Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) ^36 PRESENTED ' A review of the Miletini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) J. N. Eliot Entomology series Vol53 Nol 25 September 1986 The Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), instituted in 1949, is issued in four scientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology (incorporating Mineralogy) and Zoology, and an Historical series. Papers in the Bulletin are primarily the results of research carried out on the unique and ever-growing collections of the Museum, both by the scientific staff of the Museum and by specialists from elsewhere who make use of the Museum's resources. Many of the papers are works of reference that will remain indispensable for years to come. Parts are published at irregular intervals as they become ready, each is complete in itself, available separately, and individually priced. Volumes contain about 300 pages and several volumes may appear within a calendar year. Subscriptions may be placed for one or more of the series on either an Annual or Per Volume basis. Prices vary according to the contents of the individual parts. Orders and enquiries should be sent to: Publications Sales, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW75BD, England. World List abbreviation: Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Tustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1986 The Entomology series is produced under the general editorship of the Keeper of Entomology: Laurence A. Mound Assistant Editor: W. Gerald Tremewan ISBN 0 565 06019 8 ISSN 0524-6431 British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD Entomology series Vol53Nolppl-105 Issued 25 September 1986 (NATURAL HISTORY) 19 PRESENTED GENr Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series Vol 53 1986 British Museum (Natural History) London 1986 Dates of publication of the parts No 1 25 September 1986 No 2 . . . . 30 October 1986 No 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 30 October 1986 No 4 27 November 1986 No 5 18 December 1986 ISSN 0524-6431 Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd., at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, Dorset Contents Entomology Volume 53 No 1 A review of the Miletini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). J.N.Eliot 1 No 2 Australian ichneumonids of the tribes Labenini and Poecilocryptini. I. D. Gauld & G. A. Holloway ... 107 No 3 The tribe Pseudophloeini (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in the Old World tropics with a discussion on the distribution of the Pseudophloeinae. W. R. Dolling 151 No 4 The songs of the western European grasshoppers of the genus Omocestus in relation to their taxonomy (Orthoptera: Acrididae). D. R. Ragge 213 No 5 The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies. M.J. Scoble. 251 A review of the Miletini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) J. N. Eliot Upcott House, Bishop's Hull, Taunton, Somerset TA4 1AQ Contents Synopsis 1 Introduction 1 Acknowledgements 2 Checklist of the Miletini 3 Tribal characters 6 Key to the genera of Miletini 7 Genus AllotinusC.&R.Felder 7 Genus Logania Distant 57 Genus Lontalius gen. n 74 Genus Miletus Hiibner 75 Genus Megalopalpus Rober 84 References 86 Index 104 Synopsis This review of the Miletini is based mainly on characters of the male genitalia. Keys to, and descriptions of, the genera, subgenera, species and subspecies are provided. One genus, one subgenus, eight species and seven subspecies are newly described. One species is relegated to subspecies, and three subspecies are raised to species; 41 new synonyms are established. Introduction The butterflies which are here considered to comprise the Oriental section of the tribe Miletini Reuter, 1897 (see Corbet, 1939b) were originally given family-group status (as the Gerydinae) by Doherty (1886), mainly on the basis of their distinctive eggs. Reuter (1897: 263) included the African genus Megalopalpus Rober, 1886, in the group, treating the latter as a tribe, the Miletidi, which is distinguished from all other Lycaenidae by the peculiar labial palpi bearing long hairs on the inner surface of the basal segment (Basalfleck). Corbet (19396) used the family group name Miletinae in place of Gerydinae because Gerydus Boisduval, 1836, is an objective synonym of Miletus Hiibner, 1819; his action is valid under Article 40b of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1985). Eliot (1973) used Miletinae in a wider sense than previous authors, placing the Miletini (Miletinae sensu Corbet) as one of four tribes which he included in the subfamily. Only two complete analyses of the Oriental Miletini (sensu Eliot) have so far been attempted, both by Fruhstorfer who based his studies in part on a number of genitalia preparations made by Reverdin. In the first (Fruhstorfer, 1913-14) it is evident that the new taxa he described had three separate origins. Many descriptions are based on specimens in his own collection, some of which bear type and/or determination labels attached either at that time or at some later date. Others relate to specimens in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History) and Walter Rothschild at Tring, to which no type or determination labels were attached; these collections were studied by Fruhstorfer during a visit to England. Finally, a few descriptions are based on records and figures by other authors of specimens which he had not seen; in Fruhstorfer's first analysis such taxa were, in most cases, based on a work by Semper (1889), so those specimens listed by Semper may be considered to comprise Fruhstorfer's type-series. In certain cases, however, it is clear that Fruhstorfer applied a name to a single specimen figured by Bull. Br. Mus. not. Hist. (Ent.) 53 (1): 1-105 Issued 25 September 1986 2 J. N. ELIOT Semper, and in such cases the original of the figure is automatically the holotype; in other cases, however, it has been necessary to designate a lectotype. In his second analysis (Fruhstorfer, 1916) it is evident that he had in the meantime examined Semper's collection, and he described further material to which type and determination labels were attached. There is some evidence to suggest that during this examination some of Semper's original labels were inadvertently transferred from one specimen to another. Such instances are mentioned later under the relevant taxon. As Fruhstorfer seldom selected types, I have designated lectotypes when it is not clear that a taxon was described from a single specimen. I have also designated lectotypes for some taxa named by other authors when I have been able to recognise primary type-material in the British Museum (Natural History). When the original type-series are in museums which I have not visited, I have generally left the selection of lectotypes to future workers, except in a few cases where, to avoid confusion, I have designated figured specimens. The following abbreviations have been used for the actual or supposed location of type- material. BMNH British Museum (Natural History), London CM Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh MNHU Museum fiir Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin RNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic, Leiden SM Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt am Main SMT Staatliches Museum fiir Tierkunde, Dresden ZSI Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta Here it may be noted that there are in the BMNH collection a number of specimens bearing red type labels as well as, in some cases, labels in Corbet's handwriting identifying them as holotypes or allotypes which were not cited as such in the original descriptions. Where it is reasonable to assume that these were part of the original type-series I have normally designated them as lectotypes in preference to any other syntypes. In some cases, however, it is quite clear that the specimens cannot possibly be part of the original type-series; such specimens I have rejected as syntypic material and labelled them accordingly. These 'types' are listed, however, in the section dealing with species and subspecies since it is possible that they may have misled authors in the past or might do so in the future. Acknowledgements This revision is based mainly on material in the BMNH, and I am grateful to the Trustees for access to the collections and library, to Mr R. I. Vane-Wright and Mr P. R. Ackery for their help and encouragement, and to the Photographic Unit for providing the photographs for Figs 55-104. I thank especially Mr Vane- Wright and Mrs S. M. North for undertaking a review of the African genus Megalopalpus, of which I have no practical knowledge in the field, and for preparing the draft incorporated in this paper. I am also very grateful to Dr Heinz Schroder for the loan of important material from the Semper collection in the Senckenberg Museum, without which it would have been impossible to carry out a satisfactory review. I thank Dr R. de Jong, RNH, and Professor S. Murayama, who sent material for examination. Mr G. C. Treadaway placed the whole of his extensive Philippine material at my disposal and sent me the photographs for Figs 105-108. I also received valuable Philippine material through the generosity of Mr Yusuke Takanami and Dr A. Ballantine, including new taxa which I have named in their honour. Major A. Bedford Russell lent me material from Vietnam and Sulawesi, and presented the holotype of Allotinus samarensis russelli to the BMNH, and Dr E. Diehl sent me material from Simeulue. In addition the collections of the late Mr W. A. Fleming (kindly placed at my disposal by his widow), Lt-Col C. F. Cowan, Dr T. Norman and my own have been examined. THE MILETINI Checklist of the Miletini Genus ALLOTINUS C. & R. Felder, [1865] Subgenus ALLOTINUS C. & R. Felder, [1865] fallax C.&R. Felder, [1865] fallaxfallaxC. & R. Felder, [1865] sabazus Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. zaradrus Fruhstorfer, 1916 fallax aphacus Fruhstorfer ,1913 ancius Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. artinus Fruhstorfer, 1916 fallax eryximachus Fruhstorfer, 1913 fallax dotion Fruhstorfer, 1913 fallax tymphrest us Fruhstorfer, 1916 fallax audaxH. H. Druce, 1895 fallax apusde Niceville, 1895 michaelis Eliot, 1959 albifasciatus Eliot, 1980 subvioIaceusC. & R. Felder, [1865] subvioIaceussubviolaceusC. & R. Felder, [1865] alkamah Distant, 1886 syn. n. manychus Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. kallikrates Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. silarus Fruhstorfer, 1916 syn. n. subviolaceusmirusVan Eecke, 1914 agnolia sp. n. nicholsi Moulton ,1911 nicholsi nicholsi Moulton, 191 1 nicholsi battakanus Fruhstorfer, 1913 major C. & R. Felder, [1865] depictus Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. kdldwarus Ribbe, 1926 max/musStaudinger, 1888 stat. n. Subgenus FABITARAS subgen. n. fabius (Distant & Pryer, 1887) fabiusfabius (Distant & Pryer, 1887) caudatus Grose-Smith, 1893 syn. n. pamisus Fruhstorfer, 1914 syn. n. fa biusarrius Fruhstorfer, 1914 borneensis Moulton, 1911 elioti Corbet, 1939 syn. n. punctatus (Semper, 1889) anaxandridas Fruhstorfer, 1916 syn. n. caesemius Fruhstorfer, 1916 syn. n. nigritus (Semper, 1889) eretria Fruhstorfer, 1916 strigatus Moulton, 1911 strigatus strigatus Mouhon, 1911 strigatus malayanus Corbet , 1939 denalus Corbet, 1939 syn. n. brooks! sp. n. bidiensissp. n. faras(Doherty, 1889) panormis (Elwes, 1893) syn. n. sarrastes Fruhstorfer, 1913 stat. n. mendava Riley, 1944 syn. n. porriginosus Toxopeus, 1932 syn. n. portunus (de Niceville, 1894) portunus port unus (de Niceville, 1894) narsares Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. portunus maitus Fruhstorfer, 1914 fruhstorferi Corbet, 1939 syn. n. portunus pyxus (de Niceville, 1894) wdterstradti H. H. Druce, 1895 Subgenus PARAGERYDUS Distant, 1884 Miletographa Rober, 1892 horsffeldi (Moore, 1857) horsfieldi horsfieldi (Moore , 1857) horsfieldi permagnus Fruhstorfer, 1913 infumata Fruhstorfer, 1913 nessus Corbet, 1939 horsfieldi siporanus Riley, 1944 horsfieldi satelliticus Fruhstorfer, 1913 leogoron Fruhstorfer, 1916 leogoron leogoron Fruhstorfer, 1916 intricata Fruhstorfer, 1913 (unavailable name) vadosus Corbet, 1939 lindus Corbet, 1939 leogoron normani Eliot, 1967 leogoron batuensis Eliot, 1967 leogoron plessis Eliot, 1967 melos (H. H. Druce, 1896) sp. rev. reverdini Fruhstorfer, 1916 syn. n. talu Eliot, 1967 syn. n. samarensissp. n. samarensis samarensis subsp. n. samarensis russelli subsp. n. macassarensis (Holland, 1891) macassarensis macassarensis (Holland, 1891) damodar Fruhstorfer, 1913 macassarensis menadensis Eliot, 1967 luzonensis Eliot, 1967 stat. n. albatusC. & R. Felder, [1865] albatusalbatusC. & R. Felder, [1865] ;i//>;ifi/,v/iiriH/;/vsiihsp. n. apries Fruhstorfer, 1913 apriesapries Fruhstorfer, 1913 eupalion Fruhstorfer, 1914 syn. n. apries dositheus Fruhstorfer, 1914 apries ristus subsp. n. corbeti Eliot, 1956 unicolorC. & R. Felder, [1865] unicolorunicolorC. & R. Felder, [1865] eurytanus Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. dilutus Corbet, 1939 syn. n. unicolor continental Fruhstorfer, 1913 dtddnus Fruhstorfer, 1916 unicolor rekkia Riley & Godfrey, 1920 unicolor mooreiH. H. Druce, 1895 rebilus Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. unicolor aphocAaKheil, 1884 myridndus Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. unicolor posidion Fruhstorfer, 1913 molionides Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. J. N. ELIOT niceratus Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. bajanus Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. enatheus Fruhstorfer, 1913 suka Piepers & Snellen, 1918 enganicus Fruhstorfer, 1913 syn. n. unicolor georgius Fruhstorfer, 1913 leitus Fruhstorfer, 1916 unicolor zitema Fruhstorfer, 1916 paetus(de Niceville, 1895) parapus Fruhstorfer, 1913 nivalis (H. Druce, 1873) nivalis nivalis (H. Druce, 1873) nivalis felderi Semper , 1 889 substrigosus (Moore, 1884) substrigosus substrigosus (Moore, 1884) magaris Fruhstorfer, 1913 substrigosus lenaia Fruhstorfer, 1913 substrigosus sibyllinus Riley, 1944 substrigosus ballantinei subsp. n. substrigosus yusukei subsp. n. da vidis Eliot, 1959 (I mini In (Moore, [1866]) drumila drumila (Moore, [1866]) multistrigatus de Niceville, 1886 insignis (Staudinger, 1888) drumila aphthonius Fruhstorfer, 1913 grisea Riley & Godfrey, 1920 Genus LOGANIA Distant, 1884 Malais Doherty, 1889 malayica Distant, 1884 malayica malayica Distant, 1884 malayica subura Fruhstorfer, 1914 nehalemia Fruhstorfer, 1914 stat. rev. waltraudae sp. n. regina (H. Druce, 1873) regina regina (H. Druce, 1873) evora Fruhstorfer, 1916 syn. n. regina sriwa Distant, 1886 paluana sp. n. marmorata Moore, 1884 marmorata marmorata Moore, 1884 marmorata damis Fruhstorfer, 1914 marmorata hilaeira Fruhstorfer, 1914 obscura Distant & Pryer, 1887 (nom. preocc.) nada Fruhstorfer, 1914 stenosa Fruhstorfer, 1916 syn. n. cineraria Fruhstorfer, 1916 syn. n. sora Fruhstorfer, 1916 syn. n. marmorata lahomius(K.hei\, 1884) marmorata diehJi subsp. n. marmorata munichya Fruhstorfer, 1914 marmorata javanica Fruhstorfer, 1914 glypha Fruhstorfer, 1914 marmorata palawana Fruhstorfer, 1914 distanti Staudinger, 1889 (nom. preocc.) marmorata samosata Fruhstorfer, 1914 marmorata faustina Fruhstorfer, 1914 obscura Rober, 1886 martinus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) syn. n. donussa Fruhstorfer, 1916 syn. n. distanti Semper, 1889 distanti distanti Semper , 1889 apsines Fruhstorfer, 1914 turdeta Fruhstorfer, 1916 syn. n. distanti massalia Doherty, 1891 stat. n. luca de Niceville, 1894 syn. n. distanti drucei Moulton ,1911 distanti staudingeriH. H. Druce, 1895 hampsoni Fruhstorfer, 1914 meeki Rothschild, 1915 syn. n. masana Fruhstorfer, 1916 syn. n. watsoniana de Niceville, 1898 subfasciata Tytler, 1915 Genus LONTALIUS gen. n. eltussp. n. eltus eltus subsp. n. eltus treadawayi subsp. n. Genus MILETUS Hubner, 1819 Symetha Horsfield, 1828 Gerydus Boisduval, 1836 Archaeogerydus Fruhstorfer, 1916 chinensisC. Felder, 1862 chinensischinensisC. Felder, 1862 chinensislearchusC. & R. Felder, [1865] irroratusH. Druce, 1874 kelantanus Corbet, 1938 chinensis assamensis (Doherty, 1891) milvius (Fruhstorfer, 1913) chinensis longeana (de Niceville, 1898) croton (Doherty, 1889) croton croton (Doherty, 1889) tavoyana (Evans, 1932) croton corus Eliot, 1961 croton karennius (Evans, 1932) mallus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) mallusmallus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) mallus gethusus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) mallus shanius (Evans, 1932) gaesa (de Niceville, 1895) gaesagaesa (de Niceville, 1895) gaesa carrinas (Fruhstorfer, 1916) nymphis (Fruhstorfer, 1913) n ymphis n ymphis (Fruhstorfer, 1913) nymphis porus Eliot , 1 96 1 nymphis fictus Corbet, 1939 nymphis eneus Eliot, 1961 zinckeniiC. & R. Felder, [1865] zinckeniizinckeniiC. & R. Felder, [1865] zinckenii improbus (H. H. Druce, 1895) gopara (de Niceville, 1890) goparagopara (de Niceville, 1890) denticulata (Fruhstorfer, 1913) gopara pardus Eliot , 196 1 gopara eustatius (Fruhstorfer, 1913) THE MILETINI gopara artaxatus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) oichalia (Fruhstorfer, 1913) valeus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) pallaxopas (Fruhstorfer, 1913) gaetulus (de Niceville, 1894) gaet ulus gaet ulus (de Niceville, 1894) gaetulus innocens(H. H. Druce, 1895) gaetulus aphytis (Fruhstorfer, 1913) boisduvali Moore, 1857 boisduvali boisduvali Moore, 1857 vincula (H. H. Druce, 1895) heraeon (Fruhstorfer, 1916) courvoisieri (Fruhstorfer, 1915) oxylus (Fruhstorfer, 1916) lombokianus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) acragas (Doherty, 1891) buruensis (Holland, 1900) ceramensis Ribbe, 1889 dossemus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) stygianus Butler, 1884 adeus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) boisduvali diotrophes (Fruhstorfer, 1913) boisduvali avitus (Fruhstorfer, 1916) drucei (Semper, 1889) druceidrucei (Semper, 1889) philippus (Staudinger, 1889) jacchus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) palanius (Fruhstorfer, 1913) epidurus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) drucei metrovius (Fruhstorfer, 1913) phradimon (Fruhstorfer, 1915) biggsii (Distant, 1884) biggsii biggsii (Distant, 1884) atomaria (Fruhstorfer, 1913) xeragis (Fruhstorfer, 1916) hyllus (Fruhstorfer, 1916) sebethus (Fruhstorfer, 1916) extraneus (Toxopeus, 1929) biggsii natunensis (Fruhstorfer, 1916) biggsii niasicus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) batunensis (Fruhstorfer, 1913) biggsii albotignula (Van Eecke, 1914) simalurensis (Toxopeus, 1928) cellarius (Fruhstorfer, 1913) symethus (Cramer, 1779) symethus symethus (Cramer, 1779) pandu (Horsfield, 1828) symethus petronius (Distant & Pryer, 1887) diopeithes (Fruhstorfer, 1913) bangkanus (Fruhstorfer, 1914) hieropous (Fruhstorfer, 1916) symethus solitariusOkubo, 1983 symethus acampsis (Fruhstorfer, 1913) symethus nuct us Eliot, 1961 symethus perlucidus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) megaris (Fruhstorfer, 1913) symethus vespesianus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) symethus batuensis (Fruhstorfer, 1914) symethus edonus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) symethus philopator (Fruhstorfer, 1914) symethus hierophantes (Fruhstorfer, 1916) symethus phant us subsp. n. gallus (de Niceville, 1894) gallus gallus(de Niceville, 1894) gallus leucocyon (Toxopeus, 1940) heracleion (Doherty, 1891) heracleion heracleion (Doherty, 1891) heracleion arion Eliot, 1961 a/icon (Doherty, 1889) ancon ancon (Doherty, 1889) ancon gigas(H. H. Druce, 1895) anconides (Fruhstorfer, 1913) archilochus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) archilochus archilochus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) archilochus siamensis (Godfrey, 1916) gigantes(de Niceville, 1894) atimonicus Murayama & Okamura, 1973 celinus Eliot, 1961 takanamiisp. n. /eos(Guerin-Meneville, 1830) leosteos (Doherty, 1891) leos fforensis (Fruhstorfer, 1913) eulus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) leostellus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) leos catoleucos (Fruhstorfer, 1913) leos maximus (Holland , 1 89 1 ) divisa (Fruhstorfer, 1913) sarus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) leosvaneecki (Toxopeus, 1930) leos mangolicus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) /eos/eos(Guerin-Meneville, 1830) boisduvalii (Butler, 1884) meronus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) amphiarus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) gardineri (Fruhstorfer, 1914) leos virtus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) pentheus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) leosaronicus (Fruhstorfer, 1914) nineyanus (Fruhstorfer, 1914) acrisius (Fruhstorfer, 1914) melanion C. & R. Felder, [1865] melanionmelanionC. & R. Felder, [1865] albiguttatus f. n. (infrasubspecific name) melanion euphranor (Fruhstorfer, 1914) bazilan us (Fruhstorfer, 1913) stat. n. vitelianus (Fruhstorfer, 1913) syn. n. Genus MEGALOPALPUSRober, 1886 angulosus Griinberg, 1910 mete/eucusKarsch, 1893 simplex Rober, 1886 bicoloria (Capronnier, 1889) similis (Kirby, 1890) gigas Bethune-Baker, 1914 zymna (Westwood, 1851) pallida Aurivillius, 1922 6 J. N. ELIOT Tribal characters The characters of Miletini (sensu Eliot, 1973) are as follows. Eyes smooth. Antennae with narrow, gradually incrassate club and with the nudum extending down the shaft to the base or very nearly so. Labial palpi asymmetrical, but there is no constancy in which palpus is the longer. In most species the palpi are unusually long and thin, more so in females than in males, and protrude well beyond the head; they are also unusual in that the 'Basalfleck' of Reuter is clothed with hairs of unknown function. Proboscis long, bearing many sensilla throughout its length. Legs more or less abnormal, with the tarsi very long, flattened and blade-like in Miletus and Megalopalpus, cylindrical but very long and thin in Allotinus and with the tibiae outwardly swollen or incrassate in Logania and Lontalius. The mid- and hind-tibiae lack the usual pair of terminal spurs. The male fore-tarsus is reduced to a single segment ending abruptly but with a small pointed process directed downwards, except in the typical species of Logania in which the tarsus tapers to a down-curved point. The claws on the mid- and hind-tarsi of both sexes are small, and minute on the fore-tarsi of females. The abdomens of males are long and protrude well beyond the hindwings, except in Allotinus major. There is a double hair tuft, sometimes inconspicuous but sometimes large and erectile, on the sternum of the eighth segment; it is not known whether it plays any part in courtship. The tergum of the eighth segment is unusually long to accommodate the peculiar genitalia, and bears a long apophysis at its proximo-ventral edge. The wing venation shows a high degree of individual variation, and does not often provide good characters for separating genera and species. The forewing always has 11 veins (vein R4 missing), and veins Sc and RI are separate throughout their lengths. In the males of most species the basal portion of vein M3 is slightly swollen and devoid of normal cover scales, but bears small to very small specialised (?scent) scales. The hindwing has a well-developed humeral vein in Megalopalpus and Lontalius, but in the other genera it is only weakly developed or absent. The male genitalia are highly characteristic. The uncus and tegumen are in the form of enormous paired plates, which are attached to the vinculum only narrowly in the dorsal region, so that they are capable of considerable freedom of movement . Articulating brachia are always present . The vinculum bears on either side two more or less triangular processes, one directed proximad and the other distad. The latter process is comparatively weakly sclerotised and overlies the sides of the tegumen. The valvae are small, with the outer dorsal portion (sometimes referred to as the ampulla) bearing a dense hair fringe. The juxta is present as a furca whose arms are united by a band above the phallus just distad of the ductus. Eliot (1973: 386) incorrectly called this band a form of transtilla. The female genitalia have not been investigated. The early stages are very imperfectly known. According to Doherty (1889) the eggs of Miletus and Allotinus are much flattened and disc-like, but in Logania are stouter and scarcely more than twice as wide as high. They bear between two and five lateral carinae which are either simple or broken into short teeth placed one above the other, giving the appearance of a cogged wheel. The larvae, so far as known, are wholly aphytophagous, feeding on Homoptera. They are more or less cylindrical and have a particularly thick cuticle, and apparently lack the 'honey gland' on the seventh and paired eversible tubercles on the eighth abdominal segments which are present in the majority of Lycaenidae. Their relationship with the ants attending the Homoptera appears to be one of neutrality, and from this it appears at least possible that the larvae may be furnished with small glands on a number of segments, as in many other Lycaenidae (Cottrell, 1984), and that these secrete some substance which inhibits ant aggression. In one species, Miletus boisduvali, the larva pupates inside ants' nests and the pupa has attractant glands and is attended by ants; the emerging adult is clothed with fugitive scales, as in Liphyra brassolis, which confuse attacking ants (Roepke, 1918). However, in M . chinensis, the larva pupates in the open and is attached by the cremaster with or without a weak girdle (Kershaw, 1905) , and in this species, as well as in Allotinus subviolaceus, there is no evidence to suggest that fugitive scales are present in the adult (Piepers & Snellen, 1918). The adults feed on the excretions of Homoptera and do not visit flowers. The tribe comprises four Oriental genera and one African genus (the latter erroneously described from Borneo). The Oriental genera, totalling 69 mainly Sundanian species, have been THE MILETINI 7 subjected to a full taxonomic revision. No comparable attempt has been made to revise the four species of Megalopalpus , but a review of the genus, based on a draft kindly prepared by Mr R. I. Vane-Wright and Mrs S. M. North, is included. In the keys and descriptions which follow, the system of veins and spaces is as in Fig. 49 (p. 74). Key to the genera of Miletini 1 Tarsi with first segment more or less cylindrical 2 - Tarsi with first segment flattened and blade-like 4 2 Tibiae swollen or incrassate 3 - Tibiae not swollen; legs long, thin, cylindrical ALLOTINUS (p. 7) 3 Hindwing without a humeral vein. Legs comparatively short LOGANIA (p. 57) - Hindwing with a humeral vein . Legs long and thin LONTALIUS (p. 74) 4 Hindwing without a humeral vein. Oriental MILETUS (p. 75) Hindwing with a humeral vein. African MEGALOPALPUS (p. 84) Genus ALLOTINUS C. & R. Felder Allotinus C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 285. Type-species: Allotinus fallax C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 285, pi. 35, fig. 24, by designation of Scudder, 1875: 107. Gender masculine. Legs long, thin, cylindrical. Labial palpus with third segment longer than half second segment. The wing venation shows a high degree of infra-specific individual variation. Hindwing cilia elongated into short tufts at vein endings in the male, the margin more or less crenulate and tufted in the female. Underside characteristic, white to pale buff, densely striated with small striae or spots, with heavier spots arranged in the usual lycaenid pattern. Forewing usually with very small white costal flecks at ends of veins Sc, R\, R2, /?3 and, in one species-group, R5 also. The genus ranges from north India to Sundaland, the Philippines and Sulawesi. Fruhstorfer (1913-15; 1916) divided the genus into two subgenera: Allotinus for species allegedly without a sex stripe in the male and Paragerydus for species with a sex stripe. I maintain these subgenera, though not in the arrangement adopted by Fruhstorfer, and add a third subgenus. Key to the subgenera of Allotinus 1 cf valva ending in an apical point; abdominal hair tufts poorly developed, not protruding except when genitalia are extruded. Hindwing usually with a weak humeral vein 2 - Cf valva with costa abruptly truncate (except in A . davidis) , but ending in a ventral , more or less pointed process; abdominal hair tufts prominent. Hindwing without a humeral vein PARAGERYDUS (p. 30) 2 Antenna barely longer than half the forewing costa, with less than 50 segments, cf forewing with vein A/3 not, or only very briefly, swollen ALLOTINUS (p. 7) - Antenna nearly two-thirds length of forewing costa, with 60 or more segments, cf forewing vein M3 prominently swollen, clothed with specialised scales for one-third of its length or longer FABITARAS (p. 20) Subgenus ALLOTINUS C. & R. Felder The principal characters of the subgenus are as given in the key. Nineteenth century authors separated Allotinus from Paragerydus by the former's possession of a short upper discocellular vein, but this character does not occur in A. (A.) agnolia, wherein veins R5 and Ml have a short common stalk. Typical species, in which the males have vein M3 unswollen, have vein /?3 long, arising closer to the cell apex than to the wing apex; but in the two species in which the males have vein A/3 weakly swollen, vein /?3 is shorter, arising close to or opposite the end of vein R2. On the basis of the male structure the subgenus can be divided into two species-groups: the/fl/fax-group in which the abdomen is of normal length for the tribe and the uncus/tegumen plates are long and narrow; and the major-group in which the abdomen is much shorter and the uncus/tegumen plates are more rounded. The subgenus has a restricted distribution in Sundaland, the Philippines and Sulawesi, and comprises seven species. 8 J. N. ELIOT Key to the species of subgenus Allotinus 1 cf abdomen longer than hindwing dorsum. Underside of hindwing with postdiscal spot in space 6 more or less below the spot in space 7 and remote from the spot in space 5 (fallax- group) 2 Cf abdomen same length as hindwing dorsum. Underside of hindwing with postdiscal spot in space 6 more or less equidistant from the spots in spaces 7 and 5 (major-group) 6 2 Upperside with white or grey-blue areas 3 Upperside plain brown nicholsi (p. 16) 3 Upperside with white areas 4 Upperside with greyish-blue areas subviolaceus (p. 14) 4 cf upperside of hindwing brown or diffusely sullied with white scales 5 Cf upperside of hindwing with a clearly defined white band albifasciatus (p. 13) 5 Forewing with veins R5 and MI just separate at their origins, cf forewing vein M3 not swollen nor clothed with specialised scales. Underside with postdiscal series of spots clearly marked fallax (p. 8) - Forewing with veins RI and M\ stalked, cf forewing vein M3 briefly swollen and clothed with specialised scales. Underside with postdiscal series not apparent on forewing and barely discernible on hindwing agnolia (p. 15) 6 Smaller, forewing 13-5-19-0 mm. cf upperside of forewing all brown or with a small white or whitish spot comprising at most a small sullied area at base of space 2 and a larger white area up to 3-0 mm wide in space Ib. $ with a larger white area filling basal third of space 2 and about half of space Ib, but not reaching vein Cu\ nor entering the cell; white patch may be reduced, sullied or absent major (p. 17) - Larger, forewing 20-0-21-0 mm. cf upperside of forewing with a white patch filling basal third of space 2 and about half of space Ib which is basally grey. $ with white patch larger, extending above vein Cu\ and into lower edge of cell maximus (p. 19) Allotinus (Allotinus) fallax C. & R. Felder (Figs 1-3, cf genitalia) Allotinus fallax C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 285, partim. The Felders confused two distinct species under this name. In pi. 35, fig. 24 they figured as a male what is currently treated as the female of A. fallax, and at figs 25, 26 as the female a different species which I describe later as the female of A. (Paragerydus) albatus mendax. Semper (1889: 163) correctly pointed out that the Felders' 'male' was in fact a female. However, he incorrectly identified their female as a male Fig. 1 Allotinus (Allotinus) fallax fallax C. & R. Felder; Luzon. Male genitalia. Above, lateral view of right half of armature ; below, dorsal view of phallus. THE MILETINI 9 variety of fallax, having a white area on the upperside of the hindwing such as he had seen only in a few examples from Luzon; these may have been either males or females ofmendax. Apart from these supposed variants from Luzon he correctly stated that the male of fallax has a plain brown hindwing in the Philippines. The species is distinguished by lacking a swelling of vein A/3 in the male and by the presence of a white patch on the upperside of the dark brown forewing. The hindwing of the male is brown, except in Borneo where it is usually dusted with white scales. Except in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, where the hindwing is brown, the female has a white discal area (rarely vestigial or absent) which shows a high degree of individual variation, so that it is an unreliable character by which to distinguish subspecies. On the basis of the male genitalia A. fallax can be divided into three subspecies-groups. Type (a) (Fig. 1): valva with short apical hook and ventro-distal edge not strongly exarcate; phallus comparatively short, broad and abruptly tapered at distal end; Philippine. Type (b) (Fig. 2): valva with short apical hook and ventro-distal edge strongly exarcate; phallus comparatively long and thin and gradually tapered at distal end; Philippine. Fig. 2 Allotinus (Allotinus) fallax aphacus Fruhstorfer ; Mindanao. Male genitalia. Type (c) (Fig. 3): valva with long apical hook; phallus like type (c), but still slimmer; Sundanian. So far as my experience goes type (a) occurs exclusively in Luzon, Masbate, Bohol, Samar and Leyte, and type (b) exclusively in Mindanao and Bazilan. Both occur in Mindoro, each type having a distinctive phenotype. I have not been able to dissect males from Cebu, Panaon, Camiguin de Mindanao and the Sulu Is. , whence Fruhstorfer named subspecies, but I think it certain that type (a) will be found in Cebu and type (b) in Camiguin de Mindanao and Sulu Is. , whilst in Panaon either might occur. The occurrence of type (a) in Bohol, Samar and Leyte is rather unexpected; usually butterflies from these islands are associated with Mindanao rather than with Luzon. The dichotomy in Mindoro can be paralleled in the lycaenopsid Acytolepis puspa which occurs in Mindoro in subsp. cagaya and the very different-looking subsp. bazilana in equality and without evidence of intergradation (Eliot & Kawazoe, 1983: 183). Conceivably types (a) and (b) may represent distinct species which evolved in the northern and southern groups of islands respectively and which may now have a wider overlap in distribution than is at present known; otherwise it is difficult to see how type (b) could have reached Mindoro without also becoming established in the intervening islands. A. fallax flies at low to moderate elevations, and is common and widespread in the Philippines, but rare in Sundaland. It has not been found in Palawan, but is likely to occur there. Key to the subspecies of A. (A.) fallax 1 cf genitalia of type (c) . Sundanian - cf genitalia of types (a) or (b). Philippine 2 cf genitalia of type (b). $ upperside of hindwing with white area normally confined to basal two-thirds of spaces 4 and 5 , but may be vestigial or obsolete 10 J. N. ELIOT Cf genitalia of type (a). $ upperside of hindwing with white area normally extending below vein A/3, often as far as vein A! fallax fallax (p. 10) 3 cf upperside of forewing with white patch reaching vein Cu\ 5 Cf upperside of forewing with white patch usually not above mid-space 2; if reaching vein Cui, upper part narrow and sullied 4 4 cf white patch comparatively large, reaching into space 2. Underside of forewing with central area above dorsum sparsely striated fallax aphacus (p. 11) Cf sullied white patch smaller, usually confined to space Ib. Underside of forewing with central area above dorsum as densely striated as rest of wing fallax eryximachus (p. 11) 5 Underside ground colour pale buff. $ upperside of hindwing with a small white patch fallax dotion (p. 12) Underside ground colour whitish buff, with pale markings. $ hindwing white patch obsolete fallax tymphrestus (p. 12) 6 Upperside of hindwing with a dusting of white scales usually present in cf and always present in $ fallaxaudax (p. 12) Upperside of hindwing plain brown fallax apus (p. 12) Allotinus (Allotinus) fallax fallax C. & R. Felder (Fig. 1, cf genitalia) Allotinus fallax C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 285, partim 'cf ', recte $ [nee $ , pi. 35, fig. 24 'cf']; Semper, 1889: 163, partim, pi. 31, figs 23cf, 26$. LECTOTYPE $, PHILIPPINES: Luzon (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Allotinus fallax fallax Felder; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343; 1916: 809. Allotinus fallax sabazus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343; 1916: 809. LECTOTYPE cf, PHILIPPINES: Bohol [not located] . Syn. n. Allotinus fallax zaradrus Fruhstorfer, 1916: 809. Syntypes, PHILIPPINES: Cebu [not located]. In the male the white patch on the forewing almost always extends across vein Cu\ into space 3. In the female the white patch on the hindwing is variable in extent, but almost always extends dorsad into space 3 and often as far as space Ib. The ground colour of the underside is pale buff, richer in the male than in the female. The Felders did not specify a type. Their 'male', as pointed out by Semper (1889: 163), is a female, while their female belongs to another species described later as A. (Paragerydus) albatus mendax. In BMNH there is a male ex Felder coll. bearing a BMNH red type label, but as the original figure and description does not apply to this sex it seems better to reject this unpublished type selection and to designate as lectotype a female in BMNH labelled /79/Luzon Lorquin [round blue]/Felder Coll. /Rothschild Bequest 1939-17. When naming sabazus, Fruhstorfer, evidently referring to the male, stated that the white patch on the forewing was reduced compared with subsp. fallax and that the underside was darker and more closely striated. The male from Bohol figured by Semper has the white patch entirely below vein C«i, as in occasional Luzon examples, but in a series of both sexes from Bohol in coll. Treadaway the males have the white patch extending above vein Cu\ and in neither sex can I detect any consistent differences from Luzon fallax. I therefore consider that sabazus cannot be maintained as a valid subspecies. There is in SM a female labelled /Bohol/Coll. C. Semper/2 11/Typus [red]/, but in my view it cannot be accepted as the type of sabazus since Fruhstorfer's description did not apply to this sex. I therefore designate as lectotype the male figured by Semper (pi. 31, fig. 23), which unfortunately has not been recognised in SM. Semper recorded fallax from Cebu, but did not figure it. It is not clear whether Fruhstorfer (1916) was merely attaching a name to Semper's record or actually saw specimens from Cebu. No examples from Cebu can now be found in SM, but according to Treadaway (pers. comm.) it is thought that some may possibly exist but be temporarily mislaid. The only specimen that I have seen from Cebu is a female in coll. Treadaway. This has the underside ground colour somewhat whiter than usual, but the difference from Luzon females seems too slight to justify retaining zaradrus as a valid subspecies, and I therefore provisionally synonymise it with /a/tax. Examples from Mindoro and Sibuyan Is. do not differ from normal fallax, but two males from Masbate in coll. Treadaway have a more whitish underside, and a female from Panay is almost pure white and relatively weakly striated below and has an exceptionally large white patch on the upperside of the hindwing. I provisionally place these under fallax . Males from Samar and Leyte seem never to have the forewing white patch extending above vein Cui and THE MILETINI 11 in both sexes the underside ground colour is darker buff than in examples from Luzon and Bohol. These possibly constitute a distinct subspecies to which Fruhstorfer's name artinus, given by him to the population in Panaon, may apply. Unfortunately I have seen no males from Panaon and Semper's figure of a Panaon male (pi. 31, fig. 24) shows only the underside, from which it is not possible to establish whether or not it resembles Samar and Leyte examples. The single female from Panaon which I have seen does not differ from Mindanao females, and I therefore provisionally synonymise artinus with aphacus. DISTRIBUTION. Luzon, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Cebu, Bohol. In slightly different forms also in Masbate, Panay, Samar and Leyte. I have seen no examples from Negros, but it must occur there as well as in other islands. Allotinus (Allotinus) fallax aphacus Fruhstorfer (Fig. 2, cf genitalia) Allotinus fallax C. & R. Felder; Semper, 1889: 163, partim, pi. 31, figs 24 cf , 25 $ . Allotinus fallax aphacus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343; 1916: 809. Holotype $, PHILIPPINES: Camiguin de Mindanao [not located]. Allotinus fallax ancius Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343; 1916: 809. LECTOTYPE cf , PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus fallax artinus Fruhstorfer, 1916: 809. LECTOTYPE $, PHILIPPINES: Panaon (SM), here designated [examined]. On the upperside the forewing white patch of the male is barely half as large as in subsp. fallax, seldom fully crossing space 2, and when it does so the upper part is sullied with brown scales. The female has the white patch on the hindwing almost always restricted to the basal two-thirds of spaces 4 and 5, and often it is almost obsolete. On the underside of the forewing there is an almost unstriated central area above the dorsum. The male genitalia are type (b). Fruhstorfer named aphacus from Semper's record and figure 25 of a female from Camiguin de Mindanao. The original of this figure, which I have not been able to locate, is therefore automatically the holotype. I have seen a single male labelled /Cam. de Mind./211/Coll. C. Semper/ which does not differ from Mindanao males. I designate as lectotype of ancius a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ Mindanao/Mindanao Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/Allotinus fallax ancius [in Corbet's hand]/. A female labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Mindanao/Mindanao Fruhstorfer/Fruh- storfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/fallax ancius Fruhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/ becomes a paralectotype. I designate as lectotype of artinus a female in SM labelled /Coll. C. Semper/Panaon/211/Typus [red]/, which does not differ from Mindanao examples. DISTRIBUTION. Mindanao, Camiguin de Mindanao, Panaon. I also provisionally place under this subspecies a female in BMNH from Talaud I. Allotinus (Allotinus) fallax eryximachus Fruhstorfer Allotinus fallax eryximachus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343; 1916: 809. LECTOTYPE cf , PHILIPPINES: Mindoro (BMNH), here designated [examined]. This is the darkest subspecies. As pointed out by Fruhstorfer in his original description, the forewing white patch in the male is even more insignificant (unbedeutenderen) than in subsp. aphacus, being always more or less sullied with brown scales and sometimes restricted to a mere streak below vein Cu2. On the underside the central area above the forewing dorsum, which is not, or is comparatively weakly, striated in the other subspecies, is striated all over. The male genitalia are type (b). Fruhstorfer stated that the type was in BMNH. However, there are no males agreeing with his description labelled as types, but a pair of subsp. fallax have been placed in the type drawer above the name eryximachus. The male, with a large white forewing patch, is labelled /Mindoro Philippine Is. Dr. Platen/Godman-Salvin Coll. 1908-168/A. fallax 107 Var. ?/, and the female is labelled like the male but with an additional label /Allotinus 'cf ' fallax Felder/. Agrees with figure of type F. A. H. 8. x. 09/. Neither specimen bears a BMNH red type label, presumably because they cannot be reconciled with Fruhstorfer's description of eryximachus. Although Fruhstorfer may have seen this pair in BMNH they are not to be considered as types, and I designate as lectotype a male from a series which Fruhstorfer may have seen at Tring and which he may have confused with what he saw in BMNH; it is labelled /Mindoro Platen/ Rothschild Bequest 1939-1/. It is interesting that Platen should have caught both subspecies in Mindoro. DISTRIBUTION. Mindoro, where it appears to outnumber sympatric subsp. fallax. 12 J. N. ELIOT Allotinus (Allotinus) fallax dotion Fruhstorfer Allotinus fallox dotion Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343; 1916: 809, pi. 141h cf $ as 'dolion\ LECTOTYPE cf, PHILIPPINES: Bazilan (BMNH), here designated [examined]. On the upperside both sexes resemble subsp. fallax, with the white patch on the forewing of the male unsullied and reaching vein €1*2 broadly. On the underside the ground colour is a paler, more whitish buff than in subspp. sabazus and aphacus. The male genitalia are type b. I designate as lectotype a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Philippinen Bazilan II-III. 98 Doherty ex coll. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/fallax dotion Fruhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. A female labelled similarly, except that the final label reads /dotion [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/, is labelled paralectotype. DISTRIBUTION. Bazilan. Allotinus (Allotinus) fallax tymphrestus Fruhstorfer Allotinus fallax tymphrestus Fruhstorfer, 1916: 809. LECTOTYPE cf, PHILIPPINES: Sulu Is. (SM), here designated [examined] . I have seen only the original pair from which Fruhstorfer described the subspecies. The male exactly resembles subsp. dotion on the upperside, but on the underside the ground colour is slightly more whitish and the markings less well-defined. The female lacks the usual white patch on the upperside of the hindwing, but it may be that a white patch is sometimes present. The subspecies is doubtfully separate from subsp. dotion. I designate as lectotype the male in SM labelled /Coll. C. Semper/Sulu Inseln Meyerink/211/Typus [red]/. The female is labelled paralectotype. DISTRIBUTION. Sulu Is. Allotinus (Allotinus) fallax audaxH. H. Druce Allotinus audox H. H. Druce, 1895: 564, pi. 31, figs 11 cf , 12 $>. LECTOTYPE cf , BORNEO: Mt Kina Balu (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Allotinus fallax audax Druce; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343; 1916: 809; Corbet, 1939ft: 66. In both sexes the forewing white patch is more extensive than in the Philippine subspecies, almost reaching the wing base in space Ib where it is dusted with grey scales. The hindwing is more or less lightly dusted with white scales in the male, but heavily dusted over most of the wing in females. The subspecies was described from an unspecified number of specimens in coll. H. H. Druce and Staudinger. I designate as lectotype a male in BMNH labelled /Kina Balu Waterstr. A. audax co-type H. H. Druce/ex coll. Hamilton Druce 1919/Type PT [green]/Joicey Bequest Brit. Mus. 1934-120/. A female labelled $ co-type, but otherwise as the male, is a paralectotype. DISTRIBUTION. Borneo; apparently only known from Mt Kina Balu. Allotinus (Allotinus) fallax apus de Niceville (Fig. 3, cf genitalia) Allotinus apus de Niceville, 1895: 27, pi. S, fig. 17 $; Fruhstorfer; 1913: 343; 1916: 809. Syntypes $, SUMATRA (? ZSI). Allotinus fallax apus de Niceville; Corbet, 1939ft: 66; Eliot, 1962: 218; 1978: 240; 1980: 145, figs 7 cf , 14 cf genitalia; Fleming, 1975; 22, pi. 50, fig. L50 cf . Allotinus fallax michaelis Eliot, 1959: 376, partim cf nee $ , pi. 10, fig. 8 cf . Holotype cf , WEST MALAYSIA (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymised by Eliot, 1962: 218.] Differs from subsp. audax in the plain brown hindwing in both sexes. A. apus was described from two females from north-east Sumatra, which should be in ZSI. There is in BMNH a female labelled /Type [red]/Battak Mts. N.E. Sum. 11. 94 Dr Martin/ Allotinus apus de Niceville and, [on reverse] , Collect Dr. Martin/Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1/. As there is no evidence to suggest that this female was one of de Niceville's original two I reject it as a type. DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra and West Malaysia, at elevations of about 500 m upwards. THE MILETINI 13 Fig. 3 Allotinus (Allotinus) fallax apus de Niceville; Malay Peninsula. Male genitalia. Allotinus (Allotinus) albifasciatus Eliot (Fig. 4, cf genitalia) [Allotinus fallax michaelis Eliot, 1959: 376 (partim, $ nee cf), pi. 10, fig. 9 . Misidentification.] [Allotinus fallax audax H. H. Druce sensu Eliot, 1978: 241. Misidentification.] Allotinus albifasciatus Eliot, 1980: 143, figs 5 d", 6 , 14 cf genitalia. Holotype cf, SUMATRA (BMNH) [examined]. The species is distinctive in possessing a clear white band crossing the hindwing in both sexes. On the underside the ground colour is off-white, with the postdiscal markings larger and more blotchy than in A. fallax. DISTRIBUTION. The species is extremely rare, and has so far only been found in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra at elevations of about 1000 m. Fig. 4 Allotinus (Allotinus) albifasciatus Eliot; Sumatra. Male genitalia. 14 J. N. ELIOT Allotinus (Allotinus)subvioIaceusC. & R. Felder (Fig. 5, cf genitalia) Allotinus subviolaceus C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 286. The greyish blue areas on the upperside render this species unmistakable. As in the white areas of A. fallax these blue areas are individually variable in extent, especially on the hindwing where they may be absent or cover almost the whole wing. On average they are more extensive on both wings in the female. The species has the widest distribution in the subgenus, occurring from Assam to Java and the Philippines. Key to the subspecies of A. subviolaceus 1 Upperside greyish blue. Upperside of forewing in cf with space 3 all or almost all black subviolaceus subviolaceus (p. 14) Upperside pale grey, with only a slight blue tint , becoming whitish in lower half of forewing disc. Upperside of forewing in cf with basal half of space 3 and base of space 4 bluish grey subviolaceus mirus (p. 15) Allotinus (Allotinus) subviolaceus subviolaceus C. & R. Felder (Fig. 5 cf genitalia) Allotinus subviolaceus C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 286, pi. 35, figs 27, 28 cf ; Piepers & Snellen, 1918: 17, pi. 20, figs 20a cf , 20b $ , 20c larva. LECTOTYPE cf , JAVA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Allotinus alkamah Distant, 18860: 452, pi. 44, 'cf ' recte . Holotype , WEST MALAYSIA (not located). Syn. n. Allotinus subviolescens [sic] Felder; Swinhoe, 1910: 196, pi. 616, figs 1, la $, Ib cf. Allotinus subviolaceus alkamah Distant; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 342; 1916: 808; Corbet, 1939a: 66; Eliot, 1978: 240; Fleming, 1975: pi. 57, fig. L37 $. Allotinus subviolaceus subviolaceus C. & R. Felder; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 342; 1916: 808, pi. 141g £. Allotinus subviolaceus manychus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 342; 1916: 808; Evans, 1932: 212; Cantlie, 1967: 28. LECTOTYPE , BURMA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus subviolaceus kallikrates Fruhstorfer, 1913: 342; 1916: 808. LECTOTYPE cf, PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus subviolaceus silarus Fruhstorfer, 1916: 808. LECTOTYPE cf , BORNEO (BMNH), here desig- nated [examined]. Syn. n. Males have a broad black border on the forewing which often fills the whole of space 3 and the cell, but in some examples the blue may enter the lower half of space 3 and fill the lower two-thirds of the cell. Usually the hindwing has only a few blue scales. In the female the forewing border is much narrower, and the hindwing varies individually from wholly fuscous to nearly all blue. In Palawan the greyish blue colour tends to be paler in both sexes than in other areas, and this does not appear to be due to season, as in the still paler examples flying in Burma and Thailand during the dry season. In addition the forewing border tends to be wider in females, measuring an average of 2-5 mm at vein Cu2 compared with an average of 2-0 mm in normal examples. These differences seem hardly sufficient to justify erecting another subspecies. Females from Borneo and Bangka also have, on average, the forewing border similar to Palawan examples. The Felders described subviolaceus only from the male, but did not designate a type. I therefore designate as lectotype a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Java Coll. . . . [illegible]/[circular blue]/ Allotinus subviolaceous Feld. /Felder COLLN. /subviolaceus n. /Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1/. The holotype of alkamah is the 'male' (recte female) figured by Distant, which has a fuscous hindwing. In BMNH there is a Sumatran female labelled /Type [red]/alkamah Dist. /Sumatra Forbes/Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1/alkamah Dist. $ Allotype [in script believed to be by Corbet]/. As the holotype is a female the allotype cannot be another female , and I reject it as such . Fortunately Corbet does not appear to have published this type selection. Fruhstorfer did not designate a type of manychus. He had no examples from Burma in his collection, but said that he had examined examples in BMNH from Pegu and Rangoon. There is a female in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Moore Coll. 1908-208 Pegu Magaree/May be taken as type of Allotinus subviolaceus THE MILETINI 15 Fig. 5 Allotinus (Allotinus) subviolaceus subviolaceus C. & R. Felder; Malay Peninsula. Male genitalia. manychus Fruh. [in script believed to be by Corbet]/. As it is likely that Fruhstorfer saw this specimen during his visit to BMNH I designate it as lectotype. I designate as lectotype of kallikrates a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orangej/Mindanao Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/subviolaceus kallikrates Fr. [in Fruhstor- fer's hand]/. A female labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orangej/Mindanao/Mindanao Fruhstorfer/ Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/Allotinus subviolaceus kallikrates Fruh. [in Corbet's hand]/ is a paralec- totype. I designate as lectotype of silarus a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ Nordborneo Brunei Waterstradt 1890/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/Allotinus subviolaceus silarus Fruh. [in Corbet's hand]/. A female in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/W. Borneo Sintang 16. III. 10/ Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/subviolaceus silarus Fr. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/ is labelled paralectotype. DISTRIBUTION. Manipur; Burma; Thailand; West Malaysia; Singapore; Sumatra; Bangka I.; Java; Borneo; Palawan; Mindanao. Allotinus (Allotinus) subviolaceus mirus van Eecke Allotinus subviolaceus mirus van Eecke, 1914: 247; Fruhstorfer, 1916, 808. LECTOTYPE cf , SIMEULUE I. (Simalur) (RNH), here designated [examined]. The subspecies is much paler than the palest dry season examples from Burma. Above, both sexes are pale bluish grey, becoming whitish on the forewing in the middle of space Ib and basal half of space 2. In the male the forewing border is inwardly rather irregular and narrow, leaving the basal half of space 3 , the base of space 4 and the lower three-quarters of the cell grey ; it is narrowest at vein Cu2, where it is just over 2-0 mm wide. The hindwing is mostly grey, with the discocellular veins darkened and with an inwardly diffuse fuscous marginal and costal border 2-3 mm wide. The female differs as usual in having more extensive bluish grey areas on both wings. I designate as lectotype a male in RNH labelled /60. 49/E. Jacobson Sinabang. Sim. Sum. 7. 1913/ Museum Leiden Allotinus subviolaceus mirus Det. R. v. Eecke/Type/. A further male and a female labelled /60. 50/ and /60, 51/ respectively, but otherwise as the lectotype, are paralectotypes. DISTRIBUTION. Simeulue I. (Simalur). Allotinus (Allotinus) agnolia sp. n. (Figs 6 cf genitalia and scales; 55 9) Cf forewing length 12-5 mm. Forewing with apex rounded, as in females of the genus; veins M\ and R5 with a short common stalk and vein R3 shorter than in the three preceding species, arising only a little before end 16 J. N. ELIOT Fig. 6 Allotinus (Allotinus) agnolia sp. n.: Sumatra. Male genitalia. Lower left, androconial scale from fore wing vein M3; below, normal cover scale from the same area. of vein R2. Upperside dark brown, with basal quarter of forewing a paler grey brown. Forewing with a rhomboidal white patch about 3-5 mm broad resting on vein A\ and reaching into lower angle of cell and base of space 3. Basal quarter of vein A/3 rather weakly swollen and clothed with very pale buff specialised scales about one-sixth size of white cover scales. Underside with a whitish area above mid-dorsum of forewing , but rest of both wings pale buff very densely striated with buff-brown striae ; usual postdiscal and submarginal markings of the genus small and only made out with difficulty. 9 . Apart from lacking the swelling of vein M3 of forewing, similar in all respects to male. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Sumatra: 'Battak Mts., N.E. Sum., II. 94 (Dr. Martin)' (BMNH). Paratypes. Sumatra: 1 $ (allotype), 'VIII. 94', otherwise as holotype (BMNH); 1 9 'N.O. Sumatra Martin Coll. H. Fruhstorfer', 'XL 94', 'Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131' (BMNH). The specific name is an anagram of Logania, given because the holotype was found in BMNH among a series of Logania distanti massalia bearing a manuscript label (in an unknown hand) reading Logania massalia Doherty. Allotinus (Allotinus) nicholsi Moulton (Figs 7, cf genitalia; 56 cf ; 57 $) Allotinus nicholsi Moulton, 1911: 83. The species differs from all the preceding in being reddish brown without white or blue areas. On the forewing vein R3 is as short as in Paragerydus, arising opposite the end of vein R2. On the hindwing a weak humeral vein is present. In the male, vein M3 of the forewing is weakly swollen in its basal quarter (a fact not noticed by Moulton and Corbet) , and the specialised scales are slightly smaller than those of A . agnolia . The male genitalia possess a feature unique in the tribe, viz. a prominent cornutus in the phallus, consisting of a longer central and shorter outer bundles of minute spicules. The species is known only from Borneo and Sumatra, and appears to be very rare. Provisionally I recognise two subspecies, but more material may show that no subdivision is necessary. Key to the subspecies of A. (A.) nicholsi 1 Underside markings faint and comparatively broad nicholsi nicholsi (p. 17) - Underside markings narrow, darker and sharply defined nicholsi battakanus (p. 17) THE MILETINI 17 Fig. 7 Allotinus (Allotinus) nicholsi battakanus Fruhstorfer; Sumatra. Male genitalia. Allotinus (Allotinus) nicholsi nicholsi Moulton Allotinus nicholsi Moulton, 1911: 83; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343; 1916: 809; Corbet, 19396: 66, fig. 11 cT genitalia. Holotype cf , BORNEO: Sarawak (BMNH) [examined]. Allotinus nicholsi nicholsi Moulton; Eliot, 1967: 71. The subspecies is known only from the male holotype, which is in worn condition. On the forewing veins MI and R5 are just separate. On the underside the markings are rather faint and comparatively wide, and resemble those of A. subviolaceus, as pointed out by Moulton. Allotinus (Allotinus) nicholsi battakanus Fruhstorfer (Figs 7 cf genitalia; 56 cf ; 57 9) Allotinus taros battakanus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370 (partim); 1916: 813, ? pi. 141g $ (partim). LECTOTYPE Cf , SUMATRA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Allotinus nicholsi battakanus Fruhstorfer; Eliot, 1967: 71. The short series of one male and four females in BMNH have veins M^ and R5 of the forewing connate , and on the underside the markings are narrower, darker and more sharply defined than in subsp. nicholsi. Although Fruhstorfer drew attention to the absence of the usual forewing brand of the male, part of his type-series, including two female syntypes in BMNH, comprise A. (Fabitaras) sarrastes, which is a common species in Sumatra. No doubt it was on this account that Fruhstorfer stated that the species was taken in great numbers by Dr Martin. It is not possible to say whether the figure of a female in Seitz represents battakanus or sarrastes. I designate as lectotype the male in BMNH, unfortunately lacking its head, which is labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/CMB II. 95/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/Allotinus battakanus Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the Battak Mts. Allotinus (Allotinus) major C. & R. Felder sp. rev. (Fig. 8, Cf genitalia) Allotinus major C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 286, partim cf nee $, pi. 35, fig. 29 cf. LECTOTYPE cf, SULAWESI (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 18 J- N. ELIOT Allotinus fallax major Felder; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343; 1916: 809. Allotinus fallax depictus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343; 1916: 809 [misspelled depista], pi. 141h cf [as major]. LECTOTYPE cf , SULAWESI (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus kalawarus Ribbe, 1926: 91. Syntypes, SULAWESI (probably in SMT). The most remarkable feature of this species and A. maximus is the short abdomen, which in the male does not protrude beyond the hindwings; this is due to all the abdominal segments being relatively short compared with those of the other species of the genus. Both species can also be recognised by the arrangement of the postdiscal series on the underside of the hindwing, wherein the spot in space 6 is midway between those in spaces 7 and 5. A. major shows much individual variation in size and pattern. The male is typically of medium size (forewing 17-0 mm) with a small, sullied, white patch on the forewing astride the base of vein Cu2. Occasionally the white area below vein Cu2 is unsullied and up to 3-0 mm wide; but in more than half of the examples examined the white patch is entirely absent, and such examples from east and south Sulawesi were treated as a distinct subspecies, depictus, by Fruhstorfer. However, similar males occur throughout Sulawesi, so that depictus can only be used as a varietal name. Females have, on average, a larger white patch than males. In the commonest form the ovate white patch is about 4-0 mm wide and fills the centre of space Ib, the basal half of space 2 and may enter space 3. Unmarked brown females appear to be very rare, as there is only one example in BMNH, from west central Sulawesi, without a trace of white. Other females from the same area and also from east Sulawesi form a complete connecting series leading up to the normal white-patched form. I have not seen Ribbe's type-series of A. kalawarus, so cannot be positive that the name is applicable to A. major. Ribbe described his species from at least four examples which he did not sex. He wrote that the upperside agreed with the figure of major (Fruhstorfer, 1916: pi. 141h) which is cf-var depictus and that the underside was nearest to the figure of pyxus [A. portunus pyxus] (Fruhstorfer, 1916: pi. 141i), but differed in having a light whitish ground colour and heavier marginal flecks and other markings. He queried whether kalawarus might not be the same as damodar (= A. macassarensis macassarensis), but said that the only specimen which he had as damodar was a female with a crenulate hindwing termen (which is indeed a character of macassarensis female), whilst in kalawarus the termen was not crenulate. A non-crenulate hindwing is a feature of both sexes of A . major, so that if any of Ribbe's specimens were females this would confirm that they were major. If they were males the absence of any mention of a brand (conspicuous in A . macassarensis) also suggests that they were major. I therefore feel reasonably confident that kalawarus is a synonym of major. Fig. 8 Allotinus (Allotinus) major C. & R. Felder; south-west Sulawesi. Male genitalia. Lower left, uncus, tegumen and brachium of an example from north-east Sulawesi: Minahassa. THE MILETINI 19 In the male genitalia the uncus/tegumen blades are shorter and more rounded than in any other Oriental species of Miletini. Judging by the few preparations I have made they are roundest in south Sulawesi and most elongated in Minahassa, those from east-central Sulawesi being intermediate. I designate as lectotype of major a male in BMNH labelled /Celeb Lorquin type [blue circular]/Allotinus major cf Fd./Type [red]/FELDER COLLN. /Rothschild Bequest 1939-1/. The female figured by the Felders is an example of the next species. I designate as lectotype of depictus a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ Sud-Celebes Dr. Martin Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/major fa depicta Fr. [in Fruhstor- fer's hand]/. A female labelled/Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/O. Celeb. Fruhstorfer/depictus Fruh. [in Corbet's hand]/ is a paralectotype; it is a typical example with a white patch on the forewing. DISTRIBUTION. The species occurs at low levels throughout Sulawesi and in Banggai I. and Sangihe I. Allotinus (Allotinus) maximus Staudinger stat. n. (Fig. 9, cf genitalia) [Allotinus major C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 286, partim $ nee cf , pi. 35, figs 30, 31 $. Misidentification.] Allotinus albatus Felder var. maximus Staudinger, 1888: 269, pi. 94. Holotype cf, SULAWESI (coll. Staudinger, probably in MNHU). Allotinus fallax major Felder $-f. albatus Felder [= maximus}; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343; 1916: 809 [misspelled albadus and magnimus}. Both Fruhstorfer and Staudinger confused this species with Allotinus albatus, a distinct species in subgenus Paragerydus (p. 30). The former recognised its kinship with A. major, regarding it as a montane variety from Minahassa. I think it is more likely that major and maximus are distinct sibling species. The latter may well be wholly montane, since of four males in BMNH the only two with complete data came from the Peak of Bonthain, 1000-2000 m. These examples from the extreme south-west of Sulawesi do not appear to differ from Staudinger's holotype male from Minahassa, so that it is probable that the species occurs unchanged throughout the mountains of Sulawesi. A. maximus is larger than A. major, and in the male there is a clear white patch on the forewing filling the basal half of space 2 and the central half of space 1 b , which is grey at the wing base . The only female I have seen is the misidentified female syntype of major figured by the Felders, which has a large white patch on the forewing extending into the base of space 4 and the lower edge of the cell. It is labelled /Type [red]/Celebes Lorquin type [blue circular]/Allotinus major n $ Fd. /major n/FELDER COLLN. /Roth- schild Bequest 1939-1/. The male genitalia (Fig. 9) of the single example dissected differ slightly from those of A. major in having a narrower, more pointed phallus and longer, more rectangular uncus blades. DISTRIBUTION. Confined to Sulawesi. Fig. 9 Allotinus (Allotinus) maximus Staudinger; Sulawesi (no further data). Male genitalia. 20 J. N. ELIOT FABITARAS subgen. n. Type-species: Paragerydus fabius Distant & Pryer, 1887: 266. Gender masculine. Antenna nearly two-thirds length of forewing costa, with about 62-66 segments. In males, abdominal hair tufts short, not protruding except when genitalia are everted. Forewing venation particularly subject to individual variation, with apical angle of cell sometimes sharply acute, sometimes almost a right angle. Veins Ml and R5 usually stalked, but sometimes connate from cell apex, most often in A. taras and A. strigatus, while in A. bldiensis they may be just separate. Vein RT, also very variable, usually arising from about middle of vein R5, but sometimes as short as in subgen. Paragerydus, sometimes as long as in typical species of subgen. Allotinus. In males vein M3 always basally swollen and clothed with small specialised scales. Hindwing usually with a weakly developed humeral vein extending less than half-way across space 8, but sometimes absent or vestigial, most often in females. Underside characterised by a series of submarginal blackish dots which, on the forewing, are outwardly white-edged in females but not, or more indistinctly so, in males; indeed, even the blackish dots may be absent in males of A. strigatus and A. portunus. Male genitalia not unlike those of subgen. Allotinus, with valva ending in an apical hook but edges folded inwards more strongly in the form of a trough. The species included in Fabitaras were placed in Paragerydus by earlier authors up to and including Fruhstorfer (1916) because of the swollen vein M3 of males and the common origin of veins M} and R5 in both sexes; but on the basis of the male genitalia and the frequent presence of a humeral vein it is certain that Fabitaras is more closely allied to Allotinus than to Paragerydus. The subgenus is found from central Burma to Sundaland and the Philippines, and comprises ten species. Key to the species of subgenus Fabitaras 1 Underside of hindwing with postdiscal spot in space 6 placed below, or just inside, that in space 7. Female with hindwing produced at vein M3 (faWus-group) 2 Underside of hindwing with postdiscal spot in space 6 placed well outside spot in space 7. Female hindwing rounded (faras-group) 4 2 Underside of forewing with postdiscal series more or less parallel to termen except that spot in space 5 is moved a little outwards. Postdiscal spots above vein M3 on forewing and vein M\ on hindwing not enlarged nor blotchy 3 Underside of forewing with postdiscal series inclined towards apex; spots in spaces 4 and 5 moved out of line, the latter very close to termen. Postdiscal spots above vein M3 on forewing and vein MI on hindwing enlarged and blotchy fabius (p. 21) 3 cf upperside of forewing with vein M3 swollen for three-quarters of its length; visual brand prominent. Underside of forewing with apical region shaded reddish brown; hindwing with submarginal black spot in space 6 at most barely larger than other submarginal spots borneensis (p. 22) Cf upperside of forewing with vein M3 swollen for half its length; visual brand narrow and obscure. Underside of forewing with apical region not shaded reddish brown; hindwing with submarginal black spot in space 6 triangular and larger than other submarginal spots punctatus (p. 23) 4 Cf 9 upperside of hindwing with tornal area brown 5 Cf 9 upperside of hindwing with tornal quarter white brooksi (p. 26) 5 Underside of hindwing with submarginal black spot in space 6 at most barely larger than other submarginal spots, cf upperside of forewing with at least indications of a visual brand astride swollen portion of vein M3 6 Underside of hindwing with submarginal black spot in space 6 triangular and larger than other submarginal spots, cf upperside of forewing without a visual brand. 9 upperside of hindwing may have a brownish cream border nigritus (p. 24) 6 Underside of hindwing with postdiscal spot in space 6 placed roughly midway between the spots in-spaces 7 and 5 7 Underside of hindwing with postdiscal spot in space 6 placed much further from spot in space 7 so that it is almost on an even arc with the spots in spaces 2 to 5 8 7 Underside ground colour white, cf forewing with vein M3 swollen for only one-third its length; visual brand ill-defined and less than 1 -0 mm wide bidiensis (p. 26) Underside ground colour pale buff, cf forewing with swollen portion of vein M3 about half its length; visual brand about 2-0 mm wide strigatus (p. 24) 8 cf forewing with vein M3 swollen for more than half its length ; visual brand at least 1-0 mm wide 9 THE MILETINI 21 O" forewing with vein M3 swollen for half its length; visual brand very narrow, inconspicuous. Underside ground colour greyish white ;forewing apex shaded reddish brown turns (p. 27) 9 Underside ground colour greyish white , not darkened towards forewing apex; black submargin- al spots outwardly white-edged; postdiscal series slightly closer to termen at dorsum than at costa. cf upperside of forewing with vein M3 swollen for two-thirds its length; visual brand up to 2-0 mm wide, comparatively well defined sarrastes (p. 28) - Underside ground colour in cf buff, becoming darker towards forewing apex; striation dense, black marginal spots absent or obscure, not white-edged. $ ground colour greyish white with forewing apex more or less shaded with brown; submarginal white-edged black spots present on forewing. Postdiscal series parallel to termen. cf upperside of forewing with vein M3 swollen for nearly four-fifths its length; visual brand ill-defined, just over 1-0 mm wide portunus (p. 29) Allotinus (Fabitaras) fabius (Distant & Pryer) (Fig. 10, cf genitalia) Paragerydus fabius Distant & Pryer, 1887: 266. The species is readily recognised by the underside markings. On the forewing the postdiscal spots in spaces 4 and especially 5 are shifted towards the termen, whilst the spots in spaces 6 and 7 are placed much further basad; in addition the spots above vein M3 are more or less enlarged and blotchy. On the hindwing the postdiscal spots in spaces 6 and 7 are placed one above the other and are large and blotchy. The female has the hindwing weakly caudate at vein M3. The male has vein M3 of the forewing swollen for about three-quarters of its length and the visual brand is about 1-5 mm wide. The species has a restricted distribution in Sundaland, and has not been found in Java, Palawan nor the islands off the west coast of Sumatra. There are two subspecies. Key to the subspecies of A. (F.) fabius 1 $ upperside of hindwing outwardly white fabius fabius (p. 21) $ upperside of hindwing brown fabius arrius (p. 21) Allotinus (Fabitaras) fabius fabius (Distant & Pryer) Paragerydus fabius Distant & Pryer, 1887: 266; Cowan, 1966: 5. Holotype $ , BORNEO: Sandakan (BMNH) [examined]. Allotinus caudatus Grose-Smith, 1893: 34. Holotype 'cf' recte $, BORNEO: Mt Kina Balu (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. Paragerydus caudatus (Grose-Smith); H. H. Druce, 1895: 563, pi. 31, figs 7, 8 cf - Allotinus fabius fabius (Distant & Pryer); Fruhstorfer, 1914: 22; 1916: 814; Corbet, 19396: 74. Allotinus fabius caudatus Smith; Fruhstorfer, 1914: 22; 1916: 814; Corbet, 19396: 74. Allotinus fabius pamisus Fruhstorfer, 1914: 22; 1916: 814; Corbet, 19396: 74 [misspelt pamiscus]. Holotype $, BORNEO: south-east (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. Fruhstorfer (1915) perpetuated Grose-Smith's mistake over the sex of caudatus by incorrectly stating that both sexes of the race from Kina Balu have the outer part of the hindwing white. In fact it is only females which have the hindwing partly white, and examples from Kina Balu do not differ significantly from those from the rest of Borneo nor from examples from south-west Sumatra. DISTRIBUTION. Borneo, including Pulo Laut; south Sumatra (1 cf , 3 $ , Lebong Tandai (C. J. Brooks)). Allotinus (Fabitaras) fabius arrius Fruhstorfer (Fig. 10, cf genitalia) [Paragerydus panormis Elwes, 1893: 619 (partim), pi. 43, fig. 9 $. Misidentification.] Allotinus fabius arrius Fruhstorfer, 1914: 22; 1916: 814, pi. 1411, cf $; Corbet, 19396: 74, fig. 4 cf genitalia; Fleming, 1975: 21, pi. 58, fig. L45 cf; Eliot, 1978: 240. LECTOTYPE cf. SUMATRA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Allotinus fabius panormis (Elwes); Fruhstorfer, 1916: 814. Misidentification.] 22 J. N. ELIOT Fig. 10 Allotinus (Fabitaras) fabius arrius (Fruhstorfer); Malay Peninsula. Male genitalia. Differs from the nominate subspecies only in the all brown female. I designate as lectotype of arrius a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/CMB II. 94/Sumatra Monies Batlak ex coll. Fruhslorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/fabius arrius Frhsl. [in Fruhslorfer's hand]/. A similarly labelled female is a paraleclolype. DISTRIBUTION. Malay Peninsula; north Sumatra. Allotinus (Fabitaras) borneensis Moulton (Figs 11 Cf genitalia; 58 cf) Allotinus borneensis Moullon, 1911: 81; Fruhslorfer, 1913: 371; 1916: 814. Hololype cf , BORNEO: Sarawak (BMNH) [examined]. Allotinus borneensis borneensis Moullon; Corbel, 19396: 76, fig. 3, cf genitalia. Allotinus borneensis elioti Corbet, 19396: 76; Fleming, 1975: 22, pi. 58, fig. L49 cf ; Eliol, 1978: 240. Hololype cf , WEST MALAYSIA (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. On Ihe upperside bolh sexes resemble A. fabius arrius, but are more reddish brown and, in Ihe male, Ihe Fig. 11 Allotinus (Fabitaras) borneensis Moulton; Malay Peninsula. Male genitalia. THE MILETINI 23 swollen portion of vein M3 is very slightly longer and the visual brand is very slightly wider. The underside is greyish white to pale buff-white, with the apical area of the forewing shaded with reddish brown. On the forewing the postdiscal series is parallel to the termen except that the spot in space 5 is shifted outwards, but not nearly as much as in A. fabius. On the hindwing the spot in space 6 is usually placed just inside that in space 7. DISTRIBUTION. Borneo; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Bangka. Allotinus (Fabitaras) punctatus (Semper) (Figs 12, cf genitalia; 59 9) Paragerydus punctatus Semper, 1889: 165, pi. 31, figs 16 cf, 17 $. LECTOTYPE cf, PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (SM), here designated [examined]. Allotinus punctatus (Semper); Fruhstorfer, 1913: 371; 1916: 814; Corbet, 1939b: 74, fig. 1, cf genitalia. Allotinus anaxandridas Fruhstorfer, 1916: 814. Holotype 9, PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (SM) [examined]. [$-morph.] Syn. n. Allotinus caesemius Fruhstorfer, 1916: 814. LECTOTYPE $, PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (SM), here desig- nated [examined]. [$-morph.] Syn. n. On the upperside the male has vein M3 swollen for half its length and the visual brand is rather narrow and ill-defined. The underside is pale buff with the postdiscal markings showing great individual variation in width, in some examples being as much as 2-0 mm wide. In females the ground colour is greyish white, and the postdiscal markings are much narrower, seldom as much as 1-0 mm in width. The white-edged black submarginal spots are well marked, that in space 6 of the hindwing being triangular and larger than the others. As in A. fabius and A. borneensis the postdiscal spots in spaces 7 and 6 of the hindwing are placed more or less one above the other, and the female has the hindwing weakly caudate at vein M3. The species is chiefly remarkable for the polymorphism of the female, which was recognised by Semper who described three morphs. Fruhstorfer, however, considered that the three morphs were distinct species - a view for which there is no supporting evidence. The typical female is plain brown on both wings. In $-f. caesemius Fruhstorfer the forewing has a large white patch while the hindwing is brown; it seems to be the commonest morph. In $-f. anaxandridas Fruhstorfer the forewing resembles that of caesemius but the hindwing also has a large white patch; it appears to be much the rarest morph. Another 9 -morph was described by Fruhstorfer as 9-f- eretria, but I think that the butterfly in question was a female of A. nigritus (seep. 24). Semper did not designate a type of punctatus, whilst Fruhstorfer named caesemius from two females and anaxandridas from a single female in Semper coll., which Semper had designated merely as varieties of punctatus. I now designate as lectotype of punctatus one of two males ex Semper coll. in SM labelled /Coll. C. Semper/Sibulan/215/Parag. punctatus typ. Semper/297c/Typus [red]/. A second male labelled /215/Coll. C. Semper/ is a paralectotype. I designate as lectotype of caesemius a female ex Semper coll. in SM labelled /Sibulan/297a/215/. The single female of anaxandridas is automatically the holotype and has been so labelled. Fig. 12 Allotinus (Fabitaras) punctatus (Semper); Mindanao. Male genitalia. 24 J. N. ELIOT DISTRIBUTION. The species has hitherto been recorded only from Mindanao. There is a single female in coll. Treadaway from Leyte (Catmon 450 m, 10. v. 1977) which differs from f. caesemius in having the white forewing patch reduced, with the dusky scaling at the wing base and above the dorsum almost as dark brown as the marginal and costal borders, whilst the underside is yellowish white with the markings heavier and more reddish than in females from Mindanao. It is probable that a distinct subspecies flies in Leyte, but I hesitate to name one on the basis of a single female. Allotinus (Fabitaras) nigritus (Semper) (Figs 13, Cf genitalia, 60 $) Paragerydus nigritus Semper, 1889: 164, pi. 31, fig. 15 cf . LECTOTYPE cf , PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (SM), here designated [examined]. Allotinus nigritus (Semper); Fruhstorfer, 1914: 22; 1916: 814. Allotinus punctatus (Semper) $-f. eretria Fruhstorfer, 1916: 814. Holotype $. PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (not located). In the male vein M3 is swollen for a little under half its length and there is no visual brand. The underside is pale brownish ochreous with darker brown markings. The black submarginal spots resemble those of A. punctatus, from which A. nigritus can be separated by the postdiscal spot in space 6 of the hindwing being placed midway between the spots in spaces 7 and 5, or a little closer to the latter, as well as by its richer, more ochreous appearance. The only female I have seen (Mindanao, Mt Apo, 15. ii. 1983, (A. Ballantine)) is dark brown above with an inwardly diffuse, sullied whitish border 2-0 mm wide on the hindwing from the tornus to vein R5. The hindwing termen is barely dentate at the end of vein M3, as in all species of the subgenus dealt with subsequently. Fruhstorfer named as A. punctatus $ -f . eretria a female with the underside bright ochreous bearing thick brown markings and black marginal spots. The underside of females of A. punctatus is greyish white, so that I suspect that eretria really applies to A nigritus. Fruhstorfer did not mention the upperside of eretria, which was presumably unmarked brown, as in the typical female morph of A. punctatus, and if my supposition of the true identity of eretria is correct it would appear that the female of A. nigritus is dimorphic - with or without a whitish border on the hindwing. I designate as lectotype of nigritus a male in SM labelled /Coll. C.Semper/Ost Mind./214/297b/15/Parag. nigritus typ. Semper/Typus [red]/. A second male labelled /Ost Mind./214/Typus [red]/is a paralectotype. DISTRIBUTION. Mindanao. Fig. 13 Allotinus (Fabitaras) nigritus (Semper); Mindanao. Male genitalia. Allotinus (Fabitaras) strigatus Moulton (Figs 14, cf genitalia; 61 cf ) Allotinus strigatus Moulton, 1911: 80. The species can be recognised by the fact that on the underside of the hindwing the postdiscal spot in space THE MILETINI 25 6 is placed midway between those in spaces 7 and 5, while on the forewing the postdiscal series is much closer to the termen near the tornus than near the costa. The underside ground colour is a uniform pale buff. On the upperside the male has vein A/3 swollen for half its length, and the visual brand is quadrate, about 2 mm wide and not sharply outlined. The species is strictly Sundanian, and has not yet been found in Java, Palawan or the islands off the west coast of Sumatra. There are two subspecies. Key to the subspecies of A. (F.) strigatus 1 On the underside of the forewing the blackish submarginal dots are inconspicuous and not outwardly white-edged strigatus strigaius (p. 25) - On the underside of the forewing the blackish submarginal dots are outwardly white-edged in $ and in the apical half of the wing in cf strigatus malayanus (p. 25) Allotinus (Fabitaras) strigatus strigatus Moulton (Fig. 61 cf) Allotinus strigatus Moulton, 1911: 80. Holotype cf , BORNEO: Pulo Laut (BMNH) [examined]. Allotinus strigatus strigatus Moulton; Fruhstorfer, 1914: 22; 1916: 813; Corbet, 1939ft: 75, fig. 5, cf genitalia. On the underside the submarginal blackish dots are not white-edged, and the usual markings are comparatively broad and well defined. DISTRIBUTION. Borneo, including Pulo Laut. Allotinus (Fabitaras) strigatus malayanus Corbet (Fig. 14, cf genitalia) Allotinus strigatus malayanus Corbet, 1939ft: 75; Fleming, 1975: 22, pi. 58, fig. L48 cf ; Eliot, 1978: 240. Holotype cf , WEST MALAYSIA (BMNH) [examined]. Allotinus strigatus denalus Corbet, 1939ft: 75. Holotype cf , SUMATRA: Battak Mts (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. On the underside of the forewing the blackish submarginal dots are outwardly edged with whitish in the female, but in the male less distinctly and only in the apical half of the wing. The markings are narrower and less well defined than in the nominate subspecies. In the male the swelling of vein M3 is slightly shorter, being just under half its length, and the visual brand is usually a little narrower. DISTRIBUTION. Malay Peninsula, including Singapore; Sumatra. Fig. 14 Allotinus (Fabitaras) strigatus malayanus Corbet; Malay Peninsula. Male genitalia. 26 J. N. ELIOT Allotinus (Fabitaras) brooksisp. n. (Figs 15, cf genitalia; 63 cf ) Cf forewing length 15-0 mm. Venation normal for the subgenus, with veins M j and R5 of forewing having a moderately long common stalk. Upperside brown, with tornal quarter of hindwing white, very sparsely dusted with brown scales and with adjoining cilia white chequered with dark brown at vein endings. Forewing with vein M3 swollen for slightly less than one-third of its length; visual brand very narrow, obscure. Underside very pale greyish white, sparsely striated; postdiscal spots small , more or less parallel to termen; hindwing with postdiscal spot in space 6 a little closer to that in space 7 than to that in space 5; cell-end bars unusually heavy, especially on hindwing; forewing with submarginal blackish dots outwardly white-edged. Genitalia similar to those of A. strigatus, A. taras and A. sarrastes, but apical process of valva slightly larger. $ forewing length 15-0 mm. Differs from male in that inwardly diffuse white area on hindwing a little larger, occupying one-third of wing. At first sight this sex might be mistaken for A. fabius fabius , but the rounded hindwing termen separates it readily. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Borneo: 'Bau Feb Feb 10', 'Sarawak C. J. Brooks', '192', 'C. J. Brooks Bequest. B.M. 1953-173' (BMNH). Paratype. Borneo: 1 $ (allotype), 'Bau Dec. 09', '192', 'C. J. Brooks Bequest B.M. 1953-173' (BMNH). Fig. 15 Allotinus (Fabitaras) brooksi sp. n. ; Borneo. Male genitalia. Allotinus (Fabitaras) bidiensissp. n. (Figs 16, cf genitalia; 62 cf ) Cf forewing length 15-0-16-0 mm. In the two examples examined forewing venation differs from rest of subgenus in that veins MI and R5 are just separate at their origins; vein /?3 rather short, arising just before end of vein R2. Upperside brown, with basal third of vein M3 swollen; visual brand narrow, obscure. Underside with markings generally arranged as in sympatric A. strigatus, but differing in the pale greyish white ground colour, the smaller, more rounded postdiscal spots and the prominently white-edged blackish submarginal dots on the forewing. Male genitalia distinguished by valva, in which the lower process extends beyond the short apical hook, and comparatively short, stout phallus. 9 forewing length 14-0 mm in the single example seen, wherein veins MI and R5 of forewing connate from cell apex. Upperside brown. Underside similar to male. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Borneo: Sarawak, '647 20/5/08', '190f , 'C. J. Brooks Bequest. B.M. 1953-173' (BMNH). Paratypes. Borneo: 1 $ (allotype), Sabah, 'N. Born.', 'Madai 3.2.92', 'Joicey Bequest. Brit. Mus. 1934-120' (BMNH); cf , 'Bidi Sarawak 1907 C. J. Brooks', '190f , 'C. J. Brooks Bequest. B.M. 1953-173' (BMNH). THE MILETINI 27 Fig. 16 Allotinus (Fabitaras) bidiensis sp. n. ; Borneo. Male genitalia. Allotinus (Fabitaras) taras (Doherty) (Fig. 17, Cf genitalia) Paragerydus taras Doherty, 1889: 437, pi. 23, fig. 10 cf . Syntypes, BURMA: Tenasserim (not located). Parageryduspanormis Elwes, 1893: 619, partim 'cf ' recte £ , nee $ , pi. 43, fig 8 'cf '. Holotype 'cf ' recte $ , BURMA: East Pegu (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus taras (Doherty) Bingham, 1907: 300; Swinhoe, 1910: 199, pi. 617, figs 2, 2b cf , 2a, 2c $; Evans, 1932: 212; Cantlie, 1963: 27. Allotinus panormis (Elwes) Bingham, 1907: 301; Swinhoe, 1910: 197 partim, pi. 616, figs 3, 3b 'cf' recte $, nee $. Allotinus taras taras (Doherty); Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370; 1916: 813; Corbet, 19396: 74, partim. Allotinus fabius panormis (Elwes); Fruhstorfer, 1916: 814, partim; Evans, 1932: 212. Allotinus panormis panormis (Elwes); Corbet, 19396: 74; Cantlie, 1963: 27. On the upper surface of the forewing the male has vein M3 swollen for half its length, and the visual brand is very narrow and inconspicuous; indeed Doherty, in his original description, gave absence of the brand as Fig. 17 Allotinus (Fabitaras) taras (Doherty); Burma. Male genitalia. 28 J. N. ELIOT one of the characters of the species. The underside of both sexes is greyish white turning to reddish brown towards the forewing apex and, occasionally, at the hindwing apex also. The postdiscal series of spots is rather lightly marked, and though these spots were mentioned by Doherty they are wanting in the example chosen for his figure. Such examples cannot be regarded as typical, only two out of 28 males in BMNH being similar to Doherty's figure. The 'male' (recte female) of Paragerydus panormis is a quite typical female of A taras, and I am at a loss to understand why Corbet regarded it as a different species conspecific with A. portunus. The male genitalia of A. taras and A. sarrastes are similar, so there are grounds for regarding these two taxa as conspecific. However, they overlap in south Burma between Tavoy and Mergui over a distance of some 160 km without any evidence of intergradation, so that it seems highly probable that their period of isolation, when there was a sea barrier in the region of the Isthmus of Kra, was sufficiently prolonged for interbreeding to be impossible when they again met. I have seen none of Doherty's type-series and as the figured male is atypical I do not designate it as lectotype. DISTRIBUTION. Burma, from the Karen Hills to Mergui. Allotinus (Fabitaras) sarrastes Fruhstorfer stat. n. (Fig. 18, cf genitalia) Allotinus taras sarrastes Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370; 1916: 813; Corbet, 19396: 74; Eliot, 1961: 71; 1978: 240; Fleming, 1975: 21, pi. 58, fig. L46 cf . LECTOTYPE cf , BORNEO (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Allotinus taras battakanus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370, partim; 1916: 813 partim, ? pi. 141g $. Misidentifica- tion.] Allotinus porriginosus Toxopeus, 1932: Ixxvii. Holotype cf , JAVA: south (not located). Syn. n. [Allotinus taras taras (Doherty); Corbet, 19396: 74, fig. 2, cf genitalia. Misidentification.] Allotinus taras mendava Riley, 1944: 253, pi. 2, fig. 30 cf, 31 $. Holotype cf, MENTAWAI Is.: Sipora (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. This Sundanian species is obviously very closely related to A. taras, but it is best regarded as specifically distinct. It differs from A. taras on the underside by the absence of reddish brown shading towards the forewing apex. In addition, on the upperside of the male forewing the swelling of vein M3 extends over about two-thirds of its length and the visual brand is prominent and usually about 1-5 mm wide. On the underside the white edges to the blackish submarginal spots are particularly well marked, especially in the female. I designate as lectotype a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Kina Balu ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/sarrastes Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. A female labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Nord-Borneo Brunei Waterstradt 1890/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/sarrastes Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/ is a paralectotype. Fig. 18 Allotinus (Fabitaras) sarrastes Fruhstorfer; Malay Peninsula. Male genitalia. THE MILETINI 29 DISTRIBUTION. Burma, from Tavoy southwards; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Mentawai Is.; Borneo; Java; Mindanao (SM, 1 cf labelled /Ost Mind./298a/213/Coll. C. Semper/re verdini/; this specimen has the visual brand obscure and ill-defined, but this may be due partly to its rubbed condition.) Allotinus (Fabitaras) portunus (de Niceville) (Fig. 19, cf genitalia) Paragerydus portunus de Niceville, 1894: 27. Males are easily recognised by the long swelling of vein M3 of the forewing, extending over nearly four-fifths of its length, and the rather diffuse and narrow visual brand, as well as by the buff or pale rufous underside on which the usual blackish submarginal spots are absent or, if present, are not outwardly white-edged. Females most nearly resemble that sex of A. taras on the underside, but the subapical darkening on the forewing is less developed and brownish ochreous without the red tinge of taras. In both sexes the postdiscal series of spots on the forewing is more exactly parallel to the termen than in the other species of the subgenus. As already pointed out (p. 28) Corbet (19396) subordinated A. portunus and its subspecies under A. panormis, which is a synonym of the Burmese species A. taras (Doherty). The species is purely Sundanian, not extending to Palawan or the islands off the west coast of Sumatra, and, at least in the Malay Peninsula, flies at higher average elevations than the other species of the subgenus, being seldom found below 800 m. I recognise three weak subspecies based on a mean of differences. Key to the subspecies of A. (F.) portunus 1 cf underside of forewing with blackish submarginal spots normally absent 2 - cf underside of forewing with blackish submarginal spots normally present... portunus pyxus (p. 30) 2 cf underside of forewing with postdiscal series ill-marked. $ underside usually pale greyish buff, with forewing apex shaded with ochreous portunus portunus (p. 29) Cf underside of forewing with postdiscal series narrow but usually clearly defined. $ underside greyish white with forewing apex only narrowly and faintly shaded portunus maitus (p. 29) Allotinus (Fabitaras) portunus portunus (de Niceville) Paragerydus portunus de Niceville, 1894: 27, pi. 5, fig. 14 cf . Syntypes, JAVA (?ZSI). Allotinus taras narsares Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370; 1916: 813; Corbet, 19396: 74, partim. LECTOTYPE $, JAVA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus portunus portunus (de Niceville) Fruhstorfer, 1914: 22; 1916: 813. [Allotinus strigatus dositheus Fruhstorfer, 1914: 22 partim, $ nee cf .] [Allotinus taras (Doherty); Piepers & Snellen, 1918: 14, pi. 19, fig. 16 $. Misidentification.] Allotinus portunus (de Niceville); Piepers & Snellen, 1918: 15, pi. 20, figs 18a cf , 18b $. Allotinus panormis portunus (de Niceville); Corbet, 19396: 75. On the underside the ground colour is variable in both sexes. In the male it varies from pale buff to rufous buff, and generally the postdiscal markings are ill-defined and may be absent as in the example figured by de Niceville. In the female the ground colour may be as buff as in the male, but in some examples, as in the lectotype of narsares, which apparently was the model for the figure of A. taras in Piepers & Snellen (1918), it is pale greyish. The blackish submarginal spots on the underside of the forewing are usually missing in the male but present in the female and at most only weakly edged with white. I designate as lectotype of narsares a female in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Java Occident. Sukabumi 2000' ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/narsares Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. DISTRIBUTION. Java. Allotinus (Fabitaras) portunus maitus Fruhstorfer (Fig. 19, Cf genitalia) Allotinus portunus maitus Fruhstorfer, 1914: 21; 1916: 813. LECTOTYPE cf, SUMATRA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. 30 J. N. ELIOT Fig. 19 Allotinus (Fabitaras) portunus maitus Fruhstorfer; Malay Peninsula. Male genitalia. Allotinus panormis fruhstorferi Corbet, 19396: 74, fig. 7, cf genitalia; Fleming, 1975: 22, pi. 58, fig. L47 $ ; Eliot, 1978: 240. Holotype cf , WEST MALAYSIA (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus panormis maitus Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 19396: 74. In the male the postdiscal markings on the underside are usually more clearly defined than in subsp. portunus and the submarginal blackish spots are missing; in the female the ground colour is more greyish white. I designate as lectotype of maitus a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/CMB 111. 94/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/portunus maitus Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. A female labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Sumatra Monies Battak ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/allotype Allotinus portunus maitus Fruh. [in Corbet's hand]/ is a paralectotype. DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra; West Malaysia. Allotinus (Fabitaras) portunus pyxus (de Niceville) Paragerydus pyxus de Niceville, 1894: 27, pi. 5, fig. 2 cf . Holotype cf , BORNEO: Kina Balu (? ZSI). Paragerydus waterstradti H. H. Druce, 1895: 562, pi. 31, figs 1 cf, 2 $. LECTOTYPE cf, BORNEO (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymised by Fruhstorfer, 1914: 22.] Paragerydus waterstradti ab. absens H. H. Druce, 1895: 562. Allotinus portunus pyxus (de Niceville); Fruhstorfer, 1914: 22; 1916: 813, pi. 141i, cf $. Allotinus panormis pyxus (de Niceville); Corbet, 19396: 75. Females appear to be inseparable from the nominate subspecies but in males the blackish submarginal spots on the underside of the fore wing are more often present. De Niceville, who named the subspecies from a single male, differentiated it from subsp. portunus by the more rufous tone of the upperside and the pale rufous instead of pale ochreous colour of the underside. However, the ground colour is very variable in all three subspecies and is not a reliable character. De Niceville's figure is misleading, as it does not show the visual brand which is mentioned in his description. H. H. Druce described waterstradti from syntypes in coll. Staudinger and in his own collection. I designate as lectotype a male in BMNH labelled /Kina Balu Waterstr./P. waterstradti co-type H. H. Druce/ex coll. Hamilton Druce/Joicey Bequest Brit. Mus. 1934-120/. As there is no specimen in BMNH of ab. absens H. H. Druce, it is likely that the name applies to a specimen in coll. Staudinger. DISTRIBUTION. Borneo, apparently only known from Mt Kina Balu. Subgenus PARAGERYDUS Distant Paragerydus Distant, 1884: 207. Type-species: Miletus horsfieldi Moore, 1857: 19, pi. la, fig. 1, by designation of Kirby, [1885]: 191. Miletographa Rober, 1892: 277. Type-species: Miletus drumila Moore, [1866]: 777, pi. 41, fig. 12, by monotypy. [Synonymised by Fruhstorfer, 1913: 371.] THE MILETINI 31 Antenna a little over half length of costa, slightly longer than in subgen. Allotinus and shorter than in subgen. Fabitaras. Antennal segments number about 40 to 60. Shaft segments of the smaller species relatively longer, consequently fewer in number; thus in the nivalis-group and in A. corbeti there are about 40 segments, whereas in the larger species, such as A. horsfieldi and A. apries, there are about 58 segments. Species of intermediate size have an intermediate number of segments, for example in A. unlcolor there are usually about 45. In dwarf individuals, occurring most frequently in A. horsfieldi and A. unicolor, there is no diminution in the number of segments. Venation shows less individual variation than in Fabitaras. Hindwing without humeral vein. Forewing veins MI and R5 usually connate or briefly stalked, but in the nivalis-group they may be just separate at their origins. In males, vein M3 of forewing basally swollen, clothed with small specialised scales, those of the nivalis-group being relatively large. In males, abdominal hair tufts prominent, permanently extruded and, in the genitalia, the valva has a truncate apex, except in A. davidis, and its ventral edge prolonged into a more or less pointed process. With only a few exceptions, the interspecific differences in the valva are very slight and perhaps inconstant; in general the genitalia give little assistance in identification. Early authors, up to Fruhstorfer (1913; 1916), used Paragerydus in a wider sense, either as a genus or subgenus (Artengruppe) to include the species here placed in Fabitaras. The subgenus ranges from north India to Sundaland, the Lesser Sunda Is., Philippines and Sulawesi (including Sula Is.). It comprises 16 species. Key to the species of subgenus Paragerydus 1 Underside mottled with brown specks and striae; postdiscal series not outlined by darker lines nor catenulate. Smaller, forewing 9-0-23-0 mm 2 - Underside mottled with brown spots ringed with pale buff; postdiscal series catenulate and outlined by darker lines. Larger, forewing usually over 23-0 mm drum Ha (p. 56) 2 Underside of forewing without a white fleck at end of vein R5 (horsfieldi-group) 3 - Underside of forewing with a white fleck at end of vein R5 (nivalis-group) 14 3 Underside with postdiscal series more or less the same size throughout. Upperside of hindwing unmarked brown 4 Underside with postdiscal spots below vein M3 on forewing much larger than those above, and spots above vein MI on hindwing much larger than those below. Upperside of hindwing partly white in cf $ or in $ alone 13 4 Upperside of forewing brown; white patch or streak present in 9 of two species. Hindwing brown, of same shade as forewing; termen crenulate (except in A . apries) 5 Upperside of forewing white to wing base, with dark brown margin and costa. Hindwing uniform pale buff-brown; termen not crenulate parapus (p. 51) 5 $ upperside brown, cf with visual brand, if present, not extending into cell basad of origin of vein Cui 6 - $ upperside of forewing with white patch or streak, cf (where known) with visual brand extending obscurely into cell basad of origin of vein Cu2 samarensis (p. 37) 6 Underside of forewing with postdiscal spots in spaces 4, 5 and 6 more or less in line and equidistant , or with the spot in space 5 nearer to , and often touching, the spot in space 6 7 Underside of forewing with postdiscal spots in spaces 4, 5 and 6 on an uneven curve, that in space 5 overlapping that in space 4 and well separated from that in space 6 macassarensis (p. 39) 7 Forewing veins MI and R5 connate or with a common stalk not more than 1-0 mm long. Underside of forewing with postdiscal spot in space 2 nearer termen than the spots in spaces 3 and Ib (if present), cf $ with hindwing cilia elongated into tufts at vein endings, termen crenulate in $ - Forewing veins MI and R5 with a stalk more than 1-0 mm long. Underside of forewing with postdiscal spots in spaces 3, 2 and Ib (if present) in line and parallel to termen. cf $ with hindwing cilia barely longer at vein endings and termen not crenulate in $ apries (p. 42) 8 cf upperside of forewing with a visual brand , vein M3 swollen for about half its length or longer 9 Cf upperside of forewing without a visual brand, vein M3 swollen for only one-quarter of its length. Small, forewing 10-0-12-0 mm corbeti (p. 44) 9 Forewing veins Ml and R5 usually with a very short common stalk, cf valva with terminal process not rising above costa ; tip of uncus not , or only a little , produced 10 - Forewing veins M1 and R5 usually connate, cf valva with terminal process curved upwards, ending just above costa; tip of uncus produced , rostriform horsfieldi (p. 32) 32 J. N. ELIOT 10 cf forewing with vein A/3 swollen for at least three-fifths of its length; visual brand comparative- ly wide 11 - cf forewing with vein M3 swollen for only half its length or slightly over; visual brand comparatively narrow, less than 1-5 mm wide (except in subspp. continentalis , and moorei sometimes, of A. unlcolor) 12 11 cf valva with terminal process comparatively long and narrow (Fig. 21). Underside of sympatric taxa greyish white; on hindwing postdiscal spot in space 6 usually more or less below that in space 7 leogoron (p. 34) Cf valva with terminal process short and broad (Fig. 22). Underside ground colour very pale buff; on hindwing postdiscal spot in space 6 nearly always inside the spot in space 7 and sometimes nearly mid-way to the end-cell bar melos (p. 36) 12 Underside ground colour greyish white to pale buff. Comparatively small, with forewing 10-5-18-0 mm. cf valva (Figs 29, 30) comparatively broad, with terminal process in centre line unicolor (p. 45) Underside chalky white. Larger, forewing 18-0-20-0 mm. cf valva narrower (Fig. 31), with terminal process nearly in line with ventral edge paetus (p. 50) 13 cf upperside greyish brown. $ with a whitish discal patch on forewing and an obscure whitish streak in space 5 on hindwing. cf 9 discocellular veins on hindwing not darkend luzonensis (p. 40) Cf $ upperside partly white on both wings. Discocellular veins blackened albatus (p. 41) 14 Underside of hindwing with central spot in space 7 at least partly blackened. Smaller, forewing 9-0-14-5 mm 15 Underside of hindwing with central spot in space 7 not blackened (may be darker brown than other spots). Larger, forewing 12-5-15-5 mm nivalis (p. 51) 15 cf valva with costa incised shortly before apex (as in all preceding species). Underside of hindwing with postdiscal spot in space 7 not blackened on its inner edge, except sometimes in the dry season form in Burma; ground colour greyish white, except in Philippines where it is pale buff substrigosus (p. 53) Cf valva with costa entire. Underside of hindwing with postdiscal spot in space 7 blackened on its inner edge; ground colour pale buff. Not found in Burma or Philippines davidis (p. 55) Allotinus (Paragerydus) hors field! (Moore) (Fig. 20, cf genitalia) Miletus horsfieldi Moore, 1857: 19. This and three succeeding species, leogoron, melos and macassarensis , form a confusing group difficult to separate by superficial characters. In the males of all four species the swelling of vein M3 and the visual brand on the forewing vary according to locality. Venation is individually variable, but in A. horsfieldi veins MI and R5 of the forewing are nearly always connate , whereas in the other three species they usually share a very short common stalk. In both sexes the hindwing cilia are elongated into short tufts at the vein endings and females have the hindwing termen crenulate. In the female of A. horsfieldi the hindwing is particularly strongly crenulate. In A. leogoron the crenulations are much less pronounced, while in A. melos and A. macassarensis they are intermediate. On the underside the markings show much individual variability in their density and in the position of the postdiscal series. On the forewing this series is dislocated at vein M3, with the stria in space 3 moved basad and often forming with the stria in space 2 an irregular, oblique stripe; but the degree of dislocation is variable and usually slight in A. macassarensis. In addition the stria in space Ib, if present, is moved basad in relation to that in space 2. Males of A. horsfieldi can always be identified with certainty by the genitalia (Fig. 20), wherein the ventral tip of the uncus is much produced and the terminal process of the valva is long and curved up above the costa. In both sexes A. horsfieldi shows great variability in size. The smaller males, with forewing length as little as 14 mm, have the forewing apex and termen more rounded and the visual brand relatively narrow, but they are connected by a complete range of intermediates to the largest males, with forewing length up to 23 mm, which have the forewing apex more pointed and the termen straighter. A. horsfieldi has a restricted distribution confined to Sundaland excluding Palawan. Where it occurs it is usually the commonest species of the subgenus apart from A. unicolor. THE MILETINI 33 Key to the subspecies of A. (P.) horsfieldi 1 Underside pale buff, postdiscal series not quadrate 2 - Underside greyish white, postdiscal series comprising large, dark, quadrate spots horsfieldi siporanus (p. 34) 2 Upperside brown without a reddish tinge . Underside usually lightly marked 3 - Upperside brown with a reddish tinge , especially strong in 9 and in basal half of forewing in cf . Underside more strongly marked horsfieldi permagnus (p. 33) 3 cf with visual brand broad, for about half its length contiguous with vein Cu\. 9 with forewing disc not conspicuously paler horsfieldi horsfieldi (p. 33) - cf with visual brand narrower, only its basal quarter touching vein Cu\. 9 with forewing disc conspicuously paler horsfieldi satelliticus (p. 34) Allotinus (Paragerydus) horsfieldi horsfieldi (Moore) Miletus horsfieldi Moore, 1857: 19, pi. la, fig. 2 cf . LECTOTYPE cf , JAVA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Allotinus horsfieldi horsfieldi (Moore) Fruhstorfer, 1913: 367; 1916: 812; Corbet, 1939ft: 73. Allotinus horsfieldii [sic] (Moore); Piepers & Snellen, 1918: 12, pi. 19, figs 12a Cf , 12b 9, 14a cf , 14b $. In the male the visual brand is broad, and touches vein Cu^ for about half its length. The female is dull brown without a reddish tinge, and the forewing disc is only a little paler. On the underside, especially in females, the usual lycaenid markings are generally light and may be faded out, as in the extremes shown in Piepers & Snellen (1918: pi. 19, figs 14a, 14b), and on the hindwing the postdiscal spot in space 6 is usually placed well inside the spot in space 7. I designate as lectotype a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/60-15 E. E.G. /Miletus horsfieldi cf M/GENITALIA Slide No ASC 23 Allotinus/. A female labelled /Type [red]/60-15 E.E.C./ is a paralecto- type. DISTRIBUTION. Java. Allotinus (Paragerydus) horsfieldi permagnus Fruhstorfer (Fig. 20, cf genitalia) Paragerydus horsfieldi (Moore); Distant, 1884: 207, pi. 20, fig. 7 '9' recte cf . Fig. 20 Allotinus (Paragerydus) horsfieldi permagnus Fruhstorfer; Rhio Archipelago: Great Karimon I. Male genitalia. 34 J. N. ELIOT Allotinus horsfieldi permagnus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 366; 1916: 812. LECTOTYPE d", SUMATRA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Allotinus horsfieldi nessus Corbet, 19396: 72, fig. 15, cf genitalia; Eliot, 1978: 240. Holotype cf , WEST MALAYSIA (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymised by Eliot, 1967: 66.] [Allotinus leogoron lindus Corbet, 19396: 73, partim $ nee d*. Misidentification.] Allotinus horsfieldi permagnus Fruhstorfer; Eliot, 1967: 66, fig. 1, cf genitalia; Fleming, 1975: 21, pi. 58, fig. L43 O". The subspecies is best distinguished by the female which is reddish brown with the forewing disc only very slightly paler. The female named by Fruhstorfer as f . infumata is well within the normal range of individual variation. In the male the visual brand is comparatively narrow, only touching vein Cui at its base, and the wing base of the forewing has a more reddish tinge than the darker apical region. I designate as lectotype of permagnus a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/W. Sumatra H. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/horsfieldi permagnus Fruhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. The specimen, which is rather more lightly marked on the underside than usual, has lost its abdomen. A female labelled /Type [red]/Sumatra Montes Battak ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer/^ horsfieldi Selesseh 19. xii. 94/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/horsfieldi permagnus Fruhst. [in Fruhstor- fer's hand]/ is a paralectotype. I designate as lectotype of infumata a female in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/N. Oekor viii. 94/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/infumata Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. DISTRIBUTION. Malay Peninsula, including Singapore; Sumatra; Bangka; Borneo; Peninsular Thailand (Pinratana). Three females in BMNH from Batu Is. are provisionally included in this subspecies; they are small with the underside ground colour whiter and the postdiscal markings rather dark and heavy, showing an approach to subsp. siporanus. They are also rather similar to A. leogoron batuensis, with which Eliot (1967) originally confused them and from which they can be distinguished by their more crenulate hindwingtermen. Allotinus (Paragerydus) horsfieldi siporanus Riley Allotinus horsfieldi siporana Riley, 1944: 253. Holotype $. MENTAWAI Is.: Sipora (BMNH) [examined]. The subspecies was described from a single large female in extremely battered condition; the whole of the outer half of the left hindwing and the tornal quarter of the right hindwing below vein Cu\ are missing. The greyish white ground colour of the underside and heavy dark brown markings suggest that it might pertain to A. leogoron, but such crenulations as remain on the termen of the right hindwing suggest A. horsfieldi, and it seems best to leave Riley's combination unchanged pending the discovery of the male. DISTRIBUTION. Mentawai Is. Allotinus (Paragerydus) horsfieldi satelliticus Fruhstorfer Allotinus horsfieldi satelliticus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 366; 1916: 812; Eliot, 1967: 66. LECTOTYPE $, ENGANO I. (BMNH), here designated [examined]. In the male the visual brand is like that of subsp. permagnus, but in other respects the subspecies more nearly resembles the nominate subspecies, especially in the female which is without a reddish tinge on the upperside. However, this sex differs from Javanese females by having a very prominent paler discal patch on the forewing. I designate as lectotype a female in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Engano April-Juli Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/horsfieldi satelliticus Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. DISTRIBUTION. Engano I. Allotinus (Paragerydus) leogoron Fruhstorfer (Fig. 21, cf genitalia) Allotinus leogoron Fruhstorfer, 1916: 811. This species has been much confused in the past with A. horsfieldi, from which the male is readily separated by the genitalia, wherein the ventral tip of the uncus is not produced and the terminal process of the valva is THE MILETINI 35 fairly long and narrow but not upturned. Females are best distinguished by the hindwing termen, which is less crenulate than in horsfieldi, but the cilia bear slightly longer and narrower tufts at the vein endings. On the forewing veins MI and R5 usually have a short common stalk and, except in Java, the ground colour of the underside is whiter with darker, more contrasted markings than in horsfieldi. A. leogoron has the same distribution as A. horsfieldi. I recognise four subspecies. Key to the subspecies of A. (P.) leogoron 1 cf visual brand narrow, only its base touching vein C«i 2 - cf visual brand wide, touching vein Cu\ throughout half its length leogoron leogoron (p. 35) 2 Underside greyish white with dark markings 3 - Underside pale buff with markings smaller and paler brown leogoron plessis (p. 36) 3 d" visual brand with only its extreme base touching vein Cu\. Underside of hindwing with postdiscal spot in space 6 below that in space 7, as in the nominate subspecies leogoron nor muni (p. 36) - cf visual brand a little wider, touching vein Cu\ for a quarter of its length . Underside of hindwing with postdiscal spot in space 6 placed inside that in space 7, sometimes almost half-way to cell-end bar leogoron batuensis (p. 36) Allotinus (Paragerydus) leogoron leogoron Fruhstorfer (Fig. 21, cf genitalia) Allotinus horsfieldi permagnus $-f. intricata Fruhstorfer, 1913: 366; 1916: 812. LECTOTYPE $, SUMATRA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Unavailable name.] [Synonymised by Eliot, 1967: 68.] Allotinus leogoron Fruhstorfer, 1916: 811. LECTOTYPE cf, SUMATRA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Allotinus continental vadosus Corbet, 19396: 72. Holotype cf , WEST MALAYSIA (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymised by Eliot, 1967: 69.] Allotinus leogoron leogoron Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 19396: 73; Eliot, 1967: 68, fig. 5, cf genitalia; 1978: 240; Fleming, 1975: 21, pi. 58, fig. L44 cf . Allotinus leogoron lindus Corbet, 19396: 73, partim cf nee $. Holotype cf, WEST MALAYSIA (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymised by Eliot, 1967: 69.] The male can be separated from that sex of sympatric A. horsfieldi by the wider, more sharply defined visual brand which touches vein Cu\ throughout its basal half, and the female by the less crenulate hindwing termen. In addition, the underside is whiter and the markings are darker brown. Fig. 21 Allotinus (Paragerydus) leogoron leogoron Fruhstorfer; Malay Peninsula. Male genitalia. 36 J. N. ELIOT I designate as lectotype of leogoron a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ CMB viii. 94/A. leogoron Fr. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/ and of intricata a female in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Sumatra Montes Battak ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/$ horsfieldi CMB viii. 94/intricata [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. DISTRIBUTION. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Bangka; Peninsular Thailand (Pinratana). Allotinus (Paragerydus) leogoron normani Eliot Allotinus leogoron normani Eliot, 1967: 69. Holotype cf , BORNEO (BMNH) [examined]. Differs from the nominate subspecies only in that the male has the visual brand much narrower, only touching vein Cui at its extreme base. DISTRIBUTION. Borneo. Allotinus (Paragerydus) leogoron batuensis Eliot Allotinus leogoron batuensis Eliot, 1967: 69. Holotype cf , BATU Is. (BMNH) [examined]. A small subspecies, with a slightly more reddish brown tinge than in the two preceding subspecies. In the male the visual brand is intermediate between that of leogoron and that of normani, touching vein Cui along its basal quarter. It differs on the underside of the hindwing in that the postdiscal spot in space 6 is placed inside the spot in space 7. DISTRIBUTION. Batu Is. Allotinus (Paragerydus) leogoron plessis Eliot Allotinus leogoron plessis Eliot, 1967: 69. Holotype cf , JAVA (BMNH) [examined]. In the male the visual brand is narrow, as in subsp. normani, whereas the brand of sympatric A horsfieldi horsfieldi is as wide as in subsp. leogoron. The subspecies is further distinguished by the pale buff underside on which the markings are smaller and less contrasted. DISTRIBUTION. Java. Allotinus (Paragerydus) melos (H. H. Druce) (Figs 22, cf genitalia; 64 cf ) [Paragerydus horsfieldi (Moore) sensu Semper, 1889: 164 partim, pi. 31, figs 19 cf, 20 $. Misidentifica- tion.] Paragerydus melos H. H. Druce, 1896: 652. LECTOTYPE cf , PHILIPPINES: Cagayan Sulu (BMNH), here designated [examined] Allotinus melos (Druce) Fruhstorfer, 1913: 369. Allotinus horsfieldi leos [sic] (Druce); Fruhstorfer, 1916: 812. Allotinus horsfieldi reverdini Fruhstorfer, 1916: 812. LECTOTYPE cf , PHILIPPINES (SM), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. melos (H. H. Druce); Eliot, 1967: 68. re verdini Fruhstorfer; Eliot, 1967: 68. talu Eliot, 1967: 68. Holotype cf , BORNEO: Pulo Laut (BMNH) [examined]. Allotinus macassariensis [sic Allotinus macassariensis [sic Allotinus macassariensis [sic Syn. n. This species replaces A. horsfieldi, with which it has been confused in the past, in the southern Philippines. Both species are found in Borneo, but A. melos seems to be the commoner throughout most of the island. Sympatric examples of the two species are very difficult to separate by external characters, but males may be separated by the genitalia without difficulty; in melos the terminal process of the valva is short and broad and the tip of the uncus is not produced. Females may be impossible to separate with certainty, but on the underside of the hindwing of melos the postdiscal spot in space 6 is usually placed inside the spot in space 7, sometimes almost half-way to the end-cell bar, whereas in horsfieldi these spots usually overlap. In addition the hindwing termen of melos is very slightly less crenulate. Eliot (1967) treated melos as conspecific with the allopatric A. macassarensis , but in view of constant small differences in the male genitalia and in the arrangement of the postdiscal spots in spaces 4, 5 and 6 on the underside of the forewing (see p. 39), I no longer maintain this combination. THE MILETINI 37 Fig. 22 Allotinus (Paragerydus) melos (H. H. Druce); Mindanao. Male genitalia. Males have vein M3 swollen for three-fifths of its length and the visual brand is clearly defined and about 1-75 mm wide. The underside shows very great individual variation in the intensity of the markings and in the placing of the postdiscal series. The postdiscal series is quite well separated from the wing margins in typical examples but, especially in north-east Borneo, examples occur in which this series is placed close to the termen, as in A. macassarensis . On the hindwing the postdiscal spot in space 6 is usually placed inside that in space 7, sometimes as much as mid-way to the end-cell bar, and this character may be of assistance in separating Bornean females from sympatric A. horsfieldi permagnus . H. H. Druce stated that the types of melos were in Mus. Cator and Druce. There is in coll. Cator (now in BMNH) a long series of both sexes, none of which has been labelled type, and in the main BMNH coll. a pair ex H. H. Druce coll. labelled as paratypes. Of the latter I designate the male as lectotype; it is labelled /Paratype [yellow]/Cagayan 3. 6. 94/Paragerydus melos d" co-type H. H. Druce/ex coll. Hamilton Druce 1919/Joicey Bequest Brit. Mus. 1934-120/. The female, labelled /Paratype [yellow]/Cagayan 2. 6. 94/P. melos $ co-type H. H. Druce/ex Coll. Hamilton Druce 1919/Joicey Bequest Brit. Mus. 1934-120/, as well as the series in coll. Cator, are paralectotypes. When naming reverdini, Fruhstorfer referred to large males in coll. Semper. I designate as lectotype a male in SM labelled /19/Bohol/298b/213/Coll. C. Semper/Original of Semper PI. 31, fig. 19 from Mindanao. ? loc. label changed. Det. as A. melos reverdini Fruh. C? J. N. Eliot, ix. 1982/. The male figured by Semper on pi. 31, fig. 19 was said by him to have come from Mindanao. I think it more likely that the label 'Bohol' was inadvertently transferred from the male shown in fig. 18 (which is the holotype of A. posidion georgius and which is without a locality label - see p. 49) than that Semper made a mistake in the legend to his plate 31. DISTRIBUTION. Cagayan Sulu; Mindanao; Palawan; Balabac I.; Borneo (many localities, including Pulo Laut). There is a male in BMNH labelled /Sula Mangoli, Oct. '97, W. Doherty/, which I suspect may be wrongly labelled although Doherty certainly collected there at that date. Examples from Mindanao tend to be rather heavily marked on the underside. Males from Palawan and Balabac tend to have the visual brand slightly longer and narrower. Examples from Pulo Laut are slightly richer buff on the underside than typical examples from Cagayan Sulu, but the difference is hardly sufficient to justify maintaining talu as a distinct subspecies. There is in coll. Cator a series of seven males and one female from Melikop and Sapagaya (small islands off the north coast of Sabah) which Cator had placed separately from his series of melos as an unrecognised species; they are small, darker brown above and with a greyish white underside bearing darker markings. Superficially they resemble A. leogoron normani, but the male genitalia prove them to be A. melos, of which they could well be regarded as a microsubspecies. Allotinus (Paragerydus) samarensis sp. n. (Figs 23, cf genitalia; 65, 66 $, 105 cf ) Upperside of both sexes blackish brown, almost as dark as the shade of A. macassarensis. Male, only known from the nominate subspecies, distinctive in that visual brand extends obscurely as a paler streak 38 J. N. ELIOT Fig. 23 Allotinus (Paragerydus) samarensis samarensis sp. n. ; Samar. Male genitalia. Phallus with juxta attached. into fore wing cell basad of origin of vein Cu2. Female distinguished by the possession of a white area on forewing. Underside marked like A melos. Male genitalia hardly differ from those of A. leogoron, of which it may conceivably be a subspecies; because of the unusual visual brand and shorter swelling of vein M3 in the male, and the distinctive white-marked female, I think it is best regarded as a distinct species. The species is only known from a very few examples from the southern Philippines and Sulawesi in slightly different subspecies. Key to the subspecies of A. (P.) samarensis 1 Underside pale greyish white. $ upperside of forewing with white area extending into cell well basad of origin of vein Cu2 samarensis samarensis (p. 38) Underside very pale buff. $ upperside of forewing with white area not, or only just, entering cell samarensis russelli (p. 38) Allotinus (Paragerydus) samarensis samarensis subsp. n. (Figs 23, cf genitalia; 65 $, 105 cT) Cf upperside blackish brown, with vein M3 swollen for just over half its length, visual brand about 1 -25 mm wide; a pale streak above cubitus extending a little basad of origin of vein Cu2 appears to be an extension of the brand. Underside marked as in sympatric A. melos, but with ground colour more greyish white. $ upperside blackish brown. Forewing with a creamy white streak in spaces 4 and 3 ending 2-5 mm from termen and extending into cell along cubitus to beyond origin of vein Cu2. Underside similar to male. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Philippines: Samar, Bagacay, 2000', 31. v. 1979 (C. G. Treadaway) (coll. Treadaway). Paratypes. Philippines: 1 $ (allotype), west Samar, Hinabangan, 1000 m, 5.ii.l984 (coll. Treadaway); 2 Cf , data as holotype (coll. Treadaway). Excluded from type-series. Mindanao: 1 $, Surigao Sur, Tandag, viii. 1981 (ex Takanami coll.) (BMNH), with the white streak wider and extending into space 2. Allotinus (Paragerydus) samarensis russelli subsp. n. (Fig. 66 $) Cf unknown. $ forewing 19-0-21-0 mm. Upperside dark brown with a white discal patch divided by dark veins on forewing, measuring 4-0 mm in space 2 and 8-0 mm in space 3, entering base of space 4 and lower angle of cell where it is sullied. In a second specimen the white patch is smaller, not extending above vein M3 nor entering cell. Underside very pale buff with brown markings arranged as in nominate subspecies. THE MILETINI 39 MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $?> Sulawesi: east-central, north-west of Morowali, Kabalo, 450 m, 10.iii.1980 (A. Bedford Paratype. 1 $ , data as holotype (coll. Bedford Russell). Allotinus (Paragerydus) macassarensis (Holland) (Figs 24 cf , genitalia; 67 cf , 68 £) Paragerydus macassarensis Holland, 1891: 70. The species name has been consistently misspelled macassariensis in subsequent literature. Previously (Eliot, 1967) I united this species and A. melos, but in view of small but apparently constant differences in facies and male genitalia it seems best to treat them as separate allopatric species. The upperside in both sexes is slightly blacker brown than in the other species of the subgenus. On the underside the postdiscal markings, which are usually heavy and dark chocolate brown on an off-white ground, are placed closer to the termen than in the preceding species. A distinguishing character is that on the forewing the postdiscal spots in spaces 4, 5 and 6 are on an irregular curve, with the spot in space 5 overlapping that in space 4 and well separated from that in space 6. In the male genitalia the valvae differ from those of A. melos in two respects; the terminal process is narrower and slightly longer from whichever angle it is viewed and, in lateral view, there is a distinct concavity (indicated in Fig. 24 by an arrow) about two-thirds from the base. The species is confined to Sulawesi and its satellite islands and is represented by two subspecies. Key to the subspecies of A. (P.) macassarensis 1 cf vein M3 of forewing swollen for over two-thirds of its length, visual brand usually less than 1 mm wide .................................................................. macassarensis macassarensis (p. 39) - Cf vein M3 of forewing swollen for only half its length, visual brand more than 1 mm wide macassarensis menadensis (p. 40) Allotinus (Paragerydus) macassarensis macassarensis (Holland) (Figs 24, cf genitalia; 67 cf , 68 £) Paragerydus macassarensis Holland, 1891: 70, pi. 4, fig. 5 $ . Holotype $ , SULAWESI (not located, probably in CM). Allotinus horsfieldi macassariensis [sic] (Holland) Fruhstorfer, 1913: 368; 1916: 812, pi. 141h. Fig. 24 Allotinus (Paragerydus) macassarensis macassarensis (Holland); Sulawesi. Male genitalia. Lower left, right valva enlarged. 40 J. N. ELIOT Allotinus unicolor damodar Fruhstorfer, 1913: 369; 1916: 811. LECTOTYPE cf , SULAWESI (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymised by Eliot. 1967: 68.] Allotinus macassariensis [sic] (Holland); Corbet, 19396: 72, fig. 14 cf genitalia. Allotinus macassariensis macassariensis [sic] (Holland); Eliot, 1967: 68. In the male the swelling of vein A/3, extending just over two-thirds of its length, is the longest in the subgenus and the visual brand is typically very narrow. But in east-central Sulawesi there is a tendency for the brand to become wider and less well-defined; in one extreme example in coll. Bedford Russell (Fig. 64) there is a diffuse lighter patch which reaches across vein Cu\ more than half-way to vein Cu2. The female has the forewing disc at most only slightly paler. I designate as lectotype of damodar a small but otherwise normal male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/S. Celebes Tonus 27.xi.06/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/unicolor damodar Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. A female labelled /Type [red]/S. Celebes Samangi 17.xi.06/ Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-13 1/damodar Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/ is a paralectotype. DISTRIBUTION. South to central Sulawesi; Banggai I. Allotinus (Paragerydus) macassarensis menadensis Eliot Allotinus macassariensis [sic] menadensis Eliot, 1967: 68. Holotype cf, SULAWESI: north (BMNH), [examined]. Differs from the nominate subspecies in that the swollen portion of vein M3 in the male is only half its length and the visual brand is quite well-defined and from 1-25 to 2-0 mm wide. In both sexes the forewing disc may be lightened by a scattering of white scales, extreme examples showing an approach to A. samarensis russelli. DISTRIBUTION. North Sulawesi as far south as Paloe Bay (Lat. 0° 35' S). A single male from Bangka I. (off the tip of the Minahassa Peninsula) is more lightly marked beneath and the ground colour has a buff tint. Allotinus (Paragerydus) luzonensis Eliot stat. n. (Figs 25, cf genitalia; 69 cf , 70 9) Allotinus macassariensis [sic] luzonensis Eliot, 1967: 68, fig. 3 cf genitalia. Holotype cf, PHILIPPINES: Luzon (BMNH) [examined]. The male is greyish brown above; on the forewing vein M3 is swollen for half its length and the visual brand is rather diffuse. The underside is buff, closely striated, and the postdiscal markings in spaces 2 and 3 on the Fig. 25 Allotinus (Paragerydus) luzonensis Eliot; Luzon. Male genitalia. THE MILETINI 41 forewing and 6 and 7 on the hindwing are broad and rather blotchy. The female has a small white patch on the forewing disc and an obscure whitish streak in space 5 of the hindwing. In these white patches it shows an approach to the female of A. albatus mendax, but they are less developed than in that species, and the discocellular veins on the hindwing are not blackened. The species must be closely related to A . albatus because of the same arrangement of the markings on the underside. The male genitalia of the only example dissected are intermediate between those of A. albatus and A. melos. DISTRIBUTION. Luzon. Allotinus (Paragerydus) albatus C. & R. Felder (Figs 26, cT genitalia; 71 £, 72 c?, 73 £) Allotinus albatus C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 287. The species is readily recognised by the presence in both sexes of white areas on both wings and by the heavily blackened discocellular veins on the hindwing. The underside is white marked more or less as in A. luzonensis, and like this species veins MI and R5 of the forewing usually have a very short common stalk. The male genitalia most nearly resemble those of A leogoron, with the terminal process of the valva rather longhand slender. The species appears to be very rare and to be confined to Wallacea. Key to the subspecies of A. (P.) albatus 1 $ upperside with larger white areas, on forewing extending from space Ib to base of space 5, on hindwing from outer part of space 6 to dorsum albatus albatus (p. 41) - C? $ upperside with smaller white areas, on forewing not below mid-space Ib and not entering spaces 4 and 5, on hindwing usually not below vein 4 albatus mendax (p. 41) Allotinus (Paragerydus) albatus albatus C. & R. Felder (Fig. 71$) Allotinus albatus C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 267. Holotype $, SULAWESI (BMNH) [examined]. [Allotinus fallax major Felder f. albatus Felder (= maximus Staudinger) sensu Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343, partim; 1916: 809, partim, asalbadus [sic].] The subspecies is known only from the female holotype, which the authors stated was from 'Celebes Lorquin'. It was therefore surprising to find the holotype bearing labels reading /Halmaheira Lorquin [round blue]/Allotinus albatus Feld./Type [red]/FELDER COLLn. /albatus n./Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1/. As no Allotinus species is known from east of Weber's Line I feel confident that the locality 'Halmaheira' is the result of a wrongly acquired label and that the specimen came from north Sulawesi, where Lorquin is known to have collected. The forewing is white dusted with brown basally and along the dorsum below vein A\, and with an irregular dark brown border narrowest at vein Cu2, where it measures 2-5 mm; above vein Cu-i it curves to the wing base through the upper third of the cell. The hindwing is white, becoming sullied towards the dorsum, except for most of the cell and spaces 8, 7 and the basal half of space 6 which are brown; the discocellular veins are heavily blackened. The underside is white with heavy brown markings. Fruhstorfer confused A. albatus with large examples of A. major with extensive white areas on the forewing which were named f . maximus by Staudinger. DISTRIBUTION. Sulawesi. Allotinus (Paragerydus) albatus mendax subsp. n. (Figs 26, c? genitalia; 72 a", 73 $) [Allotinus fallax C. & R. Felder, 1865: 285, partim, pi. 35, figs 25, 26 $; Semper, 1889: 163, partim. Misidentifi cations . ] Cf forewing length 20-0 mm. Upperside blackish brown. Forewing with a discal white patch 7-0 mm wide at the bases of spaces 3, 2 and upper part of Ib and entering the lower angle of the cell; the inner and lower part of the cell and lower part of space Ib paler brown than the marginal and costal border. Vein M3 swollen 42 J. N. ELIOT : .OP Fig. 26 Allotinus (Paragerydus) albatus mendax subsp. n.; Luzon. Male genitalia. Lower left, internal view of left valva enlarged; lower centre, lateral view of phallus. for just under three-fifths of its length. Hindwing with a white streak filling most of space 5, the upper basal part of space 4 and just entering the cell; discocellular veins heavily blackened. Underside white, with reddish brown markings arranged as in sympatric A luzonensis. 9 similar to the male, except that the white streak on the hindwing is wider and enters space 6. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf, Philippines: Luzon, bearing labels /Allotinus mendax Bd. Manille/Ex Musaeo Dris BOISDUVAL/ex Oberthur Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3/ Allotinus albatus Feld. [in Corbet's hand]/. Paratypes. Philippines: 1 $ (allotype) Luzon, labelled /N. Luzon, Whitehead. 94/Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1/ (BMNH); 1 cf , Luzon, Bicol Nat. Park, 29.viii.1980 (Y. Takanami) (BMNH); 1 cf , Luzon, Quezon Nat. Park, 27.iv.1983 (Y. Takanami) (BMNH); 1 cf, Luzon, Banahao Ridge, v.1982 (A. Ballantine) (coll. Ballantine); 1 , Luzon, Quezon Nat. Park, 1000', Altimonan Rd, 20.vi.1954 (coll. Treadaway); 1 $, Quezon Nat. Park, Altimonan area, 28. iv. 1969 (coll. Treadaway). Excluded from type-series. Marinduque: 1 $ , Nu Boac, xi.1980 (coll. Treadaway) with the white area on the hindwing more extensive and nearly reaching the dorsum and the discocellular veins less heavily blackened. Samar: 1 $, east, Borongan, 100', 10.viii.1979 (coll. Treadaway), resembling the allotype above, but beneath with the postdiscal markings diffuse and obscure. Allotinus (Paragerydus) apries Fruhstorfer (Figs 27 Cf genitalia; 74, 106 cf ) Allotinus horsfieldi apries Fruhstorfer, 1913: 344, partim. Fruhstorfer 's type-series probably comprised more than one species; in addition he confused apries with A. strigatus. I use apries here for the species identified as such by Corbet (19396). The species has several characters which enable it to be recognised with comparative ease. On the forewing veins Ma and R5 share a long common stalk averaging 1-5 mm. On the underside of the forewing the postdiscal series is not, or only very slightly, dislocated at vein M3 and the spots in spaces 4,3,2 and Ib (if present) are small, rounded and well separated from, and parallel to, the termen. In the female the hindwing termen is almost evenly rounded and the cilia are a little longer, but not tufted, at the vein endings. In the male genitalia the comparatively slender phallus is distinctive. The species occurs throughout Sundaland. Key to the subspecies of A. (P.) apries 1 Underside pale buff, tending to become darker towards forewing apex in cf, with darker buff-brown markings, cf visual brand 2-0 mm wide, with half its lower edge touching vein Cui 2 Underside greyish white, with darker greyish brown markings, cf visual brand 1-5 mm wide, with only basal fifth of its lower edge touching vein Cui apries ristus (p. 44) 2 Upperside reddish brown apries apries (p. 43) - Upperside brown without a reddish tint apries dositheus (p. 44) THE MILETINI 43 Allotinus (Paragerydus) apries apries Fruhstorfer (Figs 27, Cf genitalia; 74 cf ) [Allotinus horsfieldi (Moore) sensu Swinhoe, 1910: 198, partim, pi. 617, fig. 1 cf . Misidentification.] Allotinus horsfieldi apries Fruhstorfer, 1913: 344, partim; 1916: 812, partim, pi. 141g cf nee $. LECTO- TYPE cf , BORNEO (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Allotinus strigatus eupalion Fruhstorfer, 1914: 22; 1916: 813. LECTOTYPE cf , SUMATRA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus apries apries Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 1939ft: 70. Allotinus apries eupalion Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 1939ft: 70; Fleming, 1975: 21, pi. 58, fig. L42 cf ; Eliot, 1978: 240. In both sexes the underside is nearly always pale buff, with darker buff-brown markings, but occasionally it is more greyish white with only a slight buff tint. In the female the postdiscal series is lightly marked and may be obsolete on the forewing. The male has vein A/3 swollen for a little over three-fifths its length, and the visual brand is clearly defined and 2-0 mm wide. The female is more reddish brown above, with the forewing disc a little paler. Fruhstorfer described A. horsfieldi apries from several males from Sintang (south-west Borneo) and 10 females from north Borneo. He wrote that the underside was bluish white speckled with pale brown in the male and thicker grey-brown in the female. This description does not accord well with the taxon here treated as apries. However, there is a male from Sintang in BMNH labelled apries by Fruhstorfer and with the underside paler and greyer than usual, which presumably formed part of the type-series. In addition there are seven males of A. horsfieldi permagnus from Sintang ex Fruhstorfer coll. , and it seems likely that these also formed part of Fruhstorfer's type-series even though none had been labelled by him as apries. The only other males of apries ex coll. Fruhstorfer in BMNH are one labelled by Fruhstorfer as A. strigatus Moulton and one which was apparently regarded by Corbet as the holotype of apries and is labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Kina Balu ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/ apries/. As it did not come from Sintang it cannot have formed part of the type-series, and I reject it as a type. In its place I designate as lectotype of apries the male from Sintang, which is labelled /Sintang Dr Martin H. Fruhstorfer/21.IV.10/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/apries Fr. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/A. apries apries Det. by Dr. A. S. Corbet [in Corbet's hand]/. There are also two females of apries in BMNH which have been treated as syntypes. One is labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Kina Balu Borneo/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/horsfieldi apries Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/ and is a paralectotype. The other, labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Sintang 10.IV.10/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/ is rejected as a paralectotype as it did not come from north Borneo and therefore cannot have formed part of the type-series. Fig. 27 Allotinus (Paragerydus) apries apries Fruhstorfer; Malay Peninsula. Male genitalia. Lower left, lateral view of phallus. 44 J. N. ELIOT I designate as lectotype of eupalion a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ CMB II.94/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/strigatus eupalion Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/GENITA- LIA Slide No. ASC 9 Allotinus/. Here it may be mentioned that the female figured by Fruhstorfer (1916: pi. 141g) as apries is a different species, either A. horsfieldi or A. melos, and also that the male and female figured by Swinhoe (1910: pi. 617, figs 1, la) as A. horsfieldi are in BMNH and are in fact Bornean specimens of A. apries and A. melos respectively. DISTRIBUTION. Borneo, including Pulo Laut; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra. Allotinus (Paragerydus) apries dositheus Fruhstorfer Allotinus strigatus dositheus Fruhstorfer, 1914: 22; 1916: 813. LECTOTYPE cT, JAVA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Allotinus strigatus Moulton sensu Piepers & Snellen, 1918: 22, pi. 20, fig. 17 cf • Misidentification.] Allotinus apries dositheus Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 19396: 72. The male does not differ from that sex of the nominate subspecies. The female differs in being brown without a reddish tint, in this respect showing parallel variation with the female of A. horsfieldi. I designate as lectotype of dositheus a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ Java Occident. Sukabumi 2000' ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/strigatus dositheus Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/GENITALIA Slide No. ASC 8 Allotinus/. A female, similarly labelled, which has been treated as a syntype, is a misidentified example of A. portunusportunus. DISTRIBUTION. Java. Allotinus (Paragerydus) apries ristus subsp. n. (Fig. 106 cf ) Cf on the upperside differs from subsp. apries in having a narrower forewing visual brand 1-5 mm wide. The underside differs by its greyish white ground colour and darker greyish brown markings. The striations are fine and the postdiscal spots small. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Philippines: central Palawan, Languan, i.1981 (Treadaway Coll.). Allotinus (Paragerydus) corbeti Eliot (Fig. 28, cf genitalia) [Allotinus dilutus Corbet sensu Corbet, 19406: pi. 1, figs 13 cf , 14 $. Misidentification.] Allotinus corbeti Eliot, 1956: 34; 1984: 100. Holotype cf , WEST MALAYSIA (BMNH) [examined]. Fig. 28 Allotinus (Paragerydus) corbeti Eliot; Borneo: Pulo Laut. Male genitalia. THE MILETINI 45 [Allotinus felderi felderi Semper sensu Eliot, 1967: 70, partim. Misidentification.] Allotinus felderi corbeti Eliot; Eliot, 1967: 70, fig. 2 cf genitalia; 1978: 240; Fleming, 1975: 21, pi. 21, fig. L41cf. This very small species has an uniform reddish brown upperside in both sexes, and the underside marked as in A. leogoron leogoron. In the male the forewing apex is rounded, and the swelling of vein M3 is confined to the basal quarter of the vein; there is no visual brand. The female has the hindwing termen more strongly crenulate than A leogoron. Although smaller, it is possible that A corbeti might be confused with A nicholsi, since the males of both species are similar on the upperside. Females are also a similar shade of uniform reddish brown, but those of corbeti are readily separated by their crenulate hindwing with the cilia elongated into tufts at the vein endings. In addition, corbeti has no humeral vein on the hindwing, this vein being present in all six examples of nicholsi which I have examined. DISTRIBUTION. West Malaysia; Singapore; Sumatra; Pulo Laut; Mindanao; Peninsular Thailand (Pinrata- na). The species appears to be extremely rare, but is perhaps often overlooked. Allotinus (Paragerydus) unicolorC. & R. Felder (Figs 29, 30, O" genitalia) Allotinus unicolor C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 286. This, the most wide-ranging species of the genus, shows great individual variation in size, wing shape and underside pattern. In general the smaller males, with forewing length as little as 11-0 mm, have a more rounded forewing apex and termen and a relatively shorter brand, whilst the bigger males have a more acute apex and straighter termen and a brand which is slightly longer and narrower in relation to wing span. Examples, such as the holotype of unicolor, in which the usual lycaenid markings on the underside are heavy, are comparatively sparsely striated. In examples in which the underside is more densely striated there is usually a reduction in the size and darkness of these markings. On the forewing the postdiscal series is typically on an almost even curve, but examples in which it is dislocated at vein M3 to a greater or less extent are equally frequent. The best characters for identifying the species are the male genitalia (Figs 29, 30) with a broad valva with the terminal process almost in the centre line, the short stalk of veins MI and R5 of the forewing and the relatively short swelling of vein M3 in the male. Fruhstorfer grouped the complex into three sympatric 'species': unicolor, aphocha andposidion. Under unicolor he grouped comparatively small specimens with a whitish ground colour on the underside and heavy postdiscal markings, and under aphocha specimens of similar size and wing shape but with less pronounced markings. He reserved posidion for large specimens in which the male forewing was more produced. Corbet (1939ft), though at first inclined to agree with Fruhstorfer's arrangement, finally decided that all three constituted a single, variable species, but at the same time erected a new 'species', A dilutus, Fig. 29 Allotinus (Paragerydus) unicolor continentalis Fruhstorfer; Burma. Male genitalia. 46 J. N. ELIOT Fig. 30 Allotinus (Paragerydus) unicolor zitema Fruhstorfer; Sulawesi. Male genitalia. which he later (1956) relegated to subspecies, for very small examples from the Malay Peninsula. The various sizes, wing shapes and patterns are connected iby intermediates and, like Corbet, I can find no differences in the male genitalia of the largest and smallest specimens. Therefore I also consider that there is only one species, to which I now add the taxon continentalis , which has previously been treated as a subspecies of A. horsfieldi or as a distinct species. It is extraordinarily difficult to decide what constitutes a valid subspecies because of the great range of phenetic variation. When large series are available for comparison, as in coll. BMNH, it is possible to detect differences between the average phenotype of different geographical areas, but because of the overlap of phenetic characters it may often be impossible to ascribe individual specimens, if deprived of their locality labels, to any particular country of origin. I have opted to retain as subspecies those groups of populations which can be distinguished by a mean of differences and which are contained within generally accepted faunal areas in preference to lumping together into just two or three polytypic subspecies the populations of widely separated geographical areas which in all probability differ genetically to a considerable degree. In using the key below this limitation should be borne in mind. The species ranges from Assam to the Lesser Sunda Is. , Philippines and Sulawesi (including the Sula Is.) , and is most abundant in low level primary or secondary forest. Key to the subspecies of A. (P.) unicolor 1 Underside of hindwing with the postdiscal spot in space 6 well inside that in space 7 and often mid-way to the end-cell spot 2 Underside of hindwing with the postdiscal spot in space 6 much closer to the spot in space 7 than to the end-cell spot 7 2 Underside ground colour greyish white . cf vein M3 of fore wing swollen for not more than half its length. £ upperside of forewing with disc not conspicuously paler 3 Underside ground colour pale buff, cf vein M3 swollen for a little over half its length. $ forewing disc conspicuously paler and often sullied whitish unicolor continentalis (p. 47) 3 cf forewing brand 1 -0 mm or more wide. Continental Asia and Borneo 4 Cf brand less than 1-0 mm wide. Philippines and Sulawesi 6 4 9 upperside reddish brown 5 9 upperside brown without a reddish tint unicolor rekkia (p. 48) 5 cf forewing brand about 1-0 mm wide unicolor unicolor (p. 47) Cf brand comparatively short and broad, about 1-75 mm wide in large specimens. Underside rather lightly marked unicolor moorei (p. 48) 6 Underside with postdiscal markings usually heavy and sharply defined, cf vein A/3 swollen for just under half its length, brand sharply defined unicolor georgius (p. 49) Underside with postdiscal markings usually rather light and tending to be blurred, cf vein M3 swollen for half its length and brand usually rather inconspicuous unicolor zitema (p. 50) THE MILETINI 47 7 Upperside hindwing with postdiscal spot in space 6 often below and conjoined to the spot in space 7. $ upperside brown without a reddish tint, forewing disc paler . . . unicolor postilion (p. 48) Underside hindwing with the postdiscal spot in space 6 nearly always inside the spot in space 7. 9 upperside with a slight reddish tint, forewing disc only slightly paler... unicolor aphocha (p. 48) Allotinus (Paragerydus) unicolor unicolor C. & R. Felder Allotinus unicolor C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 286. Holotype 'cf' recte $, SINGAPORE (BMNH) [examined]. [Allotinus posidion myriandus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 368 (partim); 1916: 811 (partim).] Allotinus posidion eurytanus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 368; 1916: 811. LECTOTYPE cf , BORNEO (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus unicolor unicolor Felder; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 369; 1916: 809, pi. 141i; Corbet, 19396; 68, pi. 1, figs 3 $ holotype, 4 cf; 1956: 269, pi. 44, fig. 153 cf; Eliot, 1978: 240, pi. 20, figs 5 cf, 6 $. [Allotinus aphocha aphocha (Kheil); Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370 (partim); 1916: 810 (partim).] Allotinus unicolor eurytanus Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 19396: 70, pi. 1, figs 9 cf 'holotype of eurytanus' (in error), 10 cf 'holotype of eurytanus f. rebilus' (in error). Allotinus dilutus Corbet, 19396: 70. Holotype cf , WEST MALAYSIA (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus unicolor dilutus Corbet; Corbet, 1956: 269; Cantlie, 1967: 27; Fleming, 1975: 21, pi. 57, fig. L40cf. The female holotype, figured by Corbet (19396) and mistaken by the Felders for a male, is an atypical specimen with heavy markings and a whiter than usual ground colour. Such specimens occur most often in Singapore, where they are connected by intermediates to normal phenotypes. The male figured by Corbet (19396), which matches the holotype fairly well but has a slightly greyer ground colour on the underside (as usual in males), would probably have been identified by Fruhstorfer as A. posidion myriandus because of its size and wing shape. In general Bornean examples have the lycaenid markings smaller than in those from continental Asia, but compensate by being slightly more densely striated. This tendency is most extreme in examples from south-west Borneo, named eurytanus by Fruhstorfer, which are particularly densely striated but can be matched by occasional examples from other areas. I designate as lectotype of eurytanus a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ Sintang 19.IV.10/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/posidion eurytanus Fr. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. It was figured by Corbet (19396: fig. 10) in error as the holotype of A. unicolor eurytanus f. rebilus. The smaller specimen figured by Corbet at fig. 9 in error as the holotype of eurytanus is labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orangeJ/Sintang 26.IV.10/aphocha rebilus Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/GENITALIA Slide No. ASC 14 Allotinus/. Despite Fruhstorfer's identification label it cannot be accepted as lectotype of rebilus, since this taxon was described from North Borneo; it probably formed part of Fruhstorfer's original type-series of four males and one female of A. posidion eurytanus, and how it obtained its label as rebilus is a mystery. DISTRIBUTION. This very variable subspecies is found in south Burma, where it has a zone of intergradation with subsp. continentalis between Rangoon and Tavoy, and in Peninsular Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore, Lingga Is., Natuna Is. and throughout Borneo, except in the Kina Balu area where it merges into subsp. moorei. Allotinus (Paragerydus) unicolor continentalis Fruhstorfer (Fig. 29, cf genitalia) [Paragerydus horsfieldi (Moore) sensu de Niceville, 1890: 26, pi. 36, fig. 156 cf . Misidentification.] [Allotinus horsfieldi (Moore) sensu Bingham, 1907: 287, 299, fig. 73 cf ; sensu Swinhoe, 1910: 198 (partim, nee pi. 617, figs 1, la, Ib, Ic). Misidentifications.] Allotinus horsfieldi continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1913: 344; 1916: 812; Evans, 1932: 212; Cantlie, 1963: 27. Holotype cf , BURMA: Bhamo (probably in ZSI). [Allotinus posidion subsp.; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 368.] Allotinus posidion atacinus Fruhstorfer, 1916: 811; Evans, 1932: 212. Holotype $. BURMA (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymised by Eliot, 1967: 70.] Allotinus unicolor atacinus Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 19396: 68, pi. 1, fig. 2 $ holotype; Cantlie, 1963: 27. Allotinus continentalis continentalis Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 19396: 72. Allotinus continentalis Fruhstorfer; Eliot, 1967: 70, fig. 4 cf genitalia. 48 J. N. ELIOT This is the most distinctive and largest subspecies of A. unicolor, with the forewing length of the male usually 18-19 mm. On the underside both sexes are pale buff. On the upperside the male brand is longer and wider than in the other subspecies, usually 2-0 mm wide and touching vein Cu} at its origin, while the swelling of vein M3 is a little over half its length. The female is distinguished by the prominently paler discal area on the upperside of the forewing, which may be sullied whitish in the dry season. DISTRIBUTION. Assam; Burma as far south as Tavoy; north-west Thailand. Around the latitude of Rangoon it intergrades with subsp. unicolor. Allotinus (Paragerydus) unicolor rekkia Riley & Godfrey Allotinus posidion rekkia Riley & Godfrey, 1921: 180, pi. 6, figs 1 d", 2 $. Holotype cf , THAILAND: east (BMNH) [examined]. Alliotinus unicolor rekkia Riley & Godfrey; Eliot, 1967: 70. Females are brown without the reddish tint of subsp. unicolor, but otherwise the subspecies does not differ and is of doubtful validity. DISTRIBUTION. Only known from eastern Thailand, but probably also occurs in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Allotinus (Paragerydus) unicolor moorei (H. H. Druce) Paragerydus moorei H. H. Druce, 1895: 562, pi. 31, figs 5 cf , 6 $ . Syntypes, BORNEO: Mt Kina Balu (coll. Staudinger, probably in MNHU). Allotinus paetus moorei (Druce) Fruhstorfer, 1913: 369: 1916; 811. Allotinus aphocha rebilus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370; 1916: 810. LECTOTYPE $, BORNEO (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus moorei (H. H. Druce); Corbet, 19396: 68. Druce's figure of the male shows a comparatively large specimen weakly marked beneath and with the brand on the upperside of the forewing rather short, broad and diffuse. Judging by material in BMNH such males are rare, and are connected by intermediates to smaller males which differ little, if at all, from nominate unicolor. The subspecies is therefore of doubtful validity. Fruhstorfer's taxon rebilus is applicable to smaller examples. I designate as lectotype a female in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Kina Balu/ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer/ Allotinus aphocha rebilus Fr. [in Corbet's hand]/. DISTRIBUTION. The subspecies flies on Mt Kina Balu, and might conceivably be a local modification occurring at higher elevations than normal examples referable to subsp. unicolor. Allotinus (Paragerydus) unicolor aphocha Kheil Allotinus aphocha Kheil, 1884: 28, pi. 5, fig. 30 $. Holotype $, NIAS (probably in MNHU). Allotinus posidion myriandus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 368; 1916: 811. Lectotype cf, SUMATRA (BMNH), by designation (as holotype) of Corbet, 19396: 68 [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus aphocha aphocha Kheil; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370 (partim); 1916: 810 (partim), pi. 141g cf 9- Allotinus unicolor myriandus Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 19396: 68, pi. 1, figs 5 cf holotype, 6 9 allotype. Allotinus unicolor aphocha Kheil; Corbet, 19396: 70, pi. 1, fig. 11 $. Differs from subsp. unicolor only in that on the underside of the hindwing the postdiscal spot in space 6 is usually placed closer to the spot in space 7. Many specimens are inseparable from unicolor, so the subspecies is of doubtful validity. Fruhstorfer did not designate a type of myriandus, but Corbet (19396) figured its 'holotype' male and 'allotype' female, and this action constitutes a valid lectotype selection. DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra; Bangka I.; Batu Is; Mentawai Is; Nias I. Allotinus (Paragerydus) unicolor posidion Fruhstorfer Allotinus posidion posidion Fruhstorfer, 1913: 368; 1916: 811. Lectotype cf, JAVA: west (BMNH), by designation (as holotype) of Corbet, 19396: 68 [examined]. Allotinus posidion molionides Fruhstorfer, 1913: 368; 1916: 811. Lectotype cf, BALI (BMNH), by designation (as holotype) of Corbet, 19396: 70 [examined]. Syn. n. THE MILETINI 49 Allotinus posidion niceratus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 368; 1916: 812. LECTOTYPE cf, SUMBAWA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus unicolor enganicus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 369; 1916: 811. Lectotype d", ENGANO I. (BMNH), by designation (as holotype) of Corbet, 19396: 70, pi. 1, fig. 12 [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus unicolor bajanus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 369; 1916: 811; Corbet, 19396: 70. LECTOTYPE cf, LOMBOK (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Allotinus aphocha enatheus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370; 1916: 810. LECTOTYPE $, JAVA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymised by Corbet, 19396: 70.] Allotinus horsfieldii [sic] f. posidion Fruhstorfer; Piepers & Snellen, 1918: 12, pi. 19, figs 14a cf , 14b $. Allotinus suka Piepers & Snellen, 1918: 13 (partim), pi. 27, fig. 181 cf . LECTOTYPE cf , JAVA (probably in RNH), here designated. [Aberration reduced to infrasubspecific status by Corbet, 19396: 70.] Allotinus unicolor Felder; Piepers & Snellen, 1918: 14, pi. 19, figs 13a cf , 13b ?. [Allotinus aphocha Kheil; Piepers & Snellen, 1918: 15, pi. 19, figs 15a cf , 15b $.] Allotinus unicolor posidion Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 19396: 68, pi. 1, figs 7 cf holotype, 8 $ 'allotype' of enatheus. Allotinus unicolor molionides Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 19396: 70, pi. 1, fig. 13 cf holotype. Allotinus unicolor bajanus Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 19396: 70. The female lacks the reddish tint of subsp. myriandus and usually the forewing disc is paler. On the underside of the hindwing the postdiscal spot in space 6 is more often directly below, and conjoined to, the spot in space 7; this character occurs most often in examples from the Lesser Sunda Is. , which also have the postdiscal spots on average heavier than in Javanese examples. Fruhstorfer did not designate types of his taxa, but Corbet (19396) figured the 'holotype' males of posidion, molionides and enganicus, and this action constitutes valid lectotype selections. He also figured a female which he described as A. unicolor posidion f. enatheus Fruh. $ allotype. I now designate this female as lectotype of enatheus; it is labelled: /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Java Occident. Sukabumi 2000' ex coll. H. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/aphocha enatheus Fr. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. I designate as lectotype of niceratus a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Sumbawa/Allotinus posidion niceratus Fruh. Type [in Corbet's hand]/Adams Bequest B.M. 1912-399/. It is to be presumed that Fruhstorfer saw this specimen during his visit to BMNH prior to publication of his 1913 paper, as there are no specimens from Sumbawa from his collection in BMNH. I designate as lectotype of bajanus a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ Pringabaja April 1896 H. Fruhstorfer/unicolor bajanus Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. Piepers & Snellen (1918) figured two different species as Allotinus suka: a female on pi. 19, fig. 12b to which they had previously referred as Allotinus horsfieldii and a male on pi. 27, fig. 181. When relegating suka to the status of a form of A. unicolor posidion, in which the usual striations of the underside are absent, Corbet (19396: 70) referred only to the latter figure which he said, in error, represented a female. Corbet's action could, perhaps, be taken to restrict the name suka to the species represented in fig. 181 , but to make absolutely certain that there should be no confusion in the application of the name I now designate this male as lectotype. It should be in RNH. DISTRIBUTION. Java; Bali; Lombok; Sumbawa; Engano I. Allotinus (Paragerydus) unicolor georgius Fruhstorfer [Paragerydus horsfieldi (Moore) sensu Semper, 1889: 164, partim. pi. 31, fig. 18 cf •] Allotinus posidion georgius Fruhstorfer, 1913: 368, partim; 1916: 812. Holotype cf, PHILIPPINES: Bohol (SM) [examined]. Allotinus unicolor leitus Fruhstorfer, 1916: 811. Holotype $, PHILIPPINES: Mindoro (coll. Staudinger, probably in MNHU). Fruhstorfer named georgius from Semper's records and figures of 'horsfieldi' from Bohol and Mindanao, which he subsequently (1916) realised represented two species. Thereupon he restricted georgius to Bohol, so that this name applies to the male figured by Semper at fig. 18, which automatically becomes the holotype; it is labelled /18/213/Coll. C. Semper/reverdini/original of Semper PI. 31, fig. 18 cf from Bohol. Holotype of Allotinus posidion georgius Fruh. det. J. N. Eliot ix.1982/. It is heavily marked below much as in the holotype of unicolor, but on the upperside the brand is a little shorter and narrower than in that subspecies. Fruhstorfer named leitus from a single female with a yellowish discal area on the forewing and heavy 50 J. N. ELIOT markings on the underside. The latter character suggests that it pertains to the same subspecies as georgius, but as I have seen no examples from Mindoro it is provisionally placed in synonymy. DISTRIBUTION. A unicolor must be very rare in the Philippines, as it is not represented in coll. Treadaway, and in BMNH there are only two females, one of which is labelled 'Philippines Pryer'. This appears to be an aberration; it is lightly striated on the underside, as in examples from north Borneo, and the postdiscal markings are elongated into longitudinal streaks. It may have come from the Sulu Is. , which were visited by Pryer, or may be a mislabelled example from Borneo, where Pryer did nearly all his collecting. Allotinus (Paragerydus) unicolor zitema Fruhstorfer (Fig. 30, cf genitalia) Allotinus aphocha zitema Fruhstorfer, 1916: 810. LECTOTYPE $, SULAWESI (BMNH), here designated [examined]. The subspecies is distinguished by the male brand, which is a little narrower and more obscure than in other subspecies. I designate as lectotype a female in BMNH labelled: Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Nord- Celebes Toli Toli Nov. - Dez. 1895 H. Fruhstorfer/aphocha zitema Fr. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/. I have seen no males ex Fruhstorfer coll. DISTRIBUTION. Sulawesi and the Sula Is. Allotinus (Paragerydus) paetus (de Niceville) (Fig. 31 cf genitalia) Paragerydus paetus de Niceville, 1895: 269, pi. O, fig. 12 cf . Syntypes, SUMATRA: north-east (probably in ZSI). Allotinus paetus paetus (de Niceville) Fruhstorfer, 1913: 369; 1916: 811, pi. 141i . Allotinus paetus (de Niceville); Corbet, 19396: 68, pi. 1, fig. 1 cf . This species bears a fairly close resemblance to examples of A. unicolor which are strongly marked beneath, as in the holotype of unicolor. But it is larger, with forewing length averaging 18-19 mm in males, the forewing brand and swelling of vein A/3 are slightly longer than in all unicolor subspecies apart from subsp. continental, being just over half the length of the vein, and on the underside the ground colour is more chalky whitish. The male genitalia are rather similar to those of A. unicolor, but the phallus is stouter and the distal portion of the valva narrower, with the terminal process not curved up so strongly towards the centre line. DISTRIBUTION. The species is only known from Sumatra, where it appears to fly in the Barisan Range from the Battak mountains in the north to the extreme south, where it was taken in numbers by Doherty. Fig. 31 Allotinus (Paragerydus) paetus (de Niceville); Sumatra. Male genitalia. THE MILETINI 51 Fig. 32 Allotinus (Paragerydus) parapus Fruhstorfer; Borneo. Male genitalia. Lower right, ventral view of valvae and phallus. Allotinus (Paragerydus) parapus Fruhstorfer (Fig. 32, cf genitalia) Allotinus parapus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 343; 1916: 809, pi. 141h cf; Corbet, 19396: 66, fig. 8 cf genitalia. LECTOTYPE cf , BORNEO (BMNH), here designated [examined]. The sexes are alike in wing shape and in having a rounded hindwing termen with the cilia inconspicuously elongated at the vein endings. In the male vein M3 is swollen for just under half its length and clothed with the usual specialised scales. The white forewing b< >rdered with dark brown and the paler brown hindwing render the species unmistakable. Both Fruhstorfer and Corbet, whose figure of the male valva is completely misleading, stated that vein M3 was not swollen in the male, and on this account placed the species in the /a//ajt-group (Artengruppe Allotinus). In fact the swelling is as well developed as in some other species of the subgenus, but because the surrounding area is white no visual brand is apparent. I designate as lectotype a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/Nord-Borneo/ Allotinus parapus Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. A female, similarly labelled, is a paralectotype. DISTRIBUTION. The species is montane and is known only from Mt Kinabalu in Sabah. Allotinus (Paragerydus) nivalis (H. Druce) (Figs 33, 34, cf genitalia; 75 cf ) Miletus nivalis H. Druce, 1873: 348. This and the next two taxa form a natural group of small species distinguished by the possession of a white fleck at the end of vein R5 at the apex of the forewing in addition to the usual white flecks at the ends of veins Sc, RI, R2 and R3. In males the swelling of vein M3 is weak and short, and there is no visual brand. In A. nivalis the forewing termen is almost regular in both sexes, and on the underside of the hindwing the central spot in space 7 is not, or only very little darkened. On average it is larger than the allied A. substrigosus and A. davidis. The species is confined to Borneo and the Philippines. Key to the subspecies of A. (P.) nivalis 1 Underside of forewing with a more or less developed submarginal brownish blotch about 1 -0-1 -5 mm wide astride vein M3; postdiscal series strongly dislocated at veins M3 and Cu2 nivalis nivalis (p. 52) 52 J. N. ELIOT Fig. 33 Allotinus (Paragerydus) nivalis nivalis (H. Druce); Borneo. Male genitalia. - Underside without a brownish blotch astride vein M3; postdiscal series placed nearer the termen and only a little dislocated at veins A/3 and Cu2 nivalis felderi (p. 52) Allotinus (Paragerydus) nivalis nivalis (H. Druce) (Fig. 33, cf genitalia) Miletus nivalis H. Druce, 1873: 348, 'cf' recte . Holotype $, BORNEO (BMNH) [examined]. Allotinus nivalis nivalis (Druce) Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370; 1916: 810, pi. 141g. Allotinus nivalis (H. Druce); Eliot, 1967: 71. The characters of the subspecies are given in the key. The figure by Fruhstorfer (1916: 141g) is very poor and shows an undersized specimen. DISTRIBUTION. Throughout Borneo, including Pulo Laut. Allotinus (Paragerydus) nivalis felderi Semper (Fig. 34 cf genitalia; 75 cf ) Allotinus felderi Semper, 1889: 163, pi. 31, fig. 22 $ ; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370; 1916: 810. LECTOTYPE cf , PHILIPPINES (SM), here designated [examined]. Fig. 34 Allotinus (Paragerydus) nivalis felderi Semper; Mindanao. Male genitalia. Lower left, ventral view of valvae and phallus of another specimen. THE MILETINI 53 Allotinus felderi felderi Semper; Eliot, 1967: 70, partim. Allotinus niv alls felderi Semper; Eliot, 1984: 100. The differences from the nominate subspecies are given in the key. Semper described the taxon from two males from Mindanao and two females from Luzon. I designate as lectotype one of the males in SM, labelled /Coll. C. Semper/Ost Mind./212/All. felderi typ. Semper/. Eliot (1967) confused felderi with A. corbeti from a pair oicorbeti and one exceptionally small female of true felderi from Mindanao, all of which had been placed under the latter name in coll. BMNH. DISTRIBUTION. Throughout the Philippines. In addition to examples from Luzon, Sibuyan and Mindanao in BMNH I have examined examples in coll. Treadaway from Marinduque, Negros and Samar. Allotinus (Paragerydus) substrigosus (Moore) (Figs 35, cf genitalia; 76, 77 cT) Logania substrigosa Moore, 1884: 22. Until separated by Eliot (1967) all authors treated this species as, or as a subspecies of, A. nivalis, from which it differs as follows. On average it is smaller, with forewing length occasionally as little as 9-0 mm. In both sexes the forewing termen is distinctly crenulate, becoming more exaggerated in the dry season form from Burma. On the underside of the hindwing the central spot in space 7 is at least partially blackened and there is often a black subbasal spot in space Ib, the corresponding spots in nivalis not being blackened. The male genitalia are very similar, but in substrigosus the phallus is narrower than in sympatric nivalis. The species ranges from central Burma and Thailand to Sundaland and Mindanao. In Borneo it appears to be rarer than A. nivalis. Key to the subspecies of A. (P.) substrigosus 1 Underside of hindwing with the spot mid-space 7 blackened only in upper half of space, and not more than 1 -0 mm wide 2 - Underside of hindwing with the spot mid-space 7 solidly black, nearly 2-0 mm wide and extending right across space substrigosus ballantinei (p. 55) 2 Underside greyish- white. Forewing crenulate 3 - Underside pale buff. Forewing only very weakly crenulate substrigosus yusukei (p. 55) 3 On underside of forewing the white fleck at end of vein 7 barely enters space 6 4 - On underside of forewing the white fleck at the end of vein R5 is continued as an oblique white streak half-way across space 6 substrigosus substrigosus (p. 53) 4 cf with vein M3 swollen for only one-quarter of its length substrigosus lenaia (p . 54) - cf with vein M3 swollen for one-third of its length, as in subsp. substrigosus substrigosus sibyllinus (p. 54) Allotinus (Paragerydus) substrigosus substrigosus (Moore) (Fig. 35, cf genitalia) Logania substrigosa Moore, 1884: 22; 1886; 39, pi. 3, fig. 8 $. Holotype $, BURMA: Mergui Archipelago (probably in ZSI). [Paragerydus nivalis (H. Druce) sensu Distant, 1884: 207, pi. 22, fig. 11 $. Misidentification.] [Allotinus nivalis (H. Druce) sensu de Niceville, 1890: 30 partim, pi. 36, fig. 159 $ holotype of substrigosa; sensu Bingham, 1907: 301; sensu Swinhoe, 1910: 197, pi. 616, figs 2, 2b cf, 2a $; sensu Piepers & Snellen, 1918: 16, pi. 20, fig. 19 cf . Misidentifications.] Allotinus nivalis magaris Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370; 1916: 810. LECTOTYPE cf , SUMATRA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymised by Eliot, 1967: 71.] Allotinus nivalis substrigosa (Moore) Fruhstorfer, 1916: 810; Evans, 1932: 212; Corbet, 19396: 68; Cantlie, 1963: 28. Allotinus substrigosa substrigosa (Moore); Eliot, 1967: 71; 1978: 240. Allotinus substrigosus substrigosus (Moore); Fleming, 1975: 21, pi. 57, fig. L38 $ • In the male the swelling of vein M3 extends to one-third of its length. On the underside there is a prominent white streak at the forewing apex, and on the hindwing the central spot in space 7 is strongly blackened. From central Burma as far south as Tavoy a distinct dry season form occurs. The forewing termen is more 54 J. N. ELIOT Fig. 35 Allotinus (Paragerydus) substrigosus yusukeisubsp. n.; Mindanao. Male genitalia. Lower left, A. substrigosus substrigosus (Moore), Malay Peninsula; right valva and phallus. strongly crenulate; on the underside the ground colour becomes more greyish; on the forewing the apex and margin to a depth of 2-0-3-0 mm are shaded with brown, so that the oblique apical white streak stands out more conspicuously; and on the hindwing there is a similar brown area in spaces 3, 4 and 5, and the outer postdiscal spot in space 7, and sometimes that in space 6 also, may be blackened on their inner edges - a feature otherwise only found in A. davidis. This dry form, with its mottled appearance and crenulate wings, gives the impression of a Logania species. I designate as lectotype of magaris a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ Selesseh 15.VII.94/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/Sumatra Monies Battak ex coll. Fruhstorfer/nivalis magaris Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. The locality Selesseh lies a little above sea level in north-east Sumatra and is more likely to be the correct locality than the Battak Mts. DISTRIBUTION. Burma, as far north as east Pegu; Thailand; West Malaysia; Sumatra; Borneo; Java (Piepers & Snellen, 1918). Allotinus (Paragerydus) substrigosus lenaia Fruhstorfer Allotinus nivalis lenaia Fruhstorfer, 1913: 370; 1916: 810. LECTOTYPE cf, NIAS (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Allotinus substrigosa lenaia Fruhstorfer; Eliot, 1967: 72. In the single male which I have seen the swelling of vein M3 is confined to the basal quarter of the vein. On the underside of the forewing the white streak at the end of vein R5 at most barely enters space 6, and in females the markings are on average lighter than in the nominate subspecies. I designate as lectotype a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Nias ex coll. Fruhstorfer/nivalis lenaia Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. DISTRIBUTION. Nias I. Allotinus (Paragerydus) substrigosus sibyllinus Riley Allotinus nivalis sibyllina Riley, 1944: 254, pi. 2, fig. 27 cf . Holotype cf , MENTAWAI Is.: Sipora (BMNH) [examined]. The upperside agrees with the nominate subspecies. On the underside the white fleck at the forewing apex is as redu'ced as in subsp. lenaia. On the hindwing the central spot in space 7 may be heavily blackened, as in the nominate subspecies, or only lightly blackened. In his original description Riley wrote that this spot is not blackened, but in seven out of the eight specimens in the type-series it is blackened to a greater or less degree. The eighth specimen, a worn male, is so rubbed that it is possible some black scales were originally present. The subspecies seems to be only doubtfully separable from subsp. lenaia. DISTRIBUTION. Mentawai Is. THE MILETINI 55 Allotinus (Paragerydus) substrigosus ballantinei subsp. n. (Fig. 76 cf ) Cf forewing 13-5 mm. Wing shape, as in subsp. substrigosus, with forewing termen crenulate and apex rather pointed. Swelling of vein M3 inconspicuous, extending a little under one-third of its length. Underside very pale buff, rather densely striated but with postdiscal spots small or evanescent, as in some individuals of subsp. substrigosus. Forewing with white speck at end of vein R5 not extending into space 6. Hindwing with spot in mid-space 7 exceptionally large, rather quadrate, nearly 2-0 mm wide and extending right across space. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Philippines: Palawan, Port Barton, ix.1983 (A Ballantine) (BMNH). The subspecies is named after Dr Alistair Ballantine, who caught the unique holotype and presented it to BMNH. Allotinus (Paragerydus) substrigosus yusukei subsp. n. (Figs 35 cf genitalia; 77 cf ) Cf forewing 11-5 mm. Termen more rounded and apex less pointed than in foregoing subspecies. Swelling of vein M3 short, extending over one-quarter of vein, overlying specialised scales pale so that it stands out prominently. Underside ground colour pale buff; forewing with white fleck at end of vein R5 extending as an oblique white streak half-way across space 6. Hindwing with central black spot in space 7 narrow but well-defined; a small subbasal black spot in space la. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Philippines: Mindanao, Tandag, Surigao, xii.1982 (ex Takanami coll.) (BMNH). The subspecies is named after Mr Yusuke Takanami, who generously presented the holotype and many other rare Philippine lycaenids to BMNH. Allotinus (Paragerydus) davidis Eliot (Fig. 36, cf genitalia) Allotinus davidis Eliot, 1959: 377, pi. 10, figs 6 cf , 7 $ , text-fig, cf valva; 1978: 240; Fleming, 1975: 21, pi. 57, fig. L39 $. Holotype cf , SINGAPORE (BMNH) [examined]. The wing shape is that of A. nivalis, with the forewing termen barely perceptibly crenulate. On the upperside both sexes are reddish brown. In the male vein M3 of the forewing is swollen only in its basal quarter. On the underside the ground colour is pale buff; on the forewing the white fleck at the apex does not cross vein R5; on the hindwing the central spot in space 7 is blackened and the postdiscal spot is also narrowly blackened on its inner edge. In the male genitalia the valva differs from all others in the subgenus by not having the costa truncate before the terminal process, which curves upwards in the manner of subgenus Allotinus. In all other Fig. 36 Allotinus (Paragerydus) davidis Eliot; Singapore. Male genitalia. 56 J. N. ELIOT respects the genitalia are typical of Paragerydus, and the absence of a humeral vein on the hindwing helps to confirm its position in this subgenus. DISTRIBUTION. West Malaysia; Singapore; Sumatra (coll. Diehl); Peninsular Thailand (Pinratana). The species appears to be extremely rare, but is perhaps sometimes overlooked because of its small size and resemblance to A. substrigosus . Allotinus (Paragerydus) drumila (Moore) (Fig. 37, cf genitalia) Miletus drumila Moore, [1866]: 777. This large species stands rather far apart from the remainder of the subgenus in its markings and in its pronounced seasonal variation. On the other hand the male genitalia, presence on the forewing of a swollen vein M3 and absence of a humeral vein on the hindwing, are characteristic of Paragerydus, so that it seems unnecessary to retain for it the separate subgenus Miletographa. On the underside the appearance is of a Miletus species, with the catenulate markings characteristic of that genus; the difference is that in A. drumila the ground between the usual lycaenid markings is speckled with small, irregular pale-edged spots. The upperside and especially the seasonally dimorphic wing shape recall the smaller, sympatric Miletus chinensis. The wet season form is brown, with a similar curved series of postdiscal spots on the forewing, paler brown in the male, larger and sullied white in the female. In the dry season the forewing acquires a sharp point at the apex and prominent lobe at the tornus, and the mainly white female is broadly similar to the dry season M. chinensis longeana. The main point of dissimilarity is that in A. drumila the most extreme dry form occurs in the Himalayas and Assam, whereas in M. chinensis the most extreme dry form occurs in Burma. The species is Indo-Burmese, submontane and apparently not rare where it occurs, but with a restricted distribution. There are two rather doubtfully valid subspecies. Key to the subspecies of A. (P.) drumila 1 $ dry season form white with black costal and marginal border on the forewing and blackish costal area on the hindwing drumila drumila (p. 56) $ dry season form with the white areas sullied with buff scales drumila aphthonius (p. 57) Allotinus (Paragerydus) drumila drumila (Moore) (Fig. 37, cf genitalia) Miletus drumila Moore, [1866]: 777, pi. 41, fig. 12 $. Holotype 'cf ' recte , INDIA: Sikkim (not located). [Dry season form.] Gerydus drumila (Moore) Moore, 1883: 521. [Wet season form.] Fig. 37 Allotinus (Paragerydus) drumila drumila (Moore) wet season form multistrigatus de Niceville; Sikkim. Male genitalia. THE MILETINI 57 Allotinus multistrigatus de Niceville, 1886: 253, pi. 11, figs 11 o" , 2 $ ; de Niceville, 1890: 29, pi. 26, figs 157 Cf, 158 $; Bingham, 1907: 298; Swinhoe, 1910: 195, pi. 615, figs 2, 2b cf , 2a, 2c $ ; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 371; 1916: 815, pi. 141h cf $. LECTOTYPE cf , INDIA: Sikkim (BMNH), here designated [examined] [Wet season form.] [Synonymised by Cantlie, 1963: 26.] Miletus insignis Staudinger, 1888: 269, pi. 94 'cf' recte $. Holotype $, INDIA: Sikkim (probably MNHU). [Synonymised by de Niceville, 1890: 28.] Allotinus drumila (Moore) de Niceville, 1890: 28; Bingham, 1907: 297; Swinhoe, 1910: 194, pi. 615, figs 1, Ib Cf, la, Ic $; Fruhstorfer, 1913: 371; 1916: 815, pi. 141i $; Evans, 1932: 211. Miletographa drumila (Moore) Rober, 1892: 277. Allotinus multistrigatus multistrigatus de Niceville; Evans, 1932: 242. Allotinus drumila drumila (Moore) with wet season form multistrigatus de Niceville; Cantlie, 1963: 26, pi. 26, fig. H. 6. 2. Moore originally described the dry season female in error as the male. Later (1883) he realised his mistake and correctly described the male from the wet season form, which de Niceville later redescribed as a separate species, A. multistrigatus. Judging by material in BMNH, intermediate forms, with the wing shape of the dry form drumila, fly in the autumn and winter, while drumila, with its mostly white female, is really a spring form flying from February to May (one female ex Fruhstorfer coll. is labelled June, but I feel sure this is an error, as the type-series of multistrigatus was caught in this month). Moore's type of drumila cannot be traced, but there are two wet season males in BMNH from Darjiling and the Khasi Hills from which Moore described the male, both of which bear BMNH type-labels. But as they did not form part of the original type-series they cannot be accepted as types. The figures accompanying de Niceville's original description of multistrigatus were taken from examples in coll. Moller, and I designate as lectotype a male in BMNH, presumably from the original type-series, labelled /Type [red]/Sikkim Moller/ Allotinus multistrigatus de Niceville cf TYPE/Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1/. DISTRIBUTION. Kumaon, in the central Himalayas, to Assam. Allotinus (Paragerydus) drumila aphthonius Fruhstorfer Allotinus aphthonius Fruhstorfer, 1913: 371; 1916: 815. LECTOTYPE cf, BURMA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Intermediate form.] Allotinus drumila grisea Riley & Godfrey, 1921: 180. Holotype $, THAILAND (BMNH) [examined]. [Dry season form.] [Synonymised by Pinratana, 1981: 31.] Allotinus multistrigatus apthonius [sic] Fruhstorfer; Evans, 1932: 242 Allotinus drumila apthonius [sic] Fruhstorfer; Cantlie, 1963: 26; Pinratana, 1981: 31, pi. 4, fig. 19 cf , pi. 5, figs 10 Cf, 11 $. The subspecies is doubtfully valid, differing only in that the most extreme dry form of female has the white areas always sullied with buff scales, as in the holotype of grisea and as in Pinratana's figure of the female. The wet season and intermediate forms do not differ from the corresponding forms of subsp. drumila. In BMNH there are one male and two females labelled as types of aphthonius. I designate as lectotype the male labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orangeJ/Tenasserim Tandong 4000' Mai Fruhstorfer leg. /Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-1/Allotinus aphthonius Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. Two females, similarly labelled, except that one bears a final label /Allotinus aphthonius Fruh. [in Corbet's hand]/ in place of the label in Fruhstorfer's hand, are paralectotypes. The male has a pointed forewing and rather dentate hindwing, and is marked as in the wet season form. Fruhstorfer stated that it was a dry season form, but in fact it is an intermediate form nearer to the wet than to the dry season form. Of the two females, one is intermediate, as in the male, and the other of the normal wet season form. DISTRIBUTION. Throughout Burma, except in the extreme south of Tenasserim; Thailand. Genus LOGANIA Distant Logania Distant, 1884: 197, 208. Type-species: Logania malayica Distant, 1884: 208, pi. 22, fig. 21 $, by monotypy. Gender feminine. Malais Doherty, 1889: 414, 415, 436. Type-species: Loganiasriwa Distant sensu Doherty, 1889 [= Logania marmorata Moore, 1884], by designation of Corbet, 1940a: 111. Gender feminine. [Synonymised by de Niceville, 1890: 32.] Eyes smooth. Antennae half the length of the forewing costa, with about 36 segments in the type-species; 58 J. N. ELIOT shorter, with under 30 segments in L. waltraudae; rather longer, with 40-45 segments in the marmorata- group (= Malais}. Nudum extending widely to the base of the shaft. Legs much shorter than in Allotinus, with the tibiae outwardly swollen and the fore-tarsi, except in L. waltraudae, gradually incrassate. In L. malayica and L. waltraudae the male fore-tarsus ends in a rather long, tapered, down-curved point, but in the marmorata-group the fore-tarsus ends abruptly in a rounded pad from which a minute point is directed downwards, as in Allotinus. Labial palpi shorter than in Allotinus, with the third segment usually shorter than one-half of the second segment in males, but may be slightly longer than half in females. Males of all species have a small double hair tuft on the sternum of the eighth abdominal segment. The type-species has the forewing apex produced to a sharp point and veins MI and R5 have a long common stalk; all the remaining species have a rounded or square apex and, except in L. nehalemia, the stalk of veins Mj and R5 is absent or short. There is no trace of a humeral vein on the hindwing. Males of the ma/ay/ca-group have vein A/3 of the forewing unswollen; in the marmorata-group the basal portion of vein M3 is briefly swollen and clothed with small, specialised scales which are about the same size as those of the nivalis-group of Paragerydus. In L. regina, and probably also in L. paluana, the swelling is inconspicuous and partly hidden by normal cover scales. The underside pattern is generally similar to that of Allotinus, but the ground colour is seldom uniform, being mottled in shades of black, brown and white, for which reason Evans coined the popular name 'Mottles' for the genus. On the forewing the usual lycaenid markings may be difficult to make out, but on the hindwing they are usually apparent and the postdiscal series may be catenulate. In some species there is very great individual variation in the extent of whitish scaling on the upperside of the hindwing, which may be absent or cover almost the whole of the wing. The male genitalia are of the usual miletine type and are rather constant in appearance, except that L. waltraudae shows some characters suggestive of Allotinus. Doherty (1889: 414, 415) erected the generic name Malais and wrote that 'it will include L. marmorata and L. sriwa (probably the same species) and one or two rare kinds undescribed'. He had before him only a single female fronrMergui which he treated with some doubt as the same as the taxon named Logania sriwa Distant, 1886. De Niceville (1890: 33), who had custody of the type of L. marmorata Moore, 1884, stated that he had examined Doherty's female of 'sriwa' and found that 'it appears to differ from L. marmorata only by the greater prominence of all the markings of the underside'. As the females of L. sriwa and L. marmorata differ so strongly it is inconceivable that Doherty's female was really sriwa, and highly probable that de Niceville was correct in assuming that it was L. marmorata. I can find no convincing evidence that L. sriwa has ever been taken in Burma, although it was recorded by Evans (1932) and Cantlie (1963) from Mergui, probably on the basis of Doherty's misidentified female. Soon afterwards Doherty (1891o: 29) doubted if Malais was distinct from Logania; and though he did not formally synonymise the two he thereafter used Logania for species which would fall naturally into Malais. Bingham (1907: 302), Swinhoe (1910: 200), Evans (1932: 199) and Cantlie (1963: 2) all treated Malais as a subjective synonym of Logania, as did Corbet (1940a: 111) who stated that L. sriwa was its type-species. However, as Doherty's 'sriwa' was misidentified, Corbet's statement cannot, under Article 70 of the Code, be held to constitute a valid type selection. Fruhstorfer (1914; 1915), whilst using Logania as the generic name, employed Malais in a subgeneric sense for the 'Artengruppe' with banded legs and rounded forewing apex which includes L. marmorata and L. sriwa. Hemming (1960: 11), apparently unaware of Corbet's action, designated Logania malayica Distant, 1884, as type-species of Malais. His action is invalid, since malayica was not one of the species originally included in Malais by Doherty; indeed, the latter (1889: 437) had specifically excluded malayica from his new genus, stressing that it was a true Logania. Malais remains, therefore, a valid and available genus-group name, which can be used as a subgenus, largely in the sense in which it was employed by Fruhstorfer, by those authors who consider that the differences between Logania and Malais are greater than those between species-groups. Malais is, however, still without a properly established type-species, and any author intending to use it will have to refer the matter to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, as required under Article 70 of the Code, with a recommendation that Logania marmorata Moore, 1884, be designated as type-species. The genus ranges from Peninsular India through the Archipelago to New Guinea and the Bismarcks, and comprises 10 species. Key to the species of Logania 1 cf upperside of forewing with vein M3 unswollen and clothed with normal cover scales, cf fore-tarsus, so far as known, ending in a tapered, down-curved point 2 Cf upperside of forewing with basal part of vein M3 swollen and clothed with specialised scales. Cf fore-tarsus ending abruptly , but with a small point directed downwards from its lower edge 4 2 Forewing apex not produced 3 THE MILETINI 59 Forewing apex produced to a sharp point malayica (p. 59) 3 Upperside of hindwing all white waltraudae (p. 61) Upperside of hindwing with outer half black and inner half white nehalemia (p. 60) 4 Legs banded, with a specially prominent, broad, brown band on outer half of tibiae 5 - Legs freckled, not clearly banded 8 5 $ upperside with grey to white areas except in marmomta diehli 6 - $ upperside entirely brown obscura (p. 68) 6 Forewing very weakly crenulate . Underside of hindwing with a white streak or patch bearing few if any striae 7 - Forewing termen crenulate. Underside of hindwing without an unstriated area... marmorata (p. 64) 7 Upperside of hindwing pale grey to whitish regina (p. 62) - Upperside of hindwing white with a broad, black border paluana (p. 63) 8 Forewing termen only very weakly crenulate 9 - Forewing termen crenulate watsoniana (p. 73) 9 Underside mottling more or less ochreous distant! (p. 69) - Underside mottling dark brown; no ochreous tinge hampsoni (p. 72) Logania malayica Distant (Figs 38, 39, cf genitalia) Logania malayica Distant, 1884: 208. The species is instantly recognisable by the pointed and produced forewing apex. The sexes are alike, above white with a blackish forewing border expanding from less than 1-0 mm at the tornus to nearly mid-costa. Underside white densely mottled with reddish brown striae. The legs are buff-brown freckled with whitish scales, and the male fore-tarsus ends in a comparatively long, tapered, down-curved point. The species occurs from Peninsular Thailand to Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines. There are two subspecies with somewhat different male genitalia. Key to the subspecies of L. malayica 1 Underside irregularly mottled and blotchy, with, some of the usual lycaenid markings apparent malayica malayica (p. 60) - Underside regularly and densely mott; , with none of the lycaenid markings apparent malayica subura (p. 60) Fig. 38 Logania malayica malayica Distant; Malay Peninsula. Male genitalia. 60 J. N. ELIOT Logania malayica malayica Distant (Fig. 38, cf genitalia) Logania malayica Distant, 1884: 208, pi. 22, fig. 21 $, text-fig. 61 hind-leg. Holotype $, WEST MALAYSIA: Sungei Ujong (not located). Logania malayica malayica Distant; Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23; 1916: 805, pi. 141f cf ; Corbet, 1940a: 111, fig. 1 Cf valva; Fleming, 1975: 22, pi. 58, fig. L51 $; Eliot, 1978: 241, pi. 20, fig. 8 cf . On the underside the mottling is irregular and coalesced into blotches in places, and covers both wings except for a white area above the forewing dorsum in spaces la and Ib. The usual lycaenid markings can be partly made out with difficulty. DISTRIBUTION. Peninsular Thailand; West Malaysia; Sumatra; Borneo, including Pulo Laut. Logania malayica subura Fruhstorfer (Fig. 39, cf genitalia) Logania malayica Distant; Semper, 1889: 160, pi. 31, fig. 3 cf. Logania malayica subura Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23; 1916: 805. Holotype cf , PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (SM). On the underside the mottling of striae is regular and without blotches; none of the usual lycaenid markings can be made out. On the forewing the white area above the dorsum extends into space 2. The male genitalia differ more than usual in subspecies, and it may be that subura has achieved species status. Fruhstorfer named subura from Semper's figure, so the male depicted therein is automatically the holotype. DISTRIBUTION. Probably throughout the southern Philippines, but I have only seen examples from Mindanao and Samar. Fig. 39 Logania malayica subura Fruhstorfer; Samar. Male genitalia. Logania nehalemia Fruhstorfer stat. rev. (Figs 40, cf genitalia; 78 cf ) Logania nehalemia Fruhstorfer, 1914: 25; 1916: 808. Holotype '$' recte cf, NEW GUINEA (BMNH) [examined]. Logania hampsoni nehalemia Fruhstorfer; D'Abrera, 1971: 384. Above, the forewing is white with a black border which curves in above the cell to the wing base; the hindwing has the basal half white and the outer half black. The underside is white, with dense, dark brown striae more or less corresponding with the areas which are black on the upperside. In the unique male holotype, which has hitherto been regarded as a female, the legs are missing except THE MILETINI 61 Fig. 40 Logania nehalemia Fruhstorfer; New Guinea. Male genitalia. for the femur and tibia of one hindleg with the scales rubbed off; these hardly differ from the femur and tibia of L. malayica. The male genitalia are chiefly distinguished by the phallus, which is considerably stouter than that of its congeners except for L. waltraudae. The holotype is labelled /Type [red]/New Guinea. Hewitson Coll. 79-69 Miletus 1/9 holotype Logania nehalemia Fruhst. [in Corbet's hand]/. Given its early date of capture, the type-locality is likely to lie in the north-western part of Irian Jay a. DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea. Logania waltraudae sp. n. (Figs 41, cT genitalia; 107 cf ) C? forewing 10-0 mm. Generally similar in appearance to the sympatric L. malayica subura, and like it with the basal portion of vein M3 unswollen and clothed with normal cover scales; but differing in having the forewing apex rounded and veins MI and R5 connate. Fig. 41 Logania waltraudae sp. n. ; Samar. Male genitalia. 62 J. N. ELIOT Upperside white; forewing with a blackish brown apical border running from just below vein Cu2 on the termen to just above the cell apex on the costa; hindwing with a dark brown marginal hairline. Cilia dark brown. Underside pale brown very densely mottled with darker brown striae except on the forewing in most of spaces Ib and 2 and in the basal part of space 3, which are white. A dislocated series of postdiscal spots can just be made out on the forewing. Antennae just under half the length of the forewing costa, thinner than in L. malayica, with probably 28-30 segments (both antennal clubs are broken off just before the tip after 26 segments). The middle shaft segments are just over twice as long as wide (in the remaining Logania species these segments are nearly as wide as long). The nudum extends widely to the base of the shaft, which is brown on the upper surface with a central buff patch on each segment. The palpi are clothed with brown and a few buff adpressed scales and are exceptionally short, not protruding beyond the head, with the third segment comparatively stout and only a quarter the length of the second segment. The legs are about as long as those of L. malayica, which they resemble in having the fore-tarsus ending in a tapered, down-curved point; but they differ in several respects. The femora, tibiae and tarsi are subequal; the femora are broader and somewhat flattened; the foretibiae are narrow and cylindrical, and the middle tibiae are slightly swollen, the swelling being greatest in the upper half. The hind legs are missing. Body dark brown, slightly paler beneath; the abdominal hair tufts on the eighth sternum are smaller than in the other species of Logania. The male genitalia are broadly of Logania type, but the phallus is distinctive, while the triangular vinculum flap and strut running parallel to the lower edge of the uncus plate recall those structures in Allotinus. $ unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Philippines: Samar, 18.viii.l980(C. G. Treadaway) (coll. Treadaway, but will be deposited in due course in SM). The species, which is named after Mrs Treadaway, occupies an isolated position in the genus, differing from the remainder in palpi, antennae, legs and male genitalia, and possibly deserves to be placed in a separate subgenus. Logania regina (H. Druce) (Fig. 42, cf genitalia) Miletus regina H. Druce, 1873: 348. This and subsequent species differ from the foregoing species in the male fore-tarsus, which is not tapered but ends abruptly in a rounded pad from the lower side of which a small, short point is directed downwards, as in Allotinus. The legs, in this and the next three species, are banded, most prominently on the tibiae, with whitish and brown, while in the remaining species they are freckled and sometimes have obscure longitudinal streaks. A distinguishing character of L. regina is the white ground colour of the underside of the hindwing, which is almost devoid of striae in a streak-like area running from the wing base to the termen through the upper part of the cell and space 6. On the upperside the male has a fuscous border on the forewing tending to run narrowly along the costa to the wing base, and a fuscous costal area above vein 6 on the hindwing. The rest of the wings are whitish to bluish grey. The female has a narrower forewing border and the pale areas on both wings are whiter than in the male. In the female of this species and of L. paluana (infra) the abdomen is longer than in the other Logania species, and extends just beyond the hindwing tornus. The species has a restricted distribution in Sundaland, excluding Java, Palawan and the islands off the west coast of Sumatra, but has reached the Sulu Is. where it must be a recent immigrant. There are two subspecies. Key to the subspecies of L. regina 1 cf upperside of forewing with black border comparatively wide, filling whole of space 5. $ forewing border reaching dorsum; underside of forewing with a white area above dorsum usually reaching vein M2 regina regina (p. 63) - cf upperside of forewing with black border narrower, not reaching base of space 5. $ forewing border fades out at, or just before, tornus; underside of forewing without a white area regina sriwa (p. 63) THE MILETINI 63 Fig. 42 Logania regina regina (H. Druce); Borneo. Male genitalia. Logania regina regina (H. Druce) (Fig. 42, cf genitalia) Miletus regina H. Druce, 1873: 348, pi. 32, fig. 4 cT. Holotype cT, BORNEO (BMNH) [examined]. Logania regina regina (H. Druce); Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23; 1916: 806. Logania evora Fruhstorfer, 1916: 806. Holotype $, PHILIPPINES: 'Sula Is.' recte Sulu Is (SM) [examined] Syn. n. In the male most, if not all, the pale areas on the upperside are clothed with bluish grey scales. The female is much whiter, with a narrower forewing border which is usually about 1-5 mm wide at the tornus. On the underside of the forewing there is sometimes a narrow whitish area along the dorsum, the corresponding area in the female being much wider and usually extending into the basal half of space 4. DISTRIBUTION. Borneo; Sulu Is (only known from unique holotype). In BMNH there is a single male from Pulo Laut, in which the fore wing border is even narrower than in subsp. sriwa, while the pale areas are white, so that the general appearance is of a female; it probably represents a further subspecies. Logania regina sriwa Distant Logania sriwa Distant, 1886a: 531; 18866: 452, pi. 44, fig. 16 $; Evans, 1932: 212. Holotype $, WEST MALAYSIA (not located). Logania regina sriwa Distant; Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23; 1916: 805, pi. 141f $; Corbet, 1940«: 112, fig. 2 cf valva; Cantlie, 1967: 28; Fleming, 1975: 22, pi. 58, fig. L52 ?; Eliot, 1978: 241, pi. 20, fig. 9 cf . The male is usually whiter, with a narrower border, than nominate regina. In the female the forewing border usually fades out at or before the tornus. On the underside both sexes lack a white area above the forewing dorsum, and on the hindwing the white streak is narrower. DISTRIBUTION. West Malaysia; Sumatra; peninsular Thailand (Pinratana, 1981). Logania paluanasp. n. (Fig- 79 9) This taxon, at present only known from two females, appears to replace L. regina, of which it may be a subspecies, in Sulawesi. It is larger, with forewing length 17-0 mm, compared with an average of 14-0 mm in regina, and differs additionally as follows. On the upperside the forewing border is narrower, ending beyond the middle of the costa. On the hindwing there is a black border measuring nearly 4-0 mm at the dorsum, expanding to 4-5 mm at vein Cu2 and thence decreasing to 1-0 mm at the apex whence it is continued as a blackish line along the costa to the wing base. The underside is generally marked as in 64 J. N. ELIOT regina, but on the hindwing the comparatively well-defined white streak ofregina is replaced by a wider and more obscure, because more heavily striated, white discal patch extending to vein Cu\ and the lower edge of the cell. The postdiscal markings are olive-brown and there is a well-defined marginal olive-brown line 0-5 mm wide on the forewing and between veins Cu2 and M2 on the hindwing. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype 9, Sulawesi: labelled /G. Rangkoean, Paloe, West Celebes, 900', Nov. 1936 (J. P. A. Kalis) (BMNH). Paratype. 1 9 , data as holotype (BMNH). Logania marmorata Moore (Fig. 43, cf genitalia) Logania marmorata Moore, 1884: 22. The species can be recognised by its crenulate forewing termen and banded legs, which are shorter and stouter than in any other Logania species. Except in the subspecies from Simeulue, both sexes always have a pale area on the forewing, which is more extensive in the female, but in the male of some subspecies it is reduced to a small discal patch. The hindwing of the male is normally brown, at least in the wet season, while that of the female bears some grey scales; but in Nias and south Sumatra the hindwing is partly grey in the male and nearly all white in the female. The species ranges from central Burma to Vietnam and throughout Sundaland, the Lesser Sunda Is. and the Philippines into north Sulawesi. The dividing line between subspecies is difficult to draw because of the high degree of individual variation; 10 are provisionally recognised. Key to the subspecies of L. marmorata 1 9 upperside of forewing with basal half whitish 2 - 9 upperside of forewing unmarked brown marmorata diehli (p. 66) 2 (if upperside of hindwing plain brown 3 - cf upperside of hindwing partly white or grey 11 3 cf upperside of forewing with some bluish grey scaling reaching wing base 4 - cf upperside of forewing with brown wing base 6 4 cf upperside of forewing with pale area outwardly white but wing base and space la rather dark, having many brown scales intermixed with the grey. 9 upperside of hindwing sometimes plain brown 5 - cf upperside of forewing with pale area outwardly white becoming light bluish grey at wing base and in space la. $ upperside of hindwing with at least some grey scaling below vein 6 marmorata damis (p. 65) 5 cf upperside of forewing with white extending fully across space Ib. $ underside of forewing without a whitish area beyond cell marmorata hilaeira (p. 65) - cf upperside of forewing with white area not below midspace Ib. $ underside of forewing with a whitish area beyond cell extending from vein A\ to veins M2 or MI dry season form of marmorata javanica (p. 67) 6 9 underside of forewing without a prominent whitish area beyond the cell 7 9 underside of forewing with a broad whitish area beyond the cell stretching from vein A\ to vein M2. Cf upperside of forewing with an ovate discal white patch about 2-5 mm wide at base of spaces 4,3,2 and sometimes just entering space Ib marmorata munichya (p. 66) 7 cf upperside of forewing with discal white patch at least 2-0 mm wide, reaching and often crossing vein Cu2. $ upperside of forewing with base more or less grey-scaled 8 - cf upperside of forewing with discal patch about 1-25 mm wide and not below mid-space 2. 9 upperside of forewing with base brown, bearing only a trace of grey scaling wet season form of marmorata javanica (p. 67) 8 Cf 9 underside comparatively paler and browner ; base and disc of forewing not blackish 9 Cf 9 underside dark; base and disc of forewing blackish 10 9 cf upperside of forewing with white patch usually not below vein Cu2. Underside comparative- ly dark. Continental wet season form of marmorata marmorata (p. 65) Cf upperside of forewing with white patch usually crossing vein Cu2. Underside comparatively light. Palawan marmorata palawana (p. 67) THE MILETINI 65 10 9 upperside of hindwing with some grey scaling marmorata samosata (p. 67) - 9 upperside of hindwing brown marmorata Faustina (p. 68) 11 cf upperside of hindwing brown streaked with grey below vein MI. 9 upperside of hindwing mostly dirty whitish below vein MI dry season form of marmorata marmorata (p. 65) - cf upperside of hindwing white below vein M\ except for an inwardly diffuse brown border 1 '0-1 -5 mm wide. 9 upperside of hindwing nearly all white marmorata lahomius (p. 66) Logania marmorata marmorata Moore Logania marmorata Moore, 1884: 22; 1886: 39, pi. 3, fig. 7; de Niceville, 1890: 33, frontispiece, fig. 128 $ holotype; Bingham, 1907: 303; Swinhoe, 1910: 200, pi. 618, figs 1, la 'cf' recte ; Evans, 1932: 213. Holotype $, BURMA: Mergui (ZSI). [Malaissriwa (Distant) sensu Doherty, 1889: 436. Misidentification.] Logania marmorata marmorataMoore; Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23; 1916: 806, pi. 141f cf $ ; Corbet, 19400: 112; Cantlie, 1963: 29. The subspecies occurs in two seasonal forms, at least in the northern part of its range. In the wet season form both wings are brown, with a small white patch on the forewing above vein Cu2 in the male and a much larger white area which is greyish basally in the female. In the dry season the white areas of the forewing are much enlarged in both sexes, the hindwing is more or less overlaid below vein MI with grey or whitish scales, especially in the female, and on the underside of the forewing there is no whitish area beyond the cell. Intermediate season examples may be indistinguishable from subsp. damis. DISTRIBUTION. Burma, from Karen Hills to Mergui; Thailand; Vietnam. Logania marmorata damis Fruhstorfer Logania massalia damis Fruhstorfer, 1914: 24; 1916: 807. LECTOTYPE cf , SINGAPORE (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Logania marmorata damis Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 1940a: 111; Fleming, 1975: 22, pi. 58, fig. L53 9; Eliot, 1978: 241, pi. 20, fig. 10 cf. In the wet and only seasonal form the pale areas on the forewing are whiter and more extensive than in any other subspecies except lahomius. In the male the pale area is outwardly white, inwardly rather pale bluish grey, reaches the dorsum and fills the cell; the hindwing is brown. In the female the pale area is whiter and broader, and the hindwing always bears at least some grey scales below vein M\. I designate as lectotype of damis a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Singapora II. 95/almost certainly type of Logania massalia damis Fruhst. [in Corbet's hand]/. DISTRIBUTION. Peninsular Thailand; West Malaysia; Singapore; east coastal region of Sumatra. Logania marmorata hilaeira Fruhstorfer Logania obscura Distant & Pryer, 1887: 266. Syntypes, BORNEO: Sandakan (not located). [Secondary homonym of Logania obscura (Rober, 1886).] Logania marmorata hilaeira Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23; 1916: 806; Corbet, 1940a: 112. LECTOTYPE cf, SUMATRA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Logania marmorata stenosa Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23 (nomen nudum); 1916: 806; Corbet, 1940a: 112. LECTOTYPE 9, BORNEO (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Logania marmorata obscura Distant & Pryer; Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23. Logania massalia nada Fruhstorfer, 1914: 24; 1916: 807. LECTOTYPE cf, SUMATRA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymised by Corbet, 1940a: 112.] Logania marmorata cineraria Fruhstorfer, 1916: 806; Corbet, 1940a: 112. [Replacement name for Logania obscura Distant & Pryer, 1887.] Syn. n. Logania massalia sora Fruhstorfer, 1916: 807. LECTOTYPE cf, BORNEO (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Logania marmorata sora Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 1940a: 112. Above, the male has a slightly wider forewing border than subsp. damis, and the base of the wing is darker with brown scales intermixed with the grey. The female generally has a darker hindwing which is often without any grey scales. I designate as lectotype of hilaeira a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/CMB IV.94/Fruhstorfer Coll. 66 J. N. ELIOT B.M. 1933-131/marmorata hilaeira Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. A female labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/Sumatra Montes Battak ex coll. Fruhstorfer/marmorata Selesseh 15.VII.94/Fruh- storfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/$ Allotype of Logania marmorata hilaeira Fruh. [in Corbet's hand]/ is a paralectotype. In his earlier work (1914) Fruhstorfer did not list or describe Logania marmorata stenosa, either through an oversight or lapsus calami, but he mentioned stenosa twice by comparison with his sub-spp. javanica and samosata. In 1916 he gave a brief description and type-locality, so that the name dates from 1916. I designate as lectotype of stenosa a female in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ Sintang Dr. Martin H. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/Marmorata stenosa Fr. [in Fruhstor- fer's hand]/. I designate as lectotype of nada a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/CMB X.94/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/massalia nada Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. I designate as lectotype of sora a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ Nord-Borneo ex coll. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/massalia sora Fr. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. DISTRIBUTION. Northern and western Sumatra at least as far south as Padang; Borneo, including Pulo Laut; Cagayan Sulu. Logania marmorata lahomius (Kheil) Miletus lahomius Kheil, 1884: 27, pi. 5, figs 28, 29 cf . Syntypes, NIAS (not located). Logania regina lahomius (Kheil) Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23. Logania lahomius (Kheil); Fruhstorfer, 1916: 806. Logania marmorata lahomius (Kheil); Corbet, 1940a: 113. Above, both sexes are greyish white with the forewing border narrower than in the preceding subspecies. The hindwing of the male has a diffuse fuscous margin about 1-5 mm wide and the costal area is fuscous above vein MI, but in the female the margin is vestigial or absent and there is only a little fuscous dusting below the costa. DISTRIBUTION. Nias I. There is a pair in BMNH taken by Doherty at Liwa, in the extreme south-west of Sumatra, which differ only that in the female the fuscous scaling below the hindwing costa is solid as far as vein MI; they are provisionally placed under lahomius. Logania marmorata die/i/i subsp. n. Cf upperside brown; forewing with a small, sullied, circular whitish patch 2-0 mm wide surrounding swollen portion of vein M3 in spaces 2, 3 and 4. Underside generally pale, with postdiscal markings ill-defined; forewing without a trace of a white or paler discal area, as in the otherwise rather similar subspecies from Java. $ upperside entirely brown. Underside like male. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Simeulue (Simalur): 16-17. ii. 1984 (E. Dieht) (BMNH). Paratype. 1 $ (allotype), data as holotype (BMNH). The subspecies is named in honour of the captor, Dr Edvard Diehl. It is instructive that the two extremes of geographical variation in this species are found in the neighbouring islands of Nias and Simeulue, the former having the most extensive white markings, the latter the least; a good example of the haphazard course of evolution in small, isolated populations. Logania marmorata munichya Fruhstorfer Logania massalia munichya Fruhstorfer, 1914: 24; 1916: 807. LECTOTYPE cf , JAVA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Logania marmorata javanica Fruhstorfer; Corbet, 1940a: 112, partim. In this and the remaining subspecies the males, at least in the dry season, have a brown forewing bearing a white discal patch and without grey scales at the wing base. In munichya the white patch is 2-5 mm wide and lies at the bases of spaces 4, 3 and 2 and just enters space Ib. The female resembles subsp. hilaeira on the upperside but is distinctive in possessing, on the underside of the forewing, a white area 3-0-4-0 mm wide beyond the cell stretching from vein A± to vein M2. THE MILETINI 67 It seems likely that this subspecies and the east Javanese subsp. javanica may represent the ends of a cline, in which case Corbet's action in synonymising munichya with javanica would be justified. I designate as lectotype of munichya a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ Java Occident. Sukabumi 2000' ex coll. Fruhstorfer/massalia munichya Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. DISTRIBUTION. West Java. Logania marmorata javanica Fruhstorfer Logania marmorata javanica Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23; 1916: 806; Corbet, 1940a: 112. LECTOTYPE cf , JAVA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Logania massalia glypha Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23; 1916: 807. LECTOTYPE cf, JAVA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. [Synonymised by Corbet, 1940«: 112.] Logania marmorata Moore; Piepers & Snellen, 1918: 18, pi. 20, fig. 21 cf • [Logania massalia Doherty; Piepers & Snellen, 1918: 18, pi. 20, figs 22a cf , 22b $. Misidentification.] The male differs from subsp. munichya in the smaller white patch on the forewing, which is 1-25 mm wide and does not descend below mid-space 2. The female differs in having the base of the forewing darker and, on the underside, in lacking the prominent white patch beyond the cell, this area being only slightly paler than the rest of the wing. I designate as lectotype of javanica a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ Ostjava Lawang 1897 ex coll. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/Logania javanica Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. Its left forewing is much discoloured, the basal two-thirds of the wing having an oily bluish sheen; the right forewing is undamaged. The figure in Piepers & Snellen (1918), showing only the left half of a male with a basally bluish forewing, was obviously made from the lectotype; Piepers said that he had himself seen no Javanese examples of L. marmorata. There are also in BMNH two females of the original type-series labelled /Logania javanica Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/ which are paralectotypes. I designate as lectotype of glypha a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Ostjava Lawang 1897 ex coll. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/massalia glypha Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. All the above lectotypes and paralectotypes appear to be wet season forms. There is in BMNH a series of 4 cf , 7 $ from Sumbawa labelled /Sumbawa Doherty Sept '91/ which must represent the dry season form and which I provisionally place under subsp. javanica. The males have a white patch on the forewing similar to that of subsp. munichya, but the base of the wing is covered with rather dark bluish grey scales. The females also are rather similar on the upperside to that sex of subsp. munichya, but the hindwing is paler brown and may bear some grey scales, while on the underside of the forewing the whitish area beyond the cell is narrower and more sullied. There is also in BMNH a single female labelled /S. Flores xi.96. Dry s. Everett/ which, despite the label appears to be a wet season form as might be anticipated from the date of capture at the change of seasons. Above, it differs only slightly from females of subsp. javanica in having the base of the forewing browner, with only a very few overlying grey scales, while on the underside of the forewing the whitish patch beyond the cell is vestigial. Provisionally I attach it also to subsp. javanica. DISTRIBUTION. East Java; Lesser Sunda Is. (Sumbawa, Flores). Logania marmorata palawana Fruhstorfer Allotinus (Logania) distanti Staudinger, 1889: 93, pi. 1, fig. 3 $. Synt'ypes, PALAWAN (? MNHU). [Secondary homonym of Logania distanti Semper, 1889.] Logania marmorata palawana Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23; 1916: 806. [Replacement name for Logania distanti (Staudinger, 1889).] The male resembles subsp. munichya, but the forewing patch is a little larger and faintly bluish grey. The female is most like subspp. marmorata and hilaeira, especially on the underside, but on the upperside of the forewing the border is a little wider at the tornus. Single females from Luzon in BMNH and Marinduque (coll. Treadaway) appear to belong to this subspecies. DISTRIBUTION. Palawan; Balabac I. (coll. Treadaway); Luzon; Marinduque. Logania marmorata samosata Fruhstorfer [Logania obscura Distant & Pryer sensu Semper, 1889: 160 partim, pi. 31, fig. 4 $. Misidentification.] Logania marmorata samosata Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23; 1916: 806. Holotype cf , PHILIPPINES: Cebu (SM), [examined]. 68 J. N. ELIOT I have seen only two females and no males from Cebu. The former, which have the lower part of the hindwing lightly grey-scaled, differ additionally from subsp. palawana by a much darker underside with the forewing mostly blackish. A female from Mindoro is similar. Fruhstorfer named the subspecies from Semper's fig. 4, so the specimen depicted therein is automatically the holotype. DISTRIBUTION. Cebu; probably Mindoro. Logania marmorata Faustina Fruhstorfer (Fig. 43, cf genitalia) [Logania obscura Distant & Pryer sensu Semper, 1889: 160 partim, pi. 31, fig. 5 $. Misidentification.] Logania marmorata faustina Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23; 1916: 806. Holotype 9, PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (SM), [examined]. All the females I have seen from Mindanao, Samar and Leyte have the upperside of the hindwing plain blackish brown; otherwise they do not differ from subsp. samosata. The males resemble subsp. palawana on the upperside, but are readily separable by their much darker blackish undersides. Fruhstorfer described the subspecies from Semper's fig. 5, so the female from Mindanao depicted therein is automatically the holotype. DISTRIBUTION. Mindanao; Leyte; Samar (coll. Treadaway); Sulu Is.: Tawi Tawi (Tite, 1969). Fig. 43 Logania marmorata faustina Fruhstorfer; Mindanao. Male genitalia. Logania obscura (Rober) (Fig. 44, cf genitalia; 80 cT) Allotinus obscurus Rober, 1886: 52, pi. 4, fig. 8 cf . Syntypes, SULAWESI (? SMT). Allotinus martinus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 371; 1916: 814, pi. 141h $. Holotype $, SULAWESI: Buton I. (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. Logania donussa Fruhstorfer, 1914: 24. LECTOTYPE $, SULAWESI (BMNH), here designated [ex- amined]. Syn. n. Logania distanti donussa Fruhstorfer; Fruhstorfer, 1916: 807. Logania obscura (Rober) Fruhstorfer, 1916: 807. Logania marmorata obscurus (Rober); Corbet, 1940a: 112. In the past L. obscura has been thought to replace L. marmorata in Sulawesi and its satellite islands, and it was treated as a subspecies thereof by Corbet. However, the very recent discovery of L. marmorata in north Sulawesi in a still undescribed subspecies indicates that L. obscura is a distinct species. Its status as such is further confirmed by the following characters. The female is all brown, whereas the male has a white forewing patch - a reversal of the usual sexual differences in Logania marmorata wherein the female has THE MILETINI 69 Fig. 44 Logania obscura Rober; Sulawesi. Male genitalia. more extensive white areas than the male (except in Simeulue). The forewing termen and apex are more rounded and the crenulations are weaker. The legs are longer and thinner. The wing span is considerably larger. Finally, there is a small difference in the male valva. The holotype of martinus has no head, legs nor right forewing. It bears a label /damaged in shelter by burst pipe, G.E.T./. The remaining wings show no significant difference to normal L. obscura. I designate as lectotype ofdonussa a female in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/S. Celebes Bua-Kraeng 5000' Febr. 1896 H. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/Logania donussa Fr. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. A single male from Banggai I. in coll. Bedford Russell (Fig. 80) has the forewing patch sullied all over with fuscous scales, so that it hardly shows up, and the underside is darker and more densely striated than in typical examples. A male from the Toekan Besi Is. in BMNH resembles the Banggai male on the upperside, but on the underside is paler than typical examples. These two males probably represent further minor subspecies. DISTRIBUTION. Sulawesi. Logania distant! Semper (Figs 45, 46, cf genitalia; 81 cf ) Logania distanti Semper, 1889: 161. In this species I combine the subspecies which have hitherto been treated as pertaining to two distinct species, L. distanti and L. massalia. Fruhstorfer, and also Corbet in part, confused the massalia subspecies-group with L. marmorata, but the two species are easily distinguished by several characters. Firstly, in L. distanti the legs are longer, thinner and not banded, but speckled and streaked with brown on a whitish ground. Secondly, the forewing termen is barely crenulate. Thirdly, the underside is more ochreous and the striations are usually denser. In the male genitalia the phallus is much less strongly bent. The male is brown above, normally with a whitish or bluish grey discal patch on the forewing, but in the Philippines and Malay Peninsula (and probably elsewhere) the upperside is sometimes unmarked. On the forewing vein M3 is briefly swollen and clothed with specialised scales. Females show very great individual variation, the forewing white or very pale greyish blue with a broad blackish border, while the hindwing, except in subsp. staudingeri, varies from brown to mainly whitish in any one area. The species flies from India to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines. It is apparently absent from the islands off the west coast of Sumatra and from Java, records of L. massalia from the latter island applying to misidentified L. marmorata. Key to the subspecies of L. distanti 1 cf with upperside of forewing brown to brownish at base. $ with upperside of hindwing variable, but in the most lightly marked examples always with a fuscous border 1-0-2-0 mm wide .. 2 70 J. N. ELIOT Cf upperside of fo rawing with pale bluish grey area reaching wing base . $ upperside of hindwing all white except for sparse fuscous dusting above vein A/i distant! staudingeri (p. 72) 2 Cf upperside of forewing with discal patch, if present, pale bluish grey 3 Cf upperside of forewing with discal patch , if present , white distant! massalia (p . 70) 3 Philippine distant! distanti (p. 70) Bornean distanti drucei (p. 71) Logania distanti distanti Semper (Fig. 81 Cf ) Logania distanti Semper, 1889: 161, pi. 31, figs 6, 7 $, 21 cf. Holotype , PHILIPPINES: Cebu (SM) [examined]. Logania distanti distanti Semper; Fruhstorfer, 1914: 24; 1916: 807. Logania distanti apsines Fruhstorfer, 1914: 24; 1916: 807. LECTOTYPE cf , PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (SM), here designated [examined]. Logania turdeta Fruhstorfer, 1916: 807. Holotype 'cf' recte $, PHILIPPINES: Cebu (SM) [examined]. Syn. n. Semper originally described L. distanti from three examples: a male and female of large size from Mindanao, which he figured at figs 21 and 7 respectively, and a small female from Cebu figured at fig. 6. Although he labelled the male as type he unfortunately did not specify it as such, and this left the way open for Fruhstorfer later to restrict nominate distanti to Cebu and to name the Mindanao pair as subsp. apsines. Semper's female from Cebu is, therefore, automatically the holotype of distanti. Fruhstorfer 's action, taken at a time when it is evident that he had not even seen Semper's specimens, is doubly regrettable, since a year later, after examining Semper's collection, he named the Cebu female, which he then inexplicably mistook for a male, as a new species, L. turdeta, and remarked that Semper had confused it with L. distanti. At the same time he still recorded nominate distanti from Cebu and maintained apsines for Mindanao examples. Semper's original female from Cebu, which is the holotype of both distanti and turdeta, is labelled /CEBU/Coll. C. Semper/206/1004/No 6/Typus [and on reverse] Logania turdeta (Fruh.)/. The small ticket reading 'No 6' obviously refers to Semper's fig. 6. The specimen has extensive whitish dusting on the upperside of the hindwing and agrees fairly well with the butterfly figured by de Niceville (1894: pi. 2, fig. 13) as Logania luca. Semper's pair from Mindanao may or may not be a valid subspecies; but as size, by which alone Fruhstorfer separated them as subsp. apsines, is an unreliable character. I treat apsines provisionally as a synonym of distanti. Fruhstorfer did not designate a type, so I now designate the male as lectotype; it is labelled /Log. Distanti typ. Semper/206/1004/16/Typus [red]/. The small ticket reading '16' should refer to the figure in Semper's pi. 31; but in fact the specimen is shown at fig. 21, while fig. 16 represents Parageryduspunctatus. Possibly the labels got transferred by mistake, as in other cases already mentioned (p. 37) during Fruhstorfer's examination of the collection. Above, the specimen is unmarked brown, but as it is the only Mindanao male I have seen it would be premature to assume that an all-brown forewing is an unvarying character of the male in that island. I have seen no males from Cebu, but have examined single males from Luzon and Negros kindly sent me by Dr Alistair Ballantine and Mr Yusuke Takanami respectively, both of which have been deposited in BMNH. The former is as large as the lectotype of apsines, but has a small diffuse bluish grey discal patch on the forewing. The latter is smaller, and has a more extensive bluish grey area which nearly reaches the base of the forewing. Judging by the three males I have seen I expect that it will be found that throughout the Philippines males most often have a pale discal patch on the forewing, but that unmarked males may occur anywhere from time to time, just as they do in the Malay Peninsula. Apart from the two females in Semper's type-series the only females I have seen are two from Samar in coll. Treadaway. Both have some grey dusting on the upperside of the hindwing, but in neither example is it as extensive as in the holotype of distanti/ turdeta. DISTRIBUTION. Probably throughout the Philippines, where it appears to be everywhere rare. Examples seen from Luzon, Negros, Cebu, Samar and Mindanao. Logania distanti massalia Doherty stat. n. (Fig. 45, cf genitalia) Logania massalia Doherty, 18916: 37 '$' recte cT; Bingham, 1907: 304; Swinhoe, 1910: 202, pi. 618. figs 3, 3b cf , 3a, 3c '$' recte cf ; Evans, 1932: 213. Holotype cf , INDIA: Assam (BMNH) [examined]. THE MILETINI 71 Fig. 45 Logania dlstantl massalia Doherty; Malay Peninsula. Male genitalia. Logania luca de Niceville, 1894: 28, pi. 2, fig. 13 : Evans, 1932: 213. 4 $ syntypes, SUMATRA and WEST MALAYSIA (probably ZSI). Syn. n. Logania luca luca de Niceville; Fruhstorfer, 1914: 24; 1916: 806. Logania massalia massalia Doherty; Fruhstorfer, 1914: 24; 1916: 807, pi. 141f cf ; Corbet, 1940a: 112. Logania massalia luca de Niceville; Corbet, 1940a: 112; Fleming, 1975: 22, pi. 58, fig. L54 cf $; Eliot, 1978: 241, pi. 20, fig. 10 cf. Usually the male has a circular white discal patch more or less dusted with grey scales on the forewing, but very occasionally the patch extends to the wing base where it is heavily dusted with bluish grey and fuscous scales, as in single males in BMNH from south India and Burma and in a male from the Malay Peninsula in coll. Fleming. Sometimes the white patch is wanting or vestigial, most often in examples from the Malay Peninsula. The hindwing is blackish brown. Females show much individual variation, and cannot be reliably separated from that sex of the nominate subspecies. The hindwing may be unmarked blackish brown, but nearly always there is at least some grey scaling. De Niceville described and figured as L. luca females from Perak and Sumatra in which the hindwing was more than half whitish, and even more extreme examples with paler undersides occur in Sumatra and in Assam and Burma during the dry season. In BMNH there is a female labelled /Type [red]/Perak Jan. -Feb. '90 W. Doherty/Elwes Coll. 1915-207/ L. malais Doh. so named in Elwes Coll. /Perak 2c Malais sp. undescribed £ /Probably not a type but agrees exactly with fig. of luca Nic. in orig. desc. [in Corbet's hand]/. In fact this female, which may conceivably be one of de Niceville's four female syntypes, does not agree closely with de Niceville's figure, since the hindwing has hardly any whitish scaling. DISTRIBUTION. South India (cf , Thantipandal, 60 m. NNW. of Madras); Nepal; north-east India (Sikkim to Manipur); Burma; peninsular Thailand; West Malaysia; Sumatra. Logania distant! drucei Moulton Logania drucei Moulton, 1911: 85, fig. 9 cT; Fruhstorfer, 1914: 24; 1916: 807. Holotype cf , BORNEO: Sarawak (BMNH) [examined]. Logania massalia drucei Moulton; Corbet, 1940a: 112. Probably inseparable from subsp. distanti, but as I have seen few specimens of either subspecies I maintain it provisionally as distinct. The only males I have seen have a circular bluish grey discal patch on the forewing and the females have a brown or very nearly plain brown hindwing. I have seen no females similar to the figure of luca. DISTRIBUTION. Borneo, excluding Mt Kina Balu where it is replaced by subsp. staudingeri. 72 J. N. ELIOT Logania distant! staudingeri H. H. Druce (Fig. 46, cf genitalia) Logan iastaudingeriH. H. Druce, 1895: 565, pi. 31, figs 13 cf , 14 $ . Syntypes, BORNEO: Mt Kina Balu (coll. Staudinger, probably in MNHU). Logania luca staudingeri Druce; Fruhstorfer, 1914: 24; 1916: 806. Logania marmorata staudingeri H. H. Druce; Corbet, 1940a: 112. The male differs from subsp. drucei in that the bluish grey patch extends to the base and dorsum of the forewing. The female is very pale bluish grey, with the usual blackish apical and marginal border, while the hindwing may be unmarked except for some fuscous scaling above vein Aft and a marginal blackish hairline, or there may be a diffuse border up to 1-0 mm wide. DISTRIBUTION. Only known from Mt Kina Balu. Fig. 46 Logania distanti staudingeri H. H. Druce; Borneo: Kina Balu. Male genitalia. Logania hampsoni Fruhstorfer (Fig. 47 cf genitalia) Logania hampsoni Fruhstorfer, 1914: 25 'cf ' recte $ ; 1916: 807. LECTOTYPE $ , NEW GUINEA (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Malais meeki Rothschild, 1915: 387. LECTOTYPE cf, NEW GUINEA: Dampier I. (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Logania masana Fruhstorfer, 1916: 808. Holotype cf, NEW GUINEA (coll. Staudinger, probably in MNHU). Syn. n. Logania hampsoni masana Fruhstorfer; D'Abrera, 1971: 384, figs cf $. Logania hampsoni hampsoni Fruhstorfer; D'Abrera, 1971: 384. The species replaces L. distanti to the east of Weber's Line and is rather doubtfully distinct. It differs chiefly in the browner underside markings and striae, which lack the characteristic ochreous tone of distanti. Individual variation, so conspicuous a feature of L. distanti, is virtually non-existent. The male is plain brown above, and the female has a white forewing with a broad brown marginal and apical border and a brown hindwing. Fruhstorfer described L. hampsoni from the female, which he mistook for the male, and gave as type-locality Kumusi River in Papua New Guinea. As there were no specimens in his collection he must have described the species from memory of a series of females from that locality which he had seen in coll. Rothschild. I therefore designate as lectotype a female in BMNH labelled /Lectotype [purple]/Kumusi R. N. E. Brit. N. Guin. low elev. VIII-IX.07 (A. S. Meek)/Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1/Lectotype L. hampsoni Fruhstorfer 'cf ' recte $ , designated by J. N. Eliot Nov. 1983/. Fruhstorfer's error over the sex of L. hampsoni was, no doubt, responsible for the mis-statement by THE MILETINI 73 Fig. 47 Logania hampsoni Fruhstorfer; Papua New Guinea. Male genitalia. D'Abrera (1971) that the male of L. hampsoni hampsoni has a white basal area on the forewing, but can hardly explain his further mis-statement that the type-locality was north-western West Irian. I designate as lectotype of M. meeki a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Dampier Isl. Feb. & March 1914 (Meek's Expedition)/Malais meeki Type Rothsch./. DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea, including Dampier I.; New Britain; North Moluccas: Obi I. Logania watsoniana de Niceville sp. rev. (Fig. 48 cf genitalia) Logania watsoniana de Niceville, 1898: 143, pi. Z, figs 17 cf , 18 $; Bingham, 1907: 303; Swinhoe, 1910: 201, pi. 618, figs 2, 2b cf , 2a, 2c $ [intermediate form]; Fruhstorfer, 1914: 23. Syntypes, BURMA: North Shan States (probably ZSI). [Dry season form.] Logania subfasciata Tytler, 1915: 120. Holotype cf, INDIA: Manipur (BMNH) [examined]. [Wet season form.] [Synonymised by Cantlie, 1963: 29.] Logania marmorata watsoniana de Niceville; Fruhstorfer, 1916: 806; Corbet, 1940a: 112; Cantlie, 1963: 29. Logania watsoniana watsoniana de Niceville; Evans, 1932: 213. Logania watsoniana subfasciata Tytler; Evans, 1932: 213. Structurally L. watsoniana is closer to L. distanti than to L. marmorata, with which, probably because of its crenulate forewing, it has sometimes been confused. It can easily be separated from the latter by its legs, which are even longer than those of L. distanti and are buff-brown streaked and speckled with whitish. Fig. 48 Logania watsoniana de Niceville; Burma. Male genitalia. 74 J. N. ELIOT In the wet season form, subfasciata, the male is blackish with a small bluish grey discal patch in spaces 3 and 4 of the forewing, just extending into the upper part of space 2 and the base of space 5. The hindwing may have a few grey scales. The female has a more extensive pale patch, outwardly white and inwardly dark bluish grey, which may extend to the wing base and has its outer edge right-angled at vein M3. The underside is much like that of L. marmorata. In the dry season form, watsoniana, the pale patch on the forewing of the male extends to the wing base and is outwardly white and angled on its outer edge, and the hindwing is dusted with grey below vein M\ . In the female the pale areas are more extensive and mostly white, and on the underside of the forewing there is a large white area beyond and below the cell. DISTRIBUTION. Manipur; Burma as far south as Tavoy; Thailand. Genus LONTALIUS gen. n. Type-species: Lontalius eltus sp. n. Gender masculine. The generic name is an anagram oi Allotinus. The genus is described from single females from Pulo Laut and Samar. Eyes glabrous. Antennae similar to those of Paragerydus, with slender shaft and gradually incrassate club; segments number about 55; nudum tapering almost to base of shaft. Labial palpi comparatively short, resembling those of Logania rather than Allotinus, with third segment barely longer than one-quarter of second segment. Legs (Fig. 49) unlike those of other miletine genera, about as long as those of Allotinus, generally thin, but with tibiae slightly swollen; long first segment of fore-tarsus arched, clothed with long hairs in place of normal scales, while the scales on remaining tarsal segments much longer than those on femur and tibia but in other respects of normal type. Wings crenulate, with a particularly long tooth on forewing at end of vein M3. Venation (Fig. 49) especially distinguished by a strong humeral vein on hindwing which reaches a little over half-way across base of space 8. The single species is moderately large, brown on the upperside and marked on the underside much as in Allotinus (Fabitaras) fabius . This monotypic genus appears to fall between Allotinus and Logania, having the antennae, pattern and size of the former, while the crenulate wings and short labial palpi are characteristic of the latter, but it differs from both in the peculiar fore-tarsi and strong humeral vein. Fig. 49 Lontalius eltus treadawayi subsp. n., $; Samar. Left, venation, indicating system of veins and spaces used in the text; centre, mid-leg; right, fore-leg. THE MILETINI 75 Lontalius eltus sp. n. (Figs 49, venation and legs; 82 9 ; 108 9) The characters are those of the genus. The female sex only is known. Key to the subspecies of L. eltus 1 Upperside reddish brown. Underside with normal lycaenid markings present and partly catenulate on hindwing eltus eltus (p. 75) Upperside dull brown without reddish tinge. Underside with lycaenid markings barely de- veloped eltus treadawayi (p. 75) Lontalius eltus eltus subsp. n. (Fig. 82 9) 9 forewing length 20-0 mm. Upperside reddish brown; cilia pale buff but dark brown at vein endings, broadly so on forewing and narrowly so on hindwing. Underside greyish white, freckled with chocolate- brown specks and striae which are more or less coalesced to give lycaenid-type markings. On forewing these comprise a series of broad postdiscal spots in spaces 4, 5 and 6, a broad cell-end bar and two spots in cell; on hindwing a complete postdiscal series of which the spots in spaces 2, 3 and 4 are inwardly darker-edged and catenulate, as well as a large spot mid-space 7 and a smaller spot in inner half of space Ib. Cilia as on upperside. Venation differs from that shown in Fig. 49 - on the forewing veins Cuv and M3 are connate, on the hindwing the humeral vein is straight, while the forewing termen is more strongly dentate at vein Cu2. Antennae with 55 segments; ringed on dorsal side of shaft with dark brown and whitish; club whitish in basal third, remainder dark brown except for unsealed tip; nudum reddish brown tapering gradually to within four segments of base of shaft. Labial palpi freckled with adpressed dark brown and whitish scales. Legs uniformly pale buff. Body brown above and buff below. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype 9, Borneo: Pulo Laut, vi.1891 (W. Doherty) (BMNH). Unique. The specimen is labelled /Type [red]/Puro Laut Borneo June 1891 Doherty/Borneo Allotinus n. sp. 9/Elwes coll. 1915-207/Sp. inc. so named in Elwes coll. /Body loose and fixed 7. v. 1948. A.S.C./ Allotinus eltus Cbt. 9 H.T./. Shortly after affixing the last two labels Corbet died, and the name eltus was not published. Lontalius eltus treadawayi subsp. n. (Figs 49, venation and legs; 108 9) 9 forewing length 19-5 mm. Upperside dark brown without a reddish tinge. Cilia mainly worn away, but appear to be similar to those of subsp. eltus. Underside greyish white freckled with brown as in subsp. eltus, but lycaenid markings not apparent, the specks being only slightly denser to give an indication of postdiscal spots in spaces 4, 5 and 6 on forewing and on hindwing in spaces 6 and 7 as well as a suggestion of a spot in basal half of space 7. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype 9> Philippines: central Samar, Bagacay, 900 ft, ll.viii.1979 (G. C. Treadaway) (coll. Treadaway). Regrettably the specimen is worn and in tattered condition, with the antennae broken after 38 segments and one middle leg and both hind legs missing. < Genus MILETUS Hiibner Miletus Hiibner, 1819: 71. Type-species: Papilla symethus Cramer, 1779, by designation of Doubleday, Westwood & Hewitson, 1852: 502. Gender masculine. Symetha Horsfield, 1828: 59. Type-species: Symetha pandu Horsfield 1828, by monotypy. Gerydus Boisduval, 1836: pi. 23, fig. 2. Type-species: Papilio symethus Cramer, 1779, by original designation. Archaeogerydus Fruhstorfer, 1916: 816. Type-species: Gerydus croton Doherty, 1889, by designation of Hemming, 1960: 9. 76 J. N. ELIOT The genus is instantly recognisable by three external characters. The first segment of the tarsi is long, flattened and blade-like. There is no humeral vein on the hindwing. The pattern on the underside comprises normal catenulate lycaenid markings on a ground which is not striated or freckled. The male genitalia are typical of the tribe, with the arms of the juxta particularly strongly conjoined above the phallus. The twin abdominal hair tufts on the sternum of the eighth abdominal segment are usually permanently extruded. The genus is distributed from India to south China and through the Malay Archipelago and Philippines to New Guinea. It was revised by Eliot (1961), and I have no reason to alter the arrangement proposed therein with the exception of a few amendments detailed below. However, as there are now a few additional species, I have thought it best to include herein a fresh key to the species. Opportunity has been taken to figure the new species as well as a few previously unfigured taxa, viz. M. nymphis eneus (Fig. 85, Cf), M. cellarius (Figs 86, cf , 87, $), M. heradeion (Figs 94, 96, cf , 95 $), M. mallus mallus (Fig. 83, Cf) and M. celinus (Fig. 104, cf). Key to the species of Miletus 1 cf valva with distal half not tapering distad, dorsal edge not narrowly folded inwards, cf forewing vein M3 unswollen or basally swollen and clothed with specialised scales 2 Cf valva more or less tapering distad, dorsal edge narrowly folded inwards (Fig. 50D). cf forewing with vein M3 always swollen and clothed with specialised scales (symethus-group) 2 cf distal third of valva not trough-shaped . cf forewing vein M3 swollen or unswollen Cf distal third of valva more or less rectangular, with edges curved inwards to form a U-shaped trough (Fig. 50C) . cf forewing vein M3 swollen (boisduvali-group) 3 cf distal third of valva subspatulate, with dorsal margin less convex than ventral margin, and with a terminal hook at apex (Fig. 50A) (cMnens/s-group) Cf distal third of valva spatulate, with terminal hook very small and in centre line (Fig. SOB) (zinclcenii-group) 4 cf forewing vein M3 not or only weakly swollen , partly covered with normal scales Cf forewing vein M3 strongly swollen and clothed with specialised scales M. chinensis 5 Cf $ upperside of forewing with white to whitish markings, which may be heavily sullied in wet season forms, comprising a patch beyond end-cell and smaller and usually separate spots in spaces 2 and Ib. cf forewing vein M3 not swollen Cf 9 upperside of forewing not so marked . cf forewing vein M3 weakly swollen or unswollen .... 6 Larger, forewing 20-24 mm. Underside of hindwing rather dark, variegated brown, usually becoming more or less blackish on disc, with reddish brown markings. Underside of forewing without a whitish streak above dorsum M. croton Smaller, forewing 14-22 mm. Underside of hindwing greyish to buff-brown, with markings only slightly more reddish than ground colour. Underside of forewing with a more or less developed whitish streak above dorsum M. mallus 1 Cf $ upperside of forewing with a continuous and more or less even white band M. nymphis Cf $ upperside of forewing usually unmarked brown, but markings similar to those of M. croton and M. mallus are occasionally faintly discernible (Fig. 84), most often in $ M. gaesa 14 3 11 C D Fig. 50 Valvae of species-groups of Miletus. A, M. chinensis C. Felder; B, M. zinckenii C. & R. Felder; C, M. boisduvali Moore; D, M. symethus (Cramer). THE MILETINI 77 8 cf vein M3 strongly swollen and clothed with specialised scales 9 - cf vein M3 unswollen and clothed with normal scales 10 9 Cf $ upperside of forewing with white band outwardly more or less straight and oblique from vein A i to vein Af3, thence curved basad. $ hindwing strongly produced at vein M3 M. gopara - Cf $ upperside of forewing with white band outwardly angled at vein Cui , below which it is at right angles to dorsum. 9 hindwing normal, barely toothed at vein M3 M. zinckenii 10 cf $ upperside of hindwing unicolorous brown M. valeus - Cf $ upperside of hindwing mostly white M. gaetulus 11 Cf upperside of forewing with white or whitish markings, except in smokey brown M. drucei sometimes 12 - cf upperside of forewing brown with a sepia tinge and unmarked M. boisduvali 12 cf $ upperside of forewing with white band not extending basad of outer quarter of cell 13 - Cf $ upperside of forewing with broad white band filling outer half of cell. Underside markings very clearly defined (Figs 86, 87) M. cellarius 13 cf very variable; on upperside of forewing white markings may be absent, or form a diffuse whitish spot beyond end-cell in spaces 3-5, or may be clear white and extend into spaces 2 and Ib commencing at base of space 2. $ usually with a more or less circular white patch beyond end-cell, but a white band similar to that of well-marked males may be present. Philippines and North Borneo M. drucei - cf less variable; white markings, at their most extensive, do not reach base of space 2 M. biggsii 14 cf outer half of valva tapering more or less evenly and ending in a blunt point or narrowly truncate (Figs 50D, 51) 15 - Cf outer half of valva tapering unevenly, apex broadly truncate or broadly rounded (Figs 52, 53) 24 15 Underside of hindwing with postdiscal markings in spaces 4 and 5 equidistant from end-cell and termen , or very nearly so 16 - Underside of hindwing with postdiscal markings in spaces 4 and 5 much closer to termen than end-cell 23 16 Forewing apex without a protruding point 17 - Forewing apex produced to a short point, terrhen concave in space 6 (Figs 102, 103) M. takanatnii 17 Upperside of hindwing with discocellular veins not darkened , without bluish grey scaling 18 - Upperside of hindwing with discocellular veins more or less darkened, with bluish grey scaling (except in some Philippine subspecies) (Figs 88-9 1 ) M. symethus 18 Upperside forewing base and all hindwing brown (but hindwing may be sullied with white scales in dry season M. ancon) 19 - Upperside forewing base white and hindwing almost all pure white 22 19 Upperside of forewing with white band (if present) constricted and may be completely divided below basal half of vein Cui 20 - Upperside of forewing with white band not constricted below vein Cu\ 21 20 Upperside blackish brown. Forewing with a broad white band from vein Sc to dorsum which is constricted and may be narrowly divided below vein Cu\, at least one-third of space 2 white M. ancon - Upperside more reddish brown. Forewing with white markings much reduced (absent in cf of nominate subspecies), with lower part of band widely separated from upper part; in space 2 at most a round white spot M. archilochus 21 Underside of hindwing with markings in cell and spaces 3 and 4 darker than other markings. Smaller, forewing 17-18 mm M. gallus - Underside of hindwing with all markings of more or less same intensity. Larger, forewing 19-23 mm M. heracleion 22 Underside of forewing with a black discal area which more or less completely blacks out cell markings M. gigantes - Underside of forewing with cell markings not blacked out M. atimonicus 23 Forewing termen and apex normal M. leos - Forewing apex produced to a short point, termen strongly convex (Fig. 104) M. celinus 24 cf valva with apex broadly truncate, slightly concave (Fig. 52) M. melanion - Cf valva with apex broadly rounded (Fig. 53) M. bazttanus 78 J. N. ELIOT Miletus mallus (Fruhstorfer) (Fig. 83 cT) Gerydus croton mallus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 310. In my original analysis of Miletus (Eliot, 1961) I treated M. mallus as a good species, but later (1967: 72) I suggested that it was conspecific with, and a subspecies of, M. gaesa. At the same time I erroneously recorded a montane form or microsubspecies of M. gaesa (Fig. 84) from the mountains of the Malay Peninsula as M. gaesa mallus. I now consider that M. mallus and M. gaesa should be treated as distinct allopatric species. Until recently I was only able to examine four specimens of M. mallus from Vietnam, namely the male holotype of mallus from south Annam, which was taken in the dry season, and the male holotype and two females of gethusus, which were taken in Tonkin in the wet season. I presumed, mistakenly, that these represented seasonal forms of a single taxon. I have now been able to examine a series of mallus taken by Bedford Russell at Dalat in south Vietnam during the wet season. The males differ hardly at all from the holotype of mallus, but differ from gethusus in several particulars, notably in having quite well-developed whitish postdiscal markings on the upperside of the forewing and a blackish area in and beneath the cell on the underside. In consequence I consider that gethusus should be reinstated as a valid subspecies of M. mallus flying in north Vietnam. Miletus symethus (Cramer) (Figs 88 $; 89, 90 cf; 91$) Papilio symethus Cramer, 1779: 84. In my analysis (1961) I suggested that the dark subspecies philopator from Mindoro probably occurred in Luzon and other Philippine islands. I have now seen females from Luzon and both sexes from Marinduque, which bear little resemblance to philopator and constitute a new subspecies. Miletus symethus phantus subsp. n. (Fig. 88$) Cf broadly similar to subsp. edonus from Palawan, from which it differs by the reduction of the greyish blue scaling on the hindwing, so that the lower half of the wing looks greyish brown. $ differs from subsp. edonus in the same way as the male, namely in the considerably browner hindwing, which usually has a white streak in the basal three-quarters of spaces 4 and 5 and in the extreme end of the cell. The subspecies approaches subsp. hierophantes (Fig. 89) from the Sulu Is and, in a form with a much darker underside (Figs 90, 91), from Mindanao, in which the usual bluish grey scaling on the hindwing is entirely absent, so that the non-white area of the wing is dark brown. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Philippines: Marinduque, iv.1980 (coll. Treadaway). Paratypes. Philippines: 1 $ (allotype), Marinduque, vii.1979 (ex coll. Takanami) (BMNH); 1 $ , data as holotype (coll. Treadaway). Excluded from type-series. Philippines: 2 $ , Luzon, Bicol National Park, 28-29. viii.l 980 (Y. Takanami) (BMNH). These differ from Marinduque females by a larger white area on the underside of the forewing; in addition, in one example (Fig. 88) the white streak on the hindwing is obsolescent. Miletus ? symethus solitarius Okubo Miletus ancon solitaria Okubo, 1983: 176, figs 27, 28 cf . Holotype cf , WEST MALAYSIA: Tioman I. (coll. Okubo). I have not seen the unique holotype from Tioman, an island some 30 miles off the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. Okubo's figures show a butterfly in which the white markings on the forewing comprise a triangular patch beyond the end of the cell which is separated by a broad dark bar from a smaller, elongated THE MILETINI 79 spot in space 2, a larger more or less contiguous spot in space Ib and a narrow white streak in space la above the centre of the dorsum. I do not think it can be a subspecies of M. ancon since it possesses several discordant characters. It is smaller than any ancon I have seen, the forewing length being only 18-0 mm; the base of the forewing and all the hindwing below vein MI are paler; the discocellular veins of the hindwing are darkened; and on the underside of the forewing the markings in the cell are not blacked out. In fact, the butterfly accords much better with M. symethus than with any other species, and broadly resembles a frequent male variety of the nominate subspecies in Java, in which the white markings are similarly reduced. The only two males of M. symethus from Tioman which I have examined differ from subsp. petronius from the nearby mainland in having the basal area of the forewing darker and more extensive, so that the white markings are reduced though not divided. On these grounds the local Tioman race appears to be a good subspecies. I suspect that the holotype ofsolitarius is just a variety of this race, in which the tendency for a darker and enlarged basal area is much increased. I therefore treat the name solitarius conditionally as that of the symethus subspecies flying in Tioman I. Miletus archilochus siamensis (Godfrey) Gerydus ancon siamensis Godfrey, 1916: 134. Holotype cf , THAILAND: east (BMNH) [examined]. Miletus archilochus (Fruhstorfer); Lewis, 1974: pi. 178, fig. 29 cf . In my analysis of 1961 1 retained siamensis as a subspecies of M. ancon, as I thought that the two taxa were allopatric. Since then I have seen examples of nominate ancon from throughout Thailand apparently flying sympatrically with siamensis. So wide an overlap argues against conspecificity, and I now think that siamensis must be a subspecies of the sibling species M. archilochus. In siamensis the rather sullied white markings on the forewing decrease in extent from west to east. These markings are absent in the male of nominate archilochus and present, but obscure, in the female. I have seen no examples from the territory between Thailand and Tonkin (type-locality of archilochus}, and I anticipate that these will prove to be intermediate and show that variation is clinal. Miletus gigantes (de Niceville) Gerydus gigantes de Niceville, 1894: 23. In my analysis (1961) I considered this species to be a subspecies of M. ancon because of the absence of any known overlap in their distribution. Later (1978: 237) I restored gigantes to specific status. The phenotype, with the upperside mainly white, differs greatly from that of M. ancon and, in addition, there is an apparently constant difference in the male genitalia. In continental and Bornean ancon there is only a single spine-like cornutus in the phallus, whereas in gigantes there are two spines as in most other species of the genus. Miletus atimonicus Murayama & Okamura stat. n. (Figs 51, cf genitalia; 92 cf ; 93 $) Miletus sumethus [sic] atimonicus Murayama & Okamura, 1973: 23, figs 45, 46 'cf' recte 9- Holotype 'cf' recte $, PHILIPPINES: Luzon (coll. Murayama) [examined]. Hitherto only known from the female holotype, which the authors mistook for a male of a M. symethus subspecies. Recently I have been sent a male from Negros and a female from Luzon by Mr Yusuke Takanami. Both sexes bear a superficial resemblance on both surfaces to M. gaetulus (de Niceville, 1894), and on the upperside to M. gigantes. In the male the basal third of vein M3 of the forewing is swollen and clothed with specialised scales; this character immediately separates it from M. gaetulus wherein it is absent. It also differs from the latter on the underside by a browner ground colour and more reduced markings in the forewing cell. The underside is not at all like that of M. gigantes, lacking the prominent blackish discal areas found on the forewing of that species. The male genitalia indicate that M. atimonicus belongs to the symethus-group. However, the valva is truncate just before the apex and shows a slight approach to the valva of M. melanion. The phallus, with a single spine-like cornutus, recalls that organ in M. ancon. 80 J. N. ELIOT Fig. 51 Miletus atimonicus Murayama & Okamura; Negros. Male genitalia. Miletus heracleion (Doherty) (Figs 94, 96 cf; 95$) Gerydus heracleion Doherty, 1891ft: 36. This species has not been recorded from Sumatra, but there is in BMNH a male (West Sumatra, Lebong Tandai, March 1923, C. J. Brooks) which is somewhat larger but otherwise hardly differs from the nominate subspecies. There is also a male from Sarawak (Bidi, February 1909, C. J. Brooks) (Fig. 94) which is similar to the Sumatran male except that on the underside of the forewing the white band crossed by dark-dusted veins is little more than half as wide. It, and a female from Pulo Laut (Fig. 95) previously recorded as subsp. arion (Fig. 96) (Eliot, 1961: 171), but which has the white band on the forewing considerably narrower on the upperside but wider on the underside than in that subspecies, possibly represent a further minor subspecies, but they are provisionally placed under subsp. heracleion. Miletus melanionC. & R. Felder (Figs 52, cf genitalia; 97, 98 C?) Miletus melanion C. & R. Felder, 1865: 284. It has been found that melanion, as treated by all authors up to and including Eliot (1961), comprises two superficially similar species with different male genitalia, namely M. melanion and M. bazilanus (Fruhstor- fer, 1913). The former occurs throughout the Philippines (excluding Palawan) at least as far south as Mindanao, whilst the latter is at present known only from Mindanao and Bazilan. This distribution suggests that the two species evolved in the northern and southern island groups respectively, and that melanion was later able to spread south into Mindanao, where to-day it is a common species, without interbreeding with the endemic bazilanus. M. melanion exhibits a good deal of individual variation, but broadly the males can be broken down into two dimorphs, which at first sight look as though they should represent distinct species. The male genitalia, however, reveal no significant differences, and the females cannot be separated into two groups. In the typical male (Fig. 97), figured by the Felders (1865: pi. 35, figs 32, 33), the brown forewing has a short, more or less sullied white subtornal streak in space Ib and the swollen portion of vein M3 is not surrounded by a white area, although a thin band of whitish scales below and a sullied white spot above the swelling may be present. On the underside of the forewing there are sullied white subtornal spots in spaces Ib and 2 and a sullied whitish streak beyond the cell. The dimorph, cf-f. albiguttatus f. n. (fig. 98) (holotype cf , Luzon, Lorquin, ex Felder coll. (BMNH)) is generally smaller and more blackish brown above; there is an additional whitish subtornal spot in space 2 and a prominent, usually clear white, more or less triangular spot surrounding the swollen portion of vein M3, with its base extending from mid-space 3 to the cell apex. THE MILETINI 81 On the underside of the forewing there is a broad white area crossed by dark-dusted veins, extending from the dorsum to vein MI. The female generally resembles cf-f. albiguttatus, but the white spots are usually larger. I do not think they are ever conjoined into a continuous white band, such as occurs frequently in M. bazilanus. In the male genitalia the valva is slightly upturned and truncate before the apex and its outer edge is slightly concave. Key to the subspecies of M. melanion 1 cf dimorphic. $ upperside of forewing with white markings comprising a sullied streak in space la, a double subtornal spot in space Ib, an overlapping spot in space 2 separated by a dark bar from a much larger spot beyond the cell which extends above vein R5, often as far as vein Sc melanion melanion (p. 81) Cf monomorphic, apparently only f. melanion being present. $ upperside of forewing with subtornal white markings normally reduced to an often sullied white streak in upper part of space Ib, with the white spot beyond the cell smaller, not extending above vein R5 melanion euphranor (p. 82) Miletus melanion melanion C. & R. Felder (Figs 52 cf genitalia; 97, 98 cf ) Miletus melanion C. & R. Felder, [1865]: 284, pi. 35, figs 32, 33 cf . LECTOTYPE cf , PHILIPPINES: Luzon (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Gerydus melanion (C. & R. Felder); Semper, 1889: 161, pi. 31, figs 13, 14 $. Gerydus melanion melanion (Felder); Fruhstorfer, 1913: 246; 1916: 822, pi. 14d cf . Miletus melanion melanion C. & R. Felder; Eliot, 1961: 175, partim. The characters of the subspecies are given in the key. Judging by material in BMNH, in Luzon f. melanion nearly always has a small, often sullied, white spot above the swollen portion of vein M3. In the southern group of islands this white spot is seldom present, nearly all males resembling Fig. 97. It seems that fully marked f. albiguttatus is rare in Luzon, and many examples are intermediate to f. melanion; elsewhere the two forms remain more sharply distinct. In BMNH there are three males from the Felders' type-series, one of which is f. albiguttatus already designated as holotype. The other two are f. melanion with a sullied white spot above vein M3. 1 designate as lectotype the one which most nearly resembles the example figured by the Felders and has the white spot very small and sullied; it is labelled /80/Luzon Lorquin [round blue]/Melanion n. /Felder Colin, [round white]/Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1/. DISTRIBUTION. Throughout the Philippines, excluding Mindoro, Palawan and the Sulu Is. Fig. 52 Miletus melanion melanion cf-f. albiguttatus f. n.; Negros. Male genitalia. Left, above, latero- dorsal view of interior of left valva and, below, ventral view of both valvae. 82 J. N. ELIOT Miletus melanion euphranor (Fruhstorfer) Gerydus melanion euphranor Fruhstorfer, 1914: 60; 1916: 822. LECTOTYPE cf , PHILIPPINES: Mindoro (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Miletus melanion melanion C. & R. Felder; Eliot, 1961: 175, partim, fig. 24 cf genitalia. The characters of this dark subspecies are given in the key. In BMNH there are two male and one female syntypes. I designate as lectotype one of the males, labelled: /Syntype [blue]/Baco Dist. Mindoro 6.5.09/Adams Bequest B.M. 1912-399/; its genitalia were figured by Eliot (1961: fig. 24). The other male and female are paralectotypes. DISTRIBUTION. Mindoro. Also Leyte, whence some examples in BMNH tend to be even darker than those from Mindoro whilst others (Fig. 97) are inseparable from Luzon examples; it might have been expected that subsp. melanion alone would have occurred there. Miletus bazilanus (Fruhstorfer) stat. n. (Figs 53 cf , genitalia; 99 cf ; 100, 101 $) Gerydus melanion bazilanus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 246; 1916: 822. LECTOTYPE cf , PHILIPPINES: Bazilan (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Gerydus melanion vitelianus Fruhstorfer, 1913: 246; 1916: 822. LECTOTYPE $, PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Miletus melanion vitelianus (Fruhstorfer) Eliot, 1961: 175, partim. Miletus melanion bazilanus (Fruhstorfer) Eliot, 1961: 175. The male is very similar to sympatric M. melanion f. melanion, but on the upperside of the forewing the white streak in space Ib is usually more prominent and about 3-5 mm long; the underside is slightly darker and the postdiscal markings are wider. However, to be absolutely certain of identification some males may need dissection. The females generally have the white markings more extensive than M. melanion, and in typical examples (Fig. 100) there is a continuous white band on the forewing extending from the dorsum to vein Sc. However, some examples (Fig. 101) resemble normal melanion females, except by a slightly darker underside with wider postdiscal markings, and these are connected by intermediates to the typical form. The male genitalia differ from those of M. melanion in three respects. The valva is distally broader, with the tip rounded; the paired, spine-like cornuti in the phallus are more than twice as large; the unci have a more elongated tip. I designate as lectotype of bazilanus a male in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orange]/ Fig. 53 Miletus bazilanus (Fruhstorfer); Mindanao. Male genitalia. Left, above, latero-dorsal view of interior of left valva and, below, ventral view of both valvae. THE MILETINI 83 Philippinen Bazilan II-III 98 Doherty ex coll. Fruhstorfer/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/melanion bazilanus Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/. I designate as lectotype of vitelianus a female in BMNH labelled /Type [red]/Type [Fruhstorfer orangej/Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1933-131/melanion vitelianus Frhst. [in Fruhstorfer's hand]/; it has vein Cui dark-dusted across the forewing white band. There are no males from Mindanao ex Fruhstorfer coll. in BMNH, but his description of the male accords reasonably well with bazilanus. DISTRIBUTION. Mindanao; Bazilan. Miletus takanamiisp. n. (Figs 54, cf genitalia; 102 cf ; 103 £) Cf forewing length 19-0 mm. Body and labial palpi dark brown. Legs buff-brown. Wing shape similar to that of the Celebesian M. celinus (Fig. 104), with the forewing concave in space 6 below a pointed apex, and with the basal quarter of vein M3 swollen and clothed with the usual minute wedge-shaped specialised scales. Upperside blackish brown ; forewing with a white patch 3-0 mm wide surrounding swollen portion of vein M3, extending from mid-space 2 across spaces 3 and 4 and into space 5 as a narrow projection, and a white streak 5-5 mm long and 1-0 mm wide just below centre of vein Cu2. Underside paler brown becoming reddish near middle of forewing termen; usual markings reddish brown, outlined by black lines except on outer side of postdiscal series of hindwing. Forewing with an irregular white area extending from just above dorsum to vein R5, 5-0 mm wide in space Ib, increasing to 6-5 mm in space 2, then decreasing to 3-5 mm in space 6. Genitalia with valva tapering to a rounded point, as in most species of the symethus-group, phallus short, much as in M. melanion and M. bazilanus, but lacking cornuti. 9 forewing 18-0 mm. Forewing termen more convex than in male, hindwing slightly dentate at vein M3, as usual in the genus. Upperside blackish brown; forewing with an irregular, oblique white band running from vein Al, where it is 5-0 mm wide, to vein /?1? where it is 2-0 mm wide, and entering outer part of cell; veins Cui and Cu2 are dark-dusted where they cross this band. Underside generally similar to male, but on hindwing lower half of area between discal and postdiscal spots dusted with black scales. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Philippines: Mindanao, Tandag, Surigao, 1981-1982 (ex coll. Takanami) (BMNH). Paratype. 1 $ (allotype), ii.1982, data otherwise as holotype (BMNH). Apart from its distinctive wing shape the male most nearly resembles M. melanion f. albiguttatus, from which it differs in having a larger white patch astride the swollen portion of vein M3 and in lacking a small white subtornal spot in space 2 and, on the underside, in a darker and more irregular ground colour and C P Fig. 54 Miletus takanamii sp. n. ; Mindanao. Male genitalia. Lower left, latero-dorsal view of interior of left valva. 84 J- N. ELIOT wider white area on the forewing. The female is much like that sex of M. bazilanus, but on the underside the ground colour is much darker and the white central area of the forewing is wider. The species is named after Mr Yusuke Takanami, who generously presented the types to the BMNH. Genus MEGALOPALPUS Rober Megalopalpus Rober, 1886: 51. Type-species: Megalopalpus simplex Rober, 1886: 51, pi. 4, fig. 4, by original designation. Gender masculine. [See also Opinion 566, 1959.] This genus appears to be closely allied to Miletus, of which it should perhaps be treated as a subgenus, having similar long legs with the foretarsi flattened and blade-like, and the undersurface of the wings similarly patterned with catenulate markings, although these are sometimes obsolete. The only significant difference lies in the presence of a strongly developed humeral vein in Megalopalpus. Males also lack secondary sexual characters, but this condition is matched in some species belonging to the Oriental genera. The male genitalia are of the normal pattern for the tribe, but with some distinctive characters: the uncus/tegumen plates are triangular and bear a broad, lobe-like process directed ventrad, and the brachia are curved (see illustrations in Bethune-Baker, 1914; Stempffer, 1967; Eliot, 1973). The genus is restricted to the forested regions of West Africa, from Liberia south to Angola and east to Uganda. The larvae are predators of Jassidae and Membracidae (Cottrell, 1984). Gilbert (1976) records and illustrates an adult feeding from the 'nectary' of a lycaenid larva. Species limits within Megalopalpus are very imperfectly understood. Aurivillius (1922), followed by Stempffer (1967) and Cottrell (1984), accepted four species: metaleucus, simplex, zymna and angulosus. Of these, Stempffer (1967) dissected specimens of the first three, and stated that 'The male genitalia of M. zymna and M. metaleucus are very similar to those of simplex'. D'Abrera (1980) and Carcasson (1981), however, following Peters (1952), recognised only three species, zymna (to include simplex), metaleucus and angulosus - the last, representing the species not dissected by Stempffer, they regarded as doubtful, and possibly only a synonym of zymna. Berger (1981) also recognised only three species but, in contrast, these were zymna, simplex and metaleucus - no mention was made of angulosus (confounded by Berger with metaleucus - see below). In the BMNH as apparently curated by Ms S. J. May, all four species listed by Aurivillius and Stempffer are purportedly represented. However, it is very difficult to see how simplex differs consistently from zymna, and under the former the following note appears: 'Probably some simplex in zymna series, as these were hitherto considered to be synonymous. SJM.'. This note is doubly puzzling because not only have the two often been considered to be separate, there is no evidence of comprehensive dissection of the specimens segregated as simplex (and therefore, presumably, their distinguishing features must have been open to inspection). The basis of this separation, if indeed it is valid, is thus unclear or unknown. Carcasson (1981) implies, effectively, that there are just two species: large (metaleucus) and small (zymna). Unfortunately, the type of zymna is of intermediate size! However, there seems little doubt that there are at least three species, corresponding to the arrangement in Peters (1952) and illustrated by D'Abrera (1980). All four nominal species are grossly sympatric in some areas (e.g. Cameroun, Zaire), although Clench (1965) noted a 'strong correlation with geography' for the four forms (including ? simplex) that he described under zymna. Detailed field observations and reared material are probably essential for the solution of this problem. In the following key, simplex and zymna are separated following Aurivillius (1922) and Berger (1981), but this is not very reliable if the identifications in the BMNH are correct; see also Clench (1965). Key to the species of the genus Megalopalpus 1 Larger species, forewing length 17-23 mm; black border of forewing upperside does not extend broadly quite as far posterior as vein A\\ catenulate markings of hindwing underside darker than general ground colour, not solely forming a series of concentric bands 2 Smaller species, forewing length 11-18-5 mm; black border of forewing upperside extends broadly and fully to vein A\; catenulate markings of hindwing underside not appreciably darker than ground colour, outlined by pale scales, forming a series of roughly concentric bands 3 2 Hindwing upperside very narrowly bordered (up to 1 mm) with dark scales along posterior margin; postdiscal catenulate band of hindwing underside disrupted medially; hindwing underside pattern with overall appearance of veined marble metaleucus (p. 85) - Hindwing upperside usually more broadly bordered (2-3 mm) with dark scales, affecting entire THE MILETINI 85 outer margin; postdiscal catenulate band of hindwing underside reticulate medially; hindwing underside pattern with a more complex marbling effect angulosus (p. 85) 3 Hindwing upperside with dark marginal band 3-5 mm in width, not interrupted in middle zymna (p. 85) Hindwing upperside with dark marginal band no more than 3 mm in width (often much less), medially very narrow or completely interrupted simplex (p. 85) Megalopalpus angulosus Griinberg Megalopalpus angulosus Grunberg, 1910: 478; D'Abrera, 1980: 469 (illustr.). 3 cf, 3 $ syntypes, EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Makomo and Alcu (depository unknown). [Megalopalpus metaleucus Karsch; Berger, 1981: pi. 197, fig. 5. Misidentification.] This butterfly, judging by the underside and if correctly identified in the BMNH, is a good species and not merely a maculated or seasonal form of metaleucus . M. angulosus is known from Cameroun, Equatorial Guinea and Zaire. Specimens in the BMNH have a forewing length of 20-23 mm. Megalopalpus metaleucus Karsch [Allotinus zymna (Westwood); Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1891: figs 1, 2. Misidentification.] Megalopalpus metaleucus Karsch, 1893: 217; Clench, 1965: 326, figs 198-201; D'Abrera, 1980: 470 (illustr.); Berger, 1981: pi. 197, figs 3, 4. 2 cf syntypes, TOGO: Bismarckburg (7MNHU) [not examined]. M. metaleucus is considered to occur from Liberia and Ivory Coast south to Cameroun and Zaire, and east to Uganda. Specimens in the BMNH have a forewing length range of 17-22 mm. Clench (1965) discusses a variation of the species. Megalopalpus simplex Rober Megalopalpus simplex Rober, 1886: 51, pi. 4, fig. 4. $ syntype(s), EQUATORIAL AFRICA: 'Borneo' (patria falsa) (?SMT) [not examined]. Liptena bicoloria Capronnier, 1889: 121. Holotype (sex?), ZAIRE: Lopori Shoven (Martini) (depository unknown). [Synonymy from Stempffer, 1967.] Allotinus similis Kirby, 1890: 262. Syntype(s), (s'ex?), CAMEROUN: Barombi (Preuss.) (MNHU) [not examined]. [Synonymy from Aurivillius, 1922; Stempffer, 1967.] Megalopalpus gigas Bethune-Baker, 1914: 335, pi. 58, figs 9, 9a. cf syntypes, CAMEROUN/GABON (BMNH) [examined]. [Synonymy from Stempffer, 1967.] Material in BMNH identified as simplex is very variable with respect to the hindwing dark border (see also zymna below). As already discussed, the basis of the separation of simplex from zymna is elusive, and may not be real. The identification of specimens illustrated by Berger (1981) to represent both species should be regarded with caution. The forewing length of the BMNH material varies from 14-0-18-5 mm. The distributional range is thought to include Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Cameroun, Gabon, Zaire and Uganda. Megalopalpus zymna (Westwood) Pentila zymna Westwood, 1851: pi. 76, fig. 7; 1852: 503. 1 cf syntype, NIGERIA: Ashanti (ex Wesleyan Missionary Society) (BMNH) [examined]. Megalopalpus zymna f. pallida Aurivillius, 1922: 362. Holotype cf , UGANDA: Ruwenzori (?Stockholm) [not examined]. As already noted, it is doubtful if simplex can be reliably separated from zymna. However, Clench (1965) recognised four more or less distinct forms under zymna, including one apparently corresponding to simplex, and the possibility that zymna s.l. represents a species complex must be considered. Specimens identified in the BMNH as zymna have a forewing length of 11-18 mm, with the lone syntype at 18-5 mm (despite this, the syntype is definitely of the correct general facies - it is not angulosus or metaleucus as currently understood). The distribution of zymna encompasses that given for simplex, and is considered to extend also to Macias Nguema (Fernando Poo), Equatorial Guinea, Angola, southern Sudan and Zimbabwe. 86 J. N. ELIOT References Aurivillius, P. O. C. 1908-1925. The African Rhopalocera (translated by L. B. Prout). In Seitz, A., Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde (2) 13: 11-613, 80 pis. Stuttgart. Berger, L. A. 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire. 543 pp. (incl. 213 pis). Bruxelles. Bethune-Baker, G. T. 1914. Notes on the taxonomic value of the genital armature in Lepidoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1914: 314-335, 11 pis. Bingham, C. T. 1907. The fauna of British India. Butterflies, 2. viii + 480 pp., 20 pis, 104 figs. London. Boisduval, J. 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Furth. Roepke, W. 1918. Zur Myrmekophilie von Gerydus boisduvali Moore. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 61: 1-16, 3 pis, 2 figs. Rothschild, W. 1915. On the Lepidoptera in the Tring Museum sent by Mr A. S. Meek from the Admiralty Islands, Dampier and Vulcan Islands, Pt. 2. Novitates Zoologicae 22: 387-402. THE MILETINI 89 Scudder, S. H. 1875. Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for butterflies; a contribution to systematic nomenclature. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 91-293. Semper, G. 1889. Die Schmetterlinge der Philippinischen Inseln 1. Tagfalter (1886-1892). 380 + 14 pp., 49 + 2 pis. Wiesbaden. Staudinger, O. 1888. In Staudinger, O. & Schatz, E., Exotische Schmetterlinge 1. Exotische Tagfalter, 1. 333pp., 100 pis., 1 map. Furth. — 1889. Lepidopteren der Insel Palawan. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 2: 3-180, 2 pis. Stempffer, H. 1967. The genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 10: 322 pp. Swinhoe, C. 1910. Lepidoptera Indica 7: x + 286 pp., pis 551-639. London. Tite, G. E. 1969. Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) of the Noona Dan Expedition to the Philippines, Bismarcks and Solomons. Entomologiske Meddelelser37: 47-69. Toxopeus, L. J. 1928. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 71 (Verslag); xxii. — 1929. Beschreibung einiger Schmetterlinge (Riodinidae und Lycaenidae) von Pulu Weh bei Sumatra. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 72: 204-214. 1930. Die soort als functie vanplaats en tijd . . . xii + 198 pp., 4 pis, 17 figs. Amsterdam. 1932. Over eenige nieuwe of weinig bekende vlindersoorten. Verslagen van de Vergaderingen der Afdeeling Nederlandsch-Oost-Indie van de Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging 1: Ixvii-lxxvii. 1940. On a new Gerydus from West-Java. Entomologische Mededeelingen van Nederlandsch- Indie 6: 15-16. Tytler, H. C. 1915. Notes on some new and interesting butterflies from Manipur and the Naga Hills, Pt. III. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 24: 119-155, 2 pis. Van Eecke, R. 1914. Studien iiber Indo-Australische Lepidopteren, Fauna Simalurensis. Notes from the Ley den Museum 36: 193-258, 1 pi. Westwood, J. O. 1851, 1852. In Doubleday, E. & Westwood, J. O., The Genera of diurnal Lepidoptera 2: 251-534, pis 31-80 + suppl. pi. London. 90 J. N. ELIOT Fig. 55 Allotinus (Allotinus) agnolia sp. n., $ paratype; Sumatra. Fig. 56 Allotinus (Allotinus) nicholsi battakanus Fruhstorfer, cf lectotype; Sumatra. Fig. 57 Allotinus (Allotinus) nicholsi battakanus Fruhstorfer, $ paralectotype; Sumatra. Fig. 58 Allotinus (Fabitaras) borneensis Moulton, cf ; Borneo. Fig. 59 Allotinus (Fabitaras) punctatus $-f. caesemius Fruhstorfer; Mindanao. Fig. 60 Allotinus (Fabitaras) nigritus Semper, $ ; Mindanao. Fig. 61 Allotinus (Fabitaras) strigatus strigatus Moulton, d" ; Borneo. THE MILETINI 91 61 92 J. N. ELIOT Fig. 62 Allotinus (Fabitaras) bidiensis sp. n. , C? holotype; Borneo. Fig. 63 Allotinus (Fabitaras) brooksi sp. n. , cf holotype; Borneo. Fig. 64 Allotinus (Paragerydus) melos (H. H. Druce), cf topotype; Cagayan I. Fig. 65 Allotinus (Paragerydus) samarensis samarensis sp. n. , $ ; Mindanao. Fig. 66 Allotinus (Paragerydus) samarensis russelli subsp. n., $ holotype; Sulawesi. Fig. 67 Allotinus (Paragerydus) macassarensis macassarensis (Holland), cf ; Sulawesi. Fig. 68 Allotinus (Paragerydus) macassarensis macassarensis (Holland), $ ; Sulawesi. THE MILETINI 93 64 |S5fsw?B, Lees Ck, xi.1977 (Daniels) (AM). Victoria: 1 $ , 6 km S. Aberfeldy, xi.1976 (Colder) (NMV); 1 $ , Blackwood Ra., x.1953 (Neboiss) (NMV); 2 $, Ferntree Gully, x.1951 (Oke) (NMV); 1 $>, Gippsland (AM); 1 cf, Kinglake W., x.1954 (Neboiss) (NMV); 1 $, Lai Lai, i.1954 (Neboiss) (NMV); 1 $, 1 cf, 12 km SE. Merrijig, Howqua R., xi.1971 (Neboiss) (NMV); 1 $, Mitta Mitta R., x.1973 (NMV); 1 $, 1 cf, Mt Dandenong, 200 m, ii (TC); 1 cf, Mt Drummer, xii. 1956 (Riek) (ANIC); 1 $, Warburton, xii. 1972 (Sedlacek) (TC); 1 $, Woori Yallock, x.1932 (Burns) (NMV). Tasmania: 1 cf , Bronte Park, i (TC); 1 $, Cambridge, i.1965, ex Pinus radiata log (Taylor) (ANIC); 1 $, Cambridge, xii. 1964, exPinus radiata logs (Taylor) (BMNH); 1 $, 2 cf , Hobart, xi.1922 (Cole) (NMV); 1 $, Hobart, xii.1915 (Cole) (NMV); 2 cf , Launceston, x.1927 (Cole) (NMV); 1 $, Leven R., xi.1975 (Neboiss); 1 $, Ridgeway, ix.1942 (Cole) (NMV); 2 $, Roseberry, i (TC); 1 $, Strahan, iii (TC). Labenagrandissp. n. (Fig. 15) Female. Large species, fore wing length 17 mm. Malar space 0-6 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina mediodorsally complete, ventrally joining hypostomal carina and continuing to mandibu- lar base as distinct carina, not forming a flange. Pronotum laterally with a median conical tubercle; mesothorax laterally and ventrally bearing sparse, short, white pubescence; mesoscutum strongly, transversely striate; horizontal mesopleural furrow distinct, at least posteriorly; metapleuron vermiculate; submetapleural carina strongly broadened into a triangular striate lobe. Propodeum with anterior transverse carina present centrally, separating area superomedia and area basalis. Fore wing with 2r-m converging towards 3r-m, almost joining it at junction with Rs. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ present on membrane, not confluent with Cu\ and cu-a. Mid tibia with longitudinal row of spine-like bristles on outer surface, the distal end swollen somewhat, proximally slender and with a diagonal internal furrow present. Gaster with sternite 10-5 times as long as hind coxa, reaching to level of spiracle; tergites 2-4 smooth and polished ; apex of terminal plate of tergite 8 specialized. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 2-8 times length of hind tibia, the apex bearing very fine teeth. Coloration. Black. Palps, labrum, clypeus, inner orbits, outer orbits, antero-lateral margin of mesoscu- AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 115 turn , tegula , posterior 0 • 5 of subalar process , posterior 0 • 4 of propodeum , posterior margin of tergites 1-7 , fore and mid legs (except inner surface of femur and tibia), hind leg with distal tip of coxa, trochanter, femur, proximal end of tibia and tarsus yellow. Male. Unknown. REMARKS. Only a single specimen of this species is known. It is immediately distinguished by possession of a uniquely specialized tergite 8, having the metapleuron strongly vermiculate and having a swollen pronotum. The hind coxae are shorter and stouter than those of other species and the petiole is considerably more robust. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, Western Australia: Yallingup, Cape Naturaliste, ix-x.1913 (Turner) (BMNH). Labenajacunda sp. n. (Fig. 17) Female. Large species, fore wing length 13-14 mm. Malar space 0-6 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina mediodorsally complete, ventrally joining hypostomal carina far from base of mandible. Pronotum laterally weakly convex; mesothorax laterally and ventrally bearing sparse pubes- cence; mesoscutum with superficial punctures; horizontal mesopleural furrow indistinct; metapleuron finely sparsely punctate; submetapleural carina broadened anteriorly into ribbed lobe. Propodeum with anterior transverse carina complete so area superomedia is distinctly delineated. Fore wing with 3r-m slightly inclined, 2r-m strongly convergent anteriorly. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui complete. Mid tibia slender, cylindrical, with scattered spines on outer surface. Gaster with sternite 1 0-6-0-7 times as long as hind coxa, reaching to level of spiracle, the membranous portion unusual in being a pair of well- developed crests; tergites 2-4 smooth and polished; apex of terminal plate of tergite 8 simple. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by about 3-5 times length of hind tibia, apex bearing 8 distinct strong teeth. Coloration. Black. Face, frontal and genal orbits narrowly, tegula, small mark on subalar prominence, scutellum, posterior part of propodeum and posterior margins of all tergites yellow; mesopleuron and base of petiole reddish; anterior two pairs of legs predominantly yellow; hind legs black, distal apex of coxa and femur and proximal end of tibia and basitarsus yellow. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 13-14 mm; malar space 0-3 times basal mandibular width; gaster with sternite 11-0 times as long as hind coxa. Gonosquama distally flattened, impressed, the impressed area surrounded by a fringe of long hairs. Black with face, frontal and genal orbit, tegula, subalar prominence, scutellum, postscutellum, hind margin of propodeum, broad posterior bands on gastral tergites, anterior 2 pairs of legs, hind trochanter and trochantellus, proximal 0-5 of tibia, entire basitarsus and extreme proximal apex of second tarsal segment yellow. Flagellum black, with a subapical whitish mark that is not a complete band. REMARKS. The female of this species is immediately recognizable by the slender mid tibia and ventral petiolar prominences which are unique features of this species amongst Australian Labena. The broad yellow bands on the gaster distinguish the male ofjacunda from pudenda and keira, the only other species with ornamented male gonosquamae. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, Victoria: Chiltern (NMV). Paratypes. Victoria: 2 cT, Mt Buffalo, 4,500', 13.U955 (Neboiss) (NMV). Labena keira sp. n. (Figs 9, 12, 18, 19) Female. Large species, fore wing length 11-16 mm. Malar space 0-5 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina mediodorsally complete, ventrally joining hypostomal carina and forming a flange. Pronotum laterally with a slight median swelling; mesothorax laterally and ventrally bearing no white pubescence; mesoscutum smooth, with sparse fine punctures; horizontal mesopleural furrow distinct and widening posteriorly; metapleuron smooth and polished; submetapleural carina slightly broadened anteriorly, not produced into a lobe. Propodeum with anterior transverse carina present centrally, separating area superomedia from area basalis. Fore wing with 3r-m and 2r-m convergent, sometimes almost joining at junction with Rs. Hind wing with distal abscissa of C«i complete. Mid tibia with a longitudinal row of spine-like bristles on outer surface, proximally slender and slightly flattened, distally 116 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLOWAY swollen. Gaster with sternite 1 0-7 times as long as hind coxa, just reaching to slightly behind level of spiracle ; tergites 2-4 smooth and polished ; apex of terminal plate of tergite 8 simple . Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 3 times length of hind tibia, the apex bearing very fine teeth. Coloration. Black to deep red. Palps, labrum, clypeus, face, outer orbits, frons (except ocellar triangle and vertex), scutellum, scutellar ridges, postscutellum, postscutellar ridges, tegulae, subalar process, small mesopleural macula, posterior 0-5 of propodeum, posterior margin of tergites 1-8 (often divided medially), fore and mid legs except sometimes distal 0-5 of mid femur, hind trochanters, basal 0-5 of tibia and basal tarsal segment yellow. Disruptive mark of antenna medially placed, apex of fore wing infumate. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 8-13 mm; malar space 0-4 times basal mandibular width; gaster with sternite 1 0-9 times as long as hind coxa. Gonosquama distally flattened and fringed partially by very fine hairs. Coloration. As for female, sometimes with less yellow on gaster and no white disruptive marks on antenna. REMARKS. L. keira is immediately recognizable by the infumate mark on the distal apex of the fore wing. Structurally it is rather similar to L. pudenda from which it may be separated by the submetapleural carina being barely expanded, spinose mid tibia and centrally complete anterior transverse carina of the propodeum. This is one of the most widely distributed species of Labena and is recorded from Victoria north to central Queensland. It is also known to occur on Lord Howe Island. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, New South Wales: Mt Tomah, 28.iii.1980 (Rodd) (AM). Paratypes. Queensland: 1 $, Bunya Mtns, i.1938 (Geary} (AM); 3 cf , Eungella, ix.1923 (NMV); 2 $, Eungella, xi (TC); 1 $ , 9 cf , Montville, ix.1955 (Bums) (NMV); 1 $ , 9 cf , Mt Glorious, xi & i (TC); 4 $ , 1 Cf , Mt Tambourine, x. 1977 (Galloway) (BMNH); 7 $ , 8 cf, Mt Tambourine, xi-xii (TC); 1 $ , Mt Tip Tree (17-02S 145-37E), x.1980 (Cardale) (ANIC); 1 cf, Westwood, xi.1924 (Burns) (NMV); 1 cf , Wilson's Peak, Killarney, 9.U977 (Boucek) (BMNH). New South Wales: 1 cf , Lord Howe Is., (AM); 1 cf , Lord Howe Is., 30.xi.1955 (Paramonov & Leipa) (ANIC); 1 cf , Lord Howe Is. xii.1977 (Liepa) (ANIC); 1 cf , Mooney Mooney Creek, near Gosford, xi.1975 (McAlpine & Schneider) (AM). Australian Capital Territory: 1 $, Mt Gingera, i.1957 (Riek) (ANIC). Labena malecasta sp. n. (Fig. 16) Female. Large species, fore wing length 13-15 mm. Malar space 0-8 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina mediodorsally complete, ventrally joining hypostomal carina and continuing to mandibular base as a distinct carina, not developed into a flange. Pronotum laterally with a median swelling; mesothorax laterally and ventrally bearing sparse, long, white pubescence; mesoscutum finely punctate with indications of weak transverse striae; horizontal mesopleural furrow indistinct; metapleuron indistinctly puncto-striate; submetapleural carina anteriorly abruptly expanded into an almost quadrate lobe. Propodeum with anterior transverse carina present centrally, separating area superomedia from area basalis, latter with transverse striae. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-m, almost joining at junction with Rs. Hind wing with distal abscissa of C«i present in membrane, not confluent with Cu\ and cu-a. Mid tibia with a longitudinal row of spine-like bristles on outer surface, proximally slender, distally swollen, with an oblique furrow on inner surface. Gaster with sternite 1 0-7 times as long as hind coxa, reaching to well behind level of spiracle; tergites 2-4 smooth and polished with sparse, fine punctures; apex of terminal plate of tergite 8 simple . Ovipositor pro j ecting beyond apex of gaster by at least 3 • 5 times length of hind tibia, the apex bearing distinct teeth. Coloration. Black to red. Palps, clypeus, inner orbit of face, emargination of orbit opposite antennal socket, thin line on outer orbit, antero-lateral corner of mesoscutum, tegula, subalar process, posterior 0-3 of scutellum, postscutellum, posterior 0-3 of propodeum, posterior margin of tergites 1-7, fore leg (except coxa and distal part of femur), mid leg with distal end of femur, tibia and tarsal segments 1-4, hind leg with distal end of tibia and basal tarsal segment yellow. Antennal disruptive mark at distal end except for last 1-2 segments which are blackish. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 12 mm; malar space 0-5 times basal mandibular width; gaster with sternite 10-9 times as long as hind coxa. Gonosquama with an apical tuft of long hairs. Coloration similar to female. REMARKS. This large species is structurally rather similar to L. chadwickii. The female has a subtly different colour pattern and a longer ovipositor whilst the male is distinct in bearing a tuft of long hair on the gonosquama. L. malecasta is only known from Tasmania, Victoria and the southern alps of New South Wales. AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 117 MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, Tasmania (BMNH). Paratypes. New South Wales: 1 cf, Mt Kosciusko, Dainer's Gap, x.1929 (Musgrave) (AM). Victoria: 1 9, Warburton, ii-iii (TC). Tasmania: 1 $ (BMNH). Labena pudenda sp. n. (Figs 10, 20, 21) Female. Large to very large species, fore wing length 13-20 mm. Malar space 0-7 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina mediodorsally complete, ventrally joining hypostomal carina and forming flange. Pronotum laterally with a median convex swelling; mesothorax laterally and ventrally bearing sparse, short white pubescence; mesoscutum smooth with sparse fine punctures; horizontal mesopleural furrow distinct; mesopleuron smooth and polished; metapleuron smooth and polished; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded with a large rounded striate lobe. Propodeum with anterior transverse carina absent centrally so areae superomedia and basalis are confluent. Fore wing with 3r-m slightly inclined, 2r-m strongly converging towards 3r-m, both widely separated at junction with Rs. Hind wing with distal abscissa of C«i complete. Mid tibia without obvious spine-like bristles on outer surface, proximally slender and slightly flattened, distally swollen. Gaster with sternite 1 0-7-1-0 times as long as hind coxa, reaching behind level of spiracle; tergites 2-4 smooth and polished; apex of terminal plate of tergite 8 simple. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 4-0-4-4 times length of hind tibia, the apex bearing strong teeth. Coloration. Black to deep red. Palps, labrum, clypeus, inner and outer orbits, ventral corner of propleuron, tegula, subalar process, scutellum, postscutellum, posterolateral corner of propodeum, posterior margin of tergites 1-7 (may be divided medially), fore and mid leg with distal part of coxa, trochanter, femur, distal and proximal ends of tibia and tarsal segments 1-4, hind leg with distal end of each segment including tarsal segment 1 and entire tarsal segments 2-4 yellow. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 10-11 mm; malar space 0-9 times basal mandibular width; gaster with sternite 1 0-9 times as long as hind coxa. Gonosquama distally flattened and fringed almost entirely by very fine hairs. Coloration similar to female. REMARKS. This large, rather slender species is easily recognized by the very long ovipositor of the female. The tip of this organ is distinctive in having much coarser teeth than are usually found in species of Labena. Males have the most specialized gonosquamae of any Australian Labena species. L. pudenda seems to be a southern temperate forest species and has been recorded from New South Wales, Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, Victoria: BogongHigh Plains, xii.1931 (Kubala) (NMV). Paratypes. New South Wales: 1 cf, Dainer's Gap (36-12S 148-43E), xi.1973 (Morrow) (ANIC); 1 $, Kosciusko, xii.1922 (Goldfinch) (AM); 1 $, Mt York, x.1930 (NMV). Australian Capital Territory: 1 $, Lees Springs, xi.1953 (Riek) (ANIC). Victoria: 1 ? , 1 cf , 'Alps', xii. 1910 (NMV); 1 $ , Mt Buffalo, 1600 m, ii (TC); 1 ? , 2 cf , 'Victoria', ii.1901 (French) (BMNH); 1 $ , Yarra Falls, S. Warburton, i.1907 (Barnard) (NMV). CERTONOTUS Kriechbaumer Certonotus Kriechbaumer, 1889: 308. Type-species: Certonotus varius Kriechbaumer, by monotypy. Asperellus Townes in Townes et al., 1961: 471. Type-species: Certonotus hinnuleus Krieger, by original designation. Syn. n. Small to very large insects, fore wing length 4-17 mm; clypeus flat, transverse, margin thin, evenly arcuate; labrum barely projecting; mandible short, stout but tapered, twisted 25-30°, with upper tooth the longer; outer mandibular surface with a groove bearing hairs; malar space trans-striate, usually a little longer than basal mandibular width. Occipital carina dorsally absent; eye not indented next to antennal socket. Antenna slightly clavate, apically pointed, without a flat sensillum. Mesoscutum with transverse rugae, notauli weak, notaular crests very weak. Propodeum usually quite short, convexly rounded with spiracle elliptical; anterior transverse carina usually complete except centrally, other carinae often reduced, area superomedia usually not delineated; gaster inserted high up on propodeum, above level of hind coxae. Fore tibia with a short tooth on outer distal margin; fore tarsus unspecialized; hind coxa of female with an anterior carina continued ventrally as a process, the area behind this carina concave and closely punctate; 118 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLOW AY tarsal claws simple. Fore wing with cu-a opposite or proximal to base of Rs&M; 3r-m usually present, areolet almost triangular, often petiolate above; 2m-cu sinuous, with two close bullae. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ present or incomplete or absent; first abscissa of Cu\ shorter than cu-a; basal cell slender; Sc with one or two hamuli. Gaster quite long, tergite 1 from stout to quite slender, with spiracles before centre; sternite 1 usually reaching nearly to level of spiracles; laterotergites 2-4 membranous, folded under; tergite 8 highly modified, projecting laterally as a pair of prominences at either side of ovipositor base, dorsally with a detached plate projecting through concave orifice in hind margin, tergite 7 often mediodorsally incised. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 3-0-8-0 times length of hind tibia, its apex compressed, the upper valve with weak blunt serrations, the lower valve enclosing the upper and bearing fine file-like teeth. REMARKS. Certonotus is a large genus centred in Australia with a few species present in New Guinea, New Zealand and South America. Previously, the species now included in this taxon were divided between Certonotus and Asperellus (Townes, 1969; Gauld, 1984) but more detailed study has revealed that the latter genus is almost certainly polyphyletic. In the present work 23 species are recognized as occurring in Australia. Certotonus species are easily recognized by the possession of transverse rugae on the mesoscutum, a feature immediately distinguishing the genus from all other Australian labenines. Certonotus species may inadvertently be confused with Rhyssini, especially Epirhyssa species. Unlike rhyssines, which have an undeveloped submetapleural carina, Certonotus has a broad expanded lobe present anteriorly. Further- more, Certonotus has fine file-like teeth on the ovipositor apex, not the coarse teeth found in Epirhyssa (Gauld, 1984). The relationships of the Australian species. Gauld (1984) suggested that Asperellus, as defined by Townes (1969), was merely a specialized species-group of Certonotus. Further study suggests that Asperellus is not even a monophyletic group, but rather an assemblage of species of Certonotus that lack the distal abscissa of Cu\. The majority of species (farrugiai, pineus, mogimbensis, zebrus, toolangi, hinnuleus and leeuwinensis) do comprise a natural group, the leeuwinensis-group. All have rather similar propodeal carination, in that the posterior transverse carina is absent but a large smooth area is enclosed by the anterior carina and the lateral carinae; they possess a very small areolet, have one or more spine-like bristles present on the hind tibia and have a slightly convex face. Most have a rather short first sternite, a quite deeply divided tergite 7 and a pronounced lobe on tergite 8. Only in farrugiai is tergite 7 barely indented posteriorly. The species ixion, paluma, celeus and Certonotus species A would all run to Asperellus in Townes' (1969) key but these do not appear to be closely related to the others (i.e. the leeuwinensis-group). The first three are closely related to Certonotus talus and belong to the humeralifer- group, which is defined by having a very deeply divided tergite 7 and possessing rather long narrow processes on tergite 8. The group includes seven Australian species - humeralifer, apicalis, talus, cestus, ixion, paluma and Certonotus species A. The New Zealand species C. fractinervis apparently also belongs to this group. The majority of other Australian species (annulatus, nitidulus, geniculatus, rufescens, andrewi, avitus, sisyphus and celeus) constitute a third group, having a weakly to moderately deeply divided tergite 7, rounded lobes on tergite 8 and a relatively long first sternite. Within the nitidulus-group one rather distinctive lineage can be recognized comprising rufescens, geniculatus, sisyphus and celeus. These species all have flat lower faces, and most have the posterior end of the lateral propodeal carina broadened to form a raised keel. The remaining Australian species, C. monticola, belongs to the/Zav/ce/w-group which is characterized by possession of elongate glossae and a very short occipital carinal stub. Males of species in this group are specialized in having a very elongate gaster (with tergite 7 about 1-5 times as long as broad or longer). Frequently the hind margins of the tergites are concave. This elongate form of the gaster is characteristic of wood-boring species in which the male copulates with the female prior to her emergence from the burrow (see Nuttall, 1973) . The male of C. fractinervis resembles males of theflaviceps-group though the structure of the female suggests the species is best placed in the humeralifer-group. The relationships of the species-groups are difficult to determine as there is considerable conflict in the characters. The leeuwinensis-group, a holophyletic clade, may well be the sister-lineage of the humeralifer- group. Both have a similarly deeply divided tergite 7 and many often possess spine-like bristles on the hind tibia and show reduction in the distal abcissa of Cu\. This arrangement leads to difficulty in placing C. farrugiai which has tergite 7 barely divided. The humeralifer-group could be paraphyletic with respect to the leeuwinensis-group. The nitidulus-group could well be a paraphyletic assemblage, the stem group from which all others have arisen, although the rufescens-subgroup is clearly a holophyletic clade. The flaviceps-group is also undoubtedly a holophyletic clade. The geographical distribution of the species- groups is as follows: AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 119 nitidulus-group: New Guinea, Australia; rufescens-subgroup: Australia; humeralifer-group: Australia, New Zealand; flaviceps-group: Moluccas, New Guinea, tropical Australia; leeuwinensis-group: New Guinea, Australia, New Hebrides, New Caldeonia. Key to species of Certonotus occurring in Australia 1 Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui complete 2 - Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui either incomplete, that is present in membrane but not joining Ci/i & cu-a, or entirely absent 13 2 Gaster more or less entirely yellowish or orange-brown , the tergites in dorsal view , unicolorous or slightly infurcate along posterior margin 3 - Gaster dark reddish brown or black, usually with conspicuous yellow spots or bands along margin of tergites , some marks with gaster unicolorous dark brown 7 3 Subalar prominence, in dorsal view, strongly raised, with a blunt, back-curved, thorn-like protuberance which is more sharply pointed in the male than the female (Fig. 22); malar space long (Fig. 25), in female 0-9-1-0 times as long as basal mandibular width, in male 0-8-0-9 times as long; submetapleural carinal flange with a ridge delimiting an anterolateral triangular area rufescens Morley (p. 133) - Subalar prominence in dorsal view at most convex, not produced into a spine-like protuberance (Figs 23, 24); malar space fairly short (Fig. 26), in female 0-7-0-8 or male 0-4-0-6 times as long as basal mandibular width; submetapleural carinal flange without a delimited triangular area anterolaterally 4 4 Pronotum in dorsal view with part before upper corner strongly convex or pyramidal (Figs 23, 24); anterior transverse carina of propodeum present centrally (Fig. 27); 2r-m and 3r-m fused anteriorly so areolet is petiolate (Fig. 30) 5 - Pronotum in dorsal view with part before upper corner flat to weakly convex; anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent centrally (Figs 28, 29); 2r-m and 3r-m joining Rs separately so areolet not petiolate (Fig. 31) 6 5 Upper part of pronotum pyramidal in dorsal view (Fig. 24); female with ovipositor about 5 times as long as hind tibia; hind tibia with one spine-like bristle on posterior margin; flagellum entirely black humeralifer Krieger (p. 127) - Upper part of pronotum simply strongly convex in dorsal view (Fig. 23) ; female with ovipositor 7-5 or more times as long as hind tibia; hind tibia without a spine-like bristle or posterior margin; flagellum with distal end white apicalis Morley (p. 122) 6 Posterior transverse carina of propodeum centrally strongly raised (Fig. 28); antenna with apical 10 or so segments whitish; spiracular area bounded posteriorly by carina, thus being separated from lateral area nnnulatus Morley (p. 121) - Posterior transverse carina of propodeum absent centrally (Fig. 29); antenna with apical segments black but with a subapical white band; spiracular area confluent with lateral area andrewi sp. n. (p. 121) 7 Males and females with tergites 2-5 with yellow band along hind margin 8 - Females with tergites 2-5 with paired yellow spots or the males either with paired yellow spots or without yellow marks at all 9 8 Metapleuron centrally with conspicuous longitudinal wrinkles; propodeum with a tubercle below spiracle (Fig. 32) ; flagellum distally uniformly black; anterolateral part of mesoscutum without yellow marks geniculatus Morley (p. 124) - Metapleuron centrally smooth; propodeum without a tubercle below spiracle (Fig. 33); flagellum distally white-marked; anterolateral part of mesoscutum yellow-marked nitidulus Morley (p. 131) 9 Subalar prominence bearing a long slender back-curved spine (Fig. 34); female with tergite 8 posteriorly extended into a narrow truncate projection (Fig. 35) talus sp. n. (in part) (p. 135) - Subalar prominence without a spine; female with tergite 8 bluntly rounded apically (Figs 36, 37) 10 10 Labium with glossae very long and slender, extending ventrally a distance of approximately the height of the eye; occipital carina represented by a short vestige at its junction with hypostomal carina (Fig. 38); propodeum (at least part behind anterior transverse carina) yellow monticola Morley(p. 130) 120 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLO WAY Labium with glossae short, barely projecting below head; occipital carina present ventrally, at least as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between mandible and junction with occipital carina (Fig. 39); propodeum not or only partially yellow-marked behind anterior transverse carina 11 1 1 Propodeum with anterior and posterior transverse carinae strong , complete and almost parallel to each other (Fig. 40); lateromedian carinae not present between transverse carina; hind tibia uniformly reddish; females with malar space brown sisyphus sp. n. (p. 134) Propodeum with anterior or posterior transverse carina weak or missing in part, the carinae not parallel and often with discernible traces of lateromedian longitudinal carinae between them (Fig . 41 ) ; hind tibia proximally pale-marked ; females with malar space whitish 12 12 Sternite 1 long, extending behind spiracles and being about length of hind coxa; submetapleu- ral carina anteriorly broadened to form a rectangular flange (Fig. 42); mesoscutum with pair of pale stripes extending back from anterior margin avitus sp. n. (p. 123) Sternite 1 short, reaching at most (in males) to level of spiracles, and being distinctly snorter than length of hind coxa; submetapleural carina anteriorly broadened to form a rounded lobe (Fig. 43) ; mesoscutum with a median pale rectangular mark cestus sp. n. (p. 123) 13 Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ absent; hind tibia with posterior margin bearing one or more spine-like bristles 14 Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ present in membrane, not joining nervellus; hind tibia with posterior margin devoid of spine-like bristles 22 14 Tergite 2 of gaster entirely white; alitrunk anteriorly reddish brown, propodeum infuscate, gaster in greater part black (Fig. 58); wings uniformly infumate; antenna of female black; female with posterior margin of tergite 7 only slightly indented farrugiai sp. n. (p. 126) Tergite 2 of gaster yellowish brown, or dark brown or pale spotted but never entirely white (Figs 59-62) ; alitrunk variously coloured, if brownish then concolorous with much of gaster ; wings hyaline or apically infumate; antenna of female with white bands; female with posterior margin deeply indented medially 15 15 First segment of gaster exceptionally long and slender, the Sternite far longer than length of hind coxa; propodeum with first and second lateral areae clearly defined and separated (Fig. 44); apex of fore wing of female narrowly infumate celeus sp. n. (p. 125) - First segment of gaster stouter , the Sternite not longer than hind coxa ; propodeum with first and second lateral areae confluent, often not defined laterally (Fig. 45); apex of fore wing not infumate 16 16 Gaster more or less uniformly yellowish or orange; female with at least distal two flagellar segments entirely black so white ruptive mark is a subapical band 17 - Gaster predominantly black with white maculae; female with distal end of flagellum white except for tip of apical segment which is black 18 17 Pronotum convexly produced before upper hind corner, the convexity almost pyramidal in dorsal view (Fig. 46); female with tergite 9 in dorsal view transverse; female hind tarsus black; male with 3r-m present pineus sp. n. (p. 132) Pronotum weakly convex before upper hind corner (Fig. 47); female with tergite 9 in dorsal view elongate; female hind tarsus yellow; male with 3r-m absent. mogimbensis Cheesman (p. 129) 18 Tergite 2-5 with hind margin banded with yellow, occasionally with bands very faint so tergite is almost unicolorous 19 Tergite 2-5 with yellow spots on posterolateral corners, these marks not confluent centrally 21 19 Propodeum with area superomedia distinct, hexagonal, with only posterolateral sides rather weak (Fig. 48); tergite 8 produced into long slender processes (Fig. 50); tergites 1-2 not clearly whitish or yellow-marked species A (p. 137) Propodeum with area superomedia undefined laterally and posteriorly (Fig. 49); tergite 8 produced into blunt or moderately long processes (Fig. 51); tergites 1-2 clearly whitish or yellow-banded posteriorly (Fig. 59) 20 20 Metapleuron closely punctate; lower face distinctly transverse (Fig. 52); hind coxa dorsally brown; propodeum in lateral aspect brownish leeuwinensis Turner (p. 128) Metapleuron virtually smooth; lower face longer than broad (Fig. 53); hind coxa entirely black; propodeum in lateral aspect predominantly whitish zebrus sp. n. (p. 136) 21 Pronotum convexly produced before upper hind corner; propodeum in lateral view extensively whitish; metapleuron virtually impunctate; hind tibia with an indistinct yellowish mark proximally hinnuleus Krieger (p. 126) AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 121 Pronotum very weakly convex before upper hind corner; propodeum in lateral view brown (Fig. 60); metapleuron closely punctate; hind tibia with proximal 0-5 whitish toolangi sp. n.(p. 136) 22 Subalar prominence bearing a long slender back-curved spine (Fig. 34); female flagellum with a subapical white band, the distal 5 or so segments black talussp. n. (in part) (p. 135) Subalar prominence simple; flagellum with apical segments white, only extreme distal apex of last segment blackish or entirely black 23 23 Tergites 4 and 5 of gaster with anterolateral corners broadly white (Fig. 62) ; hind coxa in profile rather short and stout, the ovipositor guide reaching to about the centre (Fig. 54); process on tergite 8 very slender; ovipositor about 4 times as long as hind tibia paluma sp. n. (p. 132) - Tergites 4 and 5 of gaster with only small white triangular marks in posterolateral corners (Fig. 61); hind coxa in profile slender, the ovipositor guide reaching about 0-3 of its length (Fig. 55); process on tergite 8 moderately slender; ovipositor about 5-5 times as long as hind tibia ixion sp. n.(p. 128) Certonotus andrewisp. n. (Fig. 29) Female. Medium to large-sized species, fore wing length 7-14 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-0-1-1 times as broad as high; malar space 0-7-0-8 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally more than twice as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, almost flat, in dorsal view barely projecting beyond scutal margin; subalar prominence moderately convex. Scutellum transversely striate, crest strong; metapleuron smooth and polished; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a moderately broad, rather long lobe; metanotum with very strong tooth opposite anterior end of lateral carina. Propodeum moderately short with anterior transverse carina incomplete centrally; posterior transverse carina absent centrally; lateromedian longitudinal carina present only before anterior carina; pleural carina complete, but weak posteriorly; area superomedia undefined; area spiracularis confluent with first lateral area; first and second lateral area separated by a carina. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-m, joining Rs separately; 2m-cu joining M 0-25 to 0-50 from 3r-m towards 2r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu^ distinct to wing margin. Hind tibia with posterior margin without spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 short, the sternite 0-5-0-6 times as long as hind coxa, reaching to level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally without any indentation; tergite 8 posteriorly with process short and rounded; tergite 9 in dorsal view transverse. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 3-5 to 4-0 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Orange-yellow species with frons centrally, vertex, mesoscutal stripes, most of gaster and hind legs more brownish or orange; flagellum black with subapical white band. Pterostigma brown, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female. i REMARKS. Very like C. annulatus which it resembles in colour, venation, possession of short malar space and an almost flat pronotum. C. andrewi appears to be a more southern species than annulatus as it has been collected in southern Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, New South Wales: Heathcote, near Sydney, x.1979 (Holloway) (AM). Paratypes. Queensland: 1 , Brisbane, xii.1972 (SedlaceK) (TC); 4 , Mt Glorious, near Brisbane, xii.1976 (Boucek) (BMNH); 1 $, 6 cf , Mt Glorious, xi (TC). New South Wales: 1 $, Cabbage Tree Ck, Clyde Mtn, ix.1979 (Naumann & Cardale) (ANIC); 1 $, Iluka, Clarence R., rain forest, xi.1970 (McAlpine) (AM); 1 $, Warren, ix.1982 (Holloway) (AM). Victoria: 1 $, 'Victoria' (NMV). Certonotus annulatus Morley (Figs 28, 31) Certonotus annulatus Morley, 1913: 31; Turner, 1919: 551. LECTOTYPE $ , QUEENSLAND (BMNH), here designated [examined]. Female. Moderately large species, fore wing length 9-13 mm. Labium with glossae very slightly leng- thened. Lower face at narrowest point 0-9 times as broad as high; malar space 0-7-0-8 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally about as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and 122 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLOWAY mandibular base. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, very weakly convex, in dorsal view projecting only slightly beyond scutal margin; subalar prominence weakly convex. Scutellum punctate, transverse crest distinct; metapleuron virtually smooth except for a few striae ventrally and posteriorly; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad rounded lobe that usually bears concentric striae; metanotum with a blunt tooth opposite anterior end of lateral carina. Propodeum moderately long with anterior transverse carina centrally absent; posterior transverse carina centrally present; lateromedian longitudinal carina complete only anteriorly and with stub behind anterior trans- verse carina; pleural carina complete; area superomedia indicated, but incomplete anteriorly and laterally; area spiracularis complete; first and second lateral areae separated, distinctly delineated. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-m, joining Rs separately; 2m-cu joining M 0-2-0-3 from 3r-m towards 2r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ distinct to wing margin. Hind tibia with posterior margin without spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 short, the sternite 0-5-0-6 times as long as hind coxa, reaching behind level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with a short, narrow slit on posterior margin; tergite 8 posteriorly with process long and truncate; tergite 9 in dorsal view elongate and weakly rounded posteriorly. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 4-5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Orange species with face and orbits, notauli, subalar prominences, scutellar margins and hind margins of gastral tergites more yellowish; flagellum black with distal 10 or so segments white. Pterostigma blackish, wings very weakly infumate. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 8 mm; malar space 0-4 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 moderately slender, the sternite 0-5 times as long as hind coxa. Apex of gonosquama flattened, bearing a tuft of long hairs. Coloration as for female. REMARKS. C. annulatus is rather similar to and probably the sister species of C. andrewi. The two species are fairly easily separated by the characters given in the key. C. annulatus seems to be a north Queensland species. MATERIAL EXAMINED Lectotype $ , Queensland: Kuranda near Cairns, xii.1901 (BMNH). Queensland: 2 $ (paralectotypes), Kuranda, xii.1901, iv.1902 (BMNH); 1 $, Kuranda, ii.1935 (Burns) (NMV); 1 £, Mission Beach, near Tully, iv.1971 (Moulds} (AM); 1 $, 2 cf , Moses Ck, 4 km N. by E. Mt Finnigan (15-47S 145-17E), at light, x.1980 (Cardale) (ANIC); 2 cf , Paluma (19-OOS 146-12E), 900 m, Malaise trap, x.1980 (Frith) (ANIC); 1 $, Shipton's Flat (15-47S 145-14E), at light, x.1980 (Cardale) (ANIC). Certonotus apicalis Morley (Fig. 23) Certonotus apicalis Morley, 1913: 31; Turner, 1919: 551. LECTOTYPE $, QUEENSLAND (BMNH), here designated [examined] Female. Large species, fore wing length 12-15 mm. Labium with glossae slightly lengthened. Lower face at narrowest point 1-0-1-1 times as broad as high; malar space 0-7-0-8 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally sinuous, more than twice as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandibles. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, convex, in dorsal view projecting as a rounded protuberance; subalar prominence quite strongly convex. Scutellum punctate, transverse crest weak; metapleuron with fine sparse punctures; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad rounded lobe; metanotum with a weak swelling in front of lateral carina. Propodeum moderately short with anterior transverse carina complete; posterior transverse carina present centrally; lateromedian longitudinal carina present before anterior carina only; pleural carina strong anteriorly, weak posteriorly; area superomedia not defined laterally; area spiracularis complete; first and second lateral areae more or less completely separated, the latter usually undefined externally. Fore wing with 3r-m fused anteriorly with 2r-ra, so areolet is petiolate; 2m-cu joining M 0-20-0-25 basad of 3r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ distinct to wing margin. Hind tibia with posterior margin without spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 short, the sternite 0-5 times as long as hind coxa, not reaching level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally divided about 0-5 times its length; tergite 8 posteriorly with long narrow process; tergite 9 in dorsal view transverse, rounded apically. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 7-5 or more times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Yellowish brown species, antenna black with distal segments white, the apical one or two segments slightly infuscate. Pterostigma black, wings weakly infumate. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 9 mm; malar space 0-5 times basal mandibular width; AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 123 3r-m fused anteriorly with 2r-m; gaster with segment 1 short, the sternite 0-7 times as long as hind coxa, apex of gonosquama flattened, with a tuft of long close hairs. Colour similar to female but pterostigma dark brown. REMARKS. The females of this species are easily distinguished by their very long ovipositors, the apices of which are fairly bluntly pointed. The fore femur is also rather distinctive, being slender proximally, then abruptly inflated proximocentrally. This is most similar to C. humeralifer and the two are probably sister-taxa. C. apicalis is a tropical species, only recorded from Queensland. MATERIAL EXAMINED Lectotype $ , Queensway: Kuranda near Cairns, iv.1902 (BMNH). Queensland: 3 $ (paralectotypes), same data as holotype (BMNH); 1 d", Kuranda, v-vi.1913 (Turner) (BMNH); 1 $, Paluma, mv lamp, i.1970 (Holloway) (AM). Certonotus avitus sp. n. (Figs 41, 42) Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 8-10 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-0 times as broad as high; malar space 0-4-0-6 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally sinuous, more than 3 times as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, almost flat, in dorsal view barely projecting beyond scutal margin; subalar prominence weakly convex. Scutellum finely punctate, crest strong; metapleuron finely punctate, obsolescent striae posteriorly; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a rectangular elongate flange; metanotum laterally produced into a stout tooth in front of lateral carina. Propodeum moderately long with anterior transverse carina incomplete centrally; posterior transverse carina absent except laterally; lateromedian longitudinal carina present only before anterior carina; pleural carina incomplete posteriorly; area superomedia indistinct; area spiracularis complete; first and second lateral areae separated, the second not defined laterally. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-m, widely separated on Rs; 2m-cu joining M 0-3 from 3r-m towards 2r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui distinct to wing margin. Hind tibia with posterior margin without spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 long, the sternite 1-2 times as long as hind coxa, reaching well behind level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with indentation to 0-25 of tergite length; tergite 8 posteriorly with short, rounded process; tergite 9 in dorsal view transverse. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Flagellum black, distal apex white; head brown, orbits entirely and all of lower face whitish; alitrunk dark brown, notaular stripes, subalar prominence, tegula, scutellum, postscutellum, mesopleural stripe and posterior part of propodeum/metapleuron yellow. Gaster reddish brown, tergites laterally yellow and with posterolateral yellow spots. Tergite 1 anteriorly yellowish. Anterior two pairs of coxae whitish, hind ones brown with white apices; all tibiae and tarsi infuscate; femora brown, distally pale. Pterostigma dark brown; wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 8 mm; malar space 0-3-0-4 basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 slender, the sternite 1-0 times as long as hind coxa. Gonosquama with apex slightly flattened, with a tuft of close moderately long hairs. Similar in colour to female. REMARKS. C. avitus is a distinctive species with a very characteristic submetapleural carina. For its size this species has a rather large areolet and a fairly long first sternite. It is known from eastern Australia, from southern Queensland to Victoria. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $ , New South Wales: Mt Tomah, Blue Mtns, viii.1979 (Rodd) (AM). Paratypes. Queensland: 1 $ , Eungella, xi (TC); 1 $ , Mt Glorious, i (TC); 1 cf , Mt Nebo, viii (TC); 1 $ , Mt Tamborine, ix-x.1978 (Galloway) (BMNH). Victoria: 1 cT, Healesville, xi.1943 (NMV); 1 $, King Lake, x.1953 (Burns). (NMV); 1 C?, King Lake, x.1954 (Burns) (NMV); 4 $>, 1 cf, Toolangi, xi.1982 (Farrugia) (BMNH). Certonotus cestus sp. n. (Figs 37, 43) Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 9 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-1 times as broad as high; malar space 1-0 times as long as basal mandibular width. 124 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLO WAY Occipital carina ventrally longer than abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and lobe of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior cornet, weakly convex, in dorsal view barely protruding beyond scutal margin; subalar prominence quite strongly convex. Scutellum coarsely punctate, crest strong; metapleuron small and polished; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a rounded lobe, metanotum barely produced before lateral carina. Propodeum moderately long with anterior transverse carina obsolescent centrally; posterior transverse carina weak but more or less complete; lateromedian longitudinal carina present anteriorly and weakly between transverse carina; pleural carina anteriorly strong, posteriorly weaker or absent; area superomedia more or less distinct, not defined anteriorly; area spiracularis complete; first and second lateral areae separated, the first very short, the second ill-defined externally. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-ra, joining Rs separately; 2m-cu joining M opposite 3r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ distinct to wing margin. Hind tibia with posterior margin with two spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 short and broad posteriorly, the sternite 0-5 times as long as hind coxa, reaching almost to level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with broad indentation; tergite 8 posteriorly short and rounded; tergite 9 in dorsal view very broad. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 6 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Very dark brown species, flagellum with a white subapical band; facial, frontal and genal orbits, upper and lower margin of pronotum, mesoscutum in a central quadrate spot and indistinctly laterally, scutellum, postscutellum, subalar prominence, anterior and posterior mesopleural spots, most of hind part of propodeum and metapleuron whitish. Gaster dark brown with large anterolateral spots. Anterior coxa whitish, hind coxa brown with whitish mark. Pterostigma blackish, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 9 mm; malar space 0-7 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 quite stout, the sternite 0-5 times as long as hind coxa. Apex of gonosquama with a small lobe that bears scattered long hairs. Colour similar to female but face entirely pale. REMARKS. This species is readily recognizable by its colour pattern. Structurally it seems to be related to the C. humeralifer-group as it has tergite 7 very deeply divided. Tergite 8 is less pronounced apically in this species than others in the humeralifer-group. It is known from Queensland and New South Wales. HOST RECORD. Buprestidae: Diadoxussp. (ANIC). MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $ , New South Wales: State Forest 854, viii.1952 (Martin) (ANIC), parasite of Diadoxus. Paratype. Queensland: 1 cf , viii.1926 (Jarvis) (BMNH). Certonotus geniculatus Morley (Fig. 32) Certonotus geniculatus Morley, 1913: 28. LECTOTYPE $, VICTORIA (BMNH), here designated [ex- amined] . Female. Large species, fore wing length 12-17 mm. Labium with glossae slightly lengthened. Lower face at narrowest point 1-1-1-2 times as broad as high; malar space 0-9-1-0 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally about as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, very weakly convex, in dorsal view barely projecting beyond scutal margin; subalar prominence weakly convex. Scutellum punctate with strong transverse crest; metapleuron longitudinally striate; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a moderately broad lobe; metanotum produced into a tooth opposite anterior end of lateral carina. Propodeum quite short with anterior transverse carina incomplete centrally; posterior transverse carina vestigial; lateromedian longitudinal carina present only as vestige anteriorly; pleural carina strongly raised into tubercle below spiracle, posteriorly obsolescent; area superomedia undefined; area spiracularis not completely delineated posteriorly; first and second lateral areae separated, but not clearly delineated internally or laterally. Fore wing with 3r-m and 2r-m converging but not joining anteriorly. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ distinct to hind margin. Hind tibia with posterior margin without spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 long and narrow, the sternite 1-0-1-3 times as long as hind coxa, reaching behind level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with very small indentation on posterior margin; tergite 8 posteriorly short and rounded. Tergite 9 in dorsal view broad. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 5-5 to 7-0 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Antenna black; head black, lower face, frontal and genal orbits yellow. Alitrunk red-brown with periphery of sclerites infuscate, only tegula, scutellum posteriorly, postscutellum and hind end of AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 125 propodeum yellow. Gaster reddish brown, tergite 1 anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly yellow, other tergites with lateral and posterior margins yellow. Fore leg yellow, proximal part of femur black; mid leg yellow, coxa basally, femur proximally and tarsus black. Hind leg black, coxa distally, trochanter segments, distal apex of femur, base and apex of tibia yellow. Pterostigma dark brown, wings virtually hyaline. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 11 mm; malar space 0-7-0-9 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 very slender, the sternite 1-3 times as long as hind coxa. Apex of gonosquama flattened with a dense tuft of long hairs. Colour similar to female. REMARKS. C. geniculatus belongs to the rufescens-subgroup of the tasmaniensis-group. It is probably the sister-species of C. rufescens. Both have the prementum and glossae somewhat lengthened, have a very flat face, the anterior portion of the lateral carina strongly raised and the pleural carina raised into a tubercle below the propodeal spiracle. C. geniculatus is most easily distinguished by the possession of a longitudin- ally striate metapleuron. This is a southern species, only recorded from Victoria. MATERIAL EXAMINED Lectotype $, Victoria: Nulla Wurren, near Berwick (BMNH). Victoria: 1 $, 2 O" (paralectotypes), same data as lectotype (BMNH); 1 9> Buckland River, xi.1964 (Neboiss) (NMV); 1 cf , Fernshaw (NMV); 1 $, 1 cf , Trafalgar (NMV). Certonotus celeussp. n. (Fig. 44) Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 8-9 mm. Labium with glossae slightly lengthened. Lower face at narrowest point 0-9 times as broad as high; malar space 1-3-1-4 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally slightly longer than abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, very weakly convex, in dorsal view projecting slightly beyond mesoscutal margin; subalar prominence moderately convex. Scutellum sparsely punctate with strong crest posteriorly; metapleuron smooth, very sparsely punctate; submetapleural carina anteriorly strongly expanded into a quadrate lobe that is abruptly narrowed posteriorly; metanotum with a weak lateral tooth. Propodeum quite long with anterior transverse carina complete; posterior transverse carina complete; lateromedian longitudinal carina present only anterior to anterior carina; pleural carina complete; area superomedia not defined; area spiracularis clearly delineated; first and second lateral areae distinct, separated. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-m, joining Rs separately; 2m-cu joining M 0-3 from 3r-m towards 2r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ absent. Hind tibia with posterior margin with one spine-like bristle. Gaster with segment 1 very long and narrow, the sternite 1-2-1-6 times as long as hind coxa, reaching well behind level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with shallow indentation; tergite 8 posteriorly short and rounded; tergite 9 in dorsal view short and pointed. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 4-5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Red-brown species, flagellum black with subapical white band, lower face yellowish, anterior leg orange. Pterostigma dark brown; wings hyaline, apex of fore wing strongly infumate. Putative male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 8 mm; malar space 0-6 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; propodeal carinae weaker; gaster with segment 1 slender, the sternite 0-9 times as long as hind coxa. Apex of gonosquama rounded, with scattered fine hairs. Pale orange, antenna black, head yellowish and wings uniformly hyaline. REMARKS. A distinctive species on account of the infumate tip to the fore wing of the female, the very long petiole, long hind coxa and rather flat face. It is probably related to C. rufescens though it is the only species in this subgroup without the distal abscissa of Cu\. The male, here tentatively associated, has similarly long coxae and a rather flat face but has no clear posterior transverse propodeal carina nor has the wing apices infumate. It is only known from Queensland. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, Queensland: Baldy Mtn Rd, via Atherton, Malaise trap, vi.1981 (Brown) (QM). Paratypes. Queensland: 1 $, same data as holotype (BMNH); 1 cf, Eungella Nat. Park, xi.1976 (Boucek) (BMNH); 1 $, Windsor Tableland, iii.1981 (Storey) (BMNH). 126 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLO WAY Certonotusfarrugiaisp. n. (Fig. 58) Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 6-10 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-1-1-2 times as broad as high; malar space 1-2-1-3 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, almost flat, in dorsal view barely projecting beyond mesoscutal margin; subalar prominence quite strongly convex and medially raised in dorsal aspect. Scutellum smooth, virtually impunctate with weak transverse carina apically; metapleuron anteriorly smooth, posteriorly with few coarse punctures; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad rounded lobe; metanotum with a small lateral tooth before vestige of lateral carina. Propodeum moderately short with anterior transverse carina complete; posterior transverse carina absent; laterome- dian longitudinal carina absent; pleural carina present, posteriorly obsolescent; area superomedia undefined; area spiracularis defined except medially; first and second lateral areae confluent. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-m, joining latter at Rs or sometimes slightly separated; 2m-cu joining M slightly basad of 3r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ absent. Hind tibia with posterior margin with one spine-like bristle. Caster with segment 1 short and broad, the sternite 0-4-0-6 times as long as hind coxa, reaching to level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with wide indentation; tergite 8 posteriorly short and broadly rounded; tergite 9 in dorsal view short and broad. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 3-0-3-5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Head and anterior part of alitrunk reddish brown; antenna, much of metapleuron and propodeum black; gaster black, tergite 2 entirely and posterior margins of tergites 3+ white; anteriorly red-brown, partially infuscate; hind leg mainly black. Pterostigma black, wings strongly infumate. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 6 mm; malar space 0-8 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 stout, the sternite 0-6 times as long as hind coxa. Apex of gaster rounded, bearing long scattered hairs. Similar in colour to female but with gaster entirely red; mid leg brownish. REMARKS. C. farrugiai is probably the most distinct species in the genus on account of its striking colour pattern which resembles that of a number of other unrelated species of Hymenoptera occurring in south-eastern Australia. Structurally it is also distinctive in having the posterior margin of tergite 7 only weakly indented. This species occurs from south-eastern Queensland to Victoria. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, Victoria: Toolangi, xii.1982 (Farrugia) (AM). Paratypes. Queensland: 4 $ , Mt Glorious, xi-iii (TC); 1 $ , Mt Nebo, 500 m, iii (TC); 1 $ , Tambourine, x.1977 (Galloway) (BMNH); 1 tf , Mt Tambourine, iv. 1935 (Turner) (BMNH); 1 $ , 2 cT, Mt Tambourine, x-xii (TC). Victoria: 2 $, same data as holotype (BMNH). Certonotus hinnuleus Krieger comb. rev. Certonotus hinnuleus Krieger, 1901: 123; Turner, 1919: 551. Holotype $, NEW SOUTH WALES (MNHU) [not examined] . Certonotus n. sp.; Fullaway, 1942: 244. Asperellus hinnuleus (Krieger) Townes et al. , 1961: 114. Female. Fairly small species, fore wing length 4-7 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-2 times as broad as high; malar space 1-2-1-4 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally almost twice as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and mandible base. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, very convex, in dorsal view appearing as a conical projection; subalar prominence moderately convex. Scutellum sparsely punctate with strong transverse keel; metapleuron smooth and polished; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad triangular lobe; metanotum without a tooth. Propodeum short with anterior transverse carina complete, close to anterior margin; posterior transverse carina absent; lateromedian longitudinal carina present before anterior transverse carina; pleural carina present anteriorly, posteriorly absent; area superomedia not delineated; area spiracularis not delineated internally; first and second lateral areae indistinctly delineated, confluent. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-m, sometimes forming a petiolate areolet or joining at one point on Rs; 2m-cu joining M at 3r-m or slightly basad. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui absent. Hind tibia with posterior margin with one spine-like bristle. Gaster with segment 1 short and broad, the sternite 0-6 times as long as hind coxa, reaching to level of spiracle. Tergite 7 AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 127 mediodorsally with large indentation; tergite 8 posteriorly short, broad, truncate; tergite 9 in dorsal view short, rounded posteriorly. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 5-0-5-5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Antenna black, distal flagellar segments white; head white, vertex, interocellar area and frons centrally whitish; mesoscutum brownish or blackish with a yellow central quadrate mark; most of pronotum, tegula, subalar prominence, metapleuron and propodeum almost entirely yellowish; meta- pleuron brownish. Gaster dark brown with lateral margins and spots near posterolateral corners yellow; legs brownish; tibia proximally and femur distally somewhat paler; fore coxa whitish. Pterostigma blackish, wings very weakly infumate. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 3-6 mm; malar space 0-9-1-0 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 quite stout, the sternite 0-5 times as long as hind coxa; apex of gonosquama quite weakly sclerotized, slightly flattened, bearing long fine hairs. Colour similar to female but mid coxa yellow. REMARKS. Certonotus hinnuleus belongs to the leeuwinensis-group. It is the most distinctive taxon in the group on account of the swollen pronotal corner. Structurally it is most closely related to C. zebrus from which it differs in having a longer ovipositor and shorter stouter petiole. In Australia it has only been recorded from New South Wales and Victoria. The female from Western Australia referred to by Morley (1913) is a distinct species, C. ixion. Townes et al. (1961) note that this species occurs in New Caledonia. MATERIAL EXAMINED New Caledonia: 2 $ , 7 km SE. La Foa, i. 1945 (Remington) (TC) (compared with type); 1 d", hills behind Noumea, x.1940 (Williams) (TC). Queensland: 1 C?, N. slope, Bluff Range, Biggenden, viii.1976 (Frauca) (ANIC); 1 C?, Broken R., near Eungella, xii.1961 (McAlpine & Lossiri) (AM); 1 $, 1 cf, Kuranda, v-vi.1913 (Turner) (BMNH); 1 C?, Mackay, 1909 (Turner) (BMNH); 3 C?, Mt Cootha, iv-v (TC); 1 C?, Mt Glorious, i (TC); 2 d" , Mt Tambourine, xi.1977 (Galloway) (BMNH). Certonotus humeralifer Krieger (Figs 24, 26, 27, 30) Certonotus humeralifer Krieger, 1901: 121. Lectotype $, NEW SOUTH WALES (MNHU), designated by Townes et al., 1961: 113 [examined]. Female. Medium to large species, fore wing length 7-14 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-2-1-3 times as broad as high; malar space 0-7-0-8 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally sinuous, at least twice as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, very strongly swollen, in dorsal view pyramidal, projecting; subalar prominence strongly convex. Scutellum punctate, crest distinct, metapleuron smooth and polished; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a tooth before lateral carina. Propodeum moderately short with anterior transverse carina weak centrally but usually complete; posterior transverse carina absent; lateromedian longitudinal carina present anteriorly; pleural carina strong anteriorly, posteriorly vestigial; area superomedia not delineated; area spiracularis not clearly delineated posteriorly; first and second lateral area confluent, weakly defined laterally. Fore wing with 3r-m fused anteriorly with 2r-m, so areolet petiolate; 2m-cu joining M-basad by 0-2 from 3r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui distinct to wing margin. Hind tibia with posterior margin with one spine-like bristle. Gaster with segment 1 short, the sternite 0-5 times as long as hind coxa, reaching to level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with wide indentation narrowing to slit to 0-5 of tergite length; tergite 9 in dorsal view short, rectangular. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Bright yellow species; flagellum, interocellar area, mesoscutum in central spot and scutoscutellar groove black; hind tarsus infuscate. Pterostigma black, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 7-8 mm; malar space 0-6 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 quite stout, the sternite 0-5 times as long as hind coxa; apex of gonosquama strongly flattened, with periphery bearing only fine sparse hairs. Similar in colour to female. REMARKS. The bright yellow ground colour of this species and the conical pronotal process distinguish C. humeralifer from other Australian Certonotus species. C. humeralifer belongs to the humeralifer-group; it appears to be most closely related to C. apicalis. Both have a characteristically specialized fore femur. C. humeralifer has been collected in Queensland and New South Wales. 128 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLO WAY MATERIAL EXAMINED Lectotype $, New South Wales (MNHU). Queensland: 1 cf , Brisbane, 1956 (Ken) (NMV); 2 $, Fraser Island, ix.1930 (BMNH); 1 $, 1 cf , Mt Glorious, 650 m, x-xiii (TC); 1 $, Mt Nebo, 500 m, iii (TC); 5 $, 1 cf, Mt Tambourine, x-xi.1977 (Galloway) (BMNH); 1 $, Mt Tambourine, xii.1911 (Hacker) (BMNH); 2 $, Mt Tambourine, xi-xii (TC); 1 cf , Toowoomba, iii (TC). New South Wales: 1 $, Terrigal, 1900 (Froggatt) (BMNH); 1 $, 'New South Wales' (NMV). Certonotus ixion sp. n. (Figs 55, 61) Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 8 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-2 times as broad as high; malar space 0-9 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally slightly longer than abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, weakly convex, in dorsal view parallel with mesoscutal margin; subalar prominence moderately convex. Scutellum closely, finely punctate with strong transverse crest; metapleuron with close shallow punctures; submetapleural carina anteriorly abruptly expanded into a broad lobe. Propodeum moderately short with anterior transverse carina complete; posterior transverse carina almost complete; lateromedian longitudinal carina absent except for vestiges before anterior carina; pleural carina obsolescent posteriorly; area superomedia not delimited laterally; area spiracularis almost complete; first and second lateral areae barely delineated laterally, confluent. Fore wing with 3r-m strongly converging towards 2r-m, joining Rs separately; 2m-cu joining M at 3r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ present over distal 0-5 to wing margin, not joined to first abscissa of Cu\. Hind tibia with posterior margin with a small spine-like bristle. Gaster with segment 1 long and narrow, the sternite 0-8 times as long as hind coxa, reaching behind level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with narrow indentation to 0-5 of length; tergite 8 posteriorly short and truncate; tergite 9 in dorsal view broad. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 5-5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Antenna blackish, apex (except extreme distal part of last segment) whitish; head reddish brown, lower face, frontal orbits and most of genae whitish; alitrunk reddish, peripherally darker; scutellum posteriorly, postscutellum, tegula, subalar prominence and upper margin of pronotum yellow- ish. Gaster dark red-brown; tergites 1-6 with posterolateral triangular yellow marks, tergites 2-3 with anterolateral pale spots. Legs predominantly reddish brown, anterior two pairs of coxae and distal apices of fore and mid femora whitish. Pterostigma red-brown, wings hyaline. Male. Quite similar to female but with fore wing length 5-7 mm; malar space 0-6 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 slender, the sternite 1-0 times as long as hind coxa; apex of gaster with a small lobe bearing long scattered hairs. Colour similar to female but with mesopleuron white-marked and pale maculae on gaster smaller, rather inconspicuous, flagellum entirely black. REMARKS. The species is one of the three Certonotus that have incomplete distal abscissa of Cu\, It is most similar to C. paluma from which it differs strikingly in colour pattern, length of ovipositor and shape of tergite 8. The coxae are more elongate than in many other species and the sculpture of the alitrunk is coarser than that of C. paluma. C. ixion has been collected in Queensland and Victoria. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype £, Victoria: Ferntree Gully, x.1921 (Burns) (NMV). Paratypes. Queensland: 1 cf , Lamington N.P. , xi.1961 (Common & Upton) (ANIC); 1 cf , Mt Glorious, xii (TC); 2 cf , Mt Nebo, 500 m, iii (TC). Certonotus leeuwinensis Turner comb. rev. (Figs 49, 52) Certonotus leeuwinensis Turner, 1919: 551. Holotype cf , WESTERN AUSTRALIA (BMNH) [examined]. Asperellus leeuwinensis (Turner) Townes et al. , 1961: 115. Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 6-7 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-2-1-3 times as broad as high; malar space 1-1-1-2 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally weak, only slightly longer than abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and mandibular base. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, weakly convex, in dorsal view slightly protruding from mesoscutal margin; subalar prominence weakly convex. Scutellum sparsely AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 129 punctate, with strong transverse keel; metapleuron closely, quite finely punctate; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a moderately broad, triangular lobe; metanotum with weak lateral tooth. Propodeum quite short with anterior transverse carina complete; posterior transverse carina absent; lateromedian longitudinal carina present before anterior transverse carina; pleural carina more or less complete; area superomedia undefined; area spiracularis incomplete internally; first and second lateral areae confluent. Fore wing with 3r-m convergent towards 2r-m in some specimens; 2m-cu joining M just basad of 2r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui absent. Hind tibia with posterior margin with one spine-like bristle. Caster with segment 1 short, the sternite 0-5 times as long as hind coxa, reaching nearly to level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with indentation to 0-5 its length; tergite 8 posteriorly short and rounded; tergite 9 in dorsal view short and broad. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 5-5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Antenna black with apical segments white (except for distal apex of last segment which is black); head black, orbits entirely whitish, lower face centrally brownish; alitrunk reddish brown, the sclerites often margined with black irregularly; pronotum dorsally as a stripe, ventrally, tegula, subalar prominence, scutellum and postscutellum pale whitish yellow; gaster brownish or even blackish, tergites 1-7 laterally and posteriorly margined with yellow. Legs with fore and mid coxae yellow above, black below; hind coxa brown above, blackish below; anterior two pairs of legs otherwise brownish except for distal apices of femora which are yellow; hind femur brownish; hind tibia darker brown, proximally indistinctly paler, tarsus infuscate. Pterostigma dark brown, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 3-6 mm; malar space 0-9 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 moderately stout, the sternite 0-6 times as long as hind coxa; apex of gonosquama flattened slightly and bearing long scattered hairs. Colour similar to female but lower face and anterior two pairs of coxae almost entirely yellow. REMARKS. Certonotus leeuwinensis belongs to the leeuwinensis-group. It is structurally most similar to C. toolangi in having a noticeably punctate metapleuron. The most obvious difference between the two species is in coloration. The gaster of leeuwinensis has the hind margins of tergites 2-5 banded with yellow whereas those of toolangi are spotted with yellow. The hind tibia of toolangi is bicoloured, that of leeuwinensis is almost unicolorous. C. leeuwinensis has a slightly longer ovipositor and malar space than toolangi. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Western Australia: Yallingup near Cape Naturaliste ix-x.1913 (Turner) (BMNH). New South Wales: 1 $, Killara, xii.1935 (Day) (ANIC). Tasmania: 1 $, Coles Bay, ii-iii (TC); 1 cf, Georgetown, xi.1917 (Cole) (NMV); 1 $, Mt Barrow, 1200 m, xiii-i (TC). Western Australia: 1 $ (paratype), same data as holotype (BMNH); 1 cf , 21 km SW. by S. Donnybrook (23-44S 115-41E), x.1981 (Naumann & Cardale) (ANIC); 1 cf , Mt Chudalup, S. of Northcliffe, x.1970 (Colless) (ANIC); 1 cf , Yallingup, near Cape Naturaliste, ix-x.1913 (Turner) (BMNH). Certonotus mogimbensis Cheesman comb. rev. (Fig. 47) Certonotus mogimbensis Cheesman, 1936: 180. Holotype $, NEW HEBRIDES (BMNH) [examined]. Asperellus mogimbensis (Cheesman) Townesefa/., 1961: 115. Female. Small species, fore wing length 5 mm. Labium with glossae slightly elongate. Lower face at narrowest point 1-0 times as broad as high; malar space 0-8-1-0 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally from slightly shorter to slightly longer than abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, weakly convex, in dorsal view parallel to mesoscutal margin; subalar prominence very weakly convex. Scutellum punctate with strong transverse keel; metapleuron smooth with some fine punctures posteriorly; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a rounded lobe; metanotum without a lateral tooth. Propodeum short with anterior transverse carina complete; posterior transverse carina absent; lateromedian longitudinal carina vestigial; pleural carina complete; area superomedia undefined; area spiracularis not defined internally; first and second lateral areae confluent. Fore wing with 3r-m present for half the distance or less from Rs towards M; 2m-cu joining M well distad of 2r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui absent. Hind tibia with posterior margin with one or two spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 short and broad, the sternite 0-5 times as long as hind coxa, reaching to level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with indentation to 0-5 of length; tergite 8 posteriorly long and rounded; tergite 9 in dorsal view elongate. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 4-0-4-5 times length of hind tibia. 130 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLOWAY Coloration. Antenna black with a subapical broad white band; head whitish; clypeus and mouth parts brownish, frons centrally and interocellar area dark brown. Alitrunk, legs and gaster uniformly orange. Pterostigma dark brown, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 3-4 mm; malar space 0-9-1-1 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m absent; gaster with segment 1 moderately slender; the sternite 0-6 times as long as hind coxa; apex of gonosquama with small lobe bearing fine scattered hairs. Similarly coloured to female but with head uniformly orange, flagellum entirely black, hind tibia and tarsus weakly to strongly infuscate, some tergites of gaster infuscate and wings slightly infumate. REMARKS. C. mogimbensis most closely resembles C. pineus in colour and structure and the two may be closely related. However, mogimbensis is distinctive, not only in having a flatter pronotum but in having 3r-m incomplete in the male and lacking dark maculae on the mesoscutum. This species is known to occur in tropical Queensland and on Vanuatu (New Hebrides). MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, New Hebrides: Malekula, Ounua, ii.1929 (Cheesman) (BMNH). Queensland: 1 $, 1 cf, Claudie R, near Mt Lamond, xii.1971 (McAlpine & Holloway) (AM); 1 cf, Shipton's Flat (15-47S 124-14E), x.1980 (Cardale) (ANIC). Certonotus monticola Morley (Fig. 38) Certonotus monticola Morley, 1913: 29. Holotype $, QUEENSLAND (BMNH) [examined]. Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 9-12 mm. Labium with glossae elongate, projecting beyond clypeus by a distance equal to or greater than facial height. Lower face at narrowest point 0-9-1-0 times as broad as high; malar space 0-5-0-6 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally obsolescent, represented by a stub that is shorter than abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, weakly convex, in dorsal view barely projecting beyond scutal margin; subalar prominence very weakly convex. Scutellum closely and coarsely punctate, with transverse crest; metapleuron anteriorly punctate, posteriorly and dorsally; submetapleural carina anteriorly abruptly expanded into a broad rounded lobe; metanotum without a tooth before lateral carina. Propodeum quite short with anterior transverse carina centrally incomplete; posterior transverse carina absent; lateromedian longitudinal carina present only before anterior carina; pleural carina complete; area superomedia not delineated; area spiracularis complete, short; first and second lateral areae confluent. Fore wing with 3r-m converging on 2r-m but joining Rs separately; 2m-cu joining M midway between 3r-m and 2r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu^ distinct to wing margin. Hind tibia with posterior margin without spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 short and broad, the sternite 0-7 times as long as hind coxa, reaching just beyond level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with small indentation; tergite 8 posteriorly elongate and narrow; tergite 9 in dorsal view long and truncate. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 4-5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. A reddish brown species with lower face, frontal and genal orbits, central mesoscutal spot, scutellum, most of pronotum, much of mesopleuron and virtually all of metapleuron/propodeum behind spiracle, yellow. Gaster dark brown, tergites 2+ with anterolateral triangular marks. Fore leg brownish yellow, coxa infuscate; mid leg blackish brown, femur distally yellow marked, coxa darker; hind leg with coxa black with dorsal yellow marks, femur and tarsus strongly infuscate, tibia less strongly infuscate. Pterostigma black, wings weakly infumate. Male. Slender gaster, otherwise similar to female but with fore wing length 7-11 mm; malar space 0-5-0-6 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster exceptionally elongate with segment 1 quite stout, the sternite 0-6 times as long as hind coxa; gonosquama long, apex a little flattened, with scattered hairs of various length. Male similar in general colour pattern to female, although with fewer yellow maculae. REMARKS. C. monticola belongs to the /7av/ce/w-group. It is the only taxon in this complex to occur in Australia where it is easily recognizable by the elongate glossae and short occipital carina. C. monticola is known to occur in both north Queensland and Papua New Guinea. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype 9> Queensland: Tambourine Mt (BMNH). Queensland: 1 $, Middle Claudie R., Iron Range, x.1974 (Daniels) (AM). Papua New Guinea: 1 $, Amuk, 165 m, i.1960 (Mao) (BPBM); 1 $, 2 cf , Bulolo, ix.1981, exMyristica sp. (Roberts) (BMNH); 7 $, AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 131 3 Cf , Kiunga, Fly River, viii-x. 1957 (Brandt) (BPBM) ; 2 £ , Normanby Is. , Wakaiuma, Sewa Bay, xii. 1956 (Brandt) (BPBM); 1 $, 10 mi. W. Vudal, xi.1970 (TC); 1 $, Waris, S. of Hollandia, 450-500 m, viii.1959 (Maa) (BPBM). Certonotus nitidulus Morley (Fig. 33) Certonotus nitidulus Morley, 1913: 29. Holotype cf , VICTORIA (BMNH) [examined]. Certonotus tasmaniensis Turner, 1919: 550; Hocking, 1967: 57; Short, 1978: 41. Holotype cf , TASMANIA (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. Female. Medium to large species, fore wing length 7-14 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-0-1-1 times as broad as high; malar space 0-6-0-7 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally strong, slightly longer than abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible . Upper part of pronotum , slightly before posterior corner , weakly convex , in dorsal view barely projecting beyond scutal margin; subalar prominence weakly convex. Scutellum punctate, transverse keel strong; metapleuron smooth with isolated punctures; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad rounded lobe; metanotum with a weak tooth opposite anterior end of lateral carina. Propodeum quite short with anterior transverse carina centrally incomplete; posterior transverse carina absent; lateromedian longitudinal carina present only before anterior carina; pleural carina present, complete but rather weak; area superomedia undefined; area spiracularis complete, defined posteriorly by an arched carina that is very close to spiracle; first and second lateral areae separated, distally delineated. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-m, joining Rs separately; 2m-cu joining M to 0-3 basad of 3r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ distinct to wing margin. Hind tibia with posterior margin without spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 short, the sternite 0-6 times as long as hind coxa, reaching behind level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with indentation almost to 0-5 length of tergite; tergite 8 posteriorly short and rounded; tergite 9 in dorsal view transverse. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 5-0 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Colour somewhat variable but generally with antenna black, distally, except for apex of last segment, white. Head red-brown, lower face laterally to entirely, genal and frontal orbits pale yellow. Alitrunk reddish brown, yellow marks on pronotum medially, anterior 'corners' and central spot on mesoscutum, scutellum laterally, tegula, subalar prominence, anterior and posterior mesopleural spots, postscutellum and hind part of propodeum. Gaster reddish with tergites posteriorly and laterally yellowish margined, and also with spots in anterolateral corners. Fore leg yellow, femur red centrally, peripherally black with distal apex yellow. Mid leg similar with coxa black-marked and tibia and tarsus infuscate. Hind leg as mid leg but with coxa reddish brown, ventrally black. Pterostigma black, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 7-10 mm; malar space 0-4-0-6 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 moderately slender, 0-6 times as long as hind coxa; apex of gonosquama flattened, bearing two widely separated dense tufts of long hairs. Similarly coloured to female. REMARKS. C. nitidulus is apparently one of the commonest species in the genus as it has adapted to parasitizing an introduced siricid in Pinus radiata plantations in Victoria and Tasmania (Hocking, 1967). In coloration C. nitidulus most strongly resembles C. geniculatus (from which it can be separated by reference to couplet 8 in the key) but structurally it is most similar to C. annulatus and C. andrewi. C. nitidulus differs from both in colour pattern and in the form of the propodeal carinae. This is a quite widespread species in the south-east, extending from southern Queensland to Tasmania. HOST RECORDS. Siricidae: SirexnoctilioF. (Hocking, 1967). MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf (Gertonotus nitidulus Morley), Victoria (BMNH). Holotype cf (Certonotus tasmaniensis Turner), Tasmania: Mt Wellington, i-ii.1913 (Turner) (BMNH). Queensland: 1 $ , Mt Glorious, xi (TC); 1 cf , Mt Norman area, Wallangarra, x.1972 (Monteith) (ANIC). New South Wales: 1 $ , Barrington Nat. Park, i (TC); 1 $ , Boyd River crossing, Kanangra-Boyd Nat. Park, xii. 1977 (Daniels) (AM); 1 cf , Leather Barrel Ck, Kosciusko, xi.1961 (Colless) (ANIC); 1 $, Lord Howe Is., ii-iii.1957 (Leipa) (BPBM); 1 cf , Monga, x.1957 (Riek) (ANIC); 1 $, Moonee, xi.1947 (NMV); 1 cf , Moss Vale, xi.1919 (Duquef) (AM); 1 $, 2 cf, Mt Tomah, xi.1983 (Rodd) (AM); 1 cf, Pebbly Beach, xi.1960 (Common & Upton) (ANIC); 1 cf , Tubrabucca, xi.1953 (Burns) (NMV). Victoria: 1 $, Dynamite Ck, Bonang Hwy, x.1961 (Colless) (ANIC); 1 $, Harrietville, i.1924 (Oke) (NMV); 3 cf, Healesville, 132 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLOWAY xi.1943 (Oke) (NMV); 2 $ , 1 cf , South Melbourne, breeding cages, x.1969, ex Sirex sp. (Waugh) (NMV); 3 $ , 3 Cf , Mirboo North, x.1967, ex Sirex noctilio (Elliott) (ANIC); 3 $ , Mt Dandenong, 300 m, ii (TC); 3 Cf , Mt Buffalo, 1600 m, ii (TC); 1 $, 1 cf , Noorimbee, xi.1965 (Neboiss) (NMV); 5 cf , Toolangi, xii.1982 (Farrugia) (BMNH) ; 5 $ , Toolangi , i-ii . 1983 (Farrugia & Gauld) (BMNH) ; 2 $ , Warburton , ii-iii (TC) ; 8 $, 2 cf , Vic. Dept Agric., ii.1968, ex Finns logs (Irvine) (ANIC). Tasmania: 1 $, Harrison Ck, between Cracroft and Blakes Opening, ii.1966 (Neboiss) (MNV); 1 $, E. Blakes Opening, ii.1966 (Neboiss) (NMV); 1 $, 1 Cf , Bruny Is., vii.1964, from Pinus radiata (Wilson & Hocking) (AM); 1 $, Catamaran, ii (TC); 1 $, Collinsville, 300 m, ii.1983 (Gauld) (BMNH); 2 $, Frenchman's Gap Trig at Franklin River, ii-iii (TC); 1 $, Geeveston, ii (TC); 1 $, 1 cf, Hartz Mtns, ii-iii (TC); 1 $, Hellyer Gorge, ii.1983 (Naumann & Cardale) (ANIC); 1 $ , Hellyer Gorge, xii.1981 (Naumann & Cardale) (ANIC); 2 $ , Hellyer Gorge, ii.1967 (Riek) (ANIC); 1 (7, Hellyer Gorge, 300 m, i-ii (TC); 1 $ , Huon-Picton Junction, ii.1967 (Riek) (ANIC); 1 cf , King William Ck, xii.1981 (Gauld) (BMNH); 2 $ , 1 cf , King William Range i (TC); 28 $ , 18 cf , Launawanna, Bruny Is. , ix-x.1964 (Hocking) (ANIC, BMNH, TC); 1 $ , 1 cf , Mt Barrow, 300 m, xii-i(TC). Certonotus paluma sp. n. (Figs 54, 62) Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 8-10 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-1-1-2 times as broad as high; malar space 0-8 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, very weakly convex, in dorsal view almost parallel with mesoscutal margin; subalar prominence weakly convex. Scutellum sparsely punctate, with a posterior transverse crest; metapleuron polished, smooth, virtually impunctate; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad rounded lobe; metanotum barely produced opposite anterior margin of lateral carina. Propodeum quite short with anterior transverse carina complete; posterior transverse carina present at least centrally; lateromedian longitudinal carina present only anterior to anterior transverse carina; pleural carina complete anteriorly, posteriorly obsolescent; area superomedia not bounded laterally; area spiracularis completely delineated; first and second lateral areae separated by carina. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-ra, joining the latter at Rs; 2m-cu joining M at 3>r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ present over distal 0-5 to wing margin, not joined to first abscissa of Cu\. Hind tibia with posterior margin without spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 long and narrow, the sternite 0-7 times as long as hind coxa, reaching to level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with narrow indentation, over 0-5 of its length; tergite 8 posteriorly long and narrow; tergite 9 in dorsal view short and pointed. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 4 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Antenna black, distally white with extreme apex of last segment black; head black with face and orbits white; ali trunk black or reddish black, with central mesoscutal stripe, scutellum, pronotum, tegula, subalar prominence, mesopleuron centrally, metapleuron and propodeum laterally white; gaster black with very large lateral triangular areas white. Anterior two pairs of legs white with femora, tibiae and tarsi variously infuscate ; hind leg black , coxa dorsally with white spot . Pterostigma blackish , wings hyaline . Male. Unknown. REMARKS. C. paluma is one of the three quite closely related Certonotus species that have an incomplete distal abscissa of Cu\ in the hind wing. It is distinguishable from Certonotus sp. A by its unspecialized subalar prominence. It is structurally similar to C. ixion, from which it may be separated by reference to the key. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype 9, Queensland: Paluma, 900 m (19-OOS 146-12E), x.1980, ex Malaise trap (Frith) (ANIC). Paratype. Queensland: 1 $, Windsor Tableland, iii.1981 (Storey) (BMNH). Certonotus pineussp. n. (Figs 45, 46) Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 7-9 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-0-1-1 times as broad as high; malar space 0-9-1-0 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally almost 3 times as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, very convex, in dorsal view subpyramidal; subalar prominence moderately convex. Scutellum moderately, closely punctate, trans- AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 133 verse keel weak; metapleuron anteriorly smooth, posteriorly punctate; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad almost quadrate lobe; metanotum with a very weak tooth before vestige of lateral carina. Propodeum quite short with anterior transverse carina present, very close to anterior part of propodeum; posterior transverse carina absent; lateromedian longitudinal carina vestigial before anterior carina, otherwise absent; pleural carina more or less complete; area superomedia undefined; area spiracularis more or less complete except internally; first and second lateral areae not separated. Fore wing with 3r-m only slightly convergent towards 2r-m, joining Rs away from 2r-m, making areolet quadrate; 2m-cu joining M at 3r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ absent. Hind tibia with posterior margin with one spine-like bristle. Gaster with segment 1 short and broad, the sternite 0-3 times as long as hind coxa, just not reaching level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with indentation to 0-5 its length; tergite 8 posteriorly long and rounded; tergite 9 in dorsal view short and broad. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 4-5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Antenna black, with subapical white band; head yellowish, only interocellar area and edges of mandibles blackish. Alitrunk and gaster yellowish; mesoscutum with lateral marks, anterocentrally infuscate; tip of tergite 8 blackish. Legs yellow, hind tarsus and sometimes distal apex of tibia blackish. Pterostigma black, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 4 mm; malar space 0-7 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 quite stout, the sternite 0-3 times as long as hind coxa; apex of gonosquama rounded, bearing scattered hairs. Similar in colour to female but with yellowish areas a little paler, more strongly contrasted with infuscate areas; flagellar white mark very indistinct. REMARKS. A stocky species easily recognized by the almost pyramidal pronotal convexity. The virtually quadrate areolet and very short first sternite are also quite characteristic of this species. C. pineus is only known to occur in Queensland. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, Queensland: Moses Ck, 45 km N. by E. Mt Finnigan (15-47S 145-17E), x.1980 (Cardale) (ANIC). Paratypes. Queensland: 1 $, Lake Barrine, ii.1935 (Burns) (NMV); 1 cf , Mt Webb Nat. Park (15-04S 145-07E), iv.1981 (Naumann) (ANIC); 1 cf , Palm Is. nearTownsville, x (TC). Certonotus rufescens Morley (Figs 22, 25) Certonotus rufescens Morley, 1913: 30. LECTOTYPE $, QUEENSLAND (BMNH), here designated [examined] . Female. Moderately large to large species, fore wing length 8-16 mm. Labium with glossae slightly lengthened. Lower face at narrowest point 0-9-1 -0 times as broad as high; malar space 0-9-1-0 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally rather straight, more than twice as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and mandible base. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, weakly convex, in dorsal view rounded, just protruding beyond scutal margin; subalar prominence very strongly raised, in dorsal view with a blunt, back-curved, thorn-like protuberance. Scutellum punctate, with a moderately strong transverse crest; metapleuron smooth, virtually impunctate; submeta- pleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad almost quadrate lobe which usually has ridge near anterior corner delimiting a narrow triangular area; metanotum with small tooth opposite anterior end of lateral carina. Propodeum moderately long with anterior transverse carina complete; posterior transverse carina present as lateral vestige; lateromedian longitudinal carina present before anterior carina; pleural carina very strong anteriorly, absent behind anterior carina; area superomedia not delineated laterally; area spiracularis complete; first and second lateral areae confluent, not delineated laterally. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-m and joining latter at Rs; 2m-cu joining M at 3r-m to 0-3 towards 2r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui distinct to wing margin. Hind tibia with posterior margin with one to three spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 long and narrow, the sternite 0-9-1-0 times as long as hind coxa, reaching behind level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally at most only slightly indented on posterior margin; tergite 8 posteriorly with process short and rounded; tergite 9 in dorsal view elongated and bluntly pointed posteriorly. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 4-5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Brownish orange; flagellum black with a white subapical band which is usually well developed but is entirely absent in specimens from the northern part of the range. Pterostigma dark brown, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 5-7 mm; malar space 0-8-0-9 times basal mandibular 134 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLO WAY width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 long, slender, the sternite 0-8-1-0 times as long as hind coxa; apex of gonosquama simply truncate, not broadened, but with long sparse hairs. Similarly coloured to female, flagellum without a white band. REMARKS. C. rufescens is easily distinguished from other Australian species by the thorn-like subalar prominence. The face of this species is flatter than most other Certonotus and laterally it is abruptly, almost angularly rounded before the malar space. The characteristic submetapleural carina and possession of a strong, usually Y-shaped vestigial carina above the insertion of the hind coxa are useful confirmatory characters. A widespread species extending from northern Queensland south to near Melbourne, Victoria. MATERIAL EXAMINED Lectotype 9, Queensland: Mackay, ix.1901 (BMNH). Queensland: 2 $ (paralectotypes), same data as lectotype (BMNH); 2 cf , Mackay, 1909 (BMNH); 1 $ , Montville, ix.1935 (Burns) (NMV); 1 cf , Moses Ck, 4 km N. by E. Mt Finnigan (15-47S 145-17E), x.1980, at light (Cardale) (ANIC); 1 $, Mt Glorious, xii.1979 (Galloway} (BMNH); 1 $, Mt Glorious near Brisbane, xii.1976 (Boucek) (BMNH); 3 cf, Mt Glorious, i-iii (TC); 2 $, Mt Tambourine, ix-x.1978 (Galloway) (BMNH); 2 $ , 4 cf , Mt Tambourine, x-xi. 1977 (Galloway) (BMNH). New South Wales: 1 $ , 19 km S. Coff s Harbour, i.1958 (Riek) (ANIC); 1 cf , Otford, xii.1962 (Colless) (BMNH); 1 $ , Sassafrass Gully, Springwood, ix.1972 (McAlpine) (AM). Victoria: 2 $, Toolangi, i-ii.1983 (Farrugia & Gauld) (BMNH); 1 Cf , Yellingbo, xi.1976 (Neboiss) (NMV). Certonotus sisyphussp. n. (Figs 36, 39, 40) [Certonotus hinnuleus Krieger; Morley 1913: 32. Misidentification.] Female. Medium to large-sized species, fore wing length 8-18 mm. Labium with glossae slightly leng- thened. Lower face at narrowest point 1-1-1-3 times as broad as high; malar space 0-9-1-0 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally sinuous, much longer than abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and mandibular base. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, weakly convex, in dorsal view projecting slightly beyond scutal margin, subalar prominence very strongly convex, in dorsal view slightly pyramidal. Scutellum sparsely punctate, transverse crest distinct; metapleuron smooth with scattered punctures, on larger specimens with punctures closer; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a rectangular flange; metanotum with strong tooth opposite end of lateral carina. Propodeum moderately long with anterior transverse carina complete; posterior transverse carina strong, complete, almost parallel to anterior carina; lateromedian longitudinal carina present only as vestiges before anterior carina; pleural carina weak, posteriorly evanescent; area superomedia not defined; area spiracularis complete; first and second lateral areae clearly separated though latter weakly defined externally. Fore wing with 3r-m strongly converging towards an almost vertical 2r-m, joining Rs separately; 2m-cu joining M 0-2 from 3r-m towards 2r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui distinct to wing margin. Hind tibia with posterior margin with one to three spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 long and narrow, the sternite 1-0-1-2 times as long as hind coxa, reaching behind level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with wide indentation to 0-5 length of tergite; tergite 8 posteriorly short and rounded; tergite 9 in dorsal view as long as wide with blunt point posteriorly. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 4-5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Reddish brown, flagellum darker with subapical white band; clypeus, facial, frontal and genal orbits. Subalar prominence, pair of central stripes on mesoscutum, scutellum, mesopleural spot, spots in posterolateral corners of tergites 1+ and also on lateral margins of 3+ yellow. Legs yellowish brown, anterior two pairs of coxae and distal apex of mid femur yellow. Pterostigma dark brown, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 8 mm; malar space 0-7 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 slender, the sternite 1-1 times as long as hind coxa; apex of gonosquama with a small angulate lobe that bears scattered long hairs. Similar in colour to female but with face entirely yellow, mid tibia yellow and yellow maculae on gaster virtually absent. REMARKS. The fairly elongate petiole, rather flat face and posteriorly flanged lateral propodeal carina suggest this species is related to C. rufescens though the pleural carina is not tuberculate as it is in rufescens and geniculatus . Superficially C. sisyphus is similar to C. avitus from which it can be distinguished, not only by the characters in the key, but also in having a distinctly longer prementum and having the hypostomal and occipital carinae meeting further from the base of the mandible than the basal mandibular width. AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 135 Widely distributed in the south-east of Australia; recorded from New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, Victoria: Toolangi, xi-xii.1982 (Farrugia & Gauld) (AM). Paratypes. Victoria: 8 $ , 1 C?, same data as holotype (BMNH). New South Wales: 2 $ , Acacia Plateau, 3000 ft, x.1961 (Common & Upton) (ANIC). Tasmania: 1 $, Duck River, 6 km SE. Roger R., xii.1974 (Neboiss) (NMV); 1 $, MeridithR., 20 km from Corinna, i. 1954 (Campbell) (ANIC); 1 $, Mt Field Nat. Park, 250 m, i-ii.1983 (Gauld) (BMNH); 1 $, Picton R. bridge, i.1983 (Gauld) (BMNH); 1 ?, no data (ANIC). Certonotus talus sp. n. (Figs 34, 35) Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 8-12 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-1 times as broad as high; malar space 0-7-0-8 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally more than twice as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, very weakly convex, in dorsal view barely projecting beyond scutal margin; subalar prominence convex, with a long sharp back-curved spine. Scutellum punctate with strong transverse keel; metapleuron very sparsely punctate; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad triangular lobe; metanotum with a large tooth before anterior end of lateral carina. Propodeum moderately long with anterior transverse carina complete; posterior transverse carina almost complete; lateromedian longitudinal carina vestigial, discernible only before anterior carina; pleural carina strong anteriorly, posteriorly poorly developed or obsolescent; area superomedia not delineated; area spiracularis complete, posteriorly very weakly delineated; first and second lateral areae present, separated by strong carina. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-m, joining latter at Rs; 2m-cu joining M at 3r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ distinct to wing margin. Hind tibia with posterior margin with or without one spine-like bristle. Gaster with segment 1 short, the sternite 0-8-1-0 times as long as hind coxa, reaching behind level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with wide indentation almost to 0-7 length of tergite; tergite 8 posteriorly with long, narrow process; tergite 9 in dorsal view long and evenly rounded . Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Antenna black with subapical white band; head reddish brown, orbits and clypeus entirely pale; alitrunk reddish, mesoscutum with longitudinal stripes, tegula, subalar prominence, scutellum partly, postscutellum, anterior mesopleural spot and paired spots on hind edge of propodeum yellow; gaster reddish, lateral margins of all tergites yellow and tergites also with paired large yellow spots in posterolateral corners. Fore and mid legs yellow, femur for proximal 0-7 and tibia externally reddish, distal tarsal segment blackish; hind leg virtually entirely reddish brown, tarsus infuscate. Pterostigma brown, wings hyaline. Male. Unknown. REMARKS. The possession of a long, backwardly curved, slender spine arising from the subalar prominence immediately distinguishes talus from all other Australian Certonotus. It appears to belong to the humeralifer- group but differs in having a more slender petiole with a much longer sternite. One specimen has asymmetric hind wings; the left wing has the distal abscissa of Cu\ incomplete, not joining Cu± and cu-a, whilst in the right wing the vein is complete. This incomplete condition is found in C. ixion andpaluma and we believe these are closely related species. All have similarly modified posterior gastral tergites, and rather small, oblique areolets. The petiole is more slender in these species than in other taxa in this group and the sternite is longer. C. talus occurs in New South Wales and Victoria and has been collected in subtropical and temperate wet forest. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, New South Wales: Dorrigo Nat. Park, E. end of Blackbutt Track, 710 m, ii-iii.1980, in subtropical rainforest (Newtown & Thayer) (ANIC). Paratypes. Victoria: 2 , Toolangi, xi.1982 (Farrugia) (BMNH). New South Wales: 1 , Tubrabucca, i. 1948 (Bums) (NMV). 136 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLOW AY Certonotus toolangi sp. n. (Fig. 60) Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 6-7 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-1 times as broad as high; malar space 0-9-1-1 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally as long as or slightly longer than abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, almost flat, in dorsal view parallel to mesoscutal margin; subalar prominence moderately convex. Scutellum sparsely punctate, transverse keel weak; metapleuron with shallow coarse close punctures; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad triangular lobe; metanotum with a weak tooth laterally. Propodeum quite short with anterior transverse carina complete; posterior transverse carina absent; lateromedian longitudinal carina vestigial, only present before anterior transverse carina; pleural carina present anteriorly; area superomedia undefined; area spiracularis incompletely defined internally; first and second lateral areae confluent, undefined laterally. Fore wing with 3r-m convergent towards 2r-m, joining Rs separately; 2m-cu joining M very near 3r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui absent. Hind tibia with posterior margin with one spine-like bristle. Gaster with segment 1 short and broad, the sternite 0-6 times as long as hind coxa, just reaching level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with indentation to 0-5 of length; tergite 8 posteriorly short and rounded; tergite 9 in dorsal view short and broad. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 4-0-4-5 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Very similarly coloured to leeuwinensis but differing in having the anterior two pairs of coxae entirely pale and the tibiae with at least proximal 0-5 whitish and mesoscutum centrally with a pair of short yellowish stripes. Male. Unknown. REMARKS. C. toolangi belongs to the leeuwinensis-group. It is most readily distinguishable by its colour pattern. Structurally it is rather similar to C. leeuwinensis from which it may be distinguished by its shorter malar space and ovipositor. It is only known from the south-east of Australia, where it has been taken in wet sclerophyll forest. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $ , New South Wales: New England Nat. Park, x.1962 (Colless) (ANIC). Paratypes. Victoria: 2 $, Toolangi, xi.1982 (Farrugia) (BMNH); 1 $, Toolangi, xii.1982 (Farmgia & Gauld) (BMNH). Certonotus zebrus sp. n. (Figs 51, 53, 59) Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 7-8 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 0-8-0-9 times as broad as high; malar space 0-8-0-9 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally weak, nearly twice as long as abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and mandibular base. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, very weakly convex, in dorsal view parallel with mesoscutal margin; subalar prominence strongly convex, centrally somewhat produced. Scutellum sparsely punctate, transverse crest quite weak; metapleuron anteriorly smooth, posteriorly with scattered punctures; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad rounded lobe; metanotum with a weak tooth opposite anterior end of lateral carina. Propodeum short with anterior transverse carina complete; posterior transverse carina absent; lateromedian longitudinal carina discernible as traces before anterior transverse carina; pleural carina incomplete posteriorly; area superomedia not delineated; area spiracularis virtually complete; first and second lateral areae confluent, not defined laterally. Fore wing with 3r-/n converging towards 2r-ra, well separated at Rs; 2m-cu joining M 0-3 from 3r-m towards 2r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui absent. Hind tibia with posterior margin with one spine-like bristle. Gaster with segment 1 long, the sternite 0-6 times as long as hind coxa, just reaching level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with indentation to 0-5 its length; tergite 8 posteriorly short and rounded posteriorly. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 4 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. A black species that sometimes has pale yellow-white marks on distal flagellar segments (except extreme apex of distal one); lower face entirely, orbits, most of pronotum, tegula, scutellum, postscutellum, subalar prominence, mesopleural stripe, most of mesopleuron and propodeum laterally and posteriorly, base of petiole, posterior and lateral margins of gastral tergites whitish. Anterior two pairs of legs whitish, femora and tibiae centrally, tarsi partly brownish marked. Hind leg black. Pterostigma blackish, wings hyaline. AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 137 Male. Similar to female but with fore wing length 3 mm; malar space 0-7 times basal mandibular width; 3r-m present; gaster with segment 1 quite stout, the sternite 0-5 times as long as hind coxa; apex of gonosquama flattened slightly with scattered hairs. Similarly coloured to female but with flagellum entirely black as is most of mesopleuron and metapleuron. REMARKS. The holotype differs from the female paratype in having entirely black antennae. C. zebrus belongs to the leeuwinensis-group. It is the only species in the complex which is virtually entirely black and white. Structurally it is rather unremarkable but it has a more strongly raised subalar prominence than any other species in this group. It is only known from tropical Queensland. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, Queensland: Baldy Mtn Road, via Atherton, vi.1981, ex Malaise trap (Brown) (QM). Paratypes. Queensland: 1 cT, 3 km N. by E. Mt Tip Tree (17-02S 145-37E), x.1980, at light (Cardale) (ANIC); 1 $, Windsor Tableland via Mt Carbine, xii.1980, ex Malaise trap (BMNH). Certonotussp. A (Figs 48, 50) Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 7 mm. Labium with glossae unspecialized. Lower face at narrowest point 1-3 times as broad as high; malar space 1-0 times as long as basal mandibular width. Occipital carina ventrally long, about 3 times length of abscissa of hypostomal carina between it and base of mandible. Upper part of pronotum, slightly before posterior corner, moderately convex, in dorsal view projecting beyond mesoscutal margin; subalar prominence weakly convex, rather sharp and ridge-like. Scutellum coarsely, closely punctate, transverse keel weak; metapleuron closely, coarsely punctate; submetapleural carina anteriorly expanded into a broad rounded flange, metanotum with a distinct tooth near anterior end of lateral carina. Propodeum moderately long with anterior transverse carina centrally strong; lateromedian longitudinal carina present anteriorly and weak between transverse carinae; pleural carina strong anteriorly, posteriorly obsolescent; area superomedia clearly discernible, hexagonal; area spiracularis complete; first and second lateral areae indistinctly delineated, confluent. Fore wing with 3r-m converging towards 2r-m, joining Rs separately; 2m-cu joining M opposite 3r-m. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ absent. Hind tibia with posterior margin without spine-like bristles. Gaster with segment 1 short, the sternite 0-2 times as long as hind coxa, not reaching level of spiracle. Tergite 7 mediodorsally with indentation on posterior margin; tergite 8 posteriorly very elongate and narrow; tergite 9 in dorsal view quadrate, rounded posteriorly. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 4 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Head blackish with lower face, genal and frontal orbits yellow; alitrunk reddish brown, the tergites peripherally black and only tegula and subalar prominence yellow. Gaster with tergites 3+ with posterior and lateral margins very narrowly yellow. Legs reddish brown, anterior two pairs of coxae yellowish marked, hind coxa, trochanter, femur proximally and distally, and tarsus infuscate. Pterostigma blackish, wings hyaline. Male. Unknown. REMARKS. Certonotus sp. A is easily recognized by its colour pattern and possession of very slender tergal processes. The area superomedia is almost regularly hexagonal and strongly delineated except for the weak posterolateral sides. Despite lacking any trace of a distal abscissa of C«i in the hind wing this species appears to be quite closely related to C. ixion, suggesting it belongs in the humeralifer-group rather than in the leeuwinensis-group. It is known only from Western Australia. MATERIAL EXAMINED Western Australia: 1 $ , Swan River (BMNH). Tribe POECILOCRYPTINI This relatively small tribe is characterized by the lack of an occipital carina dorsally and the presence of a single bulla in vein 2m-cu in the fore wing. It is restricted to Australia where it is represented by three genera, Alaothyris, Urancyla and Poecilocryptus . Very little is known about the biology of poecilocryptines, but the available records suggest the species all oviposit into nutritious plant tissue. It is possible that the larva is partially phytophagous, as it has rather massive mandibles (Short, 1978). 138 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLOWAY Key to genera of Poecilocryptini 1 Fore wing with areolet and 2r-m obliterated by fusion of Rs and M (Fig. 63); gaster strongly laterally compressed; ovipositor very long, at least 6-0 times length of hind tibia ALAOTHYRIS Gauld(p. 138) - Fore wing with areolet distinct, bounded internally by 2r-m (Fig. 5); gaster cylindrical or depressed ; ovipositor less than 5 -0 times length of hind tibia 2 2 Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ present; propodeal carinae vestigial dorsally; ovipositor strongly decurved (Fig. 64) URANCYLA Gauld(p. 141) - Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ absent; propodeum with at least some carinae dorsally; ovipositor more or less straight POECILOCRYPTUS Cameron (p. 139) ALAOTHYRIS Gauld Genus A; Gauld, 1983: 169. Alaothyris Gauld, 1984: 93. Type-species: Alaothyris elongissimus Gauld, by original designation. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 6 mm; clypeus small, flat, truncate; labrum moderately large, exposed; mandible quite short, tapered, twisted about 20 times, almost evenly bidentate; malar space slightly less than basal mandibular width. Occipital carina absent on dorsal part of head, ventrally joining hypostomal carina above base of mandible. Antenna long, not tapered. Mesoscutum polished, almost smooth; notaulus deep on anterior 0-2 of scutum, notaular crest occluding extreme anterior end; scutellum weakly convex, not laterally carinate; propodeum long, evenly rounded without carinae dorsally; propodeal spiracles circular; gaster inserted at end of short propodeal neck, above and far behind coxal insertion. Fore tibia with a small tooth on outer side; mid and hind coxae very elongate; tarsal claws simple. Fore wing with cu-a proximal to base of Rs&M ; 3r-m absent; Rs and M fused to obliterate areolet and 2r-m; 2m-cu with a single bulla. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Ct/i absent; basal cell slender; Sc bearing one hamulus. Gaster very long and slender, laterally compressed; tergite 1 slender, with spiracles a little behind centre; sternite 1 reaching far behind level of spiracles; tergites 2-3 with laterotergites folded under. Ovipositor very long and slender, projecting beyond apex of gaster by more than 6-0 times length of hind tibia; apex cylindrical. REMARKS. A very distinctive genus easily recognized by its slender facies and characteristic venation. The systematic position of this genus is questionable. The mandible and elongate structure suggest a relationship with the Labenini, but the position of the petiolar spiracle, venation and shape of propodeum suggest that it is perhaps more closely related to the Poecilocryptini, especially Poecilocryptus. Unlike the Labenini, Alaothyris does not have fine, file-like teeth on the ovipositor apex, nor apparently does it have a lobe at the base of the ovipositor sheath. A single species is known. Alaothyris elongissimus Gauld (Fig. 63) Alaothyris elongissimus Gauld, 1984: 94. Holotype 9, QUEENSLAND (ANIC) [examined]. Female. Lower face slightly elongate, with a pronounced central tubercle; eye surface finely pubescent; ocelli arranged in an equilateral triangle; flagellum with about 28 segments. Mesoscutum polished, impunctate; mesopleuron and metapleuron similarly smooth, epicnemial carina dorsally obsolescent; submetapleural carina broad anteriorly. Gaster highly polished. Coloration. Predominantly orange-brown species with flagellum, hind leg and gaster darker brown. Pterostigma brown, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female. REMARKS. The holotype and paratype emerged from the seeds ofAraucaria cunninghamii. What their host was is not known. Probably it will be found to be some seed-feeding beetle, but the possibility (given the semi-phytophagous tendencies of some labenines) that this is partially a seed-feeding ichneumonid cannot be ruled out. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, Queensland: Yarraman, vii.1969 (Heather) (ANIC). 1 O" (paratype), same data as holotype. AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 139 POECILOCR YPTUS Cameron Poecilocryptus Cameron, 1901: 527. Type-species: Poecilocryptus nigromaculatus Cameron, by mono- typy. Poecilopimpla Morley, 1914: 35, 36. [Unnecessary replacement name for Poecilocryptus Cameron.] [Homonym of Poecilopimpla Cameron, 1903.] Medium-sized species, fore wing length 6-10 mm; clypeus rather small, apically very thin, truncate; labrum small, exposed; mandible short, slightly twisted, strongly narrowed, bidenjtate; malar space shorter than basal mandibular width. Occipital carina dorsally absent; eye with a weak indentation opposite antennal socket. Antenna moderately long, clavate. Mesoscutum polished, virtually impunctate; notauli deep on anterior 0-2 of scutum, notaular crests strong. Propodeum abruptly rounded with spiracle oval; area superomedia large, quadrate, often confluent with area petiolaris; area externa not usually defined laterally; gaster inserted well above level of hind coxae. Fore tibia simple, its apex not bearing a long spine; tarsal claws large, simple, or in some species those of the anterior two pairs of legs basally lobate. Fore wing with cu-a slightly proximal to base of Rs&M\ 3r-m complete, enclosing a large, transverse pentagonal areolet; Im-cu with a single bulla, straight but inclivous. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cui absent; basal cell not exceptionally broad; Sc bearing about two hamuli. Gaster long, quite slender; tergite 1 slender, evenly broadened posteriorly with spiracles at or slightly behind centre, sternite reaching to spiracles, that of female bearing a pair of knob-like protuberances near anterior end. Ovipositor moderately long, projecting beyond apex of gaster by 2-8-3-3 times length of hind tibia, its apex cylindrical, with lower valve partially enclosing the upper, with an indistinct matt area laterally, the upper valve with weak dorsal teeth. REMARKS. Poecilocryptus is an endemic Australian genus with species widely distributed throughout the continent. They seem to be associated with a variety of galls on trees of the genera Eucalyptus and Acacia. Parrott (1954) recorded three species from Australia. In this work four species are recognized, two of which are described as new. One, P. galliphagus, has previously been incorrectly known as P. nigromacula- tus. In fact nigromaculatus is a senior synonym of P. stramineus. The relationships of the species. The four species may be placed in two species-groups, the nigromacula- tus-group (containing nigromaculatus and galliphagus) which is characterized by having acute lobes on the claws of the anterior two pairs of legs, and the nigripectus-group (containing nigripectus and coloratus) which has the first lateral area very reduced in size. Key to species of Poecilocryptus 1 Tergites 1 and 2 of gaster white ; alitrunk predominantly black , only pronotum and anterior parts of mesoscutum and mesopleuron orange coloratus sp. n. (p. 139) - Tergites 1 and 2 of gaster bright yellow, sometimes with black marks; alitrunk predominantly bright yellow with profuse black spots 2 Propodeum with area superomedia delineated posteriorly by a strong carina (Fig. 56) ; flagellum with a subapical pale mark; sternite 1 of gaster with weak antero-ventral sublateral keels; tergite 2 entirely yellow nigripectus Turner & Waterston(p. 140) - Propodeum with area superomedia not delineated posteriorly (Fig. 57); flagellum entirely black; sternite 1 of gaster with strong antero-ventral sublateral tubercles; tergite 2 always black-marked 3 3 Distal apex of hind femur black; ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 2-0-2-3 times length of hind tibia galliphagus sp. n.(p. 140) - Distal apex of hind femur yellow; ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 2-8-3-3 times length of hind tibia nigromaculatus Cameron(p. 141) Poecilocryptus coloratus sp. n. Female. Unknown. Male. Small species, fore wing length 4-5 mm. Hypostomal carina, above mandibular base, weakly raised. Metapleuron smooth and highly polished. Propodeal carinae quite weak; area superomedia not delineated by a carina posteriorly; lateral longitudinal carina present above spiracle; first lateral area quite small, less than the area of area dentipara. Fore wing with Rs between 2r-m and 3r-m distinctly shorter than length of 2r-m. Fore and mid tarsal claws simple. Gaster with sternite 1 simple. Coloration. Face whitish, head, pronotum and anterior parts of mesothorax orange. Remainder of alitrunk black. Gaster with tergites 1 and 2 white, 3 white with a central black mark, 4+ black with posterior and lateral margins broadly white. Flagellum black. Fore leg orange; mid leg with femur and 140 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLOW AY proximal segments white, tibia and tarsus blackish; hind leg black, femur proximally and distally slightly reddish orange. Pterostigma blackish, wings infumate. REMARKS. This small species is easily recognized by its atypical colour pattern. It is the only species in the genus that is not predominantly yellow. The propodeal carination is also quite distinctive. The simple tarsal claws and small first lateral area suggest P. color atus may be related to P. nigripectus . MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype cf , Tasmania: Coles Bay, ii-iii.19-- (TC). Paratypes. Tasmania: 3 cf , same data as holotype (BMNH, TC); 1 cf , Mt Barrow, 700 m, ii.19-- (TC). Poecilocryptus galliphagussp. n. [Poecilocryptus nigromaculatus Cameron; Parrott, 1954: 240. Misidentification.] Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 7-10 mm. Hypostomal carina, above mandibular base, moderately raised. Metapleuron smooth and highly polished. Propodeal carinae strong; area superomedia not delineated by a carina posteriorly; lateral longitudinal carina not complete above spiracle; first lateral area very large, more than twice the area of area dentipara. Fore wing with Rs between 2r-m and 3r-m about twice as long as length of 2r-m. Fore and mid tarsal claws with a well-developed acute basal lobe. Gaster with sternite 1 bearing a pair of antero-ventral sublateral tubercles. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 2-0-2-3 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. A bright yellow species with black marks on interocellar area, vertex behind ocelli, three longitudinal stripes on mesoscutum, anterior propodeal areae, anterior margin of all abdominal tergites, hind femur centrally and hind tibia distally. Flagellum and ovipositor sheath black. Distal tarsal segments slightly infuscate. Pterostigma dark brown, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female though slightly more slender, often with sternal tubercles very weak. REMARKS. This species is rather similar to P. nigromaculatus, with which it is frequently confused in collections. The two species may easily be separated by the characters given in the key. HOST RECORDS. This species has been reared from galls on Eucalyptus delegatensis and E. pauciflora. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $ , Victoria: Wiseleigh via Bruthen, ix.1962, ex eucalypt gall (Hobb) (NMV). Paratypes. Queensland: 1 $, no further data (Riek) (BMNH). New South Wales: 1 $, Dainer's Gap, xi.1972 (ANIC); 1 $, Deer Vale, i.1931 (Burns) (NMV); 1 cf , Mt Victoria, x.1930 (Burns) (NMV); 1 $, Sydney (Froggatt) (ANIC). Victoria: 2 $, Eildon area, ix.1959 (Irvine) (NMV); 2 $, Mt Pinniber, iv.1961 (Taylor) (ANIC); 1 $, Toolangi, xi.1982 (Farrugia) (BMNH); 3 $, Warrandyte, viii-x.1928 (Hill) (ANIC); 2 Cf, no further locality data (French) (BMNH). Tasmania: 3 $, Collinsvale, Fairy Glen, i-ii.1983 (Williams & Gauld) (BMNH). Poecilocryptus nigripectus Turner & Waterston (Fig. 56) Poecilocryptus nigripectus Turner & Waterston, 1920: 24. Holotype $, TASMANIA (BMNH) [examined]. Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 7-11 mm. Hypostomal carina, above mandibular base, strongly raised. Metapleuron with distinct longitudinal wrinkles, moderately polished. Propodeal carinae strong; area superomedia rectangular, delineated by a carina posteriorly; lateral longitudinal carina complete above spiracle; first lateral area not exceptionally large, of approximately the same area as area dentipara. Fore wing with Rs between 2r-m and 3r-m subequal to length of 2r-m. Fore and mid tarsal claws simple. Gaster with sternite 1 bearing a pair of weak antero-ventral sublateral keels. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 2-2-2-4 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. Bright yellow species with interocellar area, vertex behind eyes, posterior part of mesoscu- tum, anterior part of propodeum and metapleuron, anterior 0-7 of tergite 1, and most of tergites 3 and 6 black. Legs yellow, hind femur broadly black centrally, distal hind tarsal segment infuscate. Flagellum black, with a broad subapical yellowish white band. Pterostigma dark brown, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female but slightly more slender and with gastral tergites more coarsely punctate. REMARKS. This is a particularly characteristically patterned species. Structurally it is more similar to P. coloratus than it is to P. nigromaculatus, a species that it superficially resembles in ground-colour. AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 141 HOST RECORDS. In the BMNH is a specimen reared from anthribid galls. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $ , Tasmania: Mt Wellington (Turner) (BMNH). Queensland: 4 $ , Brisbane, ii.1969 (Campbell) (QM); 1 cf , Iron Range, v.1975 (Moulds) (AM); 1 $, no data (NMV). New South Wales: 1 cf, Bateman's Bay, x.1969 (Riek) (ANIC); 1 $> Bendigo (Froggatt) (ANIC). Australian Capital Territory: 2 $, Canberra, x.1930 (Bruce) (ANIC). Poecilocryptus nigromaculatus Cameron Poedlocryptus nigromaculatus Cameron, 1901: 528. LECTOTYPE $, AUSTRALIA (BMNH), here desig- nated [examined] . Poeciloeryptus (sic) nigro-maculatus Cameron; Cameron, 1911: 335. Poecilopimpla nigromaculata (Cameron) Morley, 1914: 36. Poecilopimpla nigromaculata var. straminea Morley, 1914: 36. Holotype $, NEW SOUTH WALES (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. Poecilocryptus stramineus (Morley) Parrott, 1954: 241. Poecilocryptus nigromaculatus Cameron; Townes et al. , 1961: 117. Female. Medium-sized species, fore wing length 6-10 mm. Hypostomal carina, above mandibular base, weakly raised. Metapleuron smooth and highly polished. Propodeal carinae strong; area superomedia not delineated by a carina posteriorly; lateral longitudinal carina absent above spiracle; first lateral area very large, more than twice the area of area dentipara. Fore wing with Rs between 2r-m and 3r-m about twice as long as length of 2r-m. Fore and mid tarsal claws with a well-developed acute basal lobe. Gaster with sternite 1 bearing a pair of antero-ventral sublateral tubercles. Ovipositor projecting beyond apex of gaster by 2-8-3-3 times length of hind tibia. Coloration. A bright yellow species with black marks on interocellar area, vertex behind ocelli, three longitudinal stripes on mesoscutum, anterior propodeal areae, anterior margin of all abdominal tergites and hind femur centrally. Flagellum and ovipositor sheath black. Distal hind tarsal segments strongly infuscate. Pterostigma dark brown, wings hyaline. Male. Similar to female though slightly more slender, often with sternal tubercles very weak. REMARKS. In the BMNH are two specimens labelled as 'Cameron types' of nigromaculatus. They are conspecific and one has been labelled and is here designated as lectotype. Morley (1914) clearly referred to the female that was reared by Froggatt as the 'typical' specimen, and this must be construed as a valid type restriction (Art. 73(a)(i) of the Code). Parrott (1954) was incorrect to refer to the male in Froggatt's collection as the holotype. The female holotype is a slightly undersized specimen, but clearly conspecific with nigromaculatus. P. nigromaculatus appears to be the sister-species of P. galliphagus. Both species have a well-developed basal lobe on the fore and mid tarsal claws and have the first lateral area of the propodeum greatly enlarged. P. nigromaculatus may be recognized by its elongate ovipositor and entirely yellow hind tibia. We have examined the differences between this species and galliphagus tabulated by Parrott (1954) and have found that only the ovipositor character holds up. We failed to find any difference in the ratio of interocellar to orbital-ocellar distance, and the range of numbers of flagellar segments for both species is very similar. Small specimens of either species have fewer flagellar segments than large individuals. The extent of the black banding on third to fifth gastral tergites is quite variable in both species. HOST RECORDS. P. nigromaculatus has been reared from anthribid and chalcid galls on Acacia longifolia, and eriococcid galls on Eucalyptus. MATERIAL EXAMINED Lectotype $ (nigromaculatus Cameron), 'Australia': no further data (BMNH). Paralectotype, 1 $, same data (BMNH). Holotype $ (nigromaculata var. straminea Morley), New South Wales: no further data (Froggatt) (BMNH). 'Australia': 1 $ (paralectotype of nigromaculatus) (BMNH). 38 $,34 cf, Queensland, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Tasmania (ANIC, BMNH, NMV). URANCYLA Gauld Genus U; Gauld, 1983: 169. Urancyla Gauld, 1984: 95. Type-species: Urancylafulva Gauld, by original designation. Medium-sized species; fore wing length 6 mm; clypeus flat, small, apically truncate with margin thin; 142 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLO WAY mandible strongly tapered, twisted and with upper tooth slightly the longer; malar space shorter than basal mandibular width. Occipital carina absent dorsally , ventrally joining hypostomal carina well above base of mandible. Antenna long, neither tapered nor clavate distally. Mesoscutum polished, punctate; notaulus present near front margin, with a small crest occluding extreme end; scutellum flat, without lateral carinae; propodeum evenly rounded with vestiges of carinae though areae superomedia and petiolaris are not defined; gaster inserted low on propodeum, near level of hind coxae. Fore tibia with a small tooth on outer side, femur with a weak longitudinal ventral furrow; tarsal claws of female with a basal lobe. Fore wing with cu-a subopposite Rs&M; 3r-m present, weakly pigmented, enclosing a small pentagonal areolet; 2m-cu with a single bulla. Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu\ present; first abscissa of Cu\ shorter than cu-a; basal cell moderately broad; Sc bearing one hamulus. Gaster moderately long, tergite 1 slender with spiracle slightly behind centre; tergites 2 and 3 with pendant laterotergites which are almost membranous. Ovipositor about as long as gaster, evenly decurved, apex simply acute with inconspicuous teeth and indistinct matt area laterally. Male. Unknown. REMARKS. In Townes' (1969) key to Labiinae this genus runs to the tribe Clasini but it does not appear to be related to the genera in this group. Clasines have a nodus on the ovipositor apex, long, simple claws and two bullae in 2m-cu. They also have no trace of a notaular crest. The twisted mandible and single bulla in 2m-cu are characters that Urancyla shares with Poecilocryptus and the two genera appear to be closely related. Urancyla fulva Gauld (Fig. 64) Urancyla fulva Gauld, 1984: 95. Holotype $, QUEENSLAND (TC) [examined]. Female. Lower face elongate, regularly punctate; frons polished and finely punctate; ocelli arranged in an equilateral triangle. Flagellum with 30 segments. Mesoscutum polished, regularly and finely punctate; mesopleuron highly polished, smooth, almost impunctate; metapleuron polished with scattered fine punctures; submetapleural carina moderately wide, evenly tapered anteriorly. Gaster highly polished, finely punctate. Coloration. Predominantly orange-brown species; face, upper orbits, genae, propleuron, anterior margin of pronotum, diagonal stripe across mesopleuron, fore coxa and trochanters and a stripe on mid coxa pale yellowish; flagellum, except centrally, scape and pedicel, frons centrally, vertex, interocellar area, occiput, mesoscutum and ovipositor sheath, pterostigma black. Male. Unknown. REMARKS. This species is known only from the holotype. MATERIAL EXAMINED Holotype $, Queensland: Brisbane, xi.1972 (Sedlacek) (TC). Acknowledgements We thank the curators of the institutions that kindly loaned us material, and the individuals who ran Malaise traps to secure additional specimens. 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A new genus and species of the tribe Labenini from Australia (Pimplinae: Ichneumonidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 79: 230-232. Schulz, W. A. 1906. Spolia Hymenopterologica. 356 pp. Paderborn. Short, J. T. R. 1978. Larvae of Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 25: 1-508. Smith, E. L. 1970. Evolutionary morphology of the external insect genitalia. 2 Hymenoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63: 1-27. Taylor, K. L. 1978. Evaluation of the insect parasitoids of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Tasmania. Oecologia 32: 1-10. Townes, H. 1969. Genera of Ichneumonidae 1. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 11: 1-300. Townes, H. & Townes, M. 1960. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 2, subfamilies Ephialtinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 216 (2): 1-676. Townes, H., Townes, M. & Gupta, V. K. 1961. A catalogue and reclassification of Indo- Australian Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 1: 1-522. Tryon, H. 1900. Caterpillar plague. Queensland Agricultural} 'ournal 6: 135-147. Turner, R. E. 1919. Notes on the Ichneumonidae in the British Museum 1 . Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 3: 550-558. Turner, R. E. & Waterston, J. 1920. A revision of the ichneumonid genera Labium Brulle and Poecilocryptus Cameron. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1920: 1-26. Viereck, H. L. 1914. Type species of the genera of ichneumon-flies. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 31: 1-186. Walsh, B. D. 1866. Borers. Practical Entomologist 1: 25-31. Wilson, F. 1960. A review of the biological control of insects and weeds in Australia and Australian New Guinea. Technical Communication of the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control 1: 1-102. I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLOWAY 14 Figs 1-14 1, 2, face of (1) Labium sp.; (2) Labena sp. 3, fore wing of Labena sp. 4, base of ovipositor sheath, Certonotus nitidulus. 5, 6, fore wings of (5) Urancyla fulva; (6) Adelphion sp. 7, fore leg of Labena sp. 8-10, gonosquama of (8) Labena annulata; (9) L. keira; (10) L. pudenda. 11, 12, hind wings of (11) L. annulata; (12) L. fce/ra. 13, 14, tergite 2 of (13) L. annulata; (14) L. chadwickii. AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI Figs 15-33 15, 16, end of gaster of (15) Labena grandis; (16) L. malecasta. 17, 18, mid tibia of (17) L. jacunda; (18) L. keira. 19, 20, propodeum of (19) L. keira; (20) L. pudenda. 21, apex of ovipositor, L. pudenda. 22-24, pro- and mesoscutum of (22) Certonotus rufescens; (23) C. apicalis; (24) C. humeralifer. 25, 26, face of (25) C. rufescens; (26) C. humeralifer. 27-29, propodeum of (27) C. humeralifer; (28) C. annulatus; (29) C. andrewi. 30, 31, areolet of fore wing of (30) C. humeralifer, (31) C. annulatus. 32, 33, propodeum of (32) C. geniculatus; (33) C. nitidulus. 146 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLOWAY Figs 34-49 34, subalar prominence of Certonotus talus. 35-37, end of gaster of (35) C. talus; (36) C. sisyphus; (37) C. cestus. 38, 39, mouthparts and back of head of (38) C. monticola; (39) C. sisyphus. 40, 41, dorsal view of propodeum of (40) C. sisyphus; (41) C. avitus. 42, 43, lateral view of propodeum of (42) C. avitus; (43) C. cestus. 44, 45, propodeum and tergite 1 of (44) C. celeus; (45) C. pineus. 46, 47, alitrunk of (46) C. pineus; (47) C. mogimbensis. 48, 49, propodeum of (48) Certonotus sp. A; (49) C. leeuwinensis. AUSTRALIAN LABENINI & POECILOCRYPTINI 147 Figs 50-64 50, 51, end of gaster of (50) Certonotus sp. A; (51) C. zebrus. 52, 53, head of (52) C. leeuwinensis; (53) C. zebrus. 54, 55, hind coxa of (54) C. paluma; (55) C. ixion. 56, 57, propodeum of (56) Poecilocryptus nigripectus; (57) P. nigromaculatus . 58-62, body in profile to show colour pattern of (58) Certonotus farrugiai; (59) C. zebrus; (60) C. toolangi; (61) C. ixion; (62) C. paluma. 63, fore wing of Alaothyris elongissimus . 64, alitrunk and gaster of Urancylafulva. 148 I. D. GAULD & G. A. HOLLO WAY •H 0) CO •8 0) 00 4,5 10 7,8 Fig. 65 Cladogram showing putative phylogenetic relationship of Australian species of Labena. (Note. The holophyly of this grouping vis a vis the Neotropical species has not been established.) The apomorphic features supporting this cladogram are: 1 , mesopleuron smooth; 2, ring of long hairs around apex of gonosquama; 3, apex of fore wing infumate; 4, apex of gonosquama indented; 5, apex of ovipositor with coarse teeth; 6, fore tibia slender; 7, vein Cu\ incomplete in hind wing; 8, flagellum with apical white band; 9, gaster closely punctate; 10, mesoscutum striate. Acacia longifolia 141 Buprestidae 114, 124 Cerambycidae 113 Diadoxus sp. 124 INDEX Index to hosts Host plants, as well as host insects, are included in this index. Ethon affine 114 Eucalyptus 141 Eucalyptus delegatensis 140 Eucalyptus pauciflora 140 Pinusradiata 114 Sirex noctilio 131 Sirexsp. 114,132 Siricidae 131 Ur acanthus strigosus 113 149 Index to Ichneumonidae Invalid names are in italics; principal references are in bold. Alaothyris 109, 138 andrewi 108, 119, 121 annulata 109, 112, 113 apicalis 108, 119, 122 Asperellus 108, 117 avitus 108, 120, 123 celeus 108, 120, 123 Certonotus 108, 111,117 cestus 108, 120, 123 chadwickii 109, 112, 113 coloratus 109, 139 elongissimus 109, 138 farrugiai 108, 120, 126 fulva 109, 142 galliphagus 109, 139, 140 geniculatus 108, 119, 124 grandis!09, 112, 114 hinnuleus 108, 120, 126 humeralifer 108, 119, 127 ixion 108, 121, 128 jacunda 109, 112, 115 keira 109, 112, 115 Labena 109, 111, 112 Labeninae 108, 109, 110 Labenini 108, 109, 110, 111 leeuwinensis 108, 120, 128 malecasta 109, 112, 116 mogimbensis 108, 120, 129 monticola 108, 119, 130 nigripectus 109, 139, 140 nigromaculatus 109, 139, 141 nitidulus 108, 119, 131 paluma 108, 121,132 pineus 108, 120, 132 Poecilocryptini 108, 109, 137, 138 Poecilocryptus 109, 138, 139 pudenda 109, 113, 117 rufescens 108, 119, 133 sisyphus 108, 120, 134 species A 109, 120, 137 straminea 109, 141 talus 108, 119, 121,135 tasmanienis 108, 131 toolangi 109, 121, 136 Uraneyla 109, 138, 141 zebrus 109, 120, 136 /. D. Gauld In the important field of biological and integrated control of pests the parasitic Hymenoptera are of particular significance, and this work considers one of the largest families of Parasitica, the Ichneumonidae. The group has received little attention in Australia - though it has already been utilized successfully in curtailing the ravages caused by accidentally introduced pests. For selective control programmes to be effective, however, a sound knowledge of the biology of both the pest and its parasites is essential - and a sound taxonomic base is vital for the development of such knowledge. Ironically, considering the group's economic importance, the parasitic Hymenoptera are amongst the least studied of any group of living organisms, and taxonomic difficulties have presented major problems to many entomologists working with the Parasitica. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia will go a long way towards rectifying this situation, being a taxonomic treatment, by genus, of the Australian ichneumonids, a comprehensive illustrated identification guide, and a summary of all available information on the group. It will also serve as an introduction to the biology and distribution of Australian ichneumonids, and provide a check-list of the described species and an index to their known hosts. It provides an important revision of ichneumonid nomenclature in order to bring the group into line with the generally accepted principles of zoological nomenclature. 1984, 413pp, 3 maps, 580 figs. Paperback. 0 565 008% X £40.00 Titles to be published in Volume 53 A review of the Miletini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) By J.N.Eliot Australian ichneumonids of the tribes Labenini and Poecilocryptini By I. D. Gauld & G. A. Holloway The tribe Pseudophloeini (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in the Old World tropics with a discussion on the distribution of the Pseudophloeinae By W. R. Dolling The songs of the western European grasshoppers of the genus Omocestusin relation to their taxonomy (Orthoptera: Acrididae) ByD.R. Ragge Photoset by Rowland Phototypesetting Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd, Dorchester :i98< r Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) The tribe Pseudophloeini (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in the Old World tropics with a discussion on the distribution of the Pseudophloeinae W. R. Dolling Entomology series Vol53 No 3 30 October 1986 The Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), instituted in 1949, is issued in four scientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology (incorporating Mineralogy) and Zoology, and an Historical series. Papers in the Bulletin are primarily the results of research carried out on the unique and ever-growing collections of the Museum, both by the scientific staff of the Museum and by specialists from elsewhere who make use of the Museum's resources. Many of the papers are works of reference that will remain indispensable for years to come. Parts are published at irregular intervals as they become ready, each is complete in itself, available separately, and individually priced. Volumes contain about 300 pages and several volumes may appear within a calendar year. Subscriptions may be placed for one or more of the series on either an Annual or Per Volume basis. Prices vary according to the contents of the individual parts. Orders and enquiries should be sent to: Publications Sales, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW75BD, England. World List abbreviation: Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) © Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1986 The Entomology series is produced under the general editorship of the Keeper of Entomology: Laurence A. Mound Assistant EiJi ISBN 0 565 06021 X ISSN 0524-6431 British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road London SW75BD Entomology series Vol 53 No 3 pp 151-212 Issued 30 October 1986 ,AL nia The tribe Pseudophloeini (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in the Old World tropics with a discussion on the distribution of the Pseudophloeinae W. R. Dolling Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD Contents Synopsis 151 Introduction 151 Diagnosis of Pseudophloeinae and its division into tribes 152 Rejected genera 154 Abbreviations of depositories 155 Terminology and measurements 155 Key to the genera of Pseudophloeini found in the Old World tropics 156 Risbecocoris Izzard 156 HoplolomiaS&l 161 Indolomia gen. n 163 Paramyla Linnavuori 165 Psilolomia Breddin 168 Pungragen.n 179 Pseudomyla gen. n 180 Neomevaniomorpha gen. n 183 Mevaniomorpha Reuter 185 Mevanidea Reuter 187 Arenocoris Hahn 191 A/v/flStal 193 Distribution of Pseudophloeinae 205 Acknowledgements 209 References 209 Index 212 Synopsis The major morphological features of the Pseudophloeini are outlined and their bearing on the classifica- tion of the tribe is discussed. Twelve genera and 43 species are recognized in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia; descriptions and keys for their separation are provided. Four genera and 16 species are described as new. Three new synonymies are established at the genus-level and four at the species-level; 10 new combinations are established; two 'forms' are raised to the status of species and nine lectotypes are designated. Introduction Plant-feeding bugs of the family Coreidae are characteristic inhabitants of the herb and shrub layers of tropical and, to a lesser extent, of temperate ecosystems. They are frequently encountered in surveys of crop pests, since most of the world's tropical crops are herbs or shrubs, and are usually represented in collections made during ecological studies in the tropics. Most of the literature available for the identification of Coreidae is out of date, fragmentary or lacks identification keys. Pseudophloeinae may be recognized, with a little practice, by their general habitus and size, and by the absence of a dorsal sulcus on the tibiae; other groups of Coreoidea lacking tibial sulci Bull. Br. Mus. not. Hist. (Ent.) 53 (3): 151-212 30 October 1986 152 W. R. DOLLING - Alydidae, Rhopalidae, Stenocephalidae and the coreid subfamily Hydarinae - are unlikely to be mistaken for Pseudophloeinae because they are all of characteristic appearance. Coreinae similar in size and build to Pseudophloeinae all have very distinct tibial sulci. Twenty-eight valid genera and 166 species of Pseudophloeinae have been described. Most of the species are 7-10 mm in length; a species of typical appearance is illustrated in Fig. 1. The food plants of all species of the subfamily, where known, are herbaceous legumes (Fabaceae). Host plant records for the tropical Pseudophloeini are very scarce, as are other details of their biology. There is only a single, New World, species of the subfamily in which facultative brachyptery is known; all other species are fully macropterous. Flight, therefore, is probably important, yet there are very few records of them being caught in light traps, interception traps or yellow trays; presumably they fly only rarely and then not far. Most species have rather restricted ranges and only one is recorded from oceanic islands. Tropical-crop entomologists and collectors in Europe report them to move sluggishly even when disturbed and to be reluctant to fly. The typical habitats of Pseudophloeinae reflect those of their host plants: open woodlands and grasslands with scattered trees; a few species have penetrated drier grasslands on the one hand and forest clearings on the other, but deserts and dense forests, to judge from the distribution patterns of the tropical species, are impenetrable barriers to most of them. Several species are restricted to high altitudes, suggesting that low temperatures are not barriers to dispersal in the long term, a reasonable supposition in view of the richness of the Palaearctic pseudophloeine fauna. The subfamily is represented in almost all parts of the major land masses except for non-tropical Australia. Recent revisions by Froeschner (1963), Dolling (1977) and Dolling & Yonke (1976) enable the Nearctic and Neotropical species to be identified. Most Palaearctic species are covered by the keys of Stichel (1960), which should be used in conjunction with the notes of Chernova (1979). The largest Palaearctic genus, Coriomeris Westwood, was revised by Chernova (1978). A new Palaearctic species of Microtelocerus Reuter was described from Sinai by Dolling (19796) and a new genus with a single new species was added by Puchkov (1979). The tribe Clavigrallini, which is confined to the Old World tropics and contains a number of pest species, has been monographed by Dolling (1978: 1979a). The present revision covers all of the genera of Pseudophloeinae not treated in the above works. Diagnosis of Pseudophloeinae and its division into tribes Stal's original (1868: 535) diagnosis of Pseudophloeinae mentioned only the presence of an antevannal vein. Later (1873: 33-34), he mentioned also the broad cells at the base of the hemelytral membrane, the form of the metathoracic scent-gland auricle, the lack of a median dorsal impression on the head, the prominent and gently declivent tylus and juga, the prominent posterior angles of the seventh abdominal segment in both sexes, and the non-sulcate tibiae. Dolling (1978: 282) gave a fuller diagnosis, adding mention of the outer apical processes of the antennifers and several features of the genitalia. The antevannal vein is not present in five genera: the Neotropical Vilga Stal; the Oriental Hoplolomia Stal and Indolomia gen. n., the Afrotropical Paramyla Linnavuori and the Afro- Asian Risbecocoris Izzard. All five of these genera accord well with the revised diagnosis of the subfamily and there seems no reason to exclude them from it because of the absence of this single character; in fact, Stal (1873) included Hoplolomia in Pseudophloeinae, presumably on the basis of other features and in ignorance of the venation of the hind wing. The tribe Clavigrallini was erected (as division Clavigrallaria) by Stal (1873: 81) in a key to the African and Asian genera of the subfamily. It was characterized by him as having the scutellum convex, the base of the posterior femur devoid of the small tubercle which is present in many genera of Pseudophloeinae, the body compressed laterally, the male genital capsule not biemarginate posteriorly, the propleuron emarginate on its posterior margin near the postero- dorsal angle, the second antennal segment equalling or exceeding the third in length and the prescutellar angles of the pronotum armed with a spine. The first couplet of Stal's key contrasted Mevania Stal, My la Stal and Hoplolomia with the 'Clavigrallaria', uniting these three non- TRIBE PSEUDOPHLOEINI 153 Fig. 1 Psilolomia pundaloyae , dorsal view of male . 154 W. R. DOLLING clavigralline genera on the basis of their common possession of a flat or almost flat scutellum, a tubercle at the base of the posterior femur, the posteriorly biemarginate genital capsule with the emargination filled by the apices of the parameres, the posterior tibia not or slightly shorter than the femur and the second antennal segment shorter than the third. Although Stal did not formally diagnose or name a 'division Pseudophloearia' to contrast with his 'Clavigrallaria', his recognition of the latter implies the existence of the nominate tribe. An additional feature, both universal among Clavigrallini and restricted to them, is the presence of a pair of small tubercles at the base of the mesoscutellum adjacent to the posterior margin of the pronotum. In a few Clavigrallini, the second antennal segment is shorter than the third, or the scutellum is flat, or the genital capsule is biemarginate posteriorly, or the posterior tibiae are subequal in length to the femora, or the body is depressed rather than compressed. The emargination of the propleuron, the absence of a femoral tubercle and the presence of the basal tubercles of the scutellum are constant features of the tribe, as is the presence of an antevannal vein. Among the non-clavigralline genera, the scutellum is occasionally convex and the propleuron emarginate (both conditions well developed in Vilga westwoodi (Kolenati)). The tubercle at the base of the femur is absent in Risbecocoris and Vilga. No further tribes have been described, so the subfamily at present comprises the Clavigrallini and the nominate tribe, Pseudophloeini. The unique characters of the Clavigrallini are probably apomorphies within Pseudophloeinae while those of Pseudophloeini are, in general, plesiomor- phies. Both the presence of the basal tubercle of the posterior femur and the presence of the antevannal vein of the metathoracic wing are probably apomorphies within the subfamily (though it is interesting to note that the genus Spathocera Stein, in the Coreinae, has an antevannal vein, and a group of genera including Riptortus Stal, in the Alydinae, have a femoral tubercle). Pseudophloeinae can, therefore, be divided into four unequal groups (Table 1): Vilga and Risbecocoris, lacking both vein and tubercle; Paramyla, Hoplolomia and Indolomia, lacking the vein but possessing the tubercle; Clavigrallini, possessing the vein but lacking the tubercle; and all the remaining genera, possessing both vein and tubercle. Assuming that the lack of both vein and tubercle is primitive, a possible interpretation of the phylogeny of the Pseudophloeinae is that Clavigrallini and most Pseudophloeini are united by descent from a common ancestor that had no femoral tubercle but had acquired an antevannal vein; from this stock developed two lines: on the one hand Clavigrallini and on the other all those genera with both a femoral tubercle and an antevannal vein. On this interpretation, Paramyla, Hoplolomia and Indolomia would have acquired their femoral tubercles independently of most Pseudo- phloeini; alternatively, these three genera may have secondarily lost their antevannal veins. Recently, Stys (1978) suggested that the antevannal vein was primitively present in the common ancestor of all Coreidae. This interpretation is rejected here because it would involve recogni- tion of a group comprising the genera Vilga, Risbecocoris, Paramyla, Hoplolomia and Indolo- mia sharing the apomorphy of the loss of this vein. This group, based on a loss character that unites these five morphologically diverse and geographically widely dispersed genera, is unlikely to have any phyletic validity. A classification that reflected the most probable phylogeny of the subfamily would require the erection of two or three additional tribes to accommodate Vilga, Risbecocoris and, possibly, Paramyla plus Hoplolomia plus Indolomia. An assumption of independent acquisition of the antevannal vein by Clavigrallini and the main group of Pseudophloeini would require separate tribes for Vilga and Risbecocoris but not the other three of these genera. In the present work such new tribes are not erected. The subfamily Pseudophloeinae and the tribe Clavigrallini are both believed to be holophyletic in composition, leaving the nominate tribe paraphyletic. Rejected genera Four genera represented in the geographical area covered by the present revision were originally described in Pseudophloeinae or associated with genera that belong in the subfamily. Brotheolus Bergroth (1908: 107) is a replacement name for the preoccupied Brotheus Distant TRIBE PSEUDOPHLOEINI 155 (19020: 248) which was placed by Distant (p. 246) in Pseudophloeinae. It was transferred to Coreinae: Gonocerini by Dolling (19796: 97). Trallianus Distant (19026: 404-405) was originally placed in Pseudophloeinae but was transferred to Coreidae: Gonocerini by Dolling (19796: 97). Cristovallia Distant (1920: 149-150) was said by its author to have 'affinity with the genera Clavigralla and Ceraleptus' (both Pseudophloeinae). Brown (1958: 514) synonymized its type-species, C. typica Distant, with Amblypelta bilineata Stal in Coreinae: Dasynini. Austrocoris Hsiao (1965: 426) was described in Pseudophloeinae. Later, Hsiao (1977: 253) synonymized it with Chariesterus Laporte but placed the latter genus in Pseudophloeinae. Its correct position is in Coreinae: Chariesterini. Abbreviations of depositories Specimens mentioned in the text are held in a number of different depositories; the addresses of 20 of these have been abbreviated as follows. AMNH American Museum of Natural History , New York , U . S . A . BMNH British Museum (Natural History), London, U.K. BPBM Bernice P . Bishop Museum , Honolulu , Hawaii , U . S . A . CAS California Academy of Sciences , San Francisco , U . S . A . IAR Institute of Agricultural Research, Samaru, Nigeria IP Institut f iir Pflanzenschutzforschung , Eberswalde , D . D . R . IRSNB Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Brussels, Belgium IZ Institute of Zoology , Academy of Sciences , Leningrad , U . S . S . R . IZPAN Institut Zoologiczny, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warsaw, Poland MNHN Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France MNHU Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat , Berlin , D . D . R . MRAC Musee Royal de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium NMB National Museum, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe NMP Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa NMV Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria NR Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden TM Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa UG University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana UM University Museum, Oxford, U.K. ZMU Zoological Museum of the University, Helsinki , Finland Terminology and measurements Antennal and rostral segments are numbered I to IV starting with the segment attached to the body. The term 'rostral' is used in preference to 'labial' because the base of the first segment of the labium is usually obscured; the first segment of the rostrum is arbitrarily taken to commence at the base of the labrum, which is almost always visible. Measurement of antennal segments excludes the narrow, unsculptured bases of segments I, II and III and the small ring-segment between HI and IV. Ranges of measurements are given where this procedure seems useful (it is not used in the case of ratios of lengths of rostral and antennal segments, where it would be too cumbersome and would be of minimal use in identifying species). Means were calculated during the preparation of this revision but were discarded: because of the unequal representation of different populations in the samples available it was felt that they would be unhelpful and possibly misleading. Surprisingly often, means were found to fall almost exactly half-way between the extremes of the ranges cited. The reliability of the range of measurements of any species as a guide to what might be encountered by the reader in examining his own material will depend largely on the number of specimens examined by the author and the number of localities from which they were collected; this information is given under the heading 'Material examined' for each species. It should be borne in mind that the antennae of these insects are fragile and that the figures given for the ratios of the lengths of the antennal segments are in all likelihood based on progressively fewer specimens as one proceeds towards the distal end of the antenna. The 156 W. R. DOLLING term 'posterior' as applied to angles and spines of the pronotum is avoided in favour of the unambiguous terms 'posterolateral' and 'prescutellar' ; the former usually project laterally or anterolaterally from the sides of the body while the latter are situated, if they are present at all, on the posterior margin of the pronotum close to the lateral angles of the scutellum and project posteriorly. Detailed descriptions of the body sculpture, pubescence and colour are usually given either under the description of the genus or under the description of one species of each genus that typifies the condition of these characters throughout the genus, and only deviations from this pattern, if they occur, are given for the other species. In descriptions of sculpture, the term 'granule' is applied to projections that are no higher than their width and 'tubercle' applies to projections longer than this; on the femora, there is a continuous gradation from granules through tubercles to small spines; all of these structures are probably derived from enlarged hair bases that, in the case of spines, have either lost the hair completely or have its insertion displaced from the apex of the setiferous tubercle. Key to the genera of Pseudophloeini found in the Old World tropics 1 Posterior femur without tubercle adjacent to base of trochanter. Appearance characteristic (Fig. 2) RISBECOCORIS(p. 156) - Posterior femur with tubercle adjacent to base of trochanter, rarely obsolete and insect then of general appearance of Fig. 1 2 Antennal segment II less than one-third as long as segment III ARENOCORIS(p. 191) - Antennal segment II more than half as long as segment III 3 3 Posterior margin of pronotum with a pair of spines projecting backwards over bases of clavi at rest (Figs 20, 25, 77) 4 - Posterior margin of pronotum smooth or at most with a few , low tubercles or granules 5 4 Head dorsally and pronotum laterally with long spines; antennal segment I strongly clavate, with many long spines and tubercles (Fig. 77) MEVANIDEA(p. 187) - Head, pronotum and antennae without spines PARAMYLA (p. 165) 5 Main pubescence of body and hemelytra of short , decumbent , scale-like hairs (Figs 97 , 98) 6 - Main pubescence of body and hemelytra of longer , erect or suberect , bristle-like hairs 8 6 Male with apical tooth of paramere upcurved, apex of paramere not filling posterior emargina- tion of genital capsule (Fig. 96). (Africa) MYLA(p. 193) - Male with parameres club-shaped, apical tooth short and not curved, apex of paramere filling posterior emargination of genital capsule (as in Fig. 21) . (Asia) 7 7 Pronotum with posterolateral angles strongly produced anterolaterally (Figs 63, 64). PSEUDOMYLA(p. 180) - Pronotum with posterolateral angles slightly prominent (Fig. 58) PUNGRA (p. 179) 8 Abdominal sternites III to VII with posterolateral angles right-angled or acute, not projecting as triangular teeth (maximum degree of serration as in Fig. 42) PSILOLOMIA (p. 168) - Abdominal sternites III to VII produced into triangular teeth, making outline of abdomen coarsely serrate (Figs 13,19) 9 Antevannal vein present in metathoracic wing. (Africa) 10 - Antevannal vein absent from metathoracic wing. (Asia) 11 10 Scutellum terminating apically in a small, elevated, white blob MEVANIOMORPHA (p. 185) - Scutellar apex pointed, neither elevated nor white NEOMEVANIOMORPHA (p. 183) 11 Pronotum (Fig. 12) coarsely granulate-tuberculate, posterolateral spines arising abruptly from posterolateral angles HOPLOLOMIA(p. 161) - Pronotum (Fig. 18) finely granulate-tuberculate, posterolateral angles tapering smoothly into posterolateral spines INDOLOMIA(p. 163) RISBECOCORIS Izzard Risbecocoris Izzard, 1949: 478-479. Type-species: Risbecocoris tomentosus Izzard, by original designation. Body rather elongate, about 2-5-3-0 times as long as broad, strongly depressed. Connexivum moderately expanded. Head about as long as pronotum, strongly convex; eyes small, prominent; ocelli dorsally obscured by pads of tomentose pubescence; dorsum of head strongly granulate and, at level of base of antennifers, with a pair of prominent setiferous tubercles; each antennifer laterally with two or three similar tubercles and a TRIBE PSEUDOPHLOEINI 157 broad, weakly deflexed and ventrally incurved apical process. Antennal segment I varying in length from about four- fifths to almost equal to head width including eyes, with long, outstanding tubercles, cylindrical through most of its length but narrowed gradually towards base in proximal one-quarter; segments II and III distinctly more slender than I, tuberculate, II shorter than I, III longest of all; IV shortest, slightly thicker than II or III, elongate fusiform, specialized sensory area occupying its apical two-thirds. Bucculae occupying about one-half of ventral midline of head. Rostrum at rest reaching to posterior margin of mesosternum, segments I and II subequal, HI about half as long as I and IV about two-thirds as long as I. Posterior half of head with two rows of tubercles flanking rostrum, in line with bucculae. Pronotum shallowly declivent, granulate, posterior margin straight, prescutellar spines absent, postero- lateral angles weakly elevated, lateral margins almost straight, with five long, laterally directed spines. Scutellum about 1-2 times as long as its basal width, almost flat, apex pointed. Mesosternum deeply sulcate longitudinally. Metasternum convex with fine, median, longitudinal groove. Metathoracic scent-gland peritreme with dorsal ridge modified into a short, spout-like structure, circular in outline and completely surrounding orifice (Fig. 4). Corium with costal margin convex, apical margin weakly convex, all veins very strongly prominent; membrane of hemelytron with venation reticulate, prominent. Metathoracic wing (Fig. 5) with subcosta free in apical two-thirds, antevannal vein absent. Femora and tibiae with rows of prominent tubercles or granules; posterior femur without subapical spines but with one or two small tubercles in this position and no apical series; base of femur adjacent to trochanter lacking a tubercle. Abdominal sternites III-VII with posterolateral angles produced into progressively longer spines, lateral margins of sternites and spines bearing prominent granules and tubercles. Abdominal spiracles situated very close to lateral margins of sternites, prominent. Male genital capsule (Figs 9-11) broadly emarginate posteriorly, emargination filled by apices of parameres. Phallotheca with a ventral sclerite, produced dorsolaterally, and two rather broad dorsal longitudinal sclerites. Conjunctive with median dorsal and ventral lobes, distal and apical lobes various. Vesica short, not protected by any basal sclerites, wings of ejaculatory reservoir complex articulating with broad, distal dorsolateral sclerites. Spermathecal duct short, almost straight except for one sharp bend; bulb narrowly lunate. Anus of female directed ventrally. Dense, off-white, tomentose pubescence present on head, pronotum, scutellum, clavus, corium, connexivum, underside, antennae up to and including base of segment IV and legs up to and including bases of tibiae. Erect hairs of body and of first one or two antennal segments very long and curved, remaining parts of antennae and other appendages with shorter, straight, erect hairs. REMARKS. All species of this genus have a very distinctive appearance (Fig. 2) by virtue of their long, dense pubescence and long, lateral pronotal spines. Reticulate venation of the forewing membrane is characteris- tic of ground-dwelling Coreidae. The distally free subcosta in the metathoracic wing is unique in the family. The features that give the insects of this genus their remarkable appearance have probably arisen in response to the demands of what is, for a coreid, an unusually arid habitat. DISTRIBUTION. All records come from a belt of semi-arid terrain stretching across Africa from Senegal to Kenya and thence into the Indian Desert. Key to species 1 Larger, length of male 7-2 mm or more, of female 7-7 mm or more; antennal segment III about 1-3 times as long as segment I. (Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, Chad) numidianus(p. 160) - Smaller, length of male 7-1 mm or less, of female 7-6 mm or less; antennal segment III between 1 • 1 and 1-2 times as long as segment 1 2 2 Posterior femur with low granules on dorsal surface. (Niger) airensis(p. 159) - Posterior femur with outstanding tubercles on dorsal surf ace 3 3 Spines of posterolateral angles of abdominal segments with weak sigmoid curvature, those of segment VII apically divergent. (Pakistan) quadrocephalus(p. 161) - Spines of posterolateral angles of abdominal segments with stronger sigmoid curvature , those of segment VII apically convergent 4 4 Larger,lengthofmale6-7-7-lmm,offemale7-l-7-6mm. (Senegal) tomentosus(p. 157) - Smaller, length of female 6-4-6-7 mm, male unknown. (India) delhiensis(p. 160) Risbecocoris tomentosus Izzard (Figs 5-11) Risbecocoris tomentosus Izzard, 1949: 479-480, pi. 7. Holotype cf , SENEGAL (BMNH) [examined]. 158 W. R. DOLLING Figs 2-11 Risbecocoris species. 2, 3, numidianus: (2) dorsal view; (3) apical view of conjunctiva and vesica. 4, quadrocephalus , left metapleuron and surrounding area, showing scent-gland peritreme. 5-11, tomentosus: (5) metathoracicwing; (6) dorsal view of conjunctiva and vesica; (7) apical view of same; (8) ventral view of same; (9) posterior view of male genital capsule with parameres; (10) dorsal view of same; (11) lateral view of same. TRIBE PSEUDOPHLOEINI 159 Length: