii, Pterodroma 270, 271, 273, 274 Leucippus baeri 11,15 leucocephalus, Lybius 159 leucogaster, Haliaeetus 309, 327 leucogaster, Sula 327 leucolophus, Caliechthrus 330 leucomelas, Larus 131, 141 leucomelas, Melaniparus 105 leucophrys, Cercotrichas 234, 237 leucophrys, Rhipidura 335 leucophrys, Vireo 13 leucops, Tregellasia 299, 306, 324, 336 leucoptera, Sporophila 49 leucopterus, Atlapetes 14, 18 leucopterus, Chlidonias 237 leucopus, Furnarius 12, 16 leucorhoa, Procellaria 147 leucorhous, Hydrobates 147, 242 leucorodia, Platalea 225, 237 leucorynchus, Artamus 333 leucospila, Rallicula 300, 306, 310-312, 317, 327 leucospodia, Pseudelaenia 12 leucostephes, Melidectes 306, 310, 316, 332 leucothorax, Rhipidura 335 leucotis, Ptilopsis 233, 23 7 leucotis, Tauraco 233 levaillantii, Clamator 226, 237 lherminieri, Puffinus 149 Lichenostomus melanops 111 Lichmera alboauricularis 332 lineata, Coracina 300, 301, 310, 320, 333 lineata, Fregetta 240 lineata, Thalassidroma 245 lineatus, Cymbilaimus 21, 33 lineatus, Dryocopus 11 Locustella fasciolata 325, 336 lomvia, Uria 131, 142, 143 longicauda, Henicopernis 327 longicauda, Melanocharis 309, 310, 319, 320, 333 longicaudatus, Mimus 13, 15, 19 longipennis, Macrodipteryx 261 longirostris, Acrocephalus 129 longirostris. Heliomaster 11 longirostris, Phaetornis 11 longirostris, Pterodroma 87, 270, 272 longirostris, Systellura 278-280, 278, 279 longuemarei, Anthreptes 166 loricata, Compsothraupis 21, 46 Lorius lory 329 lory, Lorius 329 Loxia bourbonnensis 338 luctuosa, Sporophila 14, 18 luctuosus, Sakesphorus 33 Lugensa brevirostris 268, 270, 272 lugens, Streptopelia 237 lugubris, Poeoptera 167 luscinia, Luscinia 237 Luscinia luscinia 237 Lybius guifsobalito 237 Lybius leucocephalus 159 macgillivrayi, Pseudobulweria 95, 217 Machaerirhynchus 307 Machaerirhynchus flaviventer 308, 333 Machaerirhynchus nigripectus 333 Macrodipteryx longipennis 261 Macrodipteryx vexillarius 247 Macronectes 217 Macronyx flavicollis 237 macroptera, Pterodroma 270-272, 273, 274 Macropygia amboinensis 309, 328 Macropygia nigrirostris 328 macrorhina, Melidora 305 macrorhynchus, Carbo 138 macrorrhina, Melidora 323, 331 Macrosphenus concolor 163 macrourus. Circus 237 macrourus, Urotriorchis 155 macrurus, Caprimulgus 296, 330 macularius, Actitis 10, 131, 141 maculata, Adelomyia 206 maculatum, Todirostrum 31, 36 maculatus, Myiodynastes 12 maculipectus, Rhipidura 335 madagascariensis, Foudia 338 madeira, Pterodroma 270, 271, 272-274 magellanica, Sporagra 14, 18 magentae, Pterodroma 267, 270, 272, 273, 274: magnificens, Fregata 9 magnificus, Diphyllodes 299, 306, 308, 309, 335 magnificus, Ptilinopus 328 magnificus, Ptiloris 308, 309, 335 magnirostris, Esacus 328 magnirostris, Gerygone 333 major, Schiffornis 40 Malaconotus blanchoti 167, 237 malimbica, Halcyon 226 Malimbus nitens 168 Malurus alboscapulatus 315, 331 Malurus cyanocephalus 331 manadensis, Symposiachrus 334 manu, Cercomacra 34 Manucodia 308 Manucodia ater 335 Manucodia chalybatus 308, 335 maoriana, Fregetta 240, 241, 242, 243, 245 maracana, Primolius 22 margaritatus, Trachyphonus 159 marina, Pelagodroma 242, 243, 244 mariquensis, Cinnyris 237 matsudairae, Oceanodroma 89 maximiliani, Sporophila 52 maximiliani, Sporophila (Oryzoborus) 51 maximus, Artamus 333 Mearnsia novaeguineae 331 mechowi, Cercococcyx 352, 352-353 Mecocerculus calopterus 12 Megaceryle torquata 11 megaensis, Hirundo 229 Megalampitta gigantea 294, 298, 322, 335 Megapodius reinwardt 327 megarhyncha, Colluricincla 308, 321, 334 megarhyncha, Syma 292 megarhynchus, Melilestes 332 Megarynchus pitangua 12, 17 Megascops roboratus 10 Melaenornis edolioides 237 melancholicus, Tyrannus 12 melania, Hydrobates 242 Scientific Names Index 368 Bull. B.O.C. 2014 133(4) Melaniparus albiventris 99, 105 Melaniparus guineensis 105 Melaniparus leucomelas 105 Melaniparus rufiventris 98-107, 99, 102-105 Melaniparus thruppi 237 melanocephala, Ardea 237 melanocephalus, Ploceus 231 Melanocharis longicauda 309, 310, 319, 320, 333 Melanocharis nigra 333 Melanocharis striativentris 300, 301, 310, 319, 320, 333 melanogaster, Formicivora 33, 34 melanogaster, Sporophila 51 melanogenys, Adelomyia 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 207, 209, 210 melanogenys, Trochilus 200, 201, 202 melanoleuca, Tringa 10 melanoleucos, Microcarbo 327 melanoleucus, Geranoaetus 10 melanoleucus, Seleucidis 335 melanonotus, Psittacus 131, 146 melanonotus, Touit 131, 146 Melanopareia elegans 12 Melanopareia torquata 35 melanophris, Thalassarche 242 melanops, Lichenostomus 111 melanops, Sporophila 21 melanopygius, Totanus 131, 140, 141 Melanorectes nigrescens 307, 308, 320, 321, 334 melanotis, Ailuroedus 300, 331 melanotos, Calidris 131, 140, 141 melanotos, Sarkidiomis 9 melanotos, Totanus 141 melas, Edolisoma 308, 334 melba, Pytilia 168, 238 Melichneutes robustus 159 Melidectes leucostephes 306, 310, 316, 332 Melidectes torquatus 301, 302 Melidora macrorhina 305 Melidora macrorrhina 323, 331 Melierax metabates 155 Melilestes megarhynchus 332 Meliphaga albonotata 318, 332 Meliphaga analoga 318, 332 Meliphaga aruensis 318, 332 Meliphaga flavirictus 318, 332 Meliphaga montana 316, 318, 332 Meliphaga orientalis 310, 317, 318, 332 Melipotes 293 Melipotes ater 310, 316 Melipotes carolae 310, 316 Melipotes fumigatus 298, 310, 315, 316, 317 Melipotes gymnops 310, 316 Melipotes sp. 332 Melocichla mentalis 163 meloda, Zenaida 10 Melopsittacus undulatus 93, 94 meloryphus, Euscarthmus 12 menbeki, Centropus 322, 330 mentalis, Melocichla 163 meridionalis, Buteogallus 148 meridionalis, Chaetura 29 Merops apiaster 237 Merops bulocki 158 Merops gularis 158 Merops hirundineus 158 Merops lafresnayii 235 Merops ornatus 331 Merops persicus 237 Merops pusillus 158 Merops variegatus 158 merulinus, Cacomantis 136 mesoleuca, Conothraupis 21, 22, 41, 42, 43^15 mesomelas. Icterus 14 mesurus, Trogon 11 metabates, Melierax 155 metallica, Aplonis 336 Metallura sabinae 203 mexicanus, Himantopus 10 meyeri 332 meyerianus, Accipiter 311, 327 meyerii, Chalcites 292, 304, 305, 313, 330 meyeri, Pachycephala 293 Micrastur semitorquatus 11 Microcarbo melanoleucos 327 Microdynamis parva 330 Microeca 307 Micronisus gabar 237 Micropsitta bruijnii 293, 304, 330 Micropsitta keiensis 330 micropterus, Atricilla 131, 141 microrhynchus, Bradornis 234 microsoma, Hydrobates 242 micrura, Myrmia 11, 15 migratorius, Ectopistes 174-184, 181 militaris, Sturnella 53, 54 Mimus longicaudatus 13, 15, 19 minimus, Hemitriccus 37 Mino anais 336 Mino dumontii 336 minor, Dryobates 136 minor. Indicator 237 minor, Paradisaea 308, 335 minutilla, Calidris 10, 140 minutilla, Tringa 140 minutillus, Chalcites 330 Mirafra africana 160 Mirafra albicauda 154, 160 Mirafra cantillans 160, 237 Mirafra rufocinnamomea 160 mississippiensis, Ictinia 21, 26 mixtus, Picoides (Veniliornis) 30 modesta, Ardea 296, 327 modesta, Muscicapa 164 modestus, Dicrurus 154, 167 mollis, Pterodroma 267, 270, 272-274 Molothrus bonariensis 14 Molothrus rufoaxillaris 53 moluccana, Amaurornis 328 moluccensis, Cacatua 93 Momotus subrufescens 11 Monachella muelleriana 299, 301, 302, 310 monachus, Centropus 157 Monarcha 307 Monarcha frater 308, 334 montana, Meliphaga 316, 318, 332 montanum, Edolisoma 304, 309, 334 montanus. Passer 325, 336 montanus, Peltops 333 Monticola saxatilis 162 morio, Onychognathus 167 Motaeilla aguimp 161 Motacilla borbonica 338, 340 Motaeilla burbonica 338 Motacilla cinerea 336 Motacilla dominica 339 Scientific Names Index 369 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(1) Motacilla flava 237 muelleriana, Monachella 299, 301, 302, 310 multicolor, Chlorophoneus 167 murina, Crateroscelis 318, 323, 332 murina, Phaeomyias 12 musae, Acrocephalus 129 Muscicapa 346 Muscicapa borbonica 338 Muscicapa bourbonensis 338 Muscicapa caerulescens 163 Muscicapa cassini 163 Muscicapa comitata 164 Muscicapa epulata 154, 163 Muscicapa griseisticta 325, 336 Muscicapa infuscata 164 Muscicapa modesta 164 Muscicapa olivascens 163 Muscicapa striata 234, 237 Muscicapa tessmanni 164 Muscicapa ussheri 154, 164 Muscigralla brevicauda 12 musicus. Bias 164 Mycteria americana 9 Mycteria ibis 237 Myiagra alecto 309, 324, 334 Myiarchus phaeocephalus 13 Myiarchus semirufus 12, 17 Myiarchus tuberculifer 13 Myiodynastes bairdii 12 Myiodynastes maculatus 12 Myiopagis subplacens 12 Myioparus plumbeus 235, 237 Myiophobus fasciatus 12 Myiothlypis fraseri 14 Myornis ecaudatus 36 Myrmia micrura 11, 15 Myrmophylax (Myrmeciza) atrothorax 35 Myrtis fanny 11 mystacalis, Cyanocorax 13, 15, 18 mystacea, Hemiprocne 330 Myzomela adolphinae 302 Myzomela cruentata 300, 301, 310, 331 Myzomela eques 331 Myzomela nigrita 332 Myzomela obscura 331 Myzomela rosenbergii 293, 331 naevia, Tapera 10 nainus, Ptilinopus 329 nanus, Taoniscus 21, 23 natalensis, Caprimulgus 247 natalensis, Cossypha 226 ndussumensis, Criniger 162 nebularia, Tringa 328 Nectarinia tacazze 237 nectarinioides, Cinnyris 230 neglecta, Pterodroma 270, 272-274 Neochen jubata 22 Neocossyphus poensis 162 nereis, Garrodia 87, 242, 243 Nesofregetta 240 Nesofregetta fuliginosa 243 nicolae, Puffinus 221 nigerrimus, Knipolegus 38 nigerrimus, Ploceus 168 niger, Threnetes 203 nigra, Melanocharis 333 nigrescens, Melanorectes 307, 308, 320, 321, 334 nigricans, Sayomis 12 nigricollis, Ploceus 238 nigricollis, Podiceps 225, 237 nigricollis, Sporophila 49 nigripectus, Machaerirhynchus 333 nigripennis, Pterodroma 267, 270, 272, 273, 274 nigrirostris, Macropygia 328 nigrita, Myzomela 332 Nilaus afer 234, 237 Ninox rufa 330 Ninox theomacha 330 nitens, Malimbus 168 nitens, Psalidoprocne 161 nitens, Trochocercus 165 niveicapilla, Cossypha 229, 235, 237 niveigularis, Tyrannus 12, 19 nobilis, Otidiphaps 299, 328 notatus, Bleda 162 Nothoprocta pentlandii 8, 9 nouhuysi, Sericornis 300, 301, 306, 312, 319, 332 novaeguineae, Harpyopsis 327 novaeguineae, Mearnsia 331 novaeguineae, Toxorhamphus 333 novaeguineae, Zosterops 300, 301, 306, 310, 324, 336 novaehollandiae, Recurvirostra 148 novaehollandiae, Scythrops 330 nubica, Campethera 235 Nyctanassa violacea 131, 138 Nyctibius griseus 10 Nycticorax caledonicus 327 nycticorax, Nycticorax 9 Nycticorax nycticorax 9 Nycticorax oceanicus 131, 138 Nyctidromus albicollis 11 Nyctidromus anthonyi 11, 19 nympha, Tanysiptera 331 Nystactes tamatia 30 obrieni, Celeus 21, 22, 31, 32 obscura, Caligavis 301, 302 obscura, Myzomela 331 obsoletum, Camptostoma 12 obsoletus, Ipophilus 160 obsoletus, Picoides 160 occidentalis, Pseudastur 19 oceanicus, Nycticorax 131, 138 oceanicus, Oceanites 242, 243 Oceanites 244 Oceanites gracilis 242, 243 Oceanites oceanicus 242, 243 Oceanites pincoyae 240 Oceanites sp. 327 Oceanodroma matsudairae 89 ocellatus, Podargus 330 ochraceiventris, Leptotila 10, 19 ochrogaster, Penelope 21, 22, 23 ochropus, Tringa 237 ocreata, Fraseria 163 ocularis, Ploceus 235 Oedistoma iliolophus 309, 333 Oedistoma pygmaeum 333 Oenanthe hispanica 237 Oenanthe isabellina 237 Oenanthe pleschanka 237 olivacea, Bostrychia 154, 155 olivacea, Piranga 14 olivaceus, Vireo 13 olivascens, Muscicapa 163 Onychognathus fulgidus 167 Scientific Names Index 370 Bull. B.O.C. 2014 133(4) Onychognathus morio 167 Onychognathus salvadorii 237 Onychognathus tenuirostris 235 Onychoprion anaethetus 328 Onychoprion fuscatus 218, 348 oreas, Picathartes 165 orenocensis, Knipolegus 21, 37, 38 Oreopholus ruficollis 10 orientalis, Anthreptes 234, 237 orientalis, Batis 164, 228, 230 orientalis, Eudynamys 330 orientalis, Eurystomus 331 orientalis, Meliphaga 310, 317, 318, 332 Oriolus larvatus 234, 237 Oriolus szalayi 334 ornatus, Merops 331 ornatus, PHlinopus 299, 305, 307, 312, 319, 328 Ornorectes cristatus 307, 322-334 orru, Corvus 335 Ortalis erythroptera 8, 9 oryzivorus, Dolichonyx 21, 54 Oryzoborus 44 osburni, Laletes 342, 343, 345, 346 osburni, Vireo 342-347, 344 Otidiphaps nobilis 299, 328 otus, Asio 237 Otus senegalensis 157, 237 ovampensis, Accipiter 225, 237 Oxyruncus cristatus 289 Pachycare flavogrisea 308 Pachycare flavogriseum 300,318,332 Pachycepbala 307, 321 Pachycephala hyperythra 321, 334 Pachycephala meyeri 293 Pachycephala schlegelii 308, 310, 321, 334 Pachycephala simplex 308, 334 Pachycephala soror 298, 308-310, 321, 334 Pachycephalopsis 302 Pachycephalopsis hattamensis 301, 303 Pachyramphus albogriseus 13 Pachyramphus homochrous 13, 17 Pachyramphus spodiurus 13, 17 padficus, Earns 131, 141 pallidus. Heteroscenes 131, 136 palpebrosa, Gerygone 299, 308, 333 palustris, Acrocephalus 237 palustris, Sporophila 22, 49-51 Pampusan, Columba 146 Pandion cristatus 327 Pandion haliaetus 9 Panyptila cayennensis 11, 29 papa, Sarcoramphus 9, 15 papillosa, Ibis 131, 137 papillosa, Pseudibis 131, 137 papuana, Devioeca 335 papuana, Erythrura 302 papuensis, Chaetorhynchus 307, 309, 335 papuensis, Coracina 333 papuensis, Podargus 330 Parabuteo unicinctus 10 Paradigalla 300, 310 Paradigalla sp. 301, 322, 335 Paradisaea guilielmi 293 Paradisaea minor 308, 335 paradisaea. Vidua 238 parkeri, Glaucidium 77-79, 77, 78 parva, Microdynamis 330 Passer montanus 325, 336 pastazae, Galbula 80, 81, 82 Pealea 240 pectorale, Dicaeum 336 pectoralis, Caprimulgus 247 pectoralis, Ceblepyris 237 pectoralis, Circaetus 237 pelagica, Chaetura 11 pelagicus, Hydrobates 242 Pelagodroma 244 Pelagodroma marina 242, 243, 244 Pelecanus conspicillatus 327 Pelecanus crispus 147 peli, Gymnobucco 159 pelios, Turdus 237 peli, Scotopelia 157 Peltops blainvillii 333 Peltops montanus 333 pelzelni, Ploceus 167 Penelope jacucaca 24 Penelope ochrogaster 21-23 Penelope pileata 24, 31 Penelope superciliaris 24 Peneothello bimaculata 301-303, 324 Peneothello cryptoleuca 305, 310, 323, 336 Peneothello cryptoleucus 298 Peneothello cyanus 310, 323, 324 pentlandii, Nothoprocta 8, 9 peregrinus, Falco 11 Peristera 188 perkeo, Batis 237 perlatus, Ptilinopus 328 persicus, Merops 237 persicus, Puffinus 348 personatus, Hyphantornis 168 perspicillata, Pulsatrix 10 perspicillatus, Sericornis 319 peruanum, Glaucidium 10 peruviana, Sporophila 13 Petaurus breviceps 314 Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 40 Petrochelidon rufocollaris 13 Phacellodomus ruber 33 phaeocephalus, Myiarchus 13 Phaeomyias murina 12 phaeopygia, Pterodroma 242 Phaethon aethereus 191 Phaethon lepturus 191 Phaethon rubricauda 190-192, 190, 191 Phaetornis griseogularis 11 Phaetornis longirostris 1 1 Phalacrocorax aristotelis 131, 139 Phalacrocorax brasilianus 9 Phalacrocorax carho 131, 138, 139 Phalacrocorax sulcirostris 327 pharetra, Setophaga 345 pharetra, Sylvicola 345 phasianinus, Centropus 135 Phedina borbonica 338 Pheucticus chrysogaster 14 Pheugopedius sclateri 13, 18 Philemon buceroides 309, 332 phoenicoptera, Pytilia 168 Phoeniculus castaneiceps 158 Phoeniculus damarensis 226, 227, 228, 237 Phoeniculus purpureus 226, 227 Phoeniculus somaliensis 227 phoenicurus, Phoenicurus 229 Phoenicurus phoenicurus 229 Scientific Names Index 371 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(1) Phonygammus 308 Phonygammus keraudrenii 296, 300, 308, 322, 335 Phrygilus alaudinus 13 Phrygilus plebejus 13 Phyllastrephus baumanni 162 Phyllastrephus icterinus 162 Phyllastrephus strepitans 237 Phylloscopus 307 Phylloscopus poliocephalus 304, 308, 309, 336 Phytotoma raimondii 13 Piaya cayana 10 Picathartes oreas 165 Picoides obsoletus 160 Picoides (Veniliomis) mixtus 30 picta, Pyrrhura 27 Piculus rubiginosus 19 Picumnus sclateri 11, 15, 19 Picus concretus 144 Picus fuscescens 131, 144 pileata, Penelope 24, 31 pileata, Sporophila 47, 48 pincoyae, Oceanites 240 pinon, Ducula 329 Piranga flava 14, 19 Piranga olivacea 14 Piranga rubra 14 pitangua, Megarynchus 12, 17 Pitangus sulphuratus 17 pitiayumi, Setophaga 14 Pitohui dichrous 300, 307-309, 321, 334 Pitohui kirhocephalus 307-309, 321, 322, 334 Pitta sordida 331 placens, Gennaeodryas 309, 323, 324, 336 placentis, Charmosyna 329 Platalea alba 225 Platalea leucorodia 225, 237 Platysteira cyanea 237 plebejus, Phrygilus 13 plebejus, Turdoides 235 pleschanka, Oenanthe 237 plicatus, Rhyticeros 331 Plocepasser superciliosus 167 Ploceus baglafecht 234, 237 Ploceus dichrocephalus 231 Ploceus galbula 238 Ploceus intermedius 238 Ploceus melanocephalus 231 Ploceus nigerrimus 168 Ploceus nigricollis 238 Ploceus ocularis 235 Ploceus pelzelni 167 Ploceus tricolor 168 Ploceus vitellinus 234 plumatus, Prionops 235 plumbea, Polioptila 13 plumbea, Sporophila 47, 49, 50 plumbeus, Myioparus 235, 237 Pluvialis fulva 328 Podargus ocellatus 330 Podargus papuensis 330 Podiceps nigricollis 225, 237 Podiceps Rolland 135 podobe, Cercotrichas 162 Poecilodryas hypoleuca 323, 324, 336 poecilostema, Calendulauda 229, 233 Poecilotriccus fumifrons 36 Poecilotriccus latirostris 36 poensis, Neocossyphus 162 Poeoptera lugubris 167 Pogonia sulcirostris 131, 144 Pogoniulus chrysoconus 159, 235, 237 Pogoniulus subsulphureus 159 Pogonomis dubius 131, 144 Poicephalus rufiventris 237 Polemaetus bellicosus 237 Polihierax semitorquatus 237 poliocephalus, Accipiter 327 poliocephalus, Phylloscopus 304, 308, 309, 336 poliopleura, Fringillaria 234 poliopterus, Toxorhamphus 292 Polioptila plumbea 13 Polophilus variegatus 135, 136 Polyboroides typus 155 polygrammus, Xanthotis 300, 301, 310, 332 polyosoma, Geranoaetus 10 Poospiza hispaniolensis 13 pratincola, Glareola 237 pretiosa, Claravis 10, 19 Primolius auricollis 26 Primolius maracana 22 Prinia rufifrons 237 Prinia somalica 234 Prinia subflava 234, 235, 237 Prionops plumatus 235 Probosciger aterrimus 329 Procellaria bailloni 149 Procellaria baroli 149 Procellaria diabolica 147 Procellaria diabolicus 147 Procellaria leachii 147 Procellaria leucorhoa 147 Procnias albus 289 Prodotiscus insignis 159 Progne chalybea 13 Progne subis 22 Progne tapera 13 Prosopeia (tabuensis) tabuensis 128 Psalidoprocne nitens 161 psaltria, Astragalinus 14 Pseudastur occidentalis 19 Pseudelaenia leucospodia 12 Pseudeos fuscata 329 Pseudibis papillosa 131, 137 Pseudobulweria aterrima 95, 270, 272 Pseudobulweria becki 95 Pseudobulweria macgillivrayi 95, 217 Pseudocolypteryx acutipennis 39 Pseudocolypteryx sp. 39 Pseudorectes ferrugineus 307-309, 321, 334 Pseudorectes incertus 307, 308 Pseudoscops clamator 10 Pseudoseisura cristata 46 Psilopogon armillaris 144 Psittacara erythrogenys 12, 16 Psittaculirostris desmarestii 329 Psittacus cruentatus 131, 145, 146 Psittacus melanonotus 131, 146 Psittrichas fulgidus 296, 299, 301, 302 Ptemistis capensis 134 Ptemistis squamatus 156 Pterocles decoratus 237 Pterocles exustus 135, 156 Pterodroma 87, 243 Pterodroma alba 270, 271, 272-274 Pterodroma arminjoniana 270, 273, 274 Pterodroma axillaris 270, 272, 273, 274 Scientific Names Index Bull. B.O.C. 2014 133(4) 372 Pterodroma cahow 270, 271, 272-274 Pterodroma cervicalis 270, 272-274 Pterodroma cookii 270, 272-274 Pterodroma externa 87, 270, 272-274 Pterodroma feae 270, 271, 272, 273, 274 Pterodroma hasitata 147, 270, 271, 272-274 Pterodroma hypoleuca 93, 95 Pterodroma imberi sp. nov. 270, 272-275, 273 Pterodroma incerta 271, 273, 274 Pterodroma inexpectata 267, 270, 273, 274 Pterodroma jugabilis 275 Pterodroma kurodai 275 Pterodroma lessonii 270, 271, 273, 274 Pterodroma longirostris 87, 270, 272 Pterodroma macroptera 270-272, 273, 274 Pterodroma madeira 270, 271, 272-274 Pterodroma magentae 267, 270, 272, 273, 274 Pterodroma mollis 267, 270, 272-274 Pterodroma neglecta 270, 272-274 Pterodroma nigripennis 267, 270, 272, 273, 274 Pterodroma phaeopygia 242 Pterodroma sandwichensis 270, 271, 273, 274 Pterodroma solandri 95, 270, 273, 274 Pterodroma sp. 267 Pterodroma ultima 267, 270, 272-274 Pteruthius 345 Ptilinopus 309 Ptilinopus aurantiifrons 328 Ptilinopus bellus 292, 304, 329 Ptilinopus coronulatus 312, 329 Ptilinopus iozonus 329 Ptilinopus magnificus 328 Ptilinopus nainus 329 Ptilinopus ornatus 299, 305, 307, 312, 319, 328 Ptilinopus perlatus 328 Ptilinopus pulchellus 329 Ptilinopus (purpuratus) chrysogaster 129 Ptilinopus superbus 329 Ptilinopus viridis 312, 329 Ptiloprora erythropleura 305, 310, 315, 332 Ptilopsis leucotis 233, 237 Ptiloris magnificus 308, 309, 335 Ptilorrhoa caerulescens 320, 333 Ptilorrhoa castanonota 310, 317, 320, 333 Ptyonoprogne fuligula 237 Puffinus 223, 243 Puffinus assimilis 221 Puffinus bailloni 149, 216, 218, 220, 221, 223 Puffinus colstoni 223 Puffinus lherminieri 149 Puffinus nicolae 221 Puffinus persicus 348 Puffinus (persicus) temptator 216-223, 218-220 puffinus, Puffinus 242 Puffinus puffinus 242 Puffinus yelkouan 218 pulchella, Charmosyna 329 pulchellus, Cinnyris 234 pulchellus, Ptilinopus 329 pulchellus, Vireolanius 345 pullarius, Agapomis 156 Pulsatrix perspicillata 10 purpurascens. Vidua 224, 231, 232, 238 purpuratus, Trachylaemus 159 purpuratus, Trachyphonus 159 purpureus, Phoeniculus 226, 227 pusilla, Zapomia 131 pusillus, Ceyx 331 pusillus, Merops 158 pusillus, Totanus 131, 141 Pycnopygius cinereus 301, 302 Pycnopygius stictocephalus 332 pygargus, Circus 237 pygmaeum, Oedistoma 333 Pygochelidon cyanoleuca 13 Pygoscelis adeliae 131, 137 pyrgita, Gymnoris 237 Pyrocephalus rubinus 12 pyrrhogaster, Chloropicus 160 pyrrhogaster, Thripias 160 pyrrhonota, Petrochelidon 40 pyrrhoptera, Brotogeris 11 Pyrrhura amazonum 27 Pyrrhura cruentata 131, 145 Pyrrhura picta 27 Pyrrhura snethlageae 27 Pytilia melba 168, 238 Pytilia phoenicoptera 168 quadribrachys, Alcedo 158 quelea, Quelea 168, 238 Quelea quelea 168, 238 quoyi, Cracticus 333 radjah, Tadorna 327 raimondii, Phytotoma 13 Rallicula leucospila 300, 306, 310-312, 327, 327 ralloides, Ardeola 237 Rallus bailloni 131 Rallus Bailloni 136 rara, Bostrychia 155 Recurvirostra novaehollandiae 148 Recurvirostra rubricollis 148 reevei, Turdus 13 regius, Cicinnurus 335 reichardi, Crithagra 233 reichardi, Serinus 233 reichenovii, Cryptospiza 168 reinwardtii, Turdoides 165 reinwardti, Reinwardtoena 328 reinwardt, Megapodius 327 Reinwardtoena reinwardti 328 Rhinopomastus aterrimus 237 Rhinopomastus castaneiceps 158 Rhipidura 307, 309 Rhipidura albolimbata 304, 305, 308, 309, 335 Rhipidura atra 308, 335 Rhipidura hyperythra 308, 335 Rhipidura leucophrys 335 Rhipidura leucothorax 335 Rhipidura maculipectus 335 Rhipidura rufidorsa 308, 335 Rhipidura rufiventris 308, 335 Rhipidura threnothorax 320, 335 rhodopareia, Lagonosticta 231, 238 Rhodospingus cruentus 14 Rhynchothraupis 44 Rhynchotus rufescens 146 Rhyticeros plicatus 331 richardi, Anthus 154, 161 riparia, Riparia 237 Riparia riparia 237 roboratus. Megascops 10 robusta, Crateroscelis 304, 305, 310, 317, 318, 332 robustus, Melichneutes 159 Rollandia rolland 135 Rolland, Podiceps 135 rolland, Rollandia 135 Scientific Names Index 373 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(1) roratus, Eclectus 93, 329 rosae, Trochilus 203, 205, 206 rosenbergii, Myzomela 293, 331 roseogrisea, Streptopelia 156 ruber, Phacellodomus 33 rubiensis, Symposiachrus 334 rubiginosus, Colaptes 11 rubiginosus, Piculus 19 rubinus, Pyrocephalus 12 rubra, Eugerygone 300, 301, 335 rubra, Piranga 14 rubricata, Lagonosticta 169 rubricauda, Phaethon 190-192, 190, 191 rubriceps, Anaplectes 168, 238 rubricollis, Recurvirostra 148 rubronotata, Charmosyna 329 rueppelli. Gyps 225 rufa, Formicivora 33 rufa, Ninox 330 rufescens, Calandrella 154, 160 rufescens, Illadopsis 154, 165 rufescens, Rhynchotus 146 rufescens, Sericornis 306, 308, 310, 319, 333 rufescens, Tinamus 146 ruficauda, Galbula 82 ruficollis, Calidris 328 ruficollis, Chalcites 300, 301, 313, 330 ruficollis, Gerygone 304, 333 ruficollis, Oreopholus 10 ruficollis, Sporophila 50 ruficollis, Stelgidopteryx 13 ruficollis, Syndactyla 12, 19 rufidorsa, Rhipidura 308, 335 rufifrons, Prinia 237 rufigaster, Ducula 329 rufigena, Caprimulgus 247-266, 255 rufigula, Gallicolumba 328 rufigularis, Falco 11 rufinucha, Aleadryas 334 rufipennis, Illadopsis 165 rufiventris, Melaniparus 98-107, 99, 101-105 rufiventris, Poicephalus 237 rufiventris, Rhipidura 308, 335 rufoaxillaris, Molothrus 53 rufocinnamomea, Mirafra 160 rufocollaris, Petrochelidon 13 rufopicta, Lagonosticta 169, 233 rufulus, Cuculus 136 rupestris, Chordeiles 29 rustica, Hirundo 324, 336 rutila, Amazilia 203 rutilans, Falco 148 Rynchospiza stolzmanni 14 sabina, Adelomyia 204 sabinae, Metallura 203 sabinae, Trochilus 195, 200, 203, 204 sabirti, Larus 148 sabini, Xema 148 sacra, Alcedo 109,114,115 sacra, Egretta 327 Sakesphorus luctuosus 33 Salpomis salvadori 235 Saltator striatipectus 14 salvadorii, Onychognathus 237 Salvadorina waigiuensis 301, 302 salvadori, Salpomis 235 salvini, Tumbezia 12 sanctaemariae, Cymbilaimus 33 sanctus, Todiramphus 109, 114, 128, 331 sandwichensis, Pterodroma 270, 271, 273, 274 sanlucasensis subsp. nov., Basileuterus tristriatus 84 Sappho sparganurus 204 Sarcoramphus papa 9, 15 Sarkidiornis melanotos 9 Sasia africana 159 saturata, Euphonia 14 saxatilis, Monticola 162 Sayornis nigricans 12 Scardafella 189 Schiffornis major 40 schisticeps, Edolisoma 308, 320, 334 schlegelii, Pachycephala 308, 310, 321, 334 sclateri, Knipolegus 37 sclateri, Pheugopedius 13, 18 sclateri, Picumnus 11, 15, 19 Scolopax lamotti 149 Scopus umbretta 237 Scotopelia bouvieri 157 Scotopelia peli 157 Scotopelia ussheri 157 Scythrops novaehollandiae 330 seebohmi, Atlapetes 14, 18 Seleucidis melanoleucus 335 semicinereus, Hylophilus 41 semirufus, Myiarchus 12, 17 semitorquatus, Micrastur 11 semitorquatus, Polihierax 237 senegala, Lagonosticta 169 senegalensis, Burhinus 225 senegalensis, Chalcomitra 166, 234, 237 senegalensis, Dryoscopus 166 senegalensis. Halcyon 237 senegalensis, Otus 157, 237 senegalensis, Zosterops 230, 237 senegalus, Tchagra 235 Sericornis 307, 309 Sericornis arfakianus 300, 301, 310, 319, 333 Sericornis beccarii 306, 308-310, 318, 319, 332 Sericornis nouhuysi 300, 301, 306, 312, 319, 332 Sericornis perspicillatus 319 Sericornis rufescens 306, 308, 310, 319, 333 Sericornis spilodera 299, 309, 318, 332 Sericornis virgatus 309, 319 Sericulus 302 Sericulus aureus 296, 299, 301, 331 Serinus reichardi 233 Setophaga pharetra 345 Setophaga pitiayumi 14 shelleyi, Lamprotornis 234 sibilatrix, Ardea 131, 137 sibilatrix, Syrigma 21, 25, 131, 137 Sicalis citrina 46 Sicalis Columbiana 46 Sicalis flaveola 13, 21, 46 Sicalis taczanowskii 13 siemiradzkii, Sporagra 14, 18 simoni, Synallaxis 32, 33 simplex, Adelomya 207 simplex, Adelomyia 195, 200, 205, 207, 210 simplex, Eriopus 207 simplex, Geoffroyus 330 simplex, Pachycephala 308, 334 simplex, Sporophila 14 Sipodotus wallacii 331 Sirystes albocinereus 209 Scientific Names Index 374 Bull. B.O.C. 2014 133(4) Sittasomus griseicapillus 12 smithii, Hirundo 237 snethlageae, Pyrrhura 27 solandri, Pterodroma 95, 270, 273, 274 solitarius, Buteogallus 10 solitarius, Ceyx 331 solitarius, Cuculus 226 somalensis, Cursorius 235 somalica, Prinia 234 somaliensis, Phoeniculus 227 sordida. Pitta 331 sordidulus, Contopus 12, 17 soror, Pachycephala 298, 308-310, 321, 334 souleyetii, Lepidocolaptes 12, 19 sparganurus, Sappho 204 sparsa. Anas 237 sparverius, Falco 11 Spatula clypeata 23 7 speculigera, Conothraupis 13, 18, 19, 44 Speculipastor bicolor 231 Spermophaga haematina 168 spilodera, Sericornis 299, 309, 318, 332 Spiloptila damans 157 spinicaudus, Chaetura 29 spinosus, Vanellus 237 Spizaetus africanus 155 spodiurus, Pachyramphus 13, 17 Sporagra magellanica 14, 18 Sporagra siemiradzkii 14, 18 Sporophila 43, 44 Sporophila americana 47 Sporophila angolensis 52 Sporophila bouvreuil 47-49 Sporophila caerulescens 49 Sporophila castaneiventris 47 Sporophila cinnamomea 22, 49, 51 Sporophila collaris 21, 47, 49 Sporophila corvina 14 Sporophila frontalis 43 Sporophila hypochroma 21, 50 Sporophila hypoxantha 51 Sporophila leucoptera 49 Sporophila luctuosa 14, 18 Sporophila maximiliani 52 Sporophila melanogaster 51 Sporophila melanops 21 Sporophila nigricollis 49 Sporophila (Oryzoborus) maximiliani 51 Sporophila palustris 22, 49-51 Sporophila peruviana 13 Sporophila pileata 47, 48 Sporophila plumbea 47, 49, 50 Sporophila ruficollis 50 Sporophila simplex 14 Sporophila telasco 14 sp., Talegalla 311 squamatus, Pternistis 156 Stelgidillas gracilirostris 162 Stelgidopteryx ruficollis 13 stephani, Chalcophaps 328 Stercorarius antarcticus 190 Sterna affinis 142 Sterna bengalensis 142 Sterna dougallii 328 Sterna hirundo 328 Sterna sumatrana 218, 328 Sternula albifrons 328 stictocephalus, Pycnopygius 332 stictothorax, Synallaxis 12 stolidus, Anous 218, 348 stolzmanni, Rynchospiza 14 stolzmanni, Tachycineta 13 strepitans, Phyllastrephus 237 Streptopelia capicola 235 Streptopelia decipiens 156 Streptopelia hypopyrrha 156 Streptopelia lugens 237 Streptopelia roseogrisea 156 Streptoprocne zonaris 11 stresemanni, Zavattariornis 231, 237 striata, Butorides 9, 327 striata, Hypocnemis 34 striata, Muscicapa 234, 237 striatipectus, Crithagra 233, 238 striatipectus, Saltator 14 striativentris, Melanocharis 300, 301, 319, 320, 333 strigulosus, Crypturellus 23 striolata, Crithagra 234 Sturnella bellicosa 14 Sturnella militaris 53, 54 Sturnella superciliaris 21, 53, 54 Sturnus vulgaris 61, 185 subbuteo, Falco 237 subcristata, Aviceda 327 subflava, Inezia 31, 35 subflava, Prinia 234, 235, 237 subis, Progne 22 subplacens, Myiopagis 12 subrufescens, Momotus 11 subsulphureus, Pogoniulus 159 Suiriri affinis 35 suiriri, Suiriri 35 Suiriri suiriri 35 Sula dactylatra 218 Sula leucogaster 327 sulcirostris, Crotophaga 10 sulcirostris, Phalacrocorax 327 sulcirostris, Pogonia 131, 144 sulfureopectus, Chlorophoneus 237 sulphuratus, Pitangus 17 sulphurescens, Tolmomyias 12 sumatrana, Ardea 327 sumatrana. Sterna 218, 328 superbus, Cinnyris 166 superbus, Ptilinopus 329 superciliaris, Burhinus 10 superciliaris, Cantorchilus 13, 18 superciliaris, Penelope 24 superciliaris, Sturnella 21, 53, 54 superciliosa. Anas 311, 327 superciliosus, Centropus 237 superciliosus, Plocepasser 167 swainsonii, Gampsonyx 9 Sylvia boehmi 237 Sylvia borbonica 338 Sylvia hortensis 229 Sylvicola pharetra 345 Sylvietta brachyura 234 Sylvietta whytii 234, 237 Syma megarhyncha 292 Syma torotoro 331 Symposiachrus axillaris 304, 308, 324, 334 Symposiachrus guttula 308, 334 Symposiachrus manadensis 334 Symposiachrus rubiensis 334 Symposiarchus 307 Scientific Names Index 375 Bull. B.O.C. 2015 135(1) Synallaxis albilora 32 Synallaxis simoni 32, 33 Synallaxis stictothorax 12 Synallaxis tithys 12 Syndactyla ruficollis 12, 19 Syrigma sibilatrix 21, 25, 131, 137 Systellura longirostris 278-280, 278, 279 szalayi, Oriolus 334 tabuensis, Prosopeia (tabuensis) 128 tacazze, Nectarinia 237 tachiro, Accipiter 237 Tachybaptus tricolor 311, 327 Tachycineta stolzmanni 13 taczanowskii, Sicalis 13 Tadorna radjah 327 tahapisi, Fringillaria 235 tahitica, Hirundo 324, 336 Talegalla cuvieri 310,311 Talegalla fuscirostris 310, 311 Talegalla jobiensis 311 Talegalla sp. 311, 327 tamatia, Nystactes 30 Tangara cyanicollis 42, 45 Tanysiptera galatea 321, 331 Tanysiptera nympha 331 Taoniscus nanus 21, 23 Tapera naevia 10 tapera, Progne 13 Tauraco leucotis 233 Tchagra jamesi 230, 237 Tchagra senegalus 235 telasco, Sporophila 14 telescopthalmus. Arses 308, 334 temptator, Puffinus (persicus) 216-223, 218-220 tenebricosa, Tyto 330 tenuirostre, Edolisoma 320, 334 tenuirostris, Onychognathus 235 tephronotus, Turdus 237 Terpsiphone bourbonnensis 338 tessmanni, Muscicapa 164 tethys, Hydrobates 242 Thalassarche melanophris 242 Thalasseus bengalensis 142 Thalasseus bergii 328 Thalassidroma 240 Thalassidroma lineata 245 Thamnophilus 345 Thamnophilus bernardi 12, 19 Thamnophilus zarumae 19 Thaumastura cora 11 theomacha, Ninox 330 Thraupis episcopus 13, 19 Threnetes niger 203 threnothorax, Rhipidura 320, 335 Thripias pyrrhogaster 160 Thripias xantholophus 160 thruppi, Melaniparus 237 thula, Egretta 9 Timeliopsis fulvigula 300, 301, 332 Timeliopsis griseigula 308, 316, 332 Tinamus rufescens 146 tithys, Synallaxis 12 Tockus deckeni 227 Tockus hartlaubi 158 Tockus hemprichii 237 Tockus jacksoni 227 Todiramphus chloris 110, 128, 331 Todiramphus collaris 114 Todiramphus sanctus 109, 114, 128, 331 Todiramphus tutus 108-120, 112, 113, 121-130 Todiramphus veneratus 108, 112, 121, 128 Todirostrum cinereum 12 Todirostrum maculatum 31, 36 Tolmomyias sulphurescens 12 tombacea, Galbula 80-82 torotoro, Syma 331 torquata, Megaceryle 11 torquata, Melanopareia 35 torquatus, Celeus 31, 32 torquatus, Melidectes 301, 302 Totanus guttatus 131, 141 Totanus melanopygius 131, 140, 141 Totanus melanotos 141 Totanus pusillus 131, 141 Touit huetii 27 Touit melanonotus 131, 146 Toxorhamphus novaeguineae 333 Toxorhamphus poliopterus 292 Trachylaemus purpuratus 159 Trachyphonus damaudii 237 Trachyphonus erythrocephalus 237 Trachyphonus margaritatus 159 Trachyphonus purpuratus 159 transfasciatus, Crypturellus 8, 9 Tregellasia leucops 299, 306, 324, 336 Treron calvus 156 Treron waalia 237 Trichoglossus haematodus 329 Tricholaema diademata 237 trichroa, Erythrura 304, 325, 336 tricollaris, Charadrius 237 tricolor, Alectrurus 22 tricolor, Ploceus 168 tricolor, Tachybaptus 311, 327 tridactyla, Galbula 131, 143, 144 tridactyla, Jacamaralcyon 131, 143 trifasciatus, Basileuterus 14 Tringa flavipes 10, 131, 141 Tringa melanoleuca 10 Tringa minutilla 140 Tringa nebularia 328 Tringa ochropus 237 Tringa sp. 328 tristis, Acridotheres 61-68, 185-187 tristis, Corvus 335 tristrami, Hydrobates 242 tristriata, Crithagra 234, 238 tristriatus, Basileuterus 84^86 trivialis, Anthus 234, 237 trochilirostris, Campylorhamphus 12 Trochilus antoniae 203 Trochilus corallirostris 203 Trochilus franciae 203, 206 Trochilus melanogenys 200, 201, 202 Trochilus rosae 203, 205, 206 Trochilus sabinae 195, 200, 203, 204 Trochilus viridipallens 203 Trochocercus nitens 165 Troglodytes aedon 13 troglodytes, Estrilda 231 Trogon mesurus 11 tropica, Fregatta 242 tropica, Fregetta 240, 243-245 tuberculifer, Myiarchus 13 Tumbezia salvini 12 Turdoides plebejus 235 Scientific Names Index 376 Bull. B.O.C. 2014 133(4) Turdoides reinwardtii 165 Turdus borbonicus 338 Turdus pelios 237 Turdus reevei 13 Turdus tephronotus 237 Turtur afer 156, 235 Turtur chalcospilos 237 tuta, Alcedo 108, 109 tutus, Todiramphus 108-120, 112, 113, 121-130 typus, Polyboroides 155 Tyrannus melancholicus 12 Tyrannus niveigularis 12, 19 Tytoalba 10,237 Tyto tenebricosa 330 ulietanus, Cyanoramphus 129 ultima, Pterodroma 267, 270, 272-274 ultracervinus, Adelomyia 208 ultramarina, Hypochera 232 umbretta, Scopus 237 undulatus, Melopsittacus 93, 94 undulatus, Zebrilus 25 unicinctus, Parabuteo 10 Upupa epops 237 Uraeginthus bengalus 169, 234, 238 urbicum, Delichon 237 Uria francsii 131, 142, 143, 148 Uria lomvia 131, 142, 143 Urotriorchis macrourus 155 urubitinga, Buteogallus 9 ussheri, Muscicapa 154, 164 ussheri, Scotopelia 157 ustulatus, Catharus 13 Vanellus spinosus 237 vanikorensis, Aerodramus 314, 330 variegatus, Corydonix 136 variegatus, Indicator 227 variegatus, Merops 158 variegatus, Polophilus 135, 136 variolosus, Cacomantis 330 venerata, Alcedo 108,109,114 veneratus. Halcyon 124 veneratus, Todiramphus 108, 112, 121, 128 Veniliornis callonotus 11, 15, 19 venustus, Cinnyris 237 vermiculatus, Burhinus 225, 258 Verreauxia africana 154, 159 verreauxii, Aquila 237 verreauxi, Leptotila 10, 15 versicolor, Gavicalis 309, 332 vexillarius, Macrodipteryx 247 Vidua camerunensis 232 Vidua chalybeata 169, 231, 232, 238 Vidua larvaticola 224, 232, 238 Vidua paradisaea 238 Vidua purpurascens 224, 231, 232, 238 Vidua wilsoni 169, 224, 232, 238 violacea, Nyctanassa 131, 138 Vireo flavifrons 345, 346 Vireolanius pulchellus 345 Vireo leucophrys 13 Vireo olivaceus 13 Vireo osburni 342-347, 344 Vireosylvia 345 virgatus, Sericornis 309, 319 virginianus. Bubo 10 viridipallens, Lampomis 203 viridipallens, Trochilus 203 viridis, Ptilinopus 312, 329 vitellinus, Ploceus 234 vitiensis, Columba 328 vocifer, TEdicnemus 131, 140 vocifer, Haliaeetus 237 vociferus, Charadrius 10 Volatinia jacarina 13,47 vulgaris, Sturnus 61, 185 Vultur gryphus 9, 15 waalia, Treron 237 waigiuensis, Salvadorina 301, 302 wallacii, Aegotheles 301, 302, 310, 314 wallacii, Sipodotus 331 warszewiczi. Dives 14 watkinsi, Grallaria 12, 15 whytii, Sylvietta 234, 237 wilhelminae, Charmosyna 302 wilsoni, Vidua 169, 224, 232, 238 xantholaema, Crithagra 233 xantholophus, Chloropicus 160 xantholophus, Thripias 160 xanthonura, Columba 146 xanthops, Alipiopsitta 22, 28 Xanthotis flaviventer 332 Xanthotis polygrammus 300, 301, 310, 332 Xerna sabini 148 Xenopsaris albinucha 39 yelkouan, Puffinus 218 Zapornia pusilla 131 zarumae, Thamnophilus 19 Zavattariornis stresemanni 231, 237 zealandicus, Cyanoramphus 129 Zebrilus undulatus 25 Zenaida auriculata 10 Zenaida meloda 10 zoeae, Ducula 329 zonaris, Streptoprocne 11 Zonotrichia capensis 14 Zoothera heinei 300, 301, 310, 336 Zosterops abyssinicus 230, 237 Zosterops atrifrons 324, 336 Zosterops borbonicus 337, 338, 339, 340 Zosterops fuscicapilla 324, 336 Zosterops novaeguineae 300, 301, 306, 310, 324, 336 Zosterops senegalensis 230, 237 BOC Office P.O. Box 417, Peterborough PE7 3FX, UK E-mail: boc@bou.org.uk. Website: www.boc-oniine.org Tel. & Fax: +44 (0)1733 844 820. MEMBERSHIP Subscriptions were due for renewal on 1 January 2015 PLEASE NOTE THAT THE SUBSCRIPTION RATE IS £25 PER PERSON. All paid-up members receive (postage free) four issues of the Bulletin (including index). Membership correspondence and applications for membership, changes of address and all other membership related items should be addressed to the BOC Office (above). No registered items should be sent to the P.O. Box. Contact BOC Office for direct mail of such items. For general Club correspondence see below. INSTITUTIONAL SUBSCRIBERS & APPLICATIONS FOR BACK NUMBERS OR OTHER CLUB PUBLICATIONS The Bulletin, together with annual index, may be purchased (postage free) by Institutional Subscribers, on payment of an annual subscription of £50 to the BOC Office (above) or via the BOC website (www.boc-online. org). Back issues of Vols. 129-134 of the Bulletin, for the years 2009-14, are available from the BOC Office (above). All volumes up to and including Vol. 128 already are, or should shortly be, freely available on the Biodiversity Heritage Library website at www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/46639. BOC Occasional Publications and other BOC publications are available from the BOC Office or online from the BOC website (www.boc-online.org). Ideas for future publications should be referred direct to: Dr D. R. Wells, Commissioning Editor, c/o BOC Office, P.O. Box 417, Peterborough, PE7 3FX, UK. PAYMENTS All amounts quoted are net, should be paid in £ Sterling and sent to the BOC Office (above). Other currencies are not accepted. Other currency users can pay by credit card from which the Sterling amount will be deducted and the amount in your local currency will be indicated on your card statement. All cheques or drafts should be made payable to British Ornithologists' Club. Direct bank transfers can be made to Barclays Bank PLC, Leicester, LE87 2BB. Sort code 20-00-87. Account no: 10211540. SWIFT BIC code: BARCGB22. IBAN no: GB62 BARC 2000 8710 2115 40, with confirmation to the BOC Office (above). CLUB CORRESPONDENCE Correspondence on all general Club matters should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary, Dr R. P. (Robert) Prys-Jones, Bird Group, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring HP23 6AP, UK (e-mail: r.prys-jones@nhm.ac.uk). See inside front cover for details of Club meetings. COMMITTEE C. W. R. Storey ( Chairman ) (2013) K. F. Betton (2012) N. J. Redman ( Vice Chairman) (2013) S. Chapman (2015) Dr R. P. Prys-Jones {Hon. Secretary) (2011) A. Simmons (2015) R. W. Malin (Hon. Treasurer) (2014) Ex-officio members Hon. Editor: G. M. Kirwan (1 January 2004) Administration Manager: S. P. Dudley (2005) Commissioning Editor: Dr D. R. Wells (2009) Registered Charity No. 279583 Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club ISSN 0007-1595 Edited by Guy M. Kirwan Associate Editor: Frank D. Steinheimer Volume 135 Number 4, pages 281-378 CONTENTS Club Announcements . 281 INGELS, J., DECHELLE, ML, PELLETIER, V., DEVILLE, T„ RIBOT, J. H. & CLAESSENS, O. Status and distribution of Golden-rumped Euphonia Euphonia cyanocephala on the Guiana Shield, South America . 284 DIAMOND, J. & BISHOP, K. D. Avifaunas of the Kumawa and Fakfak Mountains, Indonesian New Guinea . 292 DICKINSON, E. C. & CHEKE, A. S. The authorship of the names of two birds from Reunion . 337 LEVY, C. An early description and illustration of Blue Mountain Vireo Vireo osburni . 342 SHIRIHAI, H. & BRETAGNOLLE, V. Bulweria petrels off the Comoros, south-west Indian Ocean . 348 DOWSETT, R. J. & DOWSETT-LEMAIRE, F. The status of the name ' occidentalis Chappuis' for the Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx mechowi . 352 Index for Volume 135 (2015) . 354 EDITORIAL BOARD Bruce M. Beehler, Murray Bruce, R. T. Chesser, Edward C. Dickinson, Frangoise Dowsett-Lemaire, Steven M. S. Gregory, Jose Fernando Pacheco, Robert B. Payne, Pamela C. Rasmussen, Cees Roselaar, Thomas S. Schulenberg, Lars Svensson Registered Charity No. 279583 www.boc-online.org Printed on acid-free paper. Published by the British Ornithologists' Club Typeset by Alcedo Publishing of Arizona, USA, and printed by The Charlesworth Press, UK