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A RECLASSIFICATION OF THE 
ARCTIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE 
FORMERLY PLACED IN THE 
THYRETID GENUS AUTOMOLIS 
HUBNER (LEPIDOPTERA) 


WITH NOTES ON 
WARNING COLORATION AND SOUND 


A. WATSON 

BULLETIN: OF 
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 
ENTOMOLOGY Supplement 25 


LONDON : 1975 


GS ee 


A RECLASSIFICATION 
OF THE ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE 
FORMERLY PLACED IN THE THYRETID 
GENUS AUTOMOLIS HUBNER (LEPIDOPTERA) 


WITH NOTES ON WARNING COLORATION AND SOUND 


BY 
ALLAN WATSON 


Pp. 1-104; 34 Plates, 24 Text-figures 


BULLETIN OF 
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 
ENTOMOLOGY Supplement 25 
LONDON : 1975 


THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM 
(NATURAL HISTORY), «stituted im 1949, ts 
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments 
of the Museum, and an Historical series. 


Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they 
become ready. Volumes will contain about three or 
four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be 
completed within one calendar year. 


In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer 
papers was instituted, numbered serially for each 
Depariment. 


This paper is Supplement 25 of the Entomological 
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow 
those of the World List of Scientific Pertodicals. 


World List abbreviation 
Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 


ISSN 0524-6431 


© Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1975 


TRUSTEES OF 
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 


Issued 17 April, 1975 Price £9°75 


A RECLASSIFICATION 
OF THE ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE 
FORMERLY PLACED IN THE THYRETID 
GENUS AUTOMOLIS HUBNER (LEPIDOPTERA) 


WITH NOTES ON WARNING COLORATION AND SOUND 


By A, WATSON 

CONTENTS 
Page 
SYNOPSIS 3 
INTRODUCTION : : F 3 
SUPRA-GENERIC CLASSIFICATION : 2 b “ ‘ ‘ , 4 
SPECIES CLASSIFICATION 4 
WARNING COLORATION AND MIMICRY . 5 
WARNING SOUNDS : : 7 
SCENT-DISTRIBUTING ORGANS. : 3 ‘ F : : i 9 
EARLY STAGES ; : : ; : ; ‘ ; 10 
ABBREVIATIONS OF DEPOSITORIES F a ; - ; ‘ : be) 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 - 2 ; Io 
RECLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES FORMERLY IN | Automolis . : ; ; II 
New genera : - 2 : ‘ : : - II 
Previously described genera - : : : : : : 68 
REFERENCES . ‘ § ‘ ‘ P 7 g P F F 96 
INDEX . : 5 : : : 3 ; F ; : - IOI 


SYNOPSIS 


The 168 Neotropical species of Arctiidae and Ctenuchidae hitherto placed in Automolis 
Hiibner are redescribed and reassigned to 35 other genera, of which 32 (11 new) are Arctiid 
and three Ctenuchid. Only the type-species, an African Thyretid, remains in Automolis. 
Four new species are described and 16 species-group names are newly synonymized. Aposematic 
coloration, sound production, mimicry and male scent-producing organs are discussed. 


INTRODUCTION 


THE primary purpose of this paper is to reclassify the numerous species of Neotropical 
Arctiinae hitherto placed in the genus Automolis Hiibner ([1819b] : 170), the type- 


A A. WATSON 


species of which is an African Thyretid. Travassos (1943), Watson (1971; 1973) and 
Kiriakoff (1973) have pointed out the incorrect family placement of Automolis by 
earlier authors. The need to clarify the taxonomy of this heterogeneous assemblage 
of Arctiid and Ctenuchid species has been evident for some time (Seitz, 1921 : 365) 
and has been restated by Forbes (1939: 192), Travassos (1943) and Watson 
(1971; 1973). 

Blest (1964) has shown that some of the species discussed in the present work 
exhibit aposematic coloration and are unpalatable to certain predators. The lack 
of expected Miillerian concordance in colour—pattern discussed by Blest (1964) is 
shown here to be an illusory anomaly (see remarks on mimicry). 

The ultrasonic sounds produced by many nocturnal Arctiidae and Ctenuchidae 
have been demonstrated to act as aposematic signals (Dunning, 1968). The external 
structure and sound production capabilities of the tymbal organs in the genera 
dealt with in this paper are discussed. 

Colour terms used in this paper are taken from Kornerup & Wanscher (1967). 


SUPRA-GENERIC CLASSIFICATION 


Since Forbes (1923), most authors have grouped together the Arctiidae, Agari- 
stidae, Ctenuchidae, Hypsidae, Noctuidae and Nolidae in one superfamily, the 
Noctuoidea. Brock (1971) supported Forbes’ (1923) additional inclusion in the 
Noctuoidea of the Notodontidae. Below family level there has been much difference 
of opinion (Kiriakoff, 1952). Forbes (1939) recognized two subfamilies of Arctiidae: 
Arctiinae and Lithosiinae, and later (1960 : 15) added the Pericopinae and, tenta- 
tively, the Hypsinae. Forbes’ (1960) postulation that the Ctenuchidae [his 
Euchromiidae] are probably not separable at the family level from the Arctiidae, 
is supported by the fact that tymbal organs (p. 7) commonly occur in both nominal 
families although they may be vestigial in day-flying species of Ctenuchidae. The 
adoption of such proposals, however, should await a comparative study of the 
included genera. A subfamily classification which reflects the degree of similarity 
of only the type-genera and a few of its allies is not a great improvement on that 
existing now. 

All the genera surveyed in the present work can be placed in the Arctiinae sensu 
Forbes (1939), the equivalent in Seitz (1918 : 231) of the combined Phaegopterinae, 
Micrarctiinae, Spilosominae, and Arctiinae. At the tribe level, these genera can 
be included in the Phaegopterini, as defined by Forbes (1939 : 192), and below 
tribe level in the Eupseudosoma-group of Forbes and Franclemont (1957 : 149). 


SPECIES CLASSIFICATION 


The type-species of Automolis Hiibner was designated by Kirby (1892 : 220) 
as Sphinx meteus Stoll ([1781]: 109, pl. 347, fig. B) (type-locality: South Africa, 
Cape of Good Hope). Zerny (1912 : 44) transferred meteus to Metarctia Walker, a 
genus of Thyretidae, apparently as unaware of Kirby’s type-species designation 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 5 


as was Hampson (1901: 3). The effect of Zerny’s action was to synonymize 
Metarctia Walker (1855 : 769) with Automolis Hiibner [1819], but it remained for 
Travassos (1943) to reveal this. Hampson’s (1901) usage of Automolis (for which 
he incorrectly cited Sphinx sypilus Cramer as the type-species) in the Arctiidae 
was unfortunately followed by numerous authors, including Strand (1919) and 
Seitz (1921) in a world catalogue and illustrated monograph respectively, so that 
by 1943 there were some 200 nominal Arctiid species in the genus Automolis, none 
of them allied to its Thyretid type-species except at superfamily level. 

Hampson (1901 : 39), basing his conclusions on venational characters subsequently 
shown to be unreliable (Sotavalta, 1964), placed 13 nominal genera in the synonymy 
of Automolis and associated a startling array of differently patterned and coloured 
species. He later (1920 : 129) added Ernassa Walker and Echeta Herrich-Schaffer, 
by transference of its type-species, to this list of synonyms. (Caryatis Hiibner, 
also listed by Hampson (1920), is a Hypsidae name wrongly applied by Hampson 
as a result of an incorrect type-species designation (Travassos, 1943 : 456).) Forbes 
(1939 : 192) pointed out that ‘a study of the genitalic characters [of Awutomolis 
species] may produce a grouping more like that suggested by their patterns’ and 
revealed that the few known larvae of Awutomolis are ‘varied’. Travassos (1943) 
re-established ten genera whose names had been relegated to synonymy by Hampson, 
namely Apiconema Butler, Arava Walker (replaced by Lepidokirbyia Travassos), 
Cresera Schaus, Echeta Herrich-Schaffer, Ernassa Walker, Euplesia Felder, Machaer- 
aptenus Schaus, Rhipha Walker, Sutonocrea Butler and Scaptius Walker; he also 
transferred Apyre Walker, Cratoplastis Felder and Ormetica to the synonymy of 
Rhipha Walker, and Gorgonidia to the synonymy of Cresera Schaus. Watson 
(1971) re-established Cratoplastis, Gorgonidia and Ormetica. 

In the present paper I1 new genera are erected for 34 of those nominal species of 
Arctiinae hitherto classified in Automolis, and each of the remaining 118 species 
is transferred to one of 21 presently established Arctiinae genera or to one of three 
Ctenuchidae genera; only the African type-species remains in Automolis. Most 
of these transferences are probably taxonomically satisfactory; a few (indicated 
in the text) are provisional placements. These provisionally placed species have 
been transferred to genera in which they can be associated with their closest apparent 
relatives, even though their new generic placement is in some instances doubtless 
incorrect. Pending revisionary work on these genera, it seems better to take this 
action than to retain these species in Automolis, a genus of Thyretidae. 


WARNING COLORATION AND MIMICRY 


Blest (1964) has commented on the anomalous variation in aposematic coloration 
and colour-pattern in what he presumed to be closely related species of Arctiidae. 
Selection pressures produced by diurnal predators could be expected to produce 
close similarity in the coloration of unpalatable groups of species — a predator having 
learnt to associate unpalatableness with a particular colour-pattern is likely to 
respond in the same way to.other species exhibiting the same pattern. The resultant 
Miillerian associations in the Acraeinae, Danainae, Ithomiinae, Heliconiinae and 


6 A. WATSON 


some Papilionidae (e.g. Pavides) are well documented (Brower, L. P., 1963; Brower, 
J. V. Z., 1963; Brower, Brower & Collins, 1963; Turner, 1968). There are, in fact, 
similar intra- and intergeneric associations in those Arctiidae studied by Blest; 
the seemingly anomalous situation he found being the result of the taxonomic 
disorder initiated by Hampson. In this paper the effects of Hampson’s ‘lumping’ 
are corrected, fairly typical Miillerian associations are revealed and it becomes 
unnecessary to postulate explanations such as Tinbergen’s (1960) theory of specific 
search images (Blest, 1964). 

The aposematic coloration of Eupseudosoma-group Arctiidae is not invariably 
exposed when the moths are at rest, in contrast to the blatantly advertised coloration 
of some unpalatable butterflies. It seems a reasonable assumption that the almost 
uniformly brown Himerarctia griseipennis Rothschild (p. 40) is a procryptic species 
when at rest; but when the wings are unfolded the bright yellow (or orange) and 
iridescent greenish blue aposematic coloration of the abdomen is exposed. Species 
such as griseipennis have apparently evolved a dual defence system involving 
cryptic coloration as the first line of defence against predators, supplemented by 
distastefulness (advertised by abdominal coloration) when warning display behaviour 
has been activated by predators. Blest (1964) has emphasized the fact that many 
Arctiidae (as in other groups of unpalatable Lepidoptera) have a tough and resilient 
cuticle which is able to withstand investigatory pecking by birds. 

Those Eupseudosoma-group species which have brightly coloured forewings, as 
well as a conspicuous abdomen, potentially have two phases of warning colour 
signals. Himerarctia laeta sp. n., for example, has bright orange forewings which 
are as conspicuous at rest as in flight, while Viviennea moma Schaus and many 
Ormetica Clemens species have black and yellow forewings (a combination of colours 
generally considered to be aposematic (Frazer & Rothschild, 1960)). All these 
species have brilliantly coloured abdomens which are exhibited during warning 
display (see figures in Blest, 1964). White and pale yellow species, which are 
unlikely to prove to be cryptically coloured in their resting surroundings, may 
also fall into this category. Blest (1964) demonstrated that two yellow species 
of Selenarctia gen. n., one white species of Eupseudosoma and three mostly white 
species of Idalus are unpalatable to Cebus monkeys. Each displays its orange 
or red abdomen during warning display. In these species, the disadvantages of 
being potentially less successful in concealment are apparently outweighed by the 
advantages of being able to signal an instant visual aposematic message to a predator 
possessing the necessary colour-vision. That attempts at diurnal concealment 
ave made by most warningly coloured night-flying Arctiinae, seems reasonably 
certain from my observations in Venezuela and south-west United States, and those 
of R. E. Dietz in Costa Rica and Venezuela, J. P. Donahue in Costa Rica, E. L. Todd 
in Jamaica, and F. Fernandez Yépez in Venezuela (1973, personal communications), 
thus tending to qualify the generalization (Remington & Remington, 1957; Roths- 
child, 1972) that noxious, warningly coloured moths choose exposed positions 
when at rest during the day. 

The possibility that white Idalus and Eupseudosoma species may prove to have at 
least a partly crepuscular flight is worth investigating. Hyphantria cunea Drury 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 7 


(the Fall Web-worm) has been shown to start flying before sunset in Japan (Hikada, 
1972) at which time its conspicuous whiteness could be aposematic and provide a 
selectively advantageous warning signal to crepuscular avian predators such as 
night-hawks which locate their prey visually. 

The genera Viviennea gen. n., Ordishia gen. n., Ormetica Clemens and Idalus 
Walker provide some of the best examples of Miillerian partnerships. Blest (1964) 
has shown that some species of each of these genera are unpalatable to caged verte- 
brates and produce the same type of warning display. The close similarity in 
coloration and pattern between the groups of species in Ormetica, for example, 
strongly suggests that these are Miillerian complexes. There may be, however, 
limited Batesian mimicry within these groups—the presence of a moderately 
palatable species in a Miillerian complex will tend to induce the evolution of a new 
colour-pattern by a highly unpalatable member of the complex and lead to the 
formation of a new complex of species (Pough et al., 1973) and may explain the 
presence of several differently patterned groups of species in Ormetica. Each 
of the species-groups in Ormetica has one especially constant character: the brilliantly 
iridescent, greenish blue coloration of the posterior segments of the abdomen, a 
character shared by all the species of Viviennea and Himerarctia gen. n. There 
are close intergeneric similarities in the forewing coloration between the Ormetica- 
group bonora Schaus, ochreomarginata Joicey & Talbot, luteola Rothschild, codasi 
Jérgensen, postradiata Schaus and xanthia Hampson, and the Viviennea species 
salma Druce and superba Druce. All of these are bright yellow species, with iridescent 
greenish blue posterior abdominal segments, for which it is tempting to postulate 
Miillerian affinities. Another example of probable Miillerian convergence is that 
between the monotypic Ewplesia Felder and the group of Orvmetica species including 
its type-species sphingiformis Clemens in which the forewing bears a conspicuous, 
longitudinal, yellow stripe. 

The species Scaptius obscurata Schaus is possibly palatable to vertebrate predators 
(Blest, 1964) and yet it exhibits the same type of display found in the aposematic 
Viviennea, Ormetica, Ordishia, Selenarctia and others. The forewings of obscurata 
have a broken pattern of yellow and brown so that the moth is probably effectively 
procryptic when at rest; but in the warning display posture the bright orange-red 
abdomen is displayed in the same way that the red abdomen of Jdalus species is 
exhibited. This seems to be a Batesian situation in which the warning display 
behaviour and the abdominal warning coloration of the unpalatable Miillerian 
models are copied. There remains the possibility, however, that obscurata is 
unpalatable to certain diurnal predators and is both a Batesian and a Miillerian 
mimic, as most Arctiidae and Ctenuchidae do seem to be distasteful, if not actively 
harmful to a variety of predators (Beebe & Kennedy, 1957; Blest, 1964; Rothschild, 
1960; 1961; Aplin & Rothschild, 1971 : 590). 


WARNING SOUNDS 


By means of their tymbal organs (the modified metepisterna), species of the 
Eupseudosoma-group, as many other species of Arctiidae and Ctenuchidae, produce a 


8 A. WATSON 


series of ultrasonic clicks when subjected to tactile stimulation, if restrained during 
flight, or in response to recorded bat cries or artificially produced sound comparable 
in frequency and pulse repetition rate to bat cries (Blest, Collett & Pye, 1963; 
Blest, 1964; Dunning & Roeder, 1965; Dunning, 1968). Dunning (1968) has 
commented on the probable aposematic nature of Arctiid sounds and the Millerian 
protection it confers. The palatability mentioned earlier, of Scaptius obscurata, 
a nocturnal species with a well developed and apparently functional tymbal organ, 
suggests the intriguing possibility that it may be a Batesian acoustic mimic as 
wellas a behavioural mimic. Dunning (1968) has cited the palatable North American 
species Pyrrharctia isabella J. E. Smith as a comparable acoustic mimic. 

All the species of the new genera and the type-species of most of the other Arctiid 
genera referred to in the text have well developed tymbal organs (see plates). 
These are typically globose, unscaled except posteriorly where there are often 
several small, rounded scales, and with discernible microtymbals (transverse or 
oblique corrugations of the tymbal); the tymbal organ is normally concealed by 
the hind femur which may afford it some protection against damage. Recognisable 
tymbal organs are lacking in Disconeura Bryk and Paranerita Hampson (type- 
species). In Echeta divisa Herrich-Schaffer the tymbal organ is irregularly grooved 
and may represent a primitive condition (see Pl. 34, fig. 210). In most species 
of Echeta the metepisternum is without microtymbals. The tymbal organ of 
Glaucostola flavida (Schaus) (Pl. 34, fig. 208) is unusual in its microtymbal pattern. 
The microtymbals in all the new genera typically possess a socket in each 
groove but in only a few specimens were hair-scales found to be present (see, 
for example Pl. 1, fig. 2). Pye (1973, personal communication) is currently 
investigating the possible function of these hair-scales; the short projection 
anterior to the T-junction near their base apparently functions as an anchor 
inhibiting lateral movement and tending to retain the hair-scale in its positions 
along the groove. 

No sexual dimorphism of the tymbal organ has been detected in the Arctiidae 
studied. Rothschild & Haskell (1966), summarizing the literature on Arctiid 
sound emissions, have restated that the tymbal organ of the partly day-flying 
European Cymbalophora Rambur is larger in the male than in the female, and suggest 
that sound may have an epigamic function in this genus. The closely related 
Nearctic genus Apantesis Walker lacks microtymbals but is still capable of sound 
production from the metepisternum (Dunning, 1973, personal communication). 

With the exception of Glaucostola and Echeta, there is little variation in the 
microtymbal pattern between the genera examined during the present study, 
which suggests that the quality of their sound emissions will prove to be similar. 
This can be expected from the experimental evidence that Arctiid tymbal sounds are 
warning signals of Miillerian partners, although there appears to be no need for 
exact replication of tymbal sounds between species as Dunning (1968) has found 
that her bats reacted similarly to Halisidota tessellaris Smith and Haploa clymene 
Brown clicks in spite of dominant frequency differences of as much as 20 kHz. 
One experimental bat, however, learnt to distinguish between Pyrrharctia isabella 
clicks and those produced by tessellaris and clymene. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 9 


SCENT-DISTRIBUTING ORGANS 


The pre-mating function of male abdominal scent-brushes in some Palaearctic 
Noctuidae has been demonstrated by Birch (1968; 1970a; 19700; 1972) and Aplin & 
Birch (1968). Comparable hair-pencils in the Danaiinae (Nymphalidae) have been 
reviewed by Myers (1972) and the male hair pencils of Manduca sexta L. (Sphingidae) 
discussed by Grant & Eaton (1973). There is therefore some justification for 
postulating that the brushes and androconial zones of Arctiidae perform the same 
aphrodisiac function. 

Six of the eleven new genera described in this paper have identifiable scent- 
distributing organs in the male. There are androconial zones on the overlap areas 
of the fore- and hindwings in Regobarrosia gen. n., Melanarctia gen. n. and Emurena 
gen. n. (one species); an androconial patch on the overlap area of the hindwing 
interacting with a brush on the ventral surface of the forewing in Astralarctia 
gen. n.; and androconial zones interacting with a hair-pencil protected by the folded 
anal area of the ventral surface of the hindwing in Viviennea gen. n., Melanarctia 
gen. n., Emurena gen. n. (three species) and Himerarctia gen. n. 

Some of the other genera examined during the preparation of this paper exhibit 
similar male scent disseminating equipment. Cratoplastis Felder and Sutonocrea 
Butler possess the same combination of wing-overlap androconial patches and an 
androconial/hair-pencil anal pouch under the hindwing as in Melanarctia and 
Emurena fernandezi sp. n. In Ormetica (p. 81) most of the species studied have 
anal pouch scent-organs but lack the wing-overlap androconial zones. The type- 
species of Eupseudosoma and Paranerita have wing-overlap androconial zones and 
the type-species of Glaucostola has a strongly developed, distally directed hair- 
pencil under the male forewing. 

Males of Echeta, Gorgonidia, Idalus, Machaeraptenus, and the new genera Amphel- 
arctia, Ordishia, Selenarctia, Aphyarctia and Nyearctia lack recognizable androconial 
zones and hair-pencils. Male alar scent-disseminating organs are also absent 
in the type-species of Agaraea, Apyre, Araeomolis, Cresera, Demolis, Disconeura, 
Halisidota, Phaeomolis, Rhipha, Scaptius and Symphlebia. 

As there seems to be general conformity at the generic level in the possession 
of a particular type of scent-organ in the Arctiidae, and similar examples can be 
found in other families (for example the huge African Geometrid genus Cleora 
Curtis), it is somewhat anomalous that there is a lack of conformity between 
species of the genus Emurena gen. n. Male sex pheromones, which appear to act 
as aphrodisiacs immediately prior to mating (Birch, 1968; Myers, 1972), are probably 
generally present throughout the Lepidoptera and are apparently often distributed 
by means of external scent-brushes or eversible coremata. However, the absence 
of specialized scent-organs does not appear to inhibit the transference of male 
sex pheromones to the female. For example, Birch (1970) has shown that the male 
courtship display of Noctuid species lacking scent-organs does not differ greatly 
from that of species possessing scent-organs, which suggests that similar male-to- 
female chemical signals are involved in both groups of species; and Hidaka (1972) 
and Myers (1972) have supported earlier claims that male sex pheromones can be 
transmitted during antennal palpation. The marked difference in male scent- 


IO A. WATSON 


organ equipment between the siblings Emurena lurida Felder and E. fernandezi sp. n. 
therefore may not be matched by a similar difference in ,their ability to chemically 
stimulate their mates. Varley (1972, personal communication) has made the 
interesting suggestion that where mating difficulties have arisen between two closely 
related sympatric species, it might be genetically simpler to lose the male scent- 
organs in one of the species concerned—an explanation which may apply to luvida 
and fernandez. In this situation it would be necessary for the organ-less species 
(lurida) to employ alternative methods of scent transference. Whether lurida has 
sucessfully achieved this is doubtful; if Jurida is a rare species, as indicated by its 
rarity in collections, it could be argued that while the loss of male scent-organs 
may have inhibited wasteful cross-mating with fernandezi it may also have de- 
creased the number of successful matings between male and female lurida. 


BARLY STAGES 


Little seems to be known about the life-history or early stages of the majority 
of non-Holarctic Arctiidae. The 149 species mentioned in the present paper are 
no exception. Only one species is known from the larva, Disconeura inexpectata 
(p. 70); its dorsal hairs have irritant properties. 


ABBREVIATIONS OF DEPOSITORIES 


BMNH British Museum (Natural History). 

CM Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. 

LACM Los Angeles County Museum, U.S.A. 

MNHU Museum fiir Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, Germany. 


NM Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. 

NR Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm. 

UCV Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela. 

UM University Museum, Oxford, England. 

USNM Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., 
U.S.A. 


ZSBS Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich ,West Germany. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


Completion of this paper would have been impossible without the loan of material 
from the institutions listed above and from private collections. These loans were 
arranged through the kindness of Mr H. K. Clench, Dr W. Dierl, Mr J. P. Donahue, 
Dr F. Fernandez Yépez, Dr H. J. Hannemann, Dr F. Kasy, Mr H. R. Pearson, 
Mr E. Taylor, and Dr E. L. Todd. I am grateful for information and advice to 
Dr M. C. Birch, Professor K. S. Brown, Dr R. E. Dietz, Mr J. P. Donahue, Dr F. 
Fernandez Yépez, Mr D. S. Fletcher, Dr E. L. Munroe, Dr I. W. B. Nye, Dr P. I. 
Persson, Dr K. S. O. Sattler, Dr E. L. Todd, Mr R. I. Vane-Wright, Professor G. C. 
Varley and Mr P. E.S. Whalley. Maureen A. Lane provided invaluable technical 
assistance. Peter York produced most of the photographs of genitalia and whole 
moths. The stereoscan photographs, from negatives produced by David Goodger, 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS Il 


were provided by the Electron Microscope Unit of this museum, under the super- 
vision of Brian Martin. Most of the manuscript was typed by Tina Adams. 
I am most grateful to Dr M. Rothschild who located several Reich types for me. 


RECLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 
New genera 


VIVIENNEA en. n. [Gender: feminine] 


[Automolis Hiibner sensu auct. Partim.] 
[Rhipha Walker sensu Travassos & Travassos, 1954 : 217. Partim.] 


Type-species: Automolis moma Schaus, 1905 : 218. 


6. Palp extending to about middle of clypeo-frons; apical segment of palp minute. Head 
without processes. Antenna uniserate, each segment with numerous setae on ventral surface. 
Patagia yellow, or mainly yellow. Tegulae yellow anteriorly. Midleg with pair of terminal 
spurs; hindleg with terminal pair and subterminal pair of spurs. Forewing brown with yellow 
or orange-yellow markings, or yellow with brown markings (salma and superba); venation as 
in text-figure. Tymbal organ with between 50 and 60 microtymbals. Hindwing either 
entirely yellow (some specimens of salma) or yellow proximally, and brown distally; folded 
anal area contains scent-scales and hair-pencil on ventral side. Abdomen orange or yellow, 
and dark brown; dorsal surface of at least terminal segment moderately strongly iridescent 
dark brown and green or blue. 

6 genitalia. Eighth abdominal tergite with short apodemes; eighth sternite with vestigial 
apodemes. Saccus small. Valves simple, apex acuminate, rounded or spatulate; heavily 
sclerotized in moma, momyra, tegyva, gyvata, superba and salma; less heavily sclerotized in 
flavicincta, dolens, ardesiaca and griseonitens. Uncus tapered posteriorly and spinose dorsally 
in moma-group; truncate apically in flavicincta-group with dorsal carina and two lateral carinae. 
Aedeagus with spinose process at apex; lobes of vesica variously scobinate. 

9. Similar to g but hindwing relatively greater in area, its outer margin more strongly 
convex, and anal area without recognizable scent-organ; antennae filiform with pair of long 
setae on ventral surface of proximal segments. 

9 genitalia. The posterior margin of 7th sternite straight or weakly concave, lamella post- 
vaginalis emarginate medially. Ductus bursae short and broad; sclerotized posteriorly. Corpus 
bursae with two small circular signa; appendix bursae arising from right side of corpus bursae, 
either posteriorly (species other than salma and superba) or anteriorly (salma and superba). 
Ductus seminalis opening with appendix bursae near connection of latter with corpus bursae. 
Anterior apophyses short; posterior apophyses longer than latter. Paired scent tubules short 
in moma-group, broader and much longer in flavicincta-group [these open onto the dorsal 
surface of the abdomen at the base of each papilla anales]. 


Vivienna is probably most closely related to Ovdishia, which it resembles in 
several external and genitalic characters. It can be distinguished from Ordishia 
by the following features: patagia yellow or mainly yellow; absence of longitudinal 
bands on tegulae and of pale, mid-dorsal line on thorax; presence of proximal 
(antemedial) yellow transverse band on forewing (or base of wing entirely yellow); 
presence of folded anal scent area in male; dorsal surface of terminal (posterior) 
segment of abdomen moderately strongly iridescent brown and blue or green; 
uncus either tapered posteriorly or dilated with lateral carinae; aedeagus with 


12 A. WATSON 


spinose process at apex; posterior margin of lamella antevaginalis not strongly 
concave, and not emarginate medially. 

The 12 included species can be separated into two groups: those with a tapered 
uncus and with either almost completely yellow forewings (salma and superba) 
or with the distal (postmedial) yellow band of forewing approximately parallel 
to proximal (antemedial) yellow band (moma, momyra, tegyra, gyrata and euricosilvae) 
and, secondly, those species with an apically dilated and laterally carinate uncus 
and with distal yellow band of forewing nearly at right angles to proximal yellow 
band (flavicincta, dolens, zonana, ardesiaca and griseonitens). 

The species momyra, tegyra and euricosilvae have been transferred from Rhipha 
Walker, the remainder from Automolis Hiibner. 

The placement of some species of this genus in Rhipha by Travassos was based 
on genitalic characters which are shared by several genera in the tribe Phaegopterini 
and is untenable. 

The species tegyva and salma were studied by Blest (1964). Both responded 
to tactile stimuli with a display pattern in which the wings are alternately raised 
and lowered and the abdomen raised (see Blest, 1964: fig. 12). The iridescent 
posterior end of the abdomen of some species of Viviennea (matched for example 
in Oymetica) presumably acts as a particularly conspicuous component of the 
aposematic signal to diurnal predators. Both species examined by Blest were 
rejected by Cebus monkeys. 

There are three apparent Miillerian associations in this genus. The first includes 
moma and euricosilvae; the second flavicincta, dolens, zonana, ardesiaca and griseont- 
tens; the third salma and superba. The members of this third group may form 
part of a larger and intergeneric Miillerian complex with similarly coloured species 
of Selenarctia and Ormetica (postradiata Schaus, pauperis Schaus, ochreomarginata 
Joicey & Talbot, codasi Jorgensen, bonova Schaus, goloma Schaus and possibly 
orbona Schaus). Some species of both Selenarctia and Ormetica have been shown 
to be unpalatable (Blest, 1964) and are therefore Miillerian candidates. 

The distribution of Viviennea includes Belize, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, 
Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay 
and Brazil. 

Nothing is known about the early stages. 


KEY TO SPECIES 


1 Forewing yellow, with small, dark brown markings. Thorax yellow dorsally : I2 
Forewing brown, with yellow bands. Thorax not uniformly yellow dorsally : 2 

2 Distal yellow band of forewing nearly parallel to proximal yellow band. Dorsal 
surface of abdominal segment 8 strongly iridescent dark brown, blue and green 3 

— Distal yellow band of forewing nearly at right-angle to proximal yellow band, or 
absent. Dorsal surface of abdominal segment 8 not strongly iridescent . < 7 


3. Distal yellow band of forewing constructed at middle (see Pl. 4, fig. 21) 

euricosilvai (p. 17) 
Distal yellow band of forewing unconstricted or weakly constricted at middle 5 4 
Anterior half of abdomen orange dorsally : z : . 5 
— Anterior half of abdomen black or dark greyish brown dorsally 2 F : : 6 


| 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 13 


5 Distal yellow band of forewing sinuous (see Pl. 2, fig.6) —. 2 : tegyra (p. 16) 
— Distal yellow band of forewing straight or nearly so; not sinuous -. momyra (p. 15) 
6 Distal yellow band of forewing sinuous. : : gyrata (p. 17) 
— Distal yellow band of forewing straight or nearly SO; not sinuous ; moma (p. 13) 
7 Forewing with short yellow marking near anal angle extending ew Cu, from 
outer margin see Pl. 6, fig. 33) : : : ? : : : 8 
— Forewing without yellow marking at Cu,, . 9 
8 Outer margin of distal yellow band on forewing weakly concave; yellow marking at 
Cuy, digitate F -  zonana (p. 22) 
— Outer margin of distal yellow band « on forewing strongly concave; yellow marking 
triangular (absent in some specimens). , : dolens (p. 21) 
9 Outer margin of distal yellow band on forewing strongly concave. : dolens (p. 21) 
— Outer margin of distal yellow band on forewing straight or weakly concave . . be) 
Io Veins in brown areas of upper surface of forewing marked with pale brown scales; 
ground-colour of brown areas uniform in coloration : : flavicincta (p. 19) 
— Veins in brown areas of upper surface of forewing unmarked; ground-colour of brown 
areas darker apically and at base of wing : II 


11 Proximal yellow band on forewing edged distally with dark brown. Dark areas of 
head, thorax and abdomen strongly iridescent dark brown and greenish blue 
gZriseonitens (p. 24) 
— Proximal yellow band on forewing without dark distal edge. Dark areas of head, 
thorax and abdomen weakly iridescent greyish brown and greenish blue 
ardesiaca (p. 23) 
12 Forewing with brown apical marking as large as or larger than brown tornal spot. 
Apex of valve in g genitalia not acuminate. Lamella postvaginalis in 9 genitalia 
weakly emarginate : ; : . superba (p. 17) 
— Forewing without brown apical marking o on forewing or with this marking smaller 
than tornalspot. Apex of valve ing genitalia acuminate. Lamella postvaginalis 
in 2 genitalia strongly emarginate F : : ; : salma (p. 18) 


Viviennea moma (Schaus) comb. n. 
(Text-figs 1, 2; Pl. 1, figs 1-5; Pl. 2, figs 8—r0) 


Automolis moma Schaus, 1905 : 218. Holotype g, Guyana (USNM) [examined]. 

Automolis moma tenuifascia Rothschild, 1917 : 481. Holotype 2, Brazit (BMNH) [examined]. 
{[Synonymized by Hampson, 1920 : 175.] 

Automolis moma Schaus; Strand, 1919 : 21. 

Automolis moma Schaus; Hampson, 1920 : 175. 

Automolis moma Schaus; Seitz, 1922 : 373. 

Rhipha moma (Schaus) Travassos, 1954 : 217. 

Automolis moma Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 61 [fig. of ¢ genitalia]. 


6: Palps, antennae, vertex and side of head dark greyish brown, nearly black; front of head 
as for vertex but with iridescent blue and green area above labrum. Patagia yellow; tegulae 
nearly black except for yellow anterior band; rest of thorax nearly black dorsally; ventral 
surface of thorax brown, less dark than dorsal surface. Front surface of foreleg coxae dark 
brown and slightly iridescent bluish green, outer surface brilliantly iridescent blue and green; 
test of legs as for front of coxa. Some iridescent blue and green scales posterior to tymbal 
organ. Upper surface of forewing dark greyish brown with two yellow transverse bands and 
with iridescent blue and green patch at base. Upper surface of hindwing dark greyish brown 
distally, pale yellow proximally with some dark brown scales in anal area. Under surface 
of hindwings as upper surface, but paler. Segments 1-3 of abdomen nearly black dorsally; 
segment 4 either uniformly nearly black dorsally (as in holotype), or black with medial, orange 


14 A. WATSON 


patch; in a few specimens (not the holotype) there is a black, lateral spot on each side of segments 
3-7; segments 5-7 orange dorsally (in type and most specimens), with purple and pale blue 
iridescence posteriorly on each segment; 7 black, or black with orange medial spot in some 
specimens; segment 8 brilliantly iridescent black, blue and green. Ventral surface of segment 
2 black laterally, orange medially; segments 3—7 orange, each with pair black lateral spots, 
absent on 7 in four specimens (type abdomen was worn); segment 8 orange anteriorly, 
iridescent dark brown, blue and green posteriorly. 

Q. Similar to male. Differs in narrower distal, yellow band on forewing, especially type of 
tenuifascia, and less extensive yellow proximal area in hindwing. Coloration of abdomen 
differs as follows: orange band on dorsal surface much narrower, mainly as result of increase . 
in posterior dark brown area which may extend anteriorly to include segment 5 (except for 
orange medial patch); posterior segments brilliantly lustrous only at posterior margin of 
segments; ventrally dark brown, with or without orange lateral patches. 

Forewing length: holotype g, 21:5 mm; ¢ 18-5—-22-:0 mm; @ 23-0—24:5 mm. 

3 genitalia. Uncus tapered; valves arcuate and dilate distally; aedeagus -with serrate, 
apical process; vesica with several lobes. 

9 genitalia. Lamella postvaginalis with broadly V-shaped posterior margin; ductus bursae 
sclerotized posteriorly; accessory sac of corpus bursae as large as latter; posterior margin of 
7th sternite weakly concave, finely serrate laterally. 


Separable from momyra, tegyra and gyrata by the evenly rounded apex to the 
valve in the male genitalia (each of the latter three species has small pointed process 
at the apex of the valve). Both momyra and tegyra have much more orange on the 
dorsal surface of the abdomen than in moma, with no black on the anterior half, 
and tegyra is further distinguished by the sinuous, distal, yellow band on the fore- 
wing. The type and only known specimen of the nominal species gyvata possesses 
the sinuous, distal, yellow band on the forewing, as in tegyra, whereas the abdomen 
is typical of moma. 

With so little Central American material available, it is difficult to comment 
about the validity of the names momyra, tegyra and gyrata. On present evidence 
they seem to represent discrete, allopatric entities, which may prove to form a 
superspecies (Avtenkreis) with moma, or a single polytypic species without moma 
(from which all three can be separated by the shape of the valva). 

The type of Rothschild’s tenuzfascia is simply a female of moma. 

Specimens have been identified from the eastern arm of the Andes in Colombia 
(or from east of the Andes), from Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru and 
Bolivia. The western arm of the Andes may form a dispersal barrier in Colombia — 
all four specimens of momyra, for which possible subspecific or superspecific separa- 
tion from moma has been suggested above, were collected in localities west of this 
western arm, from where none of the apparently more eastern moma have been 
taken. There is no record of the nominal species gyrata or tegyra east of the type- 
locality of the latter — Chiriqui, Panama. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis moma Schaus, holotype 3, GUYANA: Omai (USNM). Automolis moma 
tenuifascia Rothschild, holotype 9, BRaziL: Sta Catarina (BMNH). 


CoLomBIA: I 4, Bellavista, iv.1913 (CM); 2 g, Pacho, 2200m (Fassl) (USNM: 1 g); 14, 
Villavicencio, 400m (Fassl); 7 g, Rio Negro, 800m (Fassl); 1 g, Medina, 500m (Fassl) 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 15 


(USNM). Peru: 3 3, Rio Inambari, La Oroya, 3100 ft, [ix.1904, ix, xii.1905 (Ockenden) ; 
1 g, Rio Huacamayo, La Union, Carabaya, 2000 ft, xi.1904 (Ockenden); 2 3, S. Domingo, 
Carabaya, 6000 ft, 6500 ft, iv, ix.1902 (Ockenden) ; 3 J, Upper Maranon, Rentema Falls, 1000 ft 
(A. & E. Pratt); 4 3, Dept. Pasco, 22 km S.E. Icsozazin, Chontilla, vii.1961 (Truxall) (LACM); 
1 g, Dept. Pasco, Pande Azucar, vii.1g61 (Zvuwall) (LACM); 2 3, Huanuco, Tingo Maria 
800 m, 21—23.viii.1971 (Vardy). VENEZUELA: 104, Tachira, La Motita, 300m, 8-14, 2—4.viii.1972 
(D’Ascoll, Montagne, Salcedo) (UCV); 2 9, Esteban Valley, Las Quiguas (USNM: 1 9); 1 9, 
near San Esteban, Las Quiguas (Klages); 1 g, Aragua, Barinitas, 22~—26.i1.1969 (Duckworth, 
Dietz) (USNM); 1 9, Carabobo, Rio Borburata, 250m, 8.iv.1950 (Ferndndez Yépez) (UCV); 
8 g, 1 9, Aragua, Rancho Grande, 1100 m, 10.ii-12.xi.1964—1969 (Ferndndez Yépez, Perez, 
Duckworth, Dietz, Poole) (UCV, USNM); 1 g, Zulia, Kasmera, 250m, 19.ix.1961 (Ferndéndez 
Yépez, Rosales) (UCV); 4 3, 1 9, Bolivar, 107 km and 125 km from El Dorado towards Sta 
Elena, 520m and 1100m, 13-16.viii.1957, 21.ix.1967 (Fernandez Yépez, Rosales, Gelbez, 
Rodriguez V.) (UCV); 1 3g, Bolivar, Auyantepui, Guayaraca, 1100 m, 14.iv.1956 (Ferndndez 
Yépez, Rosales) (UCV); 1 g, Amazonas, Mt Marahuaca, N. slopes, 1-25.v.1950 (USNM). 
FRENCH GuIANA: I g, Mana River, v.1917; 1 J, Maroni River, St Laurent, vii-ix.1915; 1 g, 
Oyapok River, Pied Saut (Klages). Guyana: 1 g, Omai (USNM). Botivia: 11 3, Rio Songo, 
750 m (Fassl) (USNM: 2 3); 1 9, Buenavista, 750 m, vii.1906—iv.1907 (Steinbach); 6 3, Coroico, 
1500 m (Fassl) (USNM: 1 9, MNHU: 1 3); 1 4, i.1913; 1 g, Dept. Sta Cruz, Prov. del Sara, 
450 (Steinbach). Brazic: 1 g (Staudinger) (MNHU); 46 3, 1 9, Para (mostly collected by 
Moss); 1 3, Rio de Janeiro; 1 J, Rio State, Itatiaia, 1300 m, 10—-12.xi.1950 (Silva, Albuquerque, 
_ Pearson, Eber); 2 3, Itatiaia, Séde, 800, 3-4.x.1953, 3—-4.1v.1954 (Pearson, Oiticica) ; 1 3, Itatiaia, 
Lago Azul, 800, 20-22.vi.1955 (Barros, Albuquerque, Pearson) ; 2 3, Itatiaia, Maromba, 17.viii.1952 
(Pearson); 6 3, Rio State, Terezépolis, Barreira, 350., 30.x—3.xi.1956 (Pearson); 2g, Sao Paulo, 
Alto de Sierra, iii.1926, ix.1928 (Spitz); 1 g, Joinville (Arp); g, Sta Catarina, Jaragua do 
Sul, ix.1932 (Hoffman); 1 3, Sta Catarina, hills between Hansa and Jaragua, 400m, v.1935 
(Maller); 4 3, Sta Catarina, Hansa Humboldt, 60 m, vi.1935 (Maller) (USNM: 2 @); 1 3, 
Sta Catarina (Johnson); 3 g, Sta Catarina; 8 g, Sao Paulo de Olivenga, vili—xii, 1932-1935 
(Hoffmann, Waehney and others) (USNM: 2 4); 1 g, Santo Antonio do Javary, v.1907 
(Klages); 1 3, Teffé, ix.1907 Mathan); 5 g, Fonte Boa, vi.1906, vii—viii.1907 (Klages); 1 9, 
Teffé (CM); 1 3, Amazonas, Porto Velho, 26.x.1929 (Fountaine); 2 3, Rio Purus, Hyutanahan 
(Klages); 1 3, Tucantins, ix. 


Viviennea momyra (Gaede) comb. n. 


Automolis momyra Gaede, 1928 : 28. Holotype 3, CoromBra (MNHU) [examined]. 
Rhipha momyra (Gaede) Travassos, 1954 : 219. 


bao 
anal fold 
| (under surface) 


Fics 1, 2. Viviennea moma, 4, venation. 1, forewing; 2, hindwing. The anal fold 
under the hindwing encloses a scent-organ (see Pl. 1, figs 3, 4). 


16 A. WATSON 


6. Head, thorax and appendages as for moma (q.v.). Abdominal segments 1-4 orange 
dorsally, with dark brown, medial spot on segment 2 in type and one male (this spot absent 
in other two males and the female); 5 and 6 deep orange; 7 and 8 dark brown, iridescent blue 
and green at posterior border of each segment. Pleural region of abdomen deep orange. 
Ventral surface of segment 2 orange, with posteriorly tapered, triangular area of iridescent 
blue laterally on each side; 3—7 orange; 8 dark brown, weakly iridescent blue posteriorly. 

Q. Differs from male in the narrower, distal, yellow band on forewing and the smaller yellow 
proximal area on hindwing. 

Forewing length: holotype ¢ 21:0 mm; ¢ 21°5 and 23:0 mm; 9 25:00 mm. 

S$ genitalia. As for moma but apex of valve with pointed process. 

Q genitalia. As for moma. 


Apparently replaces moma in Colombia to the west of the western arm of the 
Andes (see moma). 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis momyra Gaede, holotype 3, CoLtomsBia: W., Bella Vista, viii.1927 
(MNHU). 


CoLoMBIA: 2 g, I 9, between Tumaco and Pasto (Niepelt): 1 g, Buena Vista (Patchett) 
(USNM). 


Viviennea tegyra (Druce) comb. n. 
(PL. a, fig. 6;PL 2) ties x1gr2) 


Automolis tegyra Druce, 1896:36. LECTOTYPE g, Panama (MNHU), here designated 
[examined]. 

Automolis tegyva Druce; Strand, 1919 : 25. 

Automolis tegyva Druce; Seitz, 1922 : 373. 

Rhipha tegyrva (Druce) Travassos, 1954 : 217. 

Automolis tegyva Druce; Blest, 1964. 


g. As for momyra, except for sinuous, distal, yellow band of forewing. Two of the Costa 
Rican males have a dark brown spot present on segment 2 of the abdomen [present in type of 
momyra]; the male from Belize has the dorsal surface of 1-3 and 7-8 dark brown. 

Q. As for g, but distal, yellow band of forewing narrower, and proximal, yellow area of 
hindwing smaller. Dorsal surface of abdomen orange from segments 1-4; 5 orange with 
iridescent dark brown and blue posterior margin; 6 dark brown, except anterolaterally; 
7 dark brown, iridescent blue at posterior margin; black pleural patches on 2-5; ventral 
surface of 2 orange with posteriorly tapered, iridescent black and blue, triangular markings 
on each side; 3-5 orange ventrally, the latter black at posterior margin except at middle; 
6 and 7 black ventrally. 

Forewing length: g 19:5-21-0 mm; 9 26-5 mm. 

dg and Q genitalia as for momyra. 


Replaces the South American moma in Central America as far north as Guatemala 
where another nominal species gyrata replaces it. (See discussion of affinities 
under moma.) 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis tegyra Druce, lectotype 3, PANAMA, Chiriqui (MNHU). 
Costa Rica: 1 g; 2 g, 1 Y Tuis, viii. (USNM, 1 g; CM, 1 9); 1 g, 1 9, Juan Viiias, 3500 ft, 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 17 


vi. (USNM, 1 9); 2 g, Puntarenas Province, Osa Peninsula, 1-8 mi. W. of Rincon, 4.iii.1971 
(Donahue & Hogue) (LACM). BE ize: 1 g, Punta Gorda, iv.1933 (White). Panama: 1 Q, 
Lino, 800 m (Fass!) (USNM). 


Viviennea gyrata (Schaus) comb. n. 


Automolis gyrata Schaus, 1920: 117. Holotype 3, GuarEMALA (USNM) [examined]. 
Automolis gyrata Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 41. 


6. As for tegyra, but abdomen like that of moma; segments 1-3 black dorsally, 2 and 3 
with lateral orange patches; 4-6 orange, 7 and 8 black, 7 with iridescent blue and green posterior 
margin, 8 with iridescent blue and green lateral patches; ventral surface of 2 orange medially, 
black laterally, 3-7 orange with small black lateral spot on each side, 8 black with iridescent 
blue and green patch on each side. 

9. Not known. 

Forewing length: holotype 3 22:0 mm. 

6 genitalia as for momyra and tegyra. 


Known only from the holotype. Further material is needed to show whether 


the colour-pattern of the dorsal surface of the type abdomen is typical of Guatemalan 
specimens — if it is not, gyrata can be placed in the synonymy of tegyra. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis gyrata Schaus, holotype 3, GUATEMALA: Cayuga (USNM). 


Viviennea euricosilvai (Travassos & Travassos) comb. n. 
(Pl. 4, figs 21-23) 


Rhipha euricosilvai Travassos & Travassos, 1954 : 213,13 figs. Holotype 3, Braziz (Department 
of Zoology, Agriculture Secretariat, Sado Paulo State) [not examined]. 

Distinguished from the previous four nominal species by the colour-pattern of 
the wings and abdomen, and in the male genitalia particularly by the shape of the 
valves and apical process of the aedeagus. Judging by the figure of the female 
genitalia accompanying the original description of this species, the shape of the 
posterior margin of both the lamella postvaginalis and 7th abdominal sternite 
is probably similarly diagnostic. The species is well illustrated by its authors, and 
is described in detail. 

Recorded from the mountains of the Sierra da Mantiqueira which extend across 
the border of the Brazilian states Sao Paulo and Rio. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
BraziL: 2 g, Itatiaia (Maromba), 28.vii.1952 (Pearson & Oiticica) (paratypes 582 and 583) 


(BMNH). 
Viviennea superba (Druce) comb. n. 
(Pl. 3, figs 17-20) 


Automolis superba Druce, 1883 : 382, pl. 40, fig. 8. LECTOTYPE 9, Ecuapor (BMNH), 
here designated [examined]. 


18 A. WATSON 


Automolis sulfurea Schaus, 1905 : 216. Holotype 9, FRENcH Gu1ana (USNM) [examined]. 
Syn. n. 

Automolis sulfurea Schaus; Hampson, 1920 : 161, pl. 46, fig. 21 (colour). 

Automolis superba Druce; Seitz, 1921 : 368. 

Ormetica sulfurea (Schaus) Watson, 1971 : 88 [fig. of 2 genitalia]. 


3g. Palps greyish brown and weakly iridescent bluish green; ventral two-thirds of front of 
head iridescent turquoise, dorsal third greyish brown; vertex yellow; antennae greyish brown. 
Whole of dorsal surface of thorax yellow; ventral surface greyish brown. Legs greyish brown, 
with weak, bluish green iridescence, except for concave outer surface of coxa and posterior 
or ventral surface of femur which are iridescent turquoise. Upper surface of forewing yellow, 
with dark brown apical spot and smaller spot near tornus on anal margin; hind wing light yellow 
anteriorly, pale orange anally, with dark brown terminal band. Under surface of both wings 
yellow; markings as for upper surface. Dorsal surface of abdomen orange anteriorly; segments 
7-8 (and 6, usually) dark blue, iridescent in posterior half of each segment. Ventral surface 
of abdomen orange-yellow except for segment 2 which is brown and iridescent turquoise and 
segment 3 which has brown patch on each side. 

9. Similar to male but outer margin of hindwing more strongly convex and abdomen with 
more extensive blue scaling. On the dorsal surface of the lectotype abdomen, segments 1 
and 2 are yellow, 3 yellow with lateral blue patch on each side and blue posteromedial patch, 
4-7 are blue with turquoise iridescent posteriorly on each segment; and on the ventral surface 
2 is as for g, but both 2 and 2 have dark lateral patches. 

Forewing length: lectotype 2 20:5 mm; ¢ 17:5-18:5 mm; 9 19°5 mm. 

dG genitalia. Uncus tapered posteriorly, minutely spinose dorsally; valves digitate, heavily 
sclerotized, apex not acuminate but some examples with short, rounded process at ventromedial 
side of apex; aedeagus with minute, toothed process at apex; vesica with two main scobinate 
lobes, the scobinations continuous between lobes on one side of vesica. 

©. Accessory sac of corpus bursae opening anterolaterally into right side of corpus bursae; 
lamella postvaginalis weakly emarginate medially. 


Distinguished from salma by the presence of a large, brown, apical spot on the 
forewing; this spot as large as or larger than the brown tornal spot. In the male 
genitalia the non-acuminate valve is diagnostic, while in the female the lamella 
postvaginalis is weakly emarginate unlike that of salma. 

Known from French Guiana, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis superba Druce, lectotype 2, Ecuapor: Sarayacu (Buckley) (BMNH). 
Automolis sulfurea Schaus, holotype 9, FRENCH GUIANA: Maroni River, St Jean 
(USNM). 


FRENCH GUIANA: 2 4, Maroni River, St Laurent, vii-ix.1915; 1 g, Maroni River, St Jean 
(Le Moult) (USNM); 1 g, Nouveau Chantier (Le Moult); 1 J, Oyapak River, Pied Saut (Klages). 
BrRaziL: 2 g, Para (Moss); 2 g, Rio Purus, Hyutanahan (Klages) (CM: 1 g); 1 3, Rio Purus, 
Nova Olinda (Klages); 1 3, Fonte Boa, v.1906 (Klages); 1 9, Teffé: 1 g, Amazonas, Sao Paulo 
de Olivenca, xi-xii (Fassl) (USNM). Peru: 3 g, Amazonas, Cavallo-Cocho, v—vii.1884 
(Mathan). 


Viviennea salma (Druce) comb. n. 
(Pl. 3, figs 13-16) 


Automolis salma Druce, 1896: 36. LECTOTYPE ¢, Panama (MNHU), here designated 
[examined]. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 19 


Automolis salma Druce; Strand, 1919 : 23. [Partim.] 

Automolis salma Druce; Seitz, 1921 : 368. 

Automolis salma whitei Rothschild, 1935 : 241. LECTOTYPE 4, BeLize (BMNH), here desig- 
nated [examined]. Syn. n. 

Automolis salma Druce; Blest, 1964. 


As for superba, but apical spot on forewing either absent (as in lectotype) or 
greatly reduced; this apical marking smaller than tornal spot. 

Forewing length: lectotype g 18-0 mm; ¢ 18-0-20-5 mm; 9 20-5—22-0 mm. 

3 genitalia. Valve tapered apically, acuminate in some specimens. 

Q genitalia. Lamella postvaginalis strongly emarginate medially. 


There is some variation in the colour-pattern of the fore- and hindwing in this 
species. The variation in the apical marking of the forewing is mentioned above; 
that exhibited in the hindwing may be at least partly geographic. All five speci- 
mens from Belize lack the dark outer-marginal band on the hind wing, as does the 
lectotype from Panama and the only two specimens from Colombia. The single 
Guyanan specimen and all the Venezuelan specimens examined are intermediate 
in possessing a much reduced outer marginal band; the remaining specimens studied 
have a normally developed band with the exception of a single specimen from Rio 
State, Brazil. 

Blest’s (1964) experiments showed that salma is probably unpalatable to preda- 
tors. The close similarity in colour-pattern between salma, V. swperba, and several 
species of Ormetica is probably Miillerian in character. (See generic entry.) 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis salma Druce, lectotype g, PANAMA: Chiriqui (MNHU). [There 
is a second label ‘Columbia, Kalbreyer’ on the pin of Druce’s type, but this is not 
mentioned in the original description of the species.] Awutomolis salma whitei 
Rothschild, lectotype 3, BELIzE: Punta Gorda, vii.1933 (White) (BMNH). 


BE.izE: 4 4, Punta Gorda, vii—viii.1933—1934 (White) (BMNH: 2 9 and 1 3 paralectotype; 
USNM:1). Coromsia: 1 § (Kalbreyer) ; 1 3, Upper Negro River, 800 m (Fassl). VENEZUELA: 
24, Monagas, Jusepin, 23—24.ix.1965 (Fernandez Yépez, Rosales) (UCV) ; 2 9 Bolivar, Kanarakuni 
(Fernandez Yépez) (UCV); 2 3, Bolivar, El Dorado, Sta Elena km 38, 160 m, 2.ix.1957 (Fernandez 
Yépez, Rosales) (UCV); 1 9, Bolivar, Caura River, Guyapa, 24.xi—10.xii.1902 (Klages). FRENCH 
Gur1anaA: I 4, Maroni River, St Laurent (USNM). Guyana: 1 9, Tumatumari, xii.1907 
(Klages). Surtnam: 1 9 (MNHU). Bottvia: 1 g, Rio Songo, 750m (Fass/). Brazir: 1 4, 
Sao Paulo, I. do Cardosa, x.1934 (Spitz); 1 3, Rio State, Teresdpolis, Barreira, 400 m, 
20—22.ix.1957 (Pearson); 1 g, Rio State, Itatiaia, 800 m (Tvavassos, Pearson) ; 2 3, Sta Catarina, 
Hansa Humboldt, vi-x.1935 to vii.t936 (Maller) (USNM: 1 g, 1 9); 1 9, Sta Catarina, Rio 
Laeiss, Neu Bremen, iv.1936 (Hoffmann); 7 3g, 1 9, Sta Catarina, Jaragua do Sul, ix.1932- 
viii.1935 (Hoffmann); 1 3, Joinville (Arp) (USNM); 1 g, Rio, Camp Bello (Zikan) (USNM). 


Viviennea flavicincta (Herrich-Schaffer) nom. rev., comb. n. 
(Pl. 4, figs 24-26; Pl. 5, figs 27, 28) 


Creatonotus flavicinctus Herrich-Schaffer, [1855]: pl. 75, fig. 433 (wrappers). LECTOTYPE 
©, Brazit (MNHU), here designated [examined]. 


20 A. WATSON 


Automolis angulosa Walker, 1856 : 1634. LECTOTYPE g (not 2 as stated by Walker), 
Brazit (UM), here designated [examined]. 

Euplesia flavicincta (Herrich-Schaffer) ; Kirby, 1892 : 167. 

Automolis angulosa Walker; Strand, 1919 : 14. 

Automolis immaculata Rothschild, 1933 :171. LECTOTYPE g, Brazir (BMNH), here 
designated [examined]. Syn. n. 

Automolis spitzi Rothschild, 1935 : 241. Holotype g, Brazit (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. 


6. Palps dark brown and weakly iridescent blue and green. Front of head and anterior 
part of vertex dark brown and iridescent blue and green; posterior part of vertex dark brown. 
Antenna lustrous dark brown. Patagia deep yellow or yellow, except for dark brown band 
along anterior margin; tegulae deep yellow or yellow anterior to wing-base, otherwise dark 
brown; remainder of thorax dark brown and iridescent blue and green, with deep yellow or 
yellow posterior margin. Legs dark brown, with blue and green iridescence. Upper surface 
of forewing dark brown, the veins marked by pale brown (except in one paralectotype of 
immaculata), two transverse bands deep yellow or yellow. Hindwing dark brown distally 
(paler than forewing) with weak blue and green iridescence at anal angle; yellow proximally 
with deep yellow along anal margin. Under surface of forewing as for upper surface, but paler, 
and with some yellow scales towards posterior margin of brown proximal area. Under surface 
of hindwing as upper surface, but deep yellow along costa, and with dark brown marking 
along proximal fifth of costa. Dorsal surface of segment 1 of abdomen deep yellow or yellow, 
remaining segments dark brown dorsally with blue and green iridescence. Ventral surface of 
abdomen dark brown with blue and green iridescence, and with deep yellow or yellow medial 
markings on segments 2—6 (and usually 7), the yellow markings tapered posteriorly on each 
segment or constricted at middle. 

Q. Similar to male, but outer margin of forewing more strongly convex and with dark brown 
distal band of hindwing broader than proximal yellow band. 

Forewing length: lectotype 9 25:0mm approx. (wings damaged); 18-5-23-0 mm; 
Q 23:0-26-0 mm. 

6 genitalia. Uncus slightly dilated posteriorly, with weak medial carina; apex of valve 
evenly rounded or angled posterolaterally; apex of aedeagus with finely spinose tubercle; 
vesica with two large scobinate lobes, the larger lobe with two accessory lobes on one side. 

© genitalia. Lamella postvaginalis with U-shaped medial emargination; ductus bursae 
sclerotized at ostium only; accessory sac of corpus bursae smaller than latter; posterior margin 
of 7th sternite evenly concave medially. 


The type of «mmaculata (mis-labelled ‘amacula’ by Rothschild on the pin-label), 
which was compared with dolens by its author, differs little from the type of angulosa. 
The type of spitzi differs from other males of flavicincta examined in the presence 
of yellow scales in the middle of each tegula, but is otherwise similar to the type of 
angulosa [two other specimens of dolens in the BMNH have similarly coloured 
tegulae]. 

Seitz wrongly treated griseonitens and ardesiaca as subspecies of angulosa. 

The moth figured by Herrich-Schaffer as flavicincta was almost certainly a male, 
whereas the only Herrich-Schaffer specimen in the Berlin collection is a female. 
The pin-labels of this specimen leave little doubt, however, that it is one of the 
original series. 

I can find no difference in the genitalia between specimens of flavicincta and 
dolens. Externally most specimens of dolens have entirely yellow tegulae, outer 
marginal extensions of the distal yellow band on the forewing (except lectotype 
and male paralectotype of immarginata), the distal margin of the pre-apical yellow 
band of the forewing much more strongly concave and have less well marked veins 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 21 


than in most specimens of flavicincta. On the evidence of the material examined, it 
is reasonable to treat dolens and flavicincta as distinct species. When longer series 
from a much more extensive number of localities are available, ideally together 
with bred material, a taxonomic re-assessment can be made. 

Known only from south-eastern Brazil. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Creatonotus flavicinctus Herrich-Schaffer, lectotype 9, [BraziL]: (MNHU). 
Automolis immaculata Rothschild, lectotype 3, BRAzIL: Sao Paulo, Alto de Serra, 
v.1926 (Spitz) (BMNH). Auwtomolis spitzi Rothschild, holotype g, BrRaziL: Sado 
Paulo, Cantareira, iv.1931 (Spitz) (BMNH). Awutomolis angulosa Walker, lectotype 
3, Braziw. [Although described from supposedly female material, there is little 
doubt that the latter is part of the syntypic series, or was possibly the only specimen 
available to Walker. ] 


BrAziL: 7 g, 1 9, Sta Catarina (USNM: 6 g, 1 9); 15 gy Sta Catarina, Jaragua do Sul, 
ix—x.1932, vi-—vili.1935 (Hoffmann, Maller); 9 3, 1 2, Sta Catarina, Hansa Humboldt, 60 m, 
vii—x.1932—1936 (Maller and others) (USNM: 3 9); 6 3, Sta Catarina, hills between Hansa and 
Jaragua, 400 m, v, vii.1935 (Maller); 1 3, Sta Catarina, Rio Vermelho, 820 m, vi.1936 (Maller) ; 
1 9, Sado Paulo, Paranapanema (USNM); 1 g, Rio; 1 g, Rio de Janeiro, Organ Mts, near Tajuca 
(Wagner) ; t 3, Rio de Janeiro; 2 3, Rio State, Itatiaia, Lago Azul, 800 m, 25—27.1i, 20-22.Vvii.1955 
(Pearson, Albuquerque); 4 3, Rio State, Itatiaia, Séde, 800m, 14—15.ix.1952, 3—-4.iv.1954 
(Oiticica, Pearson, Schwarz); 9 3, Rio State, Teresépolis, Soberbo, 900 m, and Barreiro, 850 m, 
II.Vii.195I, 30.X—3.ix.1956, 3.i-vi.1957 (Pearson); 1 g, Petrépolis (USNM); 1 g, 1 9, Nova 
Friburgo (Arp); 1 9, Parana, Castro, 950 m (Jones). 


Viviennea dolens (Druce) comb. n. 


(Pl. 5, figs 29-32) 


Automolis dolens Druce, 1904 : 241. LECTOTYPE 9, Paracuay (BMNH), here designated 
[examined]. 

Automolis dolens Druce; Strand, 1919 : 17. 

Automolis dolens Druce; Hampson, 1920 : 174. [Coloured fig.] 

Automolis tegulata Rothschild, 1933 : 170. LECTOTYPE 4, Braz (BMNH), here designated 
[examined]. Syn. n. 

Automolis immarginata Rothschild, 1933: 170. LECTOTYPE g, Brazit (BMNH), here 
designated [examined]. Syn. n. 

Automolis tegulata aurantiaca Rothschild, 1935 : 241. Holotype g, Brazit (BMNH) [examined]. 


Syn. n. 


Similar to flavicincta but with the following differences. Tegulae entirely yellow 
in type and most specimens; nearly black (except at anterior margin as in flavicincta) 
in type of tegulata, three of its paralectotypes, the type of auwrantiaca, and five 
other specimens; intermediate between these (i.e. tegulae as for flavicincta, but 
with some yellow at apex of tegulae) in two of the paralectotypes of tegulata. Veins 
on forewing usually (including type) not so well marked with pale brown scales 
as in most specimens of flavicincta. Proximal margin of dark brown apical area 
of forewing much more strongly convex; distal yellow band of forewing usually 
(including type) extended proximally along outer margin of wing, this marginal 


22 A. WATSON 


band indented at Cu,, in type and most specimens — only three specimens lack 
this modification of the distal yellow band: the type and male paralectotype of 
immarginata Rothschild and a further male from Paraguay. A single male from 
Minas State, Brazil, has an incomplete distal yellow band on the forewing. Both 
male and female genitalia appear to be indistinguishable from those of flavicincta. 

As stated under flavicincta, I have chosen to retain a specific distinction between 
the latter and dolens, at least until more specimens, especially bred series, are 
available. 

The type of ab. flava Rothschild (1935 : 242) has a deeper yellow coloration than 
in most specimens of this species. The infrasubspecific form indefecta Jorgensen 
(1932 : 52) appears from the description to resemble specimens of zonana Schaus 
in the colour-pattern of the wings, but dolens in the coloration of the tegulae. 

Known from Parana, Sao Paulo and Sta Catarina (south-eastern states of Brazil), 
from adjacent Paraguay and from Bolivia and Venezuela. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis dolens Druce, lectotype 9, PARAGUAY (BMNH). Automolis tegulata 
Rothschild, lectotype 3, BRAziL: Sao Paulo, Alto de Serra, v.1926 (Spitz) (BMNH). 
Automolis immarginata Rothschild, lectotype 3, BRAzIL: Sado Paulo, Alto de Serra, 
v.1926 (Spitz) (BMNH). Automolis tegulata aurantiaca Rothschild, holotype 4, 
BRAZIL: Sta Catarina, Jaragua do Sul, ix.1932 (Hoffman) (BMNH). 


VENEZUELA: 6 4, Bolivar, Eldorado, Sta Elena, km 107 & km 125, 520m & I100m, 
I4—-17.Vill.1957, 21-27.1x.1967 (Fernandez Yépez, Gelbez, Rodriguez V., Rosales) (UCV); 2 g, 
Tachira, Sn J. de Navay, 225 m, I1.iv.1972 (D’ Ascoli, Montagne, Salcedo) (UCV); 1 3, Tachira, 
La Morita, 300 m, 2—4.viii.1972 (Tevan, Salcedo) (UCV); 1 g, 1 9, Bolivar, Kanarakuni, 450 m, 
10.ix.1964, 3-11.1967 (Fernandez Yépez, D’Ascoli) (UCV). Brazic: I g, 1 9, Parana, Iguassa, 
21, 26.xii.192I1; I g, 1 9, Parana, Castro; 1 9, Parana, Fernandes Pinheiro, 2600 ft, 3.iv.1910 
(Jones); I g, 1 9, Minas, Uberaba; 1 9, Sao Paulo (MNHU); 1 9, Sao Paulo, Paranapanema 
(USNM); 9 3g, 49, Sao Paulo, Alto de Serra, i-ix.1924-1936 (Spitz) (including 1 ¢, 1 9, paralecto- 
types of immarginata Rothschild and 1 @, 1 9, paralectotypes of tegulata Rothschild); Sao 
Paulo, Ypiranga, v—vilil.1924, iv.1932 (including 3 g paralectotypes of tegulata). PARAGUAY: 
I go (Kent); 1 2 (Schade); 1 9, San Bernardino (Schimpf) (MNHU); 1 9, Sapucay, 22.xil.1904 
(Foster); 1 g, Santa Barbara, 5.x.1926 (Schade); 1 9, Mollins, x.1925 (Schade) (USNM). 


Viviennea zonana (Schaus) comb. n. 


(Pl. 6, figs 33, 35, 36) 


Automolis zonana Schaus, 1905 : 217. Holotype g, FRENcH Guiana (USNM) [examined]. 
Automolis zonana Schaus; Strand, 1919 : 27. 

Automolis zonana Schaus; Hampson, 1920 : 174. [Coloured fig.] 

Automolis zonana Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 98. [Fig. of ¢ genitalia.] 


6. Similar to flavicincta, but veins not marked with pale brown, and with short, digitate, 
yellow marking at tornus, along Cup. 
6 genitalia. Medial carina and lateral carinae of uncus strongly developed; apex of valve 


with short process at outer (lateral) edge (except in one specimen from Carabaya, Peru). 
2. Not known. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 23 


Probably most easily confused with the few specimens of dolens in which the 
outer marginal connection between the distal yellow fascia and the tornal indentation 
has been lost. However, the yellow tornal marking is apparently never digitate 
in dolens, but is distinctly so in most specimens of zonana. In ab. incompleta 
Seitz (1922 : 373) the yellow tornal marking is unusually narrow. The shape of 
the uncus and the presence of a short tooth at the apex of the valve serve to 
distinguish zonana from both flavicincta and dolens. 

Known from Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Bolivia and western Brazil. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis zonana Schaus, holotype 3, FRENCH GUIANA: Maroni, St Jean (USNM). 


CoLoMBIA: I 3, Muzo, 400-800 m (Fass/) ; 1 3, Villavicencio, 400 m (Fass!). FRENCH GUIANA: 
5 6, Maroni River, St Laurent, vii-ix.r915 (Le Moult and others); 1 g, Maroni River, St 
Laurent (Le Moult) (USNM); 5 g, Maroni River, St Jean (Le Moult) (USNM: 1g). Borivia: 
3 6, Rio Songo, 750 m (Fass/) (including type of ab. incompleta Seitz) (USNM: 1 g); 1 g, Dept. 
Sta Cruz, Prov. del Sara, 450 m (Steinbach); 1 g, Corvico, 1200 m (Fassl) (MNHU). PrEru: 
I g, R. Huacamayo, La Union, Carabaya, 2000 ft (Ockenden); 1 3, Carabaya, Tinguri, 3400 ft, 
vili.1904 (Ockenden). Brazit: t 3, Rio Purus, ‘Hyutanahan’ [probably Hyutanaha 7°40’ S, 
65°46’ W] (Klages). 


Viviennea ardesiaca (Rothschild) comb. n., stat. rev. 


(Pl. 6, figs 34, 37-40; Pl. 7, figs 41, 42) 


Automolis ardesiaca Rothschild, t910a : 39, pl. 6, fig. 28. LECTOTYPE g, Costa Rica 
(BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis schistaceus Rothschild, 1910e:504. LECTOTYPE 4g, VeENnezuera (BMNH), 
here designated [examined]. Syn. n. 

Automolis angulosa avdesiaca Rothschild; Seitz, 1922 : 373. 


6: Palps dark brown. Head iridescent brown and greenish blue. Patagia brown along 
anterior margin, otherwise yellow. Tegulae yellow anterior to costa of forewing; rest of 
tegulae and remainder of dorsal surface of thorax greyish brown with weak greenish blue 
iridescence. Sternal and pleural regions of thorax brown with greenish blue iridescence; legs 
similarly coloured but with weaker iridescence. Upper surface of forewing greyish brown 
(brownish grey — 4D2 — in fresh material); palest posteriorly, distal to basal yellow, transverse 
fascia; apical (distal) transverse fascia present in most specimens examined, but absent in 
type of schistaceus, its paralectotype and 14 other specimens from Venezuela; this apical 
fascia broadest in type of avdesiaca and the remaining specimens from Costa Rica — in these 
specimens the width of this fascia is greater than the distance between apex of wing and distal 
margin of the apical fascia; the basal fascia also is wider in the Costa Rican specimens. Upper 
surface of hindwing dark brown distally, yellow proximally. Under surface of wings as for 
upper surface except that brown areas are uniformly dark brown and that basal area of wing 
(proximal to yellow basal fascia) is dark brown anteriorly but yellow posteriorly. Dorsal 
surface of abdominal segment 1 yellow; 2-4 dark brown and iridescent greenish blue, 5-7 
similar but grey medially (the grey area broadest on 7); 8 dark brown and iridescent greenish 
blue laterally, grey medially with pair of white spots on anterior margin. Ventral surface of 
segment 2 dark brown and iridescent bluish green with yellow medial patch at posterior margin; 
3-8 similar in ground-colour, 3-6 with broad yellow medial area, 7 with small yellow medial 
patch, 8 unmarked. 

Q. As for male, but brown, distal band of hindwing much broader than yellow, proximal 
band. 


24 A. WATSON 


Forewing length: lectotype f 20:5 mm; ¢ 19-0-21:0 mm; 9 22-0-25-0 mm. 

3 genitalia. Uncus not dilated apically, lateral carinae weak, medial carina absent or 
obsolescent; apex of valve with hook-shaped process. 

Q genitalia. Lamella postvaginalis broadly V-shaped, with small medial emargination; 
ductus bursae sclerotized at ostium only; accessory sac of corpus bursae smaller than latter; 
posterior margin of 7th sternite evenly concave, slightly asymmetric (see fig.). 


Distinguished from the similarly patterned griseonitens by the paler yellow 
coloration; the less strongly iridescent colour of the head, thorax and abdomen, 
and by the lack of a dark distal edge to the basal yellow fascia. The male and 
female genitalia are also diagnostic. 

As indicated above there is a striking dimorphism in the colour-pattern of the 
material from Venezuela in which 14 of the 40 examples lack the apical yellow 
fascia on the forewing (e.g. the type of schistaceus). There also appears to be some 
geographically related variation between Costa Rican specimens and those from 
South America: the former have much broader yellow fasciae on both fore- and 
hindwings. 


The type of Automolis schistacea ab. subapicalis Rothschild (1935 : 240) is a 
Venezuelan specimen of ardesiaca with the apical yellow band present on the fore- 
wing. 

The known range of this species includes Costa Rica, and the three most north- 
westerly South American countries: Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis ardesiaca Rothschild, lectotype J, Costa Rica: Tuis (BMNH). Auto- 
molis schistaceus Rothschild, lectotype g, VENEZUELA: San Esteban, vi.1909 (Klages) 
(BMNH). 


Costa Rica: 1 g (USNM); 1 Turrialba, 24.vii.1963 (Scullen, Bolinger) (USNM); 1 @, 
Tuis (paralectotype of ardesiaca): 1 9, Tuis (USNM); 5 4, Sitio, ii, vi (USNM: 1 3); 3 3, Orosi, 
1200 m (Fassl); 3 g, 1 2, Juan Vifias, 3500 Z vi (Schates) (USNM: 2 g, 19). CoLomBia: I 4, 
1 9, Upper Rio Negro, 800 m (Fassl) (USNM : 1 3); 1 g, Bogota; 1 g, Villavicencio, 400 m 
(Fassl). VENEZUELA: I 9, 1901 (Pouillon) (USNM); 6 9, 1 9, Esteban Valley, Las Quiguas, 
lii-xi, 1909-1910 (Klages and others) (CM:1 g; USNM: 1 Q) (including paralectotypes of 
schistaceous) ; 2 3, Tachira, Pregonero, 20.ix.1966 (Rosales, Salcedo) (UCV); 2 3, Lara, Cabudare, 
Terepaima, 1270m, 1-4.xi.1956 (Fernandez Yépez, Rosales) (UCV); 1 3, Carabobo, Rio 
Borburata, 250m, 18—23.1.1972 (Fernandez Yépez, Salcedo) (UCV); 1 4, Distrito Federal, 
Macizo Naiguata (Ferndndez Yépez, Lichy) (UCV); 14 g, 2 9, Aragua, Rancho Grande, 1100 m, 
14.1-11.xi.1948-1967 (Fernandez Yépez, Gonzales, Perez, Romirez, Rosales, Salcedo, Duckworth, 
Poole, Dietz) (UCV, USNM); 1 3, Miranda, Guatopo, 420m, 27.iii.1964 (Fernandez Yépez, 
Rosales) (UCV). Ecuapor: 2 9, Prov. los Rios, La Chiina, i-v.1893 (de Mathan). 


Viviennea griseonitens (Rothschild) comb. n., stat. rev. 


(Pl. 7, figs 43-47) 


Automolis griseonitens Rothschild, 1910a : 45, pl. 6, fig. 27. LECTOTYPE 3, Peru (BMNH), 
here designated [examined]. 
Automolis angulosa griseonitens Rothschild; Seitz, 1922 : 373. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 25 


3. Palps dark brown and weakly iridescent greenish blue. Head dark brown and brilliantly 
iridescent greenish blue. Anterior margin of patagia as palps, rest deep yellow; tegulae deep 
yellow anteriorly, rest of tegulae and remaining dorsal surface of thorax dark brown and 
iridescent blue; legs and ventral surface of thorax dark brown and iridescent greenish blue. 
Base of upper surface of forewing dark brown with weak blue iridescence; antemedial fascia 
deep yellow; area between antemedial fascia and deep yellow apical fascia greyish brown with 
weak green iridescence, except at costa and narrow band bordering yellow fascia where the 
wing is dark brown; apical area of wing, distal to yellow apical fascia, dark brown with weak 
blue iridescence. Upper surface of hindwing yellow proximally, greyish brown distally with 
weak blue iridescence. Under surface of wings similar in pattern to upper surface except for 
some yellow scales at base of forewing; colour of yellow bands as for upper surface; brown areas 
uniformly dark brown and weakly iridescent blue. Dorsal surface of 1st abdominal segment 
deep yellow; 2-8 dark brown; iridescent blue from 2-6, green on 7-8. Ventral surface of 
abdomen dark brown and iridescent greenish blue; segment 2 with deep yellow medial spot; 
3 with triangular deep yellow medial marking; 4 similar to 3 but yellow marking smaller; 
5-8 without markings. 

Forewing length: lectotype ¢ 22:5 mm; ¢ 20°5~—23°5 mm; 9 25-0 mm. 

6 genitalia. Uncus strongly dilated apically, lateral carinae present, medial carina absent; 
saccular margin of valve with conspicuous process, apex of valve without processes; apical 
process of aedeagus digitate, sparsely spinose. 

@ genitalia. Lamella postvaginalis with broad U-shaped medial emargination; ductus 
bursae partially sclerotized; accessory sac of corpus bursae smaller than latter; posterior 
margin of 7th abdominal sternite with shallow emargination on each side. 


Separable from ardesiaca, which has a similar colour-pattern, by differences in 
coloration (see avdesiaca) and by the male and female genitalia. 
Known from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis griseonitens Rothschild, lectotype 3, Prru: S.E., R. Inambari, La 
Oroya, 3100 ft, iii.1905 (Ockenden) (BMNH). 


Cotomsia: I g, Cundinamarca, Monterredondo, 1420 m, 30.x.1959 (Schneble) (ZSBS); 1 J, 
Upper Rio Negro, 800 m (Fass/). Ecuapor: 1 g, Rio Pastaza, Alpayacu, 3600 ft (Palmer). 
Peru: I g, 19, Carabaya, Santo Domingo, 6500 ft, ix.1902, i.1903 (Ockenden) (paralectotypes 
of griseonitens). Boxivia: 1 g, Cochabamba (Steinbach) (CM); 3 g, Rio Songo, 750 m (Fass/). 


ORDISHIA gen. n. {Gender: feminine] 


[Automolis Hiibner sensu auct. Partim.] 

[Ischnognatha Felder sensu Druce, 1884 : 76. Partim.] 

[Ischnognatha Felder sensu Druce, 1895 : 45. Partim.] 

{Automolis Hiibner sensu Blest, 1964. Partim. (Protective display and sound production.)] 


Type-species: Sphinx rutilus Stoll, [1782] : 183, 252, pl. 382. 

6, 2. Palp extending to near middle of clypeofrons; terminal segment minute. Head 
without processes. Antennae uniserrate in 4, filiform in 2, proximal segments with numerous 
long setae ventrally in 3, 1 pair of long setae ventrally in 9. Patagia at least partly yellow 
laterally; longitudinally banded. Tegulae longitudinally striped. Thorax with pale, mid- 
dorsal line. Tymbal organ with about 50 microtymbals. Midlegs with one pair of spurs; 
hindleg with two pairs of spurs. Forewing brown, with yellow postmedial fascia (the latter 


26 A. WATSON 


nearly at right-angles to costal margin of wing); veins marked with yellow or pale brown scales 
proximal to yellow fascia in all species and distal to yellow fascia in all except klages and 
albofasciata; venation as in Viviennea (q.v.). Hindwing entirely brown (fafner and cingulata), 
yellow with broad, brown margins (vutila and godmani), brown but sparsely scaled proximally 
(albofasciata), or brown with white subbasal marking (klagesi); venation as in Viviennea 
but Sc reaches margin of wing except in klagesi and albofasciata. Abdomen brown, or brown 
with weak blue iridescence, and with broad, yellow lateral band on each side and on ventral 
surface. 

S genitalia [9 cingulata and godmani not known]. Eighth abdominal tergite with short, 
tapered apodemes; eighth sternite with short, broad, poorly developed apodemes. Saccus 
small. Valve simple; saccular margin angulate; apex of valve weakly spatulate, tapered or 
acuminate. Juxta well sclerotized. Apex of uncus simple or weakly bifurcate; preapical 
region carinate dorsally; laterally dilated and ventrally flattened, the ventral flattened area 
with transverse lip posteriorly. Aedeagus with or without small, single spine at apex on 
same side as caecum penis; vesica with large, variously scobinate lobe, and one other small but 
well differentiated, non-scobinate lobe on left side of aedeagus. 

© genitalia [9 fafner, albofasciata and klagesi not known]. Seventh abdominal sternite 
bifurcate posteriorly, emarginate medially. Lamella postvaginalis poorly developed; broadly 
V-shaped. Ductus bursae sclerotized along whole of its length. Corpus bursae with two 
small circular signa; appendix bursae arising from right posterolateral region of corpus bursae. 
Anterior and posterior apophyses present, the latter longer than former. Paired scent-glands 
well developed. 


This genus shares many characters with the apparently closely related Viviennea. 
The distinguishing features are listed under Viviennea: most readily discernible 
are the longitudinally banded tegulae, the pale mid-dorsal thoracic line, the weakly 
iridescent terminal abdominal segment, and the absence of a proximal yellow band 
on the forewing, and the absence of a scent organ in the anal area of the hind wing. 
There are also genitalic differences (see Viviennea). 

Of the six species now placed in Ordishia, two are not known from the male 
(cingulata and godmani), while three are not known from the female (fafner, albo- 
fasciata and klagesi). There are, however, sufficient external characters to justify 
the association of these six species in one genus. All six species have been transferred 
from Automolis. 

Ordishia is known from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Colombia, 
Venezuela, Trinidad, French Guiana and Brazil. 

Two species at present placed in Rhipha (q.v.), persimilis and luteoplaga, may 
not be phylogenetically distant from Ordishia but differ in several characters — 
especially the forewing shape and the incomplete yellow fascia, and the attenuation 
of the male genitalia. Jdalus flavoplaga Schaus (1905 : 208) and Rhipha flavopla- 
giata Rothschild (1912 : 157) are externally similar in size, coloration and pattern 
to persimilis but are probably not congeneric with it. A new genus has been 
erected for another similarly patterned species, Amphelarctia priscilla (q.v.). 

At least one species of Ordishia (rutila) is known to be aposematic and to produce 
the same type of protective behaviour as that described for species of Viviennea 
(q.v.). As pointed out by Blest (1964), many other species of Arctiidae and Ctenu- 
chidae have evolved a similar forewing colour-pattern in South America and Central 
America and are probably members of Millerian complexes. 

Nothing is known about the early stages. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 27 


KEY TO SPECIES 


1 Hindwing partly yellow . , F ‘ - ; : ‘3 : - 2 
— Hindwing not partly yellow ‘ ‘ , ; j : ‘ : : : 3 
2 Forewing apex yellow ; ; : : : : : : . godmani (p. 29) 
— Forewing apex brown : ‘ : 3 3 ; 3 : : rutila (p. 27) 
3 Hindwing partly white. : : é : : 2 : : klagesi (p. 32) 
— Hindwing not partly white ; 2 : : : Z : : spike 18 4 
4 Vertex al head uniformly yellow . 3 : cingulata (p. 30) 
— Vertex of head yellow with brown marking ¢ or markings : : 5 
5 Vertex of head with one brown medial marking; front autormly yellow. fafner (p. 30) 


Vertex of head with two brown medial markings; front mostly brown albofasciata (p. 31) 


Ordishia rutila (Stoll) comb. n. 
(Pl. 8, figs 48-54) 


Sphinx rutilus Stoll, [1782] : 183, 252, pl. 382, Type(s), probably 2, SuRINAM (not traced). 

Automolis rutilus (Stoll) Walker, 1856 : 1637. 

Ischnognatha striata Druce, 1895 : 45. Lectotype g, Costa Rica (BMNH), here designated 
[examined]. 

Automolis rutila (Stoll); Hampson, 1901 :65. (Partim). [Placement of godmani Druce and 
stviata Druce in synonymy.] 

Automolis rutila (Stoll); Strand, 1919 : 23. 

Automolis rutila (Stoll; Seitz, 1922 : 375. [Description of larva.] 


6: Basal segment of palp orange ventrally, olive-brown dorsally; second segment olive- 
brown, becoming yellowish grey anteriorly and posteriorly; distal segment olive-brown. 
Front of head orange, with circular medial patch of yellowish grey bordered by olive-brown; 
vertex orange with two dark greyish brown medial patches. Shaft of antenna dark greyish 
brown; scape as shaft dorsally, but yellowish grey ventrally. Patagia orange laterally, with 
single greyish brown anterior spot, then striped with four longitudinal bands — alternately 
yellowish brown and greyish yellow. Tegulae yellowish brown with three longitudinal bands 
of greyish yellow—two marginal (lateral) bands and one central band. Rest of thorax 
yellowish brown dorsally, with greyish yellow longitudinal band medially, and greyish yellow 
ventrally. Front surface of fore-coxa orange, with central, yellowish brown patch; fore 
trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus yellowish brown with greyish yellow outer edge; mid-coxa 
greyish yellow with some orange distally; trochanter, femur and tibia yellowish brown edged 
along inner and outer surface with greyish yellow; mid-tarsus yellowish brown; hind coxa, 
trochanter and femur as for mid-leg; hind tibia and tarsus yellowish brown. Upper surface of 
forewing yellowish brown, the veins (including fold of M and Cu,) marked with yellowish orange; 
sub-apical oblique band yellowish orange, becoming deep yellow at costa. Upper surface of 
hindwing deep yellow at base, with broad marginal area of greyish brown. Under surface 
of wings as for upper surface, but ground-colour of forewing less yellowish and unmarked. 
Dorsal surface of abdominal segments 1 and 2 yellowish brown, with yellowish grey medial 
band; 3-7 greyish brown with faint dark blue iridescence, and with deep yellow lateral band 
(broadest posteriorly); segment 8 greyish brown, palest posteriorly; ventral surface of 2-7 
deep yellow; segment 8 as for upper surface but with pair of deep yellow, oblique medial 
markings. 

Q. Similar to gf but with following differences. Antennae filiform, proximal segments 
each with single pair of long setae, distal segments with two pairs of long setae. Yellow basal 
area of hindwing smaller relative to greyish brown margin of wing. Ventral surface of abdomi- 
nal segments 2-6 edged laterally with dark greyish brown, 7 uniformly dark greyish brown. 

Forewing length: ¢ 18-0-20-5 mm; 9 21-o-26-0 mm. 


28 A. WATSON 


6 genitalia. Uncus weakly bifurcate apically, dorsal carina continuous anteriorly with 
mid-dorsal swelling on tegumen; apex of valve spatulate; aedeagus usually with small, 
acuminate process near apex. 

© genitalia. Posterior margin of 7th sternite deeply emarginate medially; lamella post- 
vaginalis broadly V-shaped; ductus bursae rugose posteriorly, especially strongly so near 
middle of ductus. 


Distinguished from its close relatives, godmani, fafner and cingulata by the colour- 
pattern of the wings. In godmani the whole of the forewing apical area is yellow, 
and in cingulata and fafner the hindwings are uniformly brown. 

Seitz (1922 : 375) describes the larva as black, and like a Halisidota larva, with 
no hair bundles but with yellowish white hair pencils anteriorly and posteriorly; 
the food plant is recorded as a guava, Psidium pyriferum (Myrtaceae). 

Known from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Trinidad, 
French Guiana, Guyana and Brazil. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Ischnognatha striata Druce, lectotype g, Costa Rica: Candelaria Mts (Underwood) 
(BMNH). 


Costa Rica: 1 9; 29. Sitio (USNM: 1 g); 1 9, Sixola River (USNM); 1 9, Tuis ( (USNM) ; 
1 9, Juan Vifias (USNM); 1 9 Turrialba, 2-5.x.1967 (Todd); 1 9, La Florida, 500 ft, vii.1907 
(USNM). Guatemata: 3 9, Cayuga, vi-x (USNM: 2 9). Corompia: 1 g, Dagua River 
(Rosenberg), 6 §, Muzo, 400-800 m (Fassl) (USNM: 1). Prru: 1, Carabaya, 6000 ft, xii.1g01 
(Ockenden). VENEZUELA: 1 @ (Schaus); 1 g, Las Cruces Colon, 250-750 ft, 27.xii.1929 
(Roberts); 1 9, Valera, i. (Pittier) (USNM); 1 g, Yarucay, Yumare, 12—13.ii.1970 (Salcedo) 
(UCV); 1 g, Lara, Cabudare, Terepaima, I-4.xi.1956, 1270m (Fernandez Yépez, Rosales) 
(UCV); 1 g, Barinas, Reserva Forestal Ticoporo, 230m, 26—29.iii.1968 (Fernandez Yépez, 
Rosales) (UCV); 2 g, 6 9, Aragua, Rancho Grande, 1100 m, i-xii.1953-1969 (Fernandez Yépez, 
Kern, Rosales, Salcedo) (UCV) (Poole, Duckworth, Dievl) (USNM: 1 g, 1 9); 1 3g, Aragua, 
Maracay, 450 m, 25.x.1958 (Torres) (UCV); 1 2, Aroa (USNM); 2 9, Valencia; 1 g, 3 9, Caracas; 
1 4, Aragua, Maracay, Choroni km 25, 1500 m, 27.v.1955 (Fernandez Yépez, Rosales) (UCV); 
1 9, 2 9, San Esteban, vii.tg909 (Klages); 7 3, Las Quiguas (Klages); 1 9 Carabobo, Esteban 
Valley, Las Quiguas, xi—10.iii; 2 9, Carabobo, Rio Borburata, 250 m, 8.iv.1950, 18-23.1972 
(Fernandez Yépez, Salcedo) (UCV): 3 6, Bolivar, El Dorado, Sta Elena km107, 520m, 
23.Vill.1957 (Fernandez Yépez, Rosales) (UCV); 2 g, Amacuro, Cafio Guayo, 5.1.1961 (Lichy, 
Pervez) (UCV). TRINtDaD: 2 4, Curepe, iii, ix.1969 (Cruttwell). FRENCH GUIANA: I 9, Maroni, 


Fics 3, 4. Ordishia rutila, g, venation. 3, forewing; 4, hindwing. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 29 


1899-1901 (Le Moult); 3 g, 2 2, Maroni River, St Laurent, vii-xi; 1 9, Maroni River, St Jean 
(Le Moult); 1 2, Nouveau Chantier, vii (Le Moult), Guyana: 1g. Brazi: 2 J, Para (Moss); 
1 9, Amazonas, Teffé, ix.1g07 (de Mathan). 


Ordishia godmani (Druce) comb. n. 


(Pl. 9, figs 55-57) 


Ischnognatha godmani Druce, 1884: 76, pl. 9, fig. 1. LECTOTYPE 9, Panama (BMNH), 
here designated [examined]. 

Automolis godmani (Druce); Strand, 1919 : 18. (Partim). 

Automolis godmani (Druce); Seitz, 1922 : 375. (Partim). ® 


Q. Palp yellowish brown, edged with orange-yellow on front surface of basal segment 
and with greyish yellow on second segment. Head orange-yellow with medial, greyish brown 
spot on front. Scape of antenna greyish yellow, shaft greyish brown. Patagia orange-yellow 
laterally and anteriorly, each with lateral yellowish brown spot edged with greyish yellow; 
medial half striped longitudinally with three bands of greyish yellow alternating with two 
bands of yellowish brown. Tegulae yellowish brown; with longitudinal band of greyish 
yellow at lateral and medial edges, and in middle; further transverse greyish yellow band near 
anterior margin, anterior to which each tegula is greyish brown. Rest of thorax damaged 
dorsally, but evidence of greyish yellow longitudinal band medially; ventrally orange-yellow 
anteriorly, otherwise brown. Fore-coxa orange-yellow with a few yellowish brown scales 
anteriorly at base; trochanter yellowish brown, femur yellowish brown, with greyish yellow 
longitudinal strip on front and rear surfaces; tibia yellowish brown on inner surface, greyish 
yellow on outer surface; tarsus yellowish brown except for greyish yellow outer surface of 
proximal segment. Mid-coxa greyish yellow; rest of leg yellowish brown, with greyish yellow 
on outer surface of trochanter, femur, tibia and proximal two segments of tarsus, and along inner 
surface of mid-femur and tibia; hindleg similar to midleg, but tibia with greyish yellow on outer 
surface and with greyish yellow areas of femur much broader. Wings as for rutila, but yellow 
apical band of forewing extends distally to apex. Dorsal surface of abdominal segments 1 
and 2 dark greyish brown; 3—6 dark greyish brown medially, orange-yellow laterally; 7 dark 
greyish brown. Ventral surface of abdomen orange-yellow. 

Forewing length: lectotype 2 24:5 mm. 

© genitalia as in figure. The single example examined differs little from specimens of 
yutila in genitalic characters. 

6. Not known. 


Separable from rutila by the colour-pattern of the forewing and by the absence 
of markings on the vertex of the head. 

Rothschild (1909 : 43) was the first to realize Hampson’s (1gor : 65) error in 
placing godmani in the synonymy of rutila. Seitz (1922 : 375) followed Strand 
(1919 : 18) in wrongly placing striata (a junior synonym of rutila) in the synonymy 
of godmani. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Ischnognatha godmani Druce, lectotype 2, PANAMA: Bugaba, 800-1500 ft (Cham- 
pion) (BMNH). 


30 A. WATSON 


Ordishia cingulata (Rothschild) comb. n. 
(Pl. 9, figs 58-60) 


Automolis cingulata Rothschild, 1gto0a : 43, pl. 6, fig. 24. LECTOTYPE 9, Ecuapor (BMNH), 
here designated [examined]. 

Automolis cingulata Rothschild, Strand, r9rg : 15. 

Automolis cingulata Rothschild; Seitz, 1922 : 375. 


Q. Palps yellowish brown, edged anteriorly with deep yellow; head uniformly deep yellow; 
scape of antenna deep yellow, shaft yellowish brown. Patagia deep yellow, each with greyish 
brown anterolateral spot and greyish brown posteromedial patch —the latter with greyish 
yellow, longitudinal band in middle; tegulae greyish brown, each with short transverse yellow 
bar near anterior margin; with central longitudinal band (deep yellow anteriorly, greyish 
yellow posteriorly), and edged on both sides with greyish yellow. Rest of thorax yellowish 
brown dorsally, with medial, longitudinal greyish yellow band; ventrally deep yellow anteriorly, 
becoming greyish brown posteriorly. Forecoxa deep yellow, rest of leg yellowish brown, 
edged on outer surface with greyish yellow; midcoxa greyish brown with some yellow on 
front surface, mid-trochanter pale yellow, rest of leg yellowish brown, with greyish yellow on 
front surface of each segment and on rear surface of femur; hind coxa, trochanter and femur 
as for midleg; hind tibia mostly yellowish brown, but with greyish yellow front surface to 
proximal third of tibia; inner surface of hind tarsus almost entirely greyish yellow; outer 
surface of each segment yellowish brown distally, greyish yellow proximally; rest of tarsus 
yellowish brown. Coloration of upper surface of forewing as for rutila; under surface also 
similar, but with veins faintly marked with pale yellowish brown; both surfaces of hindwing 
uniformly greyish brown. Upper surface of abdominal segment 1 and 2 greyish brown; 3-6 
orange-yellow, with greyish brown dorsally on 3 and 4, and on anterior margin of 5 (this area 
broad in 3, tapering to 5); segment 7 greyish brown; ventral surface of 2-6 orange-yellow 
medially, greyish brown laterally; segment 7 greyish brown ventrally. 


Forewing length: lectotype 9 22-0 mm, paralectotype 9 22-0 mm. 
Q genitalia. Similar to those of vutila, but ductus bursae narrower, and only slightly rugose 


near middle which is noticeably more strongly constricted than in rutila. 

6. Not known. 

Readily separable from rutila by the unicolorous yellow head, the differently 
patterned patagia and by the uniformly brown hindwings. Distinguished from 
fafner by the coloration of the head, forecoxae, patagia and tegulae. 

It can be predicted that the males of cingulata will prove to have a narrower 
yellow fascia on the forewing than the females, as in vutza. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis cingulata Rothschild, lectotype 9, Ecuapor: W., Quevedo (v. Buchwald) 
(BMNBH). 


Ecuapor: W., 1 9, Quevedo (v. Buchwald) (paralectotype). 


Ordishia fafner (Schaus) comb. n. 


Automolis fafner Schaus, 1933 :570. Holotype g, CoLtompia (USNM) [examined]. 
Automolis fafney Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 32. ([Fig. of g genitalia.] 

6. Basal segment of palp orange ventrally, olive-brown dorsally; front surface of second 
segment yellow, rest olive-brown; apical segment olive-brown. Front of head orange; vertex 
orange with single, dark brown, medial spot. Antennal scape yellowish brown anteriorly, 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 31 


orange posteriorly; rest of antenna yellowish brown. Patagia orange laterally with small 
yellowish brown patch at anterolateral corner, greyish yellow medially, edged posteriorly with 
yellowish brown (rather worn in type). Tegulae yellowish brown edged laterally and medially 
with greyish yellow; with central, longitudinal, greyish yellow stripe; and with yellowish brown, 
anterolateral area surrounded by greyish yellow; rest of dorsal surface of thorax yellowish 
brown, with greyish yellow mid-dorsal line; ventral and lateral surfaces of thorax greyish 
yellow and yellowish brown. Inner (medial) surface of forecoxa yellowish brown, front 
surface yellowish brown with short, orange streak medially at base and orange along lateral 
edge; outer surface orange; rest of foreleg yellowish brown, edged on outer surface with greyish 
yellow. Coxa of midleg greyish yellow with some yellowish brown distally; trochanter yellowish 
brown on inner surface, greyish yellow on outer surface; front surface of forefemur yellowish 
brown edged laterally and medially with greyish yellow; rest of midleg yellowish brown 
on outer surface, greyish yellow on inner surface. Hindcoxa and trochanter as midleg; 
hind femur yellowish brown; hind tibia and tarsus as midleg. Coloration of wings as for 
cingulata, but oblique postmedial fascia on forewing orange-yellow. Dorsal surface of abdomen 
black on segments 1 and 2 ; 3~7 orange laterally, black dorsally (black area tapering from 3 
to 7); 8 black with dark greyish brown posterolateral tufts; abdomen orange-yellow ventrally 
with dark greyish brown lateral band on each side meeting on posterior border of 7; segment 
8 dark greyish brown. 
6 genitalia (see Watson, 1971). Apparently indistinguishable from those of rwtila. 
Forewing length: holotype g¢ 21-omm. 


Separable from cingulata by the presence of a brown marking on the head, differ- 
ently coloured fore-coxae, and by differences in the coloration and colour-pattern 
of the patagia and tegulae. Known only from the type. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis fafner Schaus, holotype 3, CoLomBiA: Buena Vista (USNM). 


Ordishia albofasciata (Rothschild) comb. n. 
(Pl. 10, figs 64-66) 


Automolis albofasciata Rothschild, 1922 :477. LECTOTYPE 4, Brazit (BMNH), here 
designated [examined]. 


6. Palps mainly yellowish brown, but front surface of basal segment yellow and front of 
second segment light yellow. Front of head yellowish brown edged laterally with few deep 
yellow scales; vertex deep yellow with two dark greyish brown medial spots, the larger spot 
placed anteriorly. Patagium deep yellow along anterior margin and at anterolateral corner 
and along lateral margin; medial edge yellow; rest of patagium raw umber (dark yellow-brown) 
with central, pale yellow, longitudinal stripe. Tegula raw umber edged laterally and medially 
with pale yellow; with narrow, central, yellow, longitudinal strip and with pale yellow, antero- 
lateral corner crossed by transverse band of raw umber. Rest of dorsal surface of thorax 
raw umber, with pale yellow, medial, longitudinal line; ventrally pale yellow and yellowish 
brown. Foreleg coxa yellowish brown with orange-yellow patch proximally on front surface 
and deep yellow on outer surface; trochanter yellowish brown on inner surface, pale yellow 
on outer surface; femur yellowish brown, but pale yellow along rear surface and in narrow 
band along front surface; tibia and tarsus uniformly yellowish brown. Midleg as for foreleg, 
but coxa pale yellowish brown and pale yellow. Hindleg similar to midleg, but front surface 
yellow, and tibia with pale yellow, longitudinal streak on proximal part of outer surface. 
Upper surface of forewing raw umber, with yellowish white, oblique band distally and veins 
marked with light greyish yellow proximal to oblique band; hindwing greyish brown, palest 


32 A. WATSON 


proximally where wing is sparsely scaled. Under surface of wings as for upper surface, but 
forewing veins unmarked. Abdominal segment 1 raw umber dorsally; segment 2 raw umber 
with weak, dark blue iridescence; 3-6 as for 2, but deep yellow laterally; 7 laterally deep yellow, 
medially iridescent raw umber and dark blue anteriorly, and yellowish grey posteriorly; 8 as 
for 7 but without yellow laterally. Ventral surface of abdomen deep yellow with iridescent 
raw umber and dark blue lateral bands on 2~7, these bands meeting along posterior margin of 
segment 8. 

Forewing length: holotype g 18-5 mm; paratypes 18-0-19-:0 mm. 

3 genitalia. Uncus weakly emarginate medially at apex; dorsal surface with weakly 
developed longitudinal carina medially. Apex of valve digitate; pre-apical part of valve 
flat or weakly concave on inner surface. Aedeagus with short apical spine; vesica with three 
lobes, the largest scobinate on one side but not at apex, the smallest without scobinations, 
the remaining lobe entirely scobinate. 

Q. Not known. 


Of the two males mentioned by Rothschild, only one can be identified as such. 
This had been labelled ‘Type’ by Rothschild and is selected as lectotype. 

Distinguished from rutila by the yellowish white, oblique band on the forewing, 
the nearly unicolorous hindwing and the uniformly brown front of the head. The 
male genitalia differ in details of the valves, uncus and aedeagus. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis albofasciata Rothschild, lectotype 3, BRAzIL: Para (Moss) (BMNH). 


BRAZIL: 3 g, Para (Moss). 


Ordishia klagesi (Rothschild) comb. n. 
(Pl. ro, figs 61-63) 


Automolis klagesi Rothschild, 1t910a:42, pl. 5, fig. 43. Holotype g, Brazizr (BMNH) 
[examined]. 

Automolis klagesi Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 20. 

Automolis clagesi Hampson, 1920 : 173. [Unjustified emendation.] 

Automolis klagesi Rothschild; Seitz, 1922 : 375. 


6. Basal segment of palp with orange-yellow outer surface and dark brown inner surface; 
second segment yellowish grey on outer surface, dark brown as inner surface; apical segment 
yellowish grey. Front of head greyish yellow laterally and in area above labrum, with some 
yellowish white scales anterior to base of antenna, otherwise dark brown; vertex with two 
large, dark brown, medial patches edged with orange-yellow. Antenna dark brown except 
for greyish yellow patch on posterior surface of scape. Patagium dark brown, edged laterally, 
medially and posteriorly with yellowish white; with central, longitudinal, brownish white 
stripe, and with orange-yellow, anterolateral patch. Tegula dark brown, edged laterally and 
medially with brownish white and with brownish white longitudinal stripe in centre. Rest of 
dorsal surface of thorax dark brown, with brownish white, longitudinal, medial line. Ventral 
surface of thorax dark brown and greyish yellow. Fore coxa yellowish brown edged with 
orange-yellow along outer surface and at base of inner surface; trochanter yellowish brown 
proximally, yellowish white distally; tibia and tarsus yellowish brown, the former edged with 
yellowish white on front surface. Midcoxa yellowish brown and yellowish white; rest of leg 
as foreleg, but femur yellowish white on both front and rear surfaces. Hindleg as for midleg. 
Forewing dark brown dorsally, with very weak, dark blue iridescence; veins proximal to yellow, 
oblique band marked with greyish orange; hindwing dark brown (slightly paler than forewing) 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 33 


except for sparsely scaled basal area; ventrally as for dorsal surface but slightly paler. 
Abdominal segment 1, 2 and 7 weakly iridescent dark brown and dark blue; 3-6 similar in 
colour medially, but with broad, lateral band of yellow (incomplete on 4 which has dark medial 
coloration continued across anterior margin of segment); ventral surface of abdomen yellow 
in broad medial band on segments 2-7, otherwise weakly iridescent dark brown and dark blue. 

Forewing length: holotype ¢ 18:0 mm; ¢ 18-0-19'5 mm. 

dS genitalia. Apex of uncus simple, dorsal surface weakly carinate distally, somewhat 
globose and weakly sulcate at base; apex of valve tapered, inner surface of distal part of valve 
concave; aedeagus without apical spine, outer (posterior) surface of vesica scobinate except for 
small lobe arising on side nearest caecum penis. 

Q. Not known. 


Possibly most closely allied to vothschildi, but distinguished by the darker colora- 
tion of the thorax, wings and abdomen, the more yellowish oblique band on the 
forewing (this band usually somewhat tapered towards anal margin), the white 
patch on the hindwing and by the genitalia. 

Apart from the Brazilian material listed below, there are two males from French 
Guiana in the BMNH collection and one in the USNM which differ from the holotype 
of klagesi in that the forecoxa has no yellow band along its inner surface, the front 
of the head is not edged laterally with greyish yellow, and the apex of the valve is 
acuminate. These three specimens may represent a new species. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis klagesi Rothschild, holotype 3, BRAziL: Amazonas, Fonte Boa, v.1g06 
(Klages) (BMNH). 


Brazit: 1 g, Amazonas, Codajas, iv.1907 (Klages); 7 3, Para, iii-v.1926 [2 ex.] (Moss) 
(USNM: 1 Q). 


MELANARCTIA gen. n. [Gender: feminine] 
[Automolis Hiibner sensu auct. Partim.] 
Type-species: Automolis ockendeni Rothschild, 1g9r0a : 40. 


3g. Palp extending dorsally nearly to level of antennal base. Head without tufts or processes. 
Antennae bipectinate, each pectination with terminal seta equal in length to about one-third 
length of pectination. Tymbal organ well developed. Forewing broad distally, the distance 
between apex and anal angle greater than distance between wing-base and anal angle; venation 
as in figure; sparsely scaled area present posterior to cell on undersurface. Hind wing much 
produced costally, densely covered with grey scales; venation as in text-figure; upper surface 
with circular or ovate androconial patch near distal end of cell; under surface with adroconial 
patch and hair-pencil protected by anal fold (see text-figure and plate). Fore-tibia with 
epiphysis, mid-tibia with single pair of spurs, hind-tibia with two pairs of spurs. 

6 genitalia. Saccus shallow; valves broad, well sclerotized, tapered apically; juxta asym- 
metric with posteriorly directed process on either side; tegumen massive, produced laterally 
and ventrally to form incomplete tube around anus; uncus small, tapered, carinate laterally; 
vesica of aedeagus with several lobes, partly scobinate, with single group of large, thorn-like 
spines; eighth abdominal tergite with short, tapered apodemes; eighth sternite with shorter, 
rounded apodemes. 

Q. Not known. 


34 A. WATSON 


Melanarctia is possibly most closely allied to Ovdishia which it resembles in 
coloration and in the colour-pattern of the forewings. However, the presence 
of bipectinate antennae (at least in the 9), the forewing shape and the absence of 
any yellow coloration on the abdomen at once separate the genera. In the male 
genitalia, the highly modified tegumen and juxta of Melanarctia are also diagnostic. 

Some species of Epidesma Hiibner and Loxozona Hampson and a few other 
genera of Ctenuchidae closely resemble Melanarctia in colour-pattern but differ 
in genitalic and other characters and are clearly not closely related to the latter. 
It is probable that at least some of these species may be partners in Miillerian 
complexes. There are other superficially similar species in the Agaristidae, especially 
in the genera Phasidia Hampson and Rhosus, and in the Dioptidae (Josia Hiibner 
and Actea Walker). 

Melanarctia is known from two species, both of which have been transferred 
from Automolis. 

Nothing is known about the early stages of either species. 


KEY TO SPECIES 


1 Length of orange-yellow fascia on forewing equal to about twice its width lativitta (p. 35) 
— Length of orange-yellow fascia on forewing equal to or greater than three times its 
width . : : - : - : - : - - ockendeni (p. 34) 


Melanarctia ockendeni (Rothschild) comb. n. 
(Text-figs 5, 6; Pl. 11, figs 67-69) 


Automolis ockendeni Rothschild, 1910a : 40, pl. 5, fig. 4 [in colour]. LECTOTYPE 4, Peru 
(BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis occendent Hampson, 1920 : 135. [Unjustified emendation.]} 

Automolis ockendeni Rothschild; Seitz, 1922 : 375. 


¢. Palp dark brown, with yellowish white patch on outer surface of basal segment (at distal 
end) and near distal end of outer surface of second segment. Clypeo-frons and vertex dark 
brown. Antenna bipectinate; dark brown. Thorax dark brown, darkest dorsally. Tymbal 
organ with about 45 microtymbals. Legs dark brown; more yellowish than thorax. Upper 
surface of forewing dark brown with oblique orange-yellow postmedial fascia; outer marginal 
fringe brown, paler than rest of wing. Upper surface of hindwing mostly dark brown, but 
sparsely scaled basally and in cell; yellowish brown, circular androconial patch present at 
distal end of cell. Under surface of forewing similar to upper surface, but paler, especially 
at base and anally, and with unscaled area between cell and vestige of Cu,; hindwing dark 
brown, with sparsely scaled area immediately posterior to cell. Dorsal surface of abdomen 
weakly iridescent dark brown and dark blue; ventral surface dark yellowish brown. 

Forewing length: lectotype ¢ 19:0 mm; paralectotype ¢ 17-0-18-0 mm. 

6 genitalia. Differ from those of lativitta apparently only in the smaller number of thorn- 
like spines on the vesica of the aedeagus. 

9. Not known. 


This species is separable from Jativitta by the narrower, orange-yellow fascia on 
the forewing and by the broader, outer marginal fringe of the forewing (see plate). 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 35 


In the genitalia the thorn-like cornutal spines of the vesica are fewer in number 
than in lativitta. 

Of the seven males mentioned by Rothschild in his description of ockendeni, 
only four can be traced. The lectotype was labelled ‘type’ by Rothschild and is 
the specimen figured by him in the plate accompanying his description of this 
species. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis ockendeni Rothschild, lectotype g, PERU: Inambari River, La Oroya, 
3100 ft, dry season, 1904 (Ockenden) (BMNH). 


Peru: 3 4, Inambari River, La Oroya, 3100 ft, wet season iv.1905, dry season, ix.1904 
(Ockenden); 1 3, Carabaya, S. Domingo, 6000 ft, wet season, ii.1g02 (Ockenden). GUYANA: 
1 g, Rio Potaro, Tumatumari, ii.rg12 (USNM). 


Melanarctia lativitta (Rothschild) comb. n., stat. n. 


(Pl. x1, figs 70-72; Pl. 12, figs 73-77) 
Automolis ockendeni lativitta Rothschild, 1g910a : 40, pl. 5, fig. 42 [in colour]. LECTOTYPE 

6 Brazit (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis occendeni [sic] lativitta Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 136. 
Automolis ockendeni lativitta Rothschild; Seitz, 1922 : 375. 

6. Similar to ockendeni but orange-yellow fascia on forewing considerably broader 
(length equal to about twice its width, compared with three times its width in 
ockendeni), outer marginal fringe of forewing broader (1-0 mm at greatest breadth 
compared with 0-5 mm in ockendent); and in the genitalia the thorn-like cornutal 
spines are greater in number (see text-figures). 

2. Not known. 


androconial patch 
(upper surface) 


= 
anal fold 


Yon (under surface) 
androconial area 5 


(under surface) 


Fics 5, 6. Melanarctia ockendeni, 3, venation. 5, forewing; 6, hindwing. The anal 
fold under the hindwing encloses a scent-organ (see Pl. 12, fig. 76 of M. lativitia). Scales 
from the androconial patch on the upper surface of the hindwing are illustrated on Pl. 12, 
figs 73-75, of M. lativitta. 


36 A. WATSON 


The syntype figured by Rothschild and labelled ‘type’ by him has been selected 
as lectotype. The three other syntypes have been found. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis ockendeni lativitta Rothschild, lectotype 3, Brazit: Amazonas, Fonte 
Boa, ix.1906 (Klages) (BMNH). 


BRAZIL: 3 g¢ paratypes, Amazonas, Fonte Boa, vi.1906, vii.1907 (Klages) (BMNH); 1 g, 
Amazonas, Rio Madeira, Manicore, x—xi (USNM). 


HIMERARCTIA Gen. n. [Gender: feminine] 
[Automolis Hiibner sensu auct. Partim.] 
Type-species: Automolis docis Hubner, [1831c] : 32. 


6. Palp extending to about middle of clypeo-frons; apical segment minute. Antennae 
bipectinate. Head without processes or tufts; ventral part of clypeo-frons brilliantly iridescent 
blue or green. Patagia and tegulae uniformly brown, or brown marked with orange or reddish 
orange. Metascutum, and mesoscutum (except grviseipennis) with iridescent blue or green 
scales. Tymbal organ with about 50 microtymbals. Legs with iridescent blue or green 
markings. Midtibia with one pair of spurs; hind tibia with two pairs. Wing venation as in 
Text-figs 7 & 8; forewing brown, with or without orange or reddish orange markings; hindwing 
with yellow or orange scales in cell on both upper and under surfaces (except in few specimens 
of docis and griseipennis); anal area folded, enclosing scent scales and hair-pencil. Segments 
I and 2 of abdomen orange or reddish orange dorsally; posterior segments (at least 5-8) brown 
with iridescent blue or green patches medially and laterally; ventral surface of abdomen similar 
to dorsal surface, but orange or reddish orange more extensive and medial iridescent markings 
absent. 

Q. Similar to ¢ but hindwing greater in area. 

6 genitalia. Eighth abdominal tergite and sternite with short apodemes—equal in size 
except in griseipennis in which apodemes of sternite are shorter and broader than those of 
tergite. Saccus small, almost obsolete. Valve broad, robust; sacculus expanded apically 
into broad, flattened plate; costa with arcuate, digitate, apical process; juxta with two free, 
posterior, digitate processes, the right-hand process spinose, the left-hand process without 
spines. Lateral margins of tegumen extended ventrally and curved inwards (medially), the 
posterior part clothed with anteriorly directed spines. Uncus sulcate dorsomedially except 
at slender apex. Vesica of aedeagus with several short lobes and two long lobes. 

© genitalia. Corpus bursae with pair of ovate, weakly invaginate, scobinate signa; ductus 
bursae short, sclerotized; appendix bursae opening into posterior third of corpus bursae. 
Ductus seminalis opens into appendix bursae. Posterior margin of 7th abdominal sternite 
emarginate medially; lamella postvaginalis invaginate medially. Anterior apophyses short; 
posterior apophyses over twice as long as latter. Single pair of dorsal scent tubules opening 
dorsally at base of papillae anales. 


There are similarities in the male genitalia between Himervarctia and Melanarctia, 
particularly in the shape of the tegumen and the juxta, but other characters do not 
suggest close affinities. The wing-shape and the colour-pattern of the abdomen 
of Himerarctia is matched in some species of Ovmetica, but the genitalia are markedly 
different in several features. 

The similarity in abdominal coloration suggests that Himerarctia species will 
prove to have a similar protective display pattern to that of Ovmetica, in which 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 37 


the conspicuously coloured abdomen is exposed by the partly unfolded and alternately 
depressed and raised wings, either as an aposematic signal, or a Batesian deception 
if the species of Himerarctia are palatable to predators. 

Four species are included in this genus: two new species, /aeta and viridisignata, 
docis (transferred from Automolis) and griseipennis (transferred from Prumala). 

The distribution of Himerarctia includes French Guiana, Guyana, Colombia, 
Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. 

Nothing is known about the early stages. 


KEY TO SPECIES 


1 Iridescent markings on abdomen pale green and bluish green. .  viridisignata (p. 39) 
Iridescent markings on abdomen blue and greenish blue 
2 Upper surface of forewing without orange or reddish orange markings, but with pale 


brown postmedial band parallel to outer margin of wing . .  griseipennis (p. 40) 
— Upper surface of forewing usually with or without orange or reddish orange irae 

without pale brown postmedial band , ; . 3 
3 Upper surface of forewing either Poni brown, or brown ‘with ; narrow orange or 

reddish orange band : ; - - : docis (p. 37) 
— Upper surface of forewing mostly orange or ‘reddish orange - : laeta (p. 39) 


Himerarctia docis (Hiibner) comb. n. 
(Text-figs 7, 8; Pl. 13, figs 783—83; Pl. 14, figs 84-88) 


Automolis docis Hiibner, [1831c], 3 : 32, figs 537, 538. Type(s), FRENcH Guiana, ‘Cayenne’ 
(probably lost). 

Automolis basalis Walker, 1856 : 1635. LECTOTYPE 9, Brazir (UM, Oxford), here designated 
[examined]. [Synonymized with docis by Hampson, 1901 : 51.] 

Automolis docis Hiibner; Strand, 1919 : 17. 

Automolis docis Hiibner; Seitz, 1922 : 372, pl. 51 f. 

Automolis docis ab. tenebrata Seitz, 1922 : 372. 


6. Palp dark brown. Front of head dark brown dorsally, iridescent blue and greenish 
blue ventrally; vertex dark brown with pair of iridescent blue and greenish blue patches 
posterior to antennae. Antennae dark brown. Patagia dark brown with iridescent blue and 
greenish blue patch anterolaterally and oblique reddish orange band extending from medial 
margin to posterior margin of each patagium. Tegulae dark brown with oblique reddish orange 
band; rest of dorsal surface of thorax dark brown anteriorly (with iridescent blue and greenish 
blue medial patch), followed posteriorly by transverse band of reddish orange and iridescent 
blue and greenish blue at posterior margin. Ventral and lateral surfaces of thorax dark brown. 
Foreleg dark brown, becoming pale yellow at distal end of tarsus; front surface of coxa and 
outer surface of femur iridescent blue and greenish blue. Midleg similar to foreleg except that 
tarsus is almost completely pale yellow; hindleg as midleg but with line of iridescent blue and 
greenish blue scales along outer surface of femur. Upper surface of forewing dark brown or 
yellowish brown, usually with arcuate, reddish orange band extending from outer margin to 
near base of anal margin and with short band of same colour connecting arcuate band with 
costal margin of wing. Upper surface of hindwing dark brown or yellowish brown, except 
for cell which is orange or reddish orange becoming more yellowish proximally, or with whole 
of basal half of wing orange. Under surface of forewing similar to upper surface but with 
lighter brown outer marginal band and often with orange band absent or nearly so. Under 
surface of hindwing as for upper surface but coloration of cell more reddish, costal area darker 
brown and anal area orange. Dorsal surface of abdominal segments 1 and 2 reddish orange, 


38 A. WATSON 


with dark brown laterally; segments 3-8 dark brown with weak, dark blue iridescence, with 
iridescent blue and greenish blue medial patch and lateral patch on each side of 4-8. Ventral 
surface of segment 2 reddish orange medially, iridescent blue and greenish blue laterally; 
3-7 reddish orange with posterolateral triangular marking of iridescent blue and greenish blue; 
segment 7 with posterior margin of dark brown; segment 8 dark brown with blue and greenish 
blue patch laterally on each side. 

Q. Differs from male chiefly on the under surface of the forewing which lacks the pale outer 
marginal band, and on the under surface of the hind-wing where the cell is either entirely 
dark brown or is reddish orange distally and dark brown proximally. One specimen from 
Bolivia (BMNH) entirely lacks reddish orange markings on the wings. 

Forewing length: g 21-5—25:5 mm; 9 24:5-27:5 mm. 

6 genitalia. Saccus small; valve with two apical processes; juxta with two posterior processes, 
the left process sparsely spinose, the right process densely spinose; vinculum with numerous 
anteriorly directed spines in band extending from dorsal surface to ventral surface; uncus small, 
simple, minutely scobinate, sulcate along mid-dorsal line; vesica of aedeagus with numerous 
lobes, one of these scobinate. 

© genitalia. Appendix bursae opening into ventral or right-hand sides of corpus bursae. 


Closely related to vividisignata and laeta. Distinguished from the former chiefly 
by the narrower, reddish orange (not orange) arcuate band on the forewing and the 
blue and greenish blue (not green and bluish green) markings on the head, thorax 
and abdomen. Readily separable from Jaeta by the colour-pattern of the forewing 
on which the orange coloration is restricted to a narrow, arcuate band and by the 
restriction of the orange coloration to the cell of the hindwing of most specimens. 

There is little difference in genitalic characters of either sex between docis, laeta 
and viridisignata, and more specimens of the latter two species are needed before 
an assessment of possible distinguishing features can be made. 

The name ab. tenebrata was given by Seitz to specimens mentioned by Rothschild 
(1910a : 42, pl. 7) in which the orange forewing band is absent or very narrow. 
Walker’s ‘var. B’ (1856 : 1635) is a normal docis specimen; his basalis matches 
ab. tenebrata Seitz. 

Known to occur in French Guiana, Guyana, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. 


bs > 
WZ. Dae 
L- 


anal fold 
7 (under surface) 


Fics 7, 8. Himerarctia docis, g, venation. 7, forewing; 8, hindwing. The anal fold 
under the hindwing encloses a scent-organ (see Pl. 13, figs 80-83). 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 39 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis basalis Walker, lectotype 2, BRaAziL: ‘Valley of the Amazon’ (UM). 


FRENCH GUIANA: 2 4g, Nouveau Chantier, viii. (Le Moult) (USNM, 1 g). Guyana: I 4, 
19; 19, Omai (USNM). Cotomsia: 5 4, 3 9, Villavicencio, 400 m (Fassl); 1 3, Medina, 500 m 
(Fassl) (USNM). Braziv: 5 3g, 2 9, Para, Obidas, x—xi.1904 (USNM, 1 g). 4, 2 9, Para, 
Itaituba to Obidas, 1878, i-iv, ix.1906 (Hoffmanns); 4 g, Amazonas, Fonte Boa, vii—ix.1906 
(Klages) ; 1 g, Amazonas, Sao Paulo de Olivenga, xi—xii (Fass!) (USNM). Bortvia:29. PeEru: 
1 g, Upper Maranon, Rentema Falls, rooo ft; 1 g, San Gaban, 2500 ft, ili-iv.1913. 


Himerarctia viridisignata sp. n. 
(Pl. 15, figs 89-93) 


[Automolis docis Hiibner sensu auct. Misidentification, partim.] 


6. Head and appendages as docis but iridescent patch green and bluish green. Patagia 
and tegulae dark brown, each with broad, oblique orange band; rest of dorsal surface of thorax 
dark brown, with medial patch of iridescent green and bluish green anteriorly, a transverse, 
orange band towards posterior margin, and posterolateral patches of green and bluish green. 
Legs, and ventral and lateral surfaces of thorax as docis except that iridescent areas of legs are 
green and bluish green and that single remaining hindleg of holotype lacks outer line of iridescent 
scales on femur. Upper surface of forewing dark brown, with orange, arcuate fascia (similar 
to, but broader than that of docis); hindwing orange, becoming reddish orange anally, with 
broad, distal, dark brown band and similarly coloured, narrow, costal area. Under surface 
of forewing as upper surface but cell area greyish yellow; hindwing as upper surface, but costal 
area darker than rest of brown areas and with small, dark brown marking at middle of anterior 
margin of cell. Dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1 and 2 reddish orange medially, dark 
brown and greyish yellow laterally; segments 3—8 weakly iridescent dark brown and dark blue, 
each with medial and two lateral patches of iridescent green and bluish green; ventral surface 
of segment 2 dark brown with patch of iridescent green and bluish green on each side; 3-5 
orange medially, dark brown laterally; 6-7 orange anteromedially, otherwise dark brown, with 
iridescent green and bluish green lateral patch on each side; 8 as 6-7 but without orange. 

%. Similar to g, but outer marginal, dark brown band on hindwing broader, hindwing 
cell area on under surface dark brown proximally, and anal margin with dark brown marking 
near base; foretarsus entirely dark brown and mid- and hindtarsi dark brown along outer 
surface. 

Forewing length: holotype 3 22-5 mm; paratype 9 25:5 mm. 

6 genitalia (see figure). Possibly not separable from those of docis or Jaeta. 

Q genitalia (see figure). Similar to those of docis and J/aeta. 


Allied to docis and Jaeta but separable from both by the green and bluish green 
iridescent markings of the head, thorax and abdomen (see docis). 

Holotype 3, BraziL: Amazonas, Fonte Boa (Klages) (BMNH). 

Paratype. BRraziL: 1 9, Amazonas, Fonte Boa (Klages) (BMNH). 


Himerarctia laeta sp. n. 
(Pl. 16, figs 94-08) 


[Automolis docis Hiibner sensu auct. Misidentification, partim.] 
Automolis docis ab. laeta Seitz, 1922 : 372. [An unavailable infrasubspecific name]. 


6. Palps and antennae dark brown. Front of head yellowish brown ventrally, dark 
brown dorsally, with transverse band of iridescent blue and greenish blue in middle; vertex 


40 A. WATSON 


dark brown, with patch of iridescent blue and greenish blue medial and posterior to each 
antenna. Patagia and tegulae each with broad, oblique, reddish orange or orange (holotype) 
band; rest of dorsal surface of thorax dark brown with broad, transverse reddish orange or 
orange (holotype) band towards posterior margin, and with iridescent medial patch anteriorly 
and on each side of medial line at posterior margin of thorax. Ventral and pleural surfaces 
of thorax dark brown with some iridescent blue and greenish blue scales. Forecoxa, trochanter 
and femur dark brown, with iridescent blue and greenish blue along front and outer (lateral) 
surfaces; foretibia dark brown with longitudinal band of iridescent blue and greenish blue 
on outer surface, adjacent to epiphysis; foretarsus dark brown proximally, pale brownish 
yellow distally. Midlegs and hindlegs dark brown from coxa to tibia, with iridescent blue and 
greenish blue on posterior surface of coxa, trochanter and femur; tarsi pale brownish yellow, 
with band of dark brownalong front surface. Upper surface of forewing reddish orange or orange 
(holotype), with dark brown at base, in costal area (except at about two-thirds distance from 
base along costa where orange area extends to costal margin) and in outer marginal band; 
outer marginal fringe greyish yellow; hindwing orange, with dark brown, distal band. Under 
surface of forewing similar to upper surface but basal area greyish yellow posterior to costal 
area, and distally with broad marginal band of greyish yellow; hindwing as upper surface, 
but costal area dark brown and wing reddish orange anterior to posterior margin of cell and 
along vein 1A. Dorsal surface of abdominal segments 1 and 2 reddish orange or orange 
(holotype) medially, greyish yellow laterally with iridescent blue and greenish blue patch 
posterolaterally on 2; 3-8 weakly iridescent dark brown and dark blue with iridescent blue 
and greenish blue patches posterolaterally on 3-8 (largest on 7) and medially on 4-8 (largest 
on 5); ventral surface of segment 2 dark brown with area of iridescent blue and greenish blue 
laterally; 3-4 reddish orange or orange (holotype); 5-7 mainly reddish orange or orange 
(holotype), with posterior border of dark brown (broadest laterally) and posterolateral patch 
of iridescent blue and greenish blue on each side; segment 8 dark brown with pair of iridescent 
blue and greenish blue patches. 

9. As g but fringe same colour as outer marginal band on forewing, dark brown outer 
marginal band of hindwing much broader, and outer marginal band on under surface of forewing 
narrower, dark brown in colour. 

Forewing length: holotype g 22:0 mm; paratypes ¢ 20-0-22°5 mm; 9 25:0-26-0 mm. 

6 genitalia (see figure). Similar to those of docis and viridisignaata. 

© genitalia (see figure). Similar to those of docis and viridisignaata. 


Probably most closely related to docis from which it is easily separated by the 
colour-pattern of the wings. 

The name ab. laeta Seitz was applied to specimens illustrated by Rothschild 
(IgI0a : 42, pl. 7, figs 36, 41); fig. 36 illustrates the holotype of Jaeta and fig. 41 
a paratype of this species. 

Known only from Brazil. 

Holotype g, Brazit: Amazonas, Santo Antonio de Javary [Javari], v.1907 
(Klages) (BMNH). 

Paratypes. Braz: 1 g, Amazonas, Sao Paulo de Olivenca, vi.1935 (Waehner); 
1 9, Amazonas, Fonte Boa, vi.1g06 (Klages); 1 g, Amazonas, Parintins (Moss); 
I 9, Para, Obidas, x.1935 (Waehner). 


Himerarctia griseipennis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


(Pl. 17, figs g9—105) 


Automolis griseipennis Rothschild, 19102 : 41, pl. 6, fig. 7, LECTOTYPE J, Brazit (BMNH), 
here designated [examined]. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 41 


Automolis griseipennis Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 19. 
Prumala griseipennis (Rothschild) Hampson, 1920 : 33. 
Prumala griseipennis (Rothschild) ; Seitz, 1922 : 345. 


6. Palps, antennae and vertex yellowish brown; front yellowish brown dorsally, iridescent 
blue and greenish blue ventrally. Dorsal surface of thorax yellowish brown, except for iridescent 
blue and greenish blue anterolateral patch on each tegula and pair of similar patches at posterior 
margin of thorax; ventral and pleural surfaces darker brown than dorsal surface and with some 
iridescent blue and greenish blue scales laterally. Legs as Jaeta (q.v.) but brown coloration 
more yellowish and mid and hind tarsi pale yellow except for basal yellowish brown two-thirds. 
Upper surface of forewing yellowish brown, with single pale greyish yellow, postmedial fascia; the 
latter arcuate and quite well defined proximally, diffuse distally, extending anteriorly to apex 
and posteriorly to anal angle of wing; hindwing yellowish brown, with whole or most of cell 
light yellow in most specimens (including lectotype). Under surface of forewing yellowish 
brown, with weakly marked lighter brown postmedial and terminal fasciae; hindwing as 
upper surface but cell either orange-yellow (lectotype) or orange in those specimens where 
upper surface of cell is yellow and anal area orange-yellow. Dorsal surface of abdominal 
segments I-4 orange-yellow (lectotype), orange or orange-red medially, dark brown laterally 
with iridescent blue and greenish blue patch posteriorly on each side of 3 and 4; 5—7 dark 
brown with medial and lateral patches of iridescent blue and greenish blue; segment 8 yellowish 
brown, with darker brown posterior fringe and small medial and lateral iridescent blue and 
greenish blue spots; ventral surface of segment 2 dark brown, with orange (lectotype) or reddish 
orange posteromedially and iridescent blue and greenish blue laterally; 3-6 orange (lectotype) 
or reddish orange with iridescent blue and greenish blue laterally; 7 orange (lectotype) or 
reddish orange medially, dark brown laterally with iridescent blue and greenish blue lateral 
spot; segment 8 dark brown with iridescent blue and greenish blue spot anterolaterally on each 
side. 

Q. As g but forewing fascia less well marked on upper surface and absent on under surface; 
hindwing without yellow cell markings on either surface. 

Forewing length: lectotype J 20-0 mm; ¢ 19:0—22-0 mm; @ 24:0-27-0 mm. 

6 genitalia. Similar in general structure to those of docis but differs in shape of juxta, 
valve, uncus and vesica. 

2 genitalia. Similar to those of docis but ductus bursae larger. 


Separable from the three other species of Himerarctia by the presence on the 
forewing of a pale greyish yellow, postmedial fascia, the absence of orange or reddish 
orange markings on the thorax and by the ¢ genitalia. 

There is some quite striking variation in the coloration of the abdomen which 
may be either yellowish orange or reddish orange. 

Known from Brazil (Amazonas state), Colombia and Peru. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis griseipennis Rothschild, lectotype 3, Brazit: Amazonas, Fonte Boa, 
v.1906 (Klages) (BMNH). 


BraziL: 5 3, 2 9, Amazonas, Fonte Boa, v—vii.1906 (Klages) (paralectotypes of A. griseipennis 
Rothschild). Corompra: 4 3, Villavicencio, 400 m (Fassl). Prru: 1 g, Pebas, 1880 (Mathan) ; 
1 9, Tarapoto, v—viii.1886 (Mathan); 1 9, ‘La Union, R. Huacamayo, Carabaya’, 2000 ft, 
x1.1904 (Ockenden). 


42 A. WATSON 
AMPHELARCTIA €en. n. [Gender: feminine] 


[Automolis Hiibner sensu auct. Partim.] 
Type-species: Automolis priscilla Schaus, 1911 : 183. 


6. Palp extending to about middle of clypeo-frons; apical segment minute. Antenna 
uniserrate, densely setose; distal margin of proximal segments weakly concave ventrally. 
Head without processes or scale-tufts. Tegulae and patagia longitudinally striped. Meso- 
thoracic tibia with two pairs of spurs. Tymbal organ present. Wings yellow and brown, 
without recognizable androconial patches or hair-pencils. 

Q. Similar to ¢ but antennae less strongly serrate and hindwing relatively larger in area. 

6 genitalia. Eighth abdominal tergite and sternite with short apodemes. Saccus small. 
Juxta not highly modified. Valve very large, flattened, incurved apically; valves not identical 
to each other; tegumen small; uncus simple, tapered, weakly carinate mid-dorsally; aedeagus 
short; vesica partly scobinate. 

Q genitalia. Seventh abdominal sternite well sclerotized and greatly modified: deeply 
emarginate posteriorly and produced laterally on each side — the resultant processes presumably 
being engaged by the male valves during copulation. Corpus bursae with pair of scobinate 
signa. Appendix bursae opening into right posterolateral part of corpus bursae. Ductus 
seminalis opening into appendix bursae near point of origin of duct between latter and corpus 
bursae. Ductus bursae short, anterior part sclerotized ventrally. Lamella postvaginalis 
moderately well developed. Scent tubules opening dorsally at base of each papilla analis; 
simple, elongate. Anterior and posterior apophyses nearly equal in length. 


There are several features in common between this genus and Ordishia, especially 
in the coloration and colour-pattern of the thorax. The genitalia of both sexes, 
however, do not indicate especially close affinities, nor does the extent of the yellow 
coloration of the forewings. 

Rhipha persimilis (see p. 91) is similar to Amphelarctia priscilla in the colour- 
pattern of the forewing except for the more proximal placement of the postmedial 
yellow patch and the presence of a basal dilation of the yellow line on the vestige 
of Cu, on the upper surface of the forewing. Other similarly patterned species 
are Rhipha luteoplaga, its close ally R. flavoplagiata and Idalus flavoplaga Schaus 
(1905 : 208). It is probable that all four species are members of mimetic complexes. 
Blest (1964) had access to only one female and was not able to comment on the 


> 
S= 


9 


Fics 9, 10. Amphelarctia priscilla, 3, venation. 9, forewing; 10, hindwing. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 43 


palatability of priscilla, but it did produce the same type of warning display as in 
those species of Selenarctia and Viviennea shown to be unpalatable by Blest. 
Nothing is known about the early stages of any of the above species. 


Amphelarctia priscilla (Schaus) comb. n. 
(Text-figs 9, 10; Pl. 18, figs 106-110) 


Automolis priscilla Schaus, 1911 : 183. Lectotype g, Costa Rica (BMNH), designated by 
Watson, 1971 :76 [examined]. 

Automolis priscilla Schaus; Hampson, 1920: 171. ([Fig. lacks dilated yellow mark.]} 

Automolis priscilla Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 76, pls 32 (type) and 130 (genitalia). 

Automolis priscilla Schaus; Blest, 1964. [Protective display.] 


6. Basal segment of palp orange-yellow, middle and apical segment light yellow, with 
yellowish grey laterally. Front of head orange-yellow, with dark brown transverse bar in 
middle which extends ventrally on each side of front in some specimens; vertex orange-yellow, 
with small dark brown spot between antennae, and similar but larger spot posteromedially, 
the latter with some pale yellow scales in middle. Antenna yellowish grey laterally, pale 
yellow dorsally. Patagia orange-yellow, each with longitudinal yellowish brown band enclosing 
pale yellow band near medial margin. Tegulae orange-yellow in middle, edged laterally and 
medially with yellowish brown and pale yellow, with anterolateral patch of yellowish brown 
edged with pale yellow. Rest of dorsal surface of thorax yellowish brown, with pale yellow 
medial line. Ventral and pleural regions of thorax greyish yellow except for few orange- 
yellow scales close to head and immediately ventral to wing bases. Tymbal organ with about 
60 microtymbals. Fore-coxa orange-yellow; rest of leg pale greyish yellow, except for yellowish 
brown band along front, outer and inner surfaces of femur, and along front surface of tibia 
and tarsus; mid- and hindlegs as foreleg but yellowish brown on outer surface of femur 
restricted to short distal streak. Wing venation as in figure. Upper surface of forewing dark 
brown or yellowish brown, with orange-yellow postmedial patch anteriorly and with orange- 
yellow vein vestiture (including vestige of Cu, and stem of M. Yellow line along 1A dilated 
at middle, the yellow extending to vestige of Cu, in some specimens (not lectotype) ; hindwing 
orange-yellow, with dark brown terminal band, the latter broadest at anal margin; not reaching 
apex of wing in one specimen from Peru. Under surface similar to upper surface, but forewing 
invariably with large, orange-yellow area extending from base distally to about two-thirds 
distance along anal margin and anteriorly to near posterior margin of cell. Dorsal surface of 
abdominal segments 1 to 4 very dark brown medially, with weak, dark blue iridescence; orange 
laterally; 5 to 7 orange-yellow; 8 dark grey with yellowish white medial patch and yellowish 
white posterior fringe; ventral surface of 2-6 orange-yellow, 7 similar but laterally with some 
dark grey and with long, yellowish white, posterior fringe; 8 similar to 7, but lateral, dark 
areas larger and posterior fringe much larger. 

9. Similar to ¢ but antennae less densely setose, hindwing relatively greater in area, dark 
brown terminal band of hindwing extending some distance along costal margin in the two 
females from Fonte Boa, and posterior segment (7) of abdomen without long posterior fringe. 

Forewing length: lectotype ¢ 18-5 mm; ¢ 18-o-19:0 mm; ° 19:5-22-0 mm. 

6 genitalia. Apodemes of eighth tergite and sternite approximately triangular; apex of left- 
hand valve directed anteriorly; apex of right-hand valve directed towards medial line; middle 
of saccular margin of valve finely serrate, base of valve setose on inner (medial) surface; uncus 
weakly emarginate at apex; vesica with four main lobes, three of these scobinate. 

2 genitalia as in figure. Lamella postvaginalis narrow; weakly emarginate at middle. 


44 A. WATSON 


Known from Costa Rica, Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Peru and 
Brazil (Amazonas state). 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis priscilla Schaus, lectotype g, Costa Rica: Juan Vifias, 3500 ft, vi. 
(USNM). 


Costa Rica: I g, Juan Vifias, vi. (USNM); 1 9, Sitio, v. (USNM); La Florida, 500 ft, iii.1907 
(USNM); 12 (USNM). GuaTeEmata: 1 4, 2 9, Cayuga, i.—viii. (USNM: 1 g, 29). CoLomsia: 
3 6, Villavicencio, 400 m (Fassl). VENEZUELA: 2 g, Aragua, Rancho Grande, 1100 m, iii.—viii. 
1967 (Poole) (USNM). Trinipap: 1, Curepe, xii.1969. PEeRu:1,, ‘La Union, R. Huacamayo, 
Carabaya’, 2000 ft, xii.1904 (Ockenden). BRaziL: 2 9, Amazonas, Fonte Boa, ix.—x.1906 
(Klages); 1 9, Amazonas, Codajas, iv.1907 (Klages). 


SELENARCTIA en. n. (Gender: feminine] 


{Automolis Hiibner sensu auct. Partim.] 
Type-species: Automolis elissa Schaus, 1892 : 277. 


3. Palp extending upwards to less than one-third length of clypeo-frons; apical segment 
minute. Antennae uniserrate; each segment with transverse row of numerous fine setae. 
Head with raised scales between antennae; orange, with or without dark medial markings. 
Patagia, tegulae and rest of dorsal surface of thorax pale yellow or yellowish white; patagia 
with dark markings, tegulae with markings only in some specimens of schausi,; rest of thorax 
with dark, medial marking in pseudelissa and schausi. Ventral surface of thorax chiefly 
dark brown except in elissoides in which it is orange. Midleg with one pair of spurs, hindleg 
with two pairs; fore-coxa deep orange; legs otherwise variously dark brown and yellowish 
white. Wing venation as in Text-figs 11, 12. Wings pale yellow or yellowish white, without 
markings. Outer margin of hindwing concave. Wings without recognizable scent organs. 
Dorsal surface of abdomen weakly iridescent dark brown and dark blue anteriorly, otherwise 
orange with dark medial and lateral markings; ventral surface mainly orange, with dark, 
lateral markings in pseudelissa and schaust. 

Q. As 4, but hindwing relatively greater in area, its outer margin less strongly concave, 
straight, or weakly convex; and with terminal (7th) abdominal segment iridescent dark brown 
and blue dorsally. 

6 genitalia. Eighth abdominal sternite and tergite with short apodemes. Saccus small or 
absent. Valve broad proximally; heavily sclerotized and narrower distally; its apex rounded 
or acuminate. Uncus with dorsal carina (best developed in flavidorsata); uncus flattened 
laterally in pseudelissa and schausi, its apex hook-shaped in these two species. Apex of aedeagus 
with spinose apical process in elissa, flavidorsata and elissoides, without such process in pseudelissa 
and schausi; vesica variously lobed and scobinate. 

© genitalia. Corpus bursae with pair of small, ovate, invaginate, scobinate signa. Ductus 
bursae short; sclerotized for whole of its length in elissa, elissoides and fiavidorsata; sclerotized 
near ostium in schausi and pseudelissa. Seventh sternite with lateral carina in schausi and 
pseudelissa. Lamella postvaginalis moderately well developed in schausi and pseudelissa, 
poorly developed in remaining species. Anterior apodemes shorter than posterior apodemes. 
Single pair of scent tubules opening dorsally at base of papillae anales. 


Similarities in the wing shape, the coloration and the genitalia suggest affinities 
between this genus and Viviennea. However, the colour-pattern of the thorax 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 45 
and abdomen, the lack of markings on the wings, and differences in the genitalia 
readily distinguish Selenarctia from Viviennea. 

Blest (1964) has shown that elissa and elissoides are probably unpalatable to 
predators and that like species of Viviennea (p. 11) they react to tactile stimuli 
by raising the abdomen and alternately raising and lowering the wings. It seems 
likely that all the species of Selenarctia together with certain species of Viviennea 
and Ormetica (see Viviennea) constitute a Miillerian partnership of warningly 
coloured species. 

Five species are known. One is described here as new, the others are transferred 
from Automolis. 

Selenarctia is known from Guatemala, southwards through Central America 
to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru and 
Bolivia. 

Nothing is known about the early stages. 


KEY TO SPECIES 


I Dorsal surface of thorax with dark brown medial marking . : G : : 2 
— Dorsal surface of thorax without markings . - 
2 Medial thoracic marking a longitudinal streak, tapered ‘posteriad: patagia unmarked 
pseudelissa (p. 49) 
— Medial thoracic marking ovate; patagia with dark brown medial marking in some 
specimens . s .  schausi (p. 49) 
3 Ventral surface of thorax dark brown except in narrow y band behind eyes and near 
base of wings 


— Ventral surface of thorax orange ; : ° : ; elissoides (p. 47) 
4 Forewing yellowish white; genitalia as in Pl. iQ”. ; : : : elissa (p. 45) 
- Forewing pale yellow; genitalia as in Pl. 20. : : : . flavidorsata (p. 48) 


Selenarctia elissa (Schaus) comb. n. 
(Text-figs 11, 12; Pl. 19, figs 111-117) 


Automolis elissa Schaus, 1892 : 277. Lectotype 9, Brazit (USNM), designated by Watson 
(1971 : 30) [examined]. 

Automolis elissa Schaus; Strand, 1919 : 17. 

Automolis elissa Schaus; Seitz, 1921 : 368, pl. 50i (9). 

Automolis elissa Schaus; Blest, 1964. [Mimicry and protective display.] 

Automolis elissa Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 30, pls 30c (type), 237c (genitalia). 


6: Palp black, with ventral surface of proximal segment orange and a few orange scales 
on ventral surface of second segment in most specimens. Head deep orange, with black, 
medial spot on front in type and in few other specimens. Scape of antenna orange, remainder 
black. Dorsal surface of thorax yellowish white (2Az2); ventral surface black (with weak, 
dark blue iridescence) except for deep orange area bordering head and yellowish white scales 
bordering base of wings. Forecoxa deep orange; rest of foreleg dark brown. Midleg dark 
brown with some orange on inner surface of coxa in some specimens and longitudinal band of 
yellowish white along outer surface of forefemur in some specimens. Hindleg as midleg but 
seldom with markings on femur. Wings yellowish white (2A2); outer margin of hindwing 


46 : A. WATSON 


concave. Dorsal surface of abdominal segments 1 and 2 black, with weak, dark blue iridescence; 
3 similar but with small area of orange posterolaterally; 4 black and dark blue medially, orange 
laterally, with black, anterolateral patch on each side; 5-8 orange with black, medial marking 
and black, lateral markings at anterior margin of each segment; ventral surface of abdomen 
orange tufts of yellowish white hair-scales. 

Q. As g but outer margin of hind wing weakly concave, straight or convex, and terminal 
segment of abdomen black and dark blue dorsally with orange posterior fringe. 

Forewing length: lectotype 2, 29:0 mm; g 21-0-25:0 mm; Q 27:5-32:5 mm. 

6 genitalia. Dorsal carina of uncus poorly developed; spinose apical process of aedeagus 
short, not reaching margin of aedeagus when viewed laterally. 

© genitalia as in figure. 


Externally most similar to flavidorsata from which it differs apparently only in 
the paler coloration of the wings and dorsal surface of the thorax. The male geni- 
talia differ from the latter chiefly in the shape of the uncus and the apical process 
of the aedeagus. In the female the ductus bursae is differently sclerotized. It 
resembles elissoides in wing coloration, but differs in the coloration of the ventral 
surface of the thorax. A male specimen from Para (in the BMNH) had been bred 
from Clusia insignis Martins, a species of Guttiferae. 

Known from Costa Rica, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Brazil 
and Bolivia. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis elissa Schaus, lectotype 9, BRAZIL: ‘Rio Janeiro’ (USNM). 


Costa Rica: 1 g, Juan Vifias (USNM). VENEZUELA: I g, Merida (USNM); 1 4, Bolivar, 
El Dorado, Sta Elena km 107, 520 m, 23.vill.1957 (Fernandez Yépez, Rosales) (UCV). GUYANA: 
1 9, Potaro River. FRENCH GUIANA: I 9, 1 g, Oyapok River, Pied Saut, ii.1918 (Klages) 
(CM); 2 g, Maroni, St Jean, xi. (USNM); 1 9, St Laurent (USNM). Surinam: 1 9, Maroewym 
valley, Aroewarwa Creek, vi.1905 (Klages) (LACM). Brazit: 34, Fonte Boa, v.1906 
(Klages); 1 g Obidos, Curumucury (Moss); 1 9, Sta Catarina, Hansa Humboldt (USNM); 
1 9, Sta Catarina, hills between Hansa and Jaragua, 400m, iv.1935 (Maller) (LACM); 1 2, 
1 9, Sta Catarina (USNM: 1 9); 56 J, 6 9, Para (Moss) (LACM: 1 @); 1 3, Rio (Lathy); 19, 
Terezopolis; 1 g, Rio State, Terezopolis, Barreira, 350m, 30.x.—3.xi.1956 (H. & G. Pearson). 
Botivia: 5 g, Rio Songo, 750 m (Fassl) (USNM: 1 @). 


12 


Fics 11, 12. Selenarctia elissa, g, venation. 11, forewing; 12, hindwing. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 47 


Selenarctia elissoides (Rothschild) comb. n. 
(Pl. 20, figs 118-121) 


Automolis elissoides Rothschild, 1910) : 270. LECTOTYPE g, VENEzuELA (BMNH), here 
designated [examined]. 

Automolis elissoides Rothschild; Hampson, 1920: 161. [Fig. of head & venation.] 

Automolis elissoides Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 368. 

Automolis elissoides Rothschild; Blest, 1964. [Mimicry and protective display.] 


dg. Apical segment of palp black; second segment either entirely black (one specimen 
from Trinidad), or black dorsally and orange-yellow ventrally (type and most specimens) ; 
basal segment black dorsally, orange-yellow ventrally. Head deep orange, becoming paler 
at posterior margin. Antenna serrate, black except for orange scape; each segment with 
numerous setae. Patagia, tegulae and rest of dorsal surface of thorax yellowish white. Ventral 
surface of thorax deep orange near head, otherwise orange. Fore-coxa deep orange; trochanter 
orange; femur dark brown except for area of orange on outer surface at proximal end and band 
of yellowish white along inner surface; fore-tibia and tarsus dark brown. Coxa and trochanter 
of midleg orange; femur yellowish white, with area of dark brown at distal end extended as 
tapering band half-way along femur on inner surface; tibia and tarsus dark brown, with some 
yellowish white scales on outer surface of tibia (except in one specimen from Trinidad) ; hindleg 
as midleg. Wings yellowish white; outer margin of hind wing concave. Dorsal surface of 
abdominal segments 1-4 orange laterally, with small, dark brown spot anteriorly on 2-4, dark 
brown (nearly black) medially with weak dark blue iridescence; 5—8 orange, with dark brown, 
medial patch and lateral patch anteriorly on each segment; ventral surface of abdomen orange, 
with yellowish white tuft arising from lateral surface of each valve. 

®. As ¢ but outer margin of hindwing convex, straight or very weakly concave, and last 
(7th) segment of abdomen dark brown and weakly iridescent bluish green dorsally except for 
orange posterior fringe. 

Forewing length: lectotype g 22-5 mm; ¢ 20-0-24-0 mm; 2 27-0—30°5 mm. 

6 genitalia. Valve not incurved towards medial line; length of apical part of uncus about 
twice breadth, dorsal carina broadest and truncate posteriorly; spinose apical process of 
aedeagus weakly arcuate, extending beyond lateral edge of aedeagus. 

© genitalia. Signa well developed; lamella postvaginalis weakly emarginate medially. 


In wing shape and coloration this species closely resembles elissa, but is easily 
distinguished by the orange, not black, vestiture of the ventral surface of the thorax, 
and by the male genitalia. Similar differences in the thorax and the yellowish 
white wing coloration separate elissoides from flavidorsata, although the male 
genitalia do not differ greatly: elissoides has straighter valves (viewed dorsally or 
ventrally), a narrower uncus and a longer spinose process at the apex of the aedeagus. 

Known from Guatemala, Belize, Venezuela, Trinidad, Brazil and Bolivia. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis elissoides Rothschild, lectotype 3, VENEZUELA: Mérida (BMNH). 


GUATEMALA: I 4, Cayuga; 1 g, 1 9, Cayuga, viii, ix (USNM). BeE.ize: 7 g, Punta Gorda, 
Vii.1933, 1934 (White, Johnson) (USNM: 1 g). VENEZUELA: I g, Mérida (Briceno); 1 2, 
Mérida (USNM); 1 g, 1 9, Aragua, Rancho Grande, 1100 m, 26.vii.1949, 20.ii.1967 (Fernandez 
Yépez, Salcedo) (UCV); 3 2, Aroa (USNM); 1 9, Aragua, El Limon, 450, 28.x.1960 (Fernandez 
Yépez) (UCV); 3 g, Caracas; 1 g, 7 9, Esteban Valley, Las Quiguas, xi-iii (Klages); 2 9, San 
Esteban, vi.1909 (Klages); 1 3, Monagas, Jusepin, 24.ix.1965 (Fernandez Yépez, Rosales) 
(UCV). TrinipaD: 2 g, Curepe, 23.x.1967, x.1968 (Cruttwell); 1 9, Caparo, xii.1905 (Klages) 


48 A. WATSON 


[paralectotype of elissoides]; 1 9, Port of Spain, i.1897 (Rendall) [paralectotype of elissoides]; 
2 9, Port of Spain, Belmont (Lafond). Braziv: 3 g, Rio; 12, Rio de Janeiro (Foetterle) (NM). 
Botivia: 1 9, Rio Solocame, 67° W., 16° S., 1200 m, i.1go1 (Simons). 


Selenarctia flavidorsata sp. n. 
(Pl. 20, figs 122, 123; Pl. 21, figs 124-126) 


[Automolis pseudelissa Dognin sensu auct. Misidentification.] 


3. Apical segment of palp black; second segment black, with few pale yellow scales on front 
surface; basal segment black dorsally, deep orange ventrally. Head deep orange; front with 
black medial marking in few specimens (not type); vertex with small, black, medial spot at 
posterior margin in few specimens (not type). Scape of antenna deep orange, remainder 
black. Patagia, tegulae and rest of dorsal surface of thorax pale yellow (2A3). Ventral 
surface of thorax mostly dark brown (nearly black) except for deep orange near head and 
pale yellow near wing bases. Forecoxa deep orange, rest of leg dark brown. Midleg dark 
brown except for orange lateral patch on trochanter and pale yellow line along lateral (outer) 
surface of femur. Hindleg dark brown. Forewing pale yellow (2A3); hindwing slightly 
paler, its outer margin concave. Dorsal surface of abdominal segments 1 and 2 dark brown, 
nearly black (with weak, dark blue iridescence); segment 3 dark brown with narrow band of 
orange laterally; 4 as 3 but orange lateral area broader; 5-8 orange; 3—8 with lateral dark 
brown patch on each side; 6-8 with dark brown, medial patches (5 similarly marked in some 
specimens — not type); ventral surface orange, with some pale yellow hair-scales posteriorly on 8. 

@. As male but outer margin of hind wing convex, straight or weakly concave, and last 
(7th) segment of abdomen dark brown and weakly iridescent dark blue dorsally except for 
orange posterior fringe. 

Forewing length: holotype f 24:5 mm; ¢ 22°5-25:5 mm; 9 27-0-29'5 mm. 

6 genitalia. Valve curved inwards towards medial line; length of apical part of uncus 
less than twice breadth; spinose apical process of uncus arcuate, not extending beyond lateral 
edge of aedeagus. 

© genitalia. Signa small; lamella postvaginalis weakly emarginate medially. 


This species is externally most like pseudelissa from which it differs in the absence 
of a dark brown, medial marking on the dorsal surface of the thorax, the presence 
of only one row of lateral abdominal spots, and by the slightly paler yellow colora- 
tion. The ¢ genitalia most closely resemble those of elissoides, but the valves 
are distinctly arcuate (viewed ventrally), the uncus broader apically, and the 
apical process of the aedeagus shorter. 

Known from Brazil and northern Peru. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Holotype 3, BraziL: Sta Catarina, Hansa Humboldt, 60 m, vii.1936 (Maller). 


Paratypes. Braziv: 14 ¢, 3 9, Sta Catarina, Hansa Humboldt, ix.1932, vi.1935, vii.1936 
(Maller); 4 3, 1 9, Sta Catarina, hills between Hansa and Jaragua, 400., iv, v.1935 (Maller); 
12 g, 29, Sta Catarina Jaragua do Sul, ix, x.1932, i, vi-viii.1935 (Hoffmann, Maller); 2 g, 2, 
Sta Catarina Jaragua (Hoffmann) (NM); 4 g, Sta Catarina, Joinville (ZSBS); 1 g, Sta Catarina, 
Rio Vermelho, 830 m, vi.1936 (Mailer); 4 3, Sta Catarina (USNM); 1 g, Rio State, Terezopolis, 
Barreira, 350m, 8—12.x11.1936 (H. & G. Pearson); 1 g, Rio; 1 g, Sao Paulo, Serra do Mar, 
li.1927 (Wucherpfennig); 1 6, Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, v.1924 (Spitz). PERU: 1 g, Upper 
Maranon, Rentema Falls, 1ooo ft (Prait). 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 49 


Selenarctia pseudelissa (Dognin) comb. n. 
(Pl. 21, figs 127-131) 


Automolis pseudelissa Dognin, 1902 : 232. Lectotype g, VENEZUELA (USNM), designated by 
Watson, 1971 : 77 [examined]. 


Automolis pseudolissa Dognin; Hampson, 1920 : 163. [Fig. of head & venation.] 
Automolis pseudelissa Dognin; Watson, 1971 : 76, pls 30 (type), 127 (genitalia). 

6, 2. Externally as for flavidorsata except for the generally larger size, the presence of a 
black and weakly iridescent, dark blue, mid-dorsal, longitudinal band on the thorax (this 


band broad anteriorly, tapered posteriorly), and by the presence of dark brown spots on each 
side of abdominal sterna 5-8 ($) or 5-6 (9). 

Forewing length: lectotype ¢ 24-5 mm; ¢ 24:5-30°5 mm; 9 31-0-34-0 mm. 

6 genitalia. Uncus tapered posteriorly, very strongly carinate dorsally and with pointed, 
falcate apex; apex of valve acuminate and inwardly directed in most specimens (including 
type); aedeagus without apical process. 


Qgenitalia. Lamella antevaginalis emarginate medially, lobate laterally ; lamella postvaginalis 
with V-shaped posterior margin, lobate laterally. 


Most like schausi externally, but separable by the absence of patagial markings 
and the presence of a dark, posteriorly tapered, medial band on the thorax 
(contrasting with a circular or ovoid patch in schaust). Similarities in the genitalia 
add weight to the possibility that schausi is its closest ally. Dognin’s statement 
(1902 : 232) that pseudelissa differs from elissa in that the ventral surface of the 
thorax is black in pseudelissa but orange in elissa is incorrect: in fact, elissa does 
not differ from pseudelissa in this respect. Both elissa and elissoides are smaller, 
paler species neither of which possess any black markings on the dorsal surface of 
the thorax. 

Known from Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis pseudolissa Dognin, lectotype g, VENEZUELA: Mérida (USNM). 


Costa Rica: 1 Q, Sitio, iii. (USNM). Coromsta: 6 3g, 1 9, Rio Negro, 8000 m (Fassl); 1 g, 
Pacho, 2200 (Fass/); 1 9, Rio Inambari, La Oroya, 3100 ft, ix.1g04 (Ockenden). VENEZUELA: 
2 3, 3 2, Mérida (USNM) [including 1 g & 1 9 paralectotypes of pseudolissa]; 12 3, 2 9, Mérida 
(Briceno); 1 3, Trujillo, Boconé, 1200 m, 13.viil.1964 (Osuna, Gelbes) (UCV); 1 g, 1900; 1 Q, 
1901 (USNM). PERUv: 33 4, 2 9, Carabaya, Santo Domingo, 6000-6500 ft, xi.1901, ii.—xii.1g02, 
X.1903, ix.1904 (Ockenden) (LACM: 1 g); 7 g, 1 9, Carabaya (USNM). Botrvia: 4 4, Rio 
Songo, 750-800 m (Fassl) (USNM: 2 3). 


Selenarctia schausi (Rothschild) comb. n. 
(Pl. 22, figs 132-136) 
Automolis schausi Rothschild, 1916 : 266. LECTOTYPE 9, Costa Rica (BMNH), here 
designated [examined]. 
Automolis schausi Rothschild; Hampson, 1920: 161. [Fig. in colour.] 
3. Apical segment of palp black; second segment black with a few yellow scales near base 


in one specimen; basal segment deep orange ventrally, black dorsally. Head deep orange; 
both vertex and front with black, medial spot. Scape of antenna orange, remainder black. 


50 A. WATSON 


Patagia pale yellow (2A3), each with black spot posteromedially; tegulae pale yellow; rest of 
dorsal surface of thorax pale yellow but with large, black, medial spot anteriorly. Ventral 
surface of thorax dark brown (nearly black) except for deep orange immediately behind head 
and pale yellow near wing bases. Foreleg coxa deep orange, rest of leg dark brown; midleg 
dark brown except for streak of yellowish white at distal end of outer surface of femur in some 
specimens (not type); hindleg as midleg. Forewing pale yellow (2A3); hindwing slightly 
paler, its outer margin weakly concave. Dorsal surface of abdominal segments 1 and 2 dark 
brown (nearly black, with weak, dark blue iridescence) ; 3 dark brown medially, orange laterally; 
4 as 3 but with narrower, dark brown area; 5-8 orange, each with dark brown, medial spot at 
anterior margin of segment; 3-8 with dark brown lateral spot at either side of anterior margin 
of each segment; ventral surface of 2 dark brown except for orange posteromedial patch; 3 
orange with dark brown, lateral patch on each side; 4-8 orange, each with dark brown, lateral 
spot. 

Q. As g, but outer margin of hind wing very weakly concave (type), straight or convex, 
and ventral surface of terminal (7th) segment of abdomen dark brown except for orange anterior 
area. 

Forewing length: lectotype 9 31:0 mm; ¢ 24°5—26-:0 mm; 9 27'5-31:0 mm. 

6 genitalia. Valves tapered, apex truncate; uncus with weak dorsal carina, strongly carinate 
ventrally with anteriorly directed spine at middle; aedeagus arcuate, without apical process. 

© genitalia. Signa small; ductus bursae membranous except for narrow posterior band; 
lamella antevaginalis weakly emarginate medially; lamella postvaginalis strongly emarginate 
medially; scent tubules relatively short. 


Most likely to be confused with pseudelissa from which it differs chiefly in the 
presence of a dark brown spot on each patagium and a circular or ovoid medial 
spot on the thorax (in contrast with a longitudinal band is pseudelissa). Similarities 
in the genitalia suggest that a close relationship exists between schausi and pseudelissa. 

Known from Costa Rica and Panama. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis schausi Rothschild, lectotype 9, Costa Rica: Sitio (BMNH). 


Costa Rica: 1 4g, 2 9, Juan Vifias (USNM); 1 9, Juan Vifias, 3500 ft, vi.; 2 g, Tuis (USNM); 
1 Q, Sitio, iii, (USNM): 2 9, Irazu Volcano, Orosi, 1200 m (Fass/, Tablitz). Panama: 1 Q, Lino. 


APHYARCTIA gen. n. [Gender: feminine] 


[Automolis Hiibner sensu auct. Partim.] 
Type-species: Automolis surinamensis Rothschild, 1912 : 158. 


©. Palp short, extending to about one-quarter distance between labrum and base of antenna. 
Antenna bipectinate proximally, serrate distally. Head with conspicuous tuft extending 
from dorsal part of clypeo-frons to posterior margin of vertex. Thorax mostly white and orange- 
grey. Legs orange-red and white; mesothoracic legs with one pair of spurs; metathoracic 
legs with two pairs of spurs. Tymbal organ well developed; with 25 microtymbals. Wings 
uniformly white; venation as in figure. Abdomen white, with black, dorsal line. 

6. As Q but forewing narrower, and hind wing probably smaller relative to forewing [single 
6 badly damaged]. There are no recognizable scent-organs on the wings. 

© genitalia. Corpus bursae moderate in size; appendix bursae approximately equal in 
size to latter. Ductus bursae sclerotized. Paired lamellae antevaginalis and single lamella 
postvaginalis present. Scent tubules simple, short. Papillae anales broad. 

6 genitalia. Apodemes of eighth abdominal segment absent. Saccus present. Juxta 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 51 


present. Valve broad proximally with distinct saccular and costal regions. Uncus simple, 
arched ventrally. Aedeagus with lobate, scobinate vesica and single, basal group of cornutal 
spines. 


The affinities of this genus are uncertain. The single known species cannot be 
placed satisfactorily, even tentatively, in any previously described genus. It 
is probably distantly related to genera such as Selenarctia and Viviennea. 

Nothing is known about the early stages. 


Aphyarctia surinamensis (Rothschild) comb. n. 
(Text-figs 13,14; Pl. 23, figs 137-141) 


Automolis surinamensis Rothschild, 1911 : 158. Holotype 9, Surinam (BMNH) [examined]. 
Automolis surinamensis Rothschild; Hampson, 1920: 145. [Fig., too yellowish.] 
Automolis surinamensis Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 368. [Particularly inaccurate colour-plate.] 


9. Palps white, with few reddish scales on outer (lateral) surface. Antennae white. 
Clypeo-frons white, with yellowish grey, transverse band at middle. Vertex covered with long, 
yellowish grey scales forming conspicuous, forwardly projecting tuft. Patagia white speckled 
with yellowish grey; posterior fringe yellowish grey. Tegulae white, speckled with yellowish 
grey, with transverse band of yellowish grey anteriorly and at base of posterior fringe. Rest 
of dorsal surface of thorax yellowish grey in anterior two-thirds, with two transverse bands of 
yellowish brown; posterior third white, with yellowish brown medial line. Ventral and lateral 
surfaces of thorax white. Coxa of prothoracic leg white; trochanter, femur and tibia orange-red 
on front (outer) surface, white on rear surface; foretarsus similar to tibia but rear surface 
greyish white. [Remaining legs missing from the type, the only 9.] Wing venation as in 
figure. Forewing white; hindwing white, slightly translucent. Abdomen white except for 
narrow, black longitudinal, medial line along whole of dorsal surface. 

6. As 9. Mesothoracic leg as foreleg. Metathoracic coxa, trochanter and femur white; 
tibia white with some yellowish brown and orange-red scales at distal end of outer surface; 
outer surface of tarsus yellowish brown proximally, orange-red distally, inner (medial) surface 
greyish white. 

Forewing length: holotype 2 31-0 mm; ¢ 29-0 mm. 


Fics 13,14. Aphyarctia surinamensis, g, venation. 13, forewing; 14, hindwing. 


52 A. WATSON 


2 genitalia. Corpus bursae with broad, scobinate area ventrally on left side and elongate 
signum dorsally on right side. Duct between corpus bursae and appendix bursae strongly 
scobinate. Ductus bursae sclerotized except for transverse area just posterior to its mid-point. 
Paired lamellae antevaginalis and medially emarginate lamella postvaginalis present. Posterior 
apophyses longer than anterior apophyses. Scent tubules tapered anteriorly. 

6 genitalia. Juxta globular. Costal region of valve terminating apically in heavily 
sclerotized, inwardly directed process. Uncus weakly sulcate mid-dorsally; apex acuminate, 
ventrally directed. 


A mostly white species with a conspicuous black line along the dorsal surface 
of the abdomen and areas of bright orange-red on the legs. 
Known only from Surinam and French Guiana. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis surinamensis Rothschild, holotype 2, SuRINAM: Maroewym Valley, 
Aroewarwa Creek, vii.1905 (Klages) (BMNH). 


FRENCH Gurana: I g, Maroni River, St Jean, xi. (Le Moult) (USNM); 5 g, Oyapok River 
Pied Saut, iii.1918 (Klages) (CM: 4 g); 2 g, Mana River, v.1917 (CM). 


EMURENA Gen. n. (Gender: feminine] 
[Automolis Hiibner sensu auct. Partim.] 
Type-species: Emurena fernandezi sp. n. 


3, 2. Palp extending to near middle of clypeo-frons; terminal segment minute. Head 
without scale-tufts. Antennae serrate in fernandez: and lurida, biserrate in remaining three 
species; apical segments paler in colour than rest of flagellum. Patagia mainly yellow; tegulae 
yellow, or yellow and grey; rest of dorsal surface of thorax yellow or grey. Tymbal organ 
present; with about 60 grooves in fernandezi and lurida, 50 in other three species. Mesothoracic 
leg with one pair of spurs; metathoracic leg with two pairs of spurs. Forewing yellow, with 
weakly iridescent, grey markings on upper surface; strongly marked on under surface in 
tripunctata and quinquepunctata, weakly marked in remaining three species. Forewing venation 
as in Text-fig. 15. Hindwing yellow. Male of ferynandezi with two androconial zones: one on 
the greatly enlarged costal area of hindwing, the other under that part of the forewing overlapped 
by costal area of hindwing (Text-figs 15, 16). Males of fernandezi, tripunctata and quinque- 
punctata with hair-pencil overlying androconial scales in anal area on upper surface of hind 
wing. Hindwing venation modified in g fernandezi (Text-fig. 16) to support broad costal area. 
Abdomen yellow. 

6 genitalia. Eighth abdominal tergite and sternite not strongly modified; each with short 
anterior apodemes. Saccus large. Vinculum greatly produced laterally and posteriorly in 
fernandez and lurida; tegumen and posterior part of vinculum similarly produced in tripunctata 
and quinquepunctata. Valves relatively small except in luridoides; with membranous costal 
lobe in each species. Vesica of aedeagus scobinate in fervnandezi; scobinate and spinose in 
other four species. 

© genitalia [Q of luvida and quinquepunciata not known]. Seventh abdominal sternite 
variously modified posteriorly; asymmetric in fernandezi. Lamella postvaginalis with medial 
sulcus in fernandezt and luridoides; broadly concave in tvipunctata. Ductus bursae short; 
corpus bursae bearing two small, scobinate signa; appendix bursae large, its duct broad. 
Anterior and posterior apophyses present; short. Paired scent-organs present. 


Some similarities in the coloration, wing shape and male genitalia suggest affinities 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 53 


between this genus and Sutonocrea. The colour-pattern of the wings is, however, 
distinctive, and separation from Sutonocrea presents no difficulties. 

The externally similar species lurida and fernandezi are apparently sympatric, 
although there is no precise locality-match in the examined material. Nearly all 
the so-called ‘lurida’ material examined has proved to be fernandezi, and only four 
specimens of Jurida have so far been discovered. Contrasting with the close simi- 
larity in coloration and colour-pattern between these two species is the presence 
in the male of fernandezi of an array of three scent-dispersal organs. There are 
two simple androconial patches, one on the under surface of the forewing, the other 
on the upper surface of the hindwing, both in the area of overlap of the two wings 
(see Text-figs 15, 16). The third androconial zone is located on the under surface 
of the hindwing (Text-fig. 16) in a pouch formed by the folded anal area, where it 
is overlaid by a posteriorly-directed hair-pencil. There are no such identifiable 
androconial zones in /urida (see comments on p. 10). 

A hair-pencil is also present on the male hind wing of tripunctata and the closely 
allied allopatric guinquepunctata, but they lack the androconial zones on the over- 
lapping areas of the fore- and hindwings. 

The fifth species, /wridoides, lacks both hair-pencils and androconial patches. 
This species stands apart from the rest of the genus in colour-pattern and male 
genitalic characters and is the only species to lack the curious processes of the 
vinculum or tegumen in the male which, at least in fernandezi and tripunctata, 
appear to be capable of engaging with pockets between the 7th and 8th abdominal 
segments of the female. 

There is lateral asymmetry of the male genitalia except in tripunctata and quin- 
quepunctata. Those of fernandezi and lurida are also bent to the right of the medial 
line. Matching asymmetry is present in the ostial region of the female genitalia 
of fernandezi but not of luridoides. 

The curious nomenclatural status of guinquepunctata may need explanation. 
The species A utomolis quinquepunctata Gaede, 1928, was subsequently independently 
redescribed as Automolis quinquepunctata Schaus, 1933. Anomalously, the latter 
name, therefore, is simultaneously a primary junior homonym and a junior subjective 
synonym of the former. 

All five included species of this newly erected genus are transferred from A utomolis. 

Emurena tripunctata is known only from Costa Rica and Panama. The remaining 
four species are South American; their distribution includes Colombia, Venezuela, 
Guyana, French Guiana, Bolivia, Peru and Brazil. 

Nothing is known about the early stages. 


KEY TO SPECIES 


1 Forewing with three grey markings . - : = . é - ; - 2 

— Forewing with more than three grey markings . : 4 

2 Grey, medial marking of forewing at least twice as lone as broad (Pl. 28, fig. 172) 
luridoides (p. 58) 


— Grey, medial marking of forewing approximately as broad as long : : : 3 


54 A. WATSON 


3. Grey, medial marking of forewing less than 0:5 mm from tornus at its closest point; 3 


genitalia as in Pl. 24, figs 144 & 146 : : lurida (p. 56) 

— Grey, medial marking of forewing separated een Pages = at least Imm at its 
closest point; $ genitalia as in Pl. 24, figs 145 & 147 ; fernandezi (p. 54) 

4 Narrow, grey, at band present on mney re genital as in Pl. 27, figs 165 & 
167. : tripunctata (p. 56) 
-— Forewing ee! pre- apical band; 3} eenitala as in Pl. 28, figs 170, 171 quinquepunctata 
(P- 57) 


Emurena fernandezi sp. n. 
(Text-figs 15, 16; Pl. 24, figs 143, 145, 147; Pl. 25, figs 148-157) 


[Automolis lurida (Felder) sensu auct. Misidentification, partim.] 


6: Basal segment of palp orange-yellow, with greyish brown patch posterodistally; second 
segment greyish brown except for orange-yellow area anteriorly near base; apical segment 
greyish brown. Clypeo-frons iridescent blue and greyish brown; vertex orange-yellow. Antenna 
weakly serrate; greyish brown except apical segments which are yellowish white. Patagia 
orange-yellow except for narrow greyish brown lateral border; tegulae orange-yellow with 
iridescent blue and pastel grey, medial fringe; rest of dorsal surface of thorax iridescent blue 
and pastel grey, except for orange-yellow hair-scales laterally and posteriorly. Pleural and 
ventral surfaces of thorax orange-yellow. Tymbal organ with 58-64 grooves. Coxa and 
trochanter of all legs orange-yellow. Prothoracic femur orange-yellow proximally, yellowish 
grey distally; tibia yellowish grey, with dark greyish brown, transverse, distal band and medial 
bar near middle of segment, and with dark greyish brown longitudinal band along front surface; 
tarsal segments yellowish grey, each with greyish brown distal band. Mesothoracic femur 
orange-yellow, with yellowish grey on lateral (outer) surface distally; tibia as prothoracic 
tibia but orange yellow on medial (inner) surface; tarsus as prothoracic tibia but with yellowish 
grey replaced by orange-yellow on medial surface. Metathoracic femur orange-yellow; tibia 
orange-yellow with dark greyish brown distally on outer surface; each tarsal segment as tibia. 
Venation of forewing as Text-fig. 15. Upper surface of forewing orange-yellow with three 
iridescent blue and pastel grey patches; basal patch edged distally with dark greyish brown; 
medial patch edged proximally with dark greyish brown distally and white posteriorly; apical 
patch edged entirely with white; area of white in costal area connects basal and medial patches. 
Under surface of forewing orange-yellow (paler than upper surface) with unscaled area (Text- 
fig. 15) surrounding ovate zone of narrow androconial scales; markings of upper surface very 
weakly marked with greyish yellow, but with dark greyish brown costal margin to apical patch. 
Costal area of hind wing greatly enlarged (Text-fig. 16); supported by accessory vein. Upper 
surface of hindwing orange-yellow; zone of narrow androconial scales present in cell and adjacent 
costal area; this zone surrounded by sparsely scaled area. Under surface of hindwing orange- 
yellow; anal area folded to form pouch which conceals posteriorly-directed hair-pencil (Text- 
fig. 16) and lining of broad androconial scales. Abdomen orange-yellow. 

9. As g but antenna non-serrate, outer margin of forewing weakly convex, not straight, 
wings without hair-pencils or identifiable groups of scent-scales, and costal area of hindwing 
unmodified. 

Forewing length: holotype g 20:0 mm; ¢ 165-205 mm; 9 20-0-21'5 mm. 

3S genitalia. Bilaterally asymmetric and bent towards right-hand side of medial line 
posteriorly. Vinculum greatly modified laterally to form two spinose, posteriorly-directed 
processes ; that on the left much larger than process on theright. Valve withshort, membranous, 
digitate, apical process. Uncus with two processes arising from base, that on the left with 
short, preapical tooth. Vesica of aedeagus multilobate, partly scobinate. 

© genitalia. Seventh sternite asymmetric, with ostium to the left of the medial line and with 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 55 


unequal pockets on either side. Duct of appendix bursae dilate and scobinate immediately 
before opening into corpus bursae. Lamella postvaginalis with scobinate, medial sulcus. 


The asymmetry of the female genitalia matches that of the male. It can be 
seen from the figures that the longer left-hand process of the vinculum would fit 
into the large right-hand pocket of the female and the small right-hand process 
of the male into the small left-hand pocket of the female during copulation. The 
equivalent male structures in the closely related lurida are markedly different in 
shape and could be expected to function as a mechanism inhibiting cross-mating. 

The difference in male scent-organ equipment between fernandezi and its sibling 
lurida has been discussed earlier (p. 53). Externally the males can also be dis- 
tinguished by the position of the grey medial marking on the forewing (see Key), 
a characteristic which may also be useful in distinguishing females (/urida females 
have yet to be discovered). 

Most of the localities given for /urida in the literature refer to fernandezi. I 
have examined specimens of fernandezi from Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French 
Guiana, Surinam, Bolivia and Brazil. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Holotype 3, GUYANA: Potaro, 11.1908 (Klages) (BMNH). 


Paratypes. CoLomBIA: 4 g, Rio Negro, 800m (Fass); 1 g, Medina (Fassl) (USNM). 
VENEZUELA: 2 4, 1 9, Bolivar, El Dorado, Sta Elena km 107, 15—17.viii.1957 (Fernandez Yépez, 
Rosales) (UCV). Guyana: 1 9, Potaro River, Tumatumari, iii.1gtz (USNM); 11 g, Potaro, 
ii-v.1908 (Klages); 1 9, Rio Demerara; 29. Surinam: 1g. Borrtvia: 114, Rio Songo, 750 m 
(Fassl) (USNM: 1 @); 2 g, Coroico, 1500m (Fassl). Brazit: 7 g, Para; 1 g, Amazonas, 
Espirito Santo (USNM); 1 3, Amazonas, Sao Paulo de Olivenga, xi-xii (Fassl) (USNM); 2 3, 
Amazonas, Monte Christo (Fass!) (USNM); 4 3, Amazonas, Rio Purus, Hyutanahan, i-ii.1922 
(Klages) (CM); 4 ¢, 1 9, Rio State, Terezopolis, Barreira, 350 m, 30.x—3.xi.1956, 3.i-24.1x.1957, 
I19—20.iv.1958 (H. & G. Pearson). 


androconial patch 
upper surface) 


t= 
anal fold 
(under surface) 


\ 
androconial patch 
funder surface) 


Fics 15, 16. Emurena fernandezi, g, venation. 15, forewing; 16, hindwing. The 
scent-organ enclosed by the anal fold under the hindwing is illustrated on Pl 25, fig. 151. 
Scales from the androconial patch on the upper surface of the hindwing are figured on 
Pl. 25, figs 156, 157. 


56 A. WATSON 


Emurena lurida (Felder) comb. n. 
(Pl. 24, figs 142, 144, 146) 


Eucyrta lurida Felder, 1874 : pl. 102, fig. 7 (legend). LECTOTYPE ¢, Peru (BMNH), here 
designated [examined]. 


Euplesia luvida (Felder) Kirby, 1892 : 167. 
Automolis lunida (Felder) Hampson, 1901 : 45. (Partim.) 
Automolis lurida (Felder); Strand, 1919: 20. (Partim.) 


Automolis lurida (Felder); Seitz, 1921 : 374, pl. 52d (inaccurate illustration of fernandezt). 
(Partim.) 


There is apparently no difference in the coloration and colour-pattern between this species 
and fervnandezi except on the forewing where the grey medial marking is closer to the tornus 
in fernandezi (see Key). The male differs radically from that of feynandezi in the absence of a 
hair-pencil and androconial zones (see pp. 10 and 53). The female is unknown. 

Forewing length: lectotype 17-5 mm; 17°5-18:5 mm. 

3 genitalia. Asymmetric and bent to the right posteriorly. Posterior part of vinculum 
greatly modified to form asymmetric, setose hood dorsal to rest of genitalia; this hood bearing 
two posterior processes, that on the left longer and incurved.’ Valve with large, membranous, 
apical process, that on left larger than right-hand lobe. Uncus without basal processes. 
Vesica of aedeagus with scobinate areas and large spinose zone. 


It is probable that the female of Jurida will prove to have an outwardly-opening 
pocket on the right-hand side to accommodate the inwardly-directed left-hand 
arm of the male vinculum, comparable to the manner in which the male and female 
genitalia of fernandezi apparently interlock during copulation. 

Previous references in the literature to so-called lurida probably refer exclusively 
to fernandezi except where BMNH and Carnegie Museum material are concerned. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Eucyrta lurida Felder, lectotype 3, PERU (BMNH). 


SURINAM: I ¢, Maroewym Valley, Aroewarwa Creek, iii.1905 (Klages). FRENCH GUIANA: 
1 g, Mana River, v.1917 (CM); 1 g, Oyapok River, Pied Saut (Klages) (CM). Brazix: 1 6, 
Amazonas, Fonte Boa, v.1906 (Klages); 13, Para (Moss); 1 g, Matto Grosso, Chapada, near 
Cuyaba (Smith) (CM); 1 3, Rio Purus, ii.1922 (Klages) (CM). 


Emurena tripunctata (Druce) comb. n. 
(Pl. 26, figs 158-162; Pl. 27, figs 163-167) 


Sutonocrea tripunctata Druce, 1884, pl. 9, fig. 2 (good fig. but hind wing hair-pencil pouch 
not shown). LECTOTYPE 3, Panama (MNHU), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis tripunctata (Druce) Hampson, 1901 : 56. 

Automolis tripunctata (Druce); Strand, 191g : 26. 

Automolis tripunctata (Druce) ; Seitz, 1921 : 368, pl. 50h (poor fig.). 


g. Basal segment of palp orange-yellow; second segment black with some greyish brown 
scales anteriorly and with orange-yellow anterior patch at its base; apical segment yellowish 
grey. Clypeo-frons iridescent blue and greyish brown; vertex orange-yellow. Scape of antennae 
orange-yellow posteriorly, dark greyish brown anteriorly. Flagellum biserrate, densely setose; 
proximal three-quarters dark greyish brown; distal quarter white but with dark brown, proximal 
band on more proximal segments. Patagia orange-yellow with weak, pink iridescence; tegulae 
orange-yellow with iridescent blue and brownish grey anterolateral zone; rest of dorsal surface 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 57 


of thorax orange-yellow with large, iridescent greyish brown and blue medial patch anteriorly. 
Pleural and ventral surfaces of thorax orange-yellow except for dark greyish brown patch 
behind eye. Tymbal organ with from 45 to 50 grooves. Coxa, trochanter and femur of 
all legs orange-yellow; femur with greyish brown distal patch edged proximally with yellowish 
white. Prothoracic tibia dark greyish brown with yellowish grey patch near base and at about 
two-thirds distance from base on front surface, with some white scales on outer surface proximally 
and orange-yellow scales concealing epiphysis. Prothoracic tarsus dark greyish brown, with 
white proximal bands on two basal segments. Inner surface of mesothoracic tibia orange- 
yellow, outer surface with yellowish grey proximal area bordered at base and in middle of leg 
with dark greyish brown and with dark greyish brown distal band edged proximally with 
white; tarsus as prothoracic tarsus but third segment also with white proximal band. 
Metathoracic tibia orange-yellow, with dark greyish brown zone at proximal and distal ends 
(the latter edged proximally with white); segments 1-4 of tarsus yellowish white with greyish 
brown terminal band to each segment; distal segment of tarsus greyish brown. Forewing 
venation as fernandezi (Text-fig. 15). Upper surface of forewing orange-yellow, with iridescent 
green and pastel grey basal marking and three similarly coloured, medial spots and pre-apical, 
oblique band. Under surface of forewing as upper surface but deeper yellow; basal marking 
very weakly marked except at costa; two proximal, medial markings dark brown; distal, 
medial marking similar, but less strongly marked; pre-apical band dark brown, most strongly 
marked at costa and towards outer margin of wing. Hindwing orange-yellow on both surfaces; 
venation as in Text-fig. 16; hair-pencil present on under surface in folded anal area, closely 
associated with zones of androconial scales (Pl. 26). Wings otherwise without recognizable 
zones of androconial scales. Abdomen orange-yellow. 

g. As g, but antenna less strongly biserrate, outer margin of forewing more strongly convex 
and anal area of hind wing unmodified. 

Forewing length: 3 18-5-19-5 mm; 9 21-5 mm. 

6 genitalia. Approximately bilaterally symmetric. Valve with short, digitate, membranous, 
apical process. Anterior margin of tegumen produced posteriorly on either side as flat plate. 
Uncus with pair of large basal processes. Vesica of aedeagus with six main lobes, variously 
spinose or scobinate. 

Q genitalia. Corpus bursae pyriform, sclerotized anterodorsally; appendix bursae bilobate. 
Ostium placed to left of medial line in single available specimen (possibly distorted). Lamella 
postvaginalis swollen laterally; medial sulcus broad, weakly scobinate. 


The species tripunctata is apparently unknown outside Costa Rica and Panama, 
unlike the remaining four species of Emurena which are South American. The 
male scent-producing hair-pencil of tripwnctata is not therefore currently involved 
in species recognition functions between Emurena species, although there remains 
the possibility of a past function of this kind if the range of the related quinquepunc- 
tata once overlapped that of tripunctata. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Sutonocrea tripunctata Druce, lectotype 3, PANAMA: (Ribbe) (MNHU). 


Costa Rica: 1 g, Juan Vijfias, v; 2 g, Tuis; 1 g, Sitio, 4000 ft, vi; 1 gf Sitio (USNM); 1 4, 
Carreblanco (Lankester); 1 3, Sixola River, iii (USNM); 1 9, Guapiles, 850 ft (USNM). 


Emurena quinquepunctata (Gaede) comb. n. 
(Pl. 28, figs 168-171) 


| Automolis quinquepunctata Gaede, 1928 : 28. LECTOTYPE 3, Coromsra (MNHU), here 
| designated [examined]. 


58 A. WATSON 


Automolis quinquepunctata Schaus, 1933 : 568. Holotype g, Cotompia (USNM) [examined]. 
[Synonymised by Watson, 1971 : 79.] [This is also a junior primary homonym of quinque- 
punctata Gaede.] 

Automolis quinquepunctata Gaede; Watson, 1971 :7, pls 20d (type of guinquepunctata), 112a, b 
(genitalia). 


Similar to Wipunctata but differing in the following characters. Segment three of prothoracic 
tarsus with white proximal band (as segments I and 2). Basal marking of forewing broader 
posterolaterally; most anterior of three medial spots larger than other two (confluent with 
middle spot in one example in the USNM); pre-apical line replaced by two spots (confluent 
in one USNM example). 

The female is unknown. 

Forewing length: ¢ 19:0-20-:0 mm. 

6 genitalia. Bilaterally asymmetric. Membranous apical process of valve minute. 
Tegumen greatly modified: dorso-anterior margin produced posteriorly to form large, laterally 
sclerotized hood. Uncus with two unequal basal processes. Vesica of aedeagus lobate; one 
lobe bearing a corona of stout spines, another lobe with patch of longer spines. 


Closely allied to the Central American tvipunctata but easily distinguished by the 
colour-pattern of the forewing. Known only from Colombia. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis quinquepunctata Gaede, lectotype 3g, CoLomBIA, between Tumaco 
and Pasto (Niepelt) (MNHU). Automolis quinquepunctata Schaus, holotype <, 
CoLoMBIA, Buena Vista (Patchett) (USNM). 


CoLoMBiA: 2 ¢ (USNM). 


Emurena luridoides (Rothschild) 
(Pl. 28, figs 172-176) 


Automolis luridoides Rothschild, 1910c : 19. [Coloured fig.] Holotype g, Brazir (BMNH) 
[examined]. 

Automolis luridoides Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 20. 

Automolis luridoides Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 374, pl. 52d (very poor fig.). 


6. Basal segment of palp orange-yellow; remainder pale grey. Clypeofrons pale grey, 
vertex orange-yellow. Antenna biserrate; pale grey except for white, apical 10 or 11 segments. 
Patagia orange-yellow with some white scales anteromedially and anterolaterally. Tegulae 
orange-yellow with white anterolaterally and pastel grey at extreme anterolateral angle; rest 
of dorsal surface of thorax weakly iridescent pale grey and pale blue medially, orange-yellow 
laterally and along posterior margin. Ventral and pleural regions of thorax orange-yellow 
except for pastel grey band between eye and tegula. Tymbal organ with between 62 and 
74 microtymbals. Prothoracic coxa and trochanter orange-yellow; femur orange-yellow 
proximally, dark brownish grey in band just distal to middle and at distal end of femur, other- 
wise pale grey; tibia pale grey with dark brownish grey band at middle and at distal end and 
with few orange-yellow scales over epiphysis; tarsal segments pale grey with dark brownish 
grey distal band. Mesothoracic coxa and trochanter orange-yellow; femur orange-yellow 
except for distal end which is dark brownish grey, edged proximally with white. Outer 
surface of mesothoracic tibia pale grey with dark brownish grey band in middle and at distal 
end ; yellowish white, longitudinal band extends along front surface; remainder of tibia orange- 
yellow. Mesothoracic tarsal segments pale grey with dark brownish grey, distal band. 
Metathoracic coxa, trochanter and femur on mesothoracic leg; tibia as femur; proximal 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 59 


tarsal segment yellowish white with brownish grey distal band, remaining segments either 
yellowish white (e.g. type) or pale grey but invariably with brownish grey distal band. Fore- 
wing venation as fernandezi. Sc + R, of hindwing arises from or just distal to end of cell. 
Upper surface of forewing orange-yellow; markings (see plate) weakly iridescent pale blue and 
pale grey, edged (including costal margin in type and few other specimens) with white, and with 
white band connecting basal and medial markings along costa. Under surface of forewing as 
upper surface, but markings pale yellowish grey except in posterolateral region of basal markings 
and in discocellular region of medial marking. Hindwing chiefly pale yellow; orange-yellow 
on upper surface immediately medial (posterior) to anal vein and orange-yellow in costal area 
of under surface. Wings without hair-pencils on androconial zones. 

9. As male, but antennae less strongly bipectinate and outer margin of forewing more 
strongly convex. 

Forewing length: holotype ¢ 27-0 mm; ¢ 26-0-28-5 mm; 9 29-0-30:0 mm. 

6 genitalia. Bilaterally asymmetric. Valve with two apical processes, one short and 
heavily sclerotized, the other long and membranous. Two unequal, acuminate processes at 
base of hood-like uncus (these processes apparently homologous with the uncus processes of 
the other species of Emurena, and without the unusual modifications of the tegumen and vincu- 
lum described for these other species). Apical area and left-hand side of vesica scobinate; 
long, anterodorsal lobe of vesica with row of stout spines. 

Q genitalia. Appendix bursa opening into right-hand side of posterior part of corpus bursae. 
Lamella postvaginalis with medial, laterally lipped, medially scobinate sulcus, 


This is a distinctively marked species not likely to be confused with the other 
species of Emurena. So far known only from Brazil. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis luridoides Rothschild, holotype 3, BRAzIL: Minas Gerais, Preto (BMNH). 


BraziL: 1 4, Sdo Paulo (USNM); 11 ¢, 3 9, Sado Paulo, Alto do Serra i-xi.1922-1929 
(Spitz); 2 g, Sado Paulo, Serra do Mar, iii.1927 (Wucherpfennig) (USNM, 1 3); 1 3, Espirito 
Santo [state] (USNM); 1 ¢, Bahia. 


REGOBARROSIA gen. n. [Gender: feminine] 
[Automolis Hiibner sensu auct. Partim.] 
Type-species: Automolis aureogrisea Rothschild, 1g10a : 38. 


6. Palp curved upwards to about one-third distance from labrum to antennal base; last 
segment minute; greyish white. Antenna serrate, ciliate, dark in middle, yellow or yellowish 
white proximad and apicad. Head mostly yellow or orange. Thorax mostly yellow or 
orange; mesoscutellum grey and greyish white. Tymbal organ with from 47 to 50 microtymbals. 
Legs yellow or orange, with brown bands. Mesothoracic tibia with one pair of spurs, meta- 
thoracic tibia with two pairs of spurs. WVenation of wings as in Text-figs 17 & 18. Area of 
overlap on under surface of forewing and upper surface of hindwing bearing zones of androconial 
scales: large zone under forewing; smaller zone, restricted to cell, on hindwing. Abdomen 
yellow or orange, with or without brown coloration dorsally. 

2 (known from two examples of flavescens). As male, but outer margin of hindwing with 
more evenly convex tornus (anal angle) and less densely setose antennae. 

6 genitalia. There are no radical differences in structure between the species of Regobarvosia. 
See description of flavescens. The chief diagnostic features between species are the shape and 
ornamentation of the vesica. 

2 genitalia. The genitalia of flavescens are described on page 61. The scobinate posterior 
lobe of the corpus bursae is an unusual feature. 


60 A. WATSON 


Possibly closest to Emurena which it matches in the type of androconial patches; 
the yellow, brown and yellowish white coloration; and in the colour-pattern of 
the antennae and legs. The male genitalia of the two genera, however, have few 
characters in common. 

There are three species in this genus: flavescens, known from much of tropical 
South America; pseudoflavescens, known only from Brazil (Minas Gerais state); 
and aureogrisea from eastern Peru. 

Nothing is known about the early stages. 


KEY TO SPECIES 


zt Dark marking on upper surface of forewing usually extended to middle or anterior 
margin of cell; segments 2—5 of metathoracic tarsus partly yellow; dorsal surface of 
abdomen yellow or brown 2 
— Dark marking on upper surface of forewing not extended aie eal segments oe of 
metathoracic tarsus dark brown; dorsal surface of abdomen yellow aureogrisea (p. 62) 
2 Dark marking on upper surface of forewing enclosing yellow area at anal margin; 


dorsal surface of abdomen yellow or brown ; flavescens (p. 60) 
— Dark marking on upper surface of forewing not enclosing pollea area at anal margin; 
dorsal surface of abdomen brown except for 8th segment . pseudoflavescens (p. 62) 


Regobarrosia flavescens (Walker) comb. n. 
(Text-figs 17, 18; Pl. 20, figs 177-182; Pl. 30, figs 183-187) 


Halisidota flavescens Walker, 1856: 1705. LECTOTYPE 4, Brazit (UM), here designated 
[examined]. 

Automolis asava Druce, 1883 : 38, pl. 40, fig. 7. LECTOTYPE 4, Ecuapor (BMNH), here 
designated [examined]. [Synonymized by Hampson, 1go1 : 44; reinstated by Rothschild, 
1910a : 44.) Syn. n. 

Automolis asara Druce; Rothschild, 19104 : 44. 

Automolis flavescens Walker; Strand, 1919 : 18. 

Automolis asava Druce; Hampson, 1920 : 140. 


3g: Basal segment of palp orange-yellow; second segment dark greyish brown with some 
yellowish white on front surface; apical segment yellowish white. Head orange-yellow with 
few white scales at posterolateral corners of vertex. Scape ofantenna orange-yellow posteriorly, 
white anteriorly; proximal one-quarter to one-third of flagellum orange-yellow; apical segments 
of flagellum yellowish white. Dorsal surface of thorax orange-yellow, but white spot beneath 
each tegula and grey mesoscutellum edged posteriorly with greyish white and with greyish 
white mid dorsal line. Lateral and ventral surfaces of thorax orange-yellow. Tymbal organ 
with 47-50 grooves. Prothoracic coxa and trochanter orange-yellow; prothoracic femur 
dark brown on inner(medial) surface, pale yellow on front (anterior) surface and orange-yellow 
on outer (lateral) surface; tibia orange-yellow, with dark brown distal band, dark brown 
longitudinal line on inner surface and incomplete dark brown band at middle; proximal tarsal 
segment orange-yellow with dark brown distal band, segments 2-4 orange-yellow, segment 5 
dark brown with orange-yellow posterior fringe; outer surface of segments 2~4 entirely dark 
brown in few specimens (not type). Mesothoracic coxa, trochanter and femur orange-yellow 
except for dark brown patch at distal end of femur; tibia with pair of terminal spurs, orange- 
yellow with dark brown band at middle and at each end of segment; tarsus as prothoracic 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 63 


tarsus. Coloration of metathoracic leg as mesothoracic leg; two pairs of tibial spurs present. 
Forewing venation as in Text-fig. 17. Upper surface of forewing orange-yellow; small white 
patch of apically bifurcate, white scales at base of wing; medial marking brown and weakly 
iridescent brownish grey at distal end of cell and proximally at anal margin of wing (this marking 
highly variable; weakly marked, as in type, enclosing large orange-yellow patch at anal 
margin; or strongly marked with small orange-yellow enclosure). Hindwing venation as in 
Text-fig. 18. Upper surface of hindwing yellowish white or pale yellow, most intensely coloured 
at anal margin; with terminal band of brownish grey (except 1 g from Bolivia); or in some 
specimens (not type) whole of hindwing brownish grey except for narrow anal band and apical 
area; patch of lanceolate, androconial scales present in cell, surrounded by unscaled zone. Under 
surface of both wings as for upper surface but colours less intense. Under surface of forewing 
with large area of androconial scales (similar in shape to androconial scales on hindwing) 
extending from just posterior to cell to anal margin (the area of overlap between fore- and 
hindwings). Abdomen orange-yellow, with brown dorsally on segments 1—5 (darkest posteriorly) 
in some specimens (probably not type, judging from remains of first segment). 

© (two examples). As g, except that forewing medial marking encloses small brownish 
yellow patch at anal margin and that hindwing is greyish brown except for orange-yellow anal 
band and apical area. 

Forewing length: lectotype g 14:0 mm; g 14:0-15-0 mm; 9 14:0 mm. 

3d genitalia. Valve with small, dorsomedially-directed process near apex; juxta scobinate, 
globose anteriorly; uncus bifid, apex of each arm acuminate and hood-like; vesica with single, 
multispinose cornutus near apex of aedeagus, 3 or 4 robust, thorn-like cornuti and two scobinate 
zones. 

© genitalia. Corpus bursae divided into anterior lobe bearing two invaginate, scobinate 
signa and minutely spinose posterior lobe; ostium protected ventrally by 7th abdominal 
sternite; scent-tubules simple and short. 


This species differs from its apparently close ally, pseudoflavescens, by the shape 
of the dark, medial marking on the forewing (this encloses a yellow marking at the 
anal margin of the wing and has its proximal margin at 45 degrees to the longitudinal 
axis of the moth), and in the male genitalia by the longer valves, shorter valve 
processes and the differently ornamented vesica. 

There is extensive individual variation in the coloration of both fore- and hind- 
wings in flavescens. The dark medial marking on the forewing may be either uni- 
colorous or much more intensely coloured at anal margin, while the size of the 
enclosed yellow area and the degree to which the medial marking extends from 
the tornus along the outer margin both vary considerably. The upper surface 


androconial area 
(upper surface) 


18 


i 
androconial area 
(under surface) 


Fics 17, 18. Regobarrosia flavescens, g, venation. 17, forewing; 18, hindwing. Scales 
from the androconial patch on the hindwing are illustrated on PI. 30, fig. 187. 


62 A. WATSON 


of the hindwing may be either entirely yellow (a § from Bolivia), yellow with dark 
distal band, or almost entirely brownish grey (see description) (5 g from Peru). 

The type of asarva is almost identical with that of flavescens and its genitalia are 
nearly identical to those of a male from Para. (The abdomen of the type of flavescens 


is lost.) 
Known from Colombia, Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 

Halisidota flavescens Walker, lectotype 3, Brazit: Para (UM). Automolis 
asara Druce, lectotype 3, EcuADorR: Sarayucu (Buckley) (BMNH). 

CoLtoms1A: 1 4, Muzo, 400-800 m (Fass/); 1 3, Cundinamarca, Cananche, 1900 (de Mathan). 
GuYANA: I g, Rio Potaro, Tumatumari, il.19g12 (USNM). FREeNcH Guiana: 1 Q, St. Laurent 
de Maroni, vi.i915. Brazit: 1 9, Parad (Moss). PEru: 1 3, Huambo, 1889 (de Mathan); 
54, Junin, Palcazu, 235 m (Sedlmayr; Hoffman); 1 3, Lower Ucayali, Rio Pacaya, viii-ix.1912. 
Borivia: 2 g, Rio Songo, 750 m (Fassl); 1 g, San Ernesto, 68° W., 15° S., 1000 m, viii-ix.1g00 
(Simons). 


Regobarrosia pseudo flavescens (Rothschild) comb. n. 
(Pl. 31, figs 188, 190, 192) 
Automolis pseudoflavescens Rothschild, 1910c : 20. [Coloured fig.} Holotype g, Brazit 

(BMNH) [examined]. 

Automolis pseudoflavescens Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 22. 
Automolis pseudoflavescens Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 140. 

Similar to flavescens in many features but distinguished by the following charac- 
ters. Dark marking on forewing unicolorous (not enclosing yellow area at anal 
margin of wing), its proximal margin nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of moth. 
Tarsal segments 2—5 of each leg orange-yellow; segment I orange-yellow with distal 
band of greyish brown. Hindwing yellowish white; more yellowish at apex and 
anal area, and with pale yellowish brown suffusion in posterior half of wing. (The 
dorsal surface of abdominal segments 1-5 in both examined specimens is greyish 
brown.) In the male genitalia the valve is shorter, bears a longer medially directed 
process, and the vesica is distinctively ornamented. 

The female is unknown. 

Forewing length: holotype: gf 15-0 mm; g 15:5 mm. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Automolis pseudoflavescens Rothschild, lectotype 3, BRAzIL: Minas Gerais, Preto 
(BMNH). 


BRAZIL: I 4, Minas Gerais, Ouro Preto. 


Regobarrosia aureogrisea (Rothschild) comb. n. 


(Pl. 31, figs 189, I91, 193) 
Automolis auveogrisea Rothschild, 1910@: 38, pl. 5, fig. 36. LECTOTYPE g, Peru (BMNH), 
here designated [examined]. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 63 


Automolis aureogrisea Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 15. 
Automolis aureogrisea Hampson, 1920 : 144. 


3g. Basal segment of palp orange with some dark brownish grey dorsally; segment 2 dark 
brownish grey with some orange at base and greyish white on front surface (except near apex) ; 
apical segment greyish white. Head orange with white patch on each side posterolaterally. 
Scape of antenna orange posteriorly, white anteriorly; segments 1~9 of flagellum orange, apical 
Io or 12 segments white, remainder dark greyish brown. Ground-colour of thorax orange; 
otherwise as flavescens. Tymbal organ with up to 50 grooves. Prothoracic coxa and trochanter 
orange; front surface of femur dark greyish brown, otherwise orange; tibia dark greyish brown, 
except for greyish white patch towards apex on front surface and orange area at base of front 
surface continuous with orange band extending from base to two-thirds of outer surface; tarsus 
dark greyish brown except for some greyish white scales on rear surface of firstsegment. Mesotho- 
racic coxa, trochanter and femur orange, the latter with dark greyish brown zone distally; 
tibia and tarsus as prothoracic leg. Metathoracic coxa, trochanter and femur orange; tibia 
orange-yellow, with dark greyish brown distal band and spot (latter opposite proximal pair 
of spurs); first tarsal segment orange proximally, dark greyish brown distally; remaining 
tarsal segments dark greyish brown. Upper surface of forewing orange, with small, white 
spot at base of wing and large, elongate, weakly iridescent, olive (3D2) and brownish grey 
(7Dz) medial marking. Upper surface of hindwing orange-yellow at apex and in anal area, 
otherwise weakly iridescent light brown and reddish grey, becoming sparsely scaled around 
androconial patch in cell (cf. flavescens). Under surface of forewing as upper surface, but 
without white basal spot and with proximal half of medial marking light grey. (This grey 
area of scales and those of rest of overlap zone between fore- and hindwings apparently andro- 
conial, being similar in scale-shape to androconial zone on upper surface of hindwing.) Under 
surface of hindwing orange, with weak iridescence of reddish grey in middle part of wing. 
Abdomen orange. 

Forewing length: lectotype J 17-0 mm; j 16-0-18-0 mm. 

6 genitalia. As flavescens but valves shorter, pre-apical process longer, and vesica differently 
shaped and ornamented. 

@ not known. 


Readily separable from both flavescens and pseudoflavescens by the larger size, 
the shape of the dark, medial marking on the forewing and by the coloration of 
the tarsi. The male genitalia are also diagnostic. 

There is little individual variation discernible in the available material all of which 
is from Peru. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis aureogrisea Rothschild, lectotype 3, PERU: Carabaya Mts, Santo 
Domingo, 6000 ft, vii.1g02 (Ockenden) (BMNH). 


PERU: I 4g, Carabaya Mts, Santo Domingo, 6000 ft, vi.1902 (Ockenden); 3 g, [Carabaya 
Mts], Marcapata, ‘4500 ft’ [Marcapata is higher than this according to The Times Atlas of the 
World, 1968}. 


ASTRALARCTIA gen. n. [Gender: feminine] 
Type-species: Automolis pulverosa Schaus, 1905 : 215. 


6: Palps extending 1-0-1:-5mm beyond labrum; terminal segment minute. Antenna 
weakly serrate (pulverosa) or bipectinate (canalis), with row of long setae along crest of each 
serration. Tymbal organ well developed. Mesothoracic tibia bearing one pair of spurs; 


64 A. WATSON 


metathoracic tibia with two pairs of spurs. Retinaculum short; venation as in Text-figs 19 
and 20. 

Q. As g but antennae hardly serrate; long setae restricted to lateral margin of each segment. 
Forewing broader than in ¢ and hindwing relatively larger. 

6 genitalia. Juxta with (canalis) or without (pulverosa) medial globosity; lateral arms free 
in pulverosa, not free in canalis. Apex of valve bifurcate or simple. Uncus simple. Aedeagus 
without processes; vesica partly scobinate. Eighth abdominal tergite with weakly developed 
apodemes. 

Q genitalia [9 of canalis not known]. See description of pulverosa. 


The affinities of this genus are doubtful, but it is fairly closely related to Idalus 
and allied genera of Phaegopterini which have reduced hindwings and a clear 
distinction between costa and sacculus of the valve in the male genitalia. 

Two species are known. Nothing is known about their early stages. 


KEY TO SPECIES 


r Antennae weakly serrate; yellowish white spots present along the veins on the upper 


surface of the wings; hindwing pale yellow : ; pulverosa (p. 64) 
— Antennae bipectinate; veins of upper surface not eed with spots; hindwing 
greyish brown : : - ; : : : : : .  canalis (p. 65) 


Astralarctia pulverosa (Schaus) comb. n. 
(Text-figs 19, 20; Pl. 32, figs 194-199; Pl. 33, figs 200, 201) 


Automolis pulverosa Schaus, 1905 : 215. Holotype g, SuRrnam (USNM) [examined]. 

Automolis pulverosa Schaus; Hampson, 1920 : 137, fig. 63 (wing venation, scent-organs, head). 

Automolis pulverosa Schaus; Seitz, 1921 : 370 (not figured). 

Automolis pulverosa amazonica Reich, 19336 : 281, figs 3, 4. Syntypes gj, Brazir (Israel — Reich 
Collection) [not examined]. Syn. n. 

Automolis pulverosa Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 77, figs 34c (type), 134a, b (genitalia). 


¢. Palps and antennae pale yellowish brown. Antennae weakly serrate. Head pale 
yellowish brown; darkest in patch between antennae and another posterior to each antenna, 


androconial area 
(upper surface) 
/ 


unscaled area 


brush organ 19 
(under surface) 


Fics 19, 20. Astralarctia pulverosa, g, venation. 19, forewing; 20, hindwing. The 
scent-organs are illustrated on Pl. 32. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 65 


and in medial frontal patch. Patagia pale yellowish brown, with yellowish white transverse 
band in middle and at posterior margin. est of thorax yellowish white above, white ventrally. 
Tegulae pale yellow, with pale yellowish brown anteriorly. Legs pale yellowish brown and 
white. Upper surface of forewing yellow or greyish brown with yellowish white markings; 
upper surface of hindwing pale yellow. Under surface of forewing brownish white, darkest 
apically, with trace of upper surface pattern; under surface of hindwing pale yellow. Under 
surface of forewing with androconial scale patch in area overlapped by hindwing; this patch 
covered by hair-pencil. Hindwing has androconial patch in area overlapped by forewing, 
which probably interacts with forewing hair-pencil. Tymbal organ with 18-20 microtymbals. 
First abdominal segment yellowish white above; segments 2—6 orange-yellow; 7-8 yellowish 
brown. Ventral surface of abdomen white. 

9. As g except for character mentioned under genus, and on under surface with dark patch 
before apex of forewing. 

Forewing length: holotype ¢ 13:5 mm; g 15:5-18-0 mm; 9 17°5-19-0 mm. 

$ genitalia. Juxta with small, posteriorly directed, digitate process medially, and scobinate, 
lateral extensions. Costal arm of valve simple. Uncus carinate dorsally, hook-like and curved 
ventrally at apex. Aedeagus without processes; vesica mostly scobinate. 

© genitalia. Corpus bursae with pair of small, scobinate signa. Ductus bursae short; sclerotized 
at ostium and in area on right-hand side of ventral surface of ductus. Lamella postvaginalis 
deeply emarginate medially. Posterior apophyses nearly twice as long as anterior apophyses. 
Scent tubules simple, extending to just anterior to ostium. 


This species is readily distinguished from canalis by the yellow hindwings, and 
on the forewing by the presence of yellowish white spots along the veins. The male 
genitalia are equally distinctive, as is the much smaller number of microtymbals. 
Known to occur in Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru 
and Brazil. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis pulverosa Schaus, holotype §, SURINAM: Surinam River, ‘Geldersland’ 
(USNM). 


VENEZUELA: I 4, Aragua, Rancho Grande, 10-21.xi.1969 (Duckworth & Dietz) (USNM). 
Guyana: 1 ¢, 1 Q, Bartica District, Kartabo, 21.v.1922, 1924; 1 9, Bartica. FRENCH 
Gutana: 2 g, 1 9, Maroni River, St Jean (Le Moult); 1 3, ‘Godebert-Maroni’ (Le Moult); 
1g, 19 (Bar). Botrtvia: 1 g, Buenavista, 750 m, viil.1906—iv.1907 (Steinbach). BRazix: 3 4, 
1 9, Amazonas, Fonte Boa, v.1906, vi—vii.1907 (Klages). PERU: 2 9, Rio Huacamayo, Carabaya, 
La Union, 2000 ft, xi.1904 (Ockenden). 


Astralarctia canalis (Schaus) comb. n. 


Ayaeomolis canalis Schaus, 1921 : 166. Holotype g, PANAMA (USNM) [examined]. 
Avaeomolis canalis Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 19, pls 34d (type), 134c, d (genitalia). 


6. Palp and antennae pale yellowish brown. Front of head yellowish brown, palest 
ventrolaterally; vertex yellowish brown medially, yellowish white posterolaterally. Patagia 
yellowish white; each with pale centred, yellowish brown patch in middle. Tegulae yellowish 
brown, with pale yellow transverse band anteriad and yellowish white posterior and lateral 
fringe. Rest of thorax probably brown dorsally (damaged in only known specimen), pale 
yellowish brown ventrally. Legs chiefly pale yellowish brown. Tymbal organ with about 70 
microtymbals. Forewing yellowish brown above, with yellowish white markings, most notice- 
able of which are the postmedial, interneural dots; under surface as for upper surface but pale 
markings at base of wing absent. Both surfaces of hindwing greyish brown. First segment 


66 A. WATSON 


of abdomen greyish brown dorsally, 2-4 orange-yellow, 5-8 greyish brown. (Abdomen damaged 
ventrally.) Forewing length: 17-0 mm. 

6 genitalia. Juxta with small, posteriorly directed, digitate process medially, and scobinate, 
lateral extensions. Costal arm of valve simple. Uncus carinate dorsally, hook-like and 
curved ventrally at apex. Aedeagus without processes; vesica mostly scobinate. 

Q. Not known. 


This species is placed tentatively in Astvalarctia. The evidence from only two 
specimens of canalis is not conclusive, but as the forewing shape and coloration 
characters show some concordance between canalis and pulverosa, it seems reasonable 
to place the former here at present and to remove it from the distantly related genus 
Araeomolis. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 
Araeomolis canalis Schaus, holotype 3, PANAMA: [Panama City] (Schaus) (USNM). 


CoLomsia: I g, Alto Rio Opon, Santander del Sur, 900-1050 m, 14—26.vili.1948 (Richter) 
(ZSBS). 


NYEARCTIA gen. n. [Gender: feminine] 
Type-species: Automolis leucoptera Hampson, 1920 : 144. 


6. Palp short, extending to just above labrum; terminal segment minute. Proximal 
half of antennae strongly bipectinate and densely setose; longest pectination Imm. Distal 
half of antennae weakly bipectinateandsetose. Thoraxrobust. Tymbal organ well developed. 
Meso- and metathoracic tibia each with one pair of short terminal spurs. Venation of wings 
as in Text-figs 24 and 25. Retinaculum bar-shaped. Wings without recognizable androconial 
zones. 

Q. As g, but antenna weakly bipectinate, and outer margin of hindwing weakly convex. 

¢ and Q genitalia. See descriptions of type-species. 


The affinities of this genus are uncertain; the result of the complete lack of wing- 
markings. The shape of the wings and the general structure of the male genitalia 
suggest that it is probably fairly closely allied to genera such as Jdalus and Selen- 
arctia. Only one species is known. 

Nothing is known about the early stages. 


Nyearctia leucoptera (Hampson) comb. n. 
(Text-figs 21-25; Pl. 33, figs 202-204; Pl. 34, figs 205-207) 


Automolis albescens Rothschild, 1910a : 36, pl. 5, fig. 26. Holotype 9, Guyana (BMNH) 
[examined]. 

Automolis leucoptera Hampson, 1920:144. A replacement name for albescens Rothschild, 
1910a : 36, preoccupied by albescens Rothschild, rgtoa : 26. 

Automolis leucoptera Hampson; Seitz, 1921 : 368, pl. 51c. 


3. Palp yellowish white ventrally, red dorsally. Head yellowish white, with reddish 
brown transverse band between antennae. Scape of antenna red laterally, reddish brown 
medially; flagellum dark brown, with some white scales dorsally at distal margin and along 
medial pectination of each segment. Thorax yellowish white except for red area immediately 
posterior to eyes. Tymbal organ with about 50 microtymbals. Prothoracic coxa red, with 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 67 


few white scales proximally; trochanter yellowish white and red; femur yellowish white on 
surface adjacent to tibia, otherwise red; front surface of tibia speckled dark brown and yellowish 
white, otherwise red; tarsus speckled dark brown and yellowish white. Mesothoracic coxa 
yellowish white; trochanter yellowish white and red; femur yellowish white, with red front 


a 


2 ee ee Sr 


Fics 21-25. Nyearctia leucoptera. 21, 9 genitalia; 22, g genitalia; 23, aedeagus; 
24, dg, hindwing venation; 25, g, forewing venation. 


68 A. WATSON 


surface; tibia yellowish white, with greyish brown, longitudinal line on outer surface and red 
area distally on front surface; tarsus speckled, dark brown and yellowish white, mostly the 
latter inner surface; metathoracic leg as mesothoracic leg. Upper surface of forewing 
yellowish white, translucent; sparsely scaled except in costal area, at base of wing and between 
vein 1A and inner margin. Upper surface of hindwing yellowish white, sparsely scaled in 
middle. Under surface of wings as upper surface. Wings without readily identifiable scent- 
organs. Abdomen yellowish white. 

Q. As g except for sexual differences mentioned under genus, and wings more densely 
scaled. 

Forewing length: holotype 9 47-omm; ¢ 31°5-33°0 mm; 2 43:0-44:0 mm. 

6 genitalia. Saccus elongate. Juxta globose, continuous with base of valves. Sacculus 
of valve well sclerotized, costal region membranous. Tegumen broad posteriorly. Uncus 
broad at base; posterior, medial process truncate, strongly carinate dorsally. Aedeagus 
elongate, with patch of cornutal spines. 


Q genitalia. Corpus bursae with pair of minutely scobinate signa; ductus bursae long, 
sigmoid, sclerotized. Lamella antevaginalis emarginate medially. Lamella postvaginalis 
conical; membranous medially. Anterior apophyses very short; posterior apophyses better 
developed. Scent tubules simple, extending to just beyond ostium. 


Known only from Guyana and Brazil. 


MATERIAL EXAMINED. 


Automolis leucoptera Hampson, holotype 3, GuyANA: ‘bought at Georgetown’ 
(BMNH). 


BRAZIL: 5 4, 4 Q, Para (Moss) (BMNH). 


Previously described genera 


AGARAEA Herrich-Schiffer 


Agavaea Herrich-Schaffer, [1855]: pl. 76 (wrapper). Type-species: Agavaea longicornis Herrich- 
Schaffer, [1855]: ibidem, by monotypy. 

Agoraea; Herrich-Schaffer, [1856] : 20. Incorrect subsequent spelling. 

Agavaea Herrich-Schaffer; Watson, 1971 : 2. [Types of six species illustrated. ] 


Agaraea strigata (Reich) comb. n. 


Automolis strigata Reich, 1936 : 422. Type(s) g [mo locality given] (Reich Collection, Israel) 
[not examined]. [Compared by its author with tnternervosa Dognin (see Watson, 1971).] 


ARAEOMOLIS Hampson 


Ayvaeomolis Hampson, 1901 : 38. Type-species: Avaeomolis rhodographa Hampson, 1901 : 38, 
by original designation. 


Araeomolis irregularis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Idalus ivregularis Rothschild, 1910a : 23, pl. 4, fig. 9. LECTOTYPE g, Brazit: Amazonas, 
Fonte Boa, x.1906 (Klages) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 
Fe 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 69 


Idalus ivvegularis Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 5. 

Automolis ivregularis (Rothschild) Hampson, 1920 : 134. 

Automolis ivregularis (Rothschild) ; Seitz, 1921 : 376, pl. 52h [unrecognizable as this species]. 
Placed provisionally in Avaeomolis; there are two known specimens of this species, 

both males (BMNH). 


CRATOPLASTIS Felder 


Cratoplastis Felder, 1874 : 3 (explanation to pl. 102). Type-species: Cratoplastis diluta Felder, 
1874, ibidem, by monotypy. 

[Rhipha Walker sensu Travassos, 1943 : 456. Partim.| 

[Rhipha Walker sensu Rego-Barros, 1968 : 1. Partim.] 

Cratoplastis Felder; Watson, 1971 : 5. 


The type-species of this genus was found by Blest (1964) to produce sound when 
handled vigorously and to respond with ‘reflex immobilization’ (Blest, 1957). 
Specimens were rejected by Cebus monkeys. He also pointed out the resemblance 
between diluta and Lampyrid beetles in colour-pattern. 


Cratoplastis duplicata (Gaede) comb. n. 


Automolis duplicata Gaede, 1928 : 28. LECTOTYPE 4g, Coromsia: W., between Tumaco 
and Pasto (Niepelt) (MNHU), here designated [examined]. 


CRESERA Schaus 


Creseva Schaus, 1894 : 232. Type-species: Cresera annulata Schaus, 1894 : 232, by monotypy. 

Creseva Schaus; Travassos, 1943 : 457. artim. [Synonymy of Gorgonidia Dyar.] 

Creseva Schaus; Travassos, 1944) : 445. Partim. 

Creseva Schaus; Rego-Barros, 1954 : I. 

Creseva Schaus; Rego-Barros, 1958 : 3. 

Creseva Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 5. [Removal from synonymy of Gorgonidia Dyar; illustrations 
of three types. ] 


Cresera ilioides (Schaus) comb. n. 


Automolis ilioides Schaus, 1905 : 219. Holotype g, GuyANA: Omai (USNM) [examined]. 
Automolis ilioides Schaus; Strand, 1919 : 19. 

Automolis ilioides Schaus; Hampson, 1920 : 170, pl. 47, fig. 3. 

Automolis ilioides Schaus; Seitz, 1921 : 370, pl. 51a. . 

Automolis ilioides Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 45, pls 196 (type), 109e, f (genitalia). 


DEMOLIS Hampson 


Demolis Hampson, 1901 : 31. Type-species: Demolis albicostata Hampson, 1901 : 31, by 
original designation. 

Demolis Hampson; Seitz, 1922 : 383. 

Demolis Hampson; Travassos, 1957: 9. [Revision.] 


The nominal species Automolis niveolineata is here transferred to Demolis and 
simultaneously synonymized. 


70 A. WATSON 


Demolis albitegula (Rothschild) 


Evius albitegula Rothschild, 1935 (August) : 239. LECTOTYPE dg, Brazit: Sta Catarina, 
Jaragua do Sul, x.1932 (Hoffmann) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis niveolineata Reich, 1935 (September): 277, figs 6, 7. Syntypes ¢ and 9, Braziv: 
Sta Catarina, Rio Loeiss, ‘Neu-Bremen’ (Reich Collection, Israel) [1 g syntype examined]. 
Syn. n. 

Demolis albitegula (Rothschild); Travassos, 1957 : 13 [figs of moth, venation, legs, antennae 
and ¢ genitalia]. 


DISCONEURA Bryk 


Disconeuva Bryk, 1953: 208. Type-species: Disconeura tristriata Bryk, 1953: 208, by 
original designation. 


Disconeura dissimilis (Druce) comb. n. 


Lophocampa dissimilis Druce, 1910 : 169. LECTOTYPE, Peru: Chanchamayo, 1000-1500 m 
(Watkins) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Halisidota dissimilis (Druce) Strand, 1919 : 74. 

Automolis dissimilis (Druce) Hampson, 1920 : 176, pl. 47, fig. 10 [Q; anal margin of forewing 
should be nearly straight; segments 1-5 of abdomen should be dark brown dorsally, each 
with pair of orange-yellow spots]. 

Automolis dissimilis (Druce); Seitz, 1921 : 372, pl. 51g [this seems to be a copy of Hampson’s 
figure, but has added errors]. 


Disconeura drucei (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis drucei Rothschild, 1922 : 487. [Comparison with dissimilis Druce.] Holotype 
Q, PERU: Junin province (BMNH) [examined]. 


Disconeura inexpectata (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Halisidota inexpectata Rothschild, 1910c :70, LECTOTYPE g@, Preru: Carabaya, Tinguri, 
3400 ft, vili.1904 (Ockenden) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Halisidota inexpectata Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 76. 

Automolis inexpectata (Rothschild) Hampson, 1920 : 175. 

Automolis inexpectata (Rothschild); Seitz, 1921 : 372, pl. 51g [the outer margin of forewing 
should be more strongly convex, the medial band interrupted posterior to discocellular 
vein and the ground-colour of both wings dull white]. 

Automolis inexpectata (Rothschild); Carrasco, 1971 : 140. ([Defoliator of Inga spp.; irritant 
hairs. | 


Disconeura linaza (Dognin) comb. n. 


Idalus linaza Dognin, 1898 : 345. Holotype 9, PARAGuAy (USNM) [examined]. 
[Automolis lutosa (Hiibner) sensu Hampson, 1901 : 46. Misidentification, partim.] 
Automolis linaza (Dognin); Strand, 1919 : 20. 

Automolis lutosa form linaza (Dognin) ; Seitz, 1921 : 372. 

Automolis linaza (Dognin); Watson, 1971 : 51, pls 33d (type), 238d (genitalia). 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 71 


Disconeura lutosa (Hiibner) comb. n. 


Halisidota lutosa (Hiibner) Kirby, 1892 : 210. 
Automolis lutosa (Hiibner) Hampson, 1901 : 46. Partim. [Synonymy of linaza Dognin.] 
Automolis lutosa (Hiibner); Strand, 1919 : 20. 
Automolis lutosa (Hiibner); Seitz, 1921 : 372. 
Subspecies Disconeura lutosa lutosa (Hiibner) 
Empusa lutosa Hiibner, [1820a}], 2: pl. 182, figs 1-4. Type(s), g, 2 [locality unknown] [not 
examined]. 
Subspecies Disconeura lutosa frater (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis lutosa fratey Rothschild, 1922 : 477. LECTOTYPE 4, Brazit: Para (Moss) 
(BMNH), here designated [examined]. 


The type of frater differs little from fig. 4 of /utosa in Hiibner, [1820a], 2: pl. 182. 


Disconeura peculiaris (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis peculiaris Rothschild, 1933 : 171, LECTOTYPE 4, BraziL: Para (Moss) (BMNH), 
here designated [examined]. 


Disconeura soror (Rothschild) comb. n. 
Automolis soror Rothschild, 1917 : 481. Holotype 9, Brazi: Para (Moss) (BMNH) [examined]. 


ECHETA Herrich-Schaffer 


Echeta Herrich-Schaffer, [1856] : 16, 17. Type-species: Creatonotus divisus Herrich-Schaffer, 
[1855] : pl. 52, fig. 282 (wrapper), by subsequent designation of Kirby, 1892 : 197. 

[Automolis Hiibner sensu Hampson, 1920 : 155, et auctorum. Partim.] 

Echeta Herrich-Schaffer; Travassos, 1943 : 456, 468. [Redescription and reinstatement. |] 


The following 12 nominal species form a reasonably compact group together 
with the type-species, but there is possibly some specific synonymy yet to be 
unravelled. The type-specimens involved are of both sexes and there is a high 
degree of sexual dimorphism in this genus. 


Echeta brunneireta (Dognin) comb. n., stat. rev. 


Automolis brunneireta Dognin, 1906 : 182. Lectotype g, PERU: Carabaya (USNM), designated 
by Watson, 1971 : 18 [examined]. 

Automolis brunneiveta Dognin; Strand, 1919 : I5. 

Automolis brunneiveta Dognin; Hampson, 1920 : 148. 

Automolis rubriveta form brunneiveta Dognin; Seitz, 1921 : 371, pl. 51d [fair guide to pattern 
but inaccurate in details}. 

Automolis vubriveta form brunneiveta Dognin; Watson, 1971: 18, pls 42c (type), 149a, b 
(genitalia). 


Echeta excavata (Schaus) comb. n. 


Automolis excavata Schaus, 1910 : 202. Lectotype 9, Costa Rica: Tuis (USNM), designated by 
Watson, 1971 : 32 [examined]. 


72 A. WATSON 


Automolis excavata Schaus; Strand, 1919 : 17. 

Automolis excavata Schaus; Hampson, 1920 : 145, pl. 46, fig. 5. 

Automolis excavata Schaus; Seitz, 1921 : 376, pl. 52h. 

Automolis excavata Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 32, pls 42f (type), 240d (genitalia). 


Echeta grandis (Druce) comb. n. 


Zatrephes grandis Druce, 1883 : 383, pl. 40, fig. 5. LECTOTYPE g, Ecuapor: Intaj (Buckley) 
(BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis grandis (Druce) Hampson, Igor : 50. 

Automolis grandis (Druce); Strand, 1919 : 19. 

Automolis grandis (Druce); Seitz, 1921 : 371, pl. 51c (g & Q). 


Echeta juno (Schaus) comb. n. 


Scaptius juno Schaus, 1892 : 279. Lectotype 9, Brazit: Petropolis (USNM), designated by 
Watson, 1971 : 50 [examined]. 

Automolis juno (Schaus) Hampson, Igo1 : 51. 

Automolis juno (Schaus); Strand, 1919 : 19. 

Automolis juno (Schaus) ; Seitz, 1921 : 371. 

Automolis juno (Schaus): Watson, 1971 : 50, pls 426 (type), 240b (genitalia). 


Echeta milesi (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis milesi Rothschild, 1922 : 473. LECTOTYPE 9, Braziv: Para (Moss), here designated 
[examined]. 


Echeta pandiona (Stoll) comb. n. 


Phalaena pandiona Stoll, [1782] : 228, 251, pl. 397, fig. I. Holotype 9, SuRINAM [not examined]. 

Automolis pandiona (Stoll) Rothschild, 1910¢ : 22. 

Automolis pandiona (Stoll); Strand, 1919 : 22. 

Automolis pandiona (Stoll); Seitz, 1921 : 376, pl. 524 [dark areas of forewing should be uniformly 
yellowish brown; hind wing should be yellowish white, with pink distally and in anal region]. 


Echeta rhodocyma (Hampson) comb. n., stat. rev. 


Automolis rhodocyma Hampson, 1909 : 357. LECTOTYPE J, Peru: Rio Huacamayo, 3100 ft, 
vi.1904 (Ockenden) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis rhodocyma Hampson; Strand, 1919 : 23. 

Automolis rhodocyma Hampson; Hampson, 1920 : 148, pl. 46, fig. 9. 

Automolis rubriveta form rvhodocyma Hampson; Seitz, 1921 : 371 [attributed to Dognin, in 
error], pl. 51c [inaccurate and misleading]. 


Echeta rhodographa (Dognin) comb. n., stat. rev. 


Automolis rhodographa Dognin, 1914 :17. Holotype 9, PERU: Yuhuarmayo, 1200 ft, iv.1912 
(USNM) [examined]. 

Automolis rhodographa Dognin; Hampson, 1920 : 147, pl. 46, fig. 6. 

Automolis rubrireta form rhodographa Dognin; Seitz, 1921 : 371, pl. 51d. 

Automolis rubriveta form rvhodographa Dognin; Watson, 1971 : 80, pls 42e (type), 240c (genitalia). 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 73 


Strand (1919 : 23), presumably inadvertently, listed lobifer Herrich-Schaffer 
and “incerta Druce’ as junior synonyms of rhodographa Dognin, not of reducta 
Walker [Sutonocrea]. Travassos (1944a@ : 302) re-established lobifer and incerta 
Walker as the valid names of two distinct species of the genus Suwtonocrea Butler. 


Echeta rubrireta (Dognin) comb. n. 


Automolis rubriveta Dognin, 1906 : 182. Holotype g, Peru: Carabaya, 14.iii.1906 (USNM) 
[examined]. 

Automolis rubriveta Dognin; Strand, 1919 : 23. 

Automolis rubrireta Dognin; Hampson, 1920: 147, pl. 46, fig. 7 (g) and 8 (Q: probably 
brunneiveta Dognin). 

Automolis rubriveta Dognin; Seitz, 1921 : 371, pl. 51b (g; grossly inaccurate) and 51c (Q; 
probably brunneiveta Dognin). 

Automolis rubrireta Dognin; Watson, 1971 : 82, pls 42d (type), 149c, d (genitalia). 


Echeta semirosea (Walker) comb. n. 


Automolis semirosea Walker, [1865] : 103. Holotype g, Brazit: Amazonas, Ega [Tefé] (Bates) 
(BMNH) [examined]. 

Apiconema semirosea (Walker) Kirby, 1892 : 170. 

Automolis semirosea Walker; Hampson, 1901 : 54, pl. 36, fig. 3 [the pale area on the hind wing 
represents a worn area on the left-hand wing of the holotype]. 

Automolis semivosea Walker; Strand, 1919 : 24. 

Automolis semirosea Walker; Seitz, 1921 : 370, pl. 51b [grossly inaccurate]. 


Echeta subtruncata (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis subtruncata Rothschild, 1910a : 41, pl. 6, fig. 12. Holotype 9, Braziv: Sta Catarina 
(BMNH) [examined]. 
Automolis subtruncata Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 24. 
Automolis subtruncata Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 146. 
_ Automolis subtruncata Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 376, pl. 52h [probably not this species]. 


Echeta trinotata (Reich) comb. n. 


Automolis trinotata Reich, 1933a : 259. Holotype g, Brazit: Amazonas, ‘Uypiranga-Manaos’, 
30 m, xii-ii (Reich Collection, Israel) [not examined]. 
Automolis trinotata Reich; Reich, 19330 : fig. 6. 


EUPSEUDOSOMA Grote 


_Eupseudosoma Grote, 1865 : 240. Type-species: Charidea nivea Herrich-Schaffer, [1855]. 
Eupseudosoma Grote; Travassos, 1945 : 513. [Partial revision.] 


_ Eupseudosoma aberrans Schaus (see Watson, 1971) was found by Blest (1964) 
to have a low threshold for sound production in response to tactile stimuli and to 
produce either the type of display in which the wings are alternately depressed 


74 A. WATSON 


and elevated and the abdomen raised, or to respond with reflex immobilization 
(Blest, 1957). Specimens were reported by Blest to have been rejected by Cebus 
monkeys. 


Eupseudosoma larissa (Druce) comb. n. 


Idalus lavissa Druce, 1890 : 496, pl. 42, fig. 5. LECTOTYPE 4g, Brazir: Para, R. Amazon, 
Santarem, x.1884 (Leech) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis lavissa (Druce) Hampson, 1901 : 40, fig. 33 (venation, pattern, head). 

Automolis larissa (Druce); Strand, 1919 : 20. 

Automolis larissa (Druce); Seitz, 1921 : 374, pl. 52e. 


GLAUCOSTOLA Hampson 


Glaucostola Hampson, 1901 : 87. Type-species: Leucopsumis guttipalpis Walker, 1856 : 1649, 
by original designation. 

Glaucostola Hampson; Strand, 1919 : 37. 

Glaucostola Hampson; Seitz, 1920 : 329. 


The nominal species subtussignata is simultaneously here transferred from Auto- 
molis and synonymized with Glaucostola flavida. There is a little doubt, however, 
that flavida is not congeneric with the type-species of Glaucostola and that its 
taxonomic placement needs to be investigated. 

Four species of this genus were studied by Blest (1964). All reacted to tactile 
stimuli with ‘reflex immobilization’ (Blest, 1957). Three of these species had a 
medium threshold of sound production. Glaucostola flavida was rejected by Cebus 
monkeys. 


Glaucostola flavida Schaus 


Glaucostola flavida Schaus, 1905 : 221, pls 47 (type), 156e-g (genitalia). Holotype 3, FRENCH 
Gu1Ana: St Laurent, Maroni River (USNM) [examined]. 

Glaucostola flavida Schaus; Seitz, 1920 : 330 [no figure]. 

Automolis subtussignata Bryk, 1953 : 215. Holotype 9, Braziz: Amazonas, Rio Purus (NR) 
fexamined]. Syn. n. 


The unusual many-grooved tymbal organ of this species is shown on PI. 34. 


GORGONIDIA Dyar 


Gorgonidia Dyar, 1898a:36. Type-species: Zatvephes garleppi Druce, 1898a :148, by 
subsequent designation of Hampson, 1901 : 39. 

[Automolis Hiibner sensu Hampson, Igor : 39 et auctorum. Partim.] 

[Creseva Schaus sensu Travassos, 1943 : 457. Synonymy of Gorgonidia. Partim.] 

[Creserva Schaus sensu Travassos, 1944b : 445. Partim.] 

Gorgonidia Dyar; Watson, 1971: 5. [Re-establishment of genus.] 


Gorgonidia garleppi, one of the two species dealt with here, was transferred to 
Automolis by Watson (1971 : 5, 60) but is included here so that the associated 
subspecies names can be dealt with. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 75 


: Gorgonidia buckleyi (Duce) comb. n. 


Automolis buckleyi (Druce) ; Strand, 1919 : 15. 


Automolis buckleyi (Druce) ; Seitz, 1921 : 371. 


Subspecies Gorgonidia buckleyi buckleyi (Druce) 


Zatrephes buckleyi Druce, 1883 : 383, pl. 40, fig. 9. LECTOTYPE g, Ecuapor: Sarayacu 
(Buckley) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 


Subspecies Gorgonidia buckleyi harterti (Rothschild) comb. n. 
Automolis buckleyi harterti Rothschild, 1910a : 44, pl. 6, fig. 15. LECTOTYPE 3, Braziv: 
Amazonas, Fonte Boa, vil.1907 (Klages), here designated [examined]. 
Automolus buckleyi var. harterti Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 15. 
Automolis buckleyi harterti Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 168. 
Automolis buckleyi harterti Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 371, pl. 5ie. 


Subspecies Gorgonidia buckleyi whitfordi (Rothschild) comb. n. 
Automolis buckleyi whitfordi Rothschild, 1910a: 44. [No fig.}] Lectotype g, Guyana: 
‘bought at Georgetown’ (BMNH), designated by Hampson, 1920 : 164 [examined]. 
Automolis buckleyi var. whitfordi Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 15. 
Automolis buckleyi whitfordi Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 169. 
Automolis buckleyi whitfordi Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 371 [no fig.]. 


Gorgonidia garleppi (Druce) 


Subspecies Gorgonidia garleppi garleppi (Druce) 


Zatrephes garleppi Druce, 1898 (February) :148. LECTOTYPE 9, Botivia (Garlepp) 
(BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Gorgonidia mirabilioy Dyar, 1898 (March): 37. Holotype g, Prru: Piches & Perene 
Volcanoes, 2000-3000 ft (USNM) [examined]. [Synonymized by Hampson, 1go1 : 63.] 

Automolis garleppi (Druce) Hampson, rgor : 63, fig. 12. 

Automolis garlelpi garleppi (Druce) ; Seitz, 1921 : 371, pl. 51e. 

Creseva gavleppi (Druce) Travassos, 1943 : 457. 

Gorgonidia garleppi (Druce) Watson, 1971 : 60, pls 62 (type of mirabilior), 192c, d (genitalia). 


Subspecies Gorgonidia garleppi inversa (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis garleppi inversa Rothschild, 1910a : 44, pl. 6, fig. 17. LECTOTYPE Q, Preru: 
Carabaya, Santo Domingo, 6500 ft, x (Ockenden) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis garleppi var. inversa Rothschild; Strand, 1919 :18. 

Automolis garleppi inversa Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 169. 

Automolis garleppi inversa Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 371, pl. 51e. 


Subspecies Gorgonidia garleppi maronensis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis garleppi maronensis Rothschild, 1917 : 481. LECTOTYPE ¢, Frencu Guiana: 
St Jean de Maroni (Le Moult) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis garleppi maronensis Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 169. 

Automolis garleppi maronensis Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 371 [mo fig.]. 


Subspecies Gorgonidia garleppi pallidipennis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis garleppi pallidipennis Rothschild, 1910c:25. LECTOTYPE 4, Braziv: 
Amazonas, Fonte Boa, v.1906 (Klages) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis garleppi var. pallidipennis Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 18. 

Automolis garleppi pallidipennis Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 169. 

Automolis garleppi pallidipennis Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 371 [no fig.]. 


76 A. WATSON 


Subspecies Gorgonidia garleppi cubotaensis (Reich) comb. n. 
Automolis garleppi cubotaensis Reich, 1938 : 195, fig. 4. Syntypes 5 g, Braziz: Serra do 
Cubatao (between Santos and Sao Paulo), viii. (Reich) (Reich Collection, Israel) [1 ¢ 
examined, labelled ‘Paratype’]. 


HALISIDOTA Hiibner 


Halisidota Hiibner [1819b] : 170. Type-species: Phalaena tessellaris J. E. Smith, 1797: 149, 
pl. 75, by subsequent designation of Kirby, 1892 : 209. 

Halisidota Hiibner; Travassos, 1946 : 319. [Bibliography. Redescription.] 

Halisidota Hiibner; Watson, 1971 : 5. [Illustrations of 96 type-specimens. ] 


Halisidota baritioides (Rothschild) comb. rev. 


Halisidota baritioides Rothschild, 1909 : 221. Holotype g, Braziz: Amazonas, Fonte Boa, 
ix.1906 (Klages) (BMNH). [Examined.] 

Halisidota baritioides Rothschild; Rothschild, rgtoc : pl. 12, fig. 11. 

Halisidota baritioides Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 70. 

Automolis baritioides (Rothschild); Hampson, 1920 : 150. 

Automolis baritioides (Rothschild); Seitz, 1921 : 370, pl. 51b [grossly inaccurate]. 


IDALUS Walker 


Empusa Hiibner [1819b]:170. Type-species: Phalaena admirabilis Cramer [1777] : 11, 
147, pl. 103, fig. 9, by subsequent designation of Hampson, 1901 :14. A junior homonym 
of Empusa Illiger, 1798 (Orthoptera) ; replaced by Idalus Walker, 1855. 

Idalus Walker, 1855 : 645. Type-species: Phalaena admirabilis Cramer [1777] : 11, 147, 
pl. 103, fig. 9, by monotypy of Empusa Hiibner. 

[Lampruna Schaus, 1894 : 231. Type-species: Lampruna rosea Schaus, 1894 : 231, by 
monotypy. Listed here following its placement in synonymy by Hampson, Igor : 14. 
Its type-species is obviously not congeneric with that of Idalus.] 

Idalus Walker; Seitz, 1921 : 347. 

Idalus Walker; Travassos, 1950 : 217, figs. [Five species reviewed. } 

Idalus Walker; Watson, 1971 : 2, 6. [Types of 26 species illustrated. | 


Several species currently placed in Idalus should be transferred to other genera. 
However, those listed by Travassos and Watson (see above), together with the 
following 24 species (and three subspecies), form a particularly homogeneous unit 
congeneric with admirabilis, the type-species of Idalus. 

Six nominal species of this genus (including aletis Schaus, a junior synonym of 
Idalus aleteria (Schaus), lineosa, vitrea and critheis, then in Automolis) were studied 
by Blest (1964). They responded to handling with reflex immobilization (Blest, 
1957), or the type of display in which the wings are alternately raised and depressed 
and the abdomen raised. They had various thresholds for sound production. 
Five species were rejected by Cebus monkeys as a source of food. 


Idalus albescens (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Eupseudosoma albescens Rothschild, 1910a : 26, pl. 4, fig. 25. LECTOTYPE 9, Surinam: 
Maroewym Valley, Aroewarwa Creek, iv.1905 (Klages) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 77 


Eupseudosoma albescens Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 9. 

Automolis albescens (Rothschild) Hampson, 1920 : 137, fig. 64 [head, venation, pattern]. 

Automolis albescens (Rothschild) ; Seitz, 1921 : 368, pl. 50h [coloration should be white, except 
for yellow band on head]. 


Idalus crinis Druce comb. rev. 


Idalus crinis Druce, 1884 : 89, pl. 9, fig. 18. Holotype 2, Mexico: Presidio (Forrer) (BMNH) 
[examined]. 

Automolis crinis (Druce) Hampson, 1901 : 42, fig. 36 [head, venation, pattern]. 

Automolis crinis (Druce); Strand, rgig : 16. 

Automolis crinis (Druce) ; Seitz, 1921 : 369, pl. 52a. 


Idalus critheis Druce comb. rev. 


Idalus critheis Druce, 1884 : 89, pl. 9, fig. 19. Type(s) PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui (‘Ribbe, 
mus Staudinger’) [not examined]. 

Automolis critheis (Druce) Hampson, 1901 : 40. 

Automolis critheis (Druce); Strand, 1919 : 16. 

Automolis critheis (Druce); Seitz, 1921 : 369, pl. 50k. 


Idalus decisa (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis decisa Rothschild, 1917 : 480. Holotype 9, Frencw Guiana: St Jean de Maroni 
(Le Moult) (BMNH) [examined]. 

Automolis decisa Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 141, pl. 45, fig. 19. 

Automolis decisa Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 369, pl. 50k [inaccurate: forewing should be white 
distal to medial fascia and there should be a pair of dark spots on the metascutum]. 


Idalus delicata Méschler comb. rev. 


Idalus delicata Méschler, 1886 : 29, fig. 12. LECTOTYPE 9, Jamaica (MNHU), here desig- 
nated [examined]. 

Automolis delicata (Méschler) Hampson, 1901 : 43. 

Automolis delicata (Méschler) ; Strand, 1919 : 16. 

Automolis delicata (Méschler) ; Seitz, 1921 : 360, pl. 50k [extremely inaccurate; reference should 
be made to Moschler, 1886, fig. 12]. 


Idalus dilucida (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis dilucida Rothschild, 1910c : 26. Holotype g, PERu: Perené R., ili.1g00 (Simons) 
(BMNH) [examined]. 

Automolis dilucida Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 16. 

Automolis dilucida Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 152. 

Automolis dilucida Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 374, pl. 52d [poor fig., but type is worn and the 
degree of inaccuracy is doubtful]. 


Idalus dognini (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis dognini Rothschild, 19toc : 19, pl. 13, fig. 10. 
Automolis dognini Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 17. 


78 A. WATSON 


Automolis dognint Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 141. 

Automolis dognini Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 369, pl. 52a [inaccurate: the dorsal surface of the 
type head is yellow, the dark medial line is uniform in width and the abdomen lacks dark 
medial spots]. 


Idalus dorsalis (Seitz) comb. n., stat. n. 


Automolis ochvacea form dorsalis Seitz, 1921 : 369, pl. 50k. Type(s) CoLomsi1a: Villavicencio 
(Fassl) [not traced; there is a ¢ from the type-locality, collected by Fassl, in the BMNH 
collection]. 


Idalus erythronota (Herrich-Schaffer) comb. rev. 


Phaegopteva erythronota Herrich-Schaffer [1853] : pl. 14, fig. 58 (wrapper). LECTOTYPE gd, 
VENEZUELA (MNHU), here designated [examined]. 

Idalus evythronota (Herrich-Schaffer) Kirby, 1892 : 199. 

Automolis erythronotus (Herrich-Schaffer) Hampson, 1901 : 49, fig. 43 [head, venation, pattern]. 

Automolis erythronota (Herrich-Schaffer) ; Strand, 1919 : 17. 

Automolis evythronotus (Herrich-Schaffer) ; Seitz, 1921 : 374, pl. 52c. 


Idalus felderi (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis felderi Rothschild, 1909 : 225. LECTOTYPE 9, Cotompia (BMNH), here desig- 
nated [examined]. 

Automolis feldeyi Rothschild; Rothschild, 1912 : pl. 5, fig. ro. 

Automolis feldevi Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 167. 

Automolis felderi Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 373, pl. 51g [grossly inaccurate]. 


Idalus flavicostalis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis flavicostalis Rothschild, 1935 :241. LECTOTYPE 4, Brazit: Sta Catarina, 
Jaragua do Sul, ix.1932 (Hoffman) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 


Idalus idalia (Hampson) comb. n. 


Automolis idalia Hampson, Igor : 48, pl. 36, fig. 17. Holotype g, Brazit: Rio de Janeiro 
(BMNH) [examined]. 

Automolis idalia Hampson; Strand, 1919 : 19. 

Automolis idalia Hampson; Seitz, 1921 : 369, pl. 501i [inaccurate in several features, but useful 
guide}. 


Idalus intermedia (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis intermedia Rothschild, 19t0a : 48, pl. 6, fig. 37. LECTOTYPE 4, Peru: Carabaya, 
R. Huacamayo, La Union, 2000 ft, xi.1904 (Ockenden) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis intermedia Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 19. 

Automolis intermedia Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 167. 

Automolis intermedia Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 376, pl. 52g. 


Idalus lineosa Walker comb. rev. 


Idalus lineosus Walker, 1869:10. LECTOTYPE Q, [locality unknown] (BMNH), here 
designated [examined]. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 79 


Automolis lineosa (Walker) Hampson, 1901 : 60, pl. 36, fig. 4 (3). [Not a misidentification 
as stated by Strand, 1919 : 20.] 


Automolis lineosa (Walker); Strand, 1919 : 20. 

Automolis lineosa (Walker); Hampson, 1920: 166. Partim. [Incorrect synonymy of sublineata 
Rothschild and perlineosa Rothschild. ] 

Automolis lineosa (Walker) ; Seitz, 1921 : 374, pl. 52d [inaccurate; possibly represents sublineata 
Rothschild]. Partim. [Incorrect synonymy of perlineosa Rothschild.] 


Idalus luteorosea (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis luteorosea Rothschild, 1910a : 40, pl. 5, fig. 40. Holotype 9, Guyana: Christianburg, 
Rio Demerara (BMNH) [examined]. 


Automolis luteorvosea Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 20. 

Automolis luteovosea Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 131. 

Automolis luteorosea Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 369, pl. 52a [forewing should be narrower at 
base, and greenish yellow markings replaced by orange-yellow]. 


Idalus metacrinis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis metacrinis Rothschild, 1910a : 37, pl. 5, fig. 27. LECTOTYPE g, CoLomsia: 
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Onaca, 2000 ft (Engelke) (BMNH), here designated 
[examined]. 

Automolis metacrinis Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 21. 

Automolis metacrinis Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 136. 

Automolis metacrinis Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 369, pl. 52a [inaccurate; basal marking of 
forewing should reach thorax anteriorly and orange-yellow marking should extend nearly to 
anal margin]. 

Automolis metacrinis Rothschild; Gaede, 1923 : 3. [Sexual dimorphism.] 


Idalus monostidza (Hampson) comb. n. 


Automolis monostidza Hampson, 1916 : 231. Holotype 9, Peru: Yahuarmayo, 1200 ft, iv.1912 
(BMNH) [examined]. 


Automolis monostidza Hampson; Hampson, 1920 : 143, pl. 46, fig. 2. 
Automolis monostidza Hampson; Seitz, 1921 : 369, pl. 52a. 


Idalus multicolor (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis multicoloy Rothschild, 1909: 224. LECTOTYPE 4, Guyana: Potaro, ii.1908 
(Klages) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis multicolor Rothschild; Rothschild, 1912 : pl. 6, fig. 18. 

Automolis muilticoloy Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 21. 

Automolis multicoloy Rothschild; 1920 : 131. 

Automolis muiticoloy Rothschild; 1921 : 369, pl. 52a. 


Idalus noiva (Dukinfield-Jones) comb. n. 


utomolis noiva Dukinfield-Jones, 1914: 11, pl. 1, fig. 14. LECTOTYPE 9, Brazir: Sao 


Paulo, Alto de Serra, Santos, 800 m, I1.xii.1912 (Jones) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 
utomolis noiva Dukinfield-Jones; Strand, 1919 : 21. 


utomolis noiva Dukinfield- Jones; Hampson, 1920 : 152. 


80 A. WATSON 


Automolis noiva Dukinfield-Jones; Seitz, 1921 : 368, pl. 50h [forewing should be white, except 
for costal area]. 
Rhipha noiva Dukinfield-Jones; Rego-Barros, 1962 : 40. 


Idalus perlineosa (Rothschild) sp. rev., comb. n. 


Automolis perlineosa Rothschild, 1917 : 480. LECTOTYPE 9, Costa Rica: Juan Vifias, i. 
(BMNH), here designated [examined]. 
[Automolis lineosa (Walker); Hampson, 1920 : 166. Partim: incorrect synonymy with lineosa.] 


Idalus sublineata (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis sublineata Rothschild, 1917 : 480. Holotype g, PERu: Carabaya, Tinguri, 3400 ft, 
viii.1904 (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. 

[Automolis lineosa Walker; Hampson, 1920 : 166. Partim: incorrect synonymy with /ineosa.] 

Automolis sublineata Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 374, pl. 52d [imaccurate fig.; plate labelled 
lineosa Walker is a better representation of sublineata except for hindwings which should be 
yellowish white]. 


Idalus tybris (Cramer) comb. n. 


Phalaena tybris Cramer, 1776 : 145, 154, pl. 92, fig. D [g, poor fig.]. Type(s), Surrnam [not 
examined]. 

Empusa tybris (Cramer) Hiibner, [1819] : 170. 

Eucyrta tybris (Cramer) Kirby, 1892 : 171. 

Automolis tybris (Cramer) Hampson, 1901 : 60. 

Automolis troias Druce, 1903 :197. LECTOTYPE 9, Brazit: Rio Grande do Sul (BMNH), 
here designated [examined]. Synonymized by Hampson, 1920 : 167. 

Automolis tybris (Cramer) ; Strand, 1919 : 26. 

Automolis tybris (Cramer); Hampson, 1920 : 167. 

Automolis tybris (Cramer) ; Seitz, 1921 : 376, pl. 52g [9]. 


Idalus vitrea (Cramer) comb. n. 


Empusa vitrea (Cramer) Hiibner, [1819] : 170. 

Eucyrta vitrea (Cramer) Kirby, 1892 : 171. 

Automolis vitrea (Cramer) Hampson, 1901 : 59, fig. 46 [g, head, pattern, venation]. 
Automolis vitrea (Cramer); Strand, 1919 : 26. 

Automolis vitrea (Cramer) ; Seitz, 1921 : 375, pl. 52g. 


Subspecies Idalus vitrea vitrea (Cramer) 
Phalaena vitvea Cramer, [1780] : 151, 176, pl. 276, fig. C [probably a g]. Type(s), SuRINAM 
[not examined]. 
Subspecies Idalus vitrea borealis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis vitrea borealis Rothschild, 1910@ : 47, pl. 7, fig. 3. LECTOTYPE g, Mexico: 
Orizaba, 1.1896 (Schaus) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 
Automolis vitrea borealis Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 376, pl. 52h. 


Subspecies Idalus vitrea meridionalis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis vitrea meridionalis Rothschild, t1910a:47, pl.7, fig.1. LECTOTYPE 4, 
PARAGUAY: Sapucay, 25.v.1902 (Foster) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 
Automolis vitrea meridionalis Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 376, pl. 52h. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 81 


Subspecies Idalus vitrea occidentalis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis vitrea occidentalis Rothschild, 1910a : 47, pl. 7, fig. 4. LECTOTYPE dg, PrEru: 
Carabaya, R. Huacamayo, La Union, 2000 ft, xi.1904 (Ockenden) (BMNH), here designated 
[examined]. 

Automolis vitrea occidentalis Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 376. 


Idalus vitreoides (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis vitreoides Rothschild, 1922 : 476. Holotype ¢ [stated by Rothschild, 1922 : 476, 
to be from Trinidad but the holotype is labelled [Brazit] Para (Moss) (BMNH) [examined]]. 


MACHAERAPTENUS Schaus 


Machaeraptenus Schaus, 1894 : 228. Type-species: Machaeraptenus ventralis Schaus, 1894 : 229, 
[Automolis Hiibner sensu Hampson, 1901 : 39, et auctorum. Partim.] 

Machaeraptenus Schaus; Travassos, 1943 : 457. 

Machaeraptenus Schaus; Travassos, 1944 : 442. 

Machaevaptenus Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 6, 95. 


One species is transferred here from Awutomolis; another nominal species is simul- 
taneously transferred from A utomolis and synonymized with ventralis. 


Machaeraptenus crocopera (Schaus) comb. n. 


Automolis crocopera Schaus, 1905 : 218. Holotype 3, Guyana: Omai (USNM) [examined]. 
Automolis crocopera Schaus; Strand, 1919 : 16. 

Automolis crocopera Schaus; Hampson, 1920 : 162, fig. 69 (venation, head). 

Automolis crocopera Schaus; Seitz, 1921 : 372. [No fig.] 

Automolis crocopera Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 26, pls 65 (type), 199a, b (genitalia). 


Machaeraptenus ventralis Schaus 


Machaeraptenus ventralis Schaus, 1894 : 229. Lectotype g, VENEZUELA: Aroa (USNM), 
designated by Watson, 1971 : 95 [examined]. 

Automolis ventralis (Schaus) Hampson, 1901 : 45, fig. 40 (pattern, venation, head). 

Automolis sordidipennis Rothschild, 1916 : 266. LECTOTYPE 9, VEeNEzuELA: Las Quiguas, 
near San Esteban (K/ages), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. 

Automolis sordidipennis Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 144, pl. 45, fig. 20. 

Automolis sordidipennis Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 372, pl. 51g [grossly inaccurate]. 

Machaeraptenus ventralis Schaus; Travassos, 1943 : 457. 

Machaeraptenus ventralis Schaus; Travassos, 1944 : 443, figs 11 (g), 12-20 (venation and 
genitalia). 

Machaeraptenus ventralis Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 95, pls 17b (type), 1o6c, d (genitalia). 


ORMETICA Clemens 


Ormetica Clemens, 1860 : 544. Type-species: Ovmetica sphingiformis Clemens, 1860 : 545, 
by monotypy. 


[Rhipha Walker sensu Travassos, 1943 : 457. Partim.] 
[Automolis Hiibner sensu Seitz, 1921 : 365. Partim.] 
Ormetica Clemens; Watson, 1971 : 7. [Types of 19 species illustrated.] 


82 A. WATSON 


Ormetica was re-established by Watson (1971) to accommodate a fairly homo- 
genous group of yellow, dark brown and iridescent blue moths. There seems to be 
no justification for the synonymy of Ormetica with Rhipha by Travassos (1943 : 457), 
the type-species of which (Rhipha strigata Walker) is a distinctively marked, mostly 
black and white species. Another 27 nominal species and two subspecies are 
transferred here from Automolis to Ormetica. 

Four species of Ormetica were studied by Blest (1964): pauperis Schaus, sicilia 
Druce, metallica and taeniata Guérin-Méneville. In response to handling, each of 
them responded with the type of display in which the wings are alternately raised 
and lowered and the abdomen raised, and except for pauperis, had a high or very 
high threshold for sound production. All were rejected as food either by fowl or 
Cebus monkeys. 

The males of most of the Ovmetica species available for study in the BMNH have 
an androconial zone interacting with hair-scales in a pouch formed by the folded 
anal area on the under surface of the hind wing. Only chrysomelas, pallidifascia 
and pauperis were found to lack this scent distributing organ, although it may 
also be lacking in the species pretiosa Schaus and valera Schaus which are not repre- 
sented in the collection but are probably closely allied to chrysomelas. 


Ormetica abdalsan (Schaus) comb. n. 


Automolis abdalsan Schaus, 1920:116. Holotype g, GuaTEMALA: Cayuga, x (USNM) 
[examined]. 
Automolis abdalsan Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 8, pls 27a (type), 122c, d (genitalia). 


Ormetica albimaculifera (Hampson) comb. n. 


Automolis albimaculifera Hampson, 1901 : 54, pl. 36, fig. 18. Holotype g, Brazi_: Amazonas, 
Manicoré (BMNH) [examined]. 

Automolis albimaculifera Hampson; Strand, 1919 : 14. 

Automolis albimaculifera Hampson; Seitz, 1921 : 367, pl. 50g. 


Ormetica chrysomelas (Walker) comb. n. 


Automolis chrysomelas Walker, 1856 : 1636. LECTOTYPE 9, Brazit (UM, Oxford), here 
designated [examined]. 

Eucyrta geometrica Felder, 1874 : Heft 4, explanation to pls 75-107, pl. 102, fig.6. LECTOTYPE 
6, FRENCH GuIANA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Euplesia chrysomelas (Walker) Kirby, 1892 : 168. 

Automolis chrysomelas Walker; Hampson, 1901 : 53. [Synonymy of geometrica Felder.] 

Automolis chrysomelas Walker; Strand, 1919 : 15. 

Automolis chrysomelas Walker; Seitz, 1921 : 367, pl. 50f [distal yellow marking should be much 
closer to costal margin of wing]. 

Automolis chrysomelas f. interrupta Reich, 1937: 70. Syntypes 2 g, Brazit: Joinville and 
New Bremen (Reich coll.: Israel) [mot examined]. [An infra-subspecific name. ] 

Automolis chrysomelas £. interrupta Reich; Reich, 1938a : fig. 5. 

Automolis chrysomelas £. interrupta Reich; Reich, 1938b : 205. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 83 


Ormetica codasi (Jorgensen) comb. n. 


Automolis codasi Jorgensen, 1935 : 110, pl. 3, fig. 22. Syntypes gf & 9, Paracuay; Villarica 
(Jorgensen coll. & Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires) [not examined]. 


Ormetica collateralis (Hampson) comb. n. 


Automolis collateralis Hampson, 1901 : 64. Holotype g, CoLtompia (BMNH) [examined]. 

Automolis collateralis Hampson; Strand, 1919 : 16. 

Automolis collateralis Hampson; Seitz, 1921 : 367, pl. 50f [forewing outer margin should be 
light brown, and orange marking more yellowish]. 


Ormetica contraria (Walker) comb. n. 


Automolis contraria (Walker) Butler, 1876 : 421. 

Automolis contraria (Walker); Butler, 1877 : 45, pl. 9, fig. 9. 

Euplesia contraria (Walker) Kirby, 1892 : 167. 

Automolis contvavia (Walker); Hampson, 1901 : 61. 

Automolis contraria (Walker); Strand, 1919 : 16. 

Automolis contravia (Walker); Seitz, 1921 : 367, pl. 50g [white apical marking of forewing 
should be more elongate, as in sicilia (5o0f)]. 


Subspecies Ormetica contraria contraria (Walker) 


Euchromia contraria Walker, 1854a:259. Holotype g, Brazit: Amazonas, Ega [Teffé] 
(Bates) [examined]. 


Subspecies Ormetica contraria peruviana (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis contraria peruviana Rothschild, 1922 : 487. Holotype 9, Peru: Carabaya, Rio 
Huacamayo, La Union, 2000 ft, xil.1904 (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. 


Ormetica flavobasalis (Gaede) comb. n. 


Automolis flavobasalis Gaede, 1923 :3. Holotype g, Borivia: ‘Rio Juntas’, 1000 m, 1890 
(Garlepp) (MNHU) [examined]. 


Ormetica fulgurata (Butler) comb. n. 


Automolis fulgurata Butler, 1876: 420. Lectotype 9, ‘Espiritu Santo’ (Higgins) (BMNH), 
designated by Butler, 1877: 46 [examined]. The stated type-locality ‘Espiritu Santo’ 
may be Bolivian but the lectotype is labelled Espirito Sto [Brazir] and is entered in the 
BMNH registration book as from Brazil. 

Automolis fulgurata Butler; Butler, 1877 : 46, pl. 18, fig. 5. 

Euplesia fulgurata (Butler) Kirby, 1892 : 167. 

Automolis fulgurata Butler; Hampson, 1901 : 53. 

Automolis fulgurata Butler; Strand, 191g : 18. 

Automolis fulgurata Butler; Seitz, 1921 : 366, pl. 50e [orange coloration should be more 
yellowish and patagia dark brown medially]. 


Ormetica latania (Druce) comb. n. 


Euplesia latania (Druce) Kirby, 1892 : 167. 
Automolis latania Druce; Hampson, 1901 : 56. 


84 A. WATSON 


Automolis latania Druce; Strand, 1919 : 20. 
Automolis latania Druce; Seitz, 1921 : 367, pl. 5of. 


Subspecies Ormetica latania latania (Druce) 


Automolis latania Druce, 1890 : 495, pl. 42, fig. 2. LECTOTYPE 9, Cotomsta: ‘interior of’ 
(Carder) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 


Subspecies Ormetica latania vulcanica (Seitz) comb. n. 


Automolis latania form vulcanica Seitz, 1921 : 367, pl. 50f. LECTOTYPE dg, Costa Rica: 
Irazu Volcano, 1200 m (Fass/), here designated (BMNH) [examined]. 


Ormetica melea (Druce) comb. n. 


Automolis melea Druce, 1900 : 66. LECTOTYPE ¢, VENEZUELA: Mérida (Briceno) (BMNH), 
here designated [examined]. 

Automolis melea Druce; Hampson, 1go1 : 58, pl. 43, fig. 1. 

Automolis melea Druce; Strand, 1919 : 21. 


Automolis melea Druce; Seitz, 1921 : 367, pl. 50e [orange coloration should be more yellowish]. 


Ormetica metallica (Joicey & Talbot) comb. n. 


Automolis metallica Joicey & Talbot, 1916 : 57, pl. 14, fig. 7. Holotype g, PANAMA: Chiriqui 
(BMNH) [examined]. 


Automolis metallica Joicey & Talbot; Hampson, 1920 : 149. 
Automolis metallica Joicey & Talbot; Seitz, 1921 : 366, pl. 50c [inaccurate fig.]. 


Ormetica ochreomarginata (Joicey & Talbot) comb. n. 


Automolis ochreomarginata Joicey & Talbot, 1917 : 267, pl. 1, fig. 9. Holotype g, FRENCH 
GuIANna: St Jean du Maroni (BMNH) [examined]. 

Automolis ochreomarginata Joicey & Talbot; Hampson, 1920 : 168. 

Automolis ochreomarginata Joicey & Talbot; Seitz, 1921 : 367. [No fig.] 


Ormetica packardi (Butler) comb. n. 


[Euchromia sypilus Cramer sensu Walker, 1854 : 260. Misidentification.] 


Automolis packardi Butler, 1876: 420. LECTOTYPE 4, Brazit: Para (Bates) (BMNH), 
here designated [examined]. 

Euplesia packardi (Butler) Kirby, 1892 : 167. 

Automolis packardi Butler; Hampson, 1901 : 56, pl. 36, fig. 19. 

Automolis packardi Butler; Strand, 1919 : 21. 

Automolis packardi Butler; Seitz, 1921 : 366, pl. 50c. 


Ormetica pallidifascia (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis pallidifascia Rothschild, 1933 : 170. LECTOTYPE 4, Brazir: Sao Paulo, ‘Alto 
da Sierra’, viii.1924 (Spitz) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 


Ormetica pallidinervis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis pallidinervis Rothschild, 1935 : 241. Holotype g, Braziz: Sta Catarina, ‘Hansa 
Humboldt’, viii.1932 (Maller) (BMNH) [examined]. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 85 


Ormetica pratti (Druce) comb. n. 


Automolis pratti Druce, 1900 : 66. LECTOTYPE g, Coromsia: (Pratt) (BMNH), here desig- 
nated [examined]. 

Automolis pratti Druce; Hampson, 1go1 : 58, pl. 43, fig. 16. 

Automolis pratti Druce; Strand, 1919 : 22. 

Automolis pratti Druce; Seitz, 1921 : 357, pl. 50e [orange coloration should be much more 
yellowish and yellow streak deleted from base of forewing costa]. 


Ormetica pseudoguapisa (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis pseudoguapisa Rothschild, 1910e : 505. Holotype 9, VENEZUELA: San Esteban, 
viii. [not vi. as stated in original description] 1909 (Klages) (BMNH) [examined]. 

Automolis pseudoguapisa Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 22. 

Automolis pseudoguapisa Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 165. 

Automolis pseudoguapisa Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 366, pls 50d,e [patagia of 9 should be dark 
brown medially]. 


Ormetica rosenbergi (Rothschild) comb. n., stat. n. 


Automolis rosenbergi Rothschild, t9t10a : 47, pl.6, fig. 35. LECTOTYPE 9, Ecuapor: 
Paramba (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis rosenbergi Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 23. 

Automolis rosenbergi Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 158. 

Automolis ataenia rosenbergi Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 366, pl. 50d [yellow band on forewing 
should taper distally]. 


Ormetica rothschildi nom. n. 


Automolis packardi satuvata Rothschild, 1910a : 47, pl. 6, fig. 33. Lectotype g, Brazix: Sta 
Catarina (BMNH), here designated by Hampson, 1920 : 159 [examined]. <A junior primary 
homonym of A. satuvata Walker, 1856: 1635. Here replaced by vothschildi nom. n. 

Automolis packardi var. saturata Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 22. 

Automolis saturata Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 159. 

Automolis saturata Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 366, pl. 50c. 


Ormetica stenotis (Dognin) comb. n. 


Automolis stenotis Dognin, 1908 : 158. Holotype 3, FRENcH Guiana: (USNM) [examined]. 

Automolis stenotis Dognin; Strand, 1919 : 24. 

Automolis stenotis Dognin; Hampson, 1920 : 145, pl. 46, fig. 4 [antennae should be more densely 
bipectinate, costa of forewing less strongly arcuate, anal angle of hindwing more evenly 
rounded and abdomen much more yellowish]. 

Automolis stenotis Dognin; Seitz, 1921 : 372, pl. 51g [errors in Hampson (1920) figure are 
repeated]. 

Automolis stenotis Dognin; Watson, 1971 : 87, pls 30e (type), 128a,b (genitalia). 


Ormetica sypalettius (Seitz) comb. n. 


Automolis sypalettius, Seitz, 1921 : 366, pl. 50c [proximal and medial yellow markings on 
forewing should be continuous]. LECTOTYPE 4, Cotomstia: Villavicencio, 400 m (Fass!) 
(BMNH), here designated [examined]. 


86 A. WATSON 


Ormetica sypilus (Cramer) comb. n. 


Sphinx sypilus Cramer, [1777] : 4, 151, pl. 99, fig. A. Type(s) Surinam [not examined]. 

Automolis saturata Walker, 1856 : 1635. LECTOTYPE 4, Brazit: Para (UM), here designated 
[examined]. Syn. n. 

Automolis sypilus (Cramer) Walker, 1856 : 1637. 

Eucyrta praetexta Felder, 1874: 4, pl. 102, fig. 5. LECTOTYPE g, Brazir: R. Amazon 
(Bates) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymized with satuvata Walker by 
Hampson, 1901 : 24.] 

Euplesia sypilus (Cramer) Kirby, 1892 : 167. 

Prumala saturata (Walker) Hampson, Igor : 24. 

Automolis sypilus (Cramer); Hampson, I1goI : 57. 

Automolis sypilus (Cramer); Rothschild, 1910a@ : 43 [description of gj. 

Prumala saturata (Walker); Strand, 1919 : 8. 

Automolis sypilus (Cramer) ; Strand, 1919 : 25. 

Prumala saturata (Walker); Seitz, 1921 : 345, pl. 449 [inaccurate fig., particularly in coloration 
of forewing]. 

Automolis sypilus (Cramer); Seitz, 1921 : 366, pl. 50c [inaccurate and misleading fig.]. 
{Description of larva and pupa. |] 


Ormetica tanialoides (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis tanialoides Rothschild, 1910e : 504. LECTOTYPE g, VENEZUELA: San Esteban, 
vili.1909 [not vi.] (Klages) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis tanialoides Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 163. 

Automolis tanialoides Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 367, pl. 50e [orange markings should be much 
more yellowish, costa of forewing should be without dark brown proximally and dark brown 
outer-marginal band should be half the figured width]. 


Ormetica triangularis (Gaede) comb. n. 


Automolis triangularis Gaede, 1928 : 28. Holotype 9, CotomBia: W., between Tumaco and 
Pasto (Niepelt) (MNHU) [examined]. 


Ormetica underwoodi (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis underwoodi Rothschild, 1910a : 47. LECTOTYPE g, Costa Rica: (Underwood), 
here designated [examined]. 

Automolis underwoodi Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 26. 

Automolis underwoodi Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 158. 

Automolis underwoodi Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 366, pl. 50d [the lateral abdominal markings 
should be yellow, not orange]. 


Ormetica zenzeroides (Butler) comb. n. 


Automolis zenzeroides Butler, 1877 : 46, pl. 16, fig. 8 [inaccurate fig.|. LECTOTYPE gd, 
BraziL: Amazonas, R. Jurua, 3.x.1874 (Tvail) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Euplesia zenzeroides (Butler) Kirby, 1892 : 27. 

Automolis zenzeroides Butler; Hampson, Igo : 61. 

Automolis zenzeroides Butler; Seitz, 1921 : 367, pl. 50g [inaccurate fig.: the dark apical marking 
on the forewing should enclose two white dashes; one parallel to veins, the other proximal 
and about 45 degrees to the first]. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 87 


PARANERITA Hampson 


Pavanerita Hampson, 1901 : 439. Type-species: Evius polyxenus Druce, 1883 : 383, by 
original designation. 

Paranerita Hampson; Strand, 1919 : 308. 

Paranerita Hampson; Hampson, 1920 : ix, 79. 

Paranerita Hampson; Seitz, 1921 : 354. 

Paranerita Hampson; Watson, 1971 : 7. 


As indicated by Seitz (1921 : 355) there is considerable doubt as to whether the 
species at present grouped under Parvanerita merit generic separation. This and 
related nominal genera are in need of taxonomic reappraisal. 


Paranerita hyalinata (Reich) comb. n. 


Automolis hyalinata Reich, 1933 : 282, fig. 5. Holotype 9, Peru: E., Huayabamba (Reich 
collection, Israel) [examined]. 


The placement here of /yalinata should be regarded as tentative. Males are 
needed before the generic affinities of this species can be assessed accurately. 


PHAEOMOLIS Hampson 


Phaeomolis Hampson, 1901: 20. Type-species: Neritos obscurata Butler, 1877:51, by 
original designation. 

Phaeomolis Hampson; Strand, 1g19 : 6. 

Phaeomolis Hampson; Seitz, 1922 : 381. 

Phaeomolis Hampson; Watson, 1971: 7. [Types of 9 species illustrated. ] 


Phaeomolis lineatus (Druce) comb. n. 


Evius lineatus Druce, 1884 : 89, pl. 9, fig. 17. Holotype g, Panama: San Lorenzo (Champion) 
(BMNH) [examined]. 

Idalus lineatus (Druce) Hampson, Igo! : 15. 

Idalus lineatus (Druce); Strand, 1919 : 5. 

Idalus lineatus (Druce); Seitz, 1921 : 349, pl. 45d [inaccurate, see fig. in Druce, 1884]. 

Automolis lineatus (Druce) Forbes, 1939: 203. Partim. [Incorrect synonymy of Agaraea 
internervosa (Dognin), 1912, see Watson, 1971 : 47.] 


This species was studied by Blest (1964—as Automolis lineatus (Druce)). He 
found that it responded to tactile stimuli with reflex immobilization (Blest, 1957) 
and had a low to medium threshold for sound production. It was rejected by 
Cebus monkeys as a food source. 


: 


| es 
| PRYTERIA Moéschler 
-Prytevia Méschler, 1882 : 335. Type-species: Pryteria costata Méschler, 1882 : 336, by mono- 


typy. 
Since Kirby’s catalogue (1892: 172) the genus Pryteria seems to have been 
ignored. Hampson (1901 : 514) refers to Pryteria costata in his list of unrecognized 


88 A. WATSON 


species. Subsequent to this, costata has been placed in Automolis Hiibner, [1819] 
by various authors without listing Pryteria as a synonym of the latter. 

The eight nominal species now included in Pryteria and catalogued here are all 
transferred from Automolis. 


Pryteria alboatra (Rothschild) stat. rev., comb. n. 


Automolis alboatva Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 14. 
Automolis alboatra Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 156. 
Automolis unifascia alboatva Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 374, pl. 52e. 


Subspecies Pryteria alboatra alboatra (Rothschild) 


Automolis alboatva Rothschild, 1910a : 46, pl. 6, fig. 30. Lectotype g, Brazit: Amazonas, 
Fonte Boa, vii.1906 (Klages) (BMNH), designated by Hampson, 1920 : 156 [examined]. 


Subspecies Pryteria alboatra borussica Seitz comb. n. 


Automolis unifascia form borussica Seitz, 1921 : 374, pl. 52e. LECTOTYPE 4g, Botivia: 
Rio Songo, 750 m (Fass!) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 


Subspecies Pryteria alboatra intensa Rothschild comb. n. 


Automolis alboatra intensa Rothschild, 1935 :240. Holotype g, Costa Rica: (Underwood) 
(BMNH) [examined]. 


Pryteria apicata (Schaus) comb. n. 


Automolis apicata Schaus, 1905 : 218. Holotype g, FrRENcH Gurana: St Laurent, Maroni 
River (USNM) [examined]. 

Automolis apicata Schaus; Strand, 1919 : 14. 

Automolis apicata Schaus; Hampson, 1920 : 175, pl. 47, fig. 9. 

Automolis apicata Schaus; Seitz, 1921 : 374, pl. 52f. 

Automolis apicata Schaus; Watson, 1917 : 13, pls 31b (type), 129a,b (genitalia). 


Pryteria apicella (Strand) comb. n. 


Automolis apicalis Rothschild, 1910a : 46. Holotype 9, Borivia: 10 miles above Mapiri, 
2000 ft, 1895 (Stuart) [examined]. [Junior homonym of Automolis apicalis Walker, 1854 : 
261.] 

Automolis semicostalis var. apicalis Rothschild, 1910¢ : 26. 

Automolis apicella Strand, 1919 : 14. [Replacement name for apicalis Rothschild.] 

Automolis albiapicalis Hampson, 1920 : 157, pl. 46, fig. 18. [Unnecessary replacement name 
for apicalis Rothschild.] 

Automolis apicella Strand; Seitz, 1921 : 375, pl. 52f. 


Pryteria colombiana (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis colombiana Rothschild, 1937 : 171. LECTOTYPE J, Cotomsia: W., ‘Bella Vista’, 
vill.1927 (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 


[The lectotype bears a label ‘Automolis orientalis Rothsch. Type’ in Rothschild’s 
handwriting, a name which was not published and clearly abandoned by the author 
in favour of colombiana. Both lectotype and paralectotype stood over a label 
‘colombiana’ in the Rothschild collection. ] 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 89 


Pryteria costata Moschler comb. n. 


Prytervia costata Méschler, 1882 : 336, pl. 18, fig. 27. Holotype 9, Surinam: Paramaribo 
(depository not known) [not examined]. 

Pyrytevia costata Moschler; Hampson, 1901 : 514 [in Hampson’s ‘List of unrecognized species’). 

Automolis costata (Méschler) Strand, 1919 : 16. 

Automolis costata (Méschler) ; Gaede, 1923 : 3. Partim. [Synonymy of semicostalis Rothschild.] 

Automolis costata form nigroapicalis Gaede, 1923 :3. Holotype 9, Surinam: (MNHU) 
[examined]. 


Pryteria hamifera (Dognin) comb. n. 


Automolis hanufera Dognin, 1907 : 227. Holotype 3, FRENcH Guiana: St Laurent, Maroni 
River (USNM) [examined]. 

Automolis hamifera Dognin; Strand, 1919 : 19. 

Automolis hamifera Dognin; Hampson, 1920 : 162, pl. 46, fig. 22. 

Automolis hamifera Dognin; Seitz, 1921 : 374. pl. 52e [pale area of wing too yellowish]. 

Automolis hamifera Dognin; Watson, 1971 : 42, pls 31a (type), 128e,f (genitalia). 


Pryteria semicostalis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis semicostalis Rothschild, 1910a: 46, pl. 6, fig. 31. LECTOTYPE 4g, Braziv: 
Amazonas, Fonte Boa, xi.1906 (Klages) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Both 
syntypes are 9; not gf and 9 respectively as indicated by Rothschild. ]} 

Automolis semicostalis Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 24. 

Automolis semicostalis Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 157, pl. 46, fig. 19 [pale areas of forewing 
should be white]. 

Automolis semicostalis Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 375, pl. 52f. 

[Automolis costata Méschler; Gaede, 1923 :3. Partim. Synonymy of semicostalis.] 


Pryteria unifascia (Druce) comb. n. 


Automolis unifascia (Druce) Hampson, rgor : 66, pl. 36, fig. 20. 

Automolis unifascia (Druce); Strand, 1919 : 26. 

Automolis unifascia (Druce); Seitz, 1921 : 374, pl. 52e. 

Automolis unifascia form ilicis Jorgensen, 1932 : 53. Holotype 9, ParacGuay: Villarica 
(depository not known) [not examined]. 


Subspecies Pryteria unifascia unifascia (Druce) 


Sallaea unifacia Druce, 1899 : 466. LECTOTYPE 4, Guyana: ‘Demerara’ (UM), here 
designated [examined]. 


Subspecies Pryteria unifascia tenuis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis unifascia tenuis Rothschild, 1935 :240. Holotype 9, BEL1zE: Rio Grande, ix.1932 
(White) (BMNH) [examined]. 


RHIPHA Walker 


Rhipha Walker, 1854 : 273. Type-species: Euchromia strigosa Walker, 1854 : 273, by 
monotypy. 

[Automolis Hiibner sensu Hampson, rgor : 39, et auctorum. Partim.] 

Rhipha Walker sensu Travassos, 1943 : 457. [Synonymy of Apyre Walker, Ovmetica Clemens 
and Cratoplastis Felder. ] 

Rhipha Walker; Watson, 1971 : 7, 9, 22, 51. [Types of 3 species illustrated.] 


90 A. WATSON 


Ormetica and Cratoplastis were subsequently re-established by Watson (1971). 
Apyre Walker (1854) : 490) is here re-established as a monotypic genus (type- 
species: Apyre separata Walker, 1854) : 491) gen. rev. 

The species uniformis Rothschild listed below shares many characters with the 
type-species of Rhipha. The remaining eight species are transferred from A utomolis 
to Rhipha because they have close relatives in the latter, although there is little 
doubt that they are incorrectly classified. I have hesitated to erect new genera 
for these wrongly placed species as the affinities of other possibly closely related 
species at present in other genera should first be investigated. 

One species, chionoplaga Dognin, was studied by Blest (1964). In response to 
tactile stimuli it had a high threshold for sound production and exhibited the 
type of display in which the wings are alternately raised and lowered and the 
abdomen raised. It was rejected by Cebus monkeys as a food source. 


Rhipha flammula (Hayward) comb. n. 


Automolis flammula Hayward, 1947 : 64, figs a, b, e. Syntypes, 5 g, ARGENTINA: Chaco 
National Territory, Fontana, bred from pupae received ix.1944 (Instituto Miguel Lillo) 
{not examined]. 


This nominal species may be the same as fulminans, known only from the female 
lectotype. The species represented by Hayward (1947) in fig. c is probably sub- 
flammans Rothschild, not fulminans as labelled by Hayward. 


Rhipha fulminans (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis fulminans Rothschild, 1916 : 266. LECTOTYPE 9, Braziz: south (BMNH), 
here designated [examined]. 
Automolis fulminans Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 154, pl. 65, fig. 21 [inaccurate, but useful 
uide]. 
aoc subflammans form fulminans Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 371, pl. 51d [poor copy of 

Hampson’s figure]. 

The nominal species fammans Hampson and subflammans, which are doubtless 
closely allied to fulminans, were transferred to Rhipha by Travassos (1955 : IOI). 
None of these species is congeneric with the type-species of Rhipha, but further 
studies need to be carried out before they and other species similarly transferred 
in this paper can be placed satisfactorily in existing genera or new genera are 
erected for them. 


Rhipha luteoplaga (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis luteoplaga Rothschild, 1922 : 477. Holotype g, Brazit: Para (Moss) (BMNH) 
[examined]. 


This nominal species is transferred here from Awutomolis, together with persimilis 
(q.v.), because of the similarities between them and Rhipha flavoplagiata (Roths- 
child). The latter, which has some male genitalic features in common with the 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS gI 


attenuated male genitalia of luteoplaga and persimilis, was transferred to Rhipha 
in a paper by Travassos (1952: 55). It is doubtful whether any of these nominal 
species can be considered congeneric with the type-species of Rhipha. 


Rhipha mathildae (Kohler) comb. n. 


Automolis mathildae Kohler, 1924 : 16, pl. I, fig. 2 (venation), pl. 6, fig. 11 (pattern). Type(s), 
ARGENTINA: Misiones (depository not known) [not examined]. 
Automolis mathildae Kohler; Hayward, 1947 : 67, fig. d. 


This is not taxonomically distant from Rhipha flammans. 


Rhipha perflammans (Dognin) comb. n. 


Automolis perflammans Dognin, 1914:16. Holotype g, FRENCH GuIANA: Maroni River 
(USNM) [examined]. 

Automolis ‘postflammans’ Dognin; Strand, 1919 : 22. Incorrect subsequent spelling. 

Automolis perflammans Dognin; Hampson, 1920 : 155. 

Automolis perflammans Dognin; Seitz, 1921 : 371, pl. 51e [tegulae should be white anteriorly; 
there should be a pair of white spots immediately posterior to patagia mid-dorsally and a 
single white spot on mesoscutellum; the red costal area of the forewing should be more 
brownish, and the white terminal spots should be larger]. 


Transferred to Rhipha for reasons mentioned under Rhipha fulminans. 


Rhipha persimilis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis persimilis Rothschild; Strand, 191g : 22. 

Automolis persimilis Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 372, pl. 51h (‘persimiles’) [inaccurate but useful 
fig.]. 

Subspecies Rhipha persimilis persimilis (Rothschild) 


Automolis persimilis Rothschild, 1910a : 44, pl. 6, fig. 25. LECTOTYPE Q, Peru: R. 
Inambari, La Oroya, ix.1904, 3100 ft (Ockenden) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 
Subspecies Rhipha persimilis marginata (Rothschild) comb n. 

Automolis persimilis marginata Rothschild, 1910a : 45, pl. 16, figs 22, 23. LECTOTYPE 

6, Costa Rica: Tuis (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis persimilis marginata Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 372, pl. 51h [inaccurate, but useful 

guide]. 


The reasons for placing this species in Rhipha are discussed under Rhipha luteo- 
plaga. 


Rhipha pulcherrima (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis pulcherrima Rothschild, 1935 :240. Holotype @, Braziz: Amazonas, ‘Goyaz’, 
Vianépolis, xli.1931 (Spitz) (BMNH) [examined]. 

Automolis pulcherrima Rothschild, 1937 : 144 [Q description]. 

Rhipha olafi Gagarin, 1967 : 11, fig. 1. Holotype g, Brazit: Brasilia, Sta Maria, 1150 m, 
3.i1i.1963 [not examined]. Syn.n. 


Placed in Rhipha for the reason given under Rhipha fulminans. 


92 A. WATSON 


Rhipha uniformis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis uniformis Rothschild, 1910a : 42, pl. 6, fig. 26. Holotype 3, Surinam: Maroewym 
Valley, Aroewarwa Creek, iv.1905 (Klages) (BMNH) [examined]. 

Automolis uniformis Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 26. 

Automolis uniformis Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 172. 

Automolis uniforymis Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 372, pl. 51h [dorsal surface of patagia should be 
brownish grey, not yellow]. 

Automolis uniformis ab. mesoleuca Seitz, 1921 : 372, pl. 51th [dorsal surface of patagia should 
be brownish grey, not yellow]. Type(s), Bottvia: Rio Songo, 750 m (Fass/) (1 2 syntype in 
BMNH) [examined]. 


This is one of the few species at present placed in Rhipha which is probably 
conspecific with its type-species. 


Rhipha vivia nom. n. 


Automolis spitzi Rothschild, 1937:144. LECTOTYPE 4g, Brazir: Amazonas, ‘Goyaz’. 
Leopoldo dul Bulhoes, 111.1936 (Spitz) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. A junior 
primary homonym of Automolis spitzi Rothschild, 1935 :241. Here replaced by vivia 
nom. n. 


Placed in Rhipha for the reason given under Rhipha fulminans. 


SCAPTIUS Walker 


Scaptius Walker, 1855 :642. Type-species: Scaptius ditissimus Walker, 1855 : 643, by 
monotypy. 

[Automolis Hiibner sensu Hampson, 1901 : 39, et auctorum. Partim.] 

Scaptius Walker; Travassos, 1943 : 456, 457. [Re-establishment of genus.] 

Scaptius Walker; Watson, 1971 : 7, 23, 65, 84. [Types of 3 species illustrated. ] 


Nine nominal species are here transferred from Automolis to Scaptius. 

Two species, vinasia Schaus and obscurata Schaus [then placed in Automolis], 
were studied by Blest (1964); the former species from only two specimens. In 
response to handling, the latter exhibited either ‘reflex immobilization’ or the display 
in which the wings are alternately raised and lowered and the abdomen raised, and 
had a low threshold for sound production. It was apparently palatable to laboratory 
‘predators’ (Cebus monkeys and fowl). Ifthis cryptically pattered species is generally 
palatable to natural predators, its active form of display can be considered a 
Batesian mimetic copy of unpalatable species of genera such as Oymetica and 
Viviennea in which the same type of display occurs. 


Scaptius asteroides (Schaus) comb. n. 


Automolis asteroides Schaus, 1905 : 214. Holotype g, FRENCH Guiana: St Laurent, Maroni 
River (USNM) [examined]. 

Automolis astevoides Schaus; Strand, 1919 : 15. 

Automolis asteroides Schaus; Hampson, 1920 : 133, fig. 59 (head; venation, pattern, androconial 
areas). 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 93 


Automolis asteroides Schaus; Seitz, 1925 : 477. 
Automolis asteroides Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 14, pls 346 (type), 133c,d (genitalia). 


Scaptius chrysoperina (Gaede) comb. n. 
Automolis chrysoperina Gaede, 1928 : 28. Holotype 9, PanaMA: Chiriqui (MNHU) [examined]. 


The type is externally almost identical to that of Scaptius obscurata (Schaus) 
(see Watson, 1971 : 65, pl. 15e). 


Scaptius ditissimus Walker comb. rev. 


Scaptius ditissimus Walker, 1855 : 643. Holotype 3, Brazit: Amazonas, Ega [Tefé] (Bates) 
[examined]. 
Automolis ditissima (Walker) Hampson, 1901 : 50. 


Druce (1897 : 368, pl. 74, fig. 2) and Seitz (1921 : 369, pl. 51a) have both published 
figures which purport to represent ditissimus. In fact, the species illustrated 
is not ditissimus but is possibly Hyponerita rhodocraspis Hampson (1909 : 364). 

The male of ditissimus may prove to be represented by the type of Scaptius 
sordida (Rothschild) (1910: 25, pl. 4, fig. 18). Females of Scaptius appear to 
have a more extensive brown area on the forewing and to have dark hindwings; 
for example, the type of ditissimus and of Scaptius chrysopera (Schaus) (see Hampson, 

1920: 154, pl. 46, fig. 15, and Watson, 1971 : 23, pl. 15f) and Scaptius obscurata 
(Schaus) (see Watson, 1971 : 65, pl. 15e). 


Scaptius ignivena (Joicey & Talbot) comb. n. 


_Automolis ignivena Joicey & Talbot, 1917 : 266, pl. 1, fig. 7. Holotype 9, Peru: Tabaconas, 
Charape River, 4000 ft, 1912 (Pratt) (BMNH) [examined]. 
Automolis ignivena Joicey & Talbot; Hampson, 1920 : 153. 
Automolis ignivena Joicey & Talbot; Seitz, 1921 : 370, pl. 53f [hardly recognizable; labelled 
“‘nigrivena’, an incorrect subsequent spelling]. 


Scaptius neritosia (Dukinfield-Jones) comb. n. 


Automolis neritosia Dukinfield-Jones, 1908 : 146. LECTOTYPE 4, Brazir: Parana, Castro, 
950 m (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis neritosia Dukinfield-Jones; Strand, 1919 : 21. 

Automolis nevitosia Dukinfield-Jones; Hampson, 1920 : 130, fig. 56 [head, venation, pattern, 
androconial areas]. 

Automolis neritosia Dukinfield-Jones; Seitz, 1921 : 370. [No fig.] 


! 
( 


Scaptius pseudoprumala (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis pseudoprumala Rothschild, 1935 : 240. Holotype g, Braziz: Sta Catarina, ‘Hansa 
Humboldt’, vili.1932 (Maller) (BMNH) [examined]. 

4utomolis prumaloides form geminipunctata Gaede, 1928 : 28. Holotype 3, BraziL: Parana 
(MNHU) [examined]. Syn. n. 


94 A. WATSON 


Scaptius prumaloides (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis prumaloides Rothschild, 1g910a : 38, pl. 5, fig. 38. Lectotype g, Brazit: Amazonas, 
Fonte Boa, v.1906 (Klages) (BMNH), designated by Hampson, 1920 : 134 [examined]. 

Automolis prumaloides Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 22. 

Automolis prumaloides Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 134. 

Automolis prumaloides Rothschild; Seitz, 1921 : 375, pl. 52f. 


Scaptius sordida (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Prumala sordida Rothschild, 1910a : 25, pl. 4, fig. 18. Holotype g, PERu: Carabaya, Rio 
Huacamayo, La Union, 2000 ft, x1.1904 (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. 

Prumala sordida Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 8. 

Automolis sovdida (Rothschild) Hampson, 1920 : 139. 

Automolis sordida (Rothschild) ; Seitz, 1921 : 375, pl. 52f [probably not this species]. 


As mentioned previously, the type of sordida may prove to be a male of ditissimus 
(q.v.) 
Scaptius submarginalis (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Prumala submarginalis Rothschild, 1910a : 24, pl. 4, fig. 16. Holotype g, Brazit: Minas 
Gerais, 19.x.1900 (Kennedy) (BMNH) [examined]. 

Prumala submarginalis Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 8. 

Automolis submarginalis (Rothschild) Hampson, 1920 : 138. 

Automolis submarginalis (Rothschild); Seitz, 1921 : 375, pl. 52g [abdomen should be scarlet; 
forewing should be pinkish anally and have dark spot near midle of outer margin]. 


The type of Scaptius obscurata (Schaus) (see Watson, 1971 : pl. 15e) may prove 
to be a female of submarginalis. 


Scaptius vinasia (Schaus) comb. n. 


Automolis vinasia Schaus, 1910 : 201. Lectotype gf, Costa Rica: Juan Vifias, vi.19g09 (USNM), 
designated by Watson, 1971 : 96 [examined]. 

Automolis vinasia Schaus; Strand, 1919 : 26. 

Automolis vinasia Schaus; Hampson, 1920 : 133, fig. 60 [head, venation, pattern, androconial 
areas]. 

Automolis vinasia Schaus; Seitz, 1921 : 374. [No fig.] 

Automolis vinasia Schaus; Watson, 1971 : 96, pls 15d (type), 104c,d (genitalia). 


SUTONOCREA Butler 


Sutonocrea Butler, 1876 : [vii]. Type-species: Cveatonotos lobifer Herrich-Schaffer, [1855], 
pl. 88, fig. 503 (wrapper), by monotypy. 

[Automolis Hiibner sensu Hampson, 1901: 39, et auctorum. Partim.] 

Sutonocrea Butler; Travassos, 1943 : 456. [Re-establishment of genus. ] 

Sutonocrea Butler; Travassos, 1944a : 302. [Redescription.] 


The species Sutonocrea reducta (Walker) [then in Automolis] was studied by Blest 
(1964). His experimental specimens responded to tactile stimuli with ‘reflex 
immobilisation’ and had a high threshold for sound production. Cebus monkeys 
rejected them in palatability tests. 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 95 


Sutonocrea fassli (Dognin) comb. n. 


Automolis fassih Dognin, 1910:7. Holotype g, CoLomsBia: San Antonio, near Cali (Fass/) 
(USNM) [examined]. 

Automolis fassli Dognin; Strand, 1919 : 17. 

Automolis fassli Dognin; Hampson, 1920 : 136, pl. 45, fig. 28. 

Automolis fassli Dognin; Seitz, 1921 : 368, pl. 50g. 

Automolis fassli Dognin; Watson, 1971 : 33, pls 17¢c (type), 107a-c (genitalia). 


SYMPHLEBIA Felder 


Symphlebia Felder, 1874:9. Type-species: Symphlebia lophocampoides Felder, 1874: 9, 
pl. 102, fig. 1, by monotypy. 

[Prumala Schaus sensu Hampson, 1901: 21. Partim.] 

Symphiebia Felder; Travassos, 1959 : 53. [Re-establishment of genus.] 


The following three species are transferred from Automolis to Symphiebia as 
their most satisfactory placement pending a review of the relationships of the 
nominal genera Symphilebia, Prumala Schaus, Lampruna Schaus, Neaxia Hampson, 
Amaxia Walker, Antaxia Hampson and Epimolis Dyar. 


Symphlebia dissimulata (Reich) comb. n. 


Automolis dissimulata Reich, 1936 : 423. Holotype 9, BraziLt: Sado Paulo state, ‘Serro do 
Cubatao (Serro do mar)’, between Santos and Sao Paulo, 50-900 m (possibly in Reich collection, 
Israel) [not examined]. 


Symphlebia panema (Dognin) comb. n. 


Automolis panema Dognin, 1923 : 5. Holotype g, Brazit: Sado Paulo, Paranapanema (USNM) 
[examined]. 
Automolis panema Dognin; Watson, 1971 : 69, pls 2a (type), 81a,b (genitalia). 


Symphlebia rosa (Druce) comb. n. 


Automolis vosa Druce, 1909 : 458. LECTOTYPE 9, Cotomsia: W., San Antonio, 5800 ft, 
xi.1907 (Palmer) (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 

Automolis rosa Druce; Strand, 1919 : 23. 

Automolis vosa Druce; Hampson, 1920 : 149, pl. 46, fig. 11. 

Automolis vosa Druce; Seitz, 1921 : 370, pl. 516. [Inaccurate; outer margin of forewing should 
be evenly and weakly convex, dark areas on forewing should be a pastel pink, and abdomen 
pinkish, not yellow.] 


CTENUCHIDAE 


The following nominal species are here transferred to existing Ctenuchid genera. 


Aclytia apicalis (Walker) comb. n. 


Euchromia apicalis Walker, 1854 :261. Syntypes, 3 4, Brazit: Para (Bates) (BMNH) 
[examined]. 
Apiconoma apicalis (Walker) Kirby, 1892 : 170. 


96 A. WATSON 


Automolis apicalis (Walker) Hampson, 1901 : 46, fig. 41 (head, pattern, venation). 
Automolis apicalis (Walker); Strand, 1919 : 14. 
Automolis apicalis (Walker) ; Seitz, 1921 : 375. [No fig.] 


Delphyre oviplaga (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis oviplaga Rothschild, 1933 :171. Syntypes, 1 g, 1 9, Braziv: ‘Alto da Sierra’ and 
Sta Catarina (BMNH) [examined]. 


This species is placed here because of the current placement in Delphyre of 
apparently closely related species. The type-species of Delphyre is almost certainly 
not congeneric with oviplaga. 


Teucer approximans (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis approximans Rothschild, 1922 : 475. Syntypes, 3 g, PERU: Rio Huacamayo, 
La Union, 2000 ft, xi.1904 (Ockenden) (BMNH) [examined]. 


Teucer fuliginosa (Rothschild) comb. n. 


Automolis fuliginosa Rothschild, 1910d : 187, pl. 14, fig. 10. Holotype 9, Brazit: Amazonas, 
Fonte Boa (Klages) (BMNH) [examined]. 

Automolis fuliginosa Rothschild; Strand, 1919 : 187. 

Automolis fuliginosa Rothschild; Hampson, 1920 : 158. 

Automolis fuliginosa Rothschild; Seitz, 1921: 372, pl. 51g [misleading fig., see Rothschild, 
1gtod : pl. 14]. 


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| 3.194 pp. London. 


7.291 pp. London. 


31. 321 pp. London. 


50 : 1-361. 


_abdalsan Schaus, 82 

aberrans Schaus, 73 

Aclytia Hiibner, 95 

_Actea Walker, 34 

_admirabilis Cramer, 76 

_Agaraea Herrich-Schaffer, 9, 68 

_ Agoraea; Herrich-Schaffer, 68 
albescens Rothschild (Idalus), 68, 76 
\albescens Rothschild (Nyearctia), 66 
albiapicalis Hampson, 88 
albimaculifera Hampson, 82 
albitegula Rothschild, 70 

lalboatra Rothschild, 88 
‘albofasciata Rothschild, 27, 31 


‘amazonica Reich, 64 
‘Amphelarctia gen. n., 9, 42 


1869. Characters of undescribed Lepidoptera Heterocera. 112 pp. London. 
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INDEX 


Unavailable and invalid names are in ?falics. 


angulosa Walker, 20 
Apantesis Walker, 8 
Aphyarctia gen. n., 9, 50 
apicalis Rothschild, 88 
apicalis Walker, 95 

apicata Schaus, 88 

apicella Strand, 88 
Apiconema Butler, 5 
approximans Rothschild, 96 
Apyre Walker, 5, 9, 90 
Araeomolis Hampson, 9, 68 
Arara Walker, 5 

ardesiaca Rothschild, 12, 13, 23 
asava Druce, 60 

asteroides Schaus, 92 
Astralarctia gen. n., 9, 63 
aurantiaca Rothschild, 21 
aureogrisea Rothschild, 60, 62 


1854b. List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. 
1855. List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. 
1856. List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. 


[1865.] List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. 


Zool. 


102 A. WATSON 


baritioides Rothschild, 76 Epidesma Hiibner, 34 

basalis Walker, 37 Ernassa Walker, 5 

bonora Schaus, 7, 12 erythronota Herrich-Schaffer, 78 
borussica Seitz, 88 Euplesia Felder, 5, 7 

borealis Rothschild, 80 Eupseudosoma Grote, 4, 6, 7, 9, 73 
brunneireta Dognin, 71 -euricosilvai Travassos, 12, 17 
buckleyi Druce, 75 excavata Schaus, 71 


canalis Schaus, 64, 65 


; fafner Schaus, 27, 30 
Caryatis Hiibner, 5 


; : fassli Dognin, 95 
chionoplaga Dognin, 90 felderi Rothschild, 78 
chrysomelas Walker, 82 fernandezi sp. n., 9, 53, 54 
chrysopera Schaus, 93 flammula Hayward, 90 


chrysoperina Gaede, 93 flava Rothschild, 22 
cingulata Rothschild, 27, 30 


clagesi; Hampson, 32 
Cleora Curtis, 9 

clymene Brown, 8 

codasi Jorgensen, 7, 12, 83 
collateralis Hampson, 83 
colombiana Rothschild, 88 
contraria Walker, 83 
costata Méschler, 87, 89 
Cratoplastis Felder, 5, 9, 69 
Cresera Schaus, 5, 9, 69 
crinis Druce, 77 

critheis Druce, 76, 77 
crocopera Schaus, 81 
cubotaensis Reich, 76 
cunea Drury, 6 
Cymbalophora Rambur, 8 


flavescens Walker, 60 

flavicincta Herrich-Schaffer, 12, 13,19 
flavicostalis Rothschild, 78 

flavida Schaus, 8, 74 

flavidorsata sp. n., 45, 48 
flavobasalis Gaede, 83 

flavoplaga Schaus, 26, 42 
flavoplagiata Rothschild, 26, 42, 90 
frater Rothschild, 71 

fulgurata Butler, 83 

fuliginosa Rothschild, 96 
fulminans Rothschild, 90 


garleppi Druce, 75 
geminipunctata Gaede, 93 
geometrica Felder, 82 
Glaucostola Hampson, 8, 9, 74 
godmani Druce, 27, 29 

goloma Schaus, 12 

Gorgonidia Dyar, 5, 9, 74 
grandis Druce, 72 

griseipennis Rothschild, 6, 37, 40 
griseonitens Rothschild, 12, 13, 24 
gyrata Schaus, 12, 13, 17 


decisa Rothschild, 77 
delicata Méschler, 77 
Delphyre Walker, 96 
Demolis Hampson, 9, 69 
dilucida Rothschild, 77 
Disconeura Bryk, 8, 9, 10, 70 
dissimilis Druce, 70 
dissimulata Reich, 95 


ditissimus Walker, 93, 94 Halisidota Hiibner, 8, 9, 76 


divisa Herrich-Schaffer, 8 hamifera Dognin, 89 

docis Hiibner, 37 Haploa Saabs) 

dognini Rothschild, 77 harterti Rothsc ld, 75 

dolens Druce, 12, 13, 21 Himerarctia gen. n., 6, 7, 9, 36 
dorsalis Seitz, 78 hyalinata Reich, 87 

drucei Rothschild, 70 Hyphantria Harris, 6 


duplicata Gaede, 69 
idalia Hampson, 78 


Echeta Herrich-Schaffer, 5, 8, 9, 71 Idalus, 6, 7, 9, 76 

elissa Schaus, 45 ignivena Joicey & Talbot, 93 
elissoides Rothschild, 45, 47 ilicis Jorgensen, 89 

Empusa Hiibner, 76 ilioides Schaus, 69 


Emurena gen. n., 9, 52 immaculata Rothschild, 20 


ARCTIIDAE AND CTENUCHIDAE FORMERLY IN AUTOMOLIS 


immarginata Rothschild, 21 
incerta Walker, 73 
incompleta Seitz, 23 
indefecta Jorgensen, 22 


inexpectata Rothschild, 10, 70 


intensa Rothschild, 88 
intermedia Rothschild, 78 
intervupta Reich, 82 
inversa Rothschild, 75 
irregularis Rothschild, 68 
isabella J. E. Smith, 8 


Josia Hiibner, 34 
juno Schaus, 72 


klagesi Rothschild, 27, 32 


laeta sp. n., 6, 37, 39 

laeta Seitz, 39 

Lampruna Schaus, 76 
Lampyridae, 69 

larissa Druce, 74 

latania Druce, 83 

lativitta Rothschild, 34, 35 
Lepidokirbyia Travassos, 5 
leucoptera Hampson, 66 
linaza Dognin, 70 

lineosa Walker, 75, 78 
lineatus Druce, 87 

lobifer Herrich-Schaffer, 73 
Loxozona Hampson, 34 
lurida Felder, 10, 53, 54, 56 


luridoides Rothschild, 53, 58 


luteola Rothschild, 7 


luteoplaga Rothschild, 26, 42, 90 


luteorosea Rothschild, 79 
lutosa Hiibner, 71 


Machaeraptenus Schaus, 5, 9, 81 


marginata Rothschild, 91 
maronensis Rothschild, 75 
mathildae Kohler, 91 
Melanarctia gen. n., 9, 33 
melea Druce, 84 
meridionalis Rothschild, 80 
mesoleuca Seitz, 92 
metacrinis Rothschild, 79 


metallica Joicey & Talbot, 82, 84 


Metarctia Walker, 4 
meteus Stoll, 4 

milesi Rothschild, 72 
mirabilior Dyar, 75 
moma Schaus, 6, 12, 13 


momyra Gaede, 12, 13, 15 
monostidza Hampson, 79 
multicolor Rothschild, 79 


neritosia Dukinfield-Jones, 93 


nigroapicalis Gaede, 89 
niveolineata Reich, 70 
noiva Jones, 79 
Nyearctia gen. n., 9, 66 


obscurata Schaus, 7, 8, 92, 93, 94 


occendeni; Hampson, 34 
occidentalis Rothschild, 81 


103 


ochreomarginata Joicey & Talbot, 7, 12, 84 


ockendeni Rothschild, 34 
olafi Gagarin, 91 

orbona Schaus, 12 
Ordishia gen. n., 7, 9, 25 


Ormetica Clemens, 5, 6, 7, 12, 81 


oviplaga Rothschild, 96 


packardi Butler, 84 


pallidifascia Rothschild, 82, 84 


pallidinervis Rothschild, 84 
pallidipennis Rothschild, 75 
pandiona Stoll, 72 

panema Dognin, 95 


Paranerita Hampson, 8, 9, 87 


pauperis Schaus, 12, 82 

peculiaris Rothschild, 71 
perflammans Dognin, 91 
perlineosa Rothschild, 80 


persimilis Rothschild, 26, 42, 91 


peruviana Rothschild, 83 
Phaegopterini, 4 
Phaeomolis Hampson, 9, 87 
Phasidia Hampson, 34 
postflammans ; Strand, 91 
postradiata Schaus, 7, 12 
praetexta Felder, 86 

pratti Druce, 85 

pretiosa Schaus, 82 
priscilla Schaus, 26, 43 
prumaloides Rothschild, 94 
Pryteria Méschler, 87 
pseudelissa Dognin, 45, 49 


pseudoflavescens Walker, 60, 62 
pseudoguapisa Rothschild, 85 
pseudoprumala Rothschild, 93 


pulcherrima Rothschild, 91 
pulverosa Schaus, 64 
Pyrrharctia Packard, 8 


104 


quinquepunctata Gaede, 53, 54, 57 
quinquepunctata Schaus, 53, 58 


reducta Walker, 94 
Regobarrosia gen. n., 9, 59 
Rhipha Walker, 5, 9, 82, 89 
thodocraspis Hampson, 93 
thodocyma Hampson, 72 
rhodographa Dognin, 72 
rosa Druce, 95 

rosenbergi Rothschild, 85 
rothschildi nom. n., 85 
rubrireta Dognin, 73 
rutila Stoll, 26, 27 


salma Druce, 7, 12, 13, 18 
satuvata Rothschild, 85 
satuvata Walker, 86 

Scaptius Walker, 5, 7, 8, 9, 82 
schausi Rothschild, 45, 49 
schistaceus Rothschild, 23 
Selenarctia gen. n., 6, 7, 9, 12, 44 
semicostalis Rothschild, 89 
semirosea Walker, 73 
separata Walker, 90 

sicilia Druce, 82 

sordida Rothschild, 94 
sorvdidipennis Rothschild, 81 
soror Rothschild, 71 
sphingiformis Clemens, 7 
spitzi Rothschild (Rhipha), 92 
spitzi Rothschild (Viviennea), 20 
stenotis Dognin, 85 

styviata Druce, 27 

strigata Reich, 68 

strigata Walker, 82 
subapicalis Walker, 24 
subflammans Rothschild, go 
sublineata Rothschild, 80 
submarginalis Rothschild, 94 
subtruncata Rothschild, 73 
subtussignata Bryk, 74 
sulfurea Schaus, 18 


A. Watson, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. 
Department of Entomology- 


BritisH Museum (NaTuRAL HisToRY) 


CROMWELL Roap 
Lonpon SW7 5BD 


A. WATSON 


superba Druce, 7, 12, 13, I7 
surinamensis Rothschild, 51 
Sutonocrea Butler, 5, 9, 53, 94 
Symphlebia Felder, 9, 95 
sypalettius Seitz, 85 

sypilus Cramer, 5, 86 


taeniata Guérin-Méneville, 82 
tanialoides Rothschild, 86 
tegulata Rothschild, 21 
tegyra Druce, I2, 13, 16 
tenebrata Seitz, 37 
tenuifascia Rothschild, 13 
tenuis Rothschild, 89 
tessellaris J. E. Smith, 8 
Teucer Kirby, 96 
triangularis Gaede, 86 
trinotata Reich, 73 
tripunctata Druce, 53, 54, 56 
tvoias Druce, 80 

tybris Cramer, 80 


underwoodi Rothschild, 86 
unifascia Druce, 89 
uniformis Rothschild, 92 


valera Schaus, 82 

ventralis Schaus, 81 

vinasia Schaus, 92, 94 
viridisignata sp. n., 37, 39 
vitrea Cramer, 76, 80 
vitreoides Rothschild, 81 
vivia nom. n., 92 

Viviennea gen. n., 6, 7, 9, II 
vulcanica Seitz, 84 


whitei Rothschild, 19 
whitfordi Rothschild, 75 


xanthia Hampson, 7 


zenzeroides Butler, 86 
zonana Schaus, 12, 13, 22 


— 


Bigs i. 
rex 
Fic. 3. 


Fic. 4. 
Fie. 5. 
Fic. 6. 


PLATE 1 


Viviennea moma, 4, left tymbal organ (x 36). 

V. moma, 3, base of microtymbal hair-scale (x 385). 

V. moma, 3, ventral view of left hindwing showing scent-organ in anal 
fold (xX 32). 

V. moma, 3, ‘petal’ scales of scent-organ (x 134). 

V. moma, 3, dorsal surface. 

V. tegyra, 3, dorsal surface. 


Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PEATE 1 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


Leal 


Il. 
I2. 


© Oe 


PAVE 2 


Viviennea moma, 4, genitalia. 

V. moma, 4, aedeagus. 

V. moma, 9, genitalia. 

V. moma, 9, ostial region of genitalia. 
V. tegyrva, 3, genitalia. 

V. tegyva, g, aedeagus. 


Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE 2 


PLATE 3 


Fic. 13. Viviennea salma, 3, dorsal surface (lectotype of white?). 


Fic. 14. V. salma, g, dorsal surface. 

Fic. 15. V. salma, g, aedeagus. 

Fic. 16. V. salma, 3, genitalia. 

Fic. 17. V. superba, 3, genitalia. 

Fic. 18. V. superba, g, aedeagus. 

Fic. 19. V. superba, 9, genitalia. 

Fic. 20. V. superba, 2, ostial region of genitalia. 


Bull. 


Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


PLATE 3 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


Dike 
BP 
BB. 
24. 
25. 
20. 


PLATE 4 


Viviennea euricosilvai, 3, dorsal surface. 
V. euricosilvai, 3, genitalia. 

V. euricosilvai, 3, aedeagus. 

V. flavicincta, 3, dorsal surface. 

V. flavicincta, 3, genitalia. 

V. flavicincta, 3, aedeagus. 


PLATE 4 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


Die 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
B2e 


PLATE 5 


Viviennea flavicincta, 9, genitalia. 

V. flavicincta, 2, ostial region of genitalia. 

V. dolens, g, dorsal surface. 

V. dolens, 3, dorsal surface (lectotype of ammarginata). 
V. dolens, 3, dorsal surface. 

V. dolens, 9, dorsal surface. 


Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE 5 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


PLATE 6 


Viviennea zonana, 3, dorsal surface. 

. avdesiaca, g, dorsal surface. 
zonana, 3, genitalia. 

zonana, 4, aedeagus. 

. avdesiaca, 2, genitalia. 

. avdesiaca, g, genitalia. 

. avdesiaca, g, aedeagus. 

. avdesiaca, 2, ostial area of genitalia. 


SNNNNNN 


Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


PLATE 6 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
ben 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


PLATE 7 


Viviennea ardesiaca, 3, dorsal surface. 

V. ardesiaca, 3, dorsal surface. 

V. griseonitens, 3, dorsal surface. 

V. griseonitens, 9, ostial region of genitalia. 
V. griseonitens, 3, genitalia (lectotype). 

V. griseonitens, 3, aedeagus (lectotype). 

V. griseonitens, 2, genitalia. 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE 7 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


PLATE 8 


Ordishia vutila, 3 left tymbal organ (x 68). 


SISISISISS 


. vutila, g, microtymbals showing hair-scale sockets {x 170). 
. yutila, g, aedeagus. 

. vutila, 2, dorsal surface. 

. vutila, 3, genitalia. 

. vutila, 2, genitalia. 

. vutila, 2, ostial region of genitalia. 


Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE 8 


PLATE 9 


Ordishia godmani, 9, dorsal surface (lectotype). 

. godmani, 9, ostial region of genitalia (lectotype). 

. godmani, 9, genitalia (lectotype). 

. cingulata, 2, ostial region of genitalia (paralectotype). 
. cingulata, 2, dorsal surface (lectotype). 

. cingulata, 9, genitalia (paralectotype). 


SISISISTS 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE 9 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


PVADE 0 


Ordishia klagesi, 3, aedeagus. 


SS) (S) SS) 


. klagesi, 3, genitalia. 

. klagesi, a dorsal surface. 

. albofasciata, 3, genitalia. 

. albofasciata, 3, dorsal surface. 
. albofasciata, 3, aedeagus. 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE to 


4 , 

2130 @ ay 

4 , 
aie, 


. 
2 
a 
y 


sf 
oe 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


PANG str 


Melanarctia ockendemi, 3, dorsal surface (paralectotype). 
M. ockendent, 3, aedeagus (paralectotype). 

M. ockendent, 3, genitalia (paralectotype). 

M. lativitia, 3, genitalia (paralectotype). 

M. lativitta, 3, dorsal surface (paralectotype). 

M. lativitta, 3, aedeagus (paralectotype). 


Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. PLATE tia 


nN 
on 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


Fic. 


PLAT Bare 


Melanarctia lativitta, 3, proximal part of androconial patch on upper surface of left — 
hindwing (x 140). 

M. lativitta, 3, enlargement of androconial scales shown in fig. 73 (x 282). 
M. lativitia, 3, surface structure of androconial scales (* 1409). 

M. lativitta, 3, ventral view of left hindwing showing scent organ in anal fold 
(x 36). 

M. lativitta, 3, enlargement of overlapping ‘petal’ scales shown in fig. 76 (x 151). 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE x12 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


Fig. 


Fic. 


PLATE 13 


Himerarctia docis, g, left tymbal organ (x 21). 

H. docis, g, view along microtymbals showing hair-scale sockets (x 192). 

H. docis, 3, ventral view of left hindwing showing scent organ in anal fold (x 32). 
H. docis, 3, enlargement of overlapping ‘petal’ scales shown to right of centre in fig. 80 
(OG229)8 

H. docis, 3, enlargement of overlapping scales shown to the left of centre in fig. 80 
(x 308). 

H. docis, 3, surface structure of scales shown in fig. 82 (x 3502). 


Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PEATE 13 


~ . y 
~ Se hE, 
: sth 


Ful 5 
. 7 AN: i 


y 


ape ey 
at ig | 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


PLATE 14 


Himerarctia docis, 3, dorsal surface. 
H.. docis, g, aedeagus. 

HI. docis, 9, genitalia. 

H. docis, 9, ostial region of genitalia. 
H. docis, 3, genitalia. 


Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE 14 


Fic. 
ines 


Fic 


Fic. 
Fic. 


89. 
90. 
2 Ol 
92. 
93- 


PLATE 15 


Himerarctia viridisignata, 2, dorsal surface (paratype). 
A. viridisignata, 3, genitalia (holotype). 

A. viridisignata, 2, genitalia (paratype). 

H. viridisignata, 9, ostial region of genitalia (holotype). 
H. viridisignata, 3, aedeagus (paratype). 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE 15 


Fic. 94. 
Fic. 95. 
Fic. 96. 
Fic. 97. 
Fic. 98. 


PLATE 16 


Himerarctia laeta, 3, dorsal surface (paratype). 
H. laeta, 3, genitalia (holotype). 

H. laeta, 9, genitalia (paratype). 

H. laeta, 9, ostial region of genitalia (paratype). 
H. laeta, 3, aedeagus (holotype). . 


Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE 16 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


99. 


100. 
Tol. 
102. 
103. 
104. 
105. 


PLATE 17 


Himeyrarctia grviseipennis, 3, dorsal surface (lectotype). 
H. griseipennis, g, genitalia, inner surface of right valve. 
H. griseipennis, 9, dorsal surface. 

H. griseipennis, 3, genitalia, right valve removed. 

H. griseipennis, 2, genitalia. 

H. griseipennis, 9, ostial region of genitalia. 

H. griseipennis, 3, aedeagus. 


PLATE 17 


nat. Hist. ( 


Bull. Br. Mus. 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fre. 


106. 
107. 
108. 
Tog. 
IIo. 


TNE INGDIS, ai) 


Amphelarctia priscilla, 3, dorsal surface. 
A. priscilla, 9, genitalia. 
A. priscilla, 9, ostial region of genitalia. 
A. priscilla, 3, aedeagus. 
A. priscilla, 3, genitalia. 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE 18 


Fic. 
Fic. 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


Ill. 
112. 


113. 
I14. 
I15. 
116. 
117. 


PLATE 19 


Selenarctia elissa, 3, left tymbal organ (x 17). 
S. elissa, 3, central part of left tymbal showing microtymbals, hair-scale sockets, 
and three hair-scales ( 104). 

. elissa, 3, base of microtymbal hair-scale (x 1701). 
. elissa, 3, dorsal surface. 

. elissa, g, aedeagus. 

. elissa, 2, genitalia. 

elissa, 3, genitalia. 


AnnKnNH 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


PLATE 19 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


118. 
IIQ. 
120. 
Wits 
L22), 
123. 


PA Es 2/0 


Selenarctia elissoides, 2, genitalia (paralectotype). 

S. elissoides, 2, ostial region of genitalia (paralectotype). 
S. elissoides, 3, genitalia. 

S. elissoides, 3, aedeagus. 

S. flavidorsata, 3, genitalia. 

S. flavidorsata, 3, aedeagus. 


PLATE 20 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


124. 
125. 
126. 
1272 
128. 
129. 
130. 
131. 


PLALE Vir 


Selenarctia flavidorsata, 9, ostial region of genitalia. 
S. flavidorsata, 3, dorsal surface (holotype). 

S. flavidorsata, °, genitalia. 

S. pseudelissa, 5, dorsal surface. 

S. pseudelissa, 2, ostial region of genitalia. 

S. pseudelissa, 2, genitalia. 

S. pseudelissa, 3, genitalia. 

S. pseudelissa, 3, aedeagus. 


3 
3 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PEALE, 2t 


125 


127 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


132. 
133. 
134. 
135. 
136. 


eA a2) 


Selenarctia schausi, 3, dorsal surface. 
S. schausi, 9, genitalia. 

S. schausi, 2, ostial region of genitalia. 
S. schausi, 3, aedeagus. 

S. schausi, 3, genitalia. 


PLATE 22 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


PLATE 23 


Aphyarctia surinamensis, 3, dorsal surface. 


AS AS AS AS 


. suvinamensis, 3, genitalia. 
. suvinamensis, g, aedeagus. 
. suvinamensis, 9, ostial region of genitalia. 
. suvinamensis, 9, genitalia. * 


PEALE 23 


Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


142. 
143. 
144. 
145. 
146. 
147. 


PLATE 24 


Emurena lurida, 3, dorsal surface. 

E. fernandez, 3, dorsal surface (paratype). 
E. lurida, 3, genitalia. 

E. fernandezi, 3, genitalia (paratype). 

E. lurida, 3, aedeagus (lectotype). 

E. fernandez, 3, aedeagus (paratype). 


PLATE 24 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


o 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


Fic. 
Fic. 


Fic. 


Fic. 


Fic. 


148. 
140. 
150. 
I5I. 
152. 


153. 
154. 


155: 
1506. 


157. 


PLATE 25 


Emuyrena fernandezi, 2, genitalia. 

E. fernandezi, 2, ostial region of genitalia. 

E. fernandez, 3, left tymbal organ (x 20). 

E. fernandezi, 3, ventral view of anal fold scent-organ of right hindwing (x 17). 
E. fernandez, 3, ventro-lateral view of anal fold scent-organ showing ‘petal’ scales 
overlaid by hair-scales (* 42). 

E. fernandex, g, enlargement of ‘petal’ scales shown in top-left of fig. 151 (x 99). 
E. fernandez, 3, showing ridged ‘upper’ surface and nearly smooth ‘under’ surface 
of ‘petal’ scales (x 1313). 

E. fernandez, 3, part of typical hair-scale of anal fold scent-organ showing porous 
surface structure ( 3657). 

E. fernandez, g, lanceolate scales of androconial patch on overlap area of right 
hindwing (x 78). 

E. fernandex, 3, enlargement of scales shown in fig. 156 (x 388). 


25 


PEATE 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


~ 


Fic. 


Fic. 
Ie: 
Fic. 
Fig. 


158. 


159. 
160. 
161. 
162. 


Emurena tripunctata, g ventral view of scent-organ in anal fold of left hindwing 


(x 36). There are two elongate patches of androconia (apposed in the normal 
position) separated by a hair-pencil. 


E. tripunctata, 3, 
E. tripunctata, 3, 
E. tripunctata, 3, 
E. tripunctata, 3, 


PLATE 26 


androconial scales from longer of two patches in fig. 158 (x 140). 
androconial scales from shorter of two patches in fig. 158 (* 140). | 
surface structure of two hair-pencil scales ( 3509). 

surface structure of scales shown in fig. 160 (x 3509). 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE 26 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


163. 
164. 
165. 
166. 
167. 


PLATE 27 


Emuyvena tripunctata, 3, dorsal surface. 

E. tripunctata, 2, genitalia. 

E. tripunctata, 5, aedeagus. 

E. tripunctata, 9, ostial region of genitalia. 
E. tripunctata, 3, genitalia. 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PEATE 27, 


163 


Fic. 
IG: 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


168. 
169. 
17/0, 
7i. 
172. 
173. 
174. 
175. 
176. 


PLATE 28 


Emurena quinquepunctata, 3, dorsal surface (lectotype). 


nh bh hh 


. quinquepunctata, 3, dorsal surface (ex. in USNM). 
. quinquepunctata, 3, aedeagus (ex. in USNM). 

. quinquepunctata, 3, genitalia. 

. luvridoides, 3, dorsal surface. 

. luvidoides, 9, ostial region of genitalia. 

. luvidoides, 3, 

. lunidoides, g, genitalia. 
. luvidoides, 8, 


aedeagus. 


genitalia. 


PLATE 28 


Bull. By. Mus. nat, Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


177. 
178. 
179. 
180. 
181. 
182. 


PLATE 29 


Regobarrosia flavescens, 3, dorsal surface. 
R. flavescens, 3, dorsal surface. 

R. flavescens, 3, genitalia. 

R. flavescens, g, aedeagus. 

R. flavescens, 2, genitalia. 

R. flavescens, 2, ostial region of genitalia. 


2 


PLATE 


19 


N 


Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


Fic. 


183. 
184. 
185. 
186. 


187. 


PLATE 30 


Regobarrosia flavescens, g, left tymbal organ (x 36). 

R. flavescens, 3, antero-lateral view along microtymbals (x 229). 

R. flavescens, 3, scales from area posterior to microtymbals ( 702). 

R. flavescens, 3, upper surface of left hindwing showing large androconial area in cell 
(x 14). 

R. flavescens, 3, androconial scales from area shown in fig. 186 ( 702). 


30 


PLATE 


Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


Bull. Br. 


Fie. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


188. 
189g. 
Igo. 
Igl. 
IQ2. 
193. 


PLATE 31 


Regobarrosia pseudoflavescens, 3, dorsal surface. 
. aureogrisea, 4, dorsal surface. 

. pseudoflavescens, 3, genitalia (holotype). 

. aurveogrisea, g, genitalia. 

. pseudofiavescens, 3, aedeagus (holotype). 

. auveogrisea, 5, aedeagus. 


PRRWWSs 


PLATE 31 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


cr) 
eo 
-_— 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Ee, 


194. 
195. 
196. 


197. 
198. 
199. 


PLAGE. 32 


Astrvalarctia pulverosa, 3, dorsal surface. 

A. pulverosa, 3, left tymbal organ (x 36). 

A. pulveryosa, g, dorso-lateral view of microtymbals (* 160). A single hair-scale 
remains. 

A. pulverosa, 3, upper surface of left hindwing showing androconial area (x 11). 
A. pulverosa, 3, ventral surface of left forewing showing scent-brush ( 35). 

A. pulverosa, 3, part of a hair-scale from the scent-brush shown in fig. 198 (* 3859). 


Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PGA, 32 


Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


200. 
201. 
202. 
203. 
204. 


PLATE 33 


Astralarctia pulverosa, 3, aedeagus. 

A. pulverosa, g, genitalia. 

Nyearctia leucopteva, J, base of a microtymbal hair-scale (x 1123). 

N. leucoptera, 3, left tymbal organ (x 24). 

N. leucoptera, 3, anterolateral view along microtymbals showing proximal part of 
three hair-scales (x 349). 


PLATE 33 


Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 


Bull. Br. 


201 


200 


Fia. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


Fic. 


Fia. 
Fic. 


205. 
200. 
207 


208. 


209. 
210. 


PLATE 34 


Nyearctia leucoptera, g, inner surface of right fore-tibia showing epiphysis (x 34). 
N. leucopteva, 3, part of comb which borders front edge of epiphysis ( 135). 

N. leucopteva, 3, spines from central part of epiphysis (x 419). The presence of 
detritus between the spines of the epiphysis lends support to the hypothesis that it 
functions as an antenna-cleaning organ. 

Glaucostola flavida, 3, part of left tymbal organ showing irregular shape of micro- 
tymbals ( 109). 

G. flavida, 3, left tymbal organ (x 34). 

Echeta divisa, 3, left tymbal organ (x 16). 


Bull. Bry. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 25 PLATE 34 


ENTOMOLOGY SUPPLEMENTS 


. Watson, A. A revision of the Ethiopian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera). Pp. 177: 


18 plates, 270 text-figures. August, 1965. £4.20. 


. SANDS, W. A. A revision of the Termite Subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera, 


Termitidae) from the Ethiopian Region. Pp. 172: 500 text-figures. September, 
1965. £3.25. 


. Oxapa, T. Diptera from Nepal. Cryptochaetidae, Diastatidae and Droso- 


philidae. Pp. 129: 328 text-figures. May, 1966. {3. 


. GILIOMEE, J. H. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the Family 


Coccidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Pp. 168: 43 text-figures. January, 1967. 
£3.15. 


. FLETCHER, D. S. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the 


world species of Cleorva (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Pp. 119: 14 plates, 146 
text-figures, g maps. February, 1967. £3.50. 


. Hemmine, A. F. The Generic Names of the Butterflies and their type-species 


(Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Pp. 509. £8.50. Reprinted 1972. 


. STEMPFFER, H. The Genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Rho- 


palocera). Pp. 322: 348 text-figures. August, 1967. {8. 


. Mounp, L.A. A review of R. S. Bagnall’s Thysanoptera Collections. Pp. 172: 


82 text-figures. May, 1968. {4. 


. Watson, A. The Taxonomy of the Drepaninae represented in China, with 


an account of their world distribution. Pp. 151: 14 plates, 293 text-figures. 
November, 1968. £5. 


. AFIFI, S. A. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the families 


Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Pp. 210: 52 text- 
figures. December, 1968. {5. 


. CROSSKEY, R. W. A Re-classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera) of Africa and 


its Islands. Pp. 198: 1 plate, 331 text-figures. July, 1969. £4.75. 


. Exvtot, J.N. An analysis of the Eurasian and Australian Neptini (Lepidoptera: 


Nymphalidae). Pp. 155: 3 plates, ror text-figures. September, 1969. {4. 


. GRAHAM, M. W. R. DE V. The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe 


(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Pp. 908: 686 text-figures. November, 1969. 
£19. 


. WHALLEY, P. E. S. The Thyrididae of Africa and its Islands. Pp. 108: 


68 plates, 15 text-figures. October, 1971. {12. 


. SANDS, W. A. The Soldierless Termites of Africa (Isoptera: Termitidae). 


Pp. 244: 9 plates, 661 text-figures. July, 1972. £9.90. 


. CROSSKEY, R. W. A Revisionary Classification of the Rutilimi (Diptera: 


Tachinidae), with keys to the described species. Pp. 167: 109 text-figures. 
February, 1973. £6.50. 


. VON Hayvex, C. M. F. A Reclassification of the Subfamily Agrypninae 


(Coleoptera: Elateridae). Pp. 309: 17 text-figures. October, 1973. £12.30. 


. CRossKEY, R. W. A Conspectus of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of Australia, 


including keys to the supraspecific taxa and taxonomic and host catalogues. 
Pp. 221: 95 text-figures. December, 1973. £9.55. 


PRINTED BY Unwin Brothers Limited THER GRESHAM PRESS OLD WOKING SURREY ENGLAND 


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A TAXONOMIC CONSPECTUS 
OF THE TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA) 
of THE ORIENTAL REGION 


R. W. CROSSKEY 


BULLETIN OF 
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 
~ ENTOMOLOGY Supplement 26 
: LONDON : 1976 


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A TAXONOMIC CONSPECTUS OF THE 
TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA) 
OF THE ORIENTAL REGION 


BY 


ROGER WARD CROSSKEY 


Pp. 1-357; 150 Text-figures 


| BULLETIN OF 

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 

ENTOMOLOGY Supplement 26 
LONDON $: 1976 


THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM 
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, 1s 
issued in five series corresponding to the Scientific 
Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. 


Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become 
veady. Volumes will contain about three or four 
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed 
within one calendar year. 


In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer 
papers was instituted, numbered serially for each 
Department. 


This paperis Supplement 26 to the Entomological 
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited 
follow those of the World List of Scientific Pervodicals. 


World List abbreviation 
Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 


ISSN 0007-1501 


© Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1976 


BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 


Issued 28 October, 1976 Price £35.00 


mt ACONOMIC CONSPECTUS OF THE 


TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA) 
OF THE ORIENTAL REGION 


By R. W. CROSSKEY 


CONTENTS 


SYNOPSIS 
PREAMBLE 


Part I —- KEYS TO THE SUPRASPECIFIC TAXA OF ORIENTAL TACHINIDAE 
Introduction f 
Practical identification and Seb tenndly recognition 
Key to subfamilies of Oriental Tachinidae 
Alternative key to subfamilies of Oriental Tachinidae : 
Partial key to Oriental subfamilies or tribes according to host eccuees 
Subfamily Phasiinae: keys to the tribes and genera 
Subfamily Dufouriinae: keys to the tribes and genera 
Subfamily Proseninae (Dexiinae): keys to the tribes and generd 
Subfamily Tachininae: keys to the tribes and genera 
Subfamily Goniinae: keys to the tribes and genera 


Part II — A TAXONOMIC CATALOGUE OF THE ORIENTAL TACHINIDAE 
Introduction 
Explanatory information on the catalogue foxmiett : 
Synopsis of the catalogue arrangement of subfamilies, tribes and genera 
The taxonomic catalogue 
List of putative Oriental Tachinidae excluded ficou the catalogue 
Summary of nomenclatural ate established in the catalogue 
Lectotype designations 
Summary of Oriental species- group names for which types are lost or 

missing : : : : 


Part III — A HOST CATALOGUE FOR THE ORIENTAL TACHINIDAE 
Introduction 5 
A synopsis of the host- relations of Oriental Tachinidae 
Parasite—host list 
Host-—parasite list . 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

ADDENDUM TO MY CONSPECTUS OF oes Gtdenmannene 
REFERENCES 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

APPENDIX 

INDEX TO FAMILY-GROUP NAMES. 

INDEX TO GENUS-GROUP NAMES 

INDEX TO SPECIES-GROUP NAMES 


4 R. W. CROSSKEY 


SYNOPSIS 


A taxonomic conspectus is given that is intended to ensure a firm foundation for the future 
development of tachinid systematics in the Oriental Region. The work includes newly con- 
structed identification keys to the subfamilies, tribes, genera and subgenera so far recognized 
in the Oriental fauna, and in some instances to species also, and incorporates preliminary 
characterizations of suprageneric taxa aimed at integrating the Oriental tachinids into the 
world fauna. A complete systematic catalogue is given of all described Oriental Tachinidae, 
based upon an examination of almost all extant primary types. The known host-relations 
are discussed, and parasite-host and host-parasite lists provided for authentically established 
relationships. The nomenclatural changes established in the catalogue are summarized and 
include 75 new genus-group synonyms, 73 new species-group synonyms, 156 new generic 
combinations, and two new names for preoccupied homonyms; fifty-four lectotypes are newly 
designated. A new genus and four new species are described because specially pertinent to the 
text. An addendum to a previously published conspectus of Australian Tachinidae is included. 


PREAMBLE 


THAT Tachinidae can perform the role of biological control agents on behalf 
of man, in certain circumstances at least, has not been doubted since the outstandingly 
successful introduction of Bessa remota Aldrich from Malaya into Fiji, fifty years 
ago, for the control of Levuiana coconut moth —a success story that has become a 
classic of biological control (DeBach, 1974). That they are not always very 
obliging at doing so, however, is attested by the dismal record of failure in recent 
attempts to establish Neotropical tachinids in south-east Asia for the control of 
rice and sugarcane stem-borers (Kamran, 1973), and by similar failures in the past. 

Nevertheless, economic entomologists show an intensifying interest in the possible 
exploitation of Oriental Tachinidae for biological control purposes, as is well 
shown — for example — by recent or continuing efforts to introduce and establish 
Indian tachinids in the United States for the control of gypsy moth and Javanese 
tachinids in the Caribbean islands and Mauritius for the control of sugarcane borers. 
That the Oriental Region is a fruitful potential source of tachinids that could be 
used in biological control work cannot be doubted, for the Oriental tachinid fauna 
is — like that of other tropical regions — immensely rich and varied. 

The taxonomy of this large and fascinating fauna has up to now remained in 
an inchoate state, characterized by hundreds of haphazard descriptions and un- 
studied types and by a scattered literature in need of synthesis. Keys for the 
identification of the fauna have been almost entirely lacking, except for the fact 
that Mesnil (1944-1975 in Lindner’s Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region) has 
included many Oriental taxa, in an incidental way, in his keys to the Palaearctic 
fauna. A comprehensive work specifically on the Oriental fauna has been a major 
need in tachinid taxonomy for some time, as the lack of any organized system of 
existing taxonomic knowledge has made it difficult to deal with practical problems 
of identification on behalf of Departments of Agriculture, the Commonwealth 
Institute of Biological Control, and similar organizations in south-east Asia that 
are concerned with Tachinidae in the field. 

The conspectus here published is intended to supply the kind of synthesis that, 
it is felt, is needed if the taxonomy of Oriental tachinids is to emerge from its 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 5 


present disorganized and crudely alphataxonomic state to something better — to 
a fuller, more organized and advanced, state of taxonomic knowledge that more 
appropriately reflects the significant role of Tachinidae in the economy of nature 
and as man’s actual or potential allies in the control of economic pests. Meta- 
phorically speaking, its aim has been to try and convert taxonomic quicksand 
into taxonomic bedrock so that, hopefully, other workers will find a surer foundation 
for studies on Oriental Tachinidae than was available in the past. 

The style and scope of the work are exactly comparable to my earlier conspectus 
of Australian Tachinidae (Crosskey, 19735), and is similarly divided into three 
parts. Part I deals with classification and identification, and provides: (a) a 
classificatory system for the described forms and into which, no doubt with 
modifications as necessary, new forms can be fitted; (b) keys for recognition of 
subfamilies and tribes, with preliminary diagnoses of these insofar as they appertain 
to the Oriental fauna; (c) keys to all genera and subgenera considered valid; and 
(d) some identification keys to species. Part II provides a systematic catalogue 
of the fauna arranged according to the classification adopted in Part I, the catalogue 
being based upon a study of nearly all existing types and including summaries of 
the geographical distribution of species accepted as valid. Part III provides an 
account of the host-relations so far as these are known for Oriental forms, and a 
preliminary host catalogue. Many of the genera, especially the larger ones, remain 
in need of detailed revision with thorough study of male genitalia, female terminalia, 
and other critical features, and it has not been practicable at this stage to attempt 
to give keys to all species (and some specific names accepted as valid could therefore 
prove to be synonyms); but now that a generic framework has been provided, 
and the described species arranged in accordance with it, it should prove a straight- 
forward matter to revise individual genera. 

Taken together the present Oriental conspectus and the previously published 
Australian conspectus embrace the major part of the entire Oriento-Australasian 
fauna, only the Tachinidae of the New Guinea area, the Pacific islands and New 
Zealand remaining untreated. It is hoped at a later date to provide a third work 
dealing with the fauna of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, and the trio will 
then complete the coverage for the true Oriento-Australasian fauna as a whole: 
the tachinids of New Zealand will not be dealt with as the small, peculiar, fauna 
is very disjunct from other parts of Australasia and has been excellently reviewed 
by Dugdale (19609). 


GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE. The geographical scope of this paper includes the 
Oriental Region more or less in the conventionally accepted zoogeographical sense 
of Wallace. It will be pertinent, however, to note some details of coverage at the 
periphery of the region to make the scope fully clear. In the west the whole of 
Pakistan and Kashmir are included, albeit that the fauna is essentially Palaearctic 
in character; in the mid-north the boundary with the Palaearctic Region is formed 
by the political boundaries between Nepal-India and Tibetan China; in the east 
Formosa (Taiwan) is included; and in the south-east Weber’s Line is taken as 
forming the boundary with the Australasian Region instead of Wallace’s Line 


6 Re. Wi. CROSSIKEY 


(Celebes and Timor therefore being included but the Moluccas excluded). To 
deal with southern China it has been considered best to include the nine southern 
provinces (Szechwan, Yunnan, Kweichow, Kwangsi-Chuang, Hunan, Kwangtung, 
Kiangsi, Fukien, Chekiang) and Shanghai as a whole rather than attempt some 
imagined faunistic line between the Palaearctic and Oriental regions: in practice 
this is advantageous as it brings in a large number of forms with a Palaearctic 
facies, especially those based on material collected by the American missionary 
D. C. Graham in Szechwan, that tend otherwise to get ignored. The Chagos 
Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, from which one tachinid is known, is included 
and also the Ryukyu Islands. 


COMPOSITION OF THE FAUNA. Tachinidae are found more or less everywhere 
in the Oriental Region but, presumably through lack of collecting, are unrecorded 
from little-known island groups such as the Andamans, Nicobars, Laccadives and 
Maldives. The rich fauna comprises at the moment (in round figures) some 200 
genera and 700 species, though many undescribed species exist in collections and 
the fauna when fully worked out will certainly prove to be much richer in species 
than it appears at present. The fauna is not, broadly speaking, remarkable for any 
exceptional characteristics and — as would be expected from the geographical unity 
of Eurasia —1is not essentially any different from that of the Palaearctic Region. 
Virtually all of the suprageneric taxa, and many genera, are held in common with 
other zoogeographical regions, although some tribes and genera that are primarily 
Holarctic are largely confined to the northern border regions of the Oriental area 
and can be looked upon as intruders from the Palaearctic Region. The Oriental 
fauna also possesses a few elements that it appears to have received from a contrary 
direction, the most obvious being the Rutiliini which have probably penetrated 
into south-east Asia from Australasia. A few individual tribes or genera have 
proliferated more richly in the tropical parts of the Oriental Region than elsewhere, 
examples being the genera Dexia Meigen (Prosenini), Lophosia Meigen (Cylindro- 
myiini) and Servillia Robineau-Desvoidy (Tachinini), but in the main a dipterist 
familiar with the Tachinidae of Europe would find little to astonish him when 
collecting these flies in southern Asia or the East Indies. 


PART I—KEYS TO THE SUPRASPECIFIC TAXA OF ORIENTAL 
TACHINIDAE 


INTRODUCTION 


The British Museum (Natural History), London, houses the largest and most 
completely representative collection of Oriental Tachinidae to be found in any 
museum, and this work is based primarily upon a study of its material. In addition 
material, including particularly primary types, has been studied from a large 
number of other institutions, a list of which will be found on p. 156. Type-material 
has been seen of nearly all Tachinidae described from the Oriental area and this 
has ensured that each of the several hundred Oriental genera already named has 
been correctly understood. Whenever synonymy amongst generic names has 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 74 


been accepted or newly established it is on the basis of direct comparison of the types 
of the type-species or comparison with reliably determined material of the type-species. 
The construction of keys has, of course, been based on an examination of as much 
material as possible of each taxon cited in the keys, subject to the limitations 
imposed by the BMNH collections and borrowed material. 

Most of the terminology used in the keys should be clearly comprehended from 
the labelled Text-figs 1-19, which have been prepared specially to illustrate the 
characters that are mentioned with most frequency. It has not been thought 
necessary in this work to provide a glossary of terms as this has already been done 
recently elsewhere (Crosskey, 19730 : 9-26); the terminology in this paper correlates 
completely with that glossary. It should perhaps be mentioned that the terminology 
is essentially for the taxonomist, and not all terms necessarily appeal to the pure 
morphologist (the prescutum and scutum of the taxonomist, for example, are 
strictly speaking the anterior and posterior parts of the mesoscutum). All ter- 
minology is concerned only with the adult flies, as early stages of Oriental tachinids 
are virtually unknown and classification and identification have perforce to be 
based solely on the imagines. 

Certain standard practices of abbreviation have been followed to describe the 
bristling (chaetotaxy) of the thorax and the positions of the important bristles 
(setae) of the legs. The abbreviations for thoracic setae are as follows: 


acy acrostichal pra pre-alar 

dc dorsocentral prst acr presutural acrostichal 
ia intra-alar prst dc presutural dorsocentral 
ph posthumeral prst 1a presutural intra-alar 
post acy postsutural acrostichal sa supra-alar 

post dc _postsutural dorsocentral stpl sternopleural 


postia _postsutural intra-alar 


For describing the positions of leg setae the usual convention is used of imagining 
the leg to be extended at a right-angle to the longitudinal axis of the fly, when 
the positions can be described as: 


a anterior p posterior 

ad anterodorsal pad posterodorsal 
av anteroventral pu posteroventral 
d dorsal v ventral 


It is important to note that a tibial seta indicated by any of the italicized letters just 
listed is on the shaft of the tibia and not at its end unless otherwise specified. 
Abdominal tergites are indicated by the letter T followed by the appropriate 
number; the composite first apparent tergite is Tr + 2 and the last large tergite 
that is normally visible is T5. The two tergites between these two, i.e. T3 and 
T4, are sometimes referred to collectively as the ‘intermediate abdominal tergites’. 
Setae standing on the edge of a structure are referred to as ‘marginal’, for example 


all setae inserted on the circumference of the scutellum are collectively termed 


‘marginal scutellar setae’. Similarly, setae standing at or near the middle of a 


8 RR. Wi CROSS Ken 


large surface area are referred to as ‘discal’, for example setae standing submedially 
on an abdominal tergite or on the top of the scutellum (as opposed to round its 
edge). Setae that bend forwards and downwards in relation to the structure on 
which they stand are referred to as ‘proclinate’, those that bend backwards and 
upwards as ‘reclinate’, and those that stand out straight from the surface as ‘erect’. 
Setation and hairing of a surface are jointly referred to as the ‘vestiture’, and when 
hairing lies down close to the surface it is described as ‘recumbent’. The ultra- 
microscopic pubescence that occurs on many surfaces (and often governs the general 
appearance of the fly) is termed ‘pollinosity’ and a structure bearing it is described 
as ‘pollinose’ when the pollinosity is visible to the naked eye (these terms being 
equivalent to the ‘dusting’ and ‘dusted’ of some authors). Presence or absence 
of pollinosity accounts for much of the patterning of the thorax and abdomen: 
the term ‘vitta’ is used for a longitudinal band and ‘fascia’ for a transverse band 
but the terms do not necessarily imply that the banding is formed by pollinosity. 

In the wing venation cell R, is described as ‘petiolate’ if it is closed well before 
the wing edge by the coalescence of vein 1, with vein R,,; and is connected 
apically with the wing margin by a definite petiole of the kind shown in Text-fig. Io. 

The figures have been drawn personally and omit needless shading or vestiture 
that is not significant. Their purpose is to display the essential features that, by 
supplementing the keys, will ensure accurate identification so far as possible. No 
attempt must be made to use the figures as a substitute for the keys, even for 
partial identification, as this will almost certainly result in error because of the 
frequency with which unrelated tachinids share a closely similar facies. 

A few extra-Oriental genera have been included in some of the generic keys 
if it seems likely that they will later be discovered within the Oriental region; 
they have been distinguished by printing their names in non-bold type. Finally, 
it is strongly emphasized that the keys pertain only to the Oriental species included 
within the various supraspecific taxa; they will not necessarily work for other zoogeo- 
graphical regions. 


PRACTICAL IDENTIFICATION AND SUBPAMILY RECOGNITION 


The family Tachinidae is regarded by dipterists as one of the most difficult 
families of Diptera in which to make practical identifications, despite the relative 
wealth of characters shown by the adult flies and (taking the family as a whole) 
the remarkable heterogeneity of form that occurs. The Tachinidae appear to be 
an evolutionarily young, actively radiating, group and are certainly a group in 
which acquisition or loss of particular characters in different evolutionary lines has 
given rise to much confusing resemblance. Few groups of Diptera give more 
difficulty in classification at the suprageneric level, and a satisfactory arrangement 
of the Tachinidae into tribes and subfamilies has still not been attained. There 
is little doubt, however, that a good (that is to say, workable) classification at the 
- tribal-subfamiliar level on the basis of external adult characters never can be 
achieved because of the frequent lack of close correlation between externally visible 
adult morphology and the other criteria that seem basic to a phylogenetic classifica- 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 9 


tion (such as host relations, reproductive method, larval morphology, male and 
female postabdominal structure). It is therefore the case that subfamilies and 
tribes of tachinids are simply not susceptible to straightforward definition on the 
basis of a few features of the external adult morphology, nor even on the basis of 
many adult characters possessed simultaneously — at least not in such a way that 
any specimen can be immediately pigeonholed accurately into its tribe or subfamily. 

From the foregoing remarks it will be evident that, paradoxically, the most 
difficult step for the non-specialist in practical identification is the first one — that 
of placing an unknown adult specimen accurately into a subfamily. Specialists 
in practice tend to ignore the subfamily level, especially as at present there is 
incomplete agreement on the number and scope of the subfamilies that should be 
recognized, but it does not make the first step in practical identification any easier 
for the beginner on the group if the subfamily level is ignored and the first key 
made straight to tribes; and a key made straight to genera would (in my view) 
be ponderously unworkable and too fraught with the likelihood of misidentification 
to be worth considering seriously for a very large fauna such as that of the Oriental 
Region. An attempt has therefore been made to provide keys for the recognition 
of subfamilies (together with ‘awkward’ tribes), but it must be understood that 
these are merely tentative guides to the most likely subfamily for any specimen: the 
running out of a specimen at a particular subfamily must not be considered a 
guarantee that the subfamiliar placement is correct. 

The keys to subfamilies, as all the other keys in this work, depend greatly upon 
the good condition of any specimen that is being identified. Ideally any tachinid 
specimen for which a name is required should be dry and pinned (direct pinned 
if large, micro-pinned if small) and tachinid specimens, however small, should 
never be gummed on to card mounts (as this will often obscure very vital characters 
such as whether the prosternum is bare or haired). 

Some practical points if kept in mind can be helpful at the start of routine 
identification of adult flies, and in some instances can provide short-cuts to naming 
with almost complete reliability. The following list shows the most useful of 
these applying to the Oriental (and largely to the world) fauna. 


1. Phasiinae and Proseninae (Dexiinae) have bareeyes. A specimen with conspicuously 
hairy eyes belongs either to Tachininae or Goniinae (except for the dufouriine 
genus Kambaitimyia). 


2. A specimen reared from Lepidoptera during parasite investigations by Departments 
of Agriculture or Forestry is most likely to belong to the Goniinae. 

[The vast majority of tachinids that regularly form part of routine collections 
of parasites obtained from insect pests, especially from lepidopterous hosts, 
are members of the Goniinae. Such reared specimens can usefully be tested 
in the key to tribes of Goniinae as a first step. ] 


3. Hemiptera are parasitized by members of the Phasiinae. Any specimen reared 
from a bug host belongs to the Phasvinae. 


10 R. W. CROSSKEY 


4. Species with hairs or setulae on the prosternum occur mainly in the Gontinae. A 
specimen with this character 1s most likely to belong to this subfamily and could 
be tested first in the key to Gonwnae. 


KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF ORIENTAL TACHINIDAE 


[Note. This key is intended mainly for quick placement of those Oriental Tachinidae that 
are regularly reared from insect pests or that are commonly encountered in the field. It 
disregards many localized, rare or aberrant forms unlikely to be concerned in routine identifica- 
tion. To make the key as practicable as possible the subfamilies have been run out in parts, 
often on characters that have little or no phyletic significance. ] 


1 Eyes hairy (the hairing long and easily visible in silhouette at low magnifications). 
[Parasites of Lepidoptera) c 2 
— Eyes bare or nearly so (hairing if present aoe Seer mad Re ad Galy visible A 


high magnifications) ; : c : 3 
2 Prosternum bare : : : “"TACHININAE (eaed) (p. 53) 
— Prosternum haired or seeullese e g. as Tee -fig. 136) (care required: sometimes only 

one hair on each side) . P ‘ . GONTIINAE (part) (p. 106) 


[Also running out here are two genera of Tachininae. viz. Hyleorus in Voriini 
distinguished from Gontiinae by wing venation as in Text-fig. 92, and Chryso- 
somopsis in Ernestiini distinguished by uniformly metallic green or blue-green 
colour. The former genus sometimes occurs in collections of reared parasites 
but the latter does not.] 

3. Face raised into a heavy fusiform or broad roof-like facial carina, the carina partly or 
almost wholly visible when head seen in profile (e.g. Text-fig. 28) and often 
separating deeply excavate antennal foveae_ . 4 

— Face not raised into a definite facial carina, nearly Sacre fattened or ee and 
invisible in profile (weakly swollen in the mid-line in a few forms and then sometimes 
just visible on the upper part) 5 

4 Wings with a double transverse black band in the el half cages of ee 
reminiscent of Chrysops, Text-fig. 90). Facial carina in the form of a broad 
swelling of the whole face that is sharp in the mid-line. Arista bare. [Parasites 
of Hemiptera (Pentatomidae)]. : : 2 Eutherini (Phasiinae, part) (p. 34) 

— Wings without a pattern of black cross-bands. Facial carina strongly raised from 
the face so as to form a heavy ridge that is usually bulbous or flattened on its 
anterior surface (and flanked by well formed antennal foveae). Arista usually 
plumose or with long conspicuous pubescence. [Parasites of Coleoptera] 

PROSENINAE (DEXIINAE) (part) (p. 43) 
[The small rare tribe Imitomyiini (Dufourliinae), of which hosts are unknown, 
also runs here but differs by having the abdominal Tr + 2 not excavate to its 
hind margin] 

5 Prosternum haired or setose (e.g. as Text-fig. 136, but sometimes only a single hair 
on each side) : : : : : : : : ; : : : 6 

— Prosternum bare : : : : : , 3 ; i 7 

6 Second sa seta and pra a eae Two strong post ia setae of which anterior 
one as near to transverse suture as to posterior one. Prosternum with a char- 
acteristic very long seta on each side that is directed straight downwards. Sternites 
largely exposed. Scutellum with two pairs of marginal setae, basals and strong 
crossed apicals (Text-fig. 82). Pallid luteous or reddish yellow forms. [Parasites 
of adult Scavabaeoidea (Coleoptera) | : Palpostomatini (part) (Tachininae, part) 

— Second sa seta present (sometimes weak), pra seta usually present. Usually three 
post 1a setae, if only two developed then anterior one nearer to posterior one than 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION II 
to transverse suture. Prosternal hairs or setulae usually directed outwards or 
obliquely (rarely straight) downwards. Sternites concealed or virtually so. 
Scutellar chaetotaxy almost always otherwise arranged. Colour varied, rarely 
entirely luteous. [Not parasites of adult Scavabaeoidea} . GONIINAE (part) (p. 106) 


7 Forms with the following characters present simultaneously: arista bare (at ordinary 
low magnification); facial ridges and parafacials bare or virtually so (at most 
with some minute and inconspicuous hairs); reclinate orbital setae absent or not 
clearly differentiated from frontal setae or hairs; 0-2 post ia setae; prst ia seta 
absent; pteropleural seta absent or weak; wing veins bare (except basal node of 
R, 45) ; fore coxa bare on inner anterior surface; abdominal T1 + 2 not excavate 


to its hind margin. [Parasites of Hemiptera] PHASIINAE (Eutherini excluded) (p. 16) 


[Some members of the Tachininae, not parasites of bugs, and members of the 
Dufouriinae parasitic on Coleoptera, will run out at this point but are unlikely 
to be involved in regular identification] 

— Forms without such combination of characters present simultaneously, failing on 
one or more of the characters cited. [Not parasites of Hemiptera) 

8 Forms with the following characters present simultaneously: gena very large in 
relation to the eye, its depth almost as great as the length of the third antennal 
segment or of the whole antenna (Text-figs 28-30); arista long-plumose (Text-figs 
28-30); reclinate orbital setae undifferentiated; rows of frontal setae reaching 
only as far as lunula; antennal axis at or below level of eye-middle (Text-figs 28-30) ; 
parafacials bare; pteropleural seta present; scutellum with three pairs of strong 
marginal setae, basals, subapicals and crossed apicals (Text-fig. 75), except in 
Doleschalla with apicals very weak or absent; wing veins bare (except for basal 
node of F,, ;); fore coxa bare on inner anterior surface. [Parasites of Coleoptera, a 
species of Doleschalla also on Hepialidae (Lepidoptera) | 


PROSENINAE (DEXIINAE) (part) (p. 43) 


— Forms without such combination of characters present simultaneously, failing on at 
least one and usually more than one of the characters cited. [Parasites mainly 
of Lepidoptera, occasionally Coleoptera] 

{Also running out at this point are the few members of the Goniinae that have 
both the eyes and the prosternum bare. These include mainly a few genera 
of Blondeliini parasitizing Coleoptera that cannot reliably be separated from 
Tachininae by straightforward characters, and the genus Blepharella (Sturmiini) 
with lepidopterous hosts: the latter differs from all Oriental Tachininae by 
simultaneously having bare eyes, facial ridges setose on their whole height, 
ocellar setae proclinate (veyy weak), and propleuron bare (cf. Campylochetini) } 


ALTERNATIVE KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF ORIENTAL TACHINIDAE 


TACHININAE (part) (p. 53) 


[Note. This key is intended more for the museum dipterist than is the key given above. 
Its coverage is much more complete for the whole Oriental fauna, but it nevertheless excludes 
a few aberrant genera that cannot confidently be assigned to a tribe or subfamily (e.g. Austro- 
phasiopsis, Cylindromyiella, Trischidocerva, Zamimus). All subfamilies have had to be run 


out in parts in order to deal with the problems created by aberrant tribes or atypical genera.] 


Lower calypter much larger than the upper calypter and extending well beyond it 

Lower calypter extremely reduced, in the form of a narrow crescentic flap of similar 
shape and size to the upper calypter (the calyptrae and rest of body facies 
resembling Scathophagidae). [Hosts unknown] 


| 


Oxyphyllomyiini (Tachininae, part) (p. 94) 


Prosternal region of the thorax normal, not inflated, invisible when fly seen in 
profile 
— Prosternal region Gf the ‘thorax strongly tnaeited) ballooding ont so a as ute be 


N 


3 


I2 


R. W. CROSSKEY 


visible when fly seen in profile. [Hosts unknown in Oriental Region, elsewhere 
Orthoptera Tettigonioidea and Grylloidea < . Ormiini (Tachininae, part) (p. 62) 
Face produced into a heavy bulbous or flattened, ridge-like or roof-like, facial 
carina that extends from the antennae to the epistome (the carina entirely or 
largely visible in profile, e.g. as Text-figs 27, 28, 30, 31, and often separating 
deeply excavated antennal foveae). Eyes bare : 4 
Face not produced into a definite facial carina, usually either flat or isugken atid 
invisible or mainly so in profile (occasionally faintly ridged medially, especially 
on upper part, but not so as to separate pa recesses for the antennae). Eyes 
bare or haired. é ; : 6 
Wings with a double coeneee black band in ae apical half (Text-fig. go). 
Antennal axis above level of eye-middle and antennae very long (reaching at 
least to epistomal margin, Text-fig. 27). Genal depth much less than length 
of third antennal segment. Facial carina in the form of a broad swelling of 
the whole face that is sharp in the mid-line. Arista bare. [Parasites of Hemiptera 
(Pentatomidae)| . : Eutherini (Phasiinae, part) (p. 34) 
Wings without black- banded pabteces Amana axis at or below (usually well 
below) level of eye-middle and antennae short or very short (not reaching 
epistomal margin) (Text-figs 28-31). Gena very large in relation to the eye, 
its depth nearly as great as the length of the third antennal segment or of the 
whole antenna (Text-figs 28-31). Facial carina forming an abrupt ridge or 
platform that is convex or flattened on its anterior surface, sometimes bulbously 
tuberculate, often fusiform in outline but rarely sharpened in mid-line. Arista 
plumose or conspicuously pubescent (Text-figs 28-31) ; 5 
Lower calypter with the posterior outline evenly rounded, caeeeaae eon the 
scutellum and lacking an abrupt inner posterior angulation. Abdominal T1 + 2 
not excavate to its hind margin. Head of both sexes holoptic or virtually so. 
2 postabdomen exserted and with paired black sclerotized dorsolateral pliers-like 
lamellae (sometimes bearing recurved hooks). [Hosts unknown] 
Imitomyiini (Dufouriinae, part) (p. 41) 
Lower calypter broad and with a definite angulation of the inner posterior part of 
its outline that is close to the scutellum. Abdominal Tr + 2 excavate to its 
hind margin (except in Dexiotrix). Head sometimes nearly holoptic in 4, 
dichoptic in 2. 2 postabdomen not exserted. [Parasites of larval Coleoptera] 
PROSENINAE (DEXIINAE) (part) (p. 43) 


Prosternum haired or setose (care required: sometimes only one hair oneachside) . 7 
Prosternum bare. ‘ II 
Eyes hairy (the hairing long aad oie visible in silhowette low maa pueic aioe : 8 
Eyes bare or nearly so (hairing if present very short and sparse and only visible 

at high magnifications) : : : é : 10 


Metallic green or bluish green flies (om Palecun fede eS) [Hosts unknown 
in Oriental Region, elsewhere Lepidoptera] Ernestiini (part) (Tachininae, part) (p. 95) 
[At this exit runs out the genus Chrysosomopsis which is the only Oriental 
member of Ernestiini with haired prosternum. This feature occurs in all 
specimens seen but it is possible that individuals with bare prosternum occur. 
If so they will run out to Tachininae elsewhere in the key.] 
Non-metallic flies never green or blue green (if slightly metallic then dark blue-black) 9 
Wing as in Text-fig. 92, M, very strongly oblique and M, appendix very long, vein 
R,,, setulose on most of its length. Frons of both sexes equally very wide and 
with a row of from 3-5 strong proclinate orbital setae. Disc of scutellum with 
a pair or more of erect setae. i ee seta very weakly differentiated. 
[Parasites of Lepidoptera] : ; . Voriini (part) (Tachininae, part) (p. 65) 
[At this exit runs out the genus Hyleorus which is the only Oriental member 
of Voriini with haired prosternum] 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 


— Wing not so, or if with slightly similar conformation then other characters not 
fitting. Frons nearly always narrower in $ than ? and with only two proclinate 
orbital setae (these usually in 9 only). Disc of scutellum almost always without 
median erect setae. Pteropleural seta clearly differentiated 


a3 


GONIINAE (large part) (p. 106) 


[This is a very important point of the key as at this exit runs out almost all 
of the vast complex of forms that have both hairy eyes and vestiture on the 
prosternum. Very nearly all such forms belong in the subfamily Goniinae, 
the only known Oriental Region exceptions being Hyleorus and Chrysosomopsis 
in the Tachininae] 

10 Second sa seta and pra seta both absent (supra-alar region of the scutum therefore 
with a single isolated median seta, the first sa). Two strong post ia setae, the 
anterior one standing at least as close to the transverse suture as to the posterior 
one. Sternites partially exposed (visible between the separated ventral ends of the 
tergites). Scutellum with two pairs of marginal setae (basals and strong crossed 
apicals, Text-fig. 82). Prosternum with one very long seta on each side directed 
straight downwards. Pallid luteous or reddish yellow form. [Parasite of adult 


Scavabaeoidea (Coleoptera)|  . -  Palpostomatini (part) (Tachininae, part) (p. 57) 


[At this exit runs out the genus Palpostoma (syn. Hamaxia) which differs from 
other Palpostomatini in having the prosternal setae] 

— Second sa seta and pra seta nearly always present simultaneously, the pra seta 
sometimes undifferentiated (both setae sometimes small). Three post ia setae 
or if only two clearly differentiated (occasional specimen) then the anterior one 
closer to the posterior one than to the transverse suture. Sternites completely 
concealed or nearly so by meeting or overlapping ventral ends of the tergites. 
Scutellum with varied arrangements of marginal setae but not exactly as Text-fig. 
82. Prosternal hairs or setulae sometimes directed straight downwards but usually 
outwards or obliquely downwards. Forms otherwise coloured. [Parasites of 
Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera or Coleoptera, but not of adult Scavabaeoidea] 


GONIINAE (large part) (p. 106) 


[This is a very important point of the key as at this exit run out almost all 
of the many Oriental forms that have both bare eyes and vestiture on the 
prosternum. Very nearly all such forms belong in the subfamily Goniinae, 
the only known Oriental Region exceptions being subgenus Chrysorutilia of 
genus Rutilia in the Proseninae, Palpostoma in the Tachininae (run out at 
first half of this couplet), and the type-specimen of Melanasomyia abervans 
(Mesnil). The first of these exceptions will run out at couplet 5 because it 
possesses a heavy facial carina, and the last is not placed in the key because 
it may be an atypical specimen. The type of M. aberrans is the only known 
specimen and differs from Goniinae (2 only, as member of Minthoini) by 
having greatly enlarged fore tarsi in which the claws are very reduced and the 
last segment as long as the three preceding segments together (Text-fig. 146).] 

‘Ir Eyes hairy (the hairing long and easily visible in silhouette at low magnifications) 
— Eyes bare or nearly so (hairing if present very short and sparse and only visible at 
high magnifications) : ; : ‘ ‘ ‘ : : 
12 Forms with the following characters present simultaneously: two post ia setae: 
scutellum with two pairs of marginal setae (basals and strong crossed apicals, 
as in Palpostoma, Text-fig. 82); g head holoptic; lower calypter small, rounded, 
widely diverging from the scutellum: parafacials bare; abdominal T1 + 2 excavate 


I2 


13 


to its hind margin. [Hosts unknown] Dufouriini (part) (Dufouriinae, part) (p. 38) 


[At this exit runs out the genus Kambaitimyia that Mesnil described in 
Dufouriinae and which is the only Oriental member of the subfamily known 
with hairy eyes. Only the original material from Burma is known. The 


14 


14 


16 


ui 


R. W. CROSSKEY 


genus closely resembles Palpostomatini and may be wrongly placed in 
Dufouriinae. | 
Forms without such characters present simultaneously, usually failing on several 
of them together : : . TACHININAE (large part) (p. 53) 
[This is an important point of the hey, as at this exit run out all Oriental forms 
that simultaneously possess conspicuously hairy eyes and a bare prosternum 
except for Kambaitumyia separated above] 
Presutural seta and all intra-alar setae absent simultaneously. Abdominal dorsum 
without any differentiated setae, the vestiture consisting solely of short fine hairs 
(at most only some of the tergite marginal hairs longer than the rest) . c : 14 
Presutural seta present (sometimes very weak) and at least one intra-alar seta 
present. Abdomen nearly always with some setae ae 2 differentiated from 
the hairing (except sometimes in Phasiinae) . 15 
Thoracic surface entirely microrugose. Legs with very shox! oe ‘ia aiid 
almost no differentiation of setae except at the tibial apices. Scutellum with 
one pair of marginal setae inserted on prominent pores or on thumb-like processes, 
the outline of the scutellum appearing to have posterolateral ‘corners’ where 
the pores are situated and the middle part of the margin usually straight across 
between the pores (small second pair of setae present in one species). [Hosts 
unknown] . : : Germariochaetini (Tachininae, part) (p. 80) 
Thoracic surface Ge microrugose (but punctate on the dorsum and especially the 
scutellum in some forms). Legs with some fine setae, spinules or long strong 
hairing clearly differentiated (especially on femora). Scutellar setae varied and 
sometimes hair-like but not inserted on prominent pores, the outline of the 
scutellum evenly curved or slightly subtriangular and without trace of postero- 
lateral ‘corners’. [Parasites of Hemiptera] . Phasiini (part) (Phasiinae, part) (p. 18) 
Forms with the following characters present simultaneously: one supra-alar seta; one 
intra-alar seta (the hindmost post ia); arista bare (at low magnification) ; sei 


pleural seta absent or very weak . : 16 
Forms without such characters present simuleaneously: eiGae on te ee one 
and usually at least two of the characters cited : : : 17 


Scutellum with two pairs of marginal setae. Parafacials bare. ‘Wetennae as long 
as or longer than the depth of the gena. ¢ head not holoptic and with eye 
facets of uniform small size. [Parasites of Hemiptera] . PHASIINAE (part) (p. 16) 
Scutellum with three pairs of marginalsetae. Parafacials with stiff hairs. Antennae 
extremely small, shorter than depth of the gena. ¢ head holoptic and with the 
facets of the uppermost two-thirds of the eyes enlarged. [Parasites of adult 
Scavabaeoidea (Coleoptera)| . . Palpostomatini (part) (Tachininae, part) (p. 57) 
[At this exit runs out the phasiine-like genus Eutrixopsis] 
Forms with the following characters present simultaneously: arista plumose; gena 
very large in relation to the eye, its depth as great as the length of the third 
antennal segment or of the whole antenna; antennal axis at or (usually) below 
level of eye-middle (e.g. Text-fig. 29); rows of frontal setae descending only as 
far as lunula; parafacials bare; pteropleural seta present; scutellum with three 
pairs of marginal setae, basals, subapicals and strong crossed apicals (Text-fig. 75) 
(except in Doleschalla with apicals missing or very weak); wing veins bare (basal 
node of R,,, excepted); lower calypter broad and with prominent inner posterior 
angle abutting to scutellum; fore coxa bare on inner anterior surface; abdominal 
Tr + 2 excavate to its hind margin (except Doleschalla) ; intermediate abdominal 
tergites without discal setae (except in Dolichodexia) [Parasites of larval 
Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera), genus Doleschalla also attacking Hepialidae (Lepidoptera) | 
PROSENINAE (DEXIINAE) (part) (p. 43) 


Forms without such characters present simultaneously. [Not parasites of larval 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 15 


Scavabaeoidea, except probably in Microphthalmini (Tachininae) for which hosts 
not vecorded in Oriental Region] : : : : ; ; 18 
[Note that Microphthalmini resemble Proseninae (Dexiinae) very closely 
because of their very deep gena and plumose arista but can be distinguished 
by the presence of hairing on the whole anterior surface of the fore coxa (similar 
to Text-fig. 140) and by short-haired parafacials} 
18 Forms with the following characters present simultaneously: small robust shining 
black forms with short legs (body length under 6 mm); head of ¢ holoptic and 
with uppermost eye facets usually conspicuously larger than lowermost facets; 
two post ia setae; scutellum with very strong crossed or convergent apical setae 
and either one or two other pairs of marginals; bend of vein MW evenly rounded, 
without appendix, and very close to the apical edge of the wing; wing veins 
bare (except basal node of R,,;); parafacials bare; 9 abdomen without exserted 
postabdominal structures (cf. forcipate end to 2 abdomen in Leucostomatini 
(Phasiinae)). [Parasites of Coleoptera] -  Dufouriini (Dufouriinae, part) (p. 38) 
— Forms without such characters present simultaneously 4 . 19 
19 Forms with the following characters present simultaneously: ees bere pare 
facials without setae and nearly always totally bare (fully hairy in Calyptromyia 
and then apex of 2 abdomen with forceps-like processes, Text-fig. 113); reclinate 
orbital setae undifferentiated (but a pair of prevertical setae usually present, 
most often twisted outwards); prst 1a seta absent; one or two post ia setae; 
pteropleural seta weak or absent; fore tibia without a series of ad setae along its 
length; fore coxa bare on the inner anterior surface; fore tarsus of 2 not enlarged 
and flattened; wing veins bare (except basal node of R,, ;); abdominal Tr + 2 
not excavate to its hind margin; intermediate abdominal tergites without discal 
setae (except in Heymya-complex and Penthosiosoma); 2 postabdomen often 
with recurved terminal claspers, sometimes with horizontal terminal forceps 
(latter in Leucostomatini). [Parasites of Hemiptera]. . PHASIINAE (part) (p. 16) 
[Also running out at this exit is the rarely collected genus Zambesa with 
unknown hosts and until recently placed in Phasiinae. It differs from other 
forms running out at this point by the scutellum having two pairs of enormous 
diverging setae (Text-fig. 74)] 
— Forms without such characters present simultaneously (but special care needed at 
this point as some Tachininae only failing to conform on one of the above-cited 
characters). [Parasites of other orders, mainly Lepidoptera] 
TACHININAE (large part) (p. 53) 
[Running out at this exit is a large miscellany of forms, composing most of the 
Tachininae, that cannot be characterized by a simple combination of characters. 
Also running out here are a few members of the subfamily Goniinae, viz. those 
that have both the eyes and the prosternum bare: these include a few Blondeliini, 
Acemyini and Neaerini and the genus Blepharella in Sturmiini. None of these 
except the last-named can be readily separated from Tachininae; Blepharella 
differs from Oriental bare-eyed Tachininae, in having the facial ridges strongly 
setose on their whole height} 


The members of some tachinid subfamilies or tribes are confined, or almost 
confined, to particular insect host groups. Knowledge of the hosts can therefore be 
a useful indicator in some instances of the subfamily or tribe to which any tachinid 
specimen is likely to belong. When identifying a tachinid reared from a known host 
it can be advantageous to consider the host group rather than the characters of the 
fly, as this will often provide a short-cut in the process of identification. The 
following key is given to aid in identification by means of the hosts, but should be 


16 R. W. CROSSKEY 


used with some caution: hosts for most Oriental Tachinidae are still unknown, the 
key is based on generalizations from what is known, and it cannot be absolutely 
guaranteed that every tachinid will belong to the subfamily or tribe indicated even 
if the host group agrees. 


PARTIAL-KEY-£O ORIENTAL SUBFPAMILIES OR TRIBES ACCORDING RG 
HOST GROUPS 


[Note. No Oriental Tachinidae appear yet to have been recorded as parasites of Diptera, 
Mantodea or Phasmatodea. These orders therefore do not appear in the key. | 


1 Host insect belongs to a hemimetabolous (exopterygote) order : 2 
— Host insect belongs to a holometabolous (endopterygote) order. = ; ‘ 4 
2 Host belongs to the Hemiptera : : ; : : . PHASIINAE (p. 16) 


— Host belongs to the Orthoptera : : : é : : ; ; 

3. Host is a grasshopper or locust (Acridoidea) Acemyini (p. 110), check also Phorocerosom 
{Phorocerosoma in Ethillini parasitizes grasshoppers in Japan and can be expected 
to do so in Oriental Region where its hosts are not yet known.] 

— Host is a bush-cricket or cricket (Tettigonioidea or Grylloidea) 

[possibly Ormiini or Glaurocarini} 

{No Oriental tachinids are yet known to have hosts in these groups but Ormiini 
and Glaurocarini parasitize them in other regions. | 


3 
a 


4 Host belongs to the Hymenoptera 3 : F J : é : ; : 5 
— Host does not belong to the Hymenoptera : : : : : : : 6 
Host is a wasp (Vespidae or Eumenidae) . Anacamptomyiini (p. 126) 


| n 


Host is a sawfly (Symphyta) : . some GONIINAE (check Sturmiini or Blondeliini) 
[Some Palexorista (Sturmiini) parasitize sawflies in Oriental Region. There 
are no records for Blondeliini doing so, but members of this tribe attack sawflies 
in other regions. | 
6 Host belongs to the Lepidoptera 
most TACHININAE (p. 53) and most GONIINAE (p. 106) 
[Any tachinid reared from a lepidopteran is nearly certain to belong in Tachininae 
or Goniinae. Doleschalla (Proseninae) is, however, a parasite of a swift-moth 


in India. } 
— Host belongs to the Coleoptera : : : , : ; : : 7 
7 Host belongs to the Scarabaeoidea’.. : : ‘ , . , : : 8 
— Host does not belong to the Scarabaeoidea . : : : : ; ; 9 
8 Host is an adult scarabaeoid beetle” . : : : 5 Palpostomatini (p. 57) 
— Host is a larval scarabaeoid beetle . : : : : PROSENINAE (p. 43) 
9 Host belongs to the Chrysomelidae . some Blondeliini (p. 113) and Dufouriini (p. 38) 
— Host belongs to another family . some PROSENINAE (p. 43) and Blondeliini (p. 113) 


SUBFAMILY PHASIINAE: KEYS TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA 


The Phasiinae are biologically homogeneous because they parasitize Hemiptera 
and are the only Tachinidae that do so. Morphologically, however, they are very 
varied, and this makes the subfamily difficult to define and key out satisfactorily 
on external adult characters. An attempt to categorize them on the basis of adult 
morphology has been made elsewhere (Crosskey, 19730 : 30) and the features they 
possess need not be repeated here. But it is perhaps worth making the point that 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 17 


all Phasiinae have bare eyes, and any specimen showing hairy eyes must belong 
elsewhere, whilst if a specimen is known to have had a hemipterous host then it 
must belong (on present evidence at least) to the Phasiinae. 

Four tribes are here recognized in the Phasiinae, the Phasiini, Cylindromyiini, 
Leucostomatini-and Eutherini, in accordance with the current trend of specialists 
to reduce the number of tribal entities to be granted validity. Some authors 
have treated, or continue to treat, Tvichopoda Berthold and its allies as the tribe 
Trichopodini, and Gymnosoma Meigen and its allies as the tribe Gymnosomatini 
(both tribes being placed close to Phasiini) and I have myself treated the Trichopo- 
dini as a valid tribe in a recent work (Crosskey, 19730); but it is now plain that if 
the world fauna is considered as a whole there is no real character gap that justifies 
the tribal segregation of the Tvichopoda and Gymnoscma complexes from typical 
Phasiini, and the trichopodines and gymnosomatines are here regarded as an integral 
part of the Phasiini. The existence of tropical genera such as Perigymnosoma 
Villeneuve, which is intermediate between Gymnosoma and typical Phasiini, and 
Pentatomophaga de Meijere and Bogosia Rondani, that to a considerable extent 
interconnect Tvichopoda with typical phasiines such as Ectophasia Townsend, 
supports the case for widening the concept of Phasiini and abandoning the rather 
valueless tribal concepts of Gymnosomatini and Trichopodini. Even so, it is not 
possible to differentiate an enlarged Phasiini from the Cylindromyiini in a completely 
convincing way, and the external adult characters that have to be used to distinguish 
these tribes in the Oriental fauna — and indeed to separate all the four tribes — are 
not very positive when they have to be crystallized into key couplets. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL TRIBES OF PHASIINAE 


1 Face formed into a broad swollen carina that extends from the antennae to the 
epistome and has a sharp median edge (e.g. as Text-fig. 27). Wing boldly patterned 
with two dark brown cross-bands (broad submedian band and narrow subapical 
band, Text-fig. 90) and with unusually elongate blackish brown alula. Usually 
three post ia setae (if only two differentiated then foremost one closer to the hind 
one than to the transverse suture). Four or five post dc setae (often rather fine) 

EUTHERINI (p. 34) 

— Face not carinate or if slightly swollen medially not formed into a sharp edge. Wings 
and alula not so. Fewer than three post ia setae, none, one or two (if two then 
the foremost one as close to or closer to the transverse suture than to the hind one). 
From one to three post dc setae, or if exceptionally four then usually some of them 
almost hair-like. : ‘ F , : é ‘ : : : : 2 

2 Abdominal vestiture entirely or almost entirely hair-like (sometimes the tergite 
marginal hairing a little stronger than the rest). Abdomen with fully exposed 
sternites and usually with dorsoventrally flattened or subglobular shape. One 
or two post de setae on the posterior half of the scutum (rarely one or two tiny 
hair-like de in addition). One post ia seta or none. Pre-alar seta absent (except 
in Gymnosoma) and second sa seta absent (supra-alar region of the scutum therefore 
normally with only one seta, the first sa). Lower calypter broad, nearly straight 
or very slightly concave on its posterior edge (except enormous kidney-shaped 
flap in Compsoptesis). Femora sometimes with ventral comb-like rows of strong 
spinules. Posteroventral declivity of the thorax usually widely membranous 
medially and metacoxae and abdominal base not widely separated. Bend of vein 


18 kK. W. CROSSKEY 


M often forming an open very evenly rounded curve (as Text-figs 85-87). Head 
without proclinate orbital setae : - ‘ PHASIINI (p. 18) 
— Abdomen with some clearly differentiated Sie in padded to the hairing (except in 
Pseudobrullaea). Abdominal sternites 2-4 concealed or only partially exposed 
(usually completely hidden by ventral ends of the tergites in both sexes, sometimes 
hidden in 9 but just visible between non-contiguous ventral ends of tergites in 3), 
abdominal shape usually strongly elongate subfusiform, subcylindrical or clavate. 
Usually three post dc setae, sometimes four, of which at least one stands on the 
anterior half of the scutum. Either one or two post 7a setae (usually two). Pre-alar 
and second sa setae usually either or both present (both absent in a few forms). 
Lower calypter of varied shape but usually strongly rounded on posterior margin. 
Femora always without ventral spine-combs. Posteroventral declivity of the 
thorax either membranous or sclerotized medially (most often sclerotized), 
abdominal base and metacoxae usually wellseparated. Bend of vein M moderately 
strongly and sharply curved to very sharply angulate, never forming an even 
circularly-rounded curve as as Text-fig. 88). Head often with proclinate orbital 
Setaeu. : 3 
3. Abdominal base and the fae coxae Spee ponte widely eeaeaed and ae posceae 
ventral declivity of the thorax fully sclerotized or partially membranous (usually 
forming a completely sclerotized bridge, but not in Heymya-complex). Abdomen 
very elongate, subcylindrical, subfusiform, or clavate (Text-figs 119-123). Lower 
calypter evenly rounded on its hind margin and usually longer than broad. Head 
with broad frons of equal width in both sexes, often with proclinate orbital setae 
in both sexes of the same species. One or two post ia setae. Apex of 2 abdomen 
without horizontal forcipate processes, but often with recurved hook-like processes 
(Text-figs 129-135). Palpi ee or absent. Scutellum with two or three pairs 
of marginal setae . : ‘ CYLINDROMYIINI (p. 22) 
— Abdominal base and hind coxae aa neil Aero oneneel and the posteroventral 
declivity of the thorax widely membranous medially. Abdomen subovate or if 
obviously elongate (Pseudobrullaea) then widest near base and tapering on apical 
half. Lower calypter very large and slightly subtriangular (opaque white and 
larger in g than 9). Head with $ frons much narrower than 2 frons and with 
proclinate orbital setae in 9 but not in g. Two very strong post ia setae. Apex of 
2 abdomen with a pair of horizontal forcipate processes (Text-figs 111 & 113). 
Palpi present. Scutellum with three or four pairs of marginal setae 
LEUCOSTOMATINI (p. 33) 


Tribe PHASIINI 


The principal adult characters of the Phasiini are cited in the foregoing key to 
tribes and this should suffice for recognition of the group. In an earlier work 
(Crosskey, 19730 : 34) I provided a preliminary diagnosis of the tribe as a whole, 
and this is very largely applicable to the Oriental fauna (but not completely so 
because it excluded from consideration the Trichopodini and Gymnosomatini which 
I now believe cannot justifiably be treated as separate valid tribes). 

The Phasiini are represented in the Oriental Region by eight recognized genera 
and some two dozen species, but the fauna seems to be specifically richer in the 
northerly parts of the region (bordering the Palaearctic Region) than in the south- 
east Asian tropics; in the latter area the Cylindromyiini are the predominant element 
in the phasiine fauna as a whole. Three of the eight genera, Alophorophasia Town- 
send, Compsoptesis Villeneuve and Perigymnosoma Villeneuve, are endemic genera 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 19 


that —at least on present evidence and as currently understood — do not occur 
outside the Oriental Region, but the other five genera are shared with other zoo- 
geographical regions. 

The shared genera comprise two, viz. Pentatomophaga de Meijere and Besserioides 
Curran, that are Oriento-Australasian, and three that are very widespread in 
several zoogeographical regions, viz. Alophora Robineau-Desvoidy s.l. (which some 
authors consider should be called Phasia Latreille), Ectophasia Townsend (Phasia of 
many authors), and Gymnosoma Meigen. These should be considered in more 
detail. 

As pointed out previously (Crosskey, 1973) : 32) the genus Pentatomophaga is 
virtually impossible to distinguish from the Ethiopian genus Bogosia Rondani, 
and in my opinion probably ought to be synonymized with it. However, I refrain 
from formally establishing this synonymy because it is better left to a specialist 
undertaking a comprehensive revisionary study of phasiine genera (when it may 
well be found that not only should Pentatomophaga be synonymized with Bogosia 
but also with Ectophasia, the oldest name Bogosia then coming into use for a much 
widened generic concept and applying to forms in several extra-Ethiopian regions 
as well as to African forms). (Here I note in passing my view that nowhere in 
the Tachinidae has generic splitting reached more ludicrous proportions than in the 
Phasiini. Even a casual inspection of the Phasiini is sufficient to show that many 
of the so-called generic characters that are used in the group are of the most trivial 
kind and do not work satisfactorily when the world fauna is considered in toto. 
At present excessive splitting is serving only to obscure the interrelationships of 
the fauna.) 

The genus Besserioides has hitherto only been recorded from Australia but speci- 
mens of a specifically undeterminable species near to the Australian B. varicolor 
(Curran) are in the BMNH collection from India and Ceylon. A similar problem 
of generic limits and geographical range exists with this genus as with Pentato- 
mophaga, since Besserioides shows obvious affinities with the tropical African 
genus Bogosiella Villeneuve and could well be united with it on a redefined basis. 
Besserioides differs from Bogosiella by having prolonged posterior puparial spiracles 
and the frons broad in both sexes but it is questionable whether these features 
justify generic separateness. As with Pentatomophaga it is here retained as valid 
pending full-scale revision of genera on an inter-regional basis. 

The genus Gymnosoma is mainly Holarctic and African, but occurs more widely 
than has been generally realized in the Oriental Region; it seems, however, to be 
totally absent from Australasia. The distribution in the Oriental area is unusual 
because Gymnosoma occurs in the Philippines, but is apparently absent from most 
of the south-east Asian mainland and from Malaysia and Indonesia. In general 
in the Oriental area the genus occurs across the northern borders, and is best known 
from Pakistan and northern India, but the northerly Oriental range includes Formosa 
and it seems likely than Gymnosoma reached the Philippines by a trans-Formosan 
route. (The same route might account for the unexpected presence in the Philip- 
pines of some other ‘northerly’ genera, e.g. Periscepsia Gistl in the Wagneriini.) 

The remaining two genera, Alophora s.l. and Ectophasia, are still poorly known 


20 R. We CROSSKEY 


in the Oriental Region but to judge from limited material are also mainly northerly, 
the subgenus Hyalomya Robineau-Desvoidy for instance occurring in Pakistan 
and northern India but not further eastwards and southwards. A species of Alo- 
phora s.str. has, however, been described from Laos (Draber-Monko, 1964) and an 
unidentifiable specimen of Ectophasia has been seen from Ceylon (BMNH). 

A few hosts are known for Oriental Phasiini, as shown in the host list in Part III. 


KeEy TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF PHASIINI 


1 Wing with cell R, closed and petiolate (Text-figs 84, 85, 87, 89) : ; : : 2 
— Wing with cell R; open to the margin : 6 
2 Abdominal Asc fused and the sutures between oe see: ponies obtcrates 

Abdomen usually subglobular. Femora armed with comb-like rows of short black 

spinules on the apical halves of the av and pv surfaces (sometimes only very few 

such spinules on the hind femora) : 3 
— Abdominal tergites not fused, with normal conspicuous Gneares between oe 

Abdomen of varied shape but always obviously longer than broad and often 

flattened. Femora with or without ventral spinules ; 4 
3. Petiole short (subequal in length to y-m), meeting the costa basad = the are Ga ae 

angled forwards in relation to the preceding section of R,,; (Text-fig. 84). 

Antennae long, reaching or nearly reaching the epistomal margin, the first segment 

strongly projecting (Text-fig. 20). Frons of both sexes very wide (vertex at least 

two-thirds as wide as an eye seen from above). Scutellum rugose, short and broad, 

with the posterior pair of marginal setae very widely separated (distance between 

their bases very much greater than that between a posterior seta and its corres- 

ponding basal seta). Frons very wide, vertex of both sexes seen from above very 

much more than half as wide as an eye. Abdomen shining yellow to reddish 

orange with median black marks (these in form of small rounded spots in 3, and 

large irregular areas coalescing into a broad median vitta in). Abdominal surface 

conspicuously punctate . : ‘ ‘ GYMNOSOMA Meigen 
— Petiole very long (about three times as tests as 1- a ending exactly in the wing-tip 

and forming a straight continuation of R,,, (Text-fig. 85). Antennae short, 

falling short of the epistomal margin by a distance about as great as the length of 

the third segment, the first segment not projecting (Text-fig. 21). Frons of both 

sexes narrower (vertex not more than half as wide as an eye seen from above). 

Scutellum not rugose, slightly pointed, with the posterior pair of marginal setae 

(the apicals) inserted close together (distance between their bases not greater than, 

and usually much smaller than, that between a posterior seta and its corresponding 

basal seta). Abdomen shining unicolorous yellow-orange to orange-red. Ab- 

dominal surface normal, not appearing punctate. PERIGYMNOSOMA Villeneuve 
4 Femora armed with strong spinules or setae on much of their lower surface. Post 1a 

seta present. Eyes occupying almost the whole side of the head (similar to 

Perigymnosoma, Text-fig. 21), the gena reduced to a narrow strip that is not as 

wide as the third antennal segment. Vibrissae moderately strong, usually meeting 

or crossing at the apices. Parafacials reduced to a narrow strip that is nearly 

invisible in profile (similar to Perigymnosoma, Text-fig. 21). Pteropleural seta 

present, conspicuously differentiated from pteropleural hairing. 9 ovipositor 

forming a short straight tube-like structure that is invisible when the abdomen is 

seen in profile : 2 ALOPHOROPHASIA Townsend 
— Femora with vestiture of Tees Signe: anneet entirely hair-like (sometimes a few 

sparse weak spinules on the pu surface of the fore femur in Besserioides). Post 1a 

seta absent. Eyes relatively smaller, the gena almost as wide as or wider than the 


I 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 21 


third antennal segment. Vibrissae very weak or hair-like, not meeting at their 
apices. Parafacials of varied width but distinctly visible in profile. Pteropleural 
seta absent. @ ovipositor forming a pointed, sometimes slightly hook-like, — 
that is fully visible when the abdomen is seen in profile. - 5 
Eyes widely separated in both sexes, lateral margins of the frons only slightly con- 
tracting towards the vertex, the interfrontal area at least nearly twice the width of 
the third antennal segment. Antennae moderately large (Text-fig. 22), third 
segment more than twice as long as second segment and falling short of epistomal 
margin by much less than its own length : : BESSERIOIDES Curran 
Eyes approximated in both sexes, lateral margins of the frons abruptly and strongly 
contracting towards the vertex. Antennae small, third segment conspicuously less 
than twice as long as second segment and falling short of epistomal margin by a 
distance at least as great as its own length (Text-fig. 23) [antennae missing in A. 
godfreyi holotype] : : ALOPHORA Robineau-Desvoidy 
Abdomen long and narrow, ee twice the length of the thorax, with subparallel 
sides and with the intermediate tergites not more than about twice as wide as their 
length. Frons in facial view with its upper margins only very slightly bowing 
inwards, breadth of the frons at its narrowest point about equal to the length of 
the antenna. Dorsum of the thorax with two large transverse bands of yellow or 
deep golden pollinosity (the bands occupying the posterior halves of the prescutum 
and scu-um) ; : - PENTATOMOPHAGA de Meijere 
Abdomen shorter and broader, rene much less than twice as long as the thorax, with 
the sides slightly to very strongly convex and with the intermediate tergites very 
much more than twice as wide as their length (abdomen sometimes nearly sub- 
circular). Frons in facial view with the upper margins strongly ‘pinched in’ 
towards each other, the breadth of the frons at its narrowest point less than the 
length of the antenna. Dorsum of thorax unicolorous or with very narrow and 
inconspicuous pale pollinose fasciae 7 
Lower calypter enormously enlarged, especially i in 3, forming a kidney- shaped lobe 
that is very conspicuous to the naked eye (Text-fig. 147). Eye greatly enlarged 
and gena correspondingly reduced, gena very much narrower than length of the 
third antennal segment and lowermost point of the eye far below the epistomal 
axis. Vein M with the bend forming a very slight widely obtuse curve (Text-fig. 
86). Prescutum with a narrow band of yellow pollinosity against its hind margin 
(traces of a similar band sometimes present also at the hind margin of the scutum) 
COMPSOPTESIS Villeneuve 
Lower calypter of normal form. Eye not occupying almost the whole side of the 
head, genal depth about equal to the length of the third antennal segment and 
lowermost point of the eye at or above the epistomal axis. Vein M with a sharply 
angled bend. Dorsum of thorax more or less unicolorous, usually evenly covered 
with yellow pollinosity. [Wings either uniformly brown or extensively but ir- 
regularly darkened] : : : : : : . ECTOPHASIA Townsend 


KEY TO ORIENTAL SUBGENERA OF ALOPHORA 


Head dichoptic, the interfrontal area well developed and separating the parafrontals. 
Lower parts of parafrontals and upper parts of parafacials finely and closely 
haired. Wing with petiole much shorter than m-cu and less than twice as long as 
y-m (Text-fig. 89). [Large species, length more than 1o mm, with brown-variegated 
wings, orange scutellum and abdomen, and dense yellow or deep golden hairing on 
the sides of the thorax and on the humeral and postalar calli} 

subgenus ALOPHORA Robineau-Desvoidy 
Head holoptic or nearly so, the interfrontal area mainly obliterated by meeting of the 


22 R. W. CROSSKEY 


parafrontals. Lower parts of the parafrontals (outside of the fine frontal setulae) 
and the parafacials totally bare. Wing with petiole as long as m-cu and about 
three times or more as long as r-m (Text-fig. 87). [Small species, length under 
5mm, with generally blackish coloration and with the vestiture of the thorax 
entirely black] : , : : subgenus HYALOMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe CYLINDROMYIINI 


The Cylindromyiini are a nearly cosmopolitan group of long-bodied tachinids 
that, like other phasiines, attack Hemiptera. The tribe includes the largest Phasii- 
nae, some forms attaining a length of 17-18 mm, and is specially well represented 
in the Oriental Region, where the fauna is composed mainly of species of Cylindromyia 
Meigen, Hermya Robineau-Desvoidy, .and-—most notably — Lophosia Meigen. 
The last-named genus, in the widened sense here adopted for it, contains a fascinating 
array of species, some still undescribed, that show some unusual colours and patterns. 
Despite the unusually rich regional fauna, however, the hosts of Oriental Cylin- 
dromyiini remain almost wholly unrecorded: the pentatomid Eysarcoris inconspicuus 
Herrich-Schaffer is a known host for two species of Cylindromyia in Pakistan, but 
there are no records of hosts for the Oriental Region proper. 

The tribe is specially notable for including some of the most perfect mimics of 
Hymenoptera. Mimetic forms are found mostly in the Indo-Malayan subregion, 
in New Guinea and South America, and some species show such strong petiolation 
of the abdomen, patterning of wings and reduction of the lower calypter, that their 
mimetic resemblance to a recognizable model attains a high degree of precision. 
The Oriental Formicophania elegans Townsend mimics Ropalidia binghami Vecht, 
and some apparently unnamed Brazilian cylindromyiines are also modelled on 
social Vespidae, apparently on species of Stelopolybia Ducke (one species mimicking 
S. vicina Saussure and another apparently mimicking S. angulata Fabricius). 

As used in this work the tribe Cylindromyiini equates with Townsend’s (19364; 
1938) sense of the tribe. I therefore include in it not only Cylindromyia and its 
immediate allies, that lack palpi and have the posteroventral declivity of the thorax 
closed, but also the forms that possess palpi and have the posteroventral declivity 
of the thorax either open (Hermya and allies) or closed (Lophosia and allies). Some 
authors have recognized named subtribes (Lophosiina, Hermyina) within the 
Cylindromyiini, but I see no value in these as the tribe as a whole has a natural 
homogeneity that prevents the so-called subtribes from being usefully defined if 
the world fauna is considered. Some little known tropical forms possess characters 
that would prevent their satisfactory placement if subtribes were recognized; 
Penthosiosoma Townsend, for instance, has palpi and a closed metathorax like 
Lophosia but has the abdominal conformation of Hermya, and Catapariprosopa 
Townsend has the head form like Cylindromyia but possesses palpi. These, and 
other cases of intermediates, show plainly that the subtribal classification cannot 
be maintained. Even the ‘classical’ characters of open or closed posteroventral 
declivity of the thorax and presence or absence of palpi are not as hard and fast 
as they seem if only an incomplete series of forms is studied. In Hermya and 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 23 


Formicophania, for example, in which the posteroventral declivity of the thorax 
is normally widely membranous medially, specimens occur in which the membranous 
area is very narrow or even obliterated so that the enlarged metapleura meet at a 
median suture, and in Catapariprosopa the palpi, though present, are much smaller 
than in other palpate forms. 

A .definition of the non-palpate Cylindromyia-complex has been given earlier 
(Crosskey, 1973) : 37). It is now necessary to provide a definition that applies 
to Oriental Cylindromyiini as a whole (and very largely to all world forms). 


Head dichoptic, eyes wide apart and equally so in both sexes. Eyes bare, facets not enlarged. 
Face without facial carina or subantennal bulla but sometimes raised medially. Genal dilation 
undeveloped. Ocellar setae usually weak or absent, proclinate. Head of both sexes often 
with proclinate orbital setae and outwardly twisted prevertical setae. Vibrissae very varied. 
Facial ridges bare or at most with (in some Hermya) short very fine inconspicuous recumbent 
hairs. Parafacials bare. Antennal axis above level of eye-middle. Arista bare, with short 
basal segments and thickened only near the base (except in Catapariprosopa). Proboscis 
short. Palpi present or absent. Prosternum bare. Propleuron bare or (rarely) haired. 
Humeral setae 2-3(4). Acy setae present or absent. Usually three post dc setae. One or 
two post ia setae. Pyrstia seta absent. Presutural seta present. Pre-alar seta almost always 
present (if weak). One or two sa setae. Scutellum with two or three pairs of marginal setae. 
Stpl setae o—4 (often intraspecifically variable). Posteroventral declivity of the thorax most 
often completely sclerotized, sometimes narrowly to widely membranous medially, the meta- 
coxae widely separated from the abdominal base. Wings elongate, often partly or wholly 
coloured. Cell R,; open or petiolate (petiole of varied length but seldom much longer than 
y—m). Second costal sector usually conspicuously haired ventrally. Veins bare except for 
a few small hairs or long setulose hairs on both surfaces of the basal node of R,,;. Bend of 
M rounded or strongly angulate, with or without appendix. Lower calypter rounded pos- 
teriorly, usually arched, rarely almost flat {reduced and not larger than the upper calypter 
in an undescribed Brazilian form]. Legs moderately strongly bristled but femora often without 
any setae on ventral surfaces. Mid tibia with not more than two ad setae, usually with sub- 
median v seta. Hind tibia with or without submedian pu setae, with or without pv apical 
seta and with one or two dorsal preapical setae (ad or ad and d, no fd preapical). Abdomen 
elongate, subcylindrical, subfusiform or clavate (Text-figs 119-123), often with enlarged re- 
curved postabdomen (petiolation of the abdomen in some forms giving ‘waisted’ appearance). 
Tr + 2 slightly excavate only at extreme base. Tergites with at least some clearly differen- 
tiated setae. Sternites 2-4 hidden or partially exposed. Sternite 5 of g often with lateral 
lobes produced into elongate processes (Text-figs 124-128) and postabdomen of 9 often termina- 
ting in hook-like claspers (Text-figs 129-135). [Some forms with very strong mimetic resem- 
blance to vespoid Hymenoptera. | 


Although Townsend’s concept of the tribe is very largely followed here it has 
proved impossible to support his generic concepts within the tribe. Even by 
Townsend’s standards his proliferation of valueless genera among the Oriental 
Cylindromyiini was excessive, and several of his so-called genera were based on 
characters that show much intraspecific variability, particularly the number of 
sternopleural setae and the presence or absence of basal scutellar setae. In other 
parts of the Tachinidae the number of sternopleural setae and the presence, absence 
or strength of basal scutellar setae can be extremely stable and can therefore 
provide characters of real taxonomic worth. In the Cylindromyiini this is not 
so, and because of the variability that is shown in these features I have come to 


24 R. W. CROSSKEY 


the conclusion that they must be wholly ignored for purposes of generic diagnosis 
and treated with caution at the specific level. The same applies to certain other 
characters that have been used within the tribe for generic separation, such as 
the disposition of abdominal setae and the strength of the vibrissae in the Cylindro- 
myia (non-palpate) complex, neither of which is of real value for generic characteriza- 
tion because of the existence of intermediates. Indeed, in the Cylindromyia-complex 
almost every combination of number of sternopleural setae, presence or absence 
of basal scutellars, strong or weak vibrissae above or level with the epistome, bare 
or haired propleuron, presence or absence of apical scutellar setae, presence or 
absence of abdominal discal setae, one or two ad setae on mid tibia, or presence 
or absence of pv setae on the hind tibia, etc., can be found if enough material is 
studied on a world basis. 

Because of the plethora of generic names that have been proposed for Oriental 
cylindromyiines, and because of the instability of many of the characters that 
have been supposed to characterize the entities for which the names stand, it has 
been necessary to make a thorough examination of the group and to re-assess 
the generic limits. As a result I here recognize only seven genera in the Oriental 
fauna, and two of these are only doubtfully justified (Gerocyptera Townsend could 
be merged with Cylindromyia and Formicophania could be merged with Hermya 
but each has a different body facies from its obvious near-relative and is maintained 
as valid for the time being). Twenty-one generic names of Townsend and several 
generic names of other authors are treated as synonyms, most of the synonymy 
being newly established. The principal outcome of the generic review presented 
here is a greatly expanded concept of the genus Lophosia Meigen, the sinking of 
many generic names into synonymy with Lophosia, and the assignment of many 
nominal species to this genus. It is necessary to discuss this in more detail and 
to provide a redefinition of Lophosia. 

Eighteen so-called genera having much the facies of the European Lophosia have 
been described from the Oriental Region, sometimes by workers who paid scant 
regard to genera proposed by their predecessors; in some cases the nominal type- 
species are synonymous. If this complex of supposed genera is examined, without 
any preconceived idea of whether such characters as open or petiolate cell R,, 
absence of basal scutellar setae, one or two post ia setae, presence or absence of 
proclinate orbital setae, or number of sternopleural setae, is of ‘generic’ value, 
it is obvious at once that not only do the members of the complex have a very 
similar body facies but they are united by having a curiously modified fifth sternite 
in the male (lateral lobes produced into long narrow shining processes, Text-figs 
124-128) and by having the same kind of male hypopygium and female postabdomen 
(Text-figs 129-135). The body facies, the male fifth sternite and the female 
postabdomen are of exactly similar kind to those of the European Lophosia fasciata 
Meigen (type-species of Lophosia), the resemblance being so close that the exceedingly 
slender downcurved fifth sternite processes of some Oriental species would be 
mistaken for those of fasczata if the terminalia were considered in isolation. From 
these facts it seems plain to me that the appropriate taxonomic treatment is to 
unify all the Oriental members of the complex into one genus with the European 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 25 


species, and this is the course here adopted. Lophosia is the oldest name applying 
to this genus, and in its newly established enlarged sense, is redefined as follows: 


Lophosia Meigen. Head usually with proclinate orbital setae in both sexes (absent in a 
few species). Vibrissae strong and crossed, level with epistomal margin. Outwardly 
directed or backwardly directed pair of prevertical setae usually present. Antennae heavy, 
third segment often dilated (e.g. as Text-fig. 26) and sometimes subtriangular. Arista 
long and fine, thickened only on basal part, basal segments short. Palpi present, fully 
developed. Propleuron bare. Humeral setae 2-3. Almost always one ph seta. Acy setae 
very varied, o + 0 to 3 + 4. 1-3 prst dc setae, 2-4 (nearly always 3) post dc setae, usual 
complement of de 3 + 3. One or two post ia setae. One or two sa setae. Sternopleural 
setae very varied (often intraspecifically), from none to three. Scutellum with two or 
three pairs of marginal setae (crossed apicals always present, basals often weak or absent). 
Posteroventral declivity of the thorax deep and fully sclerotized. Cell R; open or closed, 
if closed sometimes conspicuously petiolate. Bend of vein M without appendix. Lower 
calypter arched, at least slightly longer than wide, sometimes with long fringe hair (also 
with hair on outer part of upper surface in one species). Mid tibia with 1-2 ad setae and 
with submedian v seta in both sexes. Hind tibia without submedian pv setae, with a pu 
apical seta (sometimes small), with 1-2 ad and 1-2 pd setae, and with one or two dorsal 
preapical setae (ad alone, or ad and d). Abdomen subfusiform, sternites 2-4 completely 
concealed in both sexes. Tergites without discal setae (except laterodiscals present on 
T3 and T4 and a pair of median discals present on Tr + 2 in an undescribed species from 
China). 4 sternite 5 with lateral lobes in the form of very elongate bare shining processes, 
usually very slender and bent downwards, sometimes straight and blade-like (Text-figs 
124-128). { postabdomen conspicuously bisegmented and bent under, usually ending in 
a pair of contiguous or separated blunt or hook-like claspers (Text-figs 129-135). 


As redefined above, Lophosia includes the following nominal genera as new 
synonyms: Curtocera Macquart (Duvaucelia Robineau-Desvoidy preocc.), Eocypterula 
Townsend, Epseudocyptera Townsend, Eupalpocyptera Townsend, Formosolophosia 
Townsend, Lophosiocyptera Townsend, Lophosiodes Townsend, Lophosiopsis Town- 
send, Macrolophosia Brauer & Bergenstamm, Neoduvaucelia Malloch, Palpocyptera 
Townsend, Paralophosia Brauer & Bergenstamm, Perilophosia Villeneuve, Philip- 
polophosia Yownsend, Pseudocyptera Brauer & Bergenstamm, Stylogynemyia 
Townsend, Xenolophosia Villeneuve and Zambesoides Townsend. 

The Oriental cylindromyiine genera other than Cylindromyia and Lophosia 
require little comment. As regards Hermya I agree wholly with Malloch’s (1931) 
concept of the genus, and add another synonym, namely Makilingimyia Townsend 
of which the type-species melanoptera Townsend is obviously a Hermya. The 
genus Penthosiosoma Townsend has a very Hermya-like abdomen but a very different 
head facies and is certainly acceptable as a valid genus. Chaetoweberia Villeneuve, 
however (described as a subgenus of Weberia Robineau-Desvoidy), is undoubtedly 
a synonym of Catapariprosopa Townsend, and the type-species are so alike that 
they might even be conspecific. 

The generic name Bellina Robineau-Desvoidy remains completely enigmatic 
because of the loss of the type-material of its single included species (B. melanura 
Robineau-Desvoidy). On the basis of Robineau-Desvoidy’s description Townsend 
(1938 : 92) placed Bellina in the Cylindromyiini, and I agree with this placement 
so far as it is possible to deduce anything from the description. Bellina was 
described from specimens in Bigot’s collection and was said to be from India, 


26 ke: Wer (CROSSE 


but as Bigot was notoriously unreliable about provenances of his material it is 
possible that Bellina did not have an Oriental type-locality. Because of this, I 
have checked Robineau-Desvoidy’s description against all Phasiinae known to me 
or in the BMNH collection but have been unable to come to any conclusion on 
the probable identity of Bellina. This is unfortunate, as it leaves the name in 
limbo as a nomen dubium when it would be preferable to bring such a short con- 
venient name into use for a recognizable concept. Some features of the description 
seem to indicate that Bellina might be the same as Townsend’s Catapariprosopa, 
but the latter genus is unusual among cylindromyiines in having the basal segments 
of the arista elongate whereas Robineau-Desvoidy states that these segments are 
very short in Bellina (‘premiers articles du Chéte trés-courts’). On the whole the 
fit of Robineau-Desvoidy’s description of Bellina to the characters of Catapariprosopa 
is not sufficiently close to warrant the sinking of the latter into synonymy with 
the former; for the time being, until a species is discovered that will fit convincingly, 
Bellina must remain enigmatic but may as well repose in Cylindromyiini as anywhere 
else. 

Finally it should be recorded that I believe the female holotype of Townsend’s 
Epseudocyptera epalpata to be a teratological specimen with an aberration in the 
palpi. This is the type-species of Epseudocyptera, a genus that Townsend (on the 
basis of the holotype of epalpata) considered to be non-palpate. In fact the holotype 
lacks the right palp completely but on the left side shows a small papilliform palp. 
The certainty is that palpi are normally present in the species to which the epalpata 
type belongs, and I therefore treat Epseudocyptera as synonymous with Lophosia 
despite virtual absence of palpi in the type of its type-species (see couplet 22 of the 
key to Oriental Lophosia species on p. 33). 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF CYLINDROMYIINI 


[Note. The genus Bellina cannot be included as it has not been recognized since its description 
and no material exists. | 


1 Palpi absent. Cell R; with well developed petiole (Text-fig. 88). Propleuron 

bare or haired. Hind tibia with or without submedian pv setae. Intermediate 
abdominal tergites without discal setae . : : : . 5 : 2 

— Palpi present. Cell R; with or without etioe Propleuron bare. Hind tibia 

without submedian pu setae. Intermediate abdominal tergites often with discal 
SEtaen=. : : : = 5 : : 6 3 

2 Abdomen eaoaely clears (ee ig. 122). Basal node of R, , ; on the ventral surface 

with a series of exceptionally long strong hairs (the largest of them much longer 

than v-m). [Forms with ‘waisted’ body shape that are obviously Hymenoptera- 
mimics] : : GEROCYPTERA Townsend 

— Abdomen eehey indica or Subicctoen! (fees fie, 119). Basal node of R44; with 

tiny inconspicuous hairs ventrally that at their strongest are not longer than 7-m. 

[Forms without ‘waisted’ body shape that are not obviously Hymenoptera-mimics] 
CYLINDROMYIA Meigen 

3. Arista thickened on more than half its length and with both basal segments (especially 

the second) much elongated. Abdomen seen directly from above appearing tri- 

segmented (Text-fig. 121), with a heavy elongate postabdomen recurved under the 
preabdomen ; ; : : ; : CATAPARIPROSOPA Townsend 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 27 


— Arista very long and slender, thickened on much less than its basal half and with 
non-elongate basal segments. Abdomen seen directly from above usually appearing 
obviously quadrisegmented, without a heavy elongate postabdomen recurved under 
the preabdomen except in some 9 Lophosia : 4 

4 Abdominal tergites without median discal setae (one andescribed Species seen witha a 
pair on Tr + 2). Hind tibia with a pu apical seta (sometimes small). Vibrissae 
very strong and crossed. Posteroventral declivity of the thorax completely 
sclerotized. Abdomen with sternites 2-4 completely hidden in both sexes. ¢ 
sternite 5 with lateral lobes formed into a pair of long bare shining processes (usually 
slender and bent downwards but sometimes straight and blade-like, Text-figs 124- 

128). § postabdomen usually terminating in a pair of juxtaposed or separated 
hook-like claspers (seen laterally as Text-figs 129-135) : LOPHOSIA Meigen 

— Abdominal T3 and T4 (sometimes also T5) each with a pair of erect median discal 
setae. Hind tibia without pu apical seta. Vibrissae very weak or hair-like (except 
in Penthosiosoma). Posteroventral declivity of the thorax usually membranous 
medially. Abdomen with sternites 2—4 partially exposed in g (ventral ends of 
tergites not meeting) and hidden in 2. 4g sternite 5 without such modified lateral 
lobes. Q postabdomen without such claspers : : 5 

5 Vibrissae strong and crossed. Hind tibia with 3-4 ad and ce 4 pd eee Postero- 
ventral declivity of the thorax completely sclerotized. Parafacial very narrow, 
about a quarter as wide as antenna. Antennae of medium length, third segment 
about 2-1-2:9 times as long as second segment and not constricted medially. 
Lower calypter small, flat and subcircular (only about twice as long as upper 
calypter). Wings brown anterobasally and smoky apically, the dark areas separated 
by a broad whitish or creamy yellowish cross-band. Mid and hind coxae of $ with 
unusually long dense tufts of crinkly black hair . PENTHOSIOSOMA Townsend 

— Vibrissae hair-like or weakly setiform, notcrossing. Hind tibia with not more than two 
ad and two pd setae. Posteroventral declivity of the thorax membranous medially, 
or if almost fully sclerotized then with a conspicuous median suture. Parafacial 
subequal in width toantenna. Antennae very long, third segment 4:5—7-0 times as 
long as second segment and obviously narrowing medially or submedially seen in 
profile (Text-fig. 25). Lower calypter at least slightly elongate and slightly to 
conspicuously convex dorsally, more than twice as long as upper calypter. Wings 
not so patterned, either almost uniformly very dark brown or yellowish to brown 
on most of the anterior half. Mid and hind coxae usually without such ab- 
normally dense hair tufts : ; P : : i : ‘ : : 6 

6 Abdomen clavate (Text-fig. 120). Vespid mimic, ¢ abdomen orange on the basal 

‘waist’ and velvety black-brown on the remainder (evidently a mimic of Ropalidia 

binghami Vecht) : ; FORMICOPHANIA Townsend 
[This genus is so close to Hevmyja that it probably ought not to be accorded 
separate generic status. ] 

— Abdomen subfusiform (Text-fig. 123). Non-mimetic (or at least not obviously 
mimetic) forms with abdominal ground colour black or bluish black in both sexes 
[one 9 specimen of an undescribed species seen from Burma in which T5 and large 
markings on T3 and Tq bright reddish orange. | ‘ HERMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 


As it has been necessary to see so many of the types of the various species of 
Cylindromyia and Lophosia, in order to interpret correctly the many generic names 
that fall as synonyms, it has been possible to construct preliminary keys to the 
Oriental species of these genera as they are here recognized. The keys are given 
below and include several undescribed, or apparently undescribed, species that 
are represented in the BMNH collection. 


28 


- 


RK. W. CROSSKEY 


KEY TO ORIENTAL SPECIES OF CYLINDROMYIA MEIGEN 


Propleuron bare : ¢ : : : é 2 
Propleuron haired . : hirtipleura Malloch & orientalis Townsend 
[These two nominal oes are known from very little material; the genitalia 
have not been compared but it appears that they may be synonymous. } 
Hind tibia with a submedian pv seta (sometimes accompanied by a second smaller 
pu seta) : 
Hind tibia without a enseetie. pu sets : , 5 ‘ . : 
Legs with bright reddish yellow femora and ee Vibrissae very weak, hardly 
differentiated from the peristomal setulae, inserted on a level with the epistomal 
margin. Bend of vein M sharply angled and sometimes with M, appendix, section 
of M between the bend and F, , , slightly to moderately strongly sinuous. Scutellum 
with three pairs of setae (basals present) . : : rufipes Meigen 
Legs unicolorous black or brownish black. Vibrissae ee very et larger than 
the peristomal setulae, inserted above the level of the epistomal margin (only 
weakly so in umbripennis). Bend of vein M very strongly curved but not sharply 
angled, without /, appendix, section of M between the bend and R,, ; straight or 
at most very weakly wavy. Scutellum with two or three pairs of setae. 


COW 


. 4 
Scutellum with two pairs of setae (basal setae absent) : : - : - 5 
Scutellum with three pairs of setae (basal setae present) : 6 


¢ abdomen almost entirely blackish, at most the sides of T1 + 2 ane T3 pale: eon 
or reddish. ¢ sternite 5 with a pair of very short blunt median processes (very 
inconspicuous in situ). Usually one stpl seta, occasionally one on one side and two 
the other, or two on both sides. Head poe usually silvery grey, sometimes 
weakly yellowish . .  umbripennis Wulp 
d abdomen almost enneely bright reddish orange on the sides of T1 +2andT3. ¢ 
sternite 5 with a pair of long narrow median processes (very conspicuous in situ). 


Two stpl setae. Head pollinosity pale yellow to golden. . ? Undescribed sp. 
Abdomen orange-red on most of T1 + 2 and T3 and anteroventrally on T4, black 

apically and on a broad median vitta basally . : : : : - : i 
Abdomen almost entirely black . : : : munita Townsend 
3g sternite 5 with a deep U-shaped eee apical notch : ; .  Undescribed sp. 


[Species from northern India exactly like /uciflua on externals but with differently 
shaped ¢ hypopygial processes and sternite 5.] 
6 sternite 5 with a shallow V-shaped median apical notch . lucifiua Villeneuve 
Vibrissae absent or hair-like. Facial profile nearly straight, the epistome only very 
weakly prominent. Antennae very long, almost reaching level of the epistome. 
Legs reddish yellow with the apices of the tarsi dark. Abdominal T3 without long 
setae at the posteroventral corners . : 9 
Vibrissae strong. Facial profile concave saddle fee medaallly. eenee eee: 
falling far short of the epistome. Legs black or brownish black with the apices of 
the tarsi reddish yellow. Abdominal T3 with some long setae at the posteroventral 
corners : : fuscipennis Wiedemann 
Thoracic ground patna soe bee or eee piece Apical scutellar setae 
strong. Two supra-alar setae. Post dc setae all well developed. Mid tibia with 
two ad setae , , . evibrissata Townsend 
Thoracic ground colour ted or reddish pellow on pica regions, humeral calli, meso- 
notal margins and scutellum (only the disc of the mesonotum blackish). Apical 
scutellar setae hair-like. Onesupra-alarseta. Post dc setae almost hair-like except 
for the hindmost pair. Mid tibia with one ad seta or if with two then the proximal 
one minute . : : : : : f . wiedemanni Crosskey nom. n. 


wo | + 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 29 


KEY TO ORIENTAL SPECIES OF LOPHOSIA MEIGEN 
[Note. The single European species of the genus is included. ] 


Metapleuron with a tuft of hairs immediately above the base of the hind coxa. 
Abdominal Tr + 2 and T3 without median marginal setae. Very large species, 
length about 18mm _. ; felderi Brauer & Bergenstamm 

Metapleuron bare above the base of the hind coxa. Abdominal T1 + 2 and T3 
each with a pair of erect median marginal setae (sometimes small, very rarely 
missing or set forwards in discal position on Tr + 2). Smaller species, length not 
exceeding 16-5 mm ‘ : : : : s : : ; : Z 

Thorax entirely reddish orange: Abdomen shining violaceous-black with a belt of 
thick white pollinosity occupying most of T4 and with similar thick whitish 
pollinosity on the sides of the basal half of T3. One gaa seta and three stpl 
setae . ; : exquisita Malloch 

{Only the holotype i is known of this beautiful species. Two supra-alar setae 
would be expected for this species on total facies, and the single sa on the 
holotype might be atypical. ] 

Thorax with black ground colour or at least extensively blackish brown on the 
mesonotum. Abdomen not so. If only one supra-alar seta then fewer than three 


stpl setae. : : < : ‘ : ; : 2 ; 2 : 3 
One supra-alar seta. : : ; : : : 3 : : - : 4 
Two supra-alar setae : : ‘ 3 : : : : : ‘ , 10 
One post ia seta - ; ; . : : - : : : = 5 
Two postiasetae . : - : 3 ; . S d : : . 6 


Legs blackish brown. One prst dc seta. Acrostichal setae absent (o + 0). Post- 

humeral seta absent. Hind tibia with one ad and one pd seta. Basal scutellar 

setae absent : : : . hamulata Villeneuve 
Legs reddish yellow (tarsi slightly darkened). Three prst dc setae. One acrostichal 

seta (o + 1). Posthumeral seta present. Hind tibia with two ad and two pd 

setae. Basal scutellar setae present (but weak) ; perpendicularis Villeneuve 
Mid tibia with two ad setae. Acrostichal setae well differentiated both presuturally 

and postsuturally (usually at least 2 + 3). Hind tibia with two ad and two pd 

setae. Usually three stp] setae (fewer in occasional specimen). Humeral callus 

with three setae in a triangular arrangement (innermost one weak). [Medium- 

sized black species with black legs] : . imbuta Wiedemann (some specimens) 
Mid tibia with one ad seta. Acrostichal setae absent presuturally and sometimes 

postsuturally, at most only two differentiated postsuturally. Hind tibia rarely 

with two ad and two pd setae, usually with one of each. Not more than two stpl 

setae. Humeral callus with two setae or if (occasionally) a very weak third 


humeral seta distinguishable then this standing about in line with the main two. 7 
Head without proclinate orbital setae. Femora and tibiae reddish yellow . : 8 
Head with a pair of small proclinate orbital setae. Femora and at least the basal 

parts of the tibiae black or blackish brown. 9 


Petiole of cell R; very long (nearly as long as the second enseak eect andl at leet 
three times as long as y-m). Third antennal segment of g not conspicuously 
widening apically and its anterior margin nearly straight. casino std small 
species, length about 6mm . . erythropa Bezzi 
[Only the holotype is known but arytivopa and lophosivides, “also known from 
very little material, appear to be distinct. ] 
Petiole of cell R; short (veyy much shorter than the second costal sector and at most 
only slightly longer than y-m). Third antennal segment of g conspicuously 
widening apically and its anterior margin distinctly concave. Larger species, 
length about 8 mm ‘ ‘ 2 : : : : lophosioides Townsend 
Wing cell R, short-petiolate. Scutellum without basal setae. Third antennal 


30 


pe) 


12 


13 


14 


15 


R. W. CROSSKEY 


segment not or only very slightly widened apically (shape elongate subrectangular). 

Palpi clear yellow. [g postabdomen as Text-fig. 126] F . atra Townsend 
Wing cell R; widely open. Scutellum with a pair of small eal setae. Third 

antennal Beara very strongly widened apically (shape subtriangular axe-shaped, 

especially in ¢). Palpi pale brown to blackish brown. creas gh species, 9 


postabdomen as Text-fig. 129] ; .  fasciata Meigen 
Femora reddish yellow (at most only aagleoned Be ees or on Borsa of fore poi 

Cell R; open or just closed at wing margin. II 
Femora black or blackish brown (at most only the eniees reddish), Cell Iie open or 

closed, often with a well developed petiole. 2 16 


Scutellum with hind margin more or less evenly rounded and ae ‘basal: setae. 

Abdomen with complete and distinct sutures between T1 + 2, T3 and T4, with 

a pair of setae on the dorsum of T1 + 2 in the normal median marginal position, 

and without laterodiscal setae on T3 and tee Hind tibia with two ad and two 

pd setae clearly differentiated : F Tz 
Scutellum with strongly marked posterolateral ¢ corners aude the mdaile part ‘at the 

hind margin straight, without basal setae. Abdomen with the sutures between 

Ti + 2, T3 and T4 obliterated dorsally, with a pair of enormous setae on the 

dorsum of Tr + 2 in the middle discal position, and with a strong laterodiscal 

seta on each side of T3 and T4. Hind tibia with only one ad and one pd seta 

clearly differentiated. [Specimen seen from China (Fukien)] . . _Undescribed sp. 
Three pairs of post acy setae. Palpi yellow or orange. ¢ sternite 5 with lateral 

lobes in form of very long narrow downcurved processes. Abdominal T5 without 

pollinosity, shining; pollinosity of the preceding tergites yellowish white to pale 

golden. Basicosta yellow or yellow-orange. Upper lateral parts of the occiput 

more or less completely haired and without strong setae just above the occipital 

foramen. : ; ; : ; : ; ‘ 13 
One pair of post acr gene (preseutellaz). Palpi dark brown or blackish. ¢ sternite 

5 with lateral lobes in the form of broad straight blade-like processes. Abdominal 

T5 almost completely and rather thickly white pollinose, not shining; pollinosity 

of the preceding segments silvery or bluish white (no trace of yellowness). 

Basicosta dark brown or black. Upper lateral parts of the occiput almost com- 

pletely bare below the postocular row and with several long black setae on each 

side immediately above the occipital foramen. [dg a oe as Text-fig. 124, 

© postabdomen as Text-fig. 133] . : excisa Tothill 
Abdominal ground colour tawny red or Blacieeh) non- ee T with extensive 

pale yellowish pollinosity similar to that on T3 or on both preceding tergites. 

Palpi normal, evenly slender or at most very slightly enlarged at the tips, subequal 

in length to third antennal segment. Lower calypter bare on its upper surface and 

with short marginal fringe hair. 14 
Abdominal ground colour dark metallic lee Poles (the okeoae tinge con- 

spicuous to naked eye); T4 dorsum almost entirely shining non-pollinose, con- 

trasting in appearance with extensively pale yellow pollinose preceding tergites. 

Palpi enlarged, strongly spatulate on the apical three-fifths, longer than third 

antennal segment [9 only known]. Lower calypter with long fine hair on about 

the outermost quarter or fifth of the upper surface and with unusually long 

marginal fringe hair. [2 postabdomen as Text-fig. 132] . : aenescens Malloch 
Abdomen tawny red with a broad blackish median vitta on Tr + 2 or on both 

Tr + 2 and T3 (appearing dark reddish brown to naked eye). Palpi uniformly 


slender. [2 postabdomen as Text-fig. 135]  .- : . ocypterina Villeneuve 
Abdomen extensively blackish on dorsum and ae (ground colour appearing 
generally black to naked eye). Palpi very slightly swollen at the tips. : 15 


2 postabdomen terminating in a pair of long curved tapering hook-like eae 
(Text-fig. 131). [g postabdomen as Text-fig. 128] . . bicincta Robineau-Desvoidy 


16 


uz 


18 


19 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 


Q postabdomen terminating in a pair of very short blunt claspers that are not at all 


hook-like. [Specimen seen from Malaya] . : . ? Undescribed sp. 


{Running here is a 9 specimen in BMNH collection that is exactly like bicincta 
except in the form of the apical part of the postabdomen, including clasper-shape 
(which is similar to L. aenescens, Text-fig. 132). The different form appears to 
be natural and the specimen probably represents an undescribed species very 
near bicincta.] 

Tibiae entirely blackish or darkened basally. Femora black or brownish black for 
their whole extent. Pollinosity of abdomen bluish grey or silvery (except ae 
in pulchva and some allied specimens) : E , 

Tibiae uniformly orange-red. Femora orange- sia apabaitiy Gaius teticisly so on 
fore femora, for about the apical quarter or third on mid and hind femora). 
Abdomen with two complete bands of very thick bright golden pollinosity (on 
T3 and T4) that sharply contrasts with shining black remainder of abdomen. 


[Specimen seen from Assam]. . Fe . Undescribed sp. (or ? pulchra variant) 


Fore tibia with two pu setae. Occiput with the upper lateral parts extensively 
covered with stiff black hair. Basal scutellar setae very strong, nearly as large 
as the apical setae. Tibiae completely black. Calyptrae with the thickened 
rims pale brown to dark brown (contrasting with the generally glassy appearance). 
Wings dark brown on the distal two-thirds and anterobasally, hyaline postero- 
basally, the contrast between dark and clear areas very sharp. [Large species, 
length 15-16 mm, with the pollinose bands of T3 and T4 appearing inconspicuously 
dark bluish grey to naked eye] 

Fore tibia with one pu seta. Occiput with the upper lateral parts usually extensively 
bare, sometimes with some soft yellow hair, if a few black hairs present then 
usually close to the foramen. Basal scutellar setae much weaker than the apical 
setae, sometimes completely absent. Tibiae blackish at the base and usually 
reddish yellow (except for a narrow dark brown mid-dorsal line) on the distal 
two-thirds, sometimes the paler parts dark reddish brown and then not much 
contrasting with the blackish bases. Calyptrae with the thickened rims creamy 
white to yellow. Wings variously infumate or sometimes yellow and brown, but 
without such sharply contrasting dark brown and hyaline areas 

Abdomen with two complete boldly conspicuous bands of pale yellow to aélden 
pollinosity. Wings extensively pale yellowish. [¢ postabdomen as Text-fig. 127] 


obscura Brauer & Bergenstamm 


18 


pulchra Townsend 


Abdomen with two complete or incomplete bands of silvery, ashy or bluish grey 
pollinosity that are not boldly visible to naked eye (if the pollinosity with a trace 
of yellowish colour then one or both of the pollinose bands interrupted and 
incomplete medially). Wings varied : : ‘ : 

Wings conspicuously bicolorous, yellow with bright orange veins anterobasally and 
dark smoky brown apically (the hind border weakly smoky). Epistome more 
strongly warped forwards than usual and easily visible in front of the vibrissal 
insertions when the head seen in profile. Abdomen appearing almost uniformly 
shining black to naked eye (because the pollinose band of T3 feebly developed and 
that of T4 widely discontinuous on the tergite dorsum). Calyptrae yellow. 
Facial pollinosity golden. Large species, length about 15 mm. [Java, Sabah, 


Sumatra] . : ‘ . : : : ; : . Undescribed sp. 


Wings not so, ciel faintly to strongly browned, if somewhat yellowish antero- 
basally (¢mbuta) the colour does not outstandingly contrast with the brownish 
colour. Epistome not or slightly warped forwards and hardly at all visible in 
front of the vibrissal insertions when the head seen in profile. Abdomen not 
appearing uniformly black, continuous greyish pollinose bands evident to naked 
eye on T3 and T4 even if narrow and almost evanescent medially. Calyptrae 


20 


21 


22 


Rk. W. CROSSKEY 


more or less white. Facial pollinosity white or very pale yellowish. Smaller 
species, length not exceeding 13 mm : 20 
Proclinate orbital pair of setae very strong, iS aud Seoeees cca the Siamues 
frontal setae. dg third antennal segment enlarged and widest near the middle [? 
angusticauda]. § postabdomen elongate-subcylindrical with small terminal 
claspers, the tubiform T6 + 7 subequal in length to the remainder (Text-fig. 130) 
[? costalis]. Tibiae with the paler parts reddish to dark reddish brown and not 
much contrasting with the blackish bases. Wings rather evenly and faintly smoky 
brownish, the dark colour only intensified on the costal margin or weakly and 
indefinitely towards the tips : 21 
Proclinate orbital pair of setae weak, subequal i in size to or smaller than the strongest 
frontal setae. Third antennal segment not noticeably sexually dimorphic, long 
and narrow in ¢ as in Q, parallel-sided or slightly widening so as to be broadest at 
the apex when seen in profile. 9 postabdomen not unusually elongate, T6 + 7 
much shorter than the terminal part and not tubiform, the terminal claspers 
moderately large. Tibiae with the pale parts yellowish and strongly contrasting 
with the dark bases. Wings usually strongly darkened brown antero-apically, 
the apical intensification of the brown colouring conspicuous to naked eye 
(occasional specimen with wings only faintly smoky throughout) : 22 
Palpi yellow. Bend of vein M approximately equidistant between m-cu and oe 
wing margin, changing direction at only slightly more than a right-angle; cell FR, 
short-petiolate [? variable]. Ocellar setae very weak, bbwiousky smaller haa 
frontal setae. Parafrontals with a sharply demarcated silver pollinose spot 
between the insertions of the prevertical and proclinate orbital setae and bare and 
shining above the prevertical seta insertion. Abdominal dorsum with pale 
pollinosity on about the basal third of T3 and basal half of T4 angusticauda Townsend 
[See annotation following second half of this couplet. ] 
Palpi brown with the apices paler tawny. Bend of vein M@ much closer to m-cu than 
to the wing margin (unusually remote from latter), changing direction at a very 
widely obtuse angle; cell R; open [? variable]. Ocellar setae long and fine, sub- 
equal in size to frontal setae. Parafrontals with silvery pollinosity between 
insertions of prevertical and proclinate orbital setae and also above insertion of 
the former (at least along eye-margin) (the pollinosity appearing not to form such 
a discrete spot as in angusticauda but only holotype known which has head slightly 
greased). Abdominal dorsum with exceptionally narrow bands of pale pollinosity, 
that on T3 occupying about basal one-fifth and that on T4 about basal one-sixth 
of tergite length : : ‘ : : : costalis Townsend 
[It is possible that peels (known only from ¢ holotype) and angusticauda 
(known only from _? holotype and one other 2) are opposite sexes of the same 
species but evidence is insufficient to justify synonymy.|! 
Basicosta uniformly yellow or yellow-orange, contrasting in colour with the dark 
tegula. Wings usually appearing faintly yellowish on most of basal half and 
this weak yellowed appearance slightly contrasting with the darkened smoky 
brown apex, the basal parts of the long veins yellow and obviously paler than the 
darker brown apical parts. @ palpi slender (only with the usual inconspicuous 
swelling at the extreme tips). 9 postabdomen with the sides of sternite 6 + 7 
produced into swollen lobes bearing many irregular stubby spines (Text-fig. 134), 
and without spines (hairs only) on the posteroventral corners of T6+ 7. [3 
postabdomen as Text-fig. 125] : : imbuta Wiedemann 
Basicosta yellowish brown to dark tawny brown, paler more eee on anterior edge 
not noticeably contrasting with the dark tegula. Wings not appearing at all 
yellowish basally but with some faint tawny brownish infuscation that is paler 
than the brownish colouring towards the apices, the long veins only slightly and 
inconspicuously paler proximally than distally. @2 palpi strongly clubbed. 2 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 33 


postabdomen with sternite 6 + 7 in the form of a simple transverse plate bearing 

a very few inconspicuous posterolateral spines, and with a few:similar spines on 

the posteroventral corners of T6 + 7 . : epalpata Townsend 
{The 2 holotype of this species is ake ee right palp being completely 
absent and the left palp represented by a small papilla. Other characters, 
including-the postabdomen, confirm the identity as being with a species that 
normally possesses well developed clubbed palpi and confirm the indisputable 
assignment of epalpata to Lophosia and not to the Cylindrvomyia group of genera 
in which palpi are lacking. It is unfortunate that Townsend did not recognize 
the teratological state of the palpi of epalpata holotype, as this specific name is 
scarcely appropriate to a species that normally possesses large palpi. | 


Tribe LEUCOSTOMATINI 


The external adult characteristics of this tribe have been given in an earlier 
paper (Crosskey, 1973): 38). Only two named species are recorded from the 
Oriental Region, each being the type-species of an endemic genus, but a third 
species is known to occur in the area (a specimen from China being present in the 
BMNH collection that does not belong in either of the endemic genera). Hennig 
(1941 : 189) recorded ‘Paradionaea orientalis Baranoff’ from Formosa but this 
name remains a nomen nudum (Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 57); the specimen to 
which it appertains is in the DEI collection but has not been seen and may be 
conspecific with the above-mentioned BMNH specimen from China. At least two 
undescribed species belonging to, or close to, Dionaea Robineau-Desvoidy occur 
in New Guinea, and one of these appears to be the same species as the undetermined 
specimen from China alluded to. 

The position of the genus Pseudobrullaea within the Phasiinae is problematical. 
The genus is known only from the female holotype of its type-species and is here 
placed in Leucostomatini mainly because of the horizontal forceps-like processes 
at the tip of the abdomen (Text-fig. 111). The head profile (Text-fig. 24) is more 
like that of Cylindromyiini, and Pseudobrullaea is somewhat intermediate between 
typical leucostomatines and cylindromyunes. 

Of special note concerning the distribution of leucostomatine genera is the 
apparent absence of Lewcostoma Meigen from the Oriental Region (to my knowledge 
there are no records); this is unexpected when it is considered that Leucostoma 
occurs widely in the remainder of the Old World, including Australia, and also 
in North America. 

The hosts of the Oriental species are unknown, but may be presumed to belong 
to the Hemiptera. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF LEUCOSTOMATINI 


1 Scutellum with three pairs of marginal setae.* Bend of vein M obtuse and without 
an appendix. Parafacials bare or at most with hairing at the extreme upper ends 
continuous with the parafrontal hairing . , : : ‘ ‘ : ‘ 2 


| * The scutellum of the holotype of Pseudobrullaea abevrans, only known specimen of Pseudobrullaea, 
_ has a fourth pore very close to the subapical seta pore but three pairs of scutellar marginal setae is 
considered to be the normal state for the genus. 


34 R. W. CROSSKEY 


— Scutellum with four pairs of marginal setae (a very strong supernumerary pair of 
marginals present between the normal apical and subapical pairs). Bend of vein 
M forming a sharp right-angle and with a well developed M, appendix. Parafacials 
haired (hairing dense on whole parafacial in 3, sparse and mainly on middle and 
lower parts in the 2). [Terminal claspers of 2 abdomen as Text-fig. 113] 
CALYPTROMYIA Villeneuve 
2 Abdomen pale yellow on the basal half and blackish brown apically. Palpi yellow. 
Mid tibia with two ad setae. Upper occiput bare behind the postocular row. 
[Terminal claspers of 2 abdomen as Text-fig. 111]. PSEUDOBRULLAEA Mesnil 
[Only the 9 holotype is known. According to Mesnil’s description the mid tibia 
has only one ad seta, but examination of the holotype shows that whilst only one 
ad remains on each mid leg there is a second well developed pore on each mid 
tibia basad of the existing ad seta; two ad setae on the mid tibia is evidently the 
natural state. | 
— Abdomen with uniformly black-brown ground colour. Palpidark brown. Mid tibia 
with a long series of about four or five ad setae. Upper occiput with irregular long 
fine brown to blackish hairs . . ; Undetermined genus 
{Running here is an unidentified 3 specimen fee Chane in BMNH that cannot 
be generically placed until Old World Leucostomatini are adequately revised and 
generic limits more certain. Its facies is that of Leucostoma and Calyptromyia, 
especially the head form, but it differs from the former by having cell R; open 
and from the latter by the key characters in couplet 1 above.] 


Tribe EUTHERINI 


The tribe Eutherini and its single constituent genus, Euthera Loew, have been 
characterized by Crosskey (19730 : 40). Some authors consider that the anomalous 
European genus Redtenbacheria Schiner should be placed in the tribe, but I am 
not fully convinced that close phyletic affinity exists between Euthera and Redten- 
bacheria and prefer to consider the Eutherini as monogeneric for Euthera (of which 
the names Eutheropsis Townsend, Macreuthera Bezzi and Preuthera Townsend are 
synonyms). 

Euthera is very little known from the Oriental Region. The first mention of 
the genus from the region appears to be that of Bezzi (1925a), who reported that 
Villeneuve had seen a specimen of FE. mannii Mik from Formosa. Townsend 
(1938 : 210), who did not see this specimen, considered that it must represent an 
undescribed species of Eutheropsis, and at the same time mentioned a male specimen 
from Ceylon in the DEI, Eberswalde, collection that he also considered to belong 
to an undescribed species. One species is known from Pakistan. 

I have not seen the specimens from Formosa and Ceylon, but mannii is a dis- 
tinctive species that was known to Villeneuve and it may be presumed that it was 
rightly identified from Formosa. This is likely, as it is now evident that the 
distribution of mannii is not confined to southern Europe and Asia Minor, but 
extends into the Oriental and Ethiopian Regions. Narayanan & Ghai (1961) 
have recorded mannii from India, and Bezzi (1925a) noted that Villeneuve had 
seen the species from ‘British East Africa’. The location of the East African 
specimen(s) seen by Villeneuve is not known to me, but (as with the Formosan 
specimen) it is likely that Villeneuve’s determination was correct, particularly 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 35 


because examination of the holotype of Euthera burttt van Emden from Tanzania 
shows that this nominal species is synonymous with EF. mannw. (I have compared 
the holotype of burtti with reliably named specimens of mannii from Greece and 
can find no characters that justify the separation of burtti as a valid species: it is 
accordingly placed herein as a new synonym.) 

The Euthera specimen from Ceylon that Townsend mentioned, judging from the 
features that he cited, probably belongs to FE. tuckeri Bezzi. Until now this species 
has been recorded only from Africa (van Emden, 1960) and Pakistan (Anwar 
Cheeta et al., 1973) but probably occurs more extensively. 

Shield-bugs of the family Pentatomidae (Hemiptera) are the hosts of Euthera 
species but the host-relations are very poorly known and specimens of Euthera 
are rare in museum collections. The paucity of material makes it difficult yet to 
judge the extent of the geographical range of Euthera species, but it looks probable 
that each species has a much wider distribution than has been thought. Probably 
some species occur widely in different zoogeographical regions because of their 
association with wide-ranging host species. The pentatomid Eysarcoris inconspicuus 
Herrich-Schaffer for example, which is parasitized by E. tuckeri in Pakistan, occurs 
in the Oriental Region, in southern Europe and in Africa, and may well prove to 
be attacked by the same tachinid in Africa (at present there are no host records 
for any African species of Euthera). 

Host records for the area covered by the present work are those of Narayanan & 
Ghai (1961), who recorded EF. mannii from the New Delhi area of northern India 
as parasitizing Halys dentatus Fabricius, and Anwar Cheeta ef al. (1973), who 
recorded E. tuckevi as a parasite of various pentatomids in Pakistan (see parasite- 
host list, p. 289). (Some reared specimens of tuckeri from Eysarcoris inconspicuus 
and Acrosternum graminea Fabricius in Pakistan are in the BMNH collection.) 


KEY TO ORIENTAL SPECIES OF EUTHERA LoEw 


1 Parafacials haired. Femora blackish brown (at most only the extreme apices red.). 


Scutellum with a pair of small apical setae. : : : z 2 
— Parafacials bare. At least the fore femora entirely reddish yellow, Scutellum with- 
out differentiated apical setae. ‘ : peringueyi Bezzi 


2 Facial carina short and clearly difisscutiated degen the epictame by an obvious 
depression (epistome prominent and the excavation between it and the facial carina 
very conspicuous in profile). Face bare and brilliantly shining. Wing with petiole 
about twice as long as7-m_ : mannii Mik 
— Facial carina long and virtually reaching the sisewer sere (epistome not 
prominent and not separated from the facial carina by a conspicuous depression 
when seen in profile). Face thinly greyish pollinose, not shining and at most 
appearing slightly polished only on the prenbs anterior OF Wing with petiole 
about three times as long as7-m_ f : tuckeri Bezzi 


NOTE ON THE UNPLACED GENUS CYLINDROMYIELLA MattocyH 


The genus Cylindromyiella Malloch is known only from the holotype specimen 
of its type-species, C. bakevi Malloch, from the Philippines, and its relationships 
with other Tachinidae are very obscure. Some of the features of the genus are 


36 R. W. CROSSKEY 


reminiscent of the Rhinophoridae (for example the lower calyptrae and the scutellar 
bristling), and-—in the absence of host-data—it is not completely certain that 
Cylindromyrella is a tachinid, although it undoubtedly fits the Tachinidae on the 
preponderance of its characters. Where to classify the genus among the tachinids 
is, however, very problematical, but it probably belongs in the ‘no-man’s-land’ 
of forms intermediate between the Phasiinae and the Dufouriinae, or possibly to 
the Cylindromyiini. 

When preparing the Tachinidae section (Crosskey, im press) of A Catalog of the 
Diptera of the Oriental Region (Delfinado & Hardy, eds) I did not have the holotype 
of C. bakert available for study, and tentatively placed Cylindromyiella in the 
Dufourini, but through the kindness of Dr Curtis Sabrosky I have now been able 
to see the specimen and to study its characters at first hand; I now conclude that 
it is not sufficiently certain that the genus is closely related to dufouriines for it 
to be firmly placed in Dufouriini, and Cylindromyrella is therefore left unplaced 
in the present work. 

On balance, it is probable that Cylindromyiella is most closely related to Phasiinae, 
but on present knowledge it cannot legitimately be assigned to any particular 
phasiine tribe. The genus possesses a curious combination of features, some of 
which recall one phasiine tribe and others which call to mind other tribes. The 
wing venation, for example (in which M has only the faintest trace of forward 
bending), is similar to that of Cinochiva Zetterstedt in the Leucostomatini, but the 
stubby spinules on the ventral surfaces of the femora resemble those of some 
Phasiini, and the fully sclerotized closed metathorax is like that of many Cylindro- 
myiini (though not very deep). 

More material will be needed, preferably with host information, before a firm 
decision can be made on where to place Cylindromyiella, but in the meantime it 
will be helpful to record the characters shown by the holotype of C. bakert (particularly 
as Malloch’s original description needs amplification). 


Head dichoptic; eyes slightly oblique, bare; vertex about a quarter of head width; antennal 
axis level with eye middle, frontal and facial profile lengths subequal; frons parallel-sided, 
interfrontal area nearly twice as wide as a parafrontal; facial regions widely diverging towards 
the epistome, facial ridges not at all prominent and invisible in profile; parafacials very narrow, 
almost obliterated medially by near-contiguity of the eyes and facial ridges; epistome flat 
and invisible in profile, vibrissal angles moderately sharp; gena narrow (about one-eighth of 
eye height) and without definite genal dilation; occipital regions swollen medially. Inner 
vertical setae strong and converging, outer vertical setae undifferentiated; ocellar setae small 
and proclinate; frontal setae inclinate, five pairs, rows reaching just to lunula; orbital and 
prevertical setae entirely absent; parafrontals, parafacials and facial ridges totally bare; 
vibrissae moderately strong but not crossing, level with epistome; postocular setulae sparse 
and short; occipital regions bare on upper parts behind postocular row, with a few black setulae 
near foramen and black hairing towards postbuccae. Antennae moderately heavy, first 
segment not prominent, third segment parallel-sided and about three times as long as second 
segment; arista long and fine, thickened only on basal quarter and bare, basal segments very 
short; proboscis very short, palpi strongly enlarged and flattened (longer than proboscis). 
Thoracic shape normal; propleuron, prosternum and barette bare; two humeral setae; mesonotal 
setae rather weakly differentiated [arrangement not fully certain as centre of mesonotum 
destroyed by pin], but apparently as follows: presutural seta very weak; no prst 7a seta; one 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 37 


weak post ia seta (preceded by hairs); 1-2 prst dc setae; ? 3 post dc setae; prst acy setae un- 
differentiated; post acy setae probably absent; pra seta absent; one strong supra-alar seta 
(set well forwards in almost the pra position); postalar callus with one strong seta and a small 
setula; one propleural seta, one prostigmatic seta; two stpl setae (anterior one smaller and 
set slightly downwards as though it is the lower one of a normal 2 + I arrangement); one 
long fine pteropleural setula (pteropleuron otherwise bare); four long hypopleural setae; 
infrasquamal setulae absent; scutellum with two pairs of marginal setae (moderately strong 
crossed horizontal apicals and a pair of strong setae in a sub-basal position) and without discal 
setae; scutellum slightly rotund, postscutellum convex but not very large; posteroventral 
declivity of the thorax entirely sclerotized but not very deep. Legs rather short and robust; 
fore coxa bare on anterior surface except for an irregular row of very few long hairs on the 
outer part; hind coxa bare on posterodorsal surface, lower surface prominent and bearing 
strong black pointed spines; apical parts of femora with small av and pv spinules; tibiae almost 
entirely without setae except apically, one of the mid tibiae with a small ad setula and hind 
tibia with two inconspicuous ad setae; tarsal segments very short, none of the tarsi flattened. 
Wings hyaline; cell R,; widely open at the wing apex; vein M without a definite bend, only 
curving very weakly forwards on the apical part; m-cu straight, forming a right-angle with M 
and an angle slightly less than a right-angle with the penultimate section of Cu,; last section 
of Cu, about two-thirds as long as m-cu; costal vestiture hair-like, second costal sector bare 
ventrally; veins entirely bare; lower calyptrae very small and subcircular (as in Rhinophoridae). 
Abdomen strongly convex on upper surface and shining, moderately broad basally and tapering 
on distal half, appearing trisegmented seen from above (? first ‘segment’ composite T1 + 2 
and T3) (cf. Catapariprosopa in Cylindromyiini); first ‘segment’ with strong spinous lateral 
setae and a pair of median discal setae, other segments with short stiff spinous setae and setulae 
lateroventrally and without setae dorsally; terminalia slightly recurved, complex, apparently 
female; sternites of basal part of abdomen widely exposed in broad membranous area. Size 
very small, body and wing length about 3 mm. 


According to Malloch (1926), in the original description, the holotype from which 
the above-cited characters have been taken is male, but in my opinion it is more 
probably female (with unusual postabdominal modifications); it is not vital to 
resolve the sex at the present time and I have therefore not removed the terminalia 
from the unique specimen for critical examination. Finally, it should be noted 
that Malloch himself had no doubts — as the name indicates — that Cylindromyiella 
is a very close relative of Cylindromyia Meigen, and thus by implication that it 
should be placed in Cylindromyiini. This may prove to be the case when the 
genus becomes better known, and if so it is suggested that it could well have close 
phyletic affinity to Catapariprosopa. 


SUBFAMILY DUFOURIINAE: KEYS TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA 


This subfamily includes a diversity of small genera, the members of which 
parasitize Coleoptera. As employed here the subfamily corresponds approximately 
to the tribe Dufouriini as recognized by van Emden (1945; 1954) and not to the 
broader subfamiliar concept, as yet inchoate, that is being developed by other 
workers. This approach is essentially one of convenience which for present, 
practical, purposes cuts off a small number of Oriental genera (as yet known from 
very few specimens) that obviously belong in the Dufouriini and the Imitomyiini, 
but which —like the other members of these tribes— combine in their external 
adult morphology many of the features of both Phasiinae and Proseninae (Dexiinae). 


38 RK. We (GROSSE 


Some members of the dufouriine-imitomyiine complex are strikingly phasiine in 
their total facies (for example, Fveraea Robineau-Desvoidy) whilst others (such as 
Imitomyia Townsend) have very much the facies of those Prosenini that have a 
heavily carinate face. The beetle hosts and, to some extent at least, the male 
genitalia suggest that the true affinities are with the Proseninae-Tachininae rather 
than the Phasiinae, but van Emden treated the dufouriines as a tribe of Phasiinae. 
The Oriental Tachinidae may be more homogeneously defined at the subfamiliar 
level if the few dufouriine-imitomyiine genera are excluded from either the Phasiinae 
and the Proseninae; hence their current temporary recognition as part of a small 
subfamily separate from both of these major subfamilies. I am not attempting 
here to give a diagnosis for the subfamily, but the main features can be derived 
from accompanying characterizations for Dufouriini and Imitomyiini (which 
tribes are separable by use of the following key). 


KEY TO ORIENTAL TRIBES OF DUFOURIINAE 


1 Head with a heavy facial carina that is visible when head seen in profile (Text-fig. 31) 
and separates large antennal foveae. Head almost completely holoptic in both 
sexes; eyes of 2 with uppermost facets enlarged. 9 terminalia exserted and with a 


pair of strongly sclerotized dorsal lamellae bearing recurved spines or long setulae 
IMITOMYIINI (p. 41) 

— Head without a facial carina. Head holoptic or almost so in g and widely dichoptic 

in 2; eyes nearly always with uniformly small facets in both sexes, exceptionally 

with uppermost facets enlarged in g. @ terminalia not exserted, invisible on 


pinned fly [but in the form of a long exserted tube in some non-Oriental forms] 
DUFOURIINI (p. 38) 


Tribe DUFOURIINI 


This is a small group containing parasites of chrysomelid and curculionid beetles 
that is very poorly known in the tropical parts of the world. The tribe Dufouriini 
as here recognized is more or less equivalent to the three subtribes Dufouriina. 
Campogastrina and Freraeina that Mesnil (1975a) recognizes taken together. The 
approach used for the present work differs, however, from that of Mesnil in some 
minor respects, as will be evident from the brief consideration of the genera occurring 
in the Oriental Region that follows. 

Within his subtribe Campogastrina Mesnil (1975a@ : 1358) has split the genera 
rather finely, describing a new genus (Paraptilops Mesnil) for two of his own species 
originally described in Chetoptilia (one from Philippines, the other from Madagascar), 
and recognizing Afrophasia Curran as a valid genus distinct from Pandelleia 
Villeneuve. I am myself, however, doubtful whether it is really justified to split 
the genera so finely in this group, and prefer therefore to take a broader approach. 
In doing so it is not necessary here to discuss the possible synonymy of Afrophasia 
and Pandelleia as this complex is not known from the Oriental Region, but it is 
pertinent to comment in more detail on the status of Paraptilops. 

This genus is proposed by Mesnil for Chetoptilia angustifrons Mesnil (Oriental) 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL’ REGION 39 


and Chetoptilia cyanea Mesnil (Malagasian), and the removal of these two species 
to Paraptilops leaves the redefined Chetoptilia Rondani (Chaetoptilia auct.) as a 
monotypic genus containing only C. puella Rondani of the Palaearctic Region. The 
distinctions between Paraptilops and Chetoptilia noted by Mesnil (1975a : 1358, 
key-couplet 2) lie in the length of the abdominal T5 in relation to T4, the presence 
or absence of discal setae on T5 and the antennal colour. In itself the antennal 
colour cannot really be regarded as of generic value, and the distinctions are thus 
reduced to the fifth abdominal tergite and its bristling. Here there is a difficulty 
in maintaining the distinctions that Mesnil cites, because while it is the case that 
T5 is shorter than T4 in Paraptilops angustifrons (Mesnil) this is not the case in 
P. cyanea (Mesnil): the holotype of cyanea and other specimens of this species 
(in BMNH collection) show that in cyanea the proportions of T5 and T4 are just 
about the same as in Chetoptilia (T5 being obviously longer than T4). This being 
the case, the only remaining difference between Paraptilops and Chetoptilia is that 
abdominal T5 has some erect discal setae in the latter but not in the former. In 
my opinion this is, by itself, too insubstantial a character to justify generic separation 
and I accordingly place Pavaptilops as a new synonym of Chetoptilia. (It should 
be mentioned, however, that the processes of the male genitalia are much longer 
in the type-species of Chetoptilia than in the other species that now revert to this 
genus.) 

Mesnil has not placed the Oriental genus Chaetoptiliopsis Baranov and comment 
is necessary on this nominal taxon and its status. Chaetoptiliopsis is still known 
only from the male holotype and one female paratype that were the whole type- 
series of Chaetoptiliopsis burmanica (both in BMNH collection but in poor condition), 
and the status of this nominal genus has to be determined from this limited material. 
Examination of the original material of burmanica shows that Chaetoptiliopsis is 
exceedingly similar to Chetoptilia but that it differs by some features which could 
be considered, at least by a splitting approach, as of generic value. In C. burmanica 
cross-vein m-cu is distinctly sigmoid (instead of straight as in Chetoptilia) and 
meets vein M much nearer to the bend than to r-m (instead of about equidistantly 
between the two as in Chetoptilia), there are no marginal setae on abdominal T3 
(marginals present on this tergite in Chetoptilia), the mid tibial v seta is well developed 
(weak or almost absent in Chetoptilia), and the vibrissae are of moderate strength 
(very well developed in Chetoptilia). Whether or not to consider these differences 
as warranting separate generic status is difficult to decide, but for purposes of 
the present work it is thought best to take the lumping approach that shows up 
resemblance rather than the splitting approach to show up difference, and Chaetopti- 
liopsis is here treated as a synonym of Chetoptilia: future discovery of the hosts of 
C. burmanica might assist in determining with more certainty whether this synonymy 
is justified. Meanwhile it is pertinent to observe that Chaetoptiliopsis runs straight 
to Paraptilops in Mesnil’s key, as burmanica lacks definite discals on T5 and has 
yellowish brown (not black) antennae (but it differs of course from Paraptilops by 
the features already cited above that differentiate it from Chetoptilia in the strict 
sense). 

The genera other than Chetoptilia that occur in the Oriental Region and are 


40 RK. We CROSSKE Y 


here placed in Dufouriini are much more problematical, for their affinities with 
Dufouria Robineau-Desvoidy are by no means certain and the placements in 
Dufouriini are only provisional. The two genera concerned, Kambaitimyia Mesnil 
and Anthomyiopsis Townsend (synonym Plagioderophagus Baranov), have recently 
been placed by Mesnil (1972) in his subtribe Ptilopsinina near to the macquartiines 
and leskiines and this may well be phyletically appropriate, but the external adult 
facies in these genera is so much that of Dufouriini that I prefer to continue regarding 
them as part of this tribe; this has practical advantages until the relationships can 
be more convincingly ascertained (Kambaitimyia, it may be noted, was originally 
described as a dufouriine). 


The main characteristics of typical Dufouriini are as follows. Eyes strongly approximated 
(head often holoptic) in 3, widely separated in Q, bare or haired (almost always bare), uppermost 
facets sometimes enlarged in g; ocellar triangle usually rather prominent in g because of 
approximated eyes. Head without facial carina, shape usually much asin Text-fig. 32. Anten- 
nal axis about level with or below eye-middle. Epistome not prominent. 4 without orbital 
setae and outer vertical setae, inner vertical setae reduced, hair-like; Q with inner and 
outer vertical setae, two pairs of proclinate orbital setae and one pair (or sometimes two pairs) 
of reclinate orbital setae (the latter usually twisted outwards as well as backwards). Facial 
ridges bare. Parafacials bare (except sometimes the area of profrons where parafacials and 
parafrontals meet with a cluster of bushy hairing). Vibrissae present, about level with epistome, 
sometimes not strongly differentiated. Upper occiput usually flat or slightly concave (especially 
in 3), at most only slightly swollen, with or without black setulae behind the postocular row. 
Ocellar setae present, sometimes weak in g¢. Rows of frontal setae usually extending about 
to level of base of second antennal segment. Antennae small or very small, falling far short 
of epistome, third segment evenly rounded apically; arista thickened only near base, pubescent 
to plumose, basal segments short. Proboscis short, palpi fully developed. Humeral callus 
with two strong setae. pva and second sa setae weak or absent (but usually not both absent 
simultaneously). dc setae variable, often 2(3) + 3(4), sometimes reduced hair-like. Usually 
two post 1a setae, sometimes one, rarely small third in front of anterior one of the main two. 
Two stpl setae (I + 1). Prosternum and propleuron bare. Propleural seta absent or weakly 
differentiated. Infrasquamal hairs present or absent. Posteroventral declivity of the thorax 
membranous medially. Scutellum with two or three pairs of marginal setae, strong apicals 
plus basals and sometimes also laterals. Fore coxa bare on the inner anterior surface. Leg 
setae varied, strong to very reduced; mid tibia usually with one small ad seta, sometimes 
with none or two or more, with or without a submedian v seta; hind tibia with or without 
pd preapical seta, without clearly differentiated pu apical seta. Wings hyaline, veins bare or 
at most with a few setulae confined to the basal node of R,,;. Cell R; open or petiolate. 
Bend of vein M usually evenly rounded, sometimes slightly to strongly angulate, without an 
M, appendix, vein M sometimes with only a very weak forward curvature. Cross-vein m-cu 
usually meeting M about midway between 7-m and the bend or nearer to v-m. Second and 
third costal sectors bare or haired ventrally. Lower calypter usually divergent from the 
scutellum and with somewhat evenly rounded hind margin, relatively small. Abdomen short 
and rather rotund (Text-fig. 110), Tr + 2 not excavate or almost excavate to its hind margin. 
Abdominal setae usually well developed, tergites often with discals. Sternites concealed. 
Q terminalia unmodified or postabdomen developed into a long tubular ovipositor recurved 
under the abdomen. [Small or very small forms, g often shining black and @ duller with 
greyish-maculate abdomen, some forms reddish yellow, sexes sometimes strongly colour 
dimorphic. } 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF DUFOURIINI 


1 Eyes bare. Scutellum with two or three pairs of marginal setae . : : E 2 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 41 


— Eyes haired. Scutellum with two pairs of marginal setae (basals and apicals) 
KAMBAITIMYIA Mesnil 
2 Scutellum with three pairs of marginal setae (laterals present in addition to basals 
and apicals) . 4 : , : : : CHETOPTILIA Rondani 
— Scutellum with two pairs of marginal setae (basals and apicals) 
ANTHOMYIOPSIS Townsend 


KeEy TO ORIENTAL SPECIES OF CHETOPTILIA RonpDanli 


1 Arista plumose. Abdominal T3 with median marginal setae. Wing with m-cu 
almost straight and much shorter than the section of M from m-cu to the bend. 
3 with facets of upper halves of eyes much enlarged ‘ angustifrons Mesnil 
— Arista pubescent. Abdominal T3 without median marginal setae. Wing with m-cu 
sigmoid and subequal in length to the section of M from m-cu to the bend. ¢ eyes 
with facets of uniform small size. 3 : : : .  burmanica Baranov 


Tribe IMITOMYIINI 


This little-studied group contains fewer than a dozen species, but is known 
from the Palaearctic, Nearctic, and Ethiopian Regions, and from the northern 
borders of the Oriental Region. The tribal facies is very distinctive because of 
the heavy facial carina, but the affinities are obscure and the hosts appear to be 
unrecorded. Assignment to Dufouriinae appears to be at least as appropriate as 
any other placement for present purposes, but it is possible that the Imitomyiini 
represent a highly modified derivative from the Prosenini and probable that they 
have coleopterous hosts. 

Only two species are known from the area covered by the present work, Riedelia 
bicolor Mesnil from China and Proriedelia petiolata Mesnil from northern Burma. 
These species are the type-species (and only known species) of the genera Rvedelia 
Mesnil and Proriedelia Mesnil respectively, and very few specimens are known: 
R. bicolor is known only from the holotype (3) and from three specimens (1 3, 2 9) 
from Shanghai found standing among the unnamed Tachinidae in BMNH collection 
when this paper was prepared, and P. petiolata is known only from the 2 (not 2) 
holotype. The two species are extremely similar, but differ obviously in wing 
cell R; which is open in bicolor and petiolate in petiolata. It seems questionable 
whether the two genera involved should both be considered valid, but Proriedelia 
is here retained as valid since to synonymize it with Riedelia would not be fully 
justified in the poor state of knowledge of the Imitomyiini as a whole. 

In both Riedelia and Proriedelia the proboscis is short and non-geniculate, there 
are two post ia setae and the arista is plumose, and in these features the genera 
differ from the type-genus of the tribe, Imitomyia Townsend (synonym Diplopota 
Bezzi). In Imitomyia the proboscis is extremely attenuate (much longer than 
head height and usually geniculate), there is one post ia seta and the arista is 
pubescent, not plumose. Miedelia should probably be looked upon as the most 


42 R. W. CROSSKEY 


plesiomorphic form known among the imitomyiines, with the various described 
species of Imitomyia (and its synonym Dziplopota) representing apomorphic deriva- 
tives from a Redelia-like ancestor in which there has been enormous elongation 
of the proboscis (including the labellae), reduction in the abdominal vestiture and 
reduction of the aristal plumosity. Pvoriedelia is intermediate, showing the closure 
of cell R; found in Jmitomyia but retaining the short proboscis of Riedelia. 


The main characteristics of the Imitomyiini are as follows. Head with eyes very strongly 
approximated, almost holoptic in both sexes; upper frons almost obliterated and with the 
parafrontals meeting or virtually so in the mid line; upper eye facets usually conspicuously 
enlarged in the female in comparison to the lowermost facets. Eyes bare. Facial carina 
present (Text-fig. 31), very strong, of characteristic shape, widening ventrally and flattened 
anteriorly, bowed in profile and with the sides strongly pinched in so that the antennae lie 
in deeply excavate foveae. Antennal axis about level with eye middle, head about as long 
or slightly longer at epistomal axis than at antennal axis. Head chaetotaxy very reduced, 
inner and outer vertical setae and orbital setae absent in both sexes. Frontal setae reduced, 
almost hair-like except for lowermost pairs, frontal rows reaching to level of antennal insertions. 
Facial ridges bare, parafacials bare or haired. Vibrissae weak or moderate, about level with 
or slightly below epistomal margin, epistome warped forwards and separated from facial carina 
by a distinct depression when seen in profile. Gena at least as wide as length of third antennal 
segment. Ocellar triangle prominent, ocellar setae weak or absent. Upper occiput concave, 
postorbits virtually absent (the rows of postocular setae more or less abutting the eye margins), 
occipital vestiture dark. Antennae short or very short, third segment evenly rounded apically; 
arista thickened only at the base, segments not elongate, pubescent or thickly plumose. Palpi 
filiform, either subequal in length to antenna or not longer than third antennal segment. Pro- 
boscis very slender, either short and stiff and about as long as eye-height or conspicuously 
elongate, sometimes geniculate, proboscis including labellae sometimes so attenuate as to 
exceed whole body length. Thoracic chaetotaxy weak or very weak. Humeral callus with two 
or three setae, if three then standing in line. Usually one ph seta. One or two post 1a setae. 
dc setae varied, from 0 + 1 to 2 + 3. acy setae varied, usually undifferentiated presuturally, 
at least one (prescutellar) pair and sometimes more postsuturally. pva seta absent, second 
sa seta absent or (in Rvzedelia) present but very small. Prosternum and propleuron bare 
(an adventitious hair present on one side of the prosternum in P. petiolata holotype). Propleural 
and prostigmatic setae very weak or moderate. Two stpl setae (1 + 1). Pteropleural seta 
moderately well developed (Riedelia), very weak or absent, pteropleuron sometimes wholly 
bare. Hypopleural setae reduced. Infrasquamal setulae present or absent. Posteroventral 
declivity of the thorax membranous medially. Fore coxa bare on the inner anterior surface. 
Scutellum with two pairs of marginal setae (basals and very strong crossed apicals). Legs with 
very weak setae, these often reduced to mere hairs, but mid tibia usually with at least one 
ad and a v seta differentiated. Wings narrow, hyaline or nearly so, veins totally bare. Cell 
R, narrowly open at wing margin (Riedelia) or with a very long petiole that is as long as or 
longer than m—cu and ends exactly in the wing apex. Bend of vein M abruptly rounded or 
sharply angulate (sometimes with trace of M, appendix). Cross-vein m-—cu meeting vein M 
about midway between 7m and the bend or slightly closer to either. Second costal sector 
very short, bare ventrally. Lower calyptrae widely divergent from scutellum, forming promi- 
nent round lobes. Abdomen with Tr + 2 not excavate to its hind margin. Abdominal 
vestiture very weak or entirely hair-like, rows of long fine marginals sometimes differentiated 
on each tergite. Sternites largely exposed. Female terminalia as described in detail by 
Townsend (1936a : 76) and figured by Bezzi (1917), characterized by a pair of large strongly 
sclerotized shining black dorsolateral pliers-like lamellae that usually bear strong recurved 
spines or hooks. [Length 2-6 mm, the tribe including the smallest known Tachinidae (speci- 
mens of Imitomyia nitida Emden and Himantostomopsis hungarica Thalhammer sometimes 
not exceeding a length of 2:0 mm).] 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 43 


Key TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF IMITOMYIINI 
[Note. Jmitomyia is included although not known from the Oriental area.] 


1 Proboscis not longer than the height of the head, non-geniculate and with short 
dilated labellae. Two post ia setae. Arista plumose. Abdominal tergites with 
some long but very fine marginal setae clearly differentiated. [Eastern Asia]. 2 
— Proboscis very attenuate, much longer than head height, the labellar part not dilated 
and usually geniculated from the preceding part. One post ia seta. Arista with 
short or long pubescence but not plumose. Abdominal tergites with uniformly 
hair-like vestiture (the marginal hairing at most only slightly stronger than the 
rest). [Europe, Africa, North America] . s : IMITOMYIA Townsend 
[The little-known European genus Himaniostomepsis has not been seen but will 
probably run here. It differs from Imitomyia by having the parafacials haired 
and is of doubtful validity. } 
2 Wing cell R, with a very long petiole. One supra-alar seta. Dorsal lamellae of 9 
terminalia bearing strong recurved preapical spines. Parafrontals meeting in the 
mid line of the frons and obliterating the upper part of the interfrontal area. 
Ocellar setae undeveloped, ocelli very prominent : : PRORIEDELIA Mesnil 
— Wing cell FR; narrowly open or just closed in the wing edge. Two supra-alar setae (a 
very small second sa seta present). Dorsal lamellae of 2 terminalia without spines 
but with some long setulae. Parafrontals approximated but not meeting in the 
mid-line of the frons, upper part of interfrontal area therefore not completely 
obliterated. Ocellar setae differentiated but long and fine, ocelli not strikingly 
prominent . ; : ; : : : : : : RIEDELIA Mesnil 


SUBFAMILY PROSENINAE (DEXIINAE): KEYS TO THE TRIBES 
AND GENERA 


This is the subfamily most conventionally known as the Dexiinae. In the 
interests of stability it should continue to be known by this name, but it is not 
strictly correct under the rulesofnomenclature. For preference the name Proseninae 
is used here in conformity with recent works such as those of Sabrosky & Arnaud 
(1965) and Crosskey (19734; 19730), but as I have pointed out elsewhere (Crosskey, 
19730 : 41) even this is not really the valid family-group name since several other 
family-group names based on included genera have priority over the family-group 
name based on Prosena, for example both ‘Rutiliidae’ and ‘Amphibolidae’ of 
Brauer & Bergenstamm (1889) pre-date the first use of ‘Proseninae’ (by Townsend, 
1892b). Unfortunately the nomenclatural problem is confounded by a taxonomic 
one, since many specialists now hold the view (not yet formalized in publication) 
that the subfamily limits should be widened to embrace forms hitherto placed in 
the Dufouriinae or the Tachininae. Change in the taxonomic concept implies, 
nomenclaturally, that a change should be made in the subfamily name — because, 
for example, a family-group name based on Du/fouria Robineau-Desvoidy appears 
to be as old as or older than any other name that could be applied to the extended 
subfamiliar concept (‘Dufouridae’ dates from Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830). The 
most practical and commonsense course will be to call the subfamily by the name 
Dexiinae (once the type-species of Dexia Meigen is re-fixed by the International 
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: see discussion under Prosenini), because 
of its almost universal use, even though it will not be the oldest applicable family- 


44 R. W. CROSSKEY 


group name. I much favour this course, but for the present continue with the 
usage of Proseninae — with ‘Dexiinae’ suffixed parenthetically—in order to: be 
consistent with recent literature. 

The subfamily as here interpreted has been defined in a preliminary way, on 
adult characters, in an earlier paper (Crosskey, 1973 : 41) and this definition will 
not be repeated. The Oriental forms fully conform to it. 

The tribes Prosenini (Dexiini), Rutiliini and Doleschallini are present in the 
Oriental fauna and can be differentiated by the following key. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL TRIBES OF PROSENINAE (DEXIINAE) 


1 Postalar callus with four or more strong setae. Suprasquamal ridge (Text-fig. 145) 
oy the postalar wall with a bushy tuft of hair. Scutellum with at least four pairs 
of marginal setae (sometimes with many supernumerary marginals as Text-fig. 80). 
Facial carina present (very large). Propleuron haired. [Very robust forms, 
nearly always possessing some metallic coppery, green or blue colour]. RUTILIINI (p. 50) 
— Postalar callus with two strong setae. Suprasquamal ridge and postalar wall bare. 
Scutellum with two or three pairs of marginal setae (usually three arranged as 
Text-fig. 75). Facial carina present or absent. Propleuron bare or haired. {Form 
varied, usually rather or very slender, always without such metallic colouring] - 2 
2 Head profile subtriangular, profrons very prominent and the lower part of the head 
receding, head much longer at the antennal axis than at the epistomal axis (Text- 
fig. 29). Abdominal T1 + 2 excavate only at its base. Posteroventral declivity 
of the thorax deep and sclerotized across its width, the hind coxae and abdominal 
base widely separated. Scutellum with two pairs of strong marginal setae, if 
occasionally third pair (apicals) present then these very weak in relation to the 
other marginals. Facial carina absent. [Exceedingly slender forms with very 
attenuate parallel-sided or shghtly fusiform abdomen] DOLESCHALLINI (p. 50) 
— Head not conspicuously subtriangular, as long or nearly as long at the epistomal ax is 
as at the antennal axis (Text-figs 28 and 30). Abdominal Tr + 2 excavate to its 
hind margin (except in Dexiotvix). Posteroventral declivity of the thorax mem- 
branous medially, the hind coxae and abdominal base not widely separated. 
Scutellum with three pairs of strong marginal setae (typically disposed as in Text- 
fig. 75). Facial carina present or absent. [Varied forms, but usually without such 
extreme attenuation of the abdomen] ‘ . : ; . PROSENINI (p. 44) 


Tribe PROSENINI 
(Dexiini) 

The great majority of Oriental Proseninae (Dexiinae) are members of this tribe, 
the other prosenine tribes represented in the region (viz. Doleschallini and Rutiliini) 
accounting for only about one-fifth of the species of Proseninae known throughout 
the Oriental Region. In the present work ten genera of Prosenini are recognized 
in the Oriental area, but some of these (Phorostoma, Dolichodexia, Dexiotrix) are 
essentially Palaearctic genera that penetrate only into the northern, Himalayan, 


fringe of the Oriental Region. A large number of so-called genera have been 
proposed that belong in this tribe, either in the Dexia or the Billaea complexes, 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 45 
but to which I am unable — for reasons elaborated later in this section — to grant 
any validity: consequently I treat many generic names based upon Oriental type- 
species as synonyms of Dexia or Billaea, a course which accounts for the small 
number of Oriental genera here recognized. 

Before discussing the characteristics of the Oriental Prosenini in more detail 
it is necessary to explain my use of the generic name Dexia Meigen, as this is not 
being used in the sense which would be strictly correct under the International 
Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The confusion currently existing over the name 
Dexia, in which a few authors use the name in its nomenclaturally correct sense 
but the great majority continue to use it in its generally understood (but nomen- 
claturally wrong) sense, is the most outstanding nomenclatural difficulty that still 
requires resolution anywhere in the Tachinidae. The ‘rival’ uses of the name 
Dexia Meigen result in its application to very different taxa that are not considered 
to be contribal and are only doubtfully consubfamiliar, and the attribution of the 
name Dexia to two quite different generic concepts has resulted in ‘rival’ uses of 
the family-group names Dexiini and Dexiinae that are based upon the type-genus 
Dexia. 

The difficulty has arisen from the fact that Dexia Meigen, 1826, when described 
contained 24 rather diverse species, none of which was designated as type-species. 
In taxonomic practice, however, a refined use of Dexia grew up under which the 
name became applied to a distinctive genus containing D. rustica (Fabricius) and 
D. vacua (Fallén) of Europe and subsequently a number of other species. For 
the great majority of workers this concept has remained the ‘correct’ concept of 
Dexia, but it is not the correct use of the name Dexia under the Code because of 
the valid designation, made by Westwood (1840 : 139), of Musca volvulus Fabricius 
as the type-species of Dexia —volvulus belonging to a quite different group of 
Tachinidae from rustica and vacua. For rustica, Westwood (1840 : 140) proposed 
the genus Dexilla, and this remains the valid name under the Code for Dexia of 
most authors. To the genus that should correctly be called Dexia under the Code, 
because of Westwood’s type-fixation, most authors apply the name Phyllomya 
of Robineau-Desvoidy. Summarizing these facts the position is as follows: 


Predominant usage . Dexia Meigen Phyllomya Robineau-Desvoidy 
Correct nomenclature . Dexilla Westwood Dexia Meigen 
(under ICZN Code) 


The mis-use (nomenclaturally speaking) of the name Dexia for Dexilla is so en- 
trenched and so general, even amongst specialists on Tachinidae, that it appears 
unlikely that the widespread usage under which the latter is wrongly known as 
the former (and under which Dexia is wrongly known as Phyllomya) will 
be abandoned in favour of the nomenclaturally proper use. In these circumstances 
it appears to me that, in order to prevent continuing and increasing confusion, 
the ICZN plenary powers should be invoked to resolve the difficulty in favour of 
maintaining usage of Dexia: this requires the setting aside of Westwood’s type- 
designation and the fixation of rustica Fabricius as the type of Dexia. 

It will take some time to prepare the necessary case and to obtain a decision 


46 R. W. CROSSKEW 


from the ICZN, and it has therefore been unavoidable to make a choice for purposes 
of the present work as to whether to adopt the usage of Dexia, anticipating a 
Commission case, or whether to use the currently correct nomenclature under the 
Code. From contacts with fellow specialists it appears unlikely that an application 
to the Commission to set aside Westwood’s type-designation and to have rustica 
fixed as type-species of Dexia would be opposed, and it has therefore been decided 
here to adopt the ‘nomenclature of usage’ for Dexia and Phyllomya, pending a 
Commission ruling when the case is put. 

It follows from this that Dexilla Westwood, a name employed in an earlier paper 
dealing with Oriental Prosenini (Crosskey, 1967c), is here treated as an absolute 
synonym of Dexia Meigen, since both will have rustica as type-species. In this 
earlier paper I emphasized that many so-called genera from the Oriental area that 
had been proposed by Townsend could not be satisfactorily separated from Dexia 
(as Dexilla) when the whole Old World fauna was carefully considered. While 
preparing the present revisionary work I have again considered these Townsendian 
genera, and maintain my earlier view that none of them can be justified in the 
light of the characters that were supposed to differentiate them or in the 
light of any other combinations of characters. There is no doubt that the Prosenini 
(Dexiini) have been badly and unnecessarily ‘split’ on the basis of characters that 
are completely unstable in the Dexia-complex (such as the presence or absence of 
a small pra seta, the number of stpl setae, and the number of post ia setae) and 
that it is necessary to sink many names as synonyms in order to revert to a broader 
and more definable concept of Dexia. Accordingly I treat Townsend’s names 
Phasiodexia, Eoptilodexia, Eomyocera, Sumatrodexia, Calotheresia, Eomyoceropsis, 
Asbellopsis and Barydexia as synonyms of Dexia. Also treated as straight synonyms 
are the subgeneric names Dexillina and Dexillosa proposed by Kolomiets, as (taking 
Dexia s.l. as a whole) I am unable to find any really convincing way in which a 
useful subgeneric classification within Dexia can be formulated. 

The principal characteristics that define Dexia and differentiate it from other 
genera of Dexiini are as follows. 


Dexia Meigen. Head always with a strong (usually subfusiform) facial carina. Para- 
frontals bare or virtually so. Palpi well developed. Proboscis shorter than head height. 
Propleuron bare (one species with some minute hairs medially). Humeral callus with two 
strong setae, sometimes a weak third differentiated. Pteropleural seta present (cf. the 
Australian genus Senostoma). Pleural hairing almost always all dark. Usually three 
post dc setae. Cell Rs open. Bend of vein M abrupt, often appendiculate, near to 
wing margin. Second costal sector haived ventrally. Forms with rather slender facies and 
usually with extremely elongate legs. 


It will be noted that the character of haired ventral surface to the second costal 
sector has been italicized in the foregoing characterization. This has been done 
to draw special attention to what appears to be a character of considerable sig- 
nificance in defining Dexia. The occurrence of hairing along the lower surface 
of the second costal sector is unusual in the Proseninae as a whole, and the sector 
is bare below in all Rutiliini and Doleschallini and in almost all Prosenini other 
than Dexia. The character of haired second costal sector therefore appears to be 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 47 


of greater taxonomic significance in the prosenines than in many other tachinid 
groups, and I attach considerable weight to it in defining Dexia and determining 
its synonyms. If all the Oriental genera so far described that possess the second 
costal sector hairing are aggregated (i.e. all the genera described by Townsend 
and above-mentioned) it is found that they give the impression of being a ‘natural’ 
genus, and that they are then not distinguishable from European Dexia; thus I 
use the common possession of hairing on the venter of the second costal sector as 
one of the prime reasons for synonymizing the Townsend genera with Dexia. It 
is particularly striking how the haired sector immediately differentiates Dexia 
from other well known genera of its tribe such as Billaea, Dinera and Myostoma 
in which the second costal sector is bare. 

The second complex to be found in the Oriental Prosenini in which I have taken 
the broad generic viewpoint is that of Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy. Many so-called 
genera have been described in various zoogeographical regions that are allied to 
Billaea but that differ merely in the degree of development of the facial carina. 
Most of these genera are untenable, for intermediates exist, and undoubtedly in 
this complex the facial carina does not provide a valid generic character. I there- 
fore agree very closely with Mesnil (19500 : 113) and treat Billaea as a genus including 
forms both with and without a facial carina, and in conformity with him I consider 
(for example) that the New World Paratheresia Townsend and Bathytheresia 
Townsend (which lack the facial carina) are synonymous with Billaea. Likewise, 
I here synonymize the Oriental genera Theresiopsis Townsend and Philotrichostylum 
Townsend, both of which lack the facial carina but fall within the broad concept 
of Billaea. The main characters possessed by Billaea, as the genus is here recognized, 
are as follows. 


Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy. Head with or without a facial carina. Palpi well developed. 
Proboscis short. Propleuron haired. Humeral callus with three or more differentiated 
setae. Pteropleural seta differentiated. Nearly always two stpl setae. Four post dc 
setae. Mid tibia usually with two or three adsetae. Cell R;open. Bend of vein M angulate, 
usually with short M, appendix, near to wing margin. Second costal sector bare ventrally. 
Abdominal tergites without discal setae and both sexes always without median marginal 
setae on Tr + 2. Forms with robust build and short legs, often with the facies of large 
Sturmiini. 

The faunal composition of the Prosenini in the Oriento-Australasian regions 
shows some interesting features that deserve comment. The most conspicuous 
feature of-the fauna is its impoverishment in New Guinea, where (on present evidence) 
the tribe is represented only by the genus Prosena. The distribution of Dexia, 
the predominant genus in the Oriental Region, appears to extend eastwards as 
far as Celebes and there to stop so that no Dexia-like forms occur in New Guinea 
itself or in the Pacific islands eastwards of New Guinea. Similarly, the genus 
Senostoma, the predominant element in the Australian fauna, reaches into northern 
Queensland but seems not to have entered New Guinea. Insufficient is known 
of the hosts or potential hosts (presumably all in the Coleoptera) to determine 
whether the striking difference between the Papuan fauna and that of adjacent 
areas is associated with similar differences in the distribution of hosts. 


48 R. W. CROSSKEY 


A noteworthy difference between the Prosenini of the Orient and those of Australia 
lies in the pteropleural seta. In the Oriental Region Pyvosena is the only genus 
in which the pteropleural seta is absent (i.e. undifferentiated in the hair tuft on the 
upper pteropleuron), all species in the other Oriental genera (such as Dexia, Billaea, 
Philippodexia, Tylodexia) having at least one strongly developed upper pteropleural 
seta. By contrast, the pteropleural seta is lacking in the Australian genera Senostoma 
and Macropodexia (both close allies of Prosena) which form the faunal counterpart 
in Australia of Dexia in the Oriental Region. 

Here may be mentioned the (apparently) disjunct distribution of the genus 
Myostoma. This essentially Palaearctic genus occurs in the northern fringes of 
the Oriental Region (northern India, Nepal, Sikkim) and also in northern Borneo 
but is unknown from areas in between. 

Finally in this discussion of Prosenini it is necessary to call attention to the 
synonymy of Prosena malayana Townsend with P. siberita (Fabricius) that is 
newly established in the catalogue (Part II), and to an error in the statements 
and figures that van Emden (1947) gave for these two nominal species. Van 
Emden described P. brevirostvris from the Ethiopian Region and at the end of 
the description (van Emden, 1947 : 632) noted that this species differed from both 
siberita and malayana in the male genitalia, and that these two species were also 
different from each other. On plate II he illustrated (figs 13-15) the male terminalia 
of what he considered to be the three distinct species. Unfortunately, examination 
of the specimen and slide mount of genitalia in BMNH (correlated by a reference 
number, 451) labelled by van Emden as ‘malayana’ shows that the specimen he 
used as the basis of his statements and figure for P. malayana was misidentified 
by him: it is actually a hairy-parafacial specimen of Prosena belonging to P. facialis 
Curran. Hence figure 15 on plate II of van Emden (1947) is of P. facials, not of 
P. malayana. 

From my own examination of a long series of Eurasian specimens of Pvosena, 
including the type-material of malayana (the type of szberita is lost) I can find nothing 
either in external features or in male genitalia to suggest that malayana specimens 
from south-east Asia are specifically distinct from the widespread northern Eurasian 
siberita. On the taxonomic evidence available at present I therefore conclude 
that malayana should be synonymized with svberita. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF PROSENINI (DEXIINI) 


1 Proboscis short, its length much less than the height of the head. Pteropleural seta 
distinctly differentiated. Palpi well developed, longer than the third antennal 
segment : : c : : : ; : : : : - : 2 

— Proboscis very long and slender, its length conspicuously greater than the height of 
the head (Text-fig. 28). Pteropleural seta absent. Palpi reduced, much shorter 


than the third antennal segment. . ; , PROSENA Le Peletier & Serville 
2 Abdomen with Tr + 2 excavate to its hind margin or almost so. Palpi normal, 
slender and filiform or at most slightly thickened apically, sometimes flattened. 3 


— Abdomen with T1 + 2 not excavate for more than about half its length. Palpi 
very strongly clubbed ; ‘ : ; : : DEXIOTRIX Villeneuve 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 


3 Wing with cell R, open or closed just at the wing margin. Pleural regions of the 
thorax with black or brownish black hair (occasionally some pale hair ventrally 
in Dexia). Head with a facial carina (except in some Billaea species). Bend of 
vein M nearly always much closer to the wing margin than to m-cu . , : 

— Wing with cell R, closed and petiolate, the petiole about as long as 7-m. Pleural 
regions of the thorax with white or yellowish white hair. Head without a facial 
carina. Bend of vein M much nearer to m-cu than to the wing margin 


4 Second costal sector of the wing haired ventrally 
— Second costal sector of the wing bare ventrally : 
5 Propleuron bare (excepting cal/dwelli in which a few minute aes pee ceut medially). 


DOLICHODEXIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


49 


5 
6 


Head with a facial carina. Palpi not flattened : . DEXIA Meigen 


— Propleuron fully haired. Head without a facial carina. Palpi distinetly flattened 


along their length ; : : Undetermined genus 


{Running out here is a ele uadesexibed Species. from Malaya that cannot be 

satisfactorily placed to a genus at present. It is a large species with facies 
somewhat intermediate between Dexia and Billaea.| 

6 Two prst dc setae. Prescutum without clearly differentiated acrostichal setae. 

Pre-alar seta absent. Wing with veins R,,, and M, ending almost at the wing- 

apex and with the second costal sector exceptionally short (about half as long as 

the first sector and subequal in length to m-cu). Very small forms, length not 


exceeding 6mm . . : : TYLODEXIA Townsend 


— Three or more pyrst dc setae. Peescutum with strong acrostichal setae (usually two 
pairs). Pre-alar seta present. Wing with veins R,,,; and M, ending as usual 
distinctly basad of the wing-apex and with the second costal Secu not unusually 
short (more than half as long as the first sector and longer than m-cu). Larger 
forms, length at least 8 mm and usually much more 

7 Propleuron bare. ¢ head with eyes almost meeting, upper part of interfrontal area 
obliterated and frons at its narrowest not more than twice as wide as the anterior 
ocellus. Head with facial carina of characteristic shape, the carina narrow 
between the antennae but widening towards its ventral end and then contracting 


again to the epistome. . ; . MYOSTOMA Robineau-Desvoidy 


— Propleuron haired. ¢ head with eyes well separated, upper part of interfrontal area 
not obliterated by meeting of the parafrontals, frons at its narrowest at least four 
times as wide as the anterior ocellus. Head with or without facial carina, if 
present then differently shaped (with subparallel sides, subfusiform, or more or 
less regularly widening towards the epistome) : 

8 Three post dc setae (a supernumerary fourth hair-like post dc ‘rarely iter posed 
between the first and second seta). Facial carina present, rather sharp and 
narrow. Abdominal Tr + 2 with a pair of strong median marginal setae in the 
6, without median marginal setae in the 2. Mainly slender Devia-like forms with 
very long legs ; , : , : ‘ : : : : 

— Four strong post dc ee Facial carina present or absent, when present almost 
always rather broad (wider than the third antennalsegment). Abdominal Tr + 2 
without median marginal setae in both sexes. Mainly robust forms with the 
legs not unusually elongate and often with the facies of large Sturmiini 


BILLAEA Robineau-Desvoidy 


9 Abdominal T3 and T4 without discal setae. Profrontal region of the head bare. 
Bend of vein M extremely close to wing margin (distance from bend to margin 
about equal to the length of y-m). Forms with the abdomen largely yellow or 
reddish yellow and with the femora and usually much of the tibiae reddish-yellow. 
[Malaysia, western Indonesia, Philippines] : : : : 

— Abdominal T3 and T4 with strong erect median discal actne. Profrontal region of 
the head black-haired. Bend of vein M not very close to wing margin (distance 


Io 


50 Re W.(CROSSKEN 


from bend to margin much greater than the length of y-m). Blackish forms with 
unicolorous black legs. [Himalayan parts of Oriental Region, also Palaearctic} 
DINERA Robineau-Desvoidy 
10 Abdominal T5 of g produced to a rather sharp posterodorsal point and bearing some 
stubby spiniform setae in front of the marginal setae URODEXIOMIMA Townsend 
[This genus is known only from the ¢ holotype of the type-species, which has 
not been available for study during the preparation of this key. The validity 
of the genus is questionable. | 
— Abdominal T5 of g not forming an unusually sharp pai to the abdomen and 
bearing very short and rather fine setulae in front of the marginal setae 
PHILIPPODEXIA Townsend 


Tribe RUTILIINI 


A reclassification of this tribe, together with keys to the species, has recently 
been published (Crosskey, 1973@). The rutiliines are somewhat disjunct in the 
Oriental Region from the other Proseninae (Dexiinae) and it appears likely that 
their occurrence in the area is attributable to relatively recent immigration from 
the main centre of tribal evolution in New Guinea and Australia. Only two of 
the eight currently recognized genera are found in the region, each being represented 
there by only one of its constituent subgenera, viz. Formosia s.str. and Rutilia 
(Chrysorutilia). Nothing is known of the hosts in the Oriental Region, but else- 
where they include the large wood-inhabiting larvae of Lucanidae and soil-inhabiting 
larvae of Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera). 


Key TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF RUTILIINI 


(Note. The key characters serve only to distinguish Oriental specimens of Foyvmosia and 
Rutilia; they do not hold true for all specimens of these genera elsewhere. } 


1 Parafacials bare. Suprasquamal ridge bare. Postalar wall with a dense hair-tuft. 
Abdominal T3 with a transverse row of spiniform marginal setae. Scutellum with 
apical pair of setae inserted about on a level with the other scutellars marginals. 
Fore coxa uniformly haired on its inner anterior surface (Text-fig. 140) 
FORMOSIA Guérin-Méneville 
— Parafacials haired. Suprasquamal ridge densely haired (Text-fig. 145). Postalar 
wallbare. Abdominal T3 without such marginals, at mostwithone pair. Scutellum 
with apical pair of setae inserted at a lower level than the other scutellar marginals. 
Fore coxa bare on its inner anterior surface (Text-fig. 141) 
RUTILIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe DOLESCHALLINI 


This tribe includes the most slender-bodied and elongate-legged Tachinidae in 
the Old World, and is found in southern India and Ceylon, and from Borneo and 
the Philippines eastwards to the Solomon Islands; on the evidence so far available 
the Doleschallini are unrepresented in the Malay peninsula, western Indonesia 
and Queensland, but the apparent absence of the tribe from these areas may be 
due simply to lack of collecting of this rare group. The adult flies are rarely 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 51 


encountered and seem to spend much of their time sitting motionless (and well 
concealed) on the trunks of coconut and other trees not far from the ground, 
and this secretive habit probably accounts for the rarity of specimens in museum 
collections. The association with tree trunks is probably concerned with host- 
seeking, for the known hosts include coleopterous and lepidopterous borer larvae 
that tunnel in living wood: in the Oriental region Doleschalla elongata (Wulp) 
attacks Sahyadrassus malabaricus Moore, a hepialid pest of teak and Eucalyptus 
saplings (Beeson & Chatterjee, 1935), and in Bougainville and the Solomon Islands 
a species of Doleschalla (not yet definitely named) attacks cerambycid beetle larvae. 

Mesnil (19754) is the only recent author to have discussed the doleschallines in 
any detail, and his account of the group appeared whilst the present work was in 
preparation. As it differs in several important respects from my own view of the 
group I present below some comments on the possible affinities and the generic 
composition of the Doleschallini. 

Mesnil associates the Old World genus Torocca Walker and the New World 
genera Cordyligaster Macquart and Eucordyligaster Townsend with Doleschalla 
Walker (and immediate allies), so that together these forms constitute his subtribe 
XXXVI (Doleschallina), and considers that the group so constituted is closely 
related to the Thelairini. This interpretation of the tribal-group taxon seems to 
me to be only very doubtfully warranted, for whilst Tovocca appears in every way 
to be phyletically close to Thelaiva (as probably are the American Cordyligaster 
and allies) this is not the case with Doleschalla. On the contrary, the entire adult 
morphological facies (including male terminalia) of Doleschalla s.l. is essentially 
that of the Proseninae (Dexiinae) and I can see no reason for excluding Doleschalla 
from this subfamily. The host-relations, so far as they are known, do not contra- 
indicate that Doleschalla should be regarded as a prosenine, for members of the 
genus attack larval Coleoptera. One species is also known to attack a timber-boring 
swift-moth in India, but the ecological similarity between timber-boring lepi- 
dopterous larvae and timber-boring coleopterous larvae is so close that it seems 
fair to suppose that Doleschalla—though a prosenine—has come to parasitize 
Hepialidae because of their occupation of the same biological niche as timber-boring 
beetles. In my view, therefore, Torocca and Doleschalla cannot legitimately be 
regarded as contribal, and I treat the former as part of Thelairini and the latter 
as constituting the monogeneric Old World tribe Doleschallini within the Proseninae 
(Dexiinae). 

Four nominal genera belong in the Doleschallini, in the tribal sense here used, 
but I recognize only the genus Doleschalla itself as valid. The other so-called 
genera, namely Rhaphis Wulp, Doleschallopsis Townsend and Macrosophia Town- 
send, are untenable when the fauna is adequately studied, because of the essential 
homogeneity of the group as a whole and the fact that intermediates exist between 
the type-species on which the four generic names are based. Townsend (19360; 
19390) recognized all four genera, in his usual splitting fashion, even though Wulp 
(1896 : 139) had already established the synonymy of his own genus Rhaphis 
with Doleschalla. 

Mesnil (1975a : 1348) has continued to accept Rhaphis as valid, despite Wulp’s 


52 R. W. CROSSKEY 


own synonymy, but only on the basis of the extraordinary attenuation of the male 
abdomen in the type-species, Rhaphis elongata Wulp (Text-fig. 115). However, 
Mesnil writes of Rhaphis ‘Eine Gattung aus Ceylon (Q unbekannt)’, and his accept- 
ance of Rhapiis as valid is perhaps due to inadequate information on the type-species: 
in fact elongata is known from southern India and Philippines, as well as Ceylon, 
and the female has been known (although apparently not described) since it was 
first reared from a hepialid host in southern India in the 1930’s (host record in 
Beeson & Chatterjee, 1935 : 179; Beeson, 1961 : 351). Examination of the female 
from Beeson’s rearing (in BMNH collection and certainly correctly associated with 
the male) shows that it is indistinguishable from the female of Doleschaila species 
from other parts of the Oriento-Australasian regions, and indicates without doubt 
that Wulp (1896d) was right to treat Rhaphis as synonymous with Doleschalla. 
(In passing it may be observed that elongata is not the only Doleschalla species 
in which the male abdomen is exceptionally attenuate: conspicuous elongation 
occurs also in the male of D. tenuis Malloch from Sabah and Sarawak, see Text-fig. 
108, a species which also has the female abdomen of normal Doleschalla shape, 
Text-fig. 114.) 

The names Doleschallopsis Townsend and Macrosophia Townsend are both placed 
here as new synonyms of Doleschalla after examination of the primary types of 
the type-species (lectotype 3 of D. makilingensis Townsend from Philippines in 
USNM, Washington, D.C. and holotype 2 of M. papua Townsend from New Guinea 
in MNHU, Berlin). The holotype of papua is a fully typical female of Doleschalla 
and I can see no characters by which it differs. The lectotype and other specimens 
of makilingensis have a pair of small apical scutellar setae developed in addition 
to the normal two pairs of scutellar marginals found in Doleschalla but degree of 
development of these apical setae is very variable, and in the absence of other 
differentiating characters it is not justified to attribute generic validity to Doleschal- 
lopsis. Hence in the present treatment the tribe Doleschallini is considered 
monogeneric for Doleschalla, and Rhaphis, Doleschallopsis and Macrosophia are all 
considered synonyms of Doleschalla. 

The genus Doleschalla is in need of revision. Specific limits in the genus are 
uncertain, except for those species (elongata, tenuis) in which the male abdomen 
shows excessive elongation of a very distinctive kind. Study is needed to determine 
the degree of intraspecific variability, whether male genitalia provide useful char- 
acters, and whether females show features for reliable specific separation. Many 
so-called species have been described, particularly by authors of the last century 
working with specimens from Moluccas and New Guinea, but poor condition of some 
of the types, inadequate information on natural variability and the difficulty of 
correlating the sexes, make it uncertain how many of these should be considered 
valid and which names apply to the same species. 


The main characteristics of Doleschallini are as follows. Eyes bare. Facial carina absent. 
Epistome flat. Parafacials and parafrontals bare. Genal dilation not developed. Head 
subtriangular in profile, shorter at epistome than at antennal axis (Text-fig. 29). Vibrissae 
undeveloped. Ocellar setae absent. Inner vertical setae converging or crossing. Arista 
plumose. Proboscis short. Palpi well developed. Prescutum as long as scutum. Noto- 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 53 


pleuron not or only very weakly differentiated from prescutum. Posteroventral declivity of 
thorax very deep and semi-sclerotized (resembling that of Cylindromyiini). Prosternum and 
prosternal membrane bare. Propleuron bare. Humeral callus with one seta, this sometimes 
with one or two small hair-like setulae in addition. Mesonotal chaetotaxy very reduced. 
o + I ta seta; acy_setae absent or at most one prescutellar pair; 0 or 1 prst dc seta, 1-3 post dc 
setae; pra seta absent or if present then minute; one sa seta; two postalar setae. Suprasquamal 
ridge and postalar wall bare. o + 1 or 1 + 1 stpl setae. Pteropleural seta strong. Barette 
bare. Hypopleural setae represented by a bunch of long hairs. Infrasquamal setulae absent. 
Scutellum usually with only two pairs of setae (basals and subapicals), sometimes weak pair of 
apicals and very weak pair of preapicals present, laterals always absent. Wings very long and 
narrow, veins bare (except for one or two minute hairs on basal node of Ry, ;). Second costal 
sector bare ventrally. Cell R; open. Bend of vein M very near to wing margin and with well 
developed M, appendix. Last section of vein Cu, exceptionally short (about one-third as 
long as m—cu or less). Calyptrae bare. Legs exceedingly long and slender, often with sinuous 
tibiae in g. Fore coxa bare on inner anterior surface. Femora without v setae. Leg setae 
very reduced in size. Fore tibia with one pu seta. Mid tibia without ad setae, with a small 
(often minute) submedian v seta, and one p seta. Hind tibia with from 2—4 small ad and pd 
setae, two d preapical setae and no fv apical setae. Abdomen very elongate, subcylindrical 
or finely and gradually tapered (Text-figs 108, 114, 115), T1 + 2 not excavate to hind margin, 
no discal setae (except occasionally one pair on T5). Tr + 2, T3 and T4 normally with one 
pair each of median marginal setae, these sometimes absent. Sternites concealed (except Str). 


SUBFAMILY TACHININAE: KEYS TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA 


This is the subfamily that van Emden (1960), in dealing with the Ethiopian 
Tachinidae, referred to as the Macquartiinae, but Tachininae is the correct name 
under the rules of nomenclature. It is an enormous group of extremely hetero- 
geneous flies that cannot be readily defined, and tends to be used as a repository 
for a miscellany of disparate forms (almost certainly polyphyletic) that cannot be 
fitted into the other subfamilies, at any rate as these are understood at present. 
Moves are afoot by specialists to re-appraise the Tachininae, and these seem likely 
to result in the removal of several tribes from the subfamily and their placement 
in other subfamilies — either in a much widened concept of the Proseninae (Dexiinae) 
or in the extra subfamily Voriinae (already recognized by Verbeke, 1962), and to 
some extent by other authors). As subfamiliar classification is currently in a 
state of flux it has been thought best for present purposes to treat the Tachininae 
in the wide sense adopted by van Emden (op. cit.) and in my recent review of 
Australian Tachinidae (Crosskey, 19730); the latter work contains a summary of 
the principal characteristics shown by the Tachininae in this sense. 

As regards the tribes within the Tachininae I have to a very large extent followed 
the pattern set by van Emden (1960) as I have found his tribal concepts (in the 
main) to be as practical as any when dealing with a little known tropical fauna. 
Nevertheless it is recognized that tribal classification on these lines might be faulted 
as ‘over-split’ and tending to conceal some rather obvious close phyletic relation- 
ships: for example the Voriini, Wagneriini, Campylochetini and Phyllomyini are 
clearly very close and could be treated as contribal, and the same could be said 
of the Linnaemyini, Ernestiini and Tachinini which could be merged to one tribe 
(and which are but very distantly related to the Voriini group of tribes). The 


54 R. W. CROSSKEY 


difficulty is, however, that if such groups of tribes are merged the enlarged tribes 
become even more difficult to define and almost impossible to key out satisfactorily 
on external adult morphology (upon which all keys must depend when dealing 
with a little worked fauna like that of the Oriental Region) —-and even in the 
restricted sense the tribes of Tachininae are excessively difficult to cope with 
satisfactorily in identification keys. The characters of the various tribes often 
overlap, chaetotactic characters are frequently unstable, and many forms show 
gross apomorphic (or presumably apomorphic) changes away from the ‘norm’ that 
produce aberrancy of a kind difficult to cater for if keys are to remain at all practical. 
These facts need to be borne in mind when using the tribal key that is given here, 
for there is no doubt that it will be difficult to identify every specimen reliably 
to tribe without some experience. A few aberrant or tribally unplaceable genera 
have intentionally been left out of consideration when constructing the key in 
order not to over-complicate it, but the effect of this on the usefulness of the key 
will be negligible as the forms involved are very rare and not likely to be at hand 
for naming. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL TRIBES OF TACHININAE 


[Note. Special attention is drawn to the points discussed in the paragraphs immediately 
preceding this key. |] 


1 Prosternal region of the thorax strongly inflated, ballooning out so that it is easily 


visible in profile . : , : ORMIINI As 62) 
— Prosternal region of the ees normal, not visible in “ahs : 2 
2 Lower calypter extremely small, not projecting beyond the upper Calpe (as in 

Scathophagidae) . i ; : OXYPHYLLOMYIINI (p. 94) 
— Lower calypter of normal lange size int Bs varied shape, projecting far beyond the 

upper calypter . z 3 


3. Arista inserted on the apex of the third arieanel seement (Text. fig. 50). Ae 
axis level with the top of the eye or even slightly above it, the frons therefore 
horizontal or almost so (Text-fig. 50). Antennae exceptionally long (third segment 
11-17 times as long as the very small second segment) and with the third segment 
deeply trifid in the g¢ (Text-fig. 50) . Genus Trischidocera Villeneuve (? tribe) 
— Arista inserted at or near the base of the third antennal segment (very rarely about 
halfway along its length). Antennal axis below the level of the top of the eye, the 
frons therefore sloping at least slightly downwards. Antennae normal (third 
segment not more than seven times as long as the second segment) and with the 


third segment undivided in both sexes : : : 4 
4 Hind coxa entirely bare on the posterodorsal surface : : : : : 5 
— Hind coxa with fine soft hair on the posterodorsal surface . . TACHININI (p. 102) 


5 Thoracic surface microrugose. Abdominal vestiture composed solely of short hairing 
without differentiated setae. Presutural seta absent. No intra-alar setae 
GERMARIOCHAETINI (p. 80) 
— Thoracic surface normal. Abdominal vestiture composed of hairing and setae 
(latter sometimes very fine). Presutural seta present. At least one and usually 


at least two intra-alar setae : 6 
6 Ocellar setae reclinate. Facial ridge ah Sone setae on ine mhoe of its helene 
(Text-fig. 61). Propleuron haired : . : CAMPYLOCHETINI (p. 65) 


— Ocellar setae proclinate or absent. Facial ridge bare or with weak setae on not 
more than half of its height. Propleuron nearly always bare . : : : 7 


Io 


It 


I2 


13 


14 


T5 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 55 


Parafacial with a row of several very strong downcurved setae on its whole height 
WAGNERIINI (p. 68) 
Parafacial bare or haired but without strong setae (except in Voria with a very 


strong seta at the upper end near the bottom of the frontal row) : 8 
Fore coxa haired on the whole (or almost the whole) of its inner anterior Sariaue 

(similar to Text-fig. 140) ; - : : : : : 9 
Fore coxa bare on most of its inner nee cinta ; E I2 
Vein R, setulose on nearly all its length and vein R,, ; setulose almost as be as Or 

fayond v-M. : : 10 
Vein R, bare and vein — = saith a few hairs or setulae enuened to the basal ade : II 


Arista peace: Vein Cu, with the last section subequal in length to m-cu and the 
latter not unusually oblique. g frons narrower than that of 2 and without 
proclinate orbital setae 2 - THELAIRINI (part) (p. 74) 
Arista bare. Vein Cu, with the last Seeton a much longer than m-cu and the 
latter exceptionally oblique (e.g. as Text-fig. 92). g and 2 frons of equal width 
and both with proclinate orbital setae . d : VORIINI (p. 65) 
Eyes haired. Scutellum with four or more pairs of marginal setae. Epistome 
normal. Lower calypter with the upper surface extensively haired or at least 
with hairs near the outer edge. Head profile typically as Text-fig. 59 
NEMORAEINI (p. 89) 
Eyes bare. Scutellum with three pairs of marginal setae. Epistome constricted 
to a long narrow strip by approximation of the subfacial regions (Text-fig. 68). 
Lower calypter bare. Head profile as Text-fig. 40 . MICROPHTHALMINI (p. 77) 
Supra-alar region of the scutum with one strong isolated seta, the first sa (pra and 
second sa absent). One or two post ia setae. Pallid luteous or reddish brown 
forms with sparse stubby parafacial hairing. [Parasites of adult Scarabaeoidea] 
PALPOSTOMATINI (p. 57) 
Supra-alar region of the scutum with two or three setae of varied size, sometimes 
supernumeraries in addition (pra and second sa nearly always both present even if 
very small, very rarely both missing as in occasional minthoines). Two or three 
post ia setae (sometimes very fine). Not such forms. [Not parasites of Scara- 
baeoidea] . 13 
Epistome prominent, warped forwards from the face and visible in front of the 
vibrissal insertions when the head seen in profile (but not always strongly so) (e.g. 
as Text-figs 45, 46, 48, 49); vibrissae usually inserted ix grasa alii above the 
level of the epistomal margin : 14 
Epistome not prominent, invisible or only pee visihile in front of the vibrissal 
insertions when the head seen in profile (usually in much the same plane as the 
face) (e.g. as Text-figs 35, 41, 42, 44); vibrissae es inserted on a level with the 
epistomal margin : : : : : : 07 
Scutellum with two or three waite of ee — Humeral callus with two or 
three setae (except in Thelaivoleskia and occasional specimen of Demoticoides with 
four or five). Eyes usually bare. Three postdc setae . : LESKIINI (p. 91) 
Scutellum with four or more pairs of marginal setae. Humeral callus with four or 
more differentiated setae (occasional specimen with only ae Eyes haired 
(except in Pavopesia). Three or four post dc setae . - 15 
Abdominal Tr + 2 excavate to its hind margin. Three post za ssetae G@beaaetly 
only two in some specimens of Janthinomyia but then the anterior one far removed 
from the transverse suture and much closer to the posterior one). Eyes densely 
haired (e.g. as Text-fig. 49). Hind tibia with or without pu apical seta. 5 16 
Abdominal Tr + 2 not excavate to its hind margin. Two post za setae (subequal 
in size and anterior one as close to or closer to the transverse suture as to the 
posterior one). Eyes haired or bare. Hind tibia without pv apical seta 
PARERIGONINI (p. 97) 


56 


a7) 


18 


19 


20 


21 


RoW. GROSSE Yi 


Palpi fully developed, longer than third antennal segment. Three or four post dc 
setae. Bend of vein M strongly angulate but usually without M, appendix 
(appendix present in Gymnocheta). Prosternum bare or with some soft hair. 
[Forms often with metallic coppery, green or blue-violet colouring] ERNESTIINI (p. 95) 
Palpi very small or almost completely vestigial, much shorter than third antennal 
segment. Three post dc setae. Bend of vein M with a well developed M, 
appendix. Prosternum bare. [Forms without metallic colouring] 
LINNAEMYINI (p. 98) 


Eyes densely haired (hairing long and conspicuous) . : 18 
Eyes bare or almost so (some very sparse and minute hairs peeaaneliy nee : 19 
Parafacials completely haired. Scutellum with three pairs of marginal setae. 


Second costal sector haired ventrally. Three or four post dc setae 
MACQUARTIINI (p. 85) 
[The hairy-eyed species Gibsonomyia annularis (Villeneuve) (tribe Phyllomyini), 
known only from southern China, will also run out at this point. ]} 
Parafacials bare or almost completely so (at most some hairs on the upper parts 
adjacent to the lower ends of the frontal rows). Scutellum with four or more 
pairs of marginal setae. Second costal sector bare ventrally. Three post dc 
setae . : : . ERNESTIINI (part) (p. 95) 
Palpi absent (iiocera) or pee with both eee eens greatly elongate (Text-fig. 
44) and thickened on almost all its length (Tvichactia). Scutellum with very 
strong crossed apical setae that are larger than the (unusually weak) subapical 
setae, and with a pair of discal setae. Bend of vein M@ much nearer to y-m than 
tothe bend. Face strongly excavate, the facial profile deeply concave immediately 
above the vibrissa (Text-fig. 44). Hind tibia with pu apical seta. Both sexes 
with broad frons and outer vertical setae. Genal depth half eye-height (Text-fig. 
44) or almost so . : : . ELOCERIINI (p. 84) 
Palpi present and arista with) basal seemonts aot Sleneate. Scutellum with or 
without apical setae, if strong crossed apicals present then very strong subapicals 
present that are larger than the apicals; discal scutellar setae absent (except in 
Glaurocarini and rarely elsewhere). Bend of vein M nearer to the bend than 
y-m or about equidistant between the two (nearer y-m in a few exceptions). Face 
flat or weakly excavate, the facial profile straight or only slightly concave above 
the vibrissa. Hind tibia usually without pv apical seta. ¢ frons usually much 
narrower than that of 2 (g eyes often very strongly approximated) and usually 
without outer vertical setae. Genal depth nearly always much less than half 
eye-height . ; 20 
Abdomen rotund and with ie ones peace the ee eect weet by 
fusion dorsally (Text-fig. 116). Fore tibia with strong irregular ad setae along its 
length. Scutellum with discal setae and with four or more pairs of irregular 
marginal setae. Abdominal base and metacoxae very close together. Arista 
pubescent. [Forms with entirely reddish yellow, or reddish yellow and brown 
colouring, short bristly yellow legs, and rather large wings.| GLAUROCARINI (p. 64) 
Abdomen elongate-ovate, fusiform (e.g. as Text-fig. 109) or subcylindrical, almost 
always with the sutures between the tergites distinct. Fore tibia without ad setae 
or with some very small inconspicuous ad setulae (except more definite row of 
small setae in Actinochaetopteryx: ? also Thryptodexia). Scutellum almost always 
without discal setae and with not more than three pairs of marginal setae (except 
in Xanthopteromyia). Abdominal base and metacoxae often widely separated (the 
posteroventral declivity of the thorax sometimes forming a deep fully sclerotized 
bridge). Arista usually either distinctly plumose or almost bare. [Forms not 
so, often mainly or wholly black, if rather similarly coloured then other characters 
not fitting. ] : : : : : : ; : : j : ‘ 21 
Parafacials haired . 2 , : : : : : PHYLLOMYINI (p. 69) 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 57 


— Parafacials bare. 22 
22 Fore tarsus of 9 conspicuously enlarged and with manate eae. usually strongly 
laterally (sometimes dorsoventrally) flattened. Abdomen more or less laterally 
compressed (especially on last two visible tergites). [Mostly very slender black- 
bodied forms with 3 eyes . very closely approximated and vein R, always 
bare. ] : : : MINTHOINI (p. 85) 
— Fore tarsus slender in both sexes. Abdomen writh ‘little or no trace of lateral 
compression. {Varied forms, sometimes with broad 3 frons and sometimes with 
vein F, setulose] ; P . THELAIRINI (p. 74) 
[Note that the genus Metopomintho, which i is tentativ ely assigned to Phyllomyini, 
will run out here as it has bare parafacials and non-enlarged @ fore tarsus. | 


Tribe PALPOSTOMATINI 


The members of this small tribe attack adult beetles belonging to the Scara- 
baeoidea. The phyletic affinities of the tribe and the limits of its constituent 
genera are poorly understood, and a comprehensive revision is much needed. As 
in most groups of tachinids there are too many ill-defined genera that merge into 
each other when sufficient material is taken into account: this was already evident 
to Malloch (19274 : 339) fifty years ago, when he complained in amusing and 
Philippic fashion against Townsend’s needless erection of the genus Pseudopalpostoma. 

Several genera occur in the Oriental region and on this account I have made 
a careful examination of the external characteristics of the group so as to provide 
a preliminary basis for more detailed revision at a later stage: the information 
here provided supplements that already given in an earlier paper dealing with the 
Australian fauna (Crosskey, 1973). In this earlier work I provided a preliminary 
diagnosis of the tribe (especially based on its typical members), and suggested that 
the Oriental genus Eutrixopsis Townsend might not be a true palpostomatine, and 
(whilst not establishing definite synonymy) suggested that the Oriental genus 
Hamaxia Walker should be treated as a synonym of Palpostoma Robineau-Desvoidy. 
It is now possible, from further study during the preparation of this paper, to 
elaborate upon the points made earlier. 

Firstly, the synonymy of Hamaxia with Palpostoma: up to now these genera 
(the former Oriental and the latter Australian) have been considered distinct 
mainly because the wing cell R; is open in Hamaxia but closed and short-petiolate 
in Palpostoma, but in the light of all the shared characteristics this distinction no 
longer appears tenable for generic separation. One glance at Hamaxzia is sufficient 
to show that it possesses the papilliform processes on the labellae, the two post ia 
setae, the two pairs of scutellar setae, the bristled prosternum, the head facies, and 
all the other features of Palpostoma, but that cell R,; is open instead of closed. 
But R,, whilst it appears always to be closed in Australian Palpostoma, is not always 
petiolate, for in some specimens of P. subsessile Malloch from New South Wales 
the petiole is obsolescent and the cell closed at the wing margin (Malloch’s name 
subsessile refers to the brevity of the petiole). The existence of intermediates 
between Hamaxia and typical Palpostoma makes it impossible to maintain both 


: genera as valid, and Palpostoma is here redefined so as to include within it the 


58 R. W. CROSSKEY 


few species previously placed in Hamaxia and also in Hamaxiomima Verbeke (for 
the latter nominal genus from Africa is also indistinguishable from the redefined 
Palpostoma). With this synonymy established it is clear that Palpostoma becomes 
a clearly defined Old World genus of real homogeneity that is distinguished from 
other Palpostomatini by the bristled prosternum. The principal generic characters 
for Palpostoma as here redefined are as follows. 


Palpostoma Robineau-Desvoidy. Head with eyes strongly approximated, often holoptic 
in g, usually dichoptic but sometimes holoptic in 9. Face sunken and warped forwards 
to epistome. Epistome not conspicuously narrowed and at most only slightly elongated 
in its dorsoventral axis. Vibrissae present. Labellae with distinct palpiform processes 
of varying size. Prosternum setulose (each side with one or more downwardly directed 
bristles or strong hairs). Propleuron bare. Two fost 1a setae (except in aldvichi with one). 
Scutellum with two pairs of marginal setae (basals and strong crossed apicals). Wing with 
cell RF; open to short-petiolate (petiole at most only slightly longer than 7-m). Bend of 
vein M without appendix. Lower calypter small and evenly rounded on the hind margin, 
strongly diverging from the scutellum. 


It will be observed that Palpostoma aldrichi Hardy differs from other species 
by the possession of one instead of two post ia setae, a fact that it is necessary 
to emphasize because aldrichi is the species that Aldrich (1922) considered to be 
the type-species of Palpostoma and upon which he based his generic description 
(in which he cites one post 1a seta as diagnostic character). Palpostoma Robineau- 
Desvoidy was based originally upon a single species, P. testaceum Robineau-Desvoidy 
from ‘Nouvelle-Hollande’, of which the type is lost and the identity therefore 
uncertain. Aldrich (1922) determined as festacewm a species from northern Queens- 
land that possesses only one post 1a seta and that parasitizes Lepidoderma albohirtum 
Waterhouse (now called Dermolepida albohirta), but Hardy (1938) considered that 
Aldrich was in error because the beetle host occurs in a part of Australia from 
which Robineau-Desvoidy is most unlikely to have had material. Hardy therefore 
concluded that Aldrich misidentified testacewm, and that the species dealt with by 
Aldrich under this name was actually unnamed: Hardy therefore described it as 
P. aldvicht. Although Hardy’s view is conjectural it appears to me that he was 
almost certainly correct. The true testacewm Robineau-Desvoidy was almost 
certainly one of the more typical Palpostoma species with two post ia setae that 
occurs in New South Wales (the probable provenance of Robineau-Desvoidy’s 
specimen), and Hardy suggested that it is perhaps the species that Malloch described 
as P. apicale. This is quite likely true, but it appears even more possible that it 
might be the species that Malloch described as P. subsessile, because in this species 
the petiole of cell R; is rather short and Robineau-Desvoidy’s description (with 
the wording ‘pétiolée au sommet’) rather suggests a very short petiole. At the 
present time it cannot be decided to which species the name testacewm should be 
applied, as the whole complex of Palpostoma in Australia badly needs revision, but 
it is best to conclude (in agreement with Hardy) that it does not apply to Aldrich’s 
‘testaceum’ (=aldrichi), with its improbable provenance and atypical characteristics 
(which are strongly apomorphic in relation to the main body of Palpostoma species). 
Neotype designation is desirable in this case to fix the identity of testaceum but I 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 59 


am not making a designation at this time: it is better left pending until some worker 
can undertake the general revision of the genus. 

The characters of P. aldvichi are of special interest in relation to the Oriental 
palpostomatine genus Eutrixopsis Townsend, which in an earlier paper (Crosskey, 
19730) I suggested was possibly not a true palpostomatine. Apart from possessing 
three pairs of marginal scutellar setae instead of two, Eutrixopsis differs from most 
Palpostoma species by having the head holoptic in both sexes, the vibrissae obsoles- 
cent, the epistome narrowed and flattened and much elongated in its dorsoventral 
axis, and in possessing only one post ia seta. But P. aldrichi has a combination 
of characters that give it a facies rather apart from other species of Palpostoma 
and tending towards those giving rise to the characteristic facies of Eutrixopsis; 
for example, it has one post ia seta, vibrissae smaller than usual, some narrowing 
and elongation of the epistome, non-prominent vibrissal angles, and the head 
nearly holoptic in both sexes (in other Palpostoma species the frons, of the female 
at least, is distinctly developed and wider than that of the male). The occurrence 
of these Eutrixopsis-like features in a species that on total suite of characters 
should be placed in Palpostoma suggests that Eutrixopsis is an apomorphic derivative 
of Palpostoma-like forms, and Eutrixopsis is therefore accepted here as being a 
true palpostomatine. 

Also here placed in the Palpostomatini, but with much less certainty that the 
assignments are correct, are the aberrant genera Xanthooestrus Villeneuve and 
Zamimus Malloch — which appear certainly closely related to each other, whatever 
their general affinities may be. Both these genera are extremely difficult to place 
satisfactorily because of the strongly apomorphic modifications of the head, and 
because the host relations and early stages remain unknown; furthermore, even the 
adult flies are very rare in collections, and Zamimus is known only from the female 
holotype of the type-species. The heads have the oral cavity and proboscis 
exceptionally reduced and the lower anterior part of the head concomitantly 
modified into paired broad flattened subfacials flanking a reduced or even linear 
dorsoventrally elongate epistome; associated with these modifications (which appear 
to represent a yet more extreme development from the Ewutrixopsis head form) 
the antennae are extremely small, again much as in Eutrixopsis. The general 
appearance of the highly apomorphic heads in Xanthooestrus and Zamimus is 
strikingly similar to that of some Ormiini such as Therobia and Aulacephala, and 
Townsend (Manual of Myiology) placed both Xanthooestrus and Zamimus in his 
tribe Aulacephalini (i.e. part of the tribe now known as Ormiini). However, the 
two genera differ from the Ormiini in having a normal non-inflated prosternum 
and in having the bend of vein M widely obtuse, and usually gently curving without 
an appendix, and it is preferred to regard Xanthooestrus and Zamimus as extreme 
developments from a Eutrixopsis-like ancestor: they are therefore placed here in the 
Palpostomatini as a provisional measure until their affinities can be better determined. 

It is necessary to comment here on the Palaearctic genus Tachinoestrus Port- 
schinsky, firstly because of the seemingly very close relationship between it and 
Zamimus, and secondly because Mesnil (19735 : 1228) has recently synonymized 
Xanthooestrus and Tachinoestrus. The type-species of Tachinoestrus (namely 


60 RC PWiee GROSSIGE 


semenovt Portschinsky from Mongolia) has not been seen, but it seems certain 
that Zamimus must be very close to Tachinoestrus to judge from Portschinsky’s 
description: the resemblance in the remarkable heads is shown very clearly by 
comparing the female facial views figured in the respective original descriptions 
(Portschinsky, 1887: pl. VI, fig. 7a for Tachinoestrus and Malloch, 19320: fig. 5 
for Zamimus). The general appearance of Z. pendleburyi holotype is also remark- 
ably similar to Portschinsky’s coloured illustration of T. semenovi. It is possible 
that the two type-species are congeneric, and that Zamimus could prove to be a 
synonym of Tachinoestrus. Unfortunately with such rare insects it is difficult 
to decide upon generic limits and synonymies in the absence of good data on 
variability; probably many features in such aberrant forms, especially in the 
chaetotaxy, are intraspecifically variable. 

Concerning Xanthooestrus I am not fully certain that Mesnil’s synonymy with 
Tachinoestrus is justified at this stage, and I prefer to accept Xanthooestrus as 
valid for present purposes. I have not, however, seen specimens of its type-species 
(X. fastuosus) and am perforce judging the characters of Xanthooestrus from a 
specimen of X. formosus Townsend (which Townsend, 1938 : 269 says may not be 
congeneric with fastuosus). It is evident, though, from Villeneuve’s (1914) des- 
cription (based on the male) that the true Xanthooestrus must be closely related 
to Zamimus and it is not impossible that the latter genus is merely the female of 
the former. Future revisionary work with adequate material might reveal that 
the entire Tachinoestrus-Xanthooestrus-Zamimus complex should be treated as 
one genus. 

The foregoing discussion has concentrated upon forms that, if they are Palposto- 
matini at all, are very strongly apomorphic. At the other end of the scale is the 
genus Parhamaxia Mesnil, which-—although Palaearctic—has been examined 
during the present work. This genus has a quite normal tachinid appearance 
with strong chaetotaxy in which both pra seta and second sa seta are present and 
in which strong median discal setae are present on the intermediate abdominal 
segments. It has an obvious resemblance, especially in head profile, to Hamaxia 
(=Palpostoma) and appears without doubt to be a plesiomorphic palpostomatine. 
Hence the Palpostomatini appear to include a diversity of forms with very different 
facies at the extremes but interlinked by Palpostoma itself, Parhamaxia representing 
the plesiomorphic state and Eutrixopsis-Zamimus-Xanthooestrus the apomorphic 
state. The discovery of the hosts of the two last-named genera would be of great 
interest in determining the affinities more precisely, for if the association with 
palpostomatines is correct then coleopterous hosts are to be expected (whereas 
orthopterous hosts are to be expected if their affinities lie closely with the ormiines). 

Finally in this section it is desirable to mention the Australian Palpostoma 
complex. Hardy (1938) treated Eustacomyia Malloch and Apalpostoma Malloch 
as synonyms of Palpostoma and comprehensive revision of the tribe might prove 
this course justified. However, as pointed out earlier (Crosskey, 19730), both 
Eustacomyia (two species) and A palpostoma (one species) are still known only from 
the types of their included species, and it appears preferable to maintain these 
genera as valid for the time being rather than to extend the definition of Palpostoma 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION e (65 


to include them. Eustacomyia differs from Palpostoma by having the propleuron 
haired, and A palpostoma by having an M, appendix at the bend of M. 

Two small corrections should be noted to my treatment of Palpostoma in the 
earlier work (Crosskey, 1973) :54 & 175). In the key to Australian genera the 
presence of two post ia was cited as differentiating Palpostoma and allies from 
Eutrixopsis. It has now been realized that at least P. aldrichi has only one post 
ia seta and modification is needed to cover this: the second half of the first couplet 
(p. 54) should be amended to read “Two post ia setae (except in P. aldrichi with 
one)’. The second correction concerns the host list (p. 175) where the hosts listed 
against P. testacewm should be read against P. aldrichi (=P. testaceum sensu Aldrich 
and auct.) as the identity of the true ¢estacewm remains unsettled. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF PALPOSTOMATINI 


1 Antennae normal, their length about half the eye-height or more and at least equal 
to the depth of the gena (Text-fig. 34); third antennal segment in facial view more 
than twice as long as the second segment, its apex falling short of the oral margin 
by a distance not or only slightly greater than the whole antennal length. Lower 
anterior part of the head normal, vibrissal angles well formed (Text-fig. 34) and the 
epistome not constricted between flattened subfacials. Vibrissae present. Lower 
calypter small and evenly rounded, not touching the scutellar base. pra seta 
absent E 2 

— Antennae very reduced. ee feveth ee less en half the eve. height se less than 
the depth of the gena (Text-fig. 33); third antennal segment not or only slightly 
longer than the second segment, its apex falling short of the oral margin by a distance 
at least twice as great as the whole antennal length. Lower part of the head 
strongly modified, vibrissal angles undifferentiated (Text-fig. 33) and the epistomal 
region moderately to very strongly constricted between dilated subfacials (Text-figs 
65-67). Vibrissae absent or poorly differentiated. Lower calypter at least 
slightly widened posteriorly, usually juxtaposed to the scutellum near the base. 


pra seta present or absent : ; : : : : ; 5 : 3 
2 Prosternum bare. Three prst dc setae. Vertex seen from above as wide as an eye 
in both sexes. without proclinate orbital setae . F HAMAXIELLA Mesnil 


— Prosternum setose (each side with at least one long seta or strong hair directed 
downwards). Two prst dc setae. Vertex seen from above much narrower than an 
eye (especially in g). 2 with small (irregularly developed) proclinate orbital setae, 
inserted close to the frontal setae . : ; PALPOSTOMA Robineau-Desvoidy 
3. Pre-alar seta absent. One strong post ia seta. Antennal sockets almost contiguous 
(Text-fig. 65). Head virtually holoptic in both sexes (Test-fig. 65). . Proboscis and 
oral cavity well developed : - : EUTRIXOPSIS Townsend 
— Pre-alar seta present (about subequal in size to the sa seta). Post ia setae two or 
none (? constant). Antennal sockets conspicuously separated (Text-figs 66, 67). 
Head holoptic in ¢ (Text-fig. 66), widely dichoptic in 9 (Text-fig. 67). Proboscis 
and oral cavity exceptionally reduced, the proboscis almost entirely concealed in 
the small cavity and hardly at all visible in profile. F : : : 4 
4 Parafacials setulose. Sternopleural setae present. Two post ia setae. Pteropleuron 
with some long stiff setae , ‘ . ZAMIMUS Malloch 
— Parafacials bare. Sternopleural eZ Absent. “No 08: ia setae. Pteropleuron 
finely haired, without any stiff setae : é . XANTHOOESTRUS Villeneuve 
[The forms running out in this couplet are known from very few specimens. 
The characters cited might not prove constant. ] 


a 


62 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Tribe ORMIINI 


The Ormiini are parasites of crickets (Grylloidea) and bush-crickets (Tetti- 
gonioidea), and the first instar larva isa planidium. Theadult flies are characterized 
by having the prosternal region conspicuously inflated, especially in the females in 
which it usually forms an enormous balloon-like structure. The ocelli are often 
completely wanting, and most ormiines have the oral cavity and mouthparts very 
reduced (the epistome being much narrowed between widely expanded subfacials). 

Both Crosskey (19730) and Mesnil (19736) have provided preliminary definitions 
of the group, and these agree upon restricting it to forms showing the inflated 
prosternal region just mentioned. There are, however, several genera of aberrant 
Tachinidae which greatly resemble the ormiines in having the oral cavity and 
mouthparts very reduced and the subfacials greatly expanded (with consequent 
reduction of the epistome to a narrow strip) but in which the prosternum is normal. 
Such genera (which include, for example, Tachinoestrus and Zamimus) are difficult 
to place, especially as their hosts and early stages are unknown, but it seems best 
to omit them from the Ormiini; the tribe is then restricted solely to forms possessing 
moderate to enormous inflation of the prosternum. (The function of the swollen 
prosternum is unknown and offers an interesting field for speculation: in my view 
it most probably acts as a sound receptor enabling these nocturnally active flies 
to locate their night-singing grylloid and tettigonioid hosts.)* 

Specimens of Ormiini are uncommon in collections, perhaps because members 
of the tribe are active at night, and the Oriental fauna is probably much richer 
than is evident at present. Four genera are here recognized in the fauna, and these 
deserve brief comment. Aulacephala appears to be mainly an African genus, 
but is represented by at least one species in the Oriental area which ranges as far 
as Japan: it is at once distinguished from other genera by the very long-petiolate 
cell R;. The genus Homotrixa has not been seen (the type of the type-species 
was, it is believed, destroyed with the loss of the Hungarian National Museum in 
1956) but as interpreted by Townsend (Manual of Myiology) and Mesnil (19736) 
is undoubtedly very similar to Phasioormia. It differs from Phasioormia by the 
possession of ocelli, but it is questionable whether in the Ormiini (in which reduction 
or total obliteration of ocelli occurs widely) this is to be regarded as a valid generic 
character. Future revisionary work when more material is available will probably 
show that no generic distinction can be maintained between Phasioormia and 
Homotrixa and that the former should be treated as a synonym of the latter; 
synonymy is not justified in the present state of knowledge and Phasioormia is 
therefore treated as valid. 

The fourth genus is Therobia, which it is necessary to consider in more detail, 
as Mesnil (19730) recognizes two genera in the Therobia-complex (namely Therobia 
and Plesiooestrus) where I recognize only one. In an earlier paper (Crosskey, 
19660 : 103) I proposed that five generic names in the Ormiini were new synonyms 
of Therobia Brauer, namely Xystomima Villeneuve, Plesiooestrus Villeneuve, 
Therobiopsis Townsend, Proxystomima Villeneuve, and Ormiominda Paramonov. 

* See Appendix, p. 337. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 63 


Mesnil (19730 : 1228-1229) takes a different approach, and recognizes two genera, 
Therobia with Xystomima as its synonym and Plesiooestrus with Therobiopsis and 
Proxystomima as its synonyms (he does not deal with Ovmiominda). Mesnil 
distinguishes the genera Therobia and Plesiooestrus on the wing and the head 
proportions, in the following manner: sixth wing vein extending to the wing margin 
in Therobia, stopping short of the wing margin in Plesiooestrus; r-m with a brown 
fleck in Therobia, without such fleck in Plesiooestrus; antennal bases separated in 
Therobia, almost contiguous in Plesiooestrus; and face differently proportioned in 
the two genera. 

The characters cited by Mesnil undoubtedly hold true for distinguishing some 
specimens from others when the whole Therobia-Plesiooestrus complex is examined, 
but many intermediate specimens exist which so completely bridge the character- 
break that Mesnil uses that it seems impossible to justify the recognition of 
Plesiooestrus as a separate genus from Therobia. One specimen may be cited as an 
example that it would be impossible to place generically on the basis of Mesnil’s 
distinctions: the BMNH collection contains a specimen from Tanzania (tentatively 
identified by van Emden as bicolor Séguy) in which 7-m is much thickened and 
dark brown (exactly like that of the type-species of Therobia and Xystomima) 
but in which the sixth vein stops well short of the wing margin and the antennal 
bases are contiguous. The evidence provided by an examination of all the material 
of the Therobia-Plesiooestrus complex in the BMNH collection convinces me that 
it is impossible to find a character or suite of characters that will serve to distinguish 
more than one genus in the complex, and my earlier view is here maintained that 
Xystomima, Plesiooestrus, Therobiopsis, Proxystomima and Ormiominda must all 
be treated as synonyms of Therobia. When this approach is taken the result, it 
appears to me, is that Therobia takes on the shape of a natural and homogeneous 
genus (any subdivision of which would be unjustified ‘splitting’). 

The genus Thevobia much needs revising at the specific level, for it is doubtful 
whether the many specific names involved in the genus really apply to distinct 
species. From a general inspection of material of the genus in the BMNH it appears 
as though the same species might well occur throughout the Old World tropics, 
although up to now species in different regions have mostly been considered distinct. 
There are, for instance, no obvious external differences between 7. abdominalis 
(Wiedemann) from the Oriento-Australasian area and T. maculipennis Villeneuve 
from the Ethiopian Region (as Bezzi, 1928 : 202 was aware when he described 
punctipennis, a synonym of abdominalis), or between T. albifacies (Villeneuve) 
from the Ethiopian Region and T. vesiculifera Bezzi (probably = composita (Séguy)) 
from the Oriento-Australasian area. Revision on a comprehensive basis may well 
show that such ‘species’ cannot be maintained (up to now the male genitalia have 
not been studied). 

Lastly, the following points should be noted concerning Oriental Ormiini. (1) 
Aulacephala karnyi Malloch. The type has not been located and cannot therefore 
be compared with that of A. hervei Bequaert, but Bequaert (1929) stated that 
karnyz ‘is undoubtedly the same insect’ as hervei, a statement that unquestionably 
establishes the synonymy (here accepted in the absence of contrary evidence) of 


64 Re Wie (CROSSE Y 


karnyt with hervei. (2) Ormia bicornis Malloch. Contrary to Townsend’s (1938 : 
269) statement this species does not require a new genus but correctly belongs in 
the genus Phastoormia Townsend to which it is here assigned. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF ORMIINI 


1 Wing with cell R; open or closed just by the wing margin, rarely with a short petiole 
that is shorter ae vy-m. One post ia seta (well developed). : 2 

— Wing with cell R, closed far before the wing margin, and with a very lee ecole 

that is about Pane as long as v-m (Text-fig. 91). No post ia seta (but sometimes 

a small adventitious seta present in an intra-alar position close behind the transverse 
suture) : : AULACEPHALA Macquart 

2 Antennae very Snail, their length eee ee fees a quarter of the eye-height (the 

apices separated from the margin of the oral cavity by a distance much greater than 

their own length, Text-fig. 63). Epistomal region forming a dorsoventrally 

elongate and flattened strip constricted between widened subfacials (Text-fig. 63). 
Oral cavity very reduced. Vibrissae not clearly differentiated . THEROBIA Brauer 

— Antennae not exceptionally small, their length more than a quarter of the eye-height 

(the apices separated from the margin of the oral cavity by less than their own 

length, Text-fig. 64). Epistomal region not so modified, wide and not obviously 

constricted between broad subfacials (Text-fig. 64). Oral cavity not noticeably 
reduced. Vibrissae differentiated ‘ ; : ; : : : 3 
Ocelli absent . é ‘ : : : : é . PHASIOORMIA Townsend 
Ocelli present . : : ; : : : : . HOMOTRIXA Villeneuve 


| w 


Tribe GLAUROCARINI 


As understood at present this small tribe contains only the two genera Glaurocara 
and Doddiana, both of which are represented in the Oriental Region. Keys to the 
Oriental species have been provided by Crosskey (1962), and a preliminary tribal 
diagnosis by Crosskey (19730). The group is poorly studied, largely on account of 
the paucity of material in museum collections (which may be due to the fact that 
the adult flies appear to be most active nocturnally). The early stages of Doddiana 
are undescribed but the first instar larva of Glaurocara is a perfect planidium (Cross- 
key, 1965) exactly like that of Ormiini (to which the tribe appears to be closely 
related). The only host reported from the Oriental Region is the sugar-cane borer 
Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer) which is attacked by Doddiana mellea in Java; an 
unsuccessful attempt has been made to introduce this tachinid into Mauritius for 
the control of the same moth pest (Ghani, 1962). In Africa Glaurocara flava Thom- 
son has tettigoniid hosts (Crosskey, 1965), and it is likely that the Oriental species 
of Glaurocara also parasitize Orthoptera. 

Mention may usefully be made here of the publication date of Thomson’s work 
in which the description of Glaurocara appeared. This has usually been cited as 
1868 in accordance with the date on the title-page, but it is known that the actual 
date of issue was in 1869. The latter year-date is therefore here cited. 


Key To GENERA OF GLAUROCARINI 


1 Bend of vein M very abrupt and with a distinct M, appendix. Tip of the scutellum 
with a pair of small fine straight apical setae between the strong close-set subapical 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 65 


setae (if no distinct apicals present then at least some hairs present between the 
subapical setae) (Text-fig. 81) : : . GLAUROCARA Thomson 
— Bend of vein M moderately abrupt but without ae of M, appendix. Tip of the 
scutellum without apical setae and usually totally bare belweee the bases of the 
strong close-set subapical setae , : : : 3 . DODDIANA Curran 


Tribe CAMPYLOCHETINI 


This small tribe contains parasites of Lepidoptera and is represented in the 
Oriental Region by a few species belonging to the genus Elpe Robineau-Desvoidy. 
The group is closely related to the Voriini and has been characterized in an earlier 
paper (Crosskey, 19730). The genus Elpe occurs in the Palaearctic and Ethiopian 
Regions and in Australia, as well as in the Oriental area, but its member species 
have sometimes been referred to the generic names Campylocheta Rondani, Hypo- 
chaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm, or Frivaldskia Schiner. Elpe is a very distinctive 
genus that can be readily differentiated from other Oriental genera by the combina- 
tion of reclinate ocellar setae, haired eyes, setose facial ridges (Text-fig. 61), and 
haired propleuron; as no other campylochetine genera are known in the Oriental 
area no key is required for identification. 


Tribe VORIINI 


The voriines have an almost worldwide distribution and are parasites mainly 
of Lepidoptera. The scope of the tribe in the present work corresponds to that 
characterized earlier (Crosskey, 1973b) and to that of d’Aguilar’s (1957) revision. 
The main diagnostic features of the tribe need not be repeated here, but it is worth 
noting that the rather distinctive wing venation of the three genera occurring in 
the Oriental Region has recently been figured (Crosskey, 19730 : figs 82-84). 

Some firm conclusions have been reached during the preparation of the present 
paper on points of synonymy that have required clarification, and these necessitate 
brief discussion. The first concerns the generic synonymy of Anavoria Mesnil, 
Afrovoria Curran and Hystricovoria Townsend, the second concerns the synonymy 
of the nominal type-species of these genus-group names, and the third concerns the 
identity and synonymy of the species of Voria Robineau-Desvoidy occurring in 
the Old World tropics and subtropics. 

Anavoria was proposed as a subgenus of Vorvia, but d’Aguilar (1957) placed it 
correctly as a synonym of A frovoria, which he considered to be a valid genus. Two 
species were then included in Afrovoria, one African and the other Oriental. The 
genus Hystricovoria (originally described from the Philippines) was omitted by 
d’Aguilar (1957) from his revision of the Old World Voriini, and remained unplaced 
in any modern work on the tribe until recognized recently in the Australian fauna: 
then it was pointed out that it must almost certainly be a senior synonym of A/fro- 
voria (see Crosskey, 19730 : 63). 

Since Afrovoria contained until now an Oriental species it has been necessary 
to determine whether this suspected synonymy is correct. A critical comparison 
made of specimens of H. bakeri (type-species of Hystricovoria) from the Philippines 


a 


66 RK. Ws CROSSKEWY 


with specimens (including the holotype) of A. imdica (type-species of Anavoria) 
from India, and with specimens of A. munroi Curran (type-species of Afrovoria) 
from eastern and southern Africa, has shown no differences that can be considered 
generic (or even specific) and it is concluded that Afrovoria and Anavoria must be 
sunk as synonyms of Hystricovoria. This supports the synonymy of Afrovoria 
with Hystricovoria recently established by Mesnil (1974: 1257). The principal 
characteristics that differentiate Hystricovoria are evident from the accompanying 
generic key. 

The comparison of specimens from different regions just referred to, whose prime 
object was to determine generic synonymy, showed also that there were no obvious 
differences to be found at the specific level on external characteristics, and the male 
genitalia were therefore examined to determine whether the nominal species involved 
(bakevi Townsend, munroi Curran and indica Mesnil) belonged to a single widespread 
species. The male genitalia proved to be identical in specimens available from 
Botswana, Kenya, India (specimen from same rearing as indica holotype) and 
the Philippines, and the names munroz and indica are therefore here sunk as new 
synonyms of bakert. It is evident that (like Vovia ruralis) Hystricovoria bakeri 
has a very wide distribution throughout the Old World tropics and subtropics, 
and it is likely that the range includes Western Australia as well as the areas already 
mentioned (the undetermined species of Hystricovoria listed by Crosskey (19730 : 128) 
is almost certainly bakeri but is not identified positively because male specimens 
have not been available for appropriate examination). 

H. bakeri shows some variability in the setulae at the base of vein Cw, and in the 
number of sternopleural setae. The holotype of bakevi has two small setulae at 
the base of Cu, on both wings, but the majority of specimens have this vein totally 
bare. Intermediates occur, and specimens have been seen from India with one 
Cu, setula on each wing, and from the Philippines (type-locality of bakerz) without 
such setula on one wing but with a setula on the other, or with two setulae on one 
wing and one on the other. The presence or absence of setulae (maximum number 
apparently two) at the base of Cu, is clearly intraspecifically variable. Likewise, 
the holotype of bakeri has two stpl setae, but many specimens have three, and often 
there are two on one side and three on the other. 

Whilst discussing Hystricovoria (syn. Afrovoria) it should be pointed out that 
the supposed differences between munroi and indica cited by d’Aguilar (1957 : 263) 
have not been substantiated in the present work. The holotype of indica (in 
BMNH, examined) and the other specimens standing with it from the same reared 
series do not conform to the features that d’Aguilar mentions for indica, but run 
in his key to munroi. It seems that ‘indica’ sensu d’Aguilar must be a different 
species from indica Mesnil (= bakeri Townsend); if so I have not seen it, and it is 
presumably undescribed. 

Lastly it is necessary to discuss the identity of Voria edentata Baranov in relation 
to other Old World Voria species. The male holotype of edentata is apparently 
lost (see Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 53) but conspecific specimens from the type- 
locality (Formosa), identified by Baranov, are present in the DEI collection, one 
male of which is accompanied by a slide preparation of its genitalia made by Baranov 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 67 


on 6.ii.1931 and named by him as Voria edentata. This slide preparation enables 
edentata to be reliably interpreted in the absence of the actual holotype, and confirms 
that this name must be treated as a synonym of Voria ruralis (Fallén). 

Baranov considered that edentata was distinct from ruralis because of different 
relative proportions of the second and third antennal segments, and because of 
small differences in the male hypopygium (notably that the edentata surstylus 
appeared broader and differently shaped at the tip than rwralis). A study of 
Vora material in the BMNH collection from a wide range of localities in Europe, 
Asia, Africa and Australia, based on an examination of the male genitalia as well 
as external characters, shows that two species only (rvuralis and capensis) can be 
reliably differentiated in the Old World fauna (not three as d’Aguilar, 1957, recog- 
nizes), at least so far as the tropical and subtropical areas are concerned, and indi- 
cates clearly that edentata is not specifically distinct from ruvalis. The two valid 
species can be distinguished by the characters in the following key. 


6 genitalia with a long prong-like process projecting from the base of the inner edge of 
the cercus. Abdominal T4 without median discal setae; T5 without median discal 
setae in front of the main transverse row of very strong discals. Wing with Cu, 
totally bare’ (two specimens seen with a single adventitious setula). [Palaearctic 
Region (including Britain & Japan), Ethiopian Region, Oriental Region, New 
Guinea & New Britain, Australia; New World] . : : : V. ruralis (Fallén) 
6 genitalia with simple cercus lacking any inner basal process. Abdominal T4 with a 
pair or more of median discal setae, sometimes small; T5 with a pair or more of small 
erect median discal setae near the anterior margin in front of the main transverse 
row of very strong discals (sometimes undifferentiated in). Wing with Cw, setulose 
near the base. [Ethiopian Region, including southern Arabia] V. capensis Villeneuve 


V. edentata, as clearly shown by Baranov’s slide, possesses the long prong on the 
cercus that is diagnostic of rwralis and this fact is considered to be conclusive evi- 
dence for the synonymy of the former with the latter. The surstyli (Paraloben 
of Baranov) are slightly broader and their pointed apices directed slightly more 
forwards than usual, but examination of genitalia from males from widespread 
localities shows that there is a tendency for the surstyli to be slightly wider in the 
easterly part of the rwralis distribution range than elsewhere; some intraspecific 
variability, slight in character, is to be expected over such a large specific range, 
and may be clinal. In some Oriental specimens (such as ‘edentata’ from Formosa 
and certain specimens seen from India) the third antennal segment of the male is 
fully twice as long as the slightly shorter than usual second segment, and the bend 
of vein M is a little closer to the wing margin than in most specimens from other 
areas, but (in view of the typical rwvalis form of hypopygium) this is attributed to 
intraspecific variability; it appears extremely improbable that two species are 
involved. 

Two final points may be mentioned concerning V. ruralis. Firstly, that the 
species can be confirmed as occurring in New Guinea (where it is common in the 
highland grasslands) and in Australia: male genitalia of specimens from New South 
Wales, examined for the present work, show conclusively that the Voria species 
occurring there is ruralis (see Crosskey, 19730 : 128, where the need for confirmation 


68 R. W. CROSSKEY 


was noted), as has also been confirmed for New Guinea likewise. Secondly, two 
high altitude specimens have been seen in BMNH collection from Kenya and Uganda 
that have the basal wing veins more orange coloured than usual, the general colouring 
deeper bluish black, and the downcurved parafacial bristling stronger: the male 
genitalia show that these specimens can be assigned to ruralis, but the cercal prong 
is smaller than usual. This and the other differences from typical ruvalis are 
considered to be infraspecific, for minor differences are to be anticipated in high 
altitude populations. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF VORIINI 


1 Parafacial with a very strong proclinate seta inserted at its upper end near the 
lowermost frontal seta, sometimes accompanied by some weaker proclinate setae 
(Text-fig. 56). Arista thickened for about half its length or only slightly more than 
this, the second segment not elongate. ; : . VORIA Robineau-Desvoidy 

— Parafacial bare, without either hairs or setae below the lowermost frontal seta. 
Arista thickened on more than half its length (not conspicuously so in Hyleorus 
takanot), the second segment elongate (at least twice as long as broad and usually 
more than this) . . : : : , ; ; : : . ; 

2 Eyes haired. Prosternum haired. Facial ridges setulose on half their height (in 
profile no gap between the uppermost setula on the facial ridge and the lowest 
frontal seta). Wing with M, appendix very long, subequal in length to or longer 
than the section of M between m-cu and the bend (Text-fig. 92). Propleuron bare 
or haired : : : : : : : : d . HYLEORUS Aldrich 

— Eyes bare or virtually so. Prosternum bare. Facial ridges bare (except for the 
usual small setulae near vibrissae). Wing with M, appendix or fold short, much 
shorter than the section of MM between m-cu and the bend. Propleuron bare 

HYSTRICOVORIA Townsend 


Tribe WAGNERIINI 


This small suprageneric taxon was originally proposed by Mesnil (19394 : 42), 
as Wagneriina, and was treated as a tribe by van Emden (1960). For convenience 
I here follow van Emden’s practice, treating the group as a tribe exactly equivalent 
to Mesnil’s Wagneriina (see Mesnil, 1966 : 891), but the wagneriines are unques- 
tionably very close phyletically to the voriines and perhaps should not be accorded 
separate rank at either tribal or subtribal level. The group includes parasites of 
noctuoid Lepidoptera and is found mainly in the Holarctic Regions and in the 
Ethiopian Region; it has not been recognized in the Australian fauna. In the 
Oriental Region the tribe occurs mainly in the border areas with the Palaearctic 
(though one species has been described from the Philippines), and is represented 
by two genera, Peteina Meigen and Periscepsia Gistl. 

Peteina is not strictly speaking a member of the Oriental fauna and is included 
here solely because of the occurrence of P. hyperdiscalis Aldrich in the Szechwan 
Province of China and in Tibet and Nepal. Actually this nominal species, despite 
the supposed differences mentioned in the description by Aldrich, is almost certainly 
not distinct from the widespread Eurasian type-species of Peteina, viz. P. erinaceus 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 69 


(Fabricius); but the possible synonymy has not been investigated further whilst 
preparing this paper because of lack of adequate material. 

The wagneriines in the Oriental area are shining black forms with rather fusiform 
abdomen, and are particularly distinctive because of the presence on each parafacial 
of a row of very strong downcurved setae. 


The following list shows the main characteristics that are shared by the Wagneriini so far 
known from the Oriental area (note that the features mentioned do not necessarily hold true 
for members of the tribe found in other regions). Head with broad frons in both sexes. Eyes 
bare or virtually so. Ocellar setae present, proclinate. Both sexes with orbital setae, these 
either proclinate or divaricate (directed outwards over the inner eye margins). Facial ridges 
bare and the parafacials armed with a row of very strong downwardly directed bristles. Face 
nearly flat or weakly warped forwards to the epistome. Vibrissae strong, about level with 
epistomal margin. Upper occiput with black setulae behind the postocular row. Arista 
thickened on basal half or more, second segment sometimes slightly elongate, bare. Prosternum 
bare. Propleuron bare (except in Periscepsia philippina). Humeral callus with three strong 
setae in a triangle. Presutural ia seta absent [cf. Voriini]. 2 or 3 + 3 dc setae. pra seta 
absent or minute. 2 sa setae. 2-3 stpl setae. Pteropleural seta absent. Scutellum either 
with three pairs of marginal setae (basals, very strong laterals and strong crossed apicals) 
or with two pairs (the basals undifferentiated). Fore coxa bare on inner half of anterior surface. 
Fore tibia with a row of ad setae or setulae. Mid tibia with a submedian v seta and with several 
ad setae. Hind coxa bare posterodorsally. Hind tibia without or with very weak pv apical 
seta, with three dorsal preapical setae. Wing with vein R, bare; R,,; setulose at least three- 
quarters of the way to v—m, usually to well beyond y-m; bend of vein M sharply angulate, 
usually with trace of appendix; second costal sector very short, haired ventrally; costal spine 
long. Abdomen subfusiform; sternites concealed. [Mainly shining black forms with very 
strong chaetotaxy. | 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF WAGNERIINI 


1 Wing with cell &, closed and petiolate, the petiole at least as long as y-m and usually 
much longer. Three post ia setae. Abdominal Tr + 2 excavate to its hind 
margin or nearly so. Acrostichal setae present (at least one pair of prst acy and 
more than one pair of post acy). pra seta absent. Lower occipital and postbuccal 
regions with pale (white or yellowish white) hair. . . PERISCEPSIA Gistl 
— Wing with cell R; open to the wing margin. Two post ia setae (both very strong). 
Abdominal Tr + 2 not excavate. Acrostichal setae absent (at most an adventi- 
tious prescutellar pair weakly differentiated). Small pra seta present. Posterior 
surface of the head entirely black-haired . : ; : : PETEINA Meigen 


Tribe PHYLLOMYINI 


This is a mainly Holarctic group and only finds a place in the Oriental coverage 
of the present work because a few species occur in the northern border regions of 
the Oriental Region abutting the Palaearctic Region (northern Burma, Himalayan 
India, Szechwan) and in Formosa. Mesnil (1939a) appears to have been the first 
worker to define a suprageneric taxon for Phyllomya Robineau-Desvoidy and its 
allies, but it is possible that an earlier use of a family-group name based on Phyllomya 
exists in the literature that I have overlooked. More recently, Mesnil (1975a : 1349) 
has defined the group under the subtribal name Phyllomyina. 


70 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Strictly speaking, if Westwood’s (1840) type-designation for the genus Dexia 
Meigen is accepted (as it should be under the current rules of nomenclature) the 
name Dexia has priority over Phyllomya and the tribe should be known as the 
Dexiini. However, only Townsend (Manual of Myiology and elsewhere) and a few 
other authors under Townsend’s influence have followed this practice, the great 
majority of authors on Tachinidae preferring to use Phyllomya (Phyllomyini) for 
the group under discussion and to reserve Dexia (Dexiini) for a quite different 
major group of tachinids. Pending a resolution of this outstanding problem in 
tachinid nomenclature by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- 
clature, it is considered far better for purposes of the present work to adopt the 
‘nomenclature of usage’ and to accept Phyllomyini as the name for this tribe and 
Phyllomya as the valid name of its type-genus, rather than to follow the Townsendian 
practice. Reasoning for this is adduced elsewhere under the discussion of Prosenini 
(see p. 45). 

Knowledge of Phyllomyini in the Oriental area is extremely meagre. Villeneuve 
(1937a) described a species of Phyllomya from Szechwan, and Townsend (1936); 
19394) placed his genus Metopomintho in his tribe ‘Dexiini’ (i.e. Phyllomyini). 
Mesnil (1953c) described Hypostena pubiseta from Burma which he compared to 
Metopomintho, a comparison which is certainly apt: from my own examination of 
the holotype of pubiseta I can see no characters that generically differentiate it from 
Metopomintho and the species is accordingly here transferred from Hypostena to 
Metopomintho. As regards Hypostena Meigen itself, Herting (1972 : 12) has shown 
that its type-species (Tachina procera Meigen) is assignable to Phyllomya and there- 
fore that Hypostena is a synonym of Phyllomya, and Mesnil (1975a : 1351) agrees 
with this synonymy. The distinctions between Metopomintho and Phyllomya 
(syn. Hypostena) are not very substantial (see accompanying key to genera) and the 
definition of Phyllomya can perhaps justifiably be widened to embrace Metopomintho 
as a synonym, as Mesnil (1975a : 1351-1352) has done while this work has been in 
preparation. For the present, however, I prefer to maintain the two as distinct 
genera. 

Villeneuve (19374) described two high-altitude species from southern China that 
he placed in the genus Macquartia Robineau-Desvoidy, but Mesnil (1972 : 1093; 
1975a : 135i) has recently shown that these species (annularis and gymnops) are 
assignable to the phyllomyine genus Gibsonomyia Curran that was previously only 
recorded from North America. I have examined the lectotypes of the two species 
concerned and concur fully with Mesnil’s opinion. Both annularis and gymnops are 
clearly congeneric with G. washingtoniana (Bigot), the type-species of Gibsonomyra, 
and this genus can therefore be confidently included in the present work. 

Gibsonomyia is not, however, as fully distinct from Phyllomya as Mesnil’s (1975a : 
1350-1351) key suggests. Mesnil (1972 : 1093) writes ‘Die Gattung Gibsonomyta 
unterscheidet sich von Phyllomyia [sic] Rob.-Desv. (s. Subtribus XX XVIII, Phyllo- 
yina) dadurch, dass die Stirn der ¢ ¢ ausserordentlich schmal ist und weder mit oe 
[proclinate orbital setae] noch mit einer Pravertikalen versehen ist’, but this is not 
a satisfactory distinction. It is the case that Phyllomya species as hitherto known 
have a broad frons in the males that bears proclinate orbital and prevertical setae, 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 71 


and that Gibsonomyia males have a holoptic head and neither prevertical nor 
proclinate orbital setae. But the BMNH collection contains several specimens of a 
new species of Phyllomyini (described at the end of this section as Phyllomya 
gibsonomyioides sp. n.) in which the males havea holoptic head that lacks both preverti- 
cal and proclinate orbital setae (exactly as Gibsonomyia) but in which all other male 
characters and all female characters are those of Phyllomya. Clearly, this species 
is somewhat intermediate between Gibsonomyia and Phyllomya, but as all characters 
other than the male head conformation are these of Phyllomya it is described in 
this genus and the generic definition widened accordingly. The new species is 
from northern India, an area previously outside the known range of the genus 
Phyllomya. 


The following are the main characteristics of the Oriental Phyllomyini. Slightly to strongly 
elongate forms, mainly black and often with the appearance of Minthoini. Eyes bare (except 
in Gibsonomyia annularis). 4 head holoptic or dichoptic, if the latter then with prevertical 
and proclinate orbital setae as in 9. Ocellar setae varied, from long and very fine to absent. 
Facial ridges bare. Parafacials without setae, bare or haired (most often haired and hairing 
sometimes very long, dense and bushy). Face flat, epistome not visible in profile. Vibrissae 
well developed, level with or slightly above epistomal margin. Upper occiput flat or slightly 
swollen, with many scattered black setulae behind postocular row. Gena at least a quarter of 
eye-height, without or with a short genal dilation. Arista long-pubescent or long-plumose. 
Proboscis short, palpi fully developed. Prosternum and propleuron bare. Humeral callus 
with two strong setae (in males sometimes also with two long fine hair-like setae differentiated 
in addition). 2-3 prst dc setae, 2 or 3 post de setae. Acrostichal setae absent or represented 
by one pair of prst acy. Pre-alar seta present, strong or weak. Second sa seta weak or repre- 
sented by a mere hair. pyrst ia seta absent. One strong post ia seta preceded by one or two 
weaker post ia (first one or two sometimes hair-like). Two or three stpl setae. Pteropleural 
seta absent. Infrasquamal setulae absent. Posteroventral declivity of thorax membranous 
medially. Scutellum with three pairs of marginal setae (basals, subapicals and crossed apicals) 
but basal pair sometimes very weak. Q fore tarsus not enlarged or flattened (cf. typical Minth- 
oini). Mid tibia with one or more ad setae and with submedian v seta. Hind coxa bare on 
posterodorsal surface; hind tibia with two or more ad and two or more pd setae, with or without 
pd preapical seta and with or without a small fu apical seta. Wing veins bare except for a 
few setulae on basal node of R,,;. Cell R; open or just closed at the wing margin. Bend 
of vein M forming a gentle evenly rounded curve near to the wing edge. Costal base with a 
small or very large costigial seta. Second costal sector haired ventrally. Calyptrae either 
broad and not far removed from the scutellum or small and rather rounded and widely removed 
from the scutellum. Abdomen moderately to very strongly elongate, subovate to fusiform, 
Ti + 2 not excavate and sternites concealed. Abdominal setae long, erect, T3-T5 (sometimes 
also Tr + 2) with discal setae, all tergites with marginals, some forms with almost complete 
transverse rows of both discals and marginals on most tergites. 


There are no host records for the Oriental members of the Phyllomyini, but they 
possibly attack sawfly larvae (as the European species PAyllomya volvulus (Fabricius) 
is a parasite of Tenthredinoidea). 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF PHYLLOMYINI 


1 Parafacials haired. Parafacial at mid-height as wide as or wider than third antennal 
segment. Mid tibia with two or more ad setae. Fore tibia with two pv setae. 
Pre-alar seta long and conspicuous (stronger than or as strong as the posterior 


72 


RoW. CROSSKEY, 


notopleural seta). Abdominal Ti + 2 with median discal setae (except in P. 
gibsonomyioides). Hind tibia with pd preapical seta in addition to the ad and d 
preapicals (except in P. gibsonomyioides) . ; 2 
Parafacials bare. Parafacial at mid-height Coase narrower ‘hae aed 
antennal segment. Mid tibia with one ad seta. Fore tibia with one pv seta 
(? constant). Pre-alar seta very small and inconspicuous (weaker than the posterior 
notopleural seta). Abdominal Tr + 2 without median discal setae. Hind tibia 
without pd preapical seta : ; . METOPOMINTHO Townsend 
Abdominal T3, T4 and T5 each oar, one ue of erect median discal setae on the 
dorsum. Lower calypter small and rather rounded, widely separated from the 
scutellum. Costigial seta* very strong, conspicuously larger than the basal 
scutellar setae. head either dichoptic or holoptic, if dichoptic with prevertical 
setae and proclinate orbital setae like the 9. Parafacial hair short or of moderate 
length, sometimes sparse, the hairs not or hardly at all longer than the antennal 
width. Two or three post dc setae. Abdomen long and fusiform (body facies 
resembling Minthoini) . : : PHYLLOMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 
Abdominal T4 and T5 (toa essex extent also T3) each with an irregular transverse 
row of many very long fine erect discal setae across the whole dorsum. Lower 
calypter moderately large and broad, its inner edge close to the scutellum. Costigial 
seta not very strong, very much shorter than the basal scutellar setae. ¢g head 
holoptic, without prevertical or proclinate orbital setae. Parafacial hair extremely 
long and abundant, the hairs very much longer than the antennal width. Three 
post dc setae. Abdomen not distinctly fusiform, if rather elongate then widest in 
basal half rather than medially (body facies not strongly minthoine) 
GIBSONOMYIA Curran 


KEY TO ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PHYLLOMYA RoBINEAU-DESVOIDY 


Three post dc setae. Abdominal Ti + 2 without discal setae. Hind tibia without 
pd preapical seta. Arista plumose (including plumosity wider than third antennal 
segment). ¢@ head virtually holoptic (Text-fig. 69), without prevertical and 
proclinate orbital setae. Abdomen appearing almost uniformly black to naked 
eye, thin trace of bluish grey pollinosity just visible. [Known from India] 
gibsonomyioides sp. n. 
Two post dc setae. Abdominal Tr + 2 with a pair of erect discal setae. Hind tibia 
with pd preapical seta. Arista long-pubescent (including pubescence narrower 
than third antennal segment). ¢ head widely dichoptic, with prevertical and 
proclinate orbital setae like the 9. Abdomen with three very conspicuous silvery 
white pollinose fasciae (basally on T3—-T5). [Known from southern China and (?) 
Japan]. : : < : : : : ; : : elegans Villeneuve 


KEY TO ORIENTAL SPECIES OF GIBSONOMYIA CuRRAN 


[Note. Key characters cited refer to males. Females are unknown or not positively 


associated. } 


I 


Eyes bare. Palpi reddish yellow. Head with exceptionally prominent profrons and 
very wide parafacials (the parafacial at mid-height much wider than length of third 
antennal segment). Antennae very short, third segment about one and a half times 
as long as second segment. Abdomen shining black, with a faint brassy greenish 
tinge and almost no trace of pollinosity . : : .  gymnops Villeneuve 


* The costigial seta is an unusually strong bristle on the dorsal surface of the costal base. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 73 


— Eyes haired. Palpi brownish black. Head with normal profrons and moderately 
wide parafacials (the parafacial at mid-height subequal in width to length of third 
antennal segment). Antennae of medium length, third segment about twice as 
long as second segment. Abdomen black with narrow basal bands of pale pollinosity 
on T3-T5, the pollinose bands of T3 and T4 incomplete medially, the colour of the 
pollinosity mainly bright silver but becoming coppery golden brown towards the 
mid dorsum . : d ‘ ; : z , F . annularis Villeneuve 


DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF PHY _LLOMYA RoBINEAU-DESVOIDY 


Phyllomya gibsonomyioides sp. n. 


3. Head ground colour mainly black but appearing reddish brown in some lights on genae 
and parafacials, interfrontal area dark velvety brown. Head virtually holoptic, eyes so strongly 
approximated that upper part of interfrontal area completely obliterated (Text-fig. 69), pre- 
vertical setae and proclinate orbital setae absent (head form resembling Gibsonomyia). Occiput 
flat. Upper ends of postorbits evanescent, the rows of exceedingly long fine postocular setae 
inserted adjacent to the upper posterior eye margins. Parafacial hair present on most of the 
parafacial surface. Genal dilation weakly developed. Ocellar setae very long and very fine. 
Vibrissae strong. Antennae black; third segment twice as long as second segment; arista 
bushy long-plumose (Text-fig. 69), total width in profile including the plumosity conspicuously 
more than width of third antennal segment. Palpi brownish. Thorax black with thin silvery 
pollinosity, the pollinosity most evident on pleural regions, prescutum and humeral calli, 
very thin and inconspicuous on scutum and scutellum; in some lights prescutum showing a 
broad black median vitta and paired sublateral black spots. Three post dc setae. Two stpl 
setae. Wings with a very faint brownish tinge to naked eye. Legs black; fore tibia with 
two pu setae; mid tibia with two ad setae; hind tibia with three ad setae and two pd setae, 
and without pd preapical seta. Abdomen blackish, without definite bands of pale pollinosity 
and appearing almost uniformly black to naked eye; in some lights the sides of T1 + 2 and 
T3 and more or less all of the remaining tergites showing a thin coating of bluish grey or silvery 
pollinosity, and T1 + 2 and T3 each showing a large brownish black median triangle that 
contrasts with the paler pollinosity. Abdominal shape elongate fusiform (Text-fig. 109); 
Tir + 2 without discal setae. Length 9-10 mm. 

Q. Similar to g except for dichoptic head with a pair of prevertical setae and two pairs of 
proclinate orbital setae. Abdomen with a rather even coating of very thin bluish grey polli- 
nosity except for a median parallel-sided or posteriorly tapering black vitta on T1 + 2, the 
pollinosity not changing much in appearance with direction of light (except for being more 
evident anteriorly than posteriorly on tergite venters). 


Holotype 3, Inp1a. In British Museum (Natural History), London, ex coll. 
Brunetti. 

Paratypes. INpDIA: 1 g, West Bengal, Darjeeling, vi.1917; 1 3, Himachal Pradesh, 
Simla, 20-28.vii.1g18; 1 9, Himachal Pradesh, Simla, 6.viii.rg18; 5 9, no further 
data (two without head, one without abdomen). 

All paratypes in BMNH ex coll. Brunetti. Those with no locality data other 
than ‘India’, and the holotype, are almost certainly from either Himachal Pradesh 
or West Bengal, whence much of Brunetti’s Indian material came. A male from 
either the Simla or the Darjeeling specimens has not been selected as holotype, 
despite the more complete data, because each lacks important features (the Darjeel- 
ing male has no mid legs and the Simla male has lost both third antennal segments 
and therefore the aristae). 


74 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Phyllomya gibsonomyioides sp. n. differs from other Phyllomya species in having 
the holoptic male head that lacks prevertical and proclinate orbital setae. In this 
respect it resembles the genus Gibsonomyia, hence the specific name chosen for it. 
From P. elegans Villeneuve — the only other Phyllomya species recorded from the 
mountainous border areas between the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions — it differs 
(in addition to the male head) by several characters as indicated in the foregoing 
key. 


Tribe THELAIRINI 


The characteristics of typical Thelairini have been detailed elsewhere by Crosskey 
(19730 : 63) and Mesnil (19754 : 1334) and need not be cited here. The tribe occurs 
in all the major zoogeographical regions and its members (for which hosts are 
known) are parasites of Lepidoptera. Ten genera occurring in the Oriental Region 
are here placed in the Thelairini, but mainly an account of their general external 
resemblance to Thelaiva, and it is possible that more critical work in future will 
show that certain genera would be better placed elsewhere. In particular may be 
mentioned the genus Prosheliomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm of which the external 
facies is very like Thelaiva, but which Townsend (19360 : 74) and Verbeke (19626 : 
126, under the synonymous name Halidayopsis Townsend) considered to be allied 
to Thrixion Brauer & Bergenstamm. It is possible that the resemblances between 
Thelaiva and Prosheliomyia are convergent, as may be the obvious external similarity 
between the latter genus and the genera of Acemyini (in which tribe Townsend 
placed both Prosheliomyia and Thrixion). 

The genera Halydaia Egger and Allothelaira Villeneuve (syn. Sisyropododexia 
Townsend) are undoubtedly very close phyletically, as Verbeke (1962) : 100) shows, 
and both can unequivocally be placed in the Thelairini. The correct affinities of the 
little known genera Polygastropteryx Mesnil and Actinochaetopteryx Townsend 
(with its apparent ally, Thryptodexia Malloch), for which the hosts are unknown, 
are much more problematical but it seems best for present purposes to place them 
in Thelairini. This is an interim measure, but agrees at least with Townsend’s 
treatment (for he placed Polygaster Wulp, a very close ally of Polygastropteryx, and 
also Actinochaetopteryx in his Thelairini), and with Mesnil’s (1975a) placement for 
Actinochaetopteryx. It may well be the case, however, that the phyletic relationships 
of Polygastropteryx lie with the acemyines as Verbeke (1962) : 126) implied. Mesnil 
(1975a@ : 1346) has given a key to the species of Actinochaetopteryx. 

The curious genus Torocca Walker (which is very unusual among Tachinidae 
in general because of the presence of median discal setae on abdominal Tx + 2) 
so much resembles the Thelairines that it should be placed in this tribe at least 
for the time being, despite the very different arrangement of the scutellar bristles. 
(Here it must be mentioned that Verbeke (19626) confused Doleschalla Walker with 
Torocca Walker; the genus referred to as Torocca throughout Verbeke’s paper is 
actually Doleschalla, a very different genus belonging to the Proseninae, and the 
true Torocca Walker was not studied by Verbeke.) I am not convinced on evidence 
so far available that Torocca should be placed in Doleschallini as Mesnil (19754 : 1348) 
assigns it. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 75 


Possibly allied to Torocca, and certainly sharing many characters with it, is the 
genus Zambesa Walker, of which the affinities remain rather uncertain. Nothing 
is yet known of the hosts of Zambesa, which will be specially significant in determin- 
ing the phyletic relationships of the genus. Because of the ‘closed’ fully sclerotized 
posteroventral declivity of the thorax, and a generally similar facies, both Townsend 
and Malloch (various publications) regarded Zambesa as a genus of Cylindromyiini 
(Phasiinae), but Verbeke’s (1962)) study of the curious male genitalia showed that 
Zambesa is undoubtedly not a Phasiine and is probably related to Acemyini, Thrixion 
Brauer & Bergenstamm or Polygastropteryx Mesnil. External resemblance between 
Zambesa and Polygastropteryx is specially close, as is evidenced by the fact that 
Mesnil inadvertently redescribed his P. bicoloripes as Z. setinervis (Mesnil, pers. 
comm., has informed me of this synonymy), and it appears most appropriate at this 
stage of knowledge to place Polygastropteryx and Zambesa in the same tribe. On 
practical grounds these genera fit best, as an interim measure, in the Thelairini 
near to Torocca, but such a placement might prove erroneous when the early stages 
and host relations of Polygastropteryx and Zambesa become known. Mesnil (1966 : 
888) proposed the monogeneric subtribe Zambesina for Zambesa but it seems doubtful 
whether this is warranted, at least at present, and I do not accord status to this 
segregate in the present work. 

Zambesa contains two known valid species (with some names as synonyms) 
to which Malloch (1932) : 329) provided a key. Not all the characters given by 
Malloch are fully satisfactory, and the following new key is given to differentiate 
the two species. 


Wing cell R; open or closed about at the wing margin. Cross-vein v-m situated distad 
of the apex of Sc. Palpi clear pale yellow. Abdominal T3 of ¢ longer than its 
breadth, in lateral view conspicuously longer than Tr + 2, and with the paired 
yellow spots nearly twice as long as wide. Abdominal sternite 5 of g very weakly 
bilobate and without a median process (fig. 11 in Malloch, 19320) 
Z. claripalpis Villeneuve 
Wing cell R, closed and conspicuously petiolate, the petiole about equal in length to 
vy-m. Cross-vein v-m situated slightly but clearly basad of the apex of Sc. Palpi 
dark tawny brown to blackish. Abdominal T3 of g broader than long, in lateral 
view subequal in length to T1 + 2, and with the paired yellow spots not much 
longer than wide. Abdominal sternite 5 of g deeply bilobate and with a long fine 
pointed process between the lobes (fig. 10 in Malloch, 1932b). Z. ocypteroides Walker 


Finally regarding Zambesa it is noted that Townsend’s (1938 : 174) inference that 
Malloch misidentified Z. ocypteroides Walker is incorrect. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF THELAIRINI 


I Scutellum with three or more pairs of marginal setae (basals, subapicals and apicals, 
sometimes laterals in addition). Posteroventral declivity of the thorax mem- 
branous medially . : j : : . ; : : : 5 : 

— Scutellum with two pairs of marginal setae (laterals and subapicals), basal setae 
absent or hair-like and apical setae absent (the lateral and subapical setae enormous, 
divergent and subequal in size: Text-fig. 74). Posteroventral declivity of the 
thorax often fully sclerotized across its width . < : : : 3 : 9 


R. W. CROSSKEY 


Scutellum with a total of four or more pairs of marginal setae (one or more pairs of 
lateral setae present in addition to the basals, subapicals and apicals); apical 
scutellar setae divergent and usually inserted above the level of the subapical setae; 
subapical scutellar setae close together, distance between their bases very much less 
than distance from either to its corresponding basal corner of the scutellum. 
Second costal sector bare ventrally j : XANTHOPTEROMYIA Townsend 

Scutellum with a total of three pairs of marginal setae (lateral setae absent) ; apical 
scutellar setae crossed and horizontal; subapical scutellar setae widely separated, 
distance between their bases much greater than that between either and its corres- 
ponding basal corner of the scutellum. Second costal sector haired ventrally. : 2 

Head with a series of 5—7 pairs of proclinate orbital setae in both sexes (Text-fig. 57). 

Head in facial view with the eyes converging ventrally so that the facial region is 

narrower than the frons and contracts towards the epistome (Text-fig. 71). Anten- 

nae exceptionally small and inserted at a level far below the eye middle (Text-fig. 57) 
HALYDAIA Egger 

Head without such a series of proclinate orbital setae, at most only with the normal 
two pairs in 9 and sometimes also in g. Head in facial view with the eyes diverging 
ventrally (e.g. Text-fig. 70) or with subparallel inner margins, the facial region 
therefore not contracting and usually widening towards the epistome. Antennae 


of varied size, usually not inserted very much below the level of the eye middle. 4 
Abdomen with strong median discal setae on T3 and T4 and with median eon 

setaeonTi+2 . : 5 
Abdomen without median discal ee on T3 and Ty al pico fa itt very -weelle 

median marginal setae on T1 + 2 ‘ 7 


Abdomen long, slender and fusiform; Tr + 2 not excavate. Subapical seariee soe 
not widely separated, distance between their bases less than that between a sub- 
apical seta and its corresponding basal corner of the scutellum. Antennae large, 
their length subequal to or greater than the horizontal diameter of the eye and the 
third segment four or five times as long as the second segment. Frons broad and 
with two pairs of proclinate orbital setae in both sexes. [Species with abdominal 
pattern as in Torocca munda and with wing veins R, and FR, ; (usually also base of 
Cu,) extensively setulose] : . POLYGASTROPTERYX Mesnil 
Abdomen subovate; Tr + 2 Sey to e hind margin. Subapical scutellar setae 
widely or very widely separated, distance between their bases slightly or very much 
greater than that between a subapical seta and its corresponding basal corner of 
the scutellum. Antennae small or of moderate size, shorter than the horizontal 
diameter of the eye and with the third segment not more than about three times as 
long as the second segment. Frons of § much narrower than that of 9 and without 
proclinate orbital setae . : : : 6 
Fore coxa with short fine uniform hair on he whole inner oiterior biriece Three 
post ia setae. Arista short-plumose (Text-fig. 38). Vibrissae inserted about on a 
level with the epistomal margin. Pteropleural seta absent. Scutellum with a 
pair of recumbent discal setae : ; : . THELAIRA Robineau-Desvoidy 
Fore coxa bare on most of the inner anterior surface. Two post ia setae. Arista 
pubescent. Vibrissae inserted at a level conspicuously above the epistomal (oral) 
margin (Text-fig. 70). Pteropleural seta present (but not very strong) 
PROSHELIOMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Mid tibia with two ad setae. Three post dc setae. Pleural regions of the thorax with 
abundant pale yellow hairing. Notopleuron with pale yellow hair. Eyes very 
large and frons and gena correspondingly reduced (vertex about half the width of 
one eye seen from above and depth of the gena less than the width of the third 
antennal segment). Second costal sector almost as long as the first sector and 
much longer than m-cu. Bend of vein M moderately abrupt and m-cu nearer to the 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION WF 


bend than to y-m. Humeral callus with a fourth seta set forwards between the 
outer two setae of the basal row of three : - ALLOTHELAIRA Villeneuve 
— Mid tibia with one strong ad seta. Four post dc setae [exceptions occurring as 
holotype of Actinochaetopteryx nubifera with only three]. Pleural regions of the 
thorax with very sparse black hairing (the mesopleuron and sternopleuron exten- 
sively bare). Notopleuron bare. Eyes relatively smaller and frons and gena not 
strikingly reduced (vertex much more than half as wide as an eye seen from above 
and depth of gena usually at least as great as the width of the third antennal 
segment). Second costal sector very much shorter than the first sector and shorter 
than m-cu. Bend of vein M forming a gentle evenly rounded curve and m-cu 
meeting M about midway between v-m and the bend (e.g. as Text-fig. 93). Humeral 
callus without a, fourth seta, with a straight row of three setae (of which the inner- 
most one sometimes scarcely differentiated) : ; 8 
8 Three stpl setae. Setulae of vein R,,, extending as far as y-m and asqally beyond. 
Subtriangular sclerotized area immediately below the anterior thoracic spiracle 
totally bare. Scutellum with the subapical setae very much stronger than either 
the basal or apical setae, and without preapical discal setae. Infrasquamal hairs 
absent. Propleural and prostigmatic setae subequal in size 
ACTINOCHAETOPTERYX Townsend 
— Two stpl setae. Setulae of vein R,,, confined to the basal node (only about two or 
three minute hairs). Subtriangular sclerotized area immediately below the anterior 
thoracic spiracle bearing some long hairs. Scutellum with the subapical setae 
relatively weak, only slightly larger than the basal setae and not larger than the 
apical setae, and with a pair of preapical discal setae. Infrasquamal hairs present. 
Propleural seta much weaker than the prostigmatic seta’ . THRYPTODEXIA Malloch 
[This genus is known only from the Q holotype of its type-species and the 
characters cited might not always hold true when more specimens are known. | 
9 Head profile conspicuously subtriangular, the profrons prominent and wider than the 
antenna (Text-fig. 36). Antennae very large, almost reaching the epistome and 
longer than the horizontal diameter of the eye (Text-fig. 36). Arista bare. Two 
strong post ia setae, anterior one not far behind the transverse suture. Abdominal 
Tr + 2 without median discal setae. Bend of vein M moderately strongly 
angulate but without M, appendix. Bothsexes with proclinate orbital setae and a 
pair of outwardly directed prevertical setae. Two stp/ setae. Hind tibia with a 
pd preapical seta . F : : ZAMBESA Walker 
— Head profile not at all subtrianeular, the profrons not prominent and narrower than 
or equal in width to the antenna (Text-fig. 37). Antennae small, falling short of 
the epistome and shorter than the horizontal diameter of the eye (Text-fig. 37). 
Arista plumose. Three post za setae (first sometimes very weak). Abdominal 
Tr + 2 with a pair of strong median discal setae (in addition to the marginal pair). 
Bend of vein M strongly angulate and with an M, appendix. ¢ without and 2 with 
proclinate orbital and prevertical setae. Usually three stp] setae. Hind tibia 
without a pd preapical seta. : : : : : . TOROCCA Walker 


Tribe MICROPHTHALMINI 
(Dexiosomatini) 


Mesnil (19730 : 1231) has defined this group very recently and its characteristics 
need not be restated here. Strictly speaking, on grounds of priority, the tribe 
should be known as Dexiosomatini, because Mesnil’s (1939a@ : 53) proposal of the 
name Dexiosomina (based on Dexiosoma Rondani) pre-dates his proposal (Mesnil, 


: 
| 


78 R. W. CROSSKEY 


1966 : 893) of the name Microphthalmina (based on Microphthalma Macquart). 
However, as neither name has yet become established, and as it seems almost cer- 
tain that Dexiosoma will in future be regarded by specialists as synonymous with 
Microphthalma, it is preferable to use the name Microphthalmini in the hope that 
this will become the accepted tribal name. 

In the past the members of this tribe were classified amongst the Proseninae 
(Dexiinae), which they resemble in external facies and host relations, but Verbeke 
(1962b) has rather conclusively shown that the affinities lie not with the ‘Dexiines’ 
but with the Tachininae (Echinomyiinae of Verbeke), at least as demonstrated by 
the structure of the male genitalia. The tribe is small but widely distributed in 
the major zoogeographical regions, with the apparent exception of the Australasian 
Region: it appears on present evidence to be naturally absent from New Guinea, 
Australia, New Zealand and the other Pacific islands, although its natural distribu- 
tion in the Oriental Region certainly extends eastwards as far as Celebes and Timor. 
The characteristic head form by which the Microphthalmini are easily recognized 
is shown in Text-figs 40 & 68 and the wing venation in Text-fig. 94. 

The Oriental fauna includes both Dexiosoma and Microphthalma. The latter 
genus has not previously (so far as I know) been recorded from the Oriental Region, 
but whilst preparing the present work I have seen specimens of Microphthalma 
in the BMNH collection from ‘India’ and Ceylon and through the kindness of 
Dr Shima have been able to see specimens of the genus collected recently in different 
parts of Indonesia (Flores, Lombok, Celebes, Timor). (All the specimens, except 
that from ‘India’ which is M. europaea Egger, appear to represent an undescribed 
species and to be conspecific with African specimens misidentified by past authors 
as europaea.) 

The genera Dexiosoma and Microphthalma are in reality so closely allied that 
separate generic status is only very doubtfully justified, and it is interesting to 
note that Curran (1928) : 379) long ago gave it as his opinion that the two are 
synonymous — a view to which specialist opinion will almost certainly return when 
the whole complex is thoroughly revised on a world basis. In the meantime I am 
following Mesnil (1974 : 1233) and recognizing separate genera, as there is no difficulty 
in differentiating Dexiosoma and Microphthalma so far as the Oriental fauna is 
concerned. On a world basis differentiation is more difficult because some species, 
or individuals within species, that onaggregate of characters pertain to Microphthalma 
actually show characteristics that are typical of Dexiosoma (e.g. possess three 
instead of four post dc setae, three instead of two stpl setae, and lack either or 
both the frst ia seta and the pra seta). The only notable adult character that 
might serve consistently to distinguish the two genera is the presence in the female 
sex of a pair of very strong outwardly directed prevertical setae in Dexiosoma 
and their absence in Microphthalma (a feature already noted by van Emden 
(1947 : 671)), but an unsupported secondary sexual character of this kind can 
scarcely warrant generic weighting. The conclusion I come to is that the two 
genera should not be maintained when the tribe, in future, is comprehensively 
studied but should be merged into a redefined and enlarged Microphthalma. 

Scarabaeid beetle grubs, sometimes of economically important species, provide 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 79 


the hosts for the Microphthalmini, and the western Palaearctic tachinid Microphthalma 
europaea Egger has recently been introduced into New Zealand for the attempted 
control of the pasture pest beetle Heteronychus arator F. (so far unsuccessfully): 
the same species of Microphthalma is currently being cultured in New Caledonia 
for control of scarabaeid pests in the French-administered Pacific islands (Cochereau, 
1970). Hurpin & Fresneau (1964) discuss the biology of M. europaea. There 
are no host records yet available for Microphthalmini in the Oriental Region. 


KeEy TO ORIENTAL GENERA AND SPECIES OF MICROPHTHALMINI 


1 Three postdcsetae. 9 witha pair of very strong outwardly directed prevertical setae. 

Pystiasetaabsent. Three or two stpl setae (usually three). Pvasetaabsent. Acy 

setae incomplete, at most 2 + 2 acy, sometimes one or none presuturally and some- 

times one postsuturally. Parafacial hair pale yellow or whitish, inconspicuous. 

¢ postabdomen with some long strong hairs or long fine setae on T7 + 8 intermixed 

with short fine hairing. Antennae moderately long, third segment as long as 

parafacial width or longer. Femora reddish yellow . . DEXIOSOMA Rondani 2 
— Four post dc setae. 9 without prevertical setae. Pyst 1a seta present (sometimes 

weak). Two stpl setae (aberrantly three). -Pva seta usually present (but very 

small). Acy setae complete, 3 + 3(4). Parafacial hair blackish or mainly so, con- 

spicuous. 4 postabdomen with fine close uniform hairing on T7 + 8 (no inter- 

spersed strong hairs or setae). Antennae short, third segment usually not as long 

as parafacial width. Femora dark brown or blackish (at most pale at extreme 

apices) : , ‘ MICROPHTHALMA Macquart 5 
2 Three post ia setae. 3 frons moderately to very wide, vertex 0-26—0-°35 of head-width; 

narrowest point of interfrontal area at least twice as wide as third antennal segment. 

g with outer vertical setae (sometimes very small but clearly differentiated). 

Abdomen with irregular chequered appearance, the pattern shifting with direction 

of the light, sometimes also with broad dark hind-margins to intermediate tergites . 3 
— Two post ia setae [few specimens known, possibly not constant]. 4 frons narrow, 

vertex about one-fifth (0-19) of head-width; narrowest point of interfrontal area 

less than twice as wide as third antennal segment. 4 without outer vertical setae. 

Abdomen with a fixed pattern of an elongate bronze-brown median triangle on 

each intermediate tergite (T3 and T4), the triangles jointly forming a serrate 

median vitta that does not change much in appearance with direction of the light 

[g; 2 not seen] ; : D. lineatum Mesnil 
3 Depth of gena Peoromamately half (o: tae. a) of ae height seen in profile. g without 

proclinate orbital setae. g frons moderately wide, vertex 0:26-0:29 of head-width. 

Total width of arista and its hairing equal to or greater than width of third antennal 

segment (except in undetermined specimens from Java). Upper half of occiput 

not noticeably swollen : 4 
— Depth of gena approximately three- -quaxters (o- 70- —0 8 3) of we height seen in prone, 

6 with proclinate orbital setae. ¢ frons exceptionally wide, vertex about one-third 

(0-31-0°35) of head-width and therefore about equal in width to one eye when seen 

from above. Total width of arista and its hairing less than width of third antennal 

segment (the unusually short close hairing giving the impression of a thickened 

arista). Upper half of occiput slightly but distinctly swollen . D. aristatum Mesnil 
4 Antennae unicolorous orange or yellow-orange.  interfrontal area at its narrowest 

point about 2-0—2°5 times as wide as a parafrontal. Vertex of g about 0:26-0:27 

of head-width. Arista and its hairing about as wide as third antennal segment. 

Abdomen usually with pale yellow pollinosity . ‘ .  D.sumatrense Townsend 


80 Ro WaiGROSSKEW 


— Antennae dark brown on most of third segment. d interfrontal area at its narrowest 
point about four times as wide as a parafrontal. Vertex of gj about 0-29 of head- 
width. Arista and its hairing obviously narrower than third antennal segment. 
Abdominal pollinosity pale greyish or silvery : . Undetermined sp. (? sp. n.) 
[Running here are two g specimens in BMNH collection from Java that are very 
close to sumatrense but may represent an undescribed species. | 
5 Basicosta unicolorous yellowish orange or orange. Bend of vein M very remote from 
wing margin and distance on vein WM between m-cu and the bend very short (not 
more than twice as long as v-m and half as long as the M, appendix). Ground 
colour of the facial regions and genae entirely reddish yellow (the pale colouring 
best seen with head viewed from below). Tibiae almost entirely reddish yellow 
M. europaea Egger 
— Basicosta black or black-brown, at most only paler yellowish posteriorly. Bend of 
vein M not strikingly remote from wing margin and distance on vein M between 
m-cu and the bend moderately long (at least three times as long as y-m and subequal 
to or slightly longer than the M, appendix). Ground colour of the facial regions 
and genae very dark reddish to blackish brown (colouring best seen from below). 
Tibiae reddish brown to blackish . E : ? Undescribed sp. 
[This species occurs in Africa as well as the Oriental Region and in the former 
area has been misidentified by past authors as M. europaea. | 


Tribe GERMARIOCHAETINI 


Mesnil (1966) first proposed this group, as the subtribe Germariochaetina, for 
the single monotypic genus Geymariochaeta Villeneuve from China. Recently 
he (Mesnil, 19730) has characterized the group and described a second genus that 
belongs to it (Lophosiosoma, also monotypic, and from Formosa). Until now the 
tribe, as it is here ranked, has been known only from the two type-species from 
China and Formosa, but three specimens in the BMNH collection (two from India 
and one from Java) represent three previously undescribed species and serve not 
only to expand knowledge of the characters found in the group but also to show 
that the Germariochaetini occur widely in the Oriental Region. 

Even including the three specimens mentioned (the holotypes of the new species 
described at the end of this section) the Germariochaetini is such a badly known 
group that fewer than a dozen specimens are known to exist in museum collections. 
It is probable, therefore, that the five species now known are only a small part of 
the actual germariochaetine fauna. Nevertheless it is already obvious that the 
group is one of great potential interest, because it contains some of the most aberrant 
Tachinidae and quite probably attacks some unusual host group (at present the 
hosts are unknown). 

The strongly apomorphic nature of the germariochaetines makes it difficult to 
guess their phyletic relationships, but Verbeke’s (19626) examination of the male 
genitalia of G. clavata Villeneuve makes it clear that they do not belong in the 
Phasiinae despite some external resemblance to certain Cylindromyiini — which 
some of them resemble, for instance, in having the posteroventral declivity of the 
thorax in the form of a fully sclerotized bridge between the metacoxae and the 
abdominal base. Instead, Verbeke placed Germariochaeta in Echinomyiinae (i.e. 
correctly the Tachininae) and Mesnil has accepted this placement and implied 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 81 


(Mesnil, 19734 : 1211) that the germariochaetines are closely allied to Bigonicheta 
Rondani (now a synonym of Tviarthria Stephens) and its relatives that comprise 
Mesnil’s group Digonochaetina. This may be correct, but the adult morphology 
of germariochaetines is so extraordinary that it does not offer particular support 
for such a placement. The group might equally well be phyletically closer to 
Minthoini as the fore tarsi (with their very reduced claws) are reminiscent of some 
minthoine forms. 

The general appearance of the germariochaetine adult body is well shown in 
Villeneuve’s (19374) figure of Germariochaeta clavata, but the figure does not convey 
the sculpturing of the thoracic surface that is one of the most outstanding charac- 
teristics in the group. In all Germariochaetini there is not only an exceptional 
degree of reduction in thoracic chaetotaxy but there is also a curious (and in Tachi- 
nidae exceptionally rare) development of microrugose sculpturing of the entire 
thoracic surface — which gives the thorax very much the appearance of that in 
many Hymenoptera or in brachycerous Diptera such as some of the Stratiomyidae. 
An interesting point of resemblance with stratiomyids occurs with Lophosiosoma 
bicornis Mesnil: in this species the scutellum has a pair of prong-like processes arising 
from the posterolateral corners (Text-fig. 73), very much like those found in several 
stratiomyid genera (prong-like tubercles on the scutellum are of extreme rarity 
in the Tachinidae and I can recall no other tachinid that has processes like those 
of L. bicornis). 

L. bicornis is specially interesting not only on account of this scutellar feature 
but also because (unlike nearly all other Tachinidae) the hypopleuron is totally 
bare and there is only one seta on the notopleuron. It also has a quite remarkable 
superficial likeness to a winged ant, the abdomen (which as in all Germariochaetini 
completely lacks strong setae) at first glance being much like the ant gaster. 

Although what is obviously apomorphic reduction of the chaetotaxy reaches its 
most extreme form among germariochaetines in L. bicornis (which not only lacks 
hypopleurals but also lacks sternopleurals, pteropleural, and the prostigmatic 
seta, and has the mesopleural ‘row’ reduced to one seta) all the other species show 
a strong degree of bristle loss. Most have no sternopleural seta and only one pair 
of scutellars, the mesopleurals are usually only two, and the hypopleurals, ptero- 
pleural and prostigmatic seta tend to be weak if represented. A definite trend is 
shown by different species towards total sclerotized closure of the posteroventral 
declivity of the thorax which seems to be correlated with reduction of the bristling. 
In L. bicornis closure of the lower metathorax is complete (the metacoxae and 
abdominal base being separated by a deep transversely complete sclerotic bridge) 
and thoracic chaetotaxy reaches its most reduced state, whereas in L. javanum 
there is virtually no closure (the median area being broadly membranous) and the 
chaetotaxy is more complete than in other species — there being a seta on the sterno- 
pleuron, an inner seta on the humeral callus in addition to the main outer one, and a 
second pair of scutellar setae. Intermediate forms exist in which the posteroventral 
declivity of the thorax is very largely sclerotized but there remains a very narrow 
membranous median suture (as in L. obliteratum). Both L. javanum and L. oblitera- 
tum are new species (described below after the keys) that show a form of semi- 


82 Re. Wi. CROSSE ¥ 


closure or non-closure of the posteroventral declivity of the thorax not previously 
known in the germariochaetines. 

Finally here a point needs noting about Mesnil’s (1973) : 1220) redescription 
of Germariochaeta clavata. Mesnil describes the male sex for the first time and 
cites the male specimen he saw from Tientsin as ‘Paratypus’ but the specimen 
does not in fact have paratype status even though it bears Villeneuve’s label ‘para- 
typ.’. The original description was based on a single female specimen as Villeneuve 
(19374 : 7) clearly showed by the statement ‘une 9 unique’. 


KeEy TO GENERA OF GERMARIOCHAEFTINI 


1 Sternites widely exposed. Palpi absent. Arista with both basal segments much 
elongated (Text-fig. 39). [Species with the abdomen bicolorous, orange-red on 
basal half and dark brown to blackish on apical half, and with T5 entirely shining 
non-pollinose. | ‘ : GERMARIOCHAETA Villeneuve 

— Sternites concealed. Palpi oe ae with first basal segment short and 
second segment slightly to much elongated. [Species with abdomen unicolorous 
blackish or dark brown in ground colour, and with T5 extensively pollinose like the 
preceding segments. | : : : : : : . LOPHOSIOSOMA Mesnil 


Key TO SpEcIES oF LOPHOSIOSOMA MESNIL 


[Note. Only two specimens are known of L. bicoynis and one each of the other species. 
Some characters might not hold when more material is known.]} 


1 Scutellum with the posterior corners produced into a pair of thumb-like tubercles 
(that carry the single pair of scutellar setae) (Text-fig. 73). One notopleural seta. 
Hypopleuron totally bare. [Formosa] . ; bicornis Mesnil 
— Scutellum with the posterior corners not peoduced into long tubercles (the setae 
inserted in pores that are only weakly raised). Two notopleural setae. Hypo- 
pleuron with some hypopleural setae or hairs . : 2 
2 Nosternopleural seta. Posteroventral declivity of the (eras wie a fully selenaeeee! 
bridge or with lateral sclerotizations that virtually meet in the mid-line (‘closed’). 
Scutellum without any setae additional to the main pair. [India] ‘ 3 
— One sternopleural seta. Posteroventral declivity of the thorax widely sees 
medially (‘open’). Scutellum with a pair of small secondary setae differentiated 


in front of the main pair. [Java] . . javanum sp. n. 
3 Legs uniformly black-brown. Wings with an indefinite large Smokey brown area 
preapically. Smaller size, length about 7mm . : ‘ obliteratum sp. n. 


— Legs with bright orange femora that contrast with brown or black tibiae and tarsi. 
Wings rather evenly suffused with brown colouring, narrowly greyish hyaline 
against the hind margin. Larger size, length about Io mm. . rufofemoratum sp. n. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEw SpEcIES OF LOPHOSIOSOMA MESNIL 


Lophosiosoma javanum sp. n. 


Ocellar setae absent. Humeral callus with a small inner seta clearly differentiated in addition 
to the strong outer seta. Twonotopleuralsetae. Prostigmaticseta small but well differentiated. 
Sternopleural seta present. Scutellum without paired tubercles, with two pairs of setae (small 
supernumerary pair clearly differentiated in front of the main pair). Hypopleuron with two 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL’ REGION 83 


long setae. Posteroventral declivity of the thorax widely membranous medially. Legs 
unicolorous blackish brown. Wings more or less hyaline on the basal half and suffused with 
dark brown on the apical half, brown colouring most intense preapically and fading slightly 
towards the wing tip. Length approximately 9 mm. 


Holotype 2, INDONESIA: Java, Pangrango, 7-10 000 ft [2—3000 m], 1.1936 (L. E. 
Cheesman). In British Museum (Natural History), London. 


This species differs from other species of Lophosiosoma most conspicuously by 
the incomplete sclerotization of the posteroventral declivity of the thorax (which 
is broadly membranous in the middle). It differs also by possessing a sternopleural 
seta (in which respect it resembles Germariochaeta), in having a small second pair 
of scutellar setae and in having no trace of ocellar setae or hairs, but with only 
the holotype known it is not certain that these features will prove constant. 


Lophosiosoma obliteratum sp. n. 


Ocellar setae present but small. Humeral callus only with the single strong seta on the 
ateral margin. Two notopleural setae. Prostigmatic seta absent or represented by a mere 
hair. Sternopleural seta absent. Scutellum without paired tubercles, with one pair of setae. 
Hypopleuron with one seta accompanied by one or more smaller setulae or hairs. Postero- 
ventral declivity of the thorax with paired sclerotized lateral wings that meet at a distinct 
mid-line suture. Legs unicolorous blackish brown. Wings mostly hyaline but lightly suffused 
with brown colour antero-preapically. Length approximately 7 mm. 


Holotype 3, Inp1a: West Bengal, Calcutta. In British Museum (Natural History), 
London, ex coll. Brunetti. (The holotype lacks the antennae, the left hind leg 
from the trochanter, and some tarsi.) 


This species combines features in such a way that it appears without doubt 
to be distinct from rufofemoratum, its nearest relative. Its appearance is very like 
that of L. bicornis but it differs from this species by the several conspicuous charac- 
ters cited in couplet 1 of the foregoing key. The posteroventral declivity of the 
thorax is rather like that of L. rufofemoratwm but has a much more conspicuous 
median suture at the junction of the lateral sclerotized areas. It differs most 
obviously from rufofemoratum by the all-dark legs, and from javanwm by lacking 
a sternopleural seta. 


Lophosiosoma rufofemoratum sp. n. 


Ocellar setae present. Humeral callus with a very small inner setula (only just differentiated) 
in addition to the strong outer seta. Two notoplcural setae. Prostigmatic area with a few 
exceedingly fine hairs but no differentiated seta. Sternopleural seta absent. Scutellum 
without paired tubercles, with one pair of setae. Hypopleuron with a row of three subequal 
setae and some fine hairs. Posteroventral declivity of the thorax sclerotized across its width 
but with trace of a median line of union. Legs with the femora bright orange and the remainder 
black-brown. Wings extensively suffused with brown colouring, but greyish hyaline along the 
hind edge. Length approximately 10 mm. 


Holotype 9, Inp1a: Himachal Pradesh, Simla, 7000 ft [2000 m], 31.v.1939. In 
British Museum (Natural History), London. 


84 R. W. CROSSKEY 


This species is distinguished at a glance from all other Germariochaetini by the 
orange-coloured femora. Its facies is rather that of L. javanum, but it has more 
structural characters in common with obliteratum, as the descriptions and key indi- 
cate. It is possible that the pale femora will prove to be a secondary sexual character, 
the male perhaps having uniformly dark legs, but it is not likely that obliteratum 
is the male of vufofemoratum even though both are from India. 


Tribe ELOCERIINI 


(Helocerini) 


The type-genus of this tribe is Eloceria Robineau-Desvoidy, but the tribe has 
been known as Helocerini because of Mik’s (1883 : 184) emendation of this name 
to Helocera. Although Mik made the change for supposedly grammatical reasons 
((. . . Robineau’s Gattungsname Eloceria grammatikalisch unrichtig gebildet ist, 
schlagen wir den richtigen Namen Heloceva . . .’) it is an unjustified emendation 
under the ICZN Code and Eloceria is the valid name. 

Mesnil (1973) : 1220-1221) has defined the tribe (as Helocerina) and states that 
it is found only in the Palaearctic Region and North America, but he has evidently 
overlooked his description (Mesnil, 1953c) of Helocera angustifrons Mesnil from 
Burma. Up to now this has been the only member of the tribe known to occur 
in the Oriental Region, but the BMNH collection contains a specimen from Matiana 
(Himachal Pradesh), India, identified by Mesnil as belonging to a new species of 
Trichactia Stein. Hence at least two genera and species occur in the northern 
parts of the Oriental Region. 

These two species require brief comment. (1) Eloceria angustifrons is known 
only from the male holotype, which is not in good condition and lacks both mid 
legs; the characters show clearly, however, that this is a valid species of Eloceria, 
although it is atypical because the frons is narrower than usual and lacks the out- 
wardly directed pair of prevertical setae that are normally present in male as well 
as female eloceriines; in other respects it is very clearly a close ally of E. delecta 
(Meigen), the type-species of Eloceria, as Mesnil showed in the original description, 
though it lacks the pra seta. (2) Tvichactia sp. The specimen so named by Mesnil 
in the BMNH does not fully fit the genus as Mesnil (19730 : 1221) has characterized 
it, for it combines some of the features of Trichactia Stein and others of Synactia 
Villeneuve, but it appears best to place it as representing a new species of Tvichactia 
for present purposes. The tripartite arista, thickened on the whole length, resembles 
that of typical Trichactia species, as do the well developed palpi, but the parafacials 
are totally bare and the hind tibia has only two dorsal preapical setae, and in these 
respects the specimen fits Symactia; the inner vertical setae, although slightly 
displaced, appear to be subparallel (as in Synactia), and this fact together with the 
presence of palpi indicates that the specimen does not appertain to a species of 
_ Eloceria. 

Very little is known of the hosts of Eloceriini, and nothing for the Oriental species. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 85 


Eloceria delecta (Meigen) of Europe is a parasite of the centipede Lithobius forficatus 
Gervais. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF ELOCERIINI 


1 Arista thickened on almost all its length, and with both basal segments greatly 
elongate (arista therefore with a tripartite appearance as in Text-fig. 44). Palpi 
present. Eyes with very fine short sparse hairs [careful examination needed as 
eyes appearing bare]. Third antennal segment much widened at the apex and 
with the anterior (dorsal) corner very sharp (Text-fig. 44). [9: femora and abdomen 
almost all dark brown or blackish in ground colour. ¢ colouring not known. |} 

TRICHACTIA Stein 

— Arista thickened only on its basal half, and with the two basal segments not elongate 
(therefore without a tripartite appearance). Palpi absent. Eyes bare. Third 
antennal segment not widened apically and with both apical corners evenly 
rounded. {g: femora and abdomen largely yellow. 9 colouring not known.] 

ELOCERIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe MACQUARTIINI 


In the Old World this tribe is predominantly Palaearctic and African, but an 
undescribed Macquartia-like species has been seen from Tasmania and it is probable 
that the Macquartiini are represented in temperate parts of Australia. The tribe 
is apparently absent from the Oriental Region proper and is included in the present 
work only because two Palaearctic species of Macquartia Robineau-Desvoidy extend 
their range into the extreme northern Himalayan fringe of India and into Szechwan. 
The characters of the tribe have recently been listed by Mesnil (1972 : 1092) under 
the name Macquartiina. 

Macquartia tessellum (Meigen) is here recorded for the first time from India, 
on the basis of two female specimens in the BMNH collection. These specimens 
were collected on snow at an altitude of 4200-4260 metres [14 000-14 200 feet] 
in the Rhotang Pass, Himachal Pradesh. Their identification has been kindly 
confirmed by Dr B. Herting. 

Villeneuve (1937a) described two species from southern China and Tibet that 
he placed in Macquartia (viz. annularis and gymnops), but Mesnil (1972 : 1093) 
has transferred these species to the genus Gibsonomyia Curran in the Phyllomyini 
(q.v.). 

The hosts of the Macquartiini are larval Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) but there 
are no host records from the Oriental Region as covered by this work. 


Tribe MINTHOINI 


The characters of this tribe have been outlined by Mesnil (1973a) and Crosskey 
(19730) and need not be repeated here. It should be noted, however, that my 
definition of the group will require slight modifications if the genera Dolichocoxys 
Townsend and A ustrophasiopsis Townsend are accepted as minthoines (they are here 
placed in this tribe for reasons adduced later); since noting that Minthoxia Mesnil 


86 RK. W) CROSSKEN 


is exceptional in having the prosternum setulose I have found that Melanasomyia 
aberrans (Mesnil) also has one or two hairs on this sclerite and my tribal diagnosis 
can be modified accordingly. 

The most typical minthoines are elongate black-bodied flies in which the arista 
is plumose, the epistome flat, the scutellar setae reduced (basals or apicals, or 
both, and laterals often absent), and the first visible abdominal segment not excava- 
ted, and these features give the group a moderately characteristic facies. Neverthe- 
less many of them resemble certain blondeliines, leskiines and thelairines, and 
genera such as Megistogastropsis Townsend could — on the evidence available — be 
equally well placed elsewhere. The Blondeliini include several genera such as 
Eophyllophila Townsend in which the inner vertical setae are cruciate, the arista 
long-plumose, and the female fore tarsus obviously flattened and it is possible that 
such genera have closer affinities with Minthoini than true Blondeliini. 

The last-mentioned character, that of the female fore tarsi, is of special significance 
in the Minthoini. In many minthoines the fore tarsi of females (and sometimes 
also of males) are conspicuously enlarged in relation to the remainder of the fore 
legs and in relation to the other tarsi, and in general the greater the degree of tarsal 
dilation the smaller are the fore tarsal claws; in some forms the fore claws are so 
reduced as to appear absent at first glance. The significance of this feature is 
unknown, but it makes many members of the Minthoini immediately placeable 
as belonging in the tribe. Asa rule the fore tarsi when enlarged are also compressed 
laterally so that they appear very obviously dilated when seen in side view, but 
certain forms which appear to be minthoines, such as Megistogastropsis, show 
transverse widening instead of dorsoventral dilation of the female fore tarsi. The 
genus Melanasomyia is particularly remarkable because in M. aberrans the last 
fore tarsal segment of the female is much bigger than usual in minthoines and the 
preceding three tarsal segments are exceptionally shortened and compacted (the 
last segment being equal in length to the three preceding segments together, Text- 
fig. 146). 

The Minthoini is not a large tribe but is moderately well represented in the Oriental 
Region, where about half the known species belong to the genus Sumpigaster Mac- 
quart. Mesnil (1973a : 1162) has recently redefined this genus to embrace several 
Ethiopian and Oriental genera that had hitherto been treated as valid. I agree 
fully with Mesnil’s new treatment of Sumpigaster, for the result of his approach 
has been to define a much more ‘natural-looking’ Palaeotropical genus and greatly 
to improve the classification of Minthoini. Mesnil (loc. cit.) lists the previously estab- 
lished synonyms of Sumpigaster, viz. Mesembriomintho Townsend and Atractodexta 
Bigot (based on Australasian nominal species that are synonyms of Sumpugaster 
type-species), and lists the following names as new synonyms of Sumpigaster (although 
he does not annotate them as being new synonyms): Eomintho Townsend and 
Tachinodexia Townsend, based on Oriental type-species, and Megistodexia Town- 
send, Syneplaca Villeneuve, Dyshypostena Villeneuve and Synhypostena Villeneuve 
that are based on Ethiopian type-species. The synonymy involving Ethiopian 
type-species will be accepted for the forthcoming catalogue of Ethiopian Tachinidae 
(Crosskey, in preparation) and the synonymy involving Oriental type-species is 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 87 


accepted in the present work since it is completely justified; one new synonym is 
here added to Mesnil’s list of synonyms, namely Stenodexiopsis Townsend (based 
on a species from Sumatra) which fits the characters of the redefined Sumpigaster 
in every regard. 

In addition to Sumpigaster the Oriental fauna includes the endemic genera 
Dolichopodomintho Townsend, Promintho Townsend and Melanasomyia Malloch that 
are typical minthoines in all respects. The first of these has cell R; long-petiolate, 
resembling the Palaearctic genus Minthodes Brauer & Bergenstamm, and I am not 
fully certain that separate generic status for Dolichopodomintho is justified; it is 
accepted as valid for present purposes. 

The three Oriental genera Dolichocoxys Townsend, Megistogastropsis Townsend 
and Austrophasiopsis Townsend are here treated as Minthoini although they are 
atypical in some regards (especially the last-named genus which includes somewhat 
aberrant species that are difficult to place anywhere satisfactorily). The following 
discussion indicates the reasons for interim placement of these genera among the 
minthoines. 

Dolichocoxys was placed in the Blondeliini by Mesnil (1960) : 650) and many 
of its characters, plus its general resemblance to blondeliines in which the male 
abdomen has a tail-like prolongation of T5 (e.g. Uroewantha Townsend), provide 
much justification for such a placement. The female of Dolichocoxys, however, 
is much more minthoine-like, for it has the fore tarsi rather obviously enlarged and 
flattened (though not to the extent of many minthoines), has outwardly directed 
prevertical setae, and has the frons showing alternating pollinose and brightly 
polished areas like those of Dolichopodomintho. There are no characters that 
contraindicate Minthoini as a better placement for Dolichocoxys than Blondeliini 
and I therefore prefer to assign it to the former tribe. 

Megistogastropsis has already been placed in Minthoini by Crosskey (19730) 
and this position is upheld by re-examination of the genus during the present 
revisionary work. The epistome is warped forwards from the face to a slight 
extent (as in Leskiini) and the female fore tarsi are slightly expanded transversely, 
not dorsoventrally, on their apical parts and in these respects the genus is atypical 
for Minthoini: on the other hand, virtually all the remaining characters (especially 
the mesonotal and scutellar chaetotaxy, abdominal shape and chaetotaxy, wing 
form) are so reminiscent of Sumpigaster that placement of Megistogastropsis as 
contribal with Swmpigaster appears to be the most appropriate assignment possible 
at this stage. 

Austrophasiopsis is particularly difficult to place reliably, on external adult 
characters at least, because of the apomorphic reduction of the bristling. The 
general appearance is strongly phasiine, and Townsend (Manual of Myrology) 
placed the genus in Phasiini. Verbeke’s (1962) : 135) study of the male genitalia, 
however, appears to dispose of any likelihood that Austrophasiopsis is phyletically 
close to the phasiines, and instead Verbeke suggests a possible relationship with 
macquartiines. The affinities of the genus are certainly problematical, but it is 
here tentatively supposed that — notwithstanding the very different general facies — 
Austrophasiopsis might be a highly apomorphic derivative from minthoine stock. 


= 


88 KR. Wi. CROSSE VY 


A species (apparently undescribed) of the genus represented by a specimen in BMNH 
from east Tibet has a head profile similar to that of certain minthoines in which 
the face is longer and the gena deeper than usual, and has the fore tarsi very notice- 
ably enlarged (though less obviously flattened than in minthoines generally). 
Placement of Austrophasiopsis in Minthoini, it must be emphasized, is a very 
tentative measure and could well prove quite inapposite when clearer evidence of 
affinity (e.g. from host relations) becomes available. 

The minthoines parasitize Lepidoptera belonging to families such as the Oeco- 
phoridae, Pyralidae and Tineidae, but there are very few host records and none 
from the Oriental Region (to the best of my knowledge). 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF MINTHOINI 


1 Wing with cell RF, closed and long-petiolate (the petiole at least twice as long as y-m) . Z 
— Wing with cell R. open or just closed at the margin (no petiole) . : 3 
Palpi absent or minute and papilliform. Setae of body and legs very wees 
differentiated or completely undeveloped (vestiture therefore largely or wholly 
hair-like). Abdomen rotund, usually unicolorous orange. Costa with its entire 
vestiture hair-like and the costal spine undifferentiated. Calyptrae broad, their 
inner margins close to the scutellum : : AUSTROPHASIOPSIS Townsend 
— Palpi present, long and slender. Setae of body and legs strong (i.e. a normal 
minthoine chaetotaxy fully developed). Abdomen subfusiform, black or bicolorous 
black and reddish yellow. Costa with the usual spiniform setulae as well as hairs 
along its length and the costal spine very strong. Calyptrae small and rounded, 
widely diverging from the scutellum : . DOLICHOPODOMINTHO Townsend 
3. Two post dc setae (widely separated). g abdomen with a slender tail-like apex 
formed by the attenuation of T5. Posteroventral declivity of the thorax com- 
pletely sclerotized. Basal node of R,,; bare. Apical scutellar setae, when present, 
very fine and diverging . : : DOLICHOCOXYS Townsend 
— Three post dc setae. ¢ doen wikogee a tail-like prolongation of T5. Postero- 
ventral declivity of the thorax membranous medially. Basal node of R,,; with 
at least one small setula. Apical scutellar setae, when present, of varied size but 
crossed : ‘ : : ; ; 4 
4 Facial length much Pees fham fhe ted length (Text-fig. 41), the antennae 
correspondingly elongate (third segment 5—6 times as long as second segment and 
very nearly reaching the epistome). Facial ridge sparsely setose or setulose on 
lower half or third. Prescutum without fully differentiated prst acy setae. Arista 
almost bare. Scutellum with very strong apical setae that are larger than the 
rather weak basal setae. @ fore tarsus strongly laterally compressed and with the 
last segment exceptionally enlarged (equal in length to the three preceding segments 
together, Text-fig. 146). Prosternum bare or with one or two small downwardly 
directed setulae on each side. Basal node of R,,, with one rather strong setula 
MELANASOMYIA Malloch 
— Facial length less than or at most subequal to the frontal length (Text-figs 42 & 43), 
the antennae of corresponding medium size (third segment not more than four times 
as long as second segment and often falling short of the epistome). Facial ridges 
bare except for the usual small setulae immediately above the vibrissae. Prescutum 
with one pair of prst acy setae. Arista plumose or pubescent. Scutellum with or 
without apical setae, if present of varied size. 9 fore tarsus of varied form but 
last segment only as long as the penultimate segment. Prosternum bare. Basal 
node of /,, with one or a few minute hair-like setulae. : ‘ : c 5 


NO 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 89 


5 Abdomen with a pair of strong median marginal setae on T1 + 2 and with a pair of 


strong erect median discal setae on T3 and T4 : 6 
— Abdomen without median Pee setae on Ti + 2 and eeikous Cigcal, eee on T3 
and T4 ; : : PROMINTHO Townsend 


6 Abdomen without discal setad on Ts. Arista pubescent. Scutellum with only one 
pair of marginal setae (subapicals), basal and apical setae absent. Bend of vein M 
forming an evenly rounded curve. Second costal sector haired ventrally. Epi- 
stomal margin warped forwards from the face and just visible in profile in front of 
the vibrissal insertions (Text-fig. 43) : . MEGISTOGASTROPSIS Townsend 
— Abdomen with a pair of strong erect discal setae on T5 (similar to those on T3 and 
T4). Arista plumose. Scutellum with at least two pairs of marginal setae (small 
basals or apicals or both present in addition to the subapicals). Bend of vein M 
sharp, with or without appendix. Second costal sector bare ventrally. Epistomal 
margin not at all prominent, invisible in profile (Text-fig. 42) 
SUMPIGASTER Macquart 
[A specimen of this genus seen from New Guinea lacks both basal and apical 
scutellar setae and its scutellum therefore resembles that of Megistogastropsis. 
Some African species have the second costal sector haired ventrally. | 


Tribe NEMORAEINI 


In my earlier work (Crosskey, 1973) in which the Nemoraeini were characterized 
it was stated that this tribe is confined to the Old World. When that work was 
prepared I did not have available the work of Mesnil (19710), in which he showed 
that Hypotachina Brauer & Bergenstamm (a genus originally described from South 
America and the basis of Townsend’s tribe Hypotachinini) belongs in the nemoraeines, 
and I have not seen specimens of H. chrysophora (Wiedemann): this species, the 
only one known in South America to appertain to the Nemoraeini, is unrepresented 
in the BMNH collection. It is now clear, however, that the nemoraeines are an 
almost entirely Old World group, but that at least one species is found in the New 
World. 

Differing views are held on whether to treat the genus Nemoraea Robineau- 
Desvoidy in a broad sense, as favoured by van Emden (1960 : 360) and Crosskey 
(1967c : 97; 19730 : 66), or in a more restricted sense as favoured by Mesnil (19710 : 
987). The broad approach admits into Nemoraea a variety of species showing a 
widely differing facies, wholly or partially haired lower calypter, three or four 
post dc setae, presence or absence of a prst ia seta, and a bare or haired lower surface 
to the second costal sector. The narrower treatment of Mesnil (as shown by his 
diagnoses and key characters) admits into Nemoraea only forms in which the lower 
calypter is entirely haired, there are four post dc setae, a prst va seta is present, and 
the second costal sector is bare ventrally. All the forms (other than one species 
from Burma for which he proposed the genus Echinemoraea) showing other combina- 
tions of characteristics are placed by Mesnil in Hypotachina — this name then coming 
into use for a large number of Old World species as well as the single Neotropical 
species — and this genus is then differentiated from Nemoraea principally by having 
three post dc setae, the lower calypter mainly bare, no prst ia seta, and the second 
costal sector haired ventrally. 


go R. W:. CROSSKEY 


The characteristics that Mesnil has used for the separation of Nemoraea and 
Hypotachina (syn. Dexiomima Brauer & Bergenstamm) undoubtedly work well 
for the majority of nemoraeine species, but, as I have pointed out earlier (Crosskey, 
1967c; 19736), there are many species (some of them not yet described) that possess 
suites of characters that will not permit them to be placed in one genus or another 
if Nemoraea is treated in a restricted sense. 

The BMNH contains the richest collection of Nemoraea material, and as many 
species (some undescribed) occur in the Oriental Region the opportunity has been 
taken whilst preparing the present work to study this material in detail. My 
conclusion from this is that neither the combinations of characters used by Mesnil, 
nor any combinations of characters, will suffice to differentiate satisfactory genera 
(or subgenera) within the Nemorvaea complex if all the species are considered; I 
therefore take the same view that van Emden (1960) took when dealing with the 
Ethiopian fauna, namely that Nemoraea is best treated as a single large genus 
embracing forms showing all combinations of the characteristics mentioned above. 

The following examples are mentioned to indicate how the characters of certain 
species cut across those that are used by Mesnil to distinguish Hypotachina from 
Nemoraea. In the African species infoederata Villeneuve and in an undetermined 
species from Madagascar there are four post dc setae and a prst ia seta (as Nemoraea) 
but the second costal sector is haired and the lower calypter almost all bare (as 
Hypotachina); in dotata (Walker) from Celebes there are three post dc setae (as 
Hypotachina) but the second costal sector is bare (as Nemoraea); in titan (Walker) 
with four post dc setae and in dotata (Walker) with three post dc setae the prst dc 
seta is usually absent but is differentiated in some specimens; and in several species 
that normally possess four post dc setae there may be only three in some specimens. 
These examples demonstrate the high degree of intermediacy existing between 
typical Nemoraea and typical Hypotachina and contra-indicate generic validity 
for the latter. 

As the result of the broad generic concept here preferred for Nemoraea several 
genus-group names based on Old World type-species are treated as synonyms 
(Dexiomima Brauer & Bergenstamm, Oxyrutilia Townsend, Prohypotachina Town- 
send, Pvotonemoraea Baranov, Kinabaluia Malloch, and Echinemoraea Mesnil). 
(The foregoing list of synonyms excludes the names based on New World type- 
species that are implicitly synonyms under the broad concept for Nemoraea: formal 
establishment of such synonymies is outside the scope of this work.) 

My synonymizing of the recently proposed name Echinemoraea Mesnil with 
Nemoraea requires brief comment. Mesnil (1971) : 987) proposed Echinemorea 
for the single species echinata Mesnil that he had earlier described in Nemoraea, 
the main differences from Nemoraea being the presence of strong spiniform bristling 
on the abdomen and scutellum, the lack of apical scutellar setae, and the extent of 
hairing on the lower calypter (on half the surface instead of either the whole surface 
as in typical Nemorvaea or solely on the outer edge as in Hypotachina). These features 
do not seem to warrant generic separation for echinata, for apomorphic development 
of spines in place of bristles is a frequent occurrence within tachinid genera (in 
the case of the scutellum often associated with reduction or loss of the normal 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION gI 


apical setae) and the feature of the calyptral hairing alone could hardly constitute 
a valid generic character in this group. 

The distribution range of Nemoraea s.]. extends eastwards as far as New Guinea 
and Queensland (Crosskey, 1973b) but the genus appears to be absent from the 
Pacific islands eastwards of New Guinea and is absent from New Zealand. The 
hosts are Lepidoptera of such families as Lymantriidae and Noctuidae, but there 
are very few host records as yet for Oriental species. An undescribed Australian 
species parasitizes the Sphingid Theretra nessus Drury. 


Tribe LESKIINI 


The tribe Leskiini in the sense used here conforms very closely to the tribal-group 
entity Leskiina-Clausicellina recently defined by Mesnil (1973@: 1115). In con- 
formity with Mesnil I include the curious genera /stoglossa Rondani and Clausicella 
Rondani as part of the Leskiini s.l. and not, as is sometimes done, in the separate 
tribe Clausicellini. 

The leskiines are moderately well represented in the Oriental Region where they 
include at present twelve genera in addition to the two already mentioned. Some 
of the genera, such as Leskia Robineau-Desvoidy itself, Solievia Robineau-Desvoidy 
and Ocypteromina Townsend occur widely also in the Palaearctic or Ethiopian 
regions but others seem to be essentially Oriental or Oriento-Australasian, at 
least as defined at present, e.g. Demoticoides. In addition to the more typical 
genera the Oriental tachinid fauna contains several very small genera that, with 
considerable uncertainty, I place at present in the Leskiini. These include the 
hairy-eyed genera Dexiomimops Townsend, Tvrichoformosomyia Baranov and 
Fertola Mesnil all of which have a very much leskiine facies whatever their true 
affinities may be. Certainly for practical purposes, in the present poor state of 
knowledge, it is more convenient to place these three genera in Leskiini than any- 
where else; though I doubt whether a study of male genitalia, host relations and 
other factors, will necessarily support such placement, which is made purely as an 
interim measure and to assist in recognition. Mesnil excludes the three genera 
from Leskiini, having proposed a special tribal-group taxon Dexiomimopsina for 
the first named (Mesnil, 1966 : 892), having placed Trichoformosomyia in the Neo- 
minthoina (Mesnil, 1962 : 780), and having placed Feriola at the time of description 
and recently in Eriothrixini (Mesnil, 1957 : 77; 1975 : 1311), and it is possible that 
these placements are phylogenetically more apposite than my own utilitarian assign- 
ment to Leskiini. Much more study is needed to discover the evolutionary relation- 
ships. (Very recently Mesnil (1975 : 1326) has re-assigned Dexiomimops by placing 
it in the eriothrixines.) 

So far as is known the species of Leskiini are almost entirely parasites of Lepidop- 
tera, often of Pyralidae. There are very few records from the Oriental Region 
and none for the problematical genera just discussed. 


92 


R. W. CROSSKE ¥ 


KEyY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF LESKIINI 


Wing with cell R; open or just closed in the wing margin . : : 2 
Wing with cell R, closed and long-petiolate (petiole almost as Tone as m-cu) 
ISTOGLOSSA Rondani 
Eyes haired . : ; : : : : : : : : 3 : 3 
Eyes bare s j : : : 6 
Scutellum with fee ae Da —S fare eran ae (large crossed apicals 
present that are almost as strong as the basals); subapical scutellar setae very 
widely separated, distance between their bases much greater than that between 
a subapical seta and its corresponding basal seta. Abdominal T3 and e without 
discal setae. Basicosta blackish brown : 4 
Scutellum with two pairs of strong marginal setae (apical ae abst or veey Sail 
and fine); subapical scutellar setae not very widely separated, distance between 
their bases not greater than that between a subapical seta and its corresponding 
basal seta. Abdominal T3 and T4 with discal setae (one haphazardly missing on 
either tergite in occasional specimens). Basicosta yellow. : 5 
2 + 3 dc setae. Abdominal T3 with a pair of very strong erect See ene 
setae. Abdominal Ti + 2 not excavate to its hind margin. Tegula blackish 
brown (not contrasting in colour with basicosta). Wing of 3 with one long setula 
on upper surface of the node and with a series of very long strong hairs on the 
lower surface of R,,; that extends about half way towards y-m 
TRICHOFORMOSOMYIA Baranov 
3 + 3dcsetae. Abdominal T3 without median marginal setae. Abdominal T1 + 2 
excavate to its hind margin. Tegula yellow (contrasting strongly with the dark 
basicosta). Wing of 3 with several minute hairs on each surface of the basal 
node of R45 : F . DEMOTICOIDES Mesnil 
Two post ia setae. Legs ere epoeaaily long and slender, hind tibia sinuous in both 
sexes; g hind femur with a row of 3-5 very long pd setae. Antennal axis at or 
below mid-eye level. Proboscis short, mentum not as long as head height 
DEXIOMIMOPS Townsend 
Three post ia setae. Legs not exceptionally long and tibiae not sinuous; ¢ hind 
femur without pd setae. Antennal axis conspicuously above mid-eye level. 
Proboscis rather long and fine ate 46), mentum conspicuously longer than 


head height : : FERIOLA Mesnil 
Mid tibia with one ad seta fcarely none at wall in 3). Wine vein Ry, with setulae 

confined to the basal node (except Clausicella) : 7 
Mid tibia with two or more strong ad setae. Wing vein ane z ae Se extending 

well beyond the node and usually reaching or surpassing y-m_ . Il 


Four stpl setae. Arista strongly thickened on about two-thirds of its length aa 

with the second segment elongate (about three times as long as wide). 2 + 3 dc 

setae. Palpi strongly clubbed : : . CLAUSICELLA Rondani 
Three stpl setae. Arista only with the usual iene thickening near the base and 

with the second segment not or hardly at all elongate. 2 + 3 or 3 + 3 dc setae. 


Palpi not clubbed : ; : ; : : : : é 8 
Abdominal T3 without median mempael ee 5 E : : ‘ 9 
Abdominal T3 with a pair of very strong erect median Here’ 52 : 10 


Abdominal Ti + 2 not excavate to its hind margin. Antennal axis at or just below 
mid-eye level, antennae not very large (length not exceeding maximum breadth 
of the eye). Peristomal setae undifferentiated (represented by small fine hairs). 
Frons of g narrow, width of vertex less than half that of one eye seen from above. 
Epistome very weakly projecting in front of the vibrissal insertions (Text-fig. 45). 
36 with exceptionally long narrow wings, very long slender legs, and long narrow 
abdomen [2 unknown]. Arista with obvious long pubescence (most hairs of upper 
surface longer than basal thickness of arista) ; . MYOBIOMIMA Townsend 


10 


II 


12 


13 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 93 


Abdominal Tr + 2 excavate to the hind margin. Antennal axis conspicuously 
above mid-eye level, antennae heavy and longer than maximum breadth of the 
eye. Peristomal setae well developed. Frons of 3 broad, width of vertex at 
least two-thirds that of one eye seen from above. Epistome strongly projecting. 
36 not of this slender form. Arista micropubescent , : LESKIOLA Mesnil 
[The 3 hypopygium is unusually large in relation to the abdomen in this genus 
and the 3 of the type-species, L. palpata, has proclinate orbital setae. | 
Scutellum without trace of lateral and apical setae. 2 + 3 dc setae. Abdominal 
Tr + 2 not excavate to the hind margin P ; SOLIERIA Robineau-Desvoidy 
Scutellum with lateral and apical setae differentiated (although weak and long 
hair-like). 3+ 3 dc setae. Abdominal Ti +2 excavate to or almost to the 
hind margin : , 4 : LESKIA Kobineau-Desvoidy 
[L. bezziana Barailoy runs here, It differs from L. aurea (Fallen), the type- 
species, in the nearly complete T1 + 2 excavation but its placement in Leskia 
appears justified. | 
Wing with bend of vein ™ as far, or almost as far, from wing margin as from m-cu; 
last section of Cu, conspicuously longer than m-cu. Costal spine very long and 
strong. Setulae of vein R,,, extending to beyond y-m. Arista conspicuously 
thickened on about its basal three-fifths, second segment about three times as 
long as broad. Abdominal Tr + 2 without median marginal setae. Proboscis 
very slender, slightly longer than head height. Basicosta yellow, contrasting 
with black-brown tegula. Last visible abdominal tergite with some irregular 
strong discal setae d : APHRIA Robineau-Desvoidy 
Wing with bend of vein M@ muck Ghoser to Wine margin than to m-cu; last section of 
Cu, conspicuously shorter than m-cu. Costal spine undeveloped. Setulae on 
vein R,,, not extending beyond y-m. Arista normal, slightly thickened only 
near base and second segment not elongate. Abdominal T1 + 2 with a pair of 
erect median marginal setae. Proboscis not unusually slender, shorter than head 
height. Both tegula and basicosta black-brown. Last visible abdominal tergite 
at most with some short stubby setulae, without long strong discals_. : d 12 
Palpi reduced and filiform, not reaching forwards as far as the epistome. Inner 
vertical setae subparallel. Humeral callus usually with only two strong setae. 
6 with proclinate orbital setae. ‘ : OCYPTEROMIMA Townsend 
Palpi fully developed, reaching forwards at least as far as the epistome. Inner 
vertical setae cruciate. Humeral callus with three or more strong setae. ¢ with 
or without proclinate orbital setae. : 13 
Second costal sector bare ventrally. Subapical scutellar setae faserted close to each 
other, distance between their bases not more than that between a subapical seta 
and its corresponding basal seta; apical scutellar setae absent or extremely weak. 
9 with a pair of very strong prevertical setae directed outwards over the eyes. 3 
with or without proclinate orbital setae. Abdominal Tr + 2 not excavate to 
its hind margin. Slender forms with rather elongate abdomen 
ATYLOSTOMA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Second costal sector haired ventrally. Subapical scutellar setae widely separated, 
distance between their bases usually conspicuously greater than that between a 
subapical seta and its corresponding basal seta; apical scutellar setae moderately 
strong, crossed and horizontal. 2 without such prevertical setae (but upper pair of 
reclinate orbitals may be twisted slightly outwards). ¢g without proclinate orbital 
setae. Abdominal Ti + 2 with excavation reaching the hind margin. More 
robust forms with ovate abdomen : : . THELAIROLESKIA Townsend 


94 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Tribe OXYPHYLLOMYIINI 


Mesnil (1966 : 886) proposed this group (as Oxyphyllomyina) for the aberrant 
and monotypic genus Oxyphyllomyia Villeneuve. The only material yet known 
consists of the three female type-specimens of the type-species, O. cordylurina, 
from southern China. The species is aptly named, as it bears an extraordinary 
superficial resemblance to certain species of Scathophagidae (Cordyluridae), even 
to the extent of having exceptionally reduced calyptrae (the lower calypter being 
no larger than the upper one). The phyletic relationships of Oxyphyllomyia are 
very uncertain, and as the type-material was not reared there is no host information 
to provide clues. Both Villeneuve in the original description, and Mesnil (1966) 
by inference from his placement of Oxyphyllomyina as subtribe 37 (next in sequence 
to his subtribe 38, Phyllomyina), considered the affinities to be with Phyllomya 
Robineau-Desvoidy, and certainly there are resemblances between the two in 
general body facies. It appears more probable to me, however, that the true 
relationships are with the Leskiini, for the head facies and structure of the proboscis 
(Text-fig. 47) are so exactly of the leskiine type and other features of the body in 
no way contra-indicate probable derivation from leskiine-like forms. Accordingly 
I place the Oxyphyllomyiini next to the Leskiini. Mesnil (1975@: 1349) has summar- 
ized some of the characters of the group but a more extensive account is given 
below. 


The characteristics of the Oxyphyllomyiini are as follows. Head shape as Text-fig. 47, 
head nearly as long as its height and without facial carina, frontal and facial profiles of about 
equal length, occipital and postbuccal regions strongly swollen. Eyes bare. Gena without 
dilation, as deep as half the eye-height. Epistome very slightly warped forwards from the 
face but not noticeably projecting in front of the vibrissal insertions. Vibrissal angles slightly 
prominent, vibrissae well developed and about level with the epistomal margin. Inner vertical 
setae strong and erect, outer vertical setae absent. Ocellar setae present, proclinate. Frontal 
setae sparse, rows extending to the level of the first antennal segment. One pair of erect- 
reclinate orbital setae, 9 with one pair of proclinate orbital setae [fj unknown, ? proclinate 
orbitals in this sex also]. Facial ridges bare. Parafacials very weakly haired on upper parts. 
Setulae of postocular row strong and irregular, but very sparse; upper occiput with sparse but 
rather strong black vestiture. Antennal axis far above the level of the eye middle, first antennal 
segment prominent, antennae long and nearly reaching to the epistome; arista pubescent, 
basal segments very small (no trace of elongation). Palpi fully developed, slender. Proboscis 
very long and slender (about one and a half times as long as head height, Text-fig. 47). Pro- 
sternum and propleuron bare. Two humeral setae (both strong). o + 1 2a seta. acy setae 
absent (or ? prescutellar pair present). 2 + 3 strong dc setae. pvaseta absent. Two strong 
sa setae. Propleural seta present (weak), prostigmatic seta present (strong). Two stp setae. 
Pteropleural seta very long and strong. Hypopleural setae very weak and very few. Infra- 
squamal setulae absent. Scutellum small, subtriangular, with only one pair of setae (very 
strong widely divergent subapicals inserted high up on the scutellar tip, Text-fig. 72). Post- 
scutellum almost absent, forming only a very slight convexity. Posteroventral declivity of 
the thorax membranous medially. Wings (Text-fig. 95) long and narrow, without pattern, 
clear. Veins (including the node) bare. Cell R,; open to the wing margin. Bend of vein 
M forming an evenly rounded curve near to the wing edge; m-—cu straight and meeting M 
slightly nearer to the bend than to vm; last section of Cu, exceptionally short (less than one- 
third of length of m—cu). Second costal sector sparsely haired ventrally. Calyptrae very 
small, lower calypter subequal in size to or smaller than the upper calypter, apical margin of 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 95 


lower calypter not projecting beyond the upper calypter. Legs long and slender with strong 
setae. Fore coxa mostly bare on the anterior surface. Fore tibia with two widely separated 
ad setae and two widely separated p setae; mid tibia with a v seta and two ad setae. Hind 
coxa bare posterodorsally. Hind tibia with two d preapical setae and a small pv apical seta. 
Abdomen long and narrow with T1 + 2 not excavate to its hind margin and with the sternites 
almost wholly concealed. Ti + 2, T3 and T4 with long strong marginal setae and with some 
weak erect discal setae haphazardly developed; T5 with strong discal setae but weak marginals. 
© without evident ovipositor [¢ terminalia not known). 


Tribe ERNESTIINI 


This tribe is represented in the Oriental Region only along the northern (Hima- 
layan) fringe, and forms an essentially Palaearctic element in the Oriental fauna. 
Apart from the dull-coloured genus Hyalurgus all the ernestiines found on the 
Oriental side of the Himalayas are metallic green or blue forms that comprise the 
subtribe Chrysocosmiina of Zimin (1958). Mesnil (1971; 1972) has recently separated 
these metallic green/blue genera into different tribal-group segregates, placing 
Chrysosomopsis in the Linnaemyiina, Janthinomyia in the Ernestiina, and Gym- 
nocheta (as Gymnochaeta) in a group of its own (the Gymnochaetina). Previous 
authors have not parted these genera in this manner, but have considered them very 
closely allied. In the present work the three genera involved are kept together 
in the Ernestiini, as a careful comparison of the adult flies does not appear to justify 
their segregation into different tribes or subtribes. 

The genus Eucomus Aldrich comes into the group of metallic forms referred to, 
but is herein newly synonymized with Chrysosomopsis Townsend. Two species 
have been described in Eucomus, the type-species E. strictus Aldrich and E. vicinus 
Mesnil, which are extremely alike and externally differ only by the slightly wider 
male frons of the latter (the male genitalia of the types have not been examined 
but might show differences). Mesnil (1971d : 1004) has recently transferred vicinus 
to Chrysosomopsis, an assignment which seems fully justified, and strictus is also 
here placed in Chrysosomopsis (thus Eucomus falling as a synonym). In Eucomus 
the male frons is very reduced through close approximation of the eyes, there are 
no evident inner vertical setae in the male, and the setulae on the base of R,,, 
extend only half way to 7-m, whereas in C. auratus (Fallén), the type-species of 
Chrysosomopsis, the male frons is wider with well developed inner vertical setae 
and the R,,, setulae extend almost to v-m, but these differences are not considered 
sufficiently significant for the recognition of Eucomus as a genus distinct from 
Chrysosomopsis. 

Mention should be made of the monotypic genus Everestiomyia Townsend which 
is so far known only from the Rongbuk glacier on the northern side of Mt Everest 
in Tibet. It is possible that E. antennalis Townsend occurs on the Nepalese side 
of Everest and elsewhere at high altitudes on the Oriental side of the Himalayas; 
if so, it should be easily recognizable from the placement of Everestiomyia in the 
accompanying key to ernestiine genera and the characters there given. 

The Oriental Ernestiini have the following characteristics in common. 


96 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Eyes densely haired, sometimes very strongly approximated in 3. 4 without proclinate 
orbital setae (sometimes one pair in Janthinomyia). Epistome produced forwards (e.g. as 
Text-fig. 49) (except in Hyalurgus). Palpi fully developed. Proboscis short. Prosternum 
bare or with a few very fine inconspicuous hairs. Propleuron bare. Four or five humeral 
setae. Three post ia setae. Usually three stp/ setae (two or four occasionally). Pteropleural 
seta developed, at least as long as upper calypter. Scutellum usually with at least four pairs 
of marginal setae. Mid tibia with several ad setae and av seta. Hind tibia with a pu apical 
seta (sometimes small and inconspicuous). Second costal sector bare ventrally [note: Mesnil’s 
(19716 : 1004) statement that it is haired in vicinus is not confirmed by examination of the 
type]. Cell R; open. Setulae on R,,, not extending more than halfway to v-m. Abdominal 
T1+ 2 excavate to hind margin. Intermediate abdominal tergites with erect discal setae. 
Sternites partially or widely exposed. 


There are no host records for Oriental Ernestiini yet available. The three Oriental 
species of Hyalurgus can be distinguished by the keys of Mesnil (1967; 1972). 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF ERNESTIINI 


[Note. The Tibetan genus Everestiomyia is included in case it should be found on the 
Nepalese side of the Himalayas. | 


1 Metallic green, blue or blue-violet forms, sometimes with coppery-red tinges (especially 
on the abdomen). Two posthumeral setae (except in Janthinomyta)  . : : 2 
— Non-metallic forms, colour generally blackish or brownish. One posthumeral seta 
2 Four post dc setae. Parafacials bare. Palpi black or brownish black (at most with 
tawny apices). Setulae on F,,, confined to basal node. Humeral setae not 
arranged with three in a basal line, the three strongest humerals normally in an 
obvious triangular arrangement ; : : 3 
- Three post dc setae. Parafacials wholly or partially eee "alg vole Setulae 
on R,,, extending half way to y-m. Humeral setae variable, but normally the 
main three standing obviously in a straight basal line 
CHRYSOSOMOPSIS Townsend 
3 Bend of vein M without an M, appendix. Abdominal sternites with strong spiniform 
setae. One posthumeral seta. ¢g frons broad, inner vertical setae strongly 
developed. Upper occiput with a regular row of strong black setulae behind the 
postocular row. Scutellum with crossed apical setae and subapicals not strongly 
approximated. Pteropleural seta enormous, reaching back to level of the end of 
the lower calypter. Ocellar setae very strong, much larger than the frontals 
JANTHINOMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
— Bend of vein M with a well developed M, appendix. Abdominal sternites without 
spiniform vestiture. Two posthumeral setae. ( frons very reduced, eyes strongly 
approximated and inner vertical setae not clearly differentiated. Upper occiput 
without black occipital setulae (at most with a few minute and inconspicuous dark 
setulae). Scutellum without apical setae and subapicals unusually straight and 
strongly approximated. Pteropleural seta much weaker, not surpassing the end of 
the upper calypter. Ocellar setae weak .  GYMNOCHETA Robineau-Desvoidy 
4 Epistome enormously produced, snout-like. Parafacials fully haired. Arista 
thickened on almost all its length, both basal segments greatly elongate. 2 + 3 dc 
setae. No differentiated acy setae. Third antennal segment axe-shaped. 
Scutellum without apical setae and with two pairs of lateral setae. Vibrissal angle 
bearing a dense tuft of long setae amongst which vibrissae are not differentiated. 
[Tibetan side of Mt Everest] . ¢ : EVERESTIOMYIA Townsend 
— Epistome not at all produced, invisible in profile, Parafacials bare or mainly so. 
Arista not noticeably thickened on most of its length, basal segments not elongate. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 97 


3 +3 dc setae. Acrostichal setae well developed. Third antennal segment 

normal. Scutellum with apical setae and with one pair of lateral setae. Vibrissal 

angle without such vestiture, one pair of normal strongly developed vibrissae 
HYALURGUS Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Tribe PARERIGONINI 


This small tribe contains rather rare forms of uncertain affinity. For the present 
it is retained in the Tachininae, but Mesnil (1970) : 121) is perhaps right in his 
suggestion that the parerigonines are really aberrant Phasiinae; unfortunately the 
hosts remain unknown and thus shed no light on the likely relationships. Townsend 
(1936a : 1939a) placed the type-genus Parerigone Brauer in the Linnaemyini, 
and Crosskey (19730) — whilst noting the uncertain affinities — placed the Pareri- 
gonini near the Linnaemyini. The Australian genera Zita Curran and Pygidimyia 
Crosskey (= Pygidia Malloch, preoccupied name) are undoubtedly parerigonines 
and it is interesting to note, in relation to Mesnil’s comments, that Townsend 
(1936a : 1938) assigned these genera to the phasiine tribe Leucostomatini (a place- 
ment that may prove to be rather perceptive). The genus Leverella from the 
Papuan subregion and Queensland is also certainly a parerigonine, but like Zita 
and Pygidimyia appears to be absent from the Oriental Region. 

So far only two genera are known to occur in the Oriental Region, Parerigone 
and Paropesia Mesnil, both of which have been recorded only from northern Burma. 
The former genus is found throughout southern Eurasia and Japan and the two 
species in Burma can be recognized by the species key given after the generic key 
below. Paropesia is so far known only from the female holotype of the type- 
species, but to judge from the characters of this specimen (especially the terminalia) 
from Burma is very closely related to the Papuan genus Leverella. 

The main characteristics of the Australian Parerigonini have been listed in an 
earlier work (Crosskey, 1973b), and in the main the two Oriental genera conform 
to those characteristics: in the male of Parerigone, however, the abdominal tergites 
6 and 7 + 8 do not form a deep declivity at the end of the abdomen as they do in 
the males of Australian forms. The male of Paropesia is not known, but from the 
apparent close relationship of the genus to Leverella it is probable that the Paropesia 
male will have the extensively developed T6 and T7 + 8 like that of Leverella. 

The following key includes all the genera currently associated in the Parerigonini 
(the names of genera not known in the Oriental Region being printed in non-bold 


type). 


Key TO GENERA OF PARERIGONINI 


1 Four post dc setae. Three post ia setae, the middle one further from the transverse 
suture than from the hindmost one [Australia] . AUSTRALOTACHINA Curran 
[Genus of doubtful position, possibly not belonging in the tribe.] 
— Three post dc setae. Two post ia setae, both very strong and the anterior one at least 
a little closer to the transverse suture than to the posterior one . 2 
2 Scutellum with a pair of strong lateral setae between the basal and Sabapical sees of 
setae (normally therefore with four pairs of margifial setae). Eyes densely long 


98 RR. Wi. CROSSE ¥ 


haired. Abdomen with long discal setae on the intermediate tergites and with 

marginal setae on Ti + 2andT3 . : F PARERIGONE Brauer 
— Scutellum without lateral setae, always with only three pairs of marginal setae 

altogether. Eyes bare or haired. Abdomen without discal setae on intermediate 

tergites or with rather short discals, normally without marginal setae on one or 

both of the first two visible segments : : F 3 
3 Abdomen with Ti + 2 and T3 fused into a single ame compost fee Posterior 

thoracic spiracle very large, at least twice as long as the barette. Legs reddish 

yellow with darkened apices to the tarsi. Pleural regions of thorax with yellow 

to golden orange hair. [Australia] . : : , PYGIDIMYIA Crosskey 
— Abdomen normal, T1 + 2 and T3 not fused. Bei thoracic spiracle normal or 

if a little enlarged then not nearly twice as long as the barette. Legs black or 

brownish black. Pleural regions of thorax with dark hair (except sometimes for 


some pale hair on propleuron) : ‘ : : : 4 
4 Eyes densely and conspicuously hairy. Peoeleuron foie ew Guinea, Queens- 

land, Solomon Islands] . 3 : . : ; LEVERELLA Baranov 
— Eyes bare. Propleuron bare or fined ‘ : 5 


5 Head bright yellow pollinose. Epistome strongly projecting and Gar fucose! 
well above the epistomal margin (by a distance subequal to length of second 
antennal segment). Both thoracic spiracles brown or blackish, not conspicuous 
against the dark background of the pleural Soye Propleuron usually haired. 
[Australia]. : ZITA Curran 

— Head dull greyish valli palletes Beceue = very slightly projecting (just 
visible in profile) and the vibrissae inserted only slightly above the level of the 
epistomal margin (Text-fig. 48). Both thoracic spiracles pale yellowish, con- 
spicuously contrasting with the blackish background of the pleural regions. 
Propleuron bare. [Burma] . : : : : : . PAROPESIA Mesnil 


KEY TO ORIENTAL SPECIES OF PARERIGONE BRAUER 
($3 only known) 


1 Body uniformly covered with long yellow hair. Legs with the tibiae not noticeably 
paler than the remainder, tibiae at most slightly reddish. Palpi distinctly darkened 
basally. Genitalia with enormously large cerci that are more or less straight in 
profile ‘ ‘ eristaloides Mesnil 
— Body with mainly black airing, pale ae AGE ee to the sternopleura and 
the abdominal venter. Legs with the tibiae almost wholly reddish yellow, much 
paler than the remainder of the legs. Palpi entirely clear yellow. Genitalia with 
very small recurved cerci : : : : ‘ : ‘ malaisei Mesnil 


Tribe LINNAEMYINI 


This small tribe is represented in the Oriental Region only by the genus Linnaemya 
Robineau-Desvoidy (of which Palpina Malloch and Xanthoerigone Townsend 
are herein treated as new synonyms). Up to now only a few species of Linnaemya 
have been described or recorded from the region, but from studies made for the 
present work it is clear that at least seventeen species occur within the Oriental 
area as it is here defined. This number includes the few species previously in 
Palpina and Xanthoerigone and some essentially Palaearctic species that are ‘intru- 
ders’ into the northern fringes of the Oriental Region along the Himalayas; the 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 99 


latter element in the fauna includes L. comta (Fallén), L. picta (Meigen) and L. 
soror Zimin whose presence in the northern Oriental area has been confirmed during 
the present revisionary work from specimens (¢ genitalia examined) in the BMNH 
collection. Some of the truly Oriental species also have very close links with 
Palaearctic species, an example being L. atriventris (Malloch), a species hitherto 
in Palpina, which occurs in Malaya and Indonesia and is almost indistinguishable 
from the northern Asiatic species L. montshadskyi Zimin (the complex ¢ genitalia 
in the two being almost identical). Because of the very close affinities of the Palaearc- 
tic and Oriental Linnaemya faunas the keys of Zimin (1963) and Mesnil (19710) 
to Palaearctic species, and of Zimin (1954) and Chao (1962a) to Russian and Chinese 
species, are specially relevant to the Oriental area. - 

Townsend (1936a; 1939a) placed the genera Palpina and Xanthoerigone in his 
tribe Linnaemyini, but Mesnil (1957 : 60) associated these genera with Parerigone 
Brauer (a genus now considered to belong to the tribe Parerigonini and possibly 
having phasiine affinities), and Crosskey (1967c : 107) listed them as parerigonines. 
In order to place the Palpina-Xanthoerigone complex (the two names have already 
been synonymized with each other: Crosskey, 1967c) reliably in the present work 
it has been necessary to consider the characters in detail, and especially to try and 
determine whether the affinities are with Linnaemyini or with Parerigonini. Only 
adult flies are available, but even so it appears certain that Palpina, despite some 
superficial resemblance to Parerigone, is a linnaemyine and indeed no significant 
distinction at all has been found between Palpina-Xanthoerigone and Linnaemya 
itself. In consequence both Palpina and Xanthoerigone are treated as synonyms 
of Linnaemya as this genus is currently understood. Here it is relevant to note 
that Mesnil’s Linnaemya longipalpis (2 holotype) is unquestionably the female 
of Townsend’s Xanthoerigone oralis (the type-species of Xanthoerigone) so that 
Mesnil has in effect but unknowingly associated Xanthoerigone with Linnaemya; 
while Palpina atriventris Malloch—as noted above-—is hardly distinguishable 
from, and perhaps even the same as, Linnaemya montshadskyi. The type-species 
of Palpina, viz. scutellaris Malloch, runs perfectly in Mesnil’s (19710) key to Linnaemya 
lateralis (Townsend) and is exceedingly similar to that species if not actually synony- 
mous with it. 

Xanthoerigone oralis (syn. Linnaemya longipalpis) differs from typical Linnaemya 
in the form of the male genitalia, particularly in the shape of the cerci and surstyli, 
and at first glance it appears inappropriate to associate oralisin Linnaemya. But every 
other character shown by oralis fits with, or has its counterpart in, other Linnaemya 
species and it is therefore considered unjustified to maintain Xanthoerigone as a 
genus distinct from Linnaemya. In oralis there are two ad setae on the mid tibia 
instead of the usual three or more, but two such setae occur in several undoubted 
Linnaemya species; in oralis there is no definite pu apical seta on the hind tibia, 
but such seta is also lacking in certain Linnaemya species (e.g. melancholica Mesnil) ; 
and in oralis there is no definite submedian v seta on the mid tibia (but weakness or 
even total absence of this seta occurs in the males of several Linnaemya species). 
In short, there is no character or group of characters that will serve to separate 
either Palpina or Xanthoerigone from Linnaemya, 


100 RE Wi © RO sis KeE 


The following summary shows the main characteristics of Linnaemya (including 
Palpina and Xanthoerigone). 


Eyes densely haired. Parafacials bare or at most finely haired on upper part. Epistome 
moderately to very strongly prominent, visible in profile. One pair of strong reclinate orbital 
setae (often crossing at their apices, sometimes preceded by a pair of rather strong slightly 
reclinate frontal setae that simulate orbitals). Second aristal segment at least twice as long 
as broad, usually more. Palpi very reduced, not more than half as long as third antennal 
segment, usually shorter than second antennal segment and sometimes papilliform; if longer 
than second antennal segment then filiform and usually with one or two very long apical hairs. 
Propleuron, prosternum and prosternal membrane bare. Humeral callus with four or five 
strong setae of which three stand in a straight (or almost so) basal line. 3 + 3dcsetae. Three 
post 1a setae. Three stp/ setae (exceptionally only two). Pteropleural seta rather weak (tip 
not surpassing apex of upper calypter) to moderately strong or very strong (at its strongest 
reaching back to a level with the apex of the lower calypter). Scutellum with four or five 
pairs of marginal setae (including crossed horizontal apical setae and either one or two pairs 
of laterals). Mid tibia with at least two ad setae and usually with a submedian v seta (this 
seta reduced to a small setula or absent in some males). Hind tibia usually with a strong 
pv apical seta, sometimes with very small inconspicuous pv not clearly differentiated. Vein 
R, almost always bare (setulose on basal or median part in some forms); setulae on vein Ry; 
confined to basal node or at most extending only as far as y-m. Bend of vein M strongly 
angulate, with a long well developed M, appendix or at least a short dark M, fold. Cell R; 
open. Second costal sector bare ventrally (very rarely with a few scattered setulae). Basicosta 
pale yellow. Abdominal Tr + 2 excavate to hind margin. Sternites at least slightly exposed. 
Suture between T4 and T5 often partially or almost wholly obliterated. 


Lepidoptera provide the hosts for members of the Linnaemyini, especially the 
Noctuidae, but almost nothing is known of the hosts in the Oriental Region. L. 
vulpinoides has been reared from an unidentified noctuid in Malaya. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL SPECIES OF LINNAEMYA ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY 


[Note. Most Oriental species are known from very little material and it is not necessarily 
certain that all names cited are valid. The key is merely a preliminary attempt to segregate 
the species on external features: male genitalia have not been studied. L. pavalongipalpis 
Chao and L. vohdendorfi Chao from southern China have not been seen and are omitted.] 


1 Wing vein Ff, bare : : : : : : ; : Z 
— Wing vein R, setulose on its miele sone ge Undescribed sp. (near montshadskyi Zimin) 
2 Wings tacotorous! creamy white at the base, extensively dark brown medially, and 
hyaline apically. Upper occiput with a regular row of strong black occipital setae 
behind the postocular row. Scutellum creamy white and sharply contrasting in 
colour with the mesonotum and abdomen which are shining black to naked eye. 
Fore tarsi of 2 dorsoventrally flattened, very broadly and conspicuously dilated 
Undescribed sp. (near speciosissima Mesnil) 
— Wings not so, more or less uniformly hyaline. Upper occiput either without dark 
vestiture behind the postocular row or with inconspicuous and irregular black hairs 
or weak setulae. Scutellum not creamy white, usually dark yellowish to brownish 
and not, to the naked eye, strikingly contrasting in colour with the mesonotum or 
abdomen. Fore tarsi not flattened and dilated or at most only a and 
inconspicuously so . : ¢ : : : : : 3 
Scutellum with one pair of tec setae : . ; : : 4 
Scutellum with two pairs of lateral setae (but not equally, strong) : : : 17 


| w 


II 


12 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 101 


Second antennal segment with an elongate wart-like excrescence on the basal half 

of the inner-anterior surface (Text-fig. 139). Pteropleural seta extremely strong, 

reaching back almost as far as the end of the Jower calypter. Pleural regions of 

thorax with pale yellow hair . : : ; : : ; : : 5 
Second antennal segment normal, without such excrescence. Pteropleural seta 

weak, not reaching to beyond the end of the upper calypter (except in an un- 

identified species near pentheri from Burma). Pleural regions of the thorax with 

pale or dark hair - . : : : 7 
Abdominal T3 and T4 each with a pate of eciues ace aoae) Femora blackish or 

brownish black. Parafacials very broad, about twice as wide as third antennal 

segment, and finely haired on the upper parts 6 
Abdominal T3 and T4 without discal setae. Femora recheiieth, wlio (at finest slightly 

browned apically). Parafacials not wider than third antennal segment and 

entirely bare : : . vulpinoides Baranov 
¢$ with proclinate orbital vee. Gente ei 2 with ie vestiture mainly black and 

very short (inconspicuous). Abdomen predominantly blackish to naked eye but 

with traces of reddish colour anterolaterally . 2 : comta Fallén 
6 without proclinate orbital setae. Scutum of 2 with hair vestiture mostly pale 

yellow or yellowish white and of moderate length (fairly Ss ae Abdomen 


predominantly reddish brown to naked eye . . . soror Zimin 
Femora black or blackish brown. Abdominal T3 often with a pair of erect discal 

setae . c : 8 
Femora reddish yéllone or ‘almost entirely-se so. Abdominal T3 without discal setae : 10 


Abdomen with ground colour tawny reddish yellow except for a broad black median 
vitta and blackish apical half to T5. Pteropleural seta strong and reaching well 


beyond the end of the upper calypter . Undetermined sp. (near pentheri Bischof) 
Abdomen with ground colour entirely black or brownish black. Pteropleural seta 
weak and not reaching beyond the end of the upper calypter é : 9 


Bend of vein M much nearer to m-cu than to the wing margin (m-cu to bend ess — 
twice as long as y-m). Abdominal T3 with a pair of extremely strong spiniform 
discal setae. Abdomen appearing uniformly shining black to naked eye (pol- 
linosity very thin and inconspicuous). Thoracic dorsum rather evenly pale 
golden yellow pollinose (strongly contrasting in colour therefore with the black 
abdomen). Tibiae reddish yellow and much paler than the dark femora Undescribed sp. 

Bend of vein M about equidistant between m-cu and the wing margin (m-cu to bend 
at least twice as long as y-m). Abdominal T3 without or with rather weak discal 
setae. Abdomen with silvery or pale yellowish grey pollinosity conspicuous to 
naked eye, especially on basal halves of intermediate tergites. Thoracic dorsum 
with inconspicuous silvery or pale yellowish grey pollinosity (not strikingly 
contrasting in colour to naked eye with the naa Tibiae reddish brown, 


not noticeably paler than the femora : atriventris Malloch 
Pleural regions of thorax with hairing all pale yellow or yellowish white. : : II 
Pleural regions of thorax with gh ae dark brown or black (except sometimes whitish 

on sternopleuron) : 13 


Bend of vein M nearer to cross-vein m-cu than to the wine eaetGe M, sorestiee in the 

form of a good vein that is as long as or longer than the section of MW between m-cu 

and the bend : : : felis Mesnil 
Bend of vein M nearer to the mine margin than to m-cu; M, eppent represented 

by a short dark fold in the wing that is much shorter than the section of M 


between m-cu and the bend : : : : 12 
Palpi very small, shorter than the second antennal scene Two stpl setae 

[character possibly not constant, only holotype known] . : pellex Mesnil 
Palpi moderately long and fine, nearly twice as long as the second paren segment. 

Three stpl setae . : ‘ : : : A : : . oralis Townsend 


102 R. W. CROSSKEY 


13 Wing vein R,,, with setulae confined to the basal node (numbering about five). 
Abdomen except for hypopygium entirely dark, blackish brown with thin overlay 
of bluish grey pollinosity (in § bright orange-yellow postabdomen conspicuously 
contrasting to naked eye with the bluish black appearance of the preabdomen) 
melancholica Mesnil 
— Wing vein R,,; with setulae extending at least half way to v-m and usually almost 
as far as y-m (numbering at least eight). Abdomen tawny yellow or orange on 
much of the basal half (except for dark median vitta) and sometimes also at the 
apex, ¢ hypopygium not strikingly contrasting in colour with the preabdomen . 14 
14 Bend of vein M much closer to m-cu than to the wing margin and with an M, 
appendix that is much longer than the distance from m-cu to the bend. First 
abdominal sternite with pale brown hair and the venter of Tr + 2 with all hairing 
brownish black. Abdominal T3 with a pair of very strong median marginal setae 
amicula Mesnil 
— Bend of vein M about equidistant between m-cu and the wing margin and with an 
M, appendix that is shorter than or subequal to the distance from m-cu to the 
bend. First abdominal sternite and the venter of T1 + 2 with pale yellow hair. 
Abdominal T3 without median marginal setae or with a small weakly differentiated 


pair . : 15 
15 Abdominal T5 more or less uniformly blast: or oe caer ana eee aud 

conspicuously pollinose - 16 
— Abdominal T5 shining tawny oes on the apical half or so ee hardly at all 

pollinose . : scutellaris Malloch 


{Running fee is the 9 holotype, ee aol. fous epeceaaa of scutellaris. The 
species is only doubtfully distinct from latevalis and the character cited might 
not hold true for the ¢@.] 
16 Wing vein R,,, with the setulae extending almost tor-m . : lateralis Townsend 
— Wing vein R,,; with the setulae extending only about half way towards r-m 
nigrohirta Malloch 
[This nominal species is very probably not distinct from Jlatevalis.} 
17 Scutal pollinosity usually conspicuously yellow. dg genitalia with apex of the cercus 
seen in profile in the form of a swollen recurved knob (fig. 28 in Zimin, 1954) 
picta Meigen 
— Scutal pollinosity pale greyish or ais grey. <6 genitalia with apex of the cercus 
straight in profile : - omega Zimin 
[The two species in this cae are pee to {2222 rele on external 
features but the $ genitalia are very different. | 


Tribe TACHININI 


This tribe contains relatively large strongly bristled tachinids that parasitize 
larvae of Macrolepidoptera and are characterized principally by having the postero- 
dorsal aspect of the hind coxa finely haired (except in the rare Palaearctic genus 
Schineria Rondani). The general characteristics have been cited by Mesnil (1966) 
and those features that pertain specifically to the Australian members of the tribe 
by Crosskey (19736). The group is richly represented in the Oriental Region, in 
contrast to Australia where it is rather impoverished, but there is a remarkable 
dearth of host records for the Oriental area considering how large and obvious the 
flies are and how prevalent the potential hosts must be: the only Oriental member 
of the fauna for which substantiated host records exist is Cuphocera varia, a parasite 
of Spodoptera army-worms (Noctuidae). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 103 


The Oriental fauna is essentially very similar in character to that of the Palaearctic 
Region and is mostly comprised of genera that are common to both areas. Two 
small endemic genera are recognized, Sericotachina Townsend and Ervistaliomyia 
Townsend, but their members are perhaps no more than rather strongly apomorphic 
Servillia Robineau-Desvoidy and these two genera are possibly unwarranted. They 
are accepted as valid in the present work largely to preserve the homogeneity of 
Servillia — a group which has speciated considerably in the Oriental Region (account- 
ing for two-thirds of the specific fauna) but nevertheless retains considerable uni- 
formity. 

In dealing with the old-established and well known genera Servillia and Cuphocera 
Macquart it has been necessary to decide whether to follow Mesnil (1966; 1970a) 
and treat them as synonymous with Yachina Meigen and Peleteria Robineau- 
Desvoidy respectively, or whether to treat them in the traditional way and accept 
them as valid genera. The latter course has been decided upon, as it seems more 
helpful in an essentially practical work of this kind; at the same time it is recognized, 
and should be mentioned, that Mesnil’s approach is probably wholly justified from 
the phylogenetic point of view. Servillia has male genitalia of the Tachina type 
and can only be very intangibly distinguished from Vachina by possessing (in 
most forms at least) softer, furrier, and paler hairing. Nevertheless there is a 
zoogeographical element involved which offers some support for the practical value 
of recognizing Servillia as valid. The whole Yachina-Servillia complex is Eurasian, 
but entirely black-haired forms are virtually confined to northern and western 
Eurasia (there being almost none in the Oriental Region proper) whereas almost 
all of the rich south-eastern Eurasian fauna comprises forms possessing some or 
much soft pale hair. (Ranking of Servillia as a subgenus of Tachina has been 
considered, but rejected at present because of the nomenclatural problems of 
homonymy —not dealt with by Mesnil—that are raised when nominal species 
described in Servillia are transferred to Tachina.) 

The question of Cuphocera is different from that of Servallia for there is no difficulty 
in differentiating it from the genus Peleteria (as usually defined) with which Mesnil 
has synonymized it: in Peleteria the palpi are fully developed (long, slender, reaching 
or surpassing the epistome) and in Cuphocera they are absent or vestigial. Again a 
zoogeographical element is involved in the difference, for in the Oriento-Australasian 
Regions only the non-palpate forms in the complex (Cuphocera species) are repre- 
sented. Treatment of Cuphocera as a subgenus of Peleteria might beasensible course, 
but is not adopted here because the complex of forms involved has not been studied 
on a world basis. 

The most extraordinary of all Oriental Tachinini is the very rare species that 
Tothill (1918) described from northern India under the name Chaetoplagia asiatica. 
This odd fly has a rather voriine facies that led Tothill to describe it in the American 
voriine genus Chaetoplagia Coquillett, but examination of the lectotype (herein 
designated) and another specimen for the present work has shown clearly that 
Tothill’s placement is erroneous. The species belongs in the Tachinini (as is well 
shown by the finely haired posterodorsal surface of the hind coxa and other charac- 
ters) but not to any previously described genus. As the species has a very unusual 


104 R) Wa CROSSE Vi 


combination of characters for a member of the Tachinini, and cannot be assigned 
to an existing genus, a new genus is proposed for it below and the new binomen 
Tothillia asiatica (Tothill) comb. n. is here established. 


Genus TOTHILLIA gen. n. 
Type-species: Chaetoplagia asiatica Tothill, 1918. 


Diacnosis. Eyes bare. Vibrissae, frontal and orbital setae exceptionally strong. Ocellar 
setae present, of moderate size. Both sexes with proclinate orbital setae. Parafacial with 
some strong setae in addition to fine hairing. Gena bearing a strong genal seta (isolated or 
accompanied by a weaker black setula). Facial regions unusually flat, epistome only just 
visible in profile, vibrissae inserted exactly level with epistomal margin. Occiput with entirely 
white hairing behind the postocular setae. Antennae long, reaching to epistomal margin, 
third segment longer than second and widening at its end; arista with both basal segments 
greatly elongate (each nearly as long as terminal part and arista therefore appearing tripartite). 
Palpi present, fully developed. Humeral callus with setae as in Cuphocera. 3 + 3 acr setae. 
3 + 3 dc setae (apparently only two prst dc but a very small dc present in front of the two 
main widely separated prst dc). 1 + 2 ta setae. Two supra-alar setae, second very weak 
compared to pra seta. Posterior postalar seta enormous (tip reaching almost to hind margin 
of T3).’ Prostigmatic seta very weak (much smaller than the strong propleural seta). Three 
stpl setae. Pteropleural seta enormous (tip reaching to beyond the hind margin of Tr + 2). 
Propleuron haired. Pleurotergite bare. Scutellum with two pairs of enormous long slightly 
divergent setae (laterals and subapicals) and with two pairs of very weak marginal setae (basals 
and apicals, latter crossed and horizontal). Thoracic pleural hair white. Tarsi black. Mid 
tibia with several exceptionally strong pd setae and one p seta (plus the usual series of strong 
ad setae and v seta). Hind coxa finely haired on the posterodorsal surface. Hind tibia with 
a very strong pd preapical seta. Wing (Text-fig. 96) with veins R, and R,_,; strongly setulose 
on the whole length of the upper surface, with R, setulose on the apical two-thirds of its lower 
surface, and with R,,,; setulose on the whole of the lower surface. Second costal sector haired 
ventrally. Third costal sector exceptionally short (hardly exceeding half the length of the 
second sector). Apices of veins R;, R,,, and M, and the bend of M exceptionally remote 
from the wing apex, cell R; narrowly open. Bend of vein M with a very long M, fold. Basi- 
costa clear pallid yellow. Abdomen with intersegmental sutures almost obliterated medially. 
Tr + 2 excavate and without median marginal setae. Intermediate abdominal tergites 
(13 and T4) each with a pair or more of strong discal setae. 


The new genus Tothillia differs from other Tachinini most obviously by having 
the first and third wing veins strongly setulose along their length (except for basal 
part of first vein bare on lower surface) and by the quite exceptional strength of 
much of the chaetotaxy (the vibrissae, frontal setae, orbitals, posterior postalar, 
pteropleural, and lateral and subapical scutellar setae being enormously developed). 
The general appearance is very different from more typical Tachinini, but the 
affinities appear to be most closely with the Palaearctic genus Schineria Rondani. 
Tothillia can be most usefully compared with Schineria and Cuphocera. It resembles 
Schineria in head shape and body form, haired propleuron, and the disposition of 
much of the chaetotaxy (the scutellum, for example, being almost identical) but 
differs in the aforementioned setulose wing veins, in possessing parafacial bristles, 
in having three (not two) sternopleural setae and posterodorsal hairing on the hind 
coxa, and in lacking median marginal setae on Tr + 2. It agrees with Cuphocera, 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 105 


on the other hand, in having parafacial bristles, haired hind coxa, and three sterno- 
pleural setae, but differs very obviously in the setulose R, and R,,;, in possessing 
palpi and hairing on the propleuron, in having two (instead of three) fost 7a setae, 
and in possessing discal setae on the intermediate abdominal tergites. A note- 
worthy character by which Tothillia differs from both Schineria and Cuphocera, 
and almost all other Tachinini, is the presence of hairing on the lower surface of 
the second costal sector. 

At present Tothillia is monotypic for T. asiatica (Tothill) and is known only 
from northern India. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF TACHININI 


[Note. The genus Schineria Rondani is included in the following key because it occurs in 
central and northern China. A specimen of S. majae Zimin from Nanking, just outside the 
Oriental Region, isin the BMNH collection. Two specimens of Schineria from Tonkin mentioned 
by Mesnil (1970a : 975) have not been seen and have been left out of consideration in the 
present work. |} 


1 Wing with first and third veins (R, and R,, ;) setulose along almost the whole of their 
length on both upper and lower surfaces (Text-fig. 96). Parafacials with some 


very strong setae in addition to the hairing : : TOTHILLIA gen. n. 
— Wing with first and third veins (R, and eri totally bare except for the usual fine 

hairs or setulae on the basal node of R,,;. Parafacials without nee setae as well 

as hairing (except in Cuphocera) : 2 
2 Parafacial armed with two or three strong setae at its lower ven Propleuvon bare. 

Palpi absent. 1 + 3 ia setae ; 5 : CUPHOCERA Macquart 


— Parafacial uniformly haired and without any strong setae (at most a few hairs slightly 
stronger than the others). Propleuron haired. Palpi present (sometimes small). 
I + 2 1a setae (very rarely only 1 +1) . ; 2 : : : : : 3 
3 Hind coxa bare on the posterodorsal surface. Cell R, short-petiolate 
SCHINERIA Rondani 
— Hind coxa haired on the posterodorsal surface. Cell R; open to the wing margin 
(sometimes very narrowly). 3 3 : ‘ : : 4 
4 Abdominal Tr + 2 without median marginal setae. Palpi slightly ($) to very 
strongly (2) clubbed. Bend of vein M usually with a definite M, appendix in 
addition to the dark fold. Second costal sector often haired ventrally (or partially 


so). Eyes bare or haired : 2 : MIKIA Kowarz 
— Abdominal Tr + 2 with at least one pair of erect maedian marginal setae, usually with 

a well developed transverse row of such setae. Palpi parallel-sided, usually strongly 

filiform. Bend of vein M without a definite appendix, with only a trace of a 

darkened fold. Second costal sector bare ventrally. Eyes always bare. 5 
5 Mesonotum, scutellum and abdomen metallic blue-violet (appearance similar to 

Janthinomyia) : ‘ . CHRYSOMIKIA Mesnil 
— Non-metallic forms Without amc coloration. us 6 


6 One post ia seta. Second supra-alar seta absent Gapra- “aie a area ot ecatan eeetore 
with only two setae, the pre-alar and the first supra-alar). One prst dc seta. 
Antennae exceptionally elongate, virtually reaching to epistomal margin and 
second segment as long as the maximum eye-width. Facial ridges bare and 
shining. Wings distinctly bicolorous, orange-yellow basally (especially anteriorly) 
and greyish brown apically. Humeral callus with three setae. Mesonotum and 
scutellum with vestiture of short bright orange lanceolate hairing ; abdomen shining 
black with two transverse basal bands of bright orange hair 

SERICOTACHINA Townsend 


106 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Two post ia setae. Second supra-alar seta present (supra-alar area therefore with the 
normal total of three setae). Two or more prst dc setae (sometimes long and fine 
and only weakly differentiated from the hairing). Antennae normal, not nearly 
reaching to epistome and second segment not as long as eye-width. Entire facial 
region pollinose, facial ridges not forming bare shining strips. Wings not bicolorous, 
more or less hyaline or faintly and evenly smoky. Humeral callus with five or 
more setae. Mesonotal and scutellar vestiture not so, the hairs not at all lanceolate; 
abdomen otherwise coloured and patterned ; , F : : ; : 7 
7 Intermediate abdominal tergites (T3 and T4) without discal setae. Parafrontals 
wholly pollinose or if weakly pollinose so that some shining ground colour is 
evident then not sharply demarcated in appearance from the parafacials. Normally 
two or three stp/ setae, rarely only one . 8 
— Intermediate abdominal tergites (T3 and T4) wait Short Seay eee Gee fee. 
normally one pair on each tergite (one or more such setae haphazardly missing in 
occasional specimens). Parafrontals bare, non-pollinose, brilliantly shining and 
sharply and oa differentiated from the normally pollinose parafacials. One 
stpl seta 3 ERISTALIOMYIA Townsend 
8 Tarsi entirely black. All ‘thoracic and abdominal hair black. Abdomen brightly 
shining, with black mid line flanked by dark red-brown sides and black apex 
NOWICKIA Wachtl 
— Tarsi partly or wholly pale, yellow-orange or reddish. Some or most of either the 
thoracic or abdominal hair, often both, pale whitish, yellow-orange or golden-red 
(except all black in Servillia atva and Tachina sacontala but then all tibiae and tarsi 


yellow-orange). Abdomen notso . ; : : : 9 
g Abdominal Tit +2 with one pair of median marginal setae. All thoracic and 
abdominal hair black and very short, not at all furry : 4 TACHINA Meigen 


— Abdominal T1 + 2 witha transverse row of strongly spiniform median marginal setae, 
the row normally consisting of at least four such setae. Some at least of the 
thoracic or abdominal hair pale, and the hair mostly very long, fine and furry (all 
hair black in S. atva but then whole fly more or less black and abdominal T3 witha 
continuous transverse marginal row of spiniform setae) SERVILLIA Qobineau-Desvoidy 


SUBFAMILY GONIINAE: KEYS TO TRE LRIBES AND GENEIE 


This enormous subfamily includes about half of the Oriental tachinid fauna. 
Many of its constituent genera, such as Avgyrophylax, Carcelia, Eozenillia, Exorista, 
Palexorista, Pseudogonia and Sisyropa, are familiar to the agricultural entomologist 
in south-east Asia (as names at least) because they include the tachinid species 
that are most commonly recorded as parasites of insect pests. Biologically, how- 
ever, the subfamily is not very discrete or easy to define because its members show 
a variety of ways of attacking the hosts. These are principally caterpillars and 
pupae of Lepidoptera, but also include larval or adult Coleoptera and larval sawflies, 
various members of the orthopteroid orders, and (rarely) the grubs of paper-making 
wasps. 

The principal characteristics of adult Goniinae have been cited in an earlier 
work (Crosskey, 19730: 75). In practice it is extremely difficult to diagnose the 
subfamily in a succinct way and no fully satisfactory definition exists: virtually 
every character that could be cited as typical for the whole vast complex of included 
forms has an exception somewhere amongst the included species that renders 
recognition of the subfamily by straightforward key characters impossible. Simi- 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 107 


larly it is very difficult to classify the genera included in the Goniinae into easily 
distinguishable tribes or subtribes— yet some hierarchical classification between 
the subfamiliar and the generic levels is essential for practical identification as 
well as for the more erudite purpose of reflecting the supposed phyletic interrelation- 
ships. 

Some of the tribes or subtribes that have been recognized in recent years, such 
as the Acemyini and Siphonini (which some specialists consider would be better 
placed in the Tachininae), are fairly discrete entities and appear to be phyletically 
natural taxa in which the members have a generally similar external adult facies, 
a similar reproductive habit, and attack similar host groups. Other sections of 
the subfamily that have been variously recognized as tribes or subtribes (such as 
the Sturmiini, Carceliini, Goniini, Eryciini, Trypherina, Masicerina, Erythrocerina, 
etc., of various specialists) are little more than haphazard aggregates of genera 
vaguely united by the common possession of a few attributes in the adult flies 
of (probably) little or no phyletic significance. It is, however, one thing to recognize 
the artificiality of the existing system of so-called tribes or subtribes and quite 
another to find a workable system to replace it — the existing classification within 
the Goniinae, unsatisfactory though it is even at the utilitarian level, is at least 
an approximation to a practical way of assembling the multifarious genera into 
manageable units and of differentiating such units (be they called either tribes or 
subtribes for mere convenience). 

Herting (1960) has put forward, in an inchoate way, an arrangement of most of 
the west Palaearctic genera of carceliine-sturmiine-goniine-eryciine tachinids in 
which the genera (with a few exceptions) are aggregated into two major groups 
depending upon whether the reproductive habit is that of ovolarviparity or microovi- 
parity. Such a system, properly formalized, implies two suprageneric taxa with 
redefined limits to which — if ranked at tribal level —- the names Eryciini and Goniini 
correctly apply under the rules of nomenclature. There seems little doubt that 
Herting’s (op. cit. and personal communication) scheme is much closer to the 
‘phylogenetic truth’ than is the usual classification into several tribes or subtribes 
(Sturmiini, Carceliini, Goniini, Eryciini) made solely on the basis of resemblance 
in external adult characters, and that delimitation of suprageneric groupings on 
the basis of reproductive biology would result in much more natural taxa from the 
evolutionary viewpoint. 

The trouble with tribal categorization on the basis of reproductive habit is that 
the resulting taxa are almost impossible to define and key out, since there is little or 
no correlation between the range of variation shown by the external adult facies 
and a particular reproductive method. In practical taxonomy, where identification 
is vital (often of forms for which the reproductive habit is in any case unstudied), 
it is therefore impossible to adopt the scheme of recognizing Eryciini and Goniini 
on a redefined basis; instead it is necessary, at least as an interim measure, to retain 
the old entities Sturmiini, Carceliini, Eryciini and Goniini, since in spite of the fact 
that these groups are rather obviously polyphyletic and not always easy to dis- 
tinguish they nevertheless retain practical value (especially when dealing with 
little known faunas like that of the Oriental Region). 


108 Ro W.. CROSSIKE ¥ 


(Note. While this work was in press Mesnil (1975a & c: 1374-1387) published the outlines of 
a new classification for a large part of the Palaearctic Goniinae in which he recognized two 
tribes, the Goniini (with 1o included subtribes) and the Eryciini (with 14 included subtribes), 
and provided subtribal keys. It has not yet been possible to relate this classification to the 
Oriental fauna, and it will remain difficult to do so until the reproductive habit of all the 
Oriental genera can be determined.] 


KEY TO ORIENTAL TRIBES OF GONIINAE 


1 Pre-alar seta short and weak, usually shorter than the first post ia seta and much 

shorter than the first post dc seta (except 1 in some Ethillini) . P 2 
— Pre-alar seta moderately or very strong in relation to the size of the other mesonotal 

setae, much longer than the first post ia seta (excepting Bactromyiella) and usually 

longer than the first post deseta . ; 7 
2 Scutellum with three pairs of very strong meet Les aeaneed ane orientated 

as in Text-fig. 83 (crossed apicals, subapicals very wide apart and standing on the 

sides of the scutellum, laterals absent). Basal node of R,,; with a single setula 

(rather strong). Two or three post dcsetae. Eyesbare. [Parasites of Orthoptera 

Acridoidea] . ‘ : . ACEMYINI (p. 110) 
— Scutellum without this eae nae of meee setae, or if (rarely) with similar 

arrangement then not parasites of Acridoidea and at least one of the other 

characters cited not fitting. Basal node of R,, ; usually with two or more setulae 

(one in Phytomyptera, one or none in some Blondeliini). Varied complements of 

post dc setae, often four. Eyes bare or haired. [Not parasites of Orthoptera, 

excepting Phorocerosoma] : 3 
3. Subapical scutellar setae crossing before their ee fepaically enclosing the eee 

as in Text-fig. 79) or obviously converging. Head form not sexually dimorphic, 

both sexes with broad frons, strong outer vertical setae and proclinate orbital 

setae. Hind tibia with pd preapical seta (in addition to ad and d preapicals, 

Text-fig. 14). Second costal sector haired ventrally. Eyes bare or virtually so. 

Abdominal Tr + 2 not excavate to its hind margin (nearly so in Neoplectops) . 4 
— Subapical scutellar setae subparallel or diverging from each other. Head form not 

so, frons in g almost always narrower than in 2 and g without outer vertical or 

proclinate orbital setae (a few exceptions). Hind tibia without pd preapical seta 

(except in a few Blondeliini). Second costal sector bare ventrally (except in some 

Blondeliini). Eyes bare or haired. Abdominal Ti + 2 ia excavate to its 

hind margin (not in some Blondeliini) . 5 
4 Vein R,,; with a series of moderately uniform seenlae Senne some aoe fete the 

vein from the basal node (at least nearly to y-m and often much beyond it). 

Forms with both m-cu present (venation as Text-fig. 97) and excavation of 

abdominal T1 + 2 not extending beyond middle of tergite. .SIPHONINI (p. 112) 
— Vein R,,, with a very strong setula on the basal node, either alone or accompanied 

at most by two other much smaller setulae. Forms either without cross-vein 

m-cu (Phytomyptera) or with the excavation of abdominal Ti + 2 extending 

virtually to the hind margin of the tergite (Neoplectops) . . NEAERINI (p. 111) 
5 Bend of vein M in the form of an open evenly rounded curve or, if slightly abrupt, of 

a widely obtuse angle, always without trace of M, appendix or fold (e.g. as Text- 

fig. 77). Subapical scutellar setae usually very widely divergent. [Heterogeneous 

forms, propleuron bare or haired, prosternum bare or haired, mid tibia with or 

without submedian v seta, abdominal T1 + 2 excavate or non-excavate to its 

hind margin] : : BLONDELIINI (p. 113) 
— Bend of vein MW ngewe to — eros pee (exe: -figs 103 & 104) and one 

not forming a widely obtuse angle (M usually changing direction at about 90° at the 

bend itself), most often provided with an M, appendix or fold in the wing surface; 


Io 


Er 


12 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 109 


if occasionally the bend rather evenly rounded (some Ethillini) then outer part of 

lower calypter bent downwards. Subapical scutellar setae subparallel or weakly 

divergent. [More homogeneous forms always simultaneously with bare pro- 

pleuron, haired or setulose prosternum, submedian v seta on mid tibia, and 

excavation of abdominal T1 + 2 reaching to hind margin] : ‘ : : 6 
Lower calypter normal, its outer part not bent downwards. Bend of vein M 

nearly always with at least a trace of an M, appendix or at least a darkened fold 

in the wing membrane continuing towards the wing margin (e.g. as Text-fig. 103). 

Eyes bare or haired. Three or four post dcsetae . 2 . EXORISTINI (p. 117) 
Lower calypter bent abruptly downwards on its outer part (except in Mycteromyiella 

but then ¢ without reclinate orbital setae). Bend of vein M without trace of 

M, appendix or fold (Text-fig. 104). Eyes haired (hairing long and dense). Four 

post dc setae : : . ETHILLINI (p. 119) 
Ocellar setae reclinate. [Forms with Gacepobnaly broad frons in both sexes, bare 

eyes, 3 + 4 dc setae, and a pair of characteristic stiff erect divergent spiniform 


setae just above the tip of the scutellum] : ; GONIINI (p. 132) 
Ocellar setae proclinate or absent. [Forms usually ‘without such characteristics 
simultaneously] . ; 8 


Eyes very large, occupying Binet fia whole side of fae head, fhe. gena reduced toa a 
narrow strip below the eye that is not as deep as the width of the third antennal 
segment or of the profrons (Text-figs 6, 53, 58, 62) ; 9 

Eyes relatively smaller, genal depth usually at least as much as the nae of the third 
antennal segment or of the profrons (narrower than profrons in a few eryciine 
forms with strongly protruding profrontal region) . II 

Barette completely haired. Humeral callus usually with Re well differentiated 
setae (at least in 3) of which the three main setae stand ina triangle. ¢ without 
reclinate orbital setae. Parafacials usually haired. Eyes densely haired 

WINTHEMIINI (part) (p. 121) 

Barette haired only at the anterior end or bare. Humeral callus with not more than 
four well differentiated setae, the three main setae usually standing in a straight 
line (in a triangle in some Carcelia). 4 with reclinate orbital setae. Parafacials 


bare. Eyes bare or haired 5 k s : . : : : : 10 
[Parasites of Lepidoptera] ‘ : : ; : ? CARCELIINI (p. 122) 
[Parasites of vespoid Hymenoptera] . F ANACAMPTOMYIINI (p. 126) 


[These tribes cannot satisfactorily be differentiated on adult characters and are 
only maintained as separate because of the unique biology of the Anacampto- 
mylini. In practice the anacamptomyiines are almost never collected in 
isolation from the host nests, and specimens without host data that run to 
couplet 10 will almost always belong to Carceliini. It may be noted that 
Anacamptomyiini always have bare eyes and have extremely large contiguous 
flattened puparial spiracles, features which assist in differentiation from many 
Carceliini. ] 
Barette completely haired. Humeral callus with five differentiated setae (at least 
in $) of which the three main setae stand in a triangle. Eyes densely haired 
WINTHEMIINI (part) (p. 121) 
Barette haired at its anterior end only or bare (fully haired in Bactromyiella, genus 
of uncertain affinity temporarily retained in Eryciini). Humeral callus with fewer 
than five setae. Eyes haired or bare . ; 12 
Vibrissae inserted at a level above that of the epistomal oe (rely ae slightly 
above, as in 9 Isostuymia). 3+ 4 dc setae. Inner posterior angle of the lower 
calypter well developed, and inner margin of lower calypter abutted closely 
against the scutellum. 4d often with a very well developed close-set ad fringe on 
the hind tibia, and sometimes with dense secondary sexual hair fascicles on venter 
of abdominal T4 . ‘ ; ; : : ; : . STURMIINI (p. 127) 


110 R. W. CROSSKEY 


— Vibrissae usually inserted about on a level with the epistomal margin (if distinctly 
above then other characters not fitting or doubtfully so). Various complements 
of dc setae. Inner posterior angle of lower calypter usually rather rounded and 
inner margin of the calypter often not closely following the edge of the scutellum. 
¢ without a close-set very regular hind tibial ad fringe and rarely with hair fascicles 
On tie WenteRiOid4) le , : : : : : ‘ ERYCIINI (p. 134) 


Tribe ACEMYINI 


This is a small tribe whose members are apparently confined to orthopterous 
hosts, particularly acridid grasshoppers. The tribe is provisionally retained in 
the Goniinae, but certain features (especially the male genitalia) suggest that it 
would be more appropriately placed in the Tachininae s.l. Mesnil (1962) and 
Crosskey (19730) are the most recent authors to detail the principal characteristics 
of the adults. Four genera are here recognized as occurring in the Oriental Region, 
but one of these, Charitella Mesnil, is only tentatively included in the Acemyini 
(its male and host relations are unknown). Mesnil (1962 : 780) placed Charitella 
near to the acemyines but actually associated with Neomintho Brauer & Bergenstamm 
in the neominthoines, but the general appearance of Charitella is rather more that 
of Acemya than of Neomintho and it is here preferred to include Charitella in the 
Acemyini (pending reassessment when the hosts or the male are discovered); the 
wing venation of Charitella is very similar to that of Eoacemyra (cf. Text-figs 98 & 
gg). It seems likely that the Afro-Palaearctic acemyine genus Metacemyia Herting 
might occur in the Oriental area, though not yet found there, and it has therefore 
been included in the following key. 

Although Acridoidea are well known to be the hosts of Acemyini there are as 
yet very few records for the Oriental Region. Ceracia aurifrons is reported to 
parasitize Locusta migratoria L. and other acridids in the Philippines (references 
in Greathead, 1963) and Eoacemyia errans to attack acridids in Malaya. In Aus- 
tralia Ceracia fergusoni Malloch attacks many species of Eumastacidae as well 
as Acrididae (host list in Crosskey, 19730 : 172). 


KEy TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF ACEMYINI 


1 Prosternum setulose. Hind tibia without a pv apical seta. Head of g with or 


without proclinate orbital setae ¢ oe ae 2 
— Prosternum bare. Hind tibia usually on digereet = apical cc “Head of g 
without proclinate orbital setae ‘ 2 . ACEMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 


2 Two post dc setae. Ground colour of snes mainly tawny yellow, only dark on 
most of T5 and in a narrow median vitta on other tergites. 9 with a small down- 


wardly directed hook-like ovipositor F ; CHARITELLA Mesnil 
— Three post dc setae. Ground colour of eel onee cuca dark, black or very dark 
brownish. 2 without such a modified ovipositor : ‘ 3 


3 Humeral callus with three setae (innermost one sometimes ee) Both sexes with 
proclinate orbital setae (usually several pairs). Cell R, usually short-petiolate or 
closed just before wing margin, very rarely narrowly open 3 4 

— Humeral callus with two setae. g without proclinate orbital setae, ? AGES: with 
only two pairs. Cell R; well open at wing margin , . | EOACEMYIA Townsend 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION III 


4 Twosternopleural setae. 2 + 3 dorsocentral setae. Prosternum with several strong 
hairs each side (very rarely only one hair on one side). prst ia seta absent. Bend 
of vein M abrupt (not forming a gentle even curve) and remote from wing margin, 
distance from bend to margin at least as great as that between bend and m-cu 
(Text-fig. 100) : s : : 2 : : : : CERACIA Rondani 
— Three sternopleural setae. 3 + 3 dcsetae (middle prst dc sometimes weak). Proster- 
num with one long strong setula on each side. pyrstia seta present. Bend of vein 
M evenly curved and nearer to wing margin than to m-cu. [Africa and Palaearctic 
Region} < , : é . : : ‘ METACEMYIA Herting 


Tribe NEAERINI 


The systematic position of this small tribe is uncertain and it ought possibly to 
be placed (together with the Siphonini) in the Tachininae rather than the Goniinae. 
In the Oriental Region it is so far known to be represented by only two genera. 
The main features that these have in common are as follows. 


Eyes almost bare. Both sexes with very strong outer vertical setae and two pairs of pro- 
clinate orbital setae. Ocellar setae strong. Parafacials bare. Facial ridges setulose only 
on the lowermost quarter or so. Genal dilation and outer edge of postbucca with unusually 
strong bristly vestiture. Antennae broad and heavy, arista thickened on more than half 
its length and with the second segment elongate. Propleuron bare. Humeral callus with 
three setae in line. The pra seta small. Distinct downcurved prostigmatic seta present in 
addition to the normal strong upwardly directed prostigmatic seta. Subapical scutellar setae 
strongly convergent, often crossing at the apices. Basal node of R,,; with one very strong 
seta, usually accompanied on dorsal surface by one or two smaller setulae; second costal sector 
haired ventrally. Mid tibia with one ad seta and with a submedian v seta; hind tibia with an 
enormous pd preapical seta that is stronger than the d preapical seta. Intermediate abdominal 
tergites without discal setae. 


It is of interest to note that in both the Oriental neaerine genera, and in some 
other genera of the tribe, there is a moderately well developed downwardly directed 
prostigmatic seta as well as the normal prostigmatic seta; this downward prostig- 
matic seta resembles the downwardly directed prostigmatic seta found in the genus 
Peribaea (tribe Siphonini), but in the latter both prostigmatic setae are equally 
strongly developed. An arrangement of two equally strong prostigmatic setae with 
one upward and one downward seems only to occur in Peribaea, the lower seta in 
neaerines apparently being always obviously weaker than the upper one. 

The Neaerini are parasites of larval Lepidoptera. The only host known from 
within the area covered by the present work is the tortricid Griselda hypsidryas 
Meyrick which is parasitized by Phytomyptera minuta in Pakistan. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF NEAERINI 


1 Wing venation fully developed. Vein R, setulose on its apical part, both dorsally 
and ventrally. Prosternum bare. Four post dcsetae. Abdomen with excavation 
of Tx + 2 reaching almost to the hind margin and T3 without median marginal 
setae . ‘ : : ; : : : : . NEOPLECTOPS Malloch 
— Wing venation reduced, m-cu and M, absent (Text-fig. 102). Vein R, bare. Pro- 
sternum with a long strong setula on each side. Three post dc setae. Abdomen 


112 R. W. CROSSKEY 


with excavation of T1 + 2 not reaching beyond the middle of the tergite and with 
a pair of erect median marginal setae on T3 : PHYTOMYPTERA Rondan 


Tribe SIPHONINI 
(Actiini) 

The Siphonini are a worldwide group of unusually small Tachinidae that mainly 
attack the larvae of smaller Lepidoptera; some species of Siphona Meigen apparently 
also parasitize the leatherjacket larvae of crane-flies (Tipulidae) but there are no 
Oriental records of such a habit. In the Oriental Region the tribe is very richly 
developed, and many species have been described from the area, particularly by 
Malloch and Mesnil. There are some doubts, however, as to how many of these 
supposed species are taxonomically valid and the group badly requires a full revision; 
it is not justified to continue describing so-called new species from the area when 
we still have insufficient idea as to how many of those already described are to be 
considered valid and what characters are dependable for their separation. Many 
of the Siphonini have the wing veins very extensively setulose on both upper and 
lower surfaces, and differences in the distribution of setulae along the veins (e.g. 
whether present or absent on vein Cu, and whether present on the whole of R, 
or only on the apical part) have been widely used as specific characters in the tribe, 
but it is questionable whether such characters are as dependable as they first appear: 
it would be of interest and value to investigate whether differences in distribution 
of the wing setulae correlate with differences in male terminalia. 

Up to now the Siphonini have generally been regarded as a segregate within 
the subfamily Goniinae, but Herting (personal communication) believes that they 
would be better placed in the Tachininae. The tribe is here retained in its traditional 
position within the Goniinae, where it can be easily recognized by possessing the 
following characters. 


Head form not sexually dimorphic, frons of equal width in g and Q, both sexes with outer 
vertical setae and proclinate orbital setae. Pre-alar seta minute. Scutellum with very strong 
convergent subapical setae that almost meet or cross at the apices. Wings short and broad, 
costal margin conspicuously incised at apex of vein Sc, vein M with bend very gently and 
evenly curved and very remote from the wing margin (apical section of M completely obliterated 
in some forms); veins more extensively setulose than is usual in Goniinae, R, often partly or 
wholly setulose, Cu, (fifth vein) also often setulose. Legs rather short and with stiff setae, 
mid tibia never with more than one ad seta in Oriental forms, hind tibia with three strong 
d preapical setae (i.e. a pd preapical present in addition to the usual ad and d preapicals). Abdo- 
men with Tr + 2 excavate only on its basal half, all tergites lacking discal setae. 


Four genera are recognized as occurring in the Oriental Region, all of which are 
found widely in other zoogeographical regions. They may be distinguished by the 
key that follows. 


KerEy TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF SIPHONINI 


1 Proboscis very long and slender, geniculate and capable of being ‘doubled back’ in 
the resting position, total length greater than the height of the head and the 
labellae very long and thin (Text-fig. 52) : ‘ 3 : SIPHONA Meigen 


: 
| 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION nis 


— Proboscis normal, short or very short and not geniculate, the labellae broad and fleshy, 
total length less than head height (if rarely the proboscis and labellae elongate and 
about head height in total length as in Actia siphonosoma then sternopleuron with 


a row of long sparse setulae in front of the mid coxa) , 2 
2 Thorax with two strong subequal prostigmatic setae, one directed apwards and tie 

other downwards (Text-fig. 138) , : E PERIBAEA Robineau-Desvoidy 
— Thorax with one strong prostigmatic seta, directed upwards . : : : 3 


3 Sternopleuron completely bare laterally in front of the mid coxa 
CEROMYA Robineau Desvoidy 
- Sternopleuron with a regular row of fine hairs or setulae in front of the mid coxa 
(Text-fig. 137) : : : : - : . ACTIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe BLONDELIINI 


This tribe contains a rather heterogeneous assemblage of genera that are probably 
polyphyletic. Some of the currently included genera such as Eophyllophila and 
Uromedina have females with cruciate inner vertical setae and slightly, but evidently, 
flattened fore tarsi, and it seems likely that such genera are really more closely 
related to the Minthoini (tribe of Tachininae) than to the Blondeliini. The genus 
Dolichocoxys seems to belong in the Minthoini instead of the Blondeliini (where 
previously placed), and is therefore omitted from this tribe (see p. 87). 

The Blondeliini are nearly cosmopolitan and are distinguished from other Goniinae 
by possessing the following combination of characters. 


Pre-alar seta very small, sometimes even absent or represented by a mere hair. Subapical 
scutellar setae divergent and the apical scutellar setae usually very weak or absent. Wing 
with bend of vein M forming an open evenly rounded curve or (if slightly abrupt) a widely 
obtuse angle, M, appendix or fold absent; lower calypter not bent downwards on its outer 
margin. 


This concept of the tribe is essentially due to the work of Mesnil (1960 et seq.), 
who has done much to advance knowledge of the diverse members of the group, 
and whose keys embrace many of the genera known from extra-Palaearctic areas 
as well as those of the Palaearctic Region itself. It should be noted, however, 
that some of the key characters that Mesnil uses are not quite so reliable as they 
at first appear: an example is the submedian v seta of the mid tibia, which in Urodexia 
may be present in some females but absent in other female specimens and in males. 
Another feature of doubtful value as a generic key character is the development 
of an abdominal ‘tail’ as occurs in the males of several Blondeliini (as also in Dolicho- 
coxys inthe Minthoini). In Urodexia penicillum the fifth tergite of the male abdomen 
is produced into an enormously elongate tail that is as long as the remainder of the 
abdomen, whereas in Oxydexiops uramyioides (which on all other characters is 
obviously congeneric with penicillum) the last abdominal tergite of the male is a 
short cone lacking a tail: Malloch (19326 : 322) concluded that the difference between 
a tailed abdomen in the first and the non-tailed abdomen in the second case did 
not justify generic separation, and he therefore treated Oxydexiops as a synonym 
of Urodexia. Mesnil (1960) : 649) treated both Urodexia and Oxydexiops as valid 
genera, either overlooking or not accepting Malloch’s synonymy, but I here agree 


114 R. W. CROSSKEY 


entirely with Malloch’s conclusion and thus treat Oxydexiops as a synonym of 
Urodexia. 

Mesnil (19605 : 654) placed his genus Hygiella in the Blondeliini, and this placement 
is accepted for present purposes, but it should be noted that the bare prosternum, 
the rather strong apical scutellar setae, and the non-divergent subapical scutellar 
setae make Hygiella a rather atypical blondeliine. 

The Oriental fauna contains three species of Blondeliini that are taxonomically 
valid but cannot satisfactorily be assigned to any known genus in the Old World 
fauna, and apparently to none of the New World genera either. These species 
certainly do not belong in the genera in which they were originally described, and 
they are run out individually in the key. 

The wide range of hosts attacked by members of the tribe includes adult and 
larval beetles, moth caterpillars and larval sawflies, but there are relatively few 
hosts yet recorded for Oriental Blondeliini and none in the Hymenoptera. It 
is likely that some Oriental blondeliines, such as Meigenia, will be found to parasitize 
certain sawflies, especially as the closely allied Froggattimyia Townsend complex 
of forms in Australia, and the Australian genus Zenargomyia Crosskey, include 
parasites of Pergidae and Argidae respectively. The females of some blondeliines 
that attack adult chrysomelids and other beetles, such as the Oriental Medinodexia, 
have special modifications for dealing with the problem of ovipositing in adult 
Coleoptera — e.g. a sharp horn-like downcurved ovipositor and peg-like modifications 
of the hind coxal vestiture. 


Tachinophytopsis ghanii Mesnil from Pakistan is not covered by the keys that 
follow, as it was described while this work was in press (see Mesnil, 19750). Itisa 
parasite of an unidentified chrysomelid beetle. 


KEy TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF BLONDELIINI 


1 Eyes conspicuously hairy. Facial ridges setose (except in Meigenia). Fore tibia 
almost always with two pv setae. Scutellum with strong lateral setae. Mid tibia 
with a submedian v seta. Three (sometimes four) stpl setae. : : 2 
— Eyes bare. Facial ridges usually bare. Fore tibia with one pu 625) (except in 
Degeeviopsis and Trichopaveia). Scutellum with or without lateral setae. Mid 


tibia with or without a submedian v seta. stpl setae varied . : : ; 6 
2 Propleuron bare. Facial ridges setose up most of their height. 3 
Propleuron haired. Facial ridges bare. : . MEIGENIA Robimeam Desvoidy 


3 3+ 4 dc setae. Ocellar setae absent. Abdominal T1 + 2 excavate to its hind 
margin. Tergites of 2 abdomen compressed to form a mid ventral abdominal 
keel bearing stubby spinules (Text-fig. 142) . 4 : COMPSILURA Bouché 
— Either2 + 30r3 + 3dcsetae. Ocellar setae present, sometimes weak. Abdominal 
Tr + 2 not excavate to its hind margin. Tergites of 9 abdomen normal or if 


slightly compressed and keel-like ventrally then without stubby spinules_ . A 4 
4  Dorsocentral setae 3 + 3 : ; ; : 5 
— Dorsocentral setae 2 + 3 ‘ : PROSOPOFRON TINA Townsend 


5 Vibrissae conspicuously above level of the epistomal margin. Parafacials with some 
fine hairs immediately below the frontal setae. Intermediate abdominal tergites 
each with a pair of discal setae. : : : : BIOMEIGENIA Mesnil 


Io 


It 


I2 


13 


14 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 115 


Vibrissae not obviously above level of the epistomal margin. Parafacials wholly 
bare. Intermediate abdominal tergites without discal setae 
COMPSILUROIDES Mesnil 
Wing with cell R, open to the wing margin (at least narrowly) . : : : Fi 
Wing with cell R; closed well before the wing margin and long-petiolate 
PHYTOROPHAGA Bezzi 
Propleuron haired . : : ; : : : : : P 2 é 8 
Propleuron bare. : : : - - : - : : : ; 9 
Two prst dc setae. Humeral callus with three setae standing ina triangle. Frons of 
dg much narrower than that of 2 and without proclinate orbital setae. Last visible 
abdominal tergite (T5) normal, short in both sexes, usually with a dense hair 
fascicle on each side in g : ; : PRODEGEERIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Three prst dc setae. Humeral callus with three setae standing nearly in a straight 
line. Frons of both sexes equally narrow and ¢ with two pairs of proclinate 
orbital setae like the 2. Last visible abdominal tergite of ¢ produced into a sharp 
cone (Text-fig. 117) or into a very long ‘tail’ (as long as remainder of abdomen, 


Text-fig. 118), without hair fascicles : : : . URODEXIA Osten Sacken 
Two post dc setae (total dorsocentral complement I + 2 or 2 + 2) - : ; 10 
Three post dc setae (total dorsocentral complement 2 + 3 0or3 +3). : : 12 


Mid tibia without a submedian v seta. Fore tibia with two pu setae. Facial ridges 
finely setulose on most of their height. Both sexes without discal setae on 
intermediate abdominal tergites. Small second sa seta present. [Conspicuously 
bicolorous species, orange-yellow abdomen sharply contrasting with velvety black 
thorax. ] : , : ; : ; DEGEERIOPSIS Mesnil 
Mid tibia with a sobmedian v seta. Fore tibia with one pu seta. Facial ridges bare. 
Abdominal T3-T5 each with discal setae in g, without discal setae in 9. Second 
sa seta absent. [Forms without such sharply contrasted colour pattern] . : II 
9 hind coxa with some setae modified into short blunt black pegs (Text-fig. 144). @ 
with ovipositor in form of a long strong downcurved hook (Text-fig. 143) 
MEDINODEXIA Townsend 
9 hind coxa with normal unmodified setae. @ with ae in form of a broad 
flattened and downcurved plate. ; 2 MEDINOMYIA Mesnil 
[The ¢ of this genus is unknown but it appears unlikely that it will be dis- 
tinguishable from that of Medinodexia. The genus Medinomyza is only doubt- 
fully distinct from Medinodexia. | 
Two pyrst dc setae (total dorsocentral complement 2 + 3). Abdominal Tr + 2 not 


excavate to its hind margin (except in Medina) : : : E : 13 
Three prst dc setae (total dorsocentral complement 3 + 3). Abdominal Tr + 2 
excavate to its hind margin or very nearly so ‘ 18 


Gena very broad, distance from lowest point of the eye to the peristomal margin 

equal to about half the eye-height. Parafacials finely haired on upper halves. 

Facial ridges setose on more than half their height. Fore tibia with two small 

pu setae. Arista thickened on about half its length. Fore tarsi of ? enlarged and 

dorsoventrally flattened , : . TRICHOPAREIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Gena narrow, distance from lowest point of the eye to the peristomal margin very 

much less than half the eye-height. Parafacials bare. Facial ridges bare (except 

in Medina). Fore tibia with one pu seta. Arista thickened on less than its basal 

half. Fore tarsi of 9 not enlarged, or if slightly so then laterally flattened. 14 
Mid tibia with a strong submedian v seta. Facial ridges haired or finely setulose on 

most of their height. Abdominal Tr + 2 excavate to its hind margin. Arista 

almost bare. Prosternum haired : : : MEDINA Robineau-Desvoidy 
Mid tibia without a submedian v seta. Facial ridges bare. Abdominal Tr + 2 not 

excavate to its hind margin (except nearly so in Trigonospila). Arista long- 

pubescent or plumose. Prosternum bare (except usually in Eophyllophila) . : 15 


116 


16 


17 


20 


Rk. W. CROSSKEY 


Abdominal Tr + 2 with excavation reaching nearly to the bases of the median 
marginal setae. Abdominal T3 and T4 with discal setae. Q with subparallel 
inner vertical setae. Mid tibial ad seta present in both sexes. [Forms with 
conspicuous black-and-yellow pattern formed by pale yellow to golden fasciae on 
mesonotum and abdomen sharply contrasting with black ground colour] 
TRIGONOSPILA Pokorny 
Abdominal T1 + 2 with excavation confined to its basal half or less. Abdominal 
T3 and T4 without discal setae (except in g of Eophyllophila). 2 with cruciate 
inner vertical setae. Mid tibial ad seta always present in 2 but often absent in ¢. 
[Forms without such pattern] : . : - ; 3 : : : 16 
One sternopleural seta (o + 1). Presutural seta displaced inwards and standing 
very close to the prst dc setae. Abdominal T5 of g sharply contracted near the 
base and produced into an attenuate ‘tail’ that is as long as T4 or almost so (Text- 
fig. 112). Mesopleuron with an extremely strong seta standing slightly down- 
wards and forwards on the mesopleuron from the lower end of the mesopleural 
row [this seta present in all specimens seen and appearing to be due to a freak 
upwards displacement of the missing anterior sternopleural seta]. [2 unknown] 
UROEUANTHA Townsend 
Two or three sternopleural setae (1 + 1 or 2+ 1). Presutural seta in its normal 
position. Abdominal T5 of $ with or without an attenuate ‘tail’. Mesopleuron 
without an exceptional strong seta standing forwards from the lower end of the 
mesopleural row : 17 
Arista with very long plumosity, the hairs of vabh side dbo as long as the widths of 
the third antennal segment. Scutellum with strong lateral setae that are larger 
than the basal setae. ¢ abdomen with discal setae on T3-T5. Prosternum with 
one or more minute hairs on each side (bare in occasional specimen). Prescutal 
pattern consisting of three broad black vittae separated by two parallel-sided 
silvery dorsocentral vittae, all black vittae reaching to the transverse suture 
EOPHYLLOPHILA Townsend 
Arista with short plumosity, the hairs of each side not nearly as long as the width of 
the third antennal segment. Scutellum without or with very weak lateral setae 
(in latter case much shorter than basal setae). g abdomen without discal setae 
(except occasionally for very weak discals on T5). Prosternum bare. Prescutal 
pattern consisting of four small black vittae, which may coalesce anteriorly and 
in which the outer pair do not reach the transverse suture. UROMEDINA Townsend 
Mid tibia with one submedian ad seta. Fore tibia with one fv seta. Abdominal T3 


and T4 with discal setae. Humeral callus with three setae standing in a triangle . 19 
Mid tibia with two strong ad setae. Fore tibia with two pu setae. Abdominal T3 
and T4 with or without discal setae. Humeral setae varied . 20 


Mid tibia without a submedian v seta. Apical scutellar setae absent. (9 oes 
‘Gymnostylia’ javana Wulp (? gen. n.) 

Mid tibia with a submedian v seta. Apical scutellar setae present, very small and 
crossed : j ‘Hemidegeeria’ villeneuvei Baranovy (? gen. n.) 

Abdominal T3-T5 eee dicen setae. Humeral setae standing in a triangle. 

Abdominal T5 of g largely covered on each side with a nap of short very fine close 
set hairing : ‘ HYGIELLA Mesnil 

Abdominal T3-T5 Heh geal ae Stigas site with the three main setae 

standing more or less in line. 4 abdomen without such specialized hairing on T5. 
[2 unknown] ; ; : : ‘Euthelairosoma’ siamense Baranov (? gen. n.) 


ALTERNATIVE KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF BLONDELIINI 


The following key is given to serve as a cross-check against the foregoing key but should not . 
be used in substitution for it. This alternative key uses single-character couplets only, and 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION nie) 


because of instability in the chaetotaxy of individual specimens cannot be expected to be 
absolutely reliable. 


I 


nN 


w | 


Wing cell Rk, open to the wing margin 
Wing cell R; closed and long-petiolate 
Propleuron haired : ; , 
Propleuron bare 

Eyes haired 

Eyes bare , 

Three prst dc setae . 

Two prst dc setae 

Dorsocentral setae 3 + 4 : : 
Dorsocentral setae fewer than 3 + 4 
Dorsocentral setae 3 + 3 

Dorsocentral setae fewer than 3 + ss 
Eyes conspicuously hairy 

Eyes bare or virtually so 

Abdominal T3 and T4 with discal sotie 
Abdominal T3 and T4 without discal setae 
Mid tibia with two ad setae : 
Mid tibia with one ad seta : 
Abdominal T3-T5 with discal setae . 
Abdominal T3-T5 without discal setae 
Mid tibia with a submedian v seta 
Mid tibia without a submedian v seta 
Dorsocentral setae 2 + 3 

Dorsocentral setae fewer than 2 vise ~ 
Eyes conspicuously hairy 

Eyes bare 


Arista very long- iam. hans of aack side as slows as width of third antexnal 


segment 


: 3 ; : 2 
PHY TOROPHAGA Bezzi 
3 


i : : : : 5 
MEIGENIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


4 
: URODEXIA Osten: Sacken 
PRODEGEERIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


COMPSILURA Bouché . 


: BIOMEIGENIA Mesnil 
COMPSILUROIDES Mesnil 

10 

II 

‘Euthelairosoma’ siamense Baranov 
HYGIELLA Mesnil 

‘Hemidegeeria’ villeneuvei Baranov 
‘Gymnostylia’ javana Wulp 

é : : 13 

: 19 

PROSOPOFRONTINA Townsend 
14 


EOPHYLLO PHILA Townsend 


Arista almost bare to short- -phumese, baie iat each side much shorter than width of 


third antennal segment E 
Genal depth equal to half the eye- height 


One sternopleural seta , 

Two or three sternopleural setae 

Mid tibia with a submedian v seta 

Mid tibia without a submedian v seta 
Abdominal T3 and T4 with discal setae 
Abdominal T3 and T4 without discal setae 
Facial ridges setulose : 

Facial ridges bare 

with long hook-like ov ipositor 

2 with broad flattened ovipositor 


TRICHOPAREIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Genal depth much less than half the eye-height 


T5 


; 16 

UROEUANTHA Townsend 

; sy 

MEDINA Robateaa: Desvoidy 
- S 18 
TRIGONOSPILA Pokorny 
UROMEDINA Townsend 
DEGEERIOPSIS Mesnil 

: 20 

" MEDINODEXIA Townsend 
MEDINOMYIA Mesnil 


Tribe EXORISTINI 


Ten genera of this tribe are represented in the Oriental Region, accepting the 


generic concepts as currently understood (some of the genera are rather intangibly 
differentiated and some merging of genera will probably be justified when the group 


is better studied). 


Most of the genera occur widely in other regions. 


The genus 


118 Ro Wo CROSSKE Y 


Phorcidella is known in the region only from the holotype of the type-species, but 
this may be an aberrant specimen (it differs in the g from all other Oriental exoristines 
in having only one pair of reclinate orbital setae). 

The genus Exorista is specially well represented in the region, but badly needs 
revision. It is uncertain how many of the nominal species belonging in the genus 
are valid, and the continued description of so-called new Exorista species from the 
Oriental area (as by Chao, 1964a) without regard to previously described forms 
serves only to make eventual revision more difficult. 

All the Oriental Exoristini have the following characteristics in common. 


Parafacials totally bare or at most only one or two small hairs below lowest frontal seta. 
Male without proclinate orbital setae. Prosternum setulose. Propleuron bare (cf. Australian 
Hillomyia Crosskey). 1+ 3 ta setae. 3 or 4 post dc setae. Scutellum with lateral and 
apical setae. Mid tibia with a submedian v seta, and at least two ad setae; hind tibia without 
pd preapical and pv apical setae. Second costal sector bare ventrally. Infrasquamal hairs 
absent. Abdominal Tr + 2 excavate to hind margin (cf. Australian Hillomyia). 


All hosts so far known for Oriental Exoristini are lepidopterous. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF EXORISTINI 


1 Wing with cell R; closed before the margin and with a distinct petiole. 2 + 3 dc 
setae . : CHAETORIA Becker 
— Wing with cell R oped, at east oe to the eee 3 + 30r3 + 4dcsetae . 2 
2 Three post dc oe Cross-vein m-cu unusually oblique and very remote from wing 
margin, last section of vein Cu, usually nearly twice as long or more as m-cu. 
Humeral callus with only two strong setae, sometimes with a weak third seta mesad 
of the main two (very rarely with weak fourth setula set forwards in addition) 
STOMATOMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
— Four post dc setae. Cross-vein m-cu not unusually oblique and not very remote from 
wing margin, last section of vein Cu, subequal in length to or only slightly longer 
than m-cu (except conspicuously longer in Chetogena). Humeral callus normally 
with four distinct setae, a basal row of three nearly in line and one set forwards. 3 
3. Upper occiput with a more or less regular row of well developed black setulae behind 
the postocular row. Occipital region of the head slightly but obviously swollen 
CHAETEXORISTA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
— Upper occiput without black setulae behind the postocular row (at most with very few 
such setulae haphazardly near the vertex in Bessa). Occipital region of the head 


flat or virtually so. : : 4 
4 Facial ridges with strong downeerved setae on eee for earee height. Eyes 

densely haired : c 5 
— Facial ridges bare except for a fom subs near the ipeeses or wealely, Seeaiere ony 

on their lower halves. Eyes bare or haired . : 8 
5  Vibrissae inserted at the level of the epistomal margin, Se ee a strongly 

warped forwards. Ocellar setae strong . 6 
— Vibrissae inserted at a level distinctly above the eee meee epitome strongly 

warped forwards. Ocellar setae very strong, very weak, or absent . 7 


6 Apical scutellar setae directed very strongly upwards. Mid tibia with a very strong 
submedian ad seta and two much smaller ad setae between it and the tibial apex 
(of which the proximal one is smaller). On vein M distance between v-m and 
m-cu usually conspicuously greater than distance between m-cu and the bend. 
Larger forms, length 6-10 mm : , d . PHORINIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 119 


— Apical scutellar setae horizontal. Mid tibia with two strong ad setae of which the 
proximal one is slightly weaker than the distal one. On vein M distance between 
y-m and m-cu subequal to that between m-cu and the bend. Smaller forms, 
length 3:5—6:0 mm : : BESSA Robineau-Desvoidy 
7 Wing with last section of Cu, Subegeal in length to or shorter than m-cu 
AUSTROPHOROCERA Townsend 
— Wing with last section of Cu, very much longer than m-cu . CHETOGENA Rondani 
8 Ocellar setae very strong. Bend of vein M with a very long conspicuous ™, fold. 
Frons of 2 with upper pair of reclinate orbital setae not twisted outwards and none 
of the frontal setae reclinate . ‘ : . EXORISTA Meigen 
— Ocellar setae absent or minute and hair- like. Bend Of 1 vein M usually with almost 
no definite M, fold. Frons of 2 with upper pair of reclinate orbital setae twisted 
outwards as well as backwards, and with all or at least the uppermost pair of 
frontal setae strongly reclinate z - : : : : : 9 
g Vibrissae inserted on a level with epistomal margin. 3 with one pair of reclinate 
orbital setae, 2 with two pairs (upper pair very small), both sexes with frontal 
setae strongly reclinate and not clearly differentiated from the reclinate orbitals. 
Bend of M with distinct elongate fold. Eyes haired. g with slender shining 
black abdomen on which pale pollen bands confined to extreme tergite bases, the 
T5 very small in relation to T4 (superficial appearance very like A plomya metallica). 
Intermediate abdominal tergites (both sexes) with discal setae PHORCIDELLA Mesnil 
— Vibrissae inserted well above the epistomal- margin. ¢ and 9 with two pairs of 
reclinate orbital setae and the frontal setae not reclinate (except for uppermost 
pair in 2, which resemble and are not clearly differentiated from reclinate orbitals). 
Bend of vein M with scarcely any fold. Eyes haired or bare. Both sexes with 
broad ovate abdomen that is extensively pale pollinose, g abdominal T5 not 
noticeably small (g without resemblance to Aplomya species but with extremely 
sturmiine facies). Intermediate abdominal tergites without discal setae (at most 
with some irregular stiffened setulae among the general hairing) 
EOZENILLIA Townsend 
[This genus is extremely like Neophryxe Townsend from Japan, with which it 
ought possibly to be synonymized. | 


Tribe ETHILLINI 


This is a small Old World tribe containing a diversity of little known Goniinae 
that possess little more in common than the fact that the lower calypter is bent 
downwards on its outer surface (a feature found also in some Winthemiini and some 
Carceliini). The group was proposed by Mesnil (1944a) and has been recognized 
by later workers such as Verbeke (1962a; 1962b) and Crosskey (19730), but it is 
almost certainly not monophyletic. Ethilla Robineau-Desvoidy, the type-genus 
of the tribe, parasitizes Lepidoptera and has a rather winthemiine facies but Phoro- 
cerosoma Townsend and its obvious allies attack Orthoptera and have a rather 
distinctive facies of their own suggesting that they could better be treated as a 
separate tribe (for which the name Gynandromyiini is already available). For 
present purposes the tribe is accepted in the current sense, but it might be useful 
to call attention to those characteristics of Phorocerosoma, Gynandromyia Bezzi, 
and allied forms that make them rather distinctive among the Goniinae as a whole. 

This group of so-called genera has the inner vertical setae convergent and crossing 
before their apices, the outer vertical setae reduced or absent in both sexes, the 


120 R. W. CROSSKE ¥ 


three main humeral setae standing distinctly in a triangle, and the genal dilation 
noticeably reduced; in addition to these characters the females possess a pair of 
strong prevertical setae that are curved outwards over the inner margins of the 
eyes, and the females of several forms (currently placed in Gynandromyia) have 
the terminalia modified into a strongly sclerotized piercing ovipositor. No other 
group of Goniinae seems to possess this combination of features. At least three 
described genera come into this group, namely Gynandromyia Bezzi, Zenilliana 
Curran and Phorocerosoma Townsend, but it is doubtful whether more than one 
genus is justifiable. The first two of these genera have females with the piercing 
type of ovipositor and have yellow palpi, and Verbeke (1962a) has — I think rightly — 
placed Zenilliana as a synonym of Gynandromyia. But Verbeke maintains Phoro- 
cerosoma and Gynandromyia as distinct genera, a course which is only very doubtfully 
justified. In Verbeke’s (1962) : 166) key to genera he uses the size of the ocellar 
setae as the first characteristic which distinguishes Phorocerosoma (large ocellars) 
from Gynandromyva (reduced ocellars) but this distinction is not even upheld by 
examination of the holotypes of the respective type-species. During the present 
work the holotypes of P. forte (= vicarium), type-species of Phorocerosoma, and 
of G. seychellensis Bezzi, type-species of Gynandromyia, have been compared side 
by side: comparison shows that ocellar setae are moderately well developed in 
G. seychellensis and actually larger than the very fine reduced ocellar setae in P. 
forte. From this and other specimens it is clear that these setae do not provide 
a sound distinction between the two genera. 

Another chaetotactic character mentioned in Verbeke’s key, the number of 
ad setae on the mid tibia (two in Phorocerosoma, one in Gynandromyia), also proves 
unsatisfactory. Although it holds true for most specimens it is not exclusive, and 
specimens of P. forte (including the holotype of its senior synonym, vicariwm) 
sometimes show only one ad seta onthistibia. The general strength of the chaetotaxy 
is also unsatisfactory for generic separation: in P. postulans (Walker), which on its 
whole facies and its female lacking a piercer is clearly a Phorocerosoma, the frontal 
bristling is as strong as in Gynandromyza (indeed the whole female heads of postulans 
and seychellensis are extremely alike). 

There appear to be no chaetotactic characters at all that will serve satisfactorily 
to separate Phorocerosoma and Gynandromyia, and without such the distinction 
between the genera is reduced simply to the form of the female terminalia and the 
colour of the palpi (black-brown in Phorocerosoma, yellow in Gynandromyia). It 
therefore appears that when properly revised the two genera will be merged, Phoro- 
cerosoma sinking as a synonym. But until such a detailed revision is undertaken, 
and pending more material of these little known flies, it is best to maintain Phoro- 
cerosoma as a valid genus. 

Zenilliana pulchra Mesnil clearly associates in some way with the Phorocerosoma- 
Gynandromyia complex, but this Oriental species (known only from the male holo- 
type) cannot be reliably assigned to a genus at present. It has one ad seta on the 
mid tibia (typically a Gyandromyia character) but has black-brown palpi (a Phoro- 
cerosoma character), but differs from both these genera by having black occipital 
setulae behind the postocular row and by lacking median marginal setae on abdominal 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 121 


Tr + 2 and T3 (median marginals on these tergites are present in the Phorocerosoma- 
Gynandromyia complex though they may sometimes be very weak in P. vicarium). 

The only genera other than those so far mentioned that are found in the Oriental 
Region are Paratryphera (of which Mesnil, 1970): 117, has recently described a 
species from India) and Mycteromyiella. The first of these is undoubtedly an 
ethilline, but the tribal affinities of Mycteromyiella are uncertain and its placement 
in Ethillini is mainly for want of anywhere more appropriate to assign it (see Crosskey, 
19730 : 87). Several of the adult characters of Mycteromyiella, when taken in 
conjunction with the characters of some undescribed ethilline forms from the New 
Guinea area, suggest, however, that Mycteromyiella might be phyletically close 
to Phorocerosoma. This possibility is supported by what is known of the orthop- 
teroid hosts: Mycteromyiella parasitizes Phasmatodea (see Crosskey, 1968) and 
Phorocerosoma attacks acridoid grasshoppers, the genera having an essentially 
similar biology. No actual host records yet exist for Phorocerosoma from within 
the Oriental Region proper, but Iwata & Nagatomi (1954) have discussed the biology 
of P. forte Townsend (now a junior synonym of P. vicariwum Walker) as a parasite 
of Oxya japonica Willemse (now O. yezoensis Shiraki) in Japan. 

The genus Ethilla is unknown from the Oriental Region but is likely to occur 
there as it is known from New Guinea and Australia as well as southern Europe. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF ETHILLINI 


1 Vibrissae inserted far above the level of the epistomal margin (at a distance at 
least as great as the width of the third antennal segment). Lower calypter normal, 
not bent downwards on its outer margin. [Forms with sturmiine facies] 
MYCTEROMYIELLA Mesnil 
— Vibrissae inserted about on a level with the epistomal margin. Lower calypter 
bent downwards on its outer margin. [Forms without a definite sturmiine facies}. 2 
2 Scutellum with three pairs of marginal setae (lateral setae absent). Inner vertical 
setae subparallel. Humeral callus with the three main setae standing in line. 
Pre-alar setae subequal in size to, or smaller than, first post ia seta. 2 without 
outwardly directed prevertical setae . PARATRYPHERA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
— Scutellum with four pairs of marginal setae (lateral setae present, strong). Inner 
vertical setae converging and crossing before their apices. Humeral callus with 
the three main setae standing in a triangle (? Z. pulchva). Pre-alar seta con- 
spicuously longer and stronger than first post ia seta. 4 with a pair of strong 
outwardly directed prevertical setae : 3 : , : 3 
3 Upper occiput with black setulae behind the hostecular row. Mid tibia with one 
isolated ad seta. Abdominal Tr + 2 and T3 without median marginal setae. [9 
unknown]. ‘Zenilliana’ pulchra Mesnil 
— Upper occiput without black setulae pound the postoculas row. Mid tibia normally 
with two or more ad setae (one of the normal two sometimes very reduced or 
lacking). Abdominal Tr + 2 and T3 with median marginal setae (sometimes 
reduced in P. vicavium) : ; : : PHOROCEROSOMA Townsend 


Tribe WINTHEMIINI 


This tribe is best represented in the Oriental Region by the nearly cosmopolitan 


genus Winthemia, but three other genera occur in the area. Baranov (1932c) 


I22 Re W. CROSSKEY 


published a small paper on the Oriental Winthemia species but it cannot now be 
used for identification as it was not based on any knowledge of the types and the 
names are unreliable: a reassessment of all the Old World species of Winthemia 
is much needed which would take account of the Oriental fauna, especially as it 
relates to that of Australasia. It is now known that sexual dimorphism exists 
in Winthemia in regard to colouring of the mesopleural hair, in several species 
the hair being black in males but yellow in females; this makes reliable correlation 
of the sexes difficult except where there are bred series, and means that some nominal 
species based on types with hair of one colour may be synonyms of nominal species 
based on types of the opposite sex with hair of another colour. An example is 
W. albidopilosa Mesnil based on a female type with pale yellow mesopleural hair 
which is here considered to be a synonym of W. neowinthemioides Townsend based 
on a male type with black mesopleural hair. 

The Winthemiini are distinguishable from other tribes of Goniinae in the Oriental 
Region by having the barette fully haired and by the possession (in most specimens 
at any rate) of five setae on the humeral callus. In all Oriental forms the eyes are 
densely haired, the hairing being exceptionally long in the genus Smidtiola. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF WINTHEMIINI 


1 Mid tibia with one submedian ad seta. Two stpl setae. ¢ without reclinate orbital 
setae. Abdominal T5 in g much wider at its base than its length in the mid line, 
not at all subconical : : : : 5 : ; : : : 2 
— Mid tibia with several strong ad sine. Usually three stpl setae (two in the only 
known specimen of Smidtiola). 3 with one pair of reclinate orbital setae (very fine 
in Smidtiola). Abdominal T5 of g subconical, its width at base not obviously 


very much greater than its length . : ‘ : ‘ 3 
2  Parafacials bare : : - ‘NEM ORILLA Rondani 
— Parafacials finely haired on 1 their whole extent 5 WIN THEMIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


3 Facial ridges strongly setulose for about two-thirds of their height. Head profile 
exceptionally strongly triangular, width of profrons Sone greater than 
length of second antennal segment. Parafacials bare. Two stp/ setae (perhaps not 
constant, one specimen only known) . : . SMIDTIOLA Mesnil 

— Facial ridges bare (except for the usual very small ee immediately above the 
vibrissae). Head profile not exceptionally strongly triangular, profrons not 
noticeably wider than length of second antennal segment. Parafacials bare or 
partially haired. Three stpl setae . . : : TIMAVIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe CARCELIINI 


This nearly cosmopolitan tribe is richly represented in the Oriental Region, 
especially in the large number of species in the genus Carcelia s.l. The tribe as 
here accepted is almost certainly, however, an unnatural grouping of forms some 
of which should probably be placed in Eryciini and others in Goniini on a redefined 
basis (indeed Herting and other workers have already gone some way in segregating 
some of the Palaearctic constituents on these lines). But with the Oriental fauna 
we are dealing at present with a quite inadequately studied miscellany of forms 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 123 


for which it is better—as an interim measure —to retain Carceliini in its usual 
sense. This at least permits the ‘tribe’ to be readily enough differentiated from 
other Goniinae by the simultaneous possession of three main characteristics: long 
strong pre-alar seta; very large eyes and the gena so narrow that its height is less 
than or no greater than the width of the profrons; non-hymenopterous hosts (which 
differentiates the Carceliini from the Anacamptomyiini). 

Within the Carceliini so defined six genera are here recognized in the Oriental 
fauna. One of these, viz. Thelyconychia, is, however, not strictly Oriental and is 
listed and accounted for in the present work on the basis of one specimen in the 
BMNH collection from the Punjab (?Pakistan or India, precise locality uncertain) 
of the Palaearctic species T. solivaga. The remaining five genera occur widely in 
the Oriental Region and in other zoogeographical areas (Carcelia being nearly cosmo- 
politan, Thecocarcelia occurring also in the Palaearctic and Ethiopian regions and 
New Guinea, Argyrothelaiva occurring also in the Australasian region, Argyrophylax 
occurring also in Australasia and South America, and Hypfersara in tropical Africa). 

Some comment is necessary concerning the treatment adopted for Carcelia s.l. 
A taxonomic review of this complex was published by Baranov (1934d) in which 
he recognized no fewer than twelve genera in the Oriental Region, six of which 
were newly proposed (sometimes using characters of most improbable generic 
value such as the length of the male claws). Unquestionably Baranov’s splitting 
was premature and unjustified in the inchoate state of knowledge then (and still) 
existing on the Carceliini in general, and Mesnil (1944a) sank some of Baranov’s 
generic taxa to the status of subgenera (leaving other Baranov names unaccounted 
for). For purposes of the present work I have been forced, in order to place the 
several generic names proposed for Oriental forms by Baranov and Townsend, 
to review the Carcelia complex to a superficial extent in order to define some compre- 
hensible segregates into which the many described species can be placed. It must 
be strongly emphasized that a comprehensive revision of Oriental Carcelia s.1. 
is very much needed, that time has not permitted this during the present work, 
and that the arrangement of the subgenera and species that I have adopted is merely 
a temporary one intended to render some order into the complex and provide a 
groundwork for future revision. I cannot claim to be fully satisfied with the arrange- 
ment proposed, and remain in considerable doubt as to what suites of characters 
should be deemed satisfactory for subgeneric definition (or generic definition if 
any of the segregates were to be treated as full genera — which in the case of Seno- 
metopia, at least, would probably be justified). At present only adult morphological 
characters are available on which to classify the Oriental forms, and several so-called 
species are known from very little material. But I have been able to see the primary 
types of all the species described from the Oriental Region and this has made it 
possible to aggregate the nominal species into ‘subgeneric’ groups that can be 
identified by use of the subgeneric key. 

Before commenting on the carceliine genera other than Carcelia s.]. it is necessary 
to clarify my use of the name Senometopia Macquart for a subgeneric entity within 
Carcelia. In this work, as in my earlier work on the Australian fauna (Crosskey, 
19730 : 90, 147), I have followed Townsend (1936); 1941) in applying the name 


124 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Senometopia to the Carcelia-like taxon that differs from Carcelia s.str..in having 
the hind coxa bare on the posterodorsal surface and in lacking a v seta on the mid 
tibia, although I rank the taxon at present as a subgenus within Carcelia and not 
as a full genus in the manner of Townsend. Mesnil (19444 et seg.) and some other 
authors use the name Eucarcelia Baranov for the taxon which simultaneously 
has bare hind coxa and no mid tibial v seta, but there is no nomenclatural justifica- 
tion for this, as even if the status of Senometopia is considered uncertain (because 
of the loss of the type of the nominal type-species) there are still two other names 
applying to the same taxon that pre-date Ewcarcelia, viz. Eocarcelia Townsend 
and Eocarceliopsis Townsend (see Crosskey, 1973): 147). However, I do not 
consider that there is any real doubt about the identity of Senometopia for nomen- 
clatural purposes. Townsend (1916a : 8) designated Carcelia aurifrons Robineau- 
Desvoidy as type-species, and the application of the name Senometopia therefore 
depends on the identity of Robineau-Desvoidy’s aurifrons. This, unfortunately, 
cannot be objectively determined as the type is lost, but it has been very widely 
accepted by specialists on Tachinidae such as Bezzi, Villeneuve and Townsend, 
that aurifrons Robineau-Desvoidy is a synonym of Carcelia excisa (Fallén) and 
nothing in Robineau-Desvoidy’s description of awrvifrons seriously contra-indicates 
this (see for example Bezzi in Katalog der Paldarktischen Dipteren 3 : 234-235 
and Townsend in Manual of Myiology 11: 159). There are no good reasons for 
rejecting the long-established synonymy of aurifrons with excisa, and to do so only 
leads to instability in nomenclature and to the pointless relegation of Senometopia 
to the status of nomen dubium; it seems wholly preferable to accept the synonymy 
of aurifrons and excisa, a course which establishes excisa as the valid name of the 
type-species of Senometopia and establishes without doubt that the name applies 
as the oldest valid name to the taxon that some recent authors have called Eucarcelia. 
(Here I note that during the present work I have examined a syntype of excisa 
from Fallén’s collection, herein designated as lectotype, and can confirm that this 
species has been correctly understood.) 

Other genera do not present the problems met with in Carcelia s.l. In Argyro- 
phylax the included species (Crosskey, 1963a) are somewhat disparate, but are 
homogeneous at least in having bare eyes (distinction from Carcelia) and in having 
pyralid or hesperiid hosts. In Thecocarcelia one of the included species (linearifrons 
Wulp) is perhaps wrongly assigned and its affinities might he more with genera 
such as Paradrino in the Sturmiini; it does not satisfactorily fit any described 
sturmiine genus and is therefore retained in Thecocarcelia, with which it agrees most 
notably in the nature of the ovipositor and in having hesperiid hosts. 

The little known genus Argyrothelaiva is rather baffling and in most generic 
keys to Carceliini would run out with Carcelia s.l. Indeed, one of its included 
species (melancholica Mesnil) was originally described as a Carcelia. Its characters 
are mainly those of Catacarcelia Townsend, and the two genus-group entities are 
not very convincingly separable. Yet Avgyrothelaiva does not ‘feel’ like a Carcelia 
s.l. (fellow specialists will know what is meant by this expression) and I therefore 
retain it, with some doubts, as a valid genus. 

Moth caterpillars of a large variety of families are hosts of Carcelia s.l., pyralids 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 125 


and hesperiids are hosts of Avgyrophylax and hesperiids are hosts of Thecocarcelia 
in the Oriental area. 


| w 


Key TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF CARCELIINI 


Four post dc setae. : ; : ‘ : é : ; : : : 2 
Three post de setae . : : : ; . : : : 5 
Eyes bare. Hind coxa bare pastecedeacallte : x - ; - 3 : 3 
Eyes haired (usually very conspicuously so). Hind coxa bare or setulose postero- 
dorsally : : : 3 : CARCELIA Robineau-Desvoidy (most forms) 
Four stpl setae . Z : ; : : . : ; : . . 4 
Two or three stpl setae. : ARGYROPHYLAX Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Frontal setae all conspicuously rectinteati, Apical scutellar setae directed upwards. 
Mid tibia with one ad seta. Antennae short, not nearly reaching to the epistome. 
without an externally visible ovipositor. {Mainly Palaearctic but known from 
Punjab} : : : 3 THELYCONYCHIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Frontal setae normal (i.e. masthy inclinate). Apical scutellar setae horizontal. 
Mid tibia with two or more ad setae (except only one in /inearifrons). Antennae 
long, third segment usually reaching almost to the epistome (Text-fig. 53). 9 
with an externally visible flat shining sclerotized ovipositor. [Widespread in 
Oriental Region] . : i ; . THECOCARCELIA Townsend 
Eyes bare. Parafrontals commplatchy ($) or nearly (2) meeting in mid-line of the 
frons, the interfrontal area obliterated or virtually so. Propleural seta absent. 
Ocellar setae absent. Hind tibia without pd setae. Scutellum without preapical 
(discal) setae : : . HYPERSARA Villeneuve 
Eyes distinctly haired (though oe somtimes short). Parafrontals not meeting 
or approximated, interfrontal area normal. Propleural seta present. Ocellar 
setae present. Hind tibia with a strong isolated submedian fd seta. Scutellum 
with the usual pair of recumbent discal setae . ; 6 
Mid tibia with a submedian v seta. Eye hairing rather short and spaitse (not instantly 
conspicuous). Lateral scutellar setae weaker than, or at most subequal to, the 
basal setae. Blackish forms with narrow bright silver pollinose bands on the 
abdomen and with the wings distinctly brownish anterobasally 
ARG YROTHELAIRA Townsend 
Mid tibia without a submedian v seta. Eye hairing long and dense. Lateral 
scutellar setae exceptionally strong, larger than the basal setae. Paler, more 
generally greyish or yellowish pollinose, forms with the wings not conspicuously 
browned anterobasally . : F CARCELIA Robineau-Desvoidy (one subgenus) 


ALTERNATIVE KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF CARCELIINI 


Four stpl setae ; THECOCARCELIA Townsend & THELYCONYCHIA Brauer 

& Bergenstamm (see couplet 4 in foregoing key) 
Two or three stp] setae. ; j ‘ : ‘ : : : : : 2 
Eyes bare - ; F F : : : : ; ¢ P c : 3 
Eyes haired : ; ‘ ; ; ’ : ; ; t : ; 4 
Three post dc setae. Propleural seta absent ; : . HYPERSARA Villeneuve 


Four post dc setae. Propleural seta present (sometimes very small) 
ARGYROPHYLAX Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Three post dc setae and mid tibia with a submedian v seta 
ARG YROTHELAIRA Townsend 
Four post de setae, or if only three (subg. Catacarcelia) then mid tibia without a v 
submedian seta. : ‘ : : : . CARCELIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


126 K. W- CROSSKEY 


KEY TO ORIENTAL SUBGENERA OF CARCELIA RoBINEAU-DESVOIDY 


1 Mid tibia without a submedian v seta. Humeral callus with the three main setae 
standing in line or almost so. Intermediate abdominal tergites without discal 
Seidemes . - : - ; : ; : : . 2 

— Mid tibia with a joensen v seta. Humeral callus with the three main setae either 
standing in line oy in a definite triangle. Intermediate abdominal tergites with 
or without discal setae : 4 

2 Hind coxa bare on the posterodorsal surface : - : 3 

— Hind coxa with one or more long fine setulae on the ed esl ees 

subgenus CARCELIELLA Baranov 

3 Four post dc setae* . : : : a . subgenus SENOMETOPIA Macquart 

= Three post dc setae . : : . subgenus CATACARCELIA Townsend 

4 Hind coxa bare on the eeeecaeioecel oS Mid tibia with several strong ad setae. 

Genal region wider than usual, distance between lowermost point of the eye and 
the peristomal margin subequal to width of third antennal segment. Humeral 
callus with the three main setae standing in a triangle. subgenus CARCELINA Mesnil 
[The single species comprising this subgenus has more the facies of a winthemiine, 
especially in head profile, than of Carcelia. The humeral setae also resemble 
those of Winthemiini; the barette is, however, bare except for a single minute 
hair at the anterior end.] 

— Hind coxa with one or more long fine setulae on the posterodorsal surface. Mid tibia 
almost always with only one (submedian) ad seta, rarely with one additional ad 
seta basad of the main one. Genal region very reduced, obviously narrower than 
third antennal segment. Humeralsetaeinlineorinatriangle . : 5 

5 Intermediate abdominal tergites with strong erect discal setae among the boi 
Humeral callus with the three main setae usually standing in a definite triangle. 
Scutellum with very strong lateral setae that are as large as the basal setae; 
apical scutellar setae sometimes directed upwards; distance between insertions 
of the subapical setae about subequal to that between a subapical seta and its 
corresponding basal seta : : . subgenus EURYCLEA Robineau-Desvoidy 

— Intermediate abdominal tergites without discal setae, though hairing may be rather 
strong and erect. Humeral callus with the three main setae standing in line or 
almost so, at most the middle seta only slightly forwards of a line between the 
other two. Scutellum with lateral setae weaker than the basal setae; apical 
scutellar setae always horizontal; subapical setae inserted very wide apart, distance 
between their bases conspicuously greater than that between a subapical seta 
and its corresponding basal seta (Text-fig. 78) subgenus CARCELIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe ANACAMPTOMYIINI 


It is rare for Tachinidae to parasitize aculeate Hymenoptera and this small 
palaeotropical group is unusual biologically in that its member species are parasites 
in the nests of solitary and social Vespoidea; in the Oriental Region the hosts are 
known to include species of Eumenes, Vespa and Ropalidia, but other vespid genera 
are probably attacked. The characters of the group conform very closely to those of 
the Carceliini, and it is mainly on the grounds of the unusual host-relations that, fol- 
lowing Townsend (19360; 1940), tribal status is accorded to the group (Crosskey, 19730). 
Two genera are known in the Oriental Region, Euvespivora and Koralliomyia; 
the latter genus was placed by its describer (Mesnil, 1950a) in the Sturmiini, 


* Except only three in holotype of Carcelia (Senometopia) nitidapex Mesnil. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 127 


but the hosts were then unknown and it now appears more appropriate to associate 
it with the anacamptomyiines (Crosskey, 1973): 91). The typical genus of the 
group, Anacamptomyia Bischof, occurs in the Ethiopian Region and in Australia, 
and will very probably be found at some time in the Oriental area: it is therefore 
included in the key that follows. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF ANACAMPTOMYIINI 


1 Mid tibia with one ad seta. Propleural seta absent. Parafrontals clearly separated 
by a well developed interfrontal area. Antennae not unusually small, antennal 
axis above mid-eye level 3 : : : : F : » - 

— Mid tibia with two strong ad setae. Propleural seta present. Parafrontals meeting 
or almost so in mid line of the frons, interfrontal area obliterated. Antennae 


very small, antennal axis below mid-eye level . ; . KORALLIOMYIA Mesnil 
2 Facial ridges bare (except for usual small setulae immediately above vibrissae). 
[Oriento-Australasian] . é , . EUVESPIVORA Baranov 


— Facial ridges strongly setulose for most of their height. [Africa & Australia] 
ANACAMPTOMYIA Bischof 


Tribe STURMIINI 


The tribe Sturmiini as here recognized corresponds almost exactly to Mesnil’s 
(1949a-1952a) Sturmiina and to the sense of the tribe formulated in an earlier paper 
(Crosskey, 19676), but it is likely that specialists will in future adopt the course 
currently being formulated by Herting of assigning the various sturmiine genera 
to a redefined Goniini and a redefined Eryciini. For the present it remains useful 
to treat the Sturmiini as a separate tribe for practical purposes, particularly while 
the rich fauna of the Oriental and Ethiopian Regions remains so little known and 
studied. 

Most of the genera occurring in the Oriental Region are widespread throughout 
the Old World tropics and subtropics, and when a genus appears to be confined 
to one particular Old World zoogeographical region it is usually only the result 
of the great difficulties that exist in trying to define the genera of Sturmiini in a 
satisfactory way. Some of the genera currently recognized (such as Pales and 
Palexorista) are moderately distinctive, but others (such as Sisyropa) contain rather 
heterogeneous collections of species and may be quite unnatural. The value of 
certain morphological characteristics for the reliable diagnosis of natural genera 
needs thorough investigation, for it seems at present that in some parts of the tribe 
it would be possible to ‘shake up’ the characters presently used for generic definition 
in different combinations and get equally convincing (or unconvincing) genera. 
In particular it would be of interest to know whether the presence of a single reclinate 
orbital seta (in contrast to more than one pair) is really of such significance as it 
appears. Mesnil (1949@ : 101, key couplet 12) used this character to differentiate 
two major groups of genera, and this course has been followed by Crosskey (19670 : 
40) and in the present work, but there is no doubt that use of this character does 
split apart some forms that on the whole facies appear so alike that they ought 


128 R, W. CROSSKEY 


probably to be regarded as congeneric, or at least as phyletically very closely allied 
(for example Pujolina and Euhygia with two pairs of reclinate orbital setae and 
Blepharipa with one pair). 

The Oriental Sturmiini possess the following main features in common. 


Head with one or more pairs of reclinate orbital setae in both sexes. Ocellar setae proclinate 
or absent. Gena as wide as or wider than the profrons. Vibrissae inserted above the level 
of the epistomal margin (very slightly so in a few forms, not at all in 9 Isostuymia). Frontal 
setae always more or less inclinate. Humeral callus with four setae of which the main three 
stand in line (anteriormost fourth seta occasionally undeveloped, middle seta of the three 
set very slightly forwards in Pavapales). 3+ 4 dc setae. Pre-alar seta long and strong, 
longer than either the first post za or the first post dc seta. Prosternum haired or setulose 
(except in Blepharella). Propleuron bare. Scutellum with lateral setae (except in Tvitaxys). 
Wing veins bare except for one or more small setulae on basal node of R,,;. Cell R; open. 
Second costal sector bare ventrally. Mid tibia with a submedian v seta (sometimes weak, 
occasionally absent in Cadurcia). Hind coxa bare posterodorsally. Hind tibia without pd 
preapical seta, and with a well developed ad fringe (specially well formed in males of many 
forms). Inner margin of lower calypter abutting closely against the scutellar margin and with 
rather sharply formed inner posterior angle. Abdomen with Tr + 2 excavate to its hind 
margin. 


In a preliminary definition of the Sturmiini given earlier (Crosskey, 19670 : 39) 
it was stated that the arista is only thickened basally. This is true of most Sturmuini, 
but it should be noted that it is not true of Tvztaxys (a genus currently placed in 
Sturmiini following Mesnil but which is probably a close affine of the Goniini); 
in Tvitaxys the arista is very much thickened on almost all its length. 

Comment should be made on a few minor disparities between the genera here 
included in Sturmiini and those included in my earlier key (Crosskey, 1967) : 40-41). 
Firstly, Pseudoperichaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm has more the facies of Eryciini 
than of Sturmiini and it is accordingly now treated in the former tribe. Secondly, 
the genus Thelairosoma Villeneuve: this was included in the 1967 key because 
of the existence of Mesnil’s subgenus Thelairodrino in the Oriental Region. The 
latter has a typical sturmiine facies, and does not convincingly suggest that it is 
rightly placed within Thelaivosoma (in which, for example, the humeral callus has 
three strong setae standing in a triangle and in which the facies is non-Sturmiine). 
It is therefore here preferred to treat Thelairodrino as a genus (stat. n.). True 
Thelairosoma (type-species fumosum Villeneuve from Africa) is not represented, 
on present evidence at least, in the Oriental area. Thirdly, the genus Cadurcia: 
this was omitted from Sturmiini in the previous key (see note, p. 39 in that paper) 
but on reconsideration it appears best to retain Cadurcia in Sturmiini. Fourthly, 
the genus Pexopsis: this sturmiine genus was omitted from the earlier key as I 
was unaware that the genus occurred in the Oriental area. Now it is included. 

Members of the Sturmiini attack a very wide range of macrolepidopterous hosts 
and occasionally larval sawflies. There are very few records as yet of Oriental 
sturmiines parasitizing Hymenoptera, but Palexorista species are recorded as 
attacking Tenthredinoidea in northern India and Pakistan. 


10 


II 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 129 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF STURMIINI 


Head with two or three pairs of reclinate orbital setae 
Head with one pair of reclinate orbital setae (strong and pelated: but Q Sans 


nN 


with a smaller erect seta ventrad and mesad of the true reclinate orbital) . : 19 
Eyes densely haired (hairing conspicuous and usually long) . : 3 
Eyes bare or almost so (some very short sparse inconspicuous hairs ‘pecasionally 

present) ; . , ; 3 : ‘ ; 8 
Parafacials completely haired 3 : : ; STURMIOPSIS Terecend 
Parafacials bare (at most a very few maoaeite hairs present adjacent to the lowest 

frontal setae) i L : , : 4 


Basal node of R,,; with at jezst ae or three small eta Facial ridges normal, 
obviously raised in relation to the plane of the face; either bare or with strong 
downcurved setae : : : : : 5 

Basal node of R,, ; with one very y long strong curv ved setula, ‘Facial ridges unusually 
wide and flat ventrally, very little raised in relation to the face; bearing some 
very fine hairs on the lower half close to the parafacial (inconspicuous in Q). 

[3 abdomen almost entirely silver-white pollinose on the dorsum} 
ISOCHAETINA Mesnil 

Facial ridges with very strong downcurved setae on most of their height, the 
ridges widely visible in profile. Scutellum with erect spiniform vestiture near 


theapex . : TAKANOMYIA Mesnil 
Facial ridges bare fexcept for fs peel small setulae near the v Mi not visible 

in profile. Scutellum without such spiniform vestiture . 6 
Two or three sternopleural setae. Apical scutellar setae Rorizontal or almost SO. 

Second aristal segment not elongate : a, 


Four sternopleural setae. Apical scutellar setae directed blast Sumaieht es ands. 
Second aristal segment obviously elongate (2°5—4-0 times as long as broad) 
PARADRINO Mesnil 
Mid tibia with one or two ad setae. Intermediate abdominal tergites usually with 
small erect discal setae differentiated from the hairing. Hairing of the eyes 
long. Prescutum and scutum bright yellow pollinose (almost uniformly so or 
with bold black vittae), scutellum either uniformly black or with black basal 
half and yellow-pollinose apical half c , : CALOZENILLIA Townsend 
Mid tibia with at least three ad setae. Intermediate abdominal tergites without 
discal setae. Hairing of the eyes moderately dense but short (much shorter 
than normal in hairy-eyed forms). Dorsum of thorax without conspicuously 


contrasting black and yellow appearance 2 : 4 : EUHYGIA Mesnil 
Mid tibia with two or more ad setae : ; : F , : : : 9 
Mid tibia with one ad seta ; : : ; : ’ : ; ; : 14 
Two or three sternopleural setae. Mid tibia with at least three ad setae clearly 
differentiated ; : : : ; : : 10 
Four sternopleural setae (2 + 2). Mid ee an Sic ad een 2 3 13 
Prosternum bare. Facial ridges with strong downcurved setae on meee of their 
height t : . BLEPHARELLA Macquart 
Prosternum feed or ae ailaee. Bacial mies ae or at most with small weak 
setulae confined to the lower two-fifths or less ; F : ; : II 


Antennal axis about level with the eye-middle. Parafacial narrowing towards me 
lower end and less than twice as wide as third antennal segment. Head seen 
from in front with the facial ridges appearing strongly bowed apart; in profile 
the ridge only narrowly visible. Epistome visible in profile and distinctly warped 
forwards from the face : : : : : : 12 
Antennal axis obviously above the fecal of the oe radials Parafacial not narrowing 
towards the lower end (sometimes even widening) and more than twice as wide 


130 


13 


15 


16 


R. W. CROSSKEY 


as third antennal segment. Head seen from in front with the facial ridges not 
bowed apart; in profile the ridge very broadly visible. Epistome not or hardly 
at all visible in profile and very weakly warped forwards from the face 
PEXOPSIS Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Ocellar setae absent. Apical scutellar setae virtually absent, represented by a 
pair of fine hairs variably oriented. Abdomen of g with an area of fine close-set 
hairing on the venter of T4. Eyes more or less totally bare . PUJOLINA Mesnil 
[Running here are two undescribed Oriental species that Mesnil (personal 
communication) considers to belong in his otherwise African genus Pujolina. 
Their generic distinctness from Euhygia is rather doubtful.] 
Ocellar setae present, strong. Apical scutellar setae strong and crossed, almost 
horizontal. Abdomen of g without sexually modified hairing. Eyes with 
short but obvious hairing . ; ‘ EUHYGIA Mesnil 
Ocellar setae strong (subequal to the oe oat ef reclinate orbital setae) and 
inserted in advance of the anterior ocellus. Basal node of R,,; with one setula. 
Scutellum with one pair of lateral setae. Abdominal T4 of $ with very large 
dense hair-fascicles covering most of the venter. Subapical scutellar setae 
separated by a distance about equal to, or only very slightly greater than, that 
between a subapical seta and its corresponding basal seta. Apex of ¢ abdomen 
not all shining black. - : ZYGOBOTHRIA Mik (part) 
Ocellar setae hair-like, almost absent, inserted behind the level of the anterior 
ocellus. Basal node of R,,; with two or three setulae. Scutellum with two 
pairs of lateral setae. Abdominal T4 of $ without sexually modified hairing. 
Subapical scutellar setae inserted very far apart, their bases separated by a 
distance conspicuously greater than that between a subapical seta and its 
corresponding basal seta. Abdomen of ¢ shining black on apical two-thirds 
of T4 and all of T5 (abdomen rather pointed and T5 unusually small in relation 
to T4 as in A plomya) : : : WEINGAERTNERIELLA Baranov 
Three sternopleural setae (2 + 1). @eclior setae strong : 15 
Four sternopleural setae (2 + 2) (only three in some specimens ae cosine bat 
then arranged 1 + 2). Ocellar setae absent or very weak and wiry or hair-like 
(except strong in Zygobothria) : : : - : 3 : 16 
Second sa seta reduced, weaker than the fae oa Apical scutellar setae horizontal. 
Abdomen of gf with a pair of long dense hair-fascicles on venter of T4. Antennae 
entirely black-brown; palpi blackish. Black forms with rather shining thorax, 
abdomen extensively covered with thick white pollinosity on T4 and T5 
CADURCIA Villeneuve 
Second sa seta normal, as strong as or stronger than the pra seta. Apical scutellar 
setae usually directed half-upwards. Abdomen of g without hair-fascicles or 
modified hairing. Antennae with second segment and base of third orange; palpi 
yellow. Not black forms, thorax greyish pollinose, abdomen with mainly reddish 
yellow ground colour and yellowish pollinosity basally on each tergite 
THELAIRODRINO Mesnil 
Basal node of R,,,; with three or more setulae. Vibrissae slightly above the 
epistomal margin in g, about level with it in 9. Ocellar setae absent or minute. 
Apical scutellar setae directed strongly upwards. Abdomen of ¢ with a pair 
of very dense hair-patches of long convergent hair on venter of T4 
ISOSTURMIA Townsend 
Basal node of R,,,; with one strong setula (very rarely accompanied by a minute 
supernumerary hair). Vibrissae usually well above the epistomal margin in 
both sexes. Ocellar setae varied. Apical scutellar setae horizontal or directed 
only slightly upwards. Abdomen of ¢ with or without hair-patches on venter 
of T4 ; 17 
Ocellar setae very oe gieecuel: in size fa reels el one asaseed slightly 


18 


19 


20 


21 


23 


24 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 131 


in front of anterior ocellus. Scutellum with one pair of very strong lateral setae. 

Parafacials totally bare . ‘ : ZYGOBOTHRIA Mik (part) 
Ocellar setae absent or very weak, coy much smaller when present than the reclinate 

orbital setae and inserted behind the level of the anterior ocellus. Scutellum 

with two pairs of lateral setae (one of them weak). Parafacials bare or finely 

haired on upper parts . : ‘ : : : : 2 - ‘ 3 18 
Parafacials completely bare. Ocellar setae absent. Each side of venter of 

abdominal T4 in the ¢ with unmodified hair or with a large area of short fine 

hair that is not formed into a definite fascicle . . DRINO Robineau-Desvoidy 
Parafacials finely haired on upper parts (Text-fig. 60), hair sometimes extending 

on to lower parts, occasionally only a very few minute hairs immediately below 

lowest frontal setae but parafacials never entirely bare. Ocellar setae present 

(except in P. laetifica), very weak and wiry. Each side of venter of abdominal 

T4 in the § with a definite fascicle of long dense hair (hair-fascicles varying in 

size from a small inconspicuous tuft to a large area covering the whole half- 


venter, Text-figs 148-150) . : . PALEXORISTA Townsend 
Eyes densely haired (hairing long and donspieneus) : - : : : : 20 
Eyes bare or with short sparse inconspicuous hairing 23 


Parafacials bare. Scutellum with lateral setae. Arista devia: fiickencd ool on 
the basal part and with short second segment. Head of normal width, parafacials 
narrower than the face and less than twice as wide as third antennal segment 21 
Parafacials completely haired. Scutellum without lateral setae. Arista thickened 
very strongly on almost all its length and with the second segment greatly 
elongate. Head unusually wide (Gonza-like), parafacial wider than the face and 
more than three times as wide as third antennal segment. . TRITAXYS Macquart 
Scutellum with two or three pairs of discal (preapical) setae (i.e. supernumerary 
discal setae present in addition to the normal pair) 
TRIXOMORPHA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Scutellum with one pair of discal (preapical) setae (as normal) . - . : 22 
Facial ridges with strong downcurved setae on most of their height 
PALES Robineau-Desvoidy 
Facial ridges bare (except for the usual small setulae immediately above the 
vibrissae) . ‘ SISYROPA Brauer & Bergenstamm (most species) 
Subapical scutellar ‘setae exceptionally widely separated, distance between their 
bases much greater than that between a subapical seta and its corresponding 
basal seta. One pair of lateral scutellar setae. Apical scutellar setae extremely 
strong, their length almost as great as the length of the scutellum. Four sterno- 
pleural setae. Sides of fourth abdominal tergite of g with very long dense 
hair-fascicles : : . STURMIA Robineau-Desvoidy 
Subapical scutellar setae not ‘exceptionally widely separated, distance between 
their bases at most only slightly exceeding and usually less than distance between 
a subapical seta and its corresponding basal seta. Two pairs of lateral scutellar 
setae (one strong and one weak). Apical scutellar setae almost always very 
small, their length not more than half the scutellar length (long and strong in 
Sisyvopa stylata but then two pairs of lateral setae). Two to four sternopleural 
setae. Sides of abdominal T4 in g with or without hair-fascicles. : 24 
Facial ridges weakly setose on the lower half. Humeral callus with three setae a 
which the middle one is set slightly forwards of the others. Two stp/l setae. 
Mid tibia with one ad seta. Ocellar setae absent. ¢g abdominal T4 with very 
short fine hairing over most of the venter, but without a definite sexual hair- 
fascicle : . PARAPALES Mesnil 
{This genus is eown in ae Oriental Region sae foe the holotype of P. 
stuymioides Mesnil from which the foregoing characters are taken. They 
may not all hold true when further specimens are found.] 


132 R. W. CROSSKEY 


— Facial ridges bare except for the usual few setulae immediately above the vibrissae 
(fine setulae on lowermost two-fifths in one undescribed species). Humeral callus 
with four setae (aberrantly only three) of which the three main setae stand 
almost exactly in line. Usually three or four stp/ setae (two in some Blepharipa 
specimens). Mid tibia with one or more ad setae. Ocellar setae present or 
absent. 4 abdominal T4 with or without dense lateral hair-fascicles but not 
with short fine close hairing of a sexually modified nature . F 25 
25 Sides of abdominal T4 of g with long dense hair-fascicles which aed on is ae 
venter. Two or three stp] setae, occasionally four in 9. Parafacial usually 
with some fine hairing on at least the extreme upper end adjacent to the 
lowest frontal setae. Large forms, length 1o-20 mm é BLEPHARIPA Rondani 
— Sides of abdominal T4 of § without hair-fascicles, the tergite either with unmodified 
hairing or the venter (also venter of T3) covered with very short fine hair that 
forms an even nap. Four stp/ setae. Parafacials totally bare. Smaller forms, 
length 5-1omm . : : : . SISYROPA Brauer & Bergenstamm (part) 


Tribe GONIINI 


As here recognized this tribe corresponds to the Goniini in van Emden’s (1954) 
sense and to Mesnil’s (1956) group Salmaciina, and includes the members of the 
subfamily Goniinae in which the ocellar setae are directed backwards, the eyes 
are very wide apart and both sexes have strong outer vertical setae. Members 
of the group have an unmistakable facies because of the exceptional widening of 
the frontal and facial regions of the head, and are the only higher Tachinidae (Gonii- 
nae) in which the ocellar setae are truly reclinate. Superficially similar forms 
with somewhat widened heads occur in the Sturmiini, but these either lack ocellar 
setae altogether or have them weakly developed and directed forwards or outwards. 
The Goniini as here accepted will probably prove to be too restricted a tribe, and 
already specialists are attempting to widen the group to embrace other forms which, 
like Gonia Meigen and its allies, have microtype eggs; for the present, however, 
it is best to retain Goniini in a narrow sense in which it can at least be readily recog- 
nized and its members identified on external characteristics. 

Four genera occur in the Oriental Region, but none is restricted to the area. 
Both Goniophthalmus Villeneuve and Pseudogonia Brauer & Bergenstamm occur 
also in the Ethiopian and Australasian Regions, and Spallanzania Robineau- 
Desvoidy and Turanogonia Rohdendorf are found also in the southern and eastern 
Palaearctic area. The type-genus Gonia Meigen, which is widely represented in 
the Holarctic regions and in Africa, is apparently absent from the Oriental Region 
and areas further east, though this will not remain true if the definition of Gonia 
is widened during future revisionary work: at present the genera of Goniini are 
rather closely split, and it is by no means certain that Turanogonia, Pseudogonia 
and Spallanzania justify the status of separate genera (subgeneric or even species- 
group status within a widened concept of Gonia might be a more appropriate taxo- 
nomic treatment when the group is better studied). Concerning the non-occurrence 
of Gonia in the Oriental Region it should be noted that although Gonia oestroides 
Walker, 1858, was described from ‘Hindostan’ and is a true Gonia there was almost 
certainly an error in the recorded provenance. Examination of the oestroides 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION : 133 


male holotype (in BMNH, London) shows that it is a specimen of the Palaearctic 
species G. capitata (De Geer), and no specimens have ever been found from India 
or elsewhere in the Oriental Region that would suggest that oestroides truly occurs 
there. 


The Oriental Goniini have the following characteristics in common. 


Eyes bare. Frons and facial region exceptionally wide, parafrontal very much wider than 
interfrontal area and parafacial at least 1-5 times as wide as third antennal segment (usually 
more). Ocellar setae very strong and reclinate. Both sexes with strong outer vertical setae. 
Occiput without black setulae behind the postocular row. Vibrissae inserted above the level 
of the epistomal margin. Antennae long, conspicuously longer in ¢ than 9; arista thickened 
on at least two-thirds of its length and usually with the second segment very greatly elongate 
(not in Spallanzania). Prosternum setulose, propleuron bare. Humeral callus with three 
strong setae standing in line; two posthumeral setae; 1 + 3 71a setae; 3 + 4 dc setae; pra seta 
very long and strong. Infrasquamal setulae absent. Barette completely bare. Scutellum 
without apical setae but with two or more spiniform setae directed upwards just before the 
apex. Mid tibia with two or more ad setae and with one or two submedian v setae. Cell 
R; open; second costal sector bare ventrally; R,,; with a few setulae above and below on the 
basal node, veins otherwise bare. Abdominal Tr + 2 excavate; intermediate abdominal 
tergites without discal setae; abdomen rotund, T5 deep and apically compressed to a narrow 
slit concealing the terminalia. 


The Goniini are parasites of Macrolepidoptera, principally of Noctuidae. All 
recorded Oriental hosts are noctuids, especially the bollworms (Heliothis) and army- 
worms (Spodoptera). An interesting recent host-record is that of an unidentified 
Spallanzania species attacking Heliothis assulta in northern India (Achan e¢ al., 
1968): a specimen from this rearing is in the BMNH collection and the identity 
as Spallanzania sp. near hebes Fallén is here confirmed. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF GONIINI 


1 Parafacials bare. Scutellum with two pairs of marginal setae (basals and subapicals, 
the laterals completely absent). Facial ridges setose on most of their height. 
Three stpl setae (arranged 24+ 1) . . GONIOPHTHALMUS Villeneuve 
— Parafacials haired or setulose. Scutellum sith three pairs of marginal setae (strong 
laterals present in addition to basals and subapicals). Facial ridges bare. Usually 
four stpl setae (if three then arranged 1 + 2) . 2 
2 Facial ridges conspicuously convex, easily visible in profile c on most of their height. 
Thorax with long soft yellow hair on the pleural regions. Genal, and at least 
some of the parafacial, iss pale cree 3g with proclinate orbital setae. 
Tegula reddish : s : TURANOGONIA Rohdendorf 
— Facial ridges not noticeably convex, not or only slightly visible in profile. Thorax 
with normal entirely black hair. Genal and parafacial vestiture entirely black. ¢ 
without proclinate orbital setae. Tegula black or brownish black : 3 
3 Second segment of the arista extremely elongate (several times longer en wide 
and subequal in length to the last section of the arista). Parafacials with vestiture 
of very irregular size, the vestiture adjacent to the facial ridges very strong and 
setiform (sometimes forming an almost regular row of setae). Basicosta usually 
yellowish brown to dark brown, often not conspicuously paler than the tegula 
PSEUDOGONIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
— Second segment of the arista short (not more than twice as long as broad and very 
much shorter than the last section of the arista). Parafacials with vestiture of 


134 R. W. CROSSKEY 


rather uniform size or with haphazard stronger setulae intermixed with weaker 
hairing (without a definite regular row of setiform vestiture close to the facial 
ridges). Basicosta clear pale yellow, conspicuously contrasting with the dark 
tegula . ; : : : : ; . SPALLANZANIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


KEyY TO ORIENTAL SPECIES OF TURANOGONIA ROHDENDORF 


1 Femora reddish yellow, or almost entirely so. Scutum with long pale yellow hair 
resembling that of pleural regions. Pollinosity of abdomen forming definite pale 
basal bands well visible to naked eye on T3, T4 and T5; ground colour of last 
two visible tergites extensively black. MWHairing of parafacials nearly all pale 
yellow or yellowish white, only the stronger vestiture towards the facial ridges 
black . : : : ; : : : : : ; klapperichi Mesnil 
— Femora brownish black. Scutum mainly with short blackish hair. Pollinosity of 
abdomen rather evenly distributed and shifting with direction of light, tergites 
not showing definite pale basal bands to naked eye; ground colour of last two 
visible tergites mainly reddish. Hairing of parafacials nearly all black, only pale 
yellow at lower ends of parafacials against the eyes. : . chinensis Wiedemann 


Tribe ERYCIINI 


The Goniinae with large pre-alar seta are extremely difficult to classify satis- 
factorily, and the immense number of genera to be studied makes it unlikely that 
a much improved arrangement will emerge in the near future. Specialists seem 
agreed, however, that the various tribes currently recognized are largely artificial 
assemblies of genera bearing but little relationship to the probable phyletic affinities. 
Nevertheless it is impossible when dealing with a little known fauna to break free 
from an existing classification, imperfect though it may be, unless some properly 
formulated new classification has been proposed to supersede it. Such is not the 
case with Goniinae, although several workers consider that its constituent genera 
should be reshuffled into fewer tribes redefined on the basis of the reproductive 
habit (rather than the conventional external adult morphology). Hence it is 
necessary here to continue to recognize the so-called tribe Eryciini for all those 
Gonlinae with large pre-alar seta that cannot obviously be associated with any of 
the other tribes: but it must be appreciated that the tribe in the sense used here is 
a somewhat disharmonious aggregation of genera of polyphyletic origin —a con- 
venience group to be recognized temporarily for the purely practical purpose of 
identification within the Goniinae. 

As here used the Eryciini equates with the tribal entity recognized under this 
name by van Emden (1954), and (certain genera excepted) corresponds to Mesnil’s 
Erythrocerina, Trypherina and Masicerina taken together (in Lindner’s Die Fliegen 
dey Palaearktischen Region 64g); there appear to be no forms in the Oriental Region 
fitting Mesnil’s (op. cit.) group Baumhaueriina, although such forms occur in southern 
Australia. A few genera that Mesnil placed among the sturmiines — including 
Dolichocolon, Aneogmena and Pseudoperichaeta — seem to have rather little relation 
to Sturmia and are here treated as eryciines because of their close resemblance to 
certain Eryciini (e.g. Dolichocolon to Frontina, Aneogmena to Rhinomyodes and 
Simoma, and Pseudoperichaeta to Aplomya and Phryxe). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 135 


The Eryciini is a much diversified and richly developed group in the Oriental 
area and cannot readily be defined by any simple combination of characters, but 
(excepting Bactromyiella) the Oriental forms do at least possess the following features 
in common. 


Gena wider than the profrons (except in Diatvaeophaga and Metoposisyrops, and sometimes 
not very obviously: cf. Carceliini with narrow gena). Both sexes with one or more pairs of 
reclinate orbital setae (cf. Winthemiini in which males often without such setae). 2 without 
outwardly directed prevertical setae (cf. Palaearctic and Tasmanian ‘Baumhaueriina’ in which 
such setae present). Vibrissae level with or at most only very slightly above the level of the 
epistomal margin (cf. Sturmiini in which vibrissae typically well above this level). Humeral 
callus with not more than four setae (cf. Winthemiini typically with five). Prosternum always 
haired or setulose. Propleural seta always present (cf. Anacamptomyiini in which normally 
absent). Barette bare or at most with very few hairs on anterior half (cf. Winthemiini, some 
Carceliini and Sturmiini, in which extensively hairy). Lower calypter not closely applied 
to scutellar margin, its inner posterior angle rather rounded and away from the scutellar margin 
(cf. Sturmiini in which inner margin of lower calypter closely following the edge of the scutellum 
and the posterior angle rather abrupt). Mid tibia with a submedian v seta (rarely weak). 
Abdominal Tr + 2 excavate to its hind margin or virtually so. 


The genus Bactromyiella was described by Mesnil (1952a) in the Erythrocerina 
and is therefore here included in Eryciini, as in my Australian conspectus (Crosskey, 
1973), but is excluded from the above characterization because of its very doubtful 
affinity with eryciines in general. It should probably be placed in the Blondeliini 
near to Trigonospila Pokorny as it has the small pre-alar seta characteristic of 
Blondeliini and a number of other blondeliine features. The fully haired barette 
and lack of a submedian v seta on the mid tibia, apart from the small pra seta, 
contra-indicate its correct placement as an erythrocerine-eryciine. 

Within the Oriental Eryciini it is possible to recognize certain aggregations of 
genera that appear to be ‘natural’ monophyletic entities, clearly separable from 
other groups of genera, and some of these generic groupings correspond in the main 
with some of the weakly differentiated tribes that have been named by Townsend 
and Mesnil. As an aid towards a clearer understanding of the Eryciini in the 
Oriental area, and in order that the diversity of forms occurring there may be readily 
compared with the fauna of other regions, an attempt has been made here to indicate 
the lines on which the Oriental genera appear to aggregate into natural groupings. 
The groups recognized can be differentiated by the tentative key and diagnoses 
that follow. 


TENTATIVE KEY TO GENERIC GROUPINGS IN ORIENTAL ERYCIINI 


[Note. Some generically unplaceable species have been omitted from consideration. | 


1 Head shape very strongly triangular in profile and with the profrons very much 


wider than the depth of the gena (as Text-fig. 54) . . DIATRAEO PHAGA-group 
— Head shape normal, at most rather weakly triangular in profile and profrons not 
wider than the depth of the gena_ . : : : : : : : ; 2 


2 Three post dc setae . : : : : : : - : - : : 3 
— Four post dcsetae . : ; i F ‘ ; . : : : 7 4 


136 RK. Wi CROSSICE YN 


Parafacials bare. Second costal sector bare ventrally . . ANEOGMENA-sgroup 
Parafacials fully haired. Second costal sector haired ventrally . BUQUETIA-group 
4 Two presutural dc setae (i.e. 2 + 4 dc). Cell R; very long-petiolate (petiole at least 

three times as long as 7-m). Frontal setae conspicuously reclinate CESTONIA-group 
— Three presutural dc setae (i.e. 3 + 4 dc). Cell R; not petiolate (except short petiole 
in Prosopodopsis appendiculata which is not longer than y-m). Frontal setae not 


1 w 


obviously reclinate (except in Elodia) : ; - : 5 
5 Humeral callus with the three main setae standing i in a itample: Eyes densely 
haired . ; : : PHEBELLIA-group 


— Humeral callus ot the cee main _ Staading in a straight line or with the 
middle one set only slightly forwards (a few forms with only two hie oes! dif- 
ferentiated humerals). Eyes haired or bare. 6 

6 Wing with the bend of vein M forming a gentle coe vomided curve, fe bend 
usually about equidistant between m-cu and the apex of M, or nearer to the 
latter. Wings typically shorter and broader than usual and ih unusually wide 
cell Sc (e.g. as Text-fig. 105). Maid tibia always with one ad seta 

ERY THROCERA-group 

— Wing with the bend of vein WM moderately or strongly abrupt (slightly rounded in 
a few forms, e.g. Scaphimyia), the bend typically closer to m-cu than to the 
apex of M,. Wings normal, always with the usual rather narrow cell Sc. Mid 


tibial ad oe varied, one or more than one. 7 
7 Facial ridges with very strong downcurved setae on eee Re oon height, the ridges 
themselves usually conspicuously visible in profile. : : FRONTINA-group 


— Facial ridges without such strong regular downcurved setae, either bare or rather 
weakly setulose, if setulae present then usually not reaching more than about 
half or two-thirds up the ridges, the ridges themselves usually not visible or only 
slightly so in profile : : : ; 5 : APLOMYA-PHRYXE-group 


DIATRAEOPHAGA-group 


Head shape abnormal, strongly triangular in profile with the frons nearly horizontal and 
the profrons very much wider than the gena (Text-fig. 54). Eyes bare. Facial ridges bare. 
Parafacials bare. Frontal setae not reclinate. One pair of reclinate orbital setae. Upper 
occiput swollen, with black setulae behind the postocular row. 4 with or without proclinate 
orbital setae. Arista thickened on most of its length, with second segment elongate (Text-fig. 
54). Humeral callus with 2(3) setae in line. 2+ 4 or 3 + 4 dc setae. 2 or 3 stpl setae. 
Cell R; open or petiolate. Bend of vein M sharply angulate (Text-fig. 106). Second costal 
sector bare ventrally. Mid tibia with one ad seta (rarely small additional setula basad of 
main one). 


Included genera. Diatraeophaga Townsend and Metoposisyrops Townsend. Also 
included in this group is the Neotropical genus Metagonistylum Townsend. It 
should be noted that Townsend (in Manual of Myiology) has these three very obviously 
closely related genera in three widely separated tribes, placing Metagonistylum 
in the Germariini, Diatraeophaga in the Hyperecteinini, and Metoposisyrops in a 
tribe of its own, the Metoposisyropsini. The group as a whole is certainly very 
distinctive among the Eryciini, and indeed amongst the Goniinae as a whole, and 
recognition as a named subtribe or even tribe might be justified; if the group is 
later to be given recognition as a named entity then the family-group name Meto- 
posisyropsini Townsend (19360 : 105) is available for it. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 137 


KEy TO ORIENTAL GENERA 


1 Wing with cell R, long-petiolate. 2+ 4 dc setae. Abdominal tergites without 
discal setae. Apical scutellar setae moderately well developed, horizontal and 
subparallel. g with one pair of proclinate orbital setae. ¢ arista thickened on 
its whole length and with the second segment about six times as long as broad 
(equal in length to remainder of arista) . : . DIATRAEOPHAGA Townsend 

— Wing with cell R; open. 3 + 4 dc setae. Abdominal T3~—T5 each with discal setae. 
Apical scutellar setae minute and hair-like, upwardly directed and convergent. 

3 without proclinate orbital setae. ¢g arista thickened on two-thirds of its 
length and with second segment about 2:5 times as long as broad 
METOPOSISYROPS Townsend 


ANEOGMENA-group 


Head shape normal, not triangular in profile, antennal axis not much above eye middle. 
Eyes bare or haired. Facial ridges bare or finely setose, not visible in profile. Parafacials 
bare. Frontal setae usually strongly reclinate (not in Rhinomyodes). Two or three pairs 
of reclinate orbital setae, usually not readily differentiated from the very strong reclinate 
frontals, uppermost pair of reclinate orbitals sometimes reduced or absent (hence sometimes 
only one pair in Rhinomyodes). Upper occiput flat or slightly sunken, without black setulae 
behind the postocular row. 4 without proclinate orbital setae. Arista normal, basal segments 
short. Humeral callus with two or three setae in line, occasionally with additional fourth 
seta set forwards. 2 + 3 or 3 + 3 dc setae. 2 or 3 stpl setae. Wing cell R; open or short- 
petiolate. Bend of vein M abruptly angulate, often a right-angle and sometimes with M, 
appendix (short). Second costal sector bare ventrally (? Elodimyia, not checked). Mid tibia 
with one or two ad setae. Hind tibia without pd preapical seta. 


Included genera. Aneogmena Brauer & Bergenstamm, Elodimyia Mesnil, Rhino- 
myodes Townsend, Simoma Aldrich. Also to be included here is the Samoan genus 
Neomedina Malloch, which is very closely related to Aneogmena: indeed, future 
revisionary work will probably show that Neomedina should be synonymized with 
Aneogmena and the definition of the latter slightly widened accordingly. (The 
most obvious distinction is that Neomedina has the facial ridges setulose, but 
it is questionable whether this alone is sufficient to justify separate generic status 
in view of the complete conformity in all other characters.) 

The members of this group are all black flies with thin silvery white pollinosity 
(forming indefinite transverse bands on the abdomen), usually with the scutellum 
rather flattened, and with the postorbits conspicuously narrowing or evanescent 
at their upper ends. The legs are always black and the wings (particularly in 
Aneogmena) are often conspicuously brown anteriorly. 

Mesnil (1952a : 220) placed Aneogmena in the Sturmiina, thus dissociating it 
from Simoma and Rhinomyodes, which he placed in his artificial subtribe Trypherina 
(characterized by a petiolate cell R;) (Mesnil, 1953a). In view of the very close 
concordance of adult characters this is considered mistaken, and it is here preferred 
to associate these genera (plus Elodimyia, which Mesnil described in Erythrocerina) 
in the group—here termed the Aneogmena-group — defined above, which seems 
clearly monophyletic. 


138 R. W. CROSSKEY 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA 


1 Eyes haired. Frontal setae not reclinate or at least not obviously so 
RHINOMYODES Townsend 
— Eyes bare (at most a few sparse minute hairs visible under high power). Frontal 


setae conspicuously reclinate . : : ; : : 2 
2 Wing with cell R; narrowly open to the wing margin. Mid tibia with one (sub- 
median) ad seta. 4 abdomen without ventral hair fascicles : 3 


— Wing with cell Rk, closed and long-petiolate. Mid tibia with two strong wa ee 
(sometimes smaller setulae in addition). g abdomen with fascicles of long dense 
hair on the venter of T4 and T5 : : F . SIMOMA Aldrich 
3. Abdomen without discal setae on intermediate terpites (T3 and T4). Facial ridges 
bare except for the usual few setulae immediately above the vibrissae. Basal 


node of #,,; with a row of three or more setulae 
ANEOGMENA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
— Abdomen with discal setae on intermediate tergites. Facial ridges finely setulose 


on almost their whole height. Basal node of R,,; with a single setula 
ELODIMYIA Mesni 


BUQUETIA-group 


Head shape normal. Eyes bare or almost so. Facial ridges bare, not visible in profile. 
Parafacials completely haired. Frontal setae slightly reclinate. Two pairs of reclinate orbital 
setae. Upper occiput flat, with black setulae behind the postocular row. 4 without proclinate 
orbital setae. Arista normal, basal segments short. Humeral callus with three setae standing 
in line, innermost one sometimes hair-like. 3 + 3 dc setae. Three stp] setae. Wing cell 
R; open. Bend of vein M widely obtuse and slightly rounded, no trace of M,. Second costal 
sector haired ventrally. Mid tibia with one ad seta that is usually accompanied by some 
smaller ad setulae basad of the main seta. Hind tibia without pd preapical seta. 


Included genus. Buquetia Robineau-Desvoidy. 


This genus, which appears still to be monotypic, occurs in the southern Palaearctic 
Region (e.g. Mediterranean islands, Middle East) and does not form an element 
of the Oriental fauna proper: it is included here because of its occurrence in Pakistan. 

The affinities of Buquetia appear uncertain. Although it runs out with Aneogmena- 
group in the foregoing key because of the presence of only three post dc setae (a 
relatively uncommon condition in Eryciini) there is almost certainly little or no 
relationship with this group. The adult facies of the genus resembles that of the 
Australian genus Chlorogastropsis Townsend (which also has haired parafacials, 
another relatively uncommon feature in Eryciini), and that of Nealsomyia, and 
Buquetia is perhaps phyletically close to these genera. There is a particularly 
close resemblance amongst these genera in the conformation of the head, the short 
antennae and vibrissae somewhat above the epistomal margin, and in the abdominal 
shape. 

In Buquetia the thorax and abdomen are rather evenly covered with thick greyish 
yellow pollinosity, and the flies therefore have a very different appearance from 
the other Oriental forms with three post dc setae (Aneogmena-group) in which the 
colour is generally black with silvery pollinose abdominal bands. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 139 


CESTONIA-group 


Head shape normal. Eyes bare. Facial ridges setulose for at least one-third of their height, 
not visible in profile. Parafacials bare. Frontal setae weakly reclinate. Two or three pairs 
of reclinate orbital setae. Upper occiput completely flat, without black setulae behind the 
postocular row. 4 without proclinate orbital setae. Arista normal, basal segments short. 
Humeral callus with two setae. 2-+ 4 dc setae. Two stpl setae, sometimes a small third 
stpl seta present midway between the main two or closer to the posterior one. Wing cell R; 
closed and very long-petiolate (petiole as long as or nearly as long as m-cu). Bend of vein 
M abruptly angulate and unusually far from wing margin, last section of Cu, equivalently 
long. Second costal sector bare ventrally. Mid tibia with one ad seta. Hind tibia without 
pd preapical seta. 


Included genera. Cestonia Rondani, also the Australian genus Phorocerostoma 
Malloch. 


This group is known so far in the Oriental Region only from Sri Lanka, where 
an undetermined species of Cestonia (possibly new) occurs. The group is found 
in eastern Australia, being represented there by Malloch’s Phorocerostoma, a genus 
only very doubtfully distinct from Cestonia. The only difference between these 
genera that has been found is that the bristling on the facial ridges is stronger and 
extends up the whole height of the ridges in Phorocerostoma, whereas it is rather 
weak and confined to the lower half or less of the ridges in Cestonia. When ade- 
quately revised it will probably prove appropriate to sink Phorocerostoma in synonymy 
with Cestonva. 

Apart from the unusually long petiole to cell R; the group is unusual in having 
2-+ 4 dc setae instead of the normal 3 + 4. The only other Oriental eryciine 
genus in which the 2 + 4 complement occurs is Diatraeophaga with which, however, 
there is quite obviously no close phyletic relationship. The head form, short 
antennae, slightly raised vibrissae in relation to the epistome, and the general 
appearance of colour, pollinosity and abdominal shape, suggest that the Cestonia- 
Phorocerostoma complex might be phyletically close to Nealsomyia and Chlorogas- 
tropsis, and thus perhaps to Buquetia (see above). 


PHEBELLIA-group 


Head shape normal. Eyes densely haired. Facial ridges bare or at most haired on lower 
third, ridges sometimes widely visible in profile. Parafacials bare. Frontal setae not reclinate. 
Two or three pairs of reclinate orbital setae. Upper occiput flat, without black setulae behind 
the postocular row (a very few haphazard and inconspicuous black setulae present immediately 
adjacent to the postocular row in ‘Aplomyia’ cayceliaefoymis). 3 without proclinate orbital 
setae. Arista normal, basal segments short. Humeral callus with three main setae standing 
in a regular triangle. 3-+ 4 dc setae. 2-3 stpl setae. Wing with cell R; open. Bend of 
vein M moderately strongly abrupt, without 17, appendix. Second costal sector bare ventrally. 
Mid tibia either with one or more than one ad seta. Hind tibia without pd preapical seta. 


Included genera. Phebellia Robineau-Desvoidy and Rhinaplomyia Mesnil; 
also some generically unplaced species belonging near Phebellia. 


This group corresponds exactly to the Phebelliariae of Mesnil (1953a : 295) and 
is differentiated at once from other Oriental Eryciini by the characteristic arrange- 


140 RW. CROSSKEY 


ment of humeral setae in a regular triangle. Unusual features found within the 
group, and not occurring elsewhere in Oriental eryciines, include the presence of 
long fine setulae on the posterodorsal edge of the hind coxa (found in Rhinaplomyia) 
and the (usually) long spatulate palpi found in Phebellia and Rhinaplomyia. The 
group is so far known from very few Oriental specimens, but to judge from these 
is confined to the northern borders of the Oriental Region; it should perhaps be 
looked upon as an essentially Palaearctic group that spreads southwards for a 
short distance into the Oriental area. The group is apparently unrepresented in 
Australia, where no eryciines with the humeral setae in a triangle are known to 
occur (except possibly for Walker’s ‘Tachina’ calliphon which has the setae in a 
triangle but is of uncertain Australian provenance: see Crosskey, 19730 : 97). 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA 


1 Hind coxa with long fine setulae on the posterodorsal surface (as in Cayrcelia s.str.). 
Intermediate abdominal tergites with numerous erect and irregular discal setae, 
many of which are conspicuously spiniform. Epistome slightly to enormously 
prominent, visible in front of the vibrissal base in profile RHINAPLOMYIA Mesnil 
— Hind coxa bare on the posterodorsal surface. Intermediate abdominal tergites 
either without differentiated discal setae or each with one regular pair that are 


not at all spiniform. Epistome not prominent, invisible in profile : : 2 
2 Abdominal T3 with four median marginal setae. Three sfp/ setae. Facial ridges 
bare except for the usual few setulae adjacent to the vibrissae 3 


— Abdominal T3 with two median marginal setae. Two stpl setae. Facial ridges 
finely setulose on their lower two-fifths . ‘Exorista’ seniorwhitei Baranov (? genus) 

3. Facial ridges prominently visible in profile. Mid tibia with one ad seta. Abdomen 
without discal setae. Palpi yellow ‘Aplomyia’ carceliaeformis Villeneuve (? genus) 

— Facial ridges not visible in profile. Mid tibia with several ad setae. Abdominal 
T3-T5 each with discal setae. Palpi blackish . PHEBELLIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


ERYTHROCERA-group 


Head shape normal. Eyes bare or sometimes with very short sparse inconspicuous hairs. 
Facial ridges bare or setulose, sometimes visible in profile. Parafacials bare. Frontal setae 
not reclinate (except in Elodia). One or two pairs of reclinate orbital setae. Upper occiput 
flat or slightly swollen (except a little sunken in Elodia), with black setulae behind the postocular 
row. © with or without proclinate orbital setae. Arista normal, at most thickened on three- 
fifths of its length, basal segments short. Humeral callus with three setae in a straight line, 
sometimes an additional fourth seta set forwards (only two setae clearly differentiated in 
Elodia). 3 + 4 dc setae [3 + 3 in some African species]. Normally three or four stp/ setae, 
rarely only two. Wing cell R, open or closed exactly at wing margin. Bend of vein M forming 
a gentle evenly rounded curve, usually far from m-cw and near to wing margin (e.g. as Text- 
fig. 105). Second costal sector bare or haired ventrally. Mid tibia with one ad seta. Hind 
tibia with or without pd preapical seta. 


Included genera. Atractocerops Townsend, Bactromyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 
Diglossocera Wulp, Elodia Robineau-Desvoidy, Erythrocera Robineau-Desvoidy, 
Eurysthaea Robineau-Desvoidy, Hapalioloemus Baranov. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 141 


This group corresponds very closely to Mesnil’s (1952a) subtribe Erythrocerina, 
but there are certain differences. Elodimyia Mesnil is excluded, as it possesses 
few of the characteristics of this group and appears undoubtedly to be closely 
allied to Aneogmena (see Aneogmena-group), and Bactromyiella is excluded because 
—as emphasized elsewhere (p. 135) — it is probably a blondeliine and not an eryciine; 
certainly Bactromyvella possesses few if any characters that justify its close associa- 
tion with Evythrocera. 

The genera Diglossocera and Hapalioloemus are extremely similar to each other 
and possess all the features typical of the ‘Erythrocerines’, and are therefore included 
in this group; they were unknown to Mesnil (1952a) and not placed by him, but it 
is certain from examination of the type-species (and only species) of Mesnil’s (1957) 
genus Boromyia that this nominal genus is the same as Baranov’s Hapalioloemus 
and Boromyia is accordingly here sunk as a synonym (syn. n.) of the latter. It 
is uncertain whether Diglossocera and Hapalioloemus should be maintained as 
separate genera, and I think it likely that the latter will have to be sunk into synonymy 
with the former when more is known of this rare complex. A remarkable undes- 
cribed Australian species of the complex has been seen (gf specimen in ANIC, Can- 
berra) which conforms to most of the characters of Hapalioloemus (having proclinate 
orbital setae in the g, the facial ridges setulose on most of their height and easily 
visible in profile, and three humeral setae) but which has extraordinarily modified 
¢ antennae and therefore recalls the condition in Diglossocera, although the antennal 
modification is of a different kind (consisting of many long biramous or multiramous 
processes arising laterally from each side of the posteroventral edge of the third 
antennal segment, the whole facial region being enlarged and deeply sunken to 
accommodate the numerous long branches). The existence of this weird Australian 
species, as yet unnamed, suggests that there may be other species still to be found 
whose characters cut across those that define Diglossocera and Hapalioloemus, 
and that ultimately Diglossocera will require to be widened and redefined to accom- 
modate them. At present the Australian species alluded to comes closest to 
Hapalioloemus and could be described in this genus. 

Crosskey (1967c) established that Szgelotroxis Aldrich is a synonym of Atractocerops 
Townsend, and examination of Frontiniellopsis Townsend for the present work has 
shown that this name, too, must be sunk as a junior synonym of Atractocerops 
(syn. n.) Hence the nominal genera Boromyia, Frontiniellopsis and Sigelotroxis 
all belong in the Evythrocera-group, but each is a junior synonym. 

Many forms in the Evythrocera-group are distinctive among the Eryciini, and 
among the Goniinae with large pre-alar seta in general, because of the unusually 
short and broad wings in which the apical part of the subcostal cell (i.e. the cell 
between veins Sc and R,) is often very much wider than usual (for example in 
Elodia and Hapalioloemus from the Oriental area). Other features found in certain 
members of the group that are unusual among Eryciini include the presence of 
two pairs of lateral scutellar setae (normally only one pair in other Eryciini and 
none in Dolichocolon), the frequent occurrence of fine setulae along the apical part 
of vein F,, and the unusually rotund abdomen. 


142 Ke We CROSSKEN 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA 


1 Humeral callus with only two clearly differentiated setae. Frontal setae con- 
spicuously reclinate. (Shining black forms lacking obvious pollinosity, except 
at most for very narrow basal bands on abdominal tergites. | 
ELODIA Robineau-Desvoidy 
— Humeral callus with three or four setae. Frontal setae not reclinate. [Not such 
forms. | ; P2 
2 Apical scutellar setae exec peouallly large and subapical scutellar setae enseslly? 
weak in relation to other setae, the apical setae as large as or larger than the 
subapicals and almost as large as the basal scutellar setae 
ATRACTOCEROPS Townsend 
— Apical scutellar setae weak and subapical scutellar setae of normal large size, the 


apical setae much smaller than either the subapical or the basalsetae_ . 3 
3. Hind tibia with a very strong pd preapical seta that is as aa as or larger fe the 

d preapical seta. ; 4 
— Hind tibia without a pd mreagieal Fe or with a oe ae iatonspicwons ale in 

this position that is at most half as long as the d preapical seta . c 5 


4 Facial ridges strongly bowed and visible for their whole height in orn ean 
deep, more than one-third of eye-height. Abdominal T4 with discal setae. [Legs 
and basicosta reddish yellow. } : - . ERYTHROCERA Robineau-Desvoidy 
— Facial ridges straight and almost completely invisible except near the vibrissae 
when seen in profile. Gena narrow, less than one-fifth of eye-height. Both 
intermediate abdominal tergites without discal setae. [Legs and basicosta black 
or brownish black. |] : ‘ : EURYSTHAEA Robineau-Desvoidy 
5 Wing vein R, entirely bare. [Legs and basicosta dark brown or blackish. | 
BACTROMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
— Wing vein R, finely setulose along its se ge half bei surface only). [Legs and 
basicosta reddit yellow. | : 6 
6 Facial ridges setulose on half or more of them: height, the ridges bawed in prods: 
6 with proclinate orbital setae and third antennal segment simple. Humeral 
callus with three setae. Apical scutellar setae minute, hair-like, usually directed 
upwards and inwards (much weaker than the lateral setae) 
HAPALIOLOEMUS Baranov 
— Facial ridges bare, nearly straight in profile. g without proclinate orbital setae 
and with the third antennal segment very deeply bifid (Text-fig. 51). Humeral 
callus with four setae (i.e. with an additional seta set forwards from the basal row 
of three setae). Apical scutellar setae moderately strong, horizontal and sub- 
parallel (nearly as strong as the lateral setae) : : DIGLOSSOCERA Wulp 


FRONTINA-group 


Head shape normal. Eyes bare or densely haired. Facial ridges setose on most of their 
height (only slightly more than half in Lydellina), often well visible in profile. Parafacials 
bare or haired on upper half. From one to three pairs of reclinate orbital setae. Upper 
occiput flat, without black setulae behind the postocular row. dg with or without proclinate 
orbital setae. Arista varied, either thickened only at base or for much of its length, sometimes 
almost all thickened, basal segments either short or second segment elongate. Humeral 
callus with three main setae in line or with middle one slightly forwards, sometimes with fourth 
seta set forwards of basal row. 3 + 4 de setae. Three or four stpl setae. Wing cell R; 
open, closed at wing margin or very short-petiolate. Bend of vein M moderately to very 
strongly abrupt. Second costal sector bare ventrally (except in Suensonomyia). Mid tibia 
with one or with more than one ad seta. Hind tibia with or without pd preapical seta. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 143 


Included genera. Botriopsis Townsend, Dolichocolon Brauer & Bergenstamm, 
Frontina Meigen, Lydellina Villeneuve (doubtfully included), Prosopodopsis Town- 
send, Suensonomyia Mesnil. 


In Lydellina the setae of the facial ridges are confined to about the lower three- 
fifths or half and the total facies is not particularly Frontina-like, and this genus 
is placed here with some doubts. If it is excluded from consideration then the 
remaining included genera fall into two groups, each containing genera that appear 
to be phyletically very close together. The first of these subgroups contains Fron- 
tina, Dolichocolon, Botriopsis and an unnamed form (probably representing a new 
genus) and has the facial ridges clearly visible in profile for the whole of their height, 
and a normal goniine wing venation in which the section of M between m-cu and 
the bend is much shorter than the section between 7-m and m-cu. The second 
subgroup contains Prosopodopsis and Suensonomyia and has the facial ridges 
invisible (or virtually so) in profile and has in nearly all species an unusual wing 
venation in which the section of vein M from m-cu to the bend is exceptionally 
elongate, being subequal in length to the section of M between r-m and m-cu and 
very much longer than m-cu itself (in the Frontina subgroup the distance from 
m-cu to the bend is actually shorter than the length of m-cu). It is possible that 
these subgroups are not phyletically very closely related, but they are here aggre- 
gated into the Frontina-group mainly on account of the very strongly setose facial 
ridges and the form of head profile (in which the head greatly recedes at the epistomal 
level in relation to the antennal level, the head being very much shorter at the 
epistomal axis than at the antennal axis). 


KEy TO ORIENTAL GENERA 


1 Wing veins bare (except for the usual few setulae on the node) . : : ‘ , 2 
— Wing veins extensively setulose, setulae present on all of R,, on R,,; to beyond 

y-m, and on the basal part of Cu, . : : : : : P : : 7 
2 Eyes densely haired . : : : ‘ , : .  BOTRIOPSIS Townsend 
— Eyes bare : : : ‘ ; : i ; : ; 3 


3. Scutellum without lateral setae. Head with one pair of reclinate orbital setae 
DOLICHOCOLON Brauer & Bergenstamm 
— Scutellum with one or more cn of lateral setae. Head with two or three pairs of 
reclinate orbital setae . : . : : : 4 
4 Sides of the thorax and the genae with pale yellow hair. Intermediate abdominal 
tergites with irregular spiniform discal setae. Wings conspicuously brown 
anteromedially. g without or with one pair of proclinate orbital setae 
FRONTINA Meigen 
— Sides of the thorax and the genae black-haired. Intermediate abdominal tergites 
without discal setae. Wings hyaline or if slightly brown then uniformly so. 3 
with two pairs of proclinate orbital setae : : : : 5 
5 Facial ridges prominently visible in profile on their wliale height. Scutellum with 
two pairs of very strong lateral setae and with the subapical setae standing close 
together (distance between their bases very much less than that between a 
subapical seta and its corresponding basal seta). Ocellar setae absent or virtually 
so. [Very large form, length about 15 mm, with appearance of Tachinini. } 
Undescribed sp. (? gen. n.) 


144 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Facial ridges invisible in profile or only slightly visible at lower end. Scutellum 
with one pair of lateral setae and with the subapical setae inserted well apart 
(distance between their bases nearly as great as that between a subapical seta and 
its corresponding basal seta or nearly so). Ocellar setae present. [Not such 
forms, length under 1omm.] . : ‘ : ; F F 6 
6 Abdominal Ti + 2 with median marginal coe Wing with normal goniine 
venation, m-cu meeting vein M at a point much nearer to the bend than to 7-m, 
distance from m-cu to bend not greater than the length of m-cu. Cell R; open. 
Facial ridges rather weakly setose only on lower half : LYDELLINA Villeneuve 
— Abdominal Tr + 2 without median marginal setae. Wing with m-cu meeting vein M 
at a point mid-way between y-m and the bend or at least further from the bend 
than usual, distance from m-cu to bend slightly to much greater than the length 
of m-cu. Cell R; closed or virtually so at the wing margin. Facial ridges strongly 


setose on almost all their height. : . PROSOPODOPSIS Townsend (part) 
7 Second costal sector haired ventrally. Last section of vein Cu, subequal in length to 

m-cu. i + 1 (or ? 2) acrostichal setae . : . SUENSONOMYIA Mesnil 
— Second costal sector bare ventrally. Last ee of vein Cu, much longer than 

m-cu. 3 + 3 acrostichal setae F ; . PROSOPODOPSIS Townsend (part) 


APLOMYA-PHRY XE-group 


Head shape normal, at most only slightly more triangular than usual (Cossidophaga). Eyes 
bare or haired. Facial ridges bare or weakly setulose, not or only slightly visible in profile. 
Parafacials bare (except in Pseudalsomyia). One or two pairs of reclinate orbital setae. Upper 
occiput flat or swollen, with or without black setulae behind the postocular row. 4 without 
proclinate orbital setae [Mesnil records one pair in Pseudoperichaeta monochaeta Mesnil, not 
seen]. Arista normal, usually not thickened on more than half its length, basal segments 
short or at most second segment slightly elongate. Humeral callus with a basal row of three 
setae in line, with or without additional fourth seta set forwards. 3 + 4 dc setae. Three or 
four stpl setae (rarely only two). Wing cell R; open. Bend of vein M moderately strongly 
abrupt, sometimes rather evenly obtuse (e.g. Scaphimyia). Second costal sector bare ventrally 
(except in Zenillia grisellina). Mid tibia with one or with more than one ad seta. Hind tibia 
without pd preapical seta. 


Included genera. Aplomya Robineau-Desvoidy, Cossidophaga Baranov, Neal- 
somyia Mesnil, Phryxe Robineau-Desvoidy, Pseudalsomyia Mesnil, Pseudoperichaeta 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, Scaphimyia Mesnil, Xylotachina Brauer & Bergenstamm, 
Zenillia Robineau-Desvoidy; also some generically unplaceable species. 


This group is slightly heterogeneous, and to some extent is simply an assemblage 
of genera that do not fit into any of the other groups here defined. The group 
cannot be exactly equated to any one of Mesnil’s subgroups, but corresponds approxi- 
mately to his Aplomyiariae and Phryxariae, together with some genera from his 
other subgroupings. The genus least satisfactorily placed here is, perhaps, Neal- 
somyia, as this genus to judge from the head facies may be much more nearly related 
to the Cestonia-group or to Buquetia than to the other genera in the A plomya- 
Phryxe-group. The relationships of Cossidophaga are uncertain, and it seems 
possible that this genus is closely allied to the Palaearctic Platymya Robineau- 
Desvoidy since it runs to the Platymyiariae in Mesnil’s (1953a) key to Palaearctic 
forms. Mesnil has used the number of reclinate orbital setae and the orientation 
of the apical scutellar setae (whether upwardly directed or horizontal) as differentia- 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 145 


ting characters between some of his masicerine subgroups (see key in Mesnil, 1953a : 
295), but these characters appear to be less satisfactory for group definition in 
the Oriental fauna than they do in the Palaearctic fauna. An example of a genus 
in which one of these characters breaks down is Nealsomyza, in which typical males 
have one pair of enormous reclinate orbital setae but females have two pairs (even 
this difference not being absolute, since occasional males have a weak upper pair 
additional to the main pair or even two reclinate orbitals on one side of the head 
and one on the other). Likewise, the apical scutellar setae are not as reliable as 
they may seem when a large range of forms is considered, because intermediates 
occur, and specimens of species that typically have one form of orientation may 
occasionally have apical scutellar setae that it is difficult to categorize as either 
‘horizontal’ or ‘upwardly-directed’. Nevertheless the character can remain useful 
for certain genera — for example the apical scutellar setae of Aplomya and Phryxe 
(though strong in both genera) are obviously very different in their orientation, 
those of the former being horizontal or almost so and those of the latter being 
directed almost straight upwards. 


KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA 


1 Parafacials bare ‘ ; - , : , : : : : i : 2 
— Parafacials fully haired . ; : : ‘ ; PSEUDALSOMYIA Mesnil 
2 Four sternopleural setae “ ; : , ; : A : - : 3 
— Two or three sternopleural setae : : : : ; : ; ‘ 6 
3 Eyes haired . : : P ‘ ‘ : : : : 5 : : 4 
— Eyes bare ! : : y 5 : : 2 : ‘ : 5 
4 Facial ridges es Apical scutellar setae horizontal. Second sa seta as large 

as or larger than the pra seta ‘ : APLOMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 


— Facial ridges setulose on more than half their height. Apical scutellar setae 
directed upwards or half-upwards. Second sa seta unusually weak, much 
smaller than the pra seta. . PSEUDOPERICHAETA Brauer & Bergenstamm 

5 Mid tibia with at least two strong ad setae. Ocellar setae absent. Abdominal 
Tr + 2 without median marginal setae ‘Alsomyia’ anomala Villeneuve (? genus) 

— Mid tibia with one ad seta. Ocellar setae present. Abdominal Tr + 2 with 
median marginal setae ‘ : . ‘Erycia’ takanoi Baranov (? genus) 

[This puzzling species may be more closely allied to Carceliini than Eryciini but 
may conveniently be run out here. | 
6 Second costal sector bare ventrally : : ° : : : : 7 
— Second costal sector haired ventrally d : ZENILLIA Robineau-Desvoidy 
[This character applies to the single known Oriental species of Zenillia (placed 
there by Mesnil, 1954c : 326) and must not be taken to apply generally to 
Zenillia. | 

7 Eyeshaired . : , . : : : ; : : : : j 8 

Eyes bare P : 5 : : 4 : , 9 

8 Abdomen with discal setae on hes oie Ta. Mid tibia with several strong ad setae. 
Upper occiput swollen and with black setulae behind the postocular row. Facial 
ridges finely setulose on at least half their heigh: . PHRYXE Robineau-Desvoidy 

— Abdominal T3 and T4 without discal setae. Mid tibia with one ad seta. Upper 
occiput flat and without black setulae behind the postocular row. Facial ridges 
bareee : F NEALSOMYIA Mesnil 

9g Head with one a of roolenate Sebi ee ae Taeher strongly subtriangular 


| 


146 R. W.. CROSSKEY 


in profile (shape as Text-fig. 55). Facial ridges finely setulose on lower half 
COSSIDOPHAGA Baranov 
— Head with two pairs of reclinate orbital setae and not unusually strongly sub- 
triangular in profile. Facial ridges bare (except for the usual setulae adjacent 
to vibrissae) : : ; : : : < 10 
10 Lower ends of facial ates deaae Vv bled in Geecle: Gena wider than third antennal 
segment. @ with projecting ‘horny’ ovipositor. Basicosta yellow 
XYLOTACHINA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
— Lower ends of facial ridges invisible in profile or virtually so. Gena not wider 
than third antennal segment. 2 without such exserted ovipositor. Basicosta 
dark brown or blackish : : . ‘Erycia’ nymphalidophaga Baranov (? genus) 


COMPREHENSIVE KEY TO ORIENTAL GENERA OF ERYCIINI 


[Note. It is strongly emphasized that contiguity of genera in the key is no indication of 
close phyletic affinity. Related genera may be wide apart if their reliable identification has 
been best assured by using practical ‘convenience’ characters (e.g. long petiole to cell R;) 
that probably lack phyletic significance. | 


1 Three post dc setae (middle one rarely very reduced) . : : : : : 2 
— Four post dc setae . : : ; : : : : : : : : 6 
2 Eyes conspicuously haired. Frontal setae not noticeably reclinate 
RHINOMYODES Townsend 
— Eyes bare or virtually so. Frontal setae partly or completely reclinate 
3. Parafacials haired or setulose. Ocellar setae very strong (subequal to reckinetee 
orbital setae). Upper occiput with black setulae behind the postocular row. 
Second costal sector haired ventrally. Abdomen uniformly covered with thick 
yellowish pollinosity  . ; : . BUQUETIA Robineau-Desvoidy 
— Parafacials bare. Ocellar setae eo es (much smaller than reclinate orbital 
setae) or absent. Upper occiput without black setulae behind the postocular 
row. Second costal sector bare ventrally. Abdomen shining black with 
inconspicuous bands of greyish pollinosity : : j : 4 
4 Wing with cell FR, closed before the margin and fone Sends Mid tibia with 
two or more ad cee. Abdominal T3 and T4 with median discal setae. ¢g with 
fascicles of dense recumbent hair on venter of abdominal T4 and T5. Wings 
hyaline 7 : SIMOMA Aldrich 
— Wing with cell R; ee aie a e the margin. Mid Goa with one ad seta. 
Abdominal T3 and T4 with or without discal setae. ¢g without sexual hair 
fascicles on any tergite. Wings usually strongly infuscate anteriorly. 5 
5 Abdomen with median discal setae on T3 and T4. Basal node of vein ae oan 
one setula. Facial ridges elongate and bearing fine setulae on most of their 
height . . ELODIMYIA Mesnil 
— Abdomen without siedien Tiss snes on Ty bag Die Basal node of vein Ry. ; 
with a row of 3-7 setulae (when numerous extending towards v-m). Facial 
ridges not elongate and with only the usual few setulae immediately above the 


vibrissae.. j ANEOGMENA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
6 Wings with vein Gr Seance Besa vein R,,, setulose on most of its length (to 
well beyond 7-m), and vein RF, completely setulose (Text-fig. 107). 7 


— Wings with veins mostly bane. Cu, totally bare, Ry, setulose eae on as basal 
node or at most only as far as y-m, and vein F, usually entirely bare (if setulose 
then the setulae confined either to the middle or the apical part) é 8 
7 Mesonotum with complete complement of 3 + 3 acr setae. Wing with cell R, 
short-petiolate and with the last section of vein Cu, much longer than m-cu. 
Second costal sector bare ventrally : . PROSOPODOPSIS Townsend (part) 


Io 


It 


12 


13 


14 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 147 


Mesonotum with reduced complement of 1 + 1 (? or 2) acy setae. Wing with cell 
R, just closed in the margin and with the last section of vein Cu, subequal in 


length to m-cu. Second costal sector haired ventrally . SUENSONOMYIA Mesnil 
Wing with cell R, closed well before the margin and therefore se cas ne 

at least twice as long as v-m). Two prstdcsetae . : 9 
Wing with cell R; open or just closed at the margin (therefore no petiole). “Phnee 

prst dc setae : 10 


Head strongly fiom alte in profile (Tents Sip. 54) a witha the Gane pearky Bérizomtal: 
Arista greatly thickened on three-quarters (2) or the whole (3) of its length, 
the second aristal segment greatly elongate (about five or six times as long as 
broad). One pair of reclinate orbital setae. Apical scutellar setae horizontal. 
g abdomen without hair fascicles. ¢ with proclinate orbital setae (one pair) 
DIATRAEOPHAGA Townsend 
Head shape normal in profile, frons strongly sloping and antennal axis near level 
of eye middle. Arista normal, only slightly thickened at base, its second segment 
not elongate. Three pairs of reclinate orbital setae. Apical scutellar setae 
directed strongly upwards. g abdomen with dense recumbent hair fascicles 
on venter of T4and T5. 4 without proclinate orbital setae . CESTONIA Rondani 
Mid tibia with a submedian v seta. Barette bare or if with a few hairs then these 
confined to anterior half. Pre-alar seta conspicuously stronger than first post ia 
seta. Forms without specially distinctive colour pattern and not exceptionally 
strongly sexually dimorphic . ; . ; : : : : : . II 
Mid tibia without a submedian v seta. Barette haired along its length (sparsely 
in 9). Pre-alar seta weaker than first post ia seta. Forms strongly dimorphic 
in colour and pattern: g with thorax and first abdominal segment black and 
strongly contrasting with remainder of abdomen which is bright golden orange 
or orange-red (except sometimes for dark tergite margins and dark narrow 
central vitta); 2 black, with pleural regions, two fasciae on mesonotum, apex 
of scutellum, and transverse band on each abdominal tergite 3-5, greyish yellow 


to bright golden ‘ : . BACTROMYIELLA Mesnil 
Eyes haired (hairing usually long, dense and Vv ee conspicuous, easily seen at x25) . 21 
Eyes bare (a few sparse and very minute hairs sometimes visible under high 

magnification, eye appearing generally bare at x 25) : 21 


Four sternopleural setae (2 + 2). Blackish forms with the follewina ceaeeieee 
present simultaneously: two pairs of reclinate orbital setae, humeral callus with 
the three main setae standing in line, mid tibia with one ad seta, second costal 


sector bare ventrally . - : : : : ; ‘ : 2 13 
Two or three sternopleural setae. Varied forms not possessing these characters 
simultaneously . : : . : ‘ : : : : ; 14 


Facial ridges bare. Second sa sth long and strong, at least as large as the pra 

seta and usually longer. Apical scutellar setae horizontal. Abdominal T3 

and T4 without discal setae. g abdomen with T4 unusually large in relation 

to other tergites (much longer than T3 and three or more times as long as T5). 

6 abdomen entirely shining black, or at least entirely shining black on the whole 

of T4 and Ts5 (pollinosity absent or very reduced) . APLOMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 
Facial ridges setulose on half or more of their height. Second sa seta very small, 

much shorter and weaker than the pra seta. Apical scutellar setae directed 

upwards or half-upwards. ¢g abdomen with T4 normal, subequal in length to 

T3 and only slightly longer than T5. dg abdomen not strikingly shining black, 

extensively dulled with pollinosity PSEUDOPERICHAETA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Parafacials haired on upper half. Ocellarsetae absent. Facial ridges strongly setose 

on their whole height and widely visible in profile. Arista thickened on nearly 

all its length. Mid tibia with more than one ad seta (3-4 in the one known 

specimen) > : ; : : ; - . BOTRIOPSIS Townsend 


148 


U5) 


16 


7 


19 


20 


Re W-CROSSKEY 


Parafacials bare. Ocellar setae present. Facial ridges bare or weakly setose 
only on lower half, usually not widely visible in profile. Arista thickened on 
not more than half its Co Mid tibia either with one or with more than one 


ad setae. : : E : 15 
Humeral callus is the ees main eae amdined ina aeeele ‘ : : : 16 
Humeral callus with the three main setae standing in a straight line. 19 


Epistome exceptionally strongly projecting, subnasute, very easily visible in 
profile. Hind coxa with some long fine posterodorsal setulae. Palpi very long 
and spatulate, yellow. Abdomen mainly reddish yellow, only blackish ona median 
triangle on T3, apically on T4 and on most of T5 . . RHINAPLOMYIA Mesnil 
Epistome normal, not prominently produced, almost invisible in profile. Hind 
coxa bare on the posterodorsal surface. Palpi normal, or if long spatulate then 
colour blackish. Three stp/ setae (except in seniovwhiter with two). Abdominal 
ground colour varied . ‘ = : : : : : : : 17 
Mid tibia with two or more ad aa Abdomen with discal setae on T3, T4 and 
T5. Palpi black or blackish brown. Nondescript forms with whitish or greyish 
pollinosity and blackish or dark reddish abdominal ground colour. Calyptrae 
white : : : : , ; : : ‘ ; : 18 
Mid tibia with one oe cee Abdomen without discal setae differentiated from the 
general erect hairing on any tergite. Palpi yellow. Large colourful form with 
thick bright golden pollinosity on head and thoracic and abdominal dorsum, 
abdomen with tawny orange ground colour and trace of a dark median vitta to 
naked eye. Calyptrae yellow ‘Aplomyia’ carceliaeformis Villeneuve (? genus) 
[Mesnil (1955 : 459) placed this species in Phebellia but such an assignment 
seems questionable. | 
Abdominal T3 with four median marginal setae. Three stp/ setae. Facial ridges 
almost invisible in egies and bare (except for a very few hairs immediately 
above vibrissae) . ; . PHEBELLIA Robineau-Desvoidy 
Abdominal T3 with two cede meatal setae. Two stpl setae. Facial ridges 
widely visible in profile and finely setulose on lower two-fifths 
‘Exorista’ seniorwhitei Baranov 
[Generic position of this species is problematical. Only the holotype and 
paratype are known (both @).]| 
Facial ridges finely setulose on about half their height or more. Abdominal T3 
and T4 with erect median discal setae (sometimes undeveloped on T3 in Zenillia). 
Upper occiput with black occipital setulae behind the postocular row. Antennal 
axis obviously above level of eye middle and antennae moderately long (third 
segment 3—6 times as long as second segment). Antennae and abdomen black 
or blackish brown in ground colour. Two or three pairs of reclinate orbital setae 
in both sexes. Scutellum with lateral setae much weaker than basal setae . , 20 
Facial ridges bare. Abdominal T3 and T4 without discal setae. Upper occiput 
without black setulae behind the postocular row. Antennal axis almost level 
with eye middle and antennae very short (third segment about twice as long 
as second segment). Antennae orange on second and part of third segment, 
abdomen with ground colour extensively reddish yellow anterolaterally. One 
pair of reclinate orbital setae in g, two pairs in 2 (the pair in ¢ exceptionally 
strong and subequal to the inner vertical setae, haphazardly accompanied by 
very weak second seta in occasional specimen). Scutellum with lateral setae 
very strong, as large or almost as large as basal setae : NEALSOMYIA Mesnil 
Mid tibia with several strong ad setae. Apical scutellar setae very strong and 
directed almost straight upwards, much larger than the lateral setae. Second 
costal sector bare ventrally. Palpi black. Hairing of the eyes very long and 
dense. < outer vertical setae very strong 2 E PHRYXE Robineau-Desvoidy 
Mid tibia with one ad seta, sometimes accompanied by a very weak ad setula 


22 


23 


24 


25 


26 


27 


28 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 149 


basad of the main seta. Apical scutellar setae weak and nearly horizontal, 
smaller than the lateral setae. Second costal sector haired ventrally. Palpi 
yellow. Hairing of the eyes rather short and sparse. ¢g outer vertical setae 


very weak . d : : ; 5 ; . ZENILLIA Robineau-Desvoidy 
Parafacials bare J ‘ - : , : 22 
Parafacials haired on dheis entice Bakeatt. | Pakistan] : PSEUDALSOMYIA Mesnil 
Vein F, finely haired along its apical half (upper surface only) . : : ; 23 
Vein FR, entirely bare , : : : : ; - ; ; ; : 25 


Legs entirely reddish yellow. Basicosta yellow. Humeral callus with a basal 
row of three setae. Hind tibia without a pd preapical seta, at most with a small 
fine setula in this position. * : : i , : : : : 24 
Legs entirely black-brown. Basicosta brown. Humeral callus with only two 
clearly differentiated setae. Hind tibia with a very strong pd preapical seta 
that is larger than the d preapical seta . EURYSTHAEA Robineau-Desvoidy (part) 
Facial ridges bare. dg with third antennal segment deeply bifid (Text-fig. 51). 
Scutellum with apical setae eoaeane! strong, horizontal and subparallel (nearly 
as large as lateral setae) 3 : : DIGLOSSOCERA Wulp 
Facial ridges setulose on half or two- thirds of their height. g third antennal 
segment normal. Scutellum with apical setae very weak and hair-like, directed 
slightly to strongly upwards (much smaller than the lateral setae) 
HAPALIOLOEMUS Baranov 
Scutellum without lateral setae. Head with one pair of reclinate orbital setae and 
mid tibia with several very strong ad setae DOLICHOCOLON Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Scutellum with lateral setae (one or two pairs). Head usually with two or three 
pairs of reclinate orbital setae, if with one then mid tibia with only one (isolated 
submedian) ad seta : : 26 
Scutellum with the subapical setae ea regaced and the ones eee eae 
enlarged, the latter larger than the olin and almost as large as the basal 


setae . ‘ : . ATRACTOCEROPS Townsend 
Scutellar setae cea. eel setae not unusually reduced and the apical setae 
weak (much smaller than either the subapical or the basal setae) . ; : 27 


Facial ridges with strong downcurved setae on their whole height and the eles 
easily visible in profile. Mid tibia with several very strong ad setae. Large 
forms with the wings conspicuously brown (especially medially) and with some 
of the abdominal bristling distinctly spiniform : 28 
Facial ridges bare or setose, if with vestiture on much of fear height fen inc 
ridges almost invisible in profile. Mid tibia usually with not more than two 
well differentiated ad setae (more in Lydellina). Small or medium-sized forms 
with more or less clear wings (base sometimes yellowish) and usually without 
spiniform development of the abdominal vestiture . : é - : 29 
Ocellar setae very strong (at least as large as the reclinate orbital aetael. Scutellum 
with one pair of lateral setae and with the subapical setae inserted far apart 
(distance between their bases greater than that between a subapical seta and 
its corresponding basal seta). Pleural regions of thorax and the genae with 
pale yellow hair. Abdomen tawny reddish or reddish yellow with a median 
black mark on T3, and the hind part of T4 and most of T5 blackish brown. Wings 
with the brown infuscation most intense near the middle, especially anteriorly 
FRONTINA Meigen 
Ocellar setae absent or represented by fine hairs. Scutellum with two pairs of 
lateral setae and with the subapical setae inserted close together (distance 
between their bases much less than that between a subapical seta and its corres- 
ponding basal seta). Pleural and genal hair black (like the rest of the thorax). 
Abdomen black, T3 and T4 each with a basal fascia of pale yellow pollinosity 


150 


31 


32 


35 


34 


35 


36 


oy 


39 


R-) Way CROSSE N 


(black abdomen contrasting with yellow pollinose mesonotum, general appearance 


much as Tachinini to naked eye) . . Undetermined genus & species (? gen. n.) 
Four stpl setae : : : : : : : : : : 30 
Three stpl setae or (raxety) aly two : : 3 33 


Facial ridges setose on almost all their Lea stonply Bowed in phate: ee 
tibia with a very strong pd preapical seta. 4 with proclinate orbital setae 
PROSOPODOPSIS Townsend (part) 
Facial ridges bare or at most weakly haired on lowermost third, not obviously 
bowed in profile. Hind tibia without pd ae gies seta. dg without proclinate 
orbital setae : 31 
Wing with bend of vein M janine a oman even curve. ‘ieieee oeeipitt witti place 
setulae behind the postocular row. Palpi normal, slightly dilated apically 
BACTROMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm (part) 
Wing with bend of vein M forming a sharp right-angle. Upper occiput without 
black setulae behind the postocular row. Palpi unusually slender . : 32 
Mid tibia with one isolated submedian ad seta. Ocellar setae present and very 
strong. Abdominal Tr + 2 with a pair of erect median marginal setae 
‘Erycia’ takanoi Baranoy (? genus) 
Mid tibia with two strong ad setae and sometimes some smaller setulae in addition. 
Ocellar setae absent. Abdominal Tr + 2 without median marginal setae 
‘Alsomyia’ anomala Villeneuve (? genus) 


Legs entirely reddish yellow. Hund tibia with a strong pd preapical seta. . ; 34 
Legs black or brownish black, at most only the tibiae yellowish. Hind tibia with 
or without a pd preapical seta : . 3 : : : : , : 35 


Facial ridges distinctly visible in profile. Second costal sector haired ventrally. 
Abdominal T4 with a pair of erect median discal setae. Basicosta orange-yellow. 
Upper occiput with black setulae behind the postocular row 

ERYTHROCERA Robineau-Desvoidy 

Facial ridges not visible in profile. Second costal sector bare ventrally. Abdominal 
T4 without discal setae. Basicosta brownish black. Upper occiput without 
black setulae behind the postocular row ‘Erycia’ rufofemorata Baranov (? genus) 

Second costal sector haired ventrally. Wings usually rather short and broad, 
with deep subcostal cell and gently rounded bend to vein M. Upper occiput 
with black occipital setulae behind the postocular row. 36 

Second costal sector bare ventrally. Wings not unusually short a broad 
subcostal cell narrow and bend of vein usually rather abruptly or very sharply 


angulate. Upper occiput with or without black occipital setulae .. ‘ : 38 
Hind tibia without a pd preapical seta . 37 
Hind tibia with a very strong a preapical es leven Laer ioe the d pacapien 

seta) : : ‘ . EURYSTHAEA Robineau-Desvoidy (part) 


Facial ridges bare. ection setae present. 4 without proclinate orbital setae 
BACTROMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm (part) 
Facial ridges setulose on most of their height. Ocellar setae absent or almost so. 
Frontal setae conspicuously reclinate. 4 with proclinate orbital setae 
ELODIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Head with two pairs of reclinate orbital setae. Head shape in profile not con- 


spicuously subtriangular : ; c ‘ : : : c 39 
Head with one pair of reclinate orbital setae. Head shape in profile more strongly 
subtriangular than usual : : ‘ E : : : : 45 


Facial ridges setose on at least half ee Beant: Upper occiput without black 
setulae behind the postocular row. ¢ with proclinate orbital setae. Hind 
tibia usually with a pd preapical seta. ; 5 : : : - . 40 


40 


41 


42 


43 


44 


45 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 151 


Facial ridges bare or at most with some fine hairing on the lowermost third. 
Upper occiput with fine black setulae behind the postocular row. g without 


proclinate orbital setae. Hind tibia without a pd preapical seta ; 42 
Hind tibia with a pd preapical seta. Humeral callus with the three setae standing 
almost exactly in line . 41 


Hind tibia without a pd preapical seta. Humeral callus with the middle one of 
the three setae standing slightly but distinctly forwards in relation to the other 
twOr . - . . PROSOPODOPSIS Townsend (part) 
Abdominal Tr + 2 with a pair of median marginal setae. Mid tibia with three strong 
ad setae of which the proximal and distal setae are more than half as long as the 
median one. Facial ridges with the setae confined to the lower half 
LYDELLINA Villeneuve 
Abdominal Tr + 2 without median marginal setae. Mid tibia with one strong ad 
seta, usually with some weak ad setulae in addition which are less than half as 
long as the main seta. Facial ridges setose on most of their height 
PROSOPODOPSIS Townsend (part) 
Antennal axis far above the level of the eye middle and facial profile appearing 
much longer than frontal profile; antennae correspondingly very long, third 
segment about five or six times as long as second segment. Arista conspicuously 
thickened on about three-fifths of its length. Antennal colour entirely bright 
orange ? : : BACTROMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm (part) 
Antennal axis only slightly above the level of the eye middle and facial profile not 
appearing longer than frontal profile; antennae not elongate, third segment not 
more than four times as long as second segment. Arista inconspicuously thickened 
only at the base or at most on the basal third. Antennae blackish or dark 
brown, second segment sometimes orange or reddish : : 43 
Abdominal T3 and T4 each with a pair of fine short erect median discal setae. 
Two stpl setae. Facial ridges finely haired on lowermost third. Barette sparsely 
haired on its anterior half. g abdomen with very fine short dense hairing on 
most of the venter of T3 and T4 . F - SCAPHIMYIA Mesnil 
[This genus is at present known only frat the holotype of the type-species 
and the above-cited characters may not prove constant when other material 
is found.] 
Abdominal T3 and T4 without trace of discal setae. Three stpl setae. Facial 
ridges bare (only the usual tiny setulae adjacent to the vibrissae). Barette bare 
or at most with two long hairs at the extreme anterior end. ¢ abdomen without 
such modified hairing . ; : : ‘ 44 
Lower ends of the facial ridges Sistiacely wisibiles J in pmotile: WEaS wider than third 
antennal segment. Basicosta yellow. Tip of 2 abdomen conical and with a 
short straight shining and strongly sclerotized ovipositor projecting from it. 
Abdomen shining black with fasciae of pale greyish white pollinosity on anterior 
half of T3 and T4 and traces of similar pollinosity anterolaterally on T5 
XYLOTACHINA Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Lower ends of facial ridges invisible in profile or virtually so. Gena slightly 
narrower than third antennal segment. Basicosta dark brown or blackish. 
Tip of 2 abdomen truncate and without an exserted horny ovipositor. Abdomen 
with extensively greyish white pollinosity that has a ‘shifting’ appearance, 
only blackish to naked eye on extreme hind margins of T3 and T4 and apically 
on T5 é : ‘Erycia’ nymphalidophaga Baranov (? genus) 
Profrons extremely prominent, head shape generally similar to that of Diatrvaeophaga 
(Text-fig. 54), profrons very much wider than the gena and the gena subequal in 
width to the third antennal segment. Abdominal T3 and T4 each with a pair 
of median discal setae. Arista thickened on about three-quarters of its length. 
Humeral callus with only two clearly differentiated setae (the innermost one of 


152 K. W. CROSSKEY. 


the basal row of three setae hair-like). Facial ridges bare 
METOPOSISYROPS Townsend 
— Profrons less obviously projecting and narrower than the gena (Text-fig. 55), the 
gena broad and nearly twice as wide as the third antennal segment. Abdominal 
T3 and T4 without discal setae. Arista slightly thickened only on its basal 
third. Humeral callus with three or four very well differentiated setae (basal 
row of three and one set forwards). Facial ridges setulose for nearly half their 
height : : 5 : E : 3 : COSSIDOPHAGA Baranov 


PART II—A TAXONOMIC CATALOGUE OF THE ORIENTAL 
TACHINIDAE 


INTRODUCTION 


The Oriental Tachinidae described up till the latter part of the nineteenth century 
were catalogued by Bigot (1892) and Wulp (1896) in their general catalogues of 
Oriental Diptera, but up to now — in the present paper and in Crosskey (in press) — 
have remained uncatalogued this century. The Bigot and Wulp works have been 
long outdated and lack all but historical interest. A new catalogue has been an 
outstanding need for some time in tachinid taxonomy in order to synthesize the 
many hundreds of generic and specific names pertaining to Oriental Tachinidae 
that have been published in the past 80 years, mainly by specialists such as Baranoy, 
Mesnil, Townsend and Villeneuve. 

The new catalogue here presented is based upon a study of very nearly all existing 
primary types of Oriental tachinids that has been made over the past ten years, 
and therefore embodies a complete re-appraisal of the classification of Oriental 
forms. Compilation merely from existing literature would have been, in the 
confused state of past taxonomy, almost worthless — particularly because of the 
problems created by the quite excessive generic splitting of Townsend, and because 
of the habit of earlier workers of describing so-called new species without due 
regard to the work of their predecessors (as the result of which many names that 
are really junior synonyms have masqueraded for a long time as valid names). 
But study of the types has inevitably resulted in the finding that many nominal 
species have, through lack of previous investigation, remained in inappropriate 
genera and that many names (both generic and specific) must be sunk as new syno- 
nyms. Consequently many unavoidable changes of nomenclature have had to be 
made in order to catalogue the taxa in a manner that reflects modern ideas of 
classification: a summary of the nomenclatural changes is given after the body of 
the catalogue. 

A total of 228 genera and 725 described species are treated as valid, but it must 
be appreciated that some of the specific names accepted as valid might prove to 
by synonyms when their respective genera are thoroughly revised; in large and 
difficult genera, for example Carcelia, it has not been feasible to study the male 
genitalia of types and other material (essential for determining specificity) and 
it therefore cannot be claimed that all cases of specific synonymy have necessarily 
been discovered. Generic limits are, of course, very subjective and specialists 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 153 


will seldom be fully agreed on the entities to be accepted as named genera and 
subgenera; but preparation of this catalogue has included a general study of the 
type-species of all the genus-group taxa described from the Oriental Region and it 
is thought that the generic limits adopted are as satisfactory as any that can be 
chosen on the basis of current taxonomic knowledge. No doubt many changes 
will be made in the future. 

Concurrently with this work I have prepared the Tachinidae part for A Catalog 
of the Diptera of the Oriental Region (University of Hawaii Press) (Crosskey, in 
press). The two works are different in scope and intention. The catalogue for 
the University of Hawaii Press publication, being part of a general Oriental Diptera 
catalogue, contains only the names, summarized distributions and statements of 
type-locality: it excludes any nomenclatural changes. On the other hand, the 
present catalogue embodies all the manifold and essential changes of nomenclature, 
provides a catalogue of all primary types (with their status and location), and provides 
all necessary explanatory annotations where problems exist concerning names or 
types. (It is possible that the Oriental Diptera catalogue might pre-date the 
present publication, but in this event the nomenclatural changes are nonetheless 
to be taken as definitively established in this paper.) 


EXPLANATORY INFORMATION ON THE CATALOGUE FORMAT 


ARRANGEMENT OF TAXA AND NAMES. Subfamilies are placed in the conventional 
order beginning with Phasiinae and ending with Goniinae. Tribes are in systematic 
order within subfamilies (rather arbitrary positional placements being made for 
the more aberrant tribes). Genera, subgenera and species treated as valid are 
listed alphabetically within their higher category, as there is no accepted order for 
their placement. Nomenclatorial synonyms are listed chronologically under their 
respective valid names. Incorrect subsequent spellings and misidentifications 
are listed after the nomenclatorial synonyms (if any), and each entry of a misidentifi- 
cation is placed in square brackets. 


CITATION OF NAMES AND REFERENCES. In each side-entry the name (family- 
group, generic, subgeneric or specific) is cited first, followed by its author and date 
of publication and the page reference to the work in which the name appeared; 
the author, year date (letter-suffixed if more than one work by the same author 
in any year), and page are always sufficient for obtaining the complete reference 
to the work containing the name from the bibliography. Where a work is best 
known from a separately paginated reprint version the reprint page reference is 
given in parentheses immediately after the journal page reference. 

The name of the original genus to which each species-group name was assigned 
when first published is shown in parentheses immediately after the page reference 
af it is different from the present generic assignment; if no generic name follows the 
page reference it is to be inferred that the species-group taxon was originally placed 
in the same genus as that in which it is here listed. This convention makes it 
clear whether or not a species remains in its original genus, and parentheses have 


154 R. W. CROSSKEY 


deliberately not been placed around the authors’ names for species that are no 
longer in their original genera (largely because the custom of bracketing the names 
of authors of transferred species does not lend itself to this type of catalogue in which 
both year date and page reference are given). 

Spellings of names accord with the rigid requirements of the International Code 
of Zoological Nomenclature. Ordinarily the original spelling is correct for each 
name, but it has sometimes been necessary to change the terminations of adjectival 
specific names (in accordance with Article 30 of the Code) when these have been 
transferred to a genus of different gender or have been wrongly formed. (The 
great majority of tachinid generic names are feminine, but a few such as those 
with -soma and -stoma suffixes are neuter, and a few such as those with -opfs and 
-oides suffixes are masculine.) 

Citations of the mode of fixation of type-species accord with the Code, and are 
‘original designation’, ‘monotypy’ and ‘subsequent designation’ (with a reference 
to the designator given); there are a very few instances of ‘subsequent monotypy’. 
Many monotypic genera when originally erected had the type-species originally 
designated, in which case the mode of fixation is cited solely as ‘original designation’, 
but the words ‘and monotypy’ are added in the few special ‘gen. n., sp. n.’ situations 
of the kind covered by Article 68 (a) (i) of the Code: this mainly applies to names 
of Brauer & Bergenstamm and Mesnil. 

Specific synonyms are indented but their citations and references are dealt 
with in the same manner as the valid names. All valid names of whatever rank 
are printed in bold-face italic type and junior synonyms in non-bold italics; other 
invalid names (such as incorrect subsequent spellings, nomina nuda, misidentifica- 
tions, homonyms) are also printed in non-bold italics. 

If a name was originally proposed for a genus but is now employed in the catalogue 
as the valid name for a subgenus the words ‘as genus’ are appended in parentheses 
after the page reference; similarly, if a name was proposed as a subgenus but is 
now employed for a genus its original status is shown by appending the words 
‘as subg. of . . .’ in parentheses after the page reference and giving the name of the 
genus as required. If a species-group name is now employed in a different status 
from the original then the original status is indicated in parentheses after the page 
reference, e.g. ‘as var. of corvinoides Wulp’ or ‘as ssp. of ruralis’ (specific author’s 
name omitted if the infraspecific taxon remains in the same genus as the specific 
taxon in which it was proposed). 


TYPE-INFORMATION. The following information is given for the primary type(s) 
(holotype, lectotype, neotype, syntypes if no lectotype designated) of each available 
species-group name listed in the catalogue: type-status; sex of type; type-locality; 
type-depository and location; a statement in the form ‘[examined]’ to show when 
the primary type has been seen personally. 

The following points should be noted about the data concerning primary types. 

(1) Type-status. The primary type is cited as holotype if it is clear from the 
original publication that only one specimen was available at the time of description 
(whether designated in some way as ‘type’ or not) and, of course, whenever a single 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 155 


specimen was designated as the type by the original author from a series of speci- 
mens; it has also been cited as holotype if it is the only type-specimen known to 
exist and there is no evidence (from any source) that more than one specimen was 
in the type-series (in accordance with the principles defined elsewhere, Crosskey, 
1974 : 272-275). If lectotypes or neotypes have been previously designated the 
references are given to the place of designation. Previous valid restrictions of 
a specific name to a single type-specimen from a multiple type-series have been 
referred to as ‘fixations’ if they were made at a time prior to the use of the word 
lectotype, e.g. ‘Lectotype 2 (by fixation of Townsend, 1939) : 260)’. Several new 
lectotype designations are made in this work, and these are marked ‘by present 
designation’ in the catalogue. The expression ‘Type(s)’ is used for the few cases 
in which the type-material is lost or missing and it is not known from the original 
or later publications how many specimens formed the original series. 


(2) Sex of type. When the actual sex of the primary type is the opposite of that 
cited in the original description the true sex is given first and the cited sex after 
it, in the following manner: ‘Holotype 3 [not 2]’. Such cases are infrequent but 
occur particularly with Walker’s nominal species (as he was notoriously unable 
to sex Tachinidae). If the primary type-material consists of syntypes because 
no lectotype has been, or is herein, designated then both sexes are cited if present 
in the syntypic series. No sex is cited at all in the very few instances in which 
no type-material has been found and there is no evidence of sex derivable from the 
original description, e.g. Tachina wmbrosa Walker. 


(3) Type-locality. In the citations of type-localities the larger territorial units 
are cited before smaller ones, the main unit (country) being shown in capital letters. 
If the true provenance of the type differs from that cited in the original description 
then the true provenance is cited first and is followed by appropriate annotation 
in brackets. Discrepancies between the published primary type data and the 
actual data are suitably annotated if their importance warrants it. Old geographical 
names in the type data have been correlated where necessary with modern geographi- 
cal names. 

Special mention must be made of the type-localities ‘Zi-ka-wei’ and ‘Kou-ling’ 
applying to several species described by Mesnil. Sometimes Mesnil has cited each 
locality as being in China, but in other instances has described each locality as near 
Hanoi (North Vietnam). All these cases relate to specimens collected by Herve- 
Bazin. Monsieur L. Matile, of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, 
where Hervé-Bazin’s collections and manuscripts are housed, informs me (i Jit.) 
that both Kou-ling and Zi-ka-wei (alternatively ‘Zikawei’) are near Shanghai in 
China and that Hervé-Bazin always located them here in his own works. Statements 
in Mesnil’s works that these two localities are near Hanoi are in error, and Dr 
Mesnil (pers. comm.) agrees that they are mistaken. Both places have been cited 
in the catalogue as ‘near Shanghai’. 


(4) Type-depository and location. These are shown in parentheses immediately 
after the type-locality, with the abbreviation for the depository museum given 
first and followed by the city. If primary types are lost or have not been located 


156 Re We. CROSS IEY. 


this is stated in parentheses after the type-locality (sometimes with some amplifying 
words if pertinent). The abbreviations used for the museum depositories are as 
follows. 


AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York 


ANIC Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra 

BMNH British Museum (Natural History), London 

BPBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu 

CNC Canadian National Collection, Ottawa 

DEI Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde (now part of Institut fiir Pflan- 
zenschutzforschung Kleinmachnof) 

EEAM Estacién Experimental Agricola de la Molina, Lima 

BUEKU Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 

FRI Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun 


IRSNB Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels 
IZPAN Instytut Zoologiczny, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warsaw 
MCSN Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa 

MCSNM Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan 

MNHN Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 

MNHU Museum fiir Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin 


MRAC Musée Royal de |’ Afrique Centrale, Tervuren 
MZ Museo Zoologico ‘La Specola’, Florence 
MZB Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor 

NM Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna 

NMB Naturhistorisches Museum, Basle 

NR Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm 


NSWDA New South Wales Department of Agriculture, Rydalmere 
RMNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden 


SAM South African Museum, Cape Town 

SMN Staatliches Museum fiir Naturkunde, Ludwigsburg 
SMT Staatliches Museum fiir Tierkunde, Dresden 

SPHTM School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Sydney 
USNM United States National Museum, Washington D.C. 

UZI Universitetets Zoologiska Institution, Lund 

UZM Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen 
ZFMAK Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn 
ZI Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences, Leningrad 
ZICA Zoological Institute of the Chinese Academy, Peking 
ZM Zodlogisch Museum, Amsterdam 

ZMU Zoological Museum of the University, Helsinki 

ZMUM Zoological Museum of the University, Moscow 

ZSI Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta 


The earlier name Deutsches Entomologisches Institut has been used in preference 
to its current equivalent (cited above) as it correlates with the very extensive use 
of this name and its DEI abbreviation in the literature. 

Some types are no longer present in the original collections to which they belonged 
if such collections have changed their custody. For example, types from Bigot’s 
collection are now in the British Museum (Natural History), and many types from 
Villeneuve’s collection are now in the Canadian National Collection (having passed 
to Mesnil upon Villeneuve’s death and been acquired by the Canada Department 
of Agriculture with their purchase of the Mesnil collection). Similarly some types 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 157 


of Mesnil stated in the original descriptions to be in Mesnil’s collection are also now 
in the CNC. Where it appears helpful such changes of custody are annotated 
after the type-depository by a statement of the original ownership, e.g. ‘ex coll. 
Mesnil’. 

(5) Localities of extra-Oriental type-species. It may be conveniently noted here 
that statements of the original provenance of the type-species of genus-group 
names are given only for those names that are based on extra-Oriental type-species. 
For example Euthera is based on a type-species from U.S.A. and Podotachina 
is based on a type-species described from the Canary Islands (although now known 
to be widespread) and the localities ‘United States of America’ and ‘Canary Islands’ 
are entered in parentheses at the end of the relevant generic entries. Localities 
are not given in the generic synonymies for the names based on Oriental-provenance 
type-species, as the latter are listed with their type-localities in the catalogue of 
species that accompanies each generic (or subgeneric) name. 


GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION. The scope of the Oriental Region for purposes 
of the catalogue is defined in the Preamble (p. 5). The known distribution 
of each species listed as valid is shown at least to the level of Oriental country, 
and in the cases of China, India and Malaysia to the level of constituent state or 
province; for Indonesia and the Philippines constituent islands are cited. Countries 
and subdivisions within countries are listed alphabetically for the Oriental Region, 
and any extra-Oriental distribution there may be is noted after the Oriental distribu- 
tion; individual countries are not shown in cases of widespread extra-limital distribu- 
tion. If there is only doubtful evidence for the occurrence of a particular species 
in a country or island, either because reliable identification is not possible or because 
a published record is suspect, then the area concerned is listed at the end of the 
Oriental distribution with a query mark. 

The countries wholly or partly within the Oriental Region as defined are recorded 
by the following names: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Ceylon, China, 
Formosa, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu 
Islands, Sikkim, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam (North), Vietnam (South). The 
old names Ceylon, Formosa and Celebes are used in preference to their modern 
equivalents, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Sulawesi. Spellings of Chinese place names 
are those used in The Times Atlas of the World but alternative spellings have been 
given additionally in a few instances where it is helpful for correlation with the 
literature. 


NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES. Changes in nomenclature established in the cata- 
logue are signified by the following abbreviations printed in bold type: Comb. n. 
(new combination), Nom. n. (new name), Stat. n. (new status) and Syn. n. (new 
synonym). Depending on the circumstances the initial letter of these abbreviations 
may be lower-case or capital. The few names of new taxa described in this work 
are marked with the usual gen. n. and sp. n. suffixes. New combinations are only 
marked as such when considered taxonomically valid on present evidence; species- 
group names that are assigned for the first time to a particular generic taxon are 
not marked as new combinations if they are also junior synonyms (as in these 


158 R: W. CROSSKEY 


instances there are no valid new binomina in use). When given in the body of the 
catalogue the abbreviation Comb. n. is interpolated between the type information 
and the geographical data, and each new taxonomically valid binomen is set out 
formally in the summary of new combinations on p. 261. 


MISCELLANEOUS ANNOTATIONS. Whenever it is necessary or desirable to call 
attention to some specially pertinent point concerning a name or its type (e.g. 
publication date, possible whereabouts of missing types, discrepancies between 
type-data and published information) the additional annotation is given in a separate 
paragraph immediately after the main entry. Cases of possible or probable, but 
unconfirmed, synonymy are shown by an appropriate entry immediately following 
the distribution data, e.g. ‘(Probably = fasciata)’. When it is necessary to cite 
the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature the abbreviation ICZN 
has been used. 


PUBLICATION DATES OF WALKER’S MALAY ARCHIPELAGO SPECIES. It is necessary 
to call special attention here to the publication dates of the Tachinidae that Walker 
described in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, as the result 
of Wallace’s collecting in what is now Malaysia and Indonesia. The publication 
dates have almost always in the past been cited as the year-dates shown on the 
title pages of the volumes containing the descriptions, but in many instances parts 
of the journal were actually issued in the year previous to that shown on the title 
page. Asaresult many species should take the year-date that immediately precedes 
the one normally quoted for them: for example, the nominal species described 
from Singapore take the year-date 1856 (not 1857) and some described from Makas- 
sar, Celebes, take the year-date 1859 (not 1860). In the present catalogue care 
has been taken to ensure that the publication year-dates cited for all the nominal 
species involved are in accord with the issue dates of the parts, and this will account 
for many ‘one-year discrepancies’ between the dates in the present work and those 
often cited by earlier workers (myself included). The issue dates of the various 
papers concerned are shown in Walker’s references on pp. 320-321. 


STATUS OF THE GENERIC NAMES EUHAPALIVORA anp MASICERELLA. 
In an earlier work (Crosskey, 19674 : 13, 18) it was stated that the names Euhapalivora 
and Masicerella have the status of unavailable nomina nuda, but I have revised 
my opinion on this and now consider that they are available. The mode of publica- 
tion of these names was unusual, and presents some uncertainty as to how the 
ICZN Code should be interpreted in relation to them. It is desirable to discuss 
this briefly in order to explain the changed availability status for the two names 
shown in the catalogue on p. 252. 

Both names were manuscript names of Baranov that were known to Gardner. 
Baranov intended to describe Euhapalivora and Masicerella as new monotypic 
genera based on adult flies reared by Gardner in India, but in fact never did so. 
Gardner (19406), however, published short descriptions of the puparia from which 
the adult flies were reared and used the binomina chosen by Baranov, viz. Euha- 
palivora indica and Masicerella indistincta; he was aware that his publication might 
pre-date Baranov’s descriptions, for he stated that in the event of it doing so his 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 159 


paper was ‘in no way intended to establish specific names’. The question arises, 
therefore, as to whether the single description for each of the puparia is sufficient 
to provide availability under the Code for both the generic name and the specific 
name in each binomen. 

Before publishing my 19674 paper I was advised by an authority on nomenclature 
that the specific names in the combinations cited above are available, satisfying 
Article 11(g) (ii) of the Code, but that the generic names are unavailable because 
there is not a separate description purporting to differentiate the generic (as opposed 
to the specific) taxon in each case. The single puparial description, since both 
generic and specific taxa were not previously described, constitutes a ‘gen. n., 
sp. n.’ situation but one in which there is no distinction made between ‘generic’ 
and ‘specific’ characters. Single combined descriptions for a new monotypic 
genus based upon a new species are not clearly covered by the existing ICZN Code 
if published after 1930, and there is currently some dispute being published in the 
Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature as to whether the generic name published in 
a post-1930 single combined description of this kind is available or not. It seems 
likely that the new edition of the ICZN Code to appear shortly will rule that such 
generic names ave available, and certainly it is my opinion that they should be so 
(see Bull. zool. Nom. 32 : 94). 

In anticipation of the probable outcome of the reconsideration now being given 
by the ICZN to the post-1930 ‘gen. n., sp. n.’ situation, I am here accepting Ewha- 
palivora and Masicerella as available names. They are, of course, attributable 
to Gardner and not to Baranov under the rules of nomenclature, and their type- 
species (indica Gardner and indistincta Gardner respectively) are fixed by original 
designation and monotypy (on the assumption that the provisions of Article 68(a) (i) 
will in future apply to post-1930 as well as pre-193I names). 

At present no practical problem arises from the availability or non-availability 
of the names Euhapalivora and Masicerella because I consider both of them to 
be synonyms of Pseudoperichaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm. 


SYNOPSIS OF THE CATALOGUE ARRANGEMENT OF SUBFAMILIES, 
TRIBES AND GENERA 


The following synopsis is given to show at a glance the arrangement of subfamilies, 
tribes and genera adopted in the body of the catalogue. The genera listed are 
those considered to be valid at present. The affinities of some Oriental tribes 
and genera are still obscure because they are known from very little material and 
have been inadequately studied, and somewhat arbitrary assignments of these 
tribes and genera to higher taxa have had to be made. The genera and tribes for 
which the placements are doubtful are indicated by an asterisk (*) against each 
name, and this mark should be read as implying that the taxon concerned is in 
special need of study to determine its relationships more clearly. 


160 R.-W, CROSSKEY 


Subfamily PHASIINAE 


Tribe PHASIINI 


Alophova Robineau-Desvoidy 
Alophorophasia Townsend 
Bessevioides Curran 
Compsoptesis Villeneuve 
Ectophasia Townsend 
Gymnosoma Meigen 
Pentatomophaga de Meijere 
Perigymnosoma Villeneuve 


Tribe CYLINDROMYIINI 


Bellina Robineau-Desvoidy (nomen dubium) 
Catapariprosopa Townsend 

Cylindromyia Meigen 

Formicophania Townsend 

Gevocyptera Townsend 

Hermya Robineau-Desvoidy 

Lophosia Meigen 

Penthosiosoma Townsend 


Tribe LEUCOSTOMATINI 


Calyptvomyia Villeneuve 
Pseudobrullaea Mesnil 


Tribe EUTHERINI 
Euthera Loew 


Unplaced genus (? Phasiinae) 
Cylindromyiella Malloch* 


Subfamily DUFOURIINAE 
Tribe DUFOURIINI 


Anthomyiopsis Townsend * 
Chetoptilia Rondani 
Kambaitimyia Mesnil* 


Tribe IMITOMYIINI 


Proriedelia Mesnil 
Riedelia Mesnil 


Subfamily PROSENINAE (DEXIINAE) 


Tribe PROSENINI (DEXIINI) 


Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy 

Dexia Meigen 

Dexiotrix Villeneuve 

Dineva Robineau-Desvoidy 
Dolichodexia Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Myostoma Robineau-Desvoidy 
Philippodexia Townsend 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 


Prosena Le Peletier & Serville 
Tylodexia Townsend 
Urodexiomima Townsend 


Tribe RUTILHEINI 


Formosia Guérin-Méneville 
Rutilia Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe DOLESCHALLINI 
Doleschalla Walker 


Subfamily TACHININAE (MACQUARTIINAE) 
Tribe PALPOSTOMATINI* 


Eutnxopsis Townsend 
Hamazxiella Mesnil 

Palpostoma Robineau-Desvoidy 
Xanthooestrus Villeneuve* 
Zamimus Malloch* 


Tribe ORMIINI* 


Aulacephala Macquart 
Homotrixa Villeneuve 
Phasioormia Townsend 
Therobia Brauer 


Tribe GLAUROCARINI 


Doddiana Curran 
Glaurocava Thomson 


Tribe CAMPYLOCHETINI 
Elpe Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe VORIINI 


Hyleorus Aldrich 
Hystricovoria Townsend 
Voria Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe WAGNERIINI 


Periscepsia Gistl 
Peteina Meigen 


Tribe PHYLLOMYINI 


Gibsonomyia Curran 
Metopomintho Townsend 
Phyllomya Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe THELAIRINI 


Actinochaetopteryx Townsend 
Allothelaiva Villeneuve 
Halydaia Egger 
Polygastropteryx Mesnil* 


161 


162 Re Wi CROSSIGE ¥ 


Prosheliomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm* 
Thelaiva Robineau-Desvoidy 
Thryptodexia Malloch 

Torocca Walker 

Xanthopteromyia Townsend 

Zambesa Walker* 


Tribe MICROPHTHALMINI 


Dexiosoma Rondani 
Microphthalma Macquart 


Tribe GERMARIOCHAETINI* 


Germariochaeta Villeneuve 
Lophosiosoma Mesnil 


Tribe ELOCERIINI (HELOCERINI) 


Eloceria Robineau-Desvoidy 
Trichactia Stein 


Tribe MACQUARTIINI 
Macquartia Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe MINTHOINI 


A ustrophasiopsis Townsend * 
Dolichocoxys Townsend 
Dolichopodomintho Townsend 
Megistogastropsis Townsend 
Melanasomyia Malloch 
Promintho Townsend 
Sumpigaster Macquart 


Tribe NEMORAEINI 


Nemoraea Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe LESKIINI 


Aphria Robineau-Desvoidy 
Atylostoma Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Clausicella Rondani 
Demoticoides Mesnil 
Dexiomimops Townsend * 
Feriola Mesnil 

Istoglossa Rondani 

Leskia Robineau-Desvoidy 
Leskiola Mesnil 
Myobiomima Townsend 
Ocypteromima Townsend 
Solieria Robineau-Desvoidy 
Thelaivoleskia Townsend 
Trichoformosomyia Baranov 


Tribe OXYPHYLLOMYIINI* 
Oxyphyllomyia Villeneuve 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 


Tribe ERNESTIINI 


Chrysosomopsis Townsend 
Gymnocheta Robineau-Desvoidy 
Hyalurgus Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Janthinomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Tribe PARERIGONINI 


Parerigone Brauer 
Paropesia Mesnil 


Tribe LINNAEMYINI 
Linnaemya Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe TACHININI 


Chrysomikia Mesnil 

Cuphocera Macquart - 
Evistaliomyia Townsend 

Mikia Kowarz 

Nowickia Wachtl 

Sericotachina Townsend 

Servillia Robineau-Desvoidy 

Tachina Meigen 

Tothillia Crosskey gen. n. 


Tribally unplaced genera 


Malayia Malloch* 
Trischidocera Villeneuve* 


Subfamily GONIINAE 


Tribe ACEMYINI 


Acemya Robineau-Desvoidy 
Ceracia Rondani 

Charitella Mesnil 

Eoacemyia Townsend 


Tribe NEAERINI 


Neoplectops Malloch 
Phytomyptera Rondani 


Tribe SIPHONINI (ACTIINI) 


Actia Robineau-Desvoidy 
Ceromya Robineau-Desvoidy 
Peribaea Robineau-Desvoidy 
Siphona Meigen 


Tribe BLONDELIINI 


Biomeigenia Mesnil 
Compsilura Bouché 
Compsiluroides Mesnil 
Degeeriopsis Mesnil 
Eophyllophila Townsend 


164 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Hygiella Mesnil* 

Medina Robineau-Desvoidy 
Medinodexia Townsend 
Medinomyia Mesnil 

Meigenia Robineau-Desvoidy 
Phytorophaga Bezzi 

Prodegeevia Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Prosopofrontina Townsend 
Trichopareia Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Trigonospila Pokorny 

Uroeuantha Townsend 

Uvomedina Townsend 


Tribe EXORISTINI 


A ustrophorocera Townsend 

Bessa Robineau-Desvoidy 
Chaetexorista Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Chaetoria Becker 

Chetogena Rondani 

Eozenilia Townsend 

Exorista Meigen 

Phorcidella Mesnil 

Phorinia Robineau-Desvoidy 
Stomatomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Tribe ETHILLINI 


Mycteromyiella Mesnil* 
Pavratryphera Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Phorocerosoma Townsend 


Tribe WINTHEMIINI 


Nemorilla Rondani 

Smidtiola Mesnil 

Timavia Robineau-Desvoidy 
Winthemia Robineau-Desvoidy 


Tribe CARCELIINI 


Argyvophylax Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Argyvothelaiva Townsend 

Carcelia Robineau-Desvoidy 
Hypersara Villeneuve 

Thecocarcelia Townsend 

Thelyconychia Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Tribe ANACAMPTOMYIINI 


Euvespivora Baranov 
Koralliomyia Mesnil* 


Tribe STURMIINI 


Blepharella Macquart 
Blepharipa Rondani 
Cadurcia Villeneuve 
Calozenillia Townsend 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 


Drino Robineau-Desvoidy 
Euhygia Mesnil 

Isochaetina Mesnil 

Isosturmia Townsend 

Pales Robineau-Desvoidy 
Palexorista Townsend 

Paradrino Mesnil 

Parapales Mesnil 

Pexopsis Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Pujolina Mesnil 

Sisyropa Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Sturmia Robineau-Desvoidy 
Sturmiopsis Townsend 
Takanomyia Mesnil 
Thelaivodrino Mesnil 

Tritaxys Macquart 

Trixomorpha Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Weingaertneriella Baranov 
Zygobothria Mik 


Tribe GONIINI 


Goniophthalmus Villeneuve 
Pseudogonia Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Spallanzania Robineau-Desvoidy 
Tuvanogonia Rohdendorf 


Tribe ERYCIINI 


Aneogmena Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Aplomya Robineau-Desvoidy 
Atractocerops Townsend 

Bactromyia Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Bactromyiella Mesnil* 

Botriopsis Townsend 

Buquetia Robineau-Desvoidy 
Cestonia Rondani 

Cossidophaga Baranov 
Diatraeophaga Townsend 
Diglossocera Wulp 

Dolichocolon Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Elodia Robineau-Desvoidy 
Elodimyia Mesnil 

Erythroceva Robineau-Desvoidy 
Eurysthaea Robineau-Desvoidy 
Frontina Meigen 

Hapalioloemus Baranov 

Lydellina Villeneuve 
Metoposisyrops Townsend 
Nealsomyia Mesnil 

Phebellia Robineau-Desvoidy 
Phryxe Robineau-Desvoidy 
Prosopodopsis Townsend 
Pseudalsomyia Mesnil 
Pseudoperichaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Rhinaplomyia Mesnil 


165 


166 Ke. W CROSSKEY 


Rhinomyodes Townsend 

Scaphimyia Mesnil 

Simoma Aldrich 

Suensonomyia Mesnil 

Xylotachina Brauer & Bergenstamm 
Zenilia Robineau-Desvoidy 


THE TAXONOMIC CATALOGUE 


Family TACHINIDAE Robineau-Desvoidy 
TACHINARIAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 185. Type-genus: Tachina Meigen, 1803. 


Subfamily PHASIINAE Robineau-Desvoidy 
PHASIANEAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 280. Type-genus: Phasia Latreille, 1804. 


Tribe PHASIINI Robineau-Desvoidy 


PHASIANEAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 280. Type-genus: Phasia Latreille, 1804. 
TRICHOPODINI Townsend, 1908 : 129. Type-genus: Trichopoda Latreille, 1825. 


Genus ALOPHORA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Alophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 293. Type-species: Syrphus hemipterus Fabricius, 
1794, by subsequent designation of Coquillett (1910 : 505). (EUROPE). 


Subgenus ALOPHORA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Alophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 293. Type-species: Syrphus hemipterus Fabricius, 
1794, by subsequent designation of Coquillett (1910 : 505). (EUROPE). 

godfreyi Draber-Monko, 1964 :121. Holotype g, Laos: Ban ha Sao (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. — Laos. 


Subgenus HYALOMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Hyalomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 298 (as genus). Type-species: Phasia semicinerea 
Meigen, 1824 [= Phasia pusilla Meigen, 1824], by subsequent designation of Westwood 
(1840 : 140). (EUROPE). 

Hyalomyia. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Hyalomya Robineau-Desvoidy. 

indica Mesnil, 1953c : 177 (Parallophora). Holotype g, Inp1a: Uttar Pradesh, Saharanpur 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. —- Inp1a (Uttar Pradesh), PAKISTAN. 

pusilla Meigen, 1824 : 198 (Phasia). Syntypes [? sex] [GERMANY, ? also other localities] 
(not located). - PAKISTAN; EUROPE & MIDDLE East. 

This species is included here on the basis of the Pakistani record published by Anwar 
Cheeta et al. (1973). Material from this record has not been seen and confusion with 
indica may have occurred to account for the record. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 167 


Genus ALOPHOROPHASIA Townsend 


Alophorophasia Townsend, 1927): 287. Type-species: Alophorophasia alata Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. 

Akosempomyia Villeneuve, 1932a : 243. Type-species: Akosempomyia caudata Villeneuve, 
1932, by monotypy. 

Kosempomyia Villeneuve, 1932a : 243. Type-species: Kosempomyia tibialis Villeneuve, 
1932, by monotypy. 

alata Townsend, 1927): 288. Holotype ¢g, PuHiILippines: Luzon, Mt Banahao (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. - MaraysiaA (Malaya, Sarawak), PHILIPPINES (Luzon, Mindanao). 

crassipes Mesnil, 1953¢ : 175 (Kosempomyia). Holotype ¢, PHILIPPINES: Mt Limay (ZMU, 

Helsinki) [examined]. 

caudata Villeneuve, 1932a : 244 (Akosempomyia). Syntypes 3, 2, Formosa: Toyenmongai 
(1 g¢ CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. —- Formosa. 

tibialis Villeneuve, 1932a : 243 (Kosempomyia). Syntypes g 2, Formosa: Kosempo (BMNH, 
London; CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. — Formosa. 


Genus BESSERIOIDES Curran 


Besserioides Curran, 1938b : 185. Type-species: Besserioides sexualis Curran, 1938[—= Catharosia 
varicoloy Curran, 1927], by original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 
Undetermined sp. (near varicolor). — INDIA, CEYLON. 


Genus COMPSOPTESIS Villeneuve 


Compsoptesis Villeneuve, 1915a: 90. Type-species: Compsoptesis phoenix Villeneuve, 1915, 
by subsequent designation of Townsend (1931a : 388). 

Tetvapteromyia Malloch, 1930c: 119. Type-species: Tetvaplteromyia klossi Malloch, 1930, 
by original designation. 

klossi Malloch, 1930c : 119 (Tetrapteromyia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Kedah, nr 
Jitra Catchment Area (BMNH, London) [examined]. —- MAraysiA (Malaya). 

phoenix Villeneuve, 1915a : 91. Syntypes 2 J, Formosa: Sokutsu & Kosempo (not located). — 
FoRMoSA. 

At least one of the original specimens should have been, according to description, in 
Budapest Museum and was probably destroyed. The other syntype, if it exists, has 
not been located. 

rufula Villeneuve, 1915a : 91. Holotype 3, Formosa: Tainan (destroyed: formerly in Budapest 
Museum). — Formosa. 


Genus ECTOPHASIA Townsend 


Ectophasia Townsend, 1912: 45. Type-species: Syrphus crassipennis Fabricius, 1794, by 
original designation. (EUROPE). 

Ochrophasia Townsend, 1927b : 288. Type-species: Ochrophasia atripennis Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. 

antennata Villeneuve, 1933: 197. Syntypes ¢ 9, CHINA: Szechwan-Suifu & Formosa: 
Kosempo (1 g, CNC, Ottawa).—Cuina (Fukien, Szechwan), Formosa. 

atripennis Townsend, 1927) : 288 (Ochrophasia). Holotype 9, PuHILippINEs: Mindanao, 
Surigao (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n.—InpiA (Assam), PHILIPPINES 
(Mindanao). 

platymesa Walker, 1858a : 195 (Echinomyia). Holotype ¢ [not 9], Cuina (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. Comb. n.— CHINA. 


168 R. W. CROSSKEY 


sinensis Villeneuve, 1933 : 198. Syntypes $ 9, Formosa: Mt Hoozan (1 2) & Fuhosho (1 9); 
JAPAN: Sapporo (1 g); U.S.S.R.: Siberia, Amur (1 $) (CNC, Ottawa). 
Undetermined spp. — Inp1< (various localities), CEYLON. 


Genus GYMNOSOMA Meigen 


Rhodogyne Meigen, 1800 : 39. Name suppressed by ICZN (Opinion 678). 

Gymnosoma Meigen, 1803 : 278. Type-species: Musca votundata Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy. 
(EUROPE). 

Gymosoma. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Gymnosoma Meigen (Bigot, 1892 : 179). 

brevicorne Villeneuve, 1929 :67. Syntypes g 9, Formosa: Chip-Chip & Fuhosho (DEI, 
Eberswalde & CNC, Ottawa).— Formosa. (Possibly = indicum). 

desertorum Rohdendorf, 1947 : 84 (Rhodogyne). Holotype g, U.S.S.R.: Turkmenia, R. 
Atrek, Ak-Yayla (ZI, Leningrad). —- PAkistan; MIDDLE East, U.S.S.R. 

dolycoridis Dupuis, 1960a : 1746, 1960b : 72. Syntypes dg, 9, eggs, FRANCE: Richelieu (coll. 
Dupuis). — PakIsTAN; W. Europe, SW. U.S.S.R., N. AFRICA. 

Material of this species has not been seen; it is included on the basis of Anwar Cheeta 
et al.’s (1973) record from Pakistan. For information on the type-material see Dupuis 
(1960b : 73). 

indicum Walker, 1852 : 257. Type(s) [2], INp1A (publ. ‘East Indies’) (lost). —- INp1A (Himachal 
Pradesh, Kashmir), ? Formosa. 
philippinense Townsend, 1928 : 388 (Rhodogyne). Holotype g, Puitippines: Luzon, Mt 
Makiling (USNM, Washington) [examined]. —- FoRMosa, PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 
(votundatum Linnaeus sensu Villeneuve (misidentification) | 
Undetermined sp. (clavatum Rohdendorf group). — INp1a (Bihar, West Bengal). 


Genus PENTATOMOPHAGA de Meijere 


Pentatomophaga de Meijere, 1917 : 246. Type-species: Pentatomophaga bicincta de Meijere, 
1917, by monotypy. 

bicincta de Meijere, 1917 : 247. Holotype 2, INDONEsIA: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — 
INDONESIA (Java); NEw Britain, AUSTRALIA (Queensland). 

latifascia Villeneuve, 1932a : 244 (Bogosia). Lectotype ¢ (by present designation), FoRMosA: 
Kosempo (CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. Comb. n.— Formosa, MAraysia (Sabah). 


Genus PERIGYMNOSOMA Villeneuve 


Perigymnosoma Villeneuve, 1929: 68. Type-species: Perigymnosoma globulum Villeneuve, 
1929, by monotypy. 

globulum Villeneuve, 1929: 68. Holotype 9, Formosa: Chip-Chip (DEI, Eberswalde) 
[examined]. — Formosa, INp1IA. 

rubidum Mesnil, 1953c¢ : 175 (Kosempomyia). Holotype g, Burma: Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. Comb. n.— Burma. 


Unplaced species and names of Phasiini 


dubiosa Baranov in Hennig, 1941 : 187 (Allophova & Phasia). Nomen nudum (no later valida- 
tion). 

indica Walker, 1852 : 259 (Phasia). Type(s) [? sex], Inp1A: ‘Madras or Calcutta’ (lost). 
Nomen dubium. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 169 


Tribe CYLINDROMYIINI Townsend 
CYLINDROMYIINI Townsend, 1912 : 48. Type-genus: Cylindromyia Meigen, 1803. 


Genus BELLINA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Bellina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (2): 194. Type-species: Bellina melanura Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1863, by monotypy. 
melanura Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (2) : 195. Syntypes g & 2, INp1A (lost). — INp1A. 
This genus and species were described from specimens in Bigot’s collection. The types 
appear without doubt to be lost and both the specific and generic names remain enigmatic. 


Genus CATAPARIPROSOPA Townsend 


Catapariprosopa Townsend, 1927b : 285. Type-species: Catapariprosopa curvicauda Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. 

Chaetoweberia Villeneuve, 1932b: 271 (as subg. of Weberia Robineau-Desvoidy). Type- 
species: Weberia rubiginans Villeneuve, 1932, by original designation. Syn. n. 

curvicauda Townsend, 1927) : 285. Holotype 3, Formosa: Kankau, Koshun (DEI, Ebers- 
walde) [examined]. — FoRMosa. 

rubiginans Villeneuve, 1932b:270 (Weberia). Holotype 2, FoRMosa: Kosempo (CNC, 
Ottawa) [examined]. Comb. n.— Formosa. 

The holotype is labelled ‘Chaetoweberia rubiginans Typ. Villen.’ in Villeneuve’s writing, 

from which it appears that Villeneuve intended Chaetoweberia to be a full generic name; 
it was published, however, in subgeneric status. 


Genus CYLINDROMYIA Meigen 


Cylindromyia Meigen, 1803 : 279. Type-species: Musca brassicaria Fabricius, 1775, by mono- 
typy. (EUROPE). 

Exogastey Rondani, 1856: 78. Type-species: Exogaster carinatus Rondani, 1856 [= Ocyptera 
rufifrons Loew, 1844], by original designation. (EUROPE). 

Ocypterula Rondani, 1856: 78. Type-species: Ocyptera pusilla Meigen, 1824, by original 
designation. (EUROPE). 

Plesiocypteva Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 : 144 (56). Type-species: Ocyptera bicolor Wiede- 
mann, 1819 preocc. [= Cylindromyia wiedemanni Crosskey nom. n.|, by monotypy. 

Ocypteropsis Townsend, 1916b : 630. Type-species: Ocyplera flavifyons Macquart, 1851 [= Ocyp- 
teva bimacula Walker, 1849], by original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 

Malayocyptera Townsend, 1926a : 31. Type-species: Malayocyptera munita Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Eocyptera Townsend, 1927) : 284. Type-species: Eocypteva orientalis Townsend, 1927, by 
original designation. Syn. n. 

Ecatocyptera Townsend, 1927b: 285. Type-species: Ecatocyptera evibrissata Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. 

Opsocyptera Townsend, 1927c : 284. Type-species: Opsocyptera optima Townsend, 1927 
[= Ocyptera fuscipennis Wiedemann, 1819], by original designation. 

Androcyptera Townsend, 1927¢ : 286. Type-species: Andvocyptera anorbitalis Townsend, 1927 
[= Ocyptera umbripennis Wulp, 1881], by original designation. 

Chaetocyptera Enderlein, 1936b : 242. Type-species: Ocyptera bicolor Olivier, 1811, by mono- 
typy. 

[Ocyptera Latreille sensu authors (misidentification) ] 

evibrissata Townsend, 1927) : 286 (Ecatocyptera). Holotype 9, Formosa: Kankau (DEI, 


170 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Eberswalde). Comb. n.—CuHINA (Fukien), Formosa, INDONESIA (Java, Sumbawa), 
PAKISTAN. 
fuscipennis Wiedemann, 1819 : 26 (Ocyptera). Lectotype 2 (by designation of Crosskey, 
1966a : 666), INDONESIA: Java (UZM, Copenhagen) [examined].— Formosa, Inp1A (Andhra 
Pradesh, Bihar, Madras, Rajasthan), INDONESIA (Java), PHILIPPINES (Mindanao). 
optima Townsend, 1927¢ : 285 (Opsocyptera). Syntypes 2 9, PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, 
Dapitan & Kolambugan (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 
Malloch (1931 : 321) gave it as his opinion that optima is a synonym of fuscipennis. 
Further study is wanted for confirmation. 
vufimana Villeneuve, 1944 : 144 (Ocypteva). Lectotype ¢g (by present designation), ForRMosA: 
Koroton (CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. Syn. n. 
hirtipleura Malloch, 1931 : 321. Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya, Sarawak). 
This nominal species is possibly synonymous with orientalis. 
luciflua Villeneuve, 1944 : 144 (Ocyptera). Lectotype g¢ (by present designation), Formosa: 
Kosempo (CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. Comb. n.— Formosa. 
munita Townsend, 1926a : 31 (Malayocyptera). Lectotype g (by fixation of Townsend, 
1938 : 134), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Sungai Kumbang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
Comb. n. — INDONESIA (Sumatra). 
orientalis Townsend, 1927) : 284 (Eocyptera). Lectotype ¢ (by fixation of Townsend, 
1938 : 107), Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, Eberswalde) [paralectotype g USNM, Washington, 
examined]. Comb. n.-— Formosa, Inp1A (Assam), INDONESIA (Ambon). 

Townsend’s (1938) citation of ‘Ht male — Origin, Sokutsu, Formosa; location Berlin 
DEI’ is a borderline case for acceptance of lectotype fixation, as an original § syntype 
(paralectotype) from the type-locality (Sokutsu) is present in USNM collection. Hence 
only the cited depository specifies the designated individual. 

rufipes Meigen, 1824 : 215 (Ocypteva). Holotype 3, FRANCE (MNHN, Paris). — Inp1A (Gujarat), 
PAKISTAN; widespread EUROPE, ? ETHIOPIAN REGION. 

umbripennis Wulp, 1881 : 35 (Ocyptera). Holotype 9 [not 3], INDONEsIA: Sumatra, Soeroe- 
langoen (RMNH, Leiden) [examined].—CrEyLon, Formosa, INDONESIA (Sumatra), 
MatraysiA (Malaya), PHILIPPINES (Luzon, Mindanao). 

The holotype of wmbripennis bears a label apparently in Wulp’s writing that reads 
‘Ocyptera brunnipennis [sic] Type v.d. Wulp’, but wmbripennis is the published spelling. 

anorbitalis Townsend, 1927¢ : 287 (Androcyptera). Syntypes g 9, PHILIPPINES: Luzon, 
Benguet, Baguio ; Mindanao, Bukidnon, Tankulan (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 

A discrepancy exists between the sex/data of the syntypes in USNM and the information 
published in the original description. Also it appears that Townsend’s (1938 : 86) citation 
of ‘Ht female’ does not provide a valid lectotype fixation. 

ambulatoria Villeneuve, 1944 :144 (Ocyptera). Lectotype g (by present designation), 
Formosa: Takao (CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. Syn. n. 
wiedemanni Crosskey nom. n. [Replacement name for Ocypteva bicolor Wiedemann.] — 
CrYLon, Inp1A (Gujarat, Kerala, Madras); SOUTHERN YEMEN. 
bicoloy Wiedemann, 1819 : 37 (Ocypteva). Lectotype g¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1966a : 666), INDIA (as ‘Ind. or.’) (UZM, Copenhagen) [examined]. [Junior primary 
homonym of Ocypteva bicolor Olivier, 1811.] 


Genus FORMICOPHANIA Townsend 


Formicophania Townsend, 1916d : 322. Type-species: Formicophania elegans Townsend, 
1916, by original designation. 

elegans Townsend, 1916d : 322. Holotype 3, THAILAND: Lower Siam, Trong, Khow Sai 
Dai (USNM, Washington) [examined]. —- Maraysia (Malaya), THAILAND. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 171 


Genus GEROCYPTERA Townsend 


Gerocyptera Townsend, 1916e:178. Type-species: Tvichoprosopa marginalis Walker, 1860, 
by original designation. (MoLuccas). 

Vespocyptera Townsend, 1927b : 279. Type-species: Vespocyptera petiolata Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

petiolata Townsend, 1927b : 279 (Vespocyptera). Holotype g, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, 
Eberswalde). Comb. n.-— Formosa, MaraysiA (Malaya or Sarawak). 


Genus HERMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Hermya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 226. Type-species: Herymya afra Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Ocyptera diabolus Wiedemann, 1819], by subsequent designation of Townsend 
(1916a: 7). (AFRICA). 

Orectocera Wulp, 1881 : 39. Type-species: Tachina beelzebul Wiedemann, 1830, by subsequent 
designation of Townsend (19364 : 75). 

Townsend (1938 : 146), followed by Crosskey (1967a : 21), cited O. micans Wulp as 
type-species of Ovectocera by monotypy, but this is not correct. Wulp mentioned two 
other species as belonging in Ovectocera, viz. beelzebul Wiedemann and diabolus Wiedemann, 
making three originally included species. The earliest valid type designation is that of 
Townsend (1936a : 75). H. micans and H. beelzebul are not now considered synonyms. 

Pavaphania Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 141 (73). Type-species: Ocyptera diabolus Wiede- 
mann, 1819, by original designation. (SouTH AFRICA). 

Makilingimyia Townsend, 1928 : 382. Type-species: Makilingimyia melanoptera Townsend, 
1928, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Pseudorectocera Townsend, 1928 : 385. Type-species: Pseudorectocera albifacies Townsend, 
1928 [= Tachina beelzebul Wiedemann, 1830], by original designation. 

Hermyia. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Heymya Robineau-Desvoidy. 

albomicans Malloch, 1931 : 333. Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. - MaraysiA (Malaya). (Probably = micans). 

armiventris Malloch, 1931 : 332. Holotype g, PuiLippines: Mindanao, Davao (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Mindanao). 

beelzebul Wiedemann, 1830 : 301 (Tachina). Holotype 3, INDONESIA: Java (RMNH, Leiden) 
[examined]. — Burma, CEYLON, CutNa (Fukien), Honc Kone, Inp1A (Assam, Himachal 
Pradesh, Madras), INDONESIA (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), MaraysiA (Malaya, Sabah, 
Sarawak), NEPAL, PHILIPPINES (Mindanao), THAILAND, VIETNAM (NorTH); JAPAN. 

imbrasus Walker, 1849: 781 (ZTachina). Holotype g, Honc Konc (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. 

imbrassus. Incorrect subsequent spelling of imbrasus Walker. 

fuscipennis Tothill, 1918 : 54 (Paraphania). Holotype g, Inp1a: Uttar Pradesh, Kumaon, 
Chabuttia (BMNH, London) [examined]. 

albifacies Townsend, 1928 : 385 (Pseudorectoceva). Holotype 9, PHiILipPpINEs: Mindanao, 
Dapitan (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 

beelzebub. Incorrect subsequent spelling of beelzebul Wiedemann (Bigot, 1892 : 186). 

cristata Malloch, 1931 : 330. Holotype 3, PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Mt Makiling (USNM, Washing- 

ton) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 

formosana Villeneuve, 1939) : 353. Holotype g, Formosa: Kosempo (CNC, Ottawa). — 
Formosa. 

melanoptera Townsend, 1928 : 383 (Makilingimyia). Lectotype ¢ (by present designation), 
PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Mt Makiling (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n. — 
PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 

micans Wulp, 1881: 40 (Ovectocera). Holotype 9, INDoNEsIA: Sumatra, Soeroelangoen 


172 R. W. CROSSKEY 


(RMNH, Leiden) [examined]. — Burma, Inp1A (Assam), INDONESIA (Sumatra), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya, Sarawak), PHILIPPINES, THAILAND. 

minor Malloch, 1931 : 331. Holotype g, MaraysiA: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. —- Maraysta (Malaya). (Probably = beelzebul). 

varipes Malloch, 1931 : 329. Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya). 


Genus LOPHOSIA Meigen 


Lophosia Meigen, 1824 : 216. Type-species: Lophosia fasciata Meigen, 1824, by monotypy. 
(EUROPE). 

Duvaucelia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 227. Type-species: Duvaucelia bicincta Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830, by monotypy. [Junior homonym of Duvaucelia Risso, 1826.] Syn. n. 

Curtocera Macquart, 1835 :182. [Replacement name for Duvaucelia Robineau-Desvoidy.] 
Syn. n. 

Paralophosia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 164 (96). Type-species: Ocypteva imbuta Wiede- 
mann, 1819, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Pseudocyptera Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 : 143 (55). Type-species: Pseudocyptera obscura 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, by original designation and monotypy. Syn. n. 

Macrolophosia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 : 144 (56). Type-species: Macrolophosia felderi 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, by original designation and monotypy. Syn. n. 

Xenolophosia Villeneuve, 1926b : 273. Type-species: Xenolophosia hamulata Villeneuve, 
1926, by subsequent designation of Townsend (1931a : 391). Syn.n. 

Eocypterula Townsend, 1926c : 540. Type-species: Eocypterula atva Townsend, 1926, by 
original designation. Syn. n. 

Pertlophosia Villeneuve, 1927b: 221. Type-species: Pevilophosia ocypterina Villeneuve, 
1927, by monotypy. Syn. n. 

Lophosiocyptera Townsend, 1927a : 59. Type-species: Lophosiocyptera lophosioides Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. Syn. n. 
Formosolophosia Townsend, 1927b : 280. Type-species: Formosolophosia hemydoides Townsend, 
1927 [= Xenolophosia hamulata Villeneuve, 1926], by original designation. Syn. n. 
Stylogynemyia Townsend, 1927b : 280. Type-species: Stylogynemyia cylindrica Townsend, 
1927 [= Xenolophosia hamulata Villeneuve, 1926], by original designation. Syn. n. 
Lophosiodes Townsend, 1927b : 285. Type-species: Lophosiodes scutellatus Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

Eupalpocyptera Townsend, 1927b : 286. Type-species: Eupalpocyptera angusticauda Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Epseudocyptera Townsend, 1927c : 283. Type-species: Epseudocyptera epalpata Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Palpocypiera Townsend, 1927c : 283. Type-species: Palpocyptera pulchva Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

Zambesoides Townsend, 1927¢ : 285. Type-species: Zambesoides samarensis Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

Lophosiopsis Townsend, 1928 : 381. Type-species: Lophosiopsis costalis Townsend, 1928, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

Philippolophosia Townsend, 1928 : 384. Type-species: Philippolophosia ornata Townsend, 
1928, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Neoduvaucelia Malloch, 1931 : 319. Type-species: Neoduvaucelia aenescens Malloch, 1931, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

aenescens Malloch, 1931 : 319 (Neoduvaucelia). Holotype 2, MaraysiA: Malaya, Selangor, 
Bukit Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.— Mataysia (Malaya). 

angusticauda Townsend, 1927) : 286 (Eupalpocyptera). Holotype 9, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, 
Eberswalde) [examined]. Comb. n. — Formosa. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 173 


atra Townsend, 1926c : 541 (Eocypterula). Holotype g, PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Dapitan 
(USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb.n.—Matraysia (Malaya), PHILIPPINES 
(Mindanao). 
atva Malloch, 1935d : 672 (Palpocyptera). Holotype g, Mataysia: Malaya, Perak, Larut 
Hills (BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn. n. 
bicincta Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 228 (Duvaucelia). Lectotype 2 [not 3] (by fixation of 
Townsend, 1931a : 389), ‘BENGAL’ (MNHN, Paris) [examined]. Comb. n-—‘BENGAL’, 
Maraysia (Malaya), INDONEsIA (Sumatra), PHILIPPINES (Panay), SINGAPORE. 
sumatrensis Townsend, 1927a: 59 (Philippolophosia). Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Sumatra, 
Tandjunggadang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Syn. n. 
ovnata Townsend, 1928 : 384 (Philippolophosia). Holotype 2, PuHILippInEs: NW. Panay 
(USNM, Washington) [examined]. Syn. n. 
costalis Townsend, 1928 : 382 (Lophosiopsis). Holotype 3, PHiLippInes: Luzon, Benguet, 
Baguio (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n.-— PuHiLippines (Luzon). (Possibly 
=angusticauda). 
epalpata Yownsend, 1927¢ : 283 (Epseudocyptera). Holotype 9, PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, 
Davao (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n, — PHILIPPINES (Mindanao). 
erythropa Bezzi, 1925b:122 (Pseudocyptera). Holotype g, Mataysia: Malaya, Stapak 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.-— Matraysia (Malaya). 
excisa Tothill, 1918 : 58. Holotype 2 [not ¢], Inp1A: Uttar Pradesh, Dehra Dun (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. —- Formosa, Inp1A (Dehra Dun), INDONESIA (Sumatra), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya, Sarawak). 
diversipes Villeneuve, 1926b : 275 (Xenolophosia). Holotype 9, Formosa: Daitorinsho (CNC, 
Ottawa) [examined]. Syn. n. 
samarensis Townsend, 1927¢ : 286 (Zambesoides). Holotype 9, PHILIPPINES: Samar (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. Syn. n. 
tricincta Malloch, 1931 : 318 (Duvaucelia). Holotype gj, MaraysiA: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit 
Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn. n. 
exquisita Malloch, 1931 : 325 (Palpocyptera). Holotype 9, Matraysia: Malaya, Selangor, 
Bukit Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.— Mataysia (Malaya). 
Malloch was uncertain at the time of description whether the holotype was a female. 
It can be confirmed that this sex is correct. 
felderi Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 : 144 (56) (Macrolophosia). Holotype 9, ‘Ost INDIEN’ 
(NM, Vienna) [examined]. Comb. n. — ‘Ost INDIEN’ (known only from holotype). 
hamulata Villeneuve, 1926b : 274 (Xenolophosia). Holotype g, Formosa: Taihorin (CNC, 
Ottawa) [examined]. Comb. n.— Formosa. 
cylindrica Townsend, 1927b : 280 (Stylogynemyia). Holotype 2, Formosa: Toa Tsui Kutsu 
(DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. Syn. n. 
hemydoides Townsend, 1927b : 280 (Formosolophosia). Syntypes 10 g, Formosa: Toa Tsui 
Kutsu (DEI, Eberswalde & USNM, Washington) [USNM syntypes examined]. 
imbuta Wiedemann, 1819 : 36 (Ocyptera). Lectotype ¢ (by fixation of Townsend, 19314 : 389), 
Inp1A (as ‘Ind. or.’) (UZM, Copenhagen) [examined]. Comb.n-—Inp1a, INDONESIA 
(Sumatra, ? Java). 
indica Walker, 1852 : 261 (Phania). Holotype ¢, Inp1A (publ. ‘East Indies’) (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. 
lophosioides Townsend, 1927a : 59 (Lophosiocyptera). Holotype g, INpDoNEsIA: Sumatra, 
Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb. n. — INDoNnEsIA (Sumatra), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya). 
annuliventris Malloch, 1931 : 323 (Palpocyptera). Holotype 2 [not g], MataysiA: Malaya, 
Kuala Lumpur, Ulu Gombak (BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn. n. 
Malloch mistook the sex of the holotype, unusually for him, which is female and not male. 
obscura Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 : 143 (55) (Pseudocypteva). WHolotype ¢ [not 9], ‘O. 
INpDiEN’ (NM, Vienna) [examined]. Comb. n.— Laos, ? INp1a. 
Townsend (19314 : 390) pointed out that the holotype is a male, not a female. 


174 R. W. CROSSKEY 


ocypterina Villeneuve, 1927) : 221 (Perilophosia). Holotype g, Formosa: Taihorin (DEI, 
Eberswalde) [examined]. Comb. n. — Cu1na (Fukien), Formosa. 

perpendicularis Villeneuve, 1927) : 220 (Xenolophosia). Holotype g, Formosa: Taihorinsho 
(DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. Comb. n.— Formosa. 

scutellatus Townsend, 1927b : 285 (Lophosiodes). Holotype 3g, Formosa: Toa Tsui Kutsu 

(DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. Syn. n. 

pulchra Townsend, 1927c : 284 (Palpocyptera). Holotype 2, PHiLippines: Mindanao, Surigao 
(USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n.— PHILIPPINES (Mindanao). 

Undescribed sp. — Cu1na (Fukien) (see couplet 11 of Lophosia key). 

Undescribed sp. — INDONEsIA (Java, Sumatra), MaLaysia (Sabah) (see couplet 19 of Lophosia 
key). 

? Undescribed sp. (nr pulchra). — INp1A (Assam) (see couplet 16 of Lophosia key). 

? Undescribed sp. (nr bicincta). -Mataysia (Malaya) (see couplet 15 of Lophosia key). 


Genus PENTHOSIOSOMA Townsend 


Penthosiosoma Townsend, 1926c : 538. Type-species: Penthosiosoma pictipennis Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. 

pictipenne Townsend, 1926c:540. Holotype g, Mataysia: Malaya, Penang (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. — Laos, Maraysia (Malaya). 


Tribe LEUCOSTOMATINI Townsend 
LEUCOSTOMINI Townsend, 1908 : 76. Type-genus: Leucostoma Meigen, 1803. 


Genus CALYPTROMYIA Villeneuve 


Calyptromyia Villeneuve, 1915a:92. Type-species: Calyptvomyia barbata Villeneuve, 1915, 
by original designation. 

Calypteromyia. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Calyptromyia Villeneuve (Hennig, 1941 : 189). 

barbata Villeneuve, 1915a:92. Holotype g, Formosa: Kosempo (destroyed: formerly in 
Budapest Museum). — Cu1na (Fukien), Formosa, VIETNAM (SOUTH). 


Genus PSEUDOBRULLAEA Mesnil 


Pseudobrullaea Mesnil, 1957: 74. Type-species: Pseudobrullaea abervans Mesnil, 1957, by 


monotypy. 
aberrans Mesnil, 1957: 74. Holotype 9, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 


[examined]. — BuRMA. 


Unplaced name of Leucostomatini 


orientalis Baranov in Hennig, 1941 : 189 (Pavadionaea). Nomen nudum (no later validation). 


Tribe EUTHERINI Townsend 
EUTHERINI Townsend, 1912 : 49. Type-genus: Euthera Loew, 1866. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 175 


Genus EUTHERA Loew 


Eutheva Loew, 1866 : 46. Type-species: Euthera tentatrix Loew, 1866, by monotypy. (UNITED 
STATES OF AMERICA). 

Eutheropsis Townsend, 1916e:178. Type-species: Euthera mannii Mik, 1889, by original 
designatién. (EURASIA). 

Macreuthera Bezzi, 1925a : 281 (as subg. of Euthera). Type-species: Euthera skusei Bezzi, 
1925, by original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 

Preuthera Townsend, 1933 : 452. Type-species: Eutheva peringueyi Bezzi, 1925, by original 
designation. (‘CONGO’). 

mannii Mik, 1889 : 132. Lectotype 2 (by fixation of Townsend, 1931a@ : 391), TURKEY: 
Brussa (NM, Vienna). — Formosa, INp1IA (Delhi); S. Europr, S.W. Asia, East AFRICA. 

burtti Emden, 1960 : 383. Holotype g, Tanzania: Old Shinyanga (BMNH, London) 

[examined]. Syn. n. 

peringueyi Bezzi, 1925a : 280. Holotype 9, ‘Conco’ [? ZatrRE]: Chabra (coll. Bezzi, MCSNM, 
Milan). — Inp1a (Andhra Pradesh) ; ‘Conco’. 

tuckeri Bezzi, 1925a:279. Holotype g, SoutH Arrica: Transvaal, Koopmuiden (SAM, 
Cape Town). — PAKISTAN, ? CEYLON; widespread ETHIOPIAN REGION. 


Unplaced species of Phasiinae 


ventricosum de Meijere, 1917 : 245 (Gymnosoma (Stylogymnomyia)). Holotype 2 [not 4], 
INDONESIA: Java, Samarang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONEsIA (Java). 

This species (still known only from the holotype) is difficult to place satisfactorily and 
may require a new genus. It certainly does not belong in Gymnosoma and probably not 
in the Phasiini. It is temporarily retained in Phasiinae but several features suggest close 
affinity with Dufouriinae such as Pandelleia Villeneuve. 


Unplaced genus (? Phasiinae) 


Genus CYLINDROMYIELLA Malloch 


Cylindromyiella Malloch, 1926: 508. Type-species: Cylindromyiella bakevi Malloch, 1926, 
by original designation. 

bakeri Malloch, 1926 : 508. Holotype ? ¢ or 9 (probably 9), Puitippines: Mindanao, Surigao 
(USNM, Washington) [examined]. — PHILIpPINEs (Mindanao). 


Subfamily DUFOURIINAE Robineau-Desvoidy 
DUFOURIDAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 252. Type-genus: Dufouria Robineau-Desvoidy. 


Tribe DUFOURIINI Robineau-Desvoidy 
DUFOURIDAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 252. Type-genus: Dufouria Robineau-Desvoidy. 


Genus ANTHOMYIOPSIS Townsend 


Anthomyiopsis Townsend, 1916f: 20. Type-species: Anthomyiopsis cypseloides Townsend, 
1916, by original designation. (UNITED STATES OF AMERICA). 
Ptilopsina Villeneuve, 1920: 117. Type-species: Tachina nitens Zetterstedt sensu Villeneuve 


176 RK. W. CROSSKEY 


(misidentification) [= Anthomytopsis plagioderae Mesnil, 1972], by original designation. 
(EUROPE). 

Plagioderophagus Baranov, 1938b: 412. Type-species: Plagioderophagus nigey Baranov, 
1938, by original designation. 

nigra Baranov, 1938) : 412 (Plagioderophagus niger). Lectotype $ (by designation of Sabrosky 
& Crosskey, 1969 : 49), INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Dehra Dun (BMNH, London) [examined]. — 
Inp1a (Uttar Pradesh). 

mger Beeson & Chatterjee, 1935 : 177 (Plagioderophagus). Nomen nudum. 


Genus CHETOPTILIA Rondani 


Chetoptiia Rondani, 1862 : 166. Type-species: Ptilops puella Rondani, 1862, by original 
designation and monotypy. (ITALY). 

Chaetoptiia. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Chetoptilia Rondani. 

Chaetoptiliopsis Baranov, 1938): 411. Type-species: Chaetoptiliopsis burmanica Baranov, 
1938, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Pavaptilops Mesnil, 1975a : 1358. Type-species: Chaetoptiia angustifrons Mesnil, 1953, by 
original designation. Syn. n. 

angustifrons Mesnil, 1953c : 164. Holotype g, PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Limay (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 

burmanica Baranov, 1938) : 411 (Chaetoptiliopsis). Holotype g, Burma: Northern Shan 
States, Panghai Res., Namtu, R.O. (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n. —- Burma. 


Genus KAMBAITIMYIA Mesnil 


Kambaitimyia Mesnil, 1953c : 163. Type-species: Kambaitimyia carbonata Mesnil, 1953, 
by monotypy. 

carbonata Mesnil, 1953c : 163. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMA. 

rufipes Mesnil, 1957 : 73. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. 
— BuRMa. 


Tribe IMITOMYIINI Townsend 


IMITOMYIINI Townsend, 1936a : 75. Type-genus: Imitomyia Townsend, 1912 (Himantostoma 
Loew, 1863, preocc.). 


Genus PRORIEDELIA Mesnil 


Proriedelia Mesnil, 1953c : 164. Type-species: Proriedelia petiolata Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. 
petiolata Mesnil, 1953c : 164. Holotype 9 [not 3], Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BURMA. 


Genus RIEDELIA Mesnil 


Riedelia Mesnil, 1942 : 290. Type-species: Riedelia bicolor Mesnil, 1942, by original designation. 
(Northern CuHrna). 

bicolor Mesnil, 1942 : 291. Holotype g, Cutna: Heilungkiang (‘Manchukuo’), Mao-erh-shan 
(DEI, Eberswalde). — Cina (Heilungkiang, Shanghai). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 177 


Subfamily PROSENINAE Townsend 
(Dexiinae) 


PROSENINAE Townsend, 1892) : 273. Type-genus: Prosena Le Peletier & Serville, 1828. 


Tribe PROSENINI Townsend 
(Dexiini) 


PROSENINAE Townsend, 1892) : 273. Type-genus: Prosena Le Peletier & Serville, 1828. 


Genus BILLAEA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 328. Type-species: Billaea grisea Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Dexia pectinata Meigen, 1826], by monotypy. (FRANCE). 

Sivostoma Rondani, 1862 : 55. Type-species: Dexia triangulifera Zetterstedt, 1844, by mono- 
typy. (EUROPE). 

Gymnodexia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 364 (60). Type-species: Dexia triangulifera 
Zetterstedt, 1844, by subsequent designation of Townsend (1916a : 7). (EUROPE). 

Theresiopsis Townsend, 1916d : 300. Type-species: Thevesiopsis ficor'um Townsend, 1916, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

Philotrichostylum Townsend, 1933 : 460. Type-species: Tvichostylum fasciatum Townsend, 
1928, by original designation. Syn. n. 

atkinsoni Baranov, 19344 : 49 (Gymnodexia). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 45), BuRMA: Mandalay District, Maymyo (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
Comb. n. — Burma, INp1A (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh). 

fasciata Townsend, 1928 : 380 (Trichostylum). Lectotype g (by present designation), PHILIP- 
PINES: Mindanao, Butuan (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n— INDONESIA 
(Sumatra), MALAysIA (Sarawak), PHILIPPINES (Mindanao). 

ficorum Townsend, 1916d : 301 (Theresiopsis). Holotype 2, INDONESIA: Java, Pekalongan 
(USNM, Washington). Comb. n. — INDONESIA (Java). 

malayana Malloch, 1929 : 340. Holotype g, MAraysia: Malaya, Kedah, Kedah Peak 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — MaLaysia (Malaya). 

orientalis Baranov, 1934a : 49 (Gymnodexia). Nomen nudum (no later validation). 

robusta Malloch, 1935d : 674. Holotype g, MALays1a: Malaya, Pahang, Fraser’s Hill (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — MALays1A (Malaya). 

Undetermined or undescribed spp.—INp1A (Assam, Madras), MAtaysta (Malaya, Sabah), 
PHILIPPINES (Palawan). 


Genus DEXIA Meigen 


Dexia Meigen, 1826 : 33. Type-species: Musca rustica Fabricius, 1775. Suspension of ICZN 
rules required (see discussion, p. 45). (EUROPE). 

Dexilla Westwood, 1840: 140. Type-species: Musca rustica Fabricius, 1775 (as ‘D. rustica 
Mg’), by original designation. (EUROPE). 

Phasiodexia Townsend, 1925 : 250. Type-species: Phasiodexia flavida Townsend, 1925, by 
original designation. Syn. n. 

Eoptilodexia Townsend, 1926c : 535. Type-species: Eoptilodexia longipes Townsend, 1926, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

Eomyoceva Townsend, 1926c : 537. Type-species: Eomyocera cavinata Townsend, 1926 [= Dexia 
divergens Walker, 1856], by original designation. Syn. n. 


178 R. W. CROSSKE Y 


Sumatrodexia Townsend, 1926a:26. Type-species: Sumatrodexia brevirostris Townsend, 
1926 [= Dexia extendens Walker, 1856], by original designation. Syn. n. 
Calotheresia Townsend, 1926a: 29. Type-species: Calotheresia sumatrensis Townsend, 1926 
[= Dexia fulvifera Roder, 1893], by original designation. Syn. n. 
Eomyoceropsis Townsend, 1926a:29. Type-species: Eomyoceropsis longipennis Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. Syn. n. 
Asbellopsis Townsend, 1928 : 378. Type-species: Asbellopsis luzonensis Townsend, 1928, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 
Barydexia Townsend, 1928 : 379. Type-species: Barydexia bivittata Townsend, 1928, by 
original designation. Syn. n. 
Calotheresiopsis Baranov, 1932e : 214 (as subg. of Calotheresia). Type-species: Calotheresia 
orientalis Baranov, 1932 [= Dexia basifera Walker, 1859], by original designation. Syn.n. 
Dexillina Kolomiets, 1969 : 57 (as subg. of Dexia). Type-species: Musca vacua Fallén, 1816, 
by original designation. (U.S.S.R.). 
Dexillosa Kolomiets, 1969 : 57 (as subg. of Dexia). Type-species: Dexia (Dexillosa) amurensis 
Kolomiets, 1969, by original designation. (U.S.S.R.). 
atripes Malloch, 1935¢ : 592 (Calotheresia). Holotype 9, Maraysia: Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, 
Kenokok (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n. — Maraysia (Sabah). 
basifera Walker, 1859b:129. Lectotype $ (by designation of Crosskey, 1967c : 103), 
INDONESIA: Celebes, Makassar (BMNH, London) [examined]. — INDoNEs1IA (Celebes). 
ovientalis Baranov, 1932e : 214 (Calotheresia). Holotype 3, INDoNEsIA: Celebes, Tomboekoe 
[publ. as Tomboegoe] (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 
bivittata Townsend, 1928 : 380 (Barydexia). Lectotype ¢ (by fixation of Townsend, 1938 : 320), 
PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Mt Banahao (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n. — 
PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 
caldwelli Curran, 1927a : 8. Holotype 3, Cuina: Yen-ping (AMNH, New York) [examined]. — 
CHINA, INDIA (Himachal Pradesh, Punjab). 
divergens Walker, 1856a : 21. Holotype g, Mataysia: Malaya, Johore, Mt Ophir (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — CHINA, INDONESIA (Java), MaLaysia (Malaya), THAILAND. 
cavinata Townsend, 1926 : 538 (Eomyocera). Holotype 3g, Maraysia: Malaya, Penang 
(USNM, Washington) [examined]. 
extendens Walker, 1856b:126. Holotype 9, Maraysia: Sarawak (BMNH, London) 
[examined].— BurmMA, INDONESIA (Sumatra, ? Java), Mataysta (Malaya, Sarawak), 
Inp1a (Assam). 
festiva Wulp, 1881: 41. Lectotype g (by present designation), INDONESIA: Sumatra, 
Moeara Laboe (RMNH, Leiden) [examined]. 
brevirvostris Townsend, 1926a : 27 (Sumatrodexia). Holotype g, INDoNEsIA: Sumatra, Fort 
de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
flavida Townsend, 1925 : 251 (Phasiodexia). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de 
Kock (RMNH, Leiden] [examined]. Comb.n.— Burma, INDonEsIA (Java, Sumatra), 
Mataysia (Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak). 
obtusa Malloch, 1935¢ : 588 (Eomyocera). Holotype 9, Maraysia: Malaya, Pahang, Kuala 
Teku (BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn. n. 
formosana Townsend, 1927) : 284 (Phasiodexia). Holotype 2, Formosa: Toa Tsui Kutsu 
(DEI, Eberswalde). Comb. n.— Formosa. (Probably = flavida). 
fraseri Malloch, 1935c¢ : 587 (Eomyocera). Holotype 9, Mataysia: Malaya, Pahang, Fraser’s 
Hill (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n. — Maraysia (Malaya). ; 
fulvifera Réder, 1893 : 235. Type(s) g, CEyLon: ‘Ceylon meridionalis’ (not located, ? MNHU, 
Berlin). - BurMA, CEYLON, CHINA (Fukien), Formosa, Inp1a (Assam, Himachal Pradesh, 
Kerala, West Bengal), INDONESIA (Sumatra), Mataysita (Malaya, Sarawak), NEPAL, 
PHILIPPINES (Mindanao, Mindoro). 
fuscicostalis Wulp, 1897 : 139. Holotype 9, CryLton: Kandy (destroyed: formerly in 
Budapest). Syn. n. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 179 


sumatrensis Townsend, 1926a : 29 (Eomyoceropsis). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort 
de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Syn. n. 

sumatrensis Townsend, 1926a : 29 (Calotheresia). Lectotype 92 (by fixation of Townsend, 
1938 : 322), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (EEAM, Lima) [paralectotype 9, ZM, 
Amsterdam, examined]. Syn. n. 

Townsend (1926a : 38-39) stated that his Eomyoceropsis sumatrensis and his Calotheresia 
sumatrensis, described on the same page (Townsend, 1926a : 29) were gf and 9 respectively 
of the same species, as is certainly the case. 

formosensis Townsend, 1927b : 284 (Calotheresia). Syntypes 22 3, 17 9, Formosa: Hoozan; 
Kankau; Kutsu; Paroe; Sokutsu; Suisharyo; Toa Tsui Kutsu (DEI, Eberswalde; EEAM, 
Lima; USNM, Washington; probably also elsewhere) [USNM syntypes examined]. Syn. n. 
bivittata Townsend, 1928 : 380 (Calotheresia). Holotype g, PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Surigao 

(USNM, Washington) [examined]. Syn. n. 

fusiformis Walker, 1861b : 266. Holotype ¢ [not 2], INDoNEsIA: Celebes, Tond (? = Tondano) 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. —- InDonEsIA (Celebes). 

incisuralis Baranov, 1932e : 215 (Sumatrodexia). Holotype g, CHINA: Szechwan, Tatsienlu 
(SMT, Dresden). Comb. n. — Cur1na (Szechwan). 

lepida Wiedemann, 1830 : 376. Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 1966a : 662), 
INDONESIA: Java (RMNH, Leiden) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Java). 

longipennis Townsend, 1926a : 29 (Eomyoceropsis). Lectotype 3 (by fixation of Townsend, 
1938 : 331), INDONESIA: Java, Tjibodas (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n. - 
INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra), ? MaLaysiA (Malaya); Japan. 

longipes Townsend, 1926¢ : 536 (Eoptilodexia). Lectotype g (by present designation), 
PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Benguet, Baguio (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n. — 
PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 

luzonensis Townsend, 1928 : 379 (Asbellopsis). Holotype 2, PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Los Bajfios 
(USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n. — PHiLippINes (Luzon). 

major Malloch, 1935c : 590 (Calotheresia). Holotype g, Matraysia: Sabah, Bettotan, nr 
Sandakan (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n. — Maraysia (Sabah). 

montana Baranoy, 1932e : 215 (Sumatrodexia). Lectotype 3 (by designation of Sabrosky 
& Crosskey, 1969 : 52), INDONESIA: Java, Tjibodas (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 
Comb. n. — INDONESIA (Java). 

monticola Malloch, 1935c¢ : 587 (Eomyocera). Holotype g, MALaysiA: Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, 
Lumu Lumu (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n. —- Maraysta (Sabah). 

subnuda Malloch, 1935c¢ : 586 (Eomyocera). Holotype g, Maraysia: Sabah, Bettotan, nr 
Sandakan (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.— Maraysia (Sabah). 

velutina Mesnil, 1953c :174 (Calotheresia). Holotype 9, PuHILippines: Luzon, Banahao 
(ZMU, Helsinki). Comb. n.— PHILIppinEs (Luzon). 

vicina Mesnil, 1953c¢ : 173 (Calotheresia). Holotype 2, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki). Comb. n. — Burma. 

vittata Baranov, 1932e : 215 (Sumatrodexia). Holotype g, INDONEsIA: Java, Surabaja 
(USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n,. — INDONESIA (Java). 


Genus DEXIOTRIX Villeneuve 


Dexiotrix Villeneuve, 1936c : 330. Type-species: Dexiotrix longipennis Villeneuve, 1936, 
by original designation. 

longipennis Villeneuve, 1936c : 330. Lectotype 2 (by present designation), CHINA: Szechwan, 
Mt Omei (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — CH1na (Szechwan). 

pellucens Mesnil, 1967 : 53. Holotype 3, CH1na: Szechwan, Muping (USNM, Washington). — 
Curna (Szechwan). 

rufiventris Mesnil, 1967 :52. Holotype g, CuHina: Kansu, Kina (not located). — CHINA 
(Kansu, Szechwan). 


180 , R. W. CROSSKEY 


Genus DINERA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Dinerva Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 307. Type-species: Dinera grisea Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Musca carinifrons Fallén, 1816], by designation of Townsend (19162 : 6). 

Phorostoma Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 326. Type-species: Phovostoma subrotunda Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830 [= Musca ferina Fallén, 1816], by monotypy. (EUROPE). 

Myocera Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 328. Type-species: Myoceva longipes Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Musca ferina Fallén, 1816], by subsequent designation of Townsend (19162 : 8). 
(EUROPE). 

Myocerops Townsend, 1916e : 178. Type-species: Musca carinifrons Fallén, 1816, by original 
designation. (SWEDEN). 

Myiocera. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Myocerva Robineau-Desvoidy. 

Mytocerops. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Myocerops Townsend. 

Undertermined spp. — Inp1Aa (Kashmir, West Bengal), NEPAL. 


Genus DOLICHODEXIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Dolichodexia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889: 118 (50). Type-species: Dolichodexia rufipes 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, by original designation and monotypy. (TURKEY). 

albipila Mesnil, 1963 : 54. Holotype g, U.S.S.R.: Tadzhikistan, Khorog, Gunt (ZI, Lenin- 
grad). — Inp1A (Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh), PAKISTAN; PALAE- 
ARCTIC CHINA, MonGoLta, U.S.S.R. 


Genus MYOSTOMA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Myostoma Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 327. Type-species: Myostoma mucrocera Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830, by subsequent designation of Rondani (1856 : 83). (FRANCE). 

Myiostoma. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Myostoma Robineau-Desvoidy. 

magnum Baranov, 1935a :557- Holotype 9, JAPAN: Hokkaido, Sapporo (USNM, Washing- 
ton). — Inp1a (Assam), NEPAL, SIKKIM, THAILAND; JAPAN. 

Undetermined sp. (probably undescribed). — INp1a (Assam, Himachal Pradesh). 

Undescribed sp. —- Maraysia (Sabah). 


Genus PHILIPPODEXIA Townsend 


Philippodexia Townsend, 1926¢ : 533. Type-species: Philippodexia longipes Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. 
Malayodineva Townsend, 1926a : 27. Type-species: Malayodinera montana Townsend, 1926, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 
longipes Townsend, 1926c : 534. Holotype g, PHiripprnes: Luzon, Mt Makiling (USNM, 
Washington) [examined].—InpDoNEsIA (Celebes, ? Java), Mataysia (Malaya, Sabah, 
Sarawak), PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 
major Malloch, 1935¢ : 323 (as var. of longipes). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Pahang, 
Kuala Teku (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
separvata Malloch, 1935c : 324 (as var. of longipes). Holotype g [abdomen lost], MALAysIA: 
Malaya, Kedah, nr Jitra catchment area (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
montana Townsend, 1926a : 27 (Malayodinera). Holotype ?, INponEsIA: Sumatra, Kurintji 
Peak (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb. n.—INDoNEsIA (Sumatra). (Probably 9 
of longipes). 
pallidula Mesnil, 1953c : 173. Holotype g, Puitippines: Mindanao, Surigao (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Mindanao). 
sumatrensis Townsend, 1926a : 30. Holotype 3, INDoNEsIA: Sumatra, Muara Sako (ZM, 
Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONEsIA (Sumatra, ? Java). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 181 


Genus PROSENA Le Peletier & Serville 


Calivrhoe Meigen, 1800 : 39. Name suppressed by ICZN (Opinion 678). 

Prosena Le Peletier & Servill2, 1828 : 499, 500. Type-species: Stomoxys siberita Fabricius, 
1775, by original designation. (DENMARK). 

facialis Curran, 1929: 507. Holotype g, Inp1A: Madras, Kodaikanal (AMNH, New York) 
{examined]. — Inp1A (Madras, Mysore). 

The full description of this species was published by Curran (1938b), but the name is 
nomenclaturally available from the key in Curran’s (1929) earlier paper. In the 1938 
work Curran cited the type-locality (Kodaikanal) as being in ‘French Indo China’: Arnaud 
(1963 : 125) points out that this is in error (Kodaikanal being in the state of Madras in 
southern India). 

fulvipes Townsend, 19274 : 56 (Calivrhoe). Lectotype 2 (by designation of Crosskey, 1969 : 91), 
INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra), 
? Maraysia (Malaya). 
siberita Fabricius, 1775 : 798 (Stomoxys). Type(s) [? sex], DENMARK: Copenhagen (lost). — 
Burma, Cryton, InpIA (Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Madras, West Bengal), INDONESIA 
(Java, Sumatra), MALAysiA (Malaya, Sabah), NEPAL, PHILIPPINES (Balabac, Palawan); 
widespread PALAEARC1IC REGION, JAPAN. Introduced U.S.A. (established). 
flavipennis Wiedemann, 1819 : 20 (Stomoxys). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1966a : 668), INDONESIA: Java, Djakarta (publ. as Batavia) [examined]. 
malayana Townsend, 1926a :25 (Calivrhoe). Lectotype 3 (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 91), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Syn. n. 
sibirita. Incorrect subsequent spelling of sibevita Fabricius. 
sybarita. Incorrect subsequent spelling of sibervita Fabricius. 


Genus TYLODEXIA Townsend 


Tylodexia Townsend, 1926a : 27. Type-species: Tylodexia tenuis Townsend, 1926 [= Dexia 
precedens Walker, 1859], by original designation. 
precedens Walker, 1859) : 131 (Dexia). Holotype 9, INDoNEsIA: Celebes, Makassar (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — INDoNnEs1A (Celebes, Java, Sumatra). 
elegans Wulp, 1891 : 207 (Leptoda). Lectotype 3g (by designation of Crosskey, 1967c¢ : 104), 
INDONESIA: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
Because of a typographical error the sex of the lectotype of Leptoda elegans was mis-cited 
as 2 in Crosskey’s (1969 : 104) list of Wulp’s tachinid types in ZM, Amsterdam. 
tenuis Townsend, 1926a : 28. Lectotype ¢ (by fixation of Townsend, 1938 : 385), INDONESIA: 
Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 


Genus URODEXIOMIMA Townsend 


Urodexiomima Townsend, 1927c : 280. Type-species: Uvodexiomima uvamyoides Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. 

uramyoides Townsend, 1927c : 281. Holotype g, Puitrppinrs: Luzon, Los Bafios (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 


Unplaced species of Prosenini 


javanensis Macquart, 1835 : 214 (Dexia). Type(s) g, INDONESIA: Java (not located, probably 
lost). 

To judge from the description this is probably one of the several large species of Dexia 

s.l. known from Java, but in the absence of the type(s) the name cannot be placed reliably 


182 R. W.CROSSKEY 


and remains a nomen dubium. The original material was stated to be in the collection 
of ‘M. Robyns de Bruxelles’ but is now apparently lost. 


Tribe RUTILIINI Brauer & Bergenstamm 


RUTILIIDAE Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889: 76, 152. Type-genus: Rutilia Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830. 


- Genus FORMOSIA Guérin-Méneville 


Formosia Guérin-Méneville, 1843 : 263. Type-species: Rutilia mirabilis Guérin-Méneville, 
1831, by monotypy. (NEw GUINEA). 


Subgenus FORMOSIA Guérin-Méneville 


Formosia Guérin-Méneville, 1843 : 263 (as genus). Type-species: Rutilia mirabilis Guérin- 
Méneville, 1831, by monotypy. NEw GUINEA. 

blattina Enderlein, 1936a : 423 (Pancala). Holotype 9, INDoNEsIA: Celebes, Latimodjong 
(MNHU, Berlin) [examined]. — INDoNEsIA (Celebes). 

eos Enderlein, 1936a : 423 (Pancala). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 1973a : 118), 
INDONESIA: Celebes, Bonthain, Wawa Karaeng (MNHU, Berlin) [examined]. — INDONESIA 
(Celebes). 

flavipennis Macquart, 1848 : 210 (50) (Rutilia). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Java (IRSNB, 
Brussels, ex Municipal Mus., Tournai) [examined].— INDONESIA (Java, ? Sumatra), 
MataysiA (Malaya). 

heinrichiana Enderlein, 1936a : 426 (Pancala). Holotype g, INDoNnEsIA: Celebes, Bonthain, 
Wawa Karaeng (MNHU, Berlin) [examined]. — InDoneEs1a (Celebes). 


Genus RUTILIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Rutilia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 319. Type-species: Tachina vivipara Fabricius, 1805, 
by subsequent designation of Crosskey (19674 : 26). 


Subgenus CHRYSORUTILIA Townsend 


Chrysorutilia Townsend, 1915) : 23 (as genus). Type-species: Rutilia formosa Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830, by original designation. 

Philippoformosia Townsend, 1927¢ : 282. Type-species: Philippoformosia splendida Townsend, 
1927 [= Rutilia townsendi Crosskey, 1973, replacement name], by original designation. 

Habrota Enderlein, 1936a : 399. Type-species: Rutilia formosa Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, 
by original designation. [Objective synonym of Chrysorutilia.] 

Idania Enderlein, 1936a : 408. Type-species: Idania atrox Enderlein, 1936, by original desig- 
nation. 

Formotilia Paramonov, 1968 : 355. [Unavailable name, see Crosskey (1973@ : 55, 59).] 

atrox Enderlein, 1936a : 408 (Idania). Holotype 9, Puitippines: Luzon, Imugan (MNHU, 
Berlin) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES. 

luzona Enderlein, 1936a : 406 (Chrysorutilia). Holotype g, PHILippines: Luzon, Imugan 
(MNHU, Berlin) [examined]. — Puit1ppines. (Possibly the g of townsend?). 

rubriceps Macquart, 1847 : 92 (76). Holotype 2, AUSTRALIA: ‘Tasmanie’ [? error] (BMNH, 
London) [examined].— Cryion, Inp1a, InDoNEsIA (Buru); AUSTRALIA (Qld, ? Tasm.); 
2? TIMorR. : 

serena Walker, 1849 : 865 (Dexia). Neotype 2 (by designation of Crosskey, 1973a@:123), 

Inp1A: Maharashtra, Purandhar, nr Poona (BMNH, London) [examined]. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 183 


nitens Macquart, 1851 : 189 (216). Holotype 9, Inp1a (MNHN, Paris) [examined]. 
formosina Curran, 1930: 2. Holotype g, AustRaL1A (AMNH, New York) [examined]. 
angustigena Enderlein, 1936a : 403 (Chrysorutilia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1973a : 117), AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Herberton (MNHU, Berlin] [examined]. 
townsendi Crosskey, 1973a :59, 139 (replacement name for splendida Townsend, junior 
secondary homonym in Rutilia of splendida Donovan, 1805). — PHILIPPINES. 
splendida Townsend, 1927c : 282 (Philippoformosia). Holotype 2, PHILIPPINES: Nueva 
Viscaya, Imugin (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 
Undetermined sp. (nr rvubriceps but with yellow pleural hair).—INp1A (Assam, Himachal 
Pradesh, Madras). 


Tribe DOLESCHALLINI Brauer & Bergenstamm 


DOLESCHALLIDAE Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889: 80, 128. Type-genus: Doleschalla 
Walker, 186r. 


Genus DOLESCHALLA Walker 


Doleschalla Walker, 1861a:242. Type-species: Doleschalla cylindrica Walker, 1861, by 
monotypy. (NEw GUINEA). 

Rhaphis Wulp, 1885 : 199. Type-species: Rhaphis elongata Wulp, 1885, by monotypy. 

Doleschallopsis Townsend, 1933 : 459. Type-species: Doleschalla makilingensis Townsend, 
1928, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Macrosophia Townsend, 1933: 459. Type-species: Macrosophia papua Townsend, 1933, 
by original designation. 

[Torvocca Walker sensu authors (misidentification) }. 

Raphis. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Rhaphis Wulp. 

cylindrica Walker, 1861b : 260 (Dexia). Holotype 2 [not 3], Inponesia: Celebes, Manado 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — InDoNEs1a (Celebes). 

Malloch (19326 : 327) assigned Dexia cylindrica Walker to Doleschalla and pointed out 
that the specific name then became a homonym of Doleschalla cylindrica Walker. No 
new name is here proposed for the secondary homonym pending revision of the genus. 

elongata Wulp, 1885 : 200 (Ihaphis). Holotype g, CEvyLon (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined] — 
CreyYton, INp1a (Madras, Mysore), PHILIPPINES. 

makilingensis Townsend, 1928 : 381. Lectotype g (by present designation), PHILIPPINES: 
Luzon, Mt Makiling (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Biliran, Luzon, 
Negros). 

parallela Walker, 1861d : 19 (Dexia). Holotype 2 [not ¢], InponeEs1A: Moluccas, Ternate 
(BMNH, London) [examined].—INpDoneEs1A (Celebes, Moluccas), Maraysia (Sarawak), 
PHILIPPINES (Luzon). ; 

costatus Rondani, 1875 : 423 (Megistogaster) [examined by A. C. Pont for R.W.C.]. Holotype 

9, MaLaysia: Sarawak (MCSN, Genoa). Syn. n. 

The holotype of this nominal species was examined for me by Mr Adrian Pont in April, 
1966, and I am satisfied that the synonymy indicated is correct. 

tenuis Malloch, 1932b : 326. Holotype 3, Maraysia: Sabah, nr Sandakan, Bettotan (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — Maraysta (Sabah, Sarawak). 


Subfamily TACHININAE Robineau-Desvoidy 
TACHINARIAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 185. Type-genus: Tachina Meigen, 1803. 


184 Ro Wa CROSSKEY 


Tribe PALPOSTOMATINI Townsend 


PALPOSTOMATINI Townsend, 1925: 250. Type-genus: Palpostoma Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830. 


Genus EUTRIXOPSIS Townsend 


Eutrixopsis Townsend, 1919): 166. Type-species: Eutrixopsis javana Townsend, 1919, 
by original designation. 

Palpostomotrixa Townsend, 1927b : 277. Type-species: Palpostomotrixa pavadoxa Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. 

javana Townsend, 1919): 166. Holotype g, INDONESIA: Java, Ratoe, Pelaboean (USNM, 
Washington) [examined].— INDONESIA (Java), Maraysta (Labuan, Sabah); Korea, 
Japan. Introduced U.S.A. (not established). 

paradoxa Townsend, 1927) : 277 (Palpostomotrixa). Holotype 2, CEyLon: Colombo (DEI, 
Eberswalde). — CEYLON. 


Genus HAMAXIELLA Mesnil 


Hamazxiella Mesnil, 1967 : 51. Type-species: Hamaxiella brunnescens Mesnil, 1967, by original 
designation. 

brunnescens Mesnil, 1967 : 52. Holotype g, Cu1NA: nr Shanghai, Zi-ka-wei (coll. Mesnil). — 
CHINA. 


Genus PALPOSTOMA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Palpostoma Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 429. Type-species: Palpostoma testaceum Robineau- 
Desvoidy (as testacea), by monotypy. (AUSTRALIA). 
Hamaxia Walker, 1860b : 153. Type-species: Hamaxia incongrua Walker, 1860, by monotypy. 
(Motuccas). Syn. n. 
Opsophasiops Townsend, 1915): 22. Type-species: Myiophasia flava Coquillett, 1900, by 
original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 
Ochromeigenia Townsend, 1919a: 578. Type-species: Ochvomeigenia ovmioides Townsend, 
1919 [= Hamavxia incongrua Walker, 1860], by original designation. Syn. n. 
Pseudopalpostoma Townsend, 1926c : 533. Type-species: Palpostoma desvoidyi Aldrich, 
1922, by original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 
Hammaxia. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Hamaxia Walker (Brauer & Bergenstamm, 
1891 : 407 & 1893 : 231). 
incongruum Walker, 1860b : 153 (Hamaxiaincongrua). Holotype 2 [no abdomen], INDONESIA: 
Moluccas, Ambon (= Amboyna) (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.—Cuina (Fukien, 
Shantung), INDONESIA (Java, Moluccas, Sumatra), MALAysIA (Malaya, ? Sabah), ? INDIA; 
JAPAN, Korea; ? E. Arrica. Introduced U.S.A. (not established). 
ormioides Townsend, 1919a : 578. (Ochrvomeigenia). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Java, Mt 
Salak (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 
The synonymy of ormioides with incongruumhas been accepted for many years (Townsend, 
1938 : 216 and earlier references) but may not be correct. It appears likely that incongruum 
is a species-complex, as Malloch (19320 : 319) has suggested. 


Genus XANTHOOESTRUS Villeneuve 


Xanthooestvus Villeneuve, 1914 : 438. Type-species: Xanthooestrus fastuosus Villeneuve, 
1914, by monotypy. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 185 


fastuosus Villeneuve, 1914 : 440. Lectotype 3 (by present designation), Formosa: Toyen- 
mongai (CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. — FoRMosa. 
formosus Townsend, 1931a@ : 385. Lectotype 3 (by present designation), Formosa: Toyen- 
mongai (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — Formosa. 
Townsend (loc. cit. and 1938 : 269) cited a male specimen that stood in Villeneuve’s 
collection under the name X. forymosus and mentioned several of its morphological features. 
The name is therefore nomenclaturally available and attributes to Townsend, not Villeneuve. 


Genus ZAMIMUS Malloch 


Zamimus Malloch, 1932b : 319. Type-species: Zamimus pendleburyi Malloch, 1932, by original 
designation. 

pendleburyi Malloch, 1932b : 321. Holotype 9, Maraysia: Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, Lumu 
Lumu (BMNH, London) [examined]. —- MALAys1a (Sabah). 


Tribe ORMIINI Townsend 
ORMIINAE Townsend, 1915a@ : 53. Type-genus: Ovmia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus AULACEPHALA Macquart 


Aulacephala Macquart, 1851 : 139 (166). Type-species: Aulacephala maculithorvax Macquart, 
1851, by monotypy. (MADAGASCAR). 
Aulacocephala. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Aulacephala Macquart. 
hervei Bequaert, 1922 : 305. Holotype 9, JAPAN: Honshu, Yokohama district (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — Cu1na (nr Shanghai), INDONESIA (Sumatra); JAPAN. 
karnyi Malloch, 1925 : 147 (Aulacocephala). Holotype 3, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Wai Lima 
(not located). 


Genus HOMOTRIXA Villeneuve 


Homotrixa Villeneuve, 1914 : 437. Type-species: Homotrixa brevifacies Villeneuve, 1914, 
by monotypy. 

brevifacies Villeneuve, 1914 : 440. Holotype g, Formosa: Lake Candidius (destroyed: 
formerly in Budapest Museum). — FORMOSA. 


Genus PHASIOORMIA Townsend 


Phasioormia Townsend, 1933 : 447. Type-species: Phasitoormia pallida Townsend, 1933, 
by original designation. 

bicornis Malloch, 19326 : 313 (Ovmia). Holotype g, Mataysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.— Inpia (Assam), MaLaysia (Malaya). 

pallida Townsend, 1933 : 448. Holotype 9, SIncAPporE (BMNH, London) [examined]. — 
SINGAPORE. 


Genus THEROBIA Brauer 


Therobia Brauer, 1862 : 1231. Type-species: Tyvypoderma abdominalis Wiedemann, 1830, 
by monotypy. 

Xystomima Villeneuve, 1914 : 438. Type-species: Xistomima [sic] maculipennis Villeneuve, 
1914, by monotypy. (ZAIRE). 


186 RK; We CROSSKE Y 


Plesiooestrus Villeneuve, 1914 : 439. Type-species: Plesiooestrus albifacies Villeneuve, 1914, 
by monotypy. (ZAIRE). 

Therobiopsis Townsend, 1919b : 166. Type-species: Aulacephala braueri Kertesz, 1899, by 
original designation. (NEW GUINEA). 

Proxystomima Villeneuve, 1925: 51. Type-species: Pvoxystomima claripennis Villeneuve, 
1925 [= Plesiooestrus albifacies Villeneuve, 1914], by monotypy. (AFRICA). 

Orvmiominda Paramonov, 1955: 125. Type-species: Ovmiominda rieki Paramonov, 1955, 
by original designation. (AUSTRALIA). . 

abdominalis Wiedemann, 1830 : 260 (Trypoderma). Type(s) 2 [not g], Inp14; ‘Bengal’ (lost, 
formerly in NM, Vienna).—CHAGOS ARCHIPELAGO (Diego Garcia), INpD1A (‘Bengal’), 
MataysiA (Malaya); NEw Britain, SOLOMON ISLANDS, FIJI. 

For a note on the loss of the true type-material see Crosskey (1966a : 681). 
punctipennis Bezzi, 1928: 202. Holotype 9, Fiji: Viti Levu, Suva (BMNH, London) 

[examined]. 

composita Séguy, 1925 : 439 (Proxystomima). Holotype 9, ViETNAM: Annam, Phucson 
(MNHN, Paris) [examined]. Comb. n. — VIETNAM. 

bouviert Séguy, 1926 : 18 (Proxystomima). Holotype 9, VieTNAM: Annam, Phucson (MNHN, 

Paris) [examined]. Syn. n. 

vesiculifera Bezzi, 1928 : 203. Holotype 9, Fij1: Vanua Levu, Labasa [= Lambasa] (BMNH, 
London) [examined].—Maraysta (Malaya); SoLomon IsLANDs, FIJI, ? QUEENSLAND. 
(Probably = compostta). 

vulpes Séguy, 1948 :145 (Proxystomima). Holotype g, Cuina: nr Shanghai, Zi-ka-wei 
(MNHN, Paris) [examined]. Comb.n.—Cuina. (Probably the § of composita). 


Tribe GLAUROCARINI Townsend 
GLAUROCARINI Townsend, 1926¢ : 529. Type-genus: Glawrocava Thomson, 1869. 


Genus DODDIANA Curran 


Doddiana Curran, 1927¢ : 352. Type-species: Doddiana pallens Curran, 1927, by original 
designation. (AUSTRALIA). 
Semisuturia Malloch, 1927a : 339. Type-species: Semisuturia australis Malloch, 1927, by 
original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 
mellea Wiedemann, 1824 : 46 (Tachina). Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Java (UZM, Copenhagen) 
[examined].— INDONESIA (Celebes, Java), MaAtaysia (Malaya), PHILIPPINES (Negros), 
SINGAPORE. Introduced Mauritius (not established). 
progvessa Walker, 1859b : 128 (Eurygaster). Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Celebes, Makassar 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. 
hyalipennis Malloch, 1927a : 341 (Semisuturia). Holotype g, SINGAPORE (USNM, Washing- 
ton, ex coll. Malloch) [examined]. 

The holotype of this nominal species was for many years in BMNH, London, and was 
recorded as there by Crosskey (1962 : 683). In 1967 it was found that the USNM had 
title to the specimen, and it was transferred to Washington. 

tvianguliferva Malloch, 1927a : 341 (Semisuturia). Holotype g, PHILIPPINES: Negros, Cuernos 
Mts (USNM, Washington, ex coll. Malloch) [examined]. 
pahangensis Malloch, 1927a : 341 (Semisuturia). Holotype 2, Maraysta: Malaya, Pahang, 
Gunong Tahan (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Marays1a (Malaya). 
robusta Wulp, 1881 : 40 (Myobia). Holotype 2, InDoNEsIA: Sumatra, Alahan Pandjang 
(RMNH, Leiden) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra). 
sumatrana Malloch, 1927b : 422 (Semisuturia). Holotype 9, INDoNEsIA: Sumatra, Fort de 
Kock (BMNH, London) [examined]. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 187 


Genus GLAUROCARA Thomson 


Glaurocava Thomson, 1869 : 518. Type-species: Glawrocara flava Thomson, 1869, by monotypy. 
(MauRITIUs). 

Oestrocharis Villeneuve, 1927a: 118. Type-species: Oestrocharis lutescens Villeneuve, 1927 
[= Glaurocara flava Thomson, 1869}, by monotypy. (SouTH AFRICA). 

Oestrocara Townsend, 1935: 104. Type-species: Semisuturia nitidiventris Malloch, 1927, 
by original designation. 

flavicornis Malloch, 1927a : 341 (Semisuturia). Holotype g, SINGAPORE (USNM, Washington, 
ex coll. Malloch) [examined]. — SINGAPORE. 

nigricornis Malloch, 1927a@ : 341 (Semisuturia). Holotype 2, Maraysia: Malaya, Pahang, 
Gunong Tahan Padang (BMNH, London) [examined]. —- INDONESIA (Sumatra), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya). 

nitidiventris Malloch, 1927a : 341 (Semisuturia). Holotype 3, Maraysta: Malaya, Pahang, 
Lubok Tamang (BMNH, London) [examined]. — MALtaysia (Malaya). 

punctigera Malloch, 1933 : 135 (Doddiana). Holotype g, Mataysia: Sabah, nr Sandakan, 
Bettotan (BMNH, London) [examined]. —- MALaysia (Sabah). 


Tribe CAMPYLOCHETINI Townsend 


CAMPYLOCHETINI Townsend, 1936a : 21, 23, 229. Type-genus: Campylocheta Rondani, 
1859. 


Genus ELPE Robineau-Desvoidy 


Elpe Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1) : 488. Type-species: Tachina inepta Meigen, 1824, by 
original designation. (GERMANY). 

Hypochaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 93 (25). Type-species: Hypochaeta longicornis 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 [= Tachina inepta Meigen, 1824], by original designation 
and monotypy. [The name longicornis as used by Brauer & Bergenstamm takes their 
authorship under Article 70 (b) (i) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 
Fixation of the type-species of Hypochaeta is then by original designation as a ‘gen. n., 
sp. n.’ situation under Article 68 (a) (i) of the Code.) 

Euhypochaetopsis Townsend, 1928 : 394. Type-species: Euhypochaetopsis orientalis Townsend, 
1928, by original designation. Syn. n. 

albiceps Macquart, 1851 : 175 (202) (Degeeria). Holotype 9, INDONEsIA: Java (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. Comb. n.— INDONEsIA (Java), MALAysIA (Malaya). 

cinereofrons Malloch, 1930c¢ : 149 (Hyvpochaetopsis). Holotype 3g, Mavaysia: Malaya, Selangor, 
Bukit Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn. n. 

atripes Malloch, 1935d : 682 (Hypochaeta). Holotype g, Mataysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit 
Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn. n, 

albipes. Incorrect subsequent spelling of albiceps Macquart (Bigot, 1892 : 182). 

angustifrons Mesnil, 1952b:8 (Frivaldszkia). Holotype ¢, InpIA: Kerala, Travancore, 

Naduvathumuzhi (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.-—Inp1a (Kerala). (Possibly 
=ortentalis). 

malaisei Mesnil, 1953c : 146 (Frivaldzkia). Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n.— Burma. 

orientalis Townsend, 1928 : 394 (Euhypochaetopsis). Holotype 3, PuiLippines: Luzon, 
Benguet, Baguio (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n.-— PHILIPPINES (Luzon, 
Tawi Tawi). 


Tribe VORIINI Townsend 
VORIINI Townsend, 1912 : 50. Type-genus: Voria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. 


188 RW GROSSIKE Vi 


Genus HYLEORUS Aldrich 


Hyleovus Aldrich, 1926a: 16. Type-species: Hyleorus furcatus Aldrich, 1926, by monotypy. 
(AUSTRALIA). 

Steiniomyia Townsend, 1932 : 54. . Type-species: Plagia elata Meigen, 1838, by original designa- 
tion. (EUROPE). 

Neuroplagia Townsend, 1933: 479. Type-species: Plagia nudinerva Villeneuve, 1920, by 
original designation. (SPAIN). 

Afroplagia Curran, 1938a:6. Type-species: Afroplagia fasciata Curran, 1938, by original 
designation. (SouTH AFRICA). 
elatus Meigen, 1838 : 201 (Plagia). Syntypes g 2, Europe (prob. GERMANY) (MNHN, Paris). — 

Cuina (Fukien, Kwangtung); widespread Eurasia, JAPAN. 
takanoi Mesnil, 1963 : 48 (Steiniomyia). Holotype 2, JAPAN: Honshu, Osaka, Hiyakata 
(? depository). — PHILIPPINES; JAPAN. 

Crosskey (19730 : 62), in the key to voriine genera, referred to an undescribed species 
of Hyleorus from Philippines. The specimen from Tawi Tawi, Philippines, forming the 
basis of this statement (belonging to UZM, Copenhagen) has been re-examined. It has 
the propleuron haired, and is probably not an undescribed species but a specimen of 
H. takanov. 


Genus HYSTRICOVORIA Townsend 


Hystricovoria Townsend, 1928 : 395. Type-species: Hystvicovoria bakevt Townsend, 1928, 
by original designation. 
Afrovoria Curran, 1938a:5. Type-species: Afrovoria munroi Curran, 1938 [= Hystricovoria 
bakeri Townsend, 1928], by original designation. (SoutTH AFRIcA). Syn. n. 
Anavoria Mesnil, 1953c : 170 (as subg. of Voria). Type-species: Vovia (Anavoria) indica 
Mesnil, 1953 [= Hystricovoria bakevi Townsend, 1928], by original designation. 
bakeri Townsend, 1928 : 395. Holotype g, PuHiLippines: Luzon, Mt Makiling (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. — INp1A (Gujarat, Madras, Uttar Pradesh), PHILIPPINES (Luzon, 
Mindanao, Palawan); ETHIOPIAN REGION; ? Western AUSTRALIA. 
munrot Curran, 1938a : 6 (Afrovoria). Holotype g, SoutH Arrica: Transvaal, Barberton 
(SAM, Cape Town). Syn. n. 
indica Mesnil, 1953¢ : 170 (Voria). Holotype 2, Inpta: Uttar Pradesh, Dehra Dun, (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. Syn. n. 


Genus VORIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Voria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 195. Type-species: Voria latifyrons Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Tachina ruralis Fallén, 1810], by monotypy. (EUROPE). 
Plagia Meigen, 1838 : 201. Type-species: Tachina verticalis Meigen, 1824 [= Tachina ruralis 
Fallén, 1810], by subsequent designation of Rondani (1856 : 69). (EUROPE). 
ruralis Fallén, 1810 : 265 (Tachina). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 19735 : 163), 
SWEDEN: Skane, Esper6dd (NR, Stockholm) [examined].— Formosa, Inp1a (Assam, 
Gujarat, Kashmir, Mysore, Uttar Pradesh), NEPAL, PAKISTAN; widespread EURASIA 
(including Britain), JAPAN, NEw GuINeEA, AUSTRALIA, NortH AMERICA, MEXICO, SOUTH 
AMERICA, ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
edentata Baranov, 1932a : 83. Holotype 3, Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (not located, 
possibly lost: formerly DEI, Eberswalde). Syn. n. 
For discussion of the synonymy of edentata with ruralis see p. 67. 
ciliata d’Aguilar, 1957: 261 (as ssp. of vuvalis). Holotype g, CHINA: Szechwan, Suifu 
(USNM, Washington). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 189 


Tribe WAGNERIINI Mesnil 
WAGNERIINA Mesnil, 1939a : 42. Type-genus: Wagneria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus PERISCEPSIA Gistl 


Scopolia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 268. Type-species: Musca carbonaria Panzer, 1798, 
by subsequent designation of Zetterstedt (1844 : 1239). [Junior homonym of Scopolia 
Hiibner, 1825.] (EUROPE). 

Periscepsia Gistl, 1848 : x. [Replacement name for Scopolia Robineau-Desvoidy. | 

Phoricheta Rondani, 1861 : 8. [Replacement name for Scopolia Robineau-Desvoidy. } 

Prophorichaeta Townsend, 1928 : 390. Type-species: Prophorichaeta philippina Townsend, 
1928, by original designation. Syn. n. 

[Wagneria Robineau-Desvoidy sensu authors (misidentification under present generic concepts) ] 

carbonaria Panzer, 1798 : 15 (Musca). Type(s), AusTRIA (lost). — INDIA (Himachal Pradesh, 
Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh), PAkisTAN; widespread Europe, MIppLEe East, 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 

Van Emden (1960 : 336) cited Germany as type-locality of this species, but Austria 
is stated in Panzer’s description. 

Ffressa Villeneuve, 1937a : 14 (Wagneria). Holotype 2, CHINA: Szechwan-Tibet border, Wa-Hu 
pass (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n. — Cuina (Szechwan-Tibet). 

misella Villeneuve, 1937a : 13 (Wagneria). Holotype 9, CHINA: Szechwan, Mt Omei (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. Comb. n, — Cuina (Szechwan). 

philippina Townsend, 1928 : 390 (Prophorichaeta). Holotype 9, PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Benguet, 
Baguio (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n. — PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 


Genus PETEINA Meigen 


Peteina Meigen, 1838 : 214. Type-species: Musca evinaceus Fabricius, 1796, by monotypy. 
(EUROPE). 

hyperdiscalis Aldrich, 1926b : 19. Holotype g, Cu1Na: Szechwan, nr Tatsienlu, west of Chetu 
Pass (USNM, Washington) [examined].—Cuina (Szechwan, Tibet), NEPAL. (Probably 
= evinaceus). 


Tribe PHYLLOMYINI Mesnil 


PHYLLOMYINA Mesnil, 1939a: 49. Type-genus: Phyllomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. 
[Possibly not the earliest use of a family-group name based on Phyllomya. | 


Genus GIBSONOMYIA Curran 


Gibsonomyia Curran, 1925 : 281. Type-species: Gibsonomyia nigricosta Curran, 1925[= Morinia 
washingtoniana Bigot, 1888], by original designation. (NORTH AMERICA). 

annularis Villeneuve, 1937a : 9 (Macquartia). Lectotype ¢ (by present designation), CHINA: 
Szechwan (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — Cu1na (Szechwan, Tibet). 

gymnops Villeneuve, 1937a : 7 (Macquartia). Lectotype ¢ (by present designation), CHINA: 
Szechwan-Tibet border, Tatsienlu (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — CuHina (Szechwan- 
Tibet). 


Genus METOPOMINTHO Townsend 


Metopomintho Townsend, 1927) : 283. Type-species: Metopomintho sauteyi Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. 


190 RW. CROSSKEY: 


pubiseta Mesnil, 1953c : 170 (Hypostena). Holotype 3, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n. — BurMaA. 

sauteri Townsend, 1927b : 284. Holotype g, Formosa: Hoozan (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
— Formosa. 


Genus PHYLLOMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Phyllomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 213. Type-species: Musca volvulus Fabricius, 1794, 
by monotypy. (EUROPE). 

Phyllomyia. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Phyllomya Robineau-Desvoidy. 

Dexia Meigen, 1826. [Valid name for this genus having priority over Phyllomya if Westwood’s 
(1840) type-designation for Dexia accepted: here rejected pending suspension of ICZN 
rules, see discussion on p. 45.] 

elegans Villeneuve, 1937a : 13. Lectotype 9 (by present designation), CH1nA: Szechwan, Mt 
Omei (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — CH1na (Szechwan); JAPAN. 

Recorded from Japan by Mesnil (1957 : 71) but record possibly refers to P. takanot 
Mesnil described later (Mesnil, 1970b : 119). 

gibsonomyioides Crosskey, 1976 (present work): 73. Holotype 3, Inp1A (BMNH, London) 

fexamined]. — Inp1a (Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal). 


Tribe THELAIRINI Lioy 
THELAREINI Lioy, 1864b : 65. Type-genus: Thelaiva Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus ACTINOCHAETOPTERYX Townsend 


Actinochaetopteryx Townsend, 1927b : 277. Type-species: Actinochaetopteryx actifera Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. 

actifera Townsend, 1927b:278. Holotype g, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, Eberswalde) 
[examined]. — FoRMosA. 

nubifera Malloch, 1935b : 330. Holotype 2 [no abdomen], Mataysia: Malaya, Selangor, 
Bukit Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya). 

nudibasis Malloch, 1935) : 329. Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Perak, Batang Padang, 
Jor Camp (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya). 

nudinerva Mesnil, 1953c : 160. Holotype g, PHiL1ppines: Luzon, Banahao (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 


Genus ALLOTHELAIRA Villeneuve 


Allothelaiva Villeneuve, 1915) : 226. Type-species: Allothelaiva diaphana Villeneuve, 1915, 
by monotypy. (West AFRICA). 

Sisyrvopododexia Townsend, 1927c : 281. Type-species: Sisyropododexia luteicornis Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. 

luteicornis Townsend, 1927c : 282. Lectotype ¢ (by fixation of Townsend, 19396 : 15), 
PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Surigao (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Min- 
danao). (Possibly = analis Walker). 


Genus HALYDAIA Egger 


Halydaia Egger, 1856 : 383. Type-species: Halydaia aurea Egger, 1856, by subsequent 
designation of Brauer (1893 : 498). (AUSTRIA). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION IgI 


Anaperistommyia Townsend, 1926a:15. Type-species: Anaperistommyia optica Townsend, 
1926 [= Gymnostylia luteicornis Walker, 1861], by original designation. 
Macropia Malloch, 1930a : 322. Type-species: Macropia rufiventris Malloch, 1930, by original 
designation. (AUSTRALIA). 
Halidaya. : Incorrect subsequent spelling of Halydaia Egger, 1856 (under current Articles 
of ICZN Code). {Not Halidaya Rondani, 1856 (Sepsidae).} 
luteicornis Walker, 1861d : 10 (Gymnostylia). Holotype 3 [not 9], INDoNeEsIA: Moluccas, 
Halmahera (=Gilolo) (BMNH, London) [examined].—- CEYLON, CHINA (Fukien), INDIA 
(Madras, Mysore, West Bengal), INDONESIA (Java, Moluccas, Sumatra), Laos, MALAYSIA 
(Malaya), Nepat, Ryukyu IsLaNnpDs, THAILAND; NEw GuINEA, BISMARCK ISLANDs, 
SocLtomon IsLaNnpDs. 
optica Townsend, 1926a : 16 (Anaperistommyia). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort 
de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Syn. n. 
Crosskey (1969) inadvertently omitted A naperistommyia optica from his list of Townsend’s 
types of Indonesian Tachinidae in the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. 


Genus POLYGASTROPTERYX Mesnil 


Polygastropteryx Mesnil, 1953c : 161. Type-species: Polygastropteryx bicoloripes Mesnil, 1953, 
by monotypy. 
bicoloripes Mesnil, 1953c : 161. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — Burma, Inp1A (West Bengal). 
setinervis Mesnil, 1957 : 71 (Zambesa). Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki). Syn. n. 


Genus PROSHELIOMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Prosheliomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 375 (71). Type-species: Prosheliomyia nietneri 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, by original designation and monotypy. 

Halidayopsis Townsend, 1927b : 282. Type-species: Halidayopsis formosensis Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Medinacemyia Townsend, 1928 : 377. Type-species: Medinacemyia sibuyana Townsend, 
1928, by original designation. 

brevinervis Malloch, 1935c : 594 (Medinacemyia). WHolotype g, MALaysia: Malaya, Selangor, 
Bukit Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. —- Maraysia (Malaya). (Probably = nietneri). 

formosensis Townsend, 1927b : 282 (Halidayopsis). Lectotype 2 (by fixation of Townsend, 
1939) : 260), Formosa: Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [paralectotypes examined]. Comb, n. — 
ForMoSA. 

This species was described from 10 ¢ and 9 9 syntypes, all from Kankau. Townsend 
(19390 : 260) cited the single 2? syntype in DEI as ‘Ht’ and this is accepted as valid lectotype 
fixation, although it is a very borderline case. BMNH collection contains 1 2 paralectotype, 
USNM contains 1 g, 1 9 syntypes, and other syntypes are in CNC (ex coll. Mesnil). Not 
all the syntypes have been located. 

nietneri Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 375 (71). Lectotype g¢ (by present designation), 
CEYLON: Rambodde (NM, Vienna) [examined]. — CEYLon. 

sibuyana Townsend, 1928 : 377 (Medinacemyia). Holotype gf, PHILippines: Sibuyan Island 
(USNM, Washington) [examined]. — PHILipPINeEs (Sibuyan). 


Genus THELAIRA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Thelaiva WRobineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 214. Type-species: Thelaiva abdominalis Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830 [= Musca solivagus Harris, 1776], by subsequent designation of Townsend 


192 R. W. CROSSKEY 


(1916a : 9). (EUROPE). [abdominalis has until recently been considered a synonym of 
nigvipes Fabricius, 1794, but this is no longer considered correct (Mesnil, 1975a).] 

Ochropleurum Macquart, 1851 : 184 (211) (as Ochroplevrum). Type-species: Ochroplevrum 
javanum Macquart, 1851 [= Dexia macropus Wiedemann, 1830], by monotypy. 

ghanii Mesnil, 1968a : 186. Holotype $, PAkKisTAN: Murree (coll. Mesnil). —- PAKISTAN. 

macropus Wiedemann, 1830 : 375 (Dexia). Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Java (RMNH, Leiden) 
{examined].— BurMA, INnp1A (Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, West Bengal), 
INDONESIA (Java, ? Sumatra), Maraysia (Malaya), THAILAND, ? CEYLON; NEw GUINEA. 

javanum Macquart, 1851 : 185 (212) (Ochvoplevrum). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Java (BMNH, 

London) [examined]. 

nigripes Fabricius, 1794 : 319 (Musca). Holotype ¢ [no head, no legs, no genitalia], GERMANY 
(UZM, Copenhagen) [examined by Mesnil, viii.1973].— CHINA (Shanghai); widespread 
Europe (including BriTAIN), northern Asia, JAPAN. 

sumatrana Townsend, 1927a:58. Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 1969 : 102), 
INDONESIA: Sumatra, Haran Kloof (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. —- INDONESIA (Sumatra). 
(Probably = macropus). 

Undetermined sp. (probably undescribed). — INDONESIA (Java). 


Genus THRYPTODEXIA Malloch 


Thryptodexia Malloch, 1926 : 509. Type-species: Thryptodexia polita Malloch, 1926, by original 
designation. 

polita Malloch, 1926: 509. Holotype 9, PuiLippines: Luzon, Laguna Province, Los Bafios 
(USNM, Washington) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 


Genus TOROCCA Walker 


Torocca Walker, 1859b : 131. Type-species: Tovocca abdominalis Walker, 1859, by monotypy. 

Eutorocca Townsend, 1919a: 554. Type-species: Eutovocca fasciata Townsend, 1919, by 
original designation. 

Prosophia Townsend, 1927a : 58. Type-species: Prosophia kloofia Townsend, 1927, by original 
designation. 

Toroca. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Tovocca Walker (Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 : 238). 

abdominalis Walker, 1859): 131. Holotype g [not 9], INDoNeEsIA: Celebes, Makassar 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — InponesIA (Celebes). 

fasciata Townsend, 1919a : 554 (Eutorocca). Holotype g, CrEyLon: Peradeniya (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. — CEYLON. 

kloofia Townsend, 1927a : 58 (Prosophia). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Anai Kloof 
(ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. —- INDONESIA (Sumatra). (Probably = fasciata). 

For many years the holotype of this species stood in the USNM collection. It was 
recorded as in that collection by Crosskey (1963¢ : 133). In 1969 it was discovered that 
the specimen rightfully belonged in ZM, Amsterdam, to which it was returned and in 
which it is now lodged (Crosskey, 1969 : 99). 

munda Walker, 1856b : 126 (Dexia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Sarawak (BMNH, London) 
[examined].—INp1a (Assam, Kerala), INDONESIA (Borneo, Java, Sumatra), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya, Sarawak, Sabah), THAILAND, VIETNAM (SOUTH); JAPAN (Mesnil, 1975 : 1348). 


Genus XANTHOPTEROMYIA Townsend 


Xanthopteromyia Townsend, 1926a: 24. Type-species: Xanthopteromyia tegulata Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 193 


Proparathelaiva Townsend, 1928 : 378. Type-species: Proparathelaiva plumosa Townsend, 
1928, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Proparathelava. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Proparathelaiva Townsend (Malloch, 1935¢ : 
596). 

plumosa Townsend, 1928 : 378 (Proparathelaiva). Holotype 9, PuHrILipPprnEs: Luzon, Mt 
Makiling (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n. — PHiLipPINEs (Luzon). 

tegulata Townsend, 1926a : 25 (Xanthoteromyia, siclapsus). Holotype 3, INDONEsIA: Sumatra, 
Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra). 


Genus ZAMBESA Walker 


Zambesa Walker, 1856a : 21. Type-species: Zambesa ocypteroides Walker, 1856, by monotypy. 
Zambesopsis Townsend, 1933: 451. Type-species: Zambesa claripalpis Villeneuve, 1926, 
by original designation. 
Zambeza. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Zambesa Walker (Bigot, 1892 : 183). 
claripalpis Villeneuve, 1926b: 272. Syntypes ¢ 9, Formosa: Koshun (CNC, Ottawa & 
BMNH, London) [examined]. — Formosa, MALAysIA (Malaya, Sabah). 
formosensis Townsend, 1927) : 286. Syntypes 5g, 6 9, Formosa: Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde 
& EEAM, Lima). 
fulvipalpis Malloch, 1932b : 329. Holotype g, MataysiA: Sabah, Bettotan, nr Sandakan 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. 
ocypteroides Walker, 1856a : 21. Holotype 3, SINGAPORE (BMNH, London) [examined]. — 
Maraysia (Malaya, Sabah), PHILIPPINES (Luzon), SINGAPORE. 
makilingensis Townsend, 1928 : 387. Lectotype 2 (by present designation), PHILIPPINES: 
Luzon, Mt Makiling (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 


Tribe MICROPHTHALMINI Mesnil 


DEXIOSOMINA Mesnil, 19394 : 53. Type-genus: Dexiosoma Rondani, 1856. 
MICROPHTHALMINA Mesnil, 1966 : 893. Type-genus: Microphthalma Macquart, 1843. 


Genus DEXIOSOMA Rondani 


Dexiosoma Rondani, 1856: 85. Type-species: Musca canina Fabricius, 1781, by original 
designation. 

Eodexiosoma Townsend, 1926a:15. Type-species: Eodexiosoma sumatrense Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. Syn. n. 

aristatum Mesnil, 1970b : 118. Holotype 9, INDIA: West Bengal, Kurseong (coll. Mesnil) 
[examined]. — INp1A (Madras, West Bengal). 

lineatum Mesnil, 1970b : 118. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMA. 

sumatrense Townsend, 1926a : 15 (Eodexiosoma). Lectotype 2 (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 94), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Gunung Singgalang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
Comb. n. — INDONESIA (Sumatra), MALAysIA (Malaya). 

Undetermined sp. (? swmatrense variant). — INDONESIA (Java). 


Genus MICROPHTHALMA Macquart 


Microphthalma Macquart, 1843 : 241 (84). Type-species: Microphthalma nigra Macquart 
1843 [= Tachina disjuncta (as disiuncta) Wiedemann, 1824], by original designation, 
(NortH AMERICA). 


194 : R. W. CROSSKEY 


europaea Egger, 1860 : 801. Syntypes g 9, AUSTRIA, FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALy (? NM, 
Vienna). —‘Inp1A’ (? India or Pakistan); widespread EuroPE and MIppLE East. Intro- 
duced U.S.A., NEw ZEALAND and PaciFic ISLANDs (not established). 

The BMNH collection contains a specimen of M. europaea collected at Gima in ‘India’ 
in 1921. The locality has not been traced and could be either in Pakistan or in India 
in the modern sense. é : 

Undetermined sp. (probably sp. n.). - CEYLON, INDONESIA (Celebes, Flores, Lombok, Timor); 
ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
[europaea Egger sensu authors (Ethiopian Region) ]} 


Tribe GERMARIOCHAETINI Mesnil 
GERMARIOCHAETINA Mesnil, 1966 : 885. Type-genus: Geymariochaeta Villeneuve, 1937. 


Genus GERMARIOCHAETA Villeneuve 


Geyrmariochaeta Villeneuve, 19374: 5. Type-species: Geymariochaeta clavata Villeneuve, 1937. 
by monotypy. 

clavata Villeneuve, 1937a:7. Holotype 9, CHINA: Kiangsu, Su-chou (= Soochow) (CNC, 
Ottawa) [examined]. — Curna (Fukien, Heilungkiang = Manchuria, Hopei, Kiangsu). 


Genus LOPHOSIOSOMA Mesnil 


Lophosiosoma Mesnil, 1973b : 1212. Type-species: Lophosiosoma bicornis Mesnil, 1973, by 
original designation. 

bicornis Mesnil, 1973b : 1212. Holotype 3, Formosa: Mt Hoozan (coll. Mesnil) [examined]. — 
FORMOSA. 

javanum Crosskey, 1976 (present work) : 82. Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Java, Pangrango 
(BMNH, London) [examined] — INDoNEsIA (Java). 

obliteratum Crosskey, 1976 (present work) : 83. Holotype ¢, Inp1A: West Bengal, Calcutta 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1A (West Bengal). 

rufofemoratum Crosskey, 1976 (present work) : 83. Holotype 2, Inp1A: Himachal Pradesh, 
Simla (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1a (Himachal Pradesh). 


Tribe ELOCERIINI Mesnil 


HELOCERINA Mesnil, 1939a : 43. Type-genus: Eloceria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (= Helo- 
ceva Mik, 1883, emend.). 


Genus ELOCERIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Eloceria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1) : 702. Type-species: Eloceria macrocera Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1863 [= Tachina delecta Meigen, 1824], by original designation. (EUROPE). 

Helocera Mik, 1883 : 184. [Unjustified emendation of Eloceria Robineau-Desvoidy.]} 

angustifrons Mesnil, 1953¢ : 152 (Helocera). Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki) [examined]. — BuRMA. 


Genus TRICHACTIA Stein 


Trichaeta Becker, 1908 : 118. Type-species: Tvichaeta nubilinervis Becker, 1908, by monotypy. 
(Canary ISLANDS). [Junior homonym of Tvichaeta Swinhoe, 1892.] 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 195 


Trichactia Stein, 1924 : 138. Type-species: Thryptoceva securicornis Egger sensu Strobl (mis- 
identification) [= Tachina pictiventris Zetterstedt, 1855], by monotypy. (EUROPE). 
Undescribed sp. — Inp1a (Himachal Pradesh). 


Tribe MACQUARTIINI Robineau-Desvoidy 


MACQUARTIDAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 203. Type-genus: Macquartia Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus MACQUARTIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Macquartia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 204. Type-species: Macquartia rubripes Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830 [= Tachina dispar Fallén, 1820], by subsequent designation of Townsend 
(1916a : 7). (EUROPE). 

macularis Villeneuve, 1926a : 190. Syntypes 1 g, Tunisia (? NM, Vienna) & 1 9, ALBANIA: 
Pashtrik (Villeneuve coll., IRSNB, Brussels). — Cutna (Szechwan); ALBANIA, SWITZERLAND; 
Morocco, Tunisia. 

According to the original description the male syntype should be in Vienna. This has 
not been checked for the present work as insufficiently relevant. The female syntype 
has recently been found by Mr A. C. Pont in Villeneuve’s collection at Brussels; it bears 
Villeneuve’s type label and a label reading ‘Alban, Exped., Pashtrik 1918, 29.v—4.vi.’. 

tessellum Meigen, 1824 : 267 (Tachina). Holotype 9, ? GERMANY (MNHN, Paris) [examined 
by Herting]. — Inp1A (Himachal Pradesh); widespread Europe, NorTH AFRICA. 


Tribe MINTHOINI Brauer & Bergenstamm 


MINTHOIDAE Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889: 78 (10). Type-genus: Mintho Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus AUSTROPHASIOPSIS Townsend 


Austrophasiopsis Townsend, 1933 : 448. Type-species: Austrophasiopsis formosensis Townsend, 
1933, by original designation. 
Kosempomyiella Baranov, 1934f: 165. Type-species: Kosempomyiella rufiventris Baranov, 
1934 [= Austrophasiopsis formosensis Townsend, 1933], by original designation. 
formosensis Townsend, 1933 : 449. Holotype 2, Formosa: Kosempo (DEI, Eberswalde) 
[paratypes examined].— Formosa; ? MALAYA. 
vufientris Baranov, 1934f : 165 (Kosempomyiella). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky 
& Crosskey, 1969 : 46), Formosa (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
sauteyi Baranov, 1934f:165 (Kosempomyia). [Manuscript name cited as a synonym, 
unavailable]. 
luteipennis Mesnil, 1953c : 162. Holotype g, Puirippines: Mt Isarog (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — PHILIPPINES. 


Genus DOLICHOCOXYS Townsend 


Dolichocoxys Townsend, 1927a: 57. Type-species: Dolichocoxys femovalis Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. 

femoralis Townsend, 1927a :57. Holotype 3g, INDoNnEsIA: Sumatra, Tandjunggadang (ZM, 
Amsterdam) [examined]. - Burma, INDoNnEsIA (Sumatra). 

Undetermined sp. (? sp. n.). —- Burma, Inpta (Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal). 


196 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Genus DOLICHOPODOMINTHO Townsend 


Dolichopodomintho Townsend, 1927b : 278. Type-species: Dolichopodomintho dolichopiformis 
Townsend, 1927, by original designation. 
dolichopiformis Townsend, 1927) : 278. Lectotype 2 (by present designation), Formosa: 
Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. —- BurMA, CHINA (Fukien), Formosa. 
malaisei Mesnil, 1957:62. Holotype 9, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. Syn. n. 
Undescribed sp. — CEYLON. 


Genus MEGISTOGASTROPSIS Townsend 


Megistogastropsis Townsend, 1916¢:178. Type-species: Megistogastey wallace: Brauer & Bergen- 
stamm, 1889 [= Dexia alulifera Walker, 1860], by original designation. (MoLuccas). 
Undetermined sp. (? alulifera Walker). - Maraysia (Malaya). 


Genus MELANASOMYIA Malloch 


Melanasomyia Malloch, 1935d : 676. Type-species: Malanasomyia flavipalpis Malloch, 1935, 
by original designation. 

Nothypostena Mesnil, 1957 : 63. Type-species: Nothypostena abervans Mesnil, 1957, by mono- 
typy. Syn. n. 

aberrans Mesnil, 1957 : 63 (Nothypostena). Holotype 2, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n.— Burma. 

flavipalpis Malloch, 1935d :676. Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysta (Malaya). 


Genus PROMINTHO Townsend 


Promintho Townsend, 1926a : 23. Type-species: Pyomintho sungayana Townsend, 1926, 
by original designation. 

sungayana Townsend, 1926a:24. Holotype 2 [no head], INDONESIA: Sumatra, Sungai 
Kumbang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONEsIA (Sumatra). 


Genus SUMPIGASTER Macquart 


Sumpigaster Macquart, 1855: 124 (104). Type-species: Sumpigaster fasciatus Macquart, 
1855, by monotypy. (AUSTRALIA). 

Eomintho Townsend, 1926c : 531. Type-species: Eomintho equatorialis Townsend, 1926, 
by original designation. 

Stenodexiopsis Townsend, 1926a:17. Type-species: Stenodexiopsis sumatrensis Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Tachinodexia Townsend, 1933 : 457. Type-species: Tachina flavipennis Wiedemann, 1824, 
by original designation. 

bicoloripes Malloch, 19356 : 332 (Promintho). Holotype 9, Maraysia: Malaya, Kedah, 
Kedah Peak (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.-—Matraysia (Malaya). (Probably 
= flavipennis). 

equatorialis Townsend, 1926c : 533 (Eomintho). Lectotype 9 (by fixation of Townsend, 
19390 : 184), SINGAPORE (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — SINGAPORE. 

flavipennis Wiedemann, 1824: 44 (Tachina). Neotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1966a :671), ‘INDIA OrteNT.’ (UZM, Copenhagen) [examined].—Cryton, Inp1a, ? 
BURMA. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 197 


formosensis Baranov in Hennig, 1941 : 190. Nomen nudum (no later validation). 

plumicornis Mesnil, 1957 : 62 (Mintho). Holotype 9, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n.— Burma, INnpiA (Andhra Pradesh, Punjab), Laos. 
(Probably = flavipennis, see Mesnil, 1970b : 122). 

subcompressa Walker, 1852 : 313 (Dexia). Holotype g, INDIA (publ. ‘East Indies’) (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — Inp1A (Assam, Himachal Pradesh), NEPAL. 

sumatrensis Townsend, 1926a:24. Lectotype 2 (by present designation), INDONESIA: 
Sumatra, Gunung Teleman (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDoNEs1IA (Sumatra), VIETNAM 
(NorTH); JAPAN. 

sumatrensis Townsend, 1926a : 18 (Stenodexiopsis). Holotype 3, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Gunung 
Singgalang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra). 

S. sumatrensis (Townsend), described in Stenodexiopsis, is a secondary homonym of S. 

sumatrensis Townsend, originally described in Sumpigastery. No new name is proposed 
pending comprehensive revision of the genus. 


Tribe NEMORAEINI Robineau-Desvoidy 


NEMOREIDAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1): 171. Type-genus: Nemoraea Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus NEMORAEA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Nemoraea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 71. Type-species: Nemoraea bombylans Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830 [= Tachina pellucida Meigen, 1824}, by subsequent designation of Town- 
send (1916a : 8). (EUROPE). 

Dexiomima Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894 : 615 (79). Type-species: Dexiomima javana Brauer 
& Bergenstamm, 1894, by monotypy. 

Chaetolydella Villeneuve, 1916 : 488. Type-species: Chaetolydella natalensis Villeneuve, 1916, 
by monotypy. (SoutTH AFRICA). 

Oxyrutilia Townsend, 1926a : 30. Type-species: Oxyrutiliajacobsoni Townsend, 1926[= Rutilia 
angustecarinata Macquart, 1848], by original designation. 

Prohypotachina Townsend, 1933 : 464. Type-species: Prohypotachina rutilioides Townsend, 
1933, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Protonemoraea Baranov, 1935a : 556. Type-species: Pyrotonemoraea japanica Baranov, 1935, 
by original designation. (JAPAN). 

Kinabaluia Malloch, 1935d : 683. Type-species: Kinabaluia viridifulua Malloch, 1935, by 
original designation. Syn. n. 

Echinemoraea Mesnil, 1971b : 987. Type-species: Nemoraea echinata Mesnil, 1953, by original 
designation. Syn. n. 

angustecarinata Macquart, 1848 : 211 (51) (Rutilia). Holotype g, Inpones1a: Java (IRSNB, 
Brussels, ex Municipal Mus., Tournai) [examined]. Comb.n.— INDONESIA (Java, 
Sumatra). 

bicoloy Macquart, 1851 : 155 (182) (Nemoroea sic). Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Java (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. Syn. n. 

tropidobothva Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 361 (57). Lectotype 3 (by present designation), 
INDONESIA: Java (NM, Vienna) [examined]. Syn. n. 

jacobsoni Townsend, 1926a : 31 (Oxyrutilia). Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Sungai 
Kumbang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Syn. n. 

angusticavinata. Incorrect subsequent spelling of angustecavinata Macquart (Bigot, 1892 : 
187). 

bipartita Malloch, 1935a :150. Holotype g, Curna: Szechwan, Mupin (=Moupin) (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. — Cu1na (Szechwan). (Possibly = gvandis Walker). 


198 Ra We GROSSIKEY 


dotata Walker, 18596 : 123 (Masicera). Holotype 9, INDoNnEsIA: Celebes, Makassar (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — INDonEs1IA (Celebes). 

Two specimens collected by Wallace near Makassar stand with the holotype in BMNH 

but have no type-status. Walker’s description is in error in stating that the eyes are bare. 

echinata Mesnil, 1953¢ :154. Holotype 2, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
{examined].— BurMA, INDIA (Assam). ~ 

fenestrata Mesnil, 1971b : 993 (Hypotachina). Holotype 2, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki). Comb.n.— Burma, INpIA (Assam, West Bengal), Nerpar. (Possibly = 
ornata). 

grandis Walker, 1852 : 278 (Tachina). Holotype 9, Inp1a (as ‘East Indies’ in error) (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. —- Burma, INp1A (Assam, Uttar Pradesh), NEPAL, THAILAND. [Junior 
primary homonym of Tachina grandis Zetterstedt, 1844.] 

The synonymy of grandis with bicolor and tropidobothra (now = angustecarinata) given 
by Wulp (1896d : 129) and Malloch (1926 : 510) is not correct. The species is distinct 
from angustecarinata but the name gvandis cannot be applied, as Tachina grandis Walker, 
1852, is a junior primary homonym of Tachina grandis Zetterstedt, 1844. A new name 
is not proposed as it appears likely that bipartita Malloch is the same species and therefore 
that the latter name will be available as a replacement name when the group is revised. 

javana Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894 : 615 (79) (Dexiomima). Holotype g, INDONEsIA: Java, 
eastern Java, Trengger Mts (NM, Vienna) [examined]. — INDONEsIA (Java). 

ornata Bigot, 1889 : 256 (Exorista). Holotype 9 [not g], Inp1a (‘Indes’) (BMNH, London) 
{examined].—Inp1a (Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh), INDONEsIA (Java), 
MavaysiA (Malaya). 

yvaot Mesnil, 1971b : 992 (Hypotachina). MWHolotype 2, Inp1A: Himachal Pradesh, Kotgarh 

(coll. Mesnil). Syn. n. 

rutilioides Townsend, 1933 : 465 (Prohypotachina). Holotype g, VietNAM (NortTH); Tonkin, 
Manson Mts (? NM, Vienna). Comb. n.— VIETNAM (NorTH). 

The holotype (the only known specimen) of this nominal species should be in the NM, 
Vienna, collection but could not be located when searched for by colleagues during the 
preparation of this paper. The Tachinidae part of that collection requires curation and 
it is probable that the specimen will ultimately be found there. From description it is 
evident that vutilioides is assignable to Nemoraea s.1. 

titan Walker, 1849 : 735 (Tachina). Lectotype g (by present designation), BANGLADESH: 
Sylhet (BMNH, London) [examined]. - BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, CHINA (Szechwan), INDIA 
(Assam, ? West Bengal), NEPAL, ? BurMa. 
aurifrons Malloch, 1935a :150. Holotype g, CuHrina: Szechwan, Mupin (=Moupin) (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. Syn. n. 
triangulata Villeneuve, 1937a :2. Holotype g, CHINA: Szechwan, Mt Omei (not located, 
possibly lost). — Cu1na (Szechwan). 

The holotype specimen was collected by D. C. Graham in Szechwan and should be in 
USNM, Washington. It cannot be found in that collection, has never been seen by 
Mesnil (pers. comm.), and is perhaps lost. 

viridifulva Malloch, 1935d : 683 (Kinabaluia). Holotype 2, Maraysta: Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, 
Kamborangah (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.— Maraysia (Sabah). 

Undescribed sp. — MaLaysia (Sarawak). 

Undetermined sp. (nr f#ztan). - BuRMA, INDIA (Assam, West Bengal), NEPAL. 


Tribe LESKIINI Townsend 
LESKIINI Townsend, 1919¢ : 20. Type-genus: Leskia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus APHRIA Robineau-Desvoidy 
Aphvia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 89. Type-species: Aphria abdominalis Robineau-Desvoidy, 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 199 


1830 [= Tachina longirostris Meigen, 1824], by subsequent designation of Robineau- 
Desvoidy (1863 (1) : 767). (EUROPE). 
potans Wiedemann, 1830:299 (Tachina). Holotype g, Macao (UZM, Copenhagen) 
[examined]. — Cuina (Fukien, Kiangsi, Shantung), Macao. 
klapperichi Mesnil, 1967: 49. Holotype 3, CHINA: Fukien, Shaowu (CNC, Ottawa, ex. 
coll. Mesnil) [examined]. Syn. n. 


Genus ATYLOSTOMA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Atylostoma Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 138 (70). Type-species: Leskia tricolor Mik, 1883, 
by monotypy. (AUSTRIA). 
Chaetomyiobia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894 : 617 (81). Type-species: Chaetomyiobia javana 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894, by monotypy. 
Brachymeropsis Townsend, 1926a : 36. Type-species: Brachymeropsis sumatrensis Townsend, 
1926 [= Chaetomyiobia javana Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894], by original designation. 
Aphrimyobia Townsend, 1926a : 36. Type-species: Aphrimyobia simillima Townsend, 1926, 
by original designation. 
javanum Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894 : 617 (81) (Chaetomyiobia). Holotype 2, INDONESIA: 
Java, Sukabumi (NM, Vienna) [examined]. —- Burma, INp1A (Himachal Pradesh), INDONESIA 
(Java, Sumatra), PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 
sumatrensis Townsend, 1926a : 36 (Brachymeropsis). Lectotype 2 (by designation of Cross- 
key, 1969 : 90), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Gunung Singgalang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
luzonensis Townsend, 1928 : 396 (Brachymeropsis). Holotype ¢g, Puitippines: Luzon, 
Baguio, Benguet (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Syn. n. 
fuscipennis Mesnil, 1953¢: 159 (Orilliopsis). Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti 
(ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. 
simillimum Townsend, 1926a : 37 (Aphrimyobia). Holotype 2, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort 
de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONEsIA (Sumatra). 
Undetermined sp. — Inp1A [g$ specimen seen from Kurseong with proclinate orbital setae]. 


Genus CLAUSICELLA Rondani 


Clausicella Rondani, 1856: 61. Type-species: Clausicella sutuvata Rondani, 1856, by original 
designation and monotypy. (ITALY). 

triangulifera Mesnil, 1963 : 44. Holotype 3g, U.S.S.R.: Tadzhikistan, Varzob, Kondara (ZI, 
Leningrad). — Inpra (Kashmir); U.S.S.R. (Tadzhikistan). 


Genus DEMOTICOIDES Mesnil 
Demoticoides Mesnil, 1953¢ : 150. Type-species: Demoticoides pallidus Mesnil, 1953, by mono- 


typy- 

pallidus Mesnil, 1953c:150. Holotype 3, Inp1a: Kerala, Nilambur (BMNH, London) 
{examined].—Inp1A (Kerala); Mataysia (Sabah); AusTRALIA (Qld), NEw CALEDONIA; 
JAPAN. 


Genus DEXIOMIMOPS Townsend 


Dexiomimops Townsend, 1926a: 21. Type-species: Dexiomimops longipes Townsend, 1926, 
by original designation. 

longipes Townsend, 1926a:21. Holotype 3g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, 
Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra). 


200 R. W. CROSSKEY 


rufipes Baranov, 1935@:557. Holotype g, JAPAN: Maoka, Karafuto (USNM, Washington) 
[examined].— Burma, Formosa, Inp1A (Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh); JAPAN. 
pallipes Mesnil, 1957: 68. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. Syn. n. 


Genus FERIOLA Mesnil 


Feriola Mesnil, 1957: 77. Type-species: Feriola longicoynis Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. 
longicornis Mesnil, 1957: 77. Holotype 3, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMa. 


Genus ISTOGLOSSA Rondani 


Istoglossa Rondani, 1856: 77. Type-species: Istoglossa puella Rondani, 1856, by original 
designation and monotypy. (ITALY). 

Malaiocrocuta Townsend, 1933 : 479. Type-species: Melanophova molitoy Wiedemann, 1824, 
by original designation. Syn. n. ‘ 

Peristoglossa Mesnil, 1973a: 1127 (as subgenus). Type-species: Istoglossa (Peristoglossa) 
auvantiaca Mesnil, 1973, by original designation. (SENEGAL). 

aurantiaca Mesnil, 1973a:1127. Holotype g, SENEGAL: Bambey (coll. Mesnil). — Inp1a 
(Chandigarh) ; SENEGAL. 

molitor Wiedemann, 1824 : 46 (Melanophora). Holotype 9, ‘INDIA ORIENT.’ (UZM, Copen- 
hagen) [examined]. Comb. n.—CryLon, ? INDIA. 


Genus LESKIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Leskia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 100. Type-species: Leskia flavescens Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Tachina aurea Fallén, 1820], by monotypy. (EUROPE). 

bezziana Baranov, 1938): 411 (Myiobia). Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 47), INDIA: West Bengal, Darjeeling (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
Comb. n. — Inp1A (West Bengal). 

deauvata Baranov im Hennig, 1941 : 190. Nomen nudum (no later validation) 

Undetermined sp. — CEYLON. 


Genus LESKIOLA Mesnil 


Leskiola Mesnil, 1957 : 66. Type-species: Leskiola palpata Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. 
asiatica Mesnil, 1957 : 65 (Eumyiobia). Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n.— BurRMA. 

The generic position of this species is uncertain. The characters do not conform to 
those of Eumyobia Townsend (type-species E. flava Townsend), and the species is assigned 
tentatively to Leskiola. 
palpata Mesnil, 1957:66. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 

[examined]. — BurRMA. 


| 


Genus MYOBIOMIMA Townsend 


Myobiomima Townsend, 1926a: 22. Type-species: Myobiomima longimana Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. 

longimana Townsend, 1926a : 22. Lectotype ¢ [no abdomen] (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 98), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA 
(Sumatra). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 201 


Genus OCYPTEROMIMA Townsend 


Ocypteromima Townsend, 1916g:175. Type-species: Ocypleromima polita Townsend, 1916, 
by original designation. (MOZAMBIQUE). 

Pyrrhosiella Villeneuve, 1916: 501. Type-species: Pyrrhosiella cingulata Villeneuve, 1916 
[= Ocypteromima polita Townsend, 1916], by monotypy. (ETHIOPIAN REGION). 

Asboleola Villeneuve, 1916 : 503. Type-species: Asboleola elegans Villeneuve, 1916, by sub- 
sequent designation of Townsend (1936) : 66). (MALAw)). 

Minthocyptera Townsend, 1926a : 31. Type-species: Minthocyptera malaya Townsend, 1926, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

Oriliopsis Townsend, 1928 : 396. Type-species: Ovilliopsis orientalis Townsend, 1928, by 
original designation. 

malaya Townsend, 1926a : 32 (Minthocyptera). Holotype 2, INDONESIA: Sumatra (ZM, 
Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb. n.— INDONESIA (Sumatra). 

orientalis Townsend, 1928 : 396 (Ovilliopsis). Holotype 2, PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Mt Makiling 
(USNM, Washington) [examined]. —- Maraysia (Sabah), PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 

Undetermined spp. — BurMA, CEYLON, INDONESIA (Sumbawa), THAILAND. 


Genus SOLIERIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Solheria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1848 : 461. Type-species: Tachina inanis Fallén, 1820, by 
subsequent designation of Coquillett (1910 : 606). 
Undetermined sp. (probably sp. n.) - Maraysia (Sabah). 


Genus THELAIROLESKIA Townsend 


Thelaivoleskia Townsend, 1926a : 23. Type-species: Thelaivoleskia bicoloy Townsend, 1926, 
by original designation. 

Proferia Mesnil, 1953c : 149. Type-species: Proferia longicornis Mesnil, 1953, by original 
designation (according to Mesnil, 1968a : 184. Name considered nomenclaturally unavail- 
able by Crosskey, 19674 : 24). 

angustifrons Mesnil, 1953¢ : 150 (Proferia). Holotype g, VIETNAM (SouTH): Quang Tri [publ. 
‘Quang Tsi (Annam)’] (MNHN, Paris) [examined]. Comb. n. — VIETNAM (SouTH). 

bicolor Townsend, 1926a : 23. Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, 
Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra), MALaysia (Malaya). 

longicornis Mesnil, 1953c : 149 (Proferia). Holotype g, INp1A: Mysore, Coorg, Tithimatti 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1A (Mysore). 


Genus TRICHOFORMOSOMYIA Baranov 


Trichoformosomyia Baranov, 1934f: 163. Type-species: Trvichoformosomyia sauteri Baranov, 
1934, by original designation. 

Malaisimyia Mesnil, 1953¢c : 146. Type-species: Malaisimyia flavicoxa Mesnil, 1953 [= Tv- 
choformosomyia sautert Baranov, 1934], by monotypy. 

sauteri Baranov, 1934f: 164. Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 53), 
Formosa (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. - Burma, Formosa. 

flavicoxa Mesnil, 1953¢ : 146 (Malaisimyia). Holotype 3, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 

Helsinki) [examined]. 


Tribe OXYPHYLLOMYIINI Mesnil 
OXYPHYLLOMYINA Mesnil, 1966 : 886. Type-genus: Oxyphyllomyia Villeneuve, 1937. 


202 Ry. Wo. CROSSKEY 


Genus OX YPHYLLOMYIA Villeneuve 


Oxyphyllomyia Villeneuve, 1937a: 11. Type-species: Oxyphyllomyia cordylurina Villeneuve, 
1937, by monotypy. 

cordylurina Villeneuve, 1937a : 12. Lectotype 2 (by present designation), CHINA: Szechwan, 
Mt Omei (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — Cuina (Szechwan). 


Tribe ERNESTIINI Townsend 
ERNESTIINI Townsend, 1912 : 50. Type-genus: Evnestia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus CHRYSOSOMOPSIS Townsend 


Chrysosomopsis Townsend, 1916a : 11. Type-species: Tachina aurata Fallén, 1820, by original 
designation. (EUROPE). 

Eucomus Aldrich, 1926b : 22. Type-species: Eucomus strictus Aldrich, 1926, by original 
designation. Syn. n. 

stricta Aldrich, 1926b : 22 (Eucomus). Holotype g, Cuina: Szechwan, nr Songpan, Yellow 
Dragon Gorge (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n.—Cu1Ina (Szechwan). 

vicina Mesnil, 1953¢ : 155 (Eucomus). Holotype J, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMA. 


Genus GYMNOCHETA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Gymnocheta Wobineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 371. Type-species: Tachina viridis Fallén, 1810, 
by monotypy. (EUROPE). 

Chrysosoma Macquart, 1834 : 255. Type-species: Tachina viridis Fallén, 1810, by monotypy. 
[Junior homonym of Chrysosoma Guérin-Meéneville, 1831]. 

Chrysocosmius Bezzi, 1907 : 294. [Replacement name for Chrysosoma Macquartt. ] 

Parachrysoma Becker, 1919 : 142. [Replacement name for Chrysosoma Macquart.] 

Gymnochaeta. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Gymnocheta Robineau-Desvoidy. 

Parachrysosoma. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Pavachrysoma Becker. 

porphyrophora Zimin, 1958 : 57. Syntypes ¢ 9, CHIna & 9, TiBET: Serg-Chyu (ZI, Lenin- 
grad). — SIKKIM; CHINA, TIBET. 


Genus HYALURGUS Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Hyalurgus Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893: 95 (7). Type-species: Tachina lucida Meigen, 
1824, by original designation. (EUROPE). 

Microerigone Zimin, 1960 : 741. Type-species: Microerigone sima Zimin, 1960, by monotypy. 
(WESronke) 

atratus Mesnil, 1967 : 48. Holotype g, CHINA: Szechwan, Washan (USNM, Washington). — 
CHINA (Szechwan). 

cinctus Villeneuve, 1937a:9. Lectotype ¢ (by present designation), Cuina: [? Szechwan] 
Yao-gi (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — CH1na (Szechwan). 

minimus Mesnil, 1953c :154. Holotype 2, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMA. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 203 


Genus JANTHINOMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Janthinomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 : 141 (53). Type-species: Janthinomyia felderi 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, by original designation. 
Scologastey Aldrich, 1926c : 52. Type-species: Scologaster fuscipennis Aldrich, 1926 [= Jan- 
thinomyia felderi Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893], by original designation. 
Chrysocosmiomima Zimin, 1958 : 42. Type-species: Chrysocosmiomima magnifica Zimin, 1958, 
by monotypy. 
Ianthinomyia. Incorrect original spelling of Janthinomyia (Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 : 231 
(143) (Index)). 
felderi Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 : 141 (53). Holotype g, Inp1a [publ. & labelled ‘O.Ind.’] 
(NM, Vienna) [examined]. —- Cu1naA (Fukien, Szechwan), Formosa, Inp1A (Uttar Pradesh, 
West Bengal), NEPAL, SIKKIM. 
immsi Tothill, 1918 : 47 (Gymnochaeta). Holotype 9, Inpr1A: Uttar Pradesh, nr Bhowali, 
Kumaon (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
fuscipennis Aldrich, 1926c : 53 (Scologaster). Holotype g, CHINA: Szechwan, Suifu (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. 
cyanicoloy Villeneuve, 1932b : 268 (Platychiva). Lectotype Q (by present designation), 
Formosa: Toyenmongai (BMNH, London) [examined]. 


Tribe PARERIGONINI Mesnil 
PARERIGONINA Mesnil, 1966 : 888. Type-genus: Parerigone Brauer, 1898. 


Genus PARERIGONE Brauer 


Parerigone Brauer, 1898 : 540. Type-species: Parerigone auvea Brauer, 1898, by monotypy. 
(WES.S:R.: “Podolia’). 

eristaloides Mesnil, 1953c : 156. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BurMa. 

malaisei Mesnil, 1957:61. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMA. 


Genus PAROPESIA Mesnil 


Paropesia Mesnil, 1970b : 120. Type-species: Paropesia nigva Mesnil, 1970, by original designa- 
tion. 

nigra Mesnil, 1970b : 121. Holotype 2, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. 
— Burma. 


Tribe LINNAEMYINI Townsend 
LINNAEMYINI Townsend, 19194 : 591. Type-genus: Linnaemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus LINNAEMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Linnaemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 52. Type-species: Linnaemya silvestris Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830 [= Tachina vulpina Fallén, 1810], by subsequent designation of Robineau- 
Desvoidy (1863 (1) : 131, as vulpina with silvestris cited as a synonym). (EUROPE). 

Palpina Malloch, 1927b : 423. Type-species: Palpina scutellavis Malloch, 1927, by original 
designation. Syn. n. 


204 R.-W. CROSSKEY 


Xanthoerigone Townsend, 1927a:71. Type-species: Xanthoerigone ovalis Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 
Eugymnochaetopsis Townsend, 1927b : 287. Type-species: Eugymnochaetopsis lateralis Town- 
send, 1927, by original designation. 
Hemilinnaemyia Villeneuve, 1932b : 269. Type-species: Hemilinnaemyia decorvata Villeneuve, 
1932 [= Eugymnochaetopsis lateralis Townsend, 1927], by original designation. 
Linnaemyia, Linnemyia. Incorrect subsequent spellings of Linnaemya Robineau-Desvoidy. 
amicula Mesnil, 1957:49. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMA. 
atriventris Malloch, 1935¢:580 (Palpina). Holotype g, Mataysia: Malaya, Pahang, 
Cameron Highlands (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.— INDONESIA (Java), 
Matraysi< (Malaya), ? BURMA, ? PHILIPPINES. 
comta Fallén, 1810 : 277 (Tachina). Holotype 2, SWEDEN (NR, Stockholm). — Inp1a (Himachal 
Pradesh), NEPAL; widespread Europe and northern AsIA, including TIBET. 
compta. Incorrect subsequent spelling of comta Fallén. 
felis Mesnil, 1957 : 50. Holotype 2, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. — 
BuRMA. 
lateralis Townsend, 1927b : 287 (Eugymnochaetopsis). Holotype 9, Formosa: Toa Tsui 
Kutsu (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa, INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra). 
decovata Villeneuve, 1932b : 269 (Hemilinnaemyia). Holotype 2, Formosa: Koshun (CNC, 
Ottawa) [examined]. 
melancholica Mesnil, 1957: 54. Holotype g, Burma, Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BurMa. 
nigrohirta Malloch, 1935c : 579 (Palpina). Holotype 3, Mataysia: Malaya, Pahang, Cameron 
Highlands (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.-— Mataysia (Malaya). (Probably = 
latevalis Townsend). 
omega Zimin, 1954: 280. Holotype 9, CuHiIna: Szechwan, Lun-an-fu (ZI, Leningrad). — 
BurMaA, CHINA (Chekiang, Szechwan), INp1a (? state). 
oralis Townsend, 1927a : 72 (Xanthoerigone). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 103), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb. n. 
— Burma, INDONESIA (Sumatra), MALaysIA (Malaya, Sabah). 
longipalpis Mesnil, 1957: 54. Holotype 9, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. Syn. n. 
paralongipalpis Chao, 1962a : 84, 96. Holotype g, Cuina: Szechwan, Emei-shan (ZICA, 
Peking). — Cu1na (Szechwan). 
parvalonipalpis. Incorrect alternative original spelling (Chao, 1962a : 88, 8g), lapsus for 
paralongipalpis. 
pellex Mesnil, 1957 : 53. Holotype 9, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. 
— BuRMA. 
picta Meigen, 1824 : 261 (Tachina). Holotype 2 [EuRopE, locality not stated] (MNHN, Paris). 
— Inp1a (West Bengal); widespread Europe, U.S.S.R., JAPAN. 
rohdendorfi Chao, 1962a : 86, 96. Holotype g, Cu1na: Kiangsi, Iyang (ZICA, Peking). — 
CHINA (Kiangsi). 
scutellaris Malloch, 1927) : 423 (Palpina). Holotype 9, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit 
Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n. - Maraysia (Malaya). 
soror Zimin, 1954 : 266. Holotype g, U.S.S.R.: Tadzhikistan, Khorog (ZI, Leningrad). — 
Inp1A (Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh); widespread MrippLE East, SovieT CENTRAL 
AsIA, northern CHINA. 
vulpinoides Baranov, 1932d : 2 (Micropalpus). Lectotype 3 (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 47), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Deli, Siriaria (MZB, Bogor) [examined]. — 
Formosa, Inp1a (Punjab, Uttar Pradesh), InponEs1A (Sumatra), Maraysta (Malaya), 
NEPAL; JORDAN. 
formosensis Villeneuve, 1932b : 269 (Linnaemyia (Micropalpus)). Holotype g, FORMOSA: 
Kosempo (CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 205 


Undescribed sp. (near speciosissima Mesnil, 1957). - INDONESIA (Java), PHILIPPINES (Palawan). 
Undescribed sp. - BuRMA. 
Undetermined sp. (near pentheri Bischof, 1906). — BURMA. 


Tribe TACHININI Robineau-Desvoidy 
TACHINARIAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 185. Type-genus: Tachina Meigen, 1803. 


Genus CHRYSOMIKIA Mesnil 


Chrysomikia Mesnil, 1970a : 945. Type-species: Eudoromyia grahami Villeneuve, 1936, by 
original designation. [Chrysomikia Mesnil, 1966 : 899 unavailable, no fixation of a type- 
species. | 

grahami Villeneuve, 1936) : 3 (Eudoromyia}. Holotype 9, CHINA: Szechwan, between Yachow 
and Ningyuenfu (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — Cu1na (Szechwan). 


Genus CUPHOCERA Macquart 


Cuphocera Macquart, 1845 : 267. Type-species: Micropalpus ruficornis Macquart, 1835, 
by original designation. (EUROPE). 
Acuphocera Townsend, 1926a : 37. Type-species: Acuphocera sumatrensis Townsend, 1926 
[= Musca varia Fabricius, 1794], by original designation. 
Cyphocera. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Cuphocera Macquart. 
varia Fabricius, 1794 : 327 (Musca). Holotype 9, East Inprrs [publ. ‘Ind. or.’] (UZM, 
Copenhagen) [examined].— BurmMA, CryLon, CuHiNna (Kiangsi, Kwangtung), Formosa, 
Inpia (Assam, Kerala, Madras, West Bengal), INDONESIA (Celebes, Java, Moluccas, 
Sumatra), MaLaysia (Malaya, Sarawak), NEPAL, PHILIPPINES, SIKKIM, THAILAND; PAPUA 
New GUINEA, QUEENSLAND. 
javana Wiedemann, 1819 : 24 (Tachina, as iavana). Lectotype 2 (by designation of Crosskey, 
1966a : 673), INDONESIA: Java, Djakarta {labelled ‘Batavia’} (UZM, Copenhagen) 
[examined]. 
javanica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 40 (Peleteria). Type(s) [? sex], INDONESIA: Java (lost). 
dorsalis Walker, 1852 : 275 (Tachina). Holotype g, INDONEsIA: Java (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. [Junior primary homonym of Tachina dorsalis Meigen, 1824.] 
sarcophagoides Walker, 1861c : 303 (Echinomyia). Holotype 9, INpDoNnEsIA: Celebes, Tidon 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. 
sumatrensis Townsend, 1926a : 37 (Acuphocera). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 90), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
sacrophagoides. Typographical error (Crosskey, 1966a : 674). 
Undescribed sp. — INp1a (Assam), INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra, Sumbawa). 


Genus ERISTALIOMYIA Townsend 


Eristaliomyia Townsend, 1926a : 37. Type-species: FEvistaliomyia nitidifyons Townsend, 
1926 [= Echinomyia brevipennis Walker, 1856], by original designation. 
brevipennis Walker, 1856a :19 (Echinomyia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Johore 
[Malacca], Mt Ophir (BMNH, London) [examined].— INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra), 
MataysiA (Malaya, Sarawak), ? PHILIPPINES; ? PapuA NEw GUINEA. 
nitidifrons Townsend, 1926a : 38. Lectotype ? (by designation of Crosskey, 1967c : 103), 
INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 


206 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Genus MIKIA Kowarz 


Mikia Kowarz, 1885: 51. Type-species: Fabricia magnifica Mik, 1884 [= Tachina tepens 
Walker, 1849], by original designation. 

Sumatrotachina Townsend, 1927a: 59. Type-species: Sumatrotachina facialis Townsend, 
1927 [= Echinomyia lampros Wulp, 1896}, by original designation. 

Trophomyia Aldrich, 1929: 11. Type-species: Tvophomyia pictipennis Aldrich, 1929 [= Tach- 
ina tepens Walker, 1849], by original designation. 

Anaeudova Townsend, 1933 : 468. Type-species: Anaeudova aureocephala Townsend, 1933 
[= Bombyliomyia apicalis Matsumura, 1916], by original designation. 

Tamanukia Baranov, 1935a:551. Type-species: Tamanukia japanica Baranov, 1935, by 
original designation. (JAPAN). 

apicalis Matsumura, 1916 : 389 (Bombyliomyia). Type(s) [? sex], Formosa (lost). Comb. n. — 
Cuina (‘How-Lik’ ? province), Formosa, Inp1a (Madras), INDONESIA (Java). 

The type-material of apicalis is lost (S. Takano in litt. to R. W. Crosskey, vili. 1967) 
but reliably identified specimens from Matsumura’s collection are in the Entomological 
Laboratory, Hokkaido University, Sapporo. 

vubvapex Villeneuve, 1932b:268 (Echinomyia (Larvaevora)). Lectotype 2 (by present 
designation), Formosa: Polisha (CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. Syn. n. 
For a note on the locality of the primary type see p. 267. 
auveocephala Townsend, 1933 : 468 (Anaeudora). Holotype 9, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, 
Eberswalde) [examined]. Syn. n. 
lampros Wulp, 1896a : 105 (Echinomyia). Syntypes 2 9, INDONESIA: Java, Sukabumi (not 
located, possibly lost). - Burma, INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra), Laos, MaraysiaA (Sabah, 
Sarawak). 
facialis Townsend, 1927a : 60 (Sumatrotachina). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Tand- 
junggadang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
patellipalpis Mesnil, 1953c¢ : 157 (Anaeudora). Holotype 9, Cu1na (ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. 
— Cu1na (Fukien), Burma, MaraysiA (Malaya), THAILAND. 
punctocincta Villeneuve, 1936) :4 (Echinomyia). Lectotype g¢ (by present designation), 
CHINA: Szechwan (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n.—Cuina_ (Fukien, 
Szechwan). 
tepens Walker, 1849 : 723 (Tachina). Lectotype 2 (by present designation), BANGLADESH: 
Sylhet (BMNH, London) [examined].—- BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, CHINA, INDIA (West 
Bengal), Mataysia (Malaya), NEPAL, SIKKIM, VIETNAM (NorTH); southern U.S.S.R. 
magnifica Mik, 1884 : 260 (Fabricia). Holotype 2 [or ? g], locality unknown [publ. as 
Carinthia, Austria in error] (NM, Vienna). 
pictipennis Aldrich, 1929: 11 (Tvophomyia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, 
Bukit Kutu (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 
grandigena Villeneuve, 1936b:6 (Echinomyia). Holotype ?, BuutTan: Padong (CNC, 
Ottawa) [examined]. 
splendidula Villeneuve, 1936b :6 (Echinomyia). Holotype g, V1ETNAM (NorRTH): Hanoi 
(CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. 
Undetermined sp. (hairy eyes, nr japanica Baranov, 1935) — BURMA. 


Genus NOWICKIA Wachtl 


Nowickia Wachtl, 1894 : 140,142. Type-species: Echinomya regalis Rondani, 1859 [= Tachina 
marklini Zetterstedt, 1838], by original designation. (EUROPE). 

Rohdendorfiola Zimin, 1935 : 588. Type-species: Rohdendorfiola nigrovillosa Zimin, 1935, 
by original designation. (PALAEARCTIC CHINA). 

deludans Villeneuve, 1936b : 4 (Echinomyia). Lectotype ¢ (by present designation), CHINA: 
Szechwan, Chetu Pass, nr Tatsienlu (USNM, Washington). Comb. n. —Cuina (Szechwan) ; 
TIBET. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 207 


funebris Villeneuve, 1936b :1 (Eudoromyia). Lectotype 3 (by present designation), CHINA: 
Szechwan, nr Mupin (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — CH1na (Szechwan). 
nigrovillosa Zimin, 1935 : 589 (Rohdendorfiola). Syntypes 2 g, Cuina: ‘Manchuria’ (ZI, 
Leningrad). — Cuina (‘Manchuria’, Szechwan), NEPAL; TIBET. 
jocosa Villeneuve, 1936b :2 (Eudoromyia). Lectotype $ (by present designation), Cuina: 
Szechwan, Yellow Dragon Gorge, nr Songpan (USNM, Washington) {examined}. 
polita Zimin, 1935 : 590 (Rohdendorfiola). Syntypes $ 2, U.S.S.R.: Kazakhstan & Kirghiziya, 
various locs. (ZI, Leningrad). -— Cuina (Szechwan), INDIA (Kashmir); widespread Soviet 
CENTRAL Asia & northern CHINA. 
nitida Walker, 1852 : 271 (Tachina). Holotype 9 [not g], locality unknown [publ. as ‘East 
Indies’, certainly error) (BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn.n. [Junior primary homo- 
nym of Tachina nitida Zetterstedt, 1838.] 
hedini Villeneuve, 1936a : 3 (Eudoromyia). Lectotype 3 (by present designation), CHINA: 
Kansu, Kina (CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. 
hedeni. Incorrect subsequent spelling of hedini Villeneuve (Mesnil, 19704 : 931). 


Genus SERICOTACHINA Townsend 


Sericotachina Townsend, 1916e: 178. Type-species: Pavatachina vulpecula Wulp, 1896, by 
original designation. 

Servillina Malloch, 1932a: 201 (as subg. of Servillia Robineau-Desvoidy). Type-species: 
Servillia (Servillina) vespiformis Malloch, 1932 [= Paratachina vulpecula Wulp, 1896], 
by original designation. 

Wulpitachina Villeneuve, 1934: 181. Type-species: Paratachina vulpecula Wulp, 1896, 
by original designation. [Objective synonym of Sericotachina.]} 

vulpecula Wulp, 1896a : 106 (Pavatachina). Holotype g, INDoNEsIA: Java, Sukabumi (not 
located, possibly lost). - INDoNEsIa (Java), MALaysia (Malaya). 

vespiformis Malloch, 1932a : 200 (Servillia (Servillina)). Holotype 2, MAraysia: Malaya, 
Pahang, Cameron Highlands (BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn. n. 


Genus SERVILLIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Servillia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 49. Type-species: Tachina ursina Meigen, 1824, by 
subsequent designation of Robineau-Desvoidy (1863 (1) : 644). (EUROPE). 

Servilliopsis Townsend, 1916d : 314. Type-species: Servilliopsis buccata Townsend, 1916 
[= Echinomyia flavopilosa Bigot, 1888], by original designation. 

Pseudoservilia Townsend, 1916e : 178. Type-species: Echinomyia flavopilosa Bigot, 1888, 
by original designation. 

Servilliodes Townsend, 1926a : 37. Type-species: Servilliodes sumatrensis Townsend, 1926, 
by original designation. 

Kurintjimyia Townsend, 1926a : 38. Type-species: Kurintjimyia jacobsoni Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. Syn. n. 

alticola Malloch, 1932a : 201. Holotype g, MALaysiA: Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, Pakka (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — Maraysta (Sabah). 

angulata de Meijere, 1924 : 221 (Echinomyia). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 89), INDONESIA: Java, Pangrango (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb. n. — 
INDONESIA (Java). (Probably = sobria Walker). 

apicalis Chao, 19625 : 58. Holotype g, Cuina: Yunnan, Pingpian (ZICA, Peking). — Curna 
(Yunnan). 

ardens Zimin, 1929: 219. Syntypes 1 g, 2 9, U.S.S.R.: Ussuri region, Sopka Kamenj & 
Station Evgenievka; Cuina: Gan-su [? = Kansu], Chojasan (ZI, Leningrad). - Burma; 
eastern U.S.S.R., Cu1tna, AFGHANISTAN. 


208 RoW: CROSSKEY 


atra Malloch, 1932a :197. Holotype g, INDONEsIA: Java, Tjibodas (USNM, Washington) 
[examined]. — INDONESIA (Java). 
bombylia Villeneuve, 1936): 7. Lectotype g (by present designation), CHINA: Szechwan, 
Mt Omei (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — Cuina (Szechwan), NEPAL. 
brevipalpis Mesnil, 1953¢ : 157. Holotype 9, INnDonEs1a: Flores Island (DEI, Eberswalde) 
[examined] — INDONESIA (Flores). 
flavipes Chao, 1962b:52. Holotype 9, Cuina: Chekiang, Tienmushan (ZICA, Peking). — 
CHINA (Chekiang). 
flavopilosa Bigot, 1888 : 80 (Echinomyia). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Java (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. — INDONESIA (Java), MALaystia (Malaya), THAILAND. 
buccata Townsend, 1916d : 315 (Servilliopsis). Holotype 2, INDONESIA: Java, Tjibodas, Mt 
Gede (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 
gibbiforceps Chao, 1962b:52. Holotype g, Cuina: Yunnan (Lungling) (ZICA, Peking). — 
Cuina (Fukien, Yunnan). 
haemorrhoa Mesnil, 1953c : 159. Holotype 9, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. - Burma, Cu1na (Yunnan). 
jacobsoni Townsend, 1926a : 38 (Kurintjimyia). Holotype 2, INDoNEsIA: Sumatra, Kurintji 
Peak (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb. n.— INDONEsIA (Sumatra). 
javana Malloch, 1932a : 199. Holotype g, INDoNEsIA: Java, Pangrango (USNM, Washington) 
[examined]. — INDONESIA (Java). (Possibly = jacobsont). 
lateromaculata Chao, 1962b:59. Holotype g, CuHiInA: Chekiang, Tienmushan (ZICA, 
Peking). — Cu1na (Chekiang, Fukien, Kiangsi, Szechwan), VIETNAM (NORTH) ; AFGHANISTAN. 
longiventris Chao, 1962b : 59. Holotype 2, CuHina: Szechwan, Emei-shan (ZICA, Peking). — 
Cuina (Szechwan). 
nigrocastanea Chao, 1962b : 48. Holotype g, CuinaA: Chekiang, Tienmushan (ZICA, Peking). — 
CHINA (Chekiang, Fukien, Kiangsi, Kwangsi). 
planiforceps Chao, 1962b : 53. Holotype g, Cuina: Yunnan, Kunming (ZICA, Peking). — 
CHINA (Kweichow, Szechwan, Yunnan). 
pubiventris Chao, 1962b:54. Holotype g, CuHrna: Yunnan, Paoshan (ZICA, Peking). 
— CuiInaA (Yunnan). 
pulvera Chao, 1962) : 61. Holotype g, Cu1na: Szechwan, Jinfo-shan (ZICA, Peking). — CHINA 
(Szechwan). 
rohdendorfi Chao, 1962b:51. Holotype g, Cuina: Yunnan, Kunming (ZICA, Peking). — 
Cuina (Fukien, Yunnan). 
rufoanalis Macquart, 1851 : 142 (169) (Echinomyia). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1971 : 267), Inp1A [publ. as ‘Indes orientales’] (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Northern 
INDIA. 
bomboides Walker, 1852 : 271 (Tachina). Holotype 2 [not 3], Inp1a [publ. as ‘East Indies’ 
in error] (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
sinerea Chao, 1962b : 60. Holotype g, Curna: Szechwan, Emei-shan (ZICA, Peking). — CHINA 
(Szechwan). (Probably = subcinerea). 
sobria Walker, 1852 : 272 (Tachina). Holotype g, Inp1A [publ. as ‘East Indies’ in error] 
(BMNH, London) [examined].— Burma, Cuina (Szechwan), InpiaA (Assam, Himachal 
Pradesh, Kashmir), INDONESIA (Java), MaLaysia (Sabah); PAKISTAN. 
tvansversa Tothill, 1918 : 48. Lectotype ¢ (by present designation), Inp1a: Uttar Pradesh, 
Dehra Dun (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
subcinerea Walker, 1852 : 272 (Tachina). Holotype 2 [not 3], Inp1A [publ. as ‘East Indies’ 
in error] (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1a, NEPAL. 
sumatrensis Townsend, 1926a : 37 (Servilliodes). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 100), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Gunung Singgalang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — 
INDONESIA (Celebes, Sumatra), Maraysia (Sabah). (Probably = sobria). 
tricolor Lichtwardt, 1909 : 126 (Cuphocera ?). Holotype 2, Inp1a: Himachal Pradesh, Simia 
district (not located, possibly lost). Comb.n.-—Inp1a (Himachal Pradesh). (Possibly 
senior synonym of bombylia). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 209 


ursinoidea Tothill, 1918 : 50. Lectotype ¢ (by present designation), INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, 
Kumaun, Airadeo (BMNH, London) [examined].— Burma, Cuina (Chekiang, Fukien, 
Kiangsi, Kwangsi, Szechwan, Yunnan), Formosa, INDIA (Assam, Uttar Pradesh, West 
Bengal), INDONESIA (Java), NEPAL, THAILAND. 
fulva Walker, 1852 : 276 (Tachina). Holotype g, Inp1A [publ. as ‘East Indies’ in error] 
[BMNH, London) [examined]. [Junior primary homonym of Tachina fulva Fallén, 1820.] 
vufa Chao, 1962b : 57 (as subsp. of stackelbergi Zimin, 1929). Holotype g, Cuina: Yunnan, 
Yungkinghung-Mengai (ZICA, Peking). Syn. n. 
formosensis Mesnil, 1966 : 923 (attrib. Townsend). Unavailable name first published as a 
synonym. 
zimini Chao, 1962b : 55. Holotype g, CHinA: Chekiang, Tienmushan (ZICA, Peking). — CHINA 
(Chekiang, Liaoning, Yunnan). 
Undescribed & undetermined spp. — Various localities (BMNH coll.). 


Genus TACHINA Meigen 


Larvaevora Meigen, 1800 : 38. Name suppressed by ICZN (Opinion 678). 

Echinomye Duméril, 1800 : 439 & Table. Vernacular name unavailable in nomenclature. 

Tachina Meigen, 1803 : 280. Type-species: Musca grossa Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent 
designation of Brauer (1893 : 489). (EUROPE). 

Echinomya Latreille, 1805 : 377. Type-species: Musca grossa Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent 
designation of Westwood (1840 : 138). 

sacontala Walker, 1849 : 728. Holotype ¢ [head lost], Nepat (BMNH, London) [examined]. — 
Inp1A (Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), NEPAL. 


Genus TOTHILLIA Crosskey gen. n. 


Tothillia Crosskey, 1976 (present work) : 104. Type-species: Chaetoplagia asiatica Tothill, 
1918, by original designation. 

asiatica Tothill, 1918 : 55 (Chaetoplagia). Lectotype g (by present designation) [wings lost], 
Inpi1a: Uttar Pradesh, Kumaun (=Kumaon), Khati (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
Comb. n. — Inp1A (Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh). 


Unplaced genera of Tachininae 


Genus MALAYIA Malloch 


Malayia Malloch, 1926: 510. Type-species: Malayia fuscinervis Malloch, 1926, by original 
designation. 

fuscinervis Malloch, 1926: 511. Holotype 9, MALaysta: Malaya, Pahang, Cameron Highlands 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. —- Maraysia (Malaya). 

nigripennis Malloch, 1927b : 416. Holotype 9, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. —- MaraysiA (Malaya). 


Genus TRISCHIDOCERA Villeneuve 


Trischidoceva Villeneuve, 1915a : 93. Type-species: Tvischidoceva sauteyi Villeneuve, 1915, 
by monotypy. 

Orectocerina Malloch, 1924b : 521. Type-species: Ovectocerina atratula Malloch, 1924 [= Tris- 
chidocera sauteri Villeneuve, 1915], by original designation. 

sauteri Villeneuve, 1915 :94. Syntypes g, Formosa: Mt Hoozan (none located, possibly all 
destroyed : formerly at least one syntype in Budapest Mus.). — Formosa, Maraysia (Malaya). 


210 R. W. CROSSKEY 


atvatula Malloch, 1924b : 521 (Orectocerina). Holotype 9, Matraysia: Malaya, Pahang, 
Gunung Tahan Padang (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
The synonymy of atratula with sauteri established by Townsend (1939a@ : 357) requires 
confirmation. It appears possible that distinct species are involved. 


Subfamily GONIINAE Robineau-Desvoidy 
GONIDAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 74. Type-genus: Gonia Meigen, 1803. 


Tribe ACEMYINI Brauer & Bergenstamm 


ACEMYIDAE Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889: 80 (12). Type-genus: Acemya Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus ACEMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Acemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 202. Type-genus: Acemya subrotunda Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Tachina acuticornis Meigen, 1824], by subsequent designation of Rondani (1856 : 
75). (EUROPE). 

Acemyia. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Acemya Robineau-Desvoidy. 

indica Mesnil, 1968a : 183. Holotype g, INp1A: Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow (CNC, Ottawa, 
ex coll. Mesnil). — Inp1a (Uttar Pradesh), INDonEsIA (‘Iles de la Sonde’). 


Genus CERACIA Rondani 


‘ Cervacia Rondani, 1865 : 221. Type-species: Cevacia mucronifera Rondani, 1865, by monotypy. 
(ITALY). 

Myothyria Wulp, 1890 : 208. Type-species: Myothyria majorina Wulp, 1890, by subsequent 
designation of Coquillett (1910 : 573). (MExIco). 

aurifrons Aldrich, 1933: 9. Holotype 3, PHitippines: Negros, La Carlota district (USNM, 
Washington) [examined].— PHILIPPINES (Negros); NEW GUINEA, BOUGAINVILLE, 
QUEENSLAND. 


Genus CHARITELLA Mesnil 


Charitella Mesnil, 1957 : 31. Type-species: Charitella gracilis Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. 
gracilis Mesnil, 1957: 31. Holotype 9, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BURMA. 


Genus EOACEMYIA Townsend 


Eoacemyia Townsend, 1926c : 529. Type-species: Eoacemyia bakeri Townsend, 1926 [= Tachina 
evvans Wiedemann, 1824], by original designation. 
errans Wiedemann, 1824: 44 (Tachina). Holotype g, ‘INDIA ORIENT.’ [? India or East 
Indies] (UZM, Copenhagen) [examined].—INpDoNnEsIA (Sumatra), Maraysia (Malaya), 
SINGAPORE; Papua NEw GuINEA (New Britain). 
bakevi Townsend, 1926c : 531. Lectotype ¢ (by fixation of Townsend, 1939) : 257), SINGA- 
PORE (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 


Tribe NEAERINI Mesnil 
NAEREINA [sic] Mesnil, 1956 : 557. Type-genus: Neaeva Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 211 


Genus NEOPLECTOPS Malloch 


Neoplectops Malloch, 1930c : 147. Type species: Neoplectops nudibasis Malloch, 1930, by 
original designation. 

nudibasis Malloch, 1930c :147. Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Pahang, Kuala Teku 
jungle (BMNH, London) [examined]. —- Maraysia (Malaya). 


Genus PHYTOMYPTERA Rondani 


Phytomyptera Rondani, 1845 : 32. Type-species: Phytomyptera nitidiventris Rondani, 1845 
[= Tachina nigrina Meigen, 1824], by monotypy. (EUROPE). 

Microphytomyptera Townsend, 1927b : 287. Type-species: Microphytomyptera minuta Town- 
send, 1927, by original designation. Syn. n. 

minuta Townsend, 1927) : 287 (Microphytomypteva). Syntypes 1 3, 3 9, Formosa: Hokuto 
(DEI, Eberswalde: 2 9) [examined]. Comb. n.—-— Formosa, Inp1A (Mysore), PAKISTAN. 

This species was described from a male and three female syntypes from the same locality. 

Townsend (1940 : 237) cited a female as ‘holotype’, but did not thereby validly fix a 
specimen as lectotype since there are three females and none was labelled as the type. 
The male syntype, which would be the best specimen for lectotype designation, has not 
been located, and no lectotype is therefore designated at this time. 


Tribe SIPHONINI Rondani 
SIPHONAE Rondani, 1845 : 31. Type-genus: Siphona Meigen, 1803. 


Genus ACTIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Actia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 85. Type-species: Actia pilipennis Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 (junior secondary homonym of pilipennis Fallén, 1810) [= Roeselia lamia Meigen, 
1838]. Suspension of ICZN Rules required (see Sabrosky & Arnaud, 1965 : 1061). (EurR- 
OPE). 

Setasiphona Townsend, 1934 : 248. Type-species: Actia siphonosoma Malloch, 1930, by original 
designation. 

brunnea Malloch, 1930c : 136. Holotype 9, Mataysta: Malaya, Kedah, Kedah Peak (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya). 

completa Malloch, 1930c : 139. Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya). 

deferens Malloch, 1930c : 130. Holotype @ [head lost], MALaysta: Malaya, Kedah, Kedah 
Peak (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya). 


fulvicauda Malloch, 1935d : 680. Holotype g, Mataysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu 


(BMNH, London) [examined]. —- Maraysia (Malaya). 

mimetica Malloch, 1930c : 143. Holotype 9, Maraysta: Malaya, Kedah, Kedah Peak 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1a (Mysore), MAraysiA (Malaya). 

nigriventris Malloch, 1935d : 680 (as var. of eucosmae Bezzi). Holotype 2 [abdomen lost], 
MataysiA: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. —- Maraysia 
(Malaya). 

oblimata Mesnil, 1957: 45. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
{examined]. — BurRMA. 

perdita Malloch, 1930b : 333. Holotype ¢ [head lost], Mataystia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit 
Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. —- Maraysi1a (Malaya). 

philippinensis Malloch, 1930c : 134. Holotype 2 [head & abdomen lost], PHILIPPINES: 
Luzon, Baguio, Benguet (USNM, Washington, ex coll. Malloch) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES 
(Luzon). 


212 R. W. CROSSKEY 


pokharana Shima, 1970 : 275. Holotype 3, NEpaL: Pokhara (BPBM, Honolulu). — NEPAL. 

siphonosoma Malloch, 1930¢ : 136. Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. —- Marayst1a (Malaya). 

takanoi Baranov, 19354 : 557. Lectotype 9 (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 35), 
PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Los Bafios (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 

yasumatsui Shima, 1970: 273. Holotype g, Honc Kone: Kowloon, Taipokau (BPBM, 
Honolulu). —- Hone Kone. 


Genus CEROMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Ceromya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 86. Type-species: Ceromya testacea Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Tachina bicoloy Meigen, 1824], by subsequent designation of Coquillett (1910 : 
520). (EUROPE). 

A phantorhaphopsis Townsend, 1926a : 34. Type-species: Aphantorhaphopsis orientalis Town- 
send, 1926, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Schizoceromyia Townsend, 1926c : 542. Type-species: Schizotachina fergusoni Bezzi, 1923, 
by original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 

Schizactiana Curran, 1927¢ : 356 (as subg. of Actia). Type-species: Actia (Schizactiana) valida 
Curran, 1927, by original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 

Pseudactia Malloch, 1930¢ : 124 (as subg. of Actia). Type-species: Actia (Pseudactia) hirticeps 
Malloch, 1930, by monotypy. 

Proceromyia Mesnil, 1957 : 35 (as subg. of Cevomya). Type-species: Cevomya (Proceromytia) 
macronychia Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. (JAPAN). 

aberrans Malloch, 1930c : 135 (Actia). Holotype [? sex, abdomen lost], MAaLaysia: Malaya, 
Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.— Maraysia (Malaya). 

Although the abdomen (now missing) was present on the holotype when described, 
Malloch was unable to sex the specimen reliably but suspected it was g. The antennal 
conformation suggests, however, that 9 is more likely. 

angustifrons Malloch, 1930c : 131 (Actia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Kedah, Kedah 
Peak (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n. — Maraysia (Malaya). 

apicipunctata Malloch, 1926 : 510 (Actia). Holotype 3, PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Baguio, Benguet 
(USNM, Washington) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 

bellina Mesnil, 1957 : 44. Holotype gf, BurMA: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. 
— BuRMA. 

capitata Mesnil, 1957:42. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMa. 

cephalotes Mesnil, 1957: 40. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BurRMA. 

dubia Malloch, 1930c : 146 (Actia). Holotype 9, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraystra (Malaya). 

hirticeps Malloch, 1930c : 146 (Actia (Pseudactia)). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Kedah, 
Kedah Peak (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysi1a (Malaya). 

laboriosa Mesnil, 1957 : 48 (Siphona (Asiphona)). Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti 
(ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n. — Burma. 

laticornis Malloch, 1930c : 131 (Actia). Holotype g [not 9], Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, 
Bukit Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.— Maraysia (Malaya). 

latipalpis Malloch, 1930c : 145 (Actia). Holotype 9, Maraysia: Malaya, Kedah, Kedah 
Peak (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya). 

longimana Mesnil, 1957 : 38. Holotype 9, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMA. 

maculipennis Malloch, 1930c : 141 (Actia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit 
Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. —- Maraysra (Malaya). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 213 


magnicornis Malloch, 1930¢ : 133 (Actia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit 
Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya). 
mallochiana Gardner, 1940b : 178 (Actia). Type(s) puparia, INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Dehra 
Dun (? FRI, Dehra Dun). Comb. n. — CuiNa (Kuang-chou), HonG Kona, Inp1A (Madras, 
Orissa, Uttar Pradesh), Maraysia (Malaya). 
perispoliata Mesnil, 1953b:108 (Actia). Holotype g, CuHINA: Kuang-chou (Canton) 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn. n. 
mellina Mesnil, 1953b : 109 (Actia). Holotype J, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
{examined]. Comb. n.— BurRMa. 
orientalis Townsend, 1926a : 35 (Aphantorhaphopsis). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, 
Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb. n.-— INDONESIA (Sumatra). 
By a proofreading error Crosskey (1969 : 90) inadvertently cited the holotype sex as Q. 
patellicornis Mesnil, 1957: 40. Holotype 3g, Inp1aA: West Bengal, Darjeeling, Tukdah 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1a (West Bengal). 
pendleburyi Malloch, 1930c : 144 (Actia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Pahang, Sungai 
Ringlet (BMNH, London) [examined]. — MALaysiA (Malaya); ? JAPAN. 
portentosa Mesnil, 1957 : 43. Holotype 9, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
{examined}. —- BurMA. 
punctipennis Malloch, 1930c : 140 (Actia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Kedah, Kedah 
Peak (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya). 
punctum Mesnil, 1953) : 107 (Actia). Holotype 3, Cutna: Kuang-chou (=Canton) (BMNH, 
London) [examineau]. Comb. n. — Curna (Kuang-chou). 
rotundicornis Malloch, 1930c:145 (Actia). Holotype g, MAtaysia: Malaya, Pahang, 
Fraser’s Hill (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya). 
selangor Malloch, 1930¢ : 132 (Actia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit 
Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.—Matraysta (Malaya). (Probably = 
orientalis). 


Genus PERIBAEA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Herbstia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1851 : 184. Type-species: Herbstia tibialis Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1851, by monotypy. [Junior homonym of Herbstia Edwards, 1834.] (FRANCE). 

Peribaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1) : 720. Type-species: Pevibaea apicalis Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1863 [= Herbstia tibialis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1851], by subsequent designation 
of Coquillett (1910 : 587). (FRANCE). 

Strobliomyia Townsend, 1926b : 31. Type-species: Thryptocera fissicornis Strobl, 1910, by 
original designation. (AUSTRIA). 

Eogymnophthalma Townsend, 1926a : 35. Type-species: Eogymnophthalma orientalis Town- 
send, 1926 [= Tachina orbata Wiedemann, 1830], by original designation. 

Talavactia Malloch, 1930a : 305 (as subg. of Actia). Type-species: Actia (Talaractia) baldwini 
Malloch, 1930, by original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 

Uschizactia Townsend, 1934 : 248. Type-species: Actia uniseta Malloch, 1930, by original 
designation. 

hyalinata Malloch, 1930c : 138 (Actia). Holotype 2 [not g], Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, 
Bukit Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined].—Maraysia (Malaya), ? Burma, ? INDIA; 
? MELANESIA & SAMOA. 

insularis Shima, 1970:179 (Stvobliomyia). Holotype g, Ryukyu IsLtanps: Amami Is, 
Tokunoshima, Asahigaoka (ELKU, Fukuoka). Comb. n.— Ryuxyu Is. 

malayana Malloch, 1935d : 678 (Actia). Holotype ¢ [or ? 9, abdomen lost], MaALaysia: 
Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n. — MAraysIa 
(Malaya). 

orbata Wiedemann, 1830 : 336 (Tachina). Neotype 2 (by designation of Crosskey, 1967c : 106), 
INpIA: eastern, Assam, Azra (BMNH, London) [examined].—Cryton, Inp1a (Andhra 
Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Kerala, Madras, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal), 


214 R. W. CROSSKEY 


INDONESIA (Sumatra), Maraysia (Malaya), PHILIPPINES, THAILAND; MELANESIA & 
MIcron_EsIiA, AUSTRALIA (N.S.W., Old); widespread AFRicA, MIDDLE EAstT. 
aegyptia Villeneuve, 1912 : 508 (Gymnopareia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1966b : 108), Ecypt: Qaliub (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
ovientalis Townsend, 1926a : 35 (Eogymnophthalma). Lectotype ¢ (by fixation of Townsend, 
1940 : 213), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
nigritula Malloch, 1930a : 309 (Actia). Holotype 9, AvusTRALIA: Queensland, Cairns 
(SPHTM, Sydney) [examined]. 
monticola Malloch, 1930c : 143 (Actia). Holotype g [head lost], PuHILippines: Negros, 
Cuernos Mts (USNM, Washington, ex coll. Malloch) [examined]. 
rotundipennis Malloch, 1930c : 143 (Actia). Holotype 9 [head lost], Puitipprnes: Negros, 
Cuernos Mts (USNM, Washington, ex coll. Malloch) [examined]. 
sovorcula Mesnil, 1954a : 16 (Strobiomyia). Holotype 9, ZAIRE: Rutshuru (MRAC, Tervuren). 
setinervis Thomson, 1869:519 (Thryptocera). Holotype 2, CuHina (NR, Stockholm) 
[examined]. Comb.n.—Cuina. (Probably senior synonym of fissicornis Strobl, 1910). 
similata Malloch, 1930c : 137 (Actia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Bukit Kutu 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.—Maraysia (Malaya). 
subaequalis Malloch, 1930c : 142 (Actia). Holotype ¢ [head lost], PuHiLippines:. Negros, 
Cuernos Mts (USNM, Washington, ex coll. Malloch) [examined]. Comb.n.— PHILIPPINES 
(Negros). 
suspecta Malloch, 1924a : 409 (Actia). Holotype g [not 9], Inp1a: Bihar, Pusa (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. Comb.n.-—Inp1a (Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra), SuDAN, E. 
AFRICA. 
nana Curran, 1928a : 237 (Actia). Holotype 9, UGANDA: Kampala (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. Syn. n. 
uniseta Malloch, 1930 : 129 (Actia). Holotype ¢ [head lost], Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, 
Bukit Kutu (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.— Matraysia (Malaya). 


Genus SIPHONA Meigen 


Crocuta Meigen, 1800 : 39. Name suppressed by ICZN (Opinion 678). 
Siphona Meigen, 1803 : 281. Type-species: Conops irritans Linnaeus, 1758 sensu Meigen 
(misidentification) [= Musca geniculata De Geer, 1776], by monotypy.* (EUROPE). 
Bucentes Latreille, 1809 : 339. Type-species: Bucentes cinerea Latreille, 1809 [= Musca 
geniculata De Geer, 1776], by monotypy. 

alticola Mesnil, 1953b : 110 (Crocuta (Siphona)). Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti 
(ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. — Burma. 

crassulata Mesnil, 1953) : 112 (Crocuta (Siphona)). Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti 
(ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. — Burma. 

foliacea Mesnil, 1953b : 113 (Crocuta (Siphona)). Holotype 3g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti 
(ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. — BurMa. 

gedeana Wulp, 1896a : 109. Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Java, Goenoeng Gedeh (lost). — InDo- 
NESIA (Java). 

nigripalpis de Meijere, 1924 : 223 (Bucentes). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 

1969 : 89), INDONESIA: Java, Pangrango (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Syn. n. 

malaisei Mesnil, 1953b : 110 (Crocuta (Siphona)). Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti 
(ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. —- BuRMA. 

nobilis Mesnil, 1953b : 112 (Crocuta (Siphona)). Holotype 3, PHILIPPINES: Mt’Palis (ZMU, 
Helsinki). — PHILIPPINES. 

pellex Mesnil, 1953b: 111 (Crocuta (Siphona)). Holotype 2, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti 
(ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. — BurMa. 

taiwanica Baranov in Hennig, 1941 : 195. Nomen nudum (no later validation). 


* See Appendix, p. 337. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 215 


Tribe BLONDELIINI Robineau-Desvoidy 


BLONDELIDAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (2): 24. Type-genus: Blondelia Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus BIOMEIGENIA Mesnil 


Biomeigenia Mesnil, 1960b : 648. [Unavailable: no designation of a type-species. | 

Biomeigenia Mesnil, 1961 : 697. Type-species: Biomeigenia magna Mesnil, 1961, by original 
designation. (U.S.S.R.). 

flava Chao, 1964b : 298. Holotype 9, Cu1na: Yunnan (ZICA, Peking). — Cuina (Yunnan). 


Genus COMPSILURA Bouché 


Compsilura Bouché, 1834 : 58. Type-species: Tachina concinnata Meigen, 1824, by subsequent 
designation of Coquillett (1910 : 526). (EUROPE). 
concinnata Meigen, 1824 : 412 (Tachina). Holotype 2, CENTRAL EvuRoPE [? AUSTRIA or 
GERMANY] (? NM, Vienna, coll. von Winthem). — INp1A (Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh), 
INDONESIA (Java), Mataysia (Malaya, Sabah); widespread PALAEARcTIC (including 
Japan) & ETHIOPIAN REGIONS; NEw GUINEA & AUSTRALIA (Qld). Introduced Nortu 
AMERICA (established). 
hyalipennis Macquart, 1851 : 170 (197) (Phorocera). Holotype 2, INDoNEsIA: Java (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. Syn. n. 
degeerioides Wulp, 1893 : 179 (Phorocera). Holotype 3, INDONEsIA: Java, Bogor (= Buiten- 
zorg) (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Syn. n. 
sumatrensis Townsend, 1926a : 33. Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Air Njuruk, Dempu 
(ZM, Amsterdam) [examined].— INDONESIA (Sumatra). (Probably = concinnata). 


Genus COMPSILUROIDES Mesnil 


Compsiluroides Mesnil, 1953b: 105. Type-species: Compsiluroides communis Mesnil, 1953, 
by monotypy. 

communis Mesnil, 1953): 105. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined] — BuRMA. 


Genus DEGEERIOPSIS Mesnil 


Degeeviopsis Mesnil, 1953b: 104. Type-species: Degeeriopsis xanthogastra Mesnil, 1953, by 
monotypy. 

xanthogastra Mesnil, 1953b : 104. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMA. 


Genus EOPHYLLOPHILA Townsend 


Eophyllophila Townsend, 1926a:19. Type-species: Eophyllophila elegans Townsend, 1926, 
by original designation. 

elegans Townsend, 1926a:19. Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 1969 : 95), INDONESIA 
Sumatra, Sungai Kumbang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined].— INDONESIA (Sumatra). 
(Probably = includens). 

filipes Townsend, 1927) : 283. Syntypes 4 g, Formosa: Sokutsu & Kosempo (DEI, Eberswalde 
& USNM, Washington) [USNM syntypes examined]. — Formosa, Inp1a (Madras), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya), NepaLt. (Probably = includens). 

includens Walker, 1859) : 130 (Dexia). Holotype J, INDonEsIA: Celebes, Makassar (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — INDoNEsIA (Celebes). 


216 RW. CROSSKEY 


Genus HYGIELLA Mesnil 


Hygiella Mesnil, 1957 : 28. Type-species: Hygiella pygidialis Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. 

nigripes Mesnil, 1968a : 182. Holotype g, INp1A: West Bengal, Pashok (CNC, Ottawa, ex 
coll. Mesnil) [examined]. — Inp1A (West Bengal). 

pygidialis Mesnil, 1957: 28. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMA. 

Undescribed sp. — CHINA (Fukien), Mataysia (Sabah). 


Genus MEDINA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Medina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 139. Type-species: Medina cylindrica Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Tachina collaris Fallén, 1820], by subsequent designation of Coquillett (Ig10 : 565). 
(EUROPE). 

Degeeria Meigen, 1838 : 249. Type-species: Tachina collaris Fallén, 1820, by subsequent 
designation of Rondani (1856 : 72). (EUROPE). 

Mollia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1) : 949. Type-species: Mollia obscurella Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1863 [= Tachina luctuosa Meigen, 1824], by subsequent designation of Townsend (1916a : 


7). (Europe). [Junior homonym of Mollia Lamouroux, 1816.] 
Molliopsis Townsend, 1933 : 470. Type-species: Mollia malayana Townsend, 1926, by original 
designation. 


fumipennis Townsend, 1926a:20. Holotype g, INDoNEsIA: Sumatra, Air Njuruk, Dempu 
(ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra). 

fuscisquama Mesnil, 1953): 105. Holotype 3, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — Burma, NEPAL. 

malayana Townsend, 1926a:20 (Mollia). Holotype 3g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Gunung 
Singgalang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDoNEs1IA (Lesser Sunda Is, Sumatra). 


Genus MEDINODEXIA Townsend 


Medinodexia Townsend, 1927a:57. Type-species: Medinodexia fulviventris Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. 

forvmosana Baranov in Hennig, 1941 : 190. Nomen nudum (no later validation). 

fulviventris Townsend, 1927a:57. Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 1969 : 98) 
INDONESIA: Sumatra, Tandjunggadang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA 
(Sumatra). 

morgani Hardy, 1934 : 37 (Zosteromyia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 19730 : 
164), AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Biniguy (NSWDA, Rydalmere) [examined]. —- CEyLon; 
AUSTRALIA (N.S.W., Qld). 


Genus MEDINOMYIA Mesnil 


Medinomyia Mesnil, 1957 : 27. Type-species: Medinomyia canescens Mesnil, 1957, by mono- 
typy. 

canescens Mesnil, 1957:27. Holotype 9, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. 


Genus MEIGENIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Meigenia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 198. Type-species: Meigenia flovalis Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Tachina mutabilis Fallén, 1810], by subsequent designation of Robineau-Desvoidy 
(1863 (1) : 1065). (EuRope). [Note: Meigenia flovalis Robineau-Desvoidy is a distinct 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 217 


nominal species, not a citation of Tachina floralis Fallén (misidentified) as given in Sabrosky 
& Arnaud (1965 : 1044).] 

majuscula Rondani, 1859 : 112 (Spylosia). Syntypes g 2, ITaLy: Etruria, & Matta (not 
located, ? in MZ, Florence). - FoRMosA, VIETNAM (NORTH) (record in Mesnil, 1962 : 707, 
specimen from Ou Si, nr Hanoi); widespread EUROPE & NORTH AFRICA, CHINA (‘Manchuria’) 

picta Mesnil, 1961: 704. Holotype g, INDONESIA: Java, Bogor (=Buitenzorg) (NMB, 
Basle). — INDONESIA (Java). 

setosa Baranoy in Hennig, 1941 : 193. Nomen nudum (no later validation). 

velutina Mesnil, 1952c : 156. Holotype 9, CH1na: Heilungkiang (=Manchuria, part), Ha-erh- 
pin (= Harbin) (SMN, Ludwigsburg). - Burma, CHINA (Heilungkiang), NEPAL. 

Undetermined sp. (probably sp. n.). — INp1A (Punjab, Kangra Valley). 


Genus PHYTOROPHAGA Bezzi 


Phytorophaga Bezzi, 1923 : 411. Type-species: Phytorophaga ventralis Bezzi, 1923, by original 
designation. 

Malayomedina Townsend, 1926a: 20. Type-species: Malayomedina petiolata Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. Syn. n. 

petiolata Townsend, 1926a : 20 (Malayomedina). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort 
de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb. n.—INDONESIA (Sumatra); ? FIJI. 
(Probably = ventralis). 

ventralis Bezzi, 1923 : 412. Syntypes g 9, INDONESIA: Java, Bogor (=Buitenzorg) (not 
located, ? coll. Bezzi, MCSNM, Milan). — INDonEs1a (Java). 


Genus PRODEGEERIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Prodegeevia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894 : 617 (81). Type-species: Prodegeeria javana Brauer 
& Bergenstamm, 1894, by monotypy. 

Euthelaivosoma Townsend, 1926a : 32. Type-species: Euthelaivosoma chaetopygiale Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. 

Hemidegeeria Villeneuve, 1929 : 66. Type-species: Hemidegeeria bicincta Villeneuve, 1929 
[= Euthelaivosoma chaetopygiale Townsend, 1926], by subsequent designation of Townsend 
(1932 : 36). 

Promedina Mesnil, 1957 : 26. Type-species: Promedina japonica Mesnil, 1957, by original 
designation. (JAPAN). 

chaetopygialis Townsend, 1926a : 33 (Euthelaivosoma). Lectotype g (by designation of 
Crosskey, 1969 : 96), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — 
Formosa, INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra), Maraysia (Malaya); Sotomon IsLANDs. 

bicincta Villeneuve, 1929 :67 (Hemidegeeria). Holotype g, Formosa: Fuhosho (DEI, 
Eberswalde). 
chaetopygidiale. Incorrect subsequent spelling of chaetopygiale Townsend. 

javana Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894 : 617 (81). Holotype 2, INpoNnEsIA: Java (NM, Vienna) 
[examined]. — Formosa, INDONESIA (Java). 

tricincta Villeneuve, 1929 :67 (Hemidegeeria). Holotype $, Formosa: Kanshizei (DEI, 
Eberswalde). —- Formosa, MALAysiIA (Sabah). 


Genus PROSOPOFRONTINA Townsend 


Prosopofrontina Townsend, 1926a : 33. Type-species: Prosopofrontina pulchva Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. 

Cryptospylosia Townsend, 1928 : 388. Type-species: Cryptospylosia angustifyons Townsend, 
1928, by original designation. Syn. n. 


218 R. W. CROSSKE Y 


Urophyllina Villeneuve, 19374 : 5 (as subg. of Uvophylloides Brauer & Bergenstamm). Type- 
species: Uvophylloides (Uvrophyllina) rufipes Villeneuve, 1937, by original designation. 
Syn. n. : 

Anuvophyllina Mesnil, 1961 : 693 (as subg. of Uvophyllina). ([Unavailable: no fixation of a 
type-species from four included species. ] 

angustifrons Townsend, 1928 : 389 (Cryptospylosia). Holotype ¢g, PHILIPPINES: Luzon, 
Baguio, Benguet (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n. — PHILipPiInEs (Luzon). 

bicolor Villeneuve, 1937a : 3 (Uvophylloides). Lectotype 2 (by present designation), CHINA: 
Szechwan, Suifu (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Comb. n.-— Burma, Cuina (Szech- 
wan); JAPAN. 

latifrons Mesnil, 1961 : 694 (Urophyllina). Holotype $, Burma; Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n.— Burma. 

luteipes Mesnil, 1953) : 107 (Compsiluroides). Holotype J, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n.— Burma. 

malaisei Mesnil, 1961 : 693 (Urophyllina). Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n.— Burma. 

pulchra Townsend, 1926a : 34. Holotype 2, INDONEsIA: Sumatra, Gunung Singgalang (ZM, 
Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra), MALAysIA (Malaya). 

rufipes Villeneuve, 1937a :5 (Uvophylloides (Uvophyllina)). Holotype 9, CH1na: Szechwan, 
Mt Omei, Shin Kai Si, (IRSNB, Brussels). Comb. n.— Burma, Cutna (Szechwan). 


Genus TRICHOPAREIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Trichopareia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 103 (35). Type-species: Tachina seria Meigen, 
1824, by monotypy. (EUROPE). 

Admontia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 104 (36). Type-species: Admontia podomyia Brauer 
& Bergenstamm, 1889, by original designation and monotypy. (AUSTRIA). 

Euhyperecteina Townsend, 1915b:19. Type-species: Admontia nasoni Coquillett, 1895, 
by original designation. (NORTH AMERICA). 

gracilipes Mesnil, 1953b: 101. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMA. 

malayana Townsend, 1926a : 34 (Euhyperecteina). Holotype 2, INDoNEsIA: Sumatra, Gunung 
Singgalang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb. n. — INDOoNEsIA (Sumatra). 


Genus TRIGONOSPILA Pokorny 


Trigonospila Pokorny, 1886 : 191. Type-species: Tvigonospila picta Pokorny, 1886 [= Tachina 
ludio Zetterstedt, 1848], by monotypy. (EUROPE). 

Zosteromyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 376(72). Type-species: Myobia cingulata Macquart 
sensu Brauer & Bergenstamm (misidentification) [= Zosteromyia braueri Townsend, 
1933], by original designation. 

Succingulum Pandellé, 1894 : 52. Type-species: Succingulum transvittatum Pandellé, 1896, 
by subsequent monotypy (Pandellé, 1896 : 148). (FRANCE). 

Gymnamedoria Townsend 1927b : 283. Type-species: Gymnamedoria medinoides Townsend, 
1927 [= Succingulum transvittatum Pandellé, 1896], by original designation. 

Zosteromyiopsis Townsend, 1933 : 456. Type-species: Myobia cingulata Macquart, 1851, 
by original designation. (TASMANIA). 

integra Villeneuve, 1935 : 142 (Succingulum). Holotype g, AFRICA (not located, possibly lost). 
— Burma, Inp1a (Mysore). 

ludio Zetterstedt, 1849 : 3233 (Tachina). Holotype g, DENMARK (not located, ? in Lund). — 
BurMA; widespread EUROPE, JAPAN. 

picta Pokorny, 1886: 191. Holotype 3, Austria: Styria, Mt Wechsel (destroyed, formerly 
in Budapest Mus.). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 219 


transvittata Pandellé, 1896: 148 (Succingulum). Holotype 2, FRANCE: Hyéres (MNHN, 
Paris). — Formosa, Inp1A (Punjab), THAILAND; EUROPE, JAPAN, MELANESIA. 
medinoides Townsend, 1927) : 283 (Gymnamedoria). Syntypes 3 3g, Formosa: Sokutsu 
(DEI, Eberswalde & USNM, Washington) [USNM syntype examined]. 


Genus URODEXIA Osten Sacken 


Urodexia Osten Sacken, 1882: 11. Type-species: Uvodexia penicillum Osten Sacken, 1882, 
by monotypy. 

Oxydexiops Townsend, 1927c : 289. Type-species: Oxydexiops uramyoides Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. 

penicillum Osten Sacken, 1882 :14. Holotype g, INDONESIA: Celebes, Kandari (MCSN, 
Genoa) [examined by A. C. Pont for R. W. C.].—Cryton, INp1A (Mysore, Punjab), 
INDONESIA (Celebes), MALAysiIA (Malaya, Sabah), THAILAND. 

siamensis Townsend, 1919a : 563. Holotype ¢, THAaILranp: Khow Sai Dow (USNM, 

Washington) [examined]. 

uramyoides Townsend, 1927c : 289 (Oxydexiops). Lectotype 92 (by fixation of Townsend, 
1939) : 129), PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Davao (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — INDo- 
NESIA (Java), Maraysia (Malaya), PHILIPPINES (Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan). 


Genus UROEUANTHA Townsend 


Uroeuantha Townsend, 1927¢ : 279. Type-species: Uvoeuantha longipes Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. 

longipes Townsend, 1927c : 280. Holotype g, PHILIppiNnes: Mindanao, Kolambugan (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Mindanao). 

Undetermined sp. (? Jongipes or sp. n.). - CEYLON, MALAysia (Malaya, Sabah). 


Genus UROMEDINA Townsend 


Uvomedina Townsend, 1926a:18. Type-species: Uvomedina caudata Townsend, 1926, by 
original designation. 

Arvhinodexia Townsend, 1927b : 282. Type-species: Avrhinodexia atrata Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

atrata Townsend, 1927) : 283 (Arrhinodexia). Syntypes 2 3, Formosa: Sokutsu & Tappani 
(DEI, Eberswalde & USNM, Washington) [USNM syntype examined]. Comb. n. — 
Burma, Formosa. 

caudata Townsend, 1926a:19. Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, 
Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra). 

eumorphophaga Baranov, 1934a:48 (Arrhinodexia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, 
Selangor, Kuala Lumpur (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.-— Burma, MALAysIA 
(Malaya). 


Unplaced species of Blondeliini 


(The four species listed below are valid but cannot be assigned at present to suitable 
genera. A new genus will probably be required for each of them.) 


ghanii Mesnil, 19756 : 1 (Tachinophytopsis). Holotype g, Pakistan: Kahuta (coll. Mesnil). — 
PAKISTAN. 
javana Wulp, 1893 : 181 (Gymnostylia). Holotype g, INDoNEsIA: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) 
[examined]. — INDONEsIA (Java). 


220 R. W. CROSSKEY 


siamense Baranov, 1938) : 411 (Euthelaivosoma). Holotype $, THAILAND (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. — THAILAND. : 

villeneuvei Baranov, 1934a : 44 (Hemidegeeria). Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky 
& Crosskey, 1969 : 45), BuRMA: Shwegu Res., Bhamo (BMNH, London) [examined]. — 
BURMA. 


Tribe EXORISTINI Robineau-Desvoidy 
EXORISTIDAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1) : 244. Type-genus: Exorista Meigen, 1803. 


Genus AUSTROPHOROCERA Townsend 


Austrophorocera Townsend, 1916c : 157. Type-species: Phorocera biserialis Macquart, 1847, 
by original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 
Glossosalia Mesnil, 1947 : 62 (as subg. of Spoggosia Rondani). [Unavailable: no fixation of 
a type-species from two included species. ] 
Glossosalia Mesnil, 1960a : 606 (as subg. of Spoggosia Rondani). Type-species: Phorocera 
grandis Macquart, 1851, by original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 
grandis Macquart, 1851 : 171 (198) (Phoroceva). Holotype g, AUSTRALIA (MNHN, Paris) 
[examined]. — CEYLon, Formosa, INnp1A (Madras), INDoNEsIA (Moluccas, Sumatra), Laos, 
MataysIA (Sabah), VieETNAM (NortTH); PAPUA NEw GUINEA, widespread AUSTRALIA. 
magna Baranov, 1934a : 46(Phorocera). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 
1969 : 48), INDONESIA: Moluccas, Batjan (USNM, Washington: genitalia slide only). 
maxima Baranov, 1936 : 105 (Phorocerva, as form of magna). Lectotype 2 (by designation 
of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 49), Formosa: Sokutsu (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 
hirsuta Mesnil, 1947 : 65 (Spoggosia (Glossosalia)). Lectotype g (by present designation), 
Cuina: nr Shanghai, Kou-ling (MNHN, Paris) [examined]. —- CuH1na, Formosa, MALAYSIA 
(Malaya), VIETNAM (NoRTH). 


Genus BESSA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Bessa Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (2) : 164. Type-species: Bessa secutyvix Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1863 [= Tachina selecta Meigen, 1824], by original designation. (EUROPE). 

Ptychomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 89 (21). Type-species: Tachina selecta Meigen, 
1824, by monotypy. 

remota Aldrich, 1925 : 13 (Ptychomyia). Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya (USNM, Washington) 
[examined]. - BurMA, CEYLon, Formosa, Inp1A (Madras, Mysore), INDONESIA (Sumatra), 
Mataysia (Malaya, Sabah). Introduced F1j1 (established). 


Genus CHAETEXORISTA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Chaetexorista Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894 : 616 (80). Type-species: Chaetexorista javana 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894, by original designation and monotypy. 

Hygia Mesnil, 1952a : 222. Type-species: Blepharipoda eutachinoides Baranov, 1932, by 
original designation. 

eutachinoides Baranov, 1932a : 92 (Blephavipoda). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky 
& Crosskey, 1969 : 36), Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — CHINA, 
ForMosA, NEPAL; JAPAN. 

imperator Baranov, 1936: 109 (Phorocera). Holotype g, INpDoNneEs1IA: Celebes, Samanga 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — InDonEsIA (Celebes). 

javana Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894 : 616 (80). Holotype 9, InponeEs1a: Java, Sukabumi 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 221 


(NM, Vienna) [examined].—Inp1a (Mysore), INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya, Sabah), NEPAL, PHILIPPINES. Introduced U.S.A. (established). 
sapiens Curran, 1938b:205 (Zenillia). Holotype g, PuiLtippines (DEI, Eberswalde) 
{examined}. 
javana Mesnil, 1952a : 225 (as subsp. of Hygia eutachinoides). Holotype 3 [abdomen lost], 
INDONESIA: Java, Sukabumi (BMNH, London) [examined]. [Junior secondary homonym 
of Chaetexorista javana Brauer & Bergenstamm. |] 
klapperichi Mesnil, 1960b : 645. Holotype g, Cuina: Fukien, Kuantun (CNC, Ottawa) 
[examined]. — Cu1na (Fukien). 
palpis Chao, 1965:102, 105. Holotype g, CuHina: Chekiang (ZICA, Peking). —- CHIna 
(Chekiang). 
setosa Chao, 1965 : 103,105. Holotype g, CH1na: Kwangsi (ZICA, Peking). —- Cutna (Chekiang, 
Kwangsi, Szechwan; also Palaearctic China). 


Genus CHAETORIA Becker 


Chaetoria Becker, 1908 : 113. Type-species: Chaetoria stylata Becker, 1908, by monotypy. 
(CANARY ISLANDS). 

Phrynactia Townsend, 1926a : 34. Type-species: Phrynactia petiolata Townsend, 1926 [= Sco- 
polia spinicosta Thomson, 1869], by original designation. 

Vorina Malloch, 1930a : 321. Type-species: Vorina setibasis Malloch, 1930, by original designa- 
tion. (AUSTRALIA). 

spinicosta Thomson, 1869 : 528 (Scopolia). Holotype 2, PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Manila (NR, 
Stockholm) [examined]. Comb. n.-— INDONESIA (Sumatra), PHILIPPINES (Luzon); Bis- 
MARCK ISLANDS, BOUGAINVILLE. 

petiolata Townsend, 1926a : 34 (Phrynactia). Holotype g, INDONEsIA: Sumatra, Fort de 

Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Syn. n. 

Undetermined sp. (with vein R, setulose). - INDONEsIA (Celebes). 


Genus CHETOGENA Rondani 


Chetogena Rondani, 1856 :68. Type-species: Tachina gramma Meigen, 1824 [= Tachina obliquata 
Fallén, 1810], by original designation. (EUROPE). 

Spoggosia Rondani, 1859: 182. Type-species: Spoggosia occlusa Rondani, 1859 [= Salia 
echinuva Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, ? = Tachina obliquata Fallén, 1810], by monotypy. 
(EUROPE). 

raoi Mesnil, 1968a : 182 (Spoggosia). Holotype g, Inp1A: Andhra Pradesh, Anantapur, Gooty 
(CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. Mesnil). Comb. n.—Inp1a (Andhra Pradesh). 


Genus EOZENILLIA Townsend 


Eozenillia Townsend, 1926c : 542. Type-species: Eozenillia equatorvialis Townsend, 1926, 
by original designation. 

equatorialis Townsend, 1926c : 543. Holotype 9, SrtncaporE (USNM, Washington) 
[examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra), MALAysia (Sabah), SINGAPORE. 

psychidarum Baranovy, 1934a : 47 (Trvicholyga). Holotype g, INDoNEsIA: Sumatra, Pematang 
Siantar, Naga Hoeta Estate (BMNH, London) [examined].—-INDONEsiA (Sumatra), 
Ma taysia (Malaya). 

Undescribed sp. (abervans Strobl sensu Bezzi, in part (misidentification)). -Matays1a (Malaya, 
Sabah), THAILAND. 


222 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Genus EXORISTA Meigen 


Exorista Meigen, 1803 : 280. Type-species: Musca larvarum Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy. 
(EUROPE). 

Thrycolyga Rondani, 1856: 68. Type-species: Thrycolyga nova Rondani, 1856, by original 
designation. (ITALY). 

Eutachina Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 98 (30). Type-species: Musca larvarum Linnaeus, 
1758, by monotypy. (EUROPE). [Junior objective synonym of Evorista.]| 

Podotachina Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 350 (46). Type-species: Tachina sorbillans Wiede- 
mann, 1830, by subsequent designation of Townsend (1916a : 8). (CANARY ISLANDs). 

Biomyopsis Townsend, 1927a: 60. Type-species: Biomyopsis sumatrensis Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

Scotiella Mesnil, 1940 : 39 (as subg. of Evxorista Meigen). Type-species: Exorvista (Scotiella) 
bisetosa Mesnil, 1940, by original designation. [Junior homonym of Scotiella Delo, 1935.] 

Spixomyia Crosskey, 1967a : 28. [Replacement name for Scotiella Mesnil.]} 

[Tachina Meigen sensu authors (misidentification)]. 

antennalis Chao, 1964a : 366, 373. Holotype g, Cuina: Szechwan (ZICA, Peking). — CHINA 
(Szechwan). 

aureifrons Baranov, 1936: 107 (Eutachina). Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 42), INDONESIA: Java, Idjen, Kendeng (MZB, Bogor) [examined]. — Crna, 
INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra), MaLaysiA (Malaya, Sabah), VIETNAM (NorTH), ? PHILIPPINES; 
SoLomon IsLANDs. 

sumatrana Baranov, 1936 : 107 (Eutachina, as subsp. of aureifrons). Lectotype g (by designa- 

tion of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 42), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Selemoekae (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. 

bisetosa Mesnil, 1940 : 39 (Exorista (Scotiella)). Lectotype ¢ (by present designation), CHINA: 
nr Shanghai, Zi-ka-wei (MNHN, Paris) [examined].—Cuina (Chekiang, Kiangsu), 
INDONESIA (Java); ? SOLOMON ISLANDS; JAPAN. 

castanea Wulp, 1894 : 12 (Masiceva). Holotype g, InpIA: Bihar, Patna (ZSI, Calcutta). 
Comb. n. — Inp1a (Bihar). (Probably = xanthaspis). 

cephalopalpis Chao, 1964a : 365, 372. Holotype 9, Cu1na: Kwangsi (ZICA, Peking). — CHIna 
(Kwangsi), FoRMosA. 

fasciata Jaennicke, 1867 : 383. Holotype 9, INDoNnEsIA: Java (not located, probably lost). — 
INDONESIA (Java). 

E. fasciata Jaennicke is a junior secondary homonym of E£. fasciata (Fallén, 1820). 

No replacement name is proposed at the present time. 

fortis Chao, 1964a : 364, 372. Holotype 9, Cuina: Chekiang (ZICA, Peking). - CHina 
(Chekiang). 

fuscipennis Baranov, 1932a : 90 (Eutachina). Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 42), Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — 
FoRMOSA. 

Mesnil (1960a : 575) placed this name as a synonym of hyalipennis Baranov, but com- 
parison of the slide preparations of the male genitalia of the lectotypes reveals certain 
differences suggesting that fuscipennis is distinct. 

ghanii Mesnil, 1971a : 68. Holotype g, PAKISTAN: Karis (coll. Mesnil). — Pakistan. (Probably 
=civilis Rondani (Herting, pers. comm.)). 

grandiforceps Chao, 1964a : 368, 374. Holotype g, Cu1na: Kwangsi (ZICA, Peking). — CHINA 
(Kwangsi). 

horrens Walker, 1859b : 124 (Masicera). Holotype 9, InponeEs1a: Celebes, Makassar (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — InDoNEsIA (Celebes). 

humilis Mesnil, 1947 : 59 (Exorista (Prosalia)). Holotype g, CHINA: nr Shanghai, Kou-ling 
(MNHN, Paris) [examined]. —- Cu1na (Kiangsi); JAPAN. 

hyalipennis Baranov, 1932a : 88 (Eutachina). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky & 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 223 


Crosskey, 1969 : 42), Formosa: Chipun (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa, 
VIETNAM (NorRTH); JAPAN. 
japonica Townsend, 1909 : 247 (Tachina). Holotype g, JAPAN: Tokyo vicinity (USNM, 
Washington). —- Cuina (Shantung, Szechwan), Formosa, INpIA (Mysore, West Bengal), 
NEPAL, VIETNAM (NorTH); JAPAN. Introduced U.S.A. (not established). 
tenuiforceps Baranov, 1932a : 87 (Eutachina). Holotype g, Formosa: Koshun, Kankau 
(DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
javana Macquart, 1851 : 177 (204) (Tachina). Holotype g, INDONEsIA: Java (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. Comb. n.-— Burma, INDONEsIA (Celebes, Java). 
Tachina javana Macquart probably ought to be considered a junior primary homonym 
of Tachina iavana Wiedemann, 1819, but the ‘2’ and ‘j’ difference in spelling is not a 
situation covered by Article 53 of the Code. 
ladelli Baranov, 1936 : 108 (Eutachina). Holotype 3, THAILAND: Hua Hin (BMNH, London) 
{examined]. — THAILAND. 
larvarum Linnaeus, 1758 : 596 (Musca).—INbDIA (Kashmir); widespread Europe (including 
Britain), U.S.S.R., JAPAN. Introduced U.S.A. (established). 
laterosetosa Chao, 1964a : 370, 375. Holotype g, CHina: Kwangsi (ZICA, Peking). — CHINA 
(Kwangsi). 
lepis Chao, 1964a : 367, 373. Holotype g, CHINA: Szechwan (ZICA, Peking). —- CHINA 
(Szechwan). 
psamathe Walker, 1849 : 765 (Tachina). Holotype 3g, INp1A: Madras (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. Comb. n. — Inp1a (Madras). 
This nominal species belongs to the sorbillans complex and may be synonymous with 
sorbillans Wiedemann s.str. 
pseudorustica Chao, 19644 : 364, 372. Holotype 9, Cu1na: Kwangsi (ZICA, Peking). — CHINA 
(Kwangsi). 
quadriseta Baranov, 1932a : 91 (Eutachina). Holotype g, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, Ebers- 
walde) [examined]. — Formosa; ? SOLOMON ISLANDs. 
quadrisetosa. Incorrect subsequent spelling of quadriseta Baranov. 
rossica Mesnil, 1960a : 593. Holotype g, U.S.S.R.: Tadzhikistan, Kondara (ZI, Leningrad). — 
Inp1A (Kashmir); U.S.S.R. 
rusticella Baranov, 1936: 108 (Eutachina). Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 43), Formosa: Takao (IZPAN, Warsaw) [examined]. — Formosa, 
INDONESIA (Sumatra). 
sinica Chao, 1964a : 369, 374. Holotype 3, Cuina: Szechwan (ZICA, Peking). —- CHINA 
(Chekiang, Szechwan). 
sorbillans Wiedemann, 1830 : 311 (Tachina). Lectotype ¢ (by fixation of Townsend, 1932 : 45), 
CANARY IsLANDs: Teneriffe (NM, Vienna). - Widespread ORIENTAL REGION; widespread 
S. PALAEARCTIC & ETHIOPIAN REGIONS, JAPAN; NEw GUINEA & QUEENSLAND. 
bombycis Louis, 1880: 16 (Oestrus). Type(s) [? sex], InpI1A: Bengal (lost). The name 
bombycis has always until now been attributed to Becher (1889 : 77) who provided a 
formal description under the name Tyrycolyga bombycis (later emended by authors to 
bombycum). Under the ICZN Code the name is, however, available from the work of 
Louis. 
bombycum. Incorrect subsequent spelling of bombycis Louis. 
subnigra Wulp, 1894 : 14 (Masiceva). Holotype 9, INp1a (ZSI, Calcutta). Comb. n.— INp1IA 
(Possibly = japonica). 
sumatrensis Townsend, 1927a : 60 (Biomyopsis). Holotype 2, INDONEsIA: Sumatra, Baso 
(ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb. n. — INDONEsiA (Sumatra). 
velutina Mesnil, 1953b: 101. Holotype g, InpiA: Madras, Coimbatore (BMNH, London) 
[examined] — Inp1a (Madras), Maraysia (Malaya); NEw GuINEa. 
xanthaspis Wiedemann, 1830 : 314 (Tachina). Syntypes ¢ 9, ‘NUBIEN’ (not located, possibly 
lost). — Widespread ORIENTAL REGION; southern Europre, MippLe East, AFRICA, 
MADAGASCAR, SEYCHELLES. 


224 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Wiedemann described this species from specimens in Frankfurt Museum. Herting 
(pers. comm.) informs me that Dr Tobias searched for the types in the Frankfurt collection 
but was unable to find them. 

alacris Wiedemann, 1830 : 303 (Lachina). Holotype ¢, INDONESIA: Java, Djakarta 
(=Batavia) (UZM, Copenhagen) [examined]. [Junior primary homonym of Tachina 
alacris Meigen, 1824.] 

civiloides Baranov, 1932a :84 (Eutachina). Lectotype 3 (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 42), FoRmosA: Kankau, Koshun (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 

[ fallax Meigen sensu authors (misidentification) ] 

yunnanica Chao, 1964a : 369, 374. Holotype g, CHINA: Yunnan (ZICA, Peking). — CHINA 

(Yunnan). 


Genus PHORCIDELLA Mesnil 


Phorcidella Mesnil, 1947 : 42. Type-species: Eutachina basalis Baranov, 1932, by original 
designation. 

basalis Baranov, 1932a : 86 (Eutachina). Holotype g, Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, 
Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa. 


Genus PHORINIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Phorinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 118. Type-species: Phorinia aurifrons Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830, by subsequent designation of Robineau-Desvoidy (1863 (1) : 491). (FRANCE). 
aurifrons Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 118. Type(s) [? sex], FRANCE: Saint-Sauveur (lost). — 

NEPAL, VIETNAM (NoRTH); widespread EUROPE. 

Mesnil (1960) : 632) reported auvifyons from Tonkin (North Vietnam) but the record 
needs confirmation (as closely allied species of uncertain identity occur in the Oriental 
Region). 

flavipalpis Baranov in Hennig, 1941 : 194. Nomen nudum (no later validation). 
Undetermined sp. (yellow palpi). - NEPAL, VIETNAM (SOUTH), THAILAND. 
Undetermined sp. (dark palpi). -Mataysta (Malaya, Sabah). 


Genus STOMATOMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Stomatomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889: 98 (30). Type-species: Chetogena filipalpis 
Rondani, 1859, by monotypy. (ITALY). 
Plagiprospherysa Townsend, 1892a : 113. Type-species: Plagiprospherysa valida Townsend, 
1892 [= Prospherysa parvipalpis Wulp, 1890], by original designation. (NORTH AMERICA). 
Plagiprosopherysa. Ancorrect subsequent spelling of Plagiprospherysa Townsend (Malloch, 
1935¢ : 576). 
acuminata Rondani, 1859 : 180 (Chetogena). Syntypes [? sex], Itaty (MZ, Florence). — 
INDONESIA (Celebes), MALaysia (Sabah); AUSTRALIA; S. PALAEARCTIC REGION, JAPAN, 
? WEsT AFRICA. 
Oriental and Australian records for this species are based upon identifications by Malloch 
(1930@ ; 1935c) and need confirmation. 
bezziana Baranov, 1934a:48. Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 1966a : 673), 
CEYLON: Batticaloa (BMNH, London) [examined].—CrEyton. (Possibly = imnocens). 
Rao & Sudha Rao (1964) cite Mesnil as considering that bezziana is a (senior) synonym 
of approximata Villeneuve, which might or might not be synonymous with acuminata 
Rondani. It is possible that the names innocens, acuminata, bezziana and approximata 
apply to a single widespread species. If so, the valid name will be znnocens Wiedemann. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 225 


filipes Mesnil, 1939b:170. Holotype g, ViEtTNAM: Annam, nr Tourane, Col des Nuages 
(MNHN, Paris) [examined]. — VIETNAM. 

innocens Wiedemann, 1830 : 336 (Tachina). Holotype g, Macao (UZM, Copenhagen) 
[examined]. — Macao. 

Undetermined sp. — Maraysia (Malaya). 


Unplaced name in Exoristini 


orientalis Townsend in Hennig, 1941 : 193 (Palpexorista). Nomen nudum (no later validation). 


Tribe ETHILLINI Mesnil 
ETHYLLINA [sic] Mesnil, 1944a : 23. Type-genus: Ethilla Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863. 


Genus MYCTEROMYIELLA Mesnil 


Mycteromyia Mesnil, 1950a : 107. Type-species: Mycteromyia laetifica Mesnil, 1950, by original 

designation. (NEw GUINEA). [Junior homonym of Mycteromyia Philippi, 1865.] 
Mycteromyiella Mesnil, 1965 : 232. [Replacement name for Mycteromyia Mesnil.] 
Undetermined sp. (probably undescribed). - MaLaysia (Malaya, Sarawak). 


Genus PARATRYPHERA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Paratryphera Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 328 (24). Type-species: Pavatryphera handlirschit 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, by monotypy. (AUSTRIA). 

longicornis Mesnil, 1970b : 117. Holotype g, INDIA: West Bengal, Pashok (CNC, Ottawa, 
ex coll. Mesnil). — Inp1A (West Bengal), MALAys1A (Malaya). 


Genus PHOROCEROSOMA Townsend 


Phorocerosoma Townsend, 1927a: 61. Type-species: Phorocerosoma forte Yownsend, 1927 
[= Masicera vicaria Walker, 1856], by original designation. 
postulans Walker, 1861a : 240 (Nemovaea). Holotype 3 {head lost], NEw Guinea: Dorey 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Formosa, Mataysia (Malaya), NEpAL; NEw GuINEA & 
Movruccas, SoLtomons, AusTRALIA (N.T., Qld); tropical AFrRica. 
mysolana Walker, 1864 : 213 (Masicera). Holotype 9, InDoneEs1A: Moluccas, Misodl (publ. 
‘“Mysol’) (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
anomala Baranov, 1936:99. Lectotype 2 (by designation of Crosskey, 1966d : 108), 
Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
nitidicauda Curran, 1938b : 202 (Zenillia). Holotype g, AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Cairns 
(SPHTM, Sydney) [examined]. 
vicarium Walker, 1856a : 20 (Masicerva). Holotype ¢ [not 9], SINGAPpoRE (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. —- Cuina, INDONESIA (Sumatra), MALAysiA (Malaya), SINGAPORE; JAPAN. 
forte Townsend, 1927a : 61. Holotype 3, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amster- 
dam) [examined]. 
simulatoy Baranoy in Hennig, 1941 : 194 (Evxorista). Nomen nudum (no later validation, 
see Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 56). 


226 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Unplaced species of Ethillini 


pulchra Mesnil, 1949a : 68 (Zenilliana). Holotype 3, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, Eberswalde). 
— Formosa. 
For comments on the uncertain generic position of this nominal species see p. 120. 


Tribe WINTHEMIINI Townsend 
WINTHEMIIAE Townsend, 1913 : 52. Type-genus: Winthemia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus NEMORILLA Rondani 


Nemorilla Rondani, 1856: 66. Type-species: Tachina maculosa Meigen, 1824, by original 
designation. (EUROPE). 
maculosa Meigen, 1824 : 265 (Tachina). Syntypes 2 g, ? FRANCE or GERMANY (MNHN, 
Paris) [examined by Herting].— Burma, Formosa, INDIA (Kashmir, Mysore); widespread 
sthn PALAEARCTIC REGION (including N. Arrica, MIDDLE East, Cyprus) [flovalis Fallén in 
Indian literature (misidentification) | 
Undetermined sp. — MaraysiA (Malaya). 


Genus SMIDTIOLA Mesnil 


Smidtiola Mesnil, 1957: 7. Type-species: Smidtiola vavipes Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. 
[Description headed ‘n. gen., n. sp.’, generic name accepted as available although characters 
purporting to differentiate the generic and specific taxa not clearly distinguished. ] 

varipes Mesnil, 1957 : 7. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. 
— BURMA. 


Genus TIMAVIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Timavia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1) : 257. Type-species: Timavia flavipalpis Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1847, [= Tachina amoena Meigen, 1824], by original designation. (FRANCE). 

Omotoma Lioy, 1864a : 1338. Type-species: Tachina amoena Meigen, 1824, by subsequent 
designation of Townsend (1916a : 8). (EUROPE). 

Nemosturmia Townsend, 1926b : 34. Type-species: Nemosturmia pilosa Townsend, 1926 
[= Winthemia fumiferanae Tothill, 1912], by original designation. (NorTH AMERICA). 

atriventris Walker, 1852 : 290 (Tachina). Holotype g, Inp1a [publ. as ‘Madras or Bombay’] 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n. — INp1ra. 

This species is still known only from the holotype. There is some doubt whether India 

is the true provenance. 

gemina Mesnil, 1949a : 75 (Nemosturmia). Holotype g, Cutna: nr Shanghai, Kou-ling (CNC, 
Ottawa) [examined]. Comb. n. — CHINa. 

winthemioides Mesnil, 1949a : 76 (Nemosturmia). Holotype 3, Formosa (DEI, Eberswalde) 
[examined]. Comb. n. — Formosa. 


Genus WINTHEMIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Winthemia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 173. Type-species: Tachina variegata Meigen, 1824, 
by subsequent designation of Robineau-Desvoidy (1863 (1) : 207). (EUROPE). 

Crossotocnema Bigot, 1885 : cci. Type-species: Crossotocnema javana Bigot, 1885, by monotypy. 

Pseudokea Townsend, 1928 : 393. Type-species: Pseudokea neowinthemioides Townsend, 
1928, by original designation. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 227 


diversoides Baranov, 1932¢:47. Holotype g, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, Eberswalde) 
[examined]. — Formosa. 

javana Bigot, 1885 : ccii (Crossotocnema). Holotype 9, INDONEsIA: Java (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. — INDONESIA (Java). 

mallochi Baranov, 1932c : 46. Holotype J, Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) 
[examined]. —- CEyYLon, Formosa. 

neowinthemioides Townsend, 1928 : 394 (Pseudokea). Holotype g, PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, 
Cagayan (USNM, Washington) [examined].—INDONEsIA (Java), Mataysia (Malaya), 
PHILIPPINES (Mindanao); New GuINngeA, AUSTRALIA (N.S.W., Qld). 

diversa Malloch, 1930a : 348. Holotype 3, AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Killara, Allowrie 
(SPHTM, Sydney) [examined]. 
albidopilosa Mesnil, 1949a : 83. Holotype 9, INDoNEsIA: Lesser Sunda Islands, Flores 

(CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. Syn. n. 

remittens Walker, 1859) :125 (Eurygaster). Holotype g [not 9], INpoNEsIA: Celebes, 
Makassar (BMNH, London) [examined]. — InDonEs1a (Celebes), PHILIPPINES (Mindanao). 

sumatrana Townsend, 1927a : 69 (Pseudokea). Holotype 3, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Gunung 
Singgalang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined].— INDONESIA (Sumatra). (Probably = neo- 
winthemioides). 

trichopareia Schiner, 1868 : 327 (Exorista). Holotype 2 [? AUSTRALIA, provenance unknown] 
(NM, Vienna) [examined].—CrEyYLon, Formosa, AUSTRALIA, and other localities (all 
questionable and in need of confirmation). 

In an earlier work (Crosskey, 1973b : 146) I recorded that the type-material should be 
amongst the Schiner collection in Vienna but could not be found. Since then Dr Lichtenberg 
has succeeded in finding the 2 holotype and it has been examined. Its generic position in 
Winthemia can be confirmed. Specific identity will remain uncertain until the genus can 
be adequately revised and characters discovered for reliable differentiation of females. 
It appears probable, however, that trichopareia is a synonym of the Australian species 
W. latevalis (Macquart) and that material identified from the Oriental Region by various 
authors as tvichopareia is wrongly named. 

Undetermined spp. —- Formosa, INp1a and other localities (variously determined by earlier 
authors: revision needed). 


Tribe CARCELIINI Townsend 
CARCELIIAE Townsend, 1913 : 52. Type-genus: Carcelia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. 


Genus ARGYROPHYLAX Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Argyvophylax Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 163 (95). Type-species: Tachina albincisa 
Wiedemann, 1830, by original designation and monotypy. (West INDIEs). 

Malayodorvia Townsend, 1926a : 35. Type-species: Malayodoria fumipennis Townsend, 
1926, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Phoriniophylax Townsend, 1927a:62. Type-species: Phoriniophylax phoeda Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. 

Thelyconychiella Mesnil, 1957:4 (as subg. of Thelyconychia). Type-species: Thelyconychia 
discreta Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. 

apta Walker, 1859) : 126 (Eurygaster). Holotype g, INDoNEsIA: Celebes, Makassar (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — INDoNnEsIA (Buru, Celebes), PHILIPPINES. 

nova Mesnil, 1953b : 90. Holotype g, PHILIPPINES: Momigan (ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. 

basifulva Bezzi, 1925b: 119 (Erycia). Lectotype ¢ (by present designation), MALAysIa: 
Malaya, Carey Island (BMNH, London) [examined].—INDoNEsIA (Java), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya). 


228 R-W., CROSSKEY 


cinerella Mesnil, 1953b : 89. Holotype $, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Serdang (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya). 

contracta Walker, 1859b : 128 (Eurygaster). Holotype 2 [head lost], INDONESIA: Celebes, 
Makassar (BMNH, London) [examined]. — INDONEsIA (Celebes). 

discreta Mesnil, 19530 : 93 (Thelyconychia). Holotype g, MaLaysiA: Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya). 

fransseni Baranov, 1934a:45 (Bactromyia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1963a : 6), CEYLON: Peradeniya (BMNH, London) [examined]. —- CEyLon, Inp1a (Madras). 

fumipennis Townsend, 1926a : 35 (Malayodoria). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort 
de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb. n.— INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra), 
MataysiA (Malaya), THAILAND. 

leefmanst Baranov, 1933 : 153 (Cadurcia). Holotype ¢ (as ‘protograph’), INDONESIA: Java, 

Bogor (=Buitenzorg) (USNM, Washington: genitalia slide only). Syn. n. 

nigribarbis Baranov, 1934a : 42 (Sturmia). Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 51), BuRrMA: Moulmein, Upper Thaungyin (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
Comb. n. — BurMa. 

nigrotibialis Baranov, 19354 : 552. Holotype 9, Formosa; Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Ebers- 
walde) [examined]. —- BANGLADESH, Formosa, MALAysiIA (Malaya), NEPAL; JAPAN. 

simulator Mesnil, 1953b: 91. Holotype g, Maraysia: Malaya, Selangor, Kuang (BMNH, 

London) [examined]. 

niveifacies Macquart, 1851 : 164 (191) (Masicera). Holotype ? g or 2 (publ. as 9), Asta [publ. 
‘Asie’] (MNHN, Paris) [examined]. Comb. n. — Provenance unknown. 

phoeda Townsend, 1927a : 63 (Phoriniophylax). Lectotype 2: (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 99), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — CHINA 
(Fukien), Inp1a (Madras), INDoNEsIA (Sumatra), MaLaysi1a (Malaya). 

vujitibialis Baranov in Hennig, 1941 : 196. Nomen nudum (no later validation). 


Genus ARGYROTHELAIRA Townsend 


Argyrothelaiva Townsend, 1916d : 311. Type-species: Argyrothelaiva froggattii Townsend, 
1916, by original designation. (SOLOMON ISsLANDs). 
Undetermined sp. — INDONEs1A (Sumatra), Maraysia (Malaya). 


Genus CARCELIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Carcelia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 176. Type-species: Carcelia bombylans Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830, by subsequent designation of Townsend (1916a : 6). (EUROPE). 


Subgenus CARCELIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Carcelia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 176. Type-species: Carcelia bombylans Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830, by subsequent designation of Townsend (1916a : 6). (EUROPE). 

Pavaexorista Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 87 (19). Type-species: Evorista cheloniae Rondani, 
1859 [= Tachina lucorum Meigen, 1824], by monotypy. (EUROPE). 

Senexorista Townsend, 1927a : 63. Type-species: Senexorista sumatrana Townsend, 1927, by 
original designation. 

Carceliopsis Townsend, 1927a : 66. Type-species: Carceliopsis sumatrensis Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. 

Asiocarcelia Baranov, 1934d : 407. Type-species: Carcelia caudata Baranov, 1931, by original 
designation. 

Pavexorista. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Pavaexorista Brauer & Bergenstamm. 

albifacies Townsend, 1927a : 64. Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Gunung Singgalang 
(ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INponEs1A (Sumatra), MaLaysiA (Malaya). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 229 


caudata Baranov, 1931a : 41. Lectotype J (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 37), 
Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined].— Formosa, CEYLON, INDIA 
(Uttar Pradesh). 

caudatella Baranov, 1932d:1. Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Siberut Island (MZB, 
Bogor) [examined]. — INDONEsIA (Java, Sumatra), MALAysIA (Perak). 

corvinoides Wulp, 1893: 170 (Parexorista). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1967c : 104), INDONESIA: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. —Inp1a (Madras, Mysore, 
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), INDONESIA (Java), MALAysia (Malaya), THAILAND. 

buitenzorgiensis Baranov, 1931a : 45. Lectotype J (by designation of Crosskey, 1967c : 103), 
INDONESIA: Java, Bogor (= Buitenzorg) (USNM, Washington) [examined]. 

frontalis Baranov, 1931a : 43. Holotype g, Formosa: Toa Tsui Kutsu (DEI, Eberswalde) 
[examined]. — Formosa. 

iridipennis Wulp, 1893 : 176 (Parexorista). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 1967c : 
105), INDONESIA: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined].— INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra), 
MaraysiA (Malaya), THAILAND. | : 

modicella Wulp, 1893: 178 (Parexorista). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1967c : 105), INDONESIA: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 

malayana Baranov, 1934d : 404. Holotype g, MaLaysta: Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — INp1A (Uttar Pradesh), MaLaysia (Malaya); AUSTRALIA (? state). 

piligena Mesnil, 19530: 86. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
{examined}. — BuRMA. 

pseudocaudata Baranov, 1934d : 407 (Astocarcelia). Holotype 3, Formosa: Tainan (USNM. 
Washington) [examined]. — Formosa. 

rasoides Baranov, 1931a : 42. Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 39), 
Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined].—CEyLoN, Formosa, INDIA 
(Assam), ? Maraysia (Malaya). 

rutilloides Baranov, 1931a:29. Holotype?, Formosa: Chosokei (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
— Burma, Formosa. 

ursina Mesnil, 1953): 85. Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. Syn. n. 

setosella Baranov, 1931a : 44. Holotype g, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
— Formosa, NEPAL. 

sexta Baranov, 1931a@ : 34. Holotype g, Formosa: Taihorinsho (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
— Formosa. (Probably = corvinoides). 

sumatrana Townsend, 1927a :65. Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Suban Ajam (ZM, 
Amsterdam) [examined]. - CEyLon, INDONESIA (Sumatra), Macaysia (Malaya). 

sumatrensis Townsend, 1927a : 66 (Carceliopsis). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 93), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA 
(Java, Sumatra), MAraysta (Malaya). 

tjibodana Townsend, 1927a : 65. Holotype g, INDONESIA: Java, Tjibodas (ZM, Amsterdam) 
[examined]. — INDONESIA (Java). 

townsendi Crosskey nom.n. [Replacement name for Senexorista sumatrana Townsend]. 

sumatrana Townsend, 1927a : 63 (Senexorista). Holotype 3, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de 
Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. [Secondary homonym in Carcelia of C. sumatrana 
Townsend, 1927.] 


Subgenus CARCELIELLA Baranov 


Carceliella Baranov, 1934d : 398 (as genus). Type-species: Carcelia octava Baranoy, 1931, 
by original designation. 

Myxocarcelia Baranoy, 1934d : 398. Type-species: Carcelia hirsuta Baranov, 1931, by original 
designation. 

Microcarcelia Baranov, 1934d : 400. Type-species: Carcelia septima Baranov, 1931, by original 
designation. 


230 R.-W. CROSSKEY 


aberrans Baranov, 19314: 27. Holotype g, Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) 
[examined]. — Formosa. 

atripes Malloch, 19356 : 340 (Dicephalomyia). Holotype g, MaAtaysia: Sabah, Bettotan, nr 
Sandakan (BMNH, London) [examined]. - CeyLon, Maraysia (Sabah), NEPAL. 

hirsuta Baranov, 19314 : 38. Lectotype 3 (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 37), 
Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa. 

octava Baranov, 1931a : 35. Lectotype 3 (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 37), 
Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa. 

pilosella Baranov, 1931a : 37. Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 37), 
Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa. 

septima Baranov, 1931a : 35. Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 39), 
Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa. 


Subgenus CARCELINA Mesnil 


Carcelina Mesnil, 1944a : 29. Type-species: Carcelia nigvapex Mesnil, 1944, by monotypy. 
nigrapex Mesnil, 1944a:29. Lectotype 2 (by present designation), CHrnaA: nr Shanghai, 
Kou-ling (CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. — CHINA. 


Subgenus CATACARCELIA Townsend 


Catacarcelia Townsend, 1927a : 66 (as genus). Type-species: Catacarcelia kockiana Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. 

kockiana Townsend, 1927a : 66 (Catacarcelia). Lectotype Q (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 93), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA 
(Sumatra), MALAysIA (Malaya), PHILIPPINES (Mindoro). 

C. (C.) kockiana (Townsend) is a secondary homonym of C. (S.) kockiana Townsend. 

No replacement name is proposed pending comprehensive revision of the genus. 

polyvalens Villeneuve, 1929 :66 (Evxorista). Holotype 3, Formosa: Chip-Chip (DEI, 
Eberswalde) [examined]. Comb. n.— Formosa. 

rondaniella Baranov, 1934d : 392 (Catacarcelia). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 39), Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — 
Formosa. (Probably = polyvalens). 


Subgenus EURYCLEA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Euryclea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1) : 290(as genus). Type-species: Euryclea tibialis Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1863, by original designation. (FRANCE). 

Pelmatomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 88 (20). Type-species: Evorista falenaria Rondani, 
1859, by original designation (as phalaenaria). (ITALY). 

Eufischeria Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 374 (70). Type-species: Eufischeria ceylanica 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, by monotypy. 

Isocarceliopsis Baranov, 1934d : 406. Type-species: [socarceliopsis hemimacquartioides Baranov, 
1934 [= Eufischeria ceylanica Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891], by original designation. 

Euryclaea. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Euryclea Robineau-Desvoidy. 

ceylanica Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 375 (71) (Eufischeria). Holotype g, CEyLon (NM, 
Vienna) [examined]. — CEyLon, Formosa, INnp1A (Mysore). 

hemimacquartioides Baranov, 1934d : 406 (Isocarceliopsis). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of 

Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 45), Formosa: Toa Tsui Kutsu (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
Syn. n. 

delicatula Mesnil, 1968a : 173 (Carcelio (Parexorista)). Holotype g, Inp1a: Uttar Pradesh, 
Dehra Dun (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. Mesnil) [examined]. — Inp1a (Uttar Pradesh). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 231 


latistylata Baranov, 1934d : 405 (Parexorista). Holotype gj, Formosa (USNM, Washington). — 
Formosa, ? CEYLON. 

longimana Mesnil, 19530 : 88 (Calocarcelia). Holotype 3, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n.— Burma, Matraysia (Sabah). 


Subgenus SENOMETOPIA Macquart 


Senometopia Macquart, 1834 : 296 (as genus). Type-species: Carcelia aurifrons Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830 [= Tachina excisa Fallén, 1820}, by subsequent designation of Townsend 
(1916a : 8). (EUROPE). 

Stenometopia Agassiz, 1846 : 351. Unjustified emendation of Senometopia Macquart. 

Eocarcelia Townsend, 1919a : 582. Type-species: Eocarcelia ceylanica Townsend, 1919, by 
original designation. 

Eocarceliopsis Townsend, 1928 : 392. Type-species: Eocarceliopsis bakeyi Townsend, 1928, 
by original designation. 

Eucarcelia Baranov, 1934d : 393. Type-species: Tachina excisa Fallén, 1820, by original 
designation. 

Dicephalomyia Malloch, 1935) : 337. Type-species: Dicephalomyia rufwentris Malloch, 1935, 
by original designation. 

albosericea Mesnil, 1953) : 86 (Stenometopia). Holotype 3g, InpDoNEsIA: Java, Sukabumi 
-(ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n.—INpDoNEsIA (Java), Mataysia (Sarawak), 
THAILAND. 

aurata Townsend, 1927a : 65. Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 1969 : 92), INDONESIA: 
Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam). — INDONESIA (Sumatra). 

bakeri Townsend, 1928 : 393 (Eocarceliopsis). Lectotype 3 (by fixation of Townsend, 
1941 : 148), PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Dapitan (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — Puivip- 
PINES (Mindanao). 

This species was described from two $ specimens and one doubtfully associated 9. Only 
the two ¢ specimens (both from Dapitan) have type-status. Townsend (1941 : 148) 
cited one of these as ‘Ht’ and this statement is accepted as a valid lectotype fixation 
because Townsend labelled the specimen as ‘type’ and it is therefore possible to recognize 
which of the g¢ syntypes Townsend held to be primary type. (It should be recorded that 
the ¢ paralectotype, also in USNM, is in extremely bad condition but is obviously a 
sturmiine not conspecific with the lectotype.) 

ceylanica Townsend, 1919a@ : 583 (Eocarcelia). Holotype g, CEYLON: Peradeniya (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. — CEYLON. 

C. (S.) ceylanica (Townsend) is a junior secondary homonym of C. (E£.) ceylanica (Brauer 
& Bergenstamm). No new name is proposed pending comprehensive revision of the genus. 

dammermani Baranov, 1934d : 393 (Eucarcelia). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky 
& Crosskey, 1969 : 41), INDONESIA: Java, Idjen (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — 
INDONESIA (Java). 

distincta Baranov, 1931a : 32. Holotype g, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
— FoRMosA. 

excisa Fallén, 1820 : 32 (Tachina). Lectotype 2 (by present designation), SwEDEN: Oster- 
gotland, Larketorp (NR, Stockholm) [examined].—Cryton, INp1A (Himachal Pradesh) ; 
widespread EuROPE, JAPAN. 

aurifrons Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 182. Type(s) [? sex], FRANCE: Bois de Boulogne [nr 
Paris] (lost). 

gentilis Wulp, 1893 : 174 (Parexorista). Lectotype 3g (by designation of Crosskey, 1969 : 105), 
INDONESIA: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Java). 

grossa Baranov, 1934d : 393 (Eucarcelia). Holotype g, Formosa: Tainan (USNM, Washington) 
[examined]. — Formosa. 

illota Curran, 1927) : 328 (Zenillia). Holotype g, Tanzania: Morogoro (BMNH, London) 


232 R. W. CROSSKEY 


[examined].—Inp1a (Gujarat, Madras, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mysore, Orissa, 
West Bengal) Laos; TANZANIA. 

indica Baranov, 1934d : 394 (Eucarcelia). Holotype g, Inp1a: Silhar Kalhar (? Assam) 
(USNM, Washington). — InpiA. 

kockiana Townsend, 19274 :65. Lectotype 3g (by designation of Crosskey, 1969 : 92), 
INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONEs1A (Sumatra). 
(All subsequent distribution records for this species are suspect.) 

muscoides Walker, 1856a:20 (Eurigaster). Holotype 9, SINGAPORE (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. — MaraysiA (Malaya), SINGAPORE. 

nitidapex Mesnil, 1953) : 87 (Stenometopia). Holotype 3, PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Surigao 
(ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. — PHiLippinEs (Mindanao). 

prima Baranov, 1931a : 31. Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 37), 
Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. —- Formosa, INp1A (Madras, 
Orissa), INDONESIA (Java). 

quarta Baranov, 1931a : 33. Holotype g, Formosa: Gebiet des Sh’shastammes (DEI, 
Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa. 

quinta Baranov, 19314 : 33. Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 38), 
Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined].— Formosa, Inpia (Uttar 
Pradesh). 

ridibunda Walker, 1859b:125 (Eurygaster). Vectotype g (by present designation), 
INDONESIA: Celebes, Makassar (BMNH, London) [examined]. — INDONEsIA (Celebes). 

rufiventris Malloch, 1935) : 338 (Dicephalomyia). Holotype g, MaLaysiA: Sabah, nr Sandakan, 
Bettotan (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Sabah). 

secunda Baranoy, 19314 : 31. Holotype g, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
— Formosa. 

singgalangia Townsend, 1927a :65. Holotype g, INDONEsIA: Sumatra, Gunung Singgalang 
(ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra). 

subferrifera Walker, 1856b : 125 (Eurygaster). Holotype g [mot 9], Maraysia: Sarawak 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. - CEyLon, Formosa, INDONESIA (Java), MALaysia (Malaya, 
Sarawak). 

vubeola Wulp, 1893 : 168 (Parexorista). Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) 
[examined]. 
vufa Baranov, 1931a : 33. Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 39), 

Formosa: Macuyama (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. Syn. n. 

sumatrana Townsend, 1927a : 67 (Sisyropa). Holotype ¢, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Suban Ajam 
(ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — Inpones1A (Sumatra), MALaysiA (Sarawak). 

C. (S.) sumatrana (Townsend) is a secondary homonym of C. (C. s. str.) swmatrana 
Townsend. No new name is proposed pending comprehensive revision of the genus. 
tertia Baranov, 1931a : 32. Holotype g, Formosa: Taihorinsho (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 

— FoRMOSa~. 


Genus HYPERSARA Villeneuve 


Hypersava Villeneuve, 1935 : 139. Type-species: Hypersava argentata Villeneuve, 1935, 
by monotypy. (ZAIRE). 

angustifrons Malloch, 1935) : 340 (Dicephalomyia). Holotype 9, MaraysiA: Sabah, Kudat 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Maraysia (Sabah). 

metopina Mesnil, 1953): 92. Holotype ¢ (?), PHILIppINEs: Luzon, Los Bafios (ZMU, 
Helsinki) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Luzon). (Probably = angustifrons). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 223 


Genus THECOCARCELIA Townsend 


Thecocarcelia Townsend, 1933: 471. Type-species: Argyrophylax pelmatoprocta Brauer & 
Bergenstamm, 1891 [= Masicera acutangulata Macquart, 1850], by original designation. 
(EUROPE). 

Thelycarcelia Townsend, 1933 : 475. Type-species: Thelycarcehia thvix Townsend, 1933, by 
original designation. 

linearifrons Wulp, 1893 : 166 (Masicera). Lectotype 9 (by designation of Crosskey, 1967c : 
104), INDONESIA: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined].—INDONEsIA (Java), MALAysIA 
(Malaya). 

bezzii Baranov, 1934a : 44 (Erycia). Lectotype 2 (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 
1969 : 41), MALaAysia: Malaya, Pahang, Kuala Lumpur (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
oculata Baranov, 1935@ : 554 (Masicera). Holotype 9, Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, 
Eberswalde) {examined].— Formosa, InNp1A (Madras), INDONESIA (Java), MALAySIA 
(Malaya), NEPAL. 

sumatrana Baranoy, 1932d : 1 (Stuymia). Holotype 2, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Medan (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. Comb. n.— INDONESIA (Sumatra). 

thrix Townsend, 1933 : 475 (Thelvcarcelia). Holotype 3, Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, 
Eberswalde) [examined].— CEYLON, Formosa, MALAysIA (Malaya, Sarawak); JAPAN. 


Genus THELYCONYCHIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Thelyconychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889: 89 (21). Type-species: Cevomasia solivaga 
Rondani, 1861, by monotypy. (ITALY). 

solivaga Rondani, 1861 : 18, 24 (Ceromasia). Holotype 3g, ItaLy: Parma (MZ, Florence). — 
PAKISTAN; S. EUROPE, Cyprus, ISRAEL. 


Unplaced species of Carceliini 


femorata Mesnil, 1957 : 14 (Phoriniophylax, attrib. Baranov). Syntypes 2 [? sex], Formosa: 
Tainan (DEI, Eberswalde). — Formosa. 
femorata Baranov in Hennig, 1941 : 196 (Phoriniophylax). Nomen nudum. 
femorata Baranov in Mesnil, 1944 : 27 (Argyrophylax). Nomen nudum. 
This nominal species possibly belongs in the genus Argyvophylax but it has not been 
seen and is here left generically unassigned. For a note on the nomenclatural availability 
of the name femorata from Mesnil (1957) see Sabrosky & Crosskey (1969 : 57-58). 
vicinalis Baranov, 1931b : 123 (Evxorista). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 44), Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — 
FORMOSA. 
Only the type-material is known, from which it appears that vicinalis belongs in the 
Carceliini near to Argyrophylax and Hypersara. Definite generic assignment is not possible 
at present. 


Tribe ANACAMPTOMYIINI Townsend 


ANACAMPTOMYIINI Townsend, 1936 : 35, 38, 41. Type-genus: Anacamptomyia Bischof, 
1904. 


234 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Genus EUVESPIVORA Baranov 


Euvespivora Baranov, 1942: 161. Type-species: Euvespivora orientalis Baranov, 1942, by 
original designation. 
Xenosturmia Mesnil, 1944a : 26. Type-species: Xenosturmia testaceipes Mesnil, 1944 [= Eury- 
gaster decipiens Walker, 1858], by original designation. (NEW Britain). 
decipiens Walker, 1858) : 100 (Eurygaster). Holotype 9, Aru Istanps (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. — Maraysia (Malaya); Aru ISLANDs, AUSTRALIA (N.S.W., Qld), NEw Britain, 
SoLomon ISLANDS, NEW CALEDONIA. 
salomonica Baranov, 1942 : 163. Holotype 9, Solomon IsLanps: Tulagi (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. 
testaceipes Mesnil, 1944a :26 (Xenostuymia). Holotype 9, NEw Britain: Kinigunang 
(DEI, Eberswalde) {examined}. 
orientalis Baranov, 1942 : 162. Holotype g, INDONESIA: Java, Delawa (USNM, Washington) 
[examined]. — INDONESIA (Java). 
Undetermined spp. — CEyLon, MatraysiA (Malaya). 


Genus KORALLIOMYIA Mesnil 


Koralliomyia Mesnil, 1949a : 101. [Unavailable: no fixation of a type-species.] 

Koralliomyia Mesnil, 1950a: 114. Type-species: Kovalhiomyia portentosa Mesnil, 1950, by 
original designation. 

portentosa Mesnil, 1950a : 115. Holotype 9, Inp1a: Madras, Tiruchirapalli (= Trichinopoly) 
(MNHN, Paris) [examined]. — Inp1a (Madras, ? Mysore); ? Queensland. 

Undetermined sp. (probably portentosa). — INpD1A (Mysore). 


Tribe STURMIINI Robineau-Desvoidy 


STURMIDAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1) : 885. Type-genus: Stuymia Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830. 


Genus BLEPHARELLA Macquart 


Blepharella Macquart, 1851 : 176 (203). Type-species: Blepharella lateralis Macquart, 1851, 
by monotypy. 

Podomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 96 (28). Type-species: Eurigaster setosa Doleschall, 
1858 [= Blepharella lateralis Macquart, 1851], by original designation. (MoLuccas). 
Phryxosturmia Townsend, 1927a: 68. Type-species: Phryxosturmia jacobsoni Townsend, 

[= Blephavrella lateralis Macquart, 1851], by original designation. 
Apilia Malloch, 1930a : 345. Type-species: Apilia cilifera Malloch, 1930 [= Blepharella 
lateralis Macquart, 1851], by original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 
lateralis Macquart, 1851 :177 (204). Holotype g, Inp1a: Pondicherry (MNHN, Paris) 
[examined]. — CEYLON, CHINA (Fukien), Formosa, Inp1a (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, 
Madras, Mysore, Pondicherry, Uttar Pradesh), INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya), VIETNAM (SOUTH); NEw GUINEA, SOLOMONS, AUSTRALIA (Queensland). 
albescens Walker, 1858a: 199 (Masicerva). Holotype 9, INnp1Aa (‘Hindustan’) (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. 
vubviventris Wulp, 1881 : 37 (Masicera). Holotype 9, INDoNnEsIA: Sumatra, Simauoeng 
(RMNH, Leiden) [examined]. 
elongata Wulp, 1881 : 37 (Masicera). Holotype ¢ [not 9], INDoNEsIA: Sumatra, Simauoeng 
(RMNH, Leiden) [examined]. 
provecta de Meijere, 1910: 108 (Sturmia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
19666 : 108), INDONESIA: Krakatau (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 235 


kashmivi Tothill, 1918 : 57 (Frontina). Holotype g, Inp1A: Uttar Pradesh, Dehra Dun 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. 

jacobsoni Townsend, 1927a : 68 (Phryxosturmia). Lectotype $ (by fixation of Townsend, 
1941 : 120), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Haran Kloof (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 

indica Curran, 1933: 47 (Prosopaea). Holotype 3, INpIA: Uttar Pradesh, Dehra Dun 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. 

{munda Wiedemann sensu Mesnil (misidentification) | 


Genus BLEPHARIPA Rondani 


Blepharipa Rondani, 1856 : 71. Type-species: Senometopia ciliata Macquart, 1835 [= Nemoraea 
scutellata Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830], by original designation. (FRANCE). 

Verreauxia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1) : 893. Type-species: Verreauxia auripilis Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1863, by original designation. (TASMANIA). [Junior homonym of Verreauxia 
Hartlaub, 1856. ] 

Ugimyia Rondani, 1870 : 137. Type-species: Ugimyia sericaviae Rondani, 1870, by monotypy. 
(JAPAN). 

Blepharipoda Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889: 96 (28). Type-species: Nemoraea scutellata 
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, by monotypy. (FRANCE). [Junior homonym of Blepharipoda 
Randall, 1840.] 

Crossocosmia Mik, 1890 : 313. Type-species: Ugimyia sevicariae Rondani, 1870 (as sericariae 
Cornalia), by original designation. (JAPAN). [Junior objective synonym of Ugimyia 
Rondani.] 

Eoparachaeta Townsend, 1927a: 70. Type-species: Eoparvachaeta orientalis Townsend, 1927 
[= Tachina sugens Wiedemann, 1830], by original designation. 

Sumatrosturmia Townsend, 1927a: 70. Type-species: Sumatrosturmia orbitalis Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. 

Indosturmia Townsend, 1932 : 49. Type-species: Crossocosmia indica Brauer & Bergenstamm, 
1893 [= Tachina zebina Walker, 1849], by original designation. 

Chrysopygia Townsend, 1933 : 471. Type-species: Chrysopygia auricaudata Townsend, 1933, 
by original designation. 

albocincta Mesnil, 1970b : 94 (Crossocosmia (Blepharipa)). Holotype 3, Cuina: nr Shanghai, 
Kou-ling (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. Mesnil). - Cuina (Manchuria, Shanghai), Inp1a (Madras). 

auricaudata Townsend, 1933 : 472 (Chrysopygia). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Java (NM, Vienna) 
[examined]. — INDONEsIA (Java, Lombok), Marays1a (Malaya, Sabah). 

formosensis Townsend in Hennig, 1941 : 201 (Eoparachaeta). Nomen nudum (no later valida- 
tion). 

fusiformis Walker, 1849 : 1161 (Tachina). Holotype g¢, Nepat (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
Comb. n. — Burma, Cuina, INDIA (West Bengal), NEPAL, SIKKIM. 

? gigas Mesnil, 1950a :144 (Blepharipoda, as var. of jacobsoni). Syntypes g 9, CHINA: 
Szechwan & Shanghai (not located). 

I have been unable to locate the syntypes of jacobsoni var. gigas in any of the likely 
collections. From description it appears nearly certain that the name applied to the 
large Himalayan species B. fusiformis. 

jacobsoni Townsend, 1927a : 70 (Ugimyia). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Tandjung- 
gadang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra); ? CHINA, JAPAN. (Possibly 
= sugens). 

orbitalis Townsend, 1927a : 70 (Sumatrosturmia). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 101), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Tandjunggadang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — 
Burma, Creyton, Inp1a (Assam), INDoNEsIA (Celebes), MALaysia (Sabah). 

sugens Wiedemann, 1830 : 306 (Iachina). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Java (RMNH, Leiden) 
[examined]. — InpoNnEs1a (Celebes, Java, Sumatra), MALaAysiA (Malaya, Sabah), PHILIP- 
PINES; MoLuccas, NEw GUINEA, 


236 RW. CROSSKEY 


cilipes Macquart, 1843: 219 (62) (Tachina). Holotype 3g, ? INDONESIA (publ. ‘Indes 
orientales’) (MNHN, Paris) [examined]. Syn. n. 

tenuisetosa Macquart, 1848 : 206 (46) (Masicera). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Java (IRSNB, 
Brussels) [examined]. Syn. n. 

Crosskey (1971 : 275) could not locate the type-material of tenwisetosa. Since then it 
has been found in the remnants of Payen’s collection in the Municipal Museum, Tournai, 
and transferred to IRSNB, Brussels, for permanent housing. 

amplificans Walker, 1859b : 122 (Nemoraea). Holotype 9, INDONEsIA: Celebes, Makassar 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn. n. 
sturmioides Townsend, 1927a : 71 (Eoparachaeta). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 95), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Tandjunggadang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Syn. n. 
orientalis Townsend, 1927a : 70 (Eoparachaeta). Lectotype g (by fixation of Townsend, 
1941 : 78), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Air Njuruk (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Syn. n. 
wainwrighti Baranov, 1932f : 100 (Sturymia (Eoparachaeta)). Holotype g, InpIA: Assam, 
Khasia Hills (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.— Inp1A (Assam). 
zebina Walker, 1849 : 772 (Tachina). Holotype g, INpia: ‘N. Bengal’ (BMNH, London) 
[examined].— Burma, Cryton, INp1A (Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Madras, Punjab, Uttar 
Pradesh), NEPAL, THAILAND, ? FoRMOSA; ? JAPAN, CHINA. 
indica Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 : 121 (33) (Crossocosmia). Lectotype 2 (by present 
designation), Inp1A: Madras, Tranquebar (NM, Vienna) [examined]. Syn. n. 


Genus CADURCIA Villeneuve 


Cadurcia Villeneuve, 1926c : 243. Type-species: Masiceva casta Rondani, 1861, by subsequent 
designation of Townsend (1936) : 256). (ITALY). 
lucens Villeneuve, 1926c : 244. Lectotype g¢ (by present designation), NiGERiA: Ilorin 
(BMNH, London) [examined].—Inp1a (Gujarat, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh), ? INDONESIA 
(Java); NiGeRIA, southern AFRICA, MAURITIUS. 
vanderwulpi Baranov, 1938b : 410. Holotype 9, Inp1A: Uttar Pradesh, Haldwani, Chakrata 
Range (BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn. n. 
Sabrosky & Crosskey (1969 : 36) inadvertently stated that the day date on the holotype 
label was ‘4’, not ‘18’ as published. In fact the holotype label has the date ‘18.vi.1930’ 
as given in Baranov’s description. A second female specimen (lacking type-status) stands 
with the holotype, and bears the date ‘4.vi.1930’ (hence the error); it is from the type- 
locality. Both specimens bear labels reading ‘Cadurcia Zetterstedtii (B.B.) v.d.Wp’ in 
Baranov’s handwriting, indicating the misidentification cited below. 
[zetterstedtii Brauer & Bergenstamm sensu Wulp (misidentification) | 


Genus CALOZENILLIA Townsend 


Calozenillia Townsend, 1927a: 67. Type-species: Calozenillia auronigya Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. 

Tamaromyia Mesnil, 1949a : 104. [Unavailable: no fixation of a type-species. ] 

Tamaromyia Mesnil, 1952a: 226. Type-species: Exorista tamava Portschinsky, 1884, by 
original designation. (U.S.S.R.). Syn. n. 

auronigra Townsend, 1927a :67. Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Tandjunggadang (ZM, 
Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra). 

tamara Portschinsky, 1884 : 132 (Exorista). Syntypes 2 g, 2 9, U.S.S.R.: Georgia, Sukhumi 
(publ. ‘Transcaucasus occident.’) (ZI, Leningrad). Comb. n.—CuHiIna (Szechwan); 
U.S.S.R., JAPAN. 

The syntypes are labelled ‘Sukhumi’ in Cyrillic script and have Portschinsky’s original 

labels as ‘Exorista tamara’. 

Undetermined sp. — Maraysta (Malaya). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 237 


Genus DRINO Robineau-Desvoidy 


Drino Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1) : 250. Type-species: Dvino volucris Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1863 [= Tachina lota Meigen, 1824], by original designation. (FRANCE). 
Sturmiodoria Townsend, 1928 : 391. Type-species: Sturvmiodoria facialis Townsend, 1928, 
by original designation. 
argenticeps Macquart, 1851 : 166 (193) (Masiceva). Holotype g [not 9], ? south-east Asia 
(publ. as ‘Océanie’) (MNHN, Paris) [examined]. - INp1A, Formosa, MALaAysiA (Malaya), 
THAILAND. 
vicinella Baranov, 1932b : 79 (Sturmia). Holotype 3, Formosa: Tainan (DEI, Eberswalde) 
[examined]. 
facialis Townsend, 1928 : 392 (Sturmiodoria). Holotype 9, PHILIPPINES: Basilan (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. —- CEyLON, Formosa, INpIA (Assam, Uttar Pradesh), INDONESIA 
(Celebes, Java), MALaysiA (Malaya), PHiLippiINEs (Basilan), THAILAND, ZAIRE. 
latistylata Baranov, 1932b: 79 (Sturmia). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 50), Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
albifacies Townsend in Mesnil, 1951 : 163. [Manuscript name cited as a synonym, unavail- 
able. } 


Genus EUHYGIA Mesnil 


Euhygia Mesnil, 1960b : 645. [Genus proposed for Hygia robusta Mesnil, 1952, but name 
unavailable under Article 13 (a) of the Code (not accompanied by a definition of the generic 
taxon). ] 

Euhygia Mesnil, 1968a : 180-181. Type-species: Hygia robusta Mesnil, 1952, by original 
designation. [Work satisfying the criteria of availability of ICZN Code, name Euhygia 
validly dating from 1968. ] 

robusta Mesnil, 1952a : 225 (Hygia). Holotype 3, CHINA: Szechwan, nr Washan (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. — CH1nA (Szechwan). 


Genus ISOCHAETINA Mesnil 


Isochaetina Mesnil,.1950a : 157 (as subg. of Drino). Type-species: Drino (Isochaetina) dimorpha 
Mesnil, 1950, by monotypy. 

dimorpha Mesnil, 1950a : 157, 172 (Drino (Isochaetina)). Holotype ¢, Inp1A: Mysore, S. 
Coorg, Tithimatti (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1a (Mysore). 


Genus ISOSTURMIA Townsend 


Isosturmia Townsend, 19274: 67. Type-species: Isosturmia inversa Townsend, 1927, by 
original designation. 

Epixorista Townsend, 1927a: 61. Type-species: Epixorista episcopa Townsend, 1927 [= Iso- 
sturmia inversa Townsend, 1927], by original designation. 

Leiostopsis Townsend, 1927a : 62. Type-species: Leiosiopsis avistalis Townsend, 1927 [Iso- 
sturmia intermedia Townsend, 1927], by original designation. 

Zygocarcelia Townsend, 19274: 64. Type-species: Zygocarcelia cruciata Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

chatterjeeana Baranov, 1934c : 484 (Sturmia). Holotype g, Inp1A: Uttar Pradesh, Dehra 
Dun (BMNH, London) [examined].— CEyLon, CH1na (Kwangtung), Hone Kone, INpIA 
(Uttar Pradesh), Maraysia (Malaya), NEPAL. 

cruciata Townsend, 1927a : 64 (Zvgocarcelia). Holotype 3, INponEsra: Sumatra, Air Njuruk, 
Dempu (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb.n.—INpDoNEsIA (Sumatra), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya, Sabah). 


238 R-W. CROSSKEY 


intermedia Townsend, 1927a : 68. Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, 
Amsterdam) [examined].— CEyLon, Formosa, INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra). 
avistalis Townsend, 1927a : 62 (Leiosiopsis). Holotype 2, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de 
Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
trisetosa Baranov, 19326 : 78 (Sturmia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 1967c : 105), 
Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
inversa Townsend, 1927a:67. Holotype 3, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Tandjunggadang (ZM 
Amsterdam) [examined]. — Formosa, INDONESIA (Sumatra). 
episcopa Townsend, 1927a : 62 (Epixorista). Holotype 2, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de 
Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
ocellavris Townsend, 1927a : 62 (Epixorista). Holotype 2, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de 
Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
trisetosoides Baranov, 1932b: 78 (Sturmia). Lectotype g$ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1967c : 105), Formosa: Tainan (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
picta Baranov, 1932b : 77 (Sturmia). Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 
1969 : 51), Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa, ? 
CEYLON, ? INDIA, ? VIETNAM. 


Genus PALES Robineau-Desvoidy 


Pales Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 154. Type-species: Pales flovea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 
[= Tachina pavida Meigen, 1824], by subsequent designation of Coquillett (1910 : 582). 
(EUROPE). 

Ctenophorocera Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 342 (38). Type-species: Ctenophorocera experta 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 [?= Phorocera sarcophagaefoymis Jaennicke, 1867], by sub- 
sequent designation of Townsend (1916a : 6). (SOUTH AFRICA). 

Macrozenillia Townsend, 1927a : 68. Type-species: Macrozenillia aurescens Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. 

aurescens Townsend, 1927a : 68 (Macrozenillia). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Tand- 
junggadang (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Sumatra), MALAysiA (Malaya). 

carbonata Mesnil, 1970b : 89. Holotype g, Cuina: nr Shanghai, Kou-ling (CNC, Ottawa, ex 
coll. Mesnil) [examined]. — Cu1na (Shanghai). 

(townsend: Baranov sensu Mesnil (1950@ : 133) (misidentification) ] 

javana Macquart, 1851: 170 (197) (Phorocera). Holotype 2, INDoNEsIA: Java (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — INDONEsIA (Java), ? Formosa. 

murina Mesnil, 1970b : go. Holotype g, PAKISTAN: Ghavial (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. Mesnil). — 
PAKISTAN. INDIA. 

townsendi Baranov, 1935@ : 553 (Macrozenillia). Holotype g, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, 
Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa; JAPAN. 

violacea Mesnil, 1953b : 94 (Ctenophorocera). Holotype g, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki). Comb. n.— Burma. 

Undetermined spp. — Burma, Inp1A, INDonEsIA, MALAysIA, NEPAL (some specimens ? coerulea 
Jaennicke or maculisquama Mesnil, ref. Mesnil, 1950a : 126). 


Genus PALEXORISTA Townsend 


Palexovista Townsend, 1921 : 134. Type-species: Tachina succini Giebel, 1862, by original 
designation *. 

Sumatrodovia Townsend, 1927a : 64. Type-species: Sumatrodoria summaria Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. 

Prosturmia Townsend, 1927a : 69. Type-species: Prosturmia profana Townsend, 1927 [= Mast- 
ceva solennis Walker, 1858], by original designation. 


* See Appendix, p. 337. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 239 


Philippodoria Townsend, 1928 : 391. Type-species: Philippodoria fasciata Townsend, 1928, 
‘by original designation. Syn. n. 

biseriata Wulp, 1894 : 9 (Crossocosmia). Holotype g, Inp1a (ZSI, Calcutta). Comb. n. — 
Inp1A, ? INDONESIA (Java). 

Crosskey (1967) : 38) could not place this nominal species positively as belonging in 
Palexorista. Since then, however, a male specimen identified as biseriata by Wulp himself 
has been seen in ZM, Amsterdam. This specimen (from Java) belongs to Palexorista, 
and although it might not be conspecific with biseriata it is a clear indicator that biseriata 
is a nominal species belonging in Palexorista; the new combination is therefore here 
established, after taking the Java specimen into account together with notes on the 
biseriata holotype sent to me by Dr Kapur (the type-specimen has not been available on 
loan). P. biseriata (Wulp) is certainly closely allied to P. curvipalpis (as Wulp suggested 
in the original description) and probably to P. immersa (of which the name is perhaps a 
synonym). 

bisetosa Baranov, 1932) : 75 (Sturmia). Holotype g, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, Eberswalde) 
[examined]. — Formosa, Maraysia (Malaya). 
curvipalpis Wulp, 1893 : 162 (Crossocosmia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1967) : 68), INDONESIA: Java (RMNH, Leiden) [examined]. - CeyLon, INDONEsIA (Celebes, 
Java), Maraysia (Malaya, Sabah), NEpaL, THAILAND; NEw GUINEA, SOLOMONS, AUSTRALIA 
(Queensland). 
unisetosa Baranov, 1932b : 75 (Sturmia). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 1967) : 68) 
Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
deducens Walker, 1859) : 127 (Eurygaster). Lectotype § [not 2] (by designation of Crosskey, 
1967b : 76), INDoNEsIA: Celebes, Makassar (BMNH, London) [examined]. — INDONESIA 
(Celebes), MaLaysiA (Malaya); Mo.uccas. 
dilaticornis Mesnil, 1951 : 179 (Drino (Prosturmia)). Holotype 3, Inp1A: Mysore, S. Coorg, 
Tithimatti (not located, probably lost). — Inp1A (Mysore). 
fasciata Townsend, 1928 : 391. Holotype g, PuHiLippines: Mindanao, Kolambugan (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. Comb. n. — PHILIpPines (Mindanao). 
gilpiniae Mesnil, 1971a : 67 (Drino (Prosturmia)). Holotype 3g, PaKistan: Neelan Valley 
(coll. Mesnil). Comb. n. — PAKISTAN. 
immersa Walker, 1859) : 124 (Masicera). Holotype $ [not 2], INDONEsIA: Celebes, Makassar 
(BMNH, London) [examined].— Formosa, INDONESIA (Celebes); NEw GuINEA, NEW 
BRITAIN. 
latiforceps Baranov, 1932b: 78 (Sturmia). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1967) : 72), Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
inconspicua Meigen. Not definitely Oriental. 
Palaearctic species of Palexorvista need revision before it can be reliably determined whether 
the European species inconspicua ranges into the Oriental Region. 
inconspicuoides Baranov, 1932b : 80 (Stuymia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
19676 : 50), Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. —- Formosa. 
(Widely misidentified from other places.) 
laetifica Mesnil, 1950a : 158; 1951 : 190 (split description) (Dvino (Prosturmia)). Holotype 
6, CEyLton: Kandy (BMNH, London) [examined]. — CEyLon. 
laxa Curran, 1927) : 335 (Sturmia). Holotype g, Tanzania; Tanganyika, Morogoro (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — Inp1a (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh); widespread tropical AFRICA. 
{tmberbis Wiedemann sensu authors (e.g. Achan e¢ al., 1968) (misidentification) ] 
lucagus Walker, 1849 : 768 (Tachina). Holotype 3g, CHINA: ‘Foo-chow-foo’ [? = Fu-chou] 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — CEyLon, Curna, Inp1A (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Mysore), 
MataysiA (Malaya, Sabah), PAkisTAN, THAILAND; NEw GUINEA, AUSTRALIA (Northern 
Territory). 
munda Wiedemann, 1830 : 234 (Tachina). Holotype 2, Inp1a: Madras, Tranquebar (UZM, 
Copenhagen) [examined]. — Inp1a (Madras), Maraysia (Malaya). 


240 RW. GROSS IEW 


ophirica Walker, 1856a : 19 (Tachina). Lectotype $ [not 9] (by designation of Crosskey, 
1967b : 70), Maraysta: Malaya, Johore, Mt Ophir (BMNH, London) [examined]. — 
INDONESIA (Java), MaLaysiA (Malaya), THAILAND. 
painei Baranov, 19344 : 42 (Sturmia). Lectotype $ (by designation of Crosskey, 1967) : 81), 
INDONESIA: Java (BMNH, London) [examined].— INDONESIA (Java). Introduced Fir 
(not established). 
parachrysops Bezzi, 1925b:114 (Sturmia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1967b : 78), Mataysia: Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (BMNH, London) [examined]. — CEyton, 
Inp1a (Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Madras), Maraysta (Malaya), ? INDONESIA; 
widespread East & WEST AFRICA. 
reclinata Crosskey, 1967b : 86. Holotype g, Inp1A: Madras, Madurai District, Alagar Kovil 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1a (Madras). 
solennis Walker, 1858) : 98 (Masicera). Holotype ¢ [not 2], Aku IsLanps (BMNH, London) 
[examined].— BurmMA, CEYLON, CHINA, Formosa, INDIA (Madhya Pradesh, Madras, 
Maharashtra, Mysore, Uttar Pradesh), INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra), Maraysia (Malaya, 
Sabah), THAILAND; widespread MELANESIA & MICRONESIA; AUSTRALIA (Queensland) ; 
TONGA. 
latestriata Wulp, 1881 : 39 (Meigenia). Holotype 3g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Simauoeng 
(RMNH, Leiden) [examined]. 
discreta Wulp, 1893 : 164 (Crossocosmia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
19676 : 57), INDONESIA: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
profana Townsend, 1927a : 69 (Prosturmia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1969 : 100), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 
inconspicuella Baranov, 1932b : 79 (Sturmia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
19676 : 57), Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
sinensis Mesnil, 1949b : 24 (Drino (Prosturmia) as var. of inconspicuella). Lectotype ¢ 
(by fixation of Mesnil, 1951 : 183 as ‘Typus’), Curna: Shanghai [Kou-ling] (not located, 
possibly lost). 
The lectotype should be in MNHN, Paris, but cannot be found and is possibly lost. 
The CNC, Ottawa, contains two g specimens labelled as sinensis by Mesnil that are probably 
paralectotypes (each is from Hervé-Bazin’s collecting at Kou-ling, Shanghai, and probably 
part of the original ‘nombreux exemplaires’) but these specimens have moderately large 
instead of very small abdominal T4 hair-fascicles and are evidently misidentified (not 
conforming to description and hair-patch character cited for the ‘typus’). 
solemnis. Incorrect subsequent spelling of solennis Walker (Austen, 1907 : 341). 
[inconspicua Meigen sensu authors (misidentification) ] 
subanajama Townsend, 19274 : 69 (Prosturmia). - Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 
1967) : 55), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Suban Ajam (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDONESIA 
(Sumatra), MaLaysia (Malaya, Sarawak) ; widespread MELANESIA, AUSTRALIA (Queensland). 
[inconspicua Meigen sensu authors (misidentification) ] 
summaria Townsend, 1927a : 64 (Sumatrodoria). Lectotype 2 (by fixation of Townsend, 
1941 : 201), INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock (EEAM, Lima). — Inpones1a (Sumatra). 
For a nomenclatural note on Townsend’s lectotype fixation see Crosskey (19670 : 74, 
1969 : 101). Male paralectotypes are in ZM, Amsterdam and USNM, Washington. 
Undetermined spp. (ex Lymantria obfuscata). — IND1A (Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir), PAKISTAN. 
Introduced U.S.A. (not established). 


Genus PARADRINO Mesnil 


Paradrino Mesnil, 1949) : 8, 35 (as subg. of Drino). Type-species: Sturmia halli Curran, 
1939, by monotypy. (AFRICA). 

laevicula Mesnil, 1951 : 161, 197 (Drino (Paradrino)). Holotype 9, Formosa: Koshun, 
Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined].—CEyLon, Formosa, INpDoNEsIA (Celebes), 
Maraysia (Malaya, Sabah), NEPAL; New Guinea, New Britain, AUSTRALIA (Queensland). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 241 


Genus PARAPALES Mesnil stat. n. 


Parapales Mesnil, 1950a : 122, 126 (as subg. of Clenophorocera). Type-species: Ctenophorocera 
(Parapales) pallidula Mesnil, 1950, by original designation. (MADAGASCAR). 

sturmioides Mesnil, 1950a : 123, 126 (Ctenophorocera (Parapales)). Holotype 3, Formosa: 
Sokutsu (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa. 


Genus PEXOPSIS Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Pexopsis Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 88 (20). Type-species: Eurygaster tibialis Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1848 [= Tachina aprica Meigen, 1824], by monotypy. (EUROPE). 

buccalis Mesnil, 1951 : 207; 1952a:209. Lectotype g (by present designation), CHINA: 
Chekiang, Hang-chou (MNHN, Paris) [examined]. — CH1na (Chekiang, Shanghai). 

capitata MesniJ, 1951: 210. Holotype g, CuHina: nr Shanghai, Zi-ka-wei (MNHN, Paris) 
[examined]. — CH1nA (Shanghai). 

rasa Mesnil, 1970b : 107. Holotype 2, PHILippINEs: Luzon, Banahao (CNC, Ottawa, ex 
coll. Mesnil) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Luzon) 

Undetermined sp. — Maraysia (Sabah). 


Genus PUJOLINA Mesnil 


Pujolina Mesnil, 1968b : 2. Type-species: Pujolina bicolor Mesnil, 1968, by original designation. 
(CENTRAL AFRICA). 

Undescribed sp. — Inpra (West Bengal), Maraysia (Malaya). 

Undescribed sp. — INDoNEsIA (Sumatra). 


Genus SISYROPA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Sisyvopa Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 163 (95). Type-species: Tachina thermophila Wiede- 
mann, 1830, by original designation. 

Stylurodoria Townsend, 1933 : 476. Type-species: Stylurodoria stylata Townsend, 1933, by 
original designation. 

formosa Mesnil, 1944): 14. Holotype 3g, CHINA: nr Shanghai, Kou-ling (MNHN, Paris) 
{examined].—CryLon, Cuina (Shanghai), INp1A (Madras, Maharashtra, Mysore, West 
Bengal). 

ghanii Mesnil, 1968a:176. Holotype, Pakistan: Rawalpindi (CNC, Ottawa) [examined].— 
PAKISTAN. 

heterusiae Coquillett, 1899 : 279 (Evxorista). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1967c : 104), CEYLON: Pussellawa (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — CEyLon, Formosa, 
Inp1A (Mysore, Uttar Pradesh), Mataysia (Malaya). 

palpata Baranov, 1936: 113 (Erycia). Holotype 2, Formosa: Toa Tsui Kutsu (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. Syn. n. 
melancholica Mesnil, 1953b:97 (Platymyia (Himera)). Holotype g, Inp1a: Mysore, S. 

Coorg, Tithimatti (BMNH, London) [examined]. 

picta Baranov, 1935a@ : 553 (Exorista). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 
1969 : 44), Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. Comb. n. — 
Formosa, INpIA (Mysore); NEw GUINEA. 

prominens Walker, 1859b : 127 (Eurygaster). Holotype g, INDONEsIA: Celebes, Makassar 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Formosa, Inp1a (Bihar), INDoNEsIA (Celebes), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya); NEw GuINngEA, NEw BriTAIN, BOUGAINVILLE, AUSTRALIA (N.T., Qld). 


242 R. W. CROSSKEY 


taylori Curran, 1938b:204 (Zenillia). Holotype g, AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Innisfail 
(SPHTM, Sydney) [examined]. Syn. n. 
apicalis Baranov im Hennig, 1941 : 193. Nomen nudum (no later validation, see Sabrosky 
& Crosskey, 1969 : 56). 
sovoy Mesnil, 1944b: 15. Holotype 2, NEw GUuINEA: north east New Guinea (‘Kaiser- 
wilhelmsland’) (MNHN, Paris) [examined]. Syn. n. 
stylata Townsend, 1933 : 476 (Stylurodoria). Holotype 9, Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, 
Eberswalde) [examined]. —- CEYLON, Formosa, Inp1a (Uttar Pradesh); NicERIA, SUDAN. 
hutsont Baranov, 19344 : 42 (Sturmia). Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 
1969 : 50), CEYLON: Mawanella (BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn. n. 
thermophila Wiedemann, 1830 : 325 (Tachina). Holotype g, INDoNEsIA: Java, Djakarta 
(‘Batavia’) (UZM, Copenhagen) [examined]. — Inp1A (Assam), INDONEsIA (Java), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya); ? SoLoMONS. 
maculiventris Baranov in Hennig, 1941 : 194 (Exorista). Nomen nudum (no later validation, 
see Sabrosky & Crosskey, 1969 : 56). 


Genus STURMIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Sturmia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 171. Type-species: Stuymia vanessae Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Tachina bella Meigen, 1824], by subsequent designation of Robineau-Desvoidy 
(1863 (1) : 888). 

bella Meigen, 1824 : 317 (Tachina). Syntypes g 9, EuRopE (? GERMANY) (MNHN, Paris) 
[examined]. — NEPAL, ? Formosa; widespread Europe, northern Asia, JAPAN. 

convergens Wiedemann, 1824 : 43 (Tachina). Lectotype 9 (by designation of Crosskey, 
19630 : 78), INDIA (UZM, Copenhagen) [examined]. — CEYLON, INp1a (Kerala, Madras, Uttar 
Pradesh); NEw Guinea, AUSTRALIA (N.S.W., Old); Arrica. 

setilateva Wiedemann, 1830 : 321 (Tachina). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1966a : 678), ‘IND. OR.’ (probably = Inp1a) (UZM, Copenhagen) [examined]. 


Genus STURMIOPSIS Townsend 


Sturmiopsis Townsend, 1916d : 313. Type-species: Sturmiopsis inferens Townsend, 1916, 
by original designation. 

inferens Townsend, 1916d : 313. Holotype 9, INDONEsIA: Java, Bogor (USNM, Washington) 
[examined]. - BANGLADESH, INDIA (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal 
Pradesh, Madras, Maharashtra, Mysore, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh), INDoNEsIA (Java), 
MataysiA (Malaya), NepAL. Introduced TRINIDAD (not established). 

semiberbis Bezzi, 1925b : 115 (Winthemia). Lectotype ¢ (by present designation), MALAYSIA: 

Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (BMNH, London) [examined]. 


Genus TAKANOMYIA Mesnil 


Takanomyia Mesnil, 1957 : 10. Type-species: Takanomyia scutellata Mesnil, 1957, by mono- 
typy. (JAPAN). 

scutellata Mesnil, 1957: 10. Holotype 2, JAPAN: Manazuri (not located). — Inp1a (Assam), 
NEPAL; JAPAN. 


Genus THELAIRODRINO Mesnil stat. n. 


Thelaivodrino Mesnil, 1954) : 470 (as subg. of Thelaivosoma Villeneuve). Type-species: Thelairo- 
soma (Thelaivodrino) gracilis Mesnil, 1952, by original designation. 

gracilis Mesnil, 1952a : 219 (Thelaivosoma). Holotype g, Inp1a: Uttar Pradesh, Dehra Dun 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1a (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 243 


Genus TRITAXYS Macquart 


Tritaxys Macquart, 1847: 81 (65). Type-species: Tritavys australis Macquart, 1847, by 
monotypy. (AUSTRALIA). 

Goniophana Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 97 (29). Type-species: Gonia heterocera Macquart, 
1846, by original designation. (AUSTRALIA). 

braueri de Meijere, 1924 : 222 (Goniophana) [replacement name for Gonia javana Macquart, 
1851]. — INDONESIA (Java). 

javana Macquart, 1851: 151 (178) (Gonia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 

1971 : 270), INDONESIA: Java (BMNH, London) [examined]. [Junior primary homonym 
of Gonia javana Macquart, 1848.] 


Genus TRIXOMORPHA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Trixomorpha Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 163 (95). Type-species: Tvixomorpha indica 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, by original designation. 

indica Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 163 (95). Lectotype g (by fixation of Townsend, 
1932 : 49), INDIA: ‘Bengal’ (NM, Vienna) [examined]. — INp1a (‘Bengal’, Assam, Bihar). 

luteipennis Mesnil, 1950a:120. Holotype g, INpDoneEs1A: Lesser Sunda Islands, Flores 
(DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — InDoneEs1A (Flores). 

tenebrosa Walker, 1859b : 123 (Nemoraea). Holotype ¢ [not 9], InDonEsIA: Celebes, Makassar 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — INDoNEs1IA (Celebes), MALAysIA (Malaya). 


Genus WEINGAERTNERIELLA Baranov stat. n. 


Weingaertneriella Baranov, 1932b : 74 (as subg. of Stuymia). Type-species: Sturymia (Wein- 
gaertneriella) pavadoxalis Baranov, 1932 [= Masicera longiseta Wulp, 1881], by monotypy. 
longiseta Wulp, 1881 : 38 (Masiceva). Lectotype 2 (by present designation), INDONESIA: 
Sumatra, Rawas (RMNH, Leiden) [examined]. Comb. n.— Formosa, INDONESIA 
(Sumatra). 
paradoxalis Baranov, 1932) : 80 (Sturmia). Holotype g, Formosa: Sokutsu (DEI, Ebers- 
walde) [examined]. Syn. n. 


Genus ZYGOBOTHORIA Mik 


Zygobothria Mik, 1891 : 193. Type-species: Sturmia atropivora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, 
by original designation. (EUROPE). 
Formosodoria Townsend, 1933: 475. Type-species: Sturymia dilabida Villeneuve, 1916 
[ = Meigenia ciliata Wulp, 1881], by original designation. (SouTH AFRICA). 
atropivora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830:171 (Stuymia). Syntypes [g 9] [FRANCE] (lost). — 
Creyton, Inp1A (Assam, Bihar, Madras, Uttar Pradesh), INDoNEsIA (Java), Laos, MALAYSIA 
(Malaya), Ryuxyu Is.; widespread southern EuRopPE, ETHIOPIAN REGION, JAPAN, 
AusTRALiA (N.S.W., Qld). 
niveiceps Macquart, 1851 : 164 (191) (Masicerva). Holotype g, INDoNEsIA: Java (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. Syn. n. 
chatterjeei Curran, 1933 : 46 (Sturmia). Holotype 3, Inp1A: Madras, Nilambur (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. 
ciliata Wulp, 1881 : 38 (Meigenia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 1967c : 104), 
INDONESIA: Sumatra, Alahan pandjang (RMNH, Leiden) [examined]. — CEyLon, Formosa, 
Inpia (Madras, Mysore), INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra); NEw GUINEA, AUSTRALIA (W.A.), 
widespread ETHIOPIAN REGION. 
dilabida Villeneuve, 1916 : 479 (Sturmia (Argyrophylax)). Syntypes 3, SoutH Arrica: Natal 


244 R. W. CROSSKEY 


(BMNH, London & ? South African Mus., Cape Town) [BMNH, syntype examined]. 
Syn. n. 
macrophallus Baranov, 1932b : 76 (Sturymia). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1967c : 105), Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
[convergens Wiedemann sensu Mesnil (misidentification) ] 
lugens Mesnil, 19445 : 16. Holotype g, INDoNEsIA: Java, Palaboehan Ratoe (MNHN, Paris) 
[examined]. — INDONESIA (Java). 


Tribe GONIINI Robineau-Desvoidy 
GONIDAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 74. Type-genus: Gonia Meigen, 1803. 


Genus GONIOPHTHALMUS Villeneuve 


Goniophthalmus Villeneuve, 1910a: 145. Type-species: Goniophthalmus simonyi Villeneuve, 
1910, by monotypy. (SOKOTRA). 

dubiosus Baranov, 19354 :555. Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 
1969 : 45), INDONESIA: Java, Pasoeroean (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — INDONESIA 
(Java). 

halli Mesnil, 1956 : 548. Holotype g, RHopEsIA: Mazoe (not located, possibly lost). — Inp1a 
(Gujarat, Madras, Mysore); widespread eastern & southern AFRICA, SOUTHERN YEMEN. 

[vufescens Baranov sensu Beeson & Chatterjee (misidentification) | 
The holotype of halli should be in the BMNH collection (where stated to be in the original 

description) but is not present in that collection; it appears never to have been returned 
after description. The identity is clear from other specimens in BMNH reared from the 
same host at the type-locality (which include a 2 specimen with identical data to the 
holotype). 

Undetermined sp. (? sp. n.). — BuRMaA. 


Genus PSEUDOGONIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Pseudogonia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 100 (32). Type-species: Gonia cinerascens Rondani, 
1859 [= Tachina rufifyrons Wiedemann, 1830], by monotypy. (EUROPE). 
Gaediogonia Townsend, 1927a:71. Type-species: Gaediogonia jacobsoni Townsend, 1927 
[= Tachina rufifyrons Wiedemann, 1830], by original designation. 
rufifrons Wiedemann, 1830 : 318 (Tachina). Holotype 9, CHINA (UZM, Copenhagen) 
[examined]. — Burma, CHINA, Formosa, Inp1A (Andhra Pradesh, Kashmir, Kerala, Orissa, 
Punjab), INDONESIA (Java, Sumatra), Maraysta (Malaya), PHILIPPINES (Palawan), 
THAILAND; widespread southern PALAEARCTIC & ETHIOPIAN ReEGIons (including JAPAN, 
PAKISTAN, SOKOTRA); Motuccas, NEw GuINEA, SoLtomons, AuSTRALIA (A.C.T.). 
lalandii Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 106 (Latreillia). Type(s) [? sex], SourH AFRica: Cape 
of Good Hope (lost). Syn. n. 
javana Macquart, 1848 : 203 (43) (Gonia). Holotype 2 [not $], INponEs1a: Java (IRSNB, 
Brussels) [examined]. Syn. n. 

Crosskey (1971 : 270) could not locate the type-material of javana. Since then it has 
been found in the remnants of Payen’s collection in the Municipal Museum, Tournai, and 
transferred to IRSNB, Brussels, for permanent housing. 

exigua Doleschall, 1858: 106 (Gonia). Type(s) [? sex], INnpDonEs1A: Moluccas, Ambon 
[=Amboyna] (not located, probably lost). 

cinevascens Rondani, 1859 : 34 (Gonia). Syntypes 3 3, 4 @ [unlabelled], Irary: Parma 
(MZ, Florence). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 245 


minuta Wulp, 1881 :35 (Gonia). Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Leoboek gedang 
(RMNH, Leiden) [examined]. 

jacobsoni Townsend, 1927a : 71 (Gaediogonia). Holotype 3, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de 
Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 


Genus SPALLANZANIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Spallanzania Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 78. Type-species: Spallanzania gallica Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1830 [= Tachina hebes Fallén, 1820}, by subsequent designation of Coquillett 
(1910 : 606). (EUROPE). 

hebes Fallén, 1820: 11 (Tachina). Syntypes ? 9, SWEDEN: ‘Gothem Gothlandiae’ (? NR, 
Stockholm & UZI, Lund) [not seen]. — INp1A (Kashmir, ? Himachal Pradesh); widespread 
Europe, NortTH AFRICA. 

Undetermined sp. (? hebes). — INp1A (Himachal Pradesh). 


Genus TURANOGONIA Rohdendorf 


Tuvanogonia Rohdendorf, 1924 : 228. Type-species: Turanogonia smirvnovi Rohdendorf, 
1924 [= Gonia chinensis Wiedemann, 1824], by monotypy. (U.S.S.R.). 
chinensis Wiedemann, 1824 : 47 (Gonia). Neotype 2 (by designation of Crosskey, 1967c¢ : 106), 
CuinA: Hopei, T’ien-ching [=Tientsin] (BMNH, London) [examined]. —Cuina (Fukien, 
Hopei, Kiangsu, Szechwan), INp1A (Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Madras, Mysore, 
Pondicherry, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), NepAL, PHILIPPINES (Luzon), SIKKIM, 
? Timor; PakIsTAn, U.S.S.R. (Uzbekistan), JAPAN. 
vufitibialis Macquart, 1851 : 151 (178) (Gonia). Holotype 2, Inp1A: Pondicherry (MNHN, 
Paris) [examined]. 
indica Walker, 1852 : 305 (Gonia). Holotype 3, ? Inp1a [publ. ‘East Indies’] (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. 
himalensis Tothill, 1918 : 52 (Gonia). Lectotype 2 (by present designation), INDIA: Uttar 
Pradesh, Dehra Dun (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
smiynovt Rohdendorf, 1924 : 228. Holotype g, U.S.S.R.: Uzbekistan, Ak-Tash, 50 km 
SE. of Tashkent (ZMU, Moscow). 
pruinosa Villeneuve, 1933 : 198 (Salmacia (? Turanogonia)). Lectotype g (by present 
designation),, VietNAM (NortTH): Tonkin (CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. 
klapperichi Mesnil, 1956 : 532. Holotype g, CHINA: Fukien, Kwangsai (ZFMAK, Bonn) —- 
Burma, CHINA (Fukien), Inp1A (West Bengal). 


Unplaced species of Goniini 


atra Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 78 (Rhedia). Type(s) [? sex], INDONESIA: Java, Djakarta 
(as “Batavia’) (lost). 

This nominal species remains completely enigmatic. Nothing reliable can be deduced 
from the original description, which may not apply to a member of the Goniini despite 
Robineau-Desvoidy’s placement. 

timorensis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 81 (Reauwmuria). Type(s) [? sex], Timor (lost). 

This nominal species remains completely enigmatic. Nothing reliable can be deduced 
from the original description, although this does appear to apply fairly certainly to a 
member of the Goniini. 


Tribe ERYCIINI Robineau-Desvoidy 
ERYCINAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 142. Type-genus Evycia Robineau-Desvoidy. 


246 R.W. CROSSKEY 


Genus ANEOGMENA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Aneogmena Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 385 (81). Type-species: Aneogmena fischeri Brauer 
& Bergenstamm, 1891, by monotypy. 

Zosteropsis Townsend, 1916d : 309. Type-species: Zostevopsis rutherfordi Townsend, 1916, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

Platerycia Baranov, 1936: 110. Type-species: Platerycia compressa Baranoy, 1936, by original 
designation. 

Anaeogmena. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Aneogmena Brauer & Bergenstamm. 

compressa Baranov, 1936: 111 (Platerycia). Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969: 49), Formosa: Tainan (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa. 
(Possibly = lucifera). 

fischeri Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 386 (82). Lectotype ¢ (by fixation of Townsend, 
1932 : 53), Inp1A: Uttar Pradesh, Agra (NM, Vienna). — BANGLADESH, CEYLON, INDIA 
(Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh). (Possibly = lucifera). 

lucifera Walker, 1852 : 282 (Tachina). Holotype ¢ [head lost], locality unknown [? Inp1ia] 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1a (Bihar). 

rutherfordi Townsend, 1916d : 310 (Zostervopsis). Holotype g, CEYLON: Peradeniya (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. Comb. n.— CEYLON. 

secunda Villeneuve, 1929 : 66 (Thelaivosoma). Lectotype g (by present designation), FORMOSA: 
Fuhosho (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. Comb. n.—CryLoN, Formosa, PHILIPPINES, 
Ryukyu IsLanbs. 

setinerva Mesnil, 1957: 15. Holotype 92, Ryukyu IsLanps (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. Mesnil) 

[examined). Syn. n. 


Genus APLOMYA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Aplomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : 184. Type-species: Aplomya zonata Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Tachina confinis Fallén, 1820], by subsequent designation of Robineau-Desvoidy 
(1863 (1) : 459). (EUROPE). 

Leiosia Wulp, 1893 : 185. Type-species: Leiosia flavisquama Wulp, 1893, by monotypy. 

Wiedemanmiomyia Townsend, 1933: 469. Type-species: Tachina metallica Wiedemann, 
1824, by original designation. 

Aplomyiella Mesnil, 1939a : 31. Type-species: Tvicholyga impexa Villeneuve, 1916 [= Tachina 
metallica Wiedemann, 1824], by original designation. AFRICA. 

Atricholyga Villeneuve, 1939a : 9. Type-species: Tvicholygaimpexa Villeneuve, 1916[= Tachina 
metallica Wiedemann, 1824], by original designation. AFRICA. 

Aplomyia. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Aplomya Robineau-Desvoidy. 

conglomerata Walker, 1859b : 126 (Eurygaster). Holotype g [not 2] InponeEs1A: Celebes, 
Makassar (BMNH, London) [examined]. Comb. n.—INDoNEsIA (Celebes). 

curvipes Wulp, 1893 : 172 (Parexorista). Holotype g, InpDonEsta: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) 
[examined]. Comb. n. — INDONESIA (Java). 

Only the holotype of cuvvipes is known. Im earlier works (Crosskey, 1967¢ : 107 & 
in press University of Hawaii catalog) I assigned the nominal species to genus Sisyvopa, 
but now believe that it correctly belongs in Aplomya even though the type has only one 
pair of reclinate orbital setae instead of the normal two pairs in Aplomya. 

distincta Baranov, 1931b : 120 (Evxorista). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 43), Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. — 
FORMOSA. 

flavisquama Wulp, 1893 : 186 (Leiosia). Lectotype 3 (by designation of Crosskey, 1969 : 104), 
INDONESIA: Java_(ZM, Amsterdam) [examined].—Inp1a, INDONESIA (Java), MALAYSIA 
(Malaya); AUSTRALIA (Queensland); ? AFRICA. 

A. lycaena Curran from Africa is probably a synonym of A. flavisquama. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 247 


metallica Wiedemann, 1824 : 46 (Tachina). MHolotype 3, ‘INDIA ORIENT.’ (UZM, Copenhagen) 

[examined]. — Formosa, Inp1a (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar), INDONESIA (Java); NEw GUINEA; 
ARABIA, widespread AFRICA, ISRAEL. 

nigviventris Wiedemann, 1824 : 43 (Tachina). Holotype g, ‘INDIA ORIENT.’ (UZM, Copen- 
hagen) [examined]. 

laeviventris Wulp, 1893 : 173 (Parexorista). Lectotype g (by designation of Crosskey, 
1966a : 674), INDONESIA: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. 

impexa Villeneuve, 1916 : 494 (Tvicholyga). Holotype g, SoutH Arrica: Cape Province, 
Uitenhage (NM, Vienna, stated but confirmation needed). 


Genus ATRACTOCEROPS Townsend 


Atractocerops Townsend, 1916d : 307. Type-species: Atractocerops ceylanica Townsend, 
1916, by original designation. 

Frontiniellopsis Townsend, 1927a: 61. Type-species: Frontiniellopsis sumatrensis Townsend, 
1927, by original designation. Syn. n. 

Sigelotvoxis Aldrich, 1928 : 3. Type-species: Sigelotroxis parvus Aldrich, 1928, by original 
designation. 

aldrichi Mesnil, 1952a : 245 (Sigelotroxis). Holotype g$, Puitippines: Mindanao, Surigao 
(ZMU, Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n. — PHILIPPINES (Mindanao). 

ceylanicus Townsend, 1916d : 307. Holotype 2, CEyLon: Peradeniya (USNM, Washington) 
[examined]. — CEYLON. 

parvus Aldrich, 1928 : 4 (Sigelotroxis). Holotype g, CHINA: Fukien, Fu-chou (=Foochow) 
(USNM, Washington) [examined]. — Cu1na (Fukien). 

sumatrensis Townsend, 1927a: 61 (Frontiniellopsis). Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, 
Fort de Kock (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. Comb. n. — INDoNEsIA (Sumatra). 


Genus BACTROMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Bactromyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 329 (25). Type-species: Tachina scutelligera 
Zetterstedt, 1844 [= Tachina aurulenta Meigen, 1824], by monotypy. 

adiscalis Mesnil, 1953a: 261. Holotype g, Inp1a: Mysore, S. Coorg, Tithimatti (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — Inp1A (Mysore). 

aurora Mesnil, 1953a : 262. Holotype g, InpIA: Bombay, N. Thana, Palghar range (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — Inp1a (Bombay). 

compsiluroides Baranov, 1938) : 409. Nomen nudum (no later validation). 

delicatula Mesnil, 1953a : 265. Holotype g, Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (CNC, Ottawa, ex 
coll. Mesnil) [examined]. — Formosa. 

longifacies Mesnil, 1953a : 267. Holotype 3, Inp1a: Mysore, S. Coorg, Tithimatti (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — Inp1A (Mysore). 


Genus BACTROMYIELLA Mesnil 


Bactromyiella Mesnil, 1952a : 239-240. Type-species: Bactromyiella aureocincta Mesnil, 
1952 [= Masicera ? ficta Walker, 1861], by original designation. (FrJ1). 
ficta Walker, 1861c : 286 (Masicera ?). Holotype 9 [head lost], InponEs1a: Moluccas, Batjan 
(publ. as ‘Batchian’) (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1a (Madras), INDONEsIa (Sumatra; 
Batjan, Buru); NEw Guinea, Fiji, AUSTRALIA (Queensland). 
semivufa Malloch, 1930a : 351 (Sturmia). Holotype g, AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Kuranda 
(ANIC, Canberra) [examined]. 
aureocincta Mesnil, 1952a : 240. Holotype 3g, Fiji: Nadala (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
chrysogastey Mesnil, 1953b : 95 (Cadurcia). Holotype 3, Inp1a: Kerala (Travancore), Nadu- 
vathumuzhi (BMNH, London) [examined]. Syn. n. 


248 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Genus BOTRIOPSIS Townsend 


Botriopsis Townsend, 1928 : 389. Type-species: Botriopsis bakeri Townsend, 1928, by original 
designation. 

bakeri Townsend, 1928 : 390. Holotype 9, PHILippines: Luzon, Benguet, Baguio (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. — PHILIPPINES (Luzon). 


Genus BUQUETIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Buquetia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1847 : 286. Type-species: Buquetia musca Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1847, by monotypy. (FRANCE). 

musca Robineau-Desvoidy, 1847 : 287. Holotype 9, FRANCE (lost). - PAKISTAN; widespread 
S. Europe, ISRAEL. 


Genus CESTONIA Rondani 


Cestonia Rondani, 1861 : 105. Type-species: Cestonta cinevaria Rondani, 1861, by monotypy. 
Undetermined sp. (? vutilans Villeneuve). — CEYLON. 


Genus COSSIDOPHAGA Baranov 


Cossidophaga Baranov, 1934f: 161. Type-species: Podomyia atkinsonit Aubertin, 1932, by 
original designation. 
atkinsoni Aubertin, 1932 : 35 (Podomyia). Lectotype ¢ (by present designation), BURMA: 
S. Toungoo, Pyuchaung Res. (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Burma. 
kalshovent Baranov, 1934f:161. [Manuscript name cited as a synonym, unavailable.] 


Genus DIATRAEOPHAGA Townsend 


Diatvaeophaga Townsend, 1916d : 320. Type-species: Diatraeophaga striatalis Townsend, 
1916, by original designation. 

Schistochilus Aldrich, 1932 : 18. Type-species: Schistochilus aristatum Aldrich, 1932 [= Dia- 
tvaeophaga striatalis Townsend, 1916}, by original designation. 

striatalis Townsend, 1916d :320. Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Java, Pasoeroean (USNM, 
Washington) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Java). Introduced Mauritius & TRINIDAD (not 
established). 

avistatum Aldrich, 1932 :19 (Schistochilus). WHolotype g, INDONESIA: Java, Pasoeroean 

(USNM, Washington) [examined]. 


Genus DIGLOSSOCERA Wulp 


Diglossocera Wulp, 1895 : 51. Type-species: Diglossocera bifida Wulp, 1895, by monotypy. 
bifida Wulp, 1895 : 52. Holotype g, InpoNneEs1a: Java (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — INDIA 
(Kerala, Mysore), INDONESIA (Java). 


Genus DOLICHOCOLON Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Dolichocolon Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 : 100 (32). Type-species: Dolichocolon paradoxum 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, by original designation and monotypy. (YUGOSLAVIA). 

Eodolichocolon Townsend, 1933 : 478. Type-species: Dolichocolon orientale Townsend, 1927, 
by original designation. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 249 


klapperichi Mesnil, 1968a:176. Holotype g, Cuina: Fukien-Kwangsi (CNC, Ottawa, ex 
coll. Mesnil) [examined]. - Coina; NEw GUINEA. 

orientale Townsend, 1927a : 73. Holotype g, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Anai Kloof (ZM, Amster- 
dam) [examined]. — INDONEsIA (Sumatra). 

vicinum Mesnil, 1968a :176. Holotype g, VIETNAM (SouTH): Saigon (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. 
Mesnil) [examined]. — Inp1A (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh), VieTNAM (SOUTH); JAPAN, 
NEw GUINEA, NIGERIA 

Undetermined sp. —- Burma, Maraysia (Malaya). 


Genus ELODIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Elodia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1) : 936. Type-species: Elodia gagatea Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1863 [= Tachina morio Fallén, 1820], by original designation. 

adiscalis Mesnil, 1970b : 107. Holotype 2, Cu1na: nr Shanghai, Zi-ka-wei (CNC, Ottawa, ex 
coll. Mesnil). — Cu1na (Shanghai). 

atra Gardner, 1940b :177 (Dolichocolon atey Baranov MS). Type(s) puparium(a), INDIA: 
Bombay, Palghar (? FRI, Dehra Dun). Comb. n. — INnp1A (Bombay). 

An adult 2 specimen labelled ‘Dolichocolon ater sp. n. N. Baranoff’ in Baranov’s writing 
is in the BMNH collection, from which the identity of this species as an Elodia has been 
determined. The spelling of the specific name changes to atra because of the new com- 
bination with a generic name of feminine gender. For a note on the nomenclatural 
availability of Gardner’s name see Sabrosky & Crosskey (1969 : 56). 

Undetermined sp. — Maraysia (Sabah). 


Genus ELODIMYIA Mesnil 


Elodimyia Mesnil, 1952a : 239, 242. Type-species: Elodimyia tricincta Mesnil, 1952, by original 
designation. 

tricincta Mesnil, 1952a : 243. Lectotype g¢ (by present designation), INDONESIA: Lesser 
Sunda Islands, Lombok, Nlawangan (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. Mesnil) [examined]. — 
INDONESIA (Lombok). 


Genus ERYTHROCERA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Erythrocera Robineau-Desvoidy, 1848 : 436. Type-species: Phryno nigvipes Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830, by subsequent designation of Robineau-Desvoidy (1863 (1) : 600). 
Undetermined sp. (probably undescribed). - Maraysia (Malaya). 


Genus EURYSTHAEA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Eurysthaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (1) : 603. Type-species: Evythrocera scutellaris Robineau- 
Desvoidy, 1848, by original designation. 

cinctella Mesnil, 1953a : 258. Lectotype 2 (by present designation), Inp1a: Mysore, S. Coorg, 
Tithimatti (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1A (Mysore). 

leveriana Baranov, 1934) : 182 (Eurystaea lapsus). Holotype 2, Socomon IsLanps: Malaita, 
Su’u (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1A (Uttar Pradesh); Sotomon ISLANDs. 

veniseta Mesnil, 1968a :181. Holotype 2, PAKISTAN: Rawalpindi (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. 
Mesnil) [examined]. — PAKISTAN. 

Undetermined sp. (probably undescribed). — PAKISTAN. 


250 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Genus FRONTINA Meigen 


Frontina Meigen, 1838 : 247. Type-species: Tachina laeta Meigen, 1824, by subsequent designa- 
tion of Robineau-Desvoidy (1863 (1) : 580). 
adusta Walker, 1852 : 292 (Tachina). Holotype g, Inp1a (publ. ‘East Indies’) (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. — Cuina (Szechwan), INDIA (Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal). 
varicoloy Villeneuve, 1937a:2. Lectotype ¢ (by fixation of Mesnil, 1954c¢ : 345), CHINA: 
Szechwan, Mt Omei (USNM, Washington) [examined]. Syn. n. 

F. varicoloy was described from two syntypes, one of each sex. Mesnil’s (1954¢ : 345) 
reference to the g ‘Typus’, although a borderline case, is accepted as providing a valid 
lectotype fixation. 

Undescribed sp. (nr /aeta Meigen). - Burma, Maraysia (Malaya). 


Genus HAPALIOLOEMUS Baranov 


Hapalioloemus Baranov, 1934f: 162. Type-species: Hapalioloemus machaeralis Baranov, 
1934, by original designation. 

Hepalioloemus Baranov, 1934f: 162. [Incorrect original spelling of Hapalioloemus. | 

Boromyia Mesnil, 1957: 16. Type-species: Boromyia gastrula Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. 
Syn. n. 

gastrulus Mesnil, 1957: 16 (Boromyia). Holotype 9, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, 
Helsinki) [examined]. Comb. n. — Burma. 

machaeralis Baranov, 1934f:162. Holotype ¢g, Inp1A: Madhya Pradesh, Rahatgaon 
(BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1a (Madhya Pradesh). 


Genus LYDELLINA Villeneuve 


Lydellina Villeneuve, 1916 : 490. Type-species: Masicera caffra Macquart, 1846, by monotypy. 
(SouTH AFRICA). 

Euproctimyia Villeneuve, 1921 : 157. Type-species: Euprvoctimyia pyrrhaspis Villeneuve, 
1921, by monotypy. 

pyrrhaspis Villeneuve, 1921 : 158 (Euproctimyia). Lectotype g (by present designation), 
PakisTAaN: Lahore (BMNH, London) [examined]. — PAKISTAN. 


Genus METOPOSISYROPS Townsend 


Metoposisyrops Townsend, 1916d : 320. Type-species: Metoposisyrops oryzae Townsend, 
1916, by original designation. 

oryzae Townsend, 1916d : 321. Holotype ¢, INDoNEsIA: Java, Bandoeng (USNM, Washing- 
ton) [examined]. — INDONESIA (Java). 


Genus NEALSOMYIA Mesnil 


Nealsomyia Mesnil, 1939a : 31. Type-species: Exorista (Alsomyia) triseriella Villeneuve, 
1929, by original designation. (EGyprt). 

rufella Bezzi, 1925) : 119 (Exorista, as var. of corvinoides Wulp). Lectotype 2 (by designation 
of Crosskey, 1967¢ : 104), MaLaysi1a: Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (BMNH, London) [examined]. 
—Cryton, Curna, Inp1A (Bihar), INDONESIA (Sumatra), MaLaysia (Malaya), THAILAND, 
VIETNAM (NoRTH). 

quadrimaculata Baranov, 19344 : 43 (Exorista). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Crosskey, 

1967c : 104), MALaysta: Malaya, Selangor, Klang (BMNH, London) [examined]. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 251 


indica Villeneuve, 1937) : 407 (Alsomyia). Syntypes g [2], VieETNAM (NortH): Tonkin, Cho 
ganh (not located). 
rufipes Villeneuve, 1937) : 407 (Alsomyia). Lectotype g (by present designation), INDIA: 
Madras, Coimbatore (CNC, Ottawa) [examined].—CryLon, Inp1A (Gujarat, Madras, 
Mysore, Punjab), PAKISTAN. 


Genus PHEBELLIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Phebellia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1846 : 37. Type-species: Phebellia aestivalis Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1846, by monotypy. (EUROPE). 
agnatella Mesnil, 1955 : 455, 458. Holotype 3, CHINA: Kiangsu, Su-chou (=Soochow) (CNC, 
Ottawa, ex coll. Mesnil) [examined]. — CHINA; JAPAN. 
Mesnil, in the original description, incorrectly cited Soochow (as Suchow) as near Hanoi 
(North Vietnam). 


Genus PHRYXE Robineau-Desvoidy 


Phryxe Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 158. Type-species: Phryxe athaliae Robineau-Desvoidy, 
1830 [= Tachina vulgaris Fallén, 1810], by subsequent designation of Robineau-Desvoidy 
(1863 (1) : 329 & 358). (EUROPE). 

patruelis Mesnil, 1953b :98. Holotype g, Inp1A: West Bengal, Kurseong (MNHN, Paris: 
currently in CNC, Ottawa) [examined]. — Burma, INp1A (West Bengal). 


Genus PROSOPODOPSIS Townsenc 


Prosopodopsis Townsend, 1926c : 542. Type-species: Tachina fasciata Wiedemann, 1830 
[preocc. = Prosopaea appendiculata de Meijere, 1910], by original designation. 

Orientodovia Townsend, 1933: 477. Type-species: Tachina orientalis Wiedemann, 1830, 
by original designation. Syn. n. 

appendiculata de Meijere, 1910 : 110 (Prosopaea). Holotype 9, INDoNEsIA: Krakatau, Lang 
Eiland (ZM, Amsterdam) [examined]. — Formosa, INp1A (Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh), 
InponeEsIA (Krakatau), Macao, Maraysia (Malaya), SINGAPORE. 

fasciata Wiedemann, 1830 : 337 (Lachina). Lectotype 9 (by fixation of Townsend, 1932 : 54), 

Macao (UZM, Copenhagen) [examined]. [Junior primary homonym of Tachina fasciata 
Fallén, 1820. ] 

This nominal species was described from at least two specimens. The single extant 
syntype was cited as ‘Female Ht’ [=holotype] by Townsend, and this action (though 
borderline for acceptable fixation) is treated as fixing the lectotype. 

orbitalis Baranov, 1938b : 406 (Dolichocolon). Lectotype ¢ (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 40), INDIA: Madhya Pradesh, Rahatgaon, Hoshangabad (BMNH, London) 
[examined]. Comb. n. — Inp1a (Kerala, Madhya Pradesh). 

orientalis Wiedemann, 1830 : 333 (Zachina). Lectotype 2 (by designation of Crosskey, 
1966a : 676), EASTERN INp1A (‘OSTINDIEN’) (UZM, Copenhagen) [examined]. Comb. n. — 
Inp1A (Punjab, West Bengal). 

quadrisetosa Baranov, 19354 : 555 (Dolichocolon). Lectotype 2 (by designation of Sabrosky 
& Crosskey, 1969 : 40), Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, Eberswalde) [examined]. 
Comb. n. — Cuina (Fukien), Formosa. 

Undetermined sp. (? orbitalis variant). - CEYLON. 


Genus PSEUDALSOMYIA Mesnil 


Pseudalsomyia Mesnil, 1968a: 178. Type-species: Pseudalsomia piligena Mesnil, 1968, by 


original designation. 
piligena Mesnil, 1968a :178. Holotype g, Pakistan: Rawalpindi (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. 
Mesnil). — PAKISTAN, 


252 R--W  GCROSSKEY 


Genus PSEUDOPERICHAETA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Pseudoperichaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889: 92 (24). Type-species: Pseudoperichaeta 
major Brauer & Bergenstamm 1889 [= Phryxe palesioidea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830], 
by original designation and monotypy. 

Masicerella Gardner, 1940b : 178. Type-species: Masicerella indistincta Gardner, 1940, by 
original designation and monotypy (‘gen. n., sp. n.’) (see p. 158). 

Euhapalivora Gardner, 1940b : 179. Type-species: Euhapalivora indica Gardner, 1940, by 
original designation and monotypy (‘gen. n., sp. n.’) (see p. 158). 

indica Gardner, 1940b : 179 (Euhapalivora indica Baranov MS). Type(s) puparium(a), INDIA: 
Bombay, Palghar (? FRI, Dehra Dun). — Inp1A (Bombay, Gujarat). 

Adult specimens of both sexes and from the same rearing are in the BMNH collection, 
one of the males bearing a label ‘Euhapalivora indica g. n, sp. n. N. Baranoff’ in Baranov’s 
writing. These specimens, associated to Gardner’s puparial type(s) by being from the 
same rearing, enable indica to be correctly identified. For a note on the nomenclatural 
availability from Gardner’s work see Sabrosky & Crosskey (1969 : 56). 

indistincta Gardner, 1940b : 178 (Masicerella indistincta Baranov MS). Type(s) puparium(a), 
Burma: Pyinmana, Yanaungmyin Res. (? FRI, Dehra Dun). Comb. n. — Burma. 

Two 2 specimens in the BMNH collection each labelled ‘Masicerella indistincta g. n. 
sp. n N. Baranoff’ in Baranov’s writing confirm that indistincta is assignable to Pseudo- 
perichaeta. For a note on the nomenclatural availability of the name from Gardner’s 
work see Sabrosky & Crosskey (1969 : 57). 

monochaeta Mesnil, 19524 : 233 (as var. of imsidiosa Robineau-Desvoidy). Type(s) g, INDIA 
(no other data) (not located, probably lost). 

Mesnil cited the depository as Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London, which 
indicates that the holotype (or ? syntypes) should be present in the BMNH collection. 
No type-material or other specimens are present in BMNH collection. 

roseanella Baranov, 1936: 104 (Zenillia). Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & 
Crosskey, 1969 : 54), Formosa: Sokutsu (USNM, Washington). Comb. n. — Burma, 
Formosa, Inp1A (Mysore); NEw GuIneA, NEw BriTAIN. 


Genus RHINAPLOMYIA Mesnil 


Rhinaplomyia Mesnil, 1953a : 299. (Unavailable: no fixation of a type-species. | 

Rhinaplomyia Mesnil, 1955 : 441. Type-species: Carcelia nasuta Villeneuve, 1937, by original 
designation. 

echinata Mesnil, 1957: 21. Holotype 2, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti (ZMU, Helsinki) 
[examined]. — BuRMa. 

nasuta Villeneuve, 1937a :2 (Carcelia). Syntypes 2 g, CHINA: Szechwan, Mt Omei (not 
located, possibly lost). - BuRMa, CHINA (Szechwan). 

Type-material of this species was collected by D. C. Graham; it should be in USNM, 

Washington, but is missing from that collection, probably never having been returned 
by Villeneuve. 


Genus RHINOMYODES Townsend 


Rhinomyodes Townsend, 1933 : 474. Type-species: Rhinomyodes emporomyioides Townsend, 
1933, by original designation. 
Rhinomyioides. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Rhinomyodes Townsend. 
emporomyioides Townsend, 1933 : 474. Holotype ¢, Formosa: Koshun, Kankau (DEI, 
Eberswalde) [examined]. — Formosa, Inp1a (Uttar Pradesh); JAPAN. 
emporomioides. Incorrect subsequent spelling of emporomyioides Townsend. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 253 


Genus SCAPHIMYIA Mesnil 


Scaphimyia Mesnil, 1953a : 298. [Unavailable: no designation of a type-species. ] 

Scaphimyia Mesnil, 1955 : 422. Type-species: Scaphimyia castanea Mesnil, 1955, by original 
designation. [No generic characters cited but accepted as available: characters cited in 
1953 key.] 

castanea Mesnil, 1955 : 422. Holotype 3, ViETNAM (NorTH): Tonkin (CNC, Ottawa, ex 
coll. Mesnil) [examined]. — VietNAM (NortTH). 


Genus SIMOMA Aldrich 


Simoma Aldrich, 1926b : 20. Type-species: Simoma grahami Aldrich, 1926, by original designa- 
tion. 

grahami Aldrich, 1926b:21. Holotype g, CHINA: Szechwan, Suifu (USNM, Washington) 
fexamined]. —- CH1na (Szechwan), INp1A (Bihar), MALaysiA (Malaya), VIETNAM (NorTH); 
ISRAEL, JAPAN. 


Genus SUENSONOMYIA Mesnil 


Suensonomyia Mesnil, 1953b: 99. Type-species: Suensonomyia setinerva Mesnil, 1953, by 
monotypy. 

setinerva Mesnil, 1953b):99. Holotype g, CHINA: Fukien, Yenpingfu (ZMU, Helsinki) 
{examined}. — CHINA (Fukien), Inp1A (Madhya Pradesh). 


Genus XYLOTACHINA Brauer & Bergenstamm 


Xylotachina Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 342 (38). Type-species: Xylotachina ligniperdae 
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 [= Tachina diluta Meigen, 1824], by original designation 
and monotypy. (GERMANY). 

vulnerans Mesnil, 1953a : 304 (part), 1954c : 305 (part). Holotype 2, Cuina: nr Shanghai, 
Kou-ling (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. Mesnil) [examined]. —- Cu1na (Shanghai). 

The description of this species has split publication dates but the name is available 
from 1953. 


Genus ZENILLIA Robineau-Desvoidy 


Zenillia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 152. Type-species: Musca libatrix Panzer, 1798, by 
subsequent designation of Robineau-Desvoidy (1863 (1) : 471). 
grisellina Gardner, 1940b :177 (Exorista grisellina Baranov MS). Type(s) puparium(a), 
Inp1A: Uttar Pradesh, Dehra Dun (? FRI, Dehra Dun). Comb. n.-—Inp1a (Bombay, 
Uttar Pradesh). 
teryvosa Mesnil, 1953) : 97. Holotype g, INDIA: Bombay, N. Thana, Palghar Range (BMNH, 
London) [examined]. Syn. n. 

One ¢ and three 2 specimens in the BMNH collection each labelled ‘Exorista grisellina 
sp. n. N. Baranoff’ in Baranov’s writing confirm that grvisellina is a senior synonym of 
Zenillia tevrosa Mesnil ($ genitalia compared). For a note on the nomenclatural avail- 
ability of the name grisellina from Gardner’s work see Sabrosky & Crosskey (1969 : 56). 


Unplaced species of Eryciini 


anomala Villeneuve, 1929 : 65 (Alsomyia). Holotype 3, Formosa: Tainan (DEI, Eberswalde) 
[examined]. —CryLon, Formosa, INp1a (Gujarat, Orissa), THAILAND. 


254 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Mesnil (1954c¢ : 370) placed anomala in Pseudoperichaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm, but 

now considers this erroneous (Mesnil, pers. comm.). 
carceliaeformis Villeneuve, 1937a :3 (Aplomyia). Lectotype 3 (by present designation), 
CHINA: Szechwan, Mt Omei (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — Curna (Szechwan). 

Mesnil (1955 : 454, 455) placed carceliaeforymis in Phebellia Robineau-Desvoidy but it is 

here preferred not to accept this doubtful placement. 

nymphalidophaga Baranov, 1936 : 112 (Erycia). Lectotype 3 (by designation of Sabrosky 
& Crosskey, 1969 : 41), INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Dehra Dun (BMNH, London) [examined]. — 
Creyion, Inpia (Uttar Pradesh). 

This species resembles some of the species from Africa that Mesnil has placed in Thelairo- 
soma Villeneuve; it cannot be reliably placed in a genus at present, but is certainly not 
an Evrycia Robineau-Desvoidy. 

orientalis Mesnil, 1953) : 96 (Platymyia (Alsomyia)). Holotype 3, Burma: Kachin, Kambaiti 
(ZMU, Helsinki). - BurMA. 

rufofemorata Baranovy, 1936 : 112 (Erycia). Holotype 9, INDONEsIA: Java, Bogor (= Buiten- 
zorg) (BMNH, London) [examined]. — INDONEsIA (Java). 

This characteristic species is not an Evycia Robineau-Desvoidy and should perhaps 
be assigned to the genus-group segregate Thelaivoxenis Mesnil. Definite assignment is not 
made at present. The species is known only from the holotype. 

seniorwhitei Baranov, 1938b : 408 (Evxorista). Holotype g, Inp1A: Assam, Khasia Hills, 
Mawphlang (publ. as Mauphlong) (BMNH, London) [examined]. — Inp1a (Assam). 

This species does not belong in the Exoristini but is an eryciine near to Phebellia Robineau- 
Desvoidy, in which genus it might be justified to include it. The species is known only 
from the holotype and definite generic assignment is not made at present. 

takanoi Baranov, 1939 : 111 (Erycia). Lectotype g (by designation of Sabrosky & Crosskey, 
1969 : 41), INDONESIA: Java, Pasoeroean (USNM, Washington) [examined]. — INDONESIA 
(Java). 

This species is known only from the type-material. It is not an Erycia Robineau- 

Desvoidy but appears to be an eryciine. Its generic position is problematical. 


Unplaced species of Goniinae 


cuprescens Walker, 1858a:196 (Eurigaster). Type(s) 9, ‘HinposTAn’ (lost).—? InpImA. 
(Nomen dubium). 

dasychirae Wulp, 1894 : 13 (Masicera). Holotype 9, INprA (no other locality) (ZSI, Calcutta). — 
INDIA. 

The type has bare eyes, bare parafacials, weak ocellar setae, no black occipital setulae, 
four sternopleural setae and one setula on the basal node of R,,;. It most probably 
belongs to a species in the Dyino-complex of Sturmiini but cannot be positively assigned 
on evidence available at this time. 

oculata Baranov, 19320 : 80 (Sturmia). Holotype 3, Formosa: Tainan (not located, probably 
lost). — FoRMosa. 

This species has not been recognized since its description and was not placed by Mesnil. 
In the absence of the holotype (which should be in DEI, Eberswalde, but is missing) the 
identity remains uncertain. Baranov’s description and key placement suggest that 
oculata is a species of the Dvino-complex of Sturmiini. 


Unplaced species of Tachinidae 


lasiocampae Wulp, 1894 :16 (Calodexia). Holotype g, Inpr1a: Orissa, Sambalpur (not 
located, probably lost). — Inp1A (Orissa). (Nomen dubium). 
The holotype of this species should be in the collection at Calcutta but cannot be found 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 255 


there and is probably lost. Despite Wulp’s long description and figure it is impossible to 
place /asiocampae (but it is certainly not a Calodexia). 

nigricornis Fabricius, 1794 : 331 (Musca). Holotype [? sex], ‘INDIA ORIENTALI’ (UZM, 
Copenhagen). — ? Inp1a or East INDIES. (Nomen dubium). 

Wiedemann (1830 : 322) assigned this species to Tachina but it has remained unrecognized. 
Dr Lyneborg has kindly examined the type (which is in very bad state) and confirms that 
nigvicornis is a tachinid. The name remains a nomen dubium. 

prognosticans Walker, 1859) : 124 (Masicera). Type(s) 9, INDONESIA: Celebes, Makassar (not 
located, presumed lost). —- INpDoNnEs1a (Celebes). (Nomen dubium). 

In the absence of original material this nominal species remains enigmatic. Nothing 
reliable can be deduced from Walker’s description and generic assignment. 

strigipennis Wulp, 1894 : 11 (Demoticus). Holotype 9, INDIA: Orissa, Sambalpur (not located, 
probably lost). — INp1A (Orissa). (Nomen dubium). 

The holotype should be in the ZSI collection at Calcutta but is missing from that 
collection and is probably lost or destroyed. Despite certain clues in Wulp’s description 
and figure (such as the presence of setulae along veins F, and F,,;) it has not proved 
possible to determine the identity of strigipennis reliably and the name remains a nomen 
dubium. 

umbrosa Walker, 1852 : 291 (Tachina). Type(s), ‘East INprEs’ (probably error for India) 
(lost). -—? INDIA. (Nomen dubium). 

No clues of value can be derived from Walker’s description and this nominal species 

remains completely enigmatic. 


LIST OF PUTATIVE ORIENTAL TACHINIDAE EXCLUDED FROM THE 
CATALOGUE 


Several nominal species of Tachinidae described originally from the Oriental 
Region are now known to have an extra-Oriental (usually New World) provenance, 
and a few nominal species from the Oriental area that were described in tachinid 
genera belong in other families of Calyptrates. As such nominal species are not 
Oriental Tachinidae they are excluded from the catalogue, but the following anno- 
tated list is given to elucidate the ‘fate’ of the names involved. The list is alphabetical 
under the original binomina, and names that do not apply to Tachinidae are dis- 
tinguished by non-bold italics. 


Cordyligaster fuscifacies Bigot, 1888 : 101. Putative provenance ‘Patrie incertaine, Java 
?’. Holotype 2, BMNH, London, examined. This species is certainly from the Neotropical 
Region and is accepted as South American by Guimaraes (1971). 

Dexia chloe Wiedemann, 1830 : 383. Sumatra. Not Tachinidae, belongs to subfamily 
Rhiniinae of Calliphoridae (see Crosskey, 1966a : 661). 

Eurigaster ? languida Walker, 1858a : 198. Putative provenance ‘Hindostan’. Holotype 
6, BMNH, London, examined. The holotype is undoubtedly a specimen of the North 
American species hitherto known as Gymnocarcelia ricinovum Townsend (Sabrosky & Arnaud, 
1965 : 1093) (syn. albifrons Walker, 1852, preoccupied). The name languida is therefore 
a senior synonym supplanting vicinorum as the valid name of the species concerned. The 
new combination and new synonym are formally as follows: 

Gymnocarcelia languida (Walker, 1858) comb. n. 

Gymnocarcelia vricinovum Townsend, tg9tg9a : 582, syn.n. of Gymnocarcelia languida (Walker). 

The female holotype of Tachina albifrons Walker, 1852 : 283, has been directly compared 
with the holotype of Janguida to confirm conspecificity. The name albifyons Walker, 1852, 
is preoccupied by T. albifrons Walker, 1837, and the name langwida is therefore valid. 


256 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Gonia oestroides Walker, 1858a:201. Putative provenance ‘Hindostan’. Holotype ¢ 
[not 2], BMNH, London, examined. The holotype is a specimen of the Palaearctic species 
Gonia capitata (De Geer), but as the genus Gonza Meigen s. str. is unknown from the Oriental 
Region it is considered that Hindustan is an erroneous provenance for oestroides; its holotype 
is presumed to have a Palaearctic origin. The new synonymy involved is here formally 
established : 

Gonia oestroides Walker, syn. n. of Gonia capitata (De Geer, 1776). 

Homodexia obscuripennis Bigot, 1885a : xxvi. Ceylon. Not Tachinidae, belongs in the genus 
Bengalia Robineau-Desvoidy of Calliphoridae (see Crosskey, 1971 : 299). 

Jurinia indica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 36. Putative provenance ‘Indes orientales’. 
Type(s) [? sex], lost. The original material was in Count Dejean’s collection, the Diptera 
from which are believed to be lost, and it is not possible to determine the identity of J. indica 
by examination of any type-specimen. It appears certain, however, that the original locality 
was wrongly recorded as Robineau-Desvoidy’s description clearly does not fit any known 
Oriental species and the forms belonging to the genus Juvinia Robineau-Desvoidy in its old 
sense are entirely Neotropical or Nearctic. 

Despite the clear evidence of erroneously stated provenance and loss of the type(s) it is 
possible to identify the species that Robineau-Desvoidy had before him with almost complete 
certainty. It is considered to be, for reasons adduced below, the South American juriniine 
species Xanthozona melanopyga (Wiedemann). 

Two points of evidence support this conclusion, the excellent fit of the original description 
with the characters of X. melanopyga and the fact that Robineau-Desvoidy compared Jurinia 
scutellayis Robineau-Desvoidy with indica. These are discussed further. 

(1) The description is of a rather large species in which the abdomen is bicolorous (basal 
part clear yellow and last two visible segments black), the wings and calyptrae much blackened 
(‘cuillerons et ailes trés-noirs’), and the mesonotum black with the beginnings of ashy grey 
vittae. These descriptive features, and all other parts of the original description, agree 
perfectly with X. melanopyga but do not conform to any Oriental species. The mention 
of the exceptionally blackened wings and calyptrae is particularly convincing evidence for 
the identity of indica with melanopyga because the latter has the darkest wings and calyptrae 
of any member of the Juriniin1. 

(2) Robineau-Desvoidy (1830 : 36) described Jurinia scutellavis on the same page and 
immediately following J. zmdica. He described it as very close to indica (with the words 
‘Priori similis’ and ‘semblable au J. indica’) but differing mainly by having the scutellum 
pale and the greyish lines of the mesonotum continuous. The female holotype of scutellaris 
(from near Guaratuba in Brazil) still exists in the MNHN, Paris, collection and was examined 
by Townsend (19316 : 165), who assigned the species to his genus Xanthozona Townsend, 
1908. The fact that scutellaris, which Robineau-Desvoidy closely compared with indica, 
belongs to Xanthozona strongly supports the supposition that indica, too, belongs in this 
genus. 

The genus Xanthozona contains only two species (Guimaraes, 1971 : 74), melanopyga 
and scutellavis, and it is concluded that Robineau-Desvoidy had both of these, his ‘indica’ 
being in reality the same as Wiedemann’s melanopyga. It is thought fully justified, for the 
reasons adduced, to place indica as a new synonym of melanopyga, thus: 

Jurinia indica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, syn. n. of Xanthozona melanopyga (Wiedemann, 
1830 : 292). 

Although both names have the same year date the new synonymy does not disturb the 
name melanopyga. The work of Wiedemann (1830) has long been accepted as having 
priority over Robineau-Desvoidy (1830). Finally it is noted that the original, incorrect, 
spelling of melanopyga in Wiedemann (1830 : 292) is ‘melanoppyga’, although this is not 
stated in Guimaraes’s catalogue. 

Masicera incivica Walker, 1861e : 305. Putative provenance ‘Hindostan ?’. Syntypes 
1 g¢ & 1 9, BMNH, London, examined. Austen (1907 : 330) placed this nominal species in 
the genus Aporomya Rondani, and Crosskey (1967c¢ : 107) confirmed this by placing it in 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 257 


Lypha Robineau-Desvoidy (of which Aporomya is a synonym). Further examination of the 

syntypes by myself and Dr C. W. Sabrosky has shown that incivica is undoubtedly a synonym 

of the North American Lypha melobosis (Walker), and therefore that the syntypes must have 

had a Nearctic provenance. The new synonymy involved is here formally established: 
Lypha incivica (Walker), syn. n. of Lypha melobosis (Walker, 1849). 

Megistogaster fuscipennis Macquart, 1851 : 186 (213). Putative provenance ‘Java’. Holo- 
type $, BMNH (ex coll. Bigot), London, examined. This nominal species belongs in the 
South American genus Cordyligastey Macquart (of which Megistogastey Macquart is a synonym) 
and is synonymous with C. petiolata (Wiedemann). A Neotropical provenance for fuscipennis 
has long been accepted (see Guimaraes, 1971 : I11). 

Miyobia nigripes Doleschall, 1856: 411 (Myobia on plate fig.). Java. Not Tachinidae, 
Doleschall’s illustration (Tab. v, fig. 3) showing clearly that this nominal species belongs 
to the Muscidae. Mr Adrian Pont, specialist on Muscidae, tells me that nigrvipes is almost 
certainly assignable to the genus Gymnodia Robineau-Desvoidy and that he will be assigning 
it to this genus in the Muscidae part of the ‘Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region’ 
(University of Hawaii Press, Vol. 3). 

Phorocera vagator Frauenfeld, 1867 : 455. Putative provenance ‘Ceylon’. Holotype 9, 
NM, Vienna, examined. Brauer & Bergenstamm (1891 : 339) placed vagatoy in their newly 
proposed genus Neomintho, together with two Brazilian species, one of which (viz. heros 
Schiner) they indicated by query mark as possibly synonymous with vagator. Examination 
of the holotype of vagatoy for the present work indicated that the cited provenance of Ceylon 
is undoubtedly wrong, as vagator belongs to the New World genus Palpexorista Townsend — to 
which P. heros (Schiner) also belongs. However, it appears nearly certain that vagator is 
the female of P. longiuscula (Walker), also from South America, and not conspecific with 
heros. The vagator holotype has been sent for study also to Dr D. M. Wood in Ottawa, who 
is currently revising the New World Exoristini, and he confirms that vagator is a Palpexorista 
probably identical with /ongiuscula: it is expected that he will establish the definite synonymy 
of vagatoy with longiuscula in a forthcoming paper. (It may be added that it is perhaps 
not surprising that an erroneous provenance was recorded because the specimen was caught 
aboard the ship ‘Novara’ during its voyage and landfalls had been made in South America.) 

Tachina alta Walker, 1852 : 293. Putative provenance ‘Madras or Calcutta ?’. Holotype 
? § or 9, unrecognizable fragment remaining early this century destroyed by Austen (see 
Austen, 1907 : 330). Despite loss of the type it is considered that this nominal species was 
not Oriental. The doubtfully recorded provenance is in exactly the same form as that given 
for Tachina tricincta Walker (see below), and the till recently surviving type of this 
nominal species shows that it is a New World form. The probability, therefore, is that the 
type-specimen of 7. alta was also collected in a New World locality, and the name should 
therefore be accounted for in the American (not the Oriental) literature. 

Tachina lithanthrax Wiedemann, 1830 : 283. Putative provenance ‘Java’. Holotype 3, 
UZM, Copenhagen, examined. This is a South African species and the type is labelled as 
from the Cape of Good Hope; the published type-locality is erroneous (see v. Emden, 1960 : 
482, where lithanthrax is assigned to the genus Peleteyia Robineau-Desvoidy). 

Tachina maculavis Wiedemann, 1824 : 45. ‘India orient.’. Not Tachinidae, belongs to the 
tribe Miltogrammini of Sarcophagidae (see Townsend, 19314 : 379). 

Tachina salva Wiedemann, 1830 : 340. Putative provenance ‘China’. Holotype 2, UZM, 
Copenhagen, examined. This is a South African species and the type is labelled as from 
Cape of Good Hope; the published type-locality is erroneous (see Crosskey, 1966a : 661). 
It is a valid species of Palexorista Townsend (see Crosskey, 1966c : 136). 

Tachina tricinta Walker, 1852 : 301. Putative provenance ‘Madras or Calcutta ?’. Holotype 
Q (badly shattered in pieces), BMNH, London, examined. Austen (1907 : 330) placed this 
nominal species in Frontina Meigen s.l. but this is incorrect. Examination of the remains 
of the type clearly shows that tvicincta Walker belongs to the New World (and mainly 
Nearctic) genus Doryphorophaga Townsend, and therefore that the putative provenance of 
“Madras or Calcutta ?’ is erroneous. The name Tachina tricincta Walker pertains to the 


258 RW. CROSSKE Yi 


North American tachinid fauna, but there is no risk of its having to supplant a later name 
for a species of Doryphorophaga because tvicincta Walker is a junior primary homonym of 
Tachina tricincta Fallén, 1820. There cannot be a valid binomen of Doryphorophaga tricincta 
(Walker) and I am therefore not establishing such as a formal new combination. 

Tachina viridauvea Wiedemann, 1824 : 43. ‘India orient.’. Not Tachinidae, belongs to the 
subfamily Rhiniinae of Calliphoridae, in which it has been placed for many years (see 
Townsend, 1931a : 372 and subsequent calliphorid literature). 


SUMMARY OF NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES ESTABLISHED IN THE 
CATALOGUE 


The nomenclatural changes established in the foregoing catalogue are summarized 
below in their appropriate categories. The order is alphabetical and in the tables 
of synonyms the invalid junior names are cited first. 


(a) New synonymy in genus-group names 


Afrovoria Curran, syn. n. of Hystvicovoria Townsend. 

A phantorhaphopsis Townsend, syn. n. of Ceromya Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Arvhinodexia Townsend, syn. n. of Uvomedina Townsend. 
Asbellopsis Townsend, syn. n. of Dexia Meigen. 

Barydexia Townsend, syn. n. of Dexia Meigen. 

Biomyopsis Townsend, syn. n. of Exorista Meigen. 

Boromyia Mesnil, syn. n. of Hapalioloemus Baranov. 
Calotheresia Townsend, syn. n. of Dexia Meigen. 

Calotheresiopsis Baranov, syn. n. of Dexia Meigen. 
Chaetoptiliopsis Baranov, syn. n. of Chetoptilia Rondani. 
Chaetoweberia Villeneuve, syn. n. of Catapariprosopa Townsend. 
Cryptospylosia Townsend, syn. n. of Prosopofrontina Townsend. 
Curtocera Macquart, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 

Doleschallopsis Townsend, syn. n. of Doleschalla Walker. 
Duvaucelia Robineau-Desvoidy, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 
Echinemoraea Mesnil, syn. n. of Nemoraea Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Eocyptera Townsend, syn. n. of Cylindromyia Meigen. 
Eocypterula Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 
Eodexiosoma Townsend, syn. n. of Dexiosoma Rondani. 
Eomyoceva Townsend, syn. n. of Dexia Meigen. 

Eomyoceropsis Townsend, syn. n. of Dexia Meigen. 

Eoptilodexia Townsend, syn. n. of Dexia Meigen. 
Epseudocyptera Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 

Eucomus Aldrich, syn. n. of Chrysosomopsis Townsend. 
Euhypochaetopsis Townsend, syn. n. of Elpe Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Eupalpocyptera Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 
Formosolophosia Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 
Frontiniellopsis Townsend, syn. n. of Atractocerops Townsend. 
H alidaycpsis Townsend, syn. n. of Prosheliomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm. 
Hamaxia Walker, syn. n. of Palpostoma Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Kinabaluia Malloch, syn. n. of Nemoraea Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Kurintjimyia Townsend, syn. n. of Sevvillia Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Lophosiocyptera Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 
Lophosiodes Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 

Lophosiopsis Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 259 


Macrolophosia Brauer & Bergenstamm, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 
Macrosophia Townsend, syn. n. of Doleschalla Walker. 
Makilingimyia Townsend, syn. n. of Hermya Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Malaiocrocuta Townsend, syn. n. of Jstoglossa Rondani. 
Malayocyptera Townsend, syn. n. of Cylindromyia Meigen. 
Malayodineva Townsend, syn. n. of Philippodexia Townsend. 
Malayodoria Townsend, syn. n. of Argyrophylax Brauer & Bergenstamm. 
Malayomedina Townsend, syn. n. of Phytorophaga Bezzi. 
Microphytomyptera Townsend, syn. n. of Phytomyptera Rondani. 
Minthocyptera Townsend, syn. n. of Ocypteromima Townsend. 
Neoduvaucelia Malloch, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 

Nothypostena Mesnil, syn. n. of Melanasomyia Malloch. 
Ochromeigenia Townsend, syn. n. of Palpostoma Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Ochrophasia Townsend, syn. n. of Ectophasia Townsend. 
Orientodoria Townsend, syn. n. of Prosopodopsis Townsend. 
Palpina Malloch, syn. n. of Linnaemya Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Palpocyptera Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 

Parvalophosia Brauer & Bergenstamm, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 
Paraptilops Mesnil, syn. n. of Chetoptilia Rondani. 

Perilophosia Villeneuve, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 

Phasiodexia Townsend, syn. n. of Dexia Meigen. 

Philippodoria Townsend, syn. n. of Palexorista Townsend. 
Philippolophosia Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 
Philotrichostylum Townsend, syn. n. of Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Prohypotachina Townsend, syn. n. of Nemoraea Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Proparathelaiva Townsend, syn. n. of Xanthopteromyia Townsend. 
Prophorichaeta Townsend, syn. n. of Periscepsia Gistl. 
Pseudocypterva Brauer & Bergenstamm, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 
Stenodexiopsis Townsend, syn. n. of Sumpigaster Macquart. 
Stylogynemyia Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 

Sumatrodexia Townsend, syn. n. of Dexia Meigen. 

Tamaromyia Mesnil, syn. n. of Calozenillia Townsend. 

Theresiopsis Townsend, syn. n. of Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Urophyllina Villeneuve, syn. n. of Prosopofrontina Townsend. 
Vespocyptera Townsend, syn. n. of Gerocyptera Townsend. 
Xanthoerigone Townsend, syn. n. of Linnaemya Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Xenolophosia Villeneuve, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 

Zambesoides Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia Meigen. 

Zosteropsis Townsend, syn. n. of Aneogmena Brauer & Bergenstamm, 
Zygocarcelia Townsend, syn. n. of [sosturmia Townsend. 


(b) New synonymy in species-group names 


Actia nana Curran, syn. n. of Actia suspecta Malloch. 

Actia perispoliata Mesnil, syn. n. of Cervomya mallochiana (Gardner). 

A frovoria munroi Curran, syn. n. of Hystricovoria bakeri Townsend. 

Anaperistommyia optica Townsend, syn. n. of Halydaia luteicornis (Walker). 

Anaeudora aureocephala Townsend, syn. n. of Mikia apicalis (Matsumura). 

Aneogmena setinerva Mesnil, syn. n. of Aneogmena secunda (Villeneuve). 

Aphria klapperichi Mesnil, syn. n. of Aphria potans (Wiedemann). 

Brachymeropsis luzonensis Townsend, syn. n. of Atylostoma javanum (Brauer & Bergenstamm). 
Bucentes nigripalpis de Meijere, syn. n. of Siphona gedeana Wulp. 

Cadurcia chrysogaster Mesnil, syn. n. of Bactromyiella ficta (Walker). 


260 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Cadurcia leefmansi Baranov, syn. n. of Argyrophylax fumipennis (Townsend). 

Cadurcia vanderwulpi Baranov, syn. n. of Cadurcia lucens Villeneuve. 

Calirrhoe malayana Townsend, syn. n. of Prosena siberita (Fabricius). 

Calotheresia bivittata Townsend, syn. n. of Dexia fulvifera Réder. 

Calotheresia formosensis Townsend, syn. n. of Dexia fulvifera Roder. 

Calotheresia sumatrensis Townsend, syn. n. of Dexia fulvifera Réder. 

Carcelia vufa Baranov, syn. n. of Carcelia subferrifera (Walker). 

Carcelia ursina Mesnil, syn. n. of Carcelia rutilloides Baranov. 

Crossocosmia indica Brauer & Bergenstamm, syn. n. of Blepharipa zebina (Walker). 

Dexia fuscicostalis Wulp, syn. n. of Dexia fulvifera Roder. 

Dexiomimops pallipes Mesnil, syn. n. of Dexiomimops rufipes Baranov. 

Duvaucelia tricincta Malloch, syn. n. of Lophosia excisa Tothill. 

Echinomyia rvubrapex Villeneuve, syn. n. of Mikia apicalis (Matsumura). 

Eomyocera obtusa Malloch, syn. n. of Dexia flavida (Townsend). 

Eomyoceropsis sumatrensis Townsend, syn. n. of Dexia fulvifera Roder. 

Eoparachaeta orientalis Townsend, syn. n. of Blepharipa sugens (Wiedemann). 

Eoparachaeta sturmioides Townsend, syn. n. of Blephavipa sugens (Wiedemann). 

Evycia palpata Baranov, syn. n. of Sisyropa heterusiae (Coquillett). 

Euthera burttt Emden, syn. n. of Euthera mannii Mik. 

Frontina varicoloy Villeneuve, syn. n. of Frontina adusta (Walker). 

Gonia oestroides Walker, syn. n. of Gonia capitata (De Geer) {Palaearctic]. 

Gymnocarcelia ricinovrum Townsend, syn. n. of Gymnocarcelia languida (Walker) {Nearctic]. 

Hypochaeta atripes Malloch, syn. n. of Elpe albiceps (Macquart). 

Hypochaetopsis cinereofrons Malloch, syn. n. of Elpe albiceps (Macquart). 

Hypotachina vaoi Mesnil, syn. n. of Nemoraea ornata (Bigot). 

Tsocarceliopsis hemimacquartioides Baranov, syn. n. of Carcelia ceylanica (Brauer & Bergen- 
stamm). 

Jurinia indica Robineau-Desvoidy, syn. n. of Xanthozona melanopyga (Wiedemann) [Neo- 
tropical]. 

Linnaemyia longipalpis Mesnil, syn. n. of Linnaemya oralis (Townsend). 

Lophosiodes scutellatus Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia perpendicularis (Villeneuve). 

Masicera incivica Walker, syn. n. of Lypha melobosis (Walker) {Nearctic]. 

Masicera tenuisetosa Macquart, syn. n. of Blepharipa sugens (Wiedemann). 

Megistogastey costatus Rondani, syn. n. of Doleschalla parallela (Walker). 

Nemoraea amplificans Walker, syn. n. of Blepharipa sugens (Wiedemann). 

Nemoraea aurifrons Malloch, syn. n. of Nemoraea titan (Walker). 

Nemoraea bicolor Macquart, syn. n. of Nemoraea angustecarinata (Macquart). 

Nemoraea tropidobothra Brauer & Bergenstamm, syn. n. of Nemoraea angustecarinata (Macquart). 

Ocyptera ambulatoria Villeneuve, syn. n. of Cylindromyia umbripennis (Wulp). 

Oxyrutilia jacobsoni Townsend, syn. n. of Nemoraea angustecarinata (Macquart). 

Palpocyptera annuliventris Malloch, syn. n. of Lophosia lophosioides (Townsend). 

Palpocyptera atva Malloch, syn. n. of Lophosia atva (Townsend). 

Philippolophosia ornata Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia bicincta (Robineau-Desvoidy). 

Philippolophosia sumatrensis Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia bicincta (Robineau-Desvoidy). 

Phorocera degeerioides Wulp, syn. n. of Compsilura concinnata (Meigen). 

Phorocera hyalipennis Macquart, syn. n. of Compsilura concinnata (Meigen). 

Phrynactia petiolata Townsend, syn. n. of Chaetoria spinicosta (Thomson). 

Proxystomima bouvieri Seguy, syn. n. of Therobia composita (Séguy). 

Servillia stackelbergi yvufa Chao, syn. n. of Servillia ursinoidea Tothill. 

Servillia vespiformis Malloch, syn. n. of Sevicotachina vulpecula (Wulp). 

Sisyropa soroy Mesnil, syn. n. of Sisyropa prominens (Walker). 

Sturmia dilabida Villeneuve, syn. n. of Zygobothria ciliata (Wulp). 

Sturmia hutsoni Baranoy, syn. n. of Sisyropa stylata (Townsend). 

Sturmia pavadoxalis Baranov, syn. n. of Weingaertneriella longiseta (Wulp). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 261 


Stylogynemyia cylindrica Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia hamulata (Villeneuve). 
Tachina cilipes Macquart, syn. n. of Blepharipa sugens (Wiedemann). 

Tachina nitida Walker (preocc.), syn. n. of Nowickia polita (Zimin). 

Voria edentata Baranov, syn. n. of Voria ruralis (Fallén). 

Voria indica Mesnil, syn. n. of Hystricovoria bakeri Townsend. 

Winthemia albidopilosa Mesnil, syn. n. of Winthemia neowinthemioides (Townsend). 
Xenolophosia diversipes Villeneuve, syn. n. of Lophosia excisa Tothill. 
Zambesa setinervis Mesnil, syn. n. of Polygastropteryx bicoloripes Mesnil. 
Zambesoides samarensis Townsend, syn. n. of Lophosia excisa Tothill. 

Zenillia taylori Curran, syn. n. of Sisyropa prominens (Walker). 

Zenillia terrosa Mesnil, syn. n. of Zenillia grisellina (Gardner). 


(c) New combinations 


(Note. The new combinations shown are only those that are considered taxonomically valid on 
present evidence. The list excludes combinations implied by new synonymy.} 


Aneogmena rutherfordi (Townsend) comb. n. 
Aneogmena secunda (Villeneuve) comb. n. 
Aplomya conglomerata (Walker) comb. n. 
Aplomya curvipes (Wulp) comb. n. 
Argyrophylax fumipennis (Townsend) comb. n. 
Argyrophylax nigribarbis (Baranov) comb. n. 
Argyrophylax niveifacies (Macquart) comb. n. 
Atractocerops aldvichi (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Atractocerops sumatrensis (Townsend) comb. n. 
Billaea atkinsoni (Baranov) comb. n. 

Billaea fasciata (Townsend) comb. n. 

Billaea ficor'um (Townsend) comb. n. 
Blepharipa fusiformis (Walker) comb. n. 
Blepharipa wainwrighti (Baranov) comb. n. 
Calozenillia tamara (Portschinsky) comb. n. 
Carcelia albosericea (Mesnil) comb. n. 

Carcelia longimana (Mesnil) comb. n. 

Carcelia polyvalens (Villeneuve) comb. n. 
Catapariprosopa vubiginans (Villeneuve) comb. n. 
Ceromya abervans (Malloch) comb. n. 
Ceromya angustifrons (Malloch) comb. n. 
Ceromya laboriosa (Mesnil) comb. n. 

Ceromya laticornis (Malloch) comb. n. 
Ceromya mallochiana (Gardner) comb. n. 
Ceromya mellina (Mesnil) comb. n. 

Ceromya orientalis (Townsend) comb. n. 
Ceromya punctum (Mesnil) comb. n. 

Ceromya selangoy (Malloch) comb. n. 
Chaetoria spinicosta (Thomson) comb. n. 
Chetogena vaoi (Mesnil) comb. n. 

Chetoptilia burmanica (Baranov) comb. n. 
Chrysosomopsis stricta (Aldrich) camb. n. 
Cylindromyia evibrissata (Townsend) comb. n. 
Cylindromyia lucifiua (Villeneuve) comb. n. 
Cylindromyia munita (Townsend) comb. n. 
Cylindromyia orientalis (Townsend) comb. n. 
Dexia atripes (Malloch) comb. n. 


262 Ro Wis CROSSKE ¥ 


Dexia bivittata (Townsend) comb. n. 

Dexia flavida (Townsend) comb. n. 

Dexia formosana (Townsend) comb. n. 
Dexia fraser (Malloch) comb. n. 

Dexia incisuralis (Baranov) comb. n. 
Dexia longipennis (Townsend) comb. n. 
Dexia longipes (Townsend) comb. n. 

Dexia luzonensis (Townsend) comb. n. 
Dexia major (Malloch) comb. n. 

Dexia montana (Baranov) comb. n. 

Dexia monticola (Baranov) comb. n. 

Dexia subnuda (Malloch) comb. n. 

Dexia velutina (Mesnil) comb. n. 

Dexia vicina (Mesnil) comb. n. 

Dexia vittata (Baranov) comb. n. 
Dextosoma sumatrense (Townsend) comb. n. 
Ectophasia atripennis (Townsend) comb. n. 
Ectophasia platymesa (Walker) comb. n. 
Elodia atva (Gardner) comb. n. 

Elpe albiceps (Macquart) comb. n. 
Elpe angustifrons (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Elpe malaisei (Mesnil) comb. n. 

Elpe orientalis (Townsend) comb. n. 
Exorista castanea (Wulp) comb. n. 
Exorista yavana (Macquart) comb. n. 
Exorista psamathe (Walker) comb. n. 
Exorista subnigva (Wulp) comb. n. 
Exorista sumatrensis (Townsend) comb. 
Gerocyptera petiolata (Townsend) comb. 
Gymnocarcelia languida (Walker) comb. 
Hapalioloemus gastrulus (Mesnil) comb. 
Hermya melanoptera (Townsend) comb. 
Isosturmia cruciata (Townsend) comb. n. 

Istoglossa molitoy (Wiedemann) comb. n. 

Leskia bezziana (Baranov) comb. n. 

Leskiola asiatica (Mesnil) comb. n. 

Linnaemya atriventris (Malloch) comb. n. 
Linnaemya nigrohirvta (Malloch) comb. n. 
Linnaemya orvalis (Townsend) comb. n. 

Linnaemya scutellaris (Malloch) comb. n. 

Lophosia aenescens (Malloch) comb. n. 

Lophosia angusticauda (Townsend) comb. n. 
Lophosia atva (Townsend) comb. n. 

Lophosia bicincta (Robineau-Desvoidy) comb. n. 
Lophosia costalis (Townsend) comb. n. 

Lophosia epalpata (Townsend) comb. n. 

Lophosia evythropa (Bezzi) comb. n. 

Lophosia exquisita (Malloch) comb. n. 

Lophosia feldert (Brauer & Bergenstamm) comb. n. 
Lophosia hamulata (Villeneuve) comb. n. 

Lophosia imbuta (Wiedemann) comb. n. 

Lophosia lophosioides (Townsend) comb. n. 
Lophosia obscura (Brauer & Bergenstamm) comb. n. 
Lophosia ocypterina (Villeneuve) comb. n. 


. [Nearctic] 


BRSB Ss 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 


Lophosia perpendicularis (Villeneuve) comb. n. 
Lophosia pulchva (Townsend) comb. n. 
Melanasomyia aberrans (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Metopomintho pubiseta (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Mikia apicalis (Matsumura) comb. n. 

Mikia punctocincta (Villeneuve) comb. n. 
Nemoraea angustecarinata (Macquart) comb. n. 
Nemoraea fenestvata (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Nemoraea rutilioides (Townsend) comb. n. 
Nemoraea viridifulva (Malloch) comb. n. 
Nowickia deludans (Villeneuve) comb. n. 
Ocypteromima malaya (Townsend) comb. n. 
Pales violacea (Mesnil) comb. n. 

Palexorista biseriata (Wulp) comb. n. 
Palexorista fasciata (Townsend) comb. n. 
Palexorista gilpiniae (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Palpostoma incongruum (Walker) comb. n. 
Pentatomophaga latifascia (Villeneuve) comb. n. 
Peribaea insularis (Shima) comb. n. 

Peribaea malayana (Malloch) comb. n. 
Peribaea setinervvis (Thomson) comb. n. 
Peribaea similata (Malloch) comb. n. 

Peribaea subaequalis (Malloch) comb. n. 
Peribaea suspecta (Malloch) comb. n. 

Peribaea uniseta (Malloch) comb. n. 
Perigymnosoma rubidum (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Periscepsia fressa (Villeneuve) comb. n. 
Periscepsia misella (Villeneuve) comb. n. 
Periscepsia philippina (Townsend) comb. n. 
Phasioormia bicornis (Malloch) comb. n. 
Philippodexia montana (Townsend) comb. n. 
Phytomyptera minuta (Townsend) comb. n. 
Phytorophaga petiolata (Townsend) comb. n. 
Prosheliomyia formosensis (Townsend) comb. n. 
Prosopodopsis orbitalis (Baranov) comb. n. 
Prosopodopsis orientalis (Wiedemann) comb. n. 
Prosopodopsis quadrisetosa (Baranov) comb. n. 
Prosopofrontina angustifrons (Townsend) comb. n. 
Prosopofrontina bicolor (Villeneuve) comb. n. 
Prosopofrontina latifrons (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Prosopofrontina luteipes (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Prosopofrontina malaisei (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Prosopofrontina rufipes (Villeneuve) comb. n. 
Pseudoperichaeta indistincta (Gardner) comb. n. 
Pseudoperichaeta roseanella (Baranov) comb. n. 
Servillia angulata (de Meijere) comb. n. 
Servillia jacobsoni (Townsend) comb. n. 
Servillia tricolor (Lichtwardt) comb. n. 
Sisyropa picta (Baranov) comb. n. 

Sumpigaster bicoloripes (Malloch) comb. n. 
Sumpigaster plumicornis (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Thecocarcelia sumatrana (Baranov) comb. n. 

T helairoleskia angustifrons (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Therobia composita (Séguy) comb. n. 


263 


264 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Therobia vulpes (Séguy) comb. n. 

Timavia atriventris (Walker) comb. n. 
Timavia gemina (Mesnil) comb. n. 

Timavia winthemioides (Mesnil) comb. n. 
Tothillia asiatica (Tothill) comb. n. 
Trichopareia malayana (Townsend) comb. n. 
Uvomedina atrata (Townsend) comb. n. 
Uromedina eumorphophaga (Baranov) comb. n. 
Weingaertneriella longiseta (Wulp) comb. n. 
Xanthopteromyia plumosa (Townsend) comb. n. 
Zenillia grisellina (Gardner) comb. n. 


(d) New names for junior homonyms 


townsendi Crosskey nom. n., for Senexorista sumatrana Townsend, 1927 (secondary homonym 
in Carcelia of Carcelia sumatrana Townsend, 1927). 

wiedemanni Crosskey nom. n., for Ocyptera bicoloy Wiedemann, 1819 (preoccupied by Ocyptera 
bicolor Olivier, 1811). 


(e) New taxa 
Tothillia gen. n. (p. 104). 
Lophosiosoma javanum sp. Nn. (p. 82). 
Lophosiosoma obliteratum sp. n. (p. 83). 
Lophosiosoma rvufofemovatum sp. Nn. (p. 83). 
Phyllomya gibsonomytioides sp. Nn. (p. 73). 


LECLTOLYPE DESIGNADIONS 


New lectotype designations are made below for fifty-four nominal species occurring 
in the Oriental Region. Each lectotype and available paralectotype has been 
appropriately labelled. Those type-specimens of Villeneuve that stood in Mesnil’s 
collection and are now, by purchase, in the Canadian National Collection have been 
annotated ‘ex coll. Villeneuve-Mesnil’. 


Alsomyia rufipes Villeneuve, 1937) : 407. 


Described from one ¢ and one Q syntype. LECTOTYPE 4, Inp1A: Madras, 
Coimbatore, 7.ix.1913 (7.B.F.) (in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, ex coll. 
Villeneuve-Mesnil). Lectotype labelled ‘Coimbatore, parasite on Clania crameri 
7.1X.13 T.B.F. Coll.’. The 2 syntype (paralectotype), also from India, has not 
been seen; according to Villeneuve its label is indecipherable. A 92 specimen in 
CNC from Lyallpur apparently has no type-status. 


Aplomyia carceliaeformis Villeneuve, 19374 : 3. 


Described from three conspecific g syntypes. LECTOTYPE 4, Cuina: Szechwan, 
Mt Omei (D. C. Graham) (in United States National Museum, Washington D.C., 
No. 62506). Paralectotypes 2 ¢, data as lectotype (in CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. 
Villeneuve-Mesnil). The lectotype bears Villeneuve’s original label ‘Aplomyia 
carceliaeformis Typ. Villen.’. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 265 


Bogosia latifascia Villeneuve, 19324 : 244. 


Described from an unstated number of specimens of both sexes. LECTOTYPE 
3, Formosa: Kosempo, vii.1g11 (Sauter) (in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, 
ex coll. Villeneuve-Mesnil). Other syntypes (paralectotypes) have not been seen 
but according to description have the same data. The lectotype bears a label in 
Villeneuve’s hand reading ‘Bogosia latifascia n. sp.’. 


Cadurcia lucens Villeneuve, 1926c : 244. 


Described from one 9 and three g syntypes. LECTOTYPE 4, Nicerta: Ilorin, 
2z.iv.1g12 (J. W. Scott-Macfie) (in British Museum (Natural History), London). 
Paralectotype g, SoutH Arrica: Natal, Durban (CNC, Ottawa). ? Paralectotype 
6 labelled ‘Stella B. Marley 1-16’. The 2 syntype (paralectotype) from Mt Mlanje, 
Nyasaland (= Malawi) has not been located. The lectotype bears a label reading 
‘Cadurcia lucens Villen Cotyp. 3’ in Villeneuve’s hand with the words ‘Dr Villeneuve 
det.’ in print between the generic and the specific name. 


Carcelia nigrapex Mesnil, 19494 : 53. 


Described from two 2 syntypes. LECTOTYPE 9, CuiNa: nr Shanghai, Kou-ling, 
22.vilil.Ig18 (in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, ex coll. Mesnil). The 
second syntype (paralectotype) from the same locality has not been located. The 
lectotype bears a label reading ‘Kou-ling {in print] 22—8—18 [handwritten]’, Mesnil’s 
determination label reading ‘Carcelina nigrapex Mesn. L. Mesnil det.’ and a label 
in Mesnil’s hand reading ‘Co-type’. (nigrapex is type-species of the subgenus 
Carcelina Mesnil, and this accounts for the binomen Carcelina nigrapex instead 
of Carcelia nigrapex on the Mesnil determination label.) 


Chaetoplagia asiatica Tothill, 1918 : 55. 

Described from two conspecific syntypes stated to be ‘apparently females’, 
but of which one is gf and the other 9. LECTOTYPE 4 [wings lost], Inp1A: Uttar 
Pradesh, Kumaun, Khati, 30.v.1g09 (A. D. Imms) (in British Museum (Natural 
History), London). Paralectotype 2 [sex confirmed D. M. Wood, pers. comm.], 
Inp1A: Uttar Pradesh, Kumaun, Bhowali, 20.vi.1g12 (A. D. Imms) (in CNC, Ottawa). 
The lectotype bears an ink label reading ‘India: Kumaon, U.P., Khati. 7,650 ft. 
30.v.1909. Dr A. D. Imms. 1922-148.’, and a name label in (presumably) Tothill’s 
hand reading ‘Chaetoplagia asiatica Tothill’. 


Crossocosmia indica Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 : 121 


Type-material consists of two identically labelled and conspecific 2 syntypes. 
Townsend (1932 : 49 & 1941 : 103) referred to ‘Ht female’ but without indication 
(e.g. by labelling either specimen) of which specimen he meant to be the primary 
type; lectotype designation is therefore necessary. LECTOTYPE 9Q, INpiIa: 
Madras, Tranquebar (in Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna). Paralectotype 
9, data as lectotype (NM, Vienna). Lectotype and paralectotype are each labelled 


266 RK. W. CROSSKEY 


‘Tranquebar.’ in ink handwriting and ‘indica 277 Coll. Winthem’ (name and number 
in handwriting, other words printed). 


Dexia festiva Wulp, 1881 : 41. 


Wulp headed the description with the words ‘Een 9 te Moeara Laboe, in November’, 
from which statement it appears that the type-material consisted of a single 9. 
The text of the description, however, mentions both ¢ and Q, and the figure is of 
a g. In an earlier work (Crosskey, 1967c : 101) I mistakenly referred to the ¢ 
specimen in the Leiden collection as the holotype, and wrongly presumed that 
Wulp had mistakenly cited the sex. It is now clear that Wulp must have had both 
sexes before him at the time of description, and I therefore now designate the single 
surviving (J) syntype, previously referred to as holotype, as the lectotype of festiva. 
LECTOTYPE 4g, InponeEsiA: Sumatra, Moeara Laboe, xi.1877 (in Rijksmuseum 
van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden). The lectotype bears a handwritten label 
apparently reading ‘Ma Loi 11.77’, a label in Wulp’s hand reading ‘Dexia festiva 
v.d.Wulp Type’, and printed labels reading ‘Type’ and ‘9’ [sic]. 


Dexiotrix longipennis Villeneuve, 1936c : 330. 


Described from three 2 syntypes from the same locality. LECTOTYPE 9, 
CHINA: Szechwan, Mt Omei, Si Ai Pin, viii.1g25 (D. C. Graham) (in United States 
National Museum, Washington D.C.). The whereabouts of the other two syntypes 
(paralectotypes) is not known to me. The lectotype bears Villeneuve’s original 
label ‘Dexiotrix longipennis Typ. Villen.’. 


Doleschalla makilingensis Townsend, 1928 : 381. 


Described from four 3 syntypes from the same locality. Townsend (1933 : 459) 
referred to ‘Male holotype, Lima’, and later (Townsend, 1939) : 74) to ‘Ht male - 
Origin, Mount Makiling, Luzon; location, Washington’ but neither statement 
provides a valid lectotype fixation. LECTOTYPE 4, Puiiprines: Luzon, Mt 
Makiling (Baker) (in United States National Museum, Washington D.C.). Paralec- 
totypes 2 g, same data as lectotype (USNM). (The abdomen of the lectotype is 
separately point-mounted, both paralectotypes are mouldy, and one of the paralec- 
totypes lacks the abdomen.) 

The USNM collection contains a 3 specimen from Cuernos Mts, Negros, Philip- 
pines (Baker) that bears a Townsend ‘Type’ label but it has no type-status. 


Dolichopodomintho dolichopiformis Townsend, 1927) : 278. 


Described from one ¢ and four 2 syntypes from Formosa, the § from Kosempo 
and the 9 from Kankau. Towsend (1939) : 183) cited ‘Ht female’, but as there 
are at least three existing 2 syntypes to which this statement could apply it does 
not provide valid lectotype fixation. LECTOTYPE 9, Formosa: Koshun, Kankau, 
vii.1g12 (H. Sauter) (in Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde). Para- 
lectotypes 2 9, same data as lectotype except date 7.v.1912 (DEI). 

In addition to the three type-specimens the DEI collection has two females 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 267 


from Formosa that lack type-status. Each bears a Baranov determination label, 
one is from Kankau, ix.1g12, and the other from Tainan. 


Echinomyia deludans Villeneuve, 19360 : 4. 


Described from three 3 syntypes from Tibet and Szechwan. Only the Szechwan 
specimen has been located. LECTOTYPE g, Cuina: Szechwan, Chetu Pass, nr 
Tatsienlu (D. C. Graham) (in United States National Museum, Washington D.C.). 
The lectotype bears Villeneuve’s original label reading ‘Echinomyia deludans 
Villen.’. 


Echinomyia punctocincta Villeneuve, 1936) : 4. 


Described from ‘plusieurs individus’ 3 from ‘Szechuen (Chine)’. LECTOTYPE 
3, CHINA: Szechwan (D.C. Graham) (in United States National Museum, Washing- 
ton D.C.). Paralectotype 3, same data as lectotype (seen in Mesnil coll. 1966, 
? now in CNC, Ottawa). The lectotype bears Villeneuve’s original label ‘Echino- 
myia puncto-cincta Typ. Villen.’. 

Mesnil’s collection, when studied in 1966, contained (in addition to the above- 
mentioned paralectotype) one 2 and 2 3 specimens from Si Gi Pin, Mt Omei, Szech- 
wan (D. C. Graham), but Villeneuve did not specifically record this locality and 
these specimens are considered not to be syntypes. Their present location is not 
known to me. 


Echinomyia rubrapex Villeneuve, 1932) : 268. 


Described from three 2 syntypes stated to be from Toyenmongai, Formosa. 
Some uncertainty exists concerning the type-, or probable type-material. Two 
specimens have been located that appear to be original syntypes: a 2 in the BMNH 
collection that is from the stated type-locality (Toyenmongai) but does not bear 
a label of Villeneuve, and a 9 in the CNC collection (ex coll. Villeneuve-Mesnil) 
that bears Villeneuve’s original label as a type but is from Polisha, not Toyenmongai. 
The probability is that, despite no mention of Polisha in the description, Villeneuve 
had the Polisha specimen before him at the time of description, and his label clearly 
indicates that he regarded it as a type. The specimen from Toyenmongai now 
in BMNH collection, stood in the Villeneuve-Mesnil collection with the Polisha 
specimen and was given to me by Mesnil in 1966 for the BMNH;; it is here held to 
be an original syntype, although there is no direct evidence — because it does not 
bear a Villeneuve label—that it has this status. In designating a lectotype it is 
preferable to choose the specimen labelled as type by Villeneuve, even though there 
is a discrepancy between its locality on the label and that cited by Villeneuve in 
the description; such designation also ensures that the primary type stays in the 
CNC collection with other primary types of Villeneuve that reached there via 
Mesnil’s collection. 

LECTOTYPE 9, Formosa: Polisha [not Toyenmongai], xii.1g08 (Sauter) (in 
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, ex coll. Villeneuve-Mesnil). Paralectotype 
9, Formosa: Toyenmongai (BMNH). The lectotype bears labels reading ‘Formosa 


268 R= Ws CROSSE Y 


Sauter’, ‘Polisha 908.xii.’ and ‘Echinomyia rubrapex Typ Vill.’ (the last in Villen- 
euve’s writing). 


Elodimyia tricincta Mesnil, 1952a : 243. 


Described from an unstated number of specimens of both sexes without designated 
type. Only one syntype (Jj) has been seen which is here designated as lectotype. 
LECTOTYPE 4, INpDonEsia: Lesser Sunda Islands, Lombok, Nlawangan, 3.iv.1927 
(Rensch) (in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, ex coll. Mesnil). The lectotype 
has a pencilled label reading ‘Nlawangan Lombok 3.1V.’, and a printed label with 
the words ‘Sunda Exp. Rensch’ and ‘1927’. 


Eoptilodexia longipes Townsend, 1926c : 536. 


Described from an unstated number of syntypes of both sexes, all from Baguio, 
Luzon, Philippines. Townsend (1938 : 332) referred to ‘Ht male’ in Washington, 
but as there are two original males in the USNM collection each bearing Townsend’s 
determination and red type labels the statement does not provide a valid lectotype 
fixation. LECTOTYPE 4, Puiippines: Luzon, Benguet, Baguio (Baker) (in 
United States National Museum, Washington D.C.). Paralectotype 3, same data 
as lectotype (USNM). 

The USNM collection contains 4 g§ and 2 9 specimens, the BMNH collection 
contains one ¢ specimen, and the EEAM collection contains one ¢ specimen, all 
of which may be original type-specimens (as they have identical data with the 
lectotype and there is nothing to contra-indicate possible syntype status). As 
conclusive evidence is lacking they are excluded from syntype status. Whether 
they are syntypes or not is not significant as they are certainly correctly associated 
with the lectotype. 


Erycia basifulva Bezzi, 19256 : 119. 

Described from ‘Types ¢ 9 and additional specimens of both sexes from Malay 
Pen., Carey Island and Kuala Lumpur’. In an earlier paper (Crosskey, 19634 : 13) 
I referred to the single specimen that bears Bezzi’s own label as the holotype, 
but strictly speaking the original material consisted of a series of syntypes from 
which a lectotype ought to be designated. I accordingly here designate the specimen 
earlier cited as holotype as the lectotype. LECTOTYPE 3, Maraysia: Malaya, 
Selangor, Port Swettenham, Carey Island, 30.v.1922 (G. H. Corbett G B. A. R. 
Gater) (in British Museum (Natural History), London). Paralectotypes 5 9, data 
as given under heading ‘Paratypes’ by Crosskey (1963a : 14). 

The lectotype bears a handwritten label by Bezzi reading ‘Hemimasicera basifulva 
type n g n.sp.’ from which it is clear that Bezzi had at first intended to describe 
basifulva in a new genus; in fact, although otherwise labelled, he described it in 
Erycta. 


Eudoromyia funebris Villeneuve, 19360 : 1. 
Described from two 3 syntypes. LECTOTYPE 4, Cuina: Szechwan, nr Mupin, 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 269 


12-14 000 ft, vil.19g29 (D. C. Graham) (in United States National Museum, Washing- 
ton D.C.). Paralectotype 3, CHINA: Yao-Gi, 4-8 000 ft, 10.vii.1g29 (D. C. Graham) 
(CNC, Ottawa). The lectotype bears Villeneuve’s handwritten label ‘Eudoromyia 
funebris Typ. Villen.’. 


Eudoromyia hedini Villeneuve, 1936a : 3. 


Described from two 3 syntypes from Kansu, and one 2 syntype (presumed by 
Villeneuve to be rightly associated) from Tibet. LECTOTYPE 4g, Curina: S. 
Kansu, Kina, 27.vi [publ. as ‘viiil’] (Hummel) (in Canadian National Collection, 
Ottawa, ex coll. Villeneuve). The other syntypes (paralectotypes) have not been 
located. The lectotype has printed labels reading ‘Kina S. Kansu’ and ‘Sven 
Hedins Exp. Ctr. Asien Dr. Hummel’, Villeneuve’s handwritten name label ‘Eudo- 
romyia hedini Typ. Villen.’ and a date label reading ‘27/6’. 


Eudoromyia jocosa Villeneuve, 1936D : 2. 


Described from one 9 and six 3 syntypes (the 9 and four 3 specimens from near 
Songpan in Szechwan, one 3 from Chetu Pass in Szechwan, and one g from Yu- 
Long-Si in Tibet). LECTOTYPE J, Cuina: Szechwan, Yellow Dragon Gorge, 
near Songpan, 12 000-14 000 ft, 1924 (in United States National Museum, Washing- 
ton D.C.). The lectotype bears Villeneuve’s original handwritten label ‘Eudoromyia 
jocosa Villen.’. 

Apart from the lectotype only one other original specimen (paralectotype) is 
known to me to exist. This is a § that stood in Mesnil’s collection (ex Villeneuve 
coll.) and is probably now in the CNC, Ottawa, collection. 


Eurysthaea cinctella Mesnil, 19534 : 258. 


Described from an unstated number of specimens of both sexes. The description 
cites a ‘Typus’ but without indicated sex a lectotype designation is therefore neces- 
sary in the absence of an unambiguous fixation of the primary type in the origina] 
description. No ¢ syntype has been found, and the 9 syntype in BMNH collection 
(ex Commonwealth Institute of Entomology) is designated as lectotype. LECTO- 
TYPE Q, Inp1A: Mysore, S. Coorg, Tithimatti, 29.vii.1939 (in British Museum 
(Natural History), London). 

The lectotype has labels reading ‘Tithimatti S. Coorg, 29.VII.1939’ (day and 
month date by hand, otherwise printed), ‘1057’ by hand, ‘R.R.D. 690’ (figure by 
hand), and ‘Eurysthaea cinctella Mesn. L. Mesnil det. 1951’; it also has one of 
Mesnil’s rectangular red ‘TY PE’ labels. 


Exorista bisetosa Mesnil, 1940 : 39. 


Described from 6 3 and 2 9 ‘Types’ from Zi-ka-wei, China, and 7 g and 3 2 ‘Para- 
types’ from Java (the males and one 9), Tchenkiang, China (1 9) and Saochow 
(= Soochou), China (x 9). All these type-specimens have the status of syntypes 
up to now. One of the ‘types’ from Zi-ka-wei, in excellent condition and with the 
genitalia extracted, is here designated as lectotype. LECTOTYPE 4, Cuina: 


270 R. W. CROSSKEY 


nr Shanghai, Zi-ka-wei, 29.11.1918 (in Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 
Paris). Paralectotypes: 3 3, locality as lectotype, with dates 17.vii.1917, I9.v.1918, 
& 25.i1.1919 (MNHN);1 9, locality as lectotype, date 9.vi.1918 (MNHN);1¢ &19, 
locality as lectotype, dates 23.v. & 12.vi.1918 (CNC); 6 3, 1 9, INDONESIA: Java, 
Soekaboemie, 1908 (E. Cordier) (MNHN) (four of the males and the 2 with day and 
month date 20.v. added in ink to the printed data labels); 1 9, CHrnA: Soochou 
(MNHN); 1 g, Cuina: Chekiang (= Tchekiang) (CNC). Slight discrepancies exist 
between data on the specimens and that cited in the original description, but the 
specimens above-listed as paralectotypes all appear without doubt to be original 
syntypes. 

The lectotype is labelled ‘Zi-ka-wei 29.3.18’ and has Mesnil’s original label reading 
‘Exorista (s.g. Scotiodes) bisetosa Mesnil’. 


Gonia himalensis Tothill, 1918 : 52. 


Described from seven g and nineteen 2 specimens without designation of a primary 
type and himalensis is therefore based on syntypes. The primary types of the 
Indian Tachinidae described by Tothill (1918) belong in the BMNH collection, 
as Tothill (1922) himself stated. For G. himalensis the BMNH collection contains 
only one syntype, and this is here designated as lectotype. LECTOTYPE 9Q, 
Inp1A: Uttar Pradesh, Dehra Dun, 7.1v.1913 (in British Museum (Natural History), 
London). 

Paralectotypes: I g, 9 9, data as lectotype, except dates 7.vi.Ig12 (g) 2.1v.1910 
(Jasman) (9), 2.iv.1913 (2 9), 12.1v.1913 (9), 17.v.1913 (9), 30.v.1913 (9), 6.v.1912 
(9), 22.11.1912 (2) and I.iv.1913 (9) (all in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa). 
(The two specimens listed last do not bear ‘Paratype’ labels, as do the others, and 
their dates are not cited by Tothill in the description; it is possible therefore 
that these two females are not original syntypes.) 

Other syntypes (paralectotypes) probably exist in the collection of the Forest 
Research Institute, Dehra Dun, as Tothill (1922) records that he returned a large 
set of ‘Paratypes’ of his species to Mr C. F. C. Beeson at that Institute in 1922. 
If paralectotypes are present in Dehra Dun they will probably be found to correlate 
with data given by Tothill that certainly does not apply to specimens present in 
BMNH or CNC collections. 

The lectotype has the following labels: a label reading ‘For. Zool. Coll. on grass 
Dehra Dun 7-4-1913’ (partly printed, partly handwritten), a red-edged circular 
type label on which Austen has written the name in black ink, a label written in 
ink by Austen reading ‘India: Dehra Dun, U.P., 7.iv.1913. On grass. Pres. by 
C. F. C. Beeson. 1922-148’, Tothill’s square pink ‘TYPE’ label, and a name label 
in Tothill’s hand reading ‘Gonia himalensis Tothill’. 


Hyalurgus cinctus Villeneuve, 19374 : 9. 


Described from an unstated number of syntypes of both sexes (‘plusieurs g, 
quelques @ seulement’), all with the same data. LECTOTYPE 2, Curna: Yao-Gi, 
4-8000 ft, 10.vii.1929 (D. C. Graham) (in United States National Museum, Washing- 


. 


{ 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 271 


ton, D.C.). Paralectotypes: 10 J, 1 2, same data as lectotype (7 J, 1 2 in USNM, 
2 ¢in BMNH, 1 gin CNC). 

Other paralectotypes may exist. The lectotype bears Villeneuve’s original 
handwritten label ‘Hyalurgus cinctus Typ. Villen.’. 


Euproctimyia pyrrhaspis Villeneuve, 1921 : 158. 

Described from 2 ¢ and 3 2 syntypes from ‘Punjab’. LECTOTYPE 4, Pakistan: 
Punjab, Lahore, 14.iii.1920, ex Euproctis sp. (T.K.A.) (in British Museum (Natural 
History), London). Paralectotypes: 1 9, same data as lectotype, except date 
13.ix.1920 (BMNH); 1 3g, same data as lectotype, except date 15.1x.1920 (CNC, 
ex coll. Villeneuve-Mesnil). 

The remaining two 2 syntypes (paralectotypes) have not been located. The 
two above-listed paralectotypes are accompanied by their puparia. The lectotype 
is labelled as follows: a label reading ‘On Euproctis Lahore Punjab 14.ix.20 T.R.A.’ 
(the word Punjab printed, remainder in hand), a blue-ink label reading ‘Parasite 
on Euproctis sp.’, a printed label ‘Pres. by Imp. Bur. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1922-23.’, 
and a black-ink label of Villeneuve reading ‘Euproctimyia pyrrhaspis Villen. Typ. 


(I g, 29)’. 


Macquartia annularis Villeneuve, 19374 : 9. 


Described from ‘plusieurs 3’ from Yao-Gi and Szechwan, China, and ‘des 9 
que je rapporte a cette espéce’ from Szechwan and Tibet. Two ¢ syntypes have 
been located but no females. LECTOTYPE 4g, Cuina: Szechwan (D. C. Graham) 
(in United States National Museum, Washington D.C.). Paralectotype: 1 4, 
CuInA: Yao-Gi, 4-8000 ft (D. C. Graham) (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. Villeneuve- 
Mesnil). The lectotype bears Villeneuve’s handwritten label ‘Macquartia annularis 
Typ. Villen.’. 


Macquartia gymnops Villeneuve, 19374 : 7. 

Described from three 3 syntypes. LECTOTYPE 4g, Curna: China-Tibet border, 
Tatsienlu, 8—gooo ft, 16.vili.1930 (D. C. Graham) (in United States National Museum, 
Washington D.C.). Paralectotype g, CHina: Yachow-Ningyuenfu, 14.vii.1g28 
(D. C. Graham) (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. Villeneuve-Mesnil). The lectotype bears 
Villeneuve’s handwritten label ‘Macquartia gymnops Typ. Villen.’. It lacks the 
right foreleg (femur onwards), most of the right wing, and the left third antennal 
segment. 

The third syntype (from the same locality as the lectotype) has not been seen. 


Makilingimyia melanoptera Townsend, 1928 : 383. 


Described from one 2 and two ¢ syntypes from the same locality. Townsend 
(1938 : 131) cited ‘Ht male’ in Washington, but there is no means of knowing 
which of the two males in USNM he intended to be the primary type; lectotype 
designation is therefore required. LECTOTYPE 4, Puitippines: Luzon, Mt 
Makiling (Baker) (in United States National Museum, Washington D.C.). Para- 


272 R.-W. CROSSKEY 


lectotype J, same data as lectotype (USNM). The original 2° specimen (paralecto- 
type) has not been located. 


Masicera longiseta Wulp, 1881 : 38. 


Described from two 2 syntypes from Rawas and Simauoeng in Sumatra. The 
specimens are misassociated, and the better specimen from Rawas is designated 
as lectotype. LECTOTYPE 9, INDONEsIA: Sumatra, Rawas, v.1878 (in Rijks- 
museum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden). Paralectotype 2 [misassociated], 
INDONESIA: Sumatra, Simauoeng, vi.1877 (RMNH). 

The lectotype is a specimen of Weingaertneriella Baranov and the paralectotype 
is probably a specimen of Palexorista Townsend. 

The lectotype has the following labels: a square grey, black-margined, label 
with the words ‘Rawas 5.78’ in faded ink, a label with a ‘9’ printed symbol, a white 
label with the printed word ‘Type’ and a black-margined name label, possibly 
in Wulp’s hand, reading, ‘Masicera longiseta Type v.d.Wulp’; there is also a printed 
number ‘73’. The paralectotype has a square grey, black-margined, label reading 
‘Simau. 6.77.’, and the same kind of sex, type, and name labels. 


Nemoraea tropidobothra Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 361 (57). 


Described from an unstated number of gj and 9 syntypes from Java. One syntype 
of each sex has been seen from the Brauer & Bergenstamm collection in Vienna, 
but as the size range 14-15 mm was given for the ¢ in the original description it 
is possible that more than one 3 syntype existed. There appears to be no previous 
lectotype fixation, and the 3 syntype is therefore here designated. LECTOTYPE 
3g, INDONESIA: Java (in Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna). Paralectotype Q, 
same data as lectotype (NM, Vienna). 

The lectotype and paralectotype are similarly labelled. Each bears a rectangular 
yellow-edged label with the handwritten word ‘Java’, a printed label ‘Schiner 
1869’, and a name label reading ‘Nemoraea Tropidobothra det. B. B.’ (the binomen 
handwritten, remainder printed). In addition the lectotype has a handwritten 
label reading ‘Grup. 19.’. 


Ocyptera ambulatoria Villeneuve, 1944 : 144. 


Described from ‘nombreux individus’ of unstated sex from three localities in 
Formosa. Two ¢ syntypes have been seen, both from Takao; the whereabouts 
of the syntypes from Tainan and Koroton, if they exist, is not known to me. LEC- 
TOTYPE 3, Formosa: Takao, 8.xi.1907 (Sauter) (in Canadian National Collection, 
Ottawa, ex coll. Villeneuve-Mesnil). Paralectotype 3g, data and depository as 
lectotype, except date 10.vii.1907. 

The lectotype bears a printed label ‘Formosa Sauter’, a printed label ‘Takao 
1907’ with ‘xi.8’ added by hand, and Villeneuve’s original handwritten label “Ocyp- 
tera ambulatoria n.sp.’. 


: 


| 
i 
| 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 273 


Ocyptera luciflua Villeneuve, 1944 : 144. 


Described from an unstated number of 3 and 9 syntypes, with two cited localities 
in Formosa and two cited month dates. Two 3 syntypes have been seen with 
data fitting that given in the description; the whereabouts of any 2 syntype is not 
known to me, but if one exists it presumably has the same data as one of the males. 
LECTOTYPE 3, Formosa: Kosempo, vi.1908 (Sauter) (in Canadian National Collec- 
tion, Ottawa, ex coll. Villeneuve-Mesnil). Paralectotype 3, Formosa: Taihorin, 
viil.19g11I (Sauter) (CNC, ex coll. Villeneuve-Mesnil). 

The lectotype has printed labels reading ‘Formosa Sauter’ and ‘Kosempo 908. 
VI.’ and carries Villeneuve’s original handwritten label reading ‘Ocyptera luciflua 
n.sp.’. 


Ocyptera rufimana Villeneuve, 1944 : 144. 


Described from four 3 and three 2 syntypes from Takao and Koroton (publ, 
Koraton) in Formosa. No syntypes from the Takao locality have been located. 
but two have been seen from Koroton. LECTOTYPE 4, Formosa: Koroton, 
I-15.ix.1907 (Sauter) (in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, ex coll. Villeneuve- 
Mesnil). Paralectotype 3, same data and depository as lectotype. 

The lectotype and paralectotype both have printed labels reading ‘Formosa 
Sauter’ and ‘Koroton, 907.1X.1-15.’, and the lectotype has Villeneuve’s original 
handwritten label ‘Ocyptera rufimana n.sp.’. 


Oxyphyllomyia cordylurina Villeneuve, 19374 : 12. 


Described from three 2 syntypes, all of which are in Washington D.C. LECTO- 
TYPE 9, Cuina: Szechwan, Mt Omei (D. C. Graham) (in United States National 
Museum, Washington D.C.). Paralectotypes: 2 9, same data and depository as 
lectotype. 

The lectotype has printed labels ‘Mt Omei Szechuen China’ and ‘DCGraham 
Col? and bears Villeneuve’s original handwritten label reading ‘Oxyphyllomyia 
cordylurina Typ. Villen.’. 


Pexopsis buccalis Mesnil, 1951 : 207, 1952a : 209. 


Described from one syntype of each sex without a designated type. LECTO- 
TYPE ¢ [fore and mid legs lost], CuH1nA: Chekiang, Hang-chou, 1925 (A. Pichon) 
(in Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris). 

The lectotype bears a printed label reading ‘Museum Paris Chekiang, Hangtcheou 
A. Pichon 1925’ and Mesnil’s handwritten label reading ‘Pexopsis buccata Mesn.’ 
(the discrepancy between the name label ‘buccata’ and the published name buccalis 
evidently being due to inadvertent error). The 9 syntype (paralectotype), from 
Shanghai, has not been located. 


Phyllomyia elegans Villeneuve, 19374 : 13. 


Described from ‘plusieurs individus’ without stated sex. Two 92 syntypes have 
been located. LECTOTYPE 9, Curna: Szechwan, Mt Omei (D. C. Graham) (in 


274 R. W. CROSSKEY 


United States National Museum, Washington D.C.). Paralectotype 9, same data 
as lectotype (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. Villeneuve-Mesnil). 

The lectotype bears Villeneuve’s original handwritten label ‘Phyllomyia elegans 
Typ. Villen.’. It lacks the right third antennal segment. 


Platychira cyanicolor Villeneuve, 1932) : 268. 


Described from three 2 syntypes with the same data. Two have been located. 
LECTOTYPE 9, Formosa: Toyenmongai (in British Museum (Natural History), Lon- 
don). Paralectotype 9, same data as lectotype (CNC, Ottawa, ex coll. Villeneuve- 
Mesnil). 

The lectotype has a printed label ‘Formosa Toyenmongai’ and bears Villeneuve’s 
original handwritten label reading ‘Platychira cyanicolor Typ. Villen.’. 


Podomyia atkinsoni Aubertin, 1932 : 35. 


Described from one 9 and five 3 specimens cited as ‘Type ¢ and 9, and four g 
paratypes’; technically a lectotype designation is required, and the specimen labelled 
and cited by Aubertin as ‘Type 3” is here designated. LECTOTYPE 4, Burma: 
S. Toungoo, Pyuchaung Res., 26.1.1931 (D. J. Atkinson) (in British Museum (Natural 
History), London). Paralectotypes: I 9, same data as lectotype (BMNH); 2 J, 
same data as lectotype except dates 20 & 21.1.1931 (BMNH). The remaining 
two 3 syntypes (paralectotypes) have not been seen and were probably returned 
to a collection in Burma. 

The lectotype has the following labels: a printed label ‘Pyuchaung Res. S. Toungoo 
San Thwin Coll.’ on which the date ‘26.1.31’ has been added in black ink; a printed 
label ‘BURMA D. J. Atkinson’, a label with ‘Parasitic on’ in print and the host 
name ‘Xyleutes ceramicus’ in black ink, and Aubertin’s original handwritten label 
‘Podomyia atkinsoni. Type g. Aub’. 


Prosheliomyia nietneri Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 : 375 (71). 


Described from an unstated number of syntypes of both sexes. Three identically 
labelled syntypes, two J and one 9, stood in the Vienna collection and these probably 
comprise the whole type-series (one g is now in BMNH by exchange). Townsend 
(1932 : 34; 1939) : 263) cited ‘Ht g in Vienna, but as there are two g syntypes 
neither of which was labelled by Townsend his action does not provide a valid 
lectotype fixation. LECTOTYPE ¢g, CrEyiton: Rambodde (Nietner) (in Natur- 
historisches Museum, Vienna). Paralectotypes: I gf, 1 9, same data as lectotype 
(2 in NM, Vienna, ¢ in BMNH, London). 

The lectotype has a faded handwritten label ‘Ceylon Rambodde Nietner’, a 
printed label ‘Schiner 1869’, a label ‘Nietneri det. B. B.’ (the name by hand), and 
a label ‘Ceylon Alte Sammlung’ (the place name handwritten). 


Salmacia pruinosa Villeneuve, 1933 : 108. 


Described from an unstated number of 3 and 9 syntypes from Tonkin and China 
(Yachow, Mupin). The locality information suggests that there must have been 


) 
. 
if 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 275 


at least three syntypes, but only one has been located which is here designated 
as lectotype. LECTOTYPE 9, [or ? 9], VietTNAm (Nortu): Tonkin (in Canadian 
National Collection, Ottawa, ex coll. Villeneuve-Mesnil). 

The CNC collection contains a specimen, also ex Villeneuve’s collection, from 
Kiangsu Province, China, and the USNM collection contains a specimen from Suifu, 


China, but neither of these specimens has type-status. 


Servillia bombylia Villeneuve, 19360 : 7. 


Described from ‘nombreux 4g’, all from Mt Omei. LECTOTYPE 4, Cuina: 
Szechwan, Mt Omei (D.C. Graham) (in United States National Museum, Washington 
D.C.). Paralectotypes: 2 J, same data and depository. 

Two other 3 specimens from Szechwan, collected by Graham, have been seen 
(one from Chuan Shien, the other from foot of Washan) but neither has any type- 
status. These specimens, originally from Villeneuve’s collection, were seen in 
Mesnil’s collection in 1966 and are probably now in CNC, Ottawa. 


Servillia transversa Tothill, 1918 : 48. 


Described from four 3 and three 2 syntypes from three localities in Uttar Pradesh, 
India. Two 3 syntypes have been located, both from Dehra Dun. The other 
two g syntypes from this locality and the three 2 syntypes from Binsar and Kalligan 
Range were possibly among the ‘paratype’ material that Tothill returned to the 
Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, and may still be present there. LECTO- 
TYPE 4, Inp1a: Uttar Pradesh, Dehra Dun, g.iv.1913 (in British Museum (Natural 
History), London). Paralectotype 3, same data as lectotype except date 19.11.1913 
(CNC, Ottawa). 

The lectotype has a label reading ‘For. Zool. Coll. on grass Dehra Dun 9-4-1913’ 
(partly printed, partly handwritten), a label in Austen’s hand reading ‘India: 
Dehra Dun, U.P. 9.iv.1913. Pres. by C. F. C. Beeson. 1922.148.’, a circular red- 
edged type label on which Austen has written the name in black ink, and Tothill’s 
name label reading ‘Servillia transversa Tothill’. It also has a rectangular pink 
label with the printed word ‘TYPE’, presumably affixed by Tothill. 


Servillia ursinoidea Tothill, 1918 : 50. 


Described from six 3 syntypes from two localities in Uttar Pradesh, India (five 
specimens from Airadeo and one from Binsar). Two syntypes have been located, 
both from Airadeo; the others were probably among the material returned by 
Tothill to Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, and may still be there. LECTO- 
TYPE 4, Inp1a: Uttar Pradesh, Kumaun [= Kumaon], Airadeo, 6880 ft, 31.v.1912 
(A. D. Imms) (in British Museum (Natural History), London). Paralectotype 
dg, same data as lectotype except date 3.vi.1g12 (CNC, Ottawa). 

The lectotype has a label reading ‘For. Zool. Coll. Airadeo Kumaon 6880 ft 
31.v.1912 A. D. Imms.’ (partly printed, partly handwritten), a label in Austen’s 
hand reading ‘India: Kumaon, U.P., Airadeo, 6,880 ft. 31.v.1g12. Dr A. D. Imms. 
1922.148.’, a circular red-edged type label on which Austen has written the name 


276 R. W. CROSSKEY 


in black ink, and Tothill’s name label reading ‘Servillia ursinoidea Tothill’. It 
also has a rectangular pink label with the printed word ‘TYPE’, presumably affixed 
by Tothill. 


Spoggosia (Glossosalia) hirsuta Mesnil, 1947 : 65. 


Described from one 9 and two ¢ specimens, from the same locality, collectively 
referred to as ‘Type’. Two syntypes are present in the Paris Museum; the third 
(a $) has not been found. LECTOTYPE 4, Curna: nr Shanghai, Kou-ling 26.vii. 
1919 (Hervé-Bazin) (in Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris). Para- 
lectotype 2, same data and depository as lectotype but date 19.ix.1918. 

The lectotype is labelled ‘Kou-ling 26.7.19’ and has Mesnil’s name label reading 
‘Salia (s.g. Glossosalia Mesn.) hirsuta Mesn.’. 


Sumpigaster sumatrensis Townsend, 1926a : 24. 


Described from three 9 syntypes. The species should have been included in 
my paper on Townsend’s type-material of Indonesian Tachinidae (Crosskey, 1969) 
but was accidentally omitted. A lectotype is now designated. LECTOTYPE 
2, INDONESIA: Sumatra, Gunung Teleman, vi.1g17 (E. Jacobson ) (in Zodlogisch 
Museum, Amsterdam). Paralectotypes: 1 9, same data as lectotype (ZM); 1 9, 
INDONESIA: Sumatra, Sungai Kumbang, ix.1915 (E£. Jacobson) (ZM). 

The lectotype has a label reading ‘Gun.-Teleman Sumatra VI 1917 Edw. Jacob- 
son’. 


Tachina excisa Fallén, 1820 : 32. 


Described from both sexes from ‘Larketorp Ostrogothiae’, specimens collected 
in August but their actual number not stated. Fallén’s collection at Stockholm 
contains one 9 syntype and Zetterstedt’s collection at Lund contains another ? 
syntype. The original male seen by Fallén was considered by Zetterstedt (1844 : 
1131) to belong to the latter’s newly described species Tachina excavata Zetterstedt, 
and Zetterstedt appears to have regarded only the female element in Fallén’s 
original material as being excisa (although Zetterstedt, 1844 : 1130, himself redes- 
cribed both sexes of excisa). Zetterstedt’s action restricts the name excisa te 
Fallén’s female sex, and for this reason (combined with the fact that only female 
syntypes can be unambiguously recognized as original material) I am here designat- 
ing the syntype in the Fallen collection as the lectotype. LECTOTYPE 9, SWEDEN: 
Ostergotland, Larketorp, viii (in Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm). Para- 
lectotype 2, same data as lectotype (UZI, Lund). 

The lectotype bears Fallén’s faded ink label reading ‘T. excisa 9’ (with the name 
underlined); the paralectotype (not examined) has labels ‘T. excisa 9 Lark.’ and 
‘F’ (the latter indicating that Zetterstedt retained the specimen when he sent 
Fallén’s collection to Stockholm). According to Fallén’s description the original 
material was collected in the month of August, and Zetterstedt (1844 : 1130) gives 
the precise dates ‘1-15 Aug. 1813’. Neither lectotype nor paralectotype specimen 
has a date label, and the lectotype has no place label; the data cited here are taken 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 277 


from the Fallén and Zetterstedt descriptions. The lectotype is complete and in 
excellent condition except for a few threads of mould; examination of it confirms 
that Carcelia (Senometopia) excisa (Fallén) has been correctly understood by later 
authors. 


Tachina titan Walker, 1849 : 735. 


Described from an unstated number of specimens of unstated sex from one locality 
(Silhet). The type-material consists of two 3 syntypes, of which one is here designa- 
ted. LECTOTYPE 3, BAncLapeEsu: Sylhet {= Silhet] (in British Museum (Natural 
History), London). Paralectotype 3, same data and depository as lectotype. 

The lectotype bears a circular label with the figures ‘45-107’ in faded black ink 
on one side (signifying the 107th serially numbered collection received at the British 
Museum in 1845) and ‘Silhet’ on the other, a pencilled label in Austen’s hand reading 
‘Sylhet, India. Purchd. fr. Revd.-Stainsforth. 45.107.’, and a circular green-edged 
type label on which Austen has written the name in black ink. The paralectotype 
is labelled similarly except that it lacks the green-edged type label. 


Tachina tepens Walker, 1849 : 723. 


Described from an unstated number of specimens of unstated sex from Silhet 
and from an unknown locality. Two 2 syntypes in BMNH are evidently the entire 
type-series. LECTOTYPE 9, BANGLADESH: Sylhet [= Silhet] (in British Museum 
(Natural History), London). Paralectotype 9, without data (BMNH). 

The lectotype bears a circular label with the figures ‘45-33’ in black ink on one 
side (signifying the 33rd serially numbered collection received at the British Museum 
in 1845) and ‘Silhet’ on the other, a pencilled label in Austen’s hand reading ‘Silhet, 
India. Purchd. fr. Sowerby. 45.33.’, and a circular green-edged type label on which 
Austen has written the name in black ink (on the reverse side). The paralectotype 
has a handwritten label reading ‘Locality ?’, and another label that reads on one 
side ‘One of Walkers series so named.’ with ‘EAW’ added in ink and on the other 
‘Tachina tepens Walk.’ in an unrecognized handwriting. 


Thelairosoma secundum Villeneuve, 1929 : 66. 


Described from an unstated number of specimens from a single locality, and 
with only the ¢ sex mentioned. Two ¢ syntypes have been seen, but there may 
have been other original specimens. LECTOTYPE 4, Formosa: Fuhosho, vi.1909 
(H. Sauter) (in Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde). Paralectotype 
3g, same data as lectotype except month date vii (DEI). 

The lectotype has a printed label ‘Fuhosho Formosa H. Sauter’ to which ‘VI’ 
and ‘og’ have been added by hand, a printed label ‘Villeneuve det.’, a DEI rec- 
tangular red ‘TYPUS’ label, and Villeneuve’s original handwritten label ‘Thelairo- 
soma secundum Typ. Villen.’. 

Standing in DEI collection with the above-listed specimens is a 3 specimen 
from Koshun, Formosa (lacking abdomen and legs) that has a Villeneuve determina- 
tion label as T. secundum; it has no type-status. 


278 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Trichostylum fasciatum Townsend, 1928 : 380. 

Described from four § syntypes from Butuan and Iliganin Mindanao. Townsend 
(19390 : 82) cited ‘Ht male — Origin, Butuan’ but this statement does not provide 
a valid lectotype fixation as there are three $ syntypes from this locality in the 
USNM collection (without indication of which Townsend meant to be ‘Ht’). LEC- 
TOTYPE 4, Puivippines: Mindanao, Butuan (Baker) (in United States National 
Museum, Washington D.C.). Paralectotypes: 2 g, same data and depository as 
lectotype. 

The fourth syntype (paralectotype) has not been located, but by inference from 
the original description and the fact that three from Butuan have been located, 
it must be the specimen from Iligan that is missing. 


Urophylloides bicolor Villeneuve, 19374 : 3. 

Described from two 2 syntypes, both of which are in USNM collection. LECTO- 
TYPE 9, Cuina: Szechwan, Suifu (D. C. Graham) (in United States National Mus- 
eum, Washington D.C.). Paralectotype 9, same data and depository as lectotype. 

The lectotype bears a handwritten label of Villeneuve reading ‘Urophylloides 
(Centeter) bicolor. Typ. Villen.’. 


Winthemia semiberbis Bezzi, 1925) : 115. 

Described from ‘Type 3 and type 9’ with the mention, in addition, of ‘additional 
specimens’ and ‘other specimens’. Bezzi’s wording implies the express exclusion 
of the extra specimens from the type-series, and only the two specimens cited as 
‘Types’ are considered to be syntypes; both are in the BMNH collection. LECTO- 
TYPE g, Maraysia: Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 5.iv.1g21 (G. H. Corbett & B. A. R. 
Gater) (in British Museum (Natural History), London). Paralectotype 2, same 
data and depository as lectotype. 

Both lectotype and paralectotype are labelled as follows: a label reading ‘MALAY 
PEN. Kuala Lumpur. 5.iv.21. G. H. Corbett and B. A. R. Gater’ (printed except 
for town name and date), a printed label ‘Pres. by Imp. Bur. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1925- 
540.’, and a handwritten label ‘Parasite on Sesamia inferens’; in addition the lecto- 
type bears Bezzi’s original handwritten label ‘Winthemia semiberbis typ. J 9 n.sp.’. 
Each specimen is accompanied by its puparium. 


Xanthooestrus fastuosus Villeneuve, 1914 : 440. 


Described from three 3 syntypes, one from Fuhosho and two from Toyenmongai 
in Formosa. LECTOTYPE 3, Formosa: Toyenmongai (in Canadian National 
Collection, Ottawa, ex coll. Villeneuve-Mesnil). 


Zambesa makilingensis Townsend, 1928 : 387. 


Described from two 2 syntypes from Luzon, one from Mt Makiling and the other 
from Los Bafios; a third (g) specimen was mentioned in the description but was 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 279 


only doubtfully associated with the females and is therefore not a syntype. LEC- 
TOTYPE 9, Puitiprines: Luzon, Mt Makiling (Baker) (in United States National 
Museum, Washington, D.C.). 

The second syntype (paralectotype), from Los Barios, has not been seen but is 
thought to be the 2 specimen from this locality standing in the collection of the 
Estacién Experimental Agricola de la Molina in Lima, Peru. The USNM collection 
contains, with the lectotype, another 9 specimen from Mt Makiling but this has 
no type-status. 


SUMMARY OF ORIENTAL SPECIES-GROUP NAMES FOR WHICH 
TYPES ARE LOST OR MISSING 


The foregoing catalogue contains 840 available species-group names that are 
based upon types collected within the Oriental Region. Primary types are lost 
or have not been located for only 39 (about 5%) of these names, a remarkably 
similar proportion to the lost and missing types amongst Australian Tachinidae 
(see Crosskey, 1973) : 165). The missing types can usefully be grouped in two 
categories: firstly, types that have been destroyed (such as those formerly in Buda- 
pest) or that have long been lost beyond any reasonable likelihood of rediscovery, 
and, secondly, types that have not been found in spite of searches in the most 
probable depositories but which are still quite likely to be found in future. The 
distinction between these categories is important, as later workers can fairly safely 
disregard any possible existence for types listed as ‘lost or destroyed’ but should 
still be alert to the likely rediscovery of types in the ‘missing’ category. A few 
Oriental nominal species have already had neotypes designated for them because 
of loss of types, but such names are of course omitted from the lost types list. 

It is pointed out that types are lost or missing for some of the extra-Oriental 
provenance names that are cited in the catalogue, but that the lists below are 
strictly confined to species-group names based on types with an Oriental original 
provenance. Types are listed under their original binomina. 


(a) Nominal species of which the types are lost or destroyed 


Bellina melanura Robineau-Desvoidy Homotrixa brevifacies Villeneuve 
Bombyliomyia apicalis Matsumura Masicera prognosticans Walker 
Calyptromyia barbata Villeneuve Oestrus bombycis Louis 

Compsoptesis rufula Villeneuve Peleteria javanica Robineau-Desvoidy 
Dexia fuscicostalis Wulp Phasia indica Walker 

Dexia javanensis Macquart Reaumuria tumorensis Robineau- 
Drino dilaticornis Mesnil Desvoidy 

Eurigaster cuprescens Walker Rhedia atra Robineau-Desvoidy 
Gymnosoma indicum Walker Tachina umbrosa Walker 


Therobia abdominalis Wiedemann 


280 RoW GROSS KEY 


(b) Nominal species-group taxa of which the types are missing 


Alsomyia indica Villeneuve Exorista fasciata Jaennicke 
Aulacocephala karnyi Malloch Nemoraea triangulata Villeneuve 
Blepharipoda jacobsoni v. gigas Mesnil Paratachina vulpecula Wulp 
Calodexia lasiocampae Wulp Phytorophaga ventralis Bezzi 
Carcelia nasuta Villeneuve Prohypotachina rutilioides Townsend 
Compsoptesis phoenix Villeneuve Pseudoperichaeta insidiosa v. 
Cuphocera ? tricolor Lichtwardt monochaeta Mesnil 

Demoticus strigupennis Wulp Siphona gedeana Wulp 

Dexia fulvifera Roder Sturmia oculata Baranov 

Drino inconspicuella v. sinensis Mesnil Trischidocera sauteri Villeneuve 
Echinomyia lampros Wulp Voria edentata Baranov 


The foregoing list (b) omits five names that take their availability from puparial 
descriptions made by Gardner (1940b) and for which the puparia used for drawing 
up the descriptions (i.e. the puparial types) have not been found. The situation 
here is unusual from the nomenclatural viewpoint. Gardner did not intend to 
describe the five species (Actia mallochiana, Dolichocolon ater, Euhapalivora indica, 
Exorista grisellina, Masicerella indistincta) as new for he thought that Baranov 
had descriptions of the adults in press and specifically wrote (Gardner, 19400 : 177) 
‘It is possible that descriptions of one or two of Dr. Baranoff’s species have not 
yet been published and should this be so, my descriptions of puparia are in no way 
intended to establish specific names’. However, presumably because of war 
conditions, Baranov’s descriptions of the five species listed above were never pub- 
lished. Nevertheless, under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 
the names are available from Gardner’s puparial descriptions and their authorship 
attributes to Gardner. It follows that the type(s) for each must be the puparium(-a) 
that Gardner used for the description, though it is doubtful whether he would ever 
have labelled the puparia in any way that would prove conclusively that any named 
puparia that can be found in India (where Gardner worked at the time of description) 
actually have type-status. The most probable location of any puparia that might 
be types is the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. 


PART III—A HOST CATALOGUE FOR THE ORIENTAL TACHINIDAE 


INTRODUCTION 


The Tachinidae of the Oriental Region, as in other parts of the world, are parasites 
of much significance as many of them attack economically important insect pests. 
Because of their potential as biological control agents they have been widely investi- 
gated by entomologists working in departments of agriculture and forestry, and 
at the Oriental stations of the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, 
but relatively few species have been intensively studied: most of the available 
information on host relations is patchily scattered in the literature, and much of it 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 281 


is unhappily suspect because of the extent of misidentification of the tachinids 
involved. 

The unreliability of past identifications of the tachinid parasites makes it impos- 
sible to compile host-parasite lists purely from the literature: mere cataloguing 
from literature sources can be badly misleading. On this account it has been 
necessary to omit many recorded hosts, not because such records are necessarily 
wrong but because no specimens of reared Tachinidae have been seen to confirm 
or refute the records. In particular should be mentioned a large number of recorded 
hosts that are cited in the Indian Forest Records (especially the volumes for the 
1930-1950 period) and that it has been impossible to accept for lack of confirmatory 
evidence; these, along with similar cases in other journals, are simply omitted, and 
the absence of any published host-parasite record from the host catalogue here 
presented is to be interpreted as meaning that I am unable to confirm the correctness 
of the record. 

The host catalogue given here is based largely on material in the BMNH collection 
and represents the first attempt since Thompson (1951) to coordinate the reliable 
information on tachinid host-parasite relationships for the Oriental Region. It 
is much more extensive than Thompson’s catalogue for the Oriental area but does 
not correlate records, as does Thompson’s work, with literature references in the 
Review of Applied Entomology, Series A. In compiling the parasite-host and host- 
parasite lists the basic assumption has had to be made that the fos¢s cited on data 
labels attached to reared tachinid specimens, or mentioned in dependable literature 
references, were correctly identified (it is scarcely ever possible to confirm this 
because museum collections have usually acquired their reared tachinids haphazardly 
from field workers and lack correlated material of the hosts from which host identities 
could be confirmed). For the tachinid parasites themselves the situation is different 
and much more rigorous criteria can be applied: thus tachinids have only been 
recorded as parasites of particular hosts when: (1) they have been personally identi- 
fied, or (2) when the host record is from the original type-material of the tachinid 
parasite, or (3) when published records, other than those in original descriptions, 
are undoubtedly based on correctly identified Tachinidae even though specimens 
have not been examined personally. 

Collections of agricultural and forest insects housed in various institutions in 
south and south-east Asia (for example in the Forest Research Institute, Dehra 
Dun or the Central Institute for Agricultural Research, Bogor) must undoubtedly 
contain specimens of Tachinidae reared from known hosts, the associations often 
representing host-parasite relationships that have not been known to me during the 
preparation of the present host catalogue. Almost certainly reared Tachinidae 
exist in such collections that will prove to correlate with many old host records 
published in early or earlier literature. It is therefore obvious that the host cata- 
logue given in the present paper is merely a preliminary attempt to categorize 
the various host-relationships existing between Oriental tachinids and other insects, 
so far as such relationships can be authenticated at the present time. Nonetheless, 
incomplete though it is, the catalogue reveals several interesting and clearly signifi- 
cant relationships between Oriental tachinids and their hosts that were far from 


282 R. W. CROSSKEY 


obvious before — for example the very definite selection by Chaetexorista of hosts 
in the Limacodidae, by Eozenillia of hosts in the Psychidae, by Thecocarcelia of 
hosts in the Hesperiidae, by Zygobothria of hosts in the Sphingidae, and by Goniini 
of hosts in the Noctuidae. 

Although particular tachinid genera and species tend to favour a particular 
host or host group there are very few instances in the Oriental fauna of strict host 
specificity, i.e. confinement of one tachinid species to one host species, and apparent 
cases of this are almost certainly due simply to lack of knowledge. The great 
majority of host-parasite associations that must exist between Tachinidae and 
other insects in the Oriental Region remain unknown, and those that are known 
(listed in the accompanying host catalogue) are a somewhat biased sample — know- 
ledge of them being derived largely from the fact that the hosts are economic pests 
or belong to the Macrolepidoptera (a group that has a wide collectorship). 

Many of the major or minor insect pests of the Oriental Region have tachinid 
parasites that can be regularly reared from them and that presumably play some 
part in regulating their numbers. The food-plants of the hosts in such associations 
include agricultural crops such as sugar, rice, cotton and coconut, or forest timbers 
such as teak, and the most important hosts are lepidopterous. The hosts include 
for example, the sugarcane borer (Chilo sacchariphagus) that is parasitized by 
Diatraeophaga striatalis, the rice stem-borers Sesamia inferens and Chilo suppressalis 
that are parasitized by Sturmiopsis wnferens, the cotton bollworm Heliothis armigera 
that is parasitized by a variety of goniine tachinids, the coconut caterpillar Nephantis 
serinopa that is parasitized by Stomatomyia bezziana, the teak wood-borer X yleutes 
ceramica that is parasitized by Cossidophaga atkinsoni, and the teak defoliators 
Hyblaea puera and Pyrausta machoeralis that are attacked by many species of 
Goniinae. Non-lepidopterous pests in south-east Asia that have tachinid parasites 
include melolonthine beetles, the larvae of which are attacked by Prosena siberita 
and the adults by Palpostoma incongruum. 

Several species of Neotropical Tachinidae have been introduced into the Oriental 
Region for the attempted biological control of stem-borers, especially those attacking 
rice and sugarcane. Lixophaga diatraeae (Townsend) has been released in Formosa, 
India and Philippines, Metagonistylum minense Townsend in Formosa, India and 
Malaysia, and Paratheresia claripalpis (Wulp) in Formosa, India and Malaysia, 
but none has become established. Kamran (1973) reviews the ‘dismal record’ 
of attempts to introduce Neotropical tachinids against graminaceous stem-borers 
in south-east Asia. [See-also Appendix, p.337.] 

Similarly, attempts have been made to introduce Oriental Tachinidae into other 
regions for the biological control of sugarcane borers, but so far there appear to 
be no cases of successful establishment. Bennett (1965) discusses the shipment 
of Diatraeophaga striatalis and Sturmiopsis inferens to Trinidad, and Ghani (1962) 
records an attempt to establish D. striatalis in Mauritius. On the other hand, 
the introduction of the Oriental tachinid Bessa remota (i.e. Ptychomyia remota) 
from Malaya to Fiji for the control of the coconut moth Levuana iridescens Bethune- 
Baker was resoundingly successful and is now a much-quoted classic of biological 
control (see DeBach, 1974 : 124-128). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 283 


Efforts are currently being made to introduce tachinid parasites of Lymantria 
obfuscata Walker from India into North America for the control of the gypsy moth 
Lymantria dispar Linnaeus. This moth, originally a native of Europe, is a serious 
forest defoliator in parts of the United States, and the successful establishment 
of Oriental tachinid parasites of L. obfuscata in the U.S.A. might materially assist 
in its control. The biological control work involved is resulting in the appearance 
of reared tachinid specimens in museum collections, some of which (though emanat- 
ing from India) are purportedly parasites of L. disbar whereas they were actually 
reared from L. obfuscata (the discrepancy arises because Oriental Lymantria obfuscata 
were originally considered to be the same species as L. dispar: see Rao, 1966 : 1). 
There is, apparently, still some doubt as to the specific distinctness of obfuscata 
and dispar, but according to material in the BMNH collection both entities are 
found in India (dispar occurring in Punjab, but obfuscata being the usual species). 
Two new species of the tachinid genus Palexorista Townsend have been found to 
parasitize L. obfuscata and are in culture in the United States for release against 
L. dispar there. A survey of the natural enemies of gypsy moth has been given 
by Rao (1966); this work contains a considerable amount of information on 
Tachinidae, but changes in nomenclature have occurred since it was prepared (these 
will be evident from the parasite-host and host-parasite lists later in this Section). 

The whole field of biological control of insects in the Oriental Region, containing 
several references to Tachinidae, has recently been reviewed by Rao et al. (1971). 


A SYNOPSIS OF THE HOST-RELATIONS OF ORIENTAL TACHINIDAE 


The following comments summarize the host-relations for the different host 
orders and parasite groups occurring in the Oriental Region, so far as they can 
be generalized from what is known both within and without the region. Hosts 
are not yet known for the two small endemic tribes Germariochaetini and Oxyphyl- 
lomylini, and there are no host records yet available for any Oriental member of 
the Eloceriini, Ernestiini, Imitomyiini, Leucostomatini, Macquartiini, Micro- 
phthalmini, Minthoini, Ormiini, Parerigonini, Phyllomyini, Rutiliiniand Wagneriini. 
Even amongst many of the remaining tribes records are few and often only avail- 
able for one or two species. 


Lepidoptera. Thirty families of Lepidoptera are so far recorded as providing 
hosts in the Oriental Region, and the order is of much greater significance than any 
other in tachinid biology. The order provides hosts for most members of the Tachi- 
ninae and Goniinae (subfamilies which jointly compose nearly three-quarters of 
the Oriental tachinid fauna), but is not attacked by Phasiinae and usually not 
by the Proseninae (Dexiinae). Both caterpillar and chrysalis stages may be attacked, 
and tachinids will parasitize immature Lepidoptera in a great variety of ecological 
niches; hence the range of hosts includes stem-borers, wood-borers, defoliators and 
boll-feeders. Some species attract the attentions of several different species of 
tachinid that are not always closely related: Heliothis armigera, for instance, is 
known to have at least eight species of tachinid parasite in the Oriental Region 


284 R> W; CROSSKEW 


alone (with some others in other zoogeographical regions), and Pyrausta machoeralis 
has at least ten species of tachinid parasite in India and Burma. Other Lepidoptera 
appear to be less attractive to a generality of tachinid parasites and to be attacked 
solely or predominantly by a few closely allied members of the same tachinid tribe. 
Notable instances in the Oriental fauna, mentioned earlier, include the Limacodidae 
parasitized specially by certain Exoristini, the Sphingidae parasitized almost 
exclusively by members of the Sturmiini, and Hesperiidae parasitized mainly by 
Carceliini. 

A specially interesting host record involving Lepidoptera is that of the hepialid 
Sahyadrassus malabaricus acting as host of Doleschalla elongata in southern India. 
The genus Doleschalla forms a small monogeneric tribe of which the phyletic affini- 
ties are uncertain. Adult structure, including male genitalia, and the usual coleop- 
terous hosts suggest that the Doleschallini must be close allies of the Prosenini 
(Dexiini) which are parasites of wood-inhabiting beetle larvae, and if this is so then 
the occurrence of a Doleschalla species as a parasite on Lepidoptera seems at first 
anomalous. However, the larva of Sahyadrassus malabaricus is wood-boring (being 
a tunneller in trunk and branches of young teak and eucalyptus) and therefore 
occupies a similar ecological niche to that of wood-boring beetles. Hence the fact 
that D. elongata parasitizes Hepialidae does not contra-indicate placement of 
Doleschalla in the Proseninae (Dexiinae), though it is certainly true that Proseninae 
do not normally have lepidopterous hosts. 


Coleoptera. Beetles rank a long way behind the Lepidoptera in importance as 
hosts of Oriental Tachinidae. The relatively few records to date of host-associations 
with beetles involve the same families as in other zoogeographical regions, 
viz. the Scarabaeidae s.l., Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae and the Cerambycidae; 
one Oriental tachinid is recorded as parasitizing an endomychid. The tachinid 
groups that attack Oriental Coleoptera are mainly the Prosenini (Dexiini) that 
parasitize larval scarabaeids and the Palpostomatini that attack adult scarabaeids, 
but certain Blondeliini parasitize Chrysomelidae (the females of some possessing 
special modifications for ovipositing on the adult beetles). There are no host 
records yet for Oriental members of the Rutiliini but beetle hosts are to be expected 
for this group (especially larval melolonthines). 


Hemiptera. Among all Tachinidae only the Phasiinae are known to have hemip- 
terous hosts. The Pentatomidae and Pyrrhocoridae are known to provide hosts 
for Oriental tachinids, but there are very few records so far. There are a few 
proven hosts for some members of the Eutherini and Phasiini, but none for Oriental 
Leucostomatini. The hosts of the very rich Oriental fauna of Cylindromyiini 
remain wholly unknown, but the pentatomid Eysarcoris inconspicuus is a host of 
the essentially European species Cylindromyia rufipes in Pakistan (a country just 
falling within the coverage of the present work), and of C. evibrissata (Anwar Cheema 
et al. 1973). Some of the little-known Eutherini have very wide distributions in 
southern Europe, Asia and Africa, and it is to be expected that close correlations 
will be found between the ranges of Euthera species and their extensively distributed 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 285 


pentatomid hosts. Anwar Cheema e/ al. (1973) have recently discussed the tachinid 
parasites of Pentatomidae associated with graminaceous crops in Pakistan. 


Hymenoptera. Members of the Anacamptomyiini are parasites in the nests 
of social and solitary wasps in the Old World tropics. Very few records exist 
for the Oriental Region, but anacamptomylines have been obtained from the nests 
of Eumenes, Ropalidia and Vespa in the Indo-Malayan subregion. Tachinid 
parasites of sawflies are almost unknown from the Oriental area, but Palexorista 
occasionally attacks Gilpinia and Athalia species in northern India and Pakistan, 
and P. ? subanajama has very recently been reported to parasitize Nesodiprion 
biremis in northern Thailand (Beaver & Laosunthorn, 1975). In other zoogeographi- 
cal regions larval sawflies are attacked by several members of the tribe Blondeliini, 
and it is likely that some Oriental blondeliines also attack sawflies. 


Orthoptera. Extremely little is known of the part played by Orthoptera in 
tachinid host-relations in the Oriental area, although several tachinid groups 
exist in the region for which orthopterous hosts are to be expected. The members 
of the nearly worldwide tribe Acemyini only attack Orthoptera (so far as is known), 
and the only orthopterous host records that exist for the Oriental Region appear 
to be Ceracia aurifrons as a parasite of Locusta migratoria and of unidentified grass- 
hoppers in Philippines, and Eoacemyia errans as a parasite of an unidentified acridid 
in Malaya. It is nearly certain that grasshoppers and locusts (Acridoidea) will 
also prove to be the hosts of Phorocerosoma species (Ethillini) in the Oriental Region, 
as the widespread east Asian species Phorocerosoma vicarium (syn. P. forte) is 
a parasite of Oxya yezoensis Shiraki (syn. O. japonica Willemse) in Japan (see Iwata 
& Nagatomi, 1954), and other ethillines allied to this species are parasites of acridoids 
in Africa. No Oriental Tachinidae are yet known to parasitize bush-crickets 
(Tettigonioidea) or crickets (Grylloidea) but Oriental members of the tribes Ormiini 
and Glaurocarini are likely to do so, as the ormiines are parasites of both these 
groups of Orthoptera in other zoogeographical regions, and Glawrocara parasitizes 
bush-crickets in Africa (Crosskey, 1965). 

Other Insecta. The five orders Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidop- 
tera and Orthoptera, are the only insect orders at present known to be involved 
in host-parasite relationships with Oriental Tachinidae*. It is hkely, however, 
to judge from knowledge of associations in other regions, that a few Oriental tachi- 
nids attack members of the Mantodea, Phasmatodea and possibly the Diptera. 
Concerning tachinid parasitization on Diptera there is one reference in the Oriental 
literature but it is considered too unsubstantiated to accept: Beeson & Chatterjee 
(1961 : 353) record that Thrycolyga impexa Villeneuve (now a synonym of A plomya 
metallica (Wiedemann)) was bred from syrphid larvae in India that were predaceous 
on small caterpillars. 


PARASITE-HOST EIST 


The tachinid parasites cited in the list are arranged in alphabetical order of their 
tribes, and alphabetically by genus and species within each tribe: the names used 
* See Appendix, p. 337. 


286 R.W. CROSSKEY 


are those considered valid in the taxonomic catalogue (Part II). The names of 
hosts are those currently considered valid and are arranged alphabetically within 
each host family; when two or more families are represented in the host list pertain- 
ing to any parasite then each begins on a separate line. The order and family 
of the host(s) are shown in parenthesis after the host name(s), and the following 
abbreviations are used for the host orders: COL., Coleoptera; HEM., Hemiptera; 
HYM., Hymenoptera; LEP., Lepidoptera; and ORTH., Orthoptera. Subgeneric 
names are omitted for both parasites and hosts. Authors’ names are omitted: 
those of the Tachinidae can be found in the taxonomic catalogue (Part II) and those 
for the hosts are given in the ‘host-parasite list’ beginning on p. 295. Whenever 
information has been available the hosts are listed for undescribed or undeterminable 
species as well as those for which specific identities are known. 

It is often the case that the currently correct names for the tachinid parasites 
are different from those cited in literature or on old identification labels attached 
to tachinid specimens in collections. In order to correlate modern nomenclature 
with literature citations and determination labels the earlier names for the tachinids 
(including misidentifications if they have occurred) are shown in square brackets 
beneath the valid names; the earlier binomen is shown in full if both generic name 
and specific name have changed, but only the initial letter is given for a component 
of the binomen that remains unchanged. 


Tachinid parasites Hosts 

ACEMYINI 

Ceracia aurifrons Locusta migratoria L. (ORTH., Acrididae) [see Greathead, 

1963]. Unidentified acridids (ORTH.) 
Eoacemyia evrans Unidentified acridid (ORTH.) 
[E. bakerz} 

ANACAMPTOMYIINI 

Euvespivora decipiens Ropalidia sp. (HYM., Vespidae) 

Euvespivora orientalis Vespa analis (HYM., Vespidae) 

Euvespivora sp. Eumenes campaniformis (HYM., Eumenidae) 


Koralliomyia sp. ? portentosa Ropalidia marginata (HYM., Vespidae) 


BLONDELIINI 
Compsilura concinnata Achaea janata, unidentified noctuid (LEP., Noctuidae) 
Euproctis bipunctapex, Lymantria obfuscata (LEP., Lyman- 
triidae) 
Hyposidrva talaca (LEP., Geometridae) 
Hypsipyla robusta (LEP., Pyralidae) 
Numerous other LEP. hosts in extra-Oriental regions 
Medinodexia morgani Aulacophorva abdominalis, Aulacophora stevensi (COL., 
[M. fulviventris] Chrysomelidae) 
Phytorophaga ventralis Phytorus dilatatus (COL., Chrysomelidae) 
‘Prodegeeria’ villeneuvet Alcidodes porrectivostris (COL., Curculionidae) 
[Hemidegeeria v. | 
Uvromedina eumorphophaga Eumorphus marginatus (COL., Endomychidae) 


([Arrhinodexia e.] 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 287 


CAMPYLOCHETINI 


Elpe angustifrons 


CARCELIINI 


Argyrophylax basifulva 
[Erycia b.] 
Argyrophylax cinerella 


Argyrophylax discreta 
Argyrophylax franssent 
[Bactromyia f.] 


Argyrophylax fumipennis 
[Cadurcia leefmansi] 
Argyrophylax nigribarbis 

[Sturmia n.] 
Argyrophylax nigrotibialis 


Argyrophylax phoeda 
Carcelia caudata 
Carcelia ceylanica 
Carcelia corvinoides 
[C. buitenzorgiensis] 


Carcelia delicatula 
Carcelia excisa 
Carcelia gentilis 
Carcelia illota 
Carcelia ividipennis 


Carcelia malayana 
Carcelia octava 

Carcelia prima 

Carcelia quinta 

Carcelia vasoides 

Carcelia sp. nr peraequalis 
Carcelia sp. nr vasoides 
Carcelia sp. ? prima 


Carcelia sp. ? septima 

(C. octava misident. } 
Carcelia sp. ? sumatrensis 
Carcelia sp. 

[C. modicella misident. | 


Carcelia spp. 
(C. kockiana misident. ] 


Unidentified lymantriid (LEP.) 


Tivathaba rufiwena (LEP., Pyralidae) 


Lamprosema diemenalis, Maruca amboinalis, Maruca testu- 
lalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Aetholix flavibasalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Lamprosema annubilata, Lam- 
prosema diemenalis, Lygropia sp., Psara bipunctalis, 
Pyvausta machoeralis (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Artona catoxantha, Artona sp. (LEP., Zygaenidae) 


Pyvausta machoeralis (LEP., Pyralidae) 


Unidentified hesperiid and hesperiid probably Pelopidas 
mathias (LEP., Hesperiidae) 

Cephrenes palmarum (LEP., Hesperiidae) 

Chionaema peregrina (LEP., Arctiidae) 

‘Brown Tail Moth’ (LEP., ? family) 

Dasychiva horsfieldii, Dasychiva mendosa, Euproctis fraterna 
(LEP., Lymantriidae) 

Diacrisia obliqua, Pericallia sp. (LEP., Arctiidae) 

Laelia sp. (LEP., Lymantriidae) 

Unidentified LEP. 

Macroglossum belis (LEP., Sphingidae) 

Heliothis armigera, Heliothis sp. (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Eupterote sp. (LEP., Eupterotidae) 

Macroglossum belis (LEP., Sphingidae) 

Unidentified arctiid (LEP.). 

Lygropia quaternalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Pseudaletia albistigma (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Selepa sp. (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Stauropus alternus (LEP., Notodontidae) 

Dasychiva horsfieldii (LEP., Lymantriidae) 

Lymantria sp. (LEP., Lymantriidae) 

Dasychiva horsfieldivi (LEP., Lymantriidae) 

Heliothis sp., Pseudaletia unipuncta (LEP., Noctuidae). 

Ocinara sp. (LEP., Bombycidae) 

Coclebotys coclesalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 


Perina nuda (LEP., Lymantriidae) [Rao, 1966} 

Dasychiva mendosa, Dasychiva sp., Euproctis sp., Orgyia 
postica, Psalis pennatula, unidentified spp. (LEP., 
Lymantriidae) 

Hypena iconicalis (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Chilo sp., unidentified sp. (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Eupterote sp. (LEP., Eupterotidae) 

Hyblaea puera (LEP., Hyblaeidae) 

Streblote dorsalis (LEP., Lasiocampidae) 


288 


Carcelia spp. 


Thecocarcelia oculata 
[Masicera o.] 

Thecocarcelia linearifrons 
[Evycia bezz11] 


CYLINDROMYIINI 


Cylindromyia evibrissata 
Cylindromyia rufipes 


DOLESCHALLINI 


Doleschalla elongata 
[Rhaphis e.] 


DUFOURIINI 
Anthomyiopsis nigra 
[Plagioderophagus niger | 


ERYCIINI 


‘Alsomyia’ anomala 
Aneogmena sp. ? fischeri 
Aplomya flavisquama 

A plomya metallica 

[Thrycolyga impexa|] 
Aplomya sp. 

[Exorista laeviventris] 
Aplomya sp. 
Bactromyia longi facies 
Bactromyiella ficta 


Buquetia musca 
Cossidophaga atkinsont 
Diatraeophaga striatalis 
Diglossocera bifida 


Dolichocolon vicinum 
‘Erveia’ nymphalidophaga 


Eurysthaea leveriana 
Eurysthaea sp. 
Hapalioloemus machaeralis 
Lydellina pyrvhaspis 
Metoposisyrops oryzae 
Nealsomyia rvufella 
[Alsomyia indica] 
[Exorista quadvimaculata|] 
Nealsomyia vufipes 
[Alsomyza 1. ] 


RK. W. CROSSKEY 


Euproctis erecta, Laelia exclamationis, Lymantria ambpla, 
Lymantria concolor, Lymantria fuliginosa, Lymantria 
obfuscata, Lymantria serva, Pevina nuda (LEP., Lyman- 
triidae) [Rao, 1966] 

Borbo zelleri, Parnarva bada, Pelopidas mathias, unidentified 
spp. (LEP., Hesperiidae) 

Cephrenes palmarum, Hidari ivava (LEP., Hesperiidae) 


Eysarcoris inconspicuus (HEM., Pentatomidae) [Anwar 
Cheema é al., 1973] 
Eysarcoris inconspicuus (HEM., Pentatomidae) 


Sahyadrassus malabaricus (LEP., Hepialidae) 


Plagiodeva vufescens (COL., Chrysomelidae) 


Leucania venalba, Pseudaletia unipuncta (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Myrmecozela leontina (LEP., Tineidae) 

Euchrysops sp., Syntarucus plinius (LEP., Lycaenidae) 

Euchrysops sp., unidentified spp. (LEP., Lycaenidae). 
Other hosts in Ethiopian Region. 

Hemithea costipunctata (LEP., Geometridae) [Bezzi, 1925)] 


Euchrysops cnejus, Lampides boeticus (LEP., Lycaenidae) 

Naxa textilis (LEP., Geometridae) 

Unidentified pyralid (LEP.). Other LEP. hosts in Aus- 
tralia. 

Papilio demoleus (LEP., Papilionidae) 

Xyleutes cevamica (LEP., Cossidae) 

Chilo sacchariphagus (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Hyblaea pueva (LEP., Hyblaeidae) 

Pilocrocis milvinalis, Pyvausta ochvacealis (LEP., Pyralidae) 

‘Cirphis’ sp. (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Papilio clytia (LEP., Papilionidae), unidentified nymphalid 
(EEE?) 

Chrysocraspeda oleavria (LEP., Geometridae) 

Vanessa sp. (LEP., Nymphalidae) 

Pyrvausta machoervalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Euproctis sp. (LEP., Lymantriidae) 

‘rice-borer’ (? LEP., Pyralidae) 

Chalcocelis albiguttata (LEP., Limacodidae). 

Evmeta crameri, Eumeta variegata, unidentified spp. (LEP., 
Psychidae) 

Eumeta crameri, unidentified spp. (LEP., Psychidae) 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 289 


Prosopodopsis appendiculata 
[P. fasciatus] 
Prosopodopsis orbitalis 
[Dolichocolon orbitale} 
Prosopodopsis orientalis 
Pseudalsomyia piligena 
Pseudoperichaeta indica 
[Euhapalivora 1.]} 
Pseudoperichaeta voseanella 
[Zenillia r.] 
Rhinomyodes emporomyioides 
Zenillia grisellina 
[Exorista g.] 


ETHILLINI 


Paratryphera longicornis 


EUTHERINI 


Euthera mannii 
Euthera tuckeri 


EXORISTINI 


Austrophorocera grandis 
|Phorocera magna] 

Bessa remota 
[Ptychomyia r.| 


Chaetexorista javana 


Chetogena vaot 
Eozenillia equatorialis 
Eozenillia psychidarum 
Eozenillia sp. n. 
Exorista japonica 


Exorista ‘larvarum’ auct. 
lie — i. vossved) 

Exorista vossica 

Exorista sorbillans 
[Thrycolyga s.] 
(Podotachina s.| 
[Thrycolyga bombycis] 


Coclebotys coclesalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 
Pyvausta machoeralis (LEP., Pyralidae) 


Hymenia vecurvalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Unidentified beetle larva (COL.) 

Leucinodes orbonalis, Pygospila tyres, Pyrvausta machoeralis 
(LEP., Pyralidae) 

Dichocrocis sp., Pyvausta machoeralis (LEP., Pyralidae) 


Bostra vibicalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 
Delias eucharis (LEP., Pieridae) 
Glyphodes laticostalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 
Unidentified nymphalid (LEP.) 


Hypsipyla robusta (LEP., Pyralidae) 


Halys dentatus (HEM., Pentatomidae) 
Acrosternum graminea, Dolycoris indicus, Eysarcoris incon- 
spicuus, Piezodorus hybneri (HEM., Pentatomidae) 


Thosea cervina, Thosea sp. (LEP., Limacodidae). Also 
Thosea moluccana in Moluccas. 

Artona catoxantha (LEP., Zygaenidae) 

Hyblaea puera (LEP., Hyblaeidae) 

Unidentified pyralids (LEP.) 

Pavasa lepida, Ploneta diducta, Setova nitens, Thosea asigna, 
Thosea vetusta, unidentified sp. (LEP., Limacodidae) 

Amsacta albistriga (LEP., Arctiidae) 

Mahasena corbetti, unidentified sp. (LEP., Psychidae) 

Unidentified psychid (LEP.) 

Mahasena corbetti (LEP., Psychidae) 

Euproctis erecta, Lymantria ampla, Lymantria fuliginosa, 
Lymantria serva (LEP., Lymantriidae) [Rao, 1966] 

Heliothis armigeva (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Philudova pyriformis (LEP., Lasiocampidae) 

Lymantria obfuscata (LEP., Lymantriidae) 


Lymantria obfuscata (LEP., Lymantriidae) 

Anomis planalis (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Cephonodes hylas (LEP., Sphingidae) 

Bombyx mov (LEP., Bombycidae) 

Lymantria fuliginosa, Lymantria serva, Perina nuda (LEP., 
Lymantriidae) {Rao, 1966} 

Metanastria hyrtaca, unidentified sp. (LEP., Lasiocampidae) 

Samia cynthia (LEP., Saturniidae) 

Stauropus alternus (LEP., Notodontidae) 

Numerous other LEP. hosts in extra-Oriental regions. 


290 


Exorista xanthaspis 
[Eutachina civilordes | 
LE. fallax misident. } 


Exorista spp. 


Exorista sp. 
Stomatomyia bezziana 


GLAUROCARINI 


Doddiana mellea 


GONIINI 
Gomophthalmus halli 


Pseudogonia rufifrons 
[Gonta cinerascens | 
[Gaediogonia jacobsont| 

Spallanzania hebes 

Spallanzania sp. ? hebes 

Tuvanogonia chinensis 


LESKIINI 
Atylostoma sp. nr javanum 
[Chaetomyiobia javana| 
Demoticoides pallidus 
Leskia bezziana 
[Myzobia b.| 
LINNAEMYINI 


Linnaemya vulpinoides 


NEAERINI 
Phytomyptera minuta 


NEMORAEINI 


Nemoraea grandis 


Nemorvaea ornata 
[Hypotachina vaot| 
PALPOSTOMATINI 


Eutrixopsis javana 


Palpostoma incongruum 
[Hamaxia incongrua] 
[Ochromeigenia ormioides | 


R. W. CROSSKEY 


Acontia notabilis, ‘Cirphis’ sp., Heliothis avmigera, Heliothis 
peltigera, Heliothis sp., Pandesma quenavadi, Spodoptera 
mauritia, Thiacidas postica (LEP., Noctuidae). 

Amsacta moorei, Amsacta sp. (LEP., Arctiidae) 

Hyblaea pueva (LEP., Hyblaeidae). 

Unidentified psychid (LEP.) 

Numerous other LEP. hosts in Ethiopian Region. 

Lymantria ampla, Lymantria obfuscata (LEP., Lymantriidae) 
[Rao, 1966] 

Dendrolimus punctatus (LEP., Lasiocampidae) 

Nephantis seyrinopa (LEP., Xyloryctidae) 


Chilo sacchariphagus (LEP., Pyralidae) 


Heliothis armigera, Heliothis sp., unidentified sp. (LEP., 
Noctuidae) 

Also on H. avmigerva in Africa 

Heliothis armigera, Plecoptera veflexa, Pseudaletia albistigma, 
Spodoptera mauritia, Spodoptera sp., ‘Cirphis’ sp. (LEP., 
Noctuidae). 

Lymantria obfuscata (LEP., Lymantriidae) [Rao, 1966] 

Heliothis assulta (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Agrotis ipsilon, Agrotis sp., Plecopterva veflexa (LEP., 
Noctuidae) 


Hyperlais nemausalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 


Macalla carbonifera (LEP., Pyralidae) 
Zeuzera multistrigata (LEP., Cossidae) 


Unidentified noctuid (LEP.) 


Griselda hypsidryas (LEP., Tortricidae) 


Alamis umbrina (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Unidentified lymantriid (LEP, Lymantriidae.) 

Lymantria incerta, Lymantria obfuscata, Lymantria sp. 
(LEP., Lymantriidae) 


Leucopholis ivrorata (COL., Scarabaeidae) [Thompson, 1951 
ex RAE 19: 575] 

Also Popillia japonica (COL., Scarabaeidae) in Japan. 

Popillia spp. [Thompson, 1951 ex RAE refs.], Holotricha 
bidentata (COL., Scarabaeidae). 

Also Popillia japonica (COL., Scarabaeidae) in Japan. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 291 


PHASIINI 


Alophora indica 
Alophora pusilla 


Besseriotdes sp. 
Gymnosoma dolycoridis 
Pentatomophaga bicincta 


PROSENINI (DEXIINI) 


Billaea atkinsoni 
[Gymnodexia a.| 
Billaea sp. 
[Gymnodexia indica] 
Dexia divergens 
Prosena siberita 


SIPHONINI 


Actia sp. nr maksymovi 

Actia sp. 

Ceromya apicipunctata 

Ceromya mallochiana 
[Actia m.] 


Ceromya patellicornis 

Peribaea hyalinata 
[Actia h.} 

Peribaea orbata 
[Actia aegyptia] 
[Actia monticola| 
[Strobliomyia o.] 

Peribaea suspecta 
[Strobliomyia nana] 


STURMIINI 


Blepharella lateralis 
[Podomyia setosa| 


Blepharipa wainwrighti 
[Sturmia w.] 

Blepharipa zebina 
[Sturmia sevicariae] 


Bagrada hilaris, Bagrada picta (HEM., Pentatomidae) 

Bagrada hlilavis (HEM., Pentatomidae) [Anwar Cheema 
et al. 1973] 

Dysdercus cingularis, Dysdercus koeingii (HEM., Pyrrho- 
coridae) 

Dolycoris indicus (HEM., Pentatomidae) [Anwar Cheema 


et al. 1973] 
Pentatoma plebeja (HEM., Pentatomidae) 


Glena spilota (COL., Cerambycidae) 
Unidentified curculionid (COL.) 
Unidentified cockchafer grub (COL., Scarabaeidae) 


Holotrichia bidentata (COL., Scarabaeidae) 

Adoretus compressus, Leucopholis rvorida (COL., Scarab- 
aeidae) 

Anomala sp., Apogonia destructor, Serica sp. (COL., Scarab- 
aeidae) [Thompson, 1951 ex RAE refs. ] 

Also Popillia japonica (COL., Scarabaeidae) in Japan. 


Dioryctria abietella (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Gaesa bisignella (LEP., Gelechiidae) 

Unidentified noctuid (LEP.) 

Pelopidas mathias,‘ turmeric skipper’, ‘ginger lily leaf-roller’, 
‘rice leaf-roller skipper’ (LEP., Hesperiidae). 

Unidentified LEP., ? nymphalid. 

Callopistria vepleta (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Hyblaea puevra (LEP., Hyblaeidae) 

Pyrvausta machoevalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Heliothis armigera, Leucania venalba, Pseudaletia unipuncta, 
Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera lituva, Spodoptera mauritia, 
Spodoptera spp., ‘Cirphis’ sp. (LEP., Noctuidae) 


Earias vittella, Eavias sp. (LEP., Noctuidae) 


Argina cribvavia (LEP., Hypsidae) 

Bombotelia sp., Heliothis sp., Mocis frugalis, Plecoptera 
veflexa, Spodoptera litura (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Lymantria ampla (LEP., Lymantriidae) [Rao, 1966] 

Archeoattacus edwardsii, Attacus atlas (LEP., Saturniidae) 


Anthevaea paphia mylitta, Archeoattacus edwarvdsi (LEP., 
Saturniidae) 

Cephonodes hylas (LEP., Sphingidae) 

Diacrisia obliqua (LEP., Arctiidae) 

Euproctis evecta, Lymantria ampla, Lymantria fuliginosa, 
Lymantria serva (LEP., Lymantriidae) [Rao, 1966] 

Eupterote undata, Eupterote sp., unidentified sp. (LEP., 
Eupterotidae) 


292 


Blepharipa sp. 

Blepharipa sp. 

Cadurcia lucens 

[C. vanderwulpi| 

[C. zettervstedti misident. | 
Drino facialis 


Isosturmia chatteyjeeana 
[Sturmia c.] 
Isosturmia sp. 
Pales sp. 
[P. aurescens misident. |] 
Pales spp. 
[Ctenophorocera spp. | 
Pales sp. 
[P. townsendi ? misident. } 
Pales sp. 
Palexorista curvipalpis 


Palexorista dilaticornis 
Palexorista gilpiniae 
Palexorista laetifica 
Palexorista laxa 

[Drino imberbis misident. | 


Palexorista lucagus 
[Drino 1.} 


Palexorista munda 
Palexorista ophirica 


Palexorista painer 
[Sturmia p.] 

Palexorista pavachrysops 
[Sturmia p.] 


Palexorista solennis 
[Sturmia inconspicuella] 


Palexorista subanajama 


Palexorista sp. nr incons- 
picuoides 

Palexorista sp. nr_solennis 

Palexorvista sp. ? curvipalpis 

Palexorista sp. ? subanajama 

Palexorista sp. nr bisetosa 


[Stuymia vicinella misident. | 


Ri. W. (CROSSKE ¥ 


Papilio demoleus, Papilio polytes (LEP., Papilionidae) 
Tvabala vishnou (LEP., Lasiocampidae) 

Dendrolimus punctatus (LEP., Lasiocampidae) 
Lymantria sp. (LEP., Lymantriidae) 

Ethmia hilarella (LEP., Ethmiidae) 

Pyvausta machoeralis (LEP., Pyralidae) 


Theretva oldenlandiae, unidentified sp. (LEP., Sphingidae) 


Euproctis bipunctapex, Euproctis plana (LEP., Lyman- 
triidae) 

Zeuzeva sp. (LEP., Cossidae) 

Euproctis bipunctapex (LEP., Lymantriidae) 


Lymantria obfuscata (LEP., Lymantriidae) 
[Rao, 1966] 

Agyrotis sp., Euxoa sp. (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Unidentified geometrid (LEP.) 

Jocava malefica (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Suana concolor (LEP., Lasiocampidae) 

Unidentified sphingid (LEP.) 

Unidentified geometrid (LEP.) 

Gilpinia sp. (HYM., Diprionidae) 

Etevusia aedea cingala (LEP., Zygaenidae) 

Heliothis armigerva, Heliothis peltigera (LEP., Noctuidae). 

Also H. avmigera in Africa. 

Creatonotos gangis (LEP., Arctiidae) 

Laelia exclamationis, Lymantria ampla [Rao, 1966), Lyman- 
tvia sp. (LEP., Lymantriidae) 

Spodoptera mauritia, Spodoptera sp. (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Hippotion sp. (LEP., Sphingidae) 

Hulodes cavanea, unidentified acontiine sp. (LEP., Noc- 
tuidae) 

Tivathaba rufiwena (Lep., Pyralidae) 


Dichocrocis punctiferalis, Psava bipunctalis, Pyvausta macho- 
evalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Eublemma olivacea, Eublemma sp. (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Other LEP. hosts in Ethiopian region 

Amathusia phidippus (LEP., Amathusiidae) 

Crocidolomia binotalis, Hypsipyla robusta (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Mahasena corbetti (LEP., Psychidae) 

Hyblaea pueva (LEP., Hyblaeidae) 

Cosmophila sp. (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Other LEP. hosts in Australia, New Guinea and Micronesia 

Tivacola plagiata (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Other LEP. hosts in Australia and New Guinea 

Lymantria obfuscata (LEP., Lymantriidae) 


Lymantria obfuscata (LEP., Lymantriidae) 
Eupterote sp. (LEP., Eupterotidae) 
Nesodiprion bivemis (HYM., Diprionidae) 
Closteva pallida (LEP., Notodontidae) 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 293 


Palexovista spp. 
[Drino spp.] 


Payvadrino laevicula 


Sisyropa formosa 
[S. thermophila misident. | 
Sisyvopa ghanit 
Sisyvopa heterusiae 
[Exorista h.| 
Sisyropa prominens 
Sisyropa stylata 
[Sturmia hutsoni| 
Sisyropa thermophila 


Sisyropa sp. nr argyrata 
Sisyropa sp. nr picta 
[S. thermophila misident. } 
[Exorista p. misident. } 
Sisyropa sp. n. 
Sturmia convergens 
[S. bella misident. |} 


Sturmiopsis inferens 


Thelaivodrino gracilis 
[Thelaivosoma g.} 

Trixomorpha indica 

Zygobothria atropivora 
[Sturmia a. | 


Zygobothria ciliata 
[Sturmia macrophallus] 


TACHININI 


Cuphocera varia 


THELAIRINI 


Halydaia luteicornis 
([Halidaya 1.] 

Thelaiva sp. nr macropus 
[T. nigripes misident. ] 


Aganais ficus (LEP., Hypsidae) 

Amsacta sp. (LEP., Arctiidae) 

Athalia proxima (HYM., Tenthredinidae) 

Crocidolomia sp. (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Euproctis erecta, Laelia exclamationis, Lymantria ampla 
[Rao, 1966), Psalis pennatula (LEP., Lymantriidae) 

Hyblaea puera (LEP., Hyblaeidae) 

Pelopidas mathias (LEP., Hesperiidae) 


~ Spodoptera exigua (LEP., Noctuidae) 


Amyna punctum (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Other LEP. hosts in Australia 

Acontia sp., Anomis flava, Anomis sabulifera, Cryptochrostis 
fulveola, Spodoptera littoralis (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Phycodes vadiata (LEP., Glyphipterygidae) 

Eterusia aedea cingala (LEP., Zygaenidae) 

Unidentified nymphalid (LEP.) 

Hypena iconicalis (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Earias vittella, Xanthodes intersepta (LEP., Noctuidae) 


Asota cavicae (LEP., Hypsidae) 
Unidentified LEP. 

Unidentified psychid (LEP.) 
Plecoptera veflexa (LEP., Noctuidae) 


Zeuzeva conferta (LEP., Cossidae) 

Danaus chrysippus, Danaus sp., Vanessa kashmirensis 
(LEP., Nymphalidae) 

Papilio demoleus (LEP., Papilionidae) 

Chilo auricilia, Chilo infuscatellus, Chilo partellus, Chilo 
polychrysa, Chilo suppressalis, Ostrinia nubilalis auct. 
Scirpophaga nivella (LEP., Pyralidae) 

Sesamia inferens (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Nephantis serinopa (LEP., Xyloryctidae) 

Selepa celtis Moore (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Antheraea paphia mylitta (LEP., Saturniidae) 

Acherontia lachesis, Acherontia styx, Acherontia sp., Agrius 
convolvuli, unidentified spp. (LEP., Sphingidae) 

Streblote dorsalis (LEP., Lasiocampidae) 

Other LEP. hosts in extra-Oriental region 

Acherontia lachesis, Acherontia styx, Acherontia sp., Agrius 
convolvuli, unidentified spp. (LEP., Sphingidae) 

Other LEP. hosts in Ethiopian Region 


Agrotis ipsilon, ‘Cirphis’ sp., Spodoptera mauritia, Spodop- 
teva pecten, Spodoptera spp. (LEP,. Noctuidae) 
Other LEP. hosts in Australia 


Paynara bada, Pelopidas mathias (LEP., Hesperiidae) 
Psalis pennatula (LEP., Lymantriidae) 
Amsacta lactinea, Amsacta sp. (LEP., Arctiidae) 


294 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Torocca munda Lygropia obrinusalis, Lygropia quaternalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 
[Eutorocca fasciata misident. ] 

Torocca sp. Unidentified pyralid (LEP.) 

VORIINI 

Hystricovoria bakert Hehothis sp., Xanthodes intersepta (LEP., Noctuidae) 
[Voria indica] 

Voria vuralis Chrysaspidia nigrisigna, Heliothis armigeva, Plusia sp., 
[V. edentata] Trichoplusia ovichalcea, unidentified spp. (LEP., Noc- 

tuidae) 


Numerous other LEP. hosts in extra-Oriental regions 


WINTHEMIINI 

Nemorilla maculosa Pyvausta machoeralis, unidentified sp. (LEP., Pyralidae) 
[N. flovalis misident. ] 

Winthemia sp. ? diversoides Anomis evosa (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Winthemia sp. nr diversoides Heliothis armigera (LEP., Noctuidae) 

Winthemia sp. Unidentified sphingid (LEP.) 
[W. albiceps misident. | 

Winthemia sp. Othreis sp. (LEP., Noctuidae) 
[W. albiceps misident. } 

Winthemia sp. Crocidolomia binotalis (LEP., Pyralidae) 
[W. diversa ? misident. | 

Winthemia sp. Delias belisama (LEP., Pieridae) 


HOST-PARASILE List 


The host orders, and families within each order, are arranged alphabetically. 
Host genera and species within each family are arranged in alphabetical order of 
their currently valid binomina, and the author’s name is given for each host species. 
The tachinid parasites known for each host are given in alphabetical order of their 
valid binomina for each territory, the names always corresponding with those 
considered valid in the taxonomic catalogue (Part II); subfamily and tribal place- 
ments and authors’ names are omitted for the tachinid parasites as they can all 
be easily found from the taxonomic catalogue (the tribal position being clear also 
from the ‘parasite-host list’ beginning on p. 286). 

In many instances the currently correct names for the hosts (especially in the 
Lepidoptera) are different from those appearing in earlier literature references 
or on the data labels attached to reared tachinid specimens. In order to correlate 
modern nomenclature with literature citations and data labels the earlier names by 
which the hosts have been known (especially in the economic literature) are shown 
in sq uare brackets; if the whole binomen has changed the earlier binomen is shown 
in full, but if the generic or the specific name remains unaltered only its initial 
letter is given. 

The territories indicated against the tachinid names are those in which a host- 
parasite relationship can be confirmed as occurring, either because the identities 
of the tachinids have been checked personally or because there is no doubt of the 
correctness of names in the literature. Countries mentioned in the literature for 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 295 


a particular host-parasite relationship are omitted if it has not been possible to 


vouch for them. 


Hosts 
Order COLEOPTERA 


CERAMBYCIDAE 
Glena spilota Thomson 


CHRYSOMELIDAE 


Aulacophora abdominalis Fabricius 
Aulacophora stevensi Baly 
Phytorus dilatus Jacoby 
Plagiodeva vufescens Gyllenhal 


CURCULIONIDAE 


Alcidodes povrectivostris Marshall 
Unidentified sp. 


ENDOMYCHIDAE 


Eumorphus marginatus Fabricius 


SCARABAEIDAE 


Adoretus compressus Weber 

Anomala sp. 

A pogonia destructor Ritsema 

Holotrichia bidentata Burmeister 
(Lachnosterna b.} 

Leucopholis ivvorata Chevrolat 

Leucopholis vovida Fabricius 

Serica sp. 

Unidentified melolonthine (larva) 


UNDETERMINED FAMILY (larva) 
Order HEMIPTERA 


PENTATOMIDAE 


Acrosterynum graminea Fabricius 
Bagvada hilavis Burmeister 


Bagrada picta Fabricius 
Dolycoris indicus Stal 


Eysarcoris inconspicuus Herrich-Schaffer 


Halys dentatus Fabricius 
Pentatoma plebeja Snellen 
Piezodorus hybneri Gmelin 

LP. rubrofasciatus Fabricius] 


Tachinid Parasites 


Billaea atkinsoni {India} 


Medinodexia morgani [Ceylon] 
Medinodexia morgani [Ceylon] 
Phytorophaga ventralis [Java] 
Anthomyiopsis nigra [India] 


‘Prodegeeria’ villeneuvei [India] 
Buillaea atkinsoni [Burma] 


Uvomedina eumorphophaga {Malaya} 


Prosena siberita [Java] 

Prosena siberita [Java] 

Prosena siberita [Java] 

Dexia divergens [Malaya], Palpostomaincongruum 
[India] 

Eutrixopsis javana [Philippines] 

Pyosena siberita [Malaya] 

Pyosena siberita [Java] 

Billaea sp. [India] 


Pseudalsomyia piligena [Pakistan] 


Euthera tuckeri [Pakistan] 

Alophora indica [India, Pakistan], Alophora 
pusilla [Pakistan] 

Alophova indica {India} 

Eutheva tuckeri, Gymnosoma dolycoridis [Pakis- 
tan] 

Cylindvomyia evibrissata, Cylindromyia rufipes, 
Euthera tuckeri [Pakistan] 

Euthera mannii [India] 

Pentatomophaga bicincta | Java] 

Eutheva tuckert [Pakistan] 


296 R. W. CROSSKEY 


PYRRHOCORIDAE 


Dysdercus cingularis Fabricius 
Dysdercus koeingu Fabricius 


Order HYMENOPTERA 


DIPRIONIDAE 


Gilpinia sp. 
Nesodiprion bivemis Konow 


EUMENIDAE 


Eumenes campanifoymis Fabricius 


TENTHREDINIDAE 
Athalia proxima Klug 


VESPIDAE 
Ropalidia marginata Lepeletier 
Ropalidia sp. 
Vespa analis Fabricius 


Order LEPIDOPTERA 


AMATHUSIIDAE 
Amathusia phidippus Linnaeus 


ARCTIIDAE 


Amsacta albistriga Walker 
Amsacta lactinea Cramer 
Amsacta moorei Butler 
Amsacta spp. 


Chionaema peregrina Walker [Cyana p.]} 
Creatonotos gangis Linnaeus 

Diacrisia obliqua Walker 

Pericallia sp. 

Utetheisa sp. 

Unidentified arctiid 


BOMBYCIDAE 


Bombyx movi Linnaeus 
Ocinara sp. 


COSSIDAE 


Xyleutes ceramica Walker 
Zeuzerva conferta Walker 
Zeuzeva multistvigata Moore 
Zeuzera sp. 


ETHMIIDAE 
Ethmia hilarella [Azinis h.] 


Besserioides sp. [Ceylon] 
Besserioides sp. [India] 


Palexovista gilpiniae [Pakistan] 
Palexorista sp. ? subanajama [Thailand] 


Euvespiwora sp. [Malaya] 


Palexorista sp. {India} 


Kovalliomyia sp. ? portentosa {India} 
Euvespiwora decipiens [Malaya] 
Euvespivora orientalis [Java] 


Palexorista solennis [Malaya] 


Chetogena vaoi {India} 
Thelaiva sp. nr macropus {India} 
Exorista xanthaspis {India} 


Exorista xanthaspis, Palexorista sp., Thelaiva 


sp. nr macropus [India] 
Carcelia caudata {India} 
Palexorista lucagus { Pakistan] 


Blepharipa zebina, Carcelia corvinoides [India|] 


Cayrcelia corvinoides {India} 


Carcelia malayana [India] 


Exorista sorbillans [India] 
Carcelia sp. ? prima [India] 


Cossidophaga atkinsont [Burma] 
Sisyvopa sp. n. [Malaya] 

Leskia bezziana {India} 
Isostuymia sp. [Sabah] 


Cadurcia lucens {India} 


TACHINIDAE OF 


EUPTEROTIDAE 
Eupterote undata Blanchard 
Eupterote sp. 
Eupterote sp. 
Eupterote sp. 
Eupterote sp. 
Unidentified eupterotid 


GELECHIIDAE 


Gaesa bisignella Snellen 
[Dichomeris b.| 


GEOMETRIDAE 


Chrysocraspeda oleavia Guenée 
Hemuithea costipunctata Moore 
Hyposidra talaca Walker 

[H. successaria Walker} 
Naxa textilis Walker 
Unidentified geometrids 


GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE 
Phycodes vadiata Ochsenheimer 


HEPIALIDAE 


Sahyadvassus malabavicus Moore 


[Phassus m. | 


HESPERIIDAE 


Borbo zellevi Lederer 
[Baoris z.| 

Cephrenes palmarum Moore 
[Telicota p.| 

Hidari ivava Moore 

Parnara bada Moore 
[Baorts b.] 

Pelopidas mathias Fabricius 
[Baoris m., Chapra m., 
Parnara m.| 


Unidentified hesperiids 


HYBLAEIDAE 
Hyblaea pueva Cramer 


HYPSIDAE 
Aganais ficus Fabricius 


[Hypsa f.] 


Argina cribraria Clerck 


ORIENTAL REGION 297 


Blepharipa zebina {India} 
Blepharipa zebina {Ceylon} 
Carcelia iridipennis [Malaya] 
Carcelia sp. {India} 

Palexorista sp. ? curvipalpis [India] 
Blepharipa zebina {India} 


Actia sp. {India} 


Eurysthaea leveriana {India} 
Aplomya sp. [Malaya] 
Compsilura concinnata {India} 


Bactromyia longifacies {India} 
Pales sp. {India}, Palexorista dilaticornis [India] 


Sisyropa ghanii [Pakistan] 


Doleschalla elongata {India} 


Thecocarcelia oculata [Java] 


Argyvophylax phoeda, Thecocarcelia linearifrons 
[Malaya] 

Thecocarcelia linearifrons {Malaya} 

Argyrophylax nigrotibialis, Halydaia luteicornis 
[Malaya], Thecocarcelia oculata [Java] 

Argyrophylax nigrotibialis [Malaya], Ceromya 
mallochiana, Halydaia luteicornis, Thecocar- 
celia oculata {India, Malaya], Palexorista sp. 
{India] 

Argyrophylax nigrotibialis [Malaya], Ceromya 
mallochiana {Hong Kong, India], Thecocarcelia 
oculata [Java, Malaya]. 


Bessa remota, Carcelia sp. [Burma], Diglossocera 
bifida, Exorista xanthaspis, Palexorista sp., 
Pevibaea hyalinata [India], Palexorista solennis 
{[Burma, India] 


Palexorista sp. {India} 


Blepharella latevalis {India} 


298 


Asota caricae Fabricius 
[Hypsa alciphron Cramer] 


LASIOCAMPIDAE 


Dendrolimus punctatus Walker 

Metanastria hyvtaca Cramer 

Philudova pyriformis Moore 
[Cosmatricha p.| 

Streblote dorsalis Walker 
[Tavagama d.} 

Suana concoloy Walker 

Tvabala vishnou Lefebvre 

Unidentified lasiocampid 


LIMACODIDAE 


Chalcocelis albiguttata Snellen 
[C. fumifera Swinhoe] 

Parasa lepida Cramer 

Ploneta diducta Snellen 

Setova nitens Walker 

Thosea asigna van Eecke 

Thosea cervina Moore 

Thosea vetusta Walker 

Thosea sp. 

Unidentified limacodid 


LYCAENIDAE 


Euchrysops cnejus Fabricius 

Euchrysops sp. 

Lampides boeticus Linnaeus 
[Polyommatus b.| 

Syntarucus plinius Fabricius 

Unidentified lycaenids 


LYMANTRIIDAE 


Dasychiva horsfieldii Saunders 


Dasychiva mendosa Hiibner 
[Orgyia m. | 
Dasychira sp. 


Euproctis bipunctapex Hampson 


Euproctis evecta Moore 


Euproctis fraterna Moore 
Euproctis plana Walker 
Euproctis sp. 

Laelia exclamationis Kollar 


Laelia sp. 
Lymantria ampla Walker 


R. W. CROSSKEY 


Sisyvopa thermophila [India] 


Blepharipa sp., Exorista sp. [Hong Kong] 
Exorista sorbillans [Malaya] 
Exorista japonica [India] 


Carceia sp. [Burma], Zygobothria atropivora 
[Ceylon] 

Palexorista curvipalpis [Ceylon] 

Blepharipa zebina [India] 

Exorista sorbillans [India] 


Nealsomyia rufella [Malaya] 


Chaetexorista javana [India, Malaya} 
Chaetoxorista javana [Malaya] 
Chaetexorista javana [Malaya, Sabah} 
Chaetexorista javana {Sabah} 
Austrophorocera grandis [Ceylon] 
Chaetexorista javana [Malaya] 
Austrophorocera grandis [Sumatra] 
Chaetexorista javana [India] 


Aplomya sp. (India} 
Aplomya flavisquama, Aplomya metallica [India] 
Aplomya sp. [India] 


Aplomya flavisquama [India] 
A plomya metallica {India} 


Carcelia covvinoides, Carcelia sp. ? pyima 
[India], Carcelia sp. nr peraequalis [Malaya] 
Carcelia corvinoides, Carcelia sp. [Malaya] 


Carcelia sp. [Ceylon] 

Compsilura concinnata, Isosturmia chatterjeeana, 
Pales sp. {India} 

Blepharipa zebina, Carcelia spp., Exorista japon- 
ica, Palexorista sp. [India] 

Carcelia corvvinoides [Pakistan] 

Isostuymia chatterjeeana [Hong Kong] 

Lydellina pyrrhaspis [Pakistan] 

Carcelia sp., Palexovista lucagus, Palexorista 
sp. [India] 

Carcelia delicatula [India] 

Blepharella lateralis, Blephavipa zebina, Carcelia 
spp., Exorista japonica, Exorista sp., Palexor- 
ista lucagus, Palexorista sp. [Indial 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 299 


Lymantria concoloy Walker 
Lymantinia fuliginosa Moore 


Lymantria incerta Walker 

Lymantria obfuscata Walker 
[? = L. dispar Linnaeus} 
{Porthetria d.} 


Lymantria serva Fabricius 


Lymantria spp. 
[Porthetria spp. | 
Orgyia postica Walker 
[Notolophus posticus| 
Perina nuda Fabricius 
Psalis pennatula Fabricius 
[Dasychiva securis Hiibner] 
Unidentified lymantriids 


NOCTUIDAE 


Achaea janata Linnaeus 

Acontia notabilis Walker 
[Tarache n.] 

Acontia sp. 

Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel 


Agrotis spp. 


Alamis umbrina Guenée 
[Pericyma u.] 

Amyna punctum Fabricius 

Anomis evosa Hiibner 
[Cosmophila e.| 

Anomis flava Fabricius 

Anomis planalis Swinhoe 


[A ntarchaea chionosticta Atherton] 


Anomis sabulifera Guenée 

Bombotelia sp. 

Callopistria vepleta Walker 
[Eriopus r.] 

Chrysaspidia nigrisigna Walker 
[Phytometra n.] 

‘Cirphis’ spp. 


Cosmophila sp. 


Cryptochrostis fulueola Hampson 


Earias vittella Fabricius 
LE. fabia Stoll) 

Earias sp. 

Eublemma olivacea Walker 


Carcelia sp. [India] 

Blepharipa zebina, Carcelia spp. Exorista japon- 
ica, Exorista sorbillans {India} 

Nemoraea ornata {India} 

Carcelia sp., Compsilura concinnata, Exorista 
vyossica, Exorista ‘larvarum’ (? = rvossica), 
Exorista spp., Nemoraea ornata, Pales spp., 
Palexorista sp. nr solennis, Palexorista sp. nr 
inconspicuoides, Spallanzania hebes [India] 

Blepharipa zebina, Carcelia spp., Exorista japon- 
ica, Exorista sorbillans {India} 

Blepharipa sp.; Carcelia sp. nr vasoides, Nemoraea 
ornata, Palexorista lucagus {India} 

Carcelia sp. [Ceylon] 


Carcelia sp. ? sumatrensis, Exorista sorbillans 

Carcelia sp., Halydaia luteicornis, Palexorista 
sp. {India} 

Carcelia sp. {India, Malaya], Carcelia_ sp., 
Elpe angustifrons, Nemoraea grandis {India} 


Compsilura concinnata {India} 
Exorista xanthaspis [Pakistan] 


Sisyropa formosa [India] 

Cuphocera varia {Celebes, Java], Turanogonia 
chinensis {India} 

Pales sp. [Pakistan], Tuvanogonia chinensis 
{India} 

Nemoraea grandis {India} 


Paradrino laevicula |Ceylon|] 
Winthemia sp. ? diversoides {India} 


Sisyvopa formosa [India] 
Exorista sorbillans {India} 


Sisyropa formosa [India] 
Blepharella lateralis [India] 
Ceromya patellicornis [India] 


Voria ruralis [India] 


Cuphocera varia, Peribaea orbata, Pseudogonia 
vufifyvons [India] 

Palexorista solennis {India} 

Sisyvopa formosa {India} 

Peribaea suspecta {India}, Sisyropa 
stylata [Ceylon] 

Peribaea suspecta [India] 

Palexorista pavachrysops (India| 


300 


Eublemma sp. 

Euxoa sp. 

Heliothis armigerva Hiibner 
[H. obsoleta misident. | 


Heliothis assulta Guenée 


Heliothis peltigera Denis & Schiffermiiller 


Heliothis spp. 


Hulodes cavanea Cramer 
Hypena iconicalis Walker 
Leucania venalba Moore 
(Borolia v.| 
Mocis frugalis Fabricius 
[Remigia f.| 
Othrets sp. 
[Ophideres sp. | 
Pandesma quenavadi Guenée 
Plecopteva veflexa Guenée 


Plusia sp. 

Pseudaletia albistigma Moore 

Pseudaletia unipuncta Haworth 
[Cirphis u.] 

Selepa celtis Moore 

Selepa sp. 

Sesamia inferens Walker 


Spodoptera exigua Hiibner 
[Laphygma e.]} 

Spodoptera littovalis Boisduval 

Spodoptera lituva Fabricius 
[Prodenia 1.| 

Spodoptera mauritia Boisduval 


Spodoptera pecten Guenée 
Spodoptera spp. 


Thiacidas postica Walker 
Tivacola plagiata Walker 


Trichoplusia orichalcea Fabricius 
[Autographa o., Phytometra o.| 
Xanthodes intersepta Guenée 
[A contia 1.] 
Unidentified noctuids 


R. W. CROSSKEY 


Palexorista parachrysops {India} 

Pales sp. [Pakistan] 

Carcelia illota, Exorista japonica, FExorista 
xanthaspis, Goniophthalmus halli, Palexorista 
laxa, Peribaea ovbata, Voria ruralis, Winthemia 
sp. nr diversoides [India} 

Spallanzamia sp. nr hebes [India] 

Exorista xanthaspis, Palexorista laxa [India]. 

Blepharella latevalis, Carcelia illota, Carcelia 
sp. ? prima, Exorista xanthaspis, Goniophthal- 
mus halli, Hystricovoria bakeri {India} 

Palexorista ophirica [Malaya] 

Carcelia sp., Sisyvopa prominens {India} 

‘Alsomyia’ anomala, Peribaea orbata [Ceylon] 


Blepharella lateralis [Ceylon] 
Winthemia sp. [India] 


Exorista xanthaspis [? locality} 

Blepharella lateralis, Pseudogonia vufifrons, Sisy- 
vopa sp. nr picta, Turvanogonia chinensis 
{India} 

Voria ruvalis [Pakistan] 

Carcelia prima, Pseudogonia rufifrons [India] 

‘Alsomyia’ anomala, Carcelia sp. 2? prima 
[Thailand], Peribaea orbata {India} 

Thelaivodrino gracilis {India} 

Carcelia quinta [India] 

Sturmiopsis inferens {Bangladesh, India, Indo- 
nesia, Malaya} 

Palexorista sp. {India}, Pevibaea orbata |Bangla- 
desh] 

Sisyvopa formosa [Ceylon] 

Blepharella latevalis [Thailand], Peribaea orbata 
[India, also Africa and Australia] 

Cuphocera varia (Ceylon, Sarawak], Evorista 
xanthaspis, Peribaea orbata, Pseudogonia rufi- 
frons [India], Palexorista lucagus ([India, 
Sarawak] 

Cuphocera varia [Malaya] 

Cuphocera varia, Pseudogonia rufifrons [India, 
Malaya], Palexorista lucagus [Malaya, Thai- 
land], Peribaea orbata {India} 

Exorista xanthaspis [India] 

Palexorista subanajama {[Malaya, also New 
Guinea | 

Voria ruralis {India} 


Hystricovoria bakeri, Sisyropa stylata [India] 
Compsilura concinnata, Linnaemya vulpinordes, 


Palexorista ophirica [Malaya], Goniophthalmus 
halli, Voria ruralis [India] 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 301 


NOTODONTIDAE 


Closteva pallida Walker 
[Pygaera fulgurita Walker] 
Stauropus alternus Walker 


NYMPHALIDAE 


Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus 
{[Lymnas c.| 

Danaus sp. 

Vanessa kashmivensis Kollar 

Vanessa sp. 

Unidentified nymphalids 


PAPILIONIDAE 


Papilio clytia Linnaeus 
[P. lankeswava Moore] 
Papilio demoleus Linnaeus 


Papilio polytes Linnaeus 
[P. pammon Linnaeus} 


PIERIDAE 


Delias belisama Cramer 
Delias eucharis Drury 


PSYCHIDAE 


Eumeta crameri Westwood 
{Clania c.) 

Eumeta variegata Snellen 
[Clania v.] 

Mahasena corbetti Tams 


Unidentified psychids 


PYRALIDAE 


Aetholix flavibasalis Guenée 

Bostra vibicalis Lederer 

Chilo auricilia Dudgeon 
[Chilotraea a. | 

Chilo infuscatellus Snellen 
[Chilotraea 1.| 

Chilo partellus Swinhoe 
[C. zonellus Swinhoe] 

Chilo polychrysa Meyrick 
(Chilotraea p.} 

Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer 
[Proceras s.| 

Chilo suppressalis Walker 
[C. simplex Butler] 


Palexorista sp. nr bisetosa [India] 


Carcelia vasoides, Exorista sorbillans [Ceylon] 


Sturmia convergens {India} 


Sturmia convergens [India] 

Sturmia convergens [India] 

Eurysthaea sp. {Pakistan] 

‘Evycia’ nymphalidophaga, Sisyropa heterusiae, 
Zenillia grisellina [India] 


‘Evycia’ nymphalidophaga [Ceylon, India} 
Blepharipa zebina, Sturmia convergens (India], 


Buquetia musca [Pakistan] 
Blepharipa zebina (Ceylon 


Winthemia sp. [Java] 

Zenillia grisellina {India|} 

Nealsomyia rufella, Nealsomyia vufipes {India} 

Nealsomyia rufella [Malaya] 

Eozenillia equatorialis, Palexorista solennis (Sa- 
bah], Eozenillia sp. n. [Malaya, Sabah] 

Eozenillia equatorialis [Sabah, Sumatra], Eozen- 
illia psychidarum |Sumatra], Exorista xanthas- 
pis [Java], Nealsomyia rufella {India, Malaya], 


Nealsomyia rufipes [India, Pakistan], Sisyropa 
sp. nr argyrata {India| 


Argyrophylax discreta [Malaya] 
Rhinomyodes emporomyioides {India} 
Sturmiopsis inferens [India] 
Sturmiopsis inferens [India] 
Sturmiopsis inferens [India|] 
Sturmiopsis inferens [Java, Malaya] 


Diatraeophaga striatalis, Doddiana mellea [Java] 


Sturmiopsis inferens [India, Malaya} 


302 


Chilo sp. 

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée 

Coclebotys coclesalis Walker 
[Pyrausta c.| 

Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller 
[Godarva comalis Guenée] 

Crocidolomia sp. 

Dichocrocis punctifevalis Guenée 

Dichocrocis sp. 


Dioryctria abietella Denis & Schiffermiiller 


Glyphodes laticostalis Guenée 
(Margaronia 1.} 

Hymenia vecurvalis Fabricius 

Hyperlais nemausalis Duponchel 
[Cybolomia n.| 

Hypsipyla vobusta Moore 


Jocava malefica Meyrick 

Lamprosema annubilata Swinhoe 
[Nacoleia a.| 

Lamprosema diemenalis Guenée 
[Nacoleia d.]| 

Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée 

Lygropia obrinusalis Walker 

Lygropia quaternalis Zeller 

Lygropia sp. 

Macalla carbonifera Meyrick 
[Lamida c.| 

Maruca amboinalis Felder 

Maruca testulalis Geyer 

Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner auct. 

Pilocrocis milvinalis Swinhoe 

Psava bipunctalis Fabricius 


Pygospila tyres Cramer 
Pyvausta machoeralis Walker 
[Hapala machaeralis | 


Pyvausta ochvacealis Walker 
[Hapalia o.| 
Scirpophaga nivella Fabricius 
Tivathaba vufivena Walker 
[T. trichogvramma misident. | 
Unidentified pyralids 


SATURNIIDAE 


Anthevraea paphia mylitta Drury 
[A. mylitta] 


K. Wi CROSSKEY 


Carcelia sp. [India] 

Argyrophylax franssent [Java] 

Carcelia sp. ? septima, Prosopodopsis appendi- 
culata [India] 

Palexorista solennis [Ceylon, Java], Winthemia 
sp. [Ceylon] 

Palexorista sp. [India] 

Palexorista parachrysops [India] 

Pseudoperichaeta voseanella [India] 

Actia sp. nr maksymovi [India] 

Zemillia grisellina [India] 


Prosopodopsis orientalis [India] 
Atylostoma sp. nr javanum [India] 


Compsiluva concinnata, Palexorista  solennis, 
Paratryphera longicornis [India] 

Pales sp. {India} 

Argyrophylax fransseni [Ceylon] 


Argyvophylax cinerella [Malaya], Argyrophylax 
fransseni [Ceylon] 

Pseudoperichaeta indica {India} 

Torocca munda [India] 

Carcelia octava, Torocca munda [India} 

Argyrophylax fransseni (India} 

Demoticoides pallidus [India] 


Argyrvophylax cinerella [Malaya] 

Argyvophylax cinerella {India, Malaya] 

Sturmiopsis inferens [India] 

Diglossocera bifida {India} 

Argyrophylax fvansseni [Ceylon], Palexorista 
pavachrysops [Malaya] 

Pseudoperichaeta indica {India} 

Argyrophylax fransseni, Cadurcia lucens, Hapalio- 
loemus machaeralis, Palexovista pavachrysops, 
Pevibaea hyalinata, Prosopodopsis orbitalis, 
Pseudopevichaeta indica [India], Argyrophylax 
nigvibarbis, Pseudoperichaeta voseanella [Bur- 
ma], Nemorilla maculosa [Burma, India] 

Diglossocera bifida {India} 


Sturmiopsis inferens {India} 

Argyvophylax basifulva [Java, Malaya], Palexo- 
vista painer [Java] 

Bessa vemota, Bactromyiella ficta, Nemorilla 
maculosa, Tovocca sp. [India], Carcelia sp. 
[Burma], Sturmiopsis inferens [Malaya] 


Blepharipa zebina, Trvixomorpha indica [India] 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 303 


Archeoattacus edwardsti White 
[Attacus edwardsi} 

Attacus atlas Linnaeus 

Samia cynthia Drury 
[Attacus c.] 


SPHINGIDAE 
Acherontia lachesis Fabricius 


Acherontia styx Westwood 
Acherontia spp. 


Agrius convolvuli Linnaeus 
[Herse c.| 
Cephonodes hylas Linnaeus 


Hippotion sp. 

Macroglossum belis Linnaeus 
(Macroglossa belia| 

Theretva oldenlandiae Fabricius 

Unidentified sphingids 


TINEIDAE 
Myrmecozela leontina Meyrick 


TORTRICIDAE 


Griselda hypsidvyas Meyrick 
[Eucosma h.| 


XYLORYCTIDAE 
Nephantis serinopa Meyrick 


ZYGAENIDAE 


Artona catoxantha Hampson 
[Brachartona c.} 

Artona sp. 

Eterusia aedea cingala Moore 
[Heterusia cingala] 


Order ORTHOPTERA 


ACRIDIDAE 


Locusta migratoria Linnaeus 
Unidentified acridids 


Blepharipa wainwrighti, Blepharipa zebina [India] 


Blepharipa wainwright {India} 
Exorista sorbillans [Malaya] 


Zygobothvia atropivora {Burma, India, Java], 
Zygobothria ciliata { Java) 

Zygobothvia atropivora (India, Java], Zygoboth- 
via ciliata {India} 

Zygobothria atropiwora [India, Malaya], Zygo- 
bothria ciliata {India} 

Zygobothria atropiwora {Malaya}, Zygobothria 
ciliata {[India, Java} 

Blepharipa zebina {India}, Exorista sorbillans 
[Malaya] 

Palexorista munda {India} 

Carcelia gentilis, Carcelia widipennis | Java] 


Drino facialis {India} 

Drino facialis, Palexorista curvipalpis [Ceylon], 
Winthemia sp. [Burma], Zygobothria atro- 
pwora |Burma, India, Malaya], Zygobothria 
ciliata {Ceylon, India} 


Aneogmena sp. ? fischeri [India] 


Phytomyptera minuta { Pakistan] 


Stomatomyia bezziana [Ceylon], Thelaivodyino 
gracilis [India] 


Argyrophylax fumipennis [Malaya], Bessa remota 
{[Malaya, Sabah] 

Argyrophylax fumipennis [Malaya] 

Palexorista laetifica, Sisyvopa heterusiae [Ceylon] 


Cevacia aurifrons {[Philippines, New Guinea] 
Ceracia aurifrons [Philippines], Eoacemyia evvans 
[Malaya] 


304 R. W. CROSSKEY 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


This work would not have been possible without the generous cooperation that 
I have had over many years from specialist friends and from the custodians of types 
and other material in European, Asian, Australian and North American collections. 
To all who have helped me with information, type loans, facilities at other museums, 
or in other ways I extend my thanks. 

I owe a special debt of gratitude to Dr Louis Mesnil (lately of the Commonwealth 
Institute of Biological Control, Switzerland), not only for allowing me full use of 
his collection during visits to Delémont and lending me types, but also for giving 
me the benefit of his opinion on innumerable taxonomic points: I have profited 
greatly from his vast experience, and take this opportunity of expressing my appre- 
ciation. 

I am grateful also to other specialists on Tachinidae who have helped me in many 
ways, namely Dr Benno Herting (Staatliches Museum fiir Naturkunde, Ludwigsburg), 
Dr Curtis Sabrosky (U.S.D.A./U.S.N.M., Washington D.C.), and Dr Monty Wood 
(Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa) who responded with unfailing prompt- 
ness to my many requests for information or an opinion. 

For the loan of types or other material I warmly thank the following, in addition 
to those named above: Dr D. H. Colless (Division of Entomology, C.S.I.R.O., 
Canberra); Dr Willem Ellis (Zodlogisch Museum, Amsterdam); Dr W. Hackman 
and Dr B. Lindeberg (Zoological Museum, Helsinki); Dr P. J. van Helsdingen 
(Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden); Dr. A Kaltenbach and Dr R. 
Lichtenberg (Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna); Dr L. Lyneborg and Dr S. L. 
Tuxen (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen); Monsieur L. Matile and 
Dr L. Tsacas (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris); Dr G. Morge (Institut 
fiir Pflanzenschutzforschung Kleinmachnof, formerly in part Deutsches Ento- 
mologisches Institut, Eberswalde); Dr Per Inge Persson (Naturhistoriska Riks- 
museet, Stockholm); Dr H. Schumann (Museum fiir Naturkunde der Humboldt- 
Universitat, Berlin); Dr H. Shima (Biological Laboratory, College of General 
Education, Kyushu University, Fukuoka); Dr S. Somadikarta (Museum Zoologicum 
Bogoriense, Bogor); Dr S. Takano (Sapporo, Japan); the late Dr J. Verbeke (Konink- 
lijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Brussels); and Dr P. Wygodzin- 
sky (American Museum of Natural History, New York). 

For providing me with information on type-specimens in their charge I thank: 
Dr H. Andersson (Zoological Institute, Lund); Dr A. Draber-Monko (Institute 
of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw); Dr R. Hertel (Staatliches Museum 
fiir Tierkunde, Dresden); Dr A. P. Kapur (Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta); 
Mr G. L. Muller (Museu de Entomologia, Estacion Esperimental Agricola de la 
Molina, Lima); and Dr Vera Richter (Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences, 
Leningrad). 

The preparation of the host-parasite list involved the checking of a large number 
of names in various insect orders and I am most grateful to colleagues on the staff 
of the Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), who assisted 
me in this. Mr Keith Harris, dipterist of the Commonwealth Institute of Entomol- 
ogy, provided me with several new host and distribution records arising from his 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 305 


day-to-day identification work on Tachinidae and assisted by checking some of 
the keys; this was most helpful. 

Lastly I thank Mrs M. E. Crosskey for taking down voluminous notes on type- 
specimens during visits to the museums at Paris and Amsterdam and for help in 
preparing the indexes. 


ADDENDUM TO MY CONSPECTUS OF AUSTRALIAN TACHINIDAE 


Three years ago I published a conspectus of Australian Tachinidae (Crosskey, 
1973), similar in style and purpose to the present work on the Oriental fauna. 
Since that paper appeared some additional taxonomic information on Australian 
tachinids has come to hand, and some minor errors and oversights in it have been 
discovered. I am taking this opportunity of providing corrections and supple- 
mentary information, arranged (as seems most convenient) in page order of the 
original work. 


p. 40. It is found that some specimens of Eutherini have the abdominal Tr + 2 
not fully excavate to the hind margin, and the statement on this character should 
be modified accordingly. 

p. 51. In Palpostomatini the ventral ends of the tergites of the abdomen are 
not normally contiguous in the mid-ventral line but leave the sternites partially 
exposed. The second half of couplet 2 (last item) and the second half of couplet 
7 (first item) should be appropriately modified. 

p- 54. The last character cited in the list of principal features of Palpostomatini 
should be changed to read ‘sternites usually partially exposed’. It has now been 
found that Palpostoma aldrichi has only one post ia seta instead of the normal 
complement of two in the genus Palpostoma. The words ‘(except in P. aldrichi 
with one)’ should be interpolated at the appropriate point in the second half of 
key couplet 1. 

p- 55. Myiotrixini. Hitherto only a single specimen of this tribe was known 
(the holotype of Myiotrixa prosopina). Dr Donald Colless has now found a series 
of Myiotrixa specimens among the unworked tachinid material in ANIC. These 
include a series of both sexes (one of each now in BMNH) of M. prosopina reared 
from native Australian cockroaches in New South Wales, and specimens of a second 
(undescribed) species of Myiotrixa. 

p. 74. Insert the words ‘Propleuron bare’ as the second item in the second half 
of key couplet 1. (Cuphocera differs from other Australian genera of Tachinini 
by having the propleuron bare.) 

p. 76. It is emphasized that the statement ‘pre-alar seta long and strong.... 
at the beginning of the key refers to the size of this seta in relation to the size of 
the other setae of the thoracic dorsum and must not be taken to mean in any absolute 
sense (some forms in which the pra seta is relatively large actually have rather small 
mesonotal setae). 

p. 115. Year date for Prosena argentata Walker (line 9) should be 1858 (see 
annotation under p. 193 below). 


? 


306 RoW. CROSS ICE ¥ 


p. 128. Voria ruralis (Fallén). The annotation under this name can now be 
ignored, as examination of the $ genitalia and other characters of Australian Voria 
specimens in comparison with material from other regions has confirmed that 
V. ruralis is correctly identified from Australia. 

p. 129. Type-species of Thelaiva. Mesnil’s (19754 : 1337-1340) recent work on 
Thelaiva in the Palaearctic Region has shown that the long-accepted synonymy 
of T. nigripes (Fabricius) and T. abdominalis Robineau-Desvoidy is in error, and 
that abdominalis is a different species and the name a synonym of Thelaira solivaga 
(Harris). Accordingly, the statement ‘= Musca nigripes Fabricius, 1794’ in 
square brackets given in the type-species information for Thelaiva should be changed 
_ to ‘= Musca solivagus Harris, 1776’. 

p- 130. The generic name Sumpigaster is feminine, not neuter, and the italic 
bold-face spelling fasciatus (line 3) should be changed to fasciata (to comply with 
Article 30 of the ICZN Code). The original spelling published by Macquart was 
fasciatus and this spelling should be left standing in the information on the type- 
species of Sumpigaster and its synonyms. 

p. 131. Rhinomyobia australis Brauer & Bergenstamm. The 9 holotype was 
misplaced in the NM, Vienna, collection and has now been rediscovered there by 
Dr R. Lichtenberg and sent to me for examination. I can now confirm that all 
the key characters cited on pp. 68-69 for running to Rhinomyobia are correct. 
The holotype is in excellent condition (except right hind tarsus and most of right 
mid tarsus missing); it is labelled ‘australis [by hand] det. B. B. [in print]’, ‘N. 
Holland [by hand] Alte Sammlung [in print]’, and ‘Rhinomyobia australis Br. 
Bgst.’ {in unrecognized ink handwriting]. 

p- 135. Year date for Echinomyia brevipennis Walker (line 3) should be 1856 
(see annotation under p. 193 below). 

p. 136. Cevacia aurifrons Aldrich has now been seen from Queensland and should 
be added to the list of Australian species. Reference data for the species are given 
on p. 210. C. aurifrons has recently been found to parasitize the migratory locust 
in New Guinea. 

p. 138. Anagonia anguliventris (Malloch). Dr D. H. Colless informs me that 
he has a specimen of this species from Port Moresby, and ‘New Guinea’ should 
be added to the entry data. 

p. 144. Year date for Masicera vicaria Walker (cited in type-species information 
for Phorocerosoma) should be 1856, not 1847. 

p. 146. Wuanthemia trichopareia (Schiner). The 9 holotype of Exorista tricho- 
pareia was misplaced in the NM, Vienna, collection but has now been rediscovered 
there by Dr R. Lichtenberg and sent to me for examination. It can be confirmed 
that the name applies to a species of Winthemia (as Malloch supposed) in which 
the 2 has pale yellow mesopleural hair, but comprehensive revision of the Australian 
Winthemia species will be needed for reliable placement of trichopareia (particularly 
as synonymy of this name with Jateralis Macquart is likely). It is, in fact, largely 
presumption that trichopareia holotype had an Australian provenance, as it bears 
no locality data and Schiner indicated no locality in the original description: never- 
theless I accept the nominal species as Australian because of its exceedingly close 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 307 


resemblance to Australian Winthemia and its probable conspecificity with Jateralis. 
The holotype is in excellent condition (except for loss of the left fore leg from the 
trochanter); it bears a small rectangular purple-edged label without inscription, 
a label reading ‘trichopareia [by hand] Alte Sammlung [in print]’, a label reading 
‘Chaetolyga [by hand] det. B. B. {in print]’ and a handwritten label in purple ink 
reading ‘IV. Chaetolyga’. 

p.147. Year date for decipiens Walker (bottom line) should be 1858 (see annota- 
tion under p. 193 below). 

p. 148. Year date for Euvespiwora decipiens (Walker) (top line) should be 1858 
(see annotation under p. 193 below). 

p. 150. Year date for Palexorista solennis Walker (lines 9 and 28) should be 
1858 (see annotation under p. 193 below). 

p. 151. Sisyropa taylori (Curran). Wider study of the genus Sisyropa for 
the present work has shown that taylori Curran is a new synonym of prominens 
Walker. The name Sisyropa prominens (Walker, 1859), should be substituted for 
S. taylori Curran in accordance with the synonymy established on p. 242 of this 
paper. Distribution data for the species involved should be accordingly expanded 
to include Oriental Region, New Britain and Bougainville. 

p. 166. Delete Exorista trichopareia and Rhinomyobia australis from the list 
of missing types. 

p. 172. In host list under Acemyini include the acridid Monistria pustulifera as 
a new host for Ceracia sp. 

p- 175. In host list under Palpostomatini insert ‘sensu auct.’ after Palpostoma 
testaceum, as the identity of the true festacewm is uncertain and the host records 
most probably relate to P. aldricht. 

p. 176. In host list under Phasiini add Nysius clevelandensis (HEM., Lygaeidae) 
as a host of Alophora lepidofera. 

p. 177. The sturmiine species Ugimeigenia elzneri Townsend was omitted from 
the host list as no material had been seen to substantiate the published record 
(see Review of Applied Entomology, A, 1938, 26 : 151) of its parasitizing Dermolepida 
albohirta Waterhouse. The identity of the tachinid should be confirmed if material 
from the rearing is rediscovered. 

p- 179. Add ‘sensu auct.’ after each entry of Palpostoma testaceum in the right- 
hand column under Scarabaeidae for the reason stated under p. 175 above. 

p- 179. Under Hemiptera Lygaeidae add Nysius clevelandensis Evans to the 
host column and its parasite Alophora lepidofera to the tachinid column. 

p- 185. Under Orthoptera Acrididae add Monistria pustulifera Walker to the 
host column and its parasite Ceracia sp. to the tachinid column. 

p- 193. In references to works of F. Walker change the year date entry 1859 
to 1858, as it has now been found that this work (though dated 1859 on the title- 
page of the journal containing it) was actually issued on 1.xi.1858. Attention 
is specially drawn here to a recently discovered problem concerning the publication 
dates of Walker’s works in which he described Diptera collected by A. R. Wallace 
in Malaya and the south-east Asian Archipelago. These works were published 
in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society and are usually dated by 


308 RoW. CROSSKE ¥ 


taxonomists with the year-dates shown on the title-pages of the journal volumes. 
Unfortunately, several of Walker’s papers in this series were actually issued during 
the year preceding that which is cited on the journal title-pages, and this fact 
affects the year-dates that are commonly cited for Walker’s descriptions. The 
year-date changes for Walker names signified above under page-references 115, 
135, 147, 148, and 150 are needed so that publication date is attributed to the actual, 
not the apparent, years of issue. The exact issue dates for the various papers of 
the Malay Archipelago series in J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. are shown in the references 
to Walker’s works given in the present paper. 

p. 197. A mistake in the legend to Fig. 18 requires correction. Change ‘an 
ad’ to read ‘a pd’, the legend then reading ‘(18) with a pd preapical seta’. 


REFERENCES 


[Note. Some works such as those of Macquart and Brauer & Bergenstamm are better known 
from their separately paginated reprint versions than from the original journals, and for such 
works the reprint pagination is cited in parentheses immediately after the journal pagination. 

Some authors published under two versions of their name, usually one of them much pre- 
dominating over the other. The familiar predominant usage is cited in the references and 
elsewhere in this work (thus Townsend, not Tyler-Townsend; Villeneuve, not Villeneuve de 
Janti; Baranov, not Baranoff). Both of Mesnil’s initials are cited, although he often omits 
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TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 309 


AUBERTIN, D. 1932. A tachinid fly parasitic on the bee-hole borer of teak. Stylops 1 : 35- 
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AUSTEN, E. E. 1907. The synonymy and generic position of certain species of Muscidae 
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Baranov, N. 1931a. Studien an Pathogenen und parasitischen Insekten III. Beitrag 

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1932a. Neue orientalische Tachinidae. Encycl. ent. (B) II, 6 : 83-93. 

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1932f. Bestimmungstabelle der orientalischen Stuvmia-Arten der scutellata~Gruppe 

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1933. Cadurcia leefmansi, eine neue orientalische Raupenfliege (Dipt. Tach.). Tveubia 

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1934a. Mitteilungen tiber geztichtete orientalische Larvaevoriden. (Insecta, Diptera). 

Ent. NachyBl., Troppau 8 : 41-49. 

19346. Zur Kenntnis der Raupenfliegenfauna der Salomon-Inseln (Dipt., Tachinidae). 

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1934c. Zur Kenntnis der parasitaren Raupenfliegen der Salomonen, Neubritanniens, 
der Admiralitats-Inseln, der Fidschi-Inseln und Neukaledoniens, nebst einer Bestimmungs- 

tabelle der orientalischen Stuwymia-Arten. Vet. Arh. 4 : 472-485. 

1934d. Ubersicht der orientalischen Gattungen und Arten des Carcelia-Komplexes 
(Diptera : Tachinidae). Tvans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 82 : 387-408. 

1934c. Ein interessanter Fall von Sphecoidie bei der Larvaevoride Vespocyptera petiolata 
Townsend. Encycl. ent. (B) II, 7 : 157-160. 

1934f. Neue Gattungen und Arten der orientalischen Raupenfliegen (Larvaevoridae). 
Encycl. ent. (B) 11, 7 : 160-165. 

1935a. Neue palaarktische und orientalische Raupenfliegen (Dipt., Tachinidae). Vet. 

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19350. Eine neue orientalische Raupenfliege. Meded. LandbHoogesch. Wageningen 

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1936. Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntnis der parasitaren Raupenfliegen (Tachinidae = 

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1938a. Weiteres tiber die Tachiniden (s.]1.) der Salomon-Inseln. Vet. Arh. 8 : 170-174. 
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1942. Ein neuer Vespidenparasit von Java und eine mit ihm verwandte Fliege von den 

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310 RY Wi CROSSE 


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Bezz1, M. 1907. Nomenklatorisches tber Dipteren. Il. Waéen. ent. Zig 26 : 292-296. 

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1923. Eine neue, auf Javanischen Chrysomeliden schmarotzende Tachinide (Dipt.). 

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1925a. On the Tachinid genus Eutherva (Diptera), with description of new species from 
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1925b. Some Tachinidae (Dipt.) of economic importance from the Federated Malay 
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1889. Diptéres nouveaux ou peu connus. 34° partie, XLII. Diagnoses de nouvelles 
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——  & BERGENSTAMM, J. E. von. 1889. Die Zweifltigler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu 
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—— & 1893. Die Zweifliigler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. VI. Vorarbeiten 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 311 


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1g10. The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Pyvoc. U.S. natn. 
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CrosskKEy, R. W. 1962. The identity of Doddiana mellea (Wiedemann) and a key to the 

Oriental species of Doddiana Curran and Glauvocara Thomson (Diptera : Tachinidae). 
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 4 (1961) : 683-688. 

1963a. A systematic review of the Oriental and Australian species of Argyrophylax 
Brauer and Bergenstamm, including the description of a new species from New Britain 
(Diptera : Tachinidae). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 6 : 1-16. 

1963b. The identity of Tachina convergens Wiedemann, 1824 and Tachina munda Wiede- 
mann, 1830 (Diptera : Tachinidae). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 6 : 77-83. 

1963c. A new species of Tovocca Walker from New Guinea, and a key to the species of 
this genus (Diptera : Tachinidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 32 : 129-134. 

1965. The immature stages and affinities of the tachinid fly Glaurocara flava, a parasite 

of the African bush-cricket Homorocoryphus nitidulus vicinus. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 

144 : 203-217. 

1966a. Generic assignment and synonymy of Wiedemann’s types of Oriental Tachinidae 
(Diptera). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 8 (1965) : 661-685. 

1966b. New generic and specific synonymy in Australian Tachinidae (Diptera). Proc. 
R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 35 : 101-110 (pagination originally published in error as 95-104). 

1966c. The putative fossil genus Palexorista Townsend and its identity with Prosturmia 

Townsend (Diptera : Tachinidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 35 : 133-137. 

1967a. An index-catalogue of the genus-group names of Oriental and Australasian 
Tachinidae (Diptera) and their type-species. Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 20 : 1-39. 

19676. A revision of the Oriental species of Palevorista Townsend (Diptera : Tachinidae, 
Sturmiini). Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent). 21 : 35-97. 

1967c. New generic and specific synonymy in Oriental Tachinidae (Diptera). Pvoc. 
R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 36 : 95-108. 

1968. A new species of Mycteromyiella (Diptera : Tachinidae) parasitic on Ophicrania 
leveri Giinther (Phasmida: Phasmatidae) in the Solomon Islands. Bull. ent. Res. 57 : 525- 
532- 

1969. The type-material of Indonesian Tachinidae (Diptera) in the Zoological Museum, 
Amsterdam. Beaufortia 16 : 87-107. 

1971. The type-material of Australasian, Oriental and Ethiopian Tachinidae (Diptera) 
described by Macquart and Bigot. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 25 : 251-305. 


312 RR. Wi CROSSKEW 


19734. A revisionary classification of the Rutiliini (Diptera : Tachinidae), with keys 
to the described species. Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 19, 167 pp. 
19730. A conspectus of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of Australia, including keys to the 
supraspecific taxa and taxonomic and host catalogues. Bull. By. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 
Suppl. 21, 221 pp. 
1974. The British Tachinidae of Walker and Stephens (Diptera). Bull. By. Mus. nat. 
Hist. (Ent.) 30 : 267-308. 
(in press). Family Tachinidae. Jn Delfinado, M. D. & Hardy, D. E. (Eds), A catalog 
of the Diptera of the Oriental Region, 3 (Suborder Cyclorrhapha). 
CurRAN, C. H. 1925. Some apparently new Nearctic Tachinidae (Diptera). Can. Ent. 
57 : 281-286. 

—— 1927a. New Neotropical and Oriental Diptera in the American Museum of Natural 
History. Am. Mus. Novit., No. 245, 9 pp. 

—— 1927b. Studies in African Tachinidae (Diptera). Bull. ent. Res. 17 : 319-340. 

1927c. Some new Australasian and African Diptera of the families Muscidae and Tachi- 
nidae (Dipt.). Ent. Mitt. 16 (5) : 345-357. 

1928a. Studies in African Tachinidae (Diptera). III. Bull. ent. Res. 18 : 237-245. 

1928b. Diptera of the American Museum Congo Expedition. Part II. — Asilidae, 

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1935a. New species of Diptera from China. Peking nat. Hist. Bull. 9 : 147-150. 
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1856. Genera italica ordinis Dipterorum ordinatim disposita et distincta et in familias 


318 R. W. CROSSKEY 


et stirpes aggregata. Dzipterologiae italicae prodvomus 1, 226 pp. [+ 2 pp. unnumbered]. 

Parma. 

1859. Species italicae ordinis Dipterorum in genera characteribus definita, ordinatim 

collectae, methodo analitica distinctae, et novis vel minus cognitis descriptis. (Part 2 

Muscidae Siphoninae et (partim) Tachininae.) Dipterologiae italicae prodvomus 3, 243 pp. 

[+ 1 p. unnumbered]. Parma. 

1861. Species italicae ordinis Dipterorum in genera characteribus definita, ordinatim 
collectae, methodo analatica [sic] distinctae, et novis: vel minus-cognitis descriptis. (Part 

3 Muscidae Tachininarum complementum.) Dipterologiae italicae prodvomus 4, 174 pp. 

Parma. 

1862. Species italicae ordinis Dipterorum in genera characteribus definita, ordinatim 

collectae, methodo analitica distinctae, et novis vel minus cognitis descriptis. (Part 4 

Muscidae Phasiinae-Dexinae-Muscinae-Stomoxidinae.) Dipterologiae italicae prodromus 

5, 239 pp. Parma. 

1865. Diptera italica non vel minus cognita descripta vel annotata observationibus 

nonnullis additis [Fasc. Il}. Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. 8 : 193-231. 

—— 1870. Sullinsetto Ugi. Boll. Soc. ent. ital. 2 : 134-137. 

1875. Muscaria exotica Musei Civici Januensis observata et distincta a Prof. Camillo 

Rondani. Fragmentum III. Species in Insula Bonaefortunae (Borneo), Provincia 

Sarawak, annis 1865-68, lectae a March. J. Doria et Doct. O. Beccari. Annah Mus. 

civ. Stor. nat. Genova 7 : 421-464. 

SABROSKY, C. W. & ARNAuD, P. H. 1965. Family Tachinidae (Larvaevoridae). In Stone 
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—— & CrosskEY, R. W. 1969. The type-material of Tachinidae (Diptera) described by 
N. Baranov. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 24 : 27-63. 

SCHINER, J. R. 1868. In Reise dey Osterveichischen Fregatte Novara um die Evde in den Jahren 
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Skcuy, E. 1925. Etude sur quelques Calliphorinés testacés rares ou peu connus. Bull. 

Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris 31 : 439-441. 

1926. Calliphorines nouveaux. FEncycl. ent. (B) II, 3 : 17-20. 
1948. Trois diptéres nouveaux d’Asie orientale. Notes Ent. chin. 12 : 143-147. 

SHima, H. 1970. New species of Actia s. str. from Hong Kong and Nepal (Diptera : Tachi- 
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STEIN, P. 1924. Die verbreitetsten Tachiniden Mitteleuropas nach ihren Gattungen und 
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TuHompson, W. R. 1951. Section 2, Host Parasite Catalogue: Part 1, Hosts of the Coleoptera 
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Tuomson, C. G. [1869]. Diptera. Species novas descripsit. In Kongliga svenska fregatten 
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TorTHILt, J. D. 1918. Some new species of Tachinidae from India. Bull. ent. Res. 9 : 47-60. 

1922. Note regarding types of some Tachinidae (Diptera) from India. Bull. ent. Res. 

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TowNSEND, C.H.T. 18 92a. Notes on North American Tachinidae sens. str. with descriptions 

of new genera and species. Paper III. Tvans. Am. ent. Soc. 19 : 88-132. 

1892b. The North American genera of Calyptrate Muscidae. Paper III. Tvans. Am. 

ent. Soc. 19 : 273-278. 

1908. The taxonomy of the Muscoidean flies, including descriptions of new genera and 

species. Smithson. misc. Collins 51 (No. 1803) : 1-138. 

1909. Descriptions of some new Tachinidae. Avnn. ent. Soc. Am. 2 : 243-250. 
1912. A readjustment of muscoid names. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 14 : 45-53. 
1913. Inquiry into the relationships and taxonomy of the muscoid flies. Can. Ent. 


45 : 37-57. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 319 


1915a. The family Oestrophasiidae and other notes. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 17 : 53-54. 

—— 1915b. Proposal of new muscoid genera for old species. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 28 : 19-24. 

1916a. Designations of muscoid genotypes, with new genera and species. Insecutor 

Inscit. menstr. 4 : 4-12. 

1916b. Diagnoses of new genera of muscoid flies founded on old species. Proc. U.S. 

natn. Mus. 49 (No. 2128) : 617-633. 

1916c. New genera and species of Australian Muscoidea. Can. Ent. 48 : 151-160. 

1916d. New genera and species of muscoid flies. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 51 (No. 2152) : 

299-323. 

1916e. New muscoid genera (Dip.). Ent. News 27 : 178. 

1916f. Elucidations of New England Muscoidea. IJnsecutor Inscit. menstr. 4 : 17-33. 

1916g. Two new genera of African Muscoidea. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 17 : 174-176. 

1919a. New genera and species of muscoid flies. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 56 (No. 2301) : 

541-592. 

1919b. New muscoid genera, species and synonymy. IJmnsecutoy Inscit. menstr. 6 (1918) : 

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1919c. Note on leskiine synonymy (Dipt.). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 21 : 20. 

1921. Some new muscoid genera ancient and recent. Imnsecutoy Inscit. menstr. 9 : 132- 

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1925. Fauna sumatrensis. Calirrhoidae (Dipt. muscoidea). Ent. Mitt. 14 : 250-251. 

1926a. Fauna sumatrensis. Diptera Muscoidea Il. Supplta ent. 14 : 14-42. 

1926b. New Holarctic Muscoidea. IJnsecutoy Inscit. menstr. 14 : 24-41. 

— 1926c. New muscoid flies of the Oriental, Australian, and African faunas. Philipp. 
J. Sci. 29 : 529-544. 

1927a. Fauna sumatrensis. Diptera Muscoidea III. Supplta ent. 16 : 56-76. 

1927b. New muscoid flies in the collection of the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut 

in Berlin. Ent. Mitt. 16 : 277-287. 

1927c. New Philippine Muscoidea. Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 279-290. 

1928. New Muscoidea from the Philippines region. Philipp. J. Sci. 34 (1927) : 365-397. 

1931a. Notes on Old-World oestromuscoid types.— Part I. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 

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1931b. Notes on American oestromuscoid types. Revta Ent., Rio de J. 1 : 157-183. 

1932. Notes on Old-World oestromuscoid types.— Part II. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 

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1933. New genera and species of Old World oestromuscoid flies. jl N. Y. ent. Soc. 

40 (1932) : 439-479. 

1934. Five new genera of New Zealand and Malayan Oestroidea. Jl N. Y. ent. Soc. 
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—— 1935. Oéestrocava gen. nov. (Family Oestridae, Order Diptera). Ent. News 46 : 104. 

1936a. Manual of Myiology. Part III. 255 pp. Itaquaquecetuba, Sao Paulo. 

— 1936b. Manual of Myiology. Part IV. 309 pp. Itaquaquecetuba, Sao Paulo. 

— 1938. Manual of Myiology. Part VII. 434 pp. Itaquaquecetuba, Sao Paulo. 

— 1939a. Manual of Myiology. Part VIII. 408 pp. Itaquaquecetuba, Sao Paulo. 

—— 1939b. Manual of Myiology. Part 1X. 270 pp. Itaquaquecetuba, Sdo Paulo. 

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1941. Manual of Myiology. Part XI. 342 pp. Itaquaquecetuba, Sao Paulo. 

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320 RS We Gik' OS Sikgkey 


1912. Diptéres nouveaux du Nord Africain [Deuxiéme note]. Buli. Mus. natn. Hist. 
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1914. Sur quatre formes nouvelles se rapportant aux ‘Oestridae dubiosae B. B.’. Annls 
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1915a. Nouveaux Myodaires supérieurs de Formose. Annis hist.-nat. Mus. natn. 
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19156. Diptéres nouveaux d’Afrique. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1915 : 225-227. 

1916. A contribution to the study of the South African higher Myodarii (Diptera Calyp- 
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1920. Diptéres paléarctiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Annis Soc. ent. Belg. 60 : 114- 
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—— 1921. Description de Diptéres nouveaux. Aznls Soc. ent. Belg. 61 : 157-161. 

— 1925. Descriptions de nouveaux Tachino-Oestrides (Dipt.). Konowia 4 : 48-52. 

—— 1926a. Descriptions de Diptéres nouveaux. Encycl. ent. (B) I, 2 : 189-192. 

—— 1926). Descriptions de Myodaires supérieurs nouveaux. Bull. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 

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1926c. Sur Masicera casta Rond. et espéces affines. Revue zool. afr. 14 : 242-247. 

1927a. Description d’un nouveau Tachino-Oestride africain (Dipt.) et autres descriptions. 
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1927b. Tachinides nouveaux de Formose et du Congo. Revue zool. afr. 15 : 217-224. 
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1932a. Descriptions de nouveaux Myodaires supérieurs paléarctiques (Dipt.). Bull. 
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1932b. Descriptions de Myodaires supérieurs (Larvaevoridae) nouveaux de Formose. 

Bull. Soc. ent. Fy. 37 : 268-272. 

1933. Myodaires supérieurs asiatiques nouveaux. Bull. Annis Soc. ent. Belg. 73 : 195- 

199. 

1934. Notes diptérologiques. Revue fr. Ent. 1 : 180-183. 
1935. Myodaires supérieurs africains inédits. Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 27 : 136-143. 

—— 1936a. Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den norwestlichen 
Provinzen Chinas, unter Leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und Prof. Sii Ping-chang. Insekten 
gesammelt vom schwedischen Arzt der Expedition Dr. David Hummel 1927-1930. 52. 
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——- 1936b. Myodaires supérieurs de Chine. Bull. Mus. vy. Hist. nat. Belg. 12 (42), 7 pp. 

1936c. Description de deux Myodaires supérieurs (Diptera : Trixiini ou Dexiinae ?). 

Bull. Soc. ent. Egypte 20 : 329-331. 

1937a. Myodaires supérieurs de Chine. Bull. Mus. yr. Hist. nat. Belg. 13 (34), 16 pp. 
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1939a@. Myodaires supérieurs africains (descriptions et observations). Bull. Mus. +. 
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1939b. Présentation de quelques Myodaires supérieurs inédits. Bull. Annls Soc. ent. 

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1944. Myodaires supérieurs nouveaux (Dipt.). Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 48 (1943): 144-145. 

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WaLkKER, F. 1849. List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British 
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—— 1852. Insecta Saundersiana: ov characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William 

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1856a. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Singapore and Malacca by Mr. 
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[Issued 1st March 1856.] 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 321 


1856b. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo, by Mr. A. R. 
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1858a. Characters of undescribed Diptera in the collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq., 

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1858b. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected in the Aru Islands by Mr. A. R. 

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{Issued 1st November 1858. ] 

1859a. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected in the Aru Islands by Mr. A. R. 

Wallace, with descriptions of new species. [Continuation of 1858b.] J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 

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1859b. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Makessar in Celebes, by Mr. A. R. 
Wallace, with descriptions of new species. J. Pyvoc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 4 (1860) : 90-144. 
[Pp. 90-96 issued 19th September and pp. 97-144 issued 8th December 1859. ] 

1860a. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Makessar in Celebes, by Mr. A. R. 
Wallace, with descriptions of new species. [Continuation of 1859b.) J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 
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1860b. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected in Amboyna by Mr. A. R. Wallace, 
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1861a. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Dorey, New Guinea, by Mr. A. R. 

Wallace, with descriptions of new species. J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 5 : 229-254. [Issued 

27th March 1861.] 

—— 1861b. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Manado in Celebes, and in Tond, 

by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 5 : 258- 

270. [Pp. 258-264 issued 27th March and pp. 265-270 issued 24th May 1861. | 

1861c. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected in Batchian, Kaisaa and Makian, 
and at Tidon in Celebes, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. /. 

Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 5 : 270-303. [Issued 24th May 1861.] 

—— 1861d. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Gilolo, Ternate, and Ceram, by 
Mr. [A.] R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 6 (1862) : 
4-23. [Issued 1st November 1861.| 

—— 1861e. Characters of undescribed Diptera in the collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq., 

F.R.S., &c. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (N.S.) 5 : 268-334. [Pp. 268-296 issued November 

1860 and pp. 297-334 issued February 1861. | 

1864. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected in Waigiou, Mysol, and north Ceram 

by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 7 : 202- 

238. [Issued 5th April 1864.]| 

WEstwoop, J. O. 1840. Synopsis of the geneva of British insects. 158 pp. London. [Work 
published as a separately paginated addendum to Vol. 2 of Westwood’s An introduction 
to the modern classification of insects, etc.} 

WIEDEMANN, C. R. W. 1819. Beschreibung neuer Zweifliigler aus Ostindien und Afrika. 
Zool. Mag. Kiel 1 (3) : 1-39. 

—— 1824. Munus rectovis in Academia Christiana Albertina aditurus Analecta entomologica 

ex Museo Regio Havniensi maxime congesta profert iconibusque illustvat. 60 pp. Kiel. 

1830. Ausseveuropdische zweifliigelige Insekten. 2. xii + 684 pp. Hamm. 

Wutp, F.M.vANDER. 1881. Dipteyva medegebracht door de Sumatra-expeditie. 6o0pp. Leiden. 

1885. Langwerpige Dexinen-vormen. Tijdschr. Ent. 28 : 189-200. 

1890. In Van der Wulp, 1888-1903. Biologia cent.-am. (Zool.), Insecta, Diptera 2, 

489 pp. 

—— 1891. Eenige uitlandsche Diptera. Tijdschr. Ent. 34 : 193-218. 

—— 1893. Eenige Javaansche Tachininen. Tijdschr. Ent. 36 : 159-188. 

— 1894. Parasitic Muscidae from British India. Indian Mus. Notes 3 (5) : 8-17. 

—— 1895. Eene merkwaardige Javaansche Tachinine. Tijdschy. Ent. 37 : 49-52. 


322 RE Wie CINO'S'S KE Ye 


—— 1896a. Aanteekeningen betreffende Oost-Indische Diptera. Tijdschr. Ent. 39 : 95-113. 

—— 1896b. Catalogue of the described Diptera from South Asia. 219 pp. The Hague. 

1897. Zur Dipteren-Fauna von Ceylon. Termeszétr. Fiz. 20 : 136-144. 

ZETTERSTEDT, J. W. 1844. Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta 3 : 895-1738. Lund. 

—— 1849. Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta 8 : 2935-3306. Lund. 

Zimin, L. S. 1929. Kurze Uebersicht der palaearktischen Arten der Gattung Servillia R.-D. 
(Diptera). II. Revue Russe Ent. 23 : 210-224. 

—— 1935. The system of the tribe Tachinini (Diptera, Larvivoridae). [In Russian with 
French summary.] Tvudy Inst. zool. Leningr. 2 : 509-636. 

—— 1954. Species of the genus Linnaemyia Rob.-Desv. (Diptera, Larvaevoridae) in the 
fauna of U.S.S.R. [In Russian.] Tvudy Inst. zool. Leningr. 15 : 258-282. 

—— 1958. Brief survey of the subtribe Chrysocosmiina in the fauna of U.S.S.R. and neigh- 
bouring countries (Diptera, Larvaevoridae). [In Russian.] Sb. Rab. Inst. prikl. Zool. 
Fitopat. 5 : 40-66. 

—— 1960. Brief survey of parasitic Diptera of the subtribe Ernestiina in the palaearctic 
fauna (Diptera, Larvaevoridae). [In Russian.}] Ent. Obozr. 39 : 725-747. 

—— 1963. Parasitic Diptera of the subtribe Linnaemyina in the Palaearctic Region. Tyvudy 

uses. nauchno-tssled. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 17 : 186-215. 

1966. A review of the tribe Gymnosomatini (Diptera, Tachinidae) parasitizing phyto- 
phagous Hemiptera in the U.S.S.R. [In Russian: for English translation see Ent. Rev., 

Wash. 45 : 231-248.] Ent. Obozr. 45 : 424-456. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 323 


vertex ocellar triangle 


parafrontal interfrontal area 


& parafrontal 
postorbit 


occiput lunula 


profrons 


face 


a antenna 
arista st Nl ae 
parafacial — 2. Oe as facial 
: ridge 
epistome 


postbucca 


vibrissal angle epistome genal dilation 


reclinate orbital setae ocellar 


inner 
J —_ vertical 
seta 
Pproclinate orbital setae 
outer 
frontal setae vertical 
\ seta 
iy 


IN 


postocular row 


vibrissa Peristomal setae 


3 RWC 


Fics 1-3. Terminology of the tachinid head and its principal setae. 1, left lateral view, 
vestiture omitted. 2, facial view, vestiture omitted. 3, left lateral view to show setae, 


hairing omitted. 


324 R. W. CROSSKEY 


profrons 


antennal 
AXIS) os 
facial 
Carina 
vibrissal 
axis auiei 
ome 
epistomal—— gena<_ :— ee: 
axis 
4 5 6 
transverse suture pteropleuron  pteropleural seta postalar wall 
notopleuron 
postalar 
scutum callus 
suprasquamal 
ridge 
prescutum scutellum 


humeral 
callus 


wZ= postscutellum 


mediotergite 


mesopleuron 
pleurotergite 


propleuron 


propleural seta /] i 


prostigmatic seta We 


posteroventral 
declivity of 
the thorax 
sternopleural setae barette 
sternopleuron hypopleuron 
7 RWC 


Fics 4-7. Terminology of the tachinid head and thorax. 4-6, left lateral views of some 
head shapes showing landmarks used in keys and descriptions. 7, left lateral view of 
thorax, vestiture omitted but principal setae of pleural regions indicated by pore positions. 


————————"—"——"——-——_.. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 


humeral callus humerals 


posthumerals 


notopleurals 


‘ prescutum 
notopleuron presutural 
seta 
pre-alar 
seta 
transverse 
suture supra-alars 
scutum : 
intra-alars 
postalars 
postalar callus dorsocentrals 
acrostichals 
8 
basal node of R4,s5 second costal sector 


R4+5 
Rats : 
cell R5 4 
discal cell 
Cuy bend of vein M 
9 RWC 


Fics 8 & 9. Terminology of the tachinid mesonotum (8) and wing (9). 


325 


In Fig. 8 the 


terminology of the dorsal thoracic chaetotaxy is indicated schematically by pore positicns 


on one side only. 


326 


T3 


T4 


distiphallus 


R. W. CROSSKEW 


R743 petiole 
R, (R445 +M)) 


10 


subapical 


VW 12 
T9 
epandrium 
Sc Ri 
16 
pd 
LEE 
/ 
{ 17 


cercus 


13 


excavation 


of T1+2 ad 


T1+2 d 
15 
St3 
Kk median 
marginals 
St4 
median 
discals 
Sts 
marginal lobe of St5 
row 
18 19 RWC 


Fics 10-19. Some tachinid characters and their terminology. 10, apical part of wing 


of a species with cell R, petiolate. 11 & 12, two typical shapes of scutellum and termi- 
nology of scutellar setae (fine lines connecting basal and subapical pores indicating 
important differences in proportion). 13, g¢ hypopygium of a typical goniine in left 
lateral view. 14 & 15, dorsal view of apex of hind tibia in typical forms (14) with a 
pd preapical seta, and (15) without such seta. 16 & 17, ventral view of second costal 
sector in (16) forms with the sector bare, and (17) with the sector haired. 18 & 19, 
dorsal and ventral views, respectively, of a typical tachinid abdomen showing termin- 
ology and numbering of tergites (T) and sternites (St) (vestiture omitted but pore 
positions of principal setae indicated on fig. 18). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 327 


RWC 30 31 a 


Fics 20-32. Head profiles (outlines only, vestiture omitted) of representative genera of 
Oriental Tachinidae. 20, Gymnosoma (9). 21, Perigymnosoma (9). 22, Besserioides 
(Q). 23, Alophora (subgenus Hyalomya) (2). 24, Pseudobrullaea (Q). 25, Hermya (Z). 
26, Lophosia (3). 27, Euthera (2). 28, Prosena (3). 29, Doleschalla (g). 30, Billaea 
(3). 31, Riedelia (3). 32, Chetoptilia (3). 


328 R=: W. CROSSKE ¥ 


Fics 33-47. Head profiles (outlines only, vestiture omitted) of representative genera of 
Oriental Tachinidae. 33, Xanthooestrus (4). 34, Palpostoma (g). 35, Glaurocara (8). 
36, Zambesa (g). 37, Torocca (g). 38, Thelaiva (3). 39, Gevmariochaeta (Q). 40, 
Microphthalma (3). 41, Melanasomyia (2). 42, Sumpigaster (3). 43, Megistogastropsis 
(3). 44, Trichactia (3). 45, Myobiomima (3). 46, Feriola (g). 47, Oxyphyllomyia (9). 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 329 


RWC 60 61 62 


Fics 48-62. Head profiles (outlines only in figs 48-55) of representative genera of Oriental 
Tachinidae. 48, Pavopesia (2). 49, Janthinomyia (g). 50, Trischidocera (3, with 9 
antenna also). 51, Diglossocera (g). 52, Siphona (Q). 53, Thecocarceha (8). 54, 
Diatraeophaga (3). 55, Cossidophaga (g). 56, Voria (9). 57, Halydaia (9). 58, 
Argyrophylax (3, species with only one pair of strong reclinate orbital setae). 59, 
Nemoraea (2). 60, Palexorista (9). 61, Elpe (g). 62, Carcelia (9). 


330 R. W. CROSSKEY 


69 70 71 RWC 


Fics 63-71. Head shape in facial view (outlines only, vestiture omitted) of some Oriental 
Tachinidae. 63, Thevobia abdominalis 3. 64, Phasioorvmia bicornis 3. 65, Eutrixopsis 
javana 3. 66, Xanthooestrus formosus 3. 67, Zamimus pendleburyi 9. 68, Dexiosoma 
sumatrense 3. 69, Phyllomya gibsonomyioides sp. n. g. 70, Prosheliomyia brevinervis g. 
71, Halydaa luteicornis 3. 


Fics 72-83. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 
—_—_—_—_—__—— SS a 
SSS 
72 
74 
73 
{= i 
‘val peo ead = 


——__— 


a 


78 
80 
———___, 
Ea 
81 83 RWC 


82 


Some arrangements of scutellar setae in Oriental Tachinidae. 72, in Ory- 
phyllomyia. 73, in Lophosiosoma bicornis. 74, in Zambesa (exactly similar in Torocca). 
75, in typical Prosenini. 76, in Alophora (subgenus Hyalomya). 77, in a typical blonde- 
liine. 78, in Winthemia, typical Carcelia, and some other goniine genera in which sub- 
apical setae are unusually widely spaced. 79, in Siphonini. 80, in Foyvmosia. 81, in 
Glauvocava. 82, in Palpostoma. 83, in Acemyini, drawn from Ceracia. 


331 


332 K. W. CROSSKEY 


93 
os 95 RWC 


Fics 84-95. Wing venation in representative genera of Oriental Tachinidae (base of wing 
and costal vestiture omitted). 84, Gymnosoma. 85, Pevigymnosoma (exactly similar 
in Alophorophasia). 86, Compsoptesis. 87, Alophora (subg. Hyalomya). 88, Cylindro- 
myia. 89, Alophora s. str. 90, Eutheva. 91, Aulacephala. 92, Hyleorus. 93, Acti- 
nochaetopteryx. 94, Microphthalma. 95, Oxyphyllomyia. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 333 


99 100 101 


a 103 7 104 


105 106 107 RWC 


Fics 96-107. Wing venation in representative genera of Oriental Tachinidae (base of 
wing and costal vestiture omitted). 96, Tothila gen.n. 97, Pevibaea. 98, Eoacemyia. 
99, Charitella. 100, Cevacia. 101, Eophyllophila. 102, Phytomyptera. 103, Exorista. 
104, Phorocerosoma. 105, Hapalioloemus. 106, Diatraeophaga. 107, Prosopodopsis 
: (drawn from appendiculata with setulose veins as shown). 


334 R. W. CROSSKEY 


no 


109 

108 
WW 
112 
AD 
3 
‘o =, 

114 5 116 17 RWC 8 


‘Fics 108-118. Abdominal shape in some Oriental Tachinidae (vestiture omitted). 108, 
Doleschalla tenuis 3. 109, Phyllomya gibsonomyioides sp. n. 9. 110, Anthomyiopsis 
nigva gd. 111, Pseudobrullaea abervans 9. 112, Uvoeuantha ? longipes 3. 113, Calyptro- 
myta barbata 2. 114, Doleschalla tenuis 9. 115, Doleschalla elongata §. 116, Doddiana 
mellea?. 117, Uvodexia uwramyoides 3. 118, Uvodexia penicillum g. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 335 


AABAE 
pee 


ng 
124 
128 
132 


Fics 119-135. Abdominal and postabdominal shape in some Oriental Cylindromyiini 
(vestiture omitted). 119-123, abdominal shape in dorsal view in (119) Cylindromyza, 
(120) Formicophania, (121) Catapaviprosopa, (122) Gerocyptera, and (123) Hermya. 
124-128, left lateral view of apex of f abdomen (with lobe of fifth sternite shown in solid 
black) in some species of Lophosia: (124) L. excisa, (125) L. imbuta, (126) L. atra, (127) 
L. pulchra, (128) L. bicjncta. 129-135, left lateral view of apex of © abdomen in some 
species of Lophosia: (129) L. fasciata [European species], (130) L. angusticauda, (131) 
L. bicincta, (132) L. aenescens, (133) L. excisa, (134) L. imbuta, (135) L. ocypterina. 


133 134 135 RWC 


336 


Re We CROSSGEN 


prosternum 


edge of fore coxa 


148 149 150 RWC 


Fics 136-150. Characters of some Tachinidae cited in the keys. 136, a typical setulose 


prosternum. 137, showing precoxal row of hairs on sternopleuron in genus Actia. 
138, prostigmatic setae in genus Pevibaea. 139, second antennal segment in some Lin- 
naemya species showing wart-like excrescence. 140 & 141, anterior surface of fore coxa 
in (140) a form with complete hairing and in (141) a form with the inner anterior surface 
bare (drawn from Formosia s. str. and Rutilia respectively). 142, left lateral view of 
abdomen in 9 Compsilura, vestiture omitted except for spines of ventral keel. 143, left 
lateral view of abdomen in 9 Medinodexia, vestiture omitted except for ventral pegs. 
144, apex of hind coxa in 9 Medinodexia. 145, haired suprasquamal ridge of Rutilia 
(subgenus Chrysorutilia). 146, fore tarsus of 9 Melanasomyia abervans. 147, showing 
enormous lower calypter of Compsoptesis in relation to scutellum (shown in outline). 
148-150, types of hair-fascicle occurring on each side of venter of abdominal T4 in g 
Palexorista. 


TACHINIDAE OF ORIENTAL REGION 337 


APPENDIX 


The additional information given below came to my attention while this work was 
at the page-proof stage. It is listed in order of the relevant pages in the foregoing text. 


p. 62. Dr William Cade has shown that the American ormiine fly Euphasiopteryx 
ochracea (Bigot) orientates acoustically to its gryllid hosts, responding to tape- 
recordings of the host’s song and larvipositing on dead crickets mounted on the 
speaker. His finding reinforces the suggestion made on p. 62 of this work that the 
enormously inflated prosternum of Ormiini might be some kind of acoustic mech- 
anism. Reference: Cade, W., 1975, Acoustically orienting parasitoids: fly phonotaxis 
to cricket song, Science N.Y. 190: 1312-1313. 

p. 211. Actia eucosmae Bezzi, 1926, must be added to the list of Oriental species 
of Actia. Although originally described from Australia this species was recorded by 
Malloch (1930c : 130) from Los Banos in the Philippines on the basis of specimens 
from this locality in the USNM collection. I overlooked this record when preparing 
the catalogue, but have no doubt that it is valid even though I have not seen the 
material. Reference to original description: Bezzi, M., 1926, A new tachinid (Dipt.) 
from Australia, with notes on the forms with obliterated fourth vein, Ann. Mag. nat. 
Hist. (9) 17 : 236-241. Holotype 2, AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Milton Farm (publ. as 
‘Brisbane’) (BMNH, London) [examined]. 

p. 214. After the Siphonini part of the catalogue was prepared an Opinion of the 
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature was published designating 
geniculata (De Geer) as the type-species of Siphona and setting aside previous modes 
of type-fixation for this genus. The type-species of Siphona should be cited not as 
fixed by monotypy but by designation of ICZN under Opinion No. 1008 (see Bul. 
zool. Nom. 30 : 157, 1974). 

p- 228. Add Queensland to distribution data of Argyrophylax nigrotibialis Baranov. 

p. 238. The nominal type-species of the genus Palexorista Townsend is succini 
Giebel, and this name was treated in an earlier work (Crosskey, 1966c) as synony- 
mous with solennis. This synonymy was justified at the time, as it was then believed 
that the copal in which the holotype of swccini is embedded had an Oriental pro- 
venance. Since then, however, spectroscopic analysis has established that the copal 
block containing the specimen almost certainly originated from a tree of the legumin- 
ous genus Tvachylobiwm native in East Africa (Prof. Dr W. Hennig, pers. comm.). 
In view of this information succini is no longer considered to be a synonym of the 
Oriental solennis but is considered to be an East African species; its exact identity 
remains uncertain, however, because the holotype is female and inaccessible in its 
copal block and the difficult taxonomy of female African Palexorista species makes 
it impossible to place. As succini dates from Giebel (1862) it is an old name by African 
standards and will probably remain valid when the species can be recognized. 

p. 282. The African tachinid Sturmiopsis parasitica (Curran) has recently been 
introduced into India for laboratory experimentation against Oriental graminaceous 
stem-borers, but has apparently not yet been released in the field. Reference: 
Nagarkatti, S. & Rao, V. P., 1975, Biology of and rearing technique for Sturmiopsis 


338 R. W. CROSSKEY 


parasitica (Curr.) (Diptera, Tachinidae), a parasite of graminaceous borers in Africa, 
Bull. ent. Res. 65 : 165-170. 

p. 285. Embioptera must be added to the list of insect orders from which tachinid 
parasites are now known in the Oriental Region. Dr Paul Arnaud (pers. comm.) 
informs me that the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, 
contains many specimens of Tachinidae reared from Embioptera by Dr Edward S. 
Ross in India, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan and Thailand. This material has not yet been 
studied and the identities of the tachinids are unknown. 

p. 307. The carceliine species Argyrophylax proclinata Crosskey has been seen from 
Queensland and should be added on p. 146 of my catalogue of Australian Tachinidae 
(Crosskey, 19730). The entry will read as follows: proclinata Crosskey, 1963a : 3. 
Holotype 3, NEw Britain: Rabaul (BMNH, London) [examined].—QLp; NEw 
GUINEA, NEw BRITAIN. 


INDEX TO FAMILY-GROUP NAMES 


The following index is to names of Tachinidae only, host names being excluded 
The main entries for each family-group taxon are indicated by bold type, the. 
first bold number(s) referring to the treatment in the keys (Part I) and the second 


bold number referring to the catalogue entry (Part II). 


Acemyidae, 210. 

Acemyini, 15, 16, 74, 75, 107, 108, 110-111, 
163, 210, 285, 286, 307, 331 

Actiini, 112, 163 

Amphibohidae, 43 

Anacamptomyiini, 16, 109, 123, 126-127, 
135, 164, 233, 285 

Aplomyiariae, 144 

Aulacephalini, 59 


Baumhaueriina, 134, 135 

Blondelidae, 215 

Blondeliini, 11, 15, 16, 86, 87, 108, 113-117, 
135, 163, 215, 219, 284, 285, 286, 331 


Campogastrina, 38 

Campylochetini, 11, 53, 54, 65, 161, 187, 287 

Carceliiae, 227 

Carceliini, 107, 109, 119, 122-126, 135, 145, 
164, 227, 233, 284, 287 

Chrysocosmiina, 95 

Clausicellina, 91 

Clausicellini, 91 

Cylindromyiini, 6, 17, 18, 22-33, 36, 37, 55, 
75, 80, 160, 169, 284, 288, 335 


Dexiinae, 9, II, 12, 14, 15, 37, 43-53, 78, 
160, 177, 283, 284 

Dexiini, 44-50, 70, 160, 177, 284, 291 

Dexiomimopsina, 91 

Dexiosomatini, 77 

Dexiosomina, 77, 193 

Digonochaetina, 81 

Doleschallidae, 183 

Doleschallina, 51 

Doleschallini, 44, 46, 50-53, 74, 161, 183, 
284, 288 

Dufouridae, 43, 175 

Dufouriinae, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 36, 37-43, 
160, 175 

Dufouriini, 13, 15, 16, 36, 37, 38-41, 160, 175, 
288 


Echinomyiinae, 78, 80 

Eloceriini, 56, 84-85, 162, 194, 283 

Eriothrixini, 91 

Ernestiini, 10, 12, 53, 56, 95-97, 163, 202, 283 

Eryciini, 107, 108, 110, 122, 127, 134-152, 
165, 245, 253, 288 

Erycinae, 245 

Erythrocerina, 107, 134, 135, 137, 141 


INDEX TO FAMILY-GROUP NAMES 339 


Ethillini, 16, 108, 119-121, 164, 225, 226, 
285, 289 

Ethyllina, 225 

Eutherini, 10, 12, 17, 34-35, 160, 174, 284, 
289, 305 

Exoristidae, 220 

Exoristini, 109, 117-119, 164, 220, 225, 254, 
284, 289 


Freraeina, 38 


Germariini, 136 

Germariochaetina, 80, 194 

Germariochaetini, 14, 54, 80-84, 162, 194, 
283 

Glaurocarini, 16, 56, 64-65, 161, 186, 285, 
290 

Gonidae, 210, 244 

Goniinae, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 106-152, 153, 
163, 210, 254, 283 

Goniini, 107, 108, 109, 122, 127, 128, 132-134, 
165, 244, 245, 290 

Gymnochaetina, 95 

Gymnosomatina, 17, 18 

Gynandromyiini, 119 


Helocerina, 194 
Helocerini, 84, 162 
Hermyina, 22 
Hyperecteinini, 136 
Hypotachinini, 89 


Imitomyiini, 10, 12, 37, 38, 41-43, 160, 176, 
283 


Leskiina, 91 

Leskiini, 40, 55, 86, 87, 91-93, 94, 162, 198, 
290 

Leucostomatini, 15, 17, 18, 33-34, 36, 97, 
160, 174, 283 

Leucostomini, 174 

Linnaemyini, 53, 56, 97, 98-102, 163, 203, 
290 

Lophosiina, 22 


Macquartidae, 195 

Macquartiina, 85 

Macquartiinae, 53, 161 

Macquartiini, 56, 85, 87, 162, 195, 283 
Masicerina, 107, 134, 145 

Metoposisyropsini, 136 

Microphthalmina, 193 

Microphthalmini, 15, 55, 77-80, 162, 193 
Minthoidae, 195 


Minthoini, 13, 55, 57, 71, 72, 81, 85-89, 113, 
162, 195, 283 
Myiotrixini, 305 


Naereina, 210 

Neaerini, 15, 108, 111-112, 163, 210, 290 
Nemoraeini, 55, 89-91, 162, 197, 290 
Nemoreidae, 197 

Neominthoina, 91 


Ormiinae, 185 

Ormiini, 12, 16, 54, 59, 62-64, 161, 185, 283, 
285 

Oxyphyllomyiini, 11, 54, 94-95, 162, 201, 283 

Oxyphyllomyina, 94, 201 


Palpostomatini, 10, 13, 14, 16, 55, 57-61, 
161, 184, 284, 290, 305, 307 

Parerigonina, 203 

Parerigonini, 55, 97-98, 99, 163, 203, 283 

Phasianae, 166 

Phasiinae, 9, 10, II, 12, 14, 15, 16-37, 38, 75, 
80, 97, 153, 166, 175, 283, 284 

Phasiini, 14, 17, 18-22, 36, 87, 160, 166, 168, 
284, 291, 307 

Phebelliariae, 139 

Phryxariae, 144 

Phyllomyina, 69, 70, 94, 189 

Phyllomyini, 53, 56, 57, 69-74, 85, 161, 189, 
283 

Platymyiariae, 144 

Proseninae, 9, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 37, 38, 
43-53, 74, 78, 160, 177, 283, 284 

Prosenini, 6, 41, 44-50, 70, 160, 177, 181, 
284, 291, 331 

Ptilopsinina, 40 


Rutiliidae, 43, 182 
Rutiliini, 44, 46, 50, 161, 182, 283, 284 


Salmaciina, 132 

Siphonae, 211 

Siphonini, 107, 108, 111, 112-113, 163, 211, 
AXON Sys 

Sturmidae, 234 

Sturmiina, 127, 137 

Sturmiini, II, 15, 16, 47, 107, 109, 121, 126, 
127-132, 134, 135, 164, 234, 254, 284, 291 


Tachinariae, 166, 183, 205 

Tachininae, 10, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 38, 43, 
53-106, 107, I10, III, 112, 113, 161, 183, 
209, 283 


340 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Tachinini, 6, 53, 54, 102-106, 150, 163, 205, Voriini, 12, 53, 55, 65-68, 69, 103, 161, 187, 
293, 395 294 
Thelairini, 51, 55, 57, 74-77, 86, 161, 190, 293 
Thelareini, 190 Wagneriina, 68, 189 
Trichopodini, 17, 18, 166 Wagneriini, 19, 53, 55, 68-69, 161, 189, 283 
Trypherina, 107, 134, 137 Winthemiiae, 226 
Winthemiini, ro9, 119, 121-122, 135, 164, 
226, 294 
Voriinae, 53 Zambesina, 75 


INDEX TO GENUS-GROUP NAMES 


The following index is to names of Tachinidae only, host names being excluded. 
The main entries for each valid genus-group taxon are indicated by bold type, 
the first bold numbers referring to the genus (or subgenus) in the keys (Part I) 
and the second bold number referring to the catalogue entry (Part II). Numbers 
in italics indicate the pages on which figyres appear. 


Acemya, 110, 163, 210 Aplomyia, 246 

Acemyia, 210 Aplomyiella, 246 

Actia, 113, 163, 211, 336 Aporomyia, 256, 257 

Actinochaetopteryx, 56, 74, 77, 161, 190, Argyrophylax, 106, 123, 124, 125, 164, 227, 
332 233, 259, 329 

Acuphocera, 205 Argyrothelaira, 123, 124, 125, 164, 228 

Admontia, 218 Arrhinodexia, 219, 258 

Afrophasia, 38 Asbellopsis, 46, 178, 258 

Afroplagia, 188 Asboleola, 201 

Afrovoria, 65, 66, 188, 258 Asiocarcelia, 228 

Akosempomyla, 167 Atractocerops, 140, 141, 142, 149, 165, 247, 

Allothelaira, 74, 77, 161, 190 258 

Alophora s.1., 19, 21, 160, 166 Atractodexia, 86 

Alophora s. str., 20, 21, 166, 332 Atricholyga, 246 

Alophorophasia, 18, 20, 160, 167, 332 Atylostoma, 93, 162, 199 

Anacamptomyia, 127 Aulacephala, 59, 62, 63, 64, 161, 185, 332 

Anaeogmena, 246 Aulacocephala, 185 

Anaeudora, 206 Australotachina, 97 

Anaperistommyla, 191 Austrophasiopsis, 11, 85, 87, 88, 162, 195 

Anavoria, 65, 66, 188 Austrophorocera, 119, 164, 220 

Androcyptera, 169 

Aneogmena, 134, 136, 137, 138, 141, 165, 246, Bactromyia, 140, 142, 150, 151, 165, 247 
259 Bactromyiella, 108, 109, 135, 141, 147, 165, 

Anthomyiopsis, 40, 41, 160, 175 247 

Anurophyllina, 218 Barydexia, 46, 178, 258 

Apalpostoma, 60, 61 Bathytheresia, 47 

Aphantorhaphopsis, 212, 258 Bellina, 25, 26, 160, 169 

Aphria, 93, 162, 198 Bessa, 4, 119, 164, 220 

Aphrimyobia, 199 Besserioides, 19, 20, 21, 160, 167, 291, 327 

Apilia, 234 Bigonichieta, 81 

Aplomya, 119, 130, 134, 136, 144, 145, 147, Billaea, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 160, 177, 259, 327 


165, 246 Biomeigenia, 114, 117, 163, 215 


INDEX TO GENUS-GROUP NAMES 341 


Biomyopsis, 222, 258 

Blepharella, 11, 15, 128, 129, 164, 234 
Blepharipa, 128, 132, 164, 235 
Blepharipoda, 235 

Bogosia, 17, 19 

Bogosiella, 19 

Boromyia, 141, 250, 258 

Botriopsis, 143, 147, 165, 248 
Brachymeropsis, 199 

Bucentes, 214 

Buquetia, 136, 138, 139, 144, 146, 165, 248 


Cadurcia, 128, 130, 164, 236 

Calirrhoe, 181 

Calodexia, 255 

Calotheresia, 46, 178, 258 

Calotheresiopsis, 178, 258 

Calozenillia, 129, 164, 236, 259 

Calypteromyia, 174 

Calyptromyia, 15, 34, 160, 174 

Campylocheta, 65 

Carcelia s.l., 106, 109, 122, 123, 124, 125, 152, 
164, 228, 329 

Carcelia s. str., 126, 227, 331 

Carceliella, 126, 229 

Carcelina, 126, 230, 265 

Carceliopsis, 228 

Catacarcelia, 124, 126, 230 

Catapariprosopa, 22, 23, 25, 26, 37, 160, 169, 
258, 335 

Ceracia, 110, 111, 163, 210, 337, 333 

Ceromya, 113, 163, 212, 258 

Cestonia, 136, 139, 144, 147, 165, 248 

Chaetexorista, 118, 164, 220 282 

Chaetocyptera, 169 

Chaetolydella, 197 

Chaetomyiobia, 199 

Chaetoplagia, 103 

Chaetoptilia, 39, 176 

Chaetoptiliopsis, 39, 176, 258 

Chaetoria, 118, 164, 221 

Chaetoweberia, 25, 169, 258 

Charitella, 110, 163, 210, 333 

Chetogena, 118, 119, 164, 221 

Chetoptilia, 38, 39, 41, 160, 176, 258, 327 

Chlorogastropsis, 138, 139 

Chrysocosmiomima, 203 

Chrysocosmius, 202 

Chrysomikia, 105, 163, 205 

Chrysopygia, 235 

Chrysorutilia, 13, 50, 182, 336 

Chrysosoma, 202 

Chrysosomopsis, 10, 12, 13, 95, 96, 163, 202, 
258 


Cinochira, 36 

Clausicella, 91, 92, 162, 199 

Compsilura, 114, 117, 163, 215, 336 

Compsiluroides, 115, 117, 215 

Compsoptesis, 17, 18, 21, 160, 167, 332, 336 

Cordyligaster, 51, 257 

Cossidophaga, 144, 146, 152, 165, 248, 329 

Crocuta, 214 

Crossocosmia, 235 

Crossotocnema, 226 

Cryptospylosia, 217, 258 

Ctenophorocera, 238 

Cuphocera, 103, 104, 105, 163, 205, 305 

Curtocera, 25, 172, 258 

Cylindromyia, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 160, 
169, 258, 332, 335 

Cylindromyiella, 11, 35-37, 160, 175 

Cyphocera, 205 


Degeeria, 216 

Degeeriopsis, 114, 115, 117, 163, 215 

Demoticoides, 55, 91, 92, 162, 199 

Dexia, 6, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 70, 160, 
177, 190, 258, 259 

Dexilla, 45, 46, 177 

Dexillina, 46, 178 

Dexillosa, 46, 178 

Dexiomima, 90, 197 

Dexiomimops, 91, 92, 162, 199 

Dexiosoma, 77, 78, 79, 162, 193, 258 

Dexiotrix, 12, 44, 48, 160, 179 

Diatraeophaga, 135, 136, 137, 139, 147, 151, 
165, 248, 329, 333 

Dicephalomyia, 231 

Diglossocera, 140, 141, 142, 149, 165, 248, 
329 

Dinera, 47, 50, 160, 180 

Diplopota, 41, 42 

Doddiana 64, 65, 161, 186 

Doleschalla, 11, 14, 16, 51-52, 74, 161, 183, 
258, 284, 327 

Doleschallopsis, 51, 52, 183, 258 

Dolichocolon, 134, 141, 143, 149, 165, 248 

Dolichocoxys, 85, 87, 88, 113, 162,195 

Dolichodexia, 14, 44, 49, 160, 180 

Dolichopodomintho, 87, 88, 162, 196 

Doryphorophaga, 257, 258 

Drino, 131, 165, 237, 254 

Dufouria, 40, 43 

Duvaucelia, 25, 172, 258 

Dyshypostena, 86 


Ecatocyptera, 169 
Echinemoraea, 89, 90, 197, 258 


342 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Echinomya, 209 

Echinomye, 209 

Ectophasia, 17, 19, 20, 21, 160, 167, 259 

Eloceria, 56, 84, 85, 162, 194 

Elodia, 136, 140, 141, 142, 150, 165, 249 

Elodimyia, 137, 138, 141, 146, 165, 249 

Elpe, 65, 161, 187, 258, 329 

Eoacemyia, 110, 163, 210, 333 

Eocarcelia, 124, 231 

Eocarceliopsis, 124, 231 

Eocyptera, 169, 258 

Eocypterula, 25, 172, 258 

Eodexiosoma, 193, 258 

Eodolichocolon, 248 

Eogymnophthalma, 213 

Eomintho, 86, 196 

Eomyocera, 46, 177, 258 

Eomyoceropsis, 46, 178, 258 

Eoparachaeta, 235 

Eophyllophila, 86, 113, 115, 116, 117, 163, 
215, 333 

Eoptilodexia, 46, 177, 258 

Eozenillia, 106, 119, 164, 221, 282 

Epixorista, 237 

Epseudocyptera, 25, 26, 172, 258 

Eristaliomyia, 103, 106, 163, 205 

Erycia, 254 

Erythrocera, 136, 140, 141, 142, 150, 165, 
249 

Ethilla, 119 

Eucarcelia, 124, 231 

Eucomus, 95, 202, 252 

Eucordyligaster, 51 

Eufischeria, 230 

Eugymnochaetopsis, 204 

Euhapalivora, 158, 159, 252 

Euhygia, 128, 129, 130, 165, 237 

Euhyperecteina, 218 

Euhypochaetopsis, 187, 258 

Eupalpocyptera, 25, 172, 258 

Euproctimyia, 250 

Euryclaea, 230 

Euryclea, 126, 230 

Eurysthaea, 140, 142, 149, 150, 165, 249 

Eustacomyia, 60, 61 

Eutachina, 222 

Euthelairosoma, 116, 117, 217 

Euthera, 34, 35, 157, 160, 175, 284, 327, 332 

Eutheropsis, 34, 175 

Eutorocca, 192 

Eutrixopsis, 14, 57, 59, 60, 61, 161, 184 

Euvespivora, 126, 127, 164, 234 

Everestiomyia, 95, 96 

Exogaster, 169 


S) 


Exorista, 106, 118, 119, 164, 222) 258, 333 


Feriola, 91, 92, 162, 200, 328 
Formicophania, 22, 23, 24, 27, 160, 170, 335 
Formosia s.1., 50, 161, 182 

Formosia s. str., 182, 331, 336 
Formosodoria, 243 

Formosolophosia, 25, 172, 258 

Formotilia, 182 

Freraea, 38 

Frivaldskia, 65 

Froggattimyia, 114 

Frontina, 134, 136, 143, 149, 165, 250, 257 
Frontiniellopsis, 141, 247, 258 


Gaediogonia, 244 

Germariochaeta, 80, 82, 83, 162, 194, 328 

Gerocyptera, 24, 26, 160, 171, 259, 335 

Gibsonomyia, 56, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 85, 161, 
189 

Glaurocara, 64, 65, 161, 187, 285, 328, 331 

Glossosalia, 220 

Gonia, 131, 132, 256 

Goniophana, 243 

Goniophthalmus, 132, 133, 165, 244 

Gymnomedoria, 218 

Gymnocarcelia, 255 

Gymnochaeta, 95, 202 

Gymnocheta, 56, 95, 96, 163, 202 

Gymnodexia, 177 

Gymnosoma, 17, 19, 20, 160, 168, 175, 327, 
332 

Gymnostylia, 116, 117 

Gymosoma, 168 

Gynandromyia, 119, 120, 121 


Habrota, 182 

Halidaya, 191 

Halidayopsis, 74, 191, 258 

Halydaia, 74, 76, 161, 190, 329 

Hamaxia, 13, 57, 58, 60, 184, 258 

Hamaxiella, 61, 161, 184 

Hamaxiomima, 58 

Hammaxia, 184 

Hapalioloemus, 140, 141, 142, 149, 165, 
250, 258, 333 

Helocera, 84, 194 

Hemidegeeria, 116, 117, 217 

Hemilinnaemyia, 204 

Hepalioloemus, 250 

Herbstia, 213 

Hermya, 15, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27,.mog} 171, 
259, 327, 335 

Hermyia, 171 

Hillomyia, 118 


\v 


INDEX TO GENUS-GROUP NAMES 343 


Himantostomopsis, 42, 43 
Homotrixa, 62, 64, 161, 185 
Hyalomya, 20, 22, 166, 327, 331, 332 
Hyalomyia, 166 

Hyalurgus, 95, 96, 97, 163, 202 
Hygia, 220 

Hygiella, 114, 116, 117, 164, 216 
Hyleorus, 10, 12, 13, 68, 161, 188, 332 
Hypersara, 123, 125, 164, 232, 233 
Hypochaeta, 65, 187 

Hypostena, 70 

Hypotachina, 89, 90 

Hystricovoria, 65, 66, 68, 161, 188, 258 


lanthinomyia, 203 

Idania, 182 

Imitomyia, 38, 41, 42, 43 

Indosturmia, 235 

Isocarceliopsis, 230 

Isochaetina, 129, 165, 237 

Isosturmia, 109, 128, 130, 165, 237, 259 
Istoglossa, 91, 92, 162, 200, 259 


Janthinomyia, 55, 95, 96, 105, 163, 203, 329 
Jurinia, 256 


Kambaitimyia, 9, 14, 40, 41, 160, 176 
Kinabaluia, 90, 197, 258 
Koralliomyia, 126, 127, 164, 234, 286 
Kosempomyla, 167 

Kosempomyiella, 195 

Kurintjimyia, 207, 258 


Larvaevora, 209 

Leoisia, 246 

Leiosiopsis, 237 

Leskia, 91, 93, 162, 200 

Leskiola, 93, 162, 200 

Leucostoma, 33, 34 

Leverella, 97, 98 

Linnaemya, 98, 99, 100, 163, 203, 259, 336 

Linnaemyia, 204 

Linnemyia, 204 

Lophosia, 6, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 160, 172, 
258, 259, 327, 335 

Lophosiocyptera, 25, 172, 258 

Lophosiodes, 25, 172, 258 

Lophosiopsis, 25, 172, 258 

Lophosiosoma, 80, 81, 82, 83, 162, 194 

Lydellina, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 165, 250 

Lypha, 257 


Macquartia, 70, 85, 162, 195 
Macreuthera, 34, 175 


Macrolophosia, 25, 172, 259 

Macropia, 191 

Macropodexia, 48 

Macrosophia, 51, 52, 183, 259 

Macrozenillia, 238 

Makilingimyia, 25, 171, 259 

Malaiocrocuta, 200, 259 

Malaisimyia, 201 

Malayia, 163, 209 

Malayocyptera, 169, 259 

Malayodinera, 180, 259 

Malayodoria, 227, 259 

Malayomedina, 217, 259 

Masicerella, 158, 159, 252 

Medina, 115, 117, 164, 216 

Medinacemyia, 191 

Medinodexia, 114, 115, 117, 164, 216, 336 

Medinomyia, 115, 117, 164, 216 

Megistodexia, 86 

Megistogaster, 257 

Megistogastropsis, 86, 87, 89, 162, 195, 328 

Meigenia, 114, 117, 164, 216 

Melanasomyia, 13, 86, 87, 88, 162, 196, 259. 
328 

Mesembriomintho, 86 

Metacemyia, 110, 111 

Metagonistylum, 136 

Metopomintho, 57, 70, 72, 162, 189 

Metoposisyrops, 135, 136, 137, 152, 165, 250 

Microcarcelia, 22 

Microerigone, 202 

Microphthalma, 78, 79, 162, 193, 328, 332 

Microphytomptera, 211, 259 

Mikia, 105, 163, 206 

Minthocyptera, 201, 259 

Minthodes, 87 

Minthoxia, 85 

Mollia, 216 

Molliopsis, 216 

Mycteromyia, 22 

Mycteromyiella, 109, 121, 164, 225 

Myiocera 180 

Myiocerops, 180 

Myiostoma, 180 

Mylotrixa, 305 

Myobiomima, 92, 162, 200, 328 

Myocera, 180 

Myocerops, 180 

Myostoma, 47, 48, 49, 160, 180 

Myothyria, 210 

Myxocarcelia, 229 


Nealsomyia, 138, 139, 144, 145, 148, 165, 
250 


344 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Nemoraea, 89, 90, 91, 162, 197, 258, 259, 329 
Nemorilla, 122, 164, 226 
Nemosturmia, 226 
Neoduvaucelia, 25, 172, 259 
Neomedina, 137 

Neomintho, 110, 257 
Neophryxe, 119 

Neoplectops, 108, 111, 163, 211 
Neuroplagia, 188 
Nothypostena, 196, 259 
Nowickia, 106, 163, 206 


Ochromeigenia, 184, 259 
Ochrophasia, 167, 259 
Ochropleurum, 192 
Ocyptera, 169 
Ocypteromima, 91. 93, 162, 201, 259 
Ocypteropsis, 169 
Ocypterula, 169 
Oestrocara, 187 
Oestrocharis, 187 
Omostoma, 226 
Opsocyptera, 169 
Opsophasiopsis, 184 
Orectocera, 171 
Orectocerina, 209 
Orientodoria, 251, 259 
Orilliopsis, 201 

Ormia, 63, 

Ormiominda, 62, 63, 186 
Oxydexiops, 113, 114, 219 
Oxyphyllomyia, 94, 162, 202, 328, 331, 332 
Oxyrutilia, 90, 197 


Pales, 127, 131, 165, 238 

Palexorista, 16, 106, 127, 128, 131, 165, 238, 
257, 259, 272, 285, 329, 336, 337 

Palpexorista, 257 

Palpina, 98, 99, 100, 203, 259 

Palpocyptera, 25, 172, 259 

Palpostoma, 13, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 161, 184, 
258, 259, 305, 328, 331 

Palpostomotrixa, 184 

Pandelleia, 38, 175 

Parachrysoma, 202 

Parachrysosoma, 202 

Paradionaea, 33 

Paradrino, 124, 129, 165, 240 

Paraexorista, 228 

Paralophosia, 25, 172, 259 

Parapales, 128, 131, 165, 241 

Paraphania, 171 

Paraptilops, 38, 39, 176, 259 

Paratheresia, 47 


Paratryphera, 121, 164, 225 

Parerigone, 97, 98, 99, 163, 203 

Parexorista, 228 

Parhamaxia, 60 

Paropesia, 55, 97, 98, 163, 203, 329 

Peleteria, 103, 257 

Pelmatomyia, 230 

Pentatomophaga, 17, 19, 21, 160, 168 

Penthosiosoma, 15, 22, 27, 160, 174 

Peribaea, 111, 113, 163, 213, 333, 336 

Perigymnosoma, 17, 18, 20, 160, 168, 327, 
332 

Perilophosia, 25, 172, 259 

Periscepsia, 19, 68, 69, 161, 189, 259 

Peristoglossa, 200 

Peteina, 68, 69, 161, 189 

Pexopsis, 128, 130, 165, 241 

Phasia, 19 

Phasiodexia, 46, 177, 259 

Phasioormia, 62, 64, 161, 185 

Phebellia, 136, 139, 140, 148, 165, 251, 254 

Philippodexia, 48, 50, 160, 180, 259 

Philippodoria, 239, 259 

Philippoformosia, 182 

Philippolophosia, 25, 172, 259 

Philotrichostylum, 47, 177, 259 

Phorcidella, 118, 119, 164, 224 

Phoricheta, 189 

Phorinia, 118, 164, 224 

Phoriniophylax, 227 

Phorocerosoma, 16, 108, 119, 120, 121, 164, 
225, 333 

Phorocerostoma, 139 

Phorostoma, 180 

Phrynactia, 221 

Phryxe, 134, 136, 144, 145, 148, 165, 251 

Phryxosturmia, 234 

Phyllomya, 45, 46, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 94, 
161, 189 

Phyllomyia, 70, 189 

Phytomyptera, 108, 111, 112, 163, 211, 259, 
333 

Phytorophaga, 115, 117, 164, 217, 259 

Plagia, 188 

Plagioderophagus, 40, 176 

Plagioprospherysa, 224 

Plagiprospherysa, 224 

Platerycia, 246 

Platymya, 144 

Plesiocyptera, 169 

Plesiooestrus, 62, 63, 186 

Podomyia, 234 

Podotachina, 157, 222 

Polygaster, 74 


INDEX TO GENUS-GROUP NAMES 345 


Polygastropteryx, 74, 75, 76, 161, 191 

Preuthera, 34, 175 

Proceromyia, 122 

Prodegeeria, 115, 117, 164, 217 

Proferia, 201 

Prohypotachina, 90, 197, 259 

Promedina, 217 

Promintho, 87, 89, 162, 196 

Proparathelaira, 193, 259 

Proparathelara, 193 

Prophorichaeta, 189, 259 

Proriedelia, 41, 42, 43, 160, 176 

Prosena, 43, 47, 48, 161, 181, 327 

Prosheliomyia, 74, 76, 162, 191, 258 

Prosophia, 192 

Prosopodopsis, 143, 144, 146, 150, 151, 165, 
251, 259, 333 

Prosopofrontina, 114, 117, 164, 217, 258, 259 

Prosturmia, 238 

Protonemoraea, 90, 197 

Proxystomima, 62, 63, 186 

Pseudactia, 212 

Pseudalsomyia, 144, 145, 149, 165, 251 

Pseudobrullaea, 18, 33, 34, 160, 174, 327 

Pseudocyptera, 25, 172, 259 

Pseudogonia, 106, 132, 133, 165, 244 

Pseudokea, 226 

Pseudopalpostoma, 57, 184 

Pseudoperichaeta, 128, 134, 145, 147, 159, 
165, 252, 254 

Pseudorectocera, 171 

Pseudoservillia, 207 

Ptilopsina, 175 

Ptychomyia, 220 

Pujolina, 128, 130, 165, 241 

Pygidia, 97 

Pygidimyia, 97, 98 

Pyrrhosiella, 201 


Raphis, 183 

Redtenbacheria, 34 

Rhaphis, 51, 52, 183 

Rhinaplomyia, 139, 140, 148, 165, 252 
Rhinomyioides, 252 

Rhinomyobia, 306 

Rhinomyodes, 134, 137, 138, 146, 166, 252 
Rhodogyne, 168 

Riedelia, 41, 42, 43, 160, 176, 327 
Rohdendorfiola, 206 

Rutilia, 13, 50, 161, 182, 336 


Scaphimyia, 136, 144, 151, 166, 253 
Schineria, 102, 104, 105 
Schistochilus, 248 


Schizactiana, 212 

Schizoceromyia, 212 

Scologaster, 203 

Scopolia, 189 

Scotiella, 222 

Semisuturia, 186 

Senexorista, 228 

Senometopia, 123, 124, 126, 231 

Senostoma, 46, 47, 48 

Sericotachina, 103, 105, 163, 207 

Servillia, 6, 103, 106, 163, 207 

Servillina, 207 

Servilliodes, 207 

Servilliopsis, 207 

Setasiphona, 211 

Sigelotroxis, 141, 247 

Simoma, 134, 137, 138, 146, 166, 253 

Siphona, 112, 163, 214, 329 

Sirostoma, 177 

Sisyropa, 106, 127, 131, 132, 165, 241 

Sisryopododexia, 74, 190 

Smidtiola, 122, 164, 226 

Solieria, 91. 93, 162, 201 

Spallanzania, 132, 133, 134, 165, 245 

Spixomyia, 222 

Spoggosia, 221 

Steiniomyia, 188 

Stenodexiopsis, 87, 196, 259 

Stenometopia, 231 

Stomatomyia, 118, 164, 224 

Strobliomyia, 213 

Sturmia, 131, 134, 165, 242 

Sturmiodoria, 237 

Sturmiopsis, 129, 165, 242 

Stylogynemyia, 25, 172, 259 

Stylurodoria, 241 

Succingulum, 218 

Suensonomyia, 142, 143, 144, 147, 166, 253 

Sumatrodexia, 46, 178, 259 

Sumatrodoria, 238 

Sumatrosturmia, 235 

Sumatrotachina, 206 

Sumpigaster, 86, 87, 89, 162, 196, 259, 306, 
328 

Synactia, 84 

Syneplaca, 86 

Synhypostena, 86 


Tachina, 103, 106, 163, 209, 222 
Tachinodexia, 86, 196 
Tachinoestrus, 59, 60 
Tachinophytopsis, 114 
Takanomyia, 129, 165, 242 
Talaractia, 213 


346 R. W. CROSSKEY 


Tamanukia, 206 Urodexiomima, 50, 161, 181 
Tamaromyla, 236, 259 Uroeuantha, 87, 116, 117, 164, 219 
Tetrapteromyia, 167 Uromedina, 113, 116, 117, 164, 219, 258 
Thecocarcelia, 123, 124, 125, 164, 233, 282, Urophyllina, 218, 259 

329 Uschizactia, 213 
Thelaira, 51, 74, 76, 162, 191, 306, 328 
Thelairodrino, 128, 130, 165, 242 Verreauxia, 235 
Thelairoleskia, 55, 93, 162, 201 Vespocyptera, I7I, 259 
Thelairosoma, 128, 254 Voria, 55, 65, 66, 68, 161, 188, 329 
Thelairoxenis, 254 Vorina, 221 
Thelycarcelia, 233 
Thelyconychia, 123, 125, 164, 233 Wagneria, 189 
Thelyconychiella, 227 Weberia, 25 
Theresiopsis, 47, 177, 259 Weingaertneriella, 130, 165, 243, 272 
Therobia, 59, 62, 63, 64, 161, 185 Wiedemanniomyia, 246 
Therobiopsis, 62, 63, 186 Winthemia, 121, 122, 164, 226, 306, 331 
Thrixion, 74, 75 Wulpitachina, 207 
Thrycolyga, 222 
Thryptodexia, 56, 74, 77, 162, 192 Xanthoerigone, 98, 99, 100, 204, 259 
Timavia, 122, 164, 226 Xanthooestrus, 59, 60, 61, 62, 161, 184, 328 
Toroca, 192 Xanthopteromyia, 56, 76, 162, 192, 259 
TOroecca, 51; 74Ay 75044, LOZ, us 3,192. 328, Xanthozona, 256 

335 Xenolophosia, 25, 172, 259 
Tothillia, 104, 105, 163, 209, 264, 333 Xenosturmia, 234 
Triarthria, 81 Xylotachina, 144, 146, 151, 166, 253 
Trichactia, 56, 84, 85, 162, 194, 328 Xystomima, 62, 63, 185 
Trichaeta, 194 
Trichoformosomylia, 91, 92, 162, 201 Zambesa, 15, 75, 77, 162, 193, 328, 331 
Trichopareia, 114, 115, 117, 164, 218 Zambesoides, 25, 172, 259 
Trichopoda, 17 Zambesopsis, 193 
Trigonospila, 115, 116, 117, 135, 164, 218 Zamimus, II, 59, 60, 61, 62, 161, 185 
Trischidocera, 11, 54, 163, 209, 329 Zenargomyia, 114 
Tritaxys, 128, 131, 165, 243 Zenillia, 144, 145, 148, 149, 166, 253 
Trixomorpha, 131, 165, 243 Zenilliana, 120, 121 
Trophomyia, 206 Zita, 97, 98 
Turanogonia, 132, 133, 165, 245 Zosteromyia, 218 
Tylodexia, 48, 49, 161, 181 Zosteromyiopsis, 218 

Zosteropsis, 246, 259 

Ugimyia, 235 Zygobothria, 130, 131, 165, 243, 282 
Urodexia, 113, 114, 115, 117, 219 Zygocarcelia, 237, 259 


INDEX TO SPECIES-GROUP NAMES 


The following index is to names of Tachinidae only, host names being excluded. 
Names of type-species cited in the catalogue (Part II) that are based on extra- 
Oriental types are omitted except when the species concerned occur in the Oriental 
fauna. Multiple uses of the same specific name are distinguished by adding the 
current genus in brackets. Adjectival specific names whose endings are liable to 
change with the generic gender are cited in one form only for each separate nominal 
species (even though some endings cited in the text might differ): for example, 


ee ee 


INDEX TO SPECIES-GROUP NAMES 347 


secundum is the spelling cited in the original binomen Thelaivosoma secundum where 
the lectotype is designated (p. 277) but the currently valid binomen is Aneogmena 
secunda (p. 246) and the species is therefore indexed as secunda. Numbers printed 
in bold type indicate entries in the ‘Parasite-host’ list (pp. 286-294) and numbers 
printed in italics indicate pages on which figures appear. 


abdominalis (Thelaira), 306 angustifrons (Chetoptilia), 38, 39, 41, 176 

abdominalis (Therobia), 63, 186, 279, 330 angustifrons (Elpe), 187, 287, 299 

abdominalis (Torocca), 192 angustifrons (Prosopofrontina), 218, 263 

aberrans (Carcelia), 230 angustifrons (Thelairoleskia), 201, 263 

aberrans (Ceromya), 212, 260 angustigena, 183 

aberrans (Melanasomyia), 13, 33, 86, 196, 263, annularis, 56, 70, 71, 73, 85, 189, 271 
336 annuliventris, 173, 260 

aberrans (Pseudobrullaea), 174, 334 anomala (Alsomyia), 145, 150, 253, 288, 300 

actifera, 190 anomala (Phorocerosoma), 225 

acuminata, 224 anorbitalis, 170 

adiscalis (Bactromyia), 247 antennalis (Everestiomyia), 95 

adiscalis (Elodia), 249 antennalis (Exorista), 222 

adusta, 250, 260 antennata, 167 

aegyptia, 214, 291 apicale (Palpostoma), 58 

aenescens, 30, 31, 172, 262, 335 apicalis (Mikia), 206, 259, 260, 263, 279 

agnatella, 251 apicalis (Servillia), 207 

alacris, 224 apicalis (Sisyropa), 242 

alata, 167 apicipunctata, 212, 291 

albescens, 234 : appendiculata, 136, 251, 289, 302, 333 

albiceps (Elpe), 187, 260, 262 apta, 227 

albidopilosa, 122, 227, 261 ardens, 207 

albifacies (Carcelia), 228 argentata, 305 

albifacies (Drino), 237 . argenticeps, 237 

albifacies (Hermya), 171 aristalis, 238 

albifacies (Therobia), 63 aristatum (Dexiosoma), 79, 193 

albifrons, 255 aristatum (Diatraeophaga), 248 

albipes, 187 armiventris, 171 

albipila, 180 asiatica (Leskiola), 200, 262 

albocincta, 235 asiatica (Tothillia), 103, 104, 105, 209, 264, 

albomicans, 171 265 

albosericea, 231, 261 atkinsoni (Billaea), 177, 261, 291, 295 

aldrichi (Atractocerops), 247, 261 atkinsoni (Cossidophaga), 248, 274, 282, 

aldrichi (Palpostoma), 58, 59, 61, 305 288, 296 

alta, 257 atra (Elodia), 249, 262, 280 

alticola (Servillia), 207 atra (Lophosia) (Malloch), 173, 260 

alticola (Siphona), 214 atra (Lophosia) (Townsend), 30, 173, 260, 

ambulatoria, 170, 260, 272 262, 335 

amicula, 102, 204 atra (Rhedia), 245, 279 

amplificans, 236, 260 atra (Servillia), 106, 208 

angulata, 207, 262 atrata (Uromedina), 219, 264 

anguliventris, 306 atratula, 210 

angustecarinata, 197, 260, 263 atratus (Hyalurgus), 202 

angusticarinata, 197 atripennis, 167, 262 

angusticauda, 32, 172, 262, 335 atripes (Carcelia), 230 

angustifrons (Carcelia), 232 atripes (Dexia), 178, 261 


angustifrons (Ceromya), 212, 261 atripes (Elpe), 187, 260 


348 R. W. CROSSKEY 


atriventris (Linnaemya), 99, I01, 204, 262 

atriventris (Timavia), 226, 264 

atropivora, 243, 293, 298, 303 

atrox, 182 

aurantiaca, 200 

aurata (Carcelia), 231 

auratus (Chrysosomopsis), 95 

aurea, 93 

aureifrons, 222 

aureocephala, 206, 259 

aureocincta, 247 

aurescens, 238 

auricaudata, 235 

aurifrons (Carcelia), 124, 231 

aurifrons (Ceracia), 110, 210, 285, 286, 303, 
306 

aurifrons (Nemoraea), 198, 260 

aurifrons (Phorinia), 224 

auronigra, 236 

aurora, 247 

australis, 306, 307 


bakeri (Botriopsis), 248 

bakeri (Carcelia), 231 

bakeri (Cylindromyiella), 36, 175 

bakeri (Eoacemyia), 210 

bakeri (Hystricovoria), 65, 66, 188, 259, 261, 
294, 300 

barbata, 174, 279, 334 

basalis, 224 

basifera, 178 

basifulva, 227, 268, 287, 302 

beelzebub, 171 

beelzebul, 171 

bella, 242 

bellina, 122 

bezziana (Leskia), 93, 200, 262, 290, 296 

bezziana (Stomatomyia), 224, 282, 290, 303 

bezzii, 233, 288 

bicincta (Lophosia), 30, 31, 173, 260, 262, 335 

bicincta (Pentatomophaga), 168, 291, 295 

bicincta (Prodegeeria), 217 

bicolor (Cylindromyia), 170, 264 

bicolor (Nemoraea), 197, 260 

bicolor (Prosopofrontina), 218, 263, 278 

bicolor (Riedelia), 41, 176 

bicolor (Thelairoleskia), 201 

bicolor (Therobia), 63 

bicoloripes (Polygastropteryx), 191, 261 

bicoloripes (Sumpigaster), 196, 263 

bicornis (Lophosiosoma), 81, 82, 83, 194, 33I 

bicornis (Phasioormia), 63, 185, 263, 330 

bifida, 248, 288, 297, 302 

bipartita, 197 


biseriata, 239, 263 

bisetosa (Exorista), 222, 269 
bisetosa (Palexorista), 239 

bivittata (Dexia) (Townsend, 1), 178, 262 
bivittata (Dexia) (Townsend, 2), 179, 260 
blattina, 182 

bomboides, 208 

bombycis, 223, 279, 289 

bombycum, 223 

bombylia, 208, 275 

bouvieri, 186, 260 

braueri, 243 

brevicorne, 168 

brevifacies, 185, 279 

brevinervis, 191, 330 

brevipalpis, 208 

brevipennis (Eristaliomyia), 205, 306 
brevirostris (Dexia), 178 

brevirostris (Prosena), 48 

brunnea, 2I1I 

brunnescens, 184 

buccalis, 241, 273 

buccata, 208 

buitenzorgiensis, 229, 287 
burmanica, 39, 41, 176, 261 

burtti, 35, 175, 260 


caldwelli, 49, 178 

calliphon, 140 

canescens, 216 

capensis, 67 

capitata (Ceromya), 212 

capitata (Gonia), 133, 256, 260 

capitata (Pexopsis), 241 

carbonaria, 189 

carbonata (Kambaitimyia), 176 

carbonata (Pales), 238 

carceliaeformis, 139, 140, 148, 254, 264 

carinata, 178 

castanea (Exorista), 222, 262 

castanea (Scaphimyia), 253 

caudata (Alophorophasia), 167 

caudata (Carcelia), 229, 287, 296 

caudata (Uromedina), 219 

caudatella, 229 

cephalopalpis, 222 

cephalotes, 212 

ceylanica (Carcelia) (Townsend, I), 230, 260, 
287 

ceylanica (Carcelia) (Townsend, 2), 231 

ceylanicus (Atractocerops), 247 

chaetopygialis, 217 

chaetopygidiale, 217 

chatterjeeana, 237, 292, 298 


INDEX TO SPECIES-GROUP NAMES 349 


chatterjeei, 243 

chinensis, 134, 245, 290, 299, 300 
chrysogaster, 247, 260 
chrysophora, 89 

ciliata (Voria), 188 

ciliata (Zygobothria), 243, 260, 293, 303 
cilipes, 236, 261 

cinctella, 249, 269 

cinctus, 202, 270 

Ccinerascens, 244, 290 

cinerella, 228, 287, 302 
Cinereofrons, 187, 260 
civiloides, 224, 290 

claripalpis (Paratheresia), 282 
claripalpis (Zambesa), 75, 193 
clavata, 80, 81, 82, 194 
communis, 215 

completa, 211 

composita, 63, 186, 260, 263 
compressa, 246 

compta, 204 

comta, 99, IOI, 204 
concinnata, 215, 260, 286, 297, 298, 299, 302 
conglomerata, 246, 261 
contracta, 228 

convergens, 242, 244, 293, 301 
cordylurina, 94, 202, 273 
corvinoides, 229, 287, 296, 298 
costalis, 32, 173, 262 

costatus, 183, 260 

crassipes, 167 

crassulata, 214 

cristata, 171 

cruciata, 237, 262 

cuprescens, 254, 279 
curvicauda, 169 

curvipalpis, 239, 292, 298, 303 
curvipes, 246, 261 

cyanea, 39 

cyanicolor, 203, 274 
cylindrica (Doleschalla), 183 
cylindrica (Lophosia), 173, 261 


dammermani, 231 
dasychirae, 254 

deaurata, 200 

decipiens, 234, 286, 296, 307 
decorata, 204 

deducens, 239 

deferens, 211 

degeerioides, 215, 260 
delecta, 84, 85 

delicatula (Bactromyia), 247 
delicatula (Carcelia), 230, 287, 298 


deludans, 206, 263, 267, 
desertorum, 168 

diatraeae, 282 

dilabida, 243, 260 

dilaticornis, 239, 279, 292, 297 
dimorpha, 237 

discreta (Argyrophylax), 228, 287, 301 
discreta (Palexorista), 240 
distincta (Aplomya), 246 
distincta (Carcelia), 231 
divergens, 178, 291, 295 
diversa, 227 

diversipes, 173, 261 
diversoides, 227 
dolichopiformis, 196, 266 
dolycoridis, 168, 291, 295 
dorsalis, 205 

dotata, 90, 198 

dubia, 212 

dubiosa (Allophora-Phasia), 168 
dubiosus (Goniophthalmus), 244 


echinata (Nemoraea), 90, 198 

echinata (Rhinaplomyia), 252 

edentata, 66, 67, 68, 188, 261, 280, 294 

elatus, 188 

elegans (Eophyllophila), 215 

elegans (Formicophania), 22, 170 

elegans (Phyllomya), 72, 74, 190, 273 

elegans (Tylodexia), 181 

elongata (Blepharella), 234 

elongata (Doleschalla), 51, 52, 183, 284, 288 
297, 334 

elzneri, 307 

emporomioides, 252 

emporomyioides, 252, 289, 301 

eos, 182 

epalpata, 26, 33, 173, 262 

episcopa, 238 

equatorialis (Eozenillia), 221, 289, 301 

equatorialis (Sumpigaster), 196 

erinaceus, 68 

eristaloides, 98, 203 

errans, 110, 210, 285, 286, 303 

erythropa, 29, 173, 262 

eucosmae, 337 

eumorphophaga, 219, 264, 286, 295 

europaea, 78, 79, 80, 194 

eutachinoides, 220 

evibrissata, 28, 169, 261, 284, 288, 295 

excavata, 276 

excisa (Carcelia), 124, 231, 260, 276, 277, 287 

excisa (Lophosia), 30, 173, 261, 335 

exigua, 244 


350° 


exquisita, 29, 173, 262 
extendens, 178 


facialis (Drino), 237, 292, 303 
facialis (Mikia), 206 

facialis (Prosena), 48, 181 
fallax, 224 

fasciata (Billaea), 177, 261, 278 
fasciata (Exorista), 222, 280 
fasciata (Lophosia), 24, 30, 335 
fasciata (Palexorista), 239, 263 
( 
( 


fasciata (Prosopodopsis), 251, 289 


fasciata (Sumpigaster), 306 
fasciata (Torocca), 192 
fastuosus, 60, 185, 278 

felderi (Janthinomyia), 203 
felderi (Lophosia), 29, 173, 262 
felis, IoI, 204 

femoralis, 195 

femorata, 233 

fenestrata, 198, 263 

fergusoni, I1o 

festiva, 178, 266 

ficorum, 177, 261 

ficta, 247, 259, 288, 302 
filipes (Eophyllophila), 215 
filipes (Stomatomyia), 225 
fischeri, 246 

flava, 64 

flavicornis, 187 

flavicoxa, 201 

flavida, 178, 260, 262 
flavipalpis (Melanasomyia), 196 
flavipalpis (Phorinia), 224 
flavipennis (Formosia), 182 
flavipennis (Prosena), 181, 
flavipennis (Sumpigaster), 196 
flavipes, 208 

flavisquama, 246, 288, 298 
flavipilosa, 208 

floralis, 226 

foliacea, 214 


formosa (Sisyropa), 241, 293, 299, 300 


formosana (Dexia), 178, 262 
formosana (Hermya), 171 
formosana (Medinodexia), 216 


formosensis (Austrophasiopsis), 195 


formosensis (Blepharipa), 235 
formosensis (Dexia), 179, 260 
formosensis (Linnaemya), 204 


formosensis (Servillia), 209 
formosensis (Sumpigaster), 197 
formosensis (Zambesa), 193 


( 
( 
( 
formosensis (Prosheliomyia), 191, 263 
( 
( 
( 


R. W. CROSSKEY 


formosina, 183 

formosus (Xanthooestrus), 60, 185, 330 

forte (Phorocerosoma), 120, 121, 225, 285 

fortis (Exorista), 222 

fransseni, 228, 287, 302 

fraseri, 178, 262 

fressa, 189, 263 

frontalis, 229 

fulva, 209 

fulvicauda, 211 

fulvifera, 178, 260, 280 

fulvipalpis, 193 

fulvipes, 181 

fulviventris, 216, 286 

fumipennis (Argyrophylax), 228, 260, 261, 
287, 303 

fumipennis (Medina), 216 

fumosum, 128 

funebris, 207, 268 

fuscicostalis, 178, 260, 279 

fuscifacies, 255 

fuscinervis, 209 

fuscipennis (Atylostoma), 199 

fuscipennis (Cordyligaster), 257 

fuscipennis (Cylindromyia), 28, 170 

fuscipennis (Exorista), 222 

fuscipennis (Hermya), 171 

fuscipennis (Janthinomyia), 203 

fuscipennis (Megistogaster), 257 

fuscisquama, 216 

fusiformis (Blepharipa), 235, 261 

fusiformis (Dexia), 179 


gastrulus, 250, 262 

gedeana, 214, 259, 280 

gemina, 226, 264 

geniculata, 337 

gentilis, 231, 287, 303 

ghanii (Exorista), 222 

ghanii (Sisyropa), 241, 293, 297 

ghanii (Tachinophytopsis), 114, 219 

ghanii (Thelaira), 192 

gibbiforceps, 208 

gibsonomyioides, 71, 72, 73, 74, 190, 264, 
330, 334 

gigas, 235, 280 

gilpiniae, 239, 263, 292, 296 

globulum. 168 

godfreyi, 21, 166 

gracilipes, 218 

gracilis (Charitella), 210 

gracilis (Thelairodrino), 242, 293, 300, 303 

grahami (Chrysomikia), 205 

grahami (Simoma), 253 


INDEX TO SPECIES-GROUP NAMES 


grandiforceps, 222 
grandigena, 206 


grandis (Austrophorocera), 220, 289, 298 
grandis (Nemoraea), 198, 290, 299 
grisellina, 144, 253, 261, 264, 280, 289, 301, 


302 
grossa, 231 
gymnops, 70, 72, 85, 189, 271 


haemorrhoa, 208 

halli, 244, 290, 300 
hamulata, 29, 173, 261, 262 
hebes, 245, 290, 299 

hedeni, 207, 269 

hedini, 207 

heinrichiana, 182 
hemimacquartioides, 230, 260 
hemydoides, 173 

heros, 257 

hervei, 63, 185 

heterusiae, 241, 260, 293, 303 
himalensis, 245, 270 


hirsuta (Austrophorocera), 220, 276 


hirsuta (Carcelia), 230 
hirticeps, 212 

hirtipleura, 28, 170 

horrens, 222 

humilis, 222 

hungarica, 42 

hutsoni, 242, 260, 293 
hyalinata, 213, 291, 297, 302 
hyalipennis (Compsilura), 215 
hyalipennis (Doddiana), 186 
hyalipennis (Exorista), 222 
hyperdiscalis, 68, 189 


javana, 205 

illota, 231, 287, 300 
imbrassus, 171 
imbrasus, 171 
mmibuta, 29, 31, 32, 173, 262, 335 
immersa, 239 

immsi, 203: 
imperator, 220 
impexa, 247, 285, 288 
incisuralis, 179, 262 
incivica, 256, 257, 260 
includens, 215 


incongruum, 184, 263, 282, 290, 295 


inconspicua, 239 

inconspicuella, 240 
inconspicuoides, 239 

indica (Acemya), 210 

indica (Alophora), 166, 291, 295 


indica (Blepharella), 235 


indica (Blepharipa), 236, 260, 265 


indica (Carcelia), 232 


indica (Jurinia), 256, 260 
indica (Lophosia), 173 


( 
( 
( 
indica (Hystricovoria), 66, 188, 261, 294 
( 
( 
indica (Nealsomyia), 251, 280, 288 
( 


indica (Phasia), 168, 279 
indica (Pseudoperichaeta), 158, 
280, 298, 302 


indica (Trixomopha), 243, 293, 302 


indica (Turanogonia), 245 
indicum (Gymnosoma), 168, 279 


indistincta, 158, 159, 252, 263, 280 


inferens, 242, 282, 300, 301 
infoederata, 90 

innocens, 225 

insularis, 213, 263 

integra, 218 

intermedia, 238 

inversa, 238 

iridipennis, 229, 287, 303 


jacobsoni (Blepharella), 235 
jacobsoni (Blepharipa), 235 
jacobsoni (Nemoraea), 197, 260 
( 


jacobsoni (Pseudogonia), 245, 290 


jacobsoni (Servillia), 208, 263 
japonica, 223, 289, 298, 299, 300 


351 


252, 


javana (Chaetexorista) (Brauer & Berg.), 


220, 289, 298 


javana (Chaetexorista) (Mesnil), 221 


javana (Cuphocera), 205 


javana (Eutrixopsis), 184, 290, 295, 330 


javana (Exorista), 223, 262 


javana ‘Gymnostylia), 116, 117, 219 


javana (Nemoraea), 198 
javana (Pales), 238 
javana (Prodegeeria), 217 
javana (Pseudogonia), 244 
javana (Servillia), 208 
javana (Thelaira), 192 
javana (Tritaxys), 243 
javana (Winthemia), 227 
javanensis, 181, 279 
javanica, 205, 279 
javanum (Atylostoma), 199, 259 
jocosa, 207, 269 


kalshoveni, 248 

karnyi, 63, 185, 280 

kashmiri, 235 

klapperichi (Aphria), 199, 259 
klapperichi (Chaetexorista), 221 


352 R. W. CROSSKEY 


klapperichi (Dolichocolon), 249 
klapperichi (Turanogonia), 134, 245 
kloofia, 192 

klossi, 167 

kockiana (Carcelia) (Townsend, 1), 232 
kockiana (Carcelia) (Townsend, 2), 230 


laboriosa, 212, 261 

ladelli, 223 

laetifica, 131, 239, 292, 303 

laevicula, 241, 293, 299 

laeviventris, 247, 288 

lalandii, 244 

lampros, 206, 280 

languida, 255, 260, 262 

larvarum, 223, 289, 299 

lasiocampae, 254, 280 

lateralis (Blepharella), 234, 291, 297, 298, 
299, 300 

lateralis (Linnaemya), 99, 102, 204 

lateralis (Winthemia), 306, 307 

lateromaculata, 208 

laterosetosa, 223 

latestriata, 240 

laticornis, 212, 261 

latifascia, 168, 263, 265 

latiforceps, 239 

latifrons, 218, 263 

latipalpis, 212 

latistylata (Carcelia), 231 

latistylata (Drino), 237 

laxa, 239, 292, 300 

leefmansi, 228, 260, 287 

lepida, 179 

lepidofera, 307 

lepis, 223 

leveriana, 249, 288, 297 

linearifrons, 124, 125, 233, 288, 297 

lineatum, 79, 193 

lithanthrax, 257 

longicornis (Feriola), 200 

longicornis (Paratryphera), 225, 289, 302 

longicornis (Thelairoleskia), 201 

longifacies, 247, 288, 297 

longimana (Carcelia), 231, 261 

longimana (Ceromya), 212 

longimana (Myobiomima), 200 

longipalpis, 99, 204, 260 

longipennis (Dexia), 179, 262 

longipennis (Dexiotrix), 179, 266 

longipes, (Dexia), 179, 262, 268 

longipes (Dexiomimops), 199 

longipes (Philippodexia), 180 

longipes (Uroeuantha), 219, 334 


longiseta, 243, 260, 264, 272 
longiuscula, 257 

longiventris, 208 

lophosioides, 29, 173, 260, 262 
lucagus, 239, 292, 296, 298, 299, 300 
lucens, 236, 260, 265, 292, 296, 302 
lucifera, 246, 273 

luciflua, 28, 170, 261 

ludio, 218 

lugens, 244 

luteicornis (Allothelaira), 190 
luteicornis (Halydaia), 191, 259, 293, 297, 330 
luteipennis (Austrophasiopsis), 195 
luteipennis (Trixomorpha), 243 
luteipes, 218, 263 

luzona, 182 

luzonensis (Atylostoma), 199, 259 
luzonensis (Dexia), 179, 262 
lycaena, 246 


machaeralis, 250, 288, 302 
macrophallus, 244, 293 

macropus, 192 

macularis, 195 

maculipennis (Ceromya), 212 
maculipennis (Therobia), 63 
maculiventris, 242 

maculosa, 226, 294, 302 

magna (Austrophorocera), 220, 289 
magnicornis, 213 

magnifica, 206 

magnum (Myostoma), 180 

majae, 105 

major (Dexia), 179, 262 

major (Philippodexia), 180 
majuscula, 217 

makilingensis (Doleschalla), 52, 183, 266 
makilingensis (Zambesa), 193, 278 
malaisei (Dolichopodomintho), 196 
malaisei (Elpe), 187, 262 

malaisei (Parerigone), 98, 203 
malaisei (Prosopofrontina), 218, 263 
malaisei (Siphona), 214 

malaya, 201, 263 

malayana (Billaea), 177 

malayana (Carcelia), 229, 287, 296 
malayana (Medina), 216 

malayana (Peribaea), 213, 263 
malayana (Prosena), 48, 181, 260 
malayana (Trichopareia), 218, 264 
mallochi, 227, 261 

mallochiana, 213, 259, 280, 291, 297 
mannii, 34, 35, 175, 260, 289, 295 
maxima, 220 


INDEX TO SPECIES-GROUP NAMES 353 


medinoides, 219 

melancholica (Carcelia), 124 
melancholica (Linnaemya), 99, 102, 204 
melancholica (Sisyropa), 241 
melanoptera, 25, 171, 262, 271 
melanopyga, 256, 260 
melanopygga, 256 

melanura, 169, 279 

mellea, 64, 186, 290, 301, 334 
mellina, 213, 261 

melobosis, 257, 260 

metallica, 119, 247, 285, 288, 298 
metopina, 232 

micans, 171 

mimetica, 211 

minense, 282 

minimus, 202 


minor, 172 
minuta (Phytomyptera), r11, 211, 263, 290, 
393 


minuta (Pseudogonia), 245 
misella, 189, 263 

modicella, 229 

molitor, 200, 262 

monochaeta, 144, 252, 280 
montana (Dexia), 179 

montana (Philippodexia), 180, 263 
monticola (Dexia), 179, 262 
monticola (Peribaea), 214, 291 
montshadskyi, 99, 100 

morgani, 216, 286, 295 

munda (Palexorista), 239, 292, 303 
munda (Torocca), 76, 192, 294, 302 
munita, 28, 170, 261 

munroi, 66, 188, 259 

murina, 238 

musca, 248, 288, 301 

muscoides, 232 

mysolana, 225 


nana, 214, 259 
nasuta, 252, 280 

neowinthemioides, 122, 227, 261 
nietneri, 191, 274 

nigra (Anthomyiopsis), 176, 288, 295, 334 
nigra (Paropesia), 203 

nigrapex, 230, 265 

nigribarbis, 228, 261, 287, 302 
nigricornis (Glaurocara), 187 

nigricornis (Musca), 255 

nigripalpis, 214, 259 

nigripennis, 209 

nigripes (Hygiella), 216 

nigripes (Thelaira), 192, 306 


nigritula, 214 

nigriventris (Actia), 211 
nigriventris (Aplomya), 247 
nigrocastanea, 208 

nigrohirta, 102, 204, 262 
nigrotibialis, 228, 287, 297, 337 
nigrovillosa, 207 

nitens, 183 

nitida (Imitomyia), 42 

nitida (Nowickia), 207, 261 
nitidapex, 126, 232 
nitidicauda, 225 

nitidifrons, 205 

nitidiventris, 187 

niveiceps, 243 

niveifacies, 228, 261 

nobilis, 214 

nova, 227 

nubifera, 77, 190 

nudibasis (Actinochaetopteryx), 190 
nudibasis (Neoplectops), 211 
nudinerva, 190 
nymphalidophaga, 146, 151, 254, 288, 301 


oblimata, 211 

obliteratum, 81, 82, 83, 84, 194, 264 
obscura, 31, 173, 262 

obtusa, 178, 260 

ocellaris, 238 

ochracea, 337 

octava, 230, 287, 302 

oculata (Sturmia), 254, 280 

oculata (Thecocarcelia), 233, 288, 297 
ocypterina, 30, 174, 262, 335 
ocypteroides, 75, 193 

oestroides, 132, 256, 260 

omega, 102, 204 

ophirica, 240, 292, 300 

optica, 191, 259 

optima, 170 

oralis, 99, 101, 204, 260, 262 

orbata, 213, 291, 299, 300 

orbitalis (Blepharipa), 235, 236 
orbitalis (Prosopodopsis), 251, 263, 289, 302 
orientale (Dolichocolon), 249 
orientalis (Billaea), 177 

orientalis (Blepharipa), 236, 260 
orientalis (Ceromya), 213, 261 
orientalis (Cylindromyia), 28, 170, 261 
orientalis (Dexia), 178 

orientalis (Elpe), 187, 262 

orientalis (Euvespivora), 234, 286, 296 
orientalis (Ocypteromima), 201 
orientalis (Palpexorista), 225 


354 R. W. CROSSKEY 


orientalis (Paradionaea), 33, 174 
orientalis (Peribaea), 214 
orientalis (Platymyia), 254 

( 


orientalis (Prosopodopsis), 251, 263, 289, 302 


ormioides, 184, 290 

ornata (Lophosia), 173, 260 
ornata (Nemoraea), 198, 290, 299 
oryzae, 250, 288 


pahangensis, 186 

painei, 240, 292, 302 

pallida (Phasioormia), 185 
pallidula, 180 

pallidus (Demoticoides), 199, 290, 302 
pallipes, 200, 260 

palpata (Leskiola), 93, 200 
palpata (Sisyropa), 241, 260 
palpis, 221 

papua, 52 

parachrysops, 240, 292, 299, 300, 302 
paradoxa, 184 

paradoxalis, 243, 260 

parallela, 183, 260 
paralongipalpis, 100, 204 
paralonipalpis, 204 

parasitica, 337, 338 

parvus, 247 

patellicornis, 213, 291, 299 
patellipalpis, 206 

patruelis, 251 

pellex (Linnaemya), 101, 204 
pellex (Peribaea), 214 
pellucens,179 

pendleburyi (Ceromya), 213 
pendleburyi (Zamimus), 60, 185, 330 
penicillum, 113, 219, 334 
pentheri, 101 

perdita, 211 

peringueyl, 35, 175 

perispoliata, 213, 259 
perpendicularis, 29, 174, 260, 263 
petiolata (Chaetoria), 221, 260 
petiolata (Cordyligaster), 257 
petiolata (Gerocyptera), 171, 262 
petiolata (Phytorophaga), 217, 263 
petiolata (Proriedelia), 41, 176 
philippina, 69, 189, 263 
philippinense (Gymnosoma), 168 
philippinensis (Actia), 211 
phoeda, 228, 287, 297 

phoenix, 167, 280 

picta (Isosturmia), 238 

picta (Linnaemya), 99, 102, 204 
picta (Meigenia), 217 


picta (Sisyropa), 241, 263 

picta (Trigonospila), 218 
pictipenne (Penthosiosoma), 174 
pictipennis (Mikia), 206 

piligena (Carcelia), 229 

piligena (Pseudalsomyia), 251, 289, 295 
pilosella, 230 

planiforceps, 208 
platymesa, 167, 262 
plumicornis, 197, 263 
plumosa, 193, 264 
pokharana, 212 

polita (Nowickia), 207, 261 
polita (Thryptodexia), 192 
polyvalens, 230, 261 
porphyrophora, 202 
portentosa (Ceromya), 213 
portentosa (Koralliomyia), 234 
postulans, 120, 225 
potans, 199, 259 
precedens, 181 

prima, 232, 287, 300 
procera, 70 

proclinata, 338 

profana, 240 
prognosticans, 255, 279 
progressa, 186 

prominens, 241, 260, 261, 293, 300, 307 
prosopina, 305 

provecta, 234 

pruinosa, 245, 274 

psamathe, 223, 262 
pseudocaudata, 229 
pseudorustica, 223 

psychidarum, 221, 289, 301 
pubiseta, 70, 190, 263 
pubiventris, 208 

puella, 39 

pulchra (Lophosia), 31, 174, 263, 335 
pulchra (Prosopofrontina), 218 
pulchra (Zenilliana), 120, 121, 226 
pulvera, 208 

punctigera, 187 

punctipennis (Ceromya), 213 
punctipennis (Therobia), 63, 186 
punctocincta, 206, 263, 267 
punctum, 213, 261 

pusilla, 166, 291, 295 

pygidialis, 216 

pytrhaspis, 250, 271, 288, 2098 


quadrimaculata, 250, 288 
quadriseta, 223 


quadrisetosa, 251, 263 


INDEX TO SPECIES-GROUP NAMES 355 


quarta, 232 
quinta, 232, 287, 300 


raoi (Chetogena), 221, 261, 289, 296 

taoi (Nemoraea), 198, 260, 290 

rasa, 241 

rasoides, 229, 287, 302 

reclinata, 240 

1emittens, 227 

remota, 4, 220, 282, 289, 297, 302, 303 

ricinorum, 255, 260 

ridibunda, 232 

robusta (Billaea), 177 

robusta (Doddiana), 186 

robusta (Euhygia), 237 

rohdendorfi (Linnaemya), 100, 204 

rohdendorfi (Servillia), 208 

rondaniella, 230 

roseanella, 252, 263, 289, 302 

rossica, 223, 289, 299 

rotundatum, 168 

rotundicornis, 213 

rotundipennis, 214 

rubeola, 232 

rubidum, 168, 263 

rubiginans, 169, 261 

rubrapex, 206, 260, 267 

rubriceps, 182 

rubriventris, 234 

rufa (Carcelia), 232, 260 

rufa (Servillia), 209, 260 

rufella, 250, 288, 298, 301 

rufescens, 244 

rufifrons, 244, 290, 299, 300 

rufimana, 170, 273 

rufipes (Cylindromyia), 28, 170, 284, 288, 295 

rufipes (Dexiomimops), 200, 260 

rufipes (Kambaitimyia), 176 

rufipes (Nealsomyia), 251, 264, 288, 301 

rufipes (Prosopofrontina), 218, 263 

rufitibialis (Argyrophylax), 228 

rufitibialis (Turanogonia), 245 

rufiventris (Austrophasiopsis), 195 

rufiventris (Carcelia), 232 

rufiventris (Dexiotrix), 179 

rufoanalis, 208 

rufofemorata (Erycia), 150, 254 

rufofemoratum (Lophosiosoma), 82, 83, 84, 
194, 264 

tufula, 167, 279 

turalis, 66, 67, 188, 261, 294, 299, 300, 306 

rustica, 45, 46 

rusticella, 223 

rutherfordi, 246, 261 


rutilioides, 198, 263, 280 
rutilloides, 229, 260 


sacontala, 106, 209 
sacrophagoides, 205 

salomonica, 234 

salva, 257 

samarensis, 173, 261 

sapiens, 221 

sarcophagoides, 205 

sauteri (Austrophasiopsis), 195 
sauteri (Metopomintho), 190 
sauteri (Trichoformosomyia), 201 
sauteri (Trischidocera), 209, 280 
scutellaris (Jurinia), 256 
scutellaris (Linnaemya), 99, 102, 204, 262 
scutellata (Takanomyia), 242 
scutellata (Lophosia), 174, 260 
secunda (Aneogmena), 246, 259, 261, 277 
secunda (Carcelia), 232 

selangor, 213, 261 

semenovi, 60 

semiberbis, 242, 278 

semirufa, 247 

seniorwhitei, 140, 148, 254 
separata, 180 

septima, 230 

serena, 182 

setilatera, 242 

setinerva (Aneogmena), 246, 259 
setinerva (Suensonomyia), 253 
setinervis (Peribaea), 214, 263 
setinervis (Polygastropteryx), I91, 261 
setosa (Chaetexorista), 221 

setosa (Meigenia), 217 

setosella, 229 

sexta, 229 

seychellensis, 120 

siamense (Euthelairosoma), 116, 117, 220 
siamensis (Urodexia), 219 

siberita, 48, 181, 260, 282, 291, 295 
sibirita, 181 

sibuyana, 191 

simillimum, 199 

simulator (Argyrophylax), 228 
simulator (Phorocerosoma), 225 
sinensis (Ectophasia), 168 

sinensis (Palexorista), 240, 280 
sinerea, 208 

singgalangia, 232 

sinica, 223 

siphonosoma, 113, 212 

smirmovl, 245 


356 R. W. CROSSKEY 


sobria, 208 

solemnis, 240 

solennis, 240, 292, 296, 297, 299, 301, 302, 
397, 337 

solivaga (Thelaira), 306 

solivaga (Thelyconychia), 123, 233 

sorbillans, 223, 289, 296, 298, 299, 301, 
393 

soror (Linnaemya), 99, IOI, 204 

soror (Sisyropa), 242, 260 

sororcula, 214 

speciossisima, 100 

spinicosta, 221, 260, 261 

splendida, 183 

splendidula, 206 

striatalis, 248, 282, 288, 301 

stricta, 95, 202, 261 

strigipennis, 255, 280 

sturmioides (Blepharipa), 236, 260 

sturmioides (Parapales), 131, 241 

stylata, 131, 242, 260, 293, 299, 300 

subaequalis, 214, 263 

subanajama, 240, 292, 300 

subcinerea, 280 

subcompressa, 197 

subferrifera, 232, 260 

subnigra, 223, 262 

subnuda, 179, 262 

subsessile, 57 

succinl, 337 

sugens, 235, 260, 261 

sumatrana (Carcelia) (Townsend, 1), 229, 
204 

sumatrana (Carcelia) 
264 

sumatrana (Carcelia) (Townsend, 3), 232 

sumatrana (Doddiana), 186 

sumatrana (Exorista), 222 

( 

( 

( 


(Townsend, 2), 229, 


sumatrana (Thecocarcelia), 233, 262, 263 
sumatrana (Thelaira), 192 

sumatrana (Winthemia), 227 
sumatrense (Atylostoma), 199 
sumatrense (Dexiosoma), 79, 80, 193, 330 
sumatrensis (Atractocerops), 247, 261 
sumatrensis (Carcelia), 229 

sumatrensis (Compsilura), 215 
sumatrensis (Cuphocera), 205 
sumatrensis (Dexia), 179, 260 
sumatrensis (Exorista), 223, 262 
sumatrensis (Lophosia), 173, 260 
sumatrensis (Philippodexia), 180 
sumatrensis (Servillia), 208 
sumatrensis (Sumpigaster) (Townsend, 1), 


NO7, 2710 


sumatrensis (Sumpigaster) 
197 

summaria, 240 

sungayana, 196 

suspecta, 214, 259, 263, 291, 299 

sybarita, 181 


talwanica, 214 

takanoi (Actia), 212 

takanoi (Erycia), 145, 150, 254 
takanoi (Hyleorus), 68, 188 
tamara, 236, 261 

taylori, 242, 261, 307 
tegulata, 193 

tenebrosa, 243 

tenuiforceps, 223 

tenuis (Doleschalla), 52, 183, 334 
tenuis (Tylodexia), 181 
tenuisetosa, 236, 260 

tepens, 206, 277 

terrosa, 253, 261 

tertia, 232 

tessellum, 85, 195 

testaceipes, 234 

testaceum (Palpostoma), 58, 61, 307 
thermophila, 242, 293, 298 
thin, 233 

tibialis, 167 

timorensis, 245, 279 

titan, 90, 198, 260, 277 
tjibodana, 229 

townsendi (Carcelia), 229, 264 
townsendi (Pales), 238 
townsendi (Rutilia), 183 
transversa, 208, 275 
transvittata, 219 

triangulata, 198, 280 
triangulifera (Clausicella), 199 
triangulifera (Doddiana), 186 
trichoparela, 227, 306, 307 
tricincta (Doryphorophaga), 257, 258 
tricincta (Elodimyia), 249, 268 
tricincta (Lophosia), 173, 260 
tricincta (Prodegeeria), 217 
tricolor, 208, 263, 280 
trisetosa, 238 

trisetosoides, 238 
tropidobothra, 197, 272 
tuckeri, 35, 175, 289, 295 


umbripennis, 28, 170, 260 

umbrosa, 255, 279 

uramyoides (Urodexia), 113, 219, 334 
uramyoides (Urodexiomima), 181 


(Townsend, 


INDEX TO SPECIES-GROUP NAMES 


uniseta, 214, 263 
unisetosa, 239 

ursina, 229, 260 
ursinoidea, 209, 260, 275 


vacua, 45 
vagator, 257 

vanderwulpi, 236, 260, 292 
varia, 102, 205, 293, 299, 300 
varicolor (Besserioides), 19 
varicolor (Frontina), 250, 260 
varipes (Hermya), 172 
varipes (Smidtiola), 226 
velutina (Dexia), 179, 262 
velutina (Exorista), 223 
velutina (Meigenia), 217 
veniseta, 249 

ventralis, 217, 280, 286, 295 
ventricosum, 175 
vesiculifera, 63, 186 
vespiformis, 207, 260 


vicarium, 120, 121, 225, 285, 306 
vicina (Chrysosomopsis), 95, 96, 202 


vicina (Dexia), 179, 262 
vicinalis, 233 
vicinella, 237 


R. W. Crosskey, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.Biol. 


Department of Entomology 


British Museum (NatuRAL History) 


CROMWELL Roap 
Lonpon SW7 5BD 


vicinum (Dolichocolon), 249, 288 
villeneuvei, 116, 117, 220, 286, 295 


violacea, 238, 263 
viridifulva, 198, 263 
vittata, 179, 262 
volvulus, 45, 71 
vulnerans, 253 
vulpecula, 207, 260, 280 
vulpes, 186, 264 


vulpinoides, 100, ro1, 204, 290, 300 


wainwrighti, 236, 261, 291, 303 
washingtoniana, 70 
wiedemanni, 28, 170, 264 
winthemioides, 226, 264 


357 


xanthaspis, 223, 290, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301 


xanthogastra, 215 


yasumatsul, 212 
yunnanica, 224 


zebina, 236, 260, 291, 296, 297, 298, 299, 


30T, 393 
zetterstedti, 236 
zimini, 209 


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ENTOMOLOGY SUPPLEMENTS 


. Watson, A. A revision of the Ethiopian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera). Pp. 177: 


18 plates, 270 text-figures. August 1965. £4.20. 


. SANDS, W. A. A revision of the Termite Subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera, 


Termitidae) from the Ethiopian Region. Pp. 172: 500 text-figures. September, 
1965. £3.25. 


. Oxapa, T. Diptera from Nepal. Cryptochaetidae, Diastatidae and Droso- 


philidae. Pp. 129: 328 text-figures. May, 1966. £3. 


. GILIOMEE, J. H. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the Family 


Coccidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Pp. 168: 43 text-figures. January, 1967. 
£3.15. 


. FLETCHER, D. S. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the 


world species of Cleora (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Pp. 119: 14 plates, 146 
text-figures, 9 maps. February, 1967. £3.50. 


. Hemminc, A. F. The Generic Names of the Butterflies and their type-species 


(Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Pp. 509. £8.50. Reprinted 1972. 


. STEMPFFER, H. The Genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Rho- 


palocera). Pp. 322: 348 text-figures. August, 1967. £8. 


. Mounp, L. A. A review of R. S. Bagnall’s Thysanoptera Collections. Pp. 172: 


82 text-figures. May, 1968. £4. 


. Watson, A. The Taxonomy of the Drepaninae represented in China, with 


an account of their world distribution. Pp. 151: 14 plates, 293 text-figures. 
November, 1968. £5. 


. AFIFI, S. A. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the families Pseudo- 


coccidae and Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Pp. 210: 52 text-figures. 
December, 1968. £5. 


. CRossKEY, R. W. A Re-classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera) of Africa and 


its Islands. Pp. 198: 1 plate, 331 text-figures. July, 1969. £4.75. 


. Exiot, J. N. An analysis of the Eurasian and Australian Neptini (Lepidoptera: 


Nymphalidae). Pp. 155: 3 plates, or text-figures. September, 1969. £4. 


. GRAHAM, M. W. R. DE V. The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe 


(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Pp. 908: 686 text-figures. November, 1969. 
£19. 


. WHALLEY, P. E. S. The Thyrididae of Africa and its Islands. Pp. 198: 68 plates, 


15 text-figures. October, 1971. £12. 


. SANDS, W. A. The Soldierless Termites of Africa (Isoptera: Termitidae). Pp. 244: 


g plates, 661 text-figures. July, 1972. £9.90. 


. CRosSKEY, R. W. A Revisionary Classification of the Rutiliini (Diptera: 


Tachinidae), with keys to the described species. Pp. 167: 109 text-figures. 
February, 1973. £6.50. 


. von Hayek, C. M. F. A Reclassification of the Subfamily Agrypninae 


(Coleoptera: Elateridae). Pp. 309: 17 text-figures. October, 1973. £12.30. 


. CRosskEY, R. W. A Conspectus of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of Australia, 


including keys to the supraspecific taxa and taxonomic and host catalogues. 
Pp. 221: 95 text-figures. December, 1973. £9.55. 


PRINTED BY Unwin Brothers Limited THE GRESHAM PRESS OLD WOKING SURREY ENGLAND 


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