|o/5~ / 1 BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. XIII 1962 — 1963 BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) LONDON: 1964 DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS No. i . • • • .26 October 1962 No. 2 . . .26 October 1962 No. 3 . .18 January 1963 No. 4 . • • • .12 February 1963 No. 5 .20 February 1963 No. 6 .... .20 February 1963 No. 7 . 30 April 1963 No. 8 . . 30 April 1963 No. 9 . . • 31 May 1963 No. 10 . • • 31 May 1963 No. ii . 9 July 1963 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THOMAS DE LA RUE & COMPANY LIMITED LONDON CONTENTS ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME XIII PAGE No. i. A revision of the genera Phlaurocentrum Karsch, Buettneria Karsch and Leiodontocercus Chopard (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae). By D. R. RAGGE i No. 2. New Diaspididae (Homoptera : Coccoidea) from the Indo-Malayan region. By W. J. HALL & D. J. WILLIAMS 19 No. 3. On the genera of Indo-Pakistan Cleoninae and Hylobiinae (Coleop- tera : Curculionidae). By N. A. ASLAM 45 No. 4. A synonymic list of the genus Nacaduba and allied genera (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae). G. E. TITE 67 No. 5. On the Trichoptera of Ethiopia. By D. E. KIMMINS 117 No. 6. A new genus of Lipteninae (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae). By H. STEMPFFER & N. H. BENNETT 171 No. 7. Re visional notes on African Char axes (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) Pt. i. By V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN 195 No. 8. The Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of Madagascar. II. Acrididae, Acridinae. By V. M. DIRSH 243 No. 9. A revision of the genus Calliptamus Serville (Orthoptera : Acrididae). By N. D. JAGO 287 No. 10. A study of the types of some little-known genera of Diaspididae with descriptions of new genera (Hemiptera : Coccoidea). By N. S. BORCHSENIUS & D. J. WILLIAMS. 351 No. ii. A revision of the world species of the genus Endotricha Zeller (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) By P. E. S. WHALLEY 395 Index to Volume XIII 455 A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLAUROCENTRUM KARSCH, BUETTNERIA KARSCH AND LEIODONTOCERCUS CHOPARD (ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE) D. R. RAGGE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. i LONDON: 1962 A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLAUROCENTRUM KARSCH, BUETTNERIA KARSCH AND LEIODONTOCERCUS CHOPARD (ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE) BY D. R RAGGE British Museum (Natural History H ryf Pp. 1-17 ; 32 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. i LONDON: 1962 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 13, No. I of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Trustees of the British Museum, 1962 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued October, 1962 Price Six Shillings A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLAUROCENTRUM KARSCH, BUETTNERIA KARSCH AND LEIODONTOCERCUS CHOPARD (ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE) By D. R. RAGGE CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ........... 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......... 4 MATERIAL ............ 4 KEY TO THE GENERA ......... 4 PHLAUROCENTRUM KARSCH 4 BUETTNERIA KARSCH n LEIODONTOCERCUS CHOPARD 13 MYLLOCENTRUM GEN. N 15 REFERENCES ........... 17 SYNOPSIS The genera Phlaurocentrum Karsch, Buettneria Karsch and Leiodontocercus Chopard are fully revised. A new genus is described, based on a species previously included in Phlaurocentrum Karsch. One generic and one specific synonym are newly established, and five new species are described. INTRODUCTION THE genera Phlaurocentrum Karsch, Buettneria Karsch and Leiodontocercus Chopard form a fairly homogeneous group of Phaneropterinae, very similar in all important respects and doubtless of monophyletic origin. The group may be characterized by the presence of a well-developed fore coxal spine, a vertex with a compressed fasti- gium, and fore tibial tympana that are conchate internally and open externally ; the females have a hood-like tenth abdominal tergite, which completely conceals the supra-anal plate, and a greatly reduced, smooth-edged ovipositor. The genus Phlaurocentrum Karsch has hitherto contained three species. One of these, Ph. stigmosum Karsch, was found to be generically quite distinct from the remaining two (and from the three new species described here) ; this species forms the basis of the new genus Myllocentrum gen. n., which links the group of genera mentioned above to Enochletica Karsch (see p. 16). Throughout this paper " Congo Republic " refers to the former Belgian colony. The author's usual conventions are observed (see Ragge, 1957, p. 124) and the wing- vein nomenclature used is that of Ragge (1955). ENTOM. 13, I I 4 D. R. RAGGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I must extend my most sincere thanks to the following specialists who have been kind enough to send me type specimens and other material from their respective museums :— Mr. P. Basilewsky, Dr. M. Beier, Mr. R. H. Carcasson, Dr. L. Chopard, Dr. K. K. Giinther, and Mr. D. C. Rentz. I am particularly grateful to Dr. N. D. Jago, who has most kindly sent me specimens collected by him personally. I also wish to thank Mrs. P. M. Newman for her practical assistance. MATERIAL In addition to the collection of the Phlaurocentrum group in the British Museum (Natural History), material was lent by the sources listed below, through the courtesy of the specialists mentioned above (the abbreviations used where the material is listed in detail are inserted in parenthesis). Musee Royal de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; Coryndon Museum, Nairobi (Coryndon Mus.) ; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin (Zool. Mus. Berlin) ; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (Cal. Acad. Sci.). KEY TO THE GENERA 1. Fastigium of the vertex relatively broad, as in Text-fig. 2. Hind femora less than half the length of the fore wings. Ovipositor upcurved, as in Text-fig. 5 MYLLOCENTRUM gen. n. (p. 15) -. Fastigium of the vertex relatively narrow, as in Text-fig, i. Hind femora more than half the length of the fore wings. Ovipositor not upcurved, as in Text-figs. 3 and 4 . 2 2. Fore wings long and narrow, as in Text-fig. 12. Hind femora more than three-quarters of the length of the fore wings . . LEIODONTOCERCUS Chopard (p. 13) -. Fore wings relatively shorter and broader, as in Text-figs. 6-n. Hind femora less than three-quarters of the length of the fore wings ....... 3 3. Costal area of the fore wings abruptly constricted about halfway along their length by an emargination of the anterior wing-margin, as in Text-fig, n. Ovipositor as in Text-fig. 4 BUETTNERIA Karsch (p. n) -. Costal area of the fore wings not constricted in this way, as in Text-figs. 6-10. Oviposi- tor as in Text-fig. 3, or very similar . . . PHLAUROCENTRUM Karsch (p. 4) PHLAUROCENTRUM Karsch, 1888 Phlaurocentrum Karsch, 1888, Berl. ent. Z. 32 : 445. Type-species, by monotypy, Phlaurocentrum latev^ttat^^m Karsch, 1888. DIAGNOSIS, ffi. Fastigium of vertex compressed, not or hardly sloping to frons, sulcate above. Fore wings of moderate breadth, obliquely truncate apically, as in Text-figs. 6-10. Male subgenital plate with pair of styles. DISCUSSION. This genus differs from Buettneria Karsch and Leiodontocercus Chopard in the shape of the vertex, in the presence of styles on the subgenital plate of the male, and in the structure of the ovipositor (cf. Text-figs. 3 and 4). A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLA UROCE N TR UM KARSCH 5 The species described under the name Phlaurocentrum stigmosum Karsch, 1896 differs in several important respects from Ph. latevittatum Karsch and the remaining four species included in the genus in this revision ; these differences make it impos- sible to retain this species in Phlaurocentrum Karsch, and I am erecting for it the genus Myllocentrum gen. n. (described on p. 15). DISTRIBUTION. This genus occurs throughout the forested parts of Wallace's West African Sub-region, and also extends into Uganda. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Phlaurocentrum The features of the male subgenital plate, on which this key has to be almost entirely based, cannot, unfortunately, be expressed in words, and reference must be made to Text-figs. 14-18. Although the females lack any striking diagnostic characters it may be possible to make a tentative identification of specimens of this sex not associated with males by reference to Text-figs. 28-31. 1. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 17 . . . Ph. maculatum sp. n. (p. 10) -. Tenth abdominal tergite not as in Text-fig. 17 . . . . . . . 2 2. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 18. Upper part of the lateral lobes of the pronotum black, contrasting with the pale pronotal disc Ph. mecopodoid.es Karsch (p. 1 1) -. Tenth abdominal tergite not as in Text-fig. 18. Pronotum not coloured as above . 3 3. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 16. . . . . Ph. lobatum sp. n. (p. 9) -. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-figs. 14 or 15. . . . . . . 4 4. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 14 . . Ph. latevittatum Karsch (p. 7) -. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 15 . . . . Ph. tuberosum sp. n. (p. 8) FIGS. 1-5. The Phlaurocentrum group. 1-2. Anterior view of the dorsal part of the head of (i) Ph. latevittatum Karsch ; (z) Myllocentrum stigmosum (Karsch). 3-5. Lateral view of the ovipositor of (3) Ph. tuberosum sp. n.; (4) Buettneria maculiceps Karsch (Leiodontocercus Chopard is very similar) ; (5) M. stigmosum (Karsch). D. R. RAGGE 13 FIGS. 6-13. The right fore wing (male in all cases except Myllocentrum stigmosum (Karsch)) of (6) Phlaurocentrum latevittatum Karsch ; (7) Ph. tuberosum sp. n.; (8) Ph. lobatum sp. n.; (9) Ph. maculatum sp. n.; (10) Ph. mecopodoides Karsch ; (u) Buettneria maculiceps Karsch ; (12) Leiodontocercus angustipennis Chopard ; (13) Myllocentrum stigmosum (Karsch) (female). A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLA UROCENTR UM KARSCH 7 i. Phlaurocentrum latevittatum Karsch, 1888 Phlaurocentrum latevittatum Karsch, 1888, Berl. ent. Z. 32 : 446. Holotype $, CONGO REPUBLIC : Kuako to Kimpoko (Buttner) (probably lost — see below). DIAGNOSIS, g. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 14. Cerci as in Text-fig. 19. $. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 28. FIGS. 14-31. The Phlaurocentrum group. 14-18. Dorsal view of the male tenth abdomi- nal tergite of (14) Ph. latevittatum Karsch ; (15) Ph. tuberosum sp. n.; (16) Ph. lobatum sp. n.; (17) Ph. maculatum sp. n.; (18) Ph. mecopodoides Karsch. 19-27. Dorsal view of the left male cercus of (19) Ph. latevittatum Karsch ; (20) Ph. tuberosum sp. n.; (21) Ph. lobatum sp. n. (with ventrolateral view of the tip) ; (22) Ph. maculatum sp. n.; (23) Ph. mecopodoides Karsch ; (24) Buettneria maculiceps Karsch ; (25) Leiodontocercus angustipennis Chopard ; (26) L. malleus sp. n.; (27) L. condylus sp. n. 28-31. Ventral view of the female subgenital plate of (28) Ph. latevittatum Karsch ; (29) Ph. tuberosum sp. n.; (30) Ph. maculatum sp. n.; (31) Ph. mecopodoides Karsch. 8 D. R. RAGGE MEASUREMENTS Males Female Total length (4): 37-8-42 -8, mean 40-28 43-1 Median length of pronotum (3) : 3 • 9-4 • 6, mean 4-36 4-3 Length of hind femur (4) : 21-4-24-6, mean 22-82 23-2 Length of fore wing (4) : 28-4-32-6, mean 30-98 33-1 DISCUSSION. Males of this species may be easily recognized by the tenth abdominal tergite and cerci. The rounded lobes of the subgenital plate of the only female of this species that I have examined are probably also characteristic. Through the kindness of Dr. K. K. Giinther of the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, a prolonged search has been made for the holotype of Ph. latevittatum Karsch, but no female specimen bearing this name has been found. There is a female specimen in spirit in that museum which has the correct locality data and which is labelled " Phlaurocentrum fasciatum" ', a name that has never appeared in print ; this specimen appears to belong to the genus Phlaurocentrum Karsch, but as it is completely discoloured and in very poor condition it would serve no useful purpose to regard it as the holotype of the present species. Karsch (1891, p. 321) subsequently described the male sex of Ph. latevittatum Karsch from a specimen from Barombi (near Came- roons Mt.) ; Dr. Giinther has kindly lent me this specimen (which bears the number 5358) and I have used it to fix the identity of this species. MATERIAL EXAMINED CAMEROUN : Barombi, i $ (Preuss) (Zool. Mus. Berlin) ; Mundame, i <$ (Rhode) (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; Lolodorf, i <$ (Conradt) (Zool. Mus. Berlin) ; CONGO REPUBLIC : Eala, xi.i935, i $ (Ghesquiere) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; 21 miles N.E. of Lusambe, n.viii. 1957, i $ (Ross 6- Leech) (Cal. Acad. Sci.). DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Cameroun and the Congo Republic. 2. Phlaurocentrum tuberosum sp. n. DIAGNOSIS. ^. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 15. Cerci as in Text-fig. 20. $. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 29. DESCRIPTION. ^. Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above. Pronotum without lateral carinae ; lateral lobes usually slightly deeper than long. Fore tibiae with about 5-7 external ventral spurs. Mid tibiae with about 9-10 external ventral spurs. Hind femora with about 4-7 external spines. Hind tibiae with about 17-21 external dorsal spines. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 7. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 15. Cerci as in Text-fig. 20. General coloration brown, with variable amount of mottling on legs and wings and with darker brown stripe along top of head and pronotum. Sides of head, lateral lobes of pronotum, abdominal tergites and much of legs with darker brown spots. Tibial spurs and spines and femoral spines darkened. Stridulatory organ whitish or with whitish markings. $. As male except for wings and genitalia. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 29, poorly sclerotized in distal part. A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLA UROCENTR UM KARSCH MEASUREMENTS Total length (18) Median length of pronotum (18) Length of hind femur (15) Length of fore wing (20) Males Females 40-5-44-5, mean 42 -62 (8): 39-9-44-4, mean 41 -74 4- 1-4-7, mean 4-45 (10) : 4-3-4-9, mean 4-51 21 -1-24-7, mean 23-37 (9) : 22-0-26-0, mean 24-13 31 -4-34-6, mean 32-89 (8): 30-4-36-0, mean 32-09 VARIATION. The tibial spurs and spines and the femoral spines vary in number. The intensity of the dark stripe along the top of the head and pronotum varies some- what. The distal part of the subgenital plate of the female is poorly sclerotized, and the appearance of the lobes varies quite widely in dried specimens. DISCUSSION. The tenth abdominal tergite of the males of this species enables them to be easily recognized. The females differ in coloration from Ph. maculatum sp. n. and Ph. mecopodoides Karsch, and may be distinguished from Ph. latevittatum Karsch by the shape of the subgenital plate. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype. UGANDA : Mabira Forest, 3^11.1913, <^ (Gowdey}. Para types. UGANDA : Entebbe, 10-13 • vn • I9I4» * 3> * ? (Gowdey) ; Entebbe, !2-i6.v.i9i4, r c£, i$ (Gowdey}; Entebbe, io.x.i9i3, i $ ( ); Entebbe, v.1952, i c? (Pinhey} (Coryndon Mus.) ; Kampala, 17. xi. 1915, i ^ (— — ) ; Kampala, i-io.xii.i9i5, i <$ (Gowdey); Kivuvu, ig.viii.igi^, i <$ (Gowdey}; Kisaru, at light, 22. vi. 1933, i ^ (Johnston) ; Kawanda, 8. v. 1942, i$ (Taylor} ; Kisube [?], 2.viii.i9i3, i <£ (Gowdey}; Bwamba Forest, iv.1951, i <$ (Pinhey} (Coryndon Mus.); Bwamba (H.), vi.i948, i <$ (van Someren) ; Mwera [" Urw. Moera "], 1910, i $ (Grauer) (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; CONGO REPUBLIC : Kamogobe (SudMasisi), 8.^.1936, i$ (Lippens) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Bafwarikubi, 12. ix. 1912, I $ (Christy} (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Tshuapa, Flandria, 19. ix. 1941, i $ (Hulstaert} (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Bambesa, 26. iv. 1937, i <$ (Vrydagh) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Bambesa, ix. 1933, i $ (Bredo) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Region des Lacs, i $ (Sagona) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Mongbwalu (Kilo), 1937, i CAMEROUN : Lolodorf (Zool. Mus. Berlin) syn. n. DIAGNOSIS. <£. Cerci as in Text-fig. 24. 9. Ovipositor as in Text-fig. 4. MEASUREMENTS Males Females Total length (2): 30-8-36-3, mean 33 -55 (2): 41 -2-42 -2, mean 41 -70 Median length of pronotum (2): 3 -7-3-8, mean 3 -75 (2): 4- 1-4-2, mean 4- 15 Length of hind femur (3): 17-7-18-4, mean 18-00 (i) : 20-7 Length of fore wing (3) : 25-4-26-3, mean 25-77 (2) : 3° '4~3° '4. mean 30-40 DISCUSSION. As mentioned when discussing the genus, this species may be dis- tinguished from Leiodontocercus Chopard by the much broader fore wings and the characteristically shaped male cerci. Dr. K. K. Gunther of the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, who has kindly made a search for the holotype of B. maculiceps Karsch, has been unable to find a specimen bearing this name. There is, however, a female specimen in spirit in that museum which has the correct locality data and which is labelled " Buttneria guttulata ", a name that has never appeared in print ; this specimen undoubtedly belongs to the present species and is almost certainly the holotype. The holotype of Stenacropteryx eburneiguttata Karsch was found to belong to B. maculiceps Karsch. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype. CONGO REPUBLIC : Kuako to Kimpoko, $ (Buttner) (Zool. Mus. Berlin — see above). CAMEROUN : Lolodorf, i $ (Conradt) (Zool. Mus. Berlin) (Holotype of Stenacrop- teryx eburneiguttata Karsch) ; Mundame, 2 $, 3 $ (Rhode) (i <$ and i $ in British Museum (Nat. Hist.) ; remainder in Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; CONGO REPUBLIC : Eala, I J, 1-7. v. 1935 (Ghesquiere] (Mus. Af. Cent.); Eala, i $, viii.1936 (Ghesquiere) (Mus. Af. Cent.). DISTRIBUTION. As given for the genus. A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLA UROCEN TR UM KARSCH 13 LEIODONTOCERCUS Chopard, 1954 Leiodontocercus Chopard, 1954, La reserve naturelle integrate du Mont Nimba. Fasc. II. Pt. III. Orthopteres Ensiferes. Mem. Inst. franf. Afr. noire 40 (2) : 83. Type-species, by original designation, Leiodontocercus angustipennis Chopard, 1954. DIAGNOSIS. ^$. Fastigium of vertex strongly compressed, sloping to frons, sulcate above. Fore wings narrow, obliquely truncate apically, as in Text-fig. 12. Male sub- genital plate without styles. DISCUSSION. This genus is a close relative of Buettneria Karsch, the much narrower fore wings providing the only important difference. It may be distinguished from Phlaurocentrum Karsch by the shape of the vertex and the lack of styles on the sub- genital plate of the male. Leiodontocercus Chopard was described from a single male collected from the Nimba Mountains in Guinea. The material available for this revision includes twelve further specimens of the genus, from Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroun and the Congo Republic. In all non-sexual features these specimens resemble each other very closely, both structurally and in coloration. Three of them are females, from Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroun ; they have a greatly reduced ovipositor of the type found in Buettneria Karsch and are taxonomically indistinguishable from each other. Most of the nine males, however, show wide divergences in the structure of the cerci, and have proved to be very difficult to segregate taxonomically. A male from Sierra Leone agrees well with the holotype of L. angustipennis Chopard. Three males from Ghana, while resembling each other closely in cereal structure, differ markedly in this respect from L. angustipennis Chopard, and I have used them (and the Ghanaian female) as the basis for L. malleus sp. n. One of the Congolese males again shows a very different cereal structure and forms the holotype of a third species, L. condylus sp. n. The remaining four males, one from Nigeria and three from the Congo Republic, though again all showing unique features in cereal structure, do not differ quite so markedly, and it would be unwise to base further new species on them (and the two female specimens associated with them) until more material is available. It is quite possible that many, perhaps all, of these differences are the result of geographical variation, and that it will later be found that L. angustipennis Chopard is a polytypic species distributed throughout West Africa. DISTRIBUTION. The known range of this genus occupies most of Wallace's West African Sub-region. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Leiodontocercus As mentioned above, the shape of the male cerci, which does not lend itself to verbal description, seems to provide the only character for separating the members of this genus. Although their identification is thus possible only by reference to Text-figs. 25-27, I have nevertheless thought it better to express this in the form of a dichotomous key than to give no key at all. 1. Cerci as in Text-fig. 25 L. angustipennis Chopard (p. 14) -. Cerci as in Text-figs. 26 or 27 . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Cerci as in Text-fig. 26 ....... L. malleus sp. n. (p. 14) -, Cerci as in Text-fig. 27 L. condylus sp. n. (p. 15) I4 D. R. RAGGE i. Leiodontocercus angustipennis Chopard, 1954 Leiodontocercus angustipennis Chopard, 1954, La reserve naturelle integrate du Mont Nimba. Fasc. II. Pt. III. Orthopteres Ensiferes. Mem. Inst. franf. Afr. noire 40 (2) : 84. Holotype , same data as holotype. PAKISTAN : Murree, Pinus excelsa, 4$, 13. v. 1960 (Comm. Inst. Biol. Control, Rawalpindi, No. 199). Leucaspis coniferarum comes closest to L. loewi Corvee from which the adult female differs in lacking perivulvar pores, in having larger pygidial lobes of a different shape and much closer together, and in having fewer dorsal ducts on the pygidium. NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-M ALA YAN REGION 31 B FIG. 6. Leucaspis coniferarum sp. n. W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS FIG. 7. Parlatoria ghanii sp. n. NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-M AL A Y AN REGION 33 Parlatoria ghanii sp. n. (Text-fig. 7) Only spirit material available. Female scale appearing white, broadly ovate with large pale brown exuviae, covered with a film of white secretionary matter. Approximate length i-i mm., width 0-9 mm. Male scale similar to that of the female but smaller and elongate. Adult female on the slide broadly ovate, about 0-75 mm. long and 0-65 mm. wide. Anterior spiracle with 1-5 pores. Pygidium with 3 pairs of well developed flatly rounded lobes, median pair set close to each other with a macroduct between and once notched on their outer margins, second and third lobes of similar shape but successively smaller. Fourth lobes represented by small sclerotized spurs. Interlobular plates narrow, parallel sided and apically fimbriated ; between the third and rudimentary fourth lobes 3 plates, i similar to the interlobular plates, the other 2 broad at the base, tapering, with distal half fimbriate. Beyond the rudimentary fourth lobes the plates are of the broad basal type. Anal orifice rather nearer to apex than base of pygidium ; vulva towards base. Perivulvar pores in 4 groups : average of 5 examples, anterior pair, n (9—13) ; posterior pair, 12 (10-15). Dorsal submarginal macroducts on the pygidium fairly numerous, scattered, about 20 in number, extending as far as the second free abdominal segment. Three intermediate dorsal macroducts on segment 4 and with 5 on segment 5. Three small groups of ventral gland tubercles each with 2-5 tubercles, i on the mesothorax and the other 2 anterior to this. No trace of a derm pocket. Ventral surface of pygidium with only a few microducts. Three groups of tubular ducts laterally on the first free abdominal segment and the two segments anterior to it. Holotype. $. PAKISTAN : Rawalpindi, on the branches and stipules of Acacia modesta (Leguminosae), 9.1.1961 (Comm. Inst. Biol. Control, Rawalpindi, No. 193). Paratypes. PAKISTAN : 5 $>, same data as holotype. P. ghanii comes close to P. fluggeae Hall and P. pittospori Maskell. From P. flug- geae it differs in the shape of the pygidial lobes, the very much fewer pores associated with the anterior spiracles and in lacking the rows of intermediate dorsal macroducts on the third and fourth abdominal segments. From P. pittospori it differs in the shape of the pygidial lobes, the nature of the plates anterior to the third lobes and the com- parative absence of tubular ducts on the first abdominal and second thoracic segments. Parlatoria serrula sp. n. (Text-fig. 8) Characters of the scale not known. Adult female when mounted broader than long, about 0-7 mm. broad by 0-6 mm. long. An- terior spiracles with 1-3 pores. Thoracic gland tubercles usually 3 only, between the anterior spiracles and margin. In the same vicinity but on the dorsal surface is an 8-shaped cicatrix-like structure one part of which is larger than the other. Pygidium broadly rounded with 3 pairs of lobes ; median lobes broad at base, parallel sided over the basal half, with a small, triangular, apically rounded terminal half ; second lobes of similar deeply notched form and very little smaller ; third lobes smaller without a notch on inner edge but with 2 or 3 on outer margin. Plates broad and apically fimbriate ; beyond the third lobes they are of finger-shape gland spine form. A single marginal macroduct between median lobes and 6 marginally on each side ; all macroducts set at an angle of 45° to the margin. Submarginal macroducts on the pygidium usually limited to 2 ; ducts on the prepygidial segments few in number, smaller and confined to the margin. Perivulvar pores in 4 groups, anterior pair 7 in each, posterior pair 3. Anal orifice near centre of pygidium. The free abdominal segments each with a distinct submarginal boss dorsally on each side. 34 W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS FIG. 8. Parlatoria serrula sp. n. NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION 35 Holotype. $. CEYLON : Peradeniya, on Cocos sp. (Palmae), 6 . ix . 1956 (B. Manicka- vasagar). Paratypes. CEYLON : 2 $, same data as holotype. Three specimens of P. serrula were found on some coconut material heavily infested with Pseudococcus citriculus Green. It is clearly not a typical Parlatoria but it is thought advisable to assign it to this genus until more is known of other closely allied genera. In some respects it bears a slight resemblance to P. aonidiformis Green and Parlaspis papillosa (Green). It differs from both in the orientation of the pygidial marginal macroducts and the presence of bosses on the free abdominal segments. The pygidial lobes resemble those found in Parlaspis papillosa but this species has no cicatrix-like structure. In Parlatoria aonidiformis the pygidial lobes are of different form and although it has one or two cicatrix-like structures on either side these are on the second abdominal segment and not in the vicinity of the anterior spiracles. Aonidiella abietina sp. n. (Text-fig. 9) Scale of the female circular, translucent, the body of the sublying female showing through ; exuviae subcentral, pale brown or reddish brown. Diameter about i -5 mm. Male scale not seen. Adult female heavily sclerotized at maturity and strongly reniform. Pygidium retracted, with lobes, paraphyses and plates as in A . citrina (Coquillet) . Prevulvar scleroses absent ; prevulvar apophyses present. Dorsal ducts in 3 rather irregular rows on the pygidium and in addition a group of 8-10 similar ducts submarginally on each free abdominal segment. Perivulvar pores wanting. Ventral dermis of free abdominal segments with submarginal groups of micro- ducts. Holotype. $. PAKISTAN : Murree, on the needles of Abies pindrow (Pinaceae), i.xi.igGi (M. A. Ghani). Paratypes. PAKISTAN : 9 $, same data as holotype ; 7 . xi . 1958, 5 $ (M. A . Ghani). The specimen selected as holotype is a young adult female before sclerotization has set in. This species is close to A. aurantii (Maskell) and A. citrina (Coquillet). It differs from both, however, in having groups of submarginal macroducts on the free abdomi- nal segments and in having rather more ducts on the pygidium. It differs from A. aurantii further in lacking prevulvar scleroses and in the different shape of the prevulvar apophyses. It is also close to A . messengeri McKenzie described from the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan but this species possesses prevulvar scleroses in addition to apophyses although they are variable and poorly developed ; it has fewer pygidial macroducts and lacks submarginal macroducts on the free abdominal segments but it has a thoracic tubercle on either side of the body which are lacking in A . abietina. Aspidiotus selangorensis sp. n. (Text-fig. 10) Characteristics of the scales not known. Body of adult female membranous, broadly ovate, about 0-9 mm. wide. Antennal tubercle with a single curved seta. Each spiracle surrounded by a well defined faintly sclerotized area. W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS FIG. 9. Aonidiella abietina sp. n. NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-M ALA Y AN REGION 37 FIG. 10. Aspidiotus selangorensis sp. n. 38 W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS Pygidium with 3 pairs of well developed lobes : median lobes set apart by a distance rather less than the width of one, longer than wide, rounded apically and notched on both inner and outer margins ; second lobes similar to median pair but smaller and third lobes similar but smaller again. Two plates between median lobes and between median and second lobes ; 3 between second and third and 5 beyond third lobes. All plates of the fringed type normal to the genus. Perivulvar pores in 4 groups each containing on the average 5 pores (range 2-8 in 8 examples). Anal orifice nearer apex than base of pygidium and set nearly 3 times its length from apex of pygidium. Dorsal ducts short, relatively numerous and scattered throughout the submarginal region as far as segment 3 ; with 2 or 3 ducts marginally on segment 3. Ventral surface of pygidium with a few submarginal microducts. Holotype. $. MALAYA : Kuala Lumpur, on Adiantum fergusoni (Polypodiaceae) , i.vi.i926 (G. H. Corbett). Paratypes. MALAYA : 7 $, same data as holotype. Aspidiotus selangorensis is very close to A . hederae (Vallot) and A . spinosus Comstock but the pygidial ducts are longer than in A . hederae and shorter than in A . spinosus. The large, well defined, if faintly sclerotized areas around the spiracles are not found in either of the other two species. It differs further from A. hederae in having the pygidial lobes notched on their inner edges and from A. spinosus in possessing a larger anal orifice set further from the apex of the pygidium. Chortinaspis fissurella sp. n. (Text-fig, n) Scale of adult female subcircular, moderately convex and dark brown in colour. Exuviae of a similar colour set within the margin but not central. Ventral scale thin but well developed. Diameter of scale about i-o mm. Male scale not observed. Adult female turbinate in form with membranous dermis. Antennal tubercles apparently set in shallow pits, each carrying a single stout curved seta. Anterior spiracles partly circumscribed by a loose arc of minute tubular ducts, posterior spiracles with a similar arc containing fewer ducts. Median pygidial lobes well developed, rounded apically, each falling away laterally, set close together and each with a prominent sclerotic basal projection. Other lobes wanting but margin of segments 6 and 7 with a somewhat castellated outline. Pygidium with small dorsal ducts set in furrows in a manner typical of the genus ; scattered ventral ducts occur submargin- ally on the pygidium and free abdominal segments. Anal orifice nearer apex than base of pygidium. Perivulvar pores wanting. Holotype. $. PAKISTAN : Murree, on Imperata cylindrica (Gramineae), 25.^.1960 (Comm. Inst. Biol. Control, Rawalpindi, No. 212). Paratypes. PAKISTAN : 4 $, same data as holotype, Nos. 211, 212. This species seems to belong quite definitely to the genus Chortinaspis but it differs in several respects from all the species at present placed in that genus. Like C. con- solidata Ferris the pygidium of C. fissurella is entirely without plates and only the median lobes are represented. In C. consolidata these are fused whereas in C. fissurella they are separate even though they are very close together. NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION 39 B FIG, ii. Chortinaspis fissurella sp. n. 40 W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS Pseudaonidia corbetti sp. n. (Text-fig. 12) Characters of the scale not known. Body of the adult female when mounted 1-5-2-0 mm. long and 1-0-1-4 mm- wide, uniformly moderately sclerotized at maturity ; median dorsal areas of prepygidial segments transversely striated. Pygidium with 4 pairs of well developed lobes ; median pair large, squat, flatly rounded with faint notches on either side ; other lobes slender, as long as the median lobes but less than half their width, notched on both inner and outer margins ; second and third lobes much the same size as each other but fourth lobes smaller. Two plates between median lobes and between median and first lobes, 3 plates in the other 2 interlobal spaces ; all plates much the same length as the lobes, narrow, terminated by 3 or 4 finger-like processes. Short club-shaped paraphyses, not exceeding lengths of lobes, occur between the median lobes, i from the inner angle of each lobe and i each in the other 3 interlobular spaces on each side. Dorsal ducts very numerous submarginally on the prepygidial segments ; on the pygidium they are arranged in definite submarginal series. Dorsal central area of pygidium showing a conspicuous reticulate ornamenta- tion. Perivulvar pores in 2 large groups each containing some 50 or more pores. Anal orifice small. Ventral surface with very few micropores. Holotype. ?. MALAYA : Balik Pulau, on Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae), 17. vi. 1927 (G. H. Corbett) (Dept. Agric., Kuala Lumpur, No. 3890). Paratypes. MALAYA : 2 $, same data as holotype. MALAYA : Kuala Lumpur, on Eugenia malaccensis (Myrtaceae), 5 $, 7.x. 1927 (Dept. Agric, Kuala Lumpur, No. 4173). P. corbetti comes close to P. paeoniae Cockerel! and P. pavettae described by Bala- chowsky (1953). It differs from both in the shape of the pygidial lobes, the nature of the lobes, the longer ducts on the pygidium and the presence of a pair of paraphyses between the median lobes. Subsequently Balachowsky (1958) transferred P. pavettae to Duplaspidiotus . The fact that two species as close as P. paeoniae and P. pavettae should be assigned to different genera indicates that there is no sharp dividing line between the two genera. A consideration of the types of the two genera suggests, how- ever, that P. corbetti is nearer to that of Pseudaonidia, as is also P. paeoniae, and that P. pavettae could more properly remain in the genus Pseudaonidia. Apart from the paraphyses in these three species which are short, inconspicuous and quite unlike the typical conspicuously knobbed, large paraphyses of Duplaspidiotus, the pygidial lobes in number and shape, and the general facies, favour Pseudaonidia rather than Duplaspidiotus . Rhizaspidiotus marginalis sp. n. (Text-fig. 13) Scale of adult female rather thick, more or less circular, white and low convex. Exuviae margi- nal, golden yellow or pale brown, coated with a film of white secretionary matter. Ventral scale well developed, often remaining attached to the host plant. Diameter about 1-9 mm. Male scale white and narrowly elongate oval. Body of fully developed adult female broadly pyriform, about 2-8 mm. long and 2-1 mm. wide. Dermis of old adults sclerotized except for the second and third free abdominal segments and the anterior part of the pygidium which are less so. Antennal tubercles each carrying a single long curved seta. Anterior spiracles with a large group of pores about 50 in number ; posterior spiracles with rather fewer. Margin of body, anterior to first abdominal segment, with a conspicuous NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION FIG. 12. Pseudaonidia corbetti sp. n. W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS FIG. 13. Rhizaspidiotus marginalis sp. n. NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION 43 uniformly wide band of striations ; these striations or folds are set at right angles to the margin and give it a scalloped outline. Pygidium with 3 pairs of lobes ; median pair dome-shaped with deep notches on inner and outer edges ; second lobes only slightly smaller and of similar shape ; third lobes slightly smaller again, bluntly pointed, lacking a notch on the inner margin. A single rather stout seta arising from the vicinity of the base of each lobe. Pygidium without plates or gland spines but with numerous folds and furrows running in from the margin of the pygidium and with numerous scattered minute one-barred ducts on both surfaces. Anal orifice very small, situated at base of pygidium. Holotype. $. MALAYA : Kepong, on fruits of Calamus sp. (Palmae), I7.xii.i954 (Dept. Agric., Kuala Lumpur, No. 17993). Paratypes. MALAYA: 17 $, same data as holotype. The generic position of this species is not clear. In some respects it suggests a Rugaspidiotus, a genus which Ferris (1938) included in the Odonaspidini with some doubt. The present species, however, has not the bivalve type of exuviation charac- teristic of that genus. The presence of three distinct pairs of lobes, the median lobes being well separated from each other, and ducts that are clearly one-barred, favours the Aspidiotini rather than the Odonaspidini. It would appear to be more nearly congeneric with Rhizaspidiotus to which genus it is tentatively assigned. It differs, however, from all the known species of that genus and cannot be said to be very close to any one of them. It completely lacks pygidial plates and in this respect resembles R. donacis (Leonardi), R. caraganae (Kiritchenko) and R. bivalvatus Goux in which also the median lobes are distinctly separated, but it differs from these in the very striking ornamentation of all but the pygidium and abdominal segments and the relatively minute anal opening set towards the base of the pygidium. Recently Mamet (1959) described a new genus, Antakaspis, from Madagascar for which he erected a new tribe. This is said to possess some of the characteristics of the Odonaspidini but is related to the Diaspidini by virtue of its method of exuviation and the presence of two-barred ducts and one of the characters of the tribe is the occurrence of pygidial lobes in the adult and second stage female. There are some species of Odonaspis, however, with equally well developed lobes. R. marginalis bears some resemblance to Antakaspis terminaliae Mamet but differs in having one- barred ducts and in lacking pygidial paraphyses. REFERENCES BALACHOWSKY, A. S., 1953, Deux Pseudaonidia Ckll. (Horn. Coccoidea-Diaspidinae) nouveaux du massif du Bena (Moyenne Guinee) A. O. F. Bull. Inst. franc. Afr. noire 15 : 1517. 1958, Les Cochenilles du Continent Africain Noir Vol. 2. Aspidiotini (ame partie), Odonas- pidini et Parlatorini. Ann. Mus. Congo beige, 4to N.S. 4 : 264. FERRIS, G. F., 1938, Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, 2 : 167. HALL, W. J., 1946, On the Ethiopian Diaspidini (Coccoidea). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 97 : 525. MAMET, R., 1959, Notes on the Coccoidea of Madagascar IV. Mem. Inst. sci. Madagascar, 11 : 465- ENTOM. 13, 2 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED, BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING ON THE GENERA OF INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE (COLEOPTERA : CURCULIONIDAE) NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 3 LONDON: 1963 ON THE GENERA OF INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE (COLEOPTERA : CURCULIONIDAE) BY NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM ~V\A. Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London Pp. 45-66 ; 29 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 3 LONDON: 1963 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 13, No. 3 of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Trustees of the British Museum, 1963 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued January, 1963 Price Eight Shillings ON THE GENERA OF INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE (COLEOPTERA : CURCULIONIDAE) By NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM II CONTENTS SYNOPSIS ........ CLEONINAE ........ i. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .... MATERIAL AND METHODS ..... DEFINITION OF THE SUBFAMILY CLEONINAE KEY TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA OF CLEONINAE DISCUSSION ....... HYLOBIINAE ........ i. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .... MATERIAL AND METHODS ..... KEY TO THE GENERA OF HYLOBIINAE . DEFINITION OF THE SUBFAMILY HYLOBIINAE DISCUSSION ....... 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ..... 7. REFERENCES ....... Page 47 47 47 49 51 54 56 56 57 58 63 63 66 66 SYNOPSIS The subfamilies Cleoninae and Hylobiinae are redefined in the light of studies of genera occurring in Indo-Pakistan. Keys are given to these genera and their characters acd relationships discussed. I. GLEONINAE i. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE LACORDAIRE (1863) recognized eight genera, including Penbleptus Schonherr (Lixides) as occurring in Indo-Pakistan. Chevrolat (1873) described five new genera Pycnodactylus, Tetragonothorax, Exochus, Neocleonus and Xanthochelus now repre- sented in this area. The name Exochus was preoccupied and was changed to Epilectus by Faust (1904) and finally to Eurycleonus by Bedel (1907). Faust (1904) revised the " Cleonides vrais " of the world and described the genera Dicmnotropis, Cosmogaster, Atactogaster and Nemoxenus, all represented in Indo-Pakistan. He also discussed the tribe " Lixides ", gave a key to genera in groups and emphasized the importance of a revision of " Lixides " and " Cleonides " together in order to obtain a satisfactory understanding of the group. Bedel (1907) changed Dicrano- tropis Faust (nee Fieber) to Ammocleonus , and sank Nemoxenus Faust as a synonym ENTOM. 13, 3 5§ 48 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM of Atactogaster Faust. Desbrochers (1904) described two new genera, Hypolixus and Gasteroclisus in Lixini. These genera were reduced to subgeneric level in Junk's Catalogue and quite wrongly applied in that work (see Marshall, 1939 : 566) . I treat them as genera here. Marshall (1932) and Solari (1941) discussed some characters separating this subfamily from the Hylobiinae. In addition to the above literature the work of Hochhut (1847), Motschulsky (1850-60), Faust (1892, 1894-95), Petri (1904, 1905 and 1920), Reitter (1912) and Kono (1929) may also be mentioned. In the Catalogus Coleopterorum (Csiki, 1934) the genera Pycnodactylus, Tetra- gonothorax, Ammocleonus, Cosmogaster, Atactogaster, Neocleonus and Xanthochelus are considered as subgenera of Cleonus but all these are taken as valid genera for the purpose of this study, since it would otherwise be difficult to give an accurate defini- tion of Cleonus. It is proposed to redefine the subfamily more precisely and give a key to the tribes and genera. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS It was not always possible to study specimens of the type species since the type species has not been fixed in all cases, and even when fixed, specimens were not always available for study in the British Museum (Natural History). The following species were studied. Type species are marked with an asterisk. 0-2, 02 FIG. i. Proventricular blade of Gasteroclisus augurius. FIG. 2. Maxilla of Neocleonus sannio. ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 1. Microlarinus Hochhut *M. rhinocylloides Hochhut 2. Lachnaeus Schonherr *L. crinitus Boheman 3. Larinus Germar *L. cynarae (Fabricius) L. assamensis Marshall 4. Lixus Fabricius *L. paraplecticus (Linnaeus) L. seriesignatus Boheman 5. Gasteroclisus Desbrochers *G. augurius (Boheman) G. binodulus (Boheman) G. arcurostris Petri 6. Hypolixus Desbrochers *H. nubilosus (Boheman) H. truncatulus (Fabricius) 7. Pachycems Schonherr P. varius (Herbst) P. sellatus Faust P. cynoglossi Marshall 8. Xanthochelus Chevrolat X. longus Chevrolat X.faunus (Olivier) 9. Cleonus Schonherr *C. piger (Scopoh) 10. Mecaspis Schonherr *M. emarginatus (Fabricius) M. sexguttatus (Redtenbacher) 11. Lixodeonus Marshall *L. incanus Marshall 12. Neocleonus Chevrolat N. sannio (Herbst) 13. Ammocleonus Bedel A . hieroglyphicus (Olivier) A. ramakrishnai Marshall A. aschabadensis (Faust) 14. Tetragonothorax Chevrolat *T. retusus (Fabricius) 15. Pycnodactylus Chevrolat *P. tomentosus (Fabricius) P. albogilvus (Gyllenhal) 16. Cosmogaster Faust C. later alis (Gyllenhal) 17. Atactogaster Faust A. orientalis (Chevrolat) A. dejeani (Faust) A. (Nemoxenus) zebra (Chevrolat) 18. Liocleonus Motschulsky *L. dathratus (Olivier) L. umbrosus Chevrolat 19. Conorhynchus Motschulsky C. brevirostris (Gyllenhal) C. perforatus (Faust) 20. Menedeonus Faust M. signaticollis (GyUenhal) 21. Bothynoderes Schonherr *B. nubeculosus Boheman B. foveicollis Gebler 22. Eurydeonus Bedel E. baluchicus (Marshall) In drawing the mouthparts, clothing setae have been omitted. All drawings were made with a camera lucida. As regards terminology, Ting (1936) has been followed to define mouthparts and Niisslin (1911) for the proventriculus. A sclerite in front of the prementum is termed ligula in the text. 3. DEFINITION OF THE SUBFAMILY CLEONINAE Rostrum longer than broad (except Microlarinus) ; usually broadened at apex in tribe Cleonini and not so in tribe Lixini. Scrobes reaching apex and more or less visible anteriorly from above in Cleonini, neither reaching apex nor visible from above in Lixini. Maxilla (fig. 2) with mala having stout teeth, placed in sockets on inner margin, and on ventral plane ; maxillary palps three-segmented. Labium (fig. 5) with strongly sclerotized transverse 5o NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM ligula apical to prementum ; labial palps very small, ventral in position and one to three seg- mented, first segment stout and usually with a stout seta. Metepimera exposed so that hind coxae do not touch elytra. Trochanters with at least one erect seta. Femora weakly and gradually claviform. Tibiae rounded, with apical inner mucro ; external fringe of corbels apical. Elytra usually excavated and overlapping base of prothorax (except Bothynoderes and Eury- cleonus). Wings (fig. 4) folded distal to middle ; vein M running straight into r-m (except Microlarinus) ; A4 strongly sclerotized and A5 may reach A4 posteriorly. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum (first visible ventrite) shorter than the diameter of hind coxae. Proventriculus (fig. i) without grinding plates. Blades paired ; true retaining bristles absent (some long anterior brushes may simulate paired retaining bristles) ; brushes along entire length, although usually shorter anteriorly ; external intermedial fringe not transversely striate. Crop with scattered bristles. Cardiac valve without bristles. Spermathecal capsule usually with more or less marked collum and ramus ; duct long ; gland vesiculate and of variable shape. One stalked symbiont-carrying structure present on each side of vagina and opening on mem- brane between eighth and ninth sternites. Female genitalia with coxites and styli. 0-2, 0-2, 2mm. 0-4 0-2 , FIGS. 3-9. Wing of : 3, Lixus paraplecticus ; 4, Neocleonus sannio. Labium of : 5, Gasteroclisus binodulus ; 6, Hypolixus truncatulus. 7, Eighth sternum of female of Tetragonothorax retusus. 8, Antennal club of Neocleonus sannio. 9, Spermatheca of Bothynoderes foveicollis. ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 51 4. KEY TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA OF CLEONINAE 1 (12) Rostrum cylindrical, more or less shining ; scrobes not reaching apex (almost reaching it in Microlarinus) , not visible anteriorly from above ; usually without distinct rostral carina or furrow. Antennal club without placoidal sensilla. Tibiae having corbels without distinct mucral lamella ; tarsi broadened up to third segment and spongy beneath ..... Tribe LIXINI 2 (7) Prothorax shining, subconical ; prosternum longer than diameter of fore coxae. Tibiae without premucro. Wing (fig. 3) with vein A2 and A3 stalked basally. (Blades of proventriculus much narrower.) 3 (6) Scrobes slightly separated beneath ; their upper margins not touching lower margins of eyes. Pronotum almost truncate anteriorly. Postmentum (fig. 5) much narrower at base than at apex. Declivity teeth present on anterior part of pro ventricular blade. 4 (5) Rostrum narrowed to apex (parallel-sided in G. arcurostris) ; with a seta behind articulation of mandibles. Eyes acuminate below. Scrobes subcontiguous beneath. Prothorax with a lateral depression and tubercle at about middle. Elytra more or less impressed at declivities. Fore tibiae curved externally at base. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum ogival. Proventriculus with blades less separated at medians anteriorly GASTEROCLISUS Desbrochers 5 (4) Rostrum almost parallel-sided ; without a seta behind articulation of mandibles. Eyes rounded below. Scrobes somewhat separated beneath. Prothorax without such depression or tubercle. Elytra gradually sloping to apex. Fore tibiae straight externally. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum acuminate. Proventriculus with blades more separated at medians anteriorly LIXUS Fabricius 6 (3) Scrobes widely separated beneath, their upper margins touching lower margins of eyes. Pronotum arcuate anteriorly. Postmentum (fig. 6) hardly narrower at base than apex. (Tibiae with an apical tooth on inner margin of apical fringe. Rostrum narrowed to apex.) Without declivity teeth on proven tricular blade HYPOLIXUS Desbrochers 7 (2) Prothorax not like Lixus ; prosternum as long as or shorter than diameter of fore coxae. Tibiae with or without premucro. Wing with veins A2 and A3 not stalked basally or absent. 8 (9) Upper margin of scrobe touching lower margin of eye. Scape of antenna as long as funicle. Prothorax very transverse ; prosternum without a fovea in front of each coxa. Scutellum distinct. Metepisternum very broad. Tibiae without premucro. Body without long erect setae. . . LARINUS Germar 9 (8) Upper margin of scrobe not touching lower margin of eye. Scape shorter than funicle. Prothorax not transverse ; prosternum with a fovea in front of each coxa. Scutellum not visible. Metepisternum narrow. Tibiae with premucro. Body with long erect setae. 10 (n) Rostrum parallel-sided, longer than broad. Seventh segment of funicle free from club. Fore coxae with long internal hairs ; tarsi with long erect hairs. In- tercoxal process of third abdominal sternum rounded LACHNAEUS Schonherr 11 (10) Rostrum narrowed to apex and not or scarcely longer than broad. Seventh segment of funicle contiguous with club. Fore coxae and tarsi without long hairs. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum acuminate MICROLARINUS Hochhut 12 (i) Rostrum usually short, scaly and not cylindrical in cross section, if so then upper margin of scrobe excavated or with trace of median groove or carina ; scrobes reaching apex and visible anteriorly from above ; usually with rostral carina or 52 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM furrow. Antennal club with placoidal sensilla (fig. 8). Tibiae having mucral lamella ; intercoxal process of third sternum usually rounded. Body with scales (except Lixocleonus] ...... Tribe CLEONINI 13 (40) Elytra projecting over base of prothorax and excavated at base. 14 (15) Rostrum more or less cylindrical in transverse section and narrowed to apex . (Eyes acuminate below. Second segment of funicle distinctly longer than first) CONORHYNCHUS Motschulsky (= TEMNORHINUS Chevrolat), syn. n. 15 (14) Rostrum not narrowed to apex, more or less broadened at apex. 1 6 (21) Rostrum with a median furrow or at least trace of it. (Premucro present on fore tibiae at least. Postmentum longer than prementum. Vein A5 reaching A4). 17 (20) Upper margin of scrobe touching lower margin of eye. Scape shorter than funicle. (All tarsal segments more or less spongy beneath.) 1 8 (19) Rostrum 4-carinate. Prosternum as long as diameter of fore coxae. Fore tibiae without apical projection. Abdominal sterna with irregular bare spots. Wing with veins A2 and A3 stalked basally. Blades of proventriculus narrow and parallel-sided anteriorly ...... CLEONUS Schonherr 19 (18) Rostrum cylindrical, without any carinae. Prosternum shorter than diameter of fore coxae. Fore tibiae with an apical projection interrupting the fringe. Abdominal sterna without any spots. Wings with veins A2 and A3 indepen- dent. Blades of proventriculus slightly narrow anteriorly and sinuate antero- laterally LIOCLEONUS Motschulsky 20 (17) Upper margin of scrobe not touching lower margin of eye. Scape longer than funicle. (Abdomen with transverse rows of bare spots) XANTHOCHELUS Chevrolat 21 (16) Rostrum without a median furrow and with at least one carina. 22 (25) Abdominal sterna with at least three pairs of basal lateral foveae. First segment of maxillary palp as long as or longer than broad. 23 (24) Upper margin of scrobe touching lower margin of eye. Fourth abdominal sternum as long as or longer than fifth and sixth together ; sterna with bare spots regular or irrorated. Wing functional, veins A2 and A3 stalked. Labial palps one-segmented. Proventriculus without declivity teeth PACHYCERUS Schonherr 24 (23) Upper margin of scrobe not touching lower margin of eye. Fourth abdominal sternum shorter than fifth and sixth together ; sterna without bare spots. Wings rudimentary. Labial palps three-segmented ATACTOGASTER Faust ( = NEMOXENUS Faust), syn. n. 25 (22) Abdominal sterna never with three pairs of basal foveae. First segment of maxillary palp transverse. 26 (27) Scrobes subcontiguous beneath. Seventh segment of funicle distinct from club. Prosternum longer than diameter of fore coxae. Scutellum large and triangu- lar. (Abdomen irrorated with black spots.) Proventriculus with blades more separated anteriorly at medians .... MECASPIS Schonherr 27 (26) Scrobes separated beneath. Seventh segment of funicle contiguous with club. Prosternum shorter than or as long as diameter of fore coxae. Scutellum small or not visible. Proventriculus with blades less separated anteriorly at medians. 28 (29) Tibiae without distinct mucral lamella. All tarsal segments with spongy soles. Fourth abdominal sternum clearly longer than fifth and sixth together ; abdomen irrorated with bare spots. Labial palps one-segmented. (Wing with vein A2 and A3 stalked basally. Stylus of female genitalia transverse) LIXOCLEONUS Marshall 29 (28) Tibiae with more or less distinct mucral lamella ; all tarsal segments never spongy beneath Fourth abdominal sternum not longer than fifth and sixth together ; abdomen not irrorated with bare spots. Labial palps two or three- segmented. ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 33 30 (37) Second segment of funicle not longer than first. Fore tibiae without premucro ; second hind tarsal segment equal to or slightly shorter than third. Abdominal sterna with brown spots. Collum and ramus of spermatheca not at right angles to each other. (Wing (fig. 4) with vein A2 and A3 not stalked basally.) 3 1 (34) Rostrum with median carina forked behind (forked on both ends in A mmocleonus) . (Frons with a longitudinal furrow enclosed by fork of rostral carina.) Post- mentum longer than prementum. Fourth sternum shorter than fifth and sixth together ; eighth sternum in female without anterior process. Stylus in female genitalia longer than broad. (Upper margin of scrobe touching lower margin of eye.) 32 (33) Rostrum with epistome more well-defined. Scape longer than funicle. Fore tibiae straight externally ; tarsi sublinear. Vein AS not reaching A4. Labial palps two-segmented AMMOCLEONUS Bedel 33 (32) Rostrum with epistome less well-defined. Scape as long as funicle. Fore tibiae curved at apex externally ; third segment of tarsi broader than second. Vein AS reaching A4_ Labial palps three-segmented NEOCLEONUS Chevrolat 34 (31) Rostrum with median carina not forked behind. Postmentum shorter than prementum. Fourth sternum longer than or as long as fifth and sixth together ; eighth sternum in female with more or less distinct anterior process. Stylus of female genitalia transverse. (Vein AS reaching A4 posteriorly. Rostrum with two basal furrows.) 35 (36) Upper margin of scrobe touching lower margin of eye. Prosternum with neither a fovea nor protuberance in front of each coxa. Third abdominal sternum with a brown band behind each coxa and almost as long as metasternum. Labial palp two -segmented. Vein A2 and A3 present PYCNODACTYLUS Chevrolat 3^ (35) Upper margin of scrobe not touching lower margin of eye. Prosternum with a fovea and protuberance in front of each coxa. Third abdominal sternum without any band behind each coxa and longer than metasternum. Labial palps three-segmented. Only vein A2 present . . . COSMOGASTER Faust 37 (30) Second funicular segment distinctly longer than first. Fore tibiae with a pre- mucro ; second hind tarsal segment longer than third. Abdominal sterna with bare spots. Collum and ramus of spermatheca (fig. 9) at right angles to each other. 38 (39) Upper margin of scrobe touching the eye. Eyes rounded beneath. Prosternum with a fovea in front of each coxa. Tibiae without long hairs. Scales on elytra lanceolate. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum narrower than length of metasternum ; eighth sternum in female (fig. 7) without anterior process TETRAGONO THORAX Chevrolat 39 (38) Upper margin of scrobe not touching lower margin of eye. Eyes acuminate below. Prosternum without a fovea in front of each coxa. Tibiae with long hairs. Scales on elytra brush-like. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum broader than length of metasternum ; eighth sternum in female with anterior process MENECLEONUS Faust 40 (13) Elytra neither projecting nor excavated at base. (Upper margin of scrobe not touching lower margin of eye. Second segment of funicle distinctly longer than first. Fourth abdominal sternum shorter than fifth and sixth together ; sterna with bare spots. Proventriculus abruptly narrowed anteriorly). 41 (42) Eyes acuminate below. Third segment of funicle transverse. Prothorax more or less bisinuate at base. Fore tibiae with premucro ; tarsal segments not bilobed. Metasternum as long as or longer than diameter of mid coxae. Eighth sternum in female without distinct narrow anterior process. Veins A2 and A3 not stalked basally BOTHYNODERES Schonherr 54 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM 42 (41) Eyes rounded below. Third funicular segment not transverse. Prothorax rounded at base. Tibiae without premucro ; all tarsal segments bilobed. Meta- sternum shorter than diameter of mid coxae. Eighth sternum in female with distinct narrow anterior process. Wings rudimentary EURYCLEONUS Bedel 5. DISCUSSION A proper understanding of the affinities of the Cleoninae cannot be obtained from the Indo-Pakistan representatives alone, and the suggestions made below are no more than a limited contribution to the problem of the natural classification of the Cleoninae. Even within the Indo-Pakistan fauna it seems that many previously recognized genera are heterogeneous assemblages. Definitive generic limits can be assigned only after a revision of all the Indo-Pakistan species. The present attempt to define the genera is based on types which have been fixed and are in the British Museum (Natural History), supplemented (where types have not been fixed) by a study of species which may be considered as types of their respective genera. 1. The Indo-Pakistan Cleoninae form a distinct and easily definable group of weevils having in common the following characteristic features : (i) mala of maxilla with stout socketed inner teeth and some ventral teeth ; (ii) ligula transverse and apical to prementum ; (iii) labial palps small, 1-3 segmented, and ventral in position ; (iv) metepimeron separating hind coxa from elytron ; (v) external fringe of tibiae apical ; (vi) hind wing folded distal to the middle ; (vii) crop with scattered bristles ; (viii) symbiont-carrying structure present on each side of membrane between eighth and ninth sternites. 2. The distinctions between the genera of the Cleoninae are much less clear. It is possible, however, to distinguish two tribes, the Lixini (comprising the genera Microlarinus, Lachnaeus, Larinus, Lixus, Gasteroclisus and Hypolixus} and the Cleonini (consisting of all the others) . The Lixini is a more homogeneous group than the Cleonini, and may be separated from them by the following characters : (i) general shape ; (ii) cylindrical rostrum, rarely broad at apex ; (iii) scrobes neither reaching apex of rostrum nor visible anteriorly from above ; (iv) elytra more or less hairy or with powdery substance (scaly in Cleonini) and (v) corbels without mucral lamella. There are, however, in both tribes a few genera and species which are transitional in respect of some characters. Thus, in addition to the exceptions already mentioned by Faust (1904), Microlarinus has scrobes reaching the apex of the rostrum, Cono- rhynchus and some species of Xanthochelus, have a cylindrical rostrum, and Lixo- cleonus has small hairs on the elytra and corbels without a mucral lamella. 3. The Lixini contains a group of three rather closely related genera, Lixus, Gastero- clisus and Hypolixus, all of which have in common : (i) subconical prothorax ; (ii) prosternum longer in front than diameter of fore coxae and (iii) 3-segmented labial palps. These genera also possess certain primitive characters ; (i) tarsal segments spongy beneath and (ii) veins A2 and A3 stalked basally. Of the remaining genera of Lixini, Larinus appears to be most closely related to the Lixus-group, since it lacks a premucro on the tibiae and has broad tarsal segments which are spongy beneath. Microlarinus and Lachnaeus, on the other hand, seem quite distinct from the other genera of Lixini but resemble each other in their small size, long erect body-hairs ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOIBINAE 55 and premucro and tarsi less spongy beneath (the last character suggesting a resemb- lance with Lixocleonus of the Cleonini). Of the two, Lachnaeus seems closer to the other Lixini than Microlarinus. 4. The Cleonini include some genera which seem only distantly related to each other, but a few groups of allied genera can nevertheless be recognized. The first of these contains the five genera Pachycerus, Xanthochelus, Cleonus, Mecaspis and Lixocleonus, which have in common : (i) broad spongy tarsi ; (ii) veins A2 and A3 stalked basally or, in Mecaspis, tending to meet basally ; (iii) the anterior process of the eighth abdominal sternum distinct or intermediate. Although these characters suggest affinities with the Lixini, the group also shows three characters which recur individually in other genera of Cleonini : (i) first segment of funicle longer than second (or equal in Lixocleonus) ; (ii) three-segmented labial palps (one-segmented in Lixocleonus) ; (iii) anterior process of eighth sternum distinct or intermediate. 5. A second group of genera in the Cleonini comprises Neocleonus, Ammocleonus and Tetragonothorax which have in common : (i) eighth sternum without anterior process (a character found nowhere else) ; (ii) upper margin of scrobes touching lower margin of eyes ; (iii) median rostral carina complete. The characters of Neocleonus suggest a relationship between this group and the preceding one, since it has spongy " soles " to the tarsi ; but veins Az and A3 are independent of each other. A different relationship is perhaps indicated by the resemblance between Tetragonothorax and Conorhynchus. 6. Conorhynchus has affinities with a wide range of genera but is best considered as a member of a third group which also contains Bothynoderes and Menecleonus and to which Tetragonothorax might be added. These have (i) the second segment of the funicle distinctly longer than the third and (ii) the second hind tarsal segment longer than the third. The wingless genus Eurycleonus also deserves mention here since its second funicular segment is longer than the first, but it is distinct in having all the tarsal segments bilobed and the metasternum shorter than the diameter of the mid coxae and as long as the intercoxal process. Otherwise, Eurycleonus shows some points of resemblance with Bothynoderes (elytra neither excavated nor projecting at base ; with brush-like scales) and others with Atactogaster (wingless ; eighth sternum with long anterior process) . Of the genera which form this third group Conorhynchus differs from the others in having two-segmented labial palps and other characters already mentioned. The subgenus Menecleonus Fst., moreover, differs from Bothyno- deres in having (i) elytra excavated and projecting at base ; (ii) veins A2 and A3 stalked basally ; (iii) A5 reaching A4 ; (iv) tarsi with stout bristles beneath ; (v) blades of proventriculus abruptly truncated in front. It is therefore here raised to generic level with B. signaticollis Gyll. as its type. 7. The remaining Cleonine genera (i.e. Pycnodactylus, Cosmogaster, Atactogaster (=Nemoxenus) and Liocleonus do not form a homogeneous group, though the first two both have (i) rostrum with converging basal depressions ; (ii) styli of female genitalia transverse. They also resemble Atactogaster in having the postmentum shorter than the prementum. Pycnodactylus, however, has a greater overall resem- blance to Conorhynchus and Ammocleonus than has Cosmogaster. Liocleonus also resembles Conorhynchus and Ammocleonus but is otherwise distinct in having (i) 56 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM rostrum with deep median furrow and no carinae and (ii) abdomen uniformly coloured without bare or brown spots. Faust (1904) doubtfully separated his two genera Nemoxenus and Atactogaster on the ground that the former has shoulders to the elytra. They are here regarded as identical and Nemoxenus syn. n. thus sinks as a synonym of Atactogaster. 8. Type species of six genera are here designated as follows : Xanthochelus longus Chevrolat, 1873 as type of Xanthochelus Chevrolat, 1873 ; Neocleonus velatus Chevrolat, 1873 (—Curculio sannio Herbst, 1795) as type of Neocleonus Chevrolat, 1873 ; Lixus hieroglyphicus Olivier, 1807 as type of Ammocleonus Bedel, 1907 ; Cleonus lateralis Gyllenhal in Schonherr, 1834 as type of Cosmogaster Faust, 1904 ; Neocleonus orientalis Chevrolat, 1873 as type of Atactogaster Faust, 1904 ; Temnorhinus saucerottei Chevrolat, 1873 (=Bothynoderes brevirostris Gyllenhal in Schonherr, 1834) as type of Temnorhinus Chevrolat, 1873 (=Conorhynchus Mot- schulsky, 1860). II. HYLOBIINAE i. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Lacordaire (1863) excluded wingless genera from his tribe " Hylobiides " but he included Paipalesomus and placed Peribleptus under his " Lixides ". Kono (1929) described a new genus Tenguzo, under Lixini. This was later sunk by Heller (1941) as a synonym of Peribleptus, while Marshall (1944) also sank Paipalesomus as a synonym of Peribleptus. Faust (1892) described the new genera Pagiophloeus and Dyscerus under this subfamily ; the latter genus was, however, sunk as a synonym of the former by Heller (1929) but again raised by Marshall (1943) as a valid genus. Kono (1934) considered both of Faust's genera as synonymous with Hylobius Germ. Kono (1933) also described another genus Kobuzo under Hylobiinae. Blatchley and Leng (1916) denned the Hylobiinae and transferred Sternechini to Cleoninae. Marshall (1932) made a general survey of the relationships of the subfamily and put forward a provisional classification of the groups which was followed by Dalla Torre (1932). In the same paper he also described an isolated genus Pinacopus. Solari (1941) included Rhytirrhinini, Minyopini and Hyperini as tribes of Hylo- biinae in addition to Marshall's tribes (1932). He broadly followed Reitter (1912), but his work only added to the confusion already existing as to the limits of the subfamily since the Hyperini are probably nearer to the Cleoninae in having the metepimeron visible and separating the elytra from the hind coxal cavities (Faust, 1883). Further uncertainty as to the limits of the subfamily was well demonstrated when Marshall (1948) described two wingless genera Amphialodes and Ypsilepidus from Burma under the subfamilies Hylobiinae and Cryptorrhynchinae respectively, though their generic separation can hardly be justified. In 1952 he also transferred Amphialus Pascoe from Cryptorrhynchinae to Hylobiinae and made Platyrhynchus Chevrolat a synonym of Styanax Pascoe. ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 57 Since it is clear that the limits of the subfamily are confused, an attempt is made here to define it more precisely, although it must be emphasized that it is not possible to do so fully on the basis of the Indo-Pakistan genera alone. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS The following representatives of the various genera were studied. Type species are marked with an asterisk. 1. Platyrhynchus Chevrolat *P. bicarinatus Chevrolat 2. Styanax Pascoe *S. carbonarius Pascoe Styanax sp. nov. 3. Peribleptus Schonherr *P. scalptus Boheman 4. Paramecops Schonherr *P. farinosus (Wiedemann) 5. Kobuzo Kono *K. rectirostris (Roelofs) K. crassus Marshall 6. Plinthus Germar *P. megerlei (Panzer) P.findeli (Boheman) 7. Pagiophloeus Faust P. javanicus Faust P. tuberosus Marshall P. erosus Marshall 8. Dyscerus Faust *D. macilentus (Boheman) D. rusticus (Pascoe) D. longiclavus Marshall 9. Hylobius Germar *H. piceus (Degeer) H. angustus Faust 10. Porohylobius Faust *P. feae Faust n. Euthycus Pascoe *E. macilentus Pascoe E. costalis Marshall E. pendleburyi Marshall 12. Ischnopus Faust */. taprobanus Faust 13. A dees Schonherr *A. cribratus Gyllenhal A. birmanus Faust 14. Niphades Pascoe N. pardalotus Pascoe N. granicollis Faust 15. Niphadonyx Schenkling N.ferus (Faust) 16. Pinacopus Marshall *P. caudatus Marshall P. dentirostris Marshall P. mishmensis Marshall 17. Amphialus Pascoe A. turgidus Pascoe A. agrestis Pascoe 18. Amphialodes Marshall *A . acuminatus Marshall The mouth-parts, proventriculus, spermatheca, eighth sternum in the female and female genitalia were stained in acid fuchsin or borax carmine, dehydrated, cleared and mounted in Canada balsam. As regards terminology I follow Kuschel (1951) in using the tibial uncus andmucro as equivalent terms. The term " premucro " is used for a tooth present between or near the two inner apical tufts of setae on the tibia. Ting (1936) is followed for the terminology of the labium, i.e. prementum and postmentum in place of mentum and peduncle of other authors. The parts of the proventriculus are given English equiva- lents of Niisslin's (1911) terminology. 58 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM KEY TO THE GENERA OF HYLOBIINAE 1 (4) Rostrum as long as or shorter than broad. Antennae (fig. 14) very short, not geniculate, scape short, less than f the length of the funicle. Maxillae (fig. 12) with lacinial teeth in two planes, i.e. ventral broad teeth on mala also present (but also in Peribleptus) ; prementum large and more than twice as long as the short postmentum (fig. 13), very hairy along with the palpi. Free distal part of fifth (apparent fourth) tarsal segment not longer than part enclosed by lobes of third. Hind wing (fig. 15) with vein A4 sclerotized. Proventriculus absent. Eighth sternum (fig. n) with a fringe of long hairs posteriorly. Female genitalia (fig. 10) without styli. 2 (3) Rostrum transverse, eyes vertically elongate, encroaching on upper and lower surfaces of head. Antennae with seventh segment of funicle free from club ; club large, three-segmented, sutures hardly marked and first segment much shorter than the rest together. Frons narrower than base of rostrum. Meta- sternum i£ times longer than the diameter of mid coxae. Top of declivity of elytra not prominent. Free distal part of fifth (apparent fourth) tarsal segment shorter than part enclosed by lobes of third. Fore coxal cavities open in front and prosternum deeply excavate. Vein A2 absent. PL A T YRH YNCHUS Chevrolat 3 (2) Rostrum not transverse, eyes lateral. Antennae with seventh segment of funicle contiguous with club ; club small, compact, apparently four-seg- mented and first segment almost equal to the rest together. Frons as broad as base of rostrum. Metasternum almost equal to diameter of mid coxae. Elytra with top of declivity prominent. Fore coxal cavities closed anteriorly and prosternum less excavate. Free distal part of fifth (apparent fourth) tarsal segment almost as long as part enclosed by lobes of third. Vein A2 present (fig. 26) STYANAX Pascoe 0'4 mm 0-4 , O-4mm. 15 FIGS. 10-15. Platyrhynchus bicarinatus : 10, Female genitalia ; n, Eighth sternum of female ; 12, Maxilla ; 13, Labium ; 14, Antenna ; 15, Wing. ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 59 4 (i) Rostrum longer than broad. Antennae (fig. 20) medium or long and geniculate ; scape as long as or slightly longer than the funicle. Maxilla (fig. 18) with lacinial teeth in one plane (except Peribleptus] i.e. ventral broad teeth on mala absent ; prementum (if present) usually shorter than, sometimes as long as postmentum (fig. 19) ; palps and prementum never very hairy. Free distal part of fifth (apparent fourth) tarsal segment longer than part enclosed by lobes of third (above the third in Pinacopus}. Hind wing (fig. 17) with vein A4 not sclerotized but represented by a pigmented band only. Proventriculus present. Eighth sternum in female never with a thick fringe of hairs posteri- orly though some hairs may be present. Female genitalia (fig. 16) with styli. 5 (6) Rostrum arched in continuation of the head, with two dorsal sulci filled with white secretion. Maxilla (fig. 22) having mala with ventral broad teeth ; pal- pifer reticulate ; stipes small ; basal segment of palps parallel-sided. Labium (fig. n) with long notched postmentum visible ventrally and without pre- mentum and palps. Apex of fifth (apparent fourth) tarsal segment with a small tooth under each claw. Elytra projecting over the base of pro thorax ; hind wing (fig. 25) with veins A2 and A3 absent. Styli of female genitalia with setae other than the apical ones. Proventriculus (fig. 21) with plate represented by two longitudinally curved reticulate flanges. Body form elongate, like Lixus PERIBLEPTUS Schonherr 6 (5) Rostrum, if arched, not curved continuously with the head ; without two such dorsal sulci. Maxilla (fig. 18) without broad ventral teeth in a second plane (lower row of short broad teeth present in Niphades and Niphadonyx] ; palpifer not reticulate ; stipes larger ; basal segment of palps never parallel-sided but narrow at base. Labium with pre- and postmentum and three-segmented palps on anterior side of the former. Elytra not projecting over the base of prothorax ; hind wing with A2 and A3 or only A3 present. Fifth (apparent fourth) tarsal segment simple at apex. Styli of female genitalia without setae other than the apical ones. Proventriculus without the flanges if plate present. Body not like Lixus. 7 (30) Fore coxae contiguous. Apical mucro of tibia never external, but always shifted to the inner side and arising from a lamella, more or less sharp. 8 (27) Tarsal claws simple. Prosternum not excavate. Eighth sternum (fig. 24) in female with long, simple anterior process. Proventriculus (fig. 27) without plates. Mid and hind tibiae not very broad subapically, their fringes not sinuate ; without a projection at the end of fringes externally. 9 (26) Antennal club neither elongate nor two-segmented. Metepisternum not grooved longitudinally ; metasternum never continuously impressed anteriorly and longitudinally on both sides. Prothorax either broad at basal half or in front of base. Mid and hind tibiae without a subapical fringe parallel to the apical one. Proventriculus with brushes which lack parallel bars supported in the middle posteriorly ; cardiac valve without rows of bristles. 10 (23) Elytra with shoulders. Hind coxae transverse. Mesepimera broad. Metepister- num with head broader than visible posterior part. 11 (16) External fringe of corbel apical and not clearly oblique to the axis of tibia. 12 (13) Frons narrower than base of rostrum. Rostrum with only a single dorsal apical seta on either side ; scrobes ending laterally at a distance from apex of rostrum ; no lateral seta behind the articulation of mandible. Eyes vertically elongate, encroaching on upper and lower surfaces of head. Prementum slightly longer than broad. Trochanter without an erect seta ; fore tibiae curved externally at base and all without premucro. Wing (fig. 17) with vein M projecting in front of its junction with r-m ; A2 and A3 present. Intercoxal process of third sternum (first visible ventrite) broadly acuminate. Crop with short scattered bristles. Second tarsal segment as long as broad. PARAMECOPS Schonherr 6o NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM 13 (12) Frons as broad as or slightly broader than base of rostrum. Rostrum with a tuft of dorsal apical setae on each side ; scrobes reaching apex ; lateral seta behind the articulation of mandible present. Eyes lateral in position. Prementum as long as broad or transverse. Trochanters with an erect seta ; fore tibiae not curved externally at base and all tibiae with premucro. Wing (fig. 25) (absent in Plinthus] with vein M passing straight into r-m ; A2 absent. Intercoxal process of third sternum broader and not acuminate. Crop with a long and short row of bristles in front of medians and intermedians respectively. Second tarsal segment transverse. 14 (15) Rostrum without median carina ; with lateral longitudinal depression above scrobes and two dorsal furrows. Eyes not acuminate below. Prementum transverse. Seventh funicular segment contiguous with club ; club three- segmented, first segment shorter than the rest together. Pro thorax bisinuate at base and rounded at apex above ; pronotum granulate and without carina ; postocular lobes broad. Scutellum distinct. Mesepimeron separated from mesepisternum by a deep broad furrow. Metasternum granulate. Femora abruptly claviform apically. Elytra with alternate intervals not raised and not fused together and with a distinct callosity on top of declivity. Third ster- num separated from the fourth by a deep suture. . . KOBUZO K6no 15 (14) Rostrum with median carina and without any longitudinal depression or furrows. Eyes acuminate below. Prementum as long as broad. Seventh funicular segment free from club ; club unsegmented (apparently three-segmented), first apparent segment longer than the rest together. Prothorax slightly rounded at base and truncate at apex above ; pronotum carinate medially, not granulate ; postocular lobes absent. Scutellum not visible. Mesepimeron not separated from mesepisternum by a deep broad furrow. Metasternum not granulate. Femora gradually claviform, at least in fore and mid legs. Elytra fused together, their alternate intervals raised, without a distinct callosity at top of declivity which gradually descends to apex. Third sternum separated from fourth by a suture, which is curved and obsolete in the middle. PLINTHUS Germar 16 0-4 r FIGS. 16-20. 16, Female genitalia of Peribleptus scalptus. 17, Wing of Dyscerus clathratus. 1 8, Maxilla of Kobuzo crassus. 19, Labium of Kobuzo crassus. 20, Antenna of Peribleptus scalptus. ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 61 1 6 (n) External fringe of corbel oblique. (Frons narrower than base of rostrum (though only slightly so in Porohylobius). Prementum transverse and shorter than postmentum.) 17 (22) Mesepimeron not separated from the mesepisternum by a broad furrow. Premucro absent ; hind tibiae not sinuate externally. Elytra with simple scales. Eyes surrounded posteriorly by a depression. 1 8 (19) Fore tibiae strongly curved at base externally ; second segment of hind tarsus transverse. Third sternum separated from the fourth by a deep suture. Two lateral setae behind articulation of each mandible. (Fore tibiae straight externally at apex) PAGIOPHLOEUS Faust 19 (18) Fore tibiae straight externally at base. Second segment of hind tarsus not transverse. Third sternum separated from fourth by a weak suture. One seta behind articulation of each mandible. 20 (21) Rostrum with two dorsal furrows. Eyes vertically elongate, encroaching on upper and lower surfaces of head. Seventh funicular segment free from the club. Metasternum transversely impressed behind each mid coxa. Fore tibiae curved externally at apex and with an internal as well as external subapical brush of setae below the apical fringes. Intercoxal process of third sternum acuminate DYSCER US Faust 21 (20) Rostrum without two dorsal furrows. Eyes dorso-lateral. Seventh funicular segment contiguous with the club. Metasternum not transversely impressed behind each mid coxa. Fore tibiae straight externally at apex and without, internal or external subapical brush of setae below the apical fringes. Inter- coxal process of third sternum broad and arched . . HYLOBIUS Germar FIGS. 21-26. Peribleptus scalptus : 2 1 , Proventricular blade ; 22, Maxilla ; 23, Labium. 24, Eighth sternum of female of Dyscerus clathratus. Wing of : 25, Peribleptus scalptus 26, Styanax sp. n. 62 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM 22 (17) Mesepimeron separated from mesepisternum by a broad, deep furrow. Pre- mucro present ; hind tibiae sinuate externally. Elytra with brush-like scales. Eyes lateral (only very slightly dorsal) and not surrounded posteriorly by a depression POROHYLOBIUS Faust 23 (10) Elytra without shoulders. Hind coxae subglobular. Mesepimera very narrow. Metepisternum with its head narrower than its posterior visible part or only visible as a very narrow strip. (Pronotum truncate apically.) 24 (25) Rostrum without marked epistome ; with a dorsal longitudinal depression at apex. Eyes not entirely lateral. Prementum shorter than postmentum. Funicle with first segment not longer than second, seventh free from the club ; club three-segmented, sutures oblique. Prosternum in front of coxae shorter than their diameter. Scutellum not visible. Trochanters each with at least one long seta. Femora abruptly claviform at apex and toothed. Premucro absent. Third tarsal segment much broader and bilobed. Antero-lateral angles of elytra acute. Intercoxal process of third sternum rounded anteriorly and narrower than a hind coxa. Metepisternum with its head narrower than its posterior visible part EUTHYCUS Pascoe 25 (24) Rostrum with a glabrous epistome ; without a dorsal longitudinal depression at apex. Eyes lateral. Prementum longer and broader than postmentum. Funicle with first segment longer than second, seventh contiguous with the club ; club really unsegmented but apparently four-segmented because of arrangement of pubescence, apparent sutures transverse. Prosternum in front of coxae longer than their diameter. Scutellum minute. Trochanters without an erect seta. Femora gradually clubbed and untoothed. Premucro small. Tarsi sublinear, third segment very slightly bilobed. Antero-lateral angles of elytra obtuse. Intercoxal process of third sternum truncate and as broad as a hind coxa . ... ISCHNOPUS Faust 26 (9) Antennal club elongate, two-segmented, its suture glabrous. Metepisternum grooved longitudinally. Metasternum continuously impressed anteriorly and longitudinally on each side. Pro thorax broadest at base. Mid and hind tibiae with a subapical fringe parallel to the apical one. Proventriculus (fig. 29) having brushes with parallel bars supported in the middle posteriorly ; cardiac valve with two rows of bristles behind each blade . AC LEES Schonherr 27 (8) Tarsal claws appendiculate. Prosternum excavate. Eighth sternum in female with anterior process short or long with two arms and sinuate at base. Proven- triculus (fig. 28) with grinding plates. Mid and hind tibiae broader sub- apically and their fringes sinuate ; produced into a tooth-like structure at the end of their fringes externally. (Frons as broad as or broader than base of rostrum. Two tufts of setae and two setae between them present at apex of rostrum) . 28 (29) Eyes latero-ventral. Club three segmented. Prothorax feebly bisinuate at base. Metasternum distinctly longer than diameter of mid coxae ; metepisternum with its head broader than the posterior exposed part. Premucro absent. Elytra jointly sinuate at base and shoulders impressed. Fourth abdominal sternum longer than fifth and sixth together. . . . NIPHADES Pascoe 29 (28) Eyes lateral and small. Antennal club two-segmented. Prothorax rounded at base. Metasternum shorter than diameter of mid coxae ; metepisternum with its head narrower than its posterior part. Premucro present. Elytra truncate at base and without marked shoulders. Fourth abdominal sternum shorter than fifth and sixth together .... NIPHADONYX Dalla Torre 30 (7) Fore coxae separate ; apical mucro of tibiae external and without a basal lamella. (Eyes lateral and without posterior depression. Seventh funicular segment free from club. Prothorax truncate at base. Mesepimera fused ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 63 with mesepisterna or very narrow. Premucro present. Elytra without marked shoulders.) 31 (32) Prothorax oblique laterally at base ; prosternum very slightly excavated. Tarsi with third segment spatulate (as in Rhynchophorinae) but notched anteriorly. Elytra jointly sinuate at base ; stria 10 abbreviated . PINACOPUS Marshall 32 (31) Prothorax almost straight laterally at base ; prosternum distinctly excavated. Tarsi with third segment bilobed. Elytra truncate at base ; stria 10 more or less marked. 33 (34) Scutellum small. Metasternum with sutures at least partially denned. Hind coxae subglobular. Tibiae sinuate externally ; external apical fringe sinuate. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum subtruncate and broader than a hind coxa ; third abdominal sternum separated from the fourth by a deep transverse suture ; fourth to sixth sterna subequal AMPHIALUS Pascoe 34 (33) Scutellum not visible. Metasternum with sclerites fused. Hind coxae trans- verse. Tibiae straight externally ; external apical fringe transverse. In- tercoxal process of third abdominal sternum abruptly pointed in the middle and almost as broad as a hind coxa ; third abdominal sternum separated from the fourth by a curved suture, obsolete in the middle ; fourth sternum distinctly longer than fifth and sixth together . . AMPHIALODES Marshall 4. DEFINITION OF THE SUBFAMILY HYLOBIINAE Of the Indo-Pakistan genera keyed in the foregoing pages, Platyrhynchus Chev., Styanax Pasc., Peribleptus Schonh., Pinacopus Mshl., Amphialus Pasc. and Amphi- alodes Mshl. are here removed from this subfamily (see discussion, p. 65). On the basis of the remainder the subfamily Hylobiinae is defined as follows : Rostrum stout (never narrow like Pinacopus Mshl.), broader at apex than at base (except A dees birmanus). Scrobe reaching the apex and its lower margin visible anteriorly, when viewed from above (except Paramecops and A dees birmanus). Mala with a single inner row (two rows in Niphades and Niphadonyx) of stout lacinial teeth but no ventral teeth ; labium with distinct postmentum. Antenna with club usually shorter than funicle. Fore coxae contiguous ; femora stalked and usually claviform. Tibiae more or less bisinuate internally, at least the fore ones, and compressed; sharp mucro never external but somewhat shifted to the inner side and arising from a more or less distinct lamella and oblique to the axis of the tibia (almost at right angle in Kobuzo) ; claws simple (appendiculate in Niphades and Niphadonyx). Elytra broader than base of prothorax (except Euthycus) . Wings folded proximal to the middle; at least A3, A4 and AS present ; A4 sclerotized, A3 and AS represented by pigmented bands only. Spermathecal gland always vesiculate ; stylus of female genitalia without setae except at apex. 5. DISCUSSION The Indo-Pakistan Hylobiinae, as denned by Marshall (1932) and with the same arrangement followed in Catalogus Coleopterorum (Dalla Torre, et al., 1932), are a heterogeneous assemblage of genera. It is therefore proposed to comment first on the tribes included by Marshall (1932). Type species of almost all the genera studied are represented in the British Museum (Natural History). The tribe Paipalesomini, represented in Indo-Pakistan by Peribleptus, is peculiar in having (i) Lixus-Eke shape, (ii) prementum absent, (iii) mucro on tibiae external and (iv) proventriculus with characteristic flanges of grinding plate. The last three 64 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM 0-4. 29 FIGS. 27-29. Proventricular blade of : 27, Euthycus costalis ; 28, Niphadonyx ferus 29, Aclees cribratus. ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 65 characters more or less agree with those of some Rhynchophorinae (Cosmopolites). This tribe is here removed from Hylobiinae and raised to subfamily rank. The tribe Hylobiini has been separated by Marshall from the tribe Liparini solely on the basis of the presence or absence of humeral calli and functional wings. Despite this, the wingless genus Porohylobius is included in the Catalogue under subtribe Hylobiina. Similarly the wingless genus Niphadonyx has been placed under Liparini far from an undoubtedly close genus Niphades (Lithinini). The tribe Anchonini, moreover, is a heterogeneous assemblage. Ischnopus is nearer to Euthycus (placed under Liparini) than to any of the other Anchonini. This tribe is distinct from other Hylobiinae and is here raised to subfamily rank. The Lithinini contains some genera without a proventriculus (i.e. Lithinus, Styanax and Platyrhynchus}, while Niphades and others have a well developed pro- ventriculus. It is suggested that this group should be limited to genera without a proventriculus and be raised to subfamily rank. A more precise definition must await further study. Furthermore, Sternechus resembles Gonipterus (Gonipterinae) more closely than any Hylobiinae and should form a separate subfamily (Sternechinae). As the limits of the tribes mentioned by Marshall (1932) are so ill-defined I have preferred to construct a key to genera without division into tribes. Below an attempt is made to indicate some generic relationships among Indo- Pakistan Hylobiinae. Other genera are also discussed briefly. 1. Hylobius, Pagiophloeus, Dy scents and Porohylobius form a group which have (i) external fringe of corbel oblique, (ii) frons narrower than base of rostrum, (iii) elytra with shoulders, (iv) mesepimeron broad, (v) antennal club never two-segmented. Porohylobius species are wingless with mesepimeron separated from mesepisternum by a deep furrow and elytra with brush-like scales. It is less closely related to Pagiophloeus than the other two. 2. A second group comprises the genera Paramecops, Kobuzo and Plinthus, all having the fringe of the corbels apical. The first two genera show more affinities to the Hylobius-group than does the last one, while Kobuzo comes nearer to Porohylobius than does Paramecops. Plinthus does not closely resemble any other Hylobiinae. 3. Euthycus and Ischnopus are closely allied genera of wingless species. 4. Niphades and Niphadonyx form another distinctive group having (i) claws appendiculate, (ii) proventriculus with grinding plates resembling Cossoninae and Scolytinae and (iii) prosternum more or less excavate. Niphades shows a greater resemblance to the Hylobius-group than does Niphadonyx. 5. A dees is a very distinct genus with a two-segmented elongate antennal club. It most closely resembles the Hylobius-group (except for Hylobius). 6. Pinacopus, Amphialus and Amphialodes (— Ypsilepidus Mshl., syn. n.) are transferred to the Cryptorrhynchinae. 7. Platyrhynchus Chev. is a valid genus, not a synonym of Styanax ; both should be included in the tribe Lithinini, which is here raised to subfamily rank. 8. Peribleptus Schonh. is removed from Hylobiinae on the basis of its shape, mouth parts, tibial mucro and proventriculus. ENTOM. 13, 3 6 66 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM 9. Niphades pardalotus Pascoe and Amphialus turgidus Pascoe are here designated as type species of Niphades Pascoe and Amphialus Pascoe respectively. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was carried out as a fellow in the Imperial College of Science and Tech- nology, London. I am indebted to Professor O. W. Richards for providing all the facilities in the Zoology Department. I am also grateful to Mr. R. G. Davies, the late Sir Guy Marshall and the staff of the British Museum (Natural History) for their help. Thanks are due to the Government of Pakistan and the Colombo Plan Authori- ties for awarding me the fellowship. 7. REFERENCES BEDEL, L., 1907, Catalogue raisonn6 des Coleopteres du nord de 1'Afrique. Abeille, Paris 31 : 43. BLATCHLEY & LENG, 1916, Rhynchophora of North East America. Indianapolis. CHEVROLAT, A., 1873, Memoir sur les Cleonides. Mem. Soc. Sci. Liege (2) 5 : 8-118. CSIKI, E., 1934, Catalogus Coleopterorum, pt. 134. DALLA TORRE, et al., 1932, Catalogus Coleopterorum pt. 122. DESBROCHERS DES LOGES, J., 1904, Curculionides inedite d'Europe et circa. Frelon 12 : 81 and 103. FAUST, J., 1882 (1883), Die Europaeischen und Asiatischen Arten der Gattungen Erirhinus, Notaris, Icaris, Dorytomus. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou n. 3 : 113-188. — 1892, Curculioniden aus dem Malayischen Archipel. Stettin, ent. Ztg. 53 : 184-228. — 1904, Revision der Gruppe Cleonides vrais. Dtsch. ent. Z., 177-284. (Col.) HELLER, K. M., 1929, Neue Riisselkafer von den Philippinen und von Borneo nebst einen Verzeichnis entomologischer Sammler und Sammelplatze auf den Philippinen. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Volkerk. Dresden 17 (3) : 12. - 1941, Peribleptus Sch. und Carcilia Roelofs (Col. Cure. Hylobiinae). Ent. Bl. 37 : 78-83. KONO, H., 1929, Die Cleoninen Japans (Col. Cure.). Insecta matsum. 4 : 49-63. — 1933, Die Hylobiinen Aus Formosa (Col. Cure.). Insecta matsum. 7 : 182-189. - 1934, Die Japanischen Hylobiinen (Col. Cure.). /. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Univ. 33 : 223-248. KUSCHEL, G., 1951, Revision de Lissorhoptrus Leconte y generos vecinos de America. Rev. Chil. Ent., Santiago 1 : 23-74. LACORDAIRE, T., 1863, Histoire Naturelles des Insectes. Genera des Coleopteres. 6. MARSHALL, G. A. K., 1932, Notes on Hylobiinae (Col. Cure.). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 9 : 341-355- - 1939, New Tropical African Curculionidae (Col.). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist, (n) 3 : 561-583. - 1944, On the genus Peribleptus Schonh. (Col. Cure.). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist, (n) 11 : 655-661. - 1948, Entomological results from the Swedish expedition 1934 to Burma and British India (Col. Cure.) Novit. Zool. 42 : 397-473. NiissLiN, O., 1911, Phylogenie und system der Borkenkafer Z. wiss. Insekten Biol. 7 : 1-5 ; 47-5i; 77-82; 109-112; 145-156; 248-255; 271-282; 302-308; 333-338. REITTER, E., 1912 (1913), Bestimmungs-Schliissel der mir bekannten europaischen Gattungen der Curculionidae, mit Einschluss der mir bekannten Gattungen aus dem palaearctischen Gebiete. Verh. naturf. Ver. Brunn. 51 : 1-90 (Col.) ; Best-Tab, europ. 68 : 1-90. SOLARI, F., 1941, Revisione dei Neoplinthus Italiani Ed Alcune Note de Sistematica Generale dei Curculionidi. Mem. Soc. ent. ital. 20 : 43-90. TING, P. C., 1936, The mouthparts of the Coleopterous group Rhynchophora. Microentomology, \ : 9-IT- PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING g, A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA AND ALLIED GENERA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) G. E. TITE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 4 LONDON: 1963 A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA AND ALLIED GENERA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE BV G. E. TITE XVVA British Museum (Natural Pp. 67-116 ; Plates 1-2 ; 91 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 4 LONDON: 1963 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 13, No. 4 of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Trustees of the British Museum 1963 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued February 1963 Price Twenty Shillings A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA AND ALLIED GENERA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) By G. E. TITE CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ..... 69 NACADUBA MOORE . . 70 PROSOTAS DRUCE . . 88 PARADUBA BAKER . . 97 IONOLYCE TOXOPEUS ... 100 ERYSICHTON FRUHSTORFER .... ... 102 CA TOP YROPS TOXOPEUS . .105 PETRELAEA TOXOPEUS 109 REFERENCES . . ... . .109 INDEX ... . . . -113 SYNOPSIS The species of Nacaduba are listed according to their relationships. In particular the grouping of species and subspecies from the Papuan region, hitherto confused, has been corrected, as the result of examination of the type specimens described by Lord Rothschild, Fruhstorfer, and others. Ten new species and nineteen new subspecies are described. INTRODUCTION THE Indo-Malayan representatives of Nacaduba have been ably dealt with by Toxopeus, Corbet, and Eliot, so that probably little remains to be discovered about the specific relationships of the races from that region. Study of the material in the British Museum (Natural History), however, reveals a very different situation as regards the more eastern portion of the Indo- Australian region, especially in respect of that from New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands. Investigation of the types shows that most of the insects described as species by the late Lord Rothschild have by various authors been assigned as subspecies to quite unrelated species ; this, and the discovery of a number of species new to science, renders the present work desirable. The presence in the B.M. (N.H.) of most of Fruhstorfer's types has facilitated the correct specific grouping of the races he described. Toxopeus has shown (1929) that the genus Nacaduba can be conveniently divided into smaller units, and has given these units generic rank ; with some modifications this system is followed here, consideration being given to the male genitalic structures and to the slight differences in venation. Dr. Corbet (1938) deprecates the division of Nacaduba and gives as one reason the fact that the females of the berenice and nova groups cannot be separated on differences of vena- ENTOM. 13, 4 7 yo G. E. TITE tion. This does not seem to be a conclusive argument, and could be carried to extreme lengths, as was done by Aurivillius when he incorporated into the single genus Cupido twenty-four groups, to each of which generic status is generally accorded by other competent systematists. The extent of the anastomosis of veins II and 12 of the fore wing has been used by various authors as a generic character ; this is not always reliable, as it can vary considerably in individuals of the same species. During the course of the present work, the following species have been observed to vary in this way : N. beroe, N. hermus, N. pactolus and N. sinhala. It is intended that this paper should be used in conjunction with the works of the authors mentioned above ; it does not aspire to the status of a monograph. Future investigation may prove that some of the listed subspecific names are not well founded, and may become synonyms. Herein, the main consideration has been to group all the published names in correct relation to the species, and the fact that a name is included does not necessarily imply approval of its validity or status. Whenever possible, figures of the male genitalia are given for those species that are not so figured elsewhere. The word (Type !) after a reference indicates that the type is in the B.M. (N.H.) and that it has been examined. The author wishes to express thanks to Colonel J. N. Eliot who has presented specimens (including types) to the B.M. (N.H.), lent others from his collection, and aided the completion of the work by helpful criticism and suggestions. NACADUBA Moore Nacaduba Moore, 1881 : 88. Type species : Lampides prominens Moore. The genus in its present restricted sense forms a reasonably homogeneous group ; although certain species exhibit characters that would seem to split the genus into even smaller sections or subgenera, the great difference in the formation of the penis in the beroe, calauria and astarte groups being a case in point. Nacaduba sericina (Felder) (i) N. sericina sericina (Felder) (Text-figs. 12 and 43) Lycaena sericina Felder, 1865 : 277, pi. 34, figs. 30 and 31, Luzon (Type !). Nacaduba smaragdina Semper, 1890 : 178, pi. 33, fig. 4, Mittel-Luzon. (ii) N. sericina thaumus Fruhstorfer Nacaduba sericina thaumus Fruhstorfer, 1916 : in, Bazilan and Mindanao. Nacaduba angusta (Druce) (i) N. angusta kerriana Distant Nacaduba kerriana Distant, 1886 : 253, Singapore. (ii) N. angusta albida Riley & Godfrey Nacaduba angusta f. albida Riley & Godfrey, 1925 : 141, pi. 3, fig. 2, Siam (Type !). A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 71 (iii) N. angusta honorifice Fruhstorfer Nacaduba angusta honorifice Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 42, Nias. (iv) N. angusta flumena Fruhstorfer Nacaduba angusta flumena Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 112, W. Java. (v) N. angusta angusta (Druce) Cupido angusta Druce, 1873 : 349, pi. 32, fig. 9, Borneo (Type !). (vi) N. angusta thespia Fruhstorfer Nacaduba angusta thespia Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 112, Banguey (Type !). (vii) N. angusta limbura Fruhstorfer Nacaduba angusta limbura Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 112, S. Philippines. (viii) N. angusta sangira Fruhstorler Nacaduba angusta sangira Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 112, Sangir. (ix) N. angusta azureus (Rober) Plebeius azureus Rober, 1886 : 63, pi. 4, fig. 19, E. Celebes. (x) N. angusta pamela Grose-Smith Nacaduba pamela Grose-Smith, 1895 : 508, S. Celebes (Type !). Nacaduba atromarginata Druce, 1902 : 113, pi. ii, figs, i and 2, S. Celebes (Type !). Nacaduba pactolus (Felder) (i) N. pactolus ceylonica Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pactolus ceylonica Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 114, Ceylon. (ii) N. pactolus continentalis Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pactolus continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 114, Sikkim. (iii) N. pactolus hainani Bethune-Baker Nacaduba hainani Bethune-Baker, 1914 : 125, Formosa. (iv) N. pactolus andamanica Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pactolus andamanica Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 114, Andamans (Type !). (v) N. pactolus macrophthalma (Felder) Lycaena macrophthalma Felder, 1862 : 483, Pulu Mihu. Nacaduba vajuva varia Evans, 1932 : 241, S. Nicobars (Type !). (vi) N. pactolus odon Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pactolus odon Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 114, Macromalayana (Type !). (vii) N. pactolus lycoreia Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pactolus lycoreia Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 115, Java and Micromalayana (Type !). (viii) N. pactolus cyaniris (Rober) comb. n. Plebeius cyaniris Rober, 1891 : 315, 1892, pi. 5, fig. 4, Flores. (ix) N. pactolus neaira Fruhstorfer N acaduba pactolus neaira Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 114, Philippines. (x) N. pactolus pactolides Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pactolus pactolides Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 115, Celebes & Bangaai. (xi) N. pactolus pactolus (Felder) Lycaena pactolus Felder, 1860 : 456, Amboina (Type !) (xii) N. pactolus cela Waterhouse & Lyell Nacaduba pactolus cela Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 : 94, figs. 850 and 851, Darnley Island. 72 G. E. TITE (xiii) N. pactolus waigeuensis (Joicey & Talbot) Lampides pactolus waigeuensis Joicey & Talbot, 1917 : 221, Waigeu (Type !). (xiv) N. pactolus antalcidas Fruhstorfer N acaduba pactolus antalcidas Fruhstorfer, 1915 : 146, Central Dutch New Guinea. (xv) N. pactolus raluana Ribbe N acaduba (Lampides} pactolus raluana Ribbe, 1899 : 231, Neu Pommern, Neu Lauenburg. Nacaduba pavana (Horsfield) (Text-fig. 4) (i) N. pavana singapura Corbet Nacaduba pavana singapura Corbet, 1938 : 134, pi. i, figs. 24 and 30, Malay Pen. (Type !). (ii) N. pavana vajuva Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana vajuva Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 108, Siam (Type !). (iii) N. pavana pavana (Horsfield) Lycaena pavana Horsfield, 1828 : 77, Java (Type !). (iv) N. pavana georgi Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana georgi Fruhstorfer, 1916 : in, Ost-Mindanao. (v) N. pavana visuna Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana visuna Fruhstorfer, 1916 : no, Celebes (Type !). Nacaduba russelli sp. n. ^Text-figs. 1-3) Superficially, in both sexes, this recently discovered species is very like N. pavana singapura, and in the description that follows, all comparisons are made with that insect. The male was brought to notice by Colonel J. N. Eliot and its captor Major A. Bedford Russell. A search in the B.M. (N.H.) has produced two specimens which, from external characters, are almost certainly females of the species. The male upperside is purple with a slight gloss in certain lights, altogether more opaque, and with a much wider blackish margin on all wings. In the female, the blue basal areas of all wings are blue-lavender with a shining blue gloss by refraction ; this is in distinct contrast to the pale grey-green blue of female singapura. In both sexes beneath, as in singapura, there are no basal markings on the fore wing, and the banding consists of two parallel dark lines with a much lighter area between them. The tornal black spot on the hind wing is large ; its enclosing orange lunule is deeper in colour and more extensive, spreading over veins 2 and 3 and well into the adjoining areas. The submarginal spots are lozenge shaped, whereas, those of singapura are dash-like, and are surrounded by a much wider white area, giving the wing margins of that species a much neater appearance. Verification of the identity of the male is furnished by the unique formation of the clasper ; this is of the same general shape as that of N. kurava, but the simple turned over apical portion, to be seen in that species, is replaced by a broad spatulate structure, heavily armed with some seven or eight inwardly directed quill-like points of varying lengths. A few scattered smaller points are present around the bases of the larger ones, especially at the extreme apex. Holotype $, MALAYA : Upper Gombak River, Ulu Gombak, 14 . vi . 1959 (Major A . Bedford Russell). B.M. Type No. Rh. 16616. Allotype $, SINGAPORE : Nee Soon, 22.xii.i938 (/. N. Eliot}. B.M. Type No. Rh. 16617. Paratypes. As holotype, 28. vi. 1959, i $ ; MALAYA : Penang Hill (Adams], i £. A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 73 Nacaduba hermus (Felder) (i) N. hermus sidoma Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana nabo f. sidoma Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 108, S. India (Type !). (ii) N. hermus nabo Fmhstorfer Nacaduba pavana nabo Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 108, Assam (Type !). (iii) N. hermus vicania Corbet Nacaduba hermus major Evans, 1932 : 240, S. Nicobars (Type !), (nom. preocc. by N. berenice major Rothschild, 1915 : 139). Nacaduba hermus vicania Corbet, 1938 : 133, Nicobars (Type !). (iv) N. hermus swatipa Corbet Nacaduba hermus swatipa Corbet, 1938 : 132, pi. i, figs. 27 and 35, Malay Pen. (Type !). (v) N. hermus valvidens Toxopeus Nacaduba nabo valvidens Toxopeus, 1929 : 233, W. Java. (vi) N. hermus minja Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana minja Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 109, Lombok (Type !). (vii) N. hermus tairea Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana tairea Fruhstorfer, 1916 : no, Philippines (Type !). (viii) N. hermus hermus (Felder) Lycaena hermus Felder, 1860 : 457, Amboina (Type !). Nacaduba subperusia (Snellen) (i) N. subperusia lysa Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana lysa Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 109, Sumatra (Type !). Nacaduba intricata Corbet, 1938 : 131, pi. i, fig. 28, Malay Pen. (Type !), , as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16580. Other material. NEW GUINEA : as holotype, 4 $ ; Aroa River (Meek], n <$ ; Mambare R., Biagi, 5,000 ft., i-iii.i9o6 [Meek], 5 <$ ; Arfak, Mt. Siwi, 800 m., iv-vi. 1928 (E. Mayr), 23 £ ; Arfak, Ditschi, v-vi. 1928 (E. Mayr), i $ ; Kratke Mts., Buntibasa Distr., 4-5,000 ft., vi.ig32 (F.Shaw-Mayer), i $ ; Wandammen Mts., 3-4,000 ft., xi.i9i4 (Pratt Bros.), 2 $ ; Arfak, Angi Lakes, 8,000 ft., i-ii.i9i4 (Pratt Bros.) , i $ ; 2 days N. of Fak Fak, 1,700 ft., xi.i907 (A. E. Pratt), i <$ ; Weyland Mts., 3,500 ft., vi.i920 (A. E. Pratt), I <$ ; Snow Mts., Near Oetakwa River, up to 3,500 ft., x-xii.i9io (Meek], i $ ; Snow Mts., Utakwa R., 4-6,000 ft., xii-i . 1912-13 (A. F. R. Wollaston), i £. 86 G. E. TITE Nacaduba calauria (Felder) (i) N. calauria evansi Toxopeus Nacaduba calauria evansi Toxopeus, 1927 : 434, Ceylon. Nacaduba calauria toxopeusi Corbet, 1938 : 138, Ceylon, syn. n. Corbet proposed the name toxopeusi for the Ceylon race on the grounds that evansi Toxopeus was a primary homonym of N. kurava euplea d.s.f. evansi Toxopeus 1927 : 424, but as the latter was described as a mere form, the name has no standing in nomenclature, and N. calauria evansi Toxopeus can stand as the valid name. (ii) N. calauria malayica Corbet Nacaduba calauria malayica Corbet, 1938 : 137, pi. i, figs. 4 and 33, Malay Pen. (Type !). (iii) N. calauria cypria Toxopeus Nacaduba calauria cypria Toxopeus, 1929 : 234, W. Java. (iv) N. calauria calauria (Felder) (Text-figs. 25 and 38) Lycaena calauria Felder, 1860 : 457, Amboina (Type !). Nacaduba tristis Rothschild (Text-figs. 26 and 37) Nacaduba tristis Rothschild, 1915 : 29, Utakwa River (Type !). This species has been treated as a subspecies of AT", berenice by various authors, but examination of the male genitalia of the type reveals a close relationship with N. calauria. The last named species is found from Ceylon, through Malaya and the Sunda Islands to the Moluccas, Dutch New Guinea and New Britain ; while tristis occurs in Obi, Ceram, and New Guinea. The ranges of the two species overlap in Ceram, Dutch New Guinea and the Schouten Islands. These two species are indis- tinguishable above, and the only differential character in tristis below is the outward displacement of median spot 5 on the fore wing, which gives the median band a distinctly angled effect. The male armatures are structurally similar, but the tristis clasper is smaller, the distal teeth larger in proportion and more pointed ; the dorsal margin is more strongly convex. In the aedeagus the vesical cornuti — so obvious in all preparations of calauria examined — cannot be discerned. Nacaduba glauconia (Snellen) (Text-figs. 21 and 34) (i) N. glauconia glauconia (Snellen) Lycaena glauca Snellen, 1892 : 142, Java. Lycaena glauconia Snellen, 1901 : 264, n. n. for Lycaena glauca. (ii) N. glauconia overdijkinki Toxopeus Nacaduba glauconia overdijkinki Toxopeus, 1929 : 236, E. Java. Nacaduba dyopa (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Text-figs. 29 and 39) Lycaena dyopa Herrich-Schaffer, 1869 : 75, Overlau. Catochrysops vitiensis Butler, 1883 : 389, Viti Island (Type !), syn. n. A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 87 Nacaduba gemmata Druce, 1887 : 204, Fiji Is. (Type !), syn. n. Nacaduba vitiensis Druce, 1892 : 437. Nacaduba gemmata Druce, 1892 : 437. Nacaduba dyopa Druce, 1892 : 437. Druce pointed out that gemmata was a synonym of vitiensis Butler, and suggested that the latter might prove to be synonymic with dyopa. Careful study of Herrich- Schaeffer's description and Butler's type makes the suggestion a certainty. In addition to 18 <$ and 13 $ from Fiji, there are in the B.M. I <£ from New Hebrides, i c? and 4 $ from Tonga and I $ and I $ from Samoa. Nacaduba samoensis Druce (Text-figs. 23 and 40) Nacaduba samoensis Druce, 1892 : 437, pi. 27, figs. 5-6, Samoa (Type !). Nacaduba vitiensis samoensis Hopkins, 1927 : 56 (part). On the evidence of the male genitalia, there is no doubt that this is a distinct species, despite its close superficial resemblance to dyopa. The elongate clasper bends outwards in sweeping curves to its cup-shaped apex, which is produced inwardly to terminate in a curved point. The aedeagus is curved and somewhat narrowed before the apex ; an unusual feature is the presence of two sabre-like structures — one on each side of the organ — which commence near the base and curve gently downwards, protruding ventrally at about three-quarter the penis length ; they may be extensions of the anellus. Druce has well described the external points of difference with dyopa. Evidently the two species occur together in Samoa, and the presence of four examples of samoensis from Fiji in the B.M. (N.H.) suggests that further collecting might reveal its presence in other Pacific islands. Material in B.M. (N.H.) : SAMOA : (G. F. Mathew), i $ (holotype) ; Upolu, Apia, g.vii.1922 (J. S. Armstrong), 2 <$, 2 $ ; FIJI : Suva, 1895 (Woodford), i $ ; Ovalau (Mus. Godeffroy, ex. Felder Coll.), i $. Nacaduba deplorans (Butler) (Text-figs. 22 and 41) Lampides deplorans Butler, 1875 : 614, Loyalty Islands (Type !). Nacaduba deliana (Snellen) Lycaena deliana Snellen, 1892 : 139, Java. Lycaena deliana Piepers & Snellen, 1918 : 51, pi. 22, fig. 70. As no specimens are available for study this name is tentatively placed here. Nacaduba biocellata (Felder) Although this species bears a close resemblance to some members of the genus Prosotas, the very distinctive shape of the male clasper indicates no close relation- ship ; so for the purpose of this paper the species is retained in Nacaduba. (i) N. biocellata biocellata (Felder) (Text-figs. 28 and 42) 88 G. E. TITE Lycaena biocellata Felder, 1865 : 280, pi. 35, fig. 14, Adelaide (Type !). (ii) N. biocellata armillata (Butler) Lampides armillata Butler, 1875 : 614, Vat6 (Type !). (iii) N. biocellata baliensis ssp. n. Smaller than the nominate race, the male fore wing only attaining a length of from 8 to 10 mm. All wings are smoky purple above as in ssp. armillata, and are never clear purple as in Australian examples. The brown marginal band is just over i mm. in width, noticeably wider than in either of the other races. In the female the ground colour is unicolorous brown without any blue scaling whatever. The underside exhibits no differential characters. Presence in the B.M. (N.H.) of single specimens from Sumba & Kisser would suggest that this race may have been overlooked by collectors and may occur over a wide area in the Sunda Islands. Holotype <£, W. BALI: Gilmanoek, ¥.1935 (/. P. A. Kalis], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16581. Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16582. Other material. As holotype, 16 <$, 2 $ ; LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS : Sumba, (W. Doherty), i $ ; Kisser I. (Kuhn), i <$. Nacaduba nebulosa Druce Nacaduba nebulosa Druce, 1892 : 440, pi. 27, figs. 10-11, New Hebrides (Type !). This species is represented in the B.M. (N.H.) by the male holotype (without an abdomen), the female allotype and four other females, all from New Hebrides. It is therefore not possible to come to a decision regarding its true affinities. Nacaduba cladara Holland Nacaduba cladara Holland, 1900 : 73, Buru. Nacaduba glenis Holland Nacaduba glenis Holland, 1900 : 74, Buru. The above two names are appended here, as it has not been possible to identify either of them from the descriptions. PR O SOT AS Druce Prosotas Druce, 1891 : 366, pi. 31, fig. 15, Type species : Prosotas caliginosa Druce. Prosotas Druce ; Toxopeus, 1929 : 237. The genus as described by Druce was monotypical, and characterized by the almost complete anastomosis of the costal and first subcostal nervures. Toxopeus quoted this character, but included in the genus several species in which these FIG. 10. (J genital armature, Nacaduba astarte plumbata. FIGS. 11-29. c? clasper : n, Nacaduba mioswara ; 12, N. sericina ; 13, N. cajetani ; 14, N. novaehebridensis vulcana ; 15, N. major ; 16, AT", beroe ; 17, N. ruficirca ; 18, Petrelaea dana ; 19, N. kurava lydia ; 20, N. lucana ; 21, AT", glauconia ; 22, AT", deplorans ; 23, AT", samoensis ; 24, AT", mallicollo ; 25, N. calauria ; 26, N. tristis ; 27, AT", sumbawa ; 28, AT", biocellata ; 29, AT", dyopa. A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 89 15 25 go G. E. TITE nervures are joined for a short distance, then separate and reach the costa inde- pendantly as in true Nacaduba. Without denuding the wings it is, in some cases, difficult to observe the final course of the costal nervure, and this may explain his apparent failure to notice the inconsistency. However, the same author points out differences in the palpi, the general habit of life, and the uniform formation of the male claspers of all the species concerned. It would therefore seem that we are dealing here with a natural group of related species, and it is intended to follow Toxopeus and include under Prosotas ah1 those species having simple claspers terminating in a pointed hook (Text-figs. 46-52, 54-60, 62 and 63), , and an aedeagus with a truncate branch-like process arising ventrally from just below the apex (Text-figs. 53 and 61). Prosotas aluta (Druce) (i) P. aluta coelestis (Wood-Mason & de Niceville) (Text-fig. 46) Nacaduba coelestis Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1886 : 366, pi. 17, fig. n, Andamans. Nacaduba aluta coelestis Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 119. (ii) P. aluta nanda (de Niceville) Nacaduba nanda de Niceville, 1895 : 34, pi. S, fig. 23, NE. Sumatra. Nacaduba aluta nanda Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 119. (iii) P. aluta lessina (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba aluta lessina Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 119, Nias (Type !). (iv) P. aluta aluta (Druce) Cupido aluta Druce, 1873 : 349, pi. 32, fig. 8, Borneo (Type !). (v) P. aluta philiata (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba aluta philiata Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 119, Philippines (Type !). (vi) P. aluta alutina (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba aluta alutina Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 120, N. Celebes (Type !). Prosotas nelides (de Niceville) (Text-fig. 47) Nacaduba nelides de Niceville, 1895 : 280, pi. O, fig. 24, NE. Sumatra (Type !). Prosotas nora (Felder) (i) P. nora ardates (Moore) (Text-figs. 48 and 53) Lycaena ardates Moore, 1874 : 574, pi. 67, fig. i, Cashmere (Type !). Nacaduba kodi Evans, 1910 : 387, Palni Hills (Type !). FIGS. 30-45. $ aedeagus : 30, Nacaduba beroe ; 31, N. lucana ; 32, N. major ; 33, N. ruficirca ; 34, N. glauconia ; 35, N. novaehebridensis vulcana ; 36, N. cajetani ; 37, N. tristis ; 38^ N. calauria ; 39, N. dyopa ; 40, N. samoensis ; 41, N. deplorans ; 42, N. biocellata ; 43, N. sericina ; 44, N. mioswara ; 45, Petrelaea dana. A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 32 35 37 38 40 42 43 45 92 G. E. TITE (ii) P. norafulva (Evans) comb, n Nacaduba dubiosa fulva Evans, 1925 : 613, Andamans (Type !). The type is a female in poor condition, without an abdomen, and the margins are so damaged that no indication of a tail at vein 2 of the hind wing is discernible. Comparison with the Andamanese specimens in the B.M. (N.H.) reveals without doubt that it really belongs to P. nora. P. dubiosa is represented in the B.M., from the Andamans, by only one male and four females, and these are not noticeably different from Indian examples of that species. (iii) P. nora dilata (Evans) Nacaduba nora dilata Evans, 1932 : 243, Nicobars (Type !). (iv) P. nora formosana (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba nora formosana Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 116, Formosa (Type !). (v) P. nora superdates (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba nora donina f. superdates, Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 117, Java (Type !). (vi) P. nora kupu (Kheil) Plebeius kupu Kheil, 1884 : 29, pi. 5, fig. 34, Nias. (Type ? A specimen from the Fruhstorfer collection in the B.M. (N.H.) is labelled in Fruhstorfer's writing as the type). (vii) P. nora meraha (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba nora meraha Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 117, Engano (Type !). (viii) P. nora semperi (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba nora semperi Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 116, S. Philippines (Type !). (ix) P. nora nora (Felder) Lycaena nora Felder, 1860 : 458, Amboina (Type !). (x) P. nora auletes (Waterhouse & Lyell) Nacaduba nora auletes Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 : 98, figs. 353-355, Cape York. Prosotas atra sp. n. (PI. i, figs. lo-n. Text-fig. 49) The upper surface of the male is unicoloured dull sooty brown, and the cilia are grey-brown with a darker line running through them. In size and shape the insect is very like P. nora. On the under surface the pattern is similar to that of nora, but the median band on the fore wing is moved slightly inwards and the submarginal lunules are very faint ; this gives the outer portion of the wing a rather bare appearance. On the hind wing, besides the metallic flecked black tornal spot, there are a pair of smaller metallic spots in area i, and a single one in area 3, all are margined internally by sandy-yellow chevrons. The female is above paler brown, with just a hint of olive in its composition, its only markings being a series of blackish submarginal spots on the hind wing, sharply outlined in bluish white. On the underside it is like the male, but the ground is more pale yellow-brown, and the bands are rather narrower. Holotype $, NEW BRITAIN : Talesea, m-iv.i925 (A. F. Eichhorn], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16583. Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16584. Other material. NEW BRITAIN : as holotype, 6 <$. NEW GUINEA : Kumusi R., (A. S. Meek), 3 $ ; Milne Bay, xi.iSgS (A. S. Meek], i $ ; Dorey Bay, A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 93 Andai, 1892 (W. Doherty), I <$ ; Geelvink Bay, Wandesi, 1892 (W. Doherty), I <$. CERAM : Piroe, 4.11.1909 (J. C. Kershaw), i <$. Prosotas talesea sp. n. (PI. i, figs 12-13. Text-fig 50) Apart from a rather stronger dark marginal line, the upperside of the male scarcely differs from that surface in P. nova. The female also closely resembles the nova female from the Bismark Archipelago. Beneath, both sexes can be easily recognized by the warm brown colour, the prominent marginal and submarginal markings, and by the creamy yellow band that traverses the hind wing, filling the entire area between the median band and the submarginal lunules. The male clasper is broad at the base, diminishing evenly in width and proceeding in a regular curve to a fine pointed apex. Holotype <$, NEW BRITAIN : Talesea, 11.1925 (A. F. Eichhorn), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16585. Allotype $, as holotype, iii-vi.i925, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16586. Other material. As holotype, ii-iii, 1925, 6 $. Prosotas papuana sp. n. (PI. i, figs. 14-15. Text-fig. 51) This is another species having a strong resemblance in appearance and size to P. nora. It differs in the shape of the male clasper which is similar to that of P. pia. In contrast to nora, the male is of a distinctly more reddish-purple tint, with a heavier dark marginal line on all wings. On the hind wing, the tornal black spot in area 2, and the bifid spot in area i, are evident above, and both are margined distally with a fine white line. The female is dark brown above, in contrast to the greyish fuscous hue of nora ; the blue area on the fore wing is reduced to a few scattered blue scales in the centre of the wing. On the hind wing the submarginal series of spots are encircled by dingy pale lunules, and so are less obvious than those of nora, which has clearly defined white ones. The under surface in both sexes is clear light brown, without the yellow and grey tints of nora ; its markings are similar to those of that species, but the orange tornal crescent is replaced by a bright red one. Holotype <$, BRITISH NEW GUINEA: Hydrographer Mts., 2,500 ft., iv-v.igiS (Eichhorn Bros.), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16587. Allotype ?, data as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16588. Other material. NEW GUINEA : as holotype, i-v.igiS, 12 ^, 2 $ ; Welsh River (Weiske), i <$ ; Upper Aroa R. (Meek], i $ ; Ninay Valley, 1908-09 (A. E. Pratt], 2 cT i Weyland Mts., 3,500 ft., vi.i920 (Pratt Bros.}, i <$ ; Arfak Mts., Angi Lakes, 6,000 ft. (Pratt Bros.), i <$ ; Kratke Mts., Buntibasa, 4-5,000 ft., v.1932 (F. Shaw- Mayer], 5 . Prosotas felderi (Murray) (Text-fig. 52) Lycaena felderi Murray, 1874 : 527, Queensland. Lycaena mackayensis Miskin, 1890 : 35, Mackay. 94 G. E. TITE Prosotas pia Toxopeus Examination of the male genitalia reveals that although P. pia so closely resembles P. nora superficially, it must be regarded as a distinct species ; its short and broad clasper at once identifies the insect. Additional evidence is now provided by the discovery of the extra- Javan races listed below. (i) P. pia marginata ssp. n. (PI. i, figs. 16-17) In the early stages of preparation for this work, a letter was received from Col. J. N. Eliot in which he described in his series of nora a male, taken by himself in Sikkim, which he felt sure was an undescribed species. Investigation of the material in the B.M. (N.H.) elicited the surprising fact that a race of pia occurs together with nora over a large range extending from Sikkim and Assam to Burma, of which Col. Eliot's insect is an example. It differs from nora as follows : the male ground colour is of a more slate-blue tint ; the dusky margins are wider, in some examples approaching a width of i mm. ; the female is indistinguishable above from that sex of nora. Beneath, both sexes are variable but always lighter in colour, with the much darker markings contrasting strongly ; the spot below the fore wing cell centre is usually reduced. A considerable degree of individual variation is dis- cernible, extreme dry season males being paler, almost lilac above, and having a much simplified pattern on a lighter ground beneath. In doubtful cases the male genitalia furnish a sure guide. Holotype <£, ASSAM : Naga Hills, Kirbari, 10-24. vii. 1912 (Tytler}, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16589. Allotype $, ASSAM: Manipur, Imphal, 21. v. 1911 (Tytler}, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16590. Other material. Numerous localities in Sikkim, Assam and Burma, 102 <$, 19 $. (ii) P. pia pia Toxopeus (PI. i, fig. 18., pi. 2, fig. 9 Text-fig. 55) Prosotas pia Toxopeus, 1929 : 241, W. Java (Paratypes !). Specimens from Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo are not separable from those of Java. (iii) P. pia elioti ssp. n. The male is deep purple on the upperside, deeper in tint than either of the preceding sub- species ; this colour has a brownish tinge in certain lights ; the dark marginal line is thread- like. The bases of the wings are somewhat darkened but bear a thin scattering of blue scales. The underside is dull earth-brown ; its marginal markings are evanescent, while the brown bands and spots on the remainder of the wings are emphasized by parallel darker lines which are outwardly margined with fine white lines. Whereas the female of nora from Celebes is normally completely black-brown above, and of a decidedly yellow tone beneath, that sex of elioti exhibits a greenish-blue patch in the centre of the fore wing and a pale olive-brown underside. This race is described from three specimens generously presented to the B.M. (N.H.) by its discoverer Col. J. N. Eliot. A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 95 Holotype <$, S. CELEBES : Malino, 3,000 ft., 14.^.1937 (J. N. Eliot), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16591. Allotype $ data as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16592. Other material. As holotype, I $. (iv) P. pia ceramensis ssp. n. Prosotas parrhasius (nora) rothschildi Toxopeus (misidentification), 1930 : 100, Ceram. The male upperside differs from that of nora by the presence of a nebulous dark marginal band of up to i mm. in width on all wings. Dusky tornal spots, each accompanied externally by a pale interneural stripe, are vaguely observable on the hind wing. Beneath the colour is greyish, and the submarginal markings are evanescent as in pia and elioti. The female can best be distinguished from that sex of nora by its brown underside, which is in distinct contrast to the bright yellow one of Ceram examples of that species. This is the insect confused by Toxopeus with Nacaduba felderi Rothschild, and renamed by him rothschildi. The latter name is discussed under N. cajetani (see P- 79)- Holotype $, CERAM : Manusela, 650 m., 1912 (E. Stresemann], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16593. Allotype $, CERAM : Manusela, 6,000 ft., x-xii.igig (Pratt Bros.), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16594. Other material. As holotype, 8 <$ ; as allotype, 3 $, 4 $ ; Ceram I., x-x (W. Stalker), 3 £. Prosotas ella Toxopeus (Text-fig. 56) Prosotas ella Toxopeus, 1930 : 188, Palu, Centr. Celebes. Prosotas norina Toxopeus Prosotas norina Toxopeus, 1929 : 239, Java. It has not been possible to identify any specimen of this species, and the name is placed here provisionally. Prosotas bhutea (de Niceville) (Text-fig. 57) Nacaduba bhutea de Niceville, 1883 : 72, pi. i, fig. 13, Sikkim. Prosotas datarica (Snellen) (Text-fig. 58) Lycaena datarica Snellen, 1892 : 140, Java. Lycaena datarica Piepers & Snellen, 1918 : 42, pi. 21, figs. 5ja-b. Prosotas subardates Toxopeus, 1929 : 242, Java. 96 G. E. TITE Prosotas gracilis (Rober) (i) P. gracilis ni (de Nivecille) (Text-fig. 59) Nacaduba ni de Niceville, 1902 : 247, NE. Sumatra. ? Nacaduba basiatrata Strand, 1910 : 203, Sumatra, syn. n. (ii) P. gracilis donina (Snellen) Lycaena donina Snellen, 1901 : 262, W. Java. (iii) P. gracilis gracilis (Rober) Plebeius gracilis Rober, 1886 : 67, pi. 5, fig. i, Ceram. Nacaduba gerydomaculata Rothschild, 1915 : 139, Central Ceram (Type !), syn. n. (iv) P. gracilis saturatior (Rothschild) stat. n. Nacaduba saturatior Rothschild, 1915 : 393, Dampier I. (Type !). Prosotas elsa (Grose Smith) (Text-figs. 60 and 61) Nacaduba elsa Grose Smith, 1895 : 509, Amboina (Type !). Prosotas dubiosa (Semper) (i) P. dubiosa indica (Evans) (Text-figs. 53 and 54) Nacaduba dubiosa indica Evans, 1925 : 613, Ceylon (Type 1). (ii) P. dubiosa lumpura (Corbet) Nacaduba dubiosa lumpura Corbet, 1938 : 141, Malay Pen. (Type !). (iii) P. dubiosa subardates (Piepers & Snellen) Lycaena ardates subardates Piepers & Snellen, 1918 : 43, Java. Prosotas dubiosa roepkei Toxopeus, 1929 : 242, Java (syn. n.). Prosotas hybrida Toxopeus, 1929 : 241, Java (syn. n.). The name subardates although somewhat fortuitously included in the literature must stand, and can only apply to the insect figured by Piepers & Snellen (1918, pi. xxi, fig. 58). Toxopeus (1929 : 242) used the name incorrectly for an insect that is most probably datarica Snellen. (iv) P. dubiosa eborata ssp. n. (PI. 2, figs. 10-11) This Solomon Islands race is in both sexes identical above with specimens from the New Guinea mainland ; beneath, it can be readily recognized by the presence of a wide ivory coloured band on the hind wing which fills the whole of the area between the median band and the submarginal series of lunules. The submarginal spots on this wing are also surrounded by the same pale colour, but in other respects the underside of all wings conforms to the normal dubiosa pattern. Holotype $, SOLOMON ISLANDS : N. side of Choiseul I., xii.1903 (A. S. Meek], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16595. Allotype . Data as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16596. Other material. SOLOMON ISLANDS: as holotype, 3 <$ ; Isabel I., vi-viii.igoi (A. S. Meek], 6 <$ ; Bougainville, vi.i9O4 (A. S. Meek), i <$ ; Gela, i $ ; Guizo, A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 97 (A. S. Meek), 2 ?; Guadalcanal, Lunga, 28.11.1935 (R. A. Lever), i ?; Nissan I., viii.1924 (A. F. Eichhorn), I <$. (v) P. dubiosa dubiosa (Semper) Lampides dubiosa Semper, 1879 : 159, Queensland (Type !). Prosotas caliginosa Druce (Text-fig. 63) Prosotas caliginosa Druce, 1891 : 366, pi. 31, fig. 15, Alu I. (Type !). Prosotas lutea (Martin) (i) P. lutea sivoka (Evans) Nacaduba sivoka Evans, 1910 : 427, Teesta Valley (Type !). (11) P. lutea lutea (Martin) Nacaduba lutea Martin, 1895 : i, NE. Sumatra (Type !). Prosotas noreia (Felder) (i) P. noreia noreia (Felder) (Text-fig. 62) Lycaena noreia Felder, 1868 : 282, Ceylon. (ii) P. noreia hampsonii (de Niceville) Nacaduba hampsonii de Niceville, 1885 : 118, pi. 2, fig. 13, Ootacamund. Lycaenesthes emolus topa Evans, 1912 : 986, Palni Hills (Type !). (iii) P. noreia cyclops Toxopeus Prosotas noreia cyclops Toxopeus, 1929 : 241, Java. PARADUBA Bethune-Baker Paraduba Bethune-Baker, 1906 : 103. Type-species : Paraduba owgarra Bethune-Baker. Bethune-Baker distinguished this genus from Nacaduba by certain characters of the fore wing venation. Careful examination of the series of P. owgarra in the B.M. (N.H.) has failed to confirm all his findings ; certainly the origins of veins 6 and 7 are closer together than those of Nacaduba, but the termination of 7, and the courses of II and 12, scarcely differ from their counterparts in that genus. Nevertheless, the name Paraduba should be retained for the three species owgarra, metriodes and siwiensis, all of which show close affinity with one another in the male genitalic structure, namely the simple clavate densely-haired claspers, and the strongly cornute aedeagi (see Text-figs.). Paraduba owgarra Bethune-Baker (PI. 2, figs. 12-13. Text-figs. 64 and 67) Paraduba owgarra Bethune-Baker, 1906 : 104, Brit. New Guinea, Owgarra (Type !). A series of some 30 males and a solitary female are in the B.M. (N.H.) and come from Owgarra, Aroa River, Mambare River and Angabunga River, all in British New Guinea. 98 G. E. TITE 68 A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 99 The hitherto unknown female can be described as follows. In shape it is like the male, but the wings are rather broader. The fringes are brown with the exception of a white portion — extending from vein 4 to just below the apex on the hind wing. The fore wing is dingy brown above, with a strong intermixture of blue scales at the base of area i, and a similar intermixture of more whitish scales at the bases of areas 2 and 3. On the dingy brown hind wing, a scattering of blue scales fills the cell, and spreads outwards to the bases of all areas from i to 6. The underside only differs from that of the male in the more whitish ground colour of its fore wing. Neallotype $, BRITISH NEW GUINEA : Angabunga River, 6,000 ft., xi-ii . 1904-05 (A. S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16597. Paraduba metriodes (Bethune-Baker) (i) P. metriodes metriodes (Bethune-Baker) (PI. 2, figs. 14-15. Text-figs. 65 and 74) Nacaduba metriodes Bethune-Baker, 1911 : 452 British New Guinea, Dinawa (Type !). Nacaduba proximo, Rothschild ; Joicey & Talbot, $, 1916 : 79, Wandammen Mts. (Neallotype !). A series in the B.M. (N.H.) come from British New Guinea and Humbolt Bay, Wandammen Mts., Fak Fak, Kapaur, Arfak Mts., Geelvink Bay, in Dutch New Guinea. The insect referred to by Joicey & Talbot as the female of proxima Rothschild is an aberrant male metriodes metriodes with a wide dark margin ; its sex has been confirmed by dissection. (ii) P. metriodes proxima (Rothschild) comb. n. (PI. 2, figs. 16-18) Nacaduba proxima Rothschild, 1915 : 29, Utakwa R. (Type !). Represented in the B.M. (N.H.) by a series of 24 males and one female, all are from the Setekwa and Utakwa Rivers in the Snow Mountains, Dutch New Guinea. On the upperside the males are identical with those of the nominate subspecies, but the darker underside, with bolder and whiter reticulations, make this a quite distinctive race. The female — so far undescribed— is pale grey-blue above ; which colour gradually merges with the wide fuscous-brown costal margin, and with the even wider distal margin on all wings. The hind wing series of black submarginal spots are bordered outwardly by a series of inter- neural white lines, and inwardly by a series of pale lunules. The underside is like that of the male. FIGS. 46-52. £, clasper : 46, Prosotas aluta coelestis ; 47, Pr. nelides ; 48, Pr. nora ardates ; 49, Pr. atra ; 50, Pr. talesea ; 51, Pr. papuana ; 52, Pr. felderi. FIG. 53. $, aedeagus, Prosotas dubiosa indica. FIGS. 54-60. <$, clasper : 54, Prosotas dubiosa indica ; 55, Pr. pia pia ; 56, Pr. ella ; 57, Pr. bhutea ; 58, Pr. datarica ; 59, Pr. gracilis ni ; 60, Pr. elsa. Fig. 61. , SOLOMON ISLANDS : Guizo I., xi.igoa (A. 5. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16601. Other material. As holotype, I $. 102 G. E. TITE ERYSICHTON Fruhstorfer Nacaduba artengruppe Erysichton Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 137 [as subgenus, Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 107]. Type-species : Lycaena lineata Murray. (By present designation.) Fruhstorfer used this name to distinguish those species of the group that do not possess falces on the uncus ; he included under this head Nacaduba palmyra Felder with many subspecies, together with references to the original descriptions, N. fatureus Rober and N. hyperesia Fruhstorfer. His descriptions and genitalia figures make it clear that he was mistaken in his identifications ; his palmyra palmyra is not the insect described by Felder, but is conspecific with L. lineata Murray, while his hyperesia is in fact the true palmyra Felder. Lycaena lineata is treated by Fruhstorfer (1916 : 139) as a subspecies of palmyra. As Erysichton is here used as a genus, and to avoid confusion, I hereby select Lycaena lineata Murray as the type of the genus. Erysichton lineata (Murray) All races of this species can be at once distinguished from those of E. palmyra by their unspotted fringes, the paler grey-blue colour of the males, and in both sexes by the absence of the whitish submarginal areas so characteristic of Felder's species on the underside. The androconia are very distinctive ; they are long and narrow, shaped rather like a paddle with a blade at each end, similar to those of Petrelaea dana, but quite twice as large. (i) E. lineata cythora (Fruhstorfer) comb. n. Nacaduba palmyra cythora Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 137, Batjan (Type !), syn. n. Nacaduba palmyra eugenea Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 137, Obi (Type !), syn. n. Nacaduba valentina Grose Smith, 1895 : 5°8, Amboina ( nee. $}, (Allotype !), syn. n. Darker on the under surface than Papuan lineata ; the males being a rich sooty brown. The white patch on the fore wing of the female is restricted. The series from Batjan and Obi do not differ externally, and as far as can be seen from the few examples available, neither do specimens from Ceram, Amboina and Tenimber. Distribution. Batjan, Obi, Ceram, Amboina, Buru and Tenimber. (ii) E. lineata meiranganus (Rober) comb. n. Plebeius meiranganus Rober, 1886 : 65, Aru. Plebeius fatureus Rober, 1886 : 66, Aru, syn. n. Nacaduba palmyra vaneeckei Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 138, Snow Mts. (Type !), syn. n. Nacaduba palmyra thadmor Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 138, New Guinea, Vulcan, Dampier, syn. n. Distribution. Aru, Key, New Guinea, Dampier, Vulcan and Admiralty Is. (iii) E. lineata insularis ssp. n. The upperside in both sexes does not differ materially from that of the foregoing race, but the tornal orange lunule on the underside of the hind wing is always larger, and is often more than twice the width of that of the New Guinea insect. The white markings in the disc and the submarginal region of the underside in the female are purer brighter white, making the whole pattern stand out more clearly than in any other race. Holotype <$, LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO : Sudest I., Mt. Riu, 2,000 ft, vi.i9i6 (Eichhorn Bros.}, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16603. A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NAG A DUB A 103 Allotype $ as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16603. Distribution. Trobriand Islands, D'Entrecasteau and Louisiade Archipelagos. (iv) E. lineata ulmnsis (Ribbe) comb. n. Nacaduba meiranganus var. uluensis Ribbe, 1899 : 230, pi. 4, fig. 6, Neu Pommern. Compared with the preceding races, the male is of a purer grey-blue tone above. The female has all the dark portions of the wings of a more greyish hue, the white area on the fore wing is restricted as is that of cythora, and the basal blue on the hind wing extends well beyond the end of the cell before merging into the grey distal area. Beneath in both sexes, the orange tornal lunule is small like that of meiranganus . Distribution. New Britain, New Ireland, New Hanover, French Islands, St. Matthias and Squally Islands. (v) E. lineata vincula (Druce) comb. n. Nacaduba vincula Druce, 1891 : 363, pi. 31, fig. 18, Solomons (Type !). Recognizable in the male by the very wide median band on the fore wing beneath, and in the female by the small white areas of the fore wing on the upperside, and the reduction of the basal blue on all wings, which gives the insect a rather drab appearance. Distribution. Solomon Islands : Guadalcanar, Guizo, San Christobal, New Georgia, Bougainville, Isobel, Gela, Kulambranga and Fauro. (vi) E. lineata lineata (Murray) stat. n. (Text-figs. 76, 77, 84, 85) Lycaena lineata Murray, 1874 : 524, pi. 10, fig. 9, Queensland. The female has a bigger white patch on the fore wing than in any other race. Distribution. Queensland. Erysichton palmyra (Felder). The androconia are of the normal battledore shape, and have 16 to 17 ribs. The male claspers are short, oval in shape, and furnished at the apex with an inwardly directed point. (i) E. palmyra tasmanicus (Miskin) stat. n. Lycaena tasmanicus Miskin, 1890 : 40, Tasmania (sic.). Lycaena elaborata Lucas, 1900 : 137, Brisbane, syn. n. The underside in both sexes is warm reddish brown. A series of nine males from Tenimber also exhibit this character. Distribution. Queensland, Tenimber. (ii) E, palmyra palmyra (Felder) (Text-figs. 75 and 83) Lycaena palmyra Felder, 1860 : 458, Amboina (Type !). Nacaduba valentina Grose Smith, 1895 : 508, Amboina ($ nee. $), (Type !), syn. n. Nacaduba poecilta Holland, 1900 : 74, Buru, syn. n. Nacaduba hyperesia Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 139, Obi (Type !). The sooty brown underside in the male readily distinguishes this from the Australian race. Only three females (from Ceram) are available ; they are pale grey beneath, with a much more regular arrangement of the dark banding. Distribution. Amboina, Ceram, Batchian, Obi, Mefor I. and Biak. 104 G- K. TITE (Hi) E. palmyra coelia (Grose Smith) Nacaduba coelia Grose Smith, 1894 : 573, Humbolt Bay (Type !). Nacaduba subvariegata Rothschild, 1915 : 392, Vulcan I. (Type !), syn. n. In the male fore wing above, the marginal band is much wider than in the other races ; it increases in width towards the apex, where it attains a width of from 2 to 3 mm. Beneath, the general appearance is like that of the nominate race, but the distal area in all wings is more extensively washed with white. The female is similar to that sex of the nominate race, but its underside markings are darker. Distribution. Aru, Waigeu and New Guinea. (iv) E. palmyra clara ssp. n. (PI. 2, figs. 20-21) The male is larger than that of any other race ; it measures 17 mm. from base to apex of the fore wing. Above, the colour is clear grey-blue, clearer and brighter than in p. palmyra, and the fringes are only lightly checkered at the vein ends. Beneath, very dark blackish brown, it is without any whitish washing in the distal area. Holotype <^, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO: New Britain, Talesea, ^.1925 (A. F. Eichhorn], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16604. (v) E. palmyra lateplaga ssp. n. (PI. 2, fig. 22) Two male specimens from the Solomon Islands suggest a parallel development with E. lineata vincula, also from that area. Like that insect, they display on the underside a marked widening of the median band, a greater development of the orange tornal lunule on the hind wing, and a less produced, less acute apex of the fore wing, than is found in the other races. As far as can be ascertained from the rather tattered material, the colour above, and the fringes, are like those of the nominate race. Beneath, as well as the differences mentioned, the distal whitening is reduced to the edging of the submarginal spots and lunules. Holotype <$, SOLOMON ISLANDS : Florida I., i.igoi (Meek], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16605. Other material. Rubiana I., i £. Erysichton albiplaga sp. n. (PI. 2, figs. 5-8) Genitalically no difference can be found between this species and E. palmyra, but in view of the great divergence in external characters it is deemed advisable to treat them as distinct species. The male is similar in shape to palmyra ; its upperside is blue-lavender of sufficient trans- parency to allow the white transverse band on the underside to show through on all wings. On the secondaries, a double black submarginal spot in cellule i is followed inwardly by a dusky patch ; there is a larger single spot in cellule 2, and indications of submarginal spots appear faintly in all cellules to the apex ; these spots are bordered outwardly by pale interneural lines. All wings are bordered by a fine dark marginal line. The female is shining blue at the base of all wings ; this colour extends on the fore wing over the lower half of the discoidal cell, just reaches the base of area 2, and covers the basal £ of area i. On the hind wing, its clearly defined outer edge runs in an almost straight line from the costa, through the points of origin of veins 7 and 2, to the hind margin. Then follows a broad white band, reaching from area 5 on the fore wing to the hind margin on the hind wing. On the fore wing, a black costal A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS N AC A DUB A 105 band extends into the upper half of the cell, and to the apex, where it meets a wide marginal band of at least 4 mm. A similar marginal band on the hind wing is suffused inwardly with whitish blue scales where it meets the distal edge of the white band. Blue encircled dark spots appear in areas i to 3, and are faintly indicated in areas 4 to 6. The fringes in both sexes are white, checkered with fuscous at the vein-ends. Beneath the male is sooty brown, prominently marked with a wide white transverse band, which extends from just below the fore wing costa to the hind margin on the hind wing ; it is 3 mm. at its greatest width, but tapers towards both extremities. Two undulating fine white lines traverse the cell of the fore wing ; the outer line is continued across both wings. A more definite whitish line borders the inner edge of the discoidal lunule. Beyond the broad white band is a median band of spots, darker than the ground, and finely outlined with white on their convex distal edges. A series of submarginal spots is bordered internally by a corresponding series of heavy dark lunules ; both series are finely margined with white. The tornal spot on the hind wing is black, flecked with metallic green scales, and narrowly edged inwardly with golden yellow. The spot in cellule one is similar but smaller. The fringes are spotted as on the upperside. In the female, the pattern is basically the same, but the white band extends to 5 mm. Holotype J, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO: New Hanover, ii-iii . 1923 (A. S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16606. Allotype ?, as Holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16607. CATOPYROPS Toxopeus Catopyrops Toxopeus, 1930 : 146. Type-species : Lycaena ancyra Felder. Toxopeus included rita Grose Smith suidflorinda Butler, as subspecies of ancyra. Eliot 1956 : 37 pointed out the specific distinctness of rita, and there can be no doubt that florinda, with its subspecies estrella Waterhouse, and the new subspecies described below, constitute a third species. Reference to the genitalia figures should be sufficient to substantiate this. C. keiria Druce and C. kokopona Ribbe both exhibit divergent genitalia, and it is with some hesitation that they are included in the genus. Catopyrops ancyra (Felder) (i) C. ancyra aberrans (Elwes) Nacaduba aberrans Elwes, 1892 : 626, pi. 44, fig. 6, E. Pegu (Type !). (ii) C. ancyra almora (Druce) Cupido almora Druce, 1873 : 349, pi. 32, fig. 7, Borneo (Type !). Nacaduba pseustis Doherty, 1891 : 182, Borneo. (iii) C. ancyra hyperpseustis (Toxopeus) Nacaduba ancyra hyperpseustis Toxopeus, 1929 : 210, Pulo Weh. (iv) C. ancyra exponens (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba ancyra exponens Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 124, " Cocos Inseln (Holl. Klappereiland)." (v) C. ancyra nicevillei Toxopeus Catopyrops ancyra nicevillei Toxopeus, 1930 : 147, pi. 4, fig. 2, NE. Sumatra. (vi) C. ancyra austrojavana Toxopeus Catopyrops ancyra austrojavana Toxopeus, 1930 : 147, pi. 4, fig. 5, a-b-c, E. Java. io6 G. E. TITE (vii) C. ancyra subfestivus (Rober) Plebeius subfestivus Rober, 1886 : 64, pi. 4, fig. 33, Aru, Ceram, Celebes (part). Nacaduba ancyra subfestivus Rober ; Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 123, Celebes (part). Catopyrops ancyra duplicata Toxopeus, 1930 : 149, pi. 4, fig. i3a-b, Kalawara, Centr. Celebes. Fruhstorfer restricted this name to the Celebes race with grey-brown underside and dark markings ; he also mentioned other examples with whitish undersides and red-brown markings, the latter would almost certainly be what has since been described as C. rita bora by Col. Eliot. Toxopeus also had both species ; he treated bora as ancyra subfestivus and gave true subfestivus the name duplicata. (viii) C. ancyra ancyra (Felder) (Text-figs. 78 and 87) Lycaena ancyra Felder, 1860 : 457, Amboina (Type !). (ix) C. ancyra tuala Toxopeus Catopyrops ancyra tuala Toxopeus, 1930 : 148, pi. 4, fig. 10, Toeal, Key. (x) C. ancyra mysia (Waterhouse & Lyell) Nacaduba ancyra mysia Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 : 96, Prince of Wales Island. Nacaduba ancyra vanheurni v. Eecke, 1924 : 41, Dutch New Guinea. (xi) C. ancyra complicata (Butler) Lampides complicata Butler, 1882 : 150, Duke of York Island (Type !). (xii) C. ancyra procella ssp. n. (PL i, fig. 21) This subspecies is remarkable for the pale silver-grey tone of the underside, which is only equalled by that of C. ancyra ligamenta Druce from the other end of the Solomon chain ; it contrasts strongly with the brown colour to be found on that surface of C. ancyra complicata and C. ancyra amaura. Above, the male does not differ from these races. The female is pale shining grey-blue on all wings ; the dusky marginal areas of the fore wing are somewhat restricted, and the submarginal series of spots and lunules on the hind wing are fine, but clearly marked ; the orange crescent in area 2 is obsolescent. Beneath, the brown-grey markings are all reduced in width, and the orange crescent, though present, is considerably reduced. Length of fore wing : male 13-14 mm. ; female 11-14 mm. Holotype <$, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : Squally Island (i° 40' S., 150° 30' E.), viii. 1923 (A. F. Eichhorn), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16608. Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16609. Other material. As holotype, 2 $. (xiii) C. ancyra distincta ssp. n. (PL i, fig. 22) At once recognizable in both sexes by the appearance of the underside, in which the grey- brown markings are all sharply delineated on a silvery white ground. Not distinguishable from amaura on the upper surface. Holotype $, SOLOMON ISLANDS : Nissan Island (4° 30' S., 154° 20' E.), vii-ix.i924 (A. F. Eichhorn), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16610. Allotype ?, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16611. Other material. As holotype, 2 <$. (xiv) C. ancyra amaura (Druce) Nacaduba amaura Druce, 1891 : 361, pi. 31, fig. 10, Alu, Rubiana, and Malaita (Type !). A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 107 (xv) C. ancyra maniana (Druce) Nacaduba maniana Druce, 1891 : 361, pi. 31, fig. 9, Ulaua I. (Type !). (xvi) C. ancyra ligamenta (Druce) Nacaduba ligamenta Druce, 1891 : 361, pi. 31, figs. 11-12, Ugi I. (Type !). Catopyrops rita (Grose Smith) (i) C. rita bora Eliot Catopyrops rita bora Eliot, 1956 : 37, S. Celebes (Type !). (ii) C. rita altijavana Toxopeus comb. n. Catopyrops ancyra (subfestivus) altijavana Toxopeus, 1930 : 148, Java (Malang.). (iii) C. rita rita (Grose Smith) (Text-figs. 79 and 89) Nacaduba rita Grose Smith, 1895 : 508, Wetter (Type !). Catopyrops florinda (Butler) (i) C . florinda florinda (Butler) (Text-figs. 81 and 88) Lampides florinda Butler, 1877 : 354, Lifu (Type !). (ii) C. florinda estrella (Waterhouse & Lyell) comb. n. Nacaduba ancyra estrella Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 : 96, fig. 312, Cooktown. Nacaduba ancyra halys Waterhouse, 1934 : 4X^. New South Wales, syn. n. (iii) C. florinda parva ssp. n. This insular dwarf race from Timor and some nearby islands is consistently smaller than estrella or the nominate race ; its fore wing only extends in length to from 10 to 12 mm., and its apex is less pointed. In the male, the dark margins of all wings are fine ; the tornal spot on the hind wing is small, and the orange lunule is reduced or absent. The only female exhibits a marked extension of the purple-blue ground colour ; this extends from the base, over the cell, and over all the discal area below vein 6, and as far as the submarginal lunules on all wings. A dusky smear closes the cell on each wing, and the median bands can be seen shining through from below. The costal regions and the submarginal markings are fuscous ; the latter are clearly marked on the hind wings, but are only indicated on the fore wings. Beneath in both sexes, the pattern is similar to that of the nominate race, but less emphasized. Superficially this subspecies bears considerable resemblance to C. ancyra tuala, but the male genitalia are of the characteristic florinda pattern, with a long and curved extension on the clasper. Holotype <$, TIMOR: Oinainisa, xi-xii.i892 (W. Doherty}, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16612. Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16613. Other material. TIMOR: Atapupu, viii.iSgy (Everett], 2 ^ ; as holotype, i $ ; Dili, v.i892 (Doherty), i $. SOUTH WEST ISLANDS : Moa I., xii.i9O2 (Kuhri), 9 $ ; Kisser I. (Kuhn), 2 $ ; Wetter I., v.i892, 2 £. Catopyrops keiria (Druce) (Text-figs. 80 and 91) Nacaduba keiria Druce, 1891 : 362, pi. 31, figs. 13-14, Solomons (Type!). io8 G. E. TITE Catopyrops kokopona (Ribbe) comb. n. (Text-figs. 82 and 90) Nacaduba kokopona Ribbe, 1899 : 232, pi. 4, fig. 7, Neu Pommern. PETREL AEA Toxopeus Petrelaea Toxopeus, 1929 : 242. Type-species : Nacaduba dana de Niceville. 75 76 78 77 82 83 85 89 9O FIGS. 75-76. cJ, clasper : 75, Erysichton palmyra ; 76, E. lineata. FIG. 77. <$, aedeagus : Erysichton lineata. FIGS. 78-82. tera from Port Blair, Andaman Islands. /. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 49 : 223-243, i pi. 1881, List of Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands T. Isiat. Soc. Beng. 50 : 224-238. 1886, List of the lepidopterous Insects collected in Cachar by Mr. J. "Wood Mason, part ii — Rhopalocera. /. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 55 : 343-392, 4 pis. INDEX (Synonyms are in italics.) aberrans (Elwes), l»itx>pyrops ancyra ssp., 105 agorda Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava syn., 81 akaba (Druce), Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 albescens ssp. n., Nacaduba astarte, 77 albida Riley & Godfrey, Nacaduba angusta, ssp., 70 albiplaga sp. n., Erysichton, 104 albofasciata (Rober), Nacaduba kurava ssp., 82 almora (Druce), Catopyrops ancyra ssp., 105 altijavana Tox., Catopyrops rita ssp., 107 aluta (Druce), Prosotas, 90 alutina Fruhst., Prosotas aluta ssp., 90 amaura (Druce), Catopyrops ancyra ssp., 106 ancyra (Felder), Catopyrops, 105 andamanica Fruhst., Nacaduba pactolus ssp., 71 angusta (Druce), Nacaduba, 70 antakidas Fruhst., Nacaduba pactolus ssp., 72 aphana Fruhst., Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 aphya Fruhst., Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 apira Fruhst., Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 aratus (Moore), Nacaduba kurava syn., 81 ardates (Moore), Prosotas nora ssp., 90 ardeola (Staudinger), Petrelaea dana syn., 109 ariitia Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 82 armillata (Butler), Nacaduba biocellata ssp., 88 asaga Fruhst., Nacaduba, 74 asakusa Fruhst., Nacaduba beroe ssp., 84 astapa Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 astarte (Butler), Nacaduba, 76 ataranica Tox., Nacaduba kurava euplea syn., 81 atra sp.n., Prosotas, 92 atratus (Horsfield), Nacaduba kurava syn., 81 atromarginata Druce, Nacaduba angusta pamela syn., 71 auletes (Waterh. & Lyell), Prosotas nora ssp., 92 austrojavana Tox., Catopyrops ancyra ssp., i°5 azureus (Rober), Nacaduba angusta ssp., 71 baliensis ssp. n., Nacaduba biocellata, 88 bandana (Swinhoe), Nacaduba kurava ssp., 82 KNTOM. 13, 4 basiatrata (Strand), Prosotas gracilis ni syn., 96 baweana Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 belli Tox., Nacaduba kurava canaraica d. s. f . , 81 berenice (H.-Schaeff.), Nacaduba, 78 beroe (Felder), Nacaduba, 84 bhutea (Nicev.), Prosotas, 95 biakana ssp. n., Nacaduba mallicollo, 83 bimaculosa Tox., Nacaduba beroe ssp., 84 biocellata (Felder), Nacaduba, 87 bora Eliot, Catopyrops rita ssp., 107 brunnea (Evans), lonolyce helicon ssp., 100 brunnescens sp. n., lonolyce, 101 cajetani nom. n. (for Prosotas rothschildi Tox.), Nacaduba, 79 calauria (Felder), Nacaduba, 86 caliginosa Druce, Prosotas, 97 canaraica Tox., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 caracalla (Waterh. & Lyell), lonolyce helicon ssp., 101 carnania Fruhst., Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 CATOPYROPS Tox., 105 cela Waterh. & Lyell, Nacaduba pactolus ssp., ?i ceramensis ssp. n., Prosotas pia ssp., 95 cerbara Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 ceylonica Fruhst., Nacaduba pactolus ssp., 71 ceylonica Fruhst., Nacaduba sinhala syn., 79 cladara Holland, Nacaduba, 88 clara ssp. n., Erysichton palmyra, 104 coelestis (Nicev.), Prosotas aluta ssp., 90 coelia (Grose Smith), Erysichton palmyra ssp., 104 complicata (Butler), Catopyrops ancyra ssp., 1 06 continentalis Fruhst., Nacaduba pactolus ssp., 71 cyaneira Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 82 cyaniris (Rober), Nacaduba pactolus ssp., 71 cyclops Tox., Prosotas noreia ssp., 97 cypria Tox., Nacaduba calauria ssp., 86 cythora Fruhst., Erysichton lineata ssp., 102 dana (Nicev.), Petrelaea, 109 datarica (Snellen), Prosotas, 95 INDEX deliana (Snellen), Nacaduba, 87 deplorans (Butler), Nacaduba, 87 dilata (Evans), Prosotas nora ssp., 92 dima (Rhe Philipe), Petrelaea dana syn., 109 distincta ssp. n., Catopyrops ancyra, 106 dobbensis (Rober), Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 donina (Snellen), Prosotas gracilis ssp., 96 dubiosa (Semper), Prosotas, 96 duplicata Tox., Catopyrops ancyra subfesti- vus syn., 106 dyopa (H.-Schaefif.), Nacaduba, 86 eborata ssp. n., Prosotas dubiosa, 96 elaborate/. (Lucas), Erysichton palmyra tas- manicus syn., 103 eliana Fruhst., Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 elioti Corbet, Nacaduba sanaya ssp., 73 elioti ssp. n., Prosotas pia, 94 ella Tox., Prosotas, 95 elsa (Grose-Smith), Prosotas, 96 ERYSICHTON Fruhst., 102 estrella (Waterh. & Lyell), Catochrysops florinda ssp., 107 eugenea Fruhst., Erysichton lineata cythora syn., 102 euplea Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 euretes Druce, Nacaduba kurava ssp., 82 evansi Tox., Nacaduba calauria evansi syn., 86 evansi Tox., Nacaduba kurava euplea d. s. f., 81 exponens (Fruhst.), Catopyrops ancyra ssp., 105 fatureus (Rober), Erysichton lineata meiran- ganus syn., 102 felderi Rothschild, Nacaduba cajetani syn., 79 felderi (Murray), Prosotas, 93 felsina Waterh. & Lyell, Nacaduba kurava ssp., 8 1 florinda (Butler), Catopyrops, 107 flumena Fruhst., Nacaduba angusta ssp., 71 formosana (Fruhst.), Prosotas nora ssp., 92 fulva (Evans), Prosotas nora ssp., 92 gemmata Druce, Nacaduba dyopa syn., 87 georgi Fruhst., Nacaduba pavana ssp., 72 gerydomaculata (Rothschild), Prosotas gracilis syn., 96 glauca (Snellen), Nacaduba glauconia syn., 86 glauconia (Snellen), Nacaduba, 86 glenis Holland, Nacaduba, 88 gracilis (Rober), Prosotas, 96 guizoensis ssp. n. Nacaduba novaehebridensis 80 gythion Fruhst., Nacaduba beroe ssp., 84 hainani Beth.-Bak., Nacaduba pactolus ssp., 7i halys (Waterh. & Lyell), Catopyrops florinda estrella syn., 107 hampsonii (Nicev.), Prosotas noreia ssp., 97 helicon (Felder), lonolyce, 100 hermus (Felder), Nacaduba, 73 honor ifice Fruhst., Nacaduba angusta ssp., 7i hybrida Toxopeus, Prosotas dubiosa subar- dates syn., 96 hyllus (Waterh. & Lyell), lonolyce helicon ssp., 101 hyperesia (Fruhst.), Erysichton palmyra syn., 103 hyperpseustis (Tox.), Catopyrops ancyra ssp., 105 icena Fruhst., Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 illuensis (Rober), Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 indica (Evans), Prosotas dubiosa ssp., 96 insularis ssp. n., Erysichton lineata, 102 intricate*, Corbet, Nacaduba superusia lysa syn., 73 lONOLYCE TOX., IOO ios (Waterh. & Lyell), Petrelaea dana syn., 109 isana Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava syn., 81 javana Tox., Nacaduba beroe ssp., 84 javanica Tox., lonolyce helicon ssp., 101 jedja Fruhst., Nacaduba beroe ssp., 84 keiria (Druce), Catopyrops, 107 kerriana Distant, Nacaduba angusta ssp., 70 kodi (Evans), Prosotas nora ardates syn., 90 kokopona (Ribbe), Catopyrops, 108 kondulana (Evans), lonolyce helicon ssp., 100 korene Druce, Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 kupu (Kheil), Prosotas nora ssp., 92 kurava (Moore), Nacaduba, 80 latemarginata ssp. n., Nacaduba pendle- buryi, 74 lateplaga ssp. n., Erysichton palmyra, 104 laura Doherty, Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 laurina Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 lessina (Fruhst.), Prosotas aluta ssp., 90 ligamenta (Druce), Catopyrops ancyra ssp., 107 limbura Fruhst., Nacaduba angusta ssp., 71 lineata (Murray), Erysichton, 102 lucana sp. n., Nacaduba, 83 lumpura (Corbet), Prosotas dubiosa ssp., 96 lutea (Martin), Prosotas, 97 lycoreia Fruhst., Nacaduba pactolus ssp., 71 lydia Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 82 lysa Fruhst., Nacaduba subperusia ssp., 73 mackayensis (Miskin), Prosotos felderi syn., 93 macrophthalma (Felder), Nacaduba pactolus ssp., 71 major Rothschild, Nacaduba, 84 major Evans, Nacaduba hermus vicania syn., 73 malayica Corbet, Nacaduba calauria ssp., 86 mallicollo Druce, Nacaduba, 82 maniana (Druce), Catopyrops ancyra ssp., 107 maputi (Semper), Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 marginata ssp. n., Prosotas pia, 94 markira ssp. n., Nacaduba mallicollo, 82 martha Eliot, Nacaduba subperusia ssp., 73 meiranganus (Rober), Erysichton lineata ssp., 102 mentawica Riley, Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 meraha (Fruhst.), Prosotas nora ssp., 92 merguiana (Moore), lonolyce helicon ssp., 100 metallica (Fruhst.), Nacaduba sanaya ssp., 73 metriodes (Beth.-Bak.), Paraduba, 99 minima Tox., Nacaduba beroe ssp., 84 minja Fruhst., Nacaduba hermus ssp., 73 mioswara sp. n., Nacaduba, 83 mysia (Waterh. & Lyell), Catopyrops ancyra ssp., 106 nabo Fruhst., Nacaduba hermus ssp., 73 NACADUBA Moore, 70 nadia Eliot, Nacaduba subperusia ssp., 73 naevia Tox., Nacaduba sanaya ssp., 73 nanda (Nicev.), Prosotas aluta ssp., 90 narovona Grose Smith, Nacaduba astarte ssp., 77 neaira Fruhst., Nacaduba pactolus ssp., 71 nebulosa Druce, Nacaduba, 88 nelides (Nicev.), Prosotas, 90 nemana Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 neon Fruhst., Nacaduba beroe ssp., 84 ni (Nicev.), Prosotas gracilis ssp., 96 niasica Tox., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 "5 nicevillei Tox., Catopyrops ancyra ssp., 105 nicobarica Tox., Nacaduba kurava sam- balanga syn., 81 nicobaricus (Wood-Mason & Nicev.), Naca- duba berenice ssp., 78 niconia (Felder), Nacaduba kurava perusia syn., 82 nissani ssp. n., Nacaduba astarte ssp., 77 nora (Felder), Prosotas, 90 noreia (Felder), Prosotas, 97 norina Tox., Prosotas, 95 novaehebridensis Druce, Nacaduba, 79 obscura (Grose-Smith), Petrelaea dana syn., 109 odon Fruhst., Nacaduba pactolus ssp., 71 ollyetti Corbet, Nacaduba, 74 ormistoni Tox., Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 overdijkinki Tox., Nacaduba glauconia ssp., 86 owgarra Beth.-Bak., Paraduba, 97 pacifica Tox., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 82 pactolides Fruhst., Nacaduba pactolus ssp., ?i pactolus (Felder), Nacaduba, 71 palmyra (Felder), Erysichton, 103 pamela Grose-Smith, Nacaduba angusta ssp., 71 papuana sp. n., Prosotas, 93 PARADUBA Beth.-Bak., 97 parma Waterh. & Lyell, Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 parva ssp. n., Catopyrops florinda, 107 paska Eliot, Nacaduba subperusia ssp., 73 pavana (Horsfield), Nacaduba, 72 penangensis ssp. n., Nacaduba pendleburyi, 74 pendleburyi Corbet, Nacaduba, 74 perusia (Felder), Nacaduba kurava ssp., 82 PETRELAEA Tox., 108 philiata (Fruhst.), Prosotas aluta ssp., 90 pia Tox., Prosotas, 94 plumbata Druce, Nacaduba astarte ssp., 77 plumbeomicans (Wood-Mason & Nicev.), Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 poecilta (Holland), Erysichton palmyra syn., 103 procella ssp.n., Catopyrops ancyra ssp., 106 prominens (Moore), Nacaduba kurava ssp., 80 PROSOTAS Druce, 88 proxima (Rothschild), Paraduba metriodes ssp., 99 pseustis (Doherty), Catopyrops ancyra almora syn., 105 INDEX raluana Ribbe, Nacaduba pactolus ssp., 72 rapara Fruhst., Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 rita (Grose-Smith), Catopyrops, 107 roepkei Tox., Prosotas subardates syn., 96 rothschildi Tox., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 82 rothschildi (Tox.), Nacaduba cajetani syn., 79 ruficirca sp. n., Nacaduba, 85 russelli sp. n., Nacaduba, 72 sambalanga nom. n., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 samoensis Druce, Nacaduba, 87 sanaya Fruhst., Nacaduba, 73 sangira Fruhst., Nacaduba angusta ssp., 71 saturatior Rothschild, Prosotas gracilis ssp., 96 semperi (Fruhst.), Prosotas nora ssp., 92 septentrionalis Shirozu, Nacaduba kurava ssp., 8 1 sericina (Felder), Nacaduba, 70 sidoma Fruhst., Nacaduba hermus ssp., 73 sinhala Ormiston, Nacaduba, 79 singapura Corbet, Nacaduba pavana ssp., 72 sivoka (Evans), Prosotas lutea ssp., 97 siwiensis sp. n., Paraduba, 100 smaragdina Semper, Nacaduba sericina syn., 70 solta Eliot, Nacaduba, 75 subardates (Piepers & Snellen), Prosotas dubiosa ssp., 96 subdubiosa (Rothschild), Petrelaea dana syn., 109 subfestivus (Rober), Catopyrops ancyra ssp., 1 06 subperusia (Snellen), Nacaduba, 73 subvariegata (Rothschild) , Erysichton palmyra coelia syn., 104 sumbawa sp. n., Nacaduba, 80 superdates (Fruhst.), Prosotas nora ssp., 92 swatipa Corbet, Nacaduba hermus ssp., 73 syrias Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava parma syn., 81 tairea Fruhst., Nacaduba hermus ssp., 73 tale sea sp. n., Prosotas, 93 tasmanicus (Miskin), Erysichton palmyra ssp., 103 thadmor (Fruhst.), Erysichton lineata mei- ranganus syn., 102 thalia Corbet, Nacaduba sanaya elioti syn., 73 thaumus Fruhst., Nacaduba sericina ssp., 70 therasia Fruhst., Nacaduba kurava ssp., 81 thespia Fruhst., Nacaduba angusta ssp., 71 tombugensis (Rober), Petrelaea dana syn., 109 topa (Evans), Prosotas noreia syn., 97 toxopeusi Corbet, Nacaduba calauria syn., 86 tristis Rothschild, Nacaduba, 86 tuala Tox., Catopyrops ancyra ssp., 106 ugiensis Druce, Nacaduba, 78 uluensis (Ribbe), Erysichton lineata ssp., 103 unicolor (Rober), lonolyce helicon syn., 101 vajuva Fruhst., Nacaduba pavana ssp., 72 valentina Grose Smith, Erysichton palmyra syn., 103 valvidens Tox., Nacaduba hermus ssp., 73 vaneeckei (Fruhst.), Erysichton lineata mei- ranganus syn., 102 vanheurni (van Eecke), Catopyrops ancyra mycia syn., 106 varia Tox., Petrelaea dana syn., 109 varia Evans, Nacaduba pactolus macroph- thalma syn., 71 vicania Corbet, Nacaduba hermus ssp., 73 vincula (Druce), Erysichton lineata ssp., 103 viola (Moore), lonolyce helicon ssp., 100 visuna Fruhst., Nacaduba pavana ssp., 72 vitiensis (Butler), Nacaduba dyopa syn., 86 vulcana ssp. n., Nacaduba novaehebridensis ssp., 79 waigeuensis (Joicey & Talbot), Nacaduba pactolus ssp., 72 zygida Fruhst., Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 zyrthis Fruhst., Nacaduba berenice ssp., 78 PLATE i FIG. i. Nacaduba mallicollo markira, $ upperside, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 30280. FIG. 2. Nacaduba mallicollo markira, £ underside, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 30281. FIG. 3. N. mioswara, £ underside, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 30301. FIG. 4. N. novaehebridensis vulcana, £ underside, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 30300. FIG. 5. N. novaehebridensis guizoensis, <$ underside, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 30302. FIG. 6. N. lucana, $ underside, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 30305. FIG. 7. N. lucana, $ upperside, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 30282. FIG. 8. N. lucana, $ underside, B.M. (N.H.) Neg. No. 30283. FIG. 9. N. cajetani, , 7 mm. Holotype fig8- 84-88. FIGS. 30-34. Cheumatopsyche sexfasciata (Ulmer). 30, <$ wings ; 31, <$ genitalia, lateral 32, ngs- 37- n~j- Cheumatopsyche falcifera (Ulmer) Kimmins, 1957 : 6, fig. 6 ; id., 1960 : 263, figs. 24-27. Ghibe River, 215 km. from Addis Ababa, 13-14.^.1961, numerous £<$ (A. Tjemneland] . FIGS. 45-46. Cheumatopsyche spp. $ genitalia, lateral. 45, Ch. falcifera (Ulmer), paratype. Ch. obscurata (Ulmer) ; 46, ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF ETHIOPIA 137 In comparison with the type of falcifem, these males show some slight difference in genitalia. The apical processes of the tenth segment have the ventral margin straight, not sinuous, in side view. The terminal segment of the clasper is slightly more slender in ventral view. These differences are not considered to be of specific importance. The degree of divergence of the apical lateral lobes of the aedeagus is not necessarily of specific value, since they possess a certain degree of movement. There are no females which can be associated with certainty with the Ghibe River males. The collection from this locality also included numerous males of a smaller and darker species (C. nubila sp. n.), and the females taken at the same time are referred to that species on the grounds of size and general appearance. One can only assume that females of falcifera were not on the wing on this particular night. As the female of C. falcifera has not been figured or described, this omission is remedied with the aid of a paratype from the Muger Valley. $ GENITALIA. No reticulated area on the pleurites of the fourth abdominal segment. Pleuro- sternum of eighth segment scarcely projecting beyond apical margin of sternite, which is gently rounded in ventral view. Ninth tergite short and deep, clasper receptacle short and broad, clasper groove inconspicuous. Lower angle of tenth tergite in side view large and rounded. Ninth and tenth tergites lightly sclerotized. Cheumatopsyche nubila sp. n. (Text-figs. 47-50) Cheumatopsyche ? thomasseti (Ulmer) Kimmins, 1960 : 265, fig. 70 ($, Jameson's Drift). (In alcohol.) Head dark brown, with scanty golden pubescence. Antennae each with the two basal segments brownish, following segments luteous, faintly annulated, the segments becoming progressively fuscous towards the apices of antennae. Palpi fuscous, second segment of maxillary cylindrical. Thorax dark brown above, paler on sides. Legs luteous, with fuscous pubescence, the median femora pale fuscous. Fore wing membrane pale fuscous, with paler irrorations, veins fuscous. Pubescence fuscous, with golden spots, probably dense in life but largely denuded in alcohol. Hind wing pale fuscous. (A. Tjonneland), BMNH, UCAA. The male somewhat resembles T. semibrunnea Ulmer in genitalia, but differs in having four, instead of two, spines arising from the tenth segment, the aedeagus is more sinuous and with a spiral apex and the clasper has two branches along the upper margin near the base. There is no second branch on the ventral margin and the form of the apical processes is different. The female resembles T. anysa Mosely in having an excised subgenital plate, but the excision is much larger and the lateral processes are consequently larger. There is a smaller thin tenth tergite in anysa, not mentioned nor shown in the figures of that species. Trichosetodes sitnilis sp. n. (Text-figs. 128-133) Insects collected in alcohol. In general appearance closely resembling T. tjonnelandi but smaller, and separable from that species by differences in the male and female genitalia. : same data as holotype. B.M. Type No. Rh. 16521. Paratypes : CAMEROONS, Bitje, 10 $, 8 ?; SPAN. GUINEA, r $, all in B.M. (N.H.). 36 35 FIGS. 35-37- Falcuna hollandii suffusa Stcmpffer & Bennett : (35) uncus, etc., in profile, (36) subuncus in ventral view, (37) valva. Falcuna hollandii hollandii (Aurivillius) comb. n. (Text-fig. 38 ; PI. 3, figs. 106-107) Liptena Hollandii Aurivillius (1895 : 200). Lectotype in Zool. Mus. Berlin. Three males of the original series collected by Dr. H. Pogge at Mukenge, from which the Dewitz figures in D. ent. Zeitschr. 1886, taf. 2, figs. 4 and 40, were derived, were made available for study by the courtesy of Dr. Hanneman, of the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universitat, Berlin. All three specimens are labelled " Typus " and the best of these has been selected as Lectotype. It should here be pointed out that the Dewitz figure of the underside hindwing cannot be taken as a guide to determination as it distorts the placing of the triangular white spot on the costa, showing it too near the base of the wing. It is possible to see the genitalia of the Lectotype in situ, so there is no doubt as to its identity. With this and the other two Mukenge males as a basis for determination it has been possible to isolate four further examples of the species, all from Kasai Prov., from the mixture of B.M. (N.H.) material, as well as a male from the Coryndon Museum, Nairobi. 1 86 H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT >h Mi ' ., AtpW':-! • Ch. a. nlanji. O Ch. a. Tumba. C) Ch- a> nyiia. Ch. a. oottralll Ch. a. usambarenslB. L! Ch. a. Bhlfflbanus. Q| Ch. a. teitensis. Ch. a. oreaa. Ch. a. atonehaml. Ch. a. klgezla. /l^ Ch. a. ? aap. Ch. a. T asp. MAP 3. Distribution of Charaxes acuminatus Thurau and its subspecies and Ch. fulvescens monitor Rothschild. REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 209 Valley by the Ruwenzori Expedition 1905-6, but excluded those taken on the low Mokia plains. He thus distinguished fulvescens monitor from " acuminatus ", quoting my observation that monitor is found at lower elevations and " acuminatus " at higher altitudes, but he failed to notice that in certain areas the two overlapped. Although, he pointed out the difference in the shape of the fore wing, he obviously did not have topotypical acuminatus Thurau before him when he assigned the Ruwenzori insects to this supposed race of fulvescens. In actual fact, the speci- mens he cites as " acuminatus " represent two distinct races, stonehami Jeffery and kigezia nov., which are not, in my opinion, conspecific with fulvescens. In his Check List, Dr. Wallace Peters (1952) apparently follows the arrangement adopted by the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and places acuminatus, stonehami, and oreas as races of fulvescens. In the following notes I shall endeavour to show that fulvescens and acuminatus are two distinct species with a very considerable overlap in east and west Uganda, and that the latter, in various racial forms, extends from the Vumba Mts. in S. Rhodesia north to the Usambara Range in Tanganyika Territory, to the Shimba Hills in Kenya, north to Mt. Kenya, Mt. Elgon, then west to the Ruwenzori Range and eastern Congo ; a further race exists on the isolated Mt. Kulal, SE. of Lake Rudolf. The smaller and paler insects with falcate and acuminate fore wings occur in the southern areas of distribution : Vumba Mts. in S. Rhodesia ; in southern Tanganyika Territory (Rungwe and the Livingstone Range north of Lake Nyasa) ; and on the high plateau west of Lake Nyasa. On the Usambara Range the insects are still pale but with less falcate though acuminate wings. The races darken as they range northward to the Shimba Hills, the Teita Range and Kilimanjaro ; still darker insects occur in the Kenya Highlands east of the Rift and north to Mt. Elgon and west to Ruwenzori ; all with acuminate fore wings. With the exception of acuminatus acuminatus, a. vumba, a. cottrelli and a. mlanji, all of which are very distinct, the other races here described are represented by long parallel series which demonstrate the differences of the geographical races very clearly. It is true that individuals of a series can be seperated with a fair degree of agreement, but the aggregate of a given area is constant. It will be noted that the descriptions are somewhat similar, the differences being based mainly on shape, colour tone, and degree of spotting, points clearly visible to the eye at a glance but difficult to convey in words. It might be suggested that these localized colonies of acuminatus represent a series of clines rather than distinct geographical races, but the forest habitats are circumscribed and hundreds of miles apart, separated by bush and savannah and veldt. Moreover, it must be realized that the area covered by this review is larger than the whole of Western Europe . Taking into consideration our knowledge of the terrain and what obtains in other species of butterflies, it is considered best to regard each population of acuminatus as a distinct race. NOTES ON ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY The various races assigned to acuminatus inhabit high or even montane forests throughout their distribution, in contrast to Ch. fulvescens and Ch. varanes which 2io V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN occur in the lower forests or even in savannah and thus might be considered ecological races of the oldest named species fulvescens. But, as has been pointed out, there is considerable intrusion and overlap in both directions in certain areas, without inter- breeding. All these insects have similar habits. They frequent sunny openings and glades in the forest where they sit with partly open wings sunning themselves. When alerted, they close the wings. They select certain favoured " perches " and object to any intruders, flying after and driving them off, returning again to an exposed " stance ". When at rest, the wings are closed and the underside, which is variable, is highly cryptic. Like most Charaxes, they are very partial to certain " oozes " at wounds in trees infested with beetle or other larvae ; they come readily to hanging traps baited with fermenting banana. Most of them lay their eggs on species of Allophylus (Sapindaceae), mainly small under-storey or marginal trees and common in most of the forests. Young saplings and tender shoots are usually selected for egg laying, but as the larvae grow they move to older f oh" age. They rest on the upper surface of a leaf on which they have spun a layer of silk ; from here they move to adjoining leaves to feed, usually at night, returning to the silken pad to rest. TLe larvae of fulvescens, acuminatus and varanes are unfortunately very similar, especially in regard to the " headpiece " but there are certain differences in ornamen- tation. The pupae of all are " top-shaped ", pale pellucid green, with little decoration except for opalescent white patches on the wing scutes and dark spiracular spots. DESCRIPTIONS AND NOTES Charaxes fulvescens fulvescens (Aurivillius) (PI. 8, fig- 43) Palla varanes var. fulvescens Aurivillius 1891 : 216. Charaxes fulvescens monitor Rothschild (PL 8, figs. 41,42) Charaxes fulvescens monitor Rothschild 1900 : 361. I do not propose to give detailed descriptions of these two well-known insects ; it will suffice to draw attention to the figures given and stress the rounded apex and the almost straight outer margin to the fore wing. The race monitor is on the whole a much darker insect than the nominate form but in some areas the two tend to merge. On occasion one may find a light coloured insect in the Elgon region or in the Bwamba Valley. In the small scattered forested areas of South Kavirondo, the majority of specimens are much paler than those of western Uganda, and are in fact extremely like nominate fulvescens. Charaxes '•'•fulvescens" saperanus Poulton Charaxes fulvescens saperanus Poulton, 1926 : 569. The position of this insect is still in doubt. The shape of the fore wing, rounded REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 211 apex and straight outer margin (teste Howarth in Hit.} is suggestive of relationship tofulvescens rather than acuminatus. No material has been available to me for study. Charaxes acuminatus acuminatus Thurau (PI. 8, fig. 45, type female. Fig. 44, female) Charaxes acuminatus Thurau, 1903 : 139, fig. 12. Because of the confusion which has existed regarding nominate acuminatus Thurau, I have obtained permission from the Berlin Museum to reproduce the original figure of the type. It is a female with very acuminate-falcate fore wings with a curious flattening of the costa and a slight upward tilt before the tip. As stated in the original description, the orange spotting in the distal portions of the wings is obscured. The type specimen has remained unique for many years. Through the kindness of Mr. R. H. Carcasson, Entomologist to the Coryndon Museum, I have been able to examine a second female specimen captured in the southern Tanganyika Highlands, roughly 45 miles from the type locality. This specimen is assumed to be typical ; it has the same peculiar flattening of the costa before the upward-tilted prolonged apex as in the female type. This peculiarity of apical shape is indicated to a certain extent in the race from the Vumba Mts. and would seem to discount any suggestion that the female type is malformed. In this species, females always have more pointed acumin- ate fore wings. FEMALE. Upperside. Fore wing length 49 mm., costa strongly curved, with a slight flattening before the apex which is acuminate and the outer margin falcate, but less so than in the Vumba race. Width of wing from base to end of vein 3, 36 mm.; at vein i, 36 mm.; the outer margin is thus less incised and the hind angle less prominent than in race vumba (see below). Base of wing and inner portion of hind maigin whitish with a slight greenish tinge, gradually and increasingly suffused with ochre orange over apex of cell and discal area ; distal portion of wing rufous- chestnut with a series of post-discal orange spots followed by a submarginal series following the contour of the wing. Dark marks are : thin linear mark basad in 6 with a broader mark in discal line, a broad linear mark sub-basad in 5 with a broader mark in discal line ; less obvious irregular dark marks sub-basad in 2 and 3 on discal line. Inner margin of dark distal area dentate. Hind wing basal half whitish with a slight greenish tinge, rather more clearly defined distally than in the Vumba race ; distal portion of wing darker rufous with the post-discal series of spots more diffuse, followed by ill-defined admarginal angular dark marks. Single tail at 4, 5 mm. long, spatulate at end. Underside : Fore wing basal area greenish-grey with ochreous tinge, more rufous washed in upper portion bordered by a discal dark line almost straight in its lower portion and slightly broken and zigzag toward the costa ; submarginal dark spots diffusely indicated, those toward apex more defined. Hind wing ground colour as fore, but dark discal line more defined inwardly and edged whitish outwardly, almost straight ; post-discal series of dark spots ill-defined except those in sub-costa in 6 ; those in ic-2 at anal angle white-centred with black outline. Charaxes acuminatus vumba ssp. n. (PI. 8, fig. 46) The differences between this race and nominate acuminatus are : more falcate fore wing, hind angle more pronounced, outer margin more strongly incised ; base ENTOM. 13, 7 l6 212 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN of fore wing more suffused with ochreous, base of hind wing less white, more creamy. MALE. Upper side. Fore wing length 45 mm., costa strongly curved, very slightly flattened before apex which is strongly acuminate ; outer margin strongly incised, with the hind angle very prominent ; width of wing from base to end of vein 3, 33 mm., at vein i, 35 mm. Base of wing pale ochreous with a slight greenish tinge ; ochreous colour darkening slightly toward apex of cell to orange-ochreous ; distal half of wing rufous chestnut with a series of orange spots largest in ib and diminishing in size to 5 ; distal to which are dark diffuse spots hardly visible. Other marks are : three slightly indicated dark spots subcostal in cell, a linear mark basad in 4 and another sub-basad in 4 followed by two larger spots in 5-6 ; inner margin of dark distal border dentate. Hind wing basal half whitish with a very slight ochreous tinge merging into stronger orange-ochreous, then darkening toward margin and distal portion of inner fold. Post- discal dark spots : a small one in 7, larger in 6, large oval one in 5 followed by smaller spots in 4-2, becoming obsolete in ic. Single tail at 4 not spatulate at end. Underside. Fore wing basal half ochreous with a greenish tinge, separated from the distal duller rufescent half by a dark discal line, slightly inclined inward at mid-point then zigzag toward costa ; variable zigzag lines in cell, followed by a series of dark irregular lines basal and sub-basal in 2-4, 6-8 ; in the post-discal zone a series of paler linear spots with mid-dark dots. Hind wing ground colour as fore wing ; discal dark line almost straight, but slightly incurved at apex of cell ; linear and angled fine dark lines in basal half ; distal half of wing with a series of diffuse dark spots arranged in an angle opposite the tail. Spot in 7 darkest. Holotype male, S. RHODESIA : Vumba Mts., 7. x. 1940, (B. D. Barnes) in British Museum (N.H.), presented by Mr. B. D. Barnes. RANGE. The Vumba Mts. A second specimen which looks very like a female but in fact is a male, is slightly larger, wing length 46 mm., less strongly falcate, ground colour as in the type but with slightly paler borders, dark spots more denned and the orange-ochreous spots in the dark border clearer, and followed by a sub-marginal series of small spots. Hind wing as in the type but dark spots in distal half more distinct followed by an admargi- nal series of lunate dark marks especially above the tail. Underside as in the type but dark lines, spots and marks more developed and denned especially the dark almost straight discal line ; the post-discal spots above the hind angle small, linear and outlined in black. I am indebted to Mr. B. D. Barnes of Umtali, S. Rhodesia for supplying me with material for this description, and for allowing me to deposit the type in the British Museum (N.H.). Charaxes acuminatus mlanji ssp. n. (PI. 9, figs. 47, 48) The Mlanji race, unfortunately represented by only two specimens*, shows an approach to the race vuniba of Southern Rhodesia in general coloration but the shape of the fore wing is less acuminate-falcate and there is less flattening of the costa before the apex. The distal portion of the wings is darker but the orange spotting is smaller and ill-defined. * An additional male and a female have since been secured by J. D. Handman of Limbe, Nyasaland. The female is very similar to the male, but is slightly paler and larger. Length of fore wing 60 mm. REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 213 MALE. Upper side. Fore wing length 40 mm., costa strongly curved at mid-distance, but not flattened toward apex ; apex acuminate, but outer margin not strongly incised. Basal half whitish, faintly tinged with greenish at base, rapidly shading into orange-brown in discal area then to dark brown in the distal portion. Dark brown discal marks sub-basal in 2, 3, 4, then spots conjoined beyond end of cell to form a narrow bar. Both rows of orange spots present but ill- defined and in between them diffuse dark marks ; a slight indication of dark ill-defined marks in cell. Hind wing more broadly white to just beyond the discal zone then merging into a narrow band of orange, then darkening to the border ; dark brown spots in postdiscal area not strongly marked and tending to be conjoined as a wavy bar ; admarginal dark spots hardly visible. Tail on 4, 7 mm., not spatulate at end. Underside. Basal area ochreous-brown up to a well marked discal dark line ; beyond to margin darker, with areas of satiny lustre. Dark line in hind wing slightly incurved at mid-length and with white border distad ; bar of fore wing curved inwardly at 2-3, ending in a series of dark marks to costa ; beyond this a series of dark spots from ib to costa. Hind wing postdiscal spots large but ill-defined except that in 7 ; those in ib-2 with whitish centres and dark ringed. The basal areas of both wings with irregular wavy dark lines between the veins. Hollotype male. NYASALAND : Mt. Mlanji, between 3,000-4,000 ft. 30.1.1914 (S. A. Neave) in British Museum (N.H.). Char axes acuminatus cottrelli ssp. n. (PL 9, figs. 51, 52) MALE. Upper side. Fore wing length 45 mm. Costa strongly curved, apex acuminate, but without " flattening " of costa before apex. Width of wing from base to end of vein 3, 35 mm., at vein i , 34 mm.; outer margin only slightly incurved. Base of wing bluish-white, veins greenish, but increasingly suffused with ochre-orange from base of cell to outer border ; marginal border dark rusty blackish carrying a series of dark post-discal spots following the contour of the wing, and a discal series of dark angular marks from 2 to costa ; internal to these there are dark angular marks sub-basal in 2-3 and transverse linear marks in cell with a bolder mark beyond apex of cell. The general impression is of fore wing orange marks being accentuated by adjacent elongate dark areas. Hind wing, basal half bluish- white rather sharply separated from broad orange border which carries a series of dark post-discal spots, most pronounced in upper half then fading out in 2 ; admarginal dark spots in areas above tail. Tail broad at base then tapering rapidly, not spatulate at end. The dark line of the underside shows through slightly at the distal edge of the whitish base. Underside. Light olive ochreous in basal half with some satiny pale areas in distal half. Discal dark line in hind wing pronounced, less strong in fore wing and fading out in a series of spots from 4 to subapex. A dark ocular spot in 6 ; fine dark lines in basal half of wings not pronounced except in cell of fore wing. FEMALE. Upperside. Fore wing length 53 mm., costa strongly curved ; very similar to the male but apex more acuminate, fore wing spotting more obvious, and dark spots in hind wing contiguous, forming a zigzag bar. Underside. Rather more tinged with olive basally, but fine dark lines less in evidence. Holotype male. NW. RHODESIA : Mwinilunga, in gallery forest at source of Zambesi River, 15.^.1955 (C. B. Cottrell} in British Museum (N.H.) presented by Mr. Cottrell. Allotype female. Same data. Range. So far, only known from the Mwinilunga area west of the " copper belt " of NW. Northern Rhodesia. v- G- L- VAN SOMEREN The very pale appearance of this race is rather distinctive and the bluish-white basal area is in contrast to the golden-orange of the distal portion of the wing. Char axes acuminatus nyika ssp. n. (PL 9, figs. 49, 50) Superficially resembling the race cottretti from NW. Rhodesia but generally darker in distal portion of wings. MALE. Upper side : Fore wing length 49 mm., costa strongly curved, apex acuminate and with only a slight suggestion of " flattening " before the apex ; outer margin slightly incurved. Width of wing from base to end of vein 3, 35 mm., at vein i, 36 mm. making the hind angle rather acute, less rounded and more prominent. Base of wing pale whitish but suffused with golden orange in increasing degree to disc of wing ; distal portion almost uniform dark rufous chestnut in which the golden ochreous spots of the post-discal zone show up distinctly ; the sub-marginal row less obvious and, in between, a series of dark spots ; the admarginal dark spots more diffuse. There is a small dark spot at the apex of the cell, a larger one just beyond and irregular large ones sub-basal in 3-6. Hind wing basal area whitish but with a distinct creamy tinge, with some of the dark lines of underside showing through ; the border is rusty-orange with a series of post-discal dark spots most distinct in the upper half and fading out in 2 ; admarginal dark spots distinct above tail, but obscured toward anal angle. Tail at 4 tapering, very slightly spatulate, 6 mm. long. Underside. Basal areas strongly ochreous with slight olive tinge ; distal area with some satiny pale areas especially in hind wing. Discal lines well marked, straight in hind wing but inwardly curved in hind portion of fore wing in ib-2 ; from 5 to costa the line is zigzag. Series of postdiscal dark spots distinct but most marked toward subapex ; ocellate spot in 7 distinct, remainder indistinct and those at anal angle more elongate and white-centred. FEMALE. Very similar to the male but larger. Fore wing length 53 mm. Fore wing postdiscal orange spots more elongate, paler. Holotype male: NYASALAND : Nyika Plateau, 4,000 ft., Manchowe, 22.vii.i939, (Rodney Wood) deposited in British Museum (N.H.) by arrangement with National Museum Bulawayo. Allotype female : same data. In British Museum (N.H.). Paratypes in National Museum, Bulawayo, S. Rhodesia. It would appear that the Rift in which Lake Nyasa lies, with low ground to the east and high plateau to the west has acted as a barrier and given rise to ecological races. It is significant that the races to the east are more alike than those to the west. Char axes acuminatus usambarensis ssp. n. (PL 10, figs., 53, 54) MALE. Nearest to the race nyika in degree of paleness, but with the light areas of the basal portion of the wings more suffused with orange scaling but the dark lines of underside showing through more clearly in both wings. The fore wing, orange spots are more clearly denned ; in the hind wing the post-discal dark spots are very distinct and are conjoined to the admarginal row by orange linear marks. Wing length 40-42 mm., costa strongly curved, apex less acuminate than in nyika. REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 215 FEMALE. Larger than the male ; wing length 48 mm.; colour very similar but distal portions of the wings darker, obscuring the post-discal and submarginal orange and blackish spots. Holotype male: TANGANYIKA TERRITORY; Usambara Range, Amani, (T. H. E. Jackson), in British Museum. (N.H.). Allotype female same data. Paratypes in coll. van Someren. Habitat, the heavier forests on the Usambara Range at about 4,000 feet. Charaxes acuminatus shimbanus ssp. n. (PI. 10, figs. 55, 56) Generally darker in the distal portions of the wings than usambarensis ; with basal pale areas more opaque and more in contrast but the orange spotting of fore wing less clear and defined, more elongate and with the admarginal series obscured ; dark spots in hind wing border more obscured. MALE : Upper side. Costa strongly curved, very slightly " flattened " before apex ; apex acuminate, but outer margin not strongly incised. Fore wing length 44 mm.; width from base to end of vein 3, 35 mm., at vein i, 33 mm. Basal half of wing whitish with an increasing amount of ochre-orange suffusion from about the centre of the wing ; distal portion rufous-chestnut darkening toward the outer margin, which is ornamented with two rows of orange spots ; the post-discal series rather elongate, the admarginal hardly visible ; the intervening dark spots hardly denned from the dark ground. Indistinct wavy dark lines of underside just visible in the basal pale area. Hind wing basal whitish area extending to just beyond the dark discal line of underside, which shows through slightly ; distal area suffused with orange and merging into the darker border, which carries a complete series of dark rounded spots, largest in the upper half and diminishing in size toward the anal angle ; a series of less distinct spots in the admarginal zone. Tail at 4 relatively short, 6 mm., tapering gradually but not spatulate at end. Underside. Basal areas of both wings ochreous, shading darker toward the dark discal lines, which are very marked ; the basal area with fine dark blackish lines between the veins, most marked in the cell and sub-costal area. Distal portions of wings with a strong satiny lustre especially in the hind wing ; fore wing with a series of small postdiscal dark spots, those in hind wing dark ringed with pale centres, those toward subcostal areas most distinct, those in anal angle whiter ; admarginal zone with small dark dots. FEMALE. Larger than the male, fore wing length 48-50 mm., costa slightly more curved before apex, which is more acuminate ; outer margin rather more incurved. General colour scheme like that of male, but sometimes with a slightly darker shading on distal half of hind wing. Fore wing orange postdiscal and submarginal spots smaller ; the dark spots rather obscured by the dark ground. Underside similar to the male but ground colour may be darker. Holotype male, KENYA COAST : Shimba Hills, Makadara forest, 1,000-1,500 ft., Kwale District, x.i96o (van Someren), in British Museum (N.H.). Allotype female ; same data. Paratypes. In coll. van Someren and in British Museum (N.H.). Range : the forest areas of the Shimba Hills 1,000-1,500 ft., flying in association with Ch. varanes Cramer which, however, is more plentiful in the low forests and bush at sea-level. 2i6 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN Charaxes acuminatus teitensis ssp. n. (PI. 10, figs. 57, 58) Colour pattern generally similar to the preceding race, but differing markedly in the intensity of colours ; a more defined bluish-white basal area and a darker distal border. MALE. Upper side. Shape of fore wing very similar to shimbanus but costa slightly more curved ; apex more acuminate ; outer margin slightly more incised. Fore wing length 47 mm. (very occasionally smaller) thus usually larger than shimbanus ; width of wing from base to end of vein 3, 36 mm., at vein i, 36 mm. Basal half bluish-white, distally suffused with orange- ochre to discal area then very dark rufous-chestnut, almost blackish toward the margin. Post- discal spots distinct but submarginal series only slightly indicated. Other marks are : a curved linear dark line at end of cell, followed by a quadrate spot in 5 beyond which are sub-basal angled spots in 2-5 ; two large orange spots at about mid-point in 5-6. Hind wing basal area bluish- white rather sharply denned from distal dark border, which is rufous along the postdiscal series of dark spots then darker, more blackish, beyond to margin ; admarginal dark spots hardly visible in the dark ground. Tail at 4 comparatively short, robust and not spatulate, 5-6 mm. long. Underside. Darker than in shimbanus, more olive-greyish with ochreous wash ; zigzag lines less distinct but discal bars in hind and fore wing well denned ; postdiscal spots usually clear or may be ill-defined in fore wing, though well defined in hind wing. FEMALE. Larger than the male ; fore wing length 55 mm.; apex more acuminate and outer margin more incised. General pattern as in the male, spots more defined in fore wing ; those in hind wing more obscured. Underside as in the male, but usually darker. Holotype male. SW. KENYA: Teita Hills, Chawia Forest, 5,000 ft., 11.1956. (van Someren), deposited in British Museum (N.H.). Allotype female. Same data. Paratypes. In coll. van Someren. Range : Throughout the Teita Hills in forest areas from Dabida to Bura Bluff and Chawia forest. Also on Mt. Mbololo nearby. Also found on the Chyulu Range and on Kilimanjaro and Mt. Meru. Charaxes acuminatus areas Talbot (PI. n, figs. 59, 60) Charaxes fulvescens oreas Talbot, 1932 : 181. This is the largest race of acuminatus and though closely resembling teitensis, is readily distinguished by the more strongly curved costa and more acuminate apex and incised outer margin. There is no contact between the races. MALE. Upperside. Shape of fore wing costa strongly curved beyond mid-distance, apex strongly acuminate, outer margin markedly incurved. Fore wing length 47-50 mm.; width of wing from base to end of vein 3, 37 mm., at vein i, 37 mm. but apex prolonged. Basal area less whitish than teitensis, being progressively suffused with orange ochre, strongest toward the discal zone, darkening in the distal half to dark rufous chestnut in which the orange postdiscal and submarginal spots show up clearly. Sub-basal dark spots in 2-5 large and clear and a black curved line at apex of cell. The dark ground colour obscures the black spots between the orange spots. Hind wing : basal area bluish-white with a slight ochreous tinge becoming strongly REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 217 orange-tawny in the discal zone up to the row of large black post-discal spots ; submarginal series of light spots obscured. Tail at 4 robust, of about equal width throughout, 7 mm. long. Underside. Rather variable, but generally similar to the Teita race, though usually rather darker, but satiny lustre areas more apparent distad to the discal lines, which are not very strong ; that on fore wing slightly curved to 6 then inclined toward the costa in a series of spots or broken lines ; that on hind wing almost straight ; zigzag dark lines in basal area present ; submarginal spots in hind wing not very distinct except the white ones toward the anal angle. FEMALE. Upper side. Shape very similar to the male but costa more curved distad, apex more acuminate, outer margin more incised. Fore wing length 56 mm. General coloration similar to male but submarginal spots in fore wing more obscured and dark post-discal series in hind wing less apparent. Tail longer, robust, slightly spatulate. Underside. Ground colour as in the male though usually darker ; markings similar. Range : East Rift, common on the Meru side of Mt. Kenya and extending to the Aberdares especially in the south : Katamayo forest. Uplands of Karita forest, upper Kikuyu ; occasionally taken in the Karura forest near Nairobi. Within this distri- bution one does on occasion find specimens which approximate very closely to stonehami of the Elgon-Mau area, having a strong suffusion of orange to the basal area of the fore wing. It would thus seem that the Rift has not acted as an efficient barrier between stonehami and oreas ; nevertheless, it must be noted that oreas does not occur in the Elgon-Mau area. Charaxes acuminatus kulalensis ssp. n. (PI. ii, figs. 63, 64) A few rather worn specimens of Ch. acuminatus from the isolated Mt. Kulal, taken some years ago, gave indication that the race on that mountain differed considerably from any other East African race. Fortunately a good series of both sexes in fresh condition was recently taken on Mt. Kulal by H. D. van Someren in time for inclusion in this review. The characters of this race are very constant. MALE. Upperside. Fore wing costa strongly curved in distal half, apex acuminate, outer border incised but hind-angle not accentuated. Length of fore wing 46 mm., width of wing at vein 3, 38 mm., at vein i, 36 mm. Base of wing slightly bluish-white, rapidly shading into orange- ochre in the disc, but contrasting with the distal half of the wing which is very dark, almost blackish, and carrying a series of obscured orange spots in the post-discal and submarginal zones. Hind wing basal half bluish white with a slight tinge of ochre wash but sharply denned from the discal orange band which merges into the dark distal border in which is a series of black sub- marginal spots, large at the upper angle then diminishing in size to the anal angle ; there is an indication of a narrow blacker admarginal line ; the fringe is orange-tawny with white spots on either side of the base of the tail on vein 4 which is 6 mm. long, not spatulate. The very dark distal borders, with the basal areas, especially in the hind wing in strong contrast, accentuate the main dual colours of the upperside. Underside. Ground colour strongly olive-grey-brown with the basal zigzag dark lines not well marked except in the fore wing cell ; the fore wing discal line clearly marked and narrowly white-edged, strongly curved outward to 5, then angled and inclined toward the costa ; submarginally a series of satiny dark spots following the contour of the wing. Hind wing discal line almost straight from end of vein 8 at costa extending to hind angle and ending in a V, distal to which are two to three conspicuous white spots continued up the sub- marginal zone as satiny ocular spots most pronounced at the upper angle sub-costal area. FEMALE. Larger than the male, wing length 55 mm. Upperside. Colour and pattern as in the 2i8 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN male, but with the small orange spots post discal and submarginal in fore wing more denned ; the bluish-white basal area of hind wing more strongly bluish. Underside. As in the male but satiny areas more evident, especially the quadrate patch in fore wing cell, and the ocular sub- marginal series of spots in fore and hind wing. Holotype male. KENYA : Northern Frontier Province, at Mt. Kulal, SE. Lake Rudolf, v-vi.i96i (H D. van Someren), deposited in British Museum (Nat. Hist.). AUotype female. Same data, also in British Museum (N.H.). Paratypes in British Museum (N.H.) and in coll. van Someren, Kenya. This race appears to be limited to the forests on Mt. Kulal and does not, so far as has been observed, occur on Mt. Marsabit where in fact no race of acuminatus has been taken. Charaxes acuminatus stonehami Jeffery (PL n, figs. 61, 62) Charaxes fulvescens stonehami Jeffery, 1931 : No. 4. This race is characterized by its slightly smaller size compared with areas ; its greater degree of orange suffusion to the fore wing almost to its base ; comparatively restricted white area in the hind wing with corresponding greater width of the orange border. MALE. Upper side. Fore wing slightly less acuminate than in oreas ; fore wing length 46-49 mm.; width from base to end of vein 3, 34 mm., at vein i, 32 mm., outer margin incurved, and apex acuminate. Basal area with hardly any whitish but strongly suffused with orange, increas- ing in density toward discal area, then darkening to margin ; dark spots obscured ; orange spots in post-discal zone fairly well marked but those in the sub-marginal area more obscured, due to the strong rufescent tone of the outer border. Hind wing whitish area rather restricted and slightly washed with ochreous becoming more rufescent toward outer border ; the large dark post-discal spots show up clearly ; admarginal spots obscured. Tail at 4, robust, not spatulate, 7 mm. long. Underside. Similar in most respects to oreas but ground colour paler and more rufescent ; zigzag dark lines variable and less strongly marked ; postdiscal dark spots in fore and hind wing rather obscured. Discal bar not strong ; but as in most cases where the underside is procryptic in character, heavy black scaling may occur, thus obscuring the basic pattern. FEMALE Only slightly larger than the male, but similar in shape, with apex of fore wing slightly more pointed. Upperside. Pattern and ground colour very similar, but the dark spots in postdiscal zone of hind wing more obscured. Underside. Generally similar to the male, but ground colour usually darker. Range : South-east to west Elgon, North Nyanza : Kabras, Kakamega, Kaimosi, extending to South Kavirondo, Chepalungu, Sotik and on the Mau, west of the Rift. But it does extend into the Rift on the Kamasia Hills, thence to the north Aberdares and Mt. Kenya, where it meets with oreas. Charaxes acuminatus kigezia ssp. n. (PL 12, figs. 65, 66) MALE. Nearest to stonehami. Upperside. Characterized by the same strong orange suffusion to the base of the fore wing restricting the white to the base of the hind margin. Hind wing with REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 219 white area similarly reduced but the distal borders of both wings darker, more blackish almost obscuring the orange spots in the fore wing and the dark spots in the hind wing. The dark distal portion of the wings accentuates the whitish basal areas. Fore wing length 47-49 mm.; apex pointed but outer margin not strongly incurved. Underside generally darker than stonehami especially in the apical half of the fore wing ; discal bars stronger and the ocellate post-discal spots in hind wing strongly marked. FEMALE. Larger than the male, wing length 50-52 mm., slightly paler at the base, but distal borders dark, almost black ; orange spots in fore wing clearer than in the male especially the post-discal series ; apex of fore wing acuminate ; outer margin fore wing and hind wing more scalloped, wavy. Holotype male, SW. UGANDA: Kigezi, Mafuga Forest, Rutenga, 11.1958 (van Someren), in British Museum (N.H.). Allotype female, same locality, vi.1958. Paratypes. In coll. van Someren and in British Museum (N.H.). Range : Ruwenzori and its foothills to Kigezi in SW. Uganda : Mafuga, Rutenga, Ruhiza, Kayonza. Charaxes acuminatus subsp. There is one other apparently undescribed race of acuminatus still requiring investigation. Unfortunately, it is represented by two very worn specimens only and a detailed comparison is impossible. These two specimens are from the Loita- Nguruman Plateau, S. Masai district of Kenya. The orange and dark spotting in the distal portions of fore and hind wings is strongly marked in these, thus showing a similarity to usambarensis of Tanganyika Territory. It is probable that when more of the isolated montane forests have been thoroughly investigated, especially those of southern Tanganyika Territory, other races of acuminatus will be discovered. SYSTEMATIC LIST As a result of this critical study of the Charaxes fulvescens-acuminatus complex, the following classification is submitted : Charaxes fulvescens Aurivillius Ch. fulvescens fulvescens Aurivillius, 1891. Type locality : Cameroons. Range West Africa, Sierra Leone, Cameroons to Gabon. monitor Rothschild, 1900. Type locality : Unyoro, Uganda. Range Gabon to Congo and Uganda and NW. Kenya. saperanus Poulton, 1926. Type locality : Grand Comoro I. Charaxes acuminatus Thurau Ch. acuminatus acuminatus Thurau, 1903. Type locality : Lagenberg, Livingstone 220 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN Mts. Range : Rungwe and Livingstone Mts. north end of Lake Nyasa. vumba ssp. n. Type locality : Vumba Mts., Southern Rhodesia. mlanji ssp. n. Type locality : Mt. Mlanji, south of Lake Nyasa, Nyasaland. cottrelli ssp. n. Type locality : Mwinilunga, west of Solwezi, west of the " Copper Belt " North-west N. Rhodesia. nyika ssp. n. Type locality : Manchowe, Nyika Plateau, 4,000 feet. Range : Nyika Plateau, west side of Lake Nyasa. usambarensis ssp. n. Type locality : Amani area Usambara Range, Tanganyika Territory. shimbanus ssp. n. Type locality : Makadara For. Shimba Hills, Kwale Dist., Kenya. Range : throughout the high forests, Shimba Hills. teitensis ssp. n. Type locality : Chawia Forest, Teita Range. Range : all forested areas and on Mt. Mbololo, also on Kilimanjaro Mem and the Chyulu Hills. oreas Talbot, 1932. Type locality : Meru, Mt. Kenya. Range : Meru, NE. Mt. Kenya to southern Aberdares, Upper Kikuyu, the Karita Forest, Katamayo, Kenya Highlands. kulalensis ssp. n. Type locality : Mt. Kulal, SE. Lake Rudolf, in Montane Forest. stonehami Jeffery, 1931. Type locality : SE. Mt. Elgon. Range : the west, south and south-east slopes of Mt. Elgon, the Mau and Cherangani to S. Kavirondo ; West Mt. Kenya. kigezia ssp. n. Type locality : Mafuga Forest, Kigezi, SW. Uganda. Range : the foothills of Ruwenzori, Bwamba Valley, Humia Valley, Toro, Mafuga, Ruhiza, Kayonza, in Kigezi. In addition, two rather worn specimens from the Loita-Nguruman Plateau, southern Masai, Kenya, cannot be placed to any of the races listed above. Fresh material is required. 3. CHARAXES PYTHODORUS HEWITSON AND ITS RACES The main object of this note is to clear up some of the confusion which appears in literature regarding the races of this species and their respective distributions. We note that Rothschild & Jordan (1900), referring to the two supposed races of Pythodorus, state : " the differences between the two geographical races . . . are not conspicuous, but seem to be pretty constant "; but on reading the descriptions and the respective distributions we find that both are confusing because incorrect ; thus the characters cited for the race nesaea Grose-Smith appear to be based on speci- mens from Rau, Nandi, and not on insects from Mombasa, Kenya Coast (type locality). The Nandi examples come within the variations of Pythodorus pythodorus and actually belong to that race. Thus the description given for nesaea is incorrect. Aurivillius in Seitz (1912 : 131) appears to follow this faulty description. REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 221 Aurivillius refers to the insect as " very rare "; it is certainly nowhere common, but has a very wide distribution, and is found from Nigeria and French Equatorial Africa (Congo) to Angola, south and eastern Congo to Uganda, then along the coast of Kenya and Tanganyika. It is not an inhabitant of dense tropical forest but is found in secondary forests, gallery forests, heavy savannah, and even in light savannah where forest-crowned kopjes or thickets occur. The food plants, so far as I know, are species of Craibia (Leguminosae) ; C. brevi- caudata Dunn on the Kenya and Tanganyika coasts, C. elliotti Dunn in the Nyanza Ucmao QE • CHARAXES PYTHODORUS PYTHODORUS HEW. CH. p. OCCIOENS VAN SOMEREN CH. P. PALL I DA CARPENTER ICH. P. , NESAEA I 6. -SMITH. JA aa*tuU(a. MAP 4. Distribution of Charaxes pythodorus Hewitson and its subspecies. 222 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN Basin, and C. brownei Dunn in the Elgon-Uganda east area. Many Char axes have an alternative food plant, often belonging to a different family, and where Craibia may not occur it is possible that Brachystegia, much sought after by several Char axes, may be an alternative food of pythodorus, such as in the dry " Miombo country " of Tanganyika Territory. DESCRIPTIONS AND NOTES Charaxes pythodorus pythodorus Hewitson (PL 12, figs. 67, 68) Charaxes pythodorus Hewitson, 1873 : 57. The type specimen is a male, without exact locality, but I have before me the Angolan male and female mentioned by Rothschild & Jordon, ex Berlin Museum, taken at Pungo Andongo, 1875, (von Mechow). There is a further male taken at Angola, Kebela. Except for a slightly more incised fore wing in one of the Berlin specimens there is little difference in pattern, except sexual, in these specimens ; one male shows some blue scaling linking the discal and postdiscal spots in 3-4 in fore wing, which is lacking in the type. Following is a redescription of this nominate sub-species. MALE. Upperside. Fore wing length 40-43 mm., ground colour black, slightly brownish toward base ; a white or bluish-white spot at apex of cell ; a discal series of bluish-white spots, elongate and small in 5-6, more quadrate in 3, more elongate in ia-2 and more bluish and contiguous with bluish spots in la-ib (occasionally 2) of post-discal series and forming a blue triangular patch at hind border ; the rest of the postdiscal spots, diminishing in size, continue through to the costa, set in slightly in 4-5 then inclined at an angle to the costa. Hind wing basal area bluish-white, more strongly blue distad with outer edge slightly serrated ; border widely black, narrow at anal angle then widening to costa. The width of this border varies slightly in individuals but is usually 10-11 mm. wide at vein 4-5 then wider at upper angle in 6-7. The border carries a series of bluish or whitish dots sub-marginally, the dots being larger toward the upper angle. Underside. Ground colour generally ochreous-clay colour with narrow blackish zigzag lines in the basal area, especially in the basal half of the fore wing cell ; whitish spots of upperside indicated below, sometimes black outlined distally ; a black mark semicircular or solidly black present in sub-base of ib with another in same area but distad to the pale discal spots, solid or crescentic in shape, often with a dark crescentic inner more diffuse mark extending to the hind margin, the two forming an " eye-spot " at the tornus. Hind wing ground colour as fore wing ; a few wavy black lines in basal areas, followed by a pale zone distally flanked by an irregular dark diffuse zone made up of contiguous angular marks ; in the sub-margin are white dots corresponding to the pale spots of upper side. Thorax above in fresh specimens blackish with a slight greenish tinge, distally bluish fringed, abdomen bluish white above, below ochreous clay throughout. FEMALE. Upperside. Very similar to the male but larger, fore wing length 45 mm.; fore wing straighter on the outer margin, but hind angle more rounded ; hind wing more rounded. The ground colour is not so black, but with a slight brownish tinge ; spots and pale areas not so blue, more whitish, especially those of fore wing. Hind wing dark border wider, 12-14 mm. at vein 4-5. Underside. Ground colour as in the male, or often paler, with the pale spots of upperside showing through clearly. In the hind wing there is indication of a discal band, paler in colour than the ground, distally bordered by an irregular darker zone similar to that in the male ; in the sub-margin are small white dots. REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 223 Range : The general range of the nominate subspecies is from Angola to the Katanga area of the Congo, NW. Northern Rhodesia northward to Kivu and into Uganda and the north-west portion of Kenya, then to the southern area of the Lake Victoria basin. In Uganda, specimens are recorded from Katera forest, Mawakota, Mlanji, Mabira, Bufumbo, West Elgon, Jinja ; in Kenya from East Elgon, Kitale, Nandi, Elgeyo Escarpment, Tembach, Lenbus, Lugari in Trans-Nzoia, Kaimosi, Kabras, Kakamega, and Kacheliba. Occurs also in the Kisii area on the Gori River and has been taken in the Geita district of Tanganyika Territory south west of Lake Vic- toria. The descriptions are based on Angolan specimens, but those from the localities cited above exhibit no constant characters distinguishing them from nominate Pythodorus. (Uganda specimens are figured on PI. 12, figs. 69 and 70.) Charaxes pythodorus occidens ssp. n. (PI. 13, figs. 71 (type), 72 (var.) Specimens from the French Congo (on the Congo Cameroon border) and from Nigeria differ from the nominate subspecies by being slightly smaller (fore wing length 38-40 mm.) and, though the general pattern is similar, having the pale areas of a more intense blue. (Some examples show a tendency for the discal and post discal blue spots to be conjoined, the spot in 4 joined to that at apex of cell, pi. 13, fig. 72.) The hind wing blue area is more extended, thus reducing the width of the marginal black border very considerably : 6 mm. at vein 4-5 ; submarginal spots slightly larger and more distinct and bluer. The underside exhibits hardly any difference from the nominate subspecies, the wavy black lines are slightly more pronounced. FEMALE. At present unknown. The Nigerian specimen has slightly more incised fore wings but otherwise agrees with the Ouesso, Mambili specimens from French Congo. Of the 9 males taken in the French Congo, 4 exhibit the conjoined spots in the fore wing. Holotype male. FRENCH CONGO : Ouesso, Mambili, vii.i96o (T. H. E. Jackson) in the British Museum (N.H.). Range : French Congo and the western region of Nigeria at Dordan. These specimens extend the range of the species north and westward for a considerable distance. There is also a specimen from the Gold Coast in the British Museum (N.H.). Charaxes pythodorus nesaea Grose-Smith (PI. 13, figs. 73, 74) Charaxes nesaea Grose-Smith, 1889 : 132. This is the smallest subspecies, with well defined characters separating it from other subspecies. MALE. Upperside. Fore wing length 35-36 mm., ground colour black with only a slight tinge of brown at base ; blue areas strongly coloured, only slightly paler in the spot beyond the cell. Blue area in hind margin forming a definite triangle reaching at its apex to vein 2 ; post-discal blue spots in a straighter line than in nominate race, and strongly blue. Hind wing extreme base blackish but discal blue area more extended, thus reducing the marginal dark border, and strongly 224 v- G L- VAN SOMEREN blue in colour, though slightly paler along the inner margin and whiter at sub-costa in 6. The reduced marginal black border is 6 mm. wide at 4-5, thus much narrower than in the nominate race, though Rothschild & Jordan (op. cit.) states that the border is wide ! Submarginal blue spots clearly denned margin with a very narrow blue line from anal angle to vein 6. Underside. Ground colour as in nominate race but dark crescentic mark at sub-base less strong and that at tornus not so solid and less heavy. FEMALE. Very similar to the male, but larger ; fore wing margin straighter ; hind wing more rounded at anal angle. Pale areas and spots less blue and more whitish though more strongly blue than in nominate subspecies especially distally in the hind wing. Distal black border in hind wing narrow as in the male, 4-5 mm. wide. Underside as in the male, but post-discal dark band more pronounced. Neallotype female. KENYA COAST: Shimba Hills, x.i96o, van Someren coll., in British Museum (N.H.). These descriptions are based on topotypical Kenya Coast specimens ; examples from the Usambara Mts., Tanganyika Territory, are similar though more strongly marked below as a rule The female has not hitherto been described. Range : This subspecies is limited to the Kenya and Tanganyika coast zone and does not extend inland*. Specimens placed to this race by Rothschild and Jordan from Rau-Nandi do not belong here. Specimens have been taken on the Rabai Hills and at Ribbe and the forests of the Shimba Hills in Kenya ; but the species is not common. It was noted to be more plentiful on the Usambara Mts. in Tanganyika Territory. Charaxes pythodorus pallida Carpenter (PL 13, figs. 75, 76) Charaxes pythodorus pallida Carpenter, 1934 : I2- When Carpenter first described this race in 1934, he omitted to state the sex, but subsequently recorded it as a male. He was still under this impression when he referred to " four other male specimens " in the Hope Department, Oxford (Carpenter, 1945 : 84). The photograph of the type kindly supplied by Professor Varley suggested that the type, by its shape and coloration, must be a female. Mr. Taylor of the Hope Department kindly examined the type on my behalf and he confirms that it is a female, by the form of its fore legs. Through the kindness of Professor Varley I am now able to give a description of the male taken in the same general locality as the type female. MALE. Upper side. Fore wing length 35 mm. (thus within the range of nesaea), outer margin of wing slightly incised. Ground colour blackish in the distal half and earth brown at the basal areas. Pattern of the wing as in the nominate subspecies but discal spots almost white with just a tinge of blue proximal to areas la-ib ; post-discal spots pale blue, the bluish area at hind-margin not so angled in ib-ic as in the ssp. nesaea. Hind wing basal areas widely whitish with just a tinge of blue distally, the black border reduced in width to 6 mm. at vein 4-5 and hardly widen- * An interesting specimen of pythodorus has recently been received from the Japanese Scientific Ex- pedition to Kigoma, on the east shore of Lake Tanganyika. This unique male specimen is very similar to nesaea but is larger : fore wing length 40 mm. On the hind wing the marginal blue line is conspicuous and extends to vein 7. Further material may show that these characters are constant and that the eastern Lake Tanganyika insects are a distinct race. REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 225 ing at 6 near costa. Sub-marginal spots small and whitish. Anal angle more pronounced than in other races. Underside. Ochreous-clay colour, paler than in other races, with some whitish at the hind-margin between the sub-basal and tornal dark marks in ib ; the diffuse dark post- discal bar not strongly marked, and the pale sub-marginal spots hardly at all visible. FEMALE. Larger than the male, 36-38 mm., hind wing more rounded at anal angle. Upperside. Pattern similar to the male but more whitish, the post-discal spots in fore wing dull bluish ; the submarginal pale spots in hind wing hardly visible. Underside. Slightly paler than in the male and with the discal bars in fore and hind wings more apparent ; that of the hind wing bordered by an irregular dark brownish zone ; submarginal pale spots faintly indicated. The description of the female is taken from a specimen from Singida. As the true male has not previously been denned I designate : Neallotype male. Specimen taken by Burtt, TANGANYIKA TERRITORY, between Tabora and Kazi-Kazi Station, Central Railway, in. 1933, D. Burtt coll. in Hope Dept., Oxford. Range : this subspecies would appear to be a small dry-country form derived from nesaea, as suggested by Carpenter, 1945. It inhabits the dry savannah and " miombo bush " country of north-central Tanganyika Territory away from the humid influence of the south Lake Victoria basin. It has been taken at Singida but the bulk of the material comes from the country along the central railway line between Kazi-Kazi, Itigi and Tabora. The extent of its range southward is not known. SYSTEMATIC LIST Charaxes pythodorus Hewitson Ch. pythodorus pythodorus Hewitson. Type locality : " Angola ". occidens ssp. n. Type locality : Ouesso, French Congo. nesaea Grose-Smith. Type locality : Mombasa, Kenya. pallida Carpenter. Type locality : Kazi-Kazi Central Railway, Tan- ganyika. 4. CHARAXES DRUCEANUS BUTLER AND ITS RACES Because of the apparent confusion surrounding the nominate race of Charaxes druceanus and its distribution, it is desirable at the outset to have a " background " picture of this species, and to obtain this one must refer to some of the early literature. Butler described the species in 1869 from a specimen said to have been taken in " Old Calabar ", Southern Nigeria. The type is a male in the British Museum (Natural History) and was figured by Butler in the following year (Lep. Exotica plate x, fig. 4). In the same year Hewitson described Charaxes cinadon from Natal, the type being then in the Ward collection. A specimen from this collection is now in the British Museum and Mr. Riley tells me that it is probably the type of cinadon, though not so labelled. It agrees well with the South African material. Butler seems to have lost no time in synonymizing cinadon with his druceanus and from 1870 to 226 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN 1900 numerous authors record druceanus from Angola, the Rhodesias, Transvaal and Natal. These early references are set out in detail by Rothschild & Jordan (1900 : 415-6) and need not be repeated here ; suffice it to say that cinadon Hewitson is treated as a synonym of druceanus by all these writers. However, it is interesting to note that Rothschild & Jordan (1900 : 417) state " that Natal specimens have the black colour of the upperside, on the whole, rather more extended than individuals from Angola and the Congo "; but they follows this up with the remark : " whether the species really extends to Old Calabar, whence the type is said to be from, is more than doubtful ". Aurivillius (1899) gave the distribution of druceanus Butler as Old Calabar, Congo, Angola, Natal, Transvaal, Nyasaland and Zambesi. He repeats this again in Seitz (1911 : 128). Thus up to 1911 only one race, the nominate, was recognized. More recent references may now be considered. Rebel (1914 : 253) described a race from north-west of Lake Tanganyika, Kivu Province, which he called obscura. The description is very meagre but the main characters are : " very much darker chest- nut-brown upper surface, and with a narrower pale brown outer margin " (discal bar) compared with nominate druceanus. I have a colour photograph of one of the four " types ", kindly supplied by the Vienna Museum, to which I shall refer later. Joicey & Talbot (1922 : 338) described the Rhodesian and south Congo insect as proximans, the male type from Mt. Mlanji, the female type from " Uganda "! Before giving the characters of this race they state : " the West African and South African (insects) are typical druceanus druceanus Butler," thus endorsing the view expressed by Aurivillius, except that E. Angolan examples are attributed to this new race. A glance at the map of Africa will show that the only line of communication between Nigeria and Transvaal would be down the western side of Central Africa via the Cameroons, Gabon, Angola west, thence to the Cape and the Transvaal ; a possible, but highly improbable route, since much of the country is unsuited to the species. Morever, within the Union of South Africa other races occur which will be considered later in this paper. Joicey & Talbot give the range of proximans as Nyasaland, Rhodesia, Angola, South Congo (Katanga), thence northward to Uganda, but they note that a specimen from Toro, Uganda, approaches the West African race. They apparently overlooked the fact that in 1914 Rebel had described the race obscura from just west of Uganda (Kivu area) and that Toro lies within this ecological zone. At a later date (1925) Jordan described the Kivu insect as kivuanus, and in 1932 Le Cerf gave the name cryanae to the Kivu race. The inclusion of " Uganda " within the range of proximans, and more especially the fact that Joicey & Talbot designated a " Uganda " female as type in this sex, influenced us (van Someren & Rogers, 1928, Nos. 33-34 : 3) in determining the East Uganda-Elgon specimens as proximans Joicey & Talbot, but with certain reservations in that we noted that specimens from north and east Elgon showed a marked difference from topotypical proximans which suggested that they probably represented a distinct race. We overlooked the fact that in 1926 Lathy had separated off the Elgon-Mau race as septentrionalis \ In "Butterflies of Kenya and Uganda" (van Someren, 1935 : 178), I made the statement that septentrionalis Lathy came from Toro, Uganda, based on information REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 227 given to me at that time ; this was wrong, the Toro insect being obscura Rebel. However, Gabriel (1939) records a specimen from Namwamba Valley, east Ruwenzori, as septentrionalis (so identified by Jordan) and not obscura Rebel (syn. kivuanus Jordan) although the insect came from within the Kivu zone. '^ 'A / • I CAMEROON \ f-~ l MAP 5. Distribution of Charaxes druceanus Butler and its subspecies. ENTOM. 13, 7 228 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN In 1936 Jordan added yet another race to druceanus, from the eastern Transvaal, moerens of the Drakensberg Mts., and in 1939 I described the race teita from the Teita Range, South Kenya. Dr. van Son informs me (in litt.} that there are possibly two other undescribed races in South Africa, and these I shall consider in due course. In the revision which follows an attempt is made to evaluate the several described races by a critical examination of topotypical material, photographs of type speci- mens, and a study of geographical and ecological data. A very large amount of material has been brought together and my indebtedness to contributors is duly acknowledged at the end of this paper. NOTES ON ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY Charaxes druceanus is widespread, extending from Guinea and Nigeria in West Africa to Kenya Colony in the east, but with an apparent break in the central Congo, thence south to the Transvaal and Natal. In my experience druceanus is found in close association with its food plant, species of Syzygium (MYRTACEAE) of which the following are recorded as food : S. cordatum Hochst., 5. guineensis DC., both wide- spread in Kenya ; 5. mumbwaensis Greenway ; Eugenia sp. (MYRTACEAE) and Ber- sama sp. (MELIANTHACEAE). Most of the Myrtaceae are riparian trees, occurring on banks of rivers, streams and swamps, but also found in forest. This species is therefore found, in the main, outside dense forest, preferring the outskirts, or fre- quenting gallery forest The males are fond of sunning and sporting on the tops of high trees, or ascending to the top of a tree-clad hill and playing around, driving off intruders from their favoured perches. The females will stay in the vicinity of their food trees, but both sexes will come readily to baited traps and may travel quite a distance from areas with known food trees in search of fermenting juices on which they feed in nature, usually an ooze from an infected tree ; thus specimens may occasionally be taken in an area where they are not expected to be. DESCRIPTIONS AND NOTES Charaxes druceanus druceanus Butler (PL 14, figs. 77-81) Charaxes druceanus Butler, 1869 : 4. For purposes of this description I have selected a male example from Old Calabar, kindly lent to me by the British Museum (N.H.), and I have before me two other examples from West Africa, Guinea and Gabon, which agree in all essentials. MALE. Upperside. Fore wing length 40 mm. more acuminate-falcate than in cinadon ; base of fore wing light chestnut brown lighter than in cinadon Hewitson (Natal) and not so orange as proximans Talbot (Nyasaland) . The distal portion of the basal area carries black spots as follows : one rounded spot subcostal toward end of cell, a quadrate elongate spot at end of cell, larger REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 229 contiguous spots sub-basal in 5-6 and a smaller one slightly distad in 4, blunted triangular large spots sub-basal in 3 and 2 with a smaller one below in ib. An orange-tawny discal bar 9 mm. wide at hind margin gradually lessens in width to 5 then divides into a Y, the outer arm continu- ing up to the costa in almost a straight line, the inner arm inclined inward through 6 and 7 but not reaching the costa, the interspace filled with a black inverted triangle. Distal border black with marginal tawny -rufous spots separated by black at end of veins. Hind wing basal area light chestnut-brown darkening slightly at costa followed by an orange-tawny discal bar, 6 mm. wide at costa where it is slightly paler, then narrowing slightly to above the anal angle ; border of wing black, widest at 4 ; admarginal tawny-rufous contiguous lunules partially separated by black veins ; extreme edge black. Anal angle with two purply-blue spots, blue spots sometimes present in 2-3, but variable. Underside. Ground colour of basal area fore and hind wing bright chestnut ; fore wings patterned by black bars outlined in silvery white, three in cell, a larger double one beyond cell, a large oval black mark in sub-base ib with longitudinal silver streaks in centre, a black bar silver outlined sub-base in 2 with a crescentic mark just beyond, with another above it sub-basal in 3, these contiguous with the inner edge of the conspicuous silvery- white discal bar which more or less follows the inner half of the orange-tawny bar of above, including the Y which has central black linear marks. The outer half of the bar is orange tawny, paler toward the margin, but outwardly bordered by a conspicuous series of submarginal black triangular to linear marks, large at tornus and diminishing in size to sub-apex, marks widely silvery-grey outwardly ; margin dull orange-tawny broken by dark veins. Hind wing, basal chestnut crossed by silvery linear marks, wide at the costa then tapering and joining with a narrower mark crossing sub-apex of cell and extending down toward anal angle ; inner fold traversed by three silvery lines conjoined at base and merging into the end of the discal silvery bar which is wide at the costa, distinctly curved on inner edge and tapering rapidly to above the anal angle. Distal to the silvery bar the ground colour is light chestnut traversed by a wavy silvery -grey irregular line touching or separate from a series of silvery-grey lunules distally black on the sub-margin ; admargin dull orange-tawny, ending in a large anal double spot with silver centres ; margin black. There is some slight variation of the underside of the other two males, but within the general basic pattern. The male specimen from Lower Guinea (Pogge) (PI. 14, figs. 79, 80), although old and somewhat worn, exhibits certain interesting features suggestive that druceanus in that territory may be represented by a distinct subspecies. Upperside. Fore wing length 38 mm., costa rather more curved than nominate race, wing more falcate ; base paler and more orange-rusty, margin not so black and narrower, due to the wider discal band which is 10 mm. wide at hind margin and ib, very slightly less in 2, 6 mm. in 3, and the Y is correspondingly wider. In the hind wing the basal area is paler than in the nominate race and the discal band is wider, particularly so in 2-4. Underside. Paler rufous, with the black marks clearer, but silvery bars less in contrast except in the hind wing submargin. It is regretted that no actual female is available for a detailed description. Pub- lished descriptions are unreliable owing to the confusion of races, especially between cinadon and nominate druceanus of West Africa. As mentioned in the introduction, Rothschild & Jordon seem to have been the first to cast doubts on the authenticity of the locus of Butler's type druceanus. Because of the rather lax and somewhat indifferent method of recording localities in the early and mid igth century, it is now very difficult to adduce supporting evidence for the data on labels attached to the specimens. One has therefore to rely on such facts as are visible : characters of the insects involved, the number of specimens on record from the area, the name of the collector and so on. I have examined material from 230 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN Guinea, S. Nigeria and Gabon ; on only one specimen is the name of the collector given, i.e. " Dr. Pogge ", 1881, Lower Guinea, who, as it is well known, made early collections on the West Coast. Dewitz mentions druceanus taken by Pogge & Giissfelt in Guinea. Other specimens are recorded from the Bates and the Staudinger Collections. It seems justifiable therefore to assume that the species druceanus does occur on the West Coast of Africa. Having examined actual specimens and compared them with South African material, I am satisfied that West African druceanus do not agree with South African examples. Charaxes druceanus tectonis Jordan stat. n. (PI. 17, figs. 103, 104) Charaxes tectonis Jordan, 1937 : 323- Charaxes tectonis Jordan is placed as a species at the end of the xiphares group by Wallace Peters (1952) although in the original description it is compared with Ch. druceanus and Ch. eudoxus Drury. A few years ago, I asked Mr. T. H. E. Jackson to examine this unique type, and to form an opinion as to its affinities. His view was that it certainly belonged to the druceanus complex. I have now received photographs of the upper- and undersides of this insect, kindly supplied by the British Museum (N.H.). There is little doubt that the insect belongs to the druceanus group, judged by the upperside pattern, and though the underside diverges considerably from the orthodox druceanus pattern it conforms to certain variations found in races of druceanus in eastern Africa, for example, the vars. alicea Stoneham and lugari van Someren in the race septen- trionalis Lathy. As the type (from Bamenda Division, Msungli) is unique, it is impossible to suggest if tectonis is typical of a Cameroon race, or a variation. The original description is as follows : " Male, near Ch. eudoxus Drury 1782 and Ch. fallax Richels 1913, but in the tawny markings of the upperside rather closely resembling Ch. druceanus kivuanus Jord. 1925 ; the tawny colouring in anterior half of fore wing much more extended, isolating black spots in cell and on disc, as in druceanus, the tawny band being forked anteriorly, its outer branch slightly curved and maculate, consisting of 4 rounded spots, the proximal branch of 2 spots, the tawny band centrally with indications of blackish spots. On hind wing the tawny orange admarginal band much narrower than in any known form of Ch. eudoxus, black submarginal band of almost equal width throughout, bearing in posterior half 4 blue dots as in Ch. d. kivuanus, and at anal angle a buffish green admarginal bar as in Ch. druceanus ; tails narrow and rather long, especially the anterior one, longer than in Ch. eudoxus. Markings of underside of the Ch. eudoxus type, not as in Ch. druceanus ; on fore wing three black cell bars margined with silver, first consisting of two small dots, on disco-cellulars a fourth bar, broader, parallel with third and as far separated from it as is second bar ; below cell a silver margined bar between median veins, a somewhat smaller one behind it a little more basal with silvery margin incomplete. The discal series of black bars consists of an anterior one from sub-costa to R2, nearly all silvery, composed as in Ch. eudoxus of three sections and a subcostal streak, the next two bars inclining toward cell, much narrower than broad and silver margined ; below these bars follow two small black spots with white margins vestigial, one below the other far separated from the antemedian spot, whereas in REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 231 Ch. eudoxus and Ch. fallax the black spots below lower median vein and cell are large and usually confluent or connected with one another ; the orange tawny band corresponding to one on upper- side consists of rounded spots paler than the costal area on both sides of the silvery costal bar, inconspicuous, the upper four bounded on proximal side and on the veins by bluish-grey, this scaling continued as a line toward hind margin of wing, but quite inconspicuous and more whitish in the pale posterior area ; the posterior orange-tawny spots completely merged together as a band which is widened to the black bars behind Ra, being divided only by the greyish line just mentioned ; on distal side the orange-tawny spots contiguous with the black spots, last three merged together into a large transverse patch bearing three bluish-grey spots, the one before the patch rounded triangular, shorter than its distance from distal margin and like the other five small ones margined with bluish-grey. Hind wing like fore wing, paler than in Ch. eudoxus and Ch. fallax, transverse lines as thin as in Ch. fallax, outer half of wing remarkably different : the white discal line crossing Ra close to the bend of this vein entirely separated from the silvery median bars, broader and more diffuse than in Ch. fallax, not containing any black bars except before abdominal margin ; the band outside this line dull ochreous-tawny, bounded on distal side by black bars of which the anterior ones are straight, the others luniform ; the narrow admarginal buffish orange band bounded on basal side by black bars, the first nearly straight, the others curved with distal side convex, these bars and those of the preceding row form ten rings, filled in with bluish grey scaling, one at anal angle bearing two white dots, the one before posterior tail somewhat smaller, with one white dot near its outer margin, these ocelliform spots corresponding to similar spots in Ch. druceanus." It will be noted that in the above description frequent mention is made of similarity, in varying aspects, to Ch. druceanus, and in the reduction of silvery lines and bars to Ch. eudoxus. However, in view of the variation which we know takes place in some races of druceanus the balance of evidence is in favour of tectonis being a sub-species of druceanus. Charaxes druceanus cinadon Hewitson ssp. rev. (PI. 14, figs. 82-84) Charaxes cinadon Hewitson, 1870 : 177. MALE. Fore wing length 38-40 mm., less falcate than druceanus from Guinea. Upperside. Pattern essentially similar to the nominate druceanus but the whole tone of the basal areas and the discal bars is richer and darker. The discal bar of the fore wing is slightly less straight on its outer border while the inner margin is indented strongly by the much larger black marks at the bases of ib, a and 3. The admarginal light spots in fore and hind wing are larger and thus more conspicuous. The fore wing bar is 8 mm. at the hind edge, slightly less in i, then tapers rapidly to the bifurcation in 5. Underside. Pattern as in the nominate race but bolder ; silvery bars in fore wing cell wider, black spots larger ; the inner edge of the silvery discal bar of hind wing straighter, the chestnut spot at costa larger and more distinct ; the postdiscal and sub- marginal silvery-grey wavy lines bolder. FEMALE. Fore wing length 4 1-45 mm. Upperside. General pattern as in the male but basal areas slightly paler and the discal bars considerably paler orange-ochreous, and wider ; marginal spots paler. Average width of fore wing bar at hind edge 10 mm. in ra-ib, slightly less in a and 3, narrower in 4 just at bifurcation ; inner margin strongly indented by black bases to 3-3, rather suffused on outer margin with orange-tawny where it meets the black outer border. Underside. As in the male, but all marks larger and bolder. Hewitson described this Natal insect shortly after druceanus had been described by Butler who synonymized cinadon with druceanus. From that time on, even up to 232 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN 1922, this association of the two seems to have received support (vide Talbot, Bull. Hill Mus. i : 338), but in my view this seems to be based on insufficient study of topotypical West African material. Moreover, geographically the two races are widely separated, with other races intervening. The race cinadon is confined to the Natal district of South Africa south of Swaziland from the coast belt to 4,000 feet. Charaxes druceanus moerens Jordan (PL 15, figs. 89-91) Charaxes druceanus moerens Jordan, 1936 : 333. This is the darkest race of druceanus, characterized by its very narrow discal bars in both sexes. MALE. Fore wing length 35-38 mm. Upperside. General pattern similar to the other races but ground colour considerably darker, more deep chestnut resulting in some obscuring of the black spots in fore wing cell and bases of areas 10-4 and with a reduction in the width of the discal bar to 5 mm. in ib and with the mark in la even smaller. Hind wing : with the reduction in width of the discal bar to 4 mm. at area 5 and only slightly bigger in 6, the black outer border is wider, measuring 8-9 mm. in area 6, the discal bar is obscured and fades out above the anal angle. The admarginal spots on fore and hind wing are smaller and darker than in other races. Underside. General pattern as in other races, but ground colour deeper chestnut with sub-basal black spots in areas ib-3 larger and blacker ; the distal portion of the wing darker. In the hind wing the silvery discal bar though wide at the costa narrows rapidly and is more irregular on its border, moreover the chestnut spot on the costa is large and is often carried down to vein 4 thus dividing the bar in its upper half or entire length into two. The silvery-grey post- discal wavy line and the sub-marginal lunules are more conspicuous on the darker chestnut ground. FEMALE : Fore wing length 43-46 mm. Upperside. Pattern as in the male, basal areas darker and distal borders blacker and wider than in other races, but the discal bars pale ochreous to orange-ochreous, and in the hind wing reaching only to area 2 ; admarginal spots pale orange- ochre. The coloration of the female is thus in strong contrast to the male, more so than in other races. Underside. General pattern as in the male, ground colour dark with black marks and silvery lines accentuated. This dark montane race is mainly restricted to the higher elevations of the North Drakensberg Range at and above 4,500 feet but may stray lower, even within the altitude range of cinadon, but since it occurs mainly to the west and north west of Swaziland south of the Olifants River there is no overlap. This race does, however, occur north of the Olifants River where the high escarp- ment becomes more fragmented and in the vicinity of Woodbush, Malta Forest and Haenertsberg there is a tendency for the specimens to be smaller, but this reduction in size is unstable and unaccompanied by any difference in colour or pattern. Many topotypical moerens are as small as material from north of the Olifants River, and many of the latter are as large as moerens from Mariepskop. Gowan Clark is of the opinion that moerens is a species distinct from cinadon, but the evidence adduced is inconclusive. Moreover, the following race links characters of moerens with stevensoni and proximans. REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 233 Charaxes druceanus entabeni sp. n. (PI. 19, figs. 117-122) There is no doubt that druceanus in the Zoutpansberg is represented by a distinct subspecies entabeni, which occupies an area intermediate between moerens of theDrak- ensberg and stevensoni of the Vumba Mountains, with the Limpopo valley between the latter and entabeni. It is interesting to note, however, that female entabeni is nearer in general appearance to stevensoni than to moerens and that the male stands inter- mediate between the two, but with a marked tendency toward moerens. MALE. Fore wing length 30 mm. Upperside. Superficially resembling the male moerens but generally less dark and with a wider fore wing discal bar, especially in areas ia-3. Cell with three black transverse marks, one subcostal at about mid point, the second more linear and crossing the cell and may be contiguous with the black sub-basal mark in 2, the black bar at end of cell more quadrate. The black border is narrower than in moerens due to the increase in width of the discal bar ; marginal orange spots large Hind wing discal bar wider, especially at costa and more triangular in outline, the outer border slightly angled in 5-6 but obscured by the dark rufous at the inner edge of the black border which is narrower than in moerens. Marginal border and blue spots as in moerens. Underside. Very similar to moerens but the silver discal bar on hind wing not divided in the upper half, and with only a small brown spot at costa, the outer border strongly angled in 5-6 ; the postdiscal silver and blackish marks more distinct. FEMALE. Fore wing length 45 mm. Upperside. Very similar to stevensoni in colour and pattern, thus unlike the female of moerens. There are three black marks in the fore wing cell, as in the male, but the sub-basal one is very small. Hind wing discal bar strongly angled on outer border, as in the male, on the underside, so also the distal dark band ; otherwise very similar to stevensoni. Holotype male, NORTHERN TRANSVAAL, Zoutpansberg, Entabeni, 30.^.1962, (H. D. Brown], in Transvaal Museum. Allotype female: NORTHERN TRANSVAAL, Zoutpansberg, Entabeni, (F. Craib), in Transvaal Museum. Paratype male, Entabeni, 11.1962 (L. Schroder). Range : Northern Transvaal, Zoutpansberg district, Entabeni. Charaxes druceanus stevensoni ssp. n. (PL 15, figs. 85, 86) MALE. Length fore wing 40-42 mm. Upperside. General pattern comes very close to cinadon in general appearance, but the colour of the bases and the discal bars paler and brighter ; the discal bars wider, 10 mm. in ib fore wing and 9 mm. at costa hind wing where the orange tends to be paler. The black distal border is narrower than in cinadon. From proximans it differs in being generally darker above and with narrower discal bars. Underside. Ground colour bright chestnut very similar to cinadon, but silvery discal bars wider and with the orange distad to the bar in fore wing wider and brighter. In the hind wing the postdiscal and submarginal silvery lines coalesce forming an irregular silvery band ending in the darker rounded spot at anal angle. FEMALE. Although the general pattern of the upperside is similar to that of cinadon the dif- ferences in colour are marked : the basal areas are paler orange-chestnut, the discal bars are considerably wider, n mm. at hind margin in fore wing, 12 mm. at costa hind wing, more orange in both fore and hind wing ; the black proximad to the discal band and the black distal border are in contrast to the orange band. This female thus stands intermediate between cinadon and proximans in colour and pattern. On the underside the silvery bars are much more marked than 234 v- G- L- VAN SOMEREN in cinadon, and, as in the male, the postdiscal and submarginal silvery-grey lines are completely merged into a broad silvery-grey band contrasting with the light admarginal orange border and black margin, and though the silvery spot in 2 is separate and small the anal double mark is well developed as it is above. Holotype male. S. RHODESIA : Vumba Mts. (Eastern side of S. Rhodesia), 6.iv.i938 (H. R. H. Stevenson). AUotype female. Same data ; to be deposited in the British Museum (N.H.). From the material at my disposal, ten males and seven females, it would appear that this distinct race is confined to the escarpment on the eastern boundary of Southern Rhodesia, in the Vumba Mountains and on the borders of the Manica district of Mozambique, thus separated from proximans by the wide Zambesi Valley. From data supplied the altitudinal range appears to be from 2,000-6,000 feet. There is some individual variation in the males but not extending beyond the general pattern of the race as defined above. Capt. Stevenson was the first to recognize this race, but for some reason he never published a description of it. I have pleasure in naming this subspecies after him. Charaxes druceanus proximans Joicey & Talbot (PL 15, figs. 87, 88) Charaxes druceanus proximans Joicey & Talbot, 1922 : 338. In this race the sexes are less differentiated in colour than in any other. It has a very wide distribution, but not so extended as cited by Talbot, for it does not reach Uganda. MALE. Fore wing length 40-41 mm. Upperside. General pattern as in races already described but modified as follows : ground colour at bases of fore and hind wing bright orange-chestnut, discal bands lighter orange and wide, 11-12 mm. in la-ib fore wing and 6 mm. at vein 4 ; hind wing bar at costa 10-11 mm. slightly whitish at first and remaining wide until it merges into the inner fold. Black spots in fore wing conspicuous against the light ground, the outer black border narrower as a result of the widened discal bands : admarginal orange chestnut spots and lunules large and very conspicuous on fore and hind wing ; blue spots in hind wing black border at and above anal angle usually clear and conspicuous. (There is some slight individual variation in the width of the fore wing bar and in the depth of colour of the basal chestnut, but not associ- ated with any geographical location.) Underside. As in the race stevensoni but the ground colour is a lighter brighter chestnut and the silvery bars and lines are wider. FEMALE. As in the race stevensoni but the ground colour is a brighter chestnut and the discal bars less in contrast. Fore wing length 49-50 mm., general pattern as in the male but basal areas and bars paler, with the black spots of fore wing and black outer borders more in contrast as a result. Underside as in the male but silvery bars and lines wider, the light orange area distad to the silvery bar very noticeable and the black submarginal marks at and above the tornus stand out in contrast. In the hind wing the postdiscal wavy silvery lines tend to coalesce but not to the extent as in stevensoni. Range : the full range of this race is given in the systematic list and I would emphasize that it does not extend to Uganda as stated in the original description. The association of a " Uganda " female with the race proximans, especially as it was made the type of this sex, gave rise to erroneous identification of Elgon-Mau REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 235 druceanus as proximans in my earlier Char axes papers (van Someren & Rogers, 1928 : 3 ; 1939 : 179). The race there mentioned should be septentrionalis Lathy, which was described from Hoey's Bridge, Trans-Nzoia, and not Toro as stated in error by me. A specimen recorded by Carpenter (1945 : 83) as nominate druceanus Butler, from Morogoro, Tanganyika Territory, belongs to the race proximans. Charaxes druceanus obscura Rebel (PI. 15, fig. 92. PI. 16, figs. 93-100) Charaxes druceanus obscura Rebel, 1914 : 253. Charaxes kivuanus Jordan, 1925 : 288. syn. n. Charaxes cryanae Le Cerf, 1932 : 406. syn. n. The above three names have all been applied to examples of druceanus as found in the area of the Kivu Province, Ruanda-Urundi and SW. Uganda. Having made a critical examination of topotypical specimens and studied photographs of the types, I have no doubt that kivuanus (PL 16, figs. 97, 98) and cryanae (PL 16, figs. 95, 96) must be considered synonyms of obscura Rebel (PL 16, figs. 93, 94). This is a small race characterized by its very dark colour and comparatively narrow discal bars. MALE. Fore wing length 39-40 mm. Upperside. Basal areas of wings dark chestnut ; discal bands lighter chestnut, 7 mm. wide in la-ib, slightly less in 2, and only 3 mm. in 3 ; inner edge indented by the black basal spots in 2-4, outer edge rather diffuse as it merges into the black distal border ; admarginal light chestnut marks widely separated by black ends to the veins. Hind wing discal band light chestnut, slightly paler at the costa where it is 9 mm. wide but tapering rapidly in vein 4 where it merges into the dark chestnut inner fold, the outer edge darken- ing and merging into the black border which carries purply-blue spots, double at anal angle, and single in 2-4 ; admarginal border light chestnut slightly indented proximad by dark vein tips. Tails on veins 2 and 4 relatively short, 5-3 mm. long, lower one slightly curved outward. Under- side. Pattern as in other races but in the fore wing the outer and upper discal spots from 4-7 very narrow ; ground colour at bases bright chestnut ; silvery bars and lines clearcut ; post-discal and submarginal wavy lines in hind wing usually separate, but may touch here and there. A single chestnut spot at costa in hind wing discal band ; the elongate black spot in ib fore wing usually solidly black and large, forming a prominent feature at base of wing. FEMALE. Fore wing length 45 mm. Upperside. Pattern and general colour very like the male, but basal areas slightly paler and the discal bars more orange, that of the hind wing paler at the costa, but not white, tapering rapidly and merging into the colour of the inner fold in area 3. In the only female specimen available to me a conspicuous feature is the series of mauvy-blue submarginal spots in the distal border, double at anal angle and singly up to 7. (This may also be found in some females of septentrionalis.) Underside. As in the male but all marks enlarged. As the female of this race has not hitherto been described this specimen becomes the allotype. AUotype, female. SW. UGANDA : Kigezi, Mafuga Forest, vi.i952 (T. H. E. Jack- son], in British Museum (N.H.). This race is comparatively common in the higher forests of the Kigezi Province of SW. Uganda, but as usual, males are more in evidence than females. Kigezi comes within the Kivu ecological area which extends from the Ruanda-Urundi area, Lake Kivu, to south west Uganda and eastern Ruwenzori. For this reason, and because 236 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN of general similarity, this race is determined as obscura Rebel, with kivuanus Jordan and cryanae Le Cerf placed as synonyms. It should be noted however that Kigezi examples have slightly wider fore wing discal bars, above and below, and that, though a long series from this locality is available, comparative material of obscura, kivuanus (topotypical) and cryanae is represented by half a dozen specimens only. Charaxes druceanus septentrionalis Lathy (PI. 17, figs. 101, 102) Charaxes druceanus septentrionalis Lathy, 1926 : 93. (Type On some old-world Lepidoptera. Novit. zool. 40 : 323-325. LATHY, P. J., 1926, Notes sur les Charaxes de la collection de Madame G. Fournier. Encyl. Ent. B. III. 1 : 93-97 LE CERF, M. FD., 1923, Descriptions de Formes nouvelles de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres. Bull. Mus. Hist, nat., Paris. 29 : 360-367. 1932, Charaxes nouveaux du Congo Beige (Lepid. Rhop.) Bull. Mus. Hist, nat., Paris (2) 4 : 405-406. LINNE, C., 1767, Systema Naturae. Ed. 12. PETERS, W., 1952, Provisional check-list of the butterflies of the Ethiopian Region. Feltham, Middlesex. POULTON, E. B., 1926, Mimicry in African Butterflies of the genus Charaxes, with a classification of the species. Verh. III. Internal. Ent.-Kongr. Zurich. 2 : 518-575. — in ELTRINGHAM, POULTON, RILEY & TALBOT, 1929, African Rhopalocera : descriptions and notes. Trans. R. ent. Soc. 77 : 475-505. REBEL, H., 1914, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Expedition R. Grauernach. Zentralafrika. 1909-1911. Lepidoptera. Ann. naturh. (Mus.) Hofmus. 28 : 219-294. REICHE, L. in FERRET & GALINIER, 1850, Voyage en Abyssinie. 3. Paris. ROTHSCHILD, W. & JORDAN, K., 1898-1900. A Monograph of Charaxes and the allied Prionop- terous genera. Novit. zool. 5 : 545-605 ; 6 : 220-286 ; 7 : 281-524. SCHULTZE, A., 1913, Einige Mitteilungen iiber die Formen von Charaxes jasius L. und Bes- prechung einer neue Form dieser Gruppe aus Abyssinien. Ent. Rdsch. 39 : 50. SHARPE, E. M., 1904, On new species of Butterflies from Equatorial Africa. Entomologist, 37 : I3I-I34- STONEHAM, H. F., 1931, A new species of Charaxes, from Kenya colony. Bull. Stoneham Mus. 5. SUFFERT, E., 1904, Neue Nymphaliden aus Africa. Deut. ent. Zeits. 17 : 108-123. TALBOT, G., 1932, A note on the habits of some Charaxes observed on Mount Kenya and the descriptions of a new race of Charaxes. Bull. Hill Mus. 4 : 181. THURAU, F., 1903, Neue Rhopaloceren aus Ost Afrika. Ergebnisse der Nyassa-See-und Kenya- Gebirgs-Expedition der Hermann und Elise geb. Heckmann-Wentzel-Stiftung. Berl. ent. Z. 48: 117-143. VAN SOMEREN, V. G. L. & ROGERS, K. ST. A., 1927-28, Butterflies of Kenya and Uganda. Pt. 7. J.E. Afr. Ug. nat. Hist. Soc. 31 & 32 : 111-153. - 1928, Butterflies of Kenya and Uganda. Pt. 8. Ibid. 33 & 34 : 3-54. - 1930, Butterflies of Kenya and Uganda Pt. 9. Ibid., 38 & 39 : 18-33. VAN SOMEREN, V. G. L., 1931, Butterflies of Kenya and Uganda. [Suppl. i.] Ibid. 42 & 43 : 141-172. — • — 1935. Butterflies of Kenya and Uganda. [Suppl. 2.] Ibid. 12 (5 and 6) : 147-199. - 1939, Butterflies of Kenya and Uganda. [Suppl. 3.] Ibid. 14 (65) : 15-100. 1939, New and little-known Lepidoptera from Kenya and Uganda. Ibid. 14 : 172-180. INDEX acuminatus, 211 alicea, 236 brunnescens, 205 cinadon, 231 cottrelli, 213 druceanus, 228 entabeni, 233 epijasius, 201 feisthameli, 202 fulvescens, 210 harrisoni, 202 jasius, 20 1 kigezia, 218 kulalensis, 217 laticinctus, 205 liberiae, 204 lugari, 237 maculatus, 201 melas, 202 mlanji, 212 moerens, 232 monitor, 210 murina, 201 nesaea, 223 nyika, 214 obscura, 235 occidens, 223 oreas, 216 pagenstecheri, 203 pallida, 224 pelias, 205 proximans, 234 pythodorus, 222 saperanus, 210 saturnalis, 203 saturnus, 204 septentrionalis, 236 shimbanus, 215 stevensoni, 233 stonehami, 218 tectonis, 230 teita, 238 teitensis, 216 usambarensis, 214 vumba, 211 ENTOM. 13, 7 I 8 go ? 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FIG. , Allotype Allotype $ Charaxes •4O '"' ,00 § t-1 '•'** 1 1 -^ s *a ^ § ^ i Qfe, H Ok n »" ' s Cs W ^ S o* ^ P- P* * 3 1-1- co Q) O rh 5 gf:G 4>. v; >-i R % 3 O W i3 °^»l •^ -S o 0* ju 3 X g. s Cfl 9 «• e • s 13 - TO 4O C/)*rt S cr s S. H O* Q) Jj ffi a H ° S H ? It §M 15 3" P- o VI so* • !±" n X-.. \o PI g p-g, g p If 3 •^ 8. fi) H c o, o 0 3 & -= p v o 2; &( H- hfl O ^ *• >• § H H W "> M 3 • O, ffi -o oq O p 3 §•3 t o ENTOM. 13, 7 21 oa o w fills' "i o o 2- EL p B a a 0* r> E- H 2 W g. a ?T n . 5* sv. 2. 3 ^ ' O fO H) l-| "•s " ^ 5 ^r 55 8 ? a 5s? i tt] H m PLATE 14 Charaxes druceanus Butler FIGS. 77 and 78, druceanus Butler, Type . Ambohitantely, Lisiere forestiere, 4.^.1948, 2 pronotum — Acrida madecassa (Brancsik, 1893). ^ — Acrida subtilis Burr, 1902. | — Chromacrida rodamae (Saussure, 1899). | — Chromacrida brunneriana (I. Bolivar, 1893). FIG. 10. Geographical distribution. \ — Gelastorhinus edax Saussure, 1899. ^ — Duronia chloronota (St&l, 1876). | — Gymnobothrus madacassus Bruner, 1910. ) — Gvmnobothrus variabilis Bruner, 1910. 264 v- M- DIRSH Ambalamarovandrana, 1530 m. Andrigitra-Ambalavao, 22.1.1958, I <$, 2 $ (P. Griveaud}. Ampijoroi, Tsaramandroso, 2 $. Ambohiby, 1500 m. Tsiroanomandidy, 25. v. 1948, i $. Tananarive, Tsimbazaza, 19.1.1948, 7 $ (A. R. V.}. Madagascar Est : Nosivola, 3 $. Station Agricole BrickaviUe, 3 $. Perinet, I <$, 6 $ . Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, i $. Andranomandrevy, Didy, 1039 m- Ambaton- drazaka, x.1956, 2 $ (P. Griveaud}. Madagascar Sud-Ouest : Dct. Tulear, Isalo, 1000 m. xii . 1959, i ? (E. Raharizonina. Sept-Lacs, 100 m. Tulear, 14.11.1958, 2 ^, 3 $ (P. Griveaud}. St. Augustin, 8 m. Tulear, 11.11.1958, i 9 (P- Griveaud}. Madagascar Sud-Est : Sakavondro, 225 m. foret Isaka, Fort Dauphin, 24.11.1958, I $ (P. Griveaud}. When studying series of Paracinema tricolor from Madagascar, it became apparent that they cannot be considered as a separate subspecies. They fit into the series of continental Paracinema, disregarding all the subspecies of this species. Most probably Paracinema tricolor forms ecological races, which are not connected with geographical distribution and may occur in any place with suitable ecological conditions. Paracinema tricolor is widely distributed in Africa, Arabia, South Europe, Asia Minor and the Middle East. AIOLOPUS Fieber, 1853 Epacromia Fischer 1853 : 296 ; Uvarov, 1942 : 336. Of medium size. Integument finely dotted. Antenna filiform, as long as or longer than head and pronotum together. Fastigium of vertex elongate, angular, slightly concave, with well developed lateral carinulae ; fastigial foveolae trapezoidal, shallow ; frons oblique ; frontal ridge flat, slightly narrowed at apex, without lateral carinulae. Pronotum very slightly tectiform and slightly constricted in prozona ; median carina obtuse, linear, lateral carinae absent. Dorsum crossed by posterior sulcus only ; metazona longer than prozona, its posterior margin obtus- angular, with rounded or obtuse apex. Mesosternal interspace slightly wider than its length. Elytra and wings fully developed ; intercalary vein of medial area of elytron well developed and finely serrated ; membrane transparent, reticulation model ately sparse. Hind femur com- paratively slender ; lobes of hind knee rounded. Arolium of medium size. Male supra-anal plate elongate angular. Cercus narrow conical, with obtuse apex. Subgenital plate short, subconical, with obtuse apex. Ovipositor short, with moderately robust valves, curved at apices. Type-species : Gryllus thalassinus Fabricius, 1781. Aiolopus rodericensis (Butler, 1876) (Text-figs, n, 14) Epacromia rodericensis Butler, 1876 : 410 ; Uvarov, 1928 : 364. Epacromia famulus (sic) var. pusilla I. Bolivar, 1895 : 378 ; I. Bolivar, 1912 : 270. Aeolopus perpusillus (nom. n.) I. Bolivar, 1912 : 270. Syn. n. Aeolopus laticosta I. Bolivar, 1912 : 268. Syn. n. Aeolopus aldabrensis I. Bolivar, 1912 : 269. Syn. n. Aeolopus dociostauroides I. Bolivar, 1912 : 269. Syn. n. Aeolopus fasciatipes I. Bolivar, 1912 : 270. Syn. n. THE ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 265 Griveaud). Madagascar Sud-Est : Sakavondro, 225 m. foret Isaka, 24 . ii . 1958, 2 $ (P. Griveaud) Ivohibe, Farafangana, i $. Madagascar Sud : Fort Dauphin, i <$ (R- Paulian). The series of this species from Madagascar has no differences from the series from Africa. The var. madagascariensis Sjos. which Sjostedt claimed as being of smaller size in a large series proved indistinguishable from the African specimens. Gastrimargus africanus is generally very variable in body size, relative length of elytra, relative length of hind femur and acuteness of posterior margin of pronotum. 274 V. M. DIRSH FIG. 14. Geographical distribution. ) — Paracinema tricolor (Thunberg, 1815). I — Aiolopus rodericensis (Butler 1876). FIG. 15. Geographical distribution. ^ — Trilophidia cinnabarina Brancsik, 1893. • — Pycnocrania grandidieri (Saussure, 1888). ^ — Pternoscirtus calcaratus (Saussure, 1884). 0 — Gastrimargus africanus (Saussure, i? OEDALEUS Fieber, 1853 Of medium size. Integument finely rugose and dotted. Antenna filiform, longer than head and pronotum together. Head approximating to subglobular ; fastigium of vertex angular, with truncate apex, flat or slightly concave, with obtuse lateral carinulae ; frons vertical, slightly excurved ; frontal ridge flat or shallowly sulcate, slightly narrowed at apex with obtuse some- THE ACRIDOIDEA (ORTHOPTERA) OF MADAGASCAR 275 times indistinct, parallel lateral carinulae. Pronotum tectiform or high tectiform, slightly con- stricted in prozona, with obtuse median and without lateral carinae, with X-shaped pattern on dorsum ; median carina crossed by posterior sulcus only ; metazona slightly longer than prozona, its posterior margin from acutangular to rounded. Mesosternal interspace wider than its length. Elytra and wings fully developed ; intercalary vein of media larea of elytron strong, weakly serrated ; apical half with transparent membrane, sub-costal apical area of hind wind slightly thickened. Hind femur slender. Spurs of hind tibia not specialized. Arolium of medium size. Supra-anal plate of male angular. Cercus narrow conical, with obtuse apex. Subgenital plate conical, with obtuse apex. Ovipositor short, with robust, curved valves ; lower valve with elongate external, lateral projection. Type species : Acridium nigrofasciatum Degeer, 1773. Oedaleus virgula (Snellan van Vollenhoven, 1869) (Text-figs. 16, 20) Oedipoda virgula Snellan van Vollenhoven, 1869 : n. Epacromia inclyta Walker, 1870 : 773 ; Uvarov, 1925 : 276. Oedaleus (Gastrimargus) madecassus Saussure, 1884 : 115 ; Uvarov, 1925 : 276. Oedaleus nigrofasciatus var. virgula (Snellan van Vollenhoven, 1869) ; Saussure, 1888 : 40. Oedaleus virgula (Snellan van Vollenhoven, 1869) ; Kirby, 1910 : 226. 12 : I37~74- Paris. REHN, J. A. G. 1914. Orthoptera, i. Mantidae, Phasmidae, Acrididae, Tettigoniidae and Gryllidae aus dem Zentral-Afrikanischsengebiet, Uganda und dem Ituri-Bechen des Kongos. Wiss. Ergebn. dtsch. zent. Afr. Exped. 1907-1908, 5 (i) : 1-223. REICHE, L. & FAIRMAIRE, L. 1847. Orthoptera. In Ferret & Galinier, Voyage en Abyssinie, 3 : 420-33, pis, 27, 28. Paris. SAUSSURE, H. DE. 1884. Prodromus Oedipodiorum, insectorum ex ordine Orthopterorum. Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve, 28 (9) : 1-256, i pi. 1888. Additamenta ad Prodromum Oedipodiorum. Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen&ve, 30 (i) : 1-182, pi. 2. SCOPOLI, J. A. 1786. Deliciae Faunae et Florae Insubricae, fasc. i, 85 pp. 25 pis. Ticini. SJOSTEDT, Y. 1928. Monographic der Gattung Gastrimargus Saussure (Orthoptera, Oedipo- didae). K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. (3) 6 (i) : 51 pp. 12 pis. 1933- Neue Acrididen von dem Mt. Elgon und dem Brit. Ostafrika. Vorlaufige Diag- nosen. Ent. Tidskr. 54 : 215-216. SNELLAN VAN VOLLENHOVEN, S. C. & SELYS-LONGCHAMPS, E. 1869. In Pollen, F. P. L. & Van Dam, D. C. Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar et de ses Dependances. 5 (i) 13, n, pi. 2, f.2. STAL, C. 1876. Bidrag till sodra Afrikas Orthopter-fauna. Ofvers. Vetensk Akad. Fork., Stockh. 33 (3) : 31-58. THUNBERG, C. P. 1815. Hemipterorum maxillosorum genera illustrata plurimisque novis speciebus ditata ac descripta. Mem. Acad. Sci. St.-Pdtersb. 5 : 211-301. pi. 3, 7 figs. UVAROV, B. P. 1921. A revision of the genus Locusta L. (= Pachytylus Fieb.), with a new theory as to the periodicity of locusts. Bull. ent. Res. 12 : 135-63, 8 figs. 1941. Genus Cloebora Saussure, 1884. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 8 (n) : 298-302. 1953. Grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae) of Angola and Northern Rhodesia collected by Dr. Malcolm Burr in 1927-1928. Publ. cult. Comp. Diam. Angola, no. 21 : 9-217, 295 figs. ZOLOTAREVSKY, B. N. 1929. Le Criquet Migrateur a Madagascar (Locusta migratoria capita Sauss.). Ann. Epiphyt. 15 (4) : 185-235, 3 pis. 8 figs. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED, BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING U> A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE (ORTHOPTERA : ACRIDIDAE) N. D. JAGO BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 9 LONDON: 1963 A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE (ORTHOPTERA : ACRIDIDAE) BY N. D. TAGO ~ University of Ghana, Accra Pp. 287-350; 26 Text-figures BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 9 LONDON: 1963 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. This paper is Vol. 13, No. 9 of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Trustees of the British Museum 1963 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM Issued 31 May 1963 Price Twenty-two Shillings A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE (ORTHOPTERA : ACRIDIDAE) By N. D. JAGO CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ........... 289 MATERIAL ............ 292 TREATMENT ........... 294 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......... 294 KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE SUBFAMILY CALLIPTAMINAE .... 295 CALLIPTAMUS Serville, 1831 ........ 298 SYNOPSIS The trans-Palaearctic genus Calliptamus Serville is revised, thirteen species now being included in the genus. The genus consists of two main elements, a northern temperate group of four species and a southern temperate group of nine. The genus Metromerus Uvarov is synonymized with Calliptamus. A provisional key to genera in the sub-family Calliptaminae has been drawn up, together with keys to species and subspecies in the genus Calliptamus. Observations are given on polymorphism in the genus, geographical variation, and possible correlation of variation with climatic factors. Two species are newly described. INTRODUCTION Calliptamus Serville, 1831, with Gryllus Locusta italicus L., 1758 as type, originally contained two additional species now known as Arcyptera fusca (Pallas, 1773) and Vilerna aeneo-oculata (De Geer, 1773). In 1838 Serville added C. ictericus and C. marginellus to the genus, though omitting mention of Acridium barbarum Costa, 1836. His descriptions were based on Spanish material, and it is clear that he confused C. italicus (L.) (which does not occur south of the Pyrenees) with C. wattenwylianus (Pant el), " ictericus " being erected for C. barbarus (Costa) material collected near Madrid. Early in 1838, the genus under its emended form of Caloptenus (created by Burmeister), contained the type of this genus and four other species now known as Melanoplus femur rubrum (De Geer, 1773), Melanoplus bivittatus (Say, 1825), Eury- phymus haematopus (L., 1758), and Rachitopis melanoplus (Burmeister, 1838). Later in 1838, Burmeister introduced Caloptenus siculus, clearly synonymous with C. barbarus (Costa). Wider geographical data were given by Fischer (1853), his genus including Caloptenus siculus, barbarus, italicus, and ictericus. C. barbarus he claimed intergraded with italicus, while the latter was described as possessing a variety marginellus. It may be noted that Serville suggested varietal status for marginellus when he described it in 1838, I. Bolivar (1876) later endorsing this view. ENTOM. 13, 9 24 2QO N. D. JAGO Walker (1870) described Caloptenus discoidalis as new, and placed italicus (L.) and ictericus Serville in Caloptenus : he probably confused his species with barbarus (Costa) and wattenwylianus (Pantel) as Serville had done earlier, since his " italicus " occurred in Syria and Israel, his " ictericus " in North Africa. The emended name Calliptenus was given to the genus by Stal (1873). The type of the genus and five other species were included, the modern Sphodromerus serapis (Serville, 1838), Plegmatopterus irisus (Serville, i8^8),Euryphymushaematopus (L.,I758), Calliptamicus semiroseus (Serville, 1838), and Aneuryphymus erythropus (Thunberg, 1815). I. Boli- var (1876), writing on the Orthoptera of Spain and Portugal, mentioned C. italicus (L) and C, ictericus (Serville), the former probably being C. wattenwylianus (Pantel) and the latter C. barbarus (Costa). Since the name C. ictericus was also applied later to material of C. wattenwylianus (Pantel), e.g. by Brunner (1882), it is difficult to interpret Bolivar's species. Brunner, in 1882, started a trend by synonymizing all previously recognized species and subspecies under C. italicus (L.), his Caloptenus brunneri Stal later being made type for the genus Paracaloptenus I. Bolivar. As late as 1898 I. Bolivar still agreed with Brunner in giving C. wattenwylianus varietal status only. Kirby (1890) clarified the correct generic synonymy, and fixed C. italicus (L.) as logotype. In 1902, Jacobsen & Bianchi put the genera Sphodromerus, Calliptamus, and Paracaloptenus into a group, the Calliptamini. Caloptenus coelesyriensis (Giglio- Tos, 1893) was added to Calliptamus by them, though siculus Burmeister and wattenwylianus (Pantel) retained their varietal status. To the varieties of Caloptenus barbarus, Vosseler added var. deserticola in 1902. Kirby's catalogue of 1910 synonymized most of the post-Linnaean species under Calliptamus italicus (L.), six other species being included in the genus Calliptamus : discoidalis Walker, marmarotus Fischer-Waldheim, cephalotes Fischer- Waldheim, vukanius Krauss, tarsius Fischer-Waldheim, and scutifer Walker. Of the first four, vukanius was given its correct name of C. pkbeius (Walker) in 1925, and the others synonymized under C. barbarus (Costa). C. tarsius and C. scutifer were eventually removed from the genus. Recognition of C. bimaculatus Krauss, 1902 (now in the genus Caloptenopsis], C. abbreviatus Ikonnikov, 1913, and C. okbaensis Kheil, 1915, started the last phase in taxonomic development, in which the numbers of species and subspecies in the genus greatly increased. Uvarov (1922) still recognized only two species. Between 1928 and 1940, however, 8 new species and 4 subspecies appeared. In 1951, Ramme described C. italicus insularis., C. tenuicercis syriacus, C. tenuicercis aurantipes, C. barbarus pallidipes, and C. palaestinensis erythrocnemis , Mafan naming C. tenui- cercis iracus and Mishchenko C. barbarus nanus. Also in 1951 Mishchenko described two new subspecies of Metromerus coelesyriensis (Giglio-Tos) : intricatus and hissaricus. In 1952, C. afghanus Ramme and C, barbarus pallidipes f. salina Maran were described. The basis of the following revision is a comparative study of the male phallic complex. This provides good species and subspecies characters. The components of the phallic complex can be seen in Text-figures I and 2, orientation in situ within the insect being demonstrated in Text-figure 2: J, p. 293. The nomenclature of the phallic complex is largely that followed by Dirsh (1956) A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 291 (for key to abbreviations see Text-figure i). Not all the phallic components are of taxonomic value. The epiphallus, while possessing characters of generic importance, can be very variable (see Text-figure 15: M, o, Q. p. 315). So too are the cingular rami (Text-figure ig) and anterior expansions of the penis valves (Text-figure ih). Most stability is found in penis and cingular valve morphology, to which all other charac- ters (phallic or external) can be related. Within the genus aedeagal types fall into two groups : m FIG. i. Exploded generalized diagram of male genitalia in genus Calliptamus Serville. a. arch of cingulum and median dorsal cingular valve ; b. zygoma, a transverse dorsal part of cingulum to which arch of cingulum and cingular valve are joined by membrane ; c. dorsal part of ectophallic membrane ; d. epiphallus ; e. oval sclerites of epiphallus ; f. cingular apodeme ; g. ramus of cingulum ; h. internal anterior expansions of penis valves, for muscle attachment ; i. ejaculatory ducts ; j and k. endophallic sacs ; 1. lateral appendices of penis valves ; m. apex of penis valve. The above letter key has been used throughout the paper for all phallic diagrams. 292 N. D. JAGO (i) Those with elongate blade-like penis valves, whose membranous lateral appen- dices curl upwards over the tongue-like cingular valve, e.g. C. italicus (L.) (Text-figure 10: c and D. p. 307). The group contains the northern temperate element of the genus, best adapted to cooler, wetter, boreal conditions. Of the four species in the group, C. abbreviatus Ikonnikov has probably evolved from C. italicus (L.) under isolation in the Far East and central Asia, while C. turanicus Tarbinsky has evolved from C. wattenwylianus (Pantel) when the two species were separated by the unfavourable semi-desert conditions which now prevail in the Middle East (Text-figures 6 and 7, pp. 301, 302). (ii) Those in which the penis valves are blunter, often rugose and deeply pigmented, the lateral appendices of the penis valves merely abutting on the cingular valve later- ally, the appendices being thickened and frequently auricular in shape. The cingular valve is broad and apically thickened, the posterior edge usually being straight in outline, e.g. C. barbarus (Costa) (Text-figure 25: c and F. p. 339). The group forms the southern temperate element of the genus, best adapted to warmer, drier, semi-desert or dry Mediterranean conditions. Of the nine species in the group, C. barbarus (Costa) has widest distribution, and has given rise to two island species (C. madeirae Uvarov and C. plebeius (Walker)), while three further species may have arisen from C. barbarus as a result of the isolation of elements during the last glacial expansion in Europe (C. subalpinus sp. n., C. cyrenaicus sp. n., and C. siciliae Ramme). C. coelesyriensis (Giglio-Tos), C. tenuicercis (Tarbinsky), and C. balucha Uvarov complete the group, C. balucha probably having evolved in the isolation of the Western Himalayas from elements of C. tenuicercis. All subspecies in the group seem to be centred on moun- tainous areas where a rigorous climate and isolation in a rugged topography have necessitated marked evolutionary change. Thus C. barbarus palaestinensis (Ramme) is centred on the mountain backbone of Lebanon and Israel, C. balucha brachypterus (Dirsh) on the higher valleys of the Hindu Kush, and C. coelesyriensis hissancus Mishchenko on the Tien Shan and mountains of northern Afghanistan. Phallic characters have been used for this group by Tarbinsky (1930), Silvestri (1934), Grasse & Hollande (1945), Chopard (1943), and Ramme (1951). Unfor- tunately they deal in each case except the last with only a small range of the distribu- tion of each species. MATERIAL In addition to the collection of material at the British Museum (Natural History), types and collections were made available by the following institutions through the courtesy of the specialists listed in the acknowledgments section : Privodnajacki Musej Srpske Zemlje, Beograd ; Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of U.S.S.R., Leningrad ; Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova ; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris ; Laboratoire Evolution, Universite de Paris ; Istituto di Zoologia, Universita di Napoli ; Osservatorio Fitopatalogico, Genova ; Department of Entomology, National Museum, Praha ; Institute Espafiol de Entomologia, Madrid ; The Hebrew University, Jerusalem ; Locust Control, Ministry of Agri- culture, Damascus ; Zoologisches Museum of the Humbolt-Universitat, Berlin ; The Anti-Locust Research Centre, London. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 293 FIG. 2. A. Male genitalia of C. wattenwylianus (Pantel) in situ with ectophallic pocket drawn back revealing apices of penis valves, (q. supra-anal plate ; p. triangular parameres each with a sensory style apically) ; B.-H. Inner surface of posterior femora in various specimens of C. barbarus (Costa) and C. italicus (L.) : B-D. C. barbarus palae- stinensis Ramme Israel, Jerusalem ; F-G. C. barbarus barbarus (Costa) from Banyuls- sur-Mer, eastern Pyrenees, showing range of variation for comparison with typical specimen of C. italicus (L.) from the same area (E) : J. A longitudinal section of male Calliptamus type male genitalia in situ (compare with Figure i). Symbols as for fig. i. 294 N. D. JAGO TREATMENT Under each species type data and despository follow the name, while the diagnosis which follows the synonymy deals in turn with the morphology of the male phallic complex, cercus and tegmina, general colouring, posterior femoral and tibial colour, hind wing morphology and colour. Females are discussed separately and their morphology compared with that of the males. The wing vein nomenclature used is that of Ragge (1955). Measurements are given in millimetres throughout, the number of individuals measured, range and mean, being listed for males and females. The following measurements are used in this paper. (i) Total length — distance from frons to apices of folded tegmina. This applies even in brachypterous forms. (ii) Head width — horizontal distance across outside of compound eyes, (iii) Femur length — distance from proximal end of posterior femur to tip of outer apical lobe at joint with tibia. The term " knee of posterior femur " refers to expanded distal portion. (iv) Tegminal length — distance from intersection of costal border of tegmen with posterior edge of pronotum to apex of tegmen, wings and tegmina being folded. Sections on distribution and material examined are followed by a discussion section, keys to subspecies being inserted where appropriate. All material examined is represented by series or specimens in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History), unless otherwise stated. All types mentioned in the text were examined by the author, or, if the holotype was not avail- able, representative valid paratype material was used. Keys to species proved especially difficult for females, where colour characters were of necessity one of the main criteria for separation. Two keys are therefore included, and that to males should be used for diagnosis wherever possible. Isolated female material may be tentatively identified from the key (p. 310), which is geo- graphically sub-divided. Full details of material under "material examined" sections are available in the thesis held in the library of the University of London, Senate House, London, W.C.I. Wherever the abbreviation C. is used it stands for Calliptamus. Other generic emendations or synonyms beginning with C are written in full. Two references may sometimes be given under one name in the synonymy sections, e.g. see p. 333. The second, after a semi-colon, refers to an important subsequent refer- ence to the earlier name. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This revision has been made possible under a research grant given by the Anti- Locust Research Centre, London. Special thanks must go to Sir Boris Uvarov, former director of the Centre, Dr. V. M. Dirsh, and the Centre's library staff, for their help in preparing this paper, both in supplying records and in providing advice. Access to the collections at the British Museum (Natural History) was facilitated through the then Keeper of Entomology, Dr. W. E. China, and Dr. D. R. Ragge A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 295 in charge of the Orthoptera section. The following scientists supplied invaluable material, either as gifts or on loan (e.g. types) : Dr. Z. R. Adamovic (Beograd), Prof. Dr. G. Ya. Bee-Bienko (Leningrad), Dr. F. Capra (Genova), Prof. L. Chopard (Paris), Prof. P. P. Grasse (Paris), Dr. M. La Greca (Napoli), Prof. G. Jannone (Genova), Dr. J. Mafan (Praha), Dr. E. Morales Agacino (Madrid), Dr. L. L. Mishchenko (Leningrad), Dr. M. P. Pener (Jerusalem), Prof. E. Seguy (Paris), Mr. R. Skaf (Damascus). Dr. J. Klapperich supplied very valuable Afghanistan series, while Dr. La Greca allowed me to have a preview of his most recent paper on the ecology of Calliptamus in the Italian peninsula. Finally Prof. O. W. Richards of Imperial College, London, and Prof. E. E. Edwards of the University College of Ghana, must be thanked for consenting to supervise this research. KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE SUBFAMILY CALLIPTAMINAE The eleven genera in the Calliptaminae are all related on epiphallic characters (Dirsh, 1956), and possess cerci modified in some degree as clasping organs. The genera can only be denned using a number of characters. Uvarov (1950) recognized the provisional nature of his key, and explained that the characters used were probably too arbitrary to be retained. Examination of Caloptenopsis I. Bolivar indicated that it is probably a compound of five generic units, at least one of which is inseparable from Acorypha Krauss. A brief review of generic characters follows : (i) Cercus — weak and tapered, e.g. Palaciosa C. Bol. and Indomerus Uv. (Text-fig. 3 : P and Q), or powerful and tri- or bi-lobed, e.g. Calliptamus Serv. (Text-fig. 3:0); usually bearing an inwardly directed hook apically (Text-fig. 3 : N and O) . In Palaciosa weak with no such hook. In Caloptenopsis I. Bol., Bothrocaracris Uv., Paracaloptenus I. Bol., and Acorypha Kr., shorter than that in Calliptamus Serv., bilaterally greatly flattened, and broadly lobed apically. Ghanaian material of Stobbea riggenbachi Rme. shows a distinct trend towards formation of an apically tri-lobed type. The tendency is thus not confined only to Calliptamus Serv. (ii) Posterior tibial spurs — in Calliptamus Serv. (Text-fig. 20 : E. p. 324), outermost and longer of inner pair is unmodified. Caloptenopsis I. Bol. and Acorypha Kr. show a tendency towards elongation of this spur, its tip finally becoming pre-apically placed behind a hirsute lobe (Text-fig. 3 : U, and Text-fig. 20 : F and G. p. 324). One Acorypha species in Ghana has both inner spurs modified. Bothrocaracris Uv., and to a lesser extent Indomerus Dirsh, show modified spurs. The character may not indicate phyletic relationship. (iii) Tegmina — in Calliptamus Serv. all intermediates occur between a fully alate state and an extreme brachypterous condition (where tegmina become transformed into dorso-laterally situated scales. In contrast all Paracaloptenus I. Bol., Palaciosa C. Bol., Indomerus Dirsh, and Peripolus Mart, species are characterized by scale-like tegmina. (iv) Pronotum — many Caloptenopsis species resemble Calliptamus Serv. in having a weakly developed median carina, and slight anterior convergence in lateral carinae (Text-fig. 19 : B-J. p. 322). Typical Acorypha Kr. species have strongly convergent lateral carinae and an acutely pointed median posterior border, many " Caloptenopsis " species unfortunately showing strong trends towards this type. Bosumia Rme. and Brachyxenia Kirby have lateral carinae almost oblit- erated, and a broad pronotum with moderate to heavy surface rugosity. Peripolus Mart, and Paracaloptenus I. Bol. have strongly tectiform pronota with smooth flat inter-carinal areas, distinct carinae, and a facies similar to that of the unrelated West African genus Mazaea Stal. Much apparent similarity may be due to convergent evolution. ENTOM. 13, 9 24§ 296 N. D. JAGO H I mm. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 297 (v) Male phallic complex — if this complex organ can be taken as being a more reliable indicator of phyletic affinity, then Brachyxenia Kirby and Peripolus Mart. (Text.fig. 3 : C and D) show strong resemblances, as does Indomerus Dirsh, with C. coelesyriensis hissaricus (Mistsh.) (Text-fig. 3 : A, and 14 : B. p. 313). Caloptenopsis I. Bol. seems to be a compound genus, some groups of species resembling A corypha type in phallic structure (see Text-fig. 3 : L, and Text-fig. 3 : E and G — J). Palaciosa C. Bol. is unique (Text-fig. 3 : B). It is of course difficult as yet to homo- logize parts in different penis valve systems. The following key is based mainly on male facies. 1 . Cingular valve with edges curled inwards forming a partly closed tube (Text-fig. 3 : C and D. p. 296) ............ 2 -. Cingular valve flattish or triangular in cross section, not forming a tubular structure (Text-fig. 3 : A-B, E-M, and 10 : E-G. pp. 296 and 307) .... 3 2 . Pronotum smooth and strongly tectiform with 3 distinct carinae. Hind femora slender. Tegmina forming dorso-laterally situated scales. Cerci apically bilobed — lower lobe longer than upper PERIPOLUS Martinez -. Pronotum rugosely sculptured with almost obliterated lateral carinae. Hind femora toothed above, hairy below; very broad. Cerci bilobed : lobes roughly equal or upper longer than lower BRACHYXENIA Kirby 3. Lateral accessory processes of penis valves absent. Cingular and penis valves elon- gate, blade-like, and of same length. Cercus very weak ; apically bilobed (Text-fig. 3 : P. p. 296) . PALACIOSA C. Bolivar -. Lateral accessory processes of penis valves well developed. Cercus moderately to strongly developed. Bi- or trilobed apically ....... 4 4. Vertex of head with two depressions, an anterior oval depression and a narrow inter- ocular depression. Frons expanded anteriorly, when head viewed from a lateral aspect. Cercus bilobed apically with small ventral lobe similar to Caloptenopsis. Outermost of inner pair of posterior tibial spurs with pre-apical tooth (as in Text-fig. 20 : F. p. 324) BOTHROCARACRIS Uvarov -. Vertex of head with single shallow ovate depression (especially in §) or a single inter- ocular groove. Frons not unusually expanded anteriorly. Cercus bi- or trilobed apically. Posterior tibial spurs modified or normal ...... 5 5. Cercus rugosely pitted on outer surface, rather weak and markedly tapered apically. Apex bilobed (Text-fig. 3 : Cj. p. 296). Penis valves well developed (Text-fig. 3 : A. p. 296) but unlike most of genus Calliptamus, flattened into a plane parallel with that of cingular valve. Unlike C. coelesyriensis hissaricus (Mishch.) in having penis valves shorter than lateral accessory processes. Cingular valve narrower than distance between outer edges of penis valves .... INDOMERUS Dirsh FIG. 3. A — M. Penis valves of representative species from genera in sub-family Calliptaminae. Below each penis apex (viewed from a postero-dorsal aspect except in B), is a transverse section through the valves to show relationships of penis and cingular valves : A. Indomerus Dirsh ; B. Palaciosa C. Bolivar ; C. Peripolus Martinez ; D. Brachyxenia Kirby ; E and G— J. various at present placed in Caloptenopsis I. Bolivar ; F. Spho- dromerus Stal ; K. Paracaloptenus I. Bolivar ; L. Acorypha Krauss ; M. Sphodronotus Uvarov. N and O. Inner apical surface of male cercus in C. coelesyriensis (Giglio-Tos) (N) and C. italicus (L.) (O). P and Q. Cerci of the genera Palaciosa C. Bolivar and Indomerus Dirsh respectively. R-T. Apical abdominal segments of males of C. italicus (L.), C. wattenwylianus (Pantel), and C. barbarus (Costa) respectively. U. Inner pair of posterior tibial spurs in a species of Caloptenopsis I. Bolivar showing an intermediate stage in development of a pre-apical spur tooth (cf . Fig. 20 : F and G which show extreme examples). 2g8 N. D. JAGO -. Cercus not rugosely pitted on outer surface, relatively smooth, upper and lower mar- gins only slightly convergent apically or parallel. Penis valves developed or un- developed ............. 6 6. Apex of cercus trilobed, median lobe bearing an inwardly directed copulatory hook. If cercus bilobed then : (i) outermost of inner pair of posterior tibial spurs unmodified, not strongly hirsute and with no pre-apical point (Text-fig. 20 : E. p. 324) ; (ii) penis valves well developed being erect and as well developed as lateral accessory processes, not being merely an auricular fold of posterior inner edge of lateral accessory processes (Text-figs. 10 and 25. pp. 307 and 339) ; (iii) lateral carinae of pronotum never strongly narrowed in anterior third. Lateral carinae of pronotum never obsolete, usually clearly defined ; (iv) if cercus bilobed apically lower lobe never less than one third depth of upper lobe CALLIPTAMUS Serville -. Apex of cercus always bilobed .......... 7 7. Lateral accessory processes of each penis valve auricular on posterior face . . 8 -. Lateral accessory processes exposing a flat face posteriorly, their planes being same as that of cingular valve . . . . . . . . . . .11 8. Lateral pronotal carinae obsolete. Posterior margin of pronotum very acutely produced ......... . BOSUMIA Ramme -. Lateral pronotal carinae clear, or only partly obsolete ...... 9 9. Pronotum markedly tectiform. Posterior tibial spurs never modified. Tegmina form dorso-lateral scales. Wings absent .... PARACALOPTENUS I. Bolivar -. Pronotum not markedly tectiform. If tegmina reduced to scales then posterior tibial spur elongate and modified . ........ 10 10. Upper inner area of posterior femur almost vertical. Dorsal carina, as seen from above, very close to inner side of femur. Disruptive band of light colour across outer surface of posterior femur, just proximal to knee, matching with a dark band across folded tegmina, about 1/3 from their tips. Eyes light in colour, never with pro- nounced eyestripes, though in life with structural iridescence indicating eyestripes. Frontal ridge above antennal sockets, widely expanded and flat. STOBBEA Ramme -. Upper inner area of posterior femur clearly sloping outwards. Dorsal carina, as seen from above, not markedly close to inner side of femur, often lying on mid-line. No disruptive femoral band of light colour as described above. Eyes often dark monochromatic, or with pronounced eyestripes. Frontal ridge above antennal sockets slightly expanded, and usually concave ACORYPHA Karuss and CALOPTENOPSIS I. Bolivar (There seems to be no satisfactory means of separating these two genera) 1 1 . Femur of second pair of legs with only upper furrow distinct on outer side ; lower carina of posterior femora widened beyond middle. Hind tibia with 6 (seldom 7) external spines SPHODROMERUS Stal -. Femur of second pair of legs with 2 distinct furrows on outer side ; lower carina of posterior femora not widened beyond middle. Hind tibia with 9 (seldom 8) external spines . . . SPHODRONOTUS Uvarov CALLIPTAMUS Serville, 1831 Calliptamus Serville, 1831, Ann. Sci. not. (ZooL), 22 : 284. Type species Calliptamus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758). [Neotype in British Museum.] Caloptenus Burmeister, 1838, Handbuch der Entomologie, 2 (2) : 637. Emendation for Callip- tamus Serv., 1831. Calliptenus Stal, 1873, Recensio Orthopterorum, 1 : 38, 72, 73. Emendation for Calliptamus Serv., 1831. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 299 Metromerus Uvarov, 1938, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist, (n) 1 : 379. Type species Metromerus coelesyriensis (Giglio-Tos, 1893). [Type in Turin Museum.] DIAGNOSIS $. i. (a) Aedeagus composed of an upper cingular valve (Text-fig, i : a, and Text-fig. 10 : E and G, a. p. 307), and pair of penis valves (Text-fig, i : m, and 10 : E-G, m. p. 307). Penis valves always with lateral accessory processes (Text-fig. I : i). (b) Cingular valve tongue- like with membranous lateral processes of penis valves (e.g. C. italicus (L.), Text-fig. 10 : C, D, F. p. 307), or thickened and straight apically (Text-fig. 10 : E. p. 307, and Text-fig. 25 : C and F- P- 339) w^h penis valves which project beyond tip of cingular valve, their lateral accessory processes merely abutting on cingular valve laterally, not encircling it. Penis valves of latter type orientated in a plane at right angles to that of cingular valve, or if broad and lobate and lying in same plane as cingular valve, (Text-fig. 16 : B. p. 317) then cingular valve itself membranous (cf. Indomerus Dirsh, couplet 5 in key p. 297, and Text-fig. 3 : A. p. 296). (c) Penis valves either elongate, blade-like, and pointed (Text-fig. 10 : C, m. p. 307, and Text-fig. 13 : A, B, m. p. 311) or blunt and more or less thickened, with slightly to well developed flanges along their upper outer edges, and thickened rugose lateral accessory processes (Text-fig. 25 : F, p. 339). Lateral accessory processes of latter type may be auricular, and shield weak penis valves (Text-fig. 15 : F. p. 315). 2OOr ISO I6O I4O I2O IOO 8O 6O CP c Italy S.E.France Spain Q C.cyrenaicus x C. b. barbarus Fern. L. 8O IOO 1 2O I4O FIG. 4. A scatter diagram for the ratio of femur length to wing length in males of C. barbarus (Costa) and C. cyrenaicus sp. n., from various North African and European populations. C. barbarus barbarus (Costa) from the Iberian peninsula, and C. cyrenaicus sp. n. show close affinities, while the scatter diagrams shift towards higher values as one moves eastwards in southern Europe. 300 N. D. JAGO 2. Cerci usually tri-lobed apically, upper lobe broad and laminar, lower lobes smaller, middle lobe bearing an inwardly directed hook (Text-fig. 3 : O. p. 296). Lower pair of lobes may however show progressive fusion giving a bi-lobed apex ; invariably so in C. coelesyriensis (Giglio-Tos) except in its subsp. hissaricus (Mishchenko) (Text-fig. 17 : M. p. 319). 3. Inner pair of posterior tibial spurs unmodified, outer spur of pair never strongly elongate or hirsute (Text-fig. 20 : E. p. 324). 4. Pronotal carinae distinct. Lateral carinae may fade just before reaching posterior edge of pronotum (Text-fig. 19 : B-J. p. 322). Pronotal sides almost vertical (cf. Bosumia Ramme and Brachyxenia Kirby), except in upper quarter; smooth whitish nodular area often present towards upper anterior corner (Text-fig. 20 : D. p. 324) (as in many Caloptenopsis spp.). ?. No known diagnostic characters peculiar to this sex. Females very uniform morphologically throughout related genera in the sub-family. Cerci unmodified. DISCUSSION. — Synonymy of Metromerus Uvarov with Calliptamus Serville is 30 26 22 18 14 O OO Fem.L. 12 14 16 18 20 22 24mm. FIG. 5. A graph of wing length against femur length for females of C. tenuicercis Tarb., showing the regression line for points plotted (y = 1-15 x — 1-37, correlation coefficient r = 0-7). Small circles represent material from Turkey (Ankara, Mersin, and Adana), U.S.S.R. (Azerbaydzhan, Daghestan, Tbilisi, and Yerevan), and Iran (Gandzha, Tehran area) ; crosses represent material from Turkey (Urfa), Jordan (El Boweida, Wadi Zarqa, El Salt, and Shueib, and U.S.S.R. (Leninakan and Aresh). Large circles represent material from Israel (Negev), Jordan (Khor Kabid), Iran (Ahva"z), while solid dots repre- sent material from Lebanon. Points with the lowest values for the ratio appear to belong to populations found in areas of highest rainfall (10 in. to 25 in. mean annual rainfall), the smallest coordinate values from areas with a mean annual rainfall as small as 4-9 in. A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 301 considered justified because the characters used to separate the genera are applicable to either. Indeed Uvarov found the genus difficult to define when he revised it in 1943. (i) Cercus morphology of Metromerus Uvarov is closely approached by many specimens of C. subalpinus, C. wattenwylianus (Text-figure 24 : H, j, N. p. 336) , C. turanicus, and C. siciliae (Text-figure 24 : XVIII. p. 336), as well as montane forms of C. barbarus (Text-fig. 24 : XI, XIV. p. 336). Moreover the subspecies C. coelesyriensis hissaricus often has a trilobed cercus apex. (ii) The male genitalia show only specific differences, i.e. no more different than C. italicus is from C. barbarus. (iii) Both C. wattenwylianus and C. coelesyriensis have melanic colour forms. (iv) The lateral pronotal carinae do not differ markedly from those of Calliptamus, a point indicated by Uvarov when he erected the genus. Examination of the type of Calliptamus mus I. Bolivar shows that it was misidenti- fied as a member of the genus Calliptamus and should be placed in the genus Sphodromerus Stal. POLYMORPHISM AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. The components of poly morphism in the genus can be illustrated by five main characters : FIG. 6. The distribution in southern Europe and North Africa of C. italicus (L.) (dotted and broken line), C. wattenwylianus (Pant.) (oblique shading) ; C. subalpinus sp. n. and C. siciliae Rme. stat. n. (broken line). 302 N. D. JAGO (i) Black spots on inner side of posterior femur. Three in number (Text-figure, 2 : B, E, F, G. p. 293) but subject to various degrees of reduction (Text-figure 2 : H. p. 293), or expansion and fusion (Text-figure 2:0, D. p. 293). Contraction in size, though not with a loss of intensity, takes place in populations subject to a wet, cold climate. Expansion and fusion occurs under the opposite extreme in climatic conditions, namely dry and hot. Thus populations from arid semi-desert may possess femora of the type shown in Text-figure 2 : D. In the case of specimens from cold dry environments, such as the uplands of central Iran, the size of the middle spot may remain the same but the pigment becomes very diffuse, often only resulting in a greyness of the pink background colour, e.g. C. coeksyriensis hissaricus (Text- figure 17 : T. p. 319), C. barbarus, and C. balucha. Especially well developed in C. wattenwylianus is the tendency for a diffuse black pigment to be laid down throughout the pink or orange background colour of the posterior femur and tibia. This occurs in the south of its range of distribution in all the drier, more arid conditions of North Africa. (ii) Background colour of posterior femora and tibiae. Occasionally where the melanic femoral spots disappear the black pigment can be replaced by pink, e.g. C. coelesyriensis (Text-figure 17 : P, Q). Apart from this facies, however, boreal and montane forms, living in wetter colder environments, have crimson as background colour. This may be deep or faint, the intensity of pigmentation being greatest at the extreme of coldness and wetness. Boreal species, e.g. C. abbreviatus, will all have this facies ; those like C. italicus which enter more southerly environments will show FIG. 7. C. turanicus Tarb., C. abbreviatus Ikonn., and C. italicus (L.) ; Middle East and Asia. distribution in A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 303 a fading of the red coloration, e.g. in Crete and the Greek Islands, and in Afghanistan, C. italicus may show little or no pink background pigment. The antithesis to the red colouring is a yellow pigment. Incorporated with the red component, it produces an orange colour. Overlaid with a diffuse black pigment it becomes greyish green in appearance. C. tenuicercis, C. barbarus, and C. barbarus palaestinensis all show the orange form, and in addition may also show yellow-legged forms in which the red colour component has disappeared (e.g. C. barbarus palaes- tinensis is entirely yellow-legged, except in its abrupt entry into the Lebanon ranges where it becomes red-legged) . Populations of C. barbarus in southern Greece, e.g. Mt. Parnassos and Xilokastron, show orange-red legs in the males while sympatric females are yellow-legged. Also, while in Cyprus only one specimen of C. barbarus from Mt. Troodos was orange-legged (the rest being yellow-legged), mixed populations of orange and yellow-legged individuals were usual in areas such as south eastern Turkey, and northern Syria (Text-figure 22 : A. p. 330). It is quite clear that warm, dry conditions favour the formation of orange and yellow-legged polymorphs. The latter are general in areas affected by maritime conditions, such as the extreme north of Morocco, or the Greek archipelago, or in cold dry upland areas which experience very hot summer conditions, e.g. the Ankara plateau in Turkey, or central Israel. In montane or extreme boreal populations, the hind wing pigmentation may be completely lost. This is fixed as a species character in C. abbreviatus. (iii) Tegminal length. Montane and boreal forms tend to be short-winged, while the warm and often semi-desert conditions of the southern Palaearctic region, or inland steppes exposed to dry continental climates, show populations in which the wings and tegmina are well developed, and often have apices which surpass the knees of the posterior femora when the tegmina are folded. In C. barbarus in Morocco, C. balucha brachypterus in the Hindu Rush, and C. italicus in Afghanistan, tegmina may become so reduced as to be useless for flight. C. cyrenaicus, C. subalpinus and C. abbreviatus, are all species with tegmina of medium length, the apices of which never surpass the apices of the posterior femora. C. italicus, C. turanicus, C. barbarus and C. tenuicercis, are all species showing every intermediate between elongate wings and tegmina like those of C. subalpinus. (iv) General body colouring. While members of the " italicus " group (see p. 320) tend to show little polymorphism in this respect (C. wattenwylianus being a notable exception), the " barbarus " group tends to show marked general body colour poly- morphism. C. cyrenaicus, a species of the semi-desert fringe of Libya in North Africa, shows this exceptionally well (see pronota, Text-figure 19 : B-J. p. 322). The pronotum is not the only part of the exoskeleton to vary in colour, e.g. the head, Text- figure 20 : A-C, p. 324, corresponding to pronotal types j, B, and F of Text-figure 19 respectively. Most specimens of C. italicus, C. abbreviatus, and northerly populations of other species, will have pronotal types D-F. The uniform, pale coloured body colour, represented by pronota G-J, is found in semi-desert forms of C. italicus and C. coelesyriensis , and many individuals from southerly populations of C. barbarus and C. tenuicercis. The most extreme type of polymorph is/, marginellus, represented by pronotum A, in which a dark, often brown body colour, is contrasted with 2 light cream stripes on the vertex which pass along the inner edge of each lateral pronotal ENTOM. 13, 9 24§§ 304 N. D. JAGO carina, and may or may not be continued as a light line along veins Cu2 and lA of the tegmina. Most members of the " italicus " group show this form to some degree, but although the northerly elements of the " barbarus " group are often almost completely uniform in general body markings, southerly species and populations show the " marginellus " form as a dominant and striking polymorph. The various polymorphic forms grade into one another and are not clearly demarcated. (v) Cercus apex. Only in C. coelesyriensis coelesyriensis is the bilobed cercus apex constant. In C. coelesyriensis hissaricus the middle and lower lobes are often dis- tinct. In contrast, montane or boreal populations of C. bat bams, C. subalpinus. C. wattenwylianus, C. turanicus, C. balucha, and C. siciliae, show a tendency for fusion of the lower pair of apical lobes, finally producing a single lobe. Populations from semi-desert areas have a tendency to have clearly demarcated lobes. When describing species, montane, boreal, or semi-desert forms may be referred to. Their characteristics can be deduced from above, if it is also remembered that boreal and montane forms are always smaller than semi-desert individuals of the same group. There seems to be some evidence that the colour polymorphs and tegminal varia- bility in Calliptamus may not be rigidly fixed genetically, but may be linked closely with the climatic environment. Thus the isoclines for the ratio femur length /tegminal 3O° 70C FIG. 8. The distribution in the Middle East, Turkey, and U.S.S.R. of C. coelesyriensis coelesyriensis (G.-T.) (broken line), C. coelesyriensis hissaricus (Mishch.) (northern obliquely shaded portion), C. balucha Uv. (southern obliquely shaded portion), and C. tenuicercis Tarb. (continuous line). FIG. 9. The distribution in Jordan rift valley area of C. barbarus barbarus (Costa) (vertical shading), C. barbarus palaestinensis Rme stat. n. (diagonal shading), C. tenuicercis Tarb. (horizontal shading), and C. coelesyriensis (G.-T.) (small circles). 306 N. D. JAGO length in males of C. barbarus (Text-figure n,p. 309) andfor the ratio femur length /head width in females of C. tenuicercis bear a striking parallel to the isohyets for the Middle East (Text-figure 21, p. 329). Femoral colour polymorphs also seem to be correlated with these isohyets. Thus C. tenuicercis, whose range seems confined within an area whose rainfall is less than 25 in. per annum (cf . Text-figure 9, p. 305, and Text-figure 21, p. 329), produces the colour variety f. aurantipes (pale orange tibiae) in the higher rainfall areas it enters in southern Turkey and western Syria. Comparison of C. barbarus and C. tenuicercis leg colour polymorph distribution (Text-figures 22 : A, and 22 : B, p. 330) with Text-figure 21, shows that the orange femoral coloration is confined to areas with a rainfall of less than 25 in. per annum in the former species, and less than 15 in. in the latter. The two species therefore appear to react to the environment differently, the orange-legged facies in C. tenuicercis being less tolerant to increased rainfall than that of C. barbarus. If the wing length is plotted against femur length in females of C. tenuicercis (Text-figure 5, p. 300), a regression line can be drawn (suggesting continuity of this variant across the apparent discon- tinuity of the leg colour variants), the values at the lower end of the graph corres- ponding to the areas of highest rainfall (10 in. -25 in. mean annual rainfall per annum), those at the upper end to areas with low rainfall (often as small as 4-9 in.). Unfortunately the climatic data available refer to macroclimatic conditions, so that conclusions must be tentative. It is also very unlikely that the variants described will correlate simply with any one climatic factor. KEY TO SPECIES MALES Membrane covering penis valves externally produced into a long, decurved, back- wardly directed pocket, i.e. with same configuration as penis valves inside (Text-fig. 3 : R. p. 296 and Text-fig. 10 : C, D, and F. p. 307). Hind wings never colourless, even if reduced italicus (L.) (p. 316) Pocket covering penis vavles not so elongated or shaped. Usually bluntly produced and backwardly directed (Text-fig. 3 : T. p. 296), but may be erect, short, and pointed (Text-fig. 3 : S. p. 296) ......... 2 Inner face of posterior femora without any markings between upper and lower inner carinae ; this area pale body colour, without any trace of pink or orange pigment 3 A single black spot, or two to three separate spots, between upper and lower inner carinae of posterior femora .......... 4 Pocket covering penis valves with outline shown in Text-fig. 3 : S. p. 296, orientation being vertically or slightly forwardly directed. Only occasionally with median hooked apical cercus lobe wholly fused with ventral lobe, but always rather weakly developed. Kami of cingulum convergent ventrally (Text-fig. 13: B. p. 311). Male phallic complex, Text-fig. 13 : A, F. p. 311 . .turanicus Tarbinsky (p. 325) Pocket covering penis valves bluntly produced in a postero-dorsal direction (Text-fig. 3 : T. p. 296). Cerci invariably with median lobe fused into lower lobe, upper and lower lobes thus being almost equal to each other (Text-fig. 3 : N. p. 296, and Text-fig. 17 : L, N. and O). Male phallic complex Text-fig. 16. p. 317 coelesyriensis (Giglio-Tos) (p. 343) Posterior femora yellow on inner face ........ 5 Posterior femora dull crimson, orange, or red, between upper and lower carinae, inten- sity of colour varying from pale to deep ........ 6 A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 307 m O-5 mm. m m m FIG. 10. A and C. Lateral aspects of penis valve in C. abbreviatus Ikonnikov and C. it aliens (L.) respectively ; B and D. Dorsal aspects of penis valves in C. abbreviatus Ikonnikov and C. italicus (L.) respectively ; E-G. Transverse sections through valves of penis in C. barbarus (Costa), C. italicus (L.), and C. wattenwylianus (Pantel) respectively. 308 N. D. JAGO 5. Inner side of posterior femora filled or partly filled, between upper and lower inner carinae, by a solid black blotch, or separate spots which show various degrees of fusion (anterior pair first — as in Text-fig. 2 : B-D). Lateral appendices of penis valves bluntly pointed as seen from above ; valves strongly developed though may be pointed with triangular dorso-lateral expansions (Text-fig. 25 :, A-D, F, J. p. 339) barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) -. Inner side of posterior femora normally with 3 separate black spots but occasionally, when sympatric with orange-legged form of barbarus (Costa), has a single solid inner femoral blotch. Lateral appendices of penis valves auricular. Penis valves weak (Text-fig. 15 : F, m. p. 315) tenuicercis Tarbinsky (p. 340) 6. Cercus with very large laminar dorsal apical lobe (Text-fig. 24 : XIX. p. 336) ; lower lobes weak and divergent. Wings smoky. Male phallus, Text-fig. 26 : A, B, C. p. 346 plebeius (Walker) (p. 347) -. Cercus without such a large laminar dorsal lobe ; lower lobes may be fused but not attenuate ............. 7 7. Hind wings usually pink ; only colourless in forms with very short tegmina from montane localities, in which wings no longer functional for flight . . . . 10 -. Hind wings colourless, when folded not surpassing knees of posterior femora, but fully functional for flight .......... 8 8. Cerci with lower apical lobes separate ; median lobe distinctly longer than lower lobe. Male phallus, Text-fig. 10 : A, B. p. 307. . . . abbreviates Ikonnikov (p. 326) -. Cerci with median apical lobe more or less fused to lower lobe, equal to it in length or even shorter (Text-fig. 24 : XVII. p. 336) . . •»'••* . . . 9 9. Widest part of penis valves (as seen from above) clear of posterior edge of cingular valve. Sicily only (Text-fig. 24 : XVIII) . . ... siciliae Ramme (p. 340) -. Widest part of penis valves (as seen from above) level with posterior edge of cingular valve (Text-fig. 25 : E. p. 339) . . . ,'•. subalpinus sp. n. (p. 338) 10. Inner side of posterior femora orange. Inner femoral blotch filling, or almost filling, inner area . . . .. . . . . .. v"^'"'* J • • n -. Inner side of posterior femora red, scarlet, or dark ruby ; varying intensity of colour. Inner femoral spots fused or separate . . . . . ':..'••••'.• . 12 11. Posterior end of inner femoral spot showing at least some trace of orange at its margin barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) — . Posterior end of inner femoral blotch without any trace of orange at its margin tenuicercis Tarbinsky (p. 340) 12. Three separate inner femoral spots (sometimes pale) . . . . . . 13 — . Anterior spots on inner side of femora fused, or one blotch present of smaller or larger size, diffuse or clearly demarcated . . . v. . . . . . 20 13. Vertical knob-like thickening on posterior median edge of dorsal ectophallic plate. Penis valves typically lying in same plane as cingular valve. Cerci usually bilobed apicailly (Text-fig. 16 : C, D. p. 317) . i ~ coelesyriensis (Giglio-Tos) (p. 343) — . Posterior margin of dorsal ectophallic plate laminar (Text-fig, i, p. 291). Cerci variable apically ......... V ... 14 14. Inner side of posterior femora with large diffuse median blotch, general colour sur- rounding it being smokey ruby-red (appearing dull mauve). Tendency to be moderately or -very brachypterous (then non-functional for flight). Folded tegmina with apices never surpassing knees of posterior femora. Cerci less than 3-5 times longer than broad (see tenuicercis Tarbinsky, couplets 5 and 1 1, where cerci at least 4 times longer than broad) . . • . . . ... j. balucha Uvarov (p. 342) — . Inner side of posterior femora, if approaching colour described above, with 3 separate (i spots of roughly equal size. Never with non-functional hind wings v . :• .• 15 15. Aedeagus with pointed, non-auritular, lateral accessory penis valve processes (Text- •" fig. 13 : B, C. p. 311) curling upwards and lying above cingular valve. Socket A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 309 covering penis valves short, pointed, and almost erect (Text-fig. 3 : S. p. 296). Apices of folded tegmina never surpassing knees of posterior femora wattenwylianus (Pantel) (p. 320) Lateral accessory processes of penis valves blunt and darkly sclerotized or auricular. Pocket covering penis valves blunt ; directed diagonally backwards (Text- fig. 3 : T. p. 296). Folded tegmina with apices often surpassing knees of posterior femora 16 FIG. ii. C. barbarus (Costa) ; isoclines of femur length to tegminal length ratio for males from Middle East and Central Asia. FIG. 12. C.tenuicercis Tarb.; isoclines of femur length to head width ratio for females from Middle East and Central Asia. - ..':•: 310 N. D. JAGO 1 6. Inner side of posterior femora dull pale pink ; tibiae pale to dark orange-yellow tenuicercis f. aurantipes Ramme (p. 306) — . Inner side of posterior femora dull ruby -red, posterior tibiae crimson or dull ruby-red 17 17. Folded wings with apices not reaching level of tips of posterior femora. Median and lower lobes of cercus tip always intimately fused to each other, median lobe equal to or even shorter than lower ......... 18 — . Wings not always as short as above, often when folded with apices surpassing knees of posterior femora. Median and lower lobes of cercus apex usually unfused, median lobe longer than ventral lobe. Penis valves boldly sclerotized, not greatly tapered or 19 out-curved apically (Text-fig. 25 : A-D and G. p. 339) ..... 1 8. Penis valves small, usually tapered and slightly outcurved apically. SE. France and Italian peninsula ........ subalpinus sp. n. (p. 338) — . Penis valves small, roundly truncate apically. Not noticeably outcurved (Text-fig. 25 : K- P- 339)- Sicily siciliae Ramme (p. 340) 19. Cingular valve, as seen from above, extending well beyond a line drawn between apices of lateral appendices of penis valves (Text-fig. 25 : G. p. 339). Folded tegmina with apices never surpassing knees of posterior femora, and tapered apic- ally. Cyrenaica ........ cyrenaicus sp. n. (p. 335) — . Cingular valve apex, as seen from above, level with a line drawn between apices of lateral appendices of penis valves (Text-fig. 20 : A and B. p. 324) Apices of folded tegmina often surpass knees of posterior femora. (Never sympatric with cyrenaicus except as orange-legged form with solid inner black femoral markings) barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) 20. Inner femoral spots fused to form a single blotch lying between upper and lower inner carinae ............. 21 — . Only anterior pair of spots fused ..... barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) 21. Lateral carinae of pronotum without any trace of convergence in metazone. Male penis valves weak, not extending far beyond cingular valve, as viewed dorsally. Lateral appendices of penis valves rather auricular (reminiscent of tenuicercis), whole structure recalling a large C. subalpinus (Text-fig. 26 : D. p. 346). Cingulum, at its dorso-posterior edge, forming 2 gently down-sloping lobes madeirae Uvarov (p. 347) — . Lateral carinae of pronotum usually convergent in metazone. Male penis valves strongly sclerotized, extending well beyond cingular valve as seen from above. Lateral expansions of penis valves not auricular. Cingulum vertical behind its dorso-posterior edge ....... barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) FEMALES (Provisional key) Because of the morphological uniformity among females in this genus, the following key has been sub-divided geographically as follows : A. Southern Europe (excluding U.S.S.R.) B. North Africa C. Turkey, U.S.S.R., the Middle and Far East. A. Southern Europe (excluding U.S.S.R.) 1. Hind wings colourless ........... 7 -. Hind wings infused with pink .......... 2 2. Inner side of posterior femora pale body colour or yellow ..... 3 -. Posterior femora red, orange-red, or dull ruby-red on inner side .... 4 A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 311 FIG. 13. A. and B. Postero-dorsal aspect of phallic complex of C.turanicusTarbmsky and C. wattenwylianus (Pantel) respectively : C. Dorsal aspect of aedeagal apex in C. wattenwylianus (Pantel) : D. Lateral aspect of whole of phallic complex in C. watten- wylianus (Pantel): E and F. Dorsal ectophallic plate of C. wattenwylianus (Pantel) and C. turanicus Tarbinsky respectively. (The arrows in A and B indicate upward diver- gence or upward convergence of the cingular rami in the phallic complex of each species, this being one of the main diagnostic characters.) ENTOM. 13, 9 24§§§ 312 N. D. JAGO 3. Three separate spots on inner side of femora. Spots often faint or almost absent from inter-carinal area (Text -fig. 20 : H and K). Tegminal apices never surpassing knees of folded posterior femora. Tegmina usually markedly tapered apically wattenwylianus (Pantel) (p. 320) -. Single black femoral blotch between upper and lower inner carinae of posterior femora (Text-fig. 2 : D. p. 293). Tegminal apices usually surpassing knees of folded posterior femora, or level with them. Tegmina not markedly tapered apically barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) 4. Tegminal apices clearly surpassed by knees of folded posterior femora. Tegmina tapered in apical 2/3 ........... 5 -. Tegminal apices surpassing knees of folded posterior femora, or if falling short of latter, then doing so by only a very small margin ...... 6 5. Large forms (total length 21-6-41-9 mm.). Distribution southern and eastern Spain, southern France. Not occurring east of French Maritime Alps. wattenwylianus (Pantel) (p. 320) -. Small forms (total length 20-6-28-6 mm.). Distribution Italy, from Ligurian Alps to Sicily ; also in SE. France (Maritime Alps) ....... 7 6. Inner femoral spots separate. Usually equal in size, often faintly developed, only just crossing upper inner carina (Text-fig. 2 : E. p. 293) . . it aliens (L.) (p. 316) -. Median inner femoral spot usually bigger than other two. If faintly pigmented however, very similar to more darkly pigmented forms of italicus. Separable in such cases only by a study of males from same locality (italicus has longer teg- mina) ......... barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) 7. Range in France and Italian peninsula .... subalpinus sp. n. (p. 338) -. Sicilian species only ....... siciliae Ramme (p. 340) B. North Africa 1. Wings and tegmina very short, never extending further than middle of folded posterior femora ....... barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) -. Tegminal apices surpassing middle of folded posterior femora .... 2 2. Inner side of hind femora yellow or orange with black markings. Three black spots, sometimes fused ........ barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) -. Inner side of posterior femora red, dull ruby -red, or greyish pink .... 3 3. Bulky insects. Colours not contrasting. Melanic forms common. Tegmina often markedly tapered in apical 2/3. Head 5'O-7*i mm., femur length i6-o-25'O mm., tegminal length 16-3-3 1 -5 mm. .... wattenwylianus (Pantel) (p. 320) -. Not conspicuously bulky. Often brightly coloured with " marginellus " form in evidence. No melanic forms. Tegmina only markedly tapered in apical 2/3 in cyrenaicus sp. n. Head width 4'75~6'O mm., femur length I4'5-I9'2 mm., tegminal length i5'0-2i-o mm. . barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) or cyrenaicus sp. n. (p. 335) (Separable on distribution or by males) C. Middle East, U.S.S.R., Far East 1 . Hind wings colourless, when folded never surpassing knees of folded posterior femora abbreviatus Ikonnikov (p. 326) -. Hind wings pink. Often when folded surpassing knees of folded posterior femora . 2 2. Inner side of posterior femora unmarked between upper and lower inner carinae, this area being dull pink or body colour ........ 3 -. Inner side of posterior femora with at least one darker or blackish marking . . 5 3. Large insects. Head width 6'3~7'i mm.; inner side of posterior femora dull pink or body colour . turanicus Tarbinsky (p. 325) A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 313 I mm FIG. 14. Epiphalli : A, B, D, and G. C. coelesyriensis (Giglio-Tos) from : A. U.S.S.R., Armeniya S.S.R., pr. Megri ; B. Turkey, Isparta prov., Dedegol Dag mt., Siitciiler ; C. Iran, Haftom prov., Lar ; G. (C. coelesyriensis hissaricus (Mishchenko)) Afghanistan, Badakhshan prov., Senna, 1,800 m.; C. C. balucha Uvarov from West Paki- stan, Chitral reg., Chitral, 2,300 m.; E and H. C. wattenwylianus (Pantel) from E. France, Pyren6es-Orientales, intermediate to type found in North Africa. H. France, Var, typical of type found in south-eastern France. F. C. turanicus Tarbinsky from : U.S.S.R., Kazakhstan S.S.R., Yuzhno-Kazakhstanskaya Obi. 3i4 N. D. JAGO -. Smaller insects. Head width 4'O-6'o mm. ........ 4 4. Tegminal apices falling well short of knees of folded posterior femora. Tegmina speckled with small flecks of darker colour. Inner side of posterior femora dull grey-pink coelesyriensis (Giglio-Tos) (p. 343) -. Tegminal apices level with knees of folded posterior femora, or surpassing them. Tegmina immaculate. Inner side of posterior femora pale body colour italicus (L.) (p. 316) (buff desert form) 5. Posterior tibiae yellow or orange ......... 6 -. Posterior tibiae red, or crimson, or dull pink . . . . . . . 1 1 6. Tibiae orange ............ 7 -. Tibiae yellow ............ 8 7. Solid inner femoral blotch on posterior femora (often extending below lower inner carina) with orange pigment just posterior to it . . barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) -. As above, but blotch may be faint No trace of orange pigment posterior to black mark or blotch . tenuicercis Tarbinsky (p. 340) 8. Inner side of posterior femora with solid inner blotch tenuicercis Tarbinsky (p. 340) or barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) (In southern Dead Sea valley and Negeb desert : divided on distribution, i.e. Text-fig. 9 (p. 305), or by association with males.) -. Inner femoral spots with anterior pair fused, or all separate, or clear evidence (if in one continuous irregular blotch) of tripartite origin . . . . . 9 9. All inner femoral spots clearly separated ... . . . .10 -. At least anterior pair of spots fused tenuicercis Tarbinsky (p. 340) and barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) (Inseparable except on distribution, i.e. tenuicercis with these facies in northern Syria and SE. Turkey ; barbarus in Israel and Transjordan ; or by association with males.) 10. Head width 3'9-5*o mm. Small insects. Central and southern Turkey tenuicercis Tarbinsky (p. 340) — . Head width 5-o-6'4 mm. Larger insects. Israel and western Lebanon barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) 11. Inner side of posterior femora dull greyish pink. Inner femoral spot thus diffuse. Often showing extreme brachypterism .... balucha Uvarov (p. 342) — . Inner side of posterior femora with three clearly separate spots, though sometimes faint. Femora and tibiae never dull greyish pink, nor with large diffuse inner spot. Not showing extreme brachypterism . . . . . . . . 12 12. Completely black insects coelesyriensis (Giglio-Tos) (p. 343) — . Buff, brownish, or greyish brown spotted insects . . . . . . 13 13. Tegmina creamy buff. Very finely peppered with small dark spots. Inner side of femora with three spots, often faint (Text-fig. 17 : S. p. 319) coelesyriensis (Giglio-Tos) (p. 343) — . Tegmina dark brownish grey. Coarse spots or markings often orientated into trans- verse bands across them .......... 14 14. Inner femoral spots extending only a short way below upper inner carina of posterior femora. Hind legs dull pink or dull mauve. Wings and tegmina well developed (ex- cept in Afghanistan where populations with short tegmina occur, i.e. knees of folded posterior femora surpass apices of folded tegmina, latter tapering in apical 2/3) italicus (L.) (p. 316) — . Inner femoral spots larger and clearly defined, extending at least to middle of inner femoral area. Hind legs dull mauve to bright crimson . . . . .15 15. Posterior tibiae and inner side of femora dull to bright crimson, though this colour may disappear leaving almost all inner femoral area same colour as body. barbarus (Costa) (p. 327) A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 315 FIG. 15. Phallic complex of C. tenuicercis Tarbinsky, (D-F., K-M., and O-Q.), and C. baluchallvarov (A-C., G-J, and N). (a) C. tenuicercis Tarbinsky : D. Lateral aspect entire male phallic complex (material from Turkey, near Ankara). E. and F. Dorsal and posterior aspects respectively of apex of valves in D. K. Dorsal ectophallic plate. L-M. and O-Q. Epiphalli from : L. Turkey, Ankara. M, O, and Q. Jordan, El Ghor valley, Jerash Rd., Wadi Zarqa. (b) C. balucha Uvarov : A-C. Dorsal, posterior and lateral aspects of tip of penis in subspecies brachypterus (Dirsh) from Chitral. G-J. Dorsal, posterior, and lateral aspects of tip of penis in nominate subspecies from West Pakistan, Baluchistan reg., Ziarat. N. Epiphallus of nominate subspecies. 316 N. D. JAGO (Lebanon, S. and W. Turkey, Iranian Azerbaidjan, U.S.S.R. bordering Black Sea, S. Caspian, etc.) — . Posterior tibiae and inner side of femora mauve or dull pale ruby. Colour not intense coelesyriensis (Giglio-Tos) (p. 343) (Turkish upland form) Calliptamus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Gryllus Locusta italicus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, loth edn.: 432. [Neotype $, Italy, Basilicata reg., Venosa, 420 m., 30. ix. 1937, (F. E. Zeuner). Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) (subject to ratification by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)]. Calliptamus italicus grandis Ramme, 1927, Eos, 3 : 166. [Holotype $, Italy, Sicilia I., Fontana Murata, I7.vii.i924, (Ramme-Richter] .] Syn. n. Calliptamus italicus reductus Ramme, 1930, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 16 : 214. [Holotype <$, U.S.S.R., Kazakhstan S.S.R., Turkestan, Kazamuk Alai, 2850 m., 5.viii.i889, (Conradt).] Syn. n. Calliptamus italicus insularis Ramme, 1951, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 27 : 308. [Holotype $, Greece, Paros I., viii.1925 (A. Schultz).] Syn. n. Calliptamus afghanus Ramme, 1952, Vidensk. Medd. dansk Naturh. Foren. Kbh., 114 : 200 [Holotype <$, Afghanistan, Faran and Chalchansur prov., Farah, i8.vi.i948, (Haavlov, N.).~\ Syn. n. [Last four holotypes in Zoologisches Museum of Humbolt-Universitat, Berlin.] DIAGNOSIS 3 ?> viii-ix. GREECE : Makedhonia, 17 c£, 12 ?, vi-viii ; Kefallinia I., 7 (£, 4 $, vii ; fiwoia I., 2,100-2,600 m., 14 <^, 12 $, Sterea Ellas, up to 1600 m., i <£, 3 $, vii ; Kerkira I., 4 <£, 5 ?, vii ; Trikkala, 2,000-2,300 m., i $, vii ; Samothraki I., I <£, i $, vi ; Kriti I., up to noo m., i <£, 6 , vii-viii. CYPRUS : Limassol, 2 c£, 2 $, v. TURKEY : Antalya, up to 1700 m., i <$, 15 ?, vii ; Istanbul, 9 $, n ?, vii ; Kocaeli, 2 (J, 2$, viii; Izmir, i ^, 2 $, vii ; Mugla, 2 ^, 4 ?, vii ; Konya, 2 ?, — ; Sinop, i ?, ix ; Urfa, 2 (J, i ?, vii ; Isparta, 1,600-1,700 m., 2 ?, vii. IRAN : Dovvom, 4 , vii-viii ; Nohom, 7 c£, 2 $, vi. AFGHANISTAN : Mazar-i-Sharif, 5 ^, 4 $, vi ; Badakhshan, 1,800-2,300 m., 5 <$, 17 9, vii-viii ; Kataghan, 625-1,240 m., i , ix ; Kabul, 1,600-1,740 m., 7 $, ix-x ; Eastern Nuristan, 2,700 m., i $, vii. U.S.S.R. : Kazakhstan S.S.R., 12 <£, 101 $, vi-ix ; Armeniya S.S.R., 3 iii. LIBYA : Cyrenaica, 4 <£, n ?, vii-ix. DISCUSSION. This species shuns either high altitude and cold humid conditions, or extreme dryness. Consequently although often sympatric with C. barbarus, C. italicus, and C. subalpinus, it has a more restricted distribution than the first two, and does not enter montane habitats with the last. Usually in a minority, it has been found in swarm proportions, forming up to 90% of the Calliptamus populations present. Typical localities are found on old stabilized dunes, or among untended vineyards. C. okbaensis is synonymized in this paper with C. wattenwylianus since in the morphology of the male genitalia both are identical. Both species show : (i) tendency to formation of melanic forms, (ii) shortening of tegmina with altitude, (iii) same variations of epiphallus, femoral markings, and tegminal venation, (iv) same range of size as measured by total length and head width. FIG. 19. A. Lateral aspect of entire male of C. cyrenaicus sp. n. to show external taxono- mic characters used in this genus. I. Tegmen or forewing ; II. Swollen gth and loth abdominal tergites ; III. Supra-anal plate ; IV. Cercus — used as a clasping organ during copulation ; V. Ectophallic pocket covering penis valves (cf. Fig. 2 : A) ; VI. Sub- genital plate ; VII. " Knee " of posterior femur ; VIII. Posterior tibia and spines ; IX. Posterior tibial spurs (outer pair). B-J. Dorsal aspect of pronotum in a series of specimens of C. cyrenaicus sp. n. (from Libya, Cyrenaica prov., Shahhat), to show range of colour polymorphism. B. var. marginellus in its most striking form. C. paler form of B., with central area ginger brown. D-F. commonest forms in any population. These predominate almost completely in boreal populations of C. italicus (L.) and C. barbarus (Costa). G-J. uniformly pigmented forms, G. having a disc to posterior transverse sulcus slightly darker in colour. G. dark and light red-brown, J. pale buff, H. intermedi- ate between these two extremes. 324 N. D. JAGO white black very pale grey brown light brown cream dark brown dull ochre FIG. 20. A-C. Lateral aspect of head in 3 individuals of C. cyrenaicus sp. n. to show colour polymorphism. (N.B. 5 mm. scale refers to diagrams A-D). D. Lateral aspect of pronotum in some species, to show general pattern typical of genus as a whole. E-G. Posterior tibial spurs in the genera Calliptamus Serville (E), Caloptenopsis I. Bolivar (F) (cf. Fig. 3 : U), and Acorypha Krauss (G). H-K. Inner surface of left posterior femur. J. pale male form in C. turanicus Tarbinsky. K. dark female form in C. wattenwylianus (Pantel) from south-eastern France. H. intermediate form with medium development of melanic areas in female of C. wattenwylianus (Pantel) from eastern French Pyrenees, (colour represented as in Fig. 9 : P-U). A REVISION OF THE GENUS CALLIPTAMUS SERVILLE 325 " Okbaensis " was created to differentiate long- winged forms of the species. An examination of Text-figure 18, p. 321, which shows tegminal/femoral relationships in North African material, indicates that the species tends to produce shorter winged forms in Cyrenaica and Libya. It is interesting to note that the epiphalli of series from the Alpes Maritimes and Libya resemble each other quite closely, intermediate forms in the Eastern Pyrenees having smaller lateral fenestrae and a larger median fenestra, the lower median fenestra often being occluded (cf. Text-figs. 14 : H and E. p. 313). In epiphallic characters therefore, material from Libya and south-eastern France, forms two groups of populations relatively isolated from their neighbours to the west, but apparently similar to each other. The ratio of male femur length to head width shows a rise eastwards in N. Africa from Morocco to Libya, i.e. Ait Bou Guem- mez 2-97, Mascara 3-08, Boghari 3-23, Slonta 3-23. The Atlas mountain ratio is similar to that for populations in the Alpes Maritimes foothills, i.e. Meounes 2-97, St. Maximin 2-91. Females show similar trends, populations in the Atlas mountains showing a ratio value of 3-18-3-39, montane forms of C. turanicus, e.g. from Afghani- stan, Senna (1800 m.) having similar ratios, i.e. 3-29. Calliptamus turanicus Tarbinsky, 1930 Calliptamus italicus var. wattenwylianus Jacobsen & Bianchi, 1902, Orthoptera and Odonata of the Russian Empire : 317. Calliptamus turanicus Tarbinsky, 1930, Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S.: 184. [Holotype <$, Tadzhik- stan S.S.R., Golodnaya Step'. Leningrad Museum.] DIAGNOSIS <$. i. Penis valves, cingular valve, and lateral accessory processes of penis valves like those of C. wattenwylianus (see diagnosis of that species, p. 311 and Text-fig. 13 : A. p. 320). Cingular rami diverge dorsally. Ectophallic membrane plate (Text-fig. 13 : A, c, and F. p. 311) with laminar median posterior tip, only slightly thickened and rugosely sculptured. Ectophallic plate much longer than wide. 2. Cercus with upper and lower apical lobes almost equal in size and length (like Text-fig. 24 : J. p. 336), median apical lobe being more or less obliterated (especially in montane forms). 3. Tegmina moderately to well developed, Rs possessing 3 or 4 branches (3 branches in montane forms from south of species range). 4. General colouring pale brown with darker brown markings. No evidence of extreme " marginellus " variety, pronotum usually a pale form of type D (Text-fig. 19. p. 322) with more uniform colouring, or as type H. Tegmina with discrete brown spots, never reduced to mere peppering as in C. coelesyriensis nor developed into bold transverse bands. 5. Dorsal spots of posterior femora never extend across upper inner carina on to inner face of femur (Text-fig. 20 : J. p. 324). Inner area pale buff except in montane forms where it may be almost completely filled with a suffuse brown pigment. Lower inner carina often pigmented with pale orange pigment, though often this is absent. 6. Posterior tibiae deeply to lightly pigmented with orange-red on their inner and ventral surfaces, often with a pale zone about 5 mm. from their proximal end. 7. Hind wings boldly suffused with pink, this colour fading apically. Folded wings with apices surpassing knees of folded posterior femora. Wings shorter in montane forms, so that wing apices level with, or just short of, knees of folded femora, e.g. in NE. Afghanistan. $. Bigger than females of C. italicus from the same area. Otherwise all other characters identical. 326 N. D. JAGO MEASUREMENTS Males Females No. Range Mean No. Range Mean Head width . . 8 4-2-5-0 4-58 . 15 6-3-7-1 6-56 Femur length . . 8 12-4-15-8 14-68 . 15 20-7-25-7 23-36 Wing length . . 8 14-2-24-4 20-66 . 15 24-3-37-2 32-73 Total length . . 8 21-0-32-3 27-89 . 15 39-1-50-1 44-19 DISTRIBUTION. In U.S.S.R. (Turkmenskaya, Uzbekskaya, Tadzhikskaya, Kirghiz- kaya, Kazakhskaya) up to eastern end of northern slopes of Tien Shan ranges, and into the north facing valleys of Afghanistan up to about 2,000 metres above sea level (see Text-fig. 7, p. 302). MATERIAL EXAMINED. AFGHANISTAN : Badakhshan, Senna, 1800 m., 2 <$, i ?, vii. U.S.S.R. : Kazakhstan S.S.R., I $, 8 ?, ix ; Tadzhikistan S.S.R., 3 , ix ; Granada, 1,800 m., I ?, ix ; Avila, i J, 4 $, v ; Alicante, 2 ^, 2 $, ix ; Santander, i <£, 2 ?, ix ; Gerona, 4 $, 2 $, ix ; Barcelona, i <$; 5 ?, viii ; Mallorca I., i <£, 7 , xi. FRANCE : Pyrenees-Orientales, 15 $, 15 , viii-ix ; Aude, 13 $, 4 $, viii ; Puy-de-D6me, 19 #, vii ; Lozere, i $, vii ; Herault, 17 <£, 10 ?, vii-viii ; Bouches du Rhone, 2 $, i ?, viii ; Var, 16 #; 17 ?, viii-x ; Alpes-Maritimes, 35 <£, 52 ?, vii-ix. ITALY : Lecce, 21 ^, 12 $, ix-xi ; Foggia, 2 <$, i ?, vii ; Imperia, i $, 2 $, vii-x ; Potenza, 2 <£, i $, viii ; Grosseto, 60 m., i c£, 3 ?, ix ; Napoli, 7 $, 7 $, vii-ix ; Basilicata, 420 m., 5 <£, 6 ?, ix ; Sardinia I., 2 <^, 2 $, vii ; Lipari I., 3 , vi ; Port Lyautey, 2 cJ, 2 $, viii ; Ceuta, i $, 2 ?, — ; Ifrane, i $, viii. ALGERIA : Alger, up to 1,300 m., 8 $, 25 $, vii-ix ; Chardaia, 46 ^, 92 ?, x ; Oran, 2 $, vi ; Touggourt, 5 $, vi ; Constantine, 1^,1$, vi. TUNISIA : Gabes, i <£, i $, vi. LIBYA : Tripolitania, up to 800 m., 7 $ , 8 $, v-xi. TURKEY : Ankara, 4 (J, 3 $, viii ; Tekirdag, i (J, 2 $, viii ; Amasya, i (J, viii ; Rize, 3,200 m., i ?, viii ; Urfa, n , viii ; Seyhan, 1,500-1,900 m., 2 $, ix ; Gasiantep, i $, — ; Istanbul, 2 <^, 6 $, vii-x ; Zouguldak, 10 #, 2 ?, viii ; Mugla, 2 J, i ?, vii ; Manisa, up to 900 m., n ^, n $, viii ; Izmir, 7 ^, 6 ?, vii-viii ; Denizli, 1,500-1,900 m., 2 <$, 9 $, viii. SYRIA : Latakia, 13 $, 6 $, viii ; Damascus, i $, vii ; Tripoli-Horns, 3 $, vi. LEBANON : Hasbaya, i ?, vi ; E. of Beirut, 2 <£, i $, vii ; Amyun, i $, viii. ISRAEL : Samaria, i <$, xi ; Haifa, i $, 2 ?, xi ; Northern distr., 2 ^, 5 ?, vii-ix ; Plain of Sharo, 5 $, ix ; Southern distr., Negev, i , vi ; Wadi Shueib, 2 <$, vi ; nr. Madaba, i $, viii. EGYPT : Lower Egypt, i $, — ; Lower Egypt, Faiyum, i $, vii ; — ,2 ?, vii-viii. IRAQ : Mesopotamia, Baghdad, 5 <$, 3 $, vi-xii ; Mesopo- tamia, Mendali, i ^, vii ; Kurdistan, i <£, v. IRAN : Markazi, up to 2,100 m., 2 $; 7 $; vii-xi ; Hashtom, up to 2,400 m., i $, 2 ?, v-x ; Sheshom, 5 <£, 10 $, vii-ix ; Haftom, up to 1,800 m., 3 <$, 5 $, v-vi ; Chaharom, up to 1,700 m., i <£, 2 $, viii-x , Dovvom, i $, vii. AFGHANISTAN : Kabul, 900-2,500 m., 8 $, 49 $, vi-x ; Badakh- shan, 1,800-2,900 m., 14 <$, 89 °-, vii-viii ; Eastern prov., Nuristan, 1,100-2 ,700 m., 6 <£, 16 $, vii. W. PAKISTAN : Jammu and Kashmir, up to 2,600 m., 5 <£, 7 °., ix-x ; Chitral, 4 <^, 8 $, v-ix ; Baluchistan, i <£, 2 ?., vi-vii. BULGARIA : Sv. Vlas, i ^, i $, viii. U.S.S.R. : Ukraina S.S.R., 2 <$, i ?, vii ; Kazakhstan S.S.R., 30 <$, 34 ?, v-ix ; Daghestan A.S.S.R., i <^, 4 $, vii-viii ; Azerbaydzhan S.S.R., i ?, vii ; Tadzhikistan S.S.R., up to 2,050 m., i $, i , vii-viii ; Turkmeniya S.S.R., I <$, 4 $, vi ; Armeniya S.S.R., 7 ^, 42 ?, vii-ix. Calliptamus barbarus palaestinensis Ramme stat. n. Calliptamus palaestinensis Ramme, 30. vi. 1930, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 16 : 395 ; Bodenheimer, vii. 1930, Monogr. angew. Ent. 10:62. [Holotype <$, Israel, Palestine reg., Ben. Shemen, 1925, (F. Bodenheimer) Berlin Mus.] Calliptamus palaestinensis erythrocnemis Ramme, 1951, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 27 : 313. [Holo- type