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Wes ty S Amy r A * “ A ba eta | ve =, >, ah me ; $e Bax ae | ie, ‘ Ack Me Pek ri _ . = 1 = \ , j , ea Ae : “i : ¥ Pade e a2 =F ut ei : 4 a oo 7 y aire! | hres wr ih eke he ee ran > te ee * - \ “a i : h ‘ = ‘ => y ts oe . aa, Tri ro PS oh) alee Am E f A Mac ; ig: Sgr Spa AY 7 } : aD 2 es Ta an) a | pe Boek Ba: 4 eh oe Mr Heer Ess Besa etn ne em gue x 2 i ; 7 ) _ 4 : > A poy : ; ; 2 Oca oy es eee? a ee & * BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB. 3 EDITED BY S a) ay una, piste’ «Carr. C. H. B. GRANT. VOLUME LVI. SESSION 19385-19836. EON DON: H. F.& G, WITHERBY, 326 HIGH HOLBORN, W.C, 2. 1936, PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, LTD., RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE, +} THE number of attendances during the past Session was :— 377 members, 39 members of the B. O. U., and 134 guests— a total of 550. Mr. G. M. Mathews, Chairman of the Club, gave his annual address at the December Meeting, dealing with general matters and a Regional Review from October 1934 to October 1935. He also showed drawings and made some remarks on the Ossification of certain Tendons in the Patagial Fan of Tubinares. Among the many interesting communications and exhibits given during the Session were—Mr. D. A. Bannerman’s new records of birds from West Africa; Mr. G. L. Bates’ note on the occurrence of Accipiter brevipes in Arabia ; Mr. P. F. Bunyard’s remarks on the nesting of Pied Wagtails in glass-houses ; Mr. G. Harrison’s remarks on and exhibition of Cowbirds’ eggs; the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain’s remarks on the Herring and Lesser Black Gulls; Mr. N. B. Kinnear’s exhibition of a drawing of an extinct flightless Duck ; Dr. G. Carmichael Low’s description of his tour round the world ; Dr. P. R. Lowe’s remarks on an influx of Jays into Hampshire ; Mr.J.D.Macdonald’s remarks on and exhibition of the webbed feet of Redshanks; Dr. P. H. Manson-Bahr’s remarks on Birds of Paradise ; Col. R. Meinertzhagen’s remarks on the Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls ; and Mr. H. Whistler’s record of the Subalpine Warbler from Ross-shire. Films and slides were shown by—Mr. W. B. Alexander, slides of the work at the bird observatory, Isle of May ; Mr. E.C. Stuart Baker, slides of Finland and Lapland ; Major R. S. P. Bates, slides of the bird-life of Kashmir; the Hon. Anthony Chaplin, a film of a voyage to various parts of the world ; Mr. H, A. Gilbert, slides on the working of a Duck decoy ; aR IV Mr. C. Horton-Smith, a film of some birds in flight; Dr. Kenneth Morris, a film of the nesting of the Hobby and Golden Oriole ; Capt. H. M. Salmon, slides of the Manx Shearwater ; Mr. I. M. Thomson, slides of various birds ; Mr. B. W. Tucker, slides of South Spain; and Mr. G. M. Turner, a film of the birds of Stewart Island, New Zealand. New forms were described by—Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker, Mr. G. L. Bates, Mr. C. W. Benson, Mr. E. G. Bird, Mr. N. B. Kinnear, Admiral H. Lynes, Mr. G. M. Mathews, Dr. Finn Salomonsen, Messrs. W. L. Sclater and R. E. Moreau, and Mr. C. M. N. White. The Club entertained as distinguished guests—The Hon. Anthony Chaplin, Mr. and Mrs. C. Horton-Smith, Dr. Kenneth Morris, and Mr. George M. Turner. CLAUDE H. B. GRANT, Editor. London, July 1936. BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB. (FounpED OctToBER 5, 1892.) i TITLE AND OBJECTS. The objects of the Club, which shall be called the “ British Ornithologists’ Club,” are the promotion of social intercourse between Members of the British Ornithologists’ Union and to facilitate the publication of scientific infor- mation connected with ornithology. RULES. (As amended, October 9, 1935.) MANAGEMENT. I. The affairs of the Club shall be managed by a Committee, to consist of a Chairman, who shall be elected for three years, at the end of which period he shall not be eligible for re-election for the next term; a Vice-Chairman, who shall serve for one year, and who shall not be eligible for the next year; an HKditor of the ‘ Bulletin,’ who shall be elected for five years, at the end of which period he shall not be eligible for re-election for the next term ; a Secretary and a Treasurer, who shall each be elected for a term of one year, but who shall be eligible for re-election. ‘There shall be in addition four other Members, the senior of whom shall retire each year, and another Member be elected in his place; every third year the two senior Members shall retire and two other Members be elected in their place. Officers and Members of the Committee shall be elected by the Members of the Club at a General Meeting, and the names of such Officers and Members of Committee nominated by the Committee for the ensuing year, shall be circulated with the notice convening the General Meeting, at least two weeks before the Meeting. Should any Member wish to propose another candidate, the nomination of such, signed by at least two Members, must reach the Secretary at least one clear week before the Annual General Meeting. VI II. Any Member desiring to make a complaint of the manner in which the affairs of the Club are conducted, must communicate in writing with the Chairman, who will, if he deem fit, call a Committee Meeting to deal with the matter. III. If the conduct of any Member shall be deemed by the Committee to be prejudicial to the interests of the Club, he may be requested by the Committee to withdraw from the Club. In the case of refusal, his name may be removed from the list of Members at a General Meeting, provided that, in the notice calling the Meeting, intimation of the proposed resolution to remove his name shall have been given, and that a majority of the Members voting at such Meeting record their votes for his removal. A Member whose name has been removed shall forfeit all privileges of Membership and shall have no claim on the Club from the date of his removal. SUBSCRIPTIONS. IV. Any Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union may become a Member of the Club on payment to the Treasurer of an entrance-fee of one pound and a subscription of one guinea for the current Session. On Membership of the Union ceasing, Membership of the Club also ceases. Any Member who has not paid his subscription before the last Meeting of the Session, shall cease, ipso facto, to be a Member of the Club, but may be reinstated on payment of arrears. Any Member who has resigned less than five years ago may be reinstated without payment of another Entrance Fee. Any Member who resigns his Membership on going abroad may be readmitted without payment of a further Entrance Fee at the Committee’s discretion, MEETINGS. V. The Club will meet, as a rule, on the second Wedues- day in every month, from October to June inclusive, at such hour and place as may be arranged by the Committee, but should such Wednesday happen to be Ash Wednesday, the Meeting will take place on the Wednesday following. At these Meetings papers upon ornithological subjects will be read, specimens exhibited and described, and discussion invited. Vil VI. A General Meeting of the Club shall be held ou the day of the October Meeting of each Session and the Treasurer shall present thereat the Balance-sheet and Report ; and the election of Officers and Committee, in so far as their election is required, shall be held at such Meeting. VII. A Special General Meeting may be called at the instance of the Committee, for any purpose which they deem to be of sufficient importance, or at the instance of not fewer than fifteen Members. Notice of not less than two weeks shall be given of every General and Special General Meeting. INTRODUCTION OF VISITORS. VIII. Members may introduce visitors at any ordinary Meeting of the Club, but the same guest shall not be eligible to attend on more than three occasions during the Session. No former Member, who has been removed for non-payment of subscription, or for any other cause, shall be allowed to attend as a guest. ‘ BULLETIN ”’ OF THE CuuB. IX. An Abstract of the Proceedings of the Club shall be printed as soon as possible after each Meeting, under the title of the ‘ Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club ’ and shall be distributed gratis to every Member who has paid his subscription. Contributors are entitled to six free copies of the ‘Bulletin,’ but if they desire to exercise this privilege, they must give notice to the Editor when their manuscript is handed in. Members purchasing extra copies of the ‘Bulletin’ are entitled to a rebate of 25 per cent. on the published price, but not more than two copies can be sold to any Member unless ordered before printing. Descriptions of new species may be published in the ‘Bulletin,’ although such were not communicated at the Meeting of the Club. This shall be done at the discretion of the Editor and so long as the publication of the ‘ Bulletin ’ is not unduly delayed thereby. Any person speaking at a Meeting of the Club shall be allowed subsequently—subject to the discretion of the Editor—to amplify his remarks in the ‘ Bulletin,’ but no fresh matter shall be incorporated with such remarks. Viil X. No communication, the whole or any important part of which has already been published elsewhere, shall be eligible for publication in the ‘ Bulletin,’ except at the discretion of the Editor; and no communication made to the Club may be subsequently published elsewhere without the written sanction of the Kditor. ALTERATION AND REPEAL oF RULES. XI. Any suggested alteration or repeal of a standing rule shall be submitted to Members to be voted upon at a General Meeting convened for that purpose. COMMITTEE, 1935-1936. G. M. Maruews, Chairman. Elected 1935. H. Wuistirer, Vice-Chairman. Elected 1985. Capt. C. H. B. Grani, Hditor. Elected 19385. Dr. A. Lanpsporoucu THomson, Hon. Secretary. Llected 1935. C. W. Macxwortu-Praep, Hon. Treasurer. Elected 1935. A. Ezra. Elected 1933. Dr. J. M. Harrison. Elected 1933. Col. A. E. Hamerton. Elected 1934. J. H. McNeizte. Elected 19385. Officers of the British Ornithologists’ Club, Past and Present. Chairmen, P. L. ScratEer, F.R.S. Lord RoruHscHiLp, F'.R.S. W. L. ScLatTER. H. F. WITHERBY. Dr. P. R.. Lowe. Major S. 8. FLowEr. D. A. BANNERMAN. G. M. MarHews. Vice-Chairmen. 7. ord RorHscHILpD, F.R.S. . L. SCLATER. . K. WITHERBY. . M. Maruews. . B. . We = KINNEAR. HISTLER. Po A 92 fo Editors. BowDLER SHARPE. R. OGILVIE-GRANT. A. BANNERMAN. SETH-SMITH. cebok: LOWE. N. B. Kinnear. Dr. G. CARMICHAEL Low. Captain C. H. B. Granv. R. W. 1892-1913. 1913-1918. 1918-1924. 1924-1927. 1927-1930. 1930-1932. 1932-1935. 1935- 1980--1951. 1951-1982. 1932-1933. 1953-1934. 1934-1935. 1935-1936. 1892-1904. 1904-1914. 1914-1915. 1915-1920. 1920-1925. 1925-1930. 1930-1985. 1935- Honorary Secretaries and Treasurers. HowakbD SAUNDERS. W. E. pE WINTON. H. F. WirHersy. Dr: PRs Lows: C. G. TaLBot-Ponsonesy. D. A. BANNERMAN. Dr. Puitie Goss. J. L. BonHOTE. C. W. MackwortH-PRaAED. Dr. G. CARMICHAEL Low. C. W. Mackworru-PRraeEp. 1892-1899. 1899-1904. 1904-1914. 1914-1915. 1915-1918. 1918-1919. 1919-1920. 1920-1922. 1922-1923. 1923-1929. 1929-1935. Honorary Secretaries. Dr. A. LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON. 1935- Honorary Treasurers. C. W. MackworTH-PRAED. 1935- i “Abd © Io 15 LIST OF MEMBERS. JUNE 1936. oe Oe Actanpd, Miss C. M.; Walwood, Banstead, Surrey. ALexanveR, H.G.; 144 Oak Tree Lane, Selly Oak, Birmingham. ALEXANDER, W. B.; Dept. of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford. APLIN, OtiverR Vernon; Stonehill House, Bloxham, Banbury, Oxon. Ascuerson, CU. 8.; 15 Phillimore Gardens, Kensington, W. 8. AYLMER, Commdr. H. A., R.N.; Wyke Oliver, Preston, Dorset. Baker, E. C. Srvart, C.LE., O.B.E., F.Z.8., F.L.S., H.F.A.O.U. ; 6 Harold Road, Upper Norwood, 8.E. 19. Bannerman, Davip A., M.B.E., M.A. (Chairman, 1932-1935) ; British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W.7; and 7 Pembroke Gardens, Kensington, W. 8. Barciay-Smitru, Miss P.; Park Lodge, Hervey Road, Blackheath, S.E. 3. Barnzs, Mrs. R. G.; 117 Sloane Street, 8. W.1. Barrineton, Freprricx J. F., M.8., F.R.C.8.; University College Hospital Medical School, Gower Street, W.C. 1. Batzs, G. L.; Blasford Hill, Little Waltham, Chelmsford. Busr, Miss M. G. S.; Broadwater, Amport, Andover, Hants. Burnam, Brigadier-General R. M., C.I.E.; c/o The National Provincial and Union Bank of England, 208-209 Piccadilly, Wal. Braker, Grorer B.; Gaveston Place, Nuthurst, Horsham, Sussex. Boorman, 8.; Heath Farm, Send, Woking, Surrey. Bootn, H. B.; “ Ryhill,” Ben Rhydding, Yorks. - Boyp, A. W.; Frandley House, near Northwich. 20 25 BrapForp, A. D.; Garston House, near Watford. Brown, Groree; Combe Manor, Hungerford, Berks. Bunyarp, P. F., F.Z.S.; 57 Kidderminster Road, Croydon. Bureau, Dr. L.; 15 rue Gresset, Nantes, France. Burier, ArtHurR L.; St. Leonard’s Park, Horsham, Sussex, Buxton, AnrHony; Horsey Hall, Gt. Yarmouth, Norfolk. CampBeLL, Dr. James W.; Layer Marney Hall, Kelvedon, Essex. 30 3) 40 45 50 XIi Caapman, F. M.; American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A. . Cuaruus, Mrs. Edith 8.; Woodside House, Chenies, Bucks. Cuarteris, Hon. G. L.; 24 Oxford Square, W. 2. Cuasey, Freperick N.; Raffles Museum, Singapore. CuersMAN, Major R. E., O.B.E.; Tilsden, Cranbrook, Kent. Crarkn, Brig.-General Gotanp van Horr, C.M.G., D.S.0O. F.Z.S. ; Wiston Park, Steyning, Sussex. CLARKE, JoHuN P. StepHenson; Broadhurst Manor, Horsted Keynes, Sussex. CrarkE, Col. SrepHunson Rosert, C.B., F.Z.8.; Borde Hill, Cuck- field, Sussex. CusavE, Henry P. O.; Mansfield House, Kendrick Road, Reading. Cocurane, Captain Henry L., R.N. (Retd.); Court Place, West Monkton, Taunton, Somerset. Conover, H. B.; 6 Scott Street, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Cox, Major-Gen. Sir Percy Z., G.C.LE., G.C.M.G., K.C.8.1. 25 Kensington Palace Mansions, Kensington, W. 8. Cunninenam, Jostas; Drinagh, Kensington Road, Knock, Belfast. Curtis, Freprrics, F.R.C.8.; Alton House, Redhill, Surrey. Deane, Ropert H.; Anne Boleyn Cottage, Carlton Road, Seaford, Sussex. Detacour, J&AN; Chateau de Cleres, Cléres, Seine-Inférieure, France. Duwuvrsr, Major F. W., Royal Marine Barracks, Plymouth. Dosiz, Wittiam Hawry, M.R.C.8. ; 2 Hunter Street, Chester. Duncan, Arntuor Bryce; Gilchristlands, Closeburn, Dumfriesshire. Exuis, RatpH ; 2429 Ridge Road, Berkeley, California. Ezra, A., O.B.E., F.Z.S. (Committee); Foxwarren Park, Cobham, Surrey. Ferrier, Miss Jupira M.; Hemsby Hall, Hemsby, Norfolk. Fisner, Kennetu ; School House, Oundle, Northamptonshire. Frower, Major S. 8. (Chairman, 1930-1982); 27 Park Road, Tring, Herts. Fouxxrs-Roserts, Captain P. R.; Westwood, Goring-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. Gitsert, H. A.; Bishopstone, near Hereford. Guece, W. E.; 2 Burlington House, King’s Road, Richmond, Surrey. GuiunisteR, A. G.; The Barn House, East Blatchington, Seaford. Gopman, Miss Eva; South Lodge, Horsham, Sussex. 55 60 65 7oO 75 XIII Gosneth, H. T.; The Boreen, Headley Down, Bordon, Hants. Grant, Captain C. H. B., F.Z.8. (Hditor of the ‘ Bulletin’); 58a Ennismore Gardens, S.W.7. GyLDENsrotPE, Count Nis; Royal (Natural History) Museum, Stockholm, Sweden. Hacuisuxa, The Marquess; 1921 Redcliff St., Los Angeles, California. Hatenu, Grorez Henry Caron, F.Z.S.; Grainsby Hall, Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire. Harz, Rev. James R., M.A.; Yalding Vicarage, Maidstone, Kent. Hamertron, Colonel A. E. (Committee); 1 Park Village West, Regent’s Park, N.W. 1. Harrison, Bernarp Guy; 45 St. Martin’s Lane, W.C. 2. Harrison, Dr. James M., D.S.C. (Committee); Bowerwood House. St. Botolph’s Road, Sevenoaks, Kent. Harrtsson, T'Homas H.; The Chase, Weeke, Winchester. Heats, R. K.; 2 Pembroke Court, Edwardes Square, W. 8. Hert, Grorrrey Seccomsr, M.B., F.R.C.S., F.Z.8.; 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W.1. Hit, Grorrrey ; 27 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C. 2. Hopextin, Mrs. T. Epwarp; Old Ridley, Stocksfield, Northumberland. Hottom, P. A. D.; Birchfield, Addlestone, Weybridge, Surrey. Hopxinson, Emittus, C.M.G., D.S8.0., M.B., F.Z.8.; Wynstay, Balcombe, Sussex. Houeuss, Lieut.-Commander A. M., R.N.; Flempton, Bury St. Edmunds, Norfolk. Horson, Major H. P. W., R.E.; No, 1, Staff Quarters, Brompton Barracks, Chatham. Inetis, C. McFaruane; Natural History Museum, Darjiling, India. Incram, Capt. Cottryewoop; The Grange, Benenden, Cranbrook, Kent. JABOUILLE, PrpRRE; Chateau de Cléres, Cléres, Seine-Inférieure, France. Jorpan, Dr. Kart; Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. JourpAIn, Rev. F. C. R., M.A., H.F.A.O.U., H.M.S.O. de France ; Whitekirk, 4 Belle Vue Road. Southbourne, Hants. Jor, Norman’ H., M.R.C:S., L.R.C:P.; c/o E.. L. Richardson, Littlestone-on-Sea, Kent. Kinnear, Norman B.; British Museum (Natural History), Crom- well Road, S.W. 7, XIV 80 Knoss, C. Bopan; Royal Societies Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. 1. 85 go 2k) | Cote) Kuropa, Dr. Nagamicar; Fukuyoshi Cho, Akasaka, Tokyo, Japan. Leacu, Miss KE. P.; 17 Hereford Square, 8.W. 7. Lewis, Joun Spupan, F'.Z.8S.; North Hall, Mortimer Crescent, Greville Road, St. John’s Wood, N.W. 6. Luoyp, Berrram; 4 Tavistock Square, W.C. 1. LonerirLp, Miss Cynrnia; 20 Pont Street, S.W. 1. Low, Goren CarmicaarL, M.A., M.D., C.M., F.R.C.P., F.Z.S.; 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W.1. Lown, P. R., O.B.E., B.A., M.B., B.C., F.Z.S. (Chairman, 1927- 1930); British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, SY Ste Lucas, Naraaniset 8., M.B., F.Z.S.; Bramblehurst, East Grinstead, Sussex. Lynes, Rear-Admiral Hosrrr, R.N., C.B., C.M.G.; Highfields, Wentworth, Virginia Water. Macponatp, J. D., B.Sc. ; British Museum (Natural History), Crom- well Road, S.W. 7. MackenziE, Joun M. D., B.A., C.M.Z.S.; Sidlaw Fur Farm, Tullach Ard, Balbeggie, Perthshire. McKirrricxk, T. H.; Coombe Place, Kast Grinstead, Sussex. Macxworta-Prarp, ©. W., F.Z.8. (Hon. Treasurer); 51 Onslow Gardens, S.W. 7. Maomiiuan, Captain W. E. F.; 42 Onslow Square, 8.W. 7. McNetue, J. H. (Committee); Nonsuch, Bromham, Chippenham, Wilts. Macpuerson, D. W. K.; P.O. Lilongwe, Nyasaland. Macrata, Lieut.-Colonel H. A. F.; 43 Millbank, Westminster, S.W.1. Mansrietp, The Right Hon. (Muneo Davin) The Earl of; Scone Palace, Perth. Winson- Bane,’ P.'' HH.) BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB. No. CCOXC. Tue three-hundred-and-eighty-fifth Meeting of the Club was held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W.7, on Wednesday, November 13, 1935. Chairman: Mr. G. M. MatHEws. Members present :—Miss C. M. Actanpd; W. B. ALEXANDER ; E. C. Stuart Baker; D. A. BANNERMAN; Miss P. Barcuay- SmitH; Mrs. R. G. Barnes; F. J. F. Barrineton; Brig.- Gen. R. M. Betoam; P. F. Bunyarp; Mrs. E. S. CHARLES; Hon. G. L. CHarteris; A. Ezra; Miss J. M. FERRIER; H. A. Ginpert; Miss E. M. Gopman; Capt. C. H. B. Grant (Editor); Col. A. E. Hamertron; Dr. J. M. Harrison; Mrs. T. E. Hopexin; P. A. D. Hottom; Dr. E. Horxinson ; Lieut.-Commdr. A. M. Hucues; Major H. P. W. Hutson; Rev. F. C. R. Jourpain; Miss E. P. Leacu; Miss C. Lone- FIELD; Dr. G. CarRmicHAEL Low; Dr. P. R. Lowe; Rear-Admiral H. Lynzs; J. D. Macponatp; C. W. Macxk- WORTH-PRAED (Hon. Treas.); Col. R. MEINERTZHAGEN; C. Ot~pHAM; B. B. Osmaston; Mrs. D. Pratt; R. G. C. C. SANDEMAN; D. Seru-SmitH; Miss D. L. Taytor; Dr. A. LanpsBoroucH THomson (Hon. Sec.); B. W. TuckER; Miss E. L. TurNER; Mrs. H. W. Boyp Watt; H. WHISTLER; H. F. WitHEersy; C. G. M. DE Worms. [December 4, 1935.] a VOL. LVI, Vol. lvi.] 22 Guests :—Miss P. Barcuay; Miss B. A. Carter; Miss T. Cuay; N. B. DyBatt; Mrs. M. V. GinBpert; A. A. HAVERS; Lt.-Col. R. F. Merxiteyoun; J. E. Scott; C. M. N. Wuire. Dr. P. R. Lows exhibited two hybrids between Pheasants and Black Game, and made the following remarks :— Perhaps some of those present tonight will remember that in May 1934 (Bull. B. O. C. liv. 1934, p. 138; see also lii. 1931, p. 58) I exhibited before this Club four hybrids between Pheasants and Black Game. Thanks to the kindness of Capt. Gilbert I am now exhibiting two more specimens: one a full-grown adult, which is almost an exact copy of the four examples I last exhibited, and the other quite a young bird. The fully adult specimen I may dismiss with the remark that it was shot at Plowden Hall, Lydbury, in N. Shropshire, and that it is almost certain to be a male (although unsexed), because it is so exactly like the two males which we received in 1934 in the flesh, and which were sexed by dissection. The bird passed round is immature, and is moulting into a plumage which looks as if, sooner or later, it would develop into one exactly resembling the fully adult specimen which I have just referred to or the four previously exhibited. I think it is fairly obvious that it belongs to the same category as these, except that in its very juvenile plumage its tail-feathers differ in being darker and not so barred. This young bird is undoubtedly another male, for it was sexed by Mr. Morgan when he skinned it, and, in addition, one may see an enlarged oval plaque-like scale on the hinder part of the tarsus, indicating the spot where the spur would have subsequently broken through, if spurs ever did appear in these hybrids. It was shot at Cusop, on the Herefordshire border, by Captain Vaughan Phillips, and is now the property of the Hereford Museum, to the Director of which institution we are greatly indebted for allowing it to be exhibited here to- night. This young bird is especially interesting as affording a valuable piece of evidence not only as to the identity of its own parents, but as to the parentage of the birds I previously 23 [Vol. lvi. exhibited. You may remember that on the occasion of my former exhibit I said that to express an opinion as to whether the parents were Cock Pheasant and Grey Hen or Black Cock and Hen Pheasant was, in the present state of our knowledge, really guessing, although my own inclination, founded largely on conversations with Mrs. Haig Thomas, was to regard them as Cock Pheasant and Grey Hen. I also said that whatever the cross was I had never seen the reciprocal cross, and we have not got one in the British Museum. Captain Gilbert thought this young Hereford Museum bird was a reciprocal cross, viz., one between Black Cock and Hen Pheasant. He has been kind enough to send me a letter from Captain Vaughan Phillips in answer to enquiries relative to its parentage. Captain Phillips says: “I agree with you in nearly all cases—it is Black Cock and Hen Pheasant. But in my case, no! as the bird I shot got up with a Grey Hen (the Grey Hen was not shot at). A Black Cock had not been seen there for along time before ; neither have I seen the Grey Hen since— I believe she was the last one there. I have not seen any for miles around that part for many years.”’ This, of course, is not absolutely conclusive evidence of the parentage of our young hybrid, but it is, I think, very strongly in favour of its being Cock Pheasant and Grey Hen. There is one other point. All the birds I have so far seen were males, and so were all the illustrations of others I have seen, and I feel strongly inclined to think that most, if not all, of the examples recorded by the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain (‘ Zoologist,’ x. 1906, pp. 321-330; l. c. p. 433; and ‘ British Birds,’ vi. 1912, p. 146; see also Bull. B. O. C. lii. 1931, p. 6) as females were more than likely young males wrongly sexed originally, without dissection, as females. I hazard this suggestion because I believe that it is possible in certain crosses for only one sex (e.g. males) to be invariably, or almost invariably, thrown. In support of this idea, which I rather think is novel among birds, I may mention, as examples among mammals, tortoise- shell cats, which are almost invariably females, and ginger cats, which are almost invariably males. a2. Vol. Ivi.] 24. If I am right it may account for the extraordinary similarity in all the specimens we have seen at the Museum, ranging as they do over a period of 147 years (see Bull. B. O. C. liv. 1934, p. 139) ; it may also account for this hybrid not establish- ing itself. Dr. Lowe also remarked on a recent influx of Jays into Hampshire :— A very interesting movement of Jays has occurred this autumn in Hampshire, which doubtless some of you have heard about, and in which I know Mr. Witherby is interested. Our first notification at the British Museum of this movement was contained in a letter to Mr. Kinnear from Mr. John Berry, written on October 5 of this year, who said that Mr. Charles Stonor and himself had just been observing, between 8 and 9 a.m. that morning, a flock of between 250 and 300 Jays over New Hall, on the Itchen just outside Southampton, circling round and performing a series of acrobatics at a great height and suddenly swooping into some high trees, like Hawks “stooping.” Mr. Berry shot one (which he sent to the British Museum), but the shot did not seem to alarm the others ; they continued to fly over his head, and displayed no fear. The flock was about for over three hours. The day was still and misty, but not foggy. On October 8 Major Maurice Portal wrote me a letter saying that Hampshire had been cursed with an influx of Jays passing over too high to shoot. He enclosed a letter from a friend—Mr. Alan Arnold—giving some details of this invasion. This letter was dated October 4, and Mr. Arnold says: ‘‘ I was standing on the Winchester-Southampton road this morning at 9 o’clock, and a covey of Jays came over from the direction of this house, passing over the Home of Recovery entrance-gate, and flying towards Hutwood, about a gun-shot high. I counted them and there were 45; then they kept coming in 4’s and 5’s, and sometimes a few more in batches, and I counted up to 187 and had to leave. After the first covey they came higher and higher, and must have been 200 or 300 feet up, but you could’nt possibly mistake them 25 [Vol. lvi. for any other bird—all the early ones I could see quite plainly.” Major Portal says that “ here, viz., at Holywell, Swanmore, Southampton, on Oct. 3rd, 37 Jays passed high up. On Oct. 4th, 45 and 55 in two lots 3 miles off, but high up. Un- fortunately none pitch in, but I’m sure some must drop in. Will you mind if you are sent up Jays for a bit? Of course, I suppose they will be our British Jays, but a keeper shot three on Sunday and fed to ferrets, and told me they were “wonderful tame "—which makes me wonder.” Since these letters more communications from Major Portal have been received, and in one he relates how one keeper instructed to shoot Jays shot a number and did not send them “ because he knew they were British Jays, and so no good for the investigation being made at the Museum,” which introduces the humorous element into the enquiry. It is absolutely clear, then, on the face of things that there has been an influx of continental Jays into England because, apart from the evidence which I[ have briefly referred to, everyone seems to be agreed that these Jays are very tame, and anyone who shoots Pheasants will know that a keeper cannot be sent out to shoot Jays in England and make a bag of fifty. These, and other bags which have been made, are manifestly impossible with British Jays. There seems to be only one possible or conceivable alterna- tive, which I think can be ruled out of court at once, viz., that these Jays are British Jays which, owing to adverse conditions of one sort or another elsewhere, or even owing to too favourable conditions, leading to an abnormal increase in the local populations, have flocked together and wandered off in search of more favourable localities and circumstances. All the evidence seems against such a rather far-fetched idea. Besides, we know that previous influxes of Jays have occurred, notably on the east coast (Ticehurst). But you will all very naturally say: if you think these Jays are continental immi- grants why not compare them with topotypical examples from Scandinavia, or with others from other continental countries, or with British or Irish specimens Here you have just the very opportunity of making use of and justifying Vol. lvi.] 26 the work of systematists who have distinguished the Scandinavian, British, and Irish residents as distinct races. Well, that is just what we have been trying to do. Mr. Kinnear, thinking, no doubt, that I was more of an anatomist than a systematist, and therefore less likely to be biassed, asked me to undertake the enquiry. Altogether about thirty-five of these immigrants have been skinned and compared with British, Scandinavian, Irish, and continental series. What has been the result? On the whole I think it has not been satisfactory ; even with the aid of professed systematists accustomed and trained to appreciate the niceties of colour-tones. Our series in the British Museum collection are perhaps not good enough, and there are various snags in the way. For instance, in the case of a British-killed series, with this present fresh evidence of a possible autumnal influx of continental examples it does not necessarily follow that all British-killed specimens are British born and so on. It there- fore follows that our series, although so carefully labelled and dated, may be contaminated by wanderers. We want, so to speak, pure cultures or, in other words, series of pure natives or birds which we know have been bred in the different countries concerned. At present, although you may have large series from different countries of autumn-killed birds spread out in a good light, I do not think that the identity of our thirty-five Hampshire immigrants could be said to be absolutely proved by the sub- species test ; and the case is complicated by the similarity they present to Central European examples. The case is also complicated by the fact that although in the mass series from different regions may be distinguishable, yet the identification of individuals is a proceeding so difficult, so nice, and so fortuitous as to give rise to the doubt as to the possibility of its being done, or, I may say, possible enough to be of practical use. My conclusion, therefore, is that although we may feel absolutely certain in our own minds that these Jays came from somewhere on the Continent, our series of Jays from different countries is not perfect enough to justify us in making the statement that this has been proved by the subspecies test. 27 [Vol. lvi. There is just one other point. Major Portal’s series, after subtracting one or two examples which were probably British born, could in the mass be distinguished from Scandinavian and Irish examples, but the doubt has arisen in my mind if they can be distinguished from French or other continental birds. In other words, I have begun to wonder if the area of distribution of this race, whatever it may be, may not include a slice of southern England as well as France, Belgium, and other countries. Mr. WitHERBY and others joined in the discussion, and Mr. Witherby remarked that he considered the British Jay was a good race, and that it was possible some of the Jays sent tothe British Museum were British bred birds. The others may have come from some part of the Continent other than Scandinavia. The Rev. F. C. R. JouRDAIN introduced the subject of the taxonomy of the larger Gulls, which had been treated from a somewhat revolutionary standpoint by Stegmann in the Journ. f. Ornith. 1934, p. 340, etc., and which had been brought to the notice of British ornithologists by Col. Meinertzhagen’s recent paper in ‘ The Ibis,’ 1935, p. 762. The speaker con- fined his remarks to the Palearctic forms of the Larus fuscus— argentatus group, and pointed out that most of the races replaced one another geographically, with the exception of L. fuscus fuscus, intermedius, and graellsii. These inhabited the same breeding territory as L. argenteus and argentatus. Stegmann in his paper laid some stress on the fact that in Holland interbreeding between the fuscus and argentatus. forms had been recorded. He adds that all intergradations are to be found there between fuscus and argentatus, so that sexual affinity exists between these forms. This seems to be much overstated. Prior to 1926 or 1927 L. fuscus was not known to breed in Holland, while on the other hand L. argentatus nested in great numbers. At first a few individuals appeared in Terschelling and Zeeland, and in 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, and 1933 about eight cases of inter- breeding were recorded, and in two of these cases one of the pair was apparently of mixed parentage. A somewhat Vol. lvi.] 28 abnormal L. fuscus was also noticed in 1934 on Texel which may have been paired with a L. argentatus. When we consider the fact that normally the breeding season of L. fuscus is a fortnight later than that of the Herring-Gull, that many of the colonies are quite distinct, and that where they overlap no case of interbreeding has been recorded, except where a few individuals of L. fuscus have attempted to breed among huge colonies of the other species, it seems that far too much importance has been attached to these isolated cases, which are comparable with the cases of wild hybridism between Passer domesticus and P. montanus. If the three races fuscus, intermedius, and graellsii are regarded as forms of one species, or even if antelius and taimyrensis are included, there is no evidence of any two races of the argentatus group occupying the same breeding territory. The insistence of American ornithologists on the necessity of intergradation as a necessity for subspecific status is the result of the study of the birds of a continent without great natural barriers in the form of lofty mountain ranges and arms of the sea. There is only one such feature in the North American continent, the Rocky Mountain system, which follows fairly closely the Pacific coast-line. On the other hand, in Europe many races are completely isolated, so that inter- gradation with neighbouring races is practically impossible. What is an article of faith in N. America has broken down in Europe owing to the very different environment. The dogma that each geographical race must be exclusive, and that two forms cannot breed in the same region except at the limits where intergradation usually takes place, may also break down ; but in this case, at any rate, the evidence seems to be quite inconclusive. Mr. WiTHERBY considered that because ornithologists were unable to agree as to which species certain forms of these Gulls belonged was an insufficient reason for regarding them as one species, especially when this involved such a theory as had been propounded to account for two forms living side by side without interbreeding. He also called attention to the fact that, while the argentatus 29 [Vol. lvi. . forms in western Europe were sedentary the fuscus forms were regular migrants. Colonel MEINERTZHAGEN reminded the Club that his paper in ‘The Ibis’ was no more than a review of Stegmann’s paper and that he did not wish to lay down any definite opinion on the subject, but at the same time insisted, as he had already done in his paper, that if one is going to tackle the status of the argentatus and fuscus groups, one must deal with the whole group, and not with only a small part of it. Both Mr. Jourdain and Mr. Witherby had dealt solely with the western European forms, and if one confines one’s enquiries and criticisms to them alone the problem is_ without difficulties. If, as suggested by Mr. Jourdain, fuscus, graellsi, and intermedius are removed into the species Larus fuscus, it does simplify the problem for Europe, but what is one going to do with antelius and other black-backed and yellow-legged forms which occur in Asia. Neither Mr. Jourdain nor Mr. Witherby had got us any further. We were still in the age-old trough, murmuring dogmas and trying to get facts to fit theories, instead of facing the evidence, as Stegmann has done, and. producing something constructive. Miss C. M. Actanp exhibited a Tawny Owl casting, largely composed of Kingfisher feathers. Mr. P. F. Bunyarp exhibited a series of Cuckoo and Reed-Warbler eggs and one Cuckoo’s egg filled with sand, and read the following :— To me the most interesting of my 1935 intensive Cuckoo observations are the results of experiments made with dummy Cuckoos’ (Cuculus canorus) eggs. I selected eleven Cuckoos’ eggs, none of which was from the nests of Reed-Warblers (Acrocephalus s. scirpaceus), and all were as unlike those by Cuckoos normally or permanently parasitic on Reed-Warblers as it would be possible to find. These were filled with fine sand until they weighed approximately the same as Cuckoos’ eggs before being emptied—about 3-238 g.—Dr. Rey’s average weight for unblown eggs. The holes were then hermetically sealed with paper which was carefully camouflaged. I found ad Vol. lvi.] | 30 that the presence of the sand, which only about half filled the shell, did not unduly affect the centre of gravity, and there was very little movement when placed on a levelsurface or in the nest-cup, definitely not sufficient to jerk the egg out of the mandibles, thus frustrating any attempt at removal. On the territory under observation there were thirty pairs of Reed- Warblers on which two Cuckoos were parasitic. Apparently, judging from the 1934 series of eggs, one of these Cuckoos was normally or permanently parasitic on this species, as is usually the case where there are extensive reed-beds both in North and South Kent. Seven of the filled eggs I placed in the Reed-Warblers’ nests as substitutes for the Cuckoos’ eggs found already deposited. Four were placed in Reed-Warblers’ nests that were in the right condition to recieve a Cuckoo’s egg—7.e., when the nests contained two or three fresh eggs of the fosterers. All eleven eggs were accepted by the fosterers, not one was deserted, neither was I able to detect any effort on the part of the Warblers to eject or build over them ; in fact in some cases they remained in the nests with the newly-hatched young of the fosterers until recovered on the last day of my visit. The experiments were made for the purpose of disproving (or otherwise) the theory that assimilation between the eggs of the Cuckoo and those of fosterers was the result of selection—z.e., that Cuckoos’ egos which did not somewhat resemble those of the fosterers were ejected by them. Unfortunately this theory has been enlarged upon and supported by certain oologists who have too hastily believed that Cuckoos’ eggs found outside or near nests had been ejected by the fosterers. Personally I refuse to believe, owing to their weight and size, that small birds, at least, are capable of ejecting a Cuckoo’s egg. Has anyone ever witnessed the ejection of a Cuckoo’s egg by the fosterers ? I have seen a great number of Cuckoos’ eggs in situ, but not once have I found one outside or near the nest! Eggs found in such positions were most probably due to carelessness on the part of the Cuckoo during deposition, or possibly to the fact that she was at the time disturbed by the fosterers or the observers before she had time to place the egg in the 31 [Vol. lvi. nest. Among the enormous number of Cuckoos’ eggs referred to by Dr. Rey (‘Old and New Information concerning the Domestic Economy of the Cuckoo’) only seventeen similar cases are enumerated, desertions excepted. It has also been definitely proved that a Cuckoo can, and does, transfer her eggs from one fosterer’s nest to another. Mr. Scholey has several records .in support, and I had definite proof of this in 1934. No one who cares to take the trouble to study a large series of British-taken Cuckoos’ eggs from the nests of Reed- Warblers will deny that assimilation exists: it undoubtedly does so as regards the ground-colour ; it is, however, not so apparent in the arrangement and coloration of the markings. Many Cuckoos in certain parts of North and South Kent, where large reed-beds exist, systematically parasitize the Reed-Warbler, and probably have done so for centuries. Consequently here we find almost perfect assimilation, but not yet so perfect as we find in the eggs of the Great Spotted Cuckoo (Clamator glandarius), which is permanently parasitic on various species of Corvide; but I am definitely of the opinion, as Dr. Rey suggested, that this assimilation has been brought about not by selection, but by environmental food conditions. Obviously Cuckoos permanently parasitic on a given species would quite naturally continue to show a preference for the food on which they themselves were brought up. As will be seen from the large series of Cuckoos’ eggs exhibited, all from birds permanently parasitic on Reed- Warblers, they are remarkably constant to type in coloration, shape, and size. They have undoubtedly become locally fixed through the influence of heredity. So much so, in fact, that to the practised eye it is quite easy to detect eggs from Cuckoos that are not permanently parasitic on this species— v.é€., where the Warblers are only used under the stress of necessity, and when there are no nests available of their normal fosterer. I exhibit a few clutches to illustrate this interesting point. Mr. Scholey and I have conclusively proved that a Cuckoo permanently parasitic on Reed-Warblers very rarely uses the nests of any other species except under abnormal conditions, and then only occasionally the Sedge- Warbler (Acrocephalus schenobenus). In 1923, however, Vol. lvi.] 32 Mr. Scholey found eight eggs belonging to a Cuckoo that he claimed was parasitic on the Hedge-Sparrow (Prunella modularis occidentalis). A careful comparative study of these eggs with a large series of eggs by Cuckoos parasitic on Hedge- Sparrows leads me to the definite conclusion that these eight Cuckoos’ eggs are from a Cuckoo normally parasitic on Reed- Warblers. The conclusion is not entirely unjustified, as doubtless it will be remembered that the season of 1923 was a cold and wet one. The reeds were very backward, with the result that there were no Reed-Warblers’ nests available, and she was compelled to use the Hedge-Sparrow’s four times, Linnet (Acanthis c. cannabina) twice, and Reed-Bunting (Emberiza s. scheniclus) and Greenfinch (Chloris c. chloris) once each. Or possibly she was forestalled by the Cuckoo already in possession of the Reed-Warbler territory, and compelled to become partially parasitic on the Hedge-Sparrow. The results of the experiments, so far as they go, are con- clusive evidence against the theory of assimilation being the result of elimination by selection. It is, however, possible in the case of the Reed-Warbler that these birds have become so accustomed to receiving Cuckoos’ eggs that they readily accept them as the result of some irresistible influence in the process of parasitism and an inherent knowledge that part of their life-history is to accept the egg of the parasite and bring young Cuckoos to maturity. Thirteen Reed-Warblers’ and two Sedge-Warblers’ nests were raided by the two Cuckoos ; in one of the latter the five newly-hatched young were all taken. [See Lottinger, ‘ Le Coucou, Discours apologétique ou Mémoire sur le Coucou, Nancy,’ 1775; ‘ Histoire du Coucou d’Europe,’ Strassbourg and Paris, 1795; and C. F. M. Swynnerton, ‘ Rejections by Birds of Eggs unlike their own, with remarks on some of the Cuckoo Problems,”’ Ibis, 1918, pp. 127-154.—Enp1ror.] Mr. BunyarD also exhibited a Reed-Warbler’s nest, and made the following remarks :— The nest I exhibit was collected during the 1934. drought, when many of the ditches were quite dry. It ismade almost entirely of aquatic weeds collected from the bottom of the ditches, proving conclusively a point that I haveso frequently stressed, 7. ¢., that birds will adapt themselves to environmental conditions as far as nesting materials are concerned. 33 [Vol. lvi. It is stated in ‘The Practical Hand-book’ that feathers are used. I must have seen hundreds of Reed-Warblers’ nests in situ, but in not one have I seen feathers employed, in spite of the fact that many of the ditches had farm-buildings near their banks. While inspecting a Reed-Warbler’s nest with newly-hatched young, I heard an alarm-note that was quite new to me, apparently caused by the snapping together of the mandibles. I have heard a similar note made by the Grasshopper- Warbler (Locustella n. nevia) when a pair had young. Capt. C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. MackwortH-PRAED sent the following note on the races of the Herring-Gull which visit Eastern Africa in the non-breeding season :— Neumann, Bull. B. O.C. liv. 1934, p. 133, has cleared up the question of Larus heuglina and L. tarmyrensis and has given good characters for distinguishing L. heuglina from L. cachinnans (p. 134, para. 1). We agree with this decision and the arrange- ments of groups as given by Peters, Bds. World, ii. 1934, pp. 316-318, but are unable to agree with Stegmann, J. f. Ornith. 1934, p. 340, who joins the L. argentatus group with the L. fuscus group, as they are separable on structural characters, as pointed out by P. R. Lowe, ‘Our Common Sea Birds,’ 1913, p. 174. Dwight, Gulls World, 1925, has made L. cachinnans a species, and has placed L. fuscus antelius as a synonym of L. f. tarmyrensis and L. heuglint as a synonym of L. cachinnans. Meinertzhagen, Nicoll’s Bds. Egypt, ii. 1930, p. 607, follows Dwight. Dwight is mistaken in stating that L. cachinnans has no streaks on head in winter dress. We agree with Dwight that L. f. antelius is a synonym of L. tarmyrensis (=L. argentatus heuglini), as the type of L. f. antelius agrees perfectly with specimens from the Yenesei Valley. Our examination of the series of Herring-Gulls in the British Museum collection induces us to believe that too many races have been described, and that others besides L. antelius will eventually become synonyms, but we are satisfied that only one race occurs in Eastern Africa during the non-breeding season, and this is Larus argentatus heuglini Bree, Bds. Europe, Vol. lvi.] 34 2nd ed. v. 1876, p. 58: Zeila, British Somaliland, of which Larus affinis tavmyrensis Buturlin, Orn. Mitt. 1911, p. 149: western shores of the Gulf of Yenesei, and Larus fuscus antelius Iredale, Bull. B.O.C. xxxi. 1913, p. 69: Langior- skaja, Ob River, Western Siberia, are synonyms. When in Africa the Siberian Herring-Gull (ZL. a. heuglinc) has only been found on the sea-coast, but the Lesser Black- backed Gull (L. f. fuscus) occurs both on the sea-coast and on inland fresh-water lakes as far south as Lake Nyasa. Mr. Davin BANNERMAN sent the following communications on four new records of birds from West Africa :— My first record is that of a specimen of Canirallus oculeus oculeus from Igoriaki, near Benin, sent to the British Museum by Mr. D. 8. Cowan. It is of particular interest as not only being the first skin obtained of this Rail in Nigeria, but as proving that the typical form ranges as far east at any rate as Benin. Hitherto it was known to extend from Liberia to the Gold Coast, another race (C. 0. batesi) being found from Cameroon Mountain eastwards. Until Mr. Cowan obtained this specimen we did not know which of these forms inhabited Nigeria. It is now definitely proved to be C. oculeus oculeus. Just the opposite case is shown in a specimen of the Yellow- bill (Ceuthmochares). A specimen was recently sent to the British Museum which had been shot by Mr. D. 8. Cowan at Tgoriaki near Benin. This bird we should have expected to belong to the subspecies C. aereus flavirostris, which we know ranges from Gambia to Lagos, but to my surprise it is a speci- men of the typical race Ceuthmochares aereus aereus, which is known to range from Western Cameroon to N. Angola and also occurs on Fernando Po. Its presence in Benin is not only a considerable extension of the bird’s known habitat, but is another case where the Cameroon race is found ranging into the southern Nigerian forests. When we know more about the races of birds in the Benin area we may find that the majority have their affinities with Lower Guinea rather than (as is the case with the Rail (Canirallus oculeus oculeus) with the Upper Guinea fauna. 35 [Vol. lvi. I have next to record, for the first time, a specimen of the Crested Guineafowl (Guttera edouardi pallasi) from Nigeria—an example having been shot by Mr. H. F. Marshall at Sabon Gidda, Benin Province, on Sept. 24, 1934, and sent to the British Museum. Although it was to be expected that this would be the race found to inhabit 8. Nigeria, yet its confirmation by a skin was welcome, particularly as another subspecies has been described from the Sanaga River in Cameroon. This definitely extends the range of Gutiera edouardi pallast from Portuguese Guinea to Southern Nigeria (Benin). A few months ago, during last session (continued Mr. Bannerman), I received a visit from a Mr Glynn, who had recently made a trip round Lake Chad, and who had seen a flock of White Nile Long-toed Lapwings (Hemiparra crassi- rostris crassirostris) in the neighbourhood of the lake, on the southern British shore. From Mr. Glynn’s detailed descrip- tion there could be no doubt that this was the bird whch Mr. Glynn saw. He picked it out at once when shown various Plovers, and though no specimen was secured I am satisfied in my own mind that it has been correctly identified. Unfortunately Mr. Glynn failed to send me the date and exact locality, which he promised to do after consulting his diaries. It seems, however, a sufficiently valuable record to publish, as it was omitted from vol. i. of my ‘ Birds of Tropical West Africa,’ never having occurred before so far west. Mr. C. G. Birp sent the following note on the Eastern Calandra Lark from southern Asia Minor :— While with Mr. EH. K. Balls’s expedition to Asia Minor in 1935, a full account of which will be given in ‘ The Ibis,’ a series of Melanocorypha bimaculata was collected. These birds are at once to be distinguished from typical. bimaculata by the redder colouring of the mantle and the lower back. The specimens are discoloured to some extent on the breast, around the beak, and the tips of the tail-feathers ; however, I am satisfied that the colouring of the back and mantle is not due to discoloration. These birds are to be found on bare Vol. lvi.] 36 semi-arid country, where the colour of the ground varies from white to reddish-brown. I have examined ali the specimens of M. bimaculata in the British Museum, and amongst which I find there are sixteen similar reddish birds from the Sudan, obviously the wintering birds from Asia Minor. Col. R. Meinertzhagen (Ibis, 1935, pp. 126 and 127) also noted the presence of this red form in Syria. He collected three speci- mens in the Jebel Druze; he also possesses specimens from the winter quarters in Egypt and the Sudan. Measurements of ten specimens from Gaziantep, Asia Minor :— Nine males, 115-123 mm. ; exposed culmen 16-18 mm. One female, 110 mm. ; exposed culmen 17 mm. In the list of Brehm types in the Tring Museum (Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxv. 1918, p. 17) there is given the type-specimen of Melanocorypha rufescens from the Blue Nile; Hartert regarded this bird as M. bimaculaia. In Brehm’s original description of this bird he compares it with M. calandra, and points out how much redder it is than that species—in fact the description fits well the birds from Asia Minor and Syria ; also he says it is a winter visitor to the Sudan, where the type was shot. On the strength of these two accurate descriptions (references below) I propose that the name M. rufescens should be revived for the birds which breed in south Asia Minor and Syria and winter in Kgypt and the Sudan. MELANOCORYPHA BIMACULATA RUFESCENS C. L. Brehm. Melanocorypha rufescens C. L. Brehm, Vogelgang, 1855, p. 120, and Naumannia, 1856, p. 375. Type.—®, Blue Nile, December 1850; coll. A. E. Brehm. Distribution.— Breeding in Asia Minor and Syria, migrating to Egypt and the Sudan in winter. Mr. E. C. Stuarr Baker forwarded the following notes on a new subspecies of Owl :— Strix indranee shanensis, subsp. nov. Description.—The present race is intermediate between 8. 7. newarense of the Eastern Himalayas and northern Burmese hills, and 8.7. maingayt of South Burma and the Malay States. 37 [Vol. lvi. Distinguished from 8S. 7. newarense by its general, much darker colour and by the absence of all brown on the breast, while the crown is practically black instead of almost con- colorous with the back. From S. 2. maingayi, to which it is really closer than to S. 2. newarense, it differs in being generally darker, browner or less foxy brown, and in having the crown and nape almost black instead of deep chocolate-brown and more sharply defined from the back. It also differs from all three races of S. 7. indranee in having the white throat- patch very much more extensive. Type.—In the British Museum; taken at Sintaung, Shan States, elevation 6000 feet, by Judson Carrott. Captured April 1933, killed March 1935. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1935.10.7.1. Measurements.—(1) Female, wing 395 mm. ; tail (imperfect) 231 ; culmen from front 48, depth 21 ; tarsus 60; middle toe without claw 44. (2) Male, wing 355 mm.; tail imperfect ; culmen from front 43, depth 19; tarsus 53; middle toe —__without claw 35. Remarks.—The two specimens of this fine Owl were sent home to me to identify by Mr. Judson Carrott, who had them in captivity for a little under two years. In general appearance they exactly resemble two birds obtained by Mr. T. R. Livesey in the Shan States, which were then identified by Mr. Livesey s “ S. newarense, but differing in depth of colour and almost black heads.”’ ‘Two other specimens were also sent me many years ago, and these I described as “‘S. indranee, nearest to S. maingayi but darker, with almost black crowns and very white throats.” A very young bird, unable to fly, is described by Mr. Livesey as follows :—‘‘ The young bird has the cow] silvery white, the disk very dark, underparts biscuit-fawn faintly barred ; almost white under chin; feathers of tarsus and toes fawn white, not barred ; bill bluish white.”’ Mr. Grecory M. Matuews sent the following description of a new subspecies of Gadfly-Petrel from New Zealand :— Pterodroma kidderi okahia, subsp. nov. Description.—Differs from P. k, kidderi (Coues) in being much darker above and below, Vol. lvi.] 38 Distribution.—The new form probably breeds in some of the islands off New Zealand. Type.—In the Wellington Museum, New Zealand. Taken at Ohakia, New Zealand, on July 16, 1934. Measurements.—Wing 254 mm. ; tail 103; culmen 26. Remarks.—Specimens of P. k. kidderi from Kerguelen Island, where they breed, are very uniform in coloration. Wing 265 mm.; tail 112; culmen 28. Mr. C. M. N. Waits sent the following description of a new subspecies from Fergusson Island :— Monarcha ehrysomela preerepta, subsp. nov. Description.—Male not distinguishable from that of M. c. aruensis. Female deeper yellow than female of W. aruensis on the underside, and lacking the olive wash on the sides of the body; breast almost always without any olive wash ; above yellower, especially on head and lower back. In typical M. aruensis there is always a very distinct olive wash on the breast and sides of body, leaving only the centre of the under- side yellow. Distribution.—D’Entrecasteaux Islands and S.E. New Guinea, apparently tending to intergrade with aruensis in S.W. New Guinea. Type.—, Fergusson Island, 24. v.97, A. S. Meek Coll. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 98.4.30.39. Material—M. c. aruensis, 10 3g, 529, Aru Islands. M.c. prerepta,2 33,8 2°, Fergusson and Goodenough Islands ; 533, 599, S.E. New Guinea (Kotoi, Kubuna, Milne Bay, Hydrographer Mts.) ; 3 3g, 2 29, S.W. New Guinea. Measurements.—The type has a wing of 69 mm. There is no geographical variation in size, and combined wing-measure- ments of females are 66-69 mm. Remarks.—2 9°92 from the Hydrographer Mts., S.E. New Guinea, are peculiar in having a dusky olive wash on the breast and sides, but are the only anomalous examples in the above series, and would appear to require further elucidation. 20° from 8.W. New Guinea are nearer to arvensis in colour, but lack the distinct olive wash of that form. Dr. Meise (Orn. Monatsb. 1934, p. 79) points out that Pecilodryas nitida De Vis (Ibis, 1897, p. 376: Boirave) is in reality the female of a form of Monarcha chrysomela, and 39 [Vol. lvi. refers it to M.c. aruensis. The name is, however, preoccupied by Monarcha alecto nitida Gould (1841), so a new name is required in any case. I should like to express my thanks to Dr. Ernst Mayr for his kindness in lending a series of females of the new form to confirm the more limited series available in London. NOTICES. The next Meeting of the Club will be held on Wednesday, December 11, 1935, at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W.7. The Dinner at 7 p.m. Members intending to dine must inform the Hon. Secretary, Dr. A. Landsborough Thomson, 16 Tregunter Road, S.W. 10, on the post-card sent out before the Meeting. Members who wish to make any communication at the next Meeting of the Club should give notice to the Editor, Capt. C. H. B. Grant, 58a Ennismore Gardens, Princes Gate, S.W.7. The titles of their contributions will then appear on the Agenda published before the Meeting. All MSS. for publication in the ‘ Bulletin’ must be given to the Editor before or at the Meeting. . Agenda. The Chairman will deliver his Annual Address. ; = ee ment seen ne ‘no i? a a we Aer 5a . ; | ee 4 i i { ' - a "| ‘ rr: { ey te a re ye Hse to eg Beene A a Hi ry) we a3 ah r¥Ou © D J P ct : a) an eer Sree err ue a> <7 eo ae? ¥ }* Ree We te he va ree sa) 5 RS eo eal Be ae th neidhreay pes ey ie ‘ A Nee ; Ms ' ee My say 4 fe er ay em ne . eM Se F Sa 4 a ae tis eee Nala 7 bist: a a rs re ROS oe git . bits | ¥ wot a: atv sires: gow Sieg my zhoniath (anon ath: mA 3. is gold fee Ap 7 * " me ee poly Alor inti of ieeO tyre rt HOw Run HAS quaath “eal sigogie ; jeaotthas Olid) Ot miei bef cong” ‘arty y ht ty oi ; WG A " ¢ , h, , : , y : " a ee . A. “4 At " a an > Vy 3 >| j * r + ae? eR ee ee rv, : oe 4 4 Si \ ya eh J et Nip ee at 4 Vin i } = 5 Sco a ve ‘Se 1) Cin} = Yo5 i Biv ~ ye . La ot apa, x Saye ON weer ‘ e- é " © fo ' C ‘ A e he ‘, a i)’ ap ae §. i fine 4 ae . e . Pits ¢ ESET SS eel a te , he aw sok WOR ali eS j ’ Mids Yih ; ft » J “} eG . j ‘ 1 Wd + te ¥ pte 0 ile = i VV ef | Ny 1 oP T- 5 4 Wie J wa, - ; ie Ti | % a ry ¥ . 5 i ‘ yok | i ‘on ~. i in . “er? « % -- . wv 1@ t oO BULLETIN 7 wa) OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB. No. CCCXCI. Tue three-hundred-and-eighty-sixth Meeting of the Club was held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7, on Wednesday, December 11, 1935. Chairman: Mr. G. M. MATHEWS. Members present :—Miss C. M. AcLtanD; W. B. ALEXANDER; D. A. BANNERMAN; Miss P. Barctay-SmitH; F. J. F. BaRRINGTON; P. F. Bunyarp; H. P. O. CLEAVE; J. DELA- cour; Miss J. M. Ferrier; H. A. Gmupert; Capt. C. H. B. GRaAntT (Editor); R. E. Heata#; E. Hopkinson; Rev. F.C. R. JOURDAIN; Dr. N. H. Joy; N. B. Kinnear; Miss E. P. LreacH; B. Liuoyp; Dr. G. CarmicHarL Low; Dr. P. R. Lowe; Dr. N. 8. Lucas; Rear-Admiral H. Lynges; C. W. MACKWORTH-PRAED (Hon. Treas.); J. H. McNerte; Lieut.- Col. H. A. F. Macratu; Col. R. MernertzHacren; T. H. Newman; C. OtpHAM; Mrs. D. PeEAatL; Miss G. M. RHopk&s; Dr. B. B. Rivikre; R. G. C. C. Sanpeman; W. L. SCLATER ; D. Setu-SmitH; Major A. G. L. Stapen; C. F. M. Swyn- NERTON; Dr. A. LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON (Hon. Sec.) ; B. W. TuckEerR; Miss E. L. Turner; H. M. Watts; Mrs. H. W. Boyp Watt; H. F. Wituersy; C. G. M. pz Worms. Guests :—T. R. Brett; Miss T. Cray; Mrs. H. A. GILBERT; J. L. Hawkins; W. A. Smatitcomiy; G. H. SWYNNERTON. [January 6, 1936, ] a VOL.nws : Vol. lvi.] 42 The Chairman (Mr. G. M. Matuews), during his Annual Address, exhibited drawings showing Albatrosses, Petrels, and the ossification of certain tendons in the patagial fan of Tubinares. Chairman’s Annual Address. During the year the Club has lost by death three of its members—John de la Touche, well known for his excellent work onthe birds of China; Dr. William J. Adie, an Australian who was working in London and was a keen supporter of the Club; and Frederic W. Styan, one of the older generation, also interested in Chinese birds. The Union has also lost George Bolan, William Raw, Lord Hyde, Sir John Rose Bradford, F. H. Barclay, Col. J. L. Francia, and A. E. Elliott. Two specimens of the Great Auk (Alca impennis L.) from the Rowley collection were purchased at Stevens’ by Capt. V. Hewitt for 480 and 500 guineas respectively, while six Great Auk’s eggs were sold for sums varying from 100 to 300 guineas. Two of these latter were purchased by the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain. After fifteen years in charge of the Ornithological Collection at the British Museum (Natural History), Dr. Percy Roycroft Lowe, B.A., M.B., O.B.E., retired on January 2, 1935, at the age of sixty-five. The various innovations introduced by Dr. Lowe into the arrangement of the National Collection of bird-skins, together with card indices of faunal papers, syste- matics, etc., and the re-arrangement of the osteological and spirit collections, have greatly increased the utility of the collection as a whole. Since his retirement Dr. Lowe has continued his anatomical researches and has been an almost daily visitor to the Museum. He has been succeeded by Mr. N. B. Kinnear. Preparations have been completed for the removal of the Museum’s ornithological collection into a new building recently erected on the site of the old Whale Gallery, and this will take place shortly. On June 11 and 13 last the International Committee for Bird Preservation met at Brussels, the British Ornithologists’ Union being represented by Mr. W. L. Sclater. Three meetings were held, and a draft of a proposed Convention for the 43 [Vol. lvi. Protection of Birds in Europe drawn up by the Scandinavian delegates was found on discussion to be too elaborate and detailed to be acceptable to the legislatures of the various countries concerned. A small committee was accordingly appointed to draw up a series of more simple propositions. Dr. P. R. Lowe was elected to this committee, while Miss P. Barclay-Smith was elected an additional Secretary for the British Empire and Monsieur Jean Delacour President of the European Section. From June 21 to 29 last Mr. David A. Bannerman repre- sented the British Ornithologists’ Union and British Ornitho- logists’ Club at the Tercentenary Celebrations of the Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. Dr. James P. Chapin has been awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal by the National Academy of Sciences in Washington for his work on the Birds of the Belgian Congo. In April Mr. B. W. Tucker, in company with Messrs. H. J. R. Pease and G. K. Yeates, visited South Spain for the purpose of field-study of the rich bird-life of Andalucia. They visited the Marismas, the Coto Dofiana, the Laguna de la Janda, and the neighbourhood of Vejer, the Gibraltar district, and the Sierras, and saw 180 species in three weeks. Next year we hope that Mr. Tucker will give us an account of this work. Regional Review (October 1934 to October 1935). KUROPE. Mr. HueH WHisTLER spent a month in Albania during the spring. Major W. M. ConereEvE directed his ornithological acitivities to Finmark, while Dr. J. M. Harrison visited Macedonia during April and May. ASIA. Mr. A. S. VERNAY has been engaged on an expedition to Upper Burma. Messrs. F'. LupLow and G. SHERRIF concluded their expedi- tion in Eastern Bhutan with a total of about 700 bird-skins. a2 Vol. lvi.] 44 ARABIA. Mr. St. JoHN PHILBY is to continue his collecting in Arabia. AFRICA. Mr. WitLtovcHBy P. Lowe returned from his second trip to Ashanti, having made further zoological collections. Rear-Admiral H. Lynes and the Rev. F. C. R. Jourpar1n carried out an ornithological trip to Egypt and Palestine during the spring. Mr. Jack VincENT has gone to Zanzibar to take charge of an essential oils distillery, and will no doubt turn his attention to the avifauna of that island as opportunity occurs. Interature. HacuisuKA, Marquess, ‘ Birds of the Philippines,’ vol. ii. completed. STEINBACHER, Dr. F., continues the publication of his Ergan- zungsband to Dr. Ernst Hartert’s ‘Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna.’ Howarp, Exiot, has published his ‘Nature of a Bird’s World.’ WuisTLER, H., has published a second edition to his ‘ Popular Handbook of Indian Birds.’ Brereman, STEN, ‘Zur Kenntnis Nordostasiatischer V6gel.’ A valuable contribution to the ornithology of Kamt- schatka and the Kurile Islands, with their widely differing avifauna. Guirac, W. E., ‘ History of the Birds of Middlesex.’ A useful companion volume to his ‘ Birds of Essex,’ which brings the account of Middlesex birds up to date. TAVERNER, P. A., ‘ Birds of Canada.’ A work which deals with the birds of Canada as a whole, and illustrated by the author and Major Allan Brooks. Baker, E. C. Stuart, has completed his ‘ Nidification of Birds of the Indian Empire’ with the publication of the fourth volume. Griscom, Luptow, ‘The Ornithology of the Republic of Panama,’ being primarily a check-list of the region. Priest, Captain C. D., has published his third volume of the ‘ Birds of Southern Rhodesia,’ 45 [Vol. lvi. THE OSSIFICATION OF CERTAIN TENDONS IN THE PATAGIAL FAN OF TUBINARES. The ossicles found in the muscular part of the elbow of certain Petrels is well known, and has been commented on by Forbes in part xi. of the “ Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger,’ 1882, who gave plates showing these bony nodules or wing-ossicles. Meckel and Reinhardt had previously noted them, and perhaps many others. Beddard in ‘Structure and Classification of Birds ’ in 1898, p. 447, also comments on them. In Newton’s ‘ Dictionary of Birds,’ 1896, Gadow, on pp. 606-607, discusses the patagial muscles. Some years ago I received a skeleton of Diomedella cauta picked up on the beach ; on the humeral process was a bone dried on by the cartilage; and in a skeleton of Puffinus griseus, also picked up on the beach, I noticed a similar bone. Discussing this matter with Major Allan Brooks, when in London in April 1935, he said that in some Petrels this bone had an articulating (?) surface with the humeral process, the other end connecting to a tendon, and he gave me two drawings, one showing this and another showing a cartilage connecting the bone to the humeral process. (I do not think this bone has an articulating surface. It seems always to be joined by cartilage both to the humeral process and to the ossicle, seated on this process.) A “ bone” sent me by Brooks from the wing of “* 7’. cauta,’’ and considered by him to show an articulating surface, proves to have the small ossicle connected to the moklosteon by very hard, “ almost bone,” cartilage. In my own example this cartilage has ossified. Now we do find that in certain of the Procellariide there is a very marked “ bone” that occurs in the elbow, and the humeral process pushes out to meet it, to which it seems always to be connected by cartilage. What is the object of this? Is it conceivable that when the wing is outstretched, as in flying, this spreader would be of advantage ? We would get triangulation, and the tendons would then be supported in the middle, where support would be most needed, and Vol. lvi.] 46 give greater command over the wrist. Weight in a bird must be kept down and flexibility maintained, as is the case with ribs connecting the vertebral column with the sternum, which allow heaving and expansion. With this spreader-bone replacing ligaments we get a more efficient state; flexibility remains unimpaired, and foldability also, as the spreader folds back to lie near the humerus-shaft. The wings of the Procellariide are abnormally long in proportion to weight; and the birds spend many weeks of each year on the wing, mostly over the inhospitable seas. This mode of life may account for the abnormal arrangement of the spreader-bone, or moklosteon found in some of the Petrels. This bone has two obvious effects: (1) to stiffen or brace the wing in the rigging of its weaker part—forward of the elbow; and (2) to make full use of the patagial fan. This spreader is an avian-mechanical device to improve the efficiency of its wing-spread. How has this improvement been effected? Was it by the eradual ossification of what was originally a tendon (and still is in some forms, either partially or wholly)? ‘This ossifica- tion, now a definite bone in the subfamilies Procellariins and Bulweriine and in the family Diomedeide, spans the distance from the forward projecting process of the distal end of the humerus to the muscle patagialis longus, thus giving a strut- support where before such was lacking. The spreader is, in its full development, of quite a characteristic or individual shape, having a hinged surface at the humeral end, a pro- nounced belly in the middle, and is attached at its distal end to the tendon patagialis longus. It appears to be formed from the muscle patagialis brevis, or rather its tendon, by gradual ossification. Sometimes the cartilage connecting the moklosteon to the ossicle on the humeral process hardens into a bone, when it is called the sanosteon. Though this ossicular development of the brevis (of the extensor metacarpi radialis longior) at the elbow has been remarked upon by several workers, and has been mentioned particularly with regard to certain Tubinares, and noted as present in Steganopodes and also in Merops, the spreader does not appear ever to have been recorded as a fully functioning 47 [Vol. lvi. bone of characteristic shape as now appears; so far, at least, I cannot find a reference to it. Forbes, pp. 27-28, says that “in the Diomedeine the rela- tions of the ossicles are very nearly as in Procellaria, but the tendinous band to the ulnar fascia—which represents the morphological termination of the tensor patagii brevis— arises in the Albatrosses nearer the middle of the fibrous tissue lying between the two ossicles. The tendon of origin of the superficial part of the extensor metacarpi is double. The proximal and smaller of these two ossicles is developed in the more superficial of these twin tendons. The larger of the two ossicles is somewhat different in shape in the Albatrosses and Petrels, being more hammer-shaped in the latter group. “These bones must be considered to be of the nature of sesamoids, which, as is well known, are often developed in the tendons of muscles at the points of greatest strain. Their occurrence therefore in different groups of birds is by no means a proof of any genetic connection between such.” This refers to the “ peculiar wing-ossicles ’’ which Forbes thought were confined to the Diomedeinze and the genera Procellaria, Adamastor, Puffinus, Bulweria, and Pterodroma. I consider it to be much more important than a “ wing- ossicle ”—in fact a spreader, as such. We can imagine that this bone is quite a recent development, and is still developing. So far this spreader bone, or os obex, has been found in the super-genus Puffinus, and in Procellaria, Pterodroma, Bulweria, Diomedea, and the Mollymawks. Apparently size does not control it, as the spreader has not yet been found in Macronectes, which is just as large as a Mollymawk, but is not a glider—it flaps its wings. It is also absent in the subfamily Fulmarine (Daption, Fulmarus, Thalassoica, Priocella), the subfamily Pachyptiline (Prions), and the families Thalassidromide and Pelecanoideide (Pago- droma |?)}). This, of course, is subject to further proof, as I am speaking with the little knowledge I have to date. The patagial fan in the genera and families mentioned in the last paragraph Vol. Ivi.] 48 seems to differ from that of the first-mentioned genera according to Forbes. Forbes has shown a small ossicle seated on the humeral process of Procellaria xquinoctialis and Diomedea exulans which is very similar to what I find in Puffinus puffinus. This ossicle is not part of either the process or the spreader ; to the latter it is jomed by cartilage. In Pterodroma lessoni no such ossicle is shown, and this, we find, is very similar to the same part in Pterodroma inexpectata, where the spreader is joined by cartilage to the process on the humerus. SUMMARY. The “spreader” derives by ossification of the tendon brevis—more fully designated tendon propatagialis brevis. It is not a process of the humerus, although the humeral process exerts itself to meet the ossifying spreader. Its function is to support the wing-framework in a needed part and to increase the surface of the patagium by keeping it fully spread. Mr. Robin Kemp, to whom [I sent an old dried wing of Puffinus puffinus to make into an exhibit to show the spreader, writes: “The left wing has just now opened out straight, and presents the whole mechanism. It is a mechanism which fills me with wonderment. It is like a long steel girder arrange- ment with ties and struts, and yet it all folds back quite com- pactly, in a solid flattish whole. Of course the fleshy parts of the muscles are gone. It is quite noticeable that the spreader bone packs up above, or outside of, the plane formed by the rest of the mechanism. That is to say, when the wing is closed the spreader lies on the outside of the humerus and not between the humerus and radius. If the fleshy muscles were in situ this point would not be quite so obvious.”’ I am also indebted to Kemp for working up the wings of Diomedea exulans and for the drawing he made of the patagial fan, which, of course, agreed with the drawings made by Forbes in the ‘ Challenger ’ Report, 1882, pt. xi. pl. 4. Kemp says ‘* the muscle which I have particularly reddened in the extended drawing of the patagial fan is very definitely a muscle, arising 49 [Vol. lvi: fleshy from a ridge of what you have named moklosteon turning to tendon as it runs wristwards. This makes the spreader a decidedly more important bone that it would be otherwise, and, incidentally, may be the reason, or one of the reasons, for its creation, in order to get a more centralized foundation for a muscle to help in the control and strengthening of the wrist—where tremendous strains must come with such a fearsomely long span—for beyond the wrist are the primaries.” Kemp further says of the wing of the Sooty Albatross : “TI feel satisfied that the sketch showing the spreader, with a distinct turning towards the wrist, is the natural set, in the extended wing. The angle is greater than in D. exulans, where the spreader is more at a right angle. In the Sooty Albatross, if one takes the humerus in one hand and the ulna and radius in the other, and carefully closes the wing, there comes a point, when the bones are about at right angles, at which a jerk occurs, almost like an inaudible click, and it is at this point that the humerus begins to overtake the spreader and tendon, which, if continued on, brings the two (i. e. the humerus and the tendon and spreader) to the parallel position when closed. Itis notevident what occurs to make the change just where it does occur in the elbow.” ' In D. exulans the spreader is very definitely connected to the ossicle by a strong tendon or cartilage; in fact that forms its mainstay to the framework, and below or behind that cartilaginous tendon is another less cartilaginous tendon from spreader to humeral process. This can be seen quite clearly in the extended wing of D. exulans when examined. Now, as to the Sooty Albatross the story is altered because of considerable development in the arrangement. We can no longer think in terms of an ossicle. That, together with the tendon (which in D. exulans is separate) and the chief tendon or cartilage also (spreader to humeral process), have all three here become as one strongly ossified continuation of the spreader. So that we have an elongated spreader (formed of original spreader, plus upper tendon, plus lower tendon, plus ossicle) which to all intents and purposes has now become one bone, the os obex—no flex can be detected in it. asd Vol. lvi.] 50 But that underneath tendon may have left a fragment behind (one cannot be sure), but this would not affect the foregoing statement. Furthermore, the movement of the spreader upon the humeral process in D. exulans is in part the ossicle twisting - on its seat on the process and in part the bending or flex of the tendon, spreader to ossicle. But in the Sooty Albatross this movement is confined to the twisting of the humeral end of the spreader (which used to be the “ ossicle”’) upon the humeral process. This concluded the Chairman’s Annual Address. Colonel MEINERTZHAGEN, referring to a recent note in ‘ British Birds,’ where it was stated that a Jay was unable to carry more than three acorns, exhibited a specimen of the Nutcracker (Nucifraga c. caryocatactes) whose throat and mouth contained twenty-eight hazel nuts (also exhibited). The throat did not appear unduly inflated, but all the nuts were squeezed out of the bird after death. The bird was one of a party eating nuts in Estonia. They were watched taking them to a log or stump, where they were disgorged and hammered before eating the kernel. Colonel MEINERTZHAGEN also referred to a note by Mack- worth-Praed and Grant in the last number of the ‘ Bulletin ’ (p. 33). A large series of Larus fuscus antelius was compared with a large series of Larus fuscus taimyrensis in the Leningrad Museum, and the shade on the mantle of the former is distinctly darker than in the latter, females being often darker than the males. The distinction is not great, but very real, and there can be no question that the race L. f. anteliws must be recognized. The single type of L. f. antelius in the British Museum, when compared with two or three LZ. f. taimyrensis from the Yenesai, is scarcely a fair test, though even here the difference is apparent, though slight. Neumann apparently had four specimens of L. f. taimyrensis and two of L. f. antelius, also the type and co-type of L. heuglinu. He compared L. heuglini with L. f. antelius, and found that they were nearer L. f. taimyrensis than L. f. antelius. 51 [Vol. lvi. But since Neumann wrote, in 1934, Stegmann has described L. f. ponticus and revived L. f. mongolicus. L. f. mongolicus comes to Iraq in winter, L. f. antelius to Aden and Somaliland, L. f. tawmyrensis to Iraq, Aden, and Somaliland, so it may be that all three winter on the north- east coast of Africa. Which is LZ. heuglini ? Until that is decided without a shadow of doubt let us retain the familiar L. f. taimyrensis and not disinter L. heuglini. My point is, that to discard an old-established name for an obscure, though older, one is nothing but mischievous unless the facts are beyond dispute. A further point in Mackworth-Praed and Grant’s note is that they claim that the L. fuscus and L. argentatus groups are separable on structure, quoting as their evidence Dr. Lowe’s remarks on the subject in 1913. But Dr. Lowe was dealing only with British birds, pointing out structural differences between Larus argentatus and Larus fuscus as they occur in the British Islands. If Mackworth-Praed and Grant would study the whole group which Stegmann had before him when he wrote his paper, and of which I have repre- sentatives of all forms in my collection, I think they would agree that structural evidence breaks down when the Asiatic forms are examined. And, moreover, the statement that “‘ too many races have been described,’ after examining the series in the British Museum, where almost all specimens are from winter quarters, and some forms scarcely represented at all, is scarcely just to Stegmann, who worked for weeks with huge series, all from breeding quarters. Dr. Percy R. Lows, by way of reply to Colonel Meinertz- hagen’s remarks, asked leave to exhibit three Gulls from the British Museum collection. One of these was an example of Larus fuscus britannicus, while the other two were the forms known as L. f. taimyrensis and L. f. anteliws. All three were adult males in summer plumage, and it might be said, therefore, that they represented, geographically, Western European and Siberian forms. Dr. Lowe regretted to say that ever since his discovery Vol. lvi.] 52 -that two distinct races of the Lesser Black-backed Gull were found in the British Isles (‘ British Birds,’ June 1, 1912, p. 2) he had not followed very attentively the nomenclatural adventures of Larus fuscus britannicus or of other recently- named subspecific forms; but he could not help feeling interested in Professor Stegman’s revolutionary views as regards the conspecific nature of the Herring-Gull (Larus argentatus) and the Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus), or in Colonel Meinertzhagen’s remarks on the subject that evening and at the last meeting of the Club. Colonel Meinertzhagen had said that his (Dr. Lowe’s) description of the structural differences of the Herring-Gull and Lesser Black-backed Gull in a popular book entitled ‘Our Common Sea Birds’ (p. 174) might be all very well so long as it was confined to Gulls breeding in the British Isles, but that when one came to range farther afield—farther east into Siberia for example—the case was different, as there one found all sorts of intermediate structural differences, which rendered it impossible to distinguish the two forms as specific entities. Dr. Lowe thought that these conclusions of Colonel Meinertzhagen and Professor Stegman had been based on a misapprehension of facts. The three specimens, for instance, which he exhibited clearly showed that there were just the same obvious structural differences between Larus fuscus britannicus and the forms known as L. f/f. taimyrensis and L. f. antelius as existed between Larus fuscus britannicus and Larus argentatus argentatus. And this was not surprising, for when, at the invitation of Captain Claude Grant, he had examined L. f. tamyrensis and L. f. antelous he found, to his astonishment, that these two forms had no sort of claim to be included in the category of Lesser Black-backed Gulls, but were Herring-Gulls, although dark-backed Herring-Gulls. This conclusion was, it seemed to him, inevitable if the usual structural characters which differentiate the Lesser Black- backed Gull from the Herring-Gull were employed and the colour of the mantle and soft parts ignored or relegated to a subsidiary position. It seemed, therefore, to him, that one had only to recognize the obvious differences in form between 53 [Vol. lvi. these two Gulls, to say nothing of their habits, to be forced to the conclusion that Professor Stegman’s view was not tenable. To the above remarks I should now like to add that on the following day Captain Claude Grant and I examined specimens of L. a. argentatus, atlantis, vege, antelius, michahellesic, cachinnans, mongolicus, taimyrensis, and ponticus, and found that, submitted to the same test, all were, in our opinion, Herring-Gulls. The Rev. F. C. R. JouRDAIN made the following remarks :— In the last number of the ‘ Bulletin’ (antea, pp. 29-82) Mr. Bunyard gives a description of how he put eleven Cuckoos’ eggs into Reed-Warblers’ nests, and, because they were not rejected, claims that these experiments, “‘ as far as they go, are conclusive evidence against the theory of assimilation being the result of elimination by selection.” To say nothing of the fact that the non-rejection of the “mixed ” type of Cuckoo’s egg which has been gradually evolved for the very purpose does not disprove the assimilation theory, but rather supports it, Mr. Bunyard seems to be unaware that for over a hundred years past complete and scientifically conducted experiments on this point have been carried out by Lottinger (1775-1795) and subsequently by Swynnerton and Rensch. Swynnerton’s experiments were over fifty in number, and he found that ill-matched substitutes were rejected in about 80 per cent. of cases. In many cases the parents removed the intruding egg in their bills. Dr. Bernhard Rensch repeated in Europe the experiments of Swynnerton in Africa, and achieved similar results. Thirty- eight of these experiments are described in the Journ. f. Ornith. 1924, pp. 461-472. As in these cases the eggs were inserted by the experimenters it is not possible to ascribe their disappearance from the nest to carelessness on the part of the depositor, as Mr. Bunyard does with regard to the Cuckoo. Mr. Bunyard also states that “‘ almost perfect assimilation ”’ is found in the Great Spotted Cuckoo’s eggs, which are laid in the nests of various species of Corvide (Raven, Hooded Vol. Ivi.] 54. Crow, Magpie, etc.). As the eggs of this Cuckoo are very uniform in type, I should like to ask how it is possible for them to assimilate closely to eggs which differ so widely as those of Raven, Magpie, and Hooded Crow—both in size and markings. In Egypt there are no Magpies, and all the eggs are laid in Hooded Crows’ nests. The theory that the variation in the colour of Cuckoos’ egos was due to the food provided by the fosterers was excusable in 1853, when Baldamus (not Rey, as Bunyard states) brought it forward. Now when we know that the food of the adult Cuckoo consists largely of species rejected by other birds, such as the hairy caterpillars, whose hairs line their gizzards, it is untenable. I am unable to agree with the assumption that a character acquired through food in childhood in this remarkable way (and presumably retained through life) can be transmitted by heredity (p. 31). As to the use of feathers in Reed-Warblers’ nests, I need only state that both Stevenson in the ‘ Birds of Norfolk ’ and Howard Saunders have recorded instances of their use. Mr. C. F. M. SwyNNERTON made some remarks on his paper in ‘ The Ibis.’ Mr. H. A. GinBerT exhibited some flash-light photographs taken by Mr. Arthur Brook of Curlew on moorland and in quarries on the seashore in Radnorshire. Mr. E. G. Birp sent the description of two new subspecies from the Outer Hebrides :— Emberiza scheniclus mackenziei, subsp. nov. Description.—Male similar to L£. s. schaniclus Linneus (Syst. Nat. ed. x. 1752, p. 182: Sweden), but possibly slightly richer on the back and shoulders. Female is decidedly darker on the back than the female H. s. schaniclus. This darkness is chiefly due to a decidedly richer tint of the cinnamon edging to the feathers. The streaks on the under- parts in the female are somewhat heavier. Distribution.—South Vist, Outer Hebrides. 55 [Vol. lvi. Type.—Ad. 2, South Lochboisdale, South Uist, Outer Hebrides, April 6, 1935 (in my collection). Remarks.—Kight specimens of this bird taken in March and April from South Uist were examined by me. It is named after Mr. Finlay Mackenzie, of Lochboisdale, whose kindness made my collection possible. Anthus spinoletta meinertzhageni, subsp. nov. Description.—As compared with both A. s. petrosus Montagu (Trans. Linn. Soc. iv. 1798, p. 41: Wales) and A. s. klein- schmidti Hartert (Vog. pal. Faun. Band 1, 1903-10, p. 284: Faroe Islands) the new subspecies is darker both above and below. The upper parts are definitely darker and of a dark grey olive tinge as compared with a much more brown olive tinge in both A. s. petrosus and A. s. kleinschmidti. The streaks on the underparts are much darker than in either of the other subspecies, while the yellow tinge on the under- parts, fairly pronounced in both the other subspecies, is almost absent from the new subspecies. Distribution.—South Uist, Outer Hebrides. In passing, it should be noted that some Rock-Pipits from Skye in the British Museum collection appear to be also of this subspecies. Type.—Ad. g, Lochboisdale, South Uist, Outer Hebrides, April 5, 1935 (in my collection). Remarks.—Seven specimens taken in March and April from South Uist were examined by me. It is named after Col. R. Meinertzhagen, to whom I am much indebted for the loan of some specimens of the Faroese subspecies A. s. klein- schmidti. It will be remembered that Col. Meinertzhagen first noticed that the Hebridean bird might be a new subspecies (Ibis, Jan. 1934, p. 56). Mr. C. G. Brrp sent the following note on Crested Larks from the Near Kast :— In south Asia Minor this year we collected two subspecies of Crested Larks, a dark form from the plain around Adana and a paler, more sandy form from the hills around Gaziantep. It has been somewhat difficult to name these birds owing to the great number of subspecies that have been described on Vol. Ivi.] 56 very small differences ; it has also been necessary to examine material from over a very wide area. All the specimens of Crested Larks in the British Museum have been examined, and I am indebted to Col. Meinertzhagen for being able to see the large series in his own collection and to Dr. C. B. Ticehurst for examining my birds and sending some notes on them. In all cases specimens have been examined from the type- locality or, where this has not been possible, the nearest place to it. Our series of eleven birds from Gaziantep was compared with Galerida cristata subtaurica from Eregli (type-locality) ; they were not to be distinguished from them. Unfortunately I was not able to compare them with G. c. weigoldi from Urfa, but Gaziantep is quite near to this town, in the same type of country. Birds from the south of Urfa in Iraq are quite indistinguishable from the Gaziantep specimens. It is, therefore, reasonable to regard G. c. subtawrica as synonymous with G.c. weigoldi. Gaziantep is mid-way between Eregli and Urfa. Further, these two subspecies were compared with G. c. brachyura from El Ghor, south of the Dead Sea. Although I have not seen specimens from the actual type-locality given by Tristram, I have seen specimens from within ten miles of it, and when they are compared with the Gaziantep birds, G. c. subtaurica, and birds from the south of Urfa, i.e. G. c. weigoldi, they were all found to be the same, there- fore G. c. subtaurica and G. c. weigoldi are synonymous with G. c. brachyura. It is with some hesitation that I place G. c. magna as distinct from G. c. brachyura, but if specimens of each are taken from the type-localities, G. c. magna may be seen to be slightly paler than G. c. brachyura; the latter is also a little smaller, but overlap is considerable. Specimens of G. c. magna have been examined from the type-locality, Yarkand, Persia, and Arabia. In the Judean highlands G. c. zion occurs; it is darker than G. c. brachyura and, as in some other birds in the south of its range, it is found on high ground; the further north one goes the lower it is found; in this case at the north of its range it is found at sea-level on the plain around Adana, where we collected seven specimens. G‘. c. zion is not found north of the 57 [Vol. lvi. Taurus nor to the east of the Giaour Dagh. The large series of this subspecies in Col. Meinertzhagen’s collection has been examined from the type-locality and Syria. On Mt. Carmel and the north Palestine coast quite a distinct subspecies occurs, Gi’. c. connamomina ; it is, as the name implies, considerably more cinnamon in colour than G. c. brachyura. G. c. ioniz has been described from east Asia Minor, type- locality Priene. Specimens have not been examined from this area, but it has been shown by Laubmann (Orn. Jahrb. 1915, pp. 25 & 26) that it is synonymous with G. c. caucasica. It is probable that G. c. ankarz, which has been described from Ankara, which is between Priene and the Caucasus, will be found to be synonymous with G. c. caucasica. Following is the summary of the subspecies, with their distribution :— Galerida cristata brachyura Tristram, P.Z.S. Lond. 1864, p. 485 : El Ghor. Galerida cristata wetgoldi Kollibay, Orn. Montasb. 1912, p. 27: Eregli. Galerida cristata subtaurica Kollibay, op. cit. 1912, pp. 26 & 27: Urfa. Distribution.—South Asia Minor (vilayets of Gaziantep, Urfa, and Mardin), Iraq, Transjordania, lowlands of South Palestine, Sinai district, and possibly the deserts of North Kgypt. Galerida cristata magna Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 407 : Yarkand. Distribution.—Yarkand, North India, Afghanistan, Persia, North and Central Arabia. Galerida cristata zion Meinertzhagen, Bull. B. O. C. 1920-21, p. 21: Jerusalem. Distribution.—Judean highlands, through Palestine (not coasts), to Syria and the plain around Adana, south Asia Minor. Galerida cristata cinnamomina Hartert, Vég. pal. Faun. Bd. 1, 1903-10, p. 235: Mt. Carmel. Distribution.—Mt. Carmel and North Palestine coast. Galerida cristata caucasica Taczanowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1887, p. 621: Lagodechi in the Caucasus Mts, Vol. lvi.] 58 Galerida cristata 1oniz Kollibay, Orn. Monatsb. 1912, p. 26 : Priene. (? Galerida cristata ankare Kitmmerlowe & Niethammer, Journ. f. Ornith. 1934, pp. 540 & 541: Ankara.) | Distribution.—Caucasus Mts., extending along the north coast of Asia Minor to the west coast (Priene) ; possibly, also, the Anatolian plateau and east Asia Minor. Capt. CLAUDE GRANT and Mr. C. W. MackwortH-PRAED sent the following note on the type-locality of Sarothrura lineata (Swainson, Anim. Menag. p. 339, 1838). :— Sclater, Syst. Av. Aithiop. i. p. 106, 1924, gives South Africa only, and we cannot find that a more definite type-locality has been fixed. The earliest references to this Crake are :— 1837. Swainson, Class. Bds. ii. p. 358, 1837: nom. nud. Description of genus Alecthelia, giving A. lineata as type of genus. 1838. Swainson, Anim. Menag. p. 339, 1838: South Africa. 1839. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pl. xxi. and text, 1839, mentions having procured a specimen, from which the plate was drawn, but gives no locality, and the specimen must have been eventually lost. This author’s reference to Proc. S. A. Inst. Nov. 1828 must be to an MS. note, as we cannot find that this journal was published prior to 1830. 1846. Gray, Gen. Bds. iii. p. 595, no. 29, 1846: no locality. 1852. Reichenbach, Handb. Fulic. t. exxv. fig. 1224, 1851: text, p. xxiii. 1850, published 1852: no locality. 1856. Bonaparte, Comp. Rend. xliii. p. 599, no. 380, 1856: no locality. 1865. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, v. Ralli, p. 27, 1865: ‘South Africa. 1867. Layard, Bds. S. Afr. p. 339, 1867: Knysna. Thus Layard is the first author to give a_ definite locality for this species, and we can, therefore, fix the 59 [Vol. lvi. type-locality of Sarothrura lineata (Swainson) as Knysna, Cape Province, South Africa. Layard states that Swainson’s type is at Cambridge, but recent enquiries show that it cannot now be found. Mr. Grecory M. MatueEws sent the following description of a new subspecies of the Kermadec Petrel :— Pterodroma neglecta juana, subsp. nov. Description.—Difters from typical P. n. neglecta in being darker and in never having the light phase. This new form is black above and below, not brown above with the under- surface lighter ; it is also larger. Distribution.—Juan Fernandez Group, where it breeds. Type—In the Stockholm Museum, Sweden. An adult male taken on January 21, 1917, on Masatierra in the Juan Fernandez Group. Measurements.—Average wing-measurement 303-5 mm., against 292 mm. of the typical form from the Kermadec Tslands. NOTICES. The next Meeting of the Club will be held on Wednesday, January 8, 1936, at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W.7. The Dinner at 7 p.m. Members intending to dine must inform the Hon. Secretary, Dr. A. Landsborough Thomson, 16 Tregunter Road, S.W. 10, on the post-card sent out before the Meeting. Members who wish to make any communication at the next Meeting of the Club should give notice to the Editor, Vol. lvi.] 60 Capt. C. H. B. Grant, 58a Ennismore Gardens, Princes Gate, S.W.7. The titles of their contributions will then appear on the Agenda published before the Meeting. All MSS. for publication in the ‘ Bulletin’ must be given to the Editor before or at the Meeting. Agenda. Dr. P. H. Manson-Bahr: “The Display of certain Species of Birds of Paradise,’ illustrated by paintings made in the Zoological Gardens. Mr. P. F. Bunyard: Exhibition of, and remarks on, interesting eggs. : 030 BULLETIN Loy i OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB. No. CCCXCII. Cree <8 > THE three-hundred-and-eighty-seventh Meeting of the Club was held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7, on Wednesday, January 8, 1936. Chairman: Mr. D. A. BANNERMAN. Members present :—K. C. Stuart Baker; Miss P. Barcnay- SmitH; Mrs. R. G. Barnes; Brig.-Gen. R. M. Beran: P. F. Bunyarp; Hon. G. L. CHarteris; H. P. O. Creave; R. H. Deane; A. Ezra; Miss J. M. Ferrier; Capt. C. H. B. Grant (Editor); Col. A. E. Hamerton; B. G. Harrison; Dr. J. M. Harrison; Mrs. T. E. Hopexin; P. A. D. Hottom; Lieut..Commdr. A. M. Huacures; Major H. P. W. Huson; Dr. K. Jonpan; Rev. F.C. R. Jourpamn; Dr. N. H. Joy; N. B. Kinnear; Miss E. P. Leacn; Miss C. Lonarierp; Dr. G. CarmicHaEL Low; C. W. Mackwortu-Prarp (Hon. Treas.); J. H. McNett; Dr. P. H. Manson-Banr; C. Otp- HAM; H. J. R. Pease; H. Leysporne Poruam; Miss G. M. Ruopes; W. L. Sctater; D. Seru-Smrra; Miss D. L. Taytor; Dr. A. LanpsporoucH THomson (Hon. Sec.) ; B.W. Tucker; Miss E.L. Turner; H. M.Watuis; Mrs.H. W. Boyp Watt; H. F. Wirnersy; C. G. M. pz Worms. Guests :—Miss M. Barcuay; R. Betuemy; FI1.-Lieut. B. H. GopFrREY; J. L. Hawkins; Mrs. Hucuns; Dr. C. Manson- Banr; Mrs. LEYBoRNE Popuam; Miss D. SrernrHat. [January 31, 1936.] a VOL, LVI, Vol. lvi.] 62 Mr. D. A. BANNERMAN exhibited an example of the Black- shouldered Nightjar (Caprimulgus nigriscapularis) which had been obtained at Mambolo, in the Port Loko district of Sierra Leone, on February 16, 1935, by Mr. R. R. Glanville, who had recently presented an interesting collection of birds to the British Museum. This species (said Mr. Bannerman) is very rare in West Africa, having but once been recorded—from Portuguese Guinea. It was described from west of Lake Albert. Among the collection the following species were recorded from Sierra Leone for the first time, in addition to the Nightjar mentioned above :— Pelecanus rufescens. Kichom, Port Loko district, 18. ii. 35. Noted as common. Macronyzx croceus croceus. Bali, Port Loko district, 19. ii. 35. Noted as common. Stephanoaétus coronatus. Kamakwi, Karene district, 10.i.35. Noted to be rare. Mr. Glanville, who is in the Agricultural Department, — has just returned to the West Coast, and will continue his studies of the birds of the three most westerly districts of the Sierra Leone Protectorate—Port Loko, Karene, and Bombali— from which we had previously very little information. He will, I am sure, make good use of his opportunities while stationed in the neighbourhood of the Skarsies River. Mr. Glanville’s collection contains specimens of that beautiful Emerald Starling (Coccycolius wris) from Yana, in the north of the Karene district, which was formerly so extremely rare in collections, besides a number of other interesting forms. Mr. BANNERMAN further said that he had that very morning received a skin of a male Wigeon from Ibadan, Nigeria, shot on December 18, 1935, and forwarded to the British Museum by Mr. W. A. Fairbairn, of the Forestry Service. This is only the second record of a Wigeon from West Africa. The first record was published in Bull. B. O. C. lv. 1935, p. 170. Mr. Fairbairn writes that it is an extraordinary thing to find this duck on the railway reservoir in the forestry plantation 63 [Vol. lvi. at Ibadan, for he had never seen duck of any description on this reservoir at any time before. In Mr. Fairbairn’s opinion this bird is unlikely to have come from the north of Nigeria, and is more likely to have reached Ibadan via the coast. It is, at any rate, a very interesting occurrence, which strengthens my belief that all migratory European ducks will eventually be recorded from Nigeria. Dr. P. H. Manson-Baur exhibited some tempera-paintings of Birds of Paradise which he had made, and made the following remarks on the display of some of the species :— Not by any means the least interesting feature of this gorgeously apparelled genus of birds is the fantastic use to which they put their highly coloured plumes in order to display them in all their iridescence to the best advantage. In order to give effect to their plumes, which have been developed in various odd and unusual parts of the body, the birds have come to adopt stances in which they resemble insects and butterflies more than their own avian selves. Moreover, the positions assumed by members of different genera are quite dissimilar, so that one may assume that the develop- ment of these extravagant plumes has but one object, namely, sexual display. There is no doubt that this is a sexual act performed for the benefit of the soberly clad female, although in captivity these displays are undertaken apparently solely from a kind of self-satisfying pride. It is probable, too, that these displays can only be seen, and certainly only accurately studied, in captive birds. When performed in the dense and leafy jungles of their native haunts the magnificance of the full display must be obscured by the abundant foliage. In some species the display is almost momentary, so rapidly is the expansion and retraction of the main plumes performed, and, moreover, it is only at certain times of the day that the bird feels itself inclined in this direction, and this more usually takes place in the earlier hours of the morning, when the general public is absent from the Zoo- logical Gardens. It is well known that in the tropical bird house at the London Zoological Gardens there is nearly always a2 Vol. lvi.] 64 at this time of the year abundant material for studies of this kind. As Mr. Seth-Smith has already explained in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,’ September 1923, attempts which have been made to photograph or cine- matograph this fascinating performance have failed on account of the bright light employed and the racket and fuss necessary. Although this is such an interesting phenomenon of natural adaptation, singularly few studies on it, and fewer actual paintings, appear to have been made. As already explained, this is probably due to the fact that these birds usually perform their dance early in the morning, and it is very quickly over. Therefore, in order to make accurate paintings many studies have to be undertaken and very rapidly performed. In the literature there are several descriptions by eminent ornithologists, all of which have been made from captive birds in zoological gardens. Thus, in ‘The Ibis’ (19085, pp. 429-440), W. R. Ogilvie-Grant has described the display of the lesser bird (Paradisea minor), with figures by G. E. Lodge. In this species the display took place between 8 and 9 o’clock in the morning, especially on dull mornings followed by periods of bright sunshine. The first two displays are generally the longest, and last from four to nine minutes, but they generally decrease in duration as the bird becomes exhausted. In this species the display is preceded by loud cries, and soon the side-plumes are erected to form an arched cascade over the back, meeting one another in the middle lines and completely hiding the depressed tail when the bird is viewed from behind. Im this attitude the bird remains from ten to twenty seconds, slightly quivering its wings, when suddenly he appears to go quite mad and commences to dance and hop wildly backwards and forwards with head bent down, wings extended horizontally, and side-plumes erected to their utmost. The displays of the greater bird (P. apoda) and the closely-allied members of this genus appear to be very similar. Again in ‘ The Ibis’ (1907, pp. 225-229), the late Sir Wm. Ingram described a totally different performance in the case 65 [Vol. lvi. of the King Bird of Paradise (Cicinnurus regius), and up to that time it had never been seen or described by any competent witness. The display commenced in August, and was preceded by the giving forth of several short, separate notes and squeaks, resembling the whine of a pet dog. Next the wings were spread out, meeting the head, the bird giving out a chanting, wailing song somewhat like a Sky-Lark. The fan-like side- plumes are expanded and the short tail pressed close over the back, so as to throw the long tail-wires over the head, gently swinging the body from side to side. The spiral tips of the wires look like small balls of burnished metal. The paper is illustrated by an excellent coloured plate and black and white drawings made by Mr. G. E. Lodge. In the * Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society,’ 1921, pp. 111-113, L.S. Crandail has figured and described the totally different display of the Blue Bird of Paradise (Paradisornis rudolphi). In this species the almost unbelievably beautiful iridescent plumes are ventrally situated. These are mostly bright blue and lght green in colour, whilst the side-plumes are fawn and brown. In the fully developed plumage there are two central wires slightly incurved, of a foot or more in length, each bearing on its tip a spatula of brilliant blue. As is well known, this beautiful bird displays in the upside-down position, so as to show off its magnificence to the best advantage. So astounding and unexpected is this performance that the keeper in the New York Zoo, on first observing it, thought that the bird was undergoing convulsions, and wished to remove it to the sanatorium for treatment!! The exaggerated position as figured in the plate in the article quoted has not been observed in the case of this bird in the London Zoological Gardens, probably because the present specimen has not yet assumed the fullness of its gorgeous plumage. In the specimen at present in the Zoological Gardens, which now has almost attained full plumage, the terminal wire-like tail has not yet been produced. This bird performed continuously last winter in the inverted position, swaying from side to side, the eyelids usually half closed, and the left wing extended so as to partially conceal the head, whilst the eyes peeped coyly behind. The v Vol. lvi.] 66 breast-feathers are puffed out so as to show their iridescence to the best advantage, and the beautiful ventral plumes, with their edging of dull scarlet, are spread fan-wise behind. The throat is puffed out, and all the time, whilst swaying, the bird gives utterance to a continuous gurgling, like some mechanical clock-like machine. The whole performance may be kept up for several minutes continuously. In the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,’ September 1923, pp. 609- 613, Mr. Seth-Smith has given a most excellent description of an entirely different performance by the Magnificent Bird of Paradise (Diphyllodes magnificus hunsteini), with four excellent text-figures, again by Mr. G. E. Lodge. This was described by Seth-Smith at a meeting of the Zoological Society on February 20, 1923. At that time a male bird in full plumage was in full display in the tropical bird house, and a series of coloured drawings was made at that time and presented to the Zoological Society by myself. As in the case of most of these birds, three or four attitudes are adopted, which follow on one another in regular sequence, though frequently the final — and full attitude is assumed without the others. When inclined to display, the bird sits on the perch with the plumage rather relaxed, utters two or three sounds, and then suddenly adopts an attitude with the pectoral shield expanded in an expectant attitude, as shown in one of the figures. In the full display, or in what Seth-Smith calls the fourth stage, the head is thrown back and the body brought into an erect position, with the nuchal hood of pale yellow feathers flashed (like a Geisha holding a Japanese fan) into prominence over the head. At the same time the pectoral shield is lowered to form a broad ribbon-like strip of bright green, down the centre of which, like a zip-fastener, appears a narrow band of iridescent feathers of emerald-green or brilliant blue, according to the angle of light at which it is viewed; whilst at the lower extremity of the shield appears a narrow bordering of the same iridescent hue. The bird is standing absolutely upright, and the beak is opened widely to show the pale sap- ereen colour of the interior lining. The whole performance lasts only three to four seconds, and may be undertaken at 67 [Vol. lvi. intervals of half an hour, and usually on dull grey mornings in February and March. The last species I have studied in display, and which I believe has not been previously figured, is the Lesser Superb Bird of Paradise (Lophorhina superba minor), of which the Zoological Society had a fine example in full display in 1928. This was the best bird of the kind that had been exhibited in London, as other specimens since that time have never developed this power to the same degree. This bird, which is about the size of a Missel-Thrush, is of a beautiful velvety black colour, with a bright steel-green iridescent breast-shield which, in the ordinary position, appears to be suspended from the breast by some invisible elastic thread. The bird is provided with long velvety and scalloped nuchal plumes which, in the sitting position, are held close to the body and are not conspicuous. ‘The crown is covered with short but erectile green and iridescent plumes which, when erected, form two lateral horns. The display of this bird is as startling as it is peculiar. ‘There is no preliminary vocal performance, and the bird remains almost silent throughout. There are also no preliminary stages, as in the other species already described, and the display is spontaneous and instantaneous. Suddenly the bird assumes a squatting position and the nuchal plumes are spread out to form a veritable fan, like some giant Camberwell Beauty butterfly. The ventral shield is spread out to form a lower iridescent and highly scintillating lower border to the fan. In the centre of this pitch-black mass the head can be made out by two iridescent points, like some shining emeralds upon an ebony background, and the beak is held widely gaping open to show the striking bright green interior. At the same time the bird moves fan- wise, Swaying from side to side, and uttering a slight hissing sound. ‘The uninitiated, viewing the performance for the first time, could hardly be blamed for not recognizing the dark object before him as a bird at all. After remaining in this extended and undoubtedly uncomfortable position for some three to four seconds, the fan suddenly closes up, and the apparition becomes a normal bird once more. The Vol. lvi.] 68 particular specimen under consideration would perform some mornings about once every ten minutes, and could be induced to do so by dangling some bright object, such as a watch- chain or ring, in front of his cage, a performance whch seemed to mesmerize him. As has already been remarked, he performed best in the early hours of the morning, when not disturbed by too frequent visitors ; but when hungry, or when his platter had been filled with a fresh supply of grapes which attracted his attention, he refused to perform at all. No doubt further opportunities will present themselves for completing the study of this fascinating subject. Mr. D. SrTH-SmitH remarked that it was practically impossible to photograph the display of the Birds of Paradise owing to their strong dislike of sunlight. The Rev. F. C. R. Jourpatn exhibited a skin of an im- mature female of the White-breasted Sea-Eagle, Cuncuma » leucogaster (Gmelin.), which was obtained in the eastern Solomon Islands on May 29,1934. The head was almost white, except for a few dark streaked feathers on the crown, but the underparts were still brown. The tail, however, had no white on it except just at the tips of some of the feathers. In the British Museum series there are a good many immature birds, some of which have not yet attained the white head, and yet all have white tails, or white with some brown markings, except the only specimen from the Solomons, which also has a brown tail. It seems remarkable that the only birds from this locality should both show this peculiarity. Mr. P. F. Bunyarp exhibited the following eggs, mostly from the collection of the late Mr. Chas. F. Stedman, of Ashford, Kent :— A clutch of nine (originally ten) Blackbird’s (T’urdus m. merula) taken near Ashford, Kent, on June 12, 1921. The nest was placed in a straw-stack and was deserted, although the eggs were quite fresh. Clutches of seven have been 69 [Vol. lvi. twice recorded. All eggs are slightly marked with fine hair ‘tines, proving conclusively they are the product of the same bird. A clutch of six leucitic eggs of the British Robin (Hrithacus rubecula melophilus), found at Ashford on May 30, 1912. Very large eggs, tinged greenish-blue. Two are slightly marked. Measurements. Weights. mm. mg. 7A aa ea tte 184 22 «i18 204 21-3 x18 192 21-4 x17-8 197 ad XS 185 20°3 X 17-2 174 Rey’s average | : - 19-44 x 14-77 133 (55 eggs). J A clutch of five British Robin’s, taken near Ashford on May 16, 1925, by a boy, and end blown. Nest on ground, a typical Robin’s. These are remarkable eggs with pale bluish ground, sparingly marked at large ends pale reddish- brown. They resemble certain forms of the Snow-Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis). A clutch of five leucitic eggs of the House-Sparrow (Passer d. domesticus) taken by Stedman and Bunyard at Ashford on May 23, 1890, from a tall conifer. Exceedingly large eggs, almost unmarked. Judging by weights and measurements, these are obviously deficient in shell-forming matter. Measurements. Weights. mm, mg. 24:5 16 180 25:5 X 17 217 25 X16°5 209 24 x<16-4 211 25 X17 213 Rey’s average | (00 eos iia 22 xX15-6 207 Vol. Ivi.] 70 A clutch of five House-Sparrow’s, taken by Stedman and Bunyard near Ashford on June 7, 1925. Exceptionally © beautiful eggs, resembling certain forms of those of the Great Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus a. arundinaceus). The nest was placed in a tall pear tree in an orchard. A clutch of three Whitethroat’s (Sylvia c. communis) from Hants, found by Stedman and Bunyard. Birds carefully identified. Eggs exceedingly small, otherwise perfect ; richly marked at large ends. Measurements. Weights. mm. mg. 16 x12 77 16-2 11-8 75 16 X11-5 72 Rey’s average | (100 eggs). if 18-1 X 13-8 114 A clutch of five Corn-Bunting’s (Hmberiza c. calandra), taken — in Kent by Stedman about 1929. A very rare form, finely stippled. The typical Hmberiza vein-markings are almost absent ; in size considerably above the average. A clutch of six Corn-Bunting’s, from Essex. These were fairly typical of the greyish ground form, capped with zones of rich brownish-black; an exceptionally even clutch for this species. Clutches of six are rare in this country. They have been recorded from Sussex ; apparently, they are rare in Corn- wall. Among the 138 nests examined by Colonel Ryves only one six is recorded. Typical clutches were also exhibited for comparison with the above. Mr. B. G. Harrison gave a short account of a trip to Uruguay in 1935, and made some remarks on the birds he observed, with special reference to Cowbirds. Mr. N. B. Kryngar sent the following description of a new race of Nuthatch :— 71 [Vol. lvi. Sitta castanea tonkinensis, subsp nov. Description.—The male differs from S. castanea connamo- ventris in the larger wing and the slightly darker colour above. The head is the same colour as the back and not paler ; the feathers of the cheeks have narrow black tips with a greater extent of black on the basal portion, whereas in the typical form the cheeks appear pure white and the black of the basal portion is very much reduced. Underside paler, basal portion of the under tail-coverts black instead of grey, with very little chestnut on the white tips ; basal portion of the feathers on the thighs also much darker. Female larger, but otherwise does not differ from S. c. connamoventris. Distribution.—Tonkin and Laos in Indo-China. Type.—Male, January 28, 1928; Napé, Laos, Indo-China. Collected by J. Delacour and W. P. Lowe. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1928.6.26.1538. Measurements.—Three males, wing 87-88-9 mm. ; bill from skull 23-23-5 mm. Two females, wing 84-85 mm. ; bill from skull 21 mm. Two males in the Paris Museum measured by J. Delacour have wings 90 and 91 mm. Eleven males, S. c. cinnamoventris, wing 79-84:5 mm. ; bill from skull 21-22°5 mm. Six females, wing 80°5-82 mm. ; bill from skull 21-21-5 mm. Remarks.—Material examined, one specimen from Napé, Laos, in the British Museum, one male and two females from Laos, and a male from Tonkin in the Field Museum, Chicago, for the loan of which I am indebted to the authorities of the Field Museum of Natural History. __ Mr. C. W. Benson sent the following description of a new race of Wren-Warbler :— Calamonastes simplex neglectus, subsp. nov. Description.—Differs from C. simplex simplex (Cabanis) and C. s. undosus (Reichenow) in having the upper-side reddish- brown, not greyish-brown. In its pattern of barring on the underside and dusky appearance of feathers on chin and throat Vol. Ivi.] 72 this bird is clearly a race of C. sumplex, and not C. fasciolatus, to which latter species, however, the colouring of the upper-side is rather similar. Type—In the British Museum. Male, 5 miles east of Fort Hill, N.W. Nyasaland, 4300 feet, August 17, 1935. Collected by C. W. Benson. Brit. Mus. reg. no. 1935.9.1.4. Measurements —Wing 67, tail 55, culmen 15, tarsus 23 mm. Remarks.—The type was the only example collected. This was in open woodland of the Brachystegia-Msuku type, where on the following day (Aug. 18, 1935), not more than 300 yards away, an example of Calamonasies fasciolatus stierling: was secured (now also in the National Collection, Brit. Mus. reg. no. 1925.10.9.1.) It is unfortunate that a larger series of these Wren-Warblers was not collected in this locality, but these two specimens show that in this locality in Northern Nyasaland the ranges of the two species, Calamonastes fascio- latus and CO. sumplex, overlap near the northernmost and southernmost limits respectively of their ranges. Tam much indebted to Mr. N. B. Kinnear and Capt. C. H. B. Grant, who have examined these two birds, and are in agree- ment with these conclusions. Capt. C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. MackwortH-PRAED sent the following note on the type-localities of Cursorius cursor somalensis Shelley (Ibis, 1885, p. 415) and Rhinoptilus africanus hartingt Sharpe (Bull. B. O. C. iti. 1893, p. xiv) :— Shelley gives Somaliland and also the area within which this bird was collected. Sharpe gives Somaliland only. The types are in the British Museum, and were collected by Lort-Phillips on his trip from Berbera to the Upper Webi Shebeli. James gives a map in the Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. 1885. Through the kindness of Miss Eva Godman we have obtained from Mr. E. Lort-Phillips, under date July 18, 1935, the exact places at which he shot these two birds, viz. :— Cursorius cursor somalensis Shelley : Sogsoda Plain, British Somaliland. 73 [Vol. lvi. Rhinoptilus africanus hartings Sharpe: Gedais, Sogsoda Plain, British Somaliland. These places are, therefore, the correct type-localities of these two races. NOTICES. The next Meeting of the Club will be held on Wednesday, February 12, 1936, at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W.7. The Dinner at 7 p.m. Members intending to dine must inform the Hon. Secretary, Dr. A. Landsborough Thomson, 16 Tregunter Road, S.W. 10, on the post-card sent out before the Meeting. Members who wish to make any communication at the next Meeting of the Club should give notice to the Editor, Capt. C. H. B. Grant, 58a Ennismore Gardens, Princes Gate, S.W.7. The titles of their contributions will then appear on the Agenda published before the Meeting. All MSS. for publication in the ‘ Bulletin’ must be given to the Editor before or at the Meeting. Agenda. Dr. G. Carmichael Low will give a short description of his recent tour round the world with the British Medical Associa- tion, and an account of the more interesting birds observed. Mr. B. G. Harrison will make some remarks on the Cowbirds of Uruguay. Mr. H. M. Wallis will read an extract from a letter on Moroccan birds received from Miss R. Cooper of Fez. Mr. B. W. Tucker will describe his spring trip to Southern Spain. The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain will make some remarks on an error in La Touche’s ‘ Birds of Eastern China.’ 4 "i ud ea 4 fo she: At at 4 Cs AN a r ee) SP ane Ye . yi = Bie ae ba i se. sake ‘ hel A ot ¥'| hin) A a i est i A liars | ee “ei ; lore | i An ; ; hip wie — ; q ~ a Hh ¢ / a Tua, ta eee a Meh sori du ie Fs Li; Ah een te heals eae ae Hf - i 4 Vea ute é A: , ‘ ; leah, ‘ A {Aa i WA it oe ae ae 1 ie ge ry tr ‘ate ¥ ; WA 7 Sin Si ea ee ! : i : es rs 7 H ‘ e 4 ” i Nyt ie 4 i \ a 7 a Hi mA Taye blk ] 7 P se PMOL ARIST”. z.09. iat AY hes m as ' iy ee Ly et q a 7 a f A oy : v ; - A x) J ’ 4 Py hy eid yin ‘ pila dl a) i ‘i pe ‘ay / ’ v4 Te eA i i APs J i‘ fi Mi ql ‘ ‘ — 5 Rims Cape. a. wt maps: a hie Lar ble 7 c a4 Oe el ee | ; a | , an pis ‘ t , , t eta Bh } A A a Pe VP i ‘" j ia Oe Badin at ih woe VEE ae in i TF Awe at . st a Ce | halt Zt Bi 1 il fe al i ; 5 oe i ) we mn co , ak qh oa rat 1 dee g) “ys | wr oe ae i \ vig 1% th i, Cae i = oy" 5. s a = = ale ? ‘ ‘ rial ete nats %, he ¢ i. La = He ih i na sa » hal U * 7 ; f i Wok) ft ‘ v ‘ ' mL? wt & ae ee iy oe Q vf ; 4 « ay i} rt ) I - re i ary i a LA Pauls or ae ny eae Lee. ER ht Vann, : in 1b f a ie} Re i a a Val of fs ua te me i i ty Kaaba i. ae Ne MT haga ae ae . an ia he AES, wee en PLease! Me | Mir ae i Dh an ve ror RS CLO |) teas | me : dels ry eee 2h ee Oe, PM CURR EL wb ea ef yan Sh AS ee ee ae Pasay. ie vi ie, BEM Piste « 5 ay OS ae | ae 7 oe ES Ss ; SAT re re iu k ¢ Renn, OFS auany (cine | a ele ; Lait ‘ Racine te, ye ARH i | a \, Piha 6 vA ey ha " , f ft ¥ Are ae) Pech 2 aces Nees a4 1; a ty f J Mig ia) Ri te “ aN oe - 2 1 ‘a - : i a ctu ; 7 a ela... te BULLETIN ys > OF THE * _BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB. hyo, .cs® No. CCOXCIII. The three-hundred-and-eighty-eighth Meeting of the Club was held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7, on Wednesday, February 12, 1936. e Chairman : Mr. G. M. Matuews. Members present :—Miss C. M. AcLand; W. B. ALEXANDER ; E. C. Stuart Baker; D. A. BANNERMAN; Miss P. Barcuay- Smiti; Mrs. R. G. Barnss; F. J. F. Barrineton; P. F. Bun- YARD; Hon.G. L. CHARTERIS; Maj.-Gen.Sir P. Z.Cox ; A. Ezra; Miss J. M. Ferrier; Capt. C. H. B. Grant (Editor); B. G. Harrison; Dr. J. M. Harrison; R. E. Heats; Mrs. T. E. Hopexin; P. A. D. Hottom; Lieut.-Commdr. A. M. Hucuss; Major H. P. W. Hutson; Rev. F.C. R. Jourpain; Dr. N. H. Joy; N. B. Kinnear; Miss E. P. Leacu; Miss C. Lone- FIELD; Dr. G. CARMICHAEL Low; Dr. N. 8S. Lucas; Rear- Admiral H. Lynzs; J. D. Macponatp; C. W. MackwortH- PRAED (Hon. Treas.); J. H. McNerte; Dr. P. H. Manson- Banr; T. H. Newman; E. M. NicHotson; C. OLDHAM; B. B. Osmaston; H. J. R. Pease; H. Leysporne Poruam; Miss G. M. Ruoprs; W. L. Scuater; OD. Seru-SmitH; Major M. H. Stumonps; Major A. G. L. SuapEeN; Marquess of Tavistock; Dr. A. LAnDsBorovGH THOMSON (Hon. Sec.) ; B. W. Tucker; Miss E. L. Turner; H.M. Watts; Mrs. H.W. Boyp Watt; C. M. N. Waite; H. F. Wiruersy; C. G. M. DE WoRMS. [March 4, 1936.] a VOL. LVI, Vol. lvi.] 76 Guests :—Miss B. A. Carter; W. M. M. CHapman; Mr. and Mrs. EastHam Guintp ; A. A. Havers; J. L. Hawkins ; Mrs. MackwortH-PRAED ; Mrs. V. J. Parson; Miss B. N. Sotty; SHERMAN StonoR; Capt. R. L. Waup; Mrs. WITHERBY. Mr. H. M. Wats read the following notes from a letter dated January 1, 1936, received from Miss Ruth Cooper, British Consulate, Fez. :— PANURUS B. BIARMICUS (L.). Seen once, March 3, 1929, about four miles from Fez, near a little wadi. I supposed it on migration, and have never seen it since. J was quite near and had excellent views. I am told this is the first record for Morocco. Note by Mr. Wallis —I have seen three birds of this species, on April 11, 1911, at Lac Fetzara, Bone, Algeria. They were clinging to the stems of tall reeds, flymg and uttering their peculiar metallic note like the release of a wire coil. One bird had the distinctive grey head and black moustaches. — SYLVIA DESERTICOLA Tristram. Singing, perched on top of a juniper bush on a hillside much frequented by Wheatears some forty-two miles south of Fez in Middle Atlas. SYLVIA C. INORNATUS Tsch. One came to our housetop in Fez on April 11, 1930, and again on April 14, 1930. It was seeking insects in the plants, and allowed me to approach within four feet of it. It was in fine plumage, very rich colour, and probably passing on migration. One seen at Sefrou in very worn plumage on Aug. 27, 1933. These are the only two I have seen. SPINUS SPINUS L. On Feb. 21, 1924, I saw a small flock in the public gardens at Fez, feeding hungrily on grass-seeds on the ground. I was allowed a close view, These are the only Siskins I have seen here, 77 [Vol. lvi. FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA L. One seen with Chaffinches outside Fez, Feb. 9, 1930. I know it at home. Its white rump was very clear when on the wing. It is my only record for it in or around Fez. EMBERIZA STRIOLATA SAHARI Levaillant jun. Common in southern Morocco, but on April 12, 1925, I saw two at Teza; I was quite close to them as they sat singing on the Mosque Tower. Admiral Lynes told me he thought it had not been recorded so far north before. TurpDvus musicus L. (Redwing.) My only record is two together in an orchard just outside Fez, Feb. 18, 1934. MONTICOLA SAXATILIS (L.). My sole record here is one female just outside Fez, April 4, 1934. I subsequently verified the bird I had seen at the British Museum of Natural History. CHENANTHE LEUCOPYGA (Brehm), Several at Erfoud and neighbourhood, 7. e., border of the Sahara, Nov. 6 and 7, 1934. RIPARIA RUPESTRIS (Scopoli). A winter visitor to Fez, where it is not uncommon, but very local. Earliest noted Oct. 23, 1927; latest March 3, 1930. I have notes of seeing this bird Oct., Nov., Dec., Jan., and Feb. in various years, usually a number together. I have never - yet heard its voice, nor the slightest sound, even though they have been flying around quite close to me. MILVUS MILVUS MILVUS (L.). Only on two occasions have I met with this Kite during more than thirty years’ bird-watching here. -On Aug. 28, 1927, two flew close around and over me on a wild rocky hillside. I had a very clear view of them. Another time, Sept. 6, 1931, near Fez, one was sailing over me. @ 2 Vol. lvi.] 78 CLAMATOR GLANDABIUS (L.). This is a species which I set down out of its proper place, it having presented itself whilst the foregoing pages were being written, my latest record. On Jan. 2, 1936, I saw this, a new species for me. It is said to winter in Central and South Africa. We had a fine view. It flew to a tree near us, and after sitting for a few moments flew away, circled, and returned to a tree still nearer. Mr. H. F. WirHERBy made some remarks on the question of bombing on the Northumberland coast, and stated that the British Ornithologists’ Union were asking the Air Ministry to be allowed to send representatives of the Union to the conference on February 17 next. He asked any Member who had any actual experience of the effect of bombing on birds to let the British Ornithologists’ Union have the results of any observations they had made. Mr. B. W. TUCKER gave an account, illustrated by lantern- — slides, of his trip to South Spain in April 1935, in company with Messrs. H. J. R. Pease and G. K. Yeates. Visits to the sierras between Arcos and Ronda, to the Gibraltar neighbourhood, the district of Vejer and the Laguna de la Janda, the Marismas and the Coto Dofiana were described and illustrated, the slides of scenery, vegetation, etc., being supplemented by Mr. Yeates’s photographs of Buff-backed Herons, Flamingoes on the wing, and Griffon-Vultures at a carcase. A hundred and eighty species were observed in three weeks, including Lammergeier and Caspian Tern, as well as nearly all the characteristic South Spanish species and a number of passing migrants, chiefly Waders. Azure- winged Magpies were found to have extended their range to the pine country of Las Marismillas, near the mouth of the Guadalquivir, where they were absent in Abel Chapman’s time and at the date of more recent visits by Mr. Jourdain and others, and a large and flourishing colony of Buff-backed Herons, not previously recorded, was located outside the Marismas, 79 [Vol. lvi. Dr. G. CARMICHAEL Low gave a description of his recent tour round the world with the British Medical Association, and an account of some of the more interesting birds seen during the journey. This was illustrated by a series of pictures on the epidiascope. The voyage started on Saturday, July 27, 1935, from Southampton to New York. Little was seen in the Solent with the exception of Herring Gulls (Larus a. argentatus) and Black-headed Gulls (Larus r. ridibundus), but off the Trish coast Great Black-backed Gulls (Larus marinus), British Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus graellsii), Herring Gulls (Larus a. argentatus), these last predominating, a few Manx Shearwaters (Puffinus p. puffinus), two Fulmar Petrels (Fulmarus g. glacialis), Gannets (Sula bassana), some young birds of the year, Cormorants (Phalacrocorax c. carbo), and two Storm Petrels (Hydrobates pelagicus) were observed. The Gulls soon stopped following the ship, and things became very quiet until the afternoon of the third day out, when North Atlantic Shearwaters (Puffinus kuhlw borealis) were noted, and on the following day a Buffon’s or Long-tailed Skua (Stercorarius longicaudus). The middle of the Atlantic was very barren of life, but near the American coast birds appeared again—Sooty Shearwaters (Puffinus griseus), Audu- bon’s Shearwater (Puffinus assimilis lherminiert), Wilson’s Storm Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus), Leach’s Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), American Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus smithsoni- anus), and Laughing Gulls (Larus atricilla). New York was reached on August 3, and the route followed across America was via Washington, Chicago, Kansas City, Albuquerque, the Grand Canyon, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Quite a large number of the commoner American birds were seen during this journey, the most noteworthy being the Red-shouldered Blackbird (Agelaius ph. pheeniceus), the Purple Grackle (Quiscalus q. quiscula), the Baltimore Oriole ({fcterus galbula), the Spotted Sandpiper (Z'ringa macularia), the Eastern or American Crow (Corvus b. brachy- rhynchos), and the Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis) around New York. Green Heads (Mallards) (Anas p. platy- rhynchos), American Coots (Fulica a. americana), many Vol. lvi.] 80 American Egrets (Casmerodius albus egretta), and a Pied- billed Grebe (Podilymbus p. podiceps) were added to the list on the marshy ground by the Potomac River, and the Eastern Pheebe (Sayornis phebe), the Eastern Cow Bird (Molothrus a. ater), Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogastra), American or Eastern Goldfinch (Spinus t. tristis), Eastern Mocking Bird (Mimus p. polyglottos), Kastern American Robin (Turdus m. mgratorius), and an American Osprey or Fish-hawk (Pandion haliztus carolinensis) at Mount Vernon, George Washington’s old home. A Harrier or Marsh Hawk (Circus hudsonius), Northern Blue Jays (Cyanocitta c. cristata), many Eastern Mourning Doves (Zenaidura macroura carolinensis), and Eastern Ground Doves (Columbigallina p. passerina) were seen in the fields on the way to Chicago, while two Black Terns (Chlidonias nigra surinamensis) and Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) were observed flying over Lake Michigan, and Purple Martins (Progne s. subis) flying round an hotel on the shores of the lake. The ubiquitous English Sparrow (Passer d. domesticus) was everywhere, and in the eastern parts of the States the English Starling (Sturnus v. vulgaris) was also very common. | It was very hot at Kansas City, 102° F. in the shade, but after La Junta the train passed through prairie land some 7000 feet above sea-level and then through an arid, mountainous area with scrubby growth, by Wagon Mound and Las Vegas, to Albuquerque in New Mexico. Items of ornithological interest were not very numerous, but some birds were identified, viz., the Rio Grande Meadow Lark (Sturnella magna hoopesi), the Western White-winged Dove (Melopelia asiatica mearnsi), a Prairie Falcon (Falco meaicanus), a Richardson’s Merlin or Pigeon Hawk (Falco columbarius richardsont), a pair of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaétos canadensis), and a Spotted Sandpiper (Tvinga. macularia) in the bed of the Rio Grande River. After Albuquerque a visit was paid to the Grand Canyon, and the sunrise over this was a magnificent spectacle, as, indeed, were the different views into the great gorge. Time did not permit of much bird-study here; a group ‘of Long-tailed Chickadees (Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis) were feeding in some pine trees by the hotel, and Chimney Swifts (Chetura 81 [Vol. lvi. pelagica) and White-throated Swifts (Aéronautes s. saxatalis) were flying about on the face of the cliffs. From Los Angeles to San Francisco the railway runs along the sea-shore for the first part of its course, through Santa Barbara, etc., and the following birds were seen from the train :—Brandt’s Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus), the Californian Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus), the Western Gull (Larus o. occidentalis), two large flocks of Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa), White-winged Scoter (Melanitta deglandi), and several Great Blue Herons (Ardea h. herodias) ; and in the second part, where the track turns inland, the Western Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo borealis calurus), the Turkey Buzzard or Vulture (Cathartes aura septentrionalis), Inca Doves (Scardafella 1. inca), Mexican Ground Doves (Columbigallina passerina pallescens), Lark Buntings (Calamo- spiza melanocorys), and three Western Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus). In San Francisco a visit was paid to the famous Seal Rocks at Cliff House, and then to the California Academy of Sciences in the Golden Gate Park to call on Mr. Harry 8S. Swarth, who has since died. In this park there were several California Quails (Lophortyx c. californica), Nuttall’s Sparrow (Zono- trichia leucophrys nutiallt), two Western 'Tanagers (Piranga ludoviciana), and American Pintails (Anas acuta tzitzihoa) on a lake. A Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata), Western Gulls (Larus o. occidentalis), Brandt’s Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus), and California Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus) were noted on passing out of the har- bour of San Francisco en route for Australia. On the afternoon of the first day out Black-footed Albatrosses (Diomedea nigripes), the common species of Albatross found in the Northern Pacific Ocean, appeared and followed the ship for some days. Approaching the Hawaiian Islands, a Wandering Tatler (Z'ringa incana) circled the ship twice, while closer in, the Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata oahuensis), the Hawaiian Noddy (Megalopterus melanogenys), the Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma phxopygia sandwichensis), and the Red- footed Booby (Sula piscatrix rubripes) were seen. At Hono- Vol. lvi.] 82 lulu large numbers of Common Indian Mynas (Acridotheres t. tristis) (introduced) were seen. The English Sparrow (Passer d. domesticus), another introduction, was also present, and two kinds of Dove. After crossing the Equator Great Frigate Birds (Fregata minor palmerstonr), Red-billed Tropic Birds (Phaéthon e. zthereus), and Common Noddies (Anous stolidus wnicolor) began to appear, indicating that some land was near. This land, a wonderful, isolated coral atoll, known to the sailors as “‘One-Tree Island” or, more correctly, as Mary or Canton Island, is the northernmost unit of the Phcenix group. From it birds rose in myriads as the ship passed by. There were Great Frigate Birds (fregata minor palmerstoni), Red- billed Tropic Birds (Phaéthon «x. sxthereus), and Red-tailed Tropic Birds (Phaéthon rubricaudus rothschildi), Common Neddies (Anous stolidus unicolor), Blue-Grey Noddies (Procel- sterna cerulea nebouxi), Red-footed Boobies (Sula piscatrix rubripes), White-faced Shearwaters (Puffinus leucomelas), and two Phcenix Petrels (Pterodroma parvirostris). Fiji was disappointing as regards birds ; there were intro- duced Common Indian Mynas (Acridotheres t. tristris) and Indian Red-vented Bulbuls (Molpastes c. cafer), but only a few indigenous birds were noted. On the passage up the Hauraki Gulf to Auckland and coming back through this again on the way to Australia bird-life abounded. Amongst species of special note were the Albatrosses, the Light or Grey-mantled (Phebetria palpebrata) rare, the Black- browed (Diomedea (Thalassarche) melanophris) and _ the Wandering (Diomedea exulans) common, as were also Giant Petrels (Macronectes giganteus), while a few Cape Pigeons (Daption capense) appeared one day. Flocks of Dove Prion (Pachyptila desolata), Sooty Shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) in large numbers, a few Grey-backed Shearwaters (Puffinus bullerz), and Australian Gannets (Sula serrator) were also in evidence. Across the Tasman Sea some magnificent examples of Diomedea exulans and many Diomedea melanophris were seen. In Australia several days were spent in ornithology alone, 83 [Vol. lvi. and so many species of birds were seen that space will not permit of mentioning more than a few of the more important ones. The White-backed Magpie (Gymnorhina hypoleuca leuconota), the Black-backed Magpie (Gymnorhina t. tibicen), the Magpie Lark (Grallina c. cyanoleuca), and the Laughing Kookaburra or Laughing Jackass (Dacelo n. noveguineex) were everywhere. Two days, however, stand out specially, a visit to the Dandenong Hills and Sherbrooke Forest at Melbourne, with Dr. Charles Kellaway, and one to the Jenolan Caves in the Blue Mountains near Sydney. In Sherbrooke Forest a Lyre Bird (Menura nove-hollandix) was seen near its nest, in which a full-grown young one was sitting, and the male was heard calling in the valley below. Other birds of special interest here were the Eastern Coachwhip Bird (Psophodes o. olivaceus), the Eastern Rosella (Platycercus eximius), the Crimson Rosella or Red Lory (Platycercus elegans), and the Blue Wren (Malurus c. cyaneus). At the Jenolan Caves, in the Blue Mountains, Grey Currawongs (Strepera v. versicolor), Pied Currawongs (Strepera g. graculina), the Blue Mountain Lory (Trichoglossus moluccanus), a male Satin Bower Bird (Ptilonorhynchus v. violaceus) with six females, Crimson Rosellas (Platycercus elegans), Eastern Rosellas (Platycercus eximius), Kookaburras (Dacelo n. nove- guinex), and Blue Wrens (Malurus c. cyaneus) increased the interest of an already delightful day. Nor must the Rock Wallabies (Petrogale penicillata), which came down from the hills in the mornings and even went the length of taking bread from one’s hands, be forgotten. On the northern shore of Sydney Harbour is the Taronga Zoological Park, marvellously situated on rising ground overlooking the harbour. The wild birds seen in this park were a Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) sleeping on the bough of a tree, a Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike (Coracina nove-hollandiz) flittmg about its nest, also in a tree, while Blue Wrens (Malurus c. cyaneus), Scarlet Robins (Petroica multicolor), and Black and White Fantails (Rhipidura leuco- phrys) hopped about the lawns and bushes. Black Swans (Chenopis atrata) were seen on a lagoon by asd Vol. lvi.] 84. the coast. Little Pied Cormorants (Microcarbo melanoleucus) and Reef Herons (Demigretia sacra) attracted attention just by the mouth of the Hawkesbury River. The visit to Australia ended at Sydney, and sail was set for home by way of the Great Barrier Reef and the Dutch East Indies to Singapore. The first day out, Australian Gannets (Sula serrator) and Short-tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus tenucrostris), the ““ Mutton Birds” of the Bass Straits, were fairly numerous. On the way down the Brisbane River to the sea Silver Gulls (Larus nove-hollandiz), Pacific Gulls (Gabianus pacificus), Australian Pelicans (Pelecanus conspicillatus), Pied Cormorants (Phalacrocorax varius), Little Pied Cormorants (J/icrocarbo melanoleucus), two Sea HKagles (Brahminy Kite) (Haliastur indus leucosternus), and several Curlews (Numenius cyanopus) were observed. The Great Barrier Reef, about which so much has been written, lived up to expectations, and on Tuesday, September 24, the ship passed a constant succession of coral atolls and islands all day. Some of these were a considerable distance away, but with the telescope hundreds of turtles could be seen lying on some of them, and countless birds on others. The following list comprises the most notable birds seen. Great White Keret (Egretta alba), White-necked Heron (Notophoyx pacifica), Australian Pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus), Curlew (Numenius cyanopus), Oyster-catcher (Hematopus ostralegus longirostris), Silver Gull (Ldrus nove-hollandiz), Crested Tern (Sterna bergir poliocerca), Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata serrata), Roseate 'Tern (Sterna dougallia gracilis), Common Noddy (Anous stolidus antelius), White-capped Noddy (Anous (Megalopterus) minutus), Great Frigate Bird (Fregata minor mathewsi), and Lesser Frigate Bird (fregata ariel). A Bee-eater or Rainbow Bird (Merops ornatus) flew past off Cape York, and two more came on board and settled on one of the stays of the mast later in the day. During the next few days a flock of over thirty Blue-faced Boobies (Sula dactylatra personata) were seen fishing and in some instances being attacked and robbed of their prey by three Great Frigate Birds (Fregata minor mathewsi), 85 [Vol. lvi. veritable pirates of the sea. A MRed-backed Kingfisher (Halcyon pyrrhopygius) came on board and rested for some time on the mast. At Macassar (Celebes) many Fork-tailed or Black Kites (Milvus migrans naprert) and Eastern Swallows (Hirundo rustica gutturalis) were flying about the harbour, and during a drive inland Tree-Sparrows (Passer montanus malaccensis), Cattle Egrets. (Bubulcus ibis coromandus), ~Brahminy Kites (Haliastur indus ambiguus), Sacred King- fishers (Halcyon sancta) and three other varieties of King- fisher, a Common Sandpiper (T'ringa hypoleucos), and a Grey- rumped Sandpiper (T'ringa brevipes) were observed. At Bali several Waders were feeding on the newly-flooded rice-fields, which looked most attractive to these birds. The Grey-rumped Sandpiper (T'ringa brevipes) and the Marsh Sandpiper (Z'ringa stagnatalis) were specially noted. A land journey was made from Sourabaya to Batavia, and the avifauna was interesting. Javan Grackles (Gracula r. religiosa), Javan Pied Mynas or Rose-coloured Starlings (Sturnopastor contra jalla), Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis coromandus), and Wood Swallows (Artamus leucorhynchus amydrus) were common, but, strangely enough, only a few Java Sparrows (Padda oryzivora) were observed. Black Drongoes (Dicrurus macrocercus javanus) were also fairly numerous. Little was seen in Singapore, but at Kuala Lumpur a Bee-eater (Merops v. viridis) and a Lesser Racquet-tailed Drongo (Bhringa remifer peracensis) were specially noted. A visit to the Towers of Silence at Bombay showed numerous Vultures (Gyps indicus and Pseudogyps bengalensis) hanging about and waiting for their next meal. Indian or Grey-necked Crows (Corvus s. splendens), Black Crows or Indian Corbies (Corvus coronoides levaillant:), Black Kites (Milvus migrans govinda), and Brahminy Kites (Haliastur indus indus) were all very abundant. Crossing the Arabian Sea, an Indian Skimmer (Rhyncops albicollis) flew by, and nearing the coast of Arabia a Hobby (Falco subbuteo) rested for a while on the ship and then con- tinued its journey south. Large numbers of Wilson’s Storm Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus) were resting one day on the sea, Vol. lvi.] 86 which was dead calm and oily, and several flocks of Red- necked Phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus) and a small flock of what might have been Grey Phalaropes (Phalaropus fulicarius) were encountered. At Aden the Yellow-legged Gull (Larus cachinnans) and the Red Sea Black-headed Gull (Larus leucophthalmus) were flying about, and on shore in the salt-pans several Redshank (T'ringa t. totanus or, possibly, Tringa t. eurhinus) and a Pink- backed Pelican (Pelecanus rufescens) were feeding. In the Red Sea the Aden Gull (Larus hemprichi), the Red- footed Booby (Sula piscatrix), and the Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster) were numerous, and a Lanner (Falco biarmicus ? subsp.) and several White Wagtails (Motacilla alba) came on board. Between Suez and Port Said, on the overland route, there were many Black Kites (Milvus migrans xgyptius) in Cairo, Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus 1. ibis) in flooded fields en route to the Pyramids, Swallows (Hirundo rustica), several Swifts (Micropus apus ? subsp.) and Wagetails, and other small Passerines migrating. Only some Hastern Mediterranean Shearwaters (Puffinus p. yelkouan) and some White Wagtails (Motacilla alba) were observed on the passage from Port Said to Malta. Between Malta and Marseilles passing migrants were frequent, viz., a Rock Thrush (Monticola saxatilis), several Continental Robins (Lrithacus rubecula sardus) probably, a Redstart (Pheni- curus ph. phenicurus), and a female Chaffinch (Fringilla celebs), most of those resting on the ship for various periods of time. The trip was a wonderful one in every way, and lasted from July 27 to November 2, 1935, over two hundred and forty species and subspecies of birds being seen and recorded. The Rev. F. C. R. JouRDAIN made the following remarks :— R. Swinhoe in ‘ The Ibis’ for 1874, pp. 422-447, and 1875, pp. 114-146, published some notes made during his stay at Chefoo (Shantung, N. China) from May 25 to Oct. 20 (year not stated). The lighthouse keeper, Mr. Campbell, sent him a female 87 [Vol. lvi. Oyster-catcher from the North Rock on May 8, and on the 15th its mate. This was the Chinese race which Swinhoe had described as H. osculans. Finding the eggs in the ovary of the female well developed, Swinhoe sent one Constable Webster to search the rock on June 22. He found several pairs, and in some cases triplets, of eggs lying in depressions near the edge of a small plateau near the top, and counted six or seven of them, but saw no birds. The first egg he picked up was rotten, another proved to be fresh when broken, and the constable brought back five of the freshest egos. Seeing no bird, he shot a Shag (P. pelagicus), and brought it back as possibly one of the owners of the eggs. One egg proved to be fresh, the rest bad. They bore some resemblance to Hewitson’s figure of the egg of the British Oyster-catcher ; so, says Swinhoe, “ it is pretty clear that one pair of Oyster-catchers were the parents of the whole dozen or so of eggs that Mr. Campbell found. What could have in- duced the female to lay eggs and then desert them? Could she have been constrained by the instinct that is said to impel the Ostrich thus to provide maggots by the attracting putridity of the abandoned eggs for the first food of her own favoured hatchlings, which, when first born, are too weak to travel far in search of them? I learn from Hewitson that the European Oyster-catcher does make some kind of nest for its eggs, but from Gould that the Australian H. longirostris does not. The affinity of our intermediate species in this respect, as in that of form and colour, is consequently more for its Australian ally °’’ (Ibis, 1875, p. 131). Two of these eggs came through Seebohm to the British Museum. EK. W. Oates actually figured one of them in the Cat. Eggs. Brit. Mus. ii. pl. i. fig. 3, and remarked that they were of very abnormal shape and coloration ! When I was at work on the collection I saw these eggs, and at once recognized them as those of Synthliboramphus antiquus, the Ancient Auklet. This species was not known to breed in N. China, but does breed in the Aleutians, Com- mander Isles, the Amurian coast, Sakhalin, the Pribilofs, and the Kuriles, and has occurred in China (Foo-chow). Vol. lvi.] 88 Recently I bought the second volume of La Touche’s ‘Handbook of the Birds of Eastern China.’ Of the Ancient Auk (which, by the way, he has named Bering’s Guillemot !) he had three specimens from the Formosa Channel, dated March and April, and Rickett had others, but seems to have no idea that it could possibly breed in China. Turning to the account of the Chinese Oyster-catcher (H. 0. osculans), on pp. 342-343 I was horrified to find Swinhoe’s account quoted at some length as the only evidence of the breeding of the Oyster-catcher in China ! The impossible nature of Swinhoe’s speculations becomes obvious when one considers that the Oyster-catcher female was shot on May 8, and if six clutches had been laid by her on that date, the first must have been laid early in February, allowing a fortnight between each clutch. As northern China has a severe winter climate, it is quite incredible that this species could have been breeding at such an early date. All this shows (1) the importance of keeping dubious and erroneous statements out of printed records ; (2) the necessity of correcting them with equal publicity, and of annotating the erroneous records in books of reference. Mr. Guy Harrison exhibited a series of eggs of the Shiny Cowbird of South America (Molothrus b. bonariensis), which he had obtained between October and December 1935 in South-East Brazil and in Uruguay, and also a few examples found during two other visits some years previously. He also made the following remarks :— The great variation in type of individual eggs seems to indicate that these differences originally evolved by natural selection and by the elimination of patterns which did not approximate to those of the various fosterers employed. This theory seems to receive confirmation by the difference between the eggs of Molothrus b. bonariensis and those of the subspecies Molothrus b. melanogyna from Brazil, in which the ground-colour usually appears to be of a greenish shade, white eggs, apparently, being very rare. If, however, natural selection has been responsible for the divergence of type, it does not appear to be operating in the 89 [Vol. lvi. selection of fosterers at the present time, at all events in the parts of Uruguay which were visited. It seems, indeed, as if the opposite process was now occurring, owing to the activity of the parasite, and that a very real decrease must be taking place amongst any fosterers which are not prepared to accept the eggs of the Cowbird, and which desert their nests in consequence. In the Santa Lucia and Maldonado districts of Uruguay the commonest fosterers durng November appear to be Furnarius rufus, Brachyspiza capensis, Pitangus bolivianus, and Mimus modulator. In some ten or fifteen nests of the last- named which were examined no bird succeeded in completing its laying without the deposition of one or more Cowbirds’ eggs, and only one nest of B. capensis was noticed that had escaped attention. On the other hand, Sircalis arvensis, which was very common in the same district, and which has eggs somewhat similar in appearance to B. capensis, did not seem to be victimized to any appreciable extent, and only one nest out of over thirty examined contained a parasitic egg. This is rather remarkable when one takes the ubiquitous instinct of the Cowbird into account, and also that the nests of S. arvensis were usually considerably more conspicuous than those of B. capensis. About 60 per cent. of the nests of Furnarius rufus which were examined were victimized, and about 40 per cent. of those of P. bolivianus. It is generally found that the latter is an unusual fosterer, but in the Santa Lucia district very little more than half of the nests escaped interference. It has been stated that M. b. bonariensis does not care to utilize the large stick-nests of many of the Dendrocolaptine species, such as the Lenatero, and this agrees with my own observations. I think, however, the reason is due, not to an inherent dislike of domed nests constructed of thorns, but to the long and winding passage which leads to the nesting-chamber. I have noticed in certain cases where a short cut to the nesting-chamber has been made by Agelaiotdes badiws or other birds that the nest has been visited by _M. b. bonariensis. In one instance I found an old nest of the Lenatero in which a new entrance had been made, and which Vol. lvi.]. 90 contained seven eggs of M. b. bonariensis; another instance where there were three eggs; and a further similar nest in which WM. b. bonariensis was parasitic on A. badius. The two sets shown of eggs of A. badius and M. rufo- axillaris were taken from the same Lenatero’s nest. One set, consisting of four eggs of the former and two of the latter, was obtained on November 27, and on December 6 a further four eggs of the latter and three of the former had been deposited. Mr. C. M. N. Wuite sent the following note on the Australian Tree-Martin (Petrochelidon nigricans) :— In naming some examples of this bird from South Australia I was obliged to re-examine the whole group, with results rather different from the most recent treatments of the species. It is evident that far too many races have been named, and that characters of immaturity have been used in some cases. I am indebted to Mr. F. E. Parsons of Adelaide for a young bird which makes clear the characters of immaturity, viz., light tips to secondaries, absence of metallic tips to least coverts, which are edged with whitish in fresh-plumaged immatures, much duller upper surface, with metallic colouring restricted to tips of feathers. The frontal spot is not a character upon which to base age, but evidently rapidly wears, showing the dark centres, until it may become almost obsolete. The rufous of the rump and undersurface also wear rapidly to a greyish tinge. The following races appear valid :— PETROCHELIDON NIGRICANS NIGRICANS (Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xiv. 1817, p. 523: Hobart). Characters —Large size. Wings, eight males, 105-112; seven females, 105-108; fourteen unsexed, 105-114 mm. Immatures which are smaller must not be included in the above series; fifteen examples have wings 99-105, once 107 mm. To this race I refer all birds from Tasmania, Victoria, eastern South Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, and examples from New Guinea, Aru and Kei Islands, and other localities where it has been taken as a straggler. All examples 91 [Vol. lvi. from N. Queensland and New Guinea etc. I regard as non- breeding migrants. None of the characters ascribed to P. n. caleyi (Mathews, Austral Av. Rec. ii. Oct. 1913, p. 65: Albury, New South Wales) hold good in the series examined, the size being subject to too much variation and the colour of the underside to wear. Further, P. n. papua (Mathews, Bull. B.O.C. xlviii. 1928, p. 83: Kei Islands) isalsoa synonym. For some reason it was compared only with the very distinct race P. n. tumoriensis ; the type obtained on July 15 has a wing of 107 mm., and agrees exactly with Australian birds. There is indeed no evidence that the species breeds anywhere in New Guinea, and all birds examined and records consulted are of examples obtained during the Australian “winter” (e.g., Toeal, 15. ix. Nov. Zool. 1903, p. 24; Kumusi R., June-July, Nov. Zool. 1912, p. 197); cf. also eae Orn. Monatsb. 1934, p. 24. Pode Pinalia (Stresemann, Archiv f. Naturg. 89, Abt. A, Heft 8, 1923, p. 26: Roma) seems also probably a synonym, It was said to differ in its shorter wing—102-105 mm. But the birds obtained by Kithn on Roma and Babar were collected in August (see Nov. Zool. 1904, p. 104; 1906, p. 296). Hellmayr in his ‘Avifauna von Timor’ could not distinguish them from typical nigricans, and the short wing is probably due to their being immatures*. P. n. rogersi (Mathews, Austral Av. Ree. i, April 1912, p. 38: Port Darwin) is considered by its author to be the form occurring in North Queensland and Northern Territory. But Queensland birds examined are not separable from nigricans. Further published field-notes seem to indicate that the species does not breed at Cape York or about the Gulf of Carpentaria. There is also in the British Museum an example obtained at sea off the coast of North-West Australia which I regard as referable to typical P. nigricans. PETROCHELIDON NIGRICANS DISTINGUENDA (Mathews, Nov. Zool. vol. xviii. Jan. 1912, p. 301: East Murchison). * Dr. Mayr kindly informs me that the Rothschild collection contains four examples, all immatures—three measurable have wings 103-5, 104, 106mm. I therefore regard P, n, socialis as a definite synonym of nigricans, Vol. lvi.] 92 Characters.—Small size. Nine males, (98) 100-104; two unsexed, 103; four immatures 99-101 mm. In consequence of the shorter primaries the wing is notably less pointed in this race. : Distribution —S.W. Australia; range eastwards and north- wards requiring further evidence. Probably resident in its distribution. Mr. W. B. Alexander kindly informs me that this is certainly true in the Swan River district. , P. n. neglecta (Mathews, loc. cit. p. 301: N.W. Australia) is described immediately before P. n. distinguenda, and may have to replace it. But as the type is not available, and may be a migrant of the typical race, I prefer to keep the small form under the name which more certainly applies to it until further information is available. PETROCHELIDON NIGRICANS TIMORIENSIS (Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vol. x. 1885, p. 192: Timor). A very distinct race, requiring no further definition. Wing 90-93 mm. There is in the British Museum an example from Flores (Coll. Wallace. Reg. no. 88.7.12.352). The species is not mentioned by Rensch in his paper, “ Die Vogelwelt v. Lombock, Sumbawa u. Flores ”’ (Mitteil. Zool. Mus. Berlin, Bd. 17, Heft 4, 1931). I have, in conclusion, to thank Mr. George Mack, of the Australian National Museum, for notes on specimens in that Museum. The Rev. F. C. R. JouRDAIN informs us that with reference to his note in the ‘ Bulletin,’ lvi. 1936, p. 68, on the White- breasted Sea Eagle of the Solomon Islands, he has ascertained that Dr. E. Mayr has already described this form as a species under the name AHalixétus sanfordi (‘ American Museum Novitates,’ no. 820, Oct. 10, 1935). Capt. C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. Mackwortu-PRAED sent the following note on the correct type-locality of Hemiparra crassirostris crassirostris (Hartlaub, J. f. O. 1855, pe a2!) -— Hartlaub gives Nubia, and this has been quoted by all authors. Hartlaub heads his note ‘‘ Ueber Chettusia crassi- 93 [Vol. lvi. | rostris de Filippi” ; and under date March 2, 1935, Prof. Oscar Neumann has very kindly informed us that the type was collected by Brun Rollet, who collected the birds described by Defilippi on p. 289, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1853. Prof. Oscar Neumann remarks: “Probably the Lapwing came with a second lot, which was described by Defilippi at the Paris Museum ; while duplicates were given to Verreaux, from whom Hartlaub bought the type.”’ On this very reliable information we can safely conclude that the type of this Lapwing was collected in the same locality as the birds described by Defilippi, and, therefore, the correct type-locality of Hemiparra crassiros- tris crasstrostris (Hartlaub) should be the White Nile, between 3° and 4° N. lat., Southern Sudan. In the same letter Prof. Oscar Neumann informs us that the type of H. c. hybrida Reichenow (Orn. Monatsb. xvii. 1909, p. 42) came from Shirati, eastern shore Lake Victoria, Mwanza Province, Tanganyika Territory, and that this type- specimen is almost a true H. c. crassirostris. We are of opinion that H. c. hybrida is a synonym of H. c. crasswrostris. NOTICES. The next Meeting of the Club will be held in conjunction with the Annual Dinner of the British Ornithologists’ Union on Wednesday, March 11, 1936, at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7. The Dinner at 7 p.m. Members intending to dine must inform the Hon. Secretary, Dr. A. Landsborough Thomson, 16 Tregunter Road, S.W. 10, on the post-card sent out before the Meeting. Members who wish to make any communication at the next Meeting of the Club should give notice to the Editor, Capt. C. H. B. Grant, 58a Ennismore Gardens, Princes Gate, S.W.7. The titles of their contributions will then appear Vol. lvi.] 94. on the Agenda published before the Meeting. All MSS. for publication in the ‘ Bulletin’ must be given to the Editor before or at the Meeting. Agenda. Film.—Birds in flight. C. Horton Smith. Film.—Nesting of the Hobby. Dr. Kenneth Morris. Slides —Diurnal and nocturnal activities of the Manx Shear- water. Captain H. Morrey Salmon. Slides.—Isle of May Bird Observatory. W. B. Alexander. Slides.—Spoonbill, Icterine Warbler, etc. lan M. Thomson. Slides.—Ducks, decoys, and migration. H. A. Gilbert. ‘ oe | b> 4 . -a% BULLETIN OF THE - 4 BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB. No. CCCXCIV. The three-hundred-and-eighty-ninth Meeting of the Club was held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7, on Wednesday, March 11, 1936. Mr. H. F. WirHERBy, the President of the B. O. U., took the Chair during the Dinner, and Mr.G. M. Matuews, Chairman of the Club, during the subsequent proceedings. Members of the B.O.C. present :—Miss C. M. AcLAND ; W. B. ALEXANDER; E. C. Stuart Baker; Miss P. Barcuay- SmitH; Miss R. G. Barnes; F. G. F. BARRINGTON ; H. B. Bootn; A. W. Boyp; G. Brown; P. F. Bunyarp ; Hon. G. L. CHarteris; Maj.-Gen. Sir PERcy Z. Cox; J. CUNNINGHAM; A. Ezra; Miss J. M. Ferrier; H. A. GILBERT; Col. A. E. Hamerton; R. E. Hears; P. A. D. Hotitom ; Lt.-Commdr. A. M. Hucuss, R.N.; Major H. W. Hotson; Dr. K. JoRDAN; ‘Rev. F. C. R. Jourpary; N. B. Kinnear; Miss C. Lonerretp; Dr. P. R. Lowe; W. P. Lowe; C. W. Mackwortu-Prarp (Treasurer) ; Capt. J. H. McNerLe; Lt.-Col. H. A. Macratnu; Dr. P. H. Manson-Banr; Dr. W. N. May; E. M. NIcHOLSON ; C. W. G. Pautson; H. Pease; Miss G. Ruopzs; B. B. RivibRE ; W. L. Scuater; D. Sers-SmitH; Major M. H. ‘Stmonps; Col. R. Sparrow; C. G. TarsBot-Ponsonsy ; [April 2, 1936.] a VOL. LYI, Vol. lvi.] 96 f Marquess of Tavistock; Dr. A. LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON (Hon. Sec.); B. W. Tucker; Miss E. L. Turner; H. M. Watuis ; H. WHISTLER (Vice-Chairman) ; W. H. WoRKMAN ; C. G. M. DE Worms. Members of the B.O. U. present :—Major R. S. P. Batss ; H. G. Catkin; Miss B. A. Carter; Mrs. E. Srarrorp CHARLES ; R. CutsteTt; A. G. CLARK; H. P. 8S. CLoastoun ; E. Conen; H. J. 8S. Doveias; F. H. Epmonpson ; A. K. Gippon; RoLanpD GREEN; S. H. Hart; A. G. HawortH ; Miss A. HiBpBERT-WARE; Mrs. C. HopGKIn ; E. J. Hoskine ; J.SpEDAN Lewis; EK. 1. May; C. A. Norris ; K. R. Paton ; W. H. Payn ; Capt. O. G. Prkz; Major H. M. SaLMon ; W. SERLE, jun.; D. ABEL SuitH ; I. M. THomson ; N. Tracy; W. E. Wait; C. H. WELLS. Guests of the Club :—Mr. and Mrs. C. Horton-Smirs ; Dr. KENNETH Morris. Guests :—E. W. ARNOLD ; Miss M. B. Atkins; Mrs. E. C. Stuart Baker; M. Barcuay; E. C. Barnes; S. H. G. BaRnetr; Mrs. R. 8. P. Bates; Mrs. A. W. Boutwarp ; Mrs. G. Brown; Mrs. Catkin; D. CuHarues; Mrs. D. CHARLES; Miss EK. T. CHAWNER; Mrs. R. CHISLETT; Dr. A. E. Conen ; A. ConpRay ; Lady Cox; Mrs. H. J. S. Dovuetas ; G. Fane; Miss R.S8. R. Firrer ; Mrs. G, Fospick ; ‘P. W. Gappum; Mrs. H. A. GILBERT; Miss J. GRENANDER ; Lt.-Commdr. A. A. Havers, R.N.; J. L. Hawkins; Mrs. A. G. HawortH ; Miss A. E. Housman ; Miss E. Hutsz ; R. S. Jenyns; Miss E. M. Kine; H. B. Lawson; Mrs. Lawson ; R. M. Locktty ; Miss L. Lopcre; Mrs. P. R. Lowe; R. Preston Macinan ; P. H. Martin ; Mrs. Martin ; Miss J. M. May; H. R. Maynarp; Mrs. Maynarp; D. M. Murgay-Rust; W. -H. Prrrett; F. PiKe; Mrs. O. G. Prke; Mrs. W. L. Scuater; Miss R. SEetru- Smita ; Mrs. M. H. Stmonps; Miss D. StercH; Mrs. ABEL SmitH; E. Huen Situ; N. Stevens; L. A. TAnGyeE; A, C, Tuomes; Mrs, A. LANnpDsBoroucH ‘THOMSON ; 97 [Vol. lvi. A. Tracy; Mrs. B. W. Tucker; Jim VINCENT; Miss T. Wake; Miss F. Watpron; EK. C. Watr; Brian WESTON ; D. S. Wintte; Mrs. H. F, WirHersy; H. Woo.arp ; Mrs. WooLLARD, ; Members of the B.O.C., 52; Members of the B.O.U., 30; Guests of the Club, 3; Guests, 67 ; and 8 others. Total, 160. Captain H. Morrey Satmon showed slides illustrating the diurnal and nocturnal activities of the Manx Shearwater. These included photographs of flocks at sea during the day and assembling near the coast in the evening, and flashlight photographs of the birds ‘at their burrows on Skokholm, Pembrokeshire, and taking off from the island before morning. Mr. W. B. ALEXANDER showed slides illustrating the work of the bird observatory established on the Isle of May, in the Firth of Forth, including the construction of a trap to catch migrants for ringing. He said :-— The autumn of 1935 was a poor one for the observation of migration on the east coast owing to the absence of any spells of easterly winds. At the Isle of May there was not a single night when migrants were attracted to the light. The observatory was occupied for considerable periods, but the number of volunteers was insufficient to ensure continuous observations. The number of birds trapped during the autumn was 265, representing 35 species. The greatest number caught in a day was 44, captured and ringed by Mr. R. B. Sibson and myself on August 20. Of these, 39 were Willow Warblers. We hope it will not be long before our record is beaten. Altogether 77 Willow Warblers were ringed. The most interesting captures during the season were two Bramblings, two Cirl Buntings, a Continental Coal Tit, five Pied Flycatchers, a Reed Warbler, a Barred Warbler, and two Lesser White- throats. Interesting species seen but not captured included Shore- Lark, Ortolan Bunting, Bluethroat, and Grasshopper Warbler. A Great Shearwater seen off the coast. Vol.-lvi.] 98 Mr. H. A. GitBert showed slides. illustrating the working of a duck decoy. He also indicated on a map some of the records obtained from marked birds. Mr. C. Horton SmitH showed a cinematograph film of birds in flight, taken at Handa, Sutherland. This included normal speed and slow-motion pictures of the Kittiwake, Guillemot, Shag, Oyster-catcher, and Fulmar Petrel. Mr. [an M. Tuomson showed slides of the Crossbill, Spoon- bill, Icterine Warbler, Ruff, Marsh Harrier, Great Crested Grebe, and Lesser Redpoll. Major R. 8S. P. Bates showed slides illustrating the bird- life of the Kishenganga Valley, Kashmir, including photo- eraphs of typical country and of various species found there. Dr. Kenneth Morris showed films, taken in Hungary, of the nesting of the Hobby, and Golden Oriole. Mr. H. F. Wrrnersy sent the following remarks on Mr.G. L. Bates’s notes (Bull. B. O. C. vol. iv. Nov. 1934, pp. 46- 49), on the races of the Grey Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea) :— Mr. Bates gives detailed measurements of the tails of British birds ranging from 93 to 104 mm., and he considers continental birds to belong to another race under the name (MM. c. caspica) as averaging smaller in the tail. Unfortunately Mr. Bates does not give the individual measurements of these birds, but he has very kindly supplied them to me, and allows me to discuss them here. Mr. Bates has carefully measured 44 birds from the Continent of Europe, Asia Minor, and Palestine, and of these there are only six which can be distinguished by the length of the tail from British birds, viz., two of 91 mm. and four of 92 mm. Of the twelve Persian and Turkestan birds measured by Mr. Bates it will be seen (p. 48) that only three (90, 91, and 92 mm.) fall below the measurements given for British birds. In my view a distinction based on an average measurement of this kind is not advisable, and certainly has no practical value. I should therefore place the name M. caspica as a synonym of M. cinerea and, although there is evidently 99 [Vol. lvi. a considerable amount of overlapping in the measurements, should retain M. melanope for the eastern race, at all events until more specimens from the region of the typical locality are available. It seems to me clear from Mr. Bates’s evidence that the eastern form does not in any case extend so far west as Turkestan and Persia, as was previously considered, and cannot, therefore, bear the name M. caspica. Dr. Finn SALOMONSEN sent the following note on a new race of the Willow Grouse :— The islands off the Trondhjems Fjord in western Norway are inhabited by a sedentary, very peculiar race of the Willow Grouse, which I propose to call Lagopus lagopus variegatus, subsp. nov. Description—In autumn dress indistinguishable from L. 1. lagopus (Linneus), but differs from that form by having a very retarded moult into winter plumage, and by assuming the white winter plumage only partly. Winter feathers on crown constantly with black base or even quite black. Primaries constantly heavily blotched and marked with dark brownish- black patches and spots (only one out of 27 specimens indistinguishable from L. l. lagopus). Distribution.—Restricted to the islands in the Trondhjems Fjord: Fréya (type-locality), Hitra, Storfosna, from where specimens are examined ; probably also Sméla. 27 specimens examined, all belonging to the Gothenburg Zoological Museum. Type.— ad., Froya, Trondhjems Fjord, January 19, 1935, collected by B. Hanson; in the Gothenburg Zoological Museum. Remarks.—lIt is due to the kindness of Prof. L. A. Jaégerskidld that I was able to examine this fine series. The interesting state of winter moult in these birds is already described by the collector, Bernhard Hanson, in ‘Norsk Jagar & Fiskeri For. Tidsskrift,’ no, 7, 1935, and was mentioned by Prof. Jagerskidld in ‘Géteborgs Musei Aarstryck 1935,’ p. 10; in both publications are photos showing the plumage. L. 1. variegatus does not begin to assume white winter feathers until November (L. 1. lagopus in September), and does aa: Vol. lvi.] 100 not finish the winter moult until January; already in January to February the summer moult is commenced (L. 1. lagopus in April to May). Especial interest is attached to L. l. variegatus as an intermediate form between L. 1. lagopus and L. l. scoticus. Further particulars will be communicated elsewhere at some future date. Mr. C. W. Benson sent the following description of a new race of Alethe macclouniet :— Alethe macciouniei njombe, subsp. nov. Description.—Differs from Alethe macclouniet in having a darker, less olive back and rump, upper and under tail- coverts much brighter cinnamon, and the tail-feathers more conspicuously diffused with this same cinnamon colour. Distribution.—The distribution of the two races of Alethe macclouniet is, therefore, as follows :— Alethe macclouniet macclounier Shelley (Bull. B. O. C. xiii. 1903, p. 61) : Nyika Plateaux, Northern Nyasaland, 7000 feet. Alethe macclounieci njombe Benson. Only known so far from Njombe, southern Tanganyika Territory. Type.—An adult male from Njombe, southern Tangan- yika Territory, 9:°1° S., 34°75° E., 6600 feet, forest jungle. Collected by Lynes-Lowe Expedition. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1932.5.10.207. Remarks.—Nine specimens examined. Iam much indebted to Capt. C. H. B. Grant, who has examined my conclusions, and is in agreement with them. Mr. Benson also sent the following note on the status of the genus Cryptospiza in Nyazaland :— While identifying at the British Museum a collection of birds made by myself in Nyasaland, two Cryptospize obtained in the same locality in the Masuku Mts., near the Nyasaland- Tanganyika border, appeared to be attributable to C. reiche- novit sanguinolenta Vincent and C. salvadori australis Shelley respectively. It occurred to me that in reality these two specimens might be of one and the same species. Numbers of Cryptospize were observed on the forest floor, and there was nothing to suggest from observation of the living birds 101 [Vol. lvi. that there were two distinct speces occurring side by side in the forests of the Masuku Mts. Accordingly I have con- sulted Capt. C. H. B. Grant, and am most grateful to him for his interest in this problem. The following are our findings :— From an examination of specimens in the British Museum identified as Cryptospiza reichenovit sanguinolenta . Vincent, Bull. B.O.C. liii. 1933, p. 148*; C. salvadorit australis Shelley, Ibis, 1896, p. 184; and OC. r. ocularis Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xiii. 1902, p. 8+, the birds are divisable into :— (1) Adult males with red back, rump, upper tail-coverts, lores, and auriculars. (2) Adult females similar to adult males, but with no red on the lores or auriculars. (3) Young birds with no red on the lores or auriculars, and with only the upper tail-coverts invariably red. The rump and back. often show traces of red. It seems clear that those birds which fall into category (3) are immature, and that specimens of the three categories are all attributable to one and the same race of one species. Cryptospiza ocularis is thus the adult of C. australis (described from an immature specimen), and we can see no constant difference by which C. reichenovit sanguinolenta and C. r. ocularis can be distinguished. We thus arrive at the conclusion that C. ocularis and C. r. sanguinolenta are synonyms of C. australis, which is a subspecies of C. reichenovii, not C. salvador. All Nyasaland Cryptospize in the British Museum are therefore attributable to Cryptospiza reichenovii australis. Lastly, Mr. Benson sent the following note on Apalis bamende bensoni (Vincent) :— Secured one juv. January 20, 1935 ; one male and one female, gonads subsiding after breeding, February 10, 1935 (all three in forest at 6000 feet, Chongoni Mountain); one female, March 31, 1935, forest at 6000 feet, Vipya Plateau ; one male, * Tt does not appear that Vincent compared his birds with C. australis. + Sharpe compared this race with C. reichenovii only. Vol. lvi.] 3 102 August 7, 1935, forest at 6000 feet, Masuku Mountains, with testes enlarged. Mr. Jack Vincent very kindly named the Chongoni examples after me as Artisornis metopias bensoni (Bull. B. O.C. lv. 1935, pp. 174-176). It appears, however, that these birds are not attributable to the genus Artisornis. They differ from ) ma - Z ti. weer A a Ae ast Wide SENG), APA 2” %* : i ; , [ 7 pats oath: tod ira ‘e! qO2 a dg est as aie ’ 4 ~~ bone an rey INDEX. | Names of new species and subspecies are indicated by clarendon type under the generic entry only ; vernacular, or common, names are shown in ordinary type. ] Acanthis cannabina cannabina, 32. Accipiter badius, 131. brevipes, 131. cenchroides, 131. sphenurus, 131. brevipes 131. gentilis, 122. Acridotheres tristis tristis, 82. Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundi- naceus, 70. schenobenus, 31. scirpaceus scirpaceus, 29. acuta tzitzihoa, Anas, 81. Adamastor, 47. addenda, Petroica chrysoptera, 127, zgyptius, Milvus migrans, 86. zquinoctialis, Procellaria, 48. aereus, Ceuthmochares aereus, 34. flavirostris, Ceuthmochares, Aéronautes saxatalis saxatalis, 81. zthereus, Phaéthon zthereus, 82. afer, Hurystomus, 12. affinis heuglini, Larus, 34. taimyrensis, Larus, 34. africanus hartingi, Rhinoptilus, 72, 73. Agelaioides badius, 89, 90. Agelaius pheniceus pheniceus, 79. alba, Egretta, 84. lugubris, Motacilla, 108. ——, Motacilla, 86. , —— alba, 109. Albatross, 47. , Black-browed, 82. —., Black-footed, 81. ——, Grey-mantled, 82. ——, Light, 82. ——., Sooty, 49. VOL. LVI, Albatross, Wandering, 82. albicans, Petroica phenicea, 127. albicauda kivuensis, Hrannornis, 11. albiceps, Psalidoprocne, 12. albicollis Rynchops, 85, 134. albigularis, Callene, 18. albwentris, Cinnyris, 18. albofasciatus, Rhinoptilus, 103, 104. albonotatus, Trochocercus, 12. » Coccystes, 124, 125, 126. albus egretta, Casmerodius, 80. Alca impennis, 42. Alecthelia, 58. lineata, 58. alecto nitida, Monarcha, 39. Alethe macclouniet macclouniet, 100. —— —— hjombe, subsp. nov., 100. Alseonax cinereus kikuyuensis, 19. alticola, Apalis, 11, 18. amani, Dioptrornis, 19. , Dioptrornis fischeri, 19. ——., Phyllastrephus orostruthus, 16. ambiguus, Haliastur indus, 85. americana, Fulica americana, 79. Ammomanes deserti hijazensis, subsp. nov., 8. deserti samharensis, 8. amydrus, Artamus leucorhynchus, 85. Anas acuta tzitzihoa, 81. platyrhynchos platyrhynchos, 79. angusticauda, Apalis, 112, 113. » Cristicola, 112, 113, 114. ankare, Galerida cristata, 57, 58. Anous (Megalopterus) minutus, 84. b Vol. lvi.] Anous stolidus antelius, 84. unicolor, 82. antelius, Anous stolidus, 84. , Larus, 28, 29. ——, argentatus, 53. ——, —— fuscus, 33, 34, 50, 51, 52. Anthreptes, 18. —— pallidigaster, sp. nov., 17. Anthus spinoletta kleinschmidti, 55. meinertzhageni, subsp. nov., 55. petrosus, 55. antiquus, Synthliboramphus, 87. Apalis, 102, 112. alticola, 11, 18. —— angusticauda, 112, 113. bamendzx, 103. bensoni, 101, 102. strausez, 102. — thoracica, 112, 113. griseiceps, 11, 18. Aplopelia simplex simplex, 105. apoda, Paradisea, 64. apus ? subsp., Micropus, 86. Aquila chrysaétos canadensis, 80. Ardea herodias herodias, 81. argentatus antelius, Larus, 53. atlantis, Larus, 53. cachinnans, Larus, 53. heuglim, Larus, 33. ——., Larus, 27, 28, 29, 33, 51, 52. ae, argentatus, 52, 53, 79. ——, —— fuscus, 27. —— michahellesw, Larus, 53. mongolicus, Larus, 53. ponticus, Larus, 53. smithsonianus, Larus, 79. — taimyrensis, Larus, 53. vege, Larus, 53. argenteus, Larus, 27. aridula, Cisticola, 114. ariel, Fregata, 84. Arizelocichla nigriceps nigriceps, 11. arquata lineatus, Numenius, 103. ——, Numenius arquata, 103. orientalis, Numenius, 103. suschkini, Numenius, 103. Artamus leucorhynchus amydrus, 85. Artisornis, 102. metopias, 102, 103. bensoni, 102. metopias, 102. aruensis, Monarcha aruensis, 38. , —— chrysomela, 38, 39. arundinaceus, Acrocephalus arundi- naceus, 70. arvensis, Sicalis, 89. — — 138 asiatica mearnsi, Melopelia, 80. assimilis lherminieri, Puffinus, 79. Astur brevipes, 131. ater, Molothrus ater, 80. atlantis, Larus argentatus, 53. atrata, Chenopis, 83. atricapillus septentrionalis, thestes, 80. atricilla, Larus, 79. aucklandica, Nesonetta, 20. Auk, 88. , Great, 42. aura septentrionalis, Cathartes, 81. australis, Oryptospiza, 101. 4 reachenovit, 101. ; salvadorii, 100, 101. ayresit, Cisticola, 114. Pen- badius, Accipiter, 131. , Agelaiodes, 89, 90. brevipes, Accipiter, 131. cenchroides, Accipiter, 131. sphenurus, Accipiter, 131. bamendx, Aypalis, 103. bensoni, Apalis, 101, 102. strausx, Apalis, 102. Barbet, 13. bassana, Sula, 79. batesi, Canirallus oculeus, 34. Bee-eater, 84, 85. , Little, 9, 10. bengalensis, Pseudogyps, 85. bensoni, Apalis bamendz, 101, 102. , Artisornis metopias, 102. bergw poliocerca, Sterna, 84. Bessonornis grotei, 12, 18. bewicku, Totanus, 5. , Tringa, 5. totanus, 5. Bhringa remifer peracensis, 85. biarmicus, Panurus biarmicus, 76. ? subsp., Falco, 86. biludschicus, Merops orientalis, 9. bimaculata, Melanocorypha, 35, 36. rufescens, Melanocorypha, 36. Bird, Mutton-, 130. bwittatus, Trochocercus, 12. Blackbird, 68. , Red-shouldered, 79. Black Cock, 23. blanfordi, Calandrella, 130. ———, blanfordi, 130. —— plhilbyi, Calandrella, 130. , Tephrocorys, 130. Bluethroat, 97. bolivianus, Pitangus, 89. bonariensis melanogyna, Molothrus, 88, 139 bonariensis, Molothrus bonariensis, 88, 89, 90. Booby, Blue-faced, 84. » Brown, 86. ,» Red-footed, 81, 82, 86. borealis calurus, Buteo, 81. » Puffinus kuhlii, 79. Bower Bird, Satin, 83. brachydactila, Calandrella, 130. brachyptera, Cisticola, 113. brachyrhynchos, Corvus brachy- rhynchos, 79. Brachyspiza capensis, 89. brachyura, Galerida cristata, 56, 57. Brambling, 97. Branta ruficollis, 19. brevipes, Accipiter, 131. » —— badius, 131. ——., Astur, 131. , Tringa, 85. britannica, Tringa totanus, 5, 120. britannicus, Larus fuscus, 51, 52. brunnescens, Cisticola, 114. Bubulcus ibis coromandus, 85. ibis ibis, 86. Bulbul, Green, 17. , Indian Red-vented, 82. bullert, Puffinus, 82. Bulweria, 47. Bunting, Cirl, 97. —., Corn-, 70. ——., Lap-, 7. ——.,, Lark, 81. ——,, Ortolan, 97. —., Reed.-, 32. —., Rustic, 7. , Snow-, 7, 69. Buteo borealis calurus, 81. Buzzard, Honey, 7. , Turkey, 81. ——., Zimmerman’s, 6. cachinnans, Larus, 33, 86. 5 argentatus, 53. cerulescens, Chen, 19. ceruleus, Elanus, 12. cafer, Clamator, 124, 125, 126. , Molpastes cafer, 82. Calamonastes fasciolatus, 72. stierlingi, 72. simplex, 72. neglectus, subsp. nov., th. simplex, 71. undosus, 71. Calamospiza melanocorys, 81. calandra, Emberiza calandra, 70. ——, Melanocorypha, 36, —_—_— [Vol. lvi, . Calandrella, 130. blanfordi blanfordi, 130. philbyi, subsp. nov., 130. brachydactila, 130. caleyi, Petrochelidon nigricans, 91. californica, Lophortyx californica, 81 californicus, Pelecanus occidentalis, 81. Callene albigularis, 18. calurus, Buteo borealis, 81. Campephaga quiscalina miinzneri, 19 canadensis, Aquila chrysaétos, 80. canagica, Philacte, 19. Canirallus oculeus batesi, 34. oculeus, 34. cannabina, Acanthis cannabina, 32. canorus, Cuculus, 29. cantillans mornatus, Sylvia, 76. capense, Daption, 82. capensis, Brachyspiza, 89. , Gna, 115, 116. Caprimulgus nigriscapularis, 62. carbo, Phalacrocorax carbo, 79. caroli, Coccystes, 124, 125, 126. carolinensis, Pandion halizitus, 80. , Zenaidura macroura, 80. caryocatactes, Nucifraga caryoca, tactes, 50. Casmerodius albus egretta, 80. caspica, Motacilla, 98, 99. : cinerea, 98. castanea cinnamoventris, Sitta, 71. tonkinensis, Sitta, 71. Cathartes aura septentrionalis, 81. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus in- ornatus, 81. caucasica, Galerida cristata, 57. cauta, Diomedella, 45. , Thalassogeron, 45. cenchroides, Accipiter badius, 131. cerulea nebouat, Procelsterna, 82. cerviniventris ?, Petroica, 106. Ceuthmochares, 34. aereus aereus, 34. flavirostris, 34. Chetura pelagica, 80-81. Chaffinch, 6, 7, 86. chalcopterus obscurus, Rhinoptilus, 103, 104. , Rhinoptilus, 103, 104. chalybzeus, Cuculus, 124. Chen cerulescens, 19. hyperborea, 19. Chenopis atrata, 83. cherina, Cisticola, 114. Chettusia crassirostris, 92-93. 62 Vol. lvi.] Chickadee, Long-tailed, 80. Chizarhis leucogaster, 133. Chlidonias nigra surinamensis, 80. Chloris chloris chloris, 32. chrysaétos canadensis, Aquila, 80. chrysomela aruensis, Monarcha, 38, 39 chrysomela, Monarcha, 38. prerepta, Monarcha, 38. chrysoptera addenda, Petroica, 127. » Muscicapa, 126. , Petroica, 127. Cicinnurus regius, 65. cinerea caspica, Motacilla, 98. ,» Motacilla, 98. ruficeps, Tephrocorys, 130. , Tephrocorys cinerea, 130. cinereus kikuyuensis, Alseonax, 19. cinnamomina, Galerida cristata, 57. cinnamoveniris, Sitta castanea, 71. Cinnyris albiventris, 18. mediocris mediocris, 12. Circus hudsonius, 80. Cisticola, 112, 113, 114. angusticauda, 112, 113, 114. aridula, 114. ayresivi, 114. brachyptera, 113. brunnescens, 114. cherina, 114. — dambo dambo, 110. —— —— kasai, subsp. nov., 109, 110. —— fulvicapilla, 113, 114, 115. fulvicapilla, 114. muellerti, 112, 113, 114. galactotes, 111. —— hunteri prinioides, 12. —— pipiens congo, subsp. nov., 120, TE. pipiens, 111. textrix, 114. Clamator cafer, 124, 125, 126. —— glandarius, 31, 78. —— hypopinarus, 116, 117. jacobinus, 124, 125. serratus, 116, 124, 125. clamosus, Cuculus, 116, 123, 124. 5 clamosus, 123. Coachwhip Bird, Eastern, 83. Coccycolius iris, 62. Coccystes albonotatus, 124, 125, 126. caroli, 124, 125, 126. celebs, Fringilla, 86. Columba tympanistria, 105. columbarius richardsoni, Falco, 80. Columbigallina passerina palles- cens, 81. passerina passerina, 80. 140 communis, Sylvia communis, 70. comri, Manucodia (Hucorax), 115. congo, Cursticola pipiens, 110, i Re conspicillatus, Pelecanus, 84. contra jalla, Sturnopastor, 85. Coot, American, 79. Coracina nove-hollandiz, 83. Corbie, Indian, 85. Cormorant, 79. , Brandt’s, 81. ——., Little Pied, 84. , Pied, 84. coromandus, Bubulcus ibis, 85. coronatus, Stephanoaétus, 62. coronoides levaillanti, Corvus, 85. Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhyn- chos, 79. coronoides levaillanti, 85. splendens splendens, 85. Corythzxola cristata cristata, 133. Corythaixoides leucogaster, 133, 134. Courser, 103. Cowbird, 73, 89. , Eastern, 80. , Shiny, 88. Crane, 7. crassirostris, Chettusia, 92—93. , Hemiparra crassirostris, 35, 92, 93. hybrida, Hemiparra, 93. cratert, Yungipicus obsoletus, 15. cristata ankarez, Galerida, 57, 58. brachyura, Galerida, 56, 57. — caucasica, Galerida, 57. cinnamomina, Galerida, 57. —., Corythzola cristata, 133. ——., Cyanocitta cristata, 80. conie, Galerida, 57, 58. — magna, Galerida, 56, 57. ——, Musophaga, 133. subtaurica, Galerida, 56, 57. weigoldi, Galerida, 56, 57. zion, Galerida, 56, 57. croceus, Macronyx croceus, 62. Crossbill, 98. Crow, 54. , American, 79. ——., Black, 85. ——,, Carrion, 117. ——.,, Eastern, 79. ——., Grey-necked, 85. —., Hooded, 54, 117. , Indian, 85. Cryptospiza, 100. australis, 101. ocularis, 101. reichenovii, 101. australis, 101. 14] Cryptospiza reichenovi ocularis, 101. sanguinolenta, 100, 101. salvadoru, 101. australis, 100, 101. Cuckoo, 29, 30, 32, 53, 54, 116, 117, 123, 124. ——, Great Spotted, 31, 53. Lesser, 131. Cuckoo-Shrike, 19. , Black-faced, 83. Cuculus canorus, 29. chalybzus, 124. clamosus, 116, 123, 124. clamosus, 123. gabonensis, 123, 124. — jacksoni, 123, 124. —— mabire, 123, 124. poliocephalus, 132. poliocephalus, 132, 133. rochivt, 131, 132, 133. solitarius, 123. Cuncuma leucogaster, 68. Curlew, 8, 54, 84. Currawong, Grey, 83. ——, Pied, 83 cursor somalensis, Cursorius, 72. Cursorius cursor somalensis, 72. cyaneus, Malurus cyaneus, 83. Cyanocitia cristata cristata, 80. cyanoleuca, Grallina cyanoleuca, 83. Cyanomitra verticalis viridisplen- dens, 11. a cyanophrys, Merops orientalis, 9, 10. cyanopus, Numenius, 84. Cymochorea melania matsudariz, 134. owstoni, 134. Dacelo noveguinee noveguiner, 83. dactylatra personata, Sula, 84. dambo, Cisticola dambo, 110. kasar, Crsticola, 109, 110. Daption, 47. capense, 82. decipiens perspicillata, Strepto- pelia, 104, 105. , Streptopelia, 104, 105. deckem, Turdus olivaceus, 13. deglandi, Melanitta, 81. delawarensis, Larus, 79, 80. Demigretta sacra, 84. deserti hijazensis, Ammomanes, 8. samharensis, Ammomanes, 8. deserticola, Sylvia, 76. desolata, Pachyptila, 82. Dicrurus macrocercus javanus, 85. diluta, Stachyris poliocephala, 115. [Vol. lvi. . dilutus, Stachyris nigriceps, 115. Diomedea, 47. exulans, 48, 49, 50, 82. nigrupes, 81. —— (Thalassarche) 82. Diomedella cauta, 45. Dioptrornis amani, 19. fischeri amani, 19. Diphyllodes magnificus hunsteini, 66. distinguenda, Petrochelidon nigri- cans, 91, 92. Diver, Red-throated, 7. domesticus, Passer, 28. : domesticus, 69, 80, 82. dougallia gracilis, Sterna, 84. Dove, Eastern Ground, 80. , Eastern Mourning, 80. —., Inca, 81. ——, Mexican Ground, 81. Prion, 82. , Western White-winged, 80. Drepanoplectes gacksoni, 12. Drepanorhynchus reichenowr, 12. Drongo, Black, 85. , Lesser Racquet-tailed, 85. Duck, 94. , Eider-, 6. ——., Flightless, 19. melanophris, Eagle, Golden, 7, 80. , Sea-, 84. , White-breasted Sea-, 68, 92. edouardi pallasi, Guttera, 35. Egret, American, 80. , Cattle, 85, 86. , Great White, 84. Egretta alba, 84. egretta, Casmerodius albus, 80. Eider, King, 19. Hlanus ceruleus, 12. elegans, Platycercus, 83. elgonensis, Turdus olivaceus, 13. Emberiza, 70. calandra calandra, 70. scheniclus mackenziei, subsp. nov., 54. schoeeniclus, 32, 54. striolata sahari, 77. Hrannornis albicauda kivuensis, 11. Erithacus rubecula melophilus, 69. sardus, 86. erythrogastra, Hirundo, 80. (Eucorax) comrvi, Manucodia, 115. eurhinus, Tringa totanus, 86. eurycricotus, Zosterops virens 14, 15. Vol. lvi.] Eurystomus afer, 12. eximius, Platycercus, 83. exulans, Diomedea, 48, 49, 50, 82. Falco biarmicus ? subsp., 86. columbarius richardsoni, 80. —— mexicanus, 80. subbuteo, 85. Falcon, Peregrine, 7. , Prairie, 80. Fantail, Black and White, 83. fasciolatus, Calamonastes, 72. stierlingi, Calamonastes, 72. fedoa, Limosa, 81. Fieldfare, 6, 7. fischeri amani, Dioptrornis, 19. Flamingo, 78. flavirostris, Ceuthmochares aereus, 34. Flycatcher, 6. , Blue, 11. ——, Crested, 12. ——, Pied, 97. Fly-Robin, Buff-sided, 106. Fregata ariel, 84. minor mathewsi, 84. minor palmerstoni, 82. Frigate-Bird, Great, 82, 84. —— ——.,, Lesser, 84. Fringilla celebs, 86. montifringilla, 77. Frogmouth, Tawny, 83. Fulica americana americana, 79. fulicarius, Phalaropus, 19, 86. Fulmarus, 47. glacialis glacialis, 79. fulvicapilla, Cisticola, 113, ES: —., Cisticola fulvicapilla, 114. — muelleri, Crsticola, 112, 113, 114. fulwopectoralis, Streptopelia, 104. Furnarius rufus, 89. fuscata oahuensis, Sterna, 81. serrata, Sterna, 84. fuscus antelius, Larus, 33, 34, 50, 51, ,.a2: argentatus, Larus, 27. britannicus, Larus, 51, 52. graellsu, Larus, 27, 28, 29, 79. intermedius, Larus, 27, 28, 114, 29. —— , Larus, 27, 28, 29, 33, 51, 52. —,, fuscus, 27, 28, 29, 34. —— mongolicus, Larus, 51. ponticus, Larus, 51. — taimyrensis, Larus, 51, 52. 33, 50, 142 Gabianus pacificus, 84. gabonensis, Cuculus, 123, 124. galactotes, Cisticola, 111. galbula, Icterus, 79. Galerida cristata ankarez, 57, 58. brachyura, 56, 57. caucasica, 57. cinnamomina, 57. ronie. 57, 58. —— — magna, 56, 57. subtaurica, 56, 57. weigoldi, 56, 57. zion, 56, 57. Gannet, 79. , Australian, 82, 84. gentilis, Accipiter, 122. gigantea, Musophaga, 133. giganteus, Macronectes, 82. glacialis, Fulmarus glacialis, 79. glandarius, Clamator, 31, 78. Godwit, Marbled, 81. Goldfinch, American, 80. , Eastern, 80. Goose, Blue, 19. , Emperor, 19. ——., Grey Lag, 7. ——., Lesser Snow, 19. , Red-breasted, 19. Goshawk, 122. govinda, Milvus migrans, 85. gracilis, Sterna dougallii, 84. Grackle, Javan, 85. » Purple, 79. Gracula religiosa religiosa, 85. graculina, Strepera graculina, 83. graellsi, Larus fuscus, 27, 28, 29, 79. Grallina cyanoleuca cyanoleuca, 83. Grebe, Great Crested, 98. , Pied-billed, 80. Green Head, 79. Greenfinch, 32. griseiceps, Apalis thoracica, 11, 18. griseus, Puffinus, 45, 79, 82. grotet, Bessonornis, 12, 18. Grouse, Willow, 99. Guillemot, 98. , Bering’s, 88. Guineafowl, Crested, 35. Gull, 51. ——., Aden, 86. ——, American Herring-, 79. ——., Black-headed, 6, 79, 86. —., Common, 6. —— , Great Black-backed, 79. —., Greater Black-backed, 6. ——., Herring-. 28 33, 52, 53, 79. , Laughing, 79. Gull, Lesser Black-backed, 6, 34, 52, 719: Gull, Little, 6. ——, Pacific, 84. ——. Ring-billed, 79, 80. ——., Sabine’s, 19. ——., Siberian Herring-, 34. ——., Silver, 84. ——, Western, 81. , Yellow-legged, 86. Guttera edouard? pallasi, 35. gutturalis, Hirundo rustica, 85. Gymnorhina hypoleuca leuconota, 83. tibicen tibicen, 83. Gyps indicus, 85. Hematopus longirostris, 87. osculans, 87. osculans, 88. ostralegus longirostris, 84. Halcyon pyrrhopygius, 85. sancta, 85. Halizxétus sanfordi, 92. halizxtus carolinensis, Pandion, 80. Haliastur indus ambiguus, 85. leucosternus, 84. indus, 85. Harrier, 80. Hen., 7. ——, Marsh.-, 98. , Montagu’s, 7. hartingi, Rhinoptilus africanus, 72 73 Hawk, Fish-, 80. , Levant Sparrow-, 131. ——, Marsh,- 80. —., Pigeon-, 80. , Western Red-tailed, 81. Hemiparra crasstrostris crassi- rostris, 35, 92, 93. crassirostris hybrida, 93. hemprichii, Larus, 86. Hen, Grey, 23. herodias, Ardea herodias, 81. Heron, Buft-backed, 78. , Great Blue, 81. —-, Reef, 84. , White-necked, 84. heuglini, Larus, 33, 50, 51. , Larus affinis, 34. ; argentatus, 33. hijazensis, Ammomanes deserti, 8. Hirundo erythrogastra, 80. rustica, 86. gutturalis, 85. hoopest, Sturnella magna, 80. Hobby, 7, 85, 94, 98. 143 [Vol. lvi. hudsonius, Circus, 80. hunsteint, Diphyllodes magnificus, 66. huntert prinioides, Cisticola, 12. hybrida, Hemiparra crassirostris, 93. Hydrobates pelagicus, 79. hyperborea, Chen, 19. hypoleuca leuconota, Gymnorhina, 83. hypoleucos, Tringa, 85. hypopinarus, Clamator, 116, 117. ibis, Bulbulcus ibis, 86. coromandus, Bubulcus, 85. Icterus galbula, 79. impennis, Alca, 42. inca, Scardafella inca, 81. incana, Tringa, 81. indicus, Gyps, 85. indranee maingayt, Strix, 36, 37. newarense, Strix, 36, 37. shanensis, Strix, 36. , Strix indranee, 37. indus ambiguus, Haliastur, 85. , Haliastur indus, 85. leucosternus, Haliastur, 84. inexpectata, Petroica rodinogaster, 127. , Pterodroma, 48. ingens, Yungipicus obsoletus, 15, 16. imornatus, Catoptrophorus semi- palmatus, 81. , Sylvia cantillans, 76. intermedius, Larus fuscus, 27, 28, 29. ionie, Galerida cristata, 57, 58. wis, Coccycolius, 62. Jackass, Laughing, 83. jacksoni, Cuculus, 123, 124. , Drepanoplectes, 12. , Zosterops virens, 15. jacobinus, Clamator, 124, 125. jalla, Sturnopastor contra, 85. javanus, Dicrurus macrocercus, 85. Jay 24, 25, 26, 27, 50. , Northern Blue, 80. juana, Pterodroma neglecta, 59. kasai, Crsticola dambo, 109, 110. Kestrel, 7, 12. kiddert okahia, Pterodroma, 377. , Pterodroma kidderi, 37, 38. kikuyuensis, Alseonax cinereus, 19. Vol. lvi.] kikuyuensis, Zosterops virens, 1], 13, 14, 15. Kingfisher, Red-backed, 85. , Sacred, 85. Kite, 77. , Black, 85, 86. ——, Black-shouldered, 12. ——, Brahminy, 84, 85. , Fork-tailed, 85. Kittiwake, 98. kivuensis, Erannornis albicauda, 11. kleinschmidti, Anthus spinoletta, 5D; Kookaburra, Laughing, 83. kuhli borealis, Puffinus, 79. Lagopus lagopus lagopus, 99, 100. scoticus, 100. —— —— variegatus, subsp. nov., 99, 100. agopus scoticus, Lagopus, 100. variegatus, Lagopus, 99, 100. Lammergeier, 78. Lanner, 86. Lapwing, 93. , White Nile Long-toed, 35. Lark, 130. Bunting, 81. ——, Crested, 55, 56. —, Eastern Calandra, 35. ——. Magpie, 83. ——, Rio Grande Meadow, 80. , Shore-, 97. Larus affinis heuglini, 34. taimyrensis, 34. —— anielius, 28, 29. argentatus, 27, 28, 29, 33, 51, 52. — antelius, 53. argentatus, 52, 53, 79. atlantis, 53. cachinnans, 53. heuglint, 33. —— —— michahellesnu, 53. —— — mongolicus, 53. ponticus, 53. smithsonianus, 79. taimyrensis, 53. vege, 53. argenteus, 27. atricilla, 79. cachinnans, 33, 86. delawarensis, 79, 80. —— fuscus, 27, 28, 29, 33, 51, 52. antelius, 33, 34, 50, 51, es 52. argentatus, 27. britannicus, 51, 52. — 144 lherminiert, yea Larus fuscus fuscus, 27, 28, 29, 34. graellsvi, 27, 28, 29, 79. entermedius, 27, 28, 29. —— —— mongolicus, 51. ponticus, 51. taumyrensis, 33, 50, 51, 52. hemprichii, 86. heuglini, 33, 50, 51. leucophthalmus, 86. —— marinus, 79. novx-hollandiz, 84. occidentalis occidentalis, 81. ridibundus ridibundus, 79. sabini, 19. tarmyrensis, 28, 33. Lenatero, 89, 90. lessoni, Pterodroma, 48. leucogaster, Chizarhis, 133. , Corythaixoides, 133, 134. ——, Cuncuma, 68. , Sula, 86. leucomelas, Puffinus, 82. leuconota, Gymnorhina hypoleuca, 83. leucophrys nuttall1, Zonotrichia, 81. , Rhipidura, 83. leucophthalmus, Larus, 86. leucopyga, Ginanthe, 77. leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 79. leucorhynchus amydrus, Artamus, 85 leucosternus, Haliastur indus, 84. levaillanti, Corvus coronoides, 85. Puffinus assimilis, Iimosa fedoa, 81. lineata, Alecthelia, 58. , Sarothrura, 58, 59. lineatus, Numenius arquata, 103. Linnet, 32. Innota, 7. Littlera phenicea tasmanica, 127. lobatus, Phalaropus, 86. Locustella nzevia nzevia, 33. longicaudus, Stercorarius, 79. longirostris, Hematopus, 87. ; ostralegus, 84. Lophorhina superba minor, 67. Lophortyx californica californica, 81. Lory, Blue Mountain, 83. —— Red, 83. luctuosus, Pardalotus, 106. ——, Pecilodryas, 106. ludoviciana, Piranga, 81. lugubris, Motacilla alba, 108. Lyre Bird, 83. 145 mabirz, Cuculus, 123, 124. macclouniet, Alethe, 100. : macclounier, 100. njombe, Alethe, 100. mackenzieit, Hmberiza scheniclus, 54. macrocercus javanus, Dicrurus, 85. Macronectes, 47. giganteus, 82. Macronyx croceus croceus, 62. macroura carolinensis, Zenaidura, 80. macularia, Tringa, 79, 80. magna, Galerida cristata, 56, 57. hoopesi, Sturnella, 80. magnificus hunsteint, Diphyllodes, 66 Magpie, 54. , Azure-winged, 78. ——, Black-backed, 83. —— Lark, 83. , White-backed, 83. maingayt, Strix indranee, 36, 37. malaccensis, Passer montanus, 85. Mallard, 79. Malurus cyaneus cyaneus, 83. Manucodia (Eucorax) comru, 115. marinus, Larus, 79. Martin, 6. , Australian Tree-, 90. ——, Purple, 80. , , White-headed Bank-, 12. mathewsi, Fregaia minor, 84. matsudarie, Cymochorea melania, 134. mbuluensis, Zosterops virens, 13,15. mearnsi, Melopelia asiatica, 80. meccanus, Merops orientalis, 9. mediocris, Cinnyris mediocris, 12. Megalopterus melanogenys, 81. ( ) minutus, Anous, 84. meinerizhagent, Anthus spinoletta, 55. melania matsudartz, Cymochorea, 134. Melanitta deglandi, 81. persprcillata, 81. Melanocorypha bimaculata, 35, 36. rufescens, 36. calandra, 36. rufescens, 36. melanocorys, Calamospiza, 81. melanogenys, Megalopterus, 81. melanogyna, Molothrus bonariensis, 88. melanoleucus, Microcarbo, 84. melanope, Motacilla, 99. melanophris, Diomedea (Thalas- sarche), 82. [Vol. lvi. Melopelia asiatica mearnsi, 80. melophilus, Hrithacus rubecula, 69. Menura nove-hollandiz, 83. Merganser, Red-breasted, 6. Merlin, 7. , Richardson’s, 80. Merops, 46. orientalis biludschicus, 9. aa cyanophrys, 9, 10. —— —— meccanus, 9. —— muscatensis, 10. najdanus, subsp. nov., 9. —— ornatus, 84. —— viridis viridis, 85. meruensis, Zosterops virens, 14, 15. merula, Turdus merula, 68. metopias, Artisornis, 102, 103. ; metopias, 102. bensoni, Artisornis, 102. mexicanus, Falco, 80. michahellesui, Larus argentatus, 53. Microcarbo melanoleucus, 84. Micropus apus ? subsp., 86. migrans zgyptius, Milvus, 86. govinda, Milvus, 85. napiert, Milvus, 85. migratorius, Turdus migratorius, 80. Milvus migrans xgyptius, 86. govinda, 85. naprert, 85. milvus milvus, 77. Mimus modulator, 89. polyglotios polyglottos, 80. minor, Lophorhina superba, 67. mathewsi, Fregata, 84. palmerstoni, Fregata, 82. , Paradisza, 64. minutus, Anous (Megalopterus), 84. Mocking-Bird, Eastern, 80. modularis occidentalis, Prunella, 32. modulator, Mimus, 89. Mollymawk, 47. Molothrus ater ater, 80. bonariensis bonariensis, 88, 89, 90. melanogyna, 88. rufoaxillaris, 90. Molpastes cafer cafer, 82. moluccanus, T'richoglossus, 83. Monarcha alecto nitida, 39. aruensis aruensis, 38. chrysomela, 38. aruensis, 38, 39. —— prerepta, subsp. nov., 38. mongolicus, Larus argentatus, 53. ; fuscus, 51. Monticola saxatilis, 77, 86. Vol. lvi.] montanus malaccensis, Passer, 85. , Passer, 28. montifringilla, Fringilla, 77. Motacilla alba, 86. alba, 109. lugubris, 108. caspica, 98, 99. cinerea, 98. caspica, 98. melanope, 99. muellert, Cisticola fulvicapilla, EPA VS, P14. multicolor, Petroica, 83. minznert, Campephaga quiscalina, 19. muscatensis, Merops orientalis, 10. Muscicapa chrysoptera, 126. musicus, T'urdus, 77. Musophaga cristata, 133. gigantea, 133. Mutton-Bird, 130. Myna, Common Indian, 82. , Javan Pied, 85. nevia, Locustella nevia, 33. najdanus, Merops orientalis, 9. napiert, Milvus migrans, 85. nebouxt, Procelsterna cerulea, 82. neglecta juana, Pterodroma, 59. , Petrochelidon nigricans, 92. , Pterodroma neglecta, 59. neglectus, Calamonastes simplex, 71. nesiotis, Xenonetta, 20. Nesonetta aucklandica, 20. newarense, Strix ndranee, 36, 37. Nightjar, Black-shouldered, 62. nigra surinamensis, Chlidonias, 80. nigricans caleyi, Petrochelidon, 91. distinguenda, Petrochelidon, 91, 92. neglecta, Petrochelidon, 92. papua, Petrochelidon, 91. —., Petrochelidon, 90, 91. ——, nigricans, 90, 91. rogersi, Petrochelidon, 91. socialis, Petrochelidon, 91. timoriensis, Petrochelidon, 91, 92. nigriceps, Arizelocichla nigri- ceps, 11. dilutus, Stachyris, 115. ——, Diomedea, 81. rileyi, Stachyris, 115. nigriscapularis, Caprimulgus, 62. nitida, Monarcha alecto, 39. , Pecilodryas, 38. nivalis, Plectrophenax, 69. njombe, Alethe macclounier, 100. 146 Noddy, Blue-Grey, 82. ——, Common, 82, 84. ——-, Hawaiian, 81. ——, White-capped, 84. Notophoyx pacifica, 84. noveguines, Dacelo noveguineex, nove-hollandiz, Coracina, 83. , Larus, 84. , Menura, 83. Nucifraga caryocatactes caryoca- tactes, 50. Numenius arquata arquata, 103. lineatus, 103. orientalis, 103. suschkini, 103. cyanopus, 84. Nutcracker, 50. Nuthatch, 70. nuttalli, Zonotrichia leucophrys, 81. nyike, Turdus olivaceus, 13. oahuensis, Sterna fuscata, 81. obscurus, Rhinoptilus chalcopterus, 103, 104. obsoletus cratert, Yungipicus, 15. ingens, Yungipicus, 15, 16. » Yungipicus, 12. occidentalis californicus, Pelecanus, 81. ——., Larus occidentalis, 81. , Prunella modularis, 32. oceanicus, Oceanites, 79, 85. Oceanites oceanicus, 79, 85. Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 79. ocularis, Cryptospiza, 101. : rewchenovit, 101. , Ploceus, 12. oculeus batesi, Canirallus, 34. , Canirallus oculeus, 34. Gina capensis, 115, 116. Gnanthe leucopyga, 77. schalowi, 12. okahia, Pterodroma kidderi, 37. oldeant, Turdus olivaceus, 13. olivaceus deckem, Turdus, 13. elgonensis, T'urdus, 13. — nytke, Turdus, 13. oldeant, T'urdus, 13. —. Psophodes olivaceus, 83. roehli, Turdus, 13. uluguru, Turdus, 13. orientalis biludschicus, Merops, 9. cyanophrys, Merops, 9, 10. — meccanus, Merops, 9. —— muscatensis, Merops, 10. najdanus, Merops, 9. ——, Numenius arquata, 103. 147 Oriole, Baltimore, 79. , Golden, 98. ornatus, Merops, 84. orostruthus amani, Phyllastrephus, 16. —.,, Phyllastrephus orostruthus, 16. oryzwora, Padda, 85. osculans, Hematopus, 87. , —— osculans, 88. Osprey, 7. , American, 80. ostralegus longirostris, Hematopus, 84. Owl, Tawny, 6, 29. owstont, Cymochorea, 134. Oyster-catcher, 6, 84, 87, 88, 98. , Chinese, 88. Pachypitila desolata, 82. pacifica, Notophoyx, 84. pacificus, Gabianus, 84. Padda oryzwora, 85. Pagodroma, 47. pallasi, Guttera edouardi 35. pallescens, Columbigallina passer- na, 81. pallidigaster, Anthreptes, 17. palmerstoni, Fregata minor, 82. palpebrata, Pheebetria, 82. Pandion haliztus carolinensis, 80. Panurus biarmicus biarmicus, 76. papua, Petrochelidon nigricans, 91. Paradise-Bird, 60, 63, 68, 115. , Blue, 65. —— ——., King, 65. —_- ——,, Lesser Superb, 67. , Magnificent, 66. Paradisea apoda, 64. minor, 64. rudolphi, 115. Paradisornis rudolphi, 65. Pardalotus luctuosus, 106. parvirostris, Pterodroma, 82. Passer domesticus, 28. domesticus, 69, 80, 82. ——- montanus, 28. malaccensis, 85. passerina, Columbigallina passer- na, 80. pallescens, Columbigallina, 81. pelagica, Chetura, 80-81. pelagicus, Hydrobates, 79. , Phalacrocorax, 87. Pelecanus conspicillatus, 84. occidentalis californicus, 81. rufescens, 62, 86. Pelican, Australian, 84. —__——_ [Vol. lvi. Pelican, Californian Brown, 81. , Pink-backed, 86. penicillata, Petrogale, 83. penicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 81. Penthestes atricapillus septentrion- alis, 80. peracensis, Bhringa remifer, 85. personata, Sula dactylatra, 84. perspicillata, Melanitta, 81. , Streptopelia decipiens, 105. Petrel, 45, 46, 47. ——, Fork-tailed, 134. ——., Fulmar, 79, 98. ——, Gadfly, 37. ——, Giant, 82. ——, Hawaiian, 81. ——, Kermadec, 59. —. Leach’s, 79. ——., Phoenix, 82. ——., Storm, 79. , Wilson’s Storm, 79, 85. Petrochelidon nigricans, 90, 91. caleyt, 91. distinguenda, 91, 92. neglecta, 92. nigricans, 90, 91. papua, 91. rogerst, 91. socialis, 91. timoriensis, 91, 92. Petrogale penicillata, 83. Petroica ? cerviventris, 106. chrysoptera, 127. addenda, 127. multicolor, 83. —— phenicea, 126, 127. albicans, 127. rodinogaster, 126, 127. mexpectata, 127. petrosus, Anthus spinoletta, 55. pheopygia sandwichensis, Ptero- droma, 81. Phaéthon xthereus xthereus, 82. rubricaudus rothschildi, 82. Phalacrocorax carbo carbo, 79. pelagicus, 87. penicillatus, 81. varius, 84. Phalarope, 20. , Grey, 19, 86. , Red-necked, 86. Phalaropus fulicarius, 19, 86. lobatus, 86. Pheasant, 22. Philacte canagica, 19. plilbyi, Calandrella blanfordi, 130. Phoebe, Eastern, 80. pheebe, Sayornis, 80. 104, Vol. lvi. | Phebetria palpebrata, 82. phenicea albicans, Petroica, 127. , Petroica, 126, 127. tasmanica, Littlera, 127. pheniceus, Agelavus pheniceus, 79. Phenicurus phenicurus pheni- curus, 86. phenicurus, Phenicurus pheni- curus, 86. Phyllastrephus orostruthus amani, subsp. nov., 16. orostruthus, 16. Phylloscopus trochilus, 114. Pigeon, Cape, 82. , Guinea, 12. Pigeon-Hawk, 80. Pintail, American, 81. pipiens, Cisticola pipiens, 111. congo, Cisticola, 110, 111. Pipit, Red-throated, 7. » Rock, 55. Piranga ludoviciana, 81. prscatrix rubripes, Sula, 81, 82. , Sula, 86. Pitangus bolivianus, 89. Platycercus elegans, 83. eximius, 83. platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos, 79. Plectrophenax nivalis, 69. Ploceus ocularis, 12. reichenowi, 12. Plover, Ringed, 6. Podargus strigoides, 83. podiceps, Podilymbus podiceps, 80. Podilymbus podiceps podiceps, 80. Pecilodryas luctuosus, 106. nitida, 38. Pogonocichla stellata, 13. poliocephala diluta, Stachyris, 115. poltocephalus, Cuculus, 132. poliocephalus, 132, 133. rochii, Cuculus, 131, 132, 133. poliocerca, Sterna bergi, 84. Poliospiza striolata, 12. polyglottos, Mimus polyglotios, 80. ponticus, Larus argentatus, 53. , Larus fuscus, 51. prerepta, Monarcha chrysomela, 38. prinioides, Cisticola hunteri, 12. Priocella, 47. Prion, 47. Procellaria, 47. zequinoctialis, 48. Procelsterna cerulea nebouxt, 82. Progne subis subis, 80. Prunella modularis occidentalis, 32. 2 148 Psalidoprocne albiceps, 12. Pseudogyps bengalensis, 85. Psophodes olivaceus olivaceus, 83. ae violaceus violaceus, Pterodroma, 47. inexpectata, 48. kiddert kidderi, 37, 38. okahia, subsp. nov., 37. —— lessoni, 48. —— heglecta juana, subsp. nov., 59. _ neglecta, 59. parvirostris, 82. —— phxopygia sandwichensis, 81. Puffinus, 47. assimilis lherminieri, 79. — bulleri, 82. griseus, 45, 79, 82. —— kuhli borealis, 79. leucomelas, 82. —— puffinus, 48. —— —— puffinus, 79. yelkouan, 86. tenuirostris, 84. puffinus, Puffinus, 48. ——, puffinus, 79. yelkouan, Puffinus, 86. pyrrhopygius, Halcyon, 85. ———__— Quail, Californian, 81. quiscalina minzneri, Campephaga, 19. Quiscalus quiscula quiscula, 79. quiscula, Quiscalus quiscula, 79. Rainbow Bird, 84. Raven, 53, 54. Redpoll, Lesser, 98. Redshank, 86, 120. , British, 5. Redstart, 6, 86. Redwing, 7. Reeve, 7. regis, Cicinnurus, 65. reichenovit australis, Cryptospiza, 101. ——., Cryptospiza, 101. ocularis, Cryptospiza, 101, sanguinolenta, Cryptospiza, 100, 101. reichenowi, Drepanorhynchus, 12. , Ploceus, 12. religiosa, Gracula religiosa, 85. remifer peracensis, Bhringa, 85. Rhipidura leucophrys, 83. 149 Rhinoptilus africanus hartingi, 72, 73 albofasciatus, 103, 104. chalcopterus, 103, 104. obscurus, 103, 104. richardsoni, Falco columbarius, 80. ridibundus, Larus ridibundus, 79. rileyi, Stachyris nigriceps, 115. Riparia rupestris, 77. Robin, 69, 86. , Buff-sided Fly-, 106. —., Bush, 13. ——. Eastern American, 80. , scarlet, 83. robusta, Tringa totanus, 120, 121. rochii, Cuculus poliocephalus, 131, 132, 133. rodinogaster inexpectata, Petroica, 127. ——. Petroica, 126, 127. , Saxicola, 127. roehli, Turdus olivaceus, 13. rogersi, Petrochelidon nigricans, 91. Roller, 12. , Broad-billed, 12. Rosella, Crimson, 83. ——, Eastern, 83. rothschildi, Phaéthon rubricaudus, 82. rubecula melophilus, Erithacus, 69. sardus, Erithacus, 86. rubricaudus rothschildi, Phaéthon, 82. rubripes, Sula piscatrix, 81, 82. rudolphi, Paradisea, 115. , Paradisornis, 65. rufescens, Melanocorypha, 36. , Melanocorypha bimaculata, 36. ——, Pelecanus, 62, 86. Ruff, 98. ruficeps, Tephrocorys cinerea, 130. ruficollis, Branta, 19. rufoaxillaris, Molothrus, 90. rufus, Furnarius, 89. rupestris, Riparia, 77. rustica gutturalis, Hirundo, 85. , Hirundo, 86. Rynchops albicollis, 85, 134. sabini, Larus, 19. sacra, Demigretta, 84. sahari, Emberiza striolata, 77. salvadorii australis, Cryptospiza, 100, 101. , Cryptospiza, 101. samharensis, Ammomanes desert, [Vol. lvi. sancta, Halcyon, 85. Sandpiper, Common, 85. , Green, 7. ——., Grey-rumped, 85. ——, Marsh, 85. ——, Red-legged, 5. ——., Spotted, 79, 80. , Wood, 7. sandwichensis, Pterodroma phxo- pygia, 81. sanfordi, Halixétus, 92. sanguinolenta, Cryptospiza reichen- ovit, 100, 101. sardus, EHrithacus rubecula, 86. Sarothrura lineata, 58, 59. saxatalis, Aéronautes saxatalis, 81. ,» Monticola, 77, 86. Saxicola rodinogaster, 127. Sayornis phebe, 80. Scardafella inca inca, 81. schaloui, Ginanthe, 12. , Turacus, 11. scheniclus, Emberiza scheniclus, 32, 54. mackenziei, Emberiza, 54. schenobsenus, Acrocephalus, 31. scirpaceus, Acrocephalus scirpa- ceus, 29. Scoter, Surf, 81. , Velvet, 6. , White-winged, 81. scoticus, Lagopus lagopus, 100. semipalmatus inornatus, Catoptro- phorus, 81. septentrionalis, Cathartes aura, 81. , Penthestes atricapillus, 80. Serin, Streaky, 12. serrata, Sterna fuscata, 84. serrator, Sula, 82, 84. serratus, Clamator, 116, 124, 125. Shag, 87, 98. shanensis, Strix indranee, 36. Shearwater, Audubon’s, 79. , Eastern Mediterranean, 86. ——., Great, 97. ——., Grey-backed, 82. ——, Manx, 79, 94, 97. ——., North Atlantic, 79. ——., Short-tailed, 84. , Sooty, 79, 82. ,» White-faced, 82. Sicalis arvensis, 89. simplex, Aplopelia simplex, 105. , Calamonastes, 72. —-, simplex, 71. neglectus, Calamonastes, 71. undosus, Calamonastes, 71. Siskin, 76. Sitta castanea cinnamoventris, 71, Vol. lvi.] Sitta castanea tonkinensis, subsp. nov... 7k: Skimmer, Indian, 85. Skua, Long-tailed, 79. smithsonianus, Larus argentatus, 79. socialis, Petrochelidon nigricans, 91. solitarius, Cuculus, 123. somalensis, Cursorius cursor, 72. Somateria spectabilis, 19. Sparrow, 80, 82. , Hedge-, 32. ——, House-, 69, 70. —., Javan, 85. ——., Nuttall’s, 81. , Tree-, 85. Sparrow-Hawk, 7. , Levant, 131. spectabilis, Somateria, 19. sphenurus, Accipiter badius, 131. spinoletta kleinschmidtii, Anthus, 55. — meinerizhageni, Anthus, 55. petrosus, Anthus, 55. Spinus spinus, 76. tristis tristis, 80. spinus, Spinus, 76. splendens, Corvus 85. Spoonbill, 94, 98. Stachyris nigriceps dilutus, 115. rileyi, nom. nov., 115. poliocephala diluta, 115. stagnatalis, Tringa, 85. Starling, 80. , Emerald, 62. , Rose-coloured, 85. stellata, Pogonocichla, 13. Stephanoaétus coronatus, 62. Stercorarius longicaudus, 79. Sterna bergit poliocerca, 84. dougallit gracilis, 84. — fuscata oahuensis, 81. serrata, 84. stierlingi, Calamonastes fasciolatus, 72. Stint, Temminck’s, 7. stolidus antelius, Anous, 84. unicolor, Anous, 82. Stonechat, 12. Stork, White, 12. strause, Apalis bamendx, 102. Strepera graculina graculina, 83. versicolor versicolor, 83. Streptopelia decipiens, 104, 105. perspicillata, 104, 105. fulvopectoralis, 104. strigoides, Podargus, 83, splendens, 150 striolata, Poliospiza, 12. sahari, Emberiza, 77. Strix indranee indranee, 37. maingay2, 36, 37. newarense, 36, 37. ——— —— shanensis, subsp. nov., 36. Sturnella magna hoopesi, 80. Sturnopastor contra jalla, 85. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris, 80. subbuteo, Falco, 85. subis, Progne subis, 80. ? subsp., Falco biarmicus, 86. ? subsp., Micropus apus, 86. subtaurica, Galerida cristata, 56, 57. Sula bassana, 79. dactylatra personata, 84. leucogaster, 86. prscatrix, 86. rubripes, 81, 82. serrator, 82, 84. Sunbird, Golden, 12. , Green-headed, 11. superba minor, Lophorhina, 67. surinamensis, Chlidonias nigra, 80. suschkini, Numenius arquata, 103. Swallow, 6, 12, 86. , Barn, 80. ——., Eastern, 85. , Wood, 85. Swan, Black, 83. Swift, 6, 86. , Chimney, 80. , White-throated, 81. Sylvia cantillans mnornatus, 76. communis communis, 70. deserticola, 76. Synihliboramphus antiquus, 87. —_—— -- taimyrensis, Larus, 28, 33. : affinis, 34. —-—, argentatus, 53. 3 fuscus, 33, 50, 51, 52. Tanager, Western, 81. tasmanica, Littlera phanicea, 127. Tatler, Wandering, 81. tenurrostris, Puffinus, 84. Tephrocorys, 130. blanfordi, 130. —— cinerea cinerea, 130. ruficeps, 130. Tern, 6. , Arctic, 6. ——., Black, 80. ——., Caspian, 78. ——, Common, 6, Tern, Crested, 84. , Roseate, 84. , Sooty, 81, 84. textrix, Cisticola, 114. (Thalassarche) melanophris, Dvio- medea, 82. Thalassogeron cauia, 45. Thalassoica, 47. thoracica, Apalis, 112, 113. griseiceps, Apalis, 11, 18. Thrush, Olive, 11. , Rock, 86. tibicen, Gymnorhina tibicen, 83. timoriensis, Petrochelidon nigricans, 91, 92. Tit, Continental Coal, 97. Titmouse, 6. tonkinensis, Sitta castanea, 71. Totanus bewicki, 5. totanus bewickw, Tringa, 5. —— britannica, Tringa, 5, 120. eurhinus, T'ringa, 86. robusta, Tringa, 120, 121. —.,, Tringa, 121. i totanus, 86, 120, 121. Trichoglossus moluccanus, 83. Tringa bewicki, 5. brevipes, 85. — hypoleucos, 85. ancana, 81. macularia, 79, 80. stagnatalis, 85. totanus, 121. bewickitr, 5. britannica, 5, 120. eurhinus, 86. robusta, 120, 121. totanus, 86, 120, 121. tristis, Acridotheres tristis, 82. , Spinus tristis, 80. trochilus, Phylloscopus, 114. Trochocercus albonotatus, 12. binttatus, 12. Tropic-Bird, Red-billed, 82. , Red-tailed, 82. Turacus schalowi, 11. Turdus, 7. merula merula, 68. migratorius migratorius, 80. —— musicus, 77. olivaceus deckeni, 13. elgonensis, 13. — —_ nytke, 13. —— —— oldeani, subsp. nov., 13. ——_—_——_ roehli, 13. uluguru, 13. Turkey Buzzard, 81, Turnstone, 6, 151 [Vol. lvi. Tympanistria tympanistria typani- stria, 105. tympanistria, Columba, 105. —., Tympanistria tympanistria, 105. tzitzthoa, Anas acuta, 81. uluguru, Turdus olwaceus, 13. undosus, Calamonastes simplex, 71. unicolor, Anous stolidus, 82. usambarex, Zosterops virens, 14, 15. variegatus, Lagopus lagopus, 99, 100. varius, Phalacrocorax, 84. vege, Larus argentatus, 53. versicolor, Strepera versicolor, 83. verticalis viridisplendens, Cyano- mitra, 11. violaceus, Ptilonorhynchus viola- ceus, 83. virens eurycricotus, Zosterops, 14, 1S. jacksoni, Zosterops, 15. kikuyuensis, Zosterops, 11, 13, 14, 15. —— mbuluensis, Zosterops, 13, 15. meruensis, Zosterops, 14, 15. usambarzx, Zosterops, 14, 15. viridis, Merops viridis, 85. viridisplendens, Cyanomitra verti- calis, 11. vulgaris, Sturnus vulgaris, 80. Vulture, 85. ——.,, Griffon-, 78. Wader, 20. Wagtail, 6. , Grey, 98. ——.,, Pied, 106, 108, 109. —., White, 86. , Yellow, 12. Wallaby, Rock, 83. Warbler, Barred, 97. ——., Grasshopper-, 33, 97. ——., Icterine, 94, 98. ——., Long-tailed, 11. —, Reed-, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 53, 54, 70, 97. ——., Sedge-, 31. ——. Subalpine, 5. , Willow-, 97. Weaver, Spectacled, 12, Vol. lvi.] weigoldi, Galerida cristata, 56, 57. Wheatear, 12. White-eye, 11. Whitethroat, 70. , Lesser, 97. Whydah, 12. Willet, Western, 81. Woodpecker, 13. Wren, Blue, 83. Wren-Warbler, 71, 72. Xenonetta nesiotis, 20. yelkouan, Puffinus puffinus, 86. Yellow-bill, 34. Yungipicus obsoletus, 12. 152 Yungipicus obsoletus crateri, subsp. nov., 15. angens, 15, 16. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis, 80. zion, Galerida cristata, 56, 57. Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttall, 81. Zosterops virens eurycricotus, 14, 15. ———— jacksoni, 15. ae kikuyuensis, 11, 13, 14, 15. —— —— mbuluensis, subsp. nov., 13, 15. —— —— meruensis, subsp. nov., 14, 15. usambare, 14, 15. 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