aves o> hae den bee dined i th eens Tether rx ~~ ae ee eel - ay peg ne oe pel hinge he asa ied Soeur , : Sa 4 Ay at . “2*e-e" Sah aree Ba oa = Lae Lc egeePeey Fe reset - Gren: © pl, es Sears ee enn rr WTS wey Sore. PVF a POW © ores renee ae - pnd bpp gore wae ers” Ne r aoe Bigs Fe Pap ee “ " 7 2° PE Cty aC Ste . rn . ~o ere Fee Tere" . - > - Z ‘ ~ aw ee ~ * - 2-S-t ss he > oe Oe RENE Tene . <* ¢ : c . ~ : ¢ ~ rere” o > "8 a FSM PEAY We tg wero w etre - = . —- = “ge . ques . Ng OPE Ae ere sre “SP ere pee . % < 6) . = che hod pd pera P—- . : , - J a “ant OTe eT oR POTS TS SL ae he ae ere cy paste "e a pt o 4 - beer FS PRs “< rareyere E . Nee eaereee o> € CSP a 2 =s . yay a Oy Doren te rer 7st, m ches ha west Be we . * a s * SF Oe =e NA a prs 0 ra ‘¢ et j oe ae rf ae A . é pt! ‘ ont en) a oie BULLETIN a \Ja ? . AP pger OF THE —— ao ey, GY) wv Swiston/ BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB. EDITED BY Capt. C. H. B. GRANT. VOLUME LX. SESSION 1939-1940. LON DOs H. F. & G. WITHERBY, 326 HIGH HOLBORN, W.C. 2. 1940, PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCES, EDD, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE, owe Go THE number of attendances during the past Session was :— 120 members, 24 members of the B. O. U., and 70 guests— a total of 214. Dr. A. Landsborough Thomson, the Chairman of the Club, gave his annual address at the December Meeting, dealing with general matters and a Regional Review from November 1 1938, to October 31, 1939. Among the many interesting communications and exhibitions given during the Session were: the Hon. G. L. Charteris’s exhibition of Divergent Types of European Cuckoo Eggs ; Mr. James Fisher’s remarks on the World Distribution and Numbers of Breeding Gannets and on the Status of the Fulmar in the British Isles ; Mr. B. Guy Harrison’s visit to the Magdalen Islands; Mr. David Jack’s account of his Expedition to the Galapagos Islands; Dr. G. Carmichael Low’s exhibi- tions of a Hybrid Gadwall and Wigeon; Mr. J. D. Macdonald’s talk on his Ornithological Expedition to the Sudan ; Dr. A. Landsborough Thomson’s remarks on Periodicity in the Life of Birds; Mr. B. W. Tucker’s Bird Observations in Sweden and Gotland. Films, slides, and photographs were shown by Mr. Guy B. Farrar, Mr. Eric Hosking, Miss Cynthia Longfield, Mr. J. D. Macdonald, and Mr. P. I. R. Maclaren, a 2 IV New forms were described by Colonel F. O. Cave, Mr. F. N. Chasen, Capt. C. H. B. Grant, Mr. N. B. Kinnear, Dr. Andrew Kleiner, Mr. J. D. Macdonald, Mr. C. W. Mackworth-Praed, Mr. R. E. Moreau, Mr. R. H. W. Pakenham, Dr. C. B. Ticehurst, and Mr. Hugh Whistler. The Club entertained as distinguished guests: Mr. David Lack, Dr. Lambert Lack, and Mr. P. I. R. Maclaren. CLAUDE H. B. GRANT, London, July 1940. Editor. BRITISH ORNITHOLOQGISTS’ CLUB. (FoUNDED OCTOBER 5, 1892.) ee TITLE AND OBJECTS. The objects of the Club, which shall be called the ‘“ British Ornithologists’ Club,” are the promotion of social intercourse between Members of the British Ornithologists’ Union and to facilitate the publication of scientific infor- mation connected with ornithology. RULES. (As amended, October 12, 1938.) MANAGEMENT. I. The affairs of the Club shall be managed by a Committe, to consist of a Chairman, who shall be elected for three years, at the end of which period he shall not be eligible for re-election for the next term ; two Vice-Chairmen, who shall serve for one year, and who shall not be eligible for the next year ; an Editor of the ‘ Bulletin,’ who shall be elected for five years, at the end of which period he shall not be eligible for re-election for the next term; a Secretary and a Treasurer, who shall each be elected for a term of one year, but who shall be eligible for re-election. There shall be in addition four other Members, the senior of whom shall retire each year, and another Member be elected in his place; every third year the two senior Members shall retire and two other Members be elected in their place. Officers and Members of the Committee shall be elected by the Members of the Club at a General Meeting, and the names of such Officers and Members of Committee nominated by the Committee for the ensuing year shall be circulated with the notice convening the General Meeting at least two weeks before the Meeting. Should any Member wish to propose another candidate, the nomination of such, signed by at least two Members, must reach the Secretary at least one clear week before the Annual General Meeting. VI II, Any Member desiring to make a complaint of the manner in which the affairs of the Club are conducted must communicate in writing with the Chairman, who will, if he deem fit, call a Committee Meeting to deal with the matter. Ill. If the conduct of any Member shall be deemed by the Committee to be prejudicial to the interests of the Club, he may be requested by the Committee to withdraw from the Club. In the case of refusal, his name may be removed from the list of Members at a General Meeting, provided that, in the notice calling the Meeting, intimation of the proposed resolution to remove his name shall have been given, and that a majority of the Members voting at such Meeting record their votes for his removal. SUBSCRIPTIONS. IV. Any Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union may become a Member of the Club on payment to the Treasurer of an entrance-fee of one pound and a subscription of one guinea for the current Session. On Membership of the Union ceasing, Membership of the Club also ceases. Any Member who has not paid his subscription before the last Meeting of the Session shall cease, ipso facto, to be a Member of the Club, but may be reinstated on payment of arrears. Any Member who has resigned less than five years ago may be reinstated without payment of another Entrance Fee. Any Member who resigns his Membership on going abroad may be readmitted without payment of a further Entrance Fee at the Committee’s discretion. TEMPORARY ASSOCIATES. V. Members of the British Ornithologists’ Union who are ordinarily resident outside the British Isles, and ornithologists from the British Empire overseas or from foreign countries, may be admitted at the discretion of the Committee as Tem- porary Associates of the Club for the duration of any visit to the British Isles not exceeding one Session. An entrance fee of five shillings shall be payable in respect of every such admission VII if the period exceeds three months. The privileges of Temporary Associates shall be limited to attendance at the ordinary meetings of the Club and the introduction of guests. MEETINGS. VI. The Club will meet, as arule, on the second Wednesday in every month, from October to June inclusive, at such hour and place as may be arranged by the Committee, but should such Wednesday happen to be Ash Wednesday, the Meeting will take place on the Wednesday following. At these Meetings papers upon ornithological subjects will be read, specimens exhibited and described, and discussion invited. VII. A General Meeting of the Club shall be held on the day of the October Meeting of each Session, and the Treasurer shall present thereat the Balance-sheet and Report ; and the election of Officers and Committee, in so far as their election is required, shall be held at such Meeting. VIII. A Special General Meeting may be called at the instance of the Committee for any purpose which they deem to be of sufficient importance, or at the instance of not fewer than fifteen Members. Notice of not less than two weeks shall be given of every General and Special General Meeting. INTRODUCTION OF VISITORS. IX. Members may introduce visitors at any ordinary Meeting of the Club, but the same guest shall not be eligible to attend on more than three occasions during the Session. No former Member who has been removed for non-payment of subscription, or for any other cause, shall be allowed to attend as a guest. ‘ BULLETIN ’ OF THE CLUB. X. An Abstract of the Proceedings of the Club shall be printed as soon as possible after each Meeting, under the title of the ‘ Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club,’ and shall be distributed gratis to every Member who has paid his subscription. Vit Contributors are entitled to six free copies of the ‘ Bulletin,’ but if they desire to exercise this privilege they must give notice to the Editor when their manuscript is handed in. Members purchasing extra copies of the ‘ Bulletin’ are entitled to a rebate of 25 per cent. on the published price, but not more than two copies can be sold to any Member unless ordered before printing. Descriptions of new species may be published in the ‘ Bulletin,’ although such were not communicated at the Meeting of the Club. This shall be done at the discretion of the Editor and so long as the publication of the ‘ Bulletin ’ is not unduly delayed thereby. Any person speaking at a Meeting of the Club shall be allowed subsequently—subject to the discretion of the Editor— to amplify his remarks in the ‘ Bulletin,’ but no fresh matter shall be incorporated with such remarks. XI. No communication, the whole or any important part of which has already been published elsewhere, shall be eligible for publication in the ‘ Bulletin,’ except at the discretion of the Editor; and no communication made to the Club — may be subsequently published elsewhere without the written sanction of the Editor. ALTERATION AND REPEAL OF RULES. XII. Any suggested alteration or repeal of a standing rule shall be submitted to Members to be voted upon at a General Meeting convened for that purpose. COMMITTEE, 1939-1940. Dr. A. LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON, Chairman. Elected 1938. Mr. W. L. SctatEer, Vice-Chairman. Elected 1939. Dr. D. A. BANNERMAN, Vice-Chairman. Elected 1939. Capt. C. H. B. Grant, Editor. Elected 1935. Mr. C. R. Stonor, Hon. Secretary. Elected 1938. Major A. G. LAMBART SLADEN, Hon. Treasurer. Elected 1936. Miss E. P. Leacn. Elected 1937. Mr. H. LEyBornE Poruam. = Elected 1937. Mr. P. A. D. Hottom. Elected 1938. Mr. H. J. R. Peasze. Elected 1939. Officers of the British Ornithologists’ Club, Past and Present. Chairmen. P. L. ScuatEer, F.R.S. Lord RotuscuHitp, F.R.S. W. L. ScLATER. H. F. WiTHERBY. Dr. P. R. Lowe. Major 8. 8S. FLOWER. D. A. BANNERMAN. G. M. MatTHEws. Dr. A. LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON. & Vice-Chairmen. se! ord RotTHScHILD, F.R.S. . L. SCLATER. . EF. WITHERBY. . M. MATHEWS. JB. n= KINNEAR. WHISTLER. SETH-SMITH. ol. R. SPARROW. Dr. G. CARMICHAEL Low. Hon. Guy CHARTERIS. W. L. SCLATER. Dr. D. A. BANNERMAN. OOH A® Editors. R. BowWDLER SHARPE. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT. D. A. BANNERMAN. D. Sretu-SMITH. Dr. P. R. Lowe. N. B. KINNEAR. Dr. G. CARMICHAEL Low. Captain C. H. B. GRanr. 1892-1913. 1913-1918. 1918-1924. 1924-1927. 1927-1930. 1930-1932. 1932-1935. 1935-1938. 1938- 1930-1931. 1931-1932. 1932-1933. 1933-1934. 1934-1935. 1935-1936. 1936-1937. 1937-1938. 1938-1939. 1938-1939. 1939-1940. 1939-1940. 1892-1904. 1904-1914. 1914-1915. 1915-1920. 1920-1925. 1925-1930. 1930-1935. 1935-1940. x Honorary Secretaries and Treasurers. HOWARD SAUNDERS. 1892-1899. W. E. DE WINTON. 1899-1904. H. F. WITHERBY. 1904-1914. Dr. P. BR. Lowe. 1914-1915. C. G. TaLBot-PONSONBY. 1915-1918. D. A. BANNERMAN. 1918-1919. Dr. Puiie GOSsE. 1919-1920. J. L. BoNHOTE. 1920-1922. C. W. MackworTH-PRAED. 1922-1923. Dr. G. CARMICHAEL Low. 1923-1929. C. W. MackworTH-PRAED. 1929-1935. Honorary Secretaries. Dr. A. LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON. 1935-1938. C. R. SToNOR. 1938-1940. Honorary Treasurers. C. W. MAcKWORTH-PRAED. 1935-1936. Major A. G. L. SLADEN. 1936- IO T5 LIST OF MEMBERS. JUNE 1940. AcCLAND, Miss C. M.; Walwood, Banstead, Surrey. ALEXANDER, H.G.; 144 Oak Tree Lane, Selly Oak, Birming- ham. ALEXANDER, W. B., M.A.; Dept. of Zoology University Museum, Oxford. AYLMER, Commdr. E. A., R.N.; Wyke Oliver, Preston, Dorset. Baker, E. C. Stuart, C.1.E., O.B.E., F.LS., H.F.A.0.U. ; 6 Harold Road, Upper Norwood, 8.E. 19. BANNERMAN, Davin A., M.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S.E. (Chairman, 1932-1935) (Vice-Chairman) ; British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, 8.W.7; and 7 Pembroke Gardens, Kensington, W. 8. Barcuay-SmiTH, Miss P.; Park Lodge, Hervey Road, Black- heath, S.E. 3 Barns, Mrs. R. G.; Hungerdown, Seagry, Wilts. BARRINGTON, FREDERICK J. F., M.S., F.R.C.8S.; 42 Harley Street, W. I. Benson, C. W.; c/o Secretariat, Zomba, Nyasaland. Best, Miss M. G. 8.; 104 Cresswell Place, S.W. 10. Boorman, S.; Heath Farm, Send, Woking, Surrey. Bootu, H. B.; Ryhill, Ben Rhydding, Yorks. Boyp, A. W., M.C. ; Frandley House, near Northwich, Cheshire. Brown, GEORGE ; Combe Manor, Hungerford, Berks. Buxton, ANtHony ; Knighton, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. CAMPBELL, Dr. JAMES W.; Layer Marney Hall, Kelvedon, Essex. Cave, Colonel F. O. ; Stoner Hill, Petersfield, Hants. CuaPin, Dr. JAMES P. ; Musée du Congo, Tervueren, Belgium ; and American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York City, U.S.A. XII 20 CHAPMAN, F. M.; American Museum of Natural History, 25 30 35 40 Central Park, New York City, U.S.A. CHARTERIS, Hon. G. L.; 24 Oxford Square, W. 2. CHASEN, FREDERICK N.; Raffles Museum, Singapore. CuHISLETT, RALPH ; Larkspur, 42 Broom Crescent, Rotherham, Yorks. Cuiancey, P. A.; 9 Craig Road, Cathcart, Glasgow, S. 4. CLARKE, Brig.-General GoLAND van Hott, C.M.G., D.S.O. ; Maudlyn House, Steyning, Sussex. CLARKE, JOHN P. STEPHENSON ; Broadhurst Manor, Horsted Keynes, Sussex. CLARKE, Col. STEPHENSON ROBERT, C.B.; Borde Hill, Cuck- field, Sussex. CLEAVE, Henry P..O.; Mansfield House, Kendrick Road, Reading. Conover, H. B.; 6 Scott Street, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. CUNNINGHAM, JosIAS; Drinagh, Kensington Road, Knock, Belfast. CuNYNGHAME, H. D.; 34 St. James’s Street, London, S.W. 1. DELACOUR, JEAN ; Chateau de Cleres, Cléres, Seine-Inférieure, France. DrewHurst, Major F. W.; Manor Side, Ochlynge, East- bourne. Dosis, Witutiam Henry, M.R.C.S8.; 32 St. Martin’s Fields, Chester. Duncan, ARTHUR BryceE; Gilchristlands, Closeburn, Dum- friesshire. Euuis, H. W. ; Friary Hill, Weybridge, Surrey. Evuis, RALPH, F.L.S.; 2420 Ridge Road, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. Ezra, A., O.B.E.; Foxwarren Park, Cobham, Surrey. Ferrier, Miss JupirH M.; Blakeney Downs, Blakeney, Norfolk. Fisoer, JAMES; Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, N.W. 8. Fisher, KennetH ; School House, Oundle, Northampton- shire. 50 55 60 XIII FLowER, Major 8. 8. (Chairman, 1930-1932) ; 27 Park Road, Tring, Herts. FouLkKEs-RoBERTS, Captain P. R., M.C.; Westwood, Goring- on-Thames, Oxon; and c/o The Administrator of the Colony, Lagos, Nigeria. GILBERT, H. A.; Bishopstone, near Hereford. GuEeae, W. E.; 2 Burlington House, King’s Road, Richmond, Surrey. GLENISTER, A. G.; The Barn House, East Blatchington, Seaford, Sussex. GopMAN, Miss Eva ; South Lodge, Horsham, Sussex. Grant, Captain C. H. B. (Editor of the ‘ Bulletin’); The Cottage, 15 4 Emperor’s Gate, S.W. 7. GYLDENSTOLPE, Count Nits; Royal (Natural History) Museum, Stockholm, Sweden. HacutsuKa, The Marquess; Mitashiba, Tokyo, Japan. HaicH, GrorceE Henry Caton; Grainsby Hall, Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire. Hae, Rev. James R., M.A.; Yalding Vicarage, Maidstone, Kent. HARRISON, BERNARD Guy ; 45 St. Martin’s Lane, W.C. 2. Harrison, JAMES M., D.S.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.; Bowerwood House, St. Botolph’s Road, Sevenoaks, Kent. Heat, R. E.; 2 Pembroke Court, Edwardes Square, W. 8. Hett, GEOFFREY SEccoMBE, M.B., F.R.C.S.; 86 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, W. I. Hopextn, Mrs. T. Epwarp ; Old Ridley, Stocksfield, North- umberland. Hottom, P. A. D. (Committee); Rolverden, Hook Heath, Woking, Surrey. Hopginson, Emiuius, C.M.G., D.S.0O., M.B.; Wynstay, Balcombe, Sussex. Hutson, Lieut-Col. H. P. W., R.E.; Chatham House, Rome Gardens, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt. Inewis, C. McFaruane ; Natural History Museum, Darijiling, India. InecRAM, Capt. CoLLiInegwoop; ‘The Grange, Benenden, Cranbrook, Kent, 05 7O 75 80 85 XIV JABOUILLE, PIERRE; Chateau de Cléres, Cléres, Seine- Inférieure, France. JAMES, Miss Cetra K., Blake’s Wood, Barnt Green, Worcester. JEFFREY, T. C.; Thorpe Grange, Ashbourne, Derbyshire. JORDAN, Dr. Karu ; Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. ; Dungeness, Kent. KinneAR, Norman B.; British Museum (Natural History), | Cromwell Road, S.W. 7. Kuropa, Dr. Nacamicut ; Fukuyoshi Cho, Akasaka, Tokyo, Japan. Leacu, Miss E. P. (Committee) ; 17 Hereford Square, S.W. 7. Lewis, JoHN SPEDAN ; Leckford Abbess, Stockbridge, Hants. Liuoyp, Bertram ; 53 Parkhill Road, London, N.W. 3. LONGFIELD, Miss Cyntui4 ; 20 Pont Street, S.W. 1. Low, GEORGE CARMICHAEL, M.D., C.M., F.R.C.P.; Kent House, Kensington Court, Kensington, W. 8. Lows, P. R., O.B.E., M.B., B.C. (Chairman, 1927-1930) ; British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. 7. LyneEs, Rear-Admiral Huspert, R.N., C.B., C.M.G.; 57 . Victoria Road, Kensington, W. 6. MackeEnzig£, JoHN M. D., B.A., C.M.Z.S.; Sidlaw Fur Farm, Tullach Ard, Balbeggie, Perthshire. McKirtrrick, T. H.; Bank for International Settlements, Basle, Switzerland. MAcKWOoRTH-PRAED, C. W.; Castletop, Burley, nr. Ringwood, Hants. MAcMILLAN, Captain W. E. F.; 42 Onslow Square, S.W. 7. McNerx#, J. H.; Nonsuch, Bromham, Chippenham, Wilts. MacrHEerson, D. W. K.; P.O., Lilongwe, Nyasaland. MacratH, Lieut.-Colonel H. A. F.; 194 Cygnet House, King’s Road, 8.W. 3. MANSFIELD, The Right Hon. the Earl of; Scone Palace, Perth. Manson-Banr, P. H., D.S.0., M.D., F.R.C.P.; 149 Harley Street, W. 1. MatHews, G. M., C.B.E., F.R.S.E., H.F.A.0.U. (Chairman, 1935-1938) ; Meadway, St. Cross, Winchester, Hants, go 95 100 105 xV MAvrocorDATO, J. G. ; Mariners, Westerham, Kent. May, W. Norman, M.D.; The White House, Sonning, Berks. Mayaup, No&t; Le Lys, par le Puy-Notre-Dame, Maine-et- Loire, France. MEIKLEJOHN, Col. R. F., D.S.0O.; c/o Lloyds Bank (F 2), 6 Pall Mall, S.W. 1. MEINERTZHAGEN, Colonel R., D.S.O.; 17 Kensington Park Gardens, W. 8. Micnoxtits, Mrs. Dorotuy; Silver Birches, Wentworth, Virginia Water, Surrey. MomiyamMa, Toku Taro; 1146 Sasazka, Yoyohata-mati, Tokyo, Japan. Munn, P. W.; Puerto Alcudia, Majorca, Balearic Isles, Spain. Murron, Mrs. C. D.; Cranbrook Lodge, Cranbrook, Kent. MussELwHitE, D. W.; 59 Mayford Road, Wandsworth Common, 8.W. 12. Naumpoure, Mrs. W. W.; 121 East 64th Street, New York City, U.S.A. Newman, T. H.; Verulam, 46 Forty Avenue, Wembley Park, Middlesex. Nicuotson, E. M.; 13 Upper Cheyne Row, S.W. 3. Norra, M. E. W.; c/o Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya. OLDHAM, CHAS. ; Oxfield, Berkhamsted, Herts. OsmASTON, BERTRAM BERESFORD; 10 Collingwood Terrace, Westgate-on-Sea, Kent. PAKENHAM, R. H. W.; Kingsley, Hurtis Hill, Crowborough, Sussex ; and c/o Secretariat, Zanzibar, Eastern Africa. Pautson, C. W. G.; Woodside Cottage, Wheeler’s Lane, Smallfield, Surrey. Prat, Mrs. Oscar ; Oare, Marlborough, Wilts. Praszt, H. J. R. (Committee) ; The Savile Club, 69 Brook Street, W. 1. Puitires, A.S.; Frewin’s Close, South Stoke, Reading, Berks. Pirman, Capt. C. R. 8., D.S.0., M.C.; c/o Grindlay & Co., 54 Parliament Street, S.W. 1. PorHam, Hucu Leysorne, M.A. (Committee); Hunstrete House, Pensford, Somerset, XVI 110 PrimsttEY, Mrs. Mary; 3 The Grove, Highgate Village, 115 I20 125 130 N. 6. Ruopgs, Miss G. M.; Hildersham Hall, Cambridge. Rickett, C. B.; 27 Kendrick Road, Reading, Berks. RiviERE, B. B., F.R.C.S.; The Old Hall, Woodbastwick, Norfolk. Rooke, K. B.; 18 Wharncliffe Road, Boscombe, Bourne- mouth, Hants. SANDEMAN, R. G. C. C. ; Dan-y-parc, Crickhowell, Brecon. ScHAUENSER, R. M. DE; Devon, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. ScHOUTEDEN, Dr. H.; Musée du Congo, Tervueren, Belgium. ScLaTeR, Wituiam Luritey, M.A. (Chairman, 1918-1924) (Vice-Chairman) ; 10 Sloane Court, 8.W. 3. SEetH-SmitH, Davip ; ‘“‘ Brabourne,’’ Poyle Road, Guildford. SHERRIFF, ALBERT; 8 Ranulf Road, Hampstead, N.W. 2. Stmonps, Major Mauric— H.; Fines Baylewick, Binfield, Berks. SitapDEN, Major A. G. Lamparrt, M.C. (Treasurer) ; Horsenden Manor, Princes Risborough, Bucks; and 39 St. James’s Street, S.W. 1. SPaRRow, Col. R., C.M.G., D.S.0.; The Lodge, Colne Engaine, Earls Colne, Essex. STARES, J. W. C.; Portchester, Hants. StEevART, Mrs. Ronaup ; The Old Rectory, North Fambridge, Chelmsford, Essex. STEVENS, HERBERT; Clovelly, Beaconsfield Road, Tring. Herts. Stevens, NoEL ; Walcot Hall, Lydbury North, Salop. Stonor, C. R. (Hon. Secretary); British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. 7. Taka-TsuKasa, Prince NospusukE; 1732 Sanchome, Kami- meguro, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan. Tuomson, A. LanpsBorovuaH, C.B., O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.E. (Chairman) ; 16 Tregunter Road, 8.W. 10. TickHuRST, CLraup B., M.A., M.R.C.S.; Saxon House, Appledore, Kent. Ticzknurst, N. F., O.B.E., M.B., F.R.C.S.; 24 Pevensey Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex. 135 140 145 150 XVII Tucker, B. W., M.A.; 9 Marston Ferry Road, Oxford. Turner, Miss E. L.; The Half Way Cottage, 13 Storey’s Way, Cambridge. TuRTLE, LANCELOT J.; 17-21 Castle Place, Belfast. Urgunart, Capt. Auastarr, D.S.O.; Latimer Cottage, Latimer, Chesham, Bucks. VAN SomMEREN, Dr. V.G. L.; East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, Coryndon Memorial Museum, Nairobi, Kenya Colony, East Africa. VincENT, J.; ‘ Firle,’’ Mooi River, Natal, South Africa. Wand, Major G. A., M.C. ; St. Quintin, Sandy Lane, Newcastle- under-Lyme, Staffs. Wait, W. E., C.M.G., C.F.A.0.U.; Applegarth, Aldbury, near Tring, Herts. WaltE, HERBERT WILLIAM ; c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., Ltd., Bombay, India. Wa us, H. M.; 110 Kendrick Road, Reading, Berks. Ware, R.; Leafwood, Frant, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. Watt, Mrs. H. W. Boyn ; ‘“‘ Heathersett,”’ 35 Knyveton Road, Bournemouth, Hants. WHISTLER, Huau, F.L.S. ; Caldbec House, Battle, Sussex. Waitt, Cuartes M. N.; Park-View, Garstang Road, Broughton, near Preston, Lancs. Wuittey, H.; Primley, Paignton, 8. Devon. ~WisHart, K. E. ; Marsh Farm, Binsted, Arundel, Sussex. WiTHerBy, Harry F., M.B.E. (Chairman, 1924-1927) ; Gracious Pond Farm, Chobham, near Woking, Surrey. Woop, Casry A., M.D.; c/o The Library of Ornithology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. WorkKMAN, WitLi1am Hucues; Lismore, Windsor Avenue, Belfast. Worms, CHARLES DE; Milton Park, Egham, Surrey. YaAmASHINA, The Marquis ; 49 Minami Hiradei, Shikuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Total number of Members .... 153 VOL. LX, b NOTICE. [Members are specially requested to keep the Hon. Secretary informed of any changes in their addresses, and those residing abroad should give early notification of coming home | on leave.] LIST OF AUTHORS AND OTHER PERSONS REFERRED TO. AccouNTS, STATEMENT OF eoeceeoceeer eee eee eee eer eee ees eee eee ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING oeoee eee Ge eee eG eee ees eee ee © © © Cave, Col. F. O. A new Race of Francolin (£rancolinus africanus stanton) and a new Race of Lark (Muirafra hypermetra kathangorensis) from Southern Sudan eee eee eG ee ee ee ee ewe se ee ee ee eH eee wo wo CHAIRMAN, THE. Annual Address oe @ eee ee Ge ee eee see eee eee ee eee esse eee CHARTERIS, The Hon. G. L. Divergent Types of Eggs of the European Cuckoo oe 8 ee ae CHASEN, F.N. A new Race of Rock-Thrush (Monticola solitarius madoci) from the Malay States see © @ ee ee we we we eee wwe eee woe ese seo ee COMMITTEE FOR 1939-1940 FARRAR, Guy B. Shore-shooting with a Camera oeerere@eeee ese eee e eee beeos FISHER, JAMES. The Status of the Fulmar in the British Isles + © 6 Oe 0 6 a 0. © and H. G. VEVERS. The World Distribution and Numbers of Breeding Gannets. Page 96-97 28-31 22-23 68-69 87-89 39-41 XxX Page GRANT, Capt. C. H. B., and C. W. MackwortH-PRAED. ‘ Notes on Eastern African Birds :— 1. On the Status of Sula nicolla .... ccc cece we svens 16 2. On the Status of Campethera abingoni suahelica and Campethera abingont mombassica 1.1.6... eee 17-18 3. On the Status of T’urdoides melanops clamosa ....... 18 Notes on Eastern African Birds :— 1. On the Occurrence of Anthus campestris griseus in je oC, Oe PGs. ot 4 Seeing oleae 24 2. On the Races of Anthus similis occurring in E. Africa... 24-25 3. On the Races of Anthus leucophrys occurring in , ie aC: rn enemas rte te c) .) Meee LO RRR al te 25-26 4, On the Status of Turdoides hypoleuca kilosa ......... 26 Notes on Eastern African Birds :— 1. On the Status and Distribution of the Races of Pycnonotus tricolor occurring in E. Africa .......... 42-43 2. On the Status and Distribution of the Races of PUYCHONOUUS COUSONT. cin eevts Seals 0 o o.4 Vie oon eee aie 43 3. On the Status of Phyllastrephus placidus grotet ......+ 43 Notes on Eastern African Birds :— 1. On the Races of Mirafra africana occurring in E. Africa. 50-52 9. On the Status of Furdinus barge... ...ce.ss 0% ees 52 3. On the Status of Phyllastrephus alfredi itoculo ....... 52-53 4. On fringille, angolewsps) it. Mat oO Rae AYR Ge A 53 A new race of Brown Babbler (Jlladopsis rufipennis puguensis) and a new Race of Bulbul (Phyllastrephus flavostriatus vincenti) from HE. Afric® ook cece eee eee ee =~ 61-63 Notes on Eastern African Birds :— 1. On the Status of Phyllastrephus fischeri chyuluensis _.. 63-64 2. On the Races of Hurillas virens in E. Africa ......... 64 3. On the Status of Muscicapa somaliensis .......++.... 64-65 A, (On Alsconam flavipes: siisc eke acie is ols 0 8 git a Wie @ on sie 0,3 65 Notes on Eastern African Birds :— 1. On the Races of Melxornis edolioides occurring in TG, be 2 ccs 92s oes hos, ce ST Beals 2 Pa -whers 84—85 2. On Alseonax flavipes .....cce00 oe ta -- 85-86 XXI Page GRANT, Capt. C. H. B., and C. W. MackworrH-PRAED (cont.). Notes on Eastern African Birds :— RIEL POPOMAPNA ARI OLCHISTS 6 oo so cnet cs wn eine tie ese wine 90 A new Genus of Swamp-Warbler, Calamonastides, from bo EE oc seal goth ih ll RIMM eh bl A ee 9] Notes on Eastern African Birds :— New Races of Flycatchers (Batis orientalis lynesi, Tchitrea perspicillata ruwenzorix, and Tchitrea plumbeiceps erolacea) Troma Pasterm, Africa .. o.oo csc ob ae cates eon 92-93 Notes on Eastern African Birds :— 1. On the Status of Caprimulgus mossambicus and Crotenea fossii youngi..... Ue OD ed Ae, Peet. MOIAR 99 2. On the Paradise Flycatchers of Eastern Africa and the suggested hybridization of T'chitrea nigriceps emint nd Vere WIS . Sok. sds die Cae a ome eda 99-105 HaARRIson, B. Guy. A Visit to the Magdalen Islands ...........-c0esss00. - 75-80 Hoskine, Eric Slides of the Slavonian Grebe Courtship and Display .... 69-70 KINNEAR, N. B. New Races (Carpodacus thura charmensis, Suthora fulvi- frons chayulensis, and Sitta europea kongboensis) from MRM ce 35-5 other a teas ate POLS 0a w apicasetrnl et ee CAIN 56-57, 74 A Heopoe im. winter in Hinglama «<6... oi. oo) cp oreieie eo, einai ais 57 New Races of Rose-Finch, Suthora, and Nuthatch from S.E Tibet-—Conmpechioae boys dic ios 8 os ieee ekle o kbs aie ae le 74 KLEINER, Dr. A. The Jackdaws of the Palearctic Region, with descrip- tions of three new Races—Coleus monedula ibericus from Spain, Coleus monedula nigerrimus from Morocco, and Coleus monedula pontocaspicus from Cyprus ..........06. 11-14 Lack, DAVID. Pe alapagos: PaaChes.. 6.6 oss W/o tk Giinaln Ges) bowls 46-50 XXII LONGFIELD, Miss CYNTHIA. Coloured Films of Gotland and the Abbotsbury Swannery. Low, Dr. G. CARMICHAEL. A Hybrid Gadwall and Wigeon ......... site Sy dia a lance Cotbe a MACDONALD, J. D. An Ornithological Expedition to the Sudan ............ A new Race of Scrub-Warbler (Bradypterus cinnamomeus cavet) from the Southern Sudan, and a new Race of Babbler (L'urdoides leucopygia clarkei) from Western Abyssinia .... A new Race of Francolin (Francolinus clappertoni cavei) and a new Race of Lark (Mirafra hypermetra kidepoensis) from: the sudan, 5:25 A.'s a5 scascigid sf 5 abe eee sets os a RS Gee Unusual Occurrence of Melanism in a Somaliland Roller . Notes on African Birds :— 1. On Hurocephalus nipple wae stage sie - ' ~He/SeGl 0 O-d-. UA Tece¢ 6 9 964 -o][NG , jo xopuy Sursuesie 0 «GIT omseorly, JO spuefy Url Yysey € 910 Pouch datos omoneqe a ne « 00 00 CCC ees wueg 0 0 00F 0 91 8z Fete eee te ener serene se eggp ge pat et Aq pleqy ‘9800 4e soqeo ‘ssulQoOTT 9B SuIOJZUe'T Joomp, “ “YI}ION SSUTABY [PUOTRN OOG 0 oO 0¢ SSOISUOD [BOLSO[OYIUIO # €1 gee ° 9/e ytsodeq ‘0d ¢ 8 F&3 ey jo ssulpesoorg Suyulg “ 010 6&1 * 9/e yueIMH YuRg ye yseD tL 0G be be 2ST UT , pue suoryeorqnd OV e.PEt —! 861 “IT 10q jo uoynqiysiq pue Ssuyulg Ag -wioydeg ‘puex_R ul osoUVR[eg OF, tee oP 8 OF 5 ee a 5 ial ES ee leer oe "BE6I ‘TE “sny "Sc6L ‘1g “Sny pepuo syy,Ut ZT Vol. Ix.] 4 [1939. To-night I should like to tell you a little about that expedition. I want to be brief, and not too technical. Col. F. O. Cave, who is known to most of you, started it. We had hoped to be here together to-night, and I am sure he would wish me to apologise for his absence. The identifica- tion of a large collection made by him in the southern Sudan, and presented to the Museum, revealed the fact that certain areas would probably repay more intensive study. Col. Cave was unable to undertake this himself, and suggested that I should do it. The suggestion had the sanction and support of the Museum Trustees and of the Sudan Government. Perhaps I should admit here that even now I make no claim to be a field ornithologist. About a year ago I was on a Nile steamer between Khartoum and Juba with a large quantity of collecting equipment, including guns and a rifle, the use of which I had practically no knowledge. I had only fired a light shot-gun about three times. Perhaps it was a good omen that under quite difficult conditions I shot a croco- dile while it was basking on a muddy bank. It was some weeks later before I was shown how to sight the rifle. But it had belonged to that most famous of African big-game hunters, Captain Frederick Selous, and probably, like the tippler’s pony which would not be driven past a public house, the rifle refused to fire wide. The areas which for various reasons we thought would repay more careful study are several mountain groups lying in the extreme south-east corner of the Sudan. The Imatong and Dongotona Mountains and the Didinga Hills lie on the Sudan border of Kenya and Uganda, and the Boma Hills are close to Abyssinia, much further away. The first three in particular form one of the many rather heterogeneous units which go to make up the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. They are quite different to everything else. Therein lay the possibility of finding interesting birds. These groups of mountains are literally islands in a wide expanse of flat country, which in the main is flooded during part of the year, and for the remainder is exceedingly dry, and in which vegetation is not very luxuriant. But above a certain altitude conditions are such as to maintain very 1939.] 5 [Vol. lx. dense forest. In the eastern limits, in particular, the cap of forest on the mountain tops is very striking. To me it seemed rather topsy-turvy to climb from barren plains and bone-dry watercourses into a region of streams and damp luxuriant forests. It was the birds of these forests in which I was particularly interested. Very roughly the Imatong Mountains cover an area of 1000 square miles, and rise quite abruptly to over 10,000 feet from about a 4000-foot plain. I spent about six weeks there, collecting at various altitudes. On the first day of this year I was on the top of the highest peak, Mount Kineti. The commonest birds there were migrating Pipits. I camped within sight of this mountain, at 9000 feet, for about three weeks. The place was called Kipia. All that was there were two rather weather-beaten mud and wattle huts, remaining to testify to a former D.C.’s love for the high hills. Kipia was a first love, and I became very attached to it, though I arrived there cold and wet on Christmas day of last year, and had a miserably lonely dinner of sardines and tea. The scenery was very homely, though it was lacking in lochs. There was often hoar frost on the ground vegetation. I thrived under these conditions, though most of my camp developed chest colds. A native soldier lent me by Cave, and on whom I relied for keeping the camp together, had a temperature of over 100° for two days. It nearly resulted in a general strike. For all that, I became familiar with most of the birds, and made a representative collection. There is an amusing story about a rain-gauge which Cave asked me to set up at Kipia. I had it officially unveiled on the first day of January, and as I could not return there myself on the lst of February I arranged with an ex-soldier to come up from his village and change the bottles, taking the used one to Cave’s headquarters at Torit, some two or three days’ journey away. He was thoroughly drilled in the changing of the bottles, and particularly impressed with the necessity of not interfering with the quantity of water, even at the risk of incurring the wrath of his rain-gods. We know for a fact that there had been very little rain at Kipia after I left, but - I was told that the native appeared at Torit with a record of Vol. Ix.) 6 [1939. about two or three hundred inches—the bottle was full to the cork. The loss of the record was perhaps compensated for by the insight into the native’s mental processes. The journey I had on leaving Kipia was one of the most difficult in my experience. The track had not been used for a long time, and little seemed to be known about it. According to my fount of information, Cave’s soldier, Waka, it would take six hours to reach our next camping place. My Effendi assistant from Khartoum was equally certain it would only take four. It seemed, therefore, as if it could be accomplished quite easily between breakfast and lunch, so I parted from my baggage. But it took ten hours, and taught me several lessons I did not readily forget. In the three weeks at Kipia I had become familiar with most of the birds there. I could identify almost everything I saw and heard. The camp I moved to from there was at 5000 feet. At a certain point in the journey down we had to negotiate an uncomfortably steep 300-foot rock-face at the 8000-foot level. At the foot I found myself in a country with quite different vegetation, and strange birds I thought I should never get toknow. This example of zonation was very striking. Incidentally the area I came to then yielded a number of very interesting finds. Early in February I set off for the Abyssinian border, about 200 miles away from the Imatongs. My headquarters there was the military post of Towat, in the Boma Hills. I was very fortunate in being able to go there as the area was not open to the casual traveller. The region is an escarpment of the main Abyssinian massif which has been cut off by the Sudan boundary. In getting there one crosses probably one of the richest and least-known game areas in Africa. I have heard first-hand accounts of game quantities almost difficult to believe, and though I crossed there at the worst season I was amazed at what I saw even then. Ina recent letter Cave told me that he flew over a herd of Cob stretching for ten miles. Hardened travellers though most of you must be, [ am sure you carry a vivid remembrance of some particular experience. I think the one that will live longest with me was that first 1939.] 7 [Vol. Ix. view of the hazy blue line of the Boma Hills, rising out of a parched and blistering hot thornbush plain. It seemed as if it was the goal of a traditional pioneering urge, as well as promised satisfaction for the immediate bodily needs of water and cool shade. But from a bird point of view the area was rather dis- appointing. The tops of the hills at 4-5000 feet, though they towered over the interminably flat 1800-foot plain, were no higher than the base of the Imatongs. In February the country was almost waterless, and seemed lifeless. I remember spending a whole morning in a patch of wood, and only saw or heard one bird. I had to work pretty hard for what I got, and was fortunate in making one or two interesting dis- coveries. Perhaps one of my most interesting finds had no connection with ornithology. It was a new record for the Sudan in the form of two Italians who thought fit to penetrate into this region from south-west Abyssinia. They had come through a very inhospitable bit of country, and the opinion was that they had done well to survive on their wits for 38 days. I heard rumours that others were less fortunate. They had an Abyssinian boy and a woman with them. At this time I was camping near a Kichepo village. The women of this people make “ saucers” of their lips. They seemed to be very self-conscious about their appearance. This tribe was unadministered, and very independent. They had to be handled with care and they were liable to flare up, particularly so at this time, as there was a great deal of unrest caused by the infiltrations of people from south-west Abyssinia. We had an exchange hunt one day. They first took me to shoot a hartebeest, and then I had the pleasure of watching them stalk and spear one. It was carried out with amazing skill. A few nights later I thought I was being given the same treatment. We had an exciting hunt near my tent, but discovered it was only a hyena after bird remains. On another occasion I was dozing in the shade of a tree when Waka propped up my rifle within easy reach. I asked him why, and he replied that I might need it. Apparently there Vol. lx.] 8 [1939. had been a bit of trouble, but there was no worse damage than a gashed knee. By the end of February I was back on the Uganda border, on the Didinga Hills, and within sight of the Imatong Moun- tains. I should explain that these two mountains, along with the smaller Dongotona Mountains in between them, lie close together, but are without any common foothills. They are exactly like islands. The top of the Didinga Hills is an extensive plateau at about the 6000-foot level. The scenery is rather like English downland, and it enjoys a delightful climate. At about 2000 feet lower it is quite different to the top of the Imatongs. In fact the only cloud forest exists as a cap on the top of Mount Lotuke, which rises to a 9000-foot peak, and is con- nected to the extreme southern end by a narrow ridge. I camped on this ridge and just under the forest cap for about three weeks. The sides of the mountain are very steep, and the forests are literally impenetrable except with the aid of expert woodcraft. [I had to have a path cut to the rather striking pinnacle at the top. I believe I was the first to ascend to the true summit. It was on the way back from one of these climbs that what is probably a typical Highland idiom of prompting a question in the negative nearly landed me in difficulties. I put a question to an English-speaking soldier in this way : “ It'll not be possible to go down that way, will it?” His reply, “ Yes, sir,’ was perhaps logical, but it was at least disconcerting, and when I recovered myself he learned some more bad English in the form of good Scots. I spent six weeks on the Didinga Hills and then Cave joined me for a short exploration of the Dongotona Mountains, where we again made a very interesting collection. Finally I got back to Torit about the middle of April, and during the rest of the month spent part of the time in going over the whole collection in Cave’s “ Bird-room,” and in going out for short trips into the field. But the most unique experience of all was to be flown by Cave over the mountains. He took me up on several occasions, and we were able to make a fine series of photographs to supplement those taken on the ground. It gave one a wonderful feeling of complete conquest 1939.] 9 [Vol. Ix. to swoop and soar over many miles of country in which one had toiled and sweated for many weeks. I have tried to describe in barest outline the nature of the country in which I collected, and one or two outstanding experiences. Perhaps the photographs handed round will help to fill in the story. Very little has been said about the results of the expedition. All I am going to say is that I brought back about 1000 birds, and when the collection is properly worked out I hope it will be possible to publish some observations. In the meantime I think it can be said that the expedition was very successful. J am sure you will agree that it could hardly have been so unless it ran smoothly from beginning toend. Col. Cave saw to that with meticulous care. A new Race of Scrub Warbler from the Southern Sudan and of a Babbler from Western Abyssinia. Mr. J. D. Macponatp described the following :— Bradypterus cinnamomeus cavei, subsp. nov. Description.—Distinguished from 6. c. cinnamomeus by the much darker—chocolate-brown as distinct from rufous- brown—colour of the upper parts. Distribution —Imatong Mountains, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, over 8000 feet. Type.—Adult male from Kipia, Imatong Mountains, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 3° 57'N., 32° 57’ E.; plumage in average condition : collected by J. D. Macdonald on January 8, 1939, in forest shrubbery at 8800 feet: Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1939.10.1.4. ) Measurements of T'ype.—Culmen from base 16, wing 63, tail 71, tarsus 24 mm. Remarks (additional specomens).—This race is represented by the following :— Collected by F. O. Cave: Male and female, Kipia, 9000 feet, 31. v. 37. Sex ?, Lomoling, 8000 feet, 10. ii. 38. Juv., Lomoling, 29. iv. 38. Vol. Ix.] 10 (1939. Collected by J. D. Macdonald : One male and three females, Kipia, 8600-8800 feet, 27. xii. 38 and 4, 5, 11.1. 39. Female, Mt. Kineti, 10,400 feet, 1.1.39. Habits.—For some time before I secured a specimen this bird was known to me by its plaintive and rather irritating note, which was difficult to distinguish from that of Pseudoalcippe abyssinicus. Both birds were found in the same localities, creeping about in dense shrubbery. Bradypterus in particular rarely went higher than a few feet above the ground or exposed itself outside its covert. If it had not been that one could eventually run an elusive note to earth, fewer specimens would have been secured. Specimens were first obtained by Col. F. O. Cave and were identified by me as Bradypterus cinnamomeus, and recorded by Cave as an extension of distribution in ‘ Sudan Notes and Records,’ vol. xxi. p. 181, 1938. At that time racial status had not been considered. Many races of this species have been described, and are apparently still struggling for recognition. At the present time their claims have not been studied, but it is at least evident, when the series in the National Collection is arranged geographically, that the race described above stands out clearly. It is interesting to record that this bird was not found on either the Dongotona or Didinga Mountains. This race is named in honour of Col. F. O. Cave, who in recent years has added a great deal to the knowledge of bird life in the southern Sudan. Turdoides leucopygia clarkei, subsp. nov. Description.—This race is distinguished from 7’. 1. smathir in having the chin dark-coloured instead of white, and from T'. 1. omoensis in having the lores and area under the eye whitish instead of black, and in the throat being sooty instead of black. Distribution.—Baro River in Western Abyssinia, in the vicinity of Goré and Buré. 1939.] i" [Vol. lx. Type.—Adult male from Gummaro, near Goré, western Abyssinia: collected by Odon Kovacs, 11. vii. 1917. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1938.5.18.1. Measurements of Type.—Culmen from base 25, wing 104, tail 101, tarsus 34 mm. Remarks.—The race is based on eight specimens, the type and five others collected by Kovacs near Goré, and two speci- mens obtained by L. C. G. Clarke near the Didessa River valley, some distance to the east of Goré. Kovacs’ specimens are: 2 males, Buré, 22. ix. 1916; female, Gummaro, 27. vii. 1917; female, Isuré, 27.ix. 1916. Stephenson Clarke’s specimens are: female, Dabana, 25. ii. 1912; female, Bello, 2. i1. 1912.—the former showing signs of intergradation with T. 1. smathia. The race is named in honour of Col. Stephenson Clarke, who presented two of the above specimens to the British Museum. I am indebted to Captain Esmé Erskine, late British Consul at Goré, for telling me that Gummaro is the name of an estate and stream a few miles west of the British Consulate at Goré, where Kovacs is known to have collected. The Jackdaws of the Palearctic Region, with Descriptions of three new Races. Dr. ANDREW KLEINER sent the following, which was com- municated on his behalf by Mr. N. B. Kinnear, who also showed photographs taken by Dr. Kleiner of skins he had examined :— During 1938-39 I prepared my third study of the Pale- arctic Corvide. This paper dealt with the Jackdaws, con- sisting of 62 pages, which is now in the press, of the ‘ Acta Ornithologica Musei Zoologici Polonici’ of the Warsaw Museum, but owing to recent events it is doubtful if it will ever appear. I have therefore sent a réswmé to the Editor of the ‘ Bulle- tin,’ and am very grateful to the British Ornithologists’ Club for publishing it. In the course of my studies | have examined 829 skins Vol. Ix.] 12 (1939. from 22 museums and private collections, including the British Museum, Royal Scottish Museum, and Colonel Meinertz- hagen’s collection. I am also indebted to Mr. G. Tomkinson for a kind donation of a series of species. As a result of my researches I recognise the following races of the Jackdaw in the Palearctic region :— CoL@US MONEDULA MONEDULA (Linneus). Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 106, 1758. (Sweden.) The neck is uniformly dark grey, with a small white collar, the back bluish-black, underparts slaty-grey. Distribution.—Scandinavia, Denmark, and Finland. CoL@US MONEDULA TURRIUM (Brehm). Vog. Deutsch. p. 172, 1831. (Middle Germany.) Not such a uniformly coloured bird as C. m. monedula. The edges of the feathers are lighter in colour, giving a general wavy effect, especially on the underside. There are only traces of white on the collar. Distribution.—Germany, Poland, Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. COLGUS MONEDULA SPERMOLOGUS (Vieillot). Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. viii. p.40, 1817. (South of France.) Uniformly dark slatv-black, the neck very dark, without any traces of a collar. The upper and undersides are very dark ; indeed, it is one of the darkest races of the Jackdaw. Distribution.—Alsace-Lorraine, Holland, Belgium, British Isles, France, Switzerland, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Malta. Colceus monedula ibericus, subsp. nov. Description.—C.. monedulzx spermologo similis, sed cum collo claro griseo cum tergo equali nigro, minime splendente ; ventre griseore et cum plumis marginatis. Distribution.—Spain and Portugal. Type.—In British Museum, male. Granada, iv. 1871. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 97.11.10.605. Co-type.—In Museo Nationali Hungarico, male, no. 2446/6 d. Malaga. 1939.] 13 [Vol. Ix. Colceus monedula nigerrimus, subsp. nov. Description.—C. m. cirtensi similis, sed major. Maximus omnium Coleworum, cum tergo forti nigro, sine splendore, cum collo argenteo nigroque interrupto, et ventre nigro, cum plumis marginatis. Distribution.—High mountains of Mauretania and Morocco. Type.—In American Museum of Natural History, New York, male, no. 624019. Aghbalu Larbi, C. Atlas, Morocco, 5. iv. 1925 CoL@US MONEDULA CIRTENSIS Rothschild & Hartert. Nov. Zool. xviii. pt. 3, p. 471, 1912. (Constantine, Algeria.) The smallest and also the lightest grey race, uniformly coloured, without white collar. Distribution.—Algiers. COL@US MONEDULA COLLARIS (Drummond). | Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. p. 11, 1846. (Macedonia.) Distinguished by the light silvery-coloured neck and the incomplete collar. Distribution.—Balkans. Colceus monedula pontocaspicus, subsp. nov. Description.—C. m. collari similis, sed obscurior, et major minus undulatus ; ventre griseore Coleo monedula semmeringi. Distribution.—Asia Minor and adjoining islands ; Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, N. Mesopotamia, N. Iran, and W. Trans- caspia. Type.—In Hungarian National Museum, male, no. 2867/4 c. Stawrowuni, Cyprus, 3. iii. 1902. Co-type.—In Milan Civil Museum, female. Nazareth, Palestina, 1. v. 1934. COL@US MONEDULA S@MMERINGI (Fischer). » Mém. Soc. Imp. Moscow, i. p. 3, pl. i. 1811. (Moscow.) Also a uniformly dark bird, but with the white collar well developed. Distribution.—-Baltie States, N. Poland, Russia, Caucasus, and W. Siberia, Vol. Ix.] 14 [1939. CoL@US MONEDULA ULTRACOLLARIS (Kleinschmidt). Falco, xiv. p. 16, 1919. (Naryn, Turkestan.) Similar to semmeringi, but darker and larger, with a well- developed white collar. - Distribution.—Turkestan, Tian-Shan, W. Tibet, Ferghana, N. Afghanistan, Ladak, and Kashmir. | CoL@US MONEDULA DAURICUS (Pallas). Reise Russ. Reichs, iil. p. 694, 1776. (Baikal.) Similar to a small Hooded Crow, with the head, neck, breast, and back bluish-black, the upper neck and underparts bright creamy white. The juvenile plumage has the neck black with silvery spots, the so-called “ neglectus ” plumage. Distribution.—Baikal, Mongolia, Transbaikal, Manchuria, Amur, Ussuri, Corea, Japan, N. China. CoLGUS MONEDULA KHAMENSIS Bianchi. Bull. B. O. C. xvi. p. 68, 1906. (Kham,S.E. Tibet.) — Very similar to C. m. dauricus, but larger and duller in plumage. Distribution.—W. Szetchuan, W. Yunnan, and E. Tibet. All these subspecies intergrade with one another both in size and colour, and in many areas the different races are indistinguishable. They follow the Bergaman rule, and the larger forms are found the farthest north, while one can see the same thing in altitudinal distribution if C. m. cirtensis is compared with C. m. nigerrimus, C. m. semmering: with O. m. ultracollaris, and C. m. dauricus with C.m. khamensis. The races found in high mountainous regions are also darker. Until recently the great difficulty to the systematist in studying the Jackdaws was that not sufficient was known about migration and winter distribution. Now, thanks to the ringing schemes, we know that many races are migratory, especially the Russian race C. m. semmeringi, which has the largest breeding territory, and probably is also most numerous. Large numbers of this race migrate every winter to the whole of Europe and 8.W. Asia, 1939.] 15 [Vol. lx. A new Race of Glass-eye from Eastern Africa. Mr. R. E. Moreau sent the following description :— Camaroptera brachyura fuggles-couchmani, subsp. nov. Description.—Generally darker and richer in colour than C. b. pileata or C. b. bororensis. The mdst notable difference is in the underside: this new form has the throat dull grey, ‘not whitish, and the flanks and sides of the breast olive, contrasting sharply with the pure white centre of the abdomen. Distribution.—Uluguru and Nguru Mountains in evergreen forest, probably up to about 4000 feet. (Mr. N. R. Fuggles- Couchman has obtained a specimen in the Nguru Forest that agrees with the type, and it appears from other specimens collected by him that there may be a rapid transition between the new subspecies and C. 6. pileata about 100 miles east of Morogoro.) Type.—Male completing moult, no. 4121 in Brit. Mus. collection, from Kibungo Forest, 900 feet, at eastern foot of Uluguru Mountains, 16. vi. 37 (R. E. Moreau). Measurements.—Wing 53, tail 41, culmen 13 mm. Remarks.—I am indebted to Mr. R. H. W. Pakenham for comparing the type with Zanzibar material, and to Herr Grote for comparing it with the specimens of C. brachyura in the Berlin Museum, where there is nothing like it. New Races of a Tailor-bird and Rose-Finch from Ceylon and the Himalayas. Mr. Hucu WHISTLER sent the following descriptions :— , Orthotomus sutorius fernandonis, subsp. nov. Description.—Resembles the typical race, but the upper parts are more “saturated” in tone. On the lower parts there is much more dark marking on the throat; the erey feather-bases, which emphasize the concealed pigmented spot on the skin on each side of the throat in the typical race, are more extensive and general ; the flanks are dark slaty-grey. Distribution.—Central Hill Zone, Ceylon. Type.—Male adult, Ohiya, 5820 feet, Ceylon; collected by Mr. E. C. Fernando on November 27, 1936. No, 246 in the Ceylon Survey collection, Vol. Ix.] 16 [1939. Measurements of Type.—Culmen 15°5, wing 49°5, tail 63°5, tarsus 19 mm. | Remarks.—Motacilla sutoria Pennant, ‘ Indian Zoology,’ 1769, pl. 7, was based on Governor Loten’s material from Ceylon, and has always been considered, with justice, to refer to the Tailor-bird, which is general and widely spread throughout the plains of Ceylon, both in the wet and dry zones. The new form is based on a series of four adults collected in the Central Hill Zone of Ceylon, the particular home of the distinctive endemic Ceylon species. Tt is named after Mr. EK. .C Fernando of the Colombo Museum in acknowledgment of his excellent work in carrying out the field collecting of the Ceylon Survey on behalf of the British Museum and the Colombo Museum. Procarduelis nipalensis kangree, subsp. nov. Description.—Resembles the typical form, but the colour of the upper parts and of the breast is browner, less rich in tint. Distribution.—The western Himalayas as far west as Kishtwar. Type.—Adult male, Dharmsala, Kangra District, N.W. Himalayas. Collected in April 1870, by E. W. Brooks. Brit. Mus. Reg. no. 1887.6.1.141. Remarks.—Based on six males from the Duala Dhar range in the Kangra District, two in the Hume collection, and four in my own collection. Notes on Eastern African Birds. Capt. C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. MackwortH-PRAED sent the following three notes :— (1) On the Status of Sula nicolla Grant & Praed, Bull. B. O. C. lili. 1933, p. 118: Glorioso Island. Recently we have come across the description and plate of a new Booby by Ribeiro in Arch. Mus. Nac. R. de Janeiro, xxii. p. 186, pl. xxii. 1919, which he has named Sula autumnalhs, from Trinidad. This description and plate represents the bird we described, and therefore Sula nicollt Grant & Praed becomes a synonym of Sula autumnalis Ribeiro, 1939. | Li (Vol. Ix (2) Onthe Status of Campethera abingoni suahelica (Reichenow), Vog. Afr. ii. 1902, p. 175: Usaramo, Dar-es-Salaam District, eastern Tanganyika Territory ; and Campethera abingont mombassica (Fischer & Reichenow), J. f. O. 1884, p. 262: Mombasa, eastern Kenya Colony. In the Bull. B. O. C. lix. 1939, p. 52, we gave the distribution of CO. a. mombassica as southern Italian Somaliland, south- eastern Kenya Colony, and north-eastern and eastern Tangany- ika Territory as far south as the Morogoro and Dar-es-Salaam Districts. Professor Neumann, in a letter to us dated March 29, 1939, expressed the opinion that C. a. mombassica does not extend to Morogoro and Dar-es-Salaam. Through the great kindness of Dr. Stresemann, of the Berlin Museum, we have had the loan of the type of Campethera a. mombassica, and compared it with the series in the British Museum, having at a previous date already examined the type of C. a. suahelica. We find that the type of C. a. suahelica has a barred mantle, and although Reichenow gives as characters bright red on head and moustache as compared with C. a. abingoni, we find that there is no difference between specimens from the Dar-es-Salaam district and much further south, and therefore consider C. a. suahelica must become a synonym of C’. a. abingont. The type of C. a. mombassica, on the other hand, has small spots and fine streaks on the mantle, and is a good race; moreover it differs in having the head in the male red and greenish, not red and grey as in C. a. abingoni, the female having the forehead olivaceous, not black, and the spots on the forehead tinged with green, not white as in C. a. abingoni. Some adult specimens of C. a. abingont, especially females, have the barring on the mantle broken up into spotting, but this spotting is coarser and larger than in C.. a. mombassica. The distribution of the three forms occurring in Eastern Africa is as follows :— CAMPETHERA ABINGONI ABINGONI A. Smith, Rep. Exp. S. A. 1836, p. 53 : Durban, Natal, South Africa, of which Dendromus chrysurus suahelicus Reichenow, Voég. Afr. ii. 1902, p. 175: b Vol. Ix.] 18 : (1939. Usaramo, Dar-es-Salaam District, eastern Tanganyika Terri- tory, is a Synonym. Distribution.—Natal to eastern ‘Transvaal, eastern Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Portuguese East Africa, and eastern Tanganyika Territory, through Kilosa and the Dar-es-Salaam districts to Lyamungo, southern Kilimanjaro. CAMPETHERA ABINGONI MOMBASSICA (Fischer & Reichenow), J.f. O. 1884, p. 262 : Mombasa, eastern Kenya Colony. Distribution.—Southern Italian Somaliland, eastern Kenya Colony and north-eastern Tanganyika Territory from the Juba River to Amani. CAMPETHERA ABINGONI KAVIRONDENSIS van Someren, Bull. B. O. C. xvii. 1926, p. 70: Lolgorien, south Kavirondo, south-western Kenya Colony. Distribution.—South-western Kenya Colony to Njombe, south central Tanganyika Territory. Thus the known southern limit of C. a. mombassica at Amani, and the known northern limit of C. a. abingoni at Lyamungo, 19 miles west of Moshi, south Kilimanjaro, are only about 120 miles apart; and the known southern limit of C. a. kavirondensis at Njombe, and the known western limit of C. a. abingoni at Kilosa, are about 215 miles apart. At present there are defined limits of distribution without over- lapping, but we would expect to find intermediates within these gaps if this Woodpecker occurs there. (3) Onthe Status of T'urdoides melanops clamosa (van Someren), Bull. B. O. C. xl. 1920, p. 95: Naivasha, Kenya Colony. Sclater, Syst. Av. Aithiop. ii. 1930, p. 353, throws doubt on the validity of this race. We have carefully examined the good series in the British Museum collection, and are unable to see any characters by which Kenya Colony specimens differ from those from Tanganyika Territory and Uganda. We are therefore of opinion that Crateropus melanops clamosus van Someren must become a synonym of Turdoides melanops sharpet (Reichenow), J. f. O. 1891, p. 482 : Kakoma, Tabora District, Tanganyika Territory. 92NOV 102 ha so 1 1 uF PURCHASED BULLETIN uRCH THE four-hundred-and-twenty-first Meeting of the Club was held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W.7, on Wednesday, November 8, 1939. Chairman: Dr. A. LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON. Members present :—F. J. F. Barrineton; G. Brown ; Hon. G. L. CHarteris; D. B. CUNNINGHAME; Miss J. M. FERRIER; J. FisHer; Capt. C. H. B. Grant (Editor) ; B. Guy Harrison; Dr. E. Hopkinson; N. B. KInNEAR (Acting Hon. Sec.) ; Miss EK. P. Leacn ; Miss C. LONGFIELD ; Dr. G. CarmMicHAEL Low; Dr. P. R. Lowe; C. W. Mack- WORTH-PRAED; Dr. O. Manson-Bawr; Col. R. MEINERTZ- HAGEN ; T. H. Newman; Mrs. J. B. Prizstuey ; Miss G. M. RuopEs; W.L. Sciater; D. Sera-Smitu ; B. W. Tucker ; H. F. Wiruersy ; C. G. M. p— Worms. Guests :—Miss D. Brown; Miss T. Cuay; Mrs. H. F. WITHERBY. Members, 25 ; Guests, 3. Bird Observations in Sweden and Gotland. Mr. B. W. TucKER gave a short account of a visit to Sweden, and more particularly to the island of Gotland. He explained that he was not describing a definite ornithological trip, but merely more or less random observations on birds made [December 7, 1939.] WOOL) WX. Vol. lx.] 20 [1939. on a holiday in August—in point of fact, too late a date for seeing several of the more interesting breeding species. He described a week-end bird-watching trip in the Stockholm archipelago. The great number of islands forming the inner zone nearer the mainland are heavily wooded with Scots pines, but towards the open sea the islands become more and more scattered and barren, till finally the outermost are little more than rocky skerries tenanted by Gulls (Herring, Lesser and Greater Black-backed), Terns, EKider-Ducks, Razorbills, and other sea-birds. Families of Velvet Scoter (Melanitta fusca) were numerous amongst the wooded islands, and. a Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia) was seen fishing. There is apparently only one real colony of the latter species in the Baltic, on a rather remote and inaccessible island, but odd pairs or groups of two or three pairs breed on a number of islets. Such a breeding place of a pair or two was visited on the occasion in question, but the birds had finished nesting and left. The Sea-Hagle (Halexetus albicilla) is comparatively common in the Stockholm archipelago, breeding in the tall | pine-trees of the wooded islands, and fishing largely in the more open sea about the outer islands, where a fine pair of adult birds was seen. Gotland, the largest of the Baltic islands (about 70 miles long), is not spectacular from a scenic point of view, but has, nevertheless, a peculiar charm, and the little town of Visby is famous for its well-preserved medieval walls and many ruined churches, dating from the period when it was an im- portant member of the Hanseatic League. The island is flat and mainly clothed in pine-woods, varied by fields and cultivation, with sandy or boulder-strewn shores fringed by very shallow sea. A shore-line of the latter type extending for a couple of miles or more north of Visby is a great resort of birds, and on an August day the majority of the innumerable rocks and boulders scattered in the shallows are occupied by resting Gulls, Eider-Ducks, and Mergansers, with here and there Goosanders and Terns. An excursion was made on August 10 to the islands of Stora and Lilla Karls6, whose cliffs of Silurian limestone are the only breeding places of Guillemots (Uria aalge intermedia Salomonsen) in Sweden. Stora Karls6 is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. The Guillemots had 1939.] 21 [Vol. Ix. left the cliffs, but some were still present on the adjacent sea, and the very large colony of Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus f. fuscus) on Stora Karlsé was still occupied. Some full-winged Grey Lag-Geese (Anser anser) on this island, the progeny of wild birds, are absurdly tame and come to be fed by visitors. A single male Collared Flycatcher (Muscicapa albicollis) was seen on passage on Lilla Karls6, but this species, one of the most interesting breeding birds of Gotland, had evidently already left the mainland, and the Visby Botanical Gardens, where a number of pairs breed in nesting-boxes, were already deserted. Barred Warblers (Sylvia mtsoria), which breed sparingly, had also evidently left. The pine-woods, like many pine-woods elsewhere, are not rich in birds, but harbour some interesting species, notably the Black Wood- pecker (Dryocopus martius), which was seen in several places. Crossbills (Loxwia curvirostra) were seen once or twice. Little Ringed as well as Common Ringed Plovers (Charadrius dubius curonicus and C. hiaticula) were met with on the shore close to Visby, and various northern Waders, such as Wood-Sandpiper (Tringa glareola), Greenshank (7'. nebularia), and Spotted Redshank (7'. erythropus), were locally numerous on passage, with a few Green Sandpipers (7. ochropus) and occasionally a Temminck’s Stint (Calidris temminckii). An expedition was made to Tingstade Trask, a reedy lake where a colony of Little Gulls (Larus minutus) has bred for many years, but these birds had, unfortunately, left. On the other hand, on one of the low islands off the coast a pair of Caspian Terns with a well-grown young one were still on the breeding ground, and useful observations were made on the behaviour, notes, etc., of this striking bird. Grey Lag-Geese also breed on some of the islands close to the coast and locally also on the * mainland.” Coloured Films of Gotland and the Abbotsbury Swannery. Miss CyntuiA LONGFIELD showed a short film in colour, taken in June 1939, of scenes in Gotland, which included the ancient town of Visby ; also a coloured film of the Abbotsbury swannery, taken this August. Vol. Ix.] 22 [1939. Divergent Types of Eggs of the European Cuckoo. The Hon. G. L. CHARTERIS exhibited a series of eggs of the European Cuckoo and made the following remarks :— At the suggestion of Mr. Kinnear I am showing a few Cuckoos’ eggs of divergent types, some of which in colour and markings resemble the fosterers with which they were found. Two also are remarkable for their smallness, one being about the same size as the Pied Wagtails’ eggs with it, and the other only a little larger than the Marsh-Warbler’s egg with which it wasfound. Asa contrast to this egg, I show an exceptionally large egg laid by a Cuckoo which for five seasons victimized Pied Wagtails about my home in Gloucestershire. All the Pied Wagtails-Cuckoos’ eggs I have here are from that district, and apart from size it would be difficult to imagine better adapted types than the eggs found in 1938 and 1939 and those laid by the Cuckoo in the two preceding years (one of each shown—nos. 224 and 235). This summer the Wagtail Cuckoo had one of her eggs accepted by a Garden-Warbler, and another was found deserted in a Spotted Flycatcher’s nest with two eggs. Nos. 15 and 57 are of interest, first because in my experience it is rare to find such an ill-adapted type of Wagtail—Cuckoo’s egg, and secondly, because this Cuckoo’s laying covers eight years, and six years is the next longest-lived Cuckoo of which I have proof. It is not safe to assume that because, after vigorous search, one fails to find an egg of a certain Cuckoo, whereas one or more were found the summer before, that that Cuckoo is dead—she may have moved ; but such changes of territory I believe usually take place after one season. I know for certain of one such case, and suspect others to account for the many cases where | have found the eggs of a Cuckoo during one season only. In 1938, for example, I found eggs of seven different Cuckoos in Hedge-Sparrows’ nests, six for the first time ; and this year within the same area I was only able to find three of these, one of which was an old-stager (fifth season). 1939.] 23 [Vol. lx. I show a set of five Hedge-Sparrows’ and two Cuckoos’ eggs, one, I should think, a rare type—in colour, as you see, rather like a Jay’s egg. To those who like to indulge in the gentle art of faking, I show a set of Barred Warblers’ eggs, with which this Cuckoo’s egg agrees well. Both these Cuckoo’s eggs were deposited before the Hedge-Sparrow laid an egg. This happens not uncommonly and, in my opinion, accounts for the Cuckoo’s eggs found alone and deserted in the nests of Hedge-Sparrows. But that this does not always shock the Hedge-Sparrow to the point of desertion is evidenced by the finding of an egg of a Cuckoo, whose normal habit is to remove an egg when laying her own, with five or even six of the fosterer’s eggs. I have brought four sets of Great Reed-Warblers’ eggs, with one or more Cuckoo’s eggs, all from Hungary. One of these is madc up of five eggs of the host and three eggs obviously laid by different Cuckoos. Although many of the Cuckoos’ eggs that I have seen in the nests of Great Reed-Warblers are characteristic, being boldly marked on a clear background, a nondescript type also occurs, such as the one found broken in the eight-clutch, and another that you can see here in company with one so well adapted that it might be overlooked. The two sets of Reed-Warbler and Cuckoo call for no com- ment. ‘Then there are two sets of Sedge-Warbler and Cuckoo, found this year and last year in the same district, and obviously the produce of the same Cuckoo—apart from size, a very fair likeness. A Sedge-Warbler Cuckoo has one advantage— Sedge-Warblers’ eggs do not vary much. By contrast a Tree-Pipit Cuckoo has an impossible task. _ Finally, four sets of Marsh- Warbler and Cuckoo—two from Hungary and two from England. I think it a fortuitous coincidence that one of the English-taken eggs bears some resemblance to a type of Marsh-Warbler’s egg. Where this was found I have seen some fifty nests of this species in ten years, and never before a Cuckoo’s egg in one of them. I should say it was laid by a Wagtail or a Robin Cuckoo on a bye-day. On the other hand, the two eggs from Hungary are good— one very good. Vol. lx.] 24 [1939. Notes on Eastern African Birds. Capt. C. H. B. Grant and Mr. C. W. MackwortH-PRAED sent the following four notes :— (1) On the Occurrence of Anthus campestris griseus Nicoll (Bull. B. O. C. xl. 1920, p. 25: Tischan, Turkestan) in Eastern Africa. The series examined by us does not bear out the characters given for this race, and the wing-length of specimens measured by us gives :—Western birds (nineteen) 83-95 mm.: eastern (sixteen) 82-95 mm. There is quite a lot of individual variation at all seasons of the year, and we have failed to find any character by which races can be separated. We are therefore unable to recognize the race of A. c. griseus as occurring in Kastern Africa. (2) On the Races of Anthus sumilis Jerdon occurring in Kastern Africa. This group has the second to fifth primaries inclusive emarginated on the outer web as shown by Chapin, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. xxix. 3, 1937, p. 340, but the emargination on the fifth primary is deeper and more distinct than in the Anthus leucophrys group. Sclater, Syst. Av. Aithiop. 1930, p. 344, recognizes seven races as occurring in Eastern Africa. Both Anthus sordidus Rippell and Anthus longirostris Neumann have been found to be preoccupied ;_ the latter was renamed Anthus neumannianus by Collins and Hartert in 1927. After it was found that Anthus sordidus was preoccupied authors used Anthus nicholsoni Sharpe, but it is now recognized that Anthus similis is the oldest name for this group. Our examination of the good series in the British Museum collection shows that six races may be recognized in Eastern Africa, as follows :— ANTHUS SIMILIS NIVESCENS Reichw. Anthus nivescens Reichenow, O. M. 1905, p. 179: Kismayu, southern Italian Somaliland. Distribution.—Kastern Sudan to both British and Italian Somaliland. 1939.] 25 (Vol. Ix. ANTHUS SIMILIS HARARENSIS Neum. Anthus nicholson hararensis Neumann, J. f. O. 1906, p. 233 : Abu Behr, near Harar, eastern Abyssinia; of which Anthus similis neumannianus Collins & Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxxiv. 1927, p.50: Gardula, near Lake Abaya, southern Abyssinia, is a synonym. Distribution —Eritrea and Abyssinia to Kenya Colony (except south-eastern), Uganda, and north-eastern Belgian Congo. : We are quite unable to see any definite character by which eastern and southern Abyssinian birds can be separated. ANTHUS SIMILIS Nyassa# Neum. ' Anthus nicholsoni nyasse Neumann, J. f. O. 1906, p. 233: between Sangesi and Songea, south-western Tanganyika Territory. Distribution.—Tanganyika Territory to south-western Bel- gian Congo, north-eastern Northern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland. ANTHUS SIMILIS SOKOTR& Hart. Anthus sordidus sokotre Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxiv. 1917, p. 457: Alilo Pass, Socotra. Distribution.—Socotra Island. ANTHUS SIMILIS JEBELMARRZ Lynes. Anthus sordidus jebelmarre Lynes, Bull. B. O. C. xli. 1920, p. 16: Jebel Marra, western Sudan. Distribution.—Western Sudan. ANTHUS SIMILIS CHYULUENSIS v. Som. Anthus nicholsoni chyuluensis van Someren, Journ. KE. A. & Ug. N. H. Soc. xiv. 1939, p. 56: Chyulu Hills, south-eastern Kenya Colony. Distribution.—South-eastern Kenya Colony. (3) On the Races of Anthus leucophrys Vieill. occurring in Eastern Africa. Sclater, Syst. Av. Aithiop. ii. 1930, p. 344, recognizes five races in Eastern Africa. This group has the second to the fifth primaries inclusive emarginated on the outer web as shown by Chapin, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. xxix. 3, 1937, p. 340, but the emargination on the fifth primary is shallower and less distinct than in the Anthus similis group, Vol. 1x.] 26 (1939. Our examination of the good series in the British Museum collection shows that three races may be recognized in Eastern Africa, as follows :— ANTHUS LEUCOPHRYS OMOENSIS Neum. Anthus leucophrys omoensis Neumann, J. f. O. 1906, p. 234 : Ergino Valley, between Gofa and Doko, south-western Abyssinia ; of which Anthus leucophrys saphiroc. Neumann, J.f. O. 1906, p. 235: Balassire, near Harar, eastern Abyssinia, and Anthus gouldi turnert Meinertzhagen, Bull. B. O. C. xii. 1920, p. 24: Kituni, north-west Kenya Colony, are synonyms. Distribution.—The Sudan, Abyssinia, and British Somaliland to Kenya Colony west of the Rift Valley, Uganda, ine Territory, and Nyasaland. We can see no character by which birds can be separated within the distribution given above. ANTHUS LEUCOPHRYS ZENKERI Neum. Anthus leucophrys zenkeri Neumann, J. f. O. 1906, p. 235: Jaunde, Cameroon. Distribution.—Senegal to the western Sudan. ANTHUS LEUCOPHRYS GOODSONTI Meinertzhagen. Anthus leucophrys goodsoni Meinertzhagen, Bull. B. O. C. xli. 1920, p. 23: Nakuru, Kenya Colony. Distribution.—Kenya Colony, east of the Rift Valley. (4) On the Status of Turdoides hypoleuca kilosa Vincent, Bull. B. O. C. lv. 1935, p. 176: Kibedya, Kilosa District, Tanganyika Territory. Vincent compared his new race with T'urdoides hypoleuca (Cabanis), J. f. O. 1878, pp. 205, 226: Kitui, Ukamba, Kenya Colony, and appears to have overlooked T'urdoides hypoleuca rufuensis (Neumann), O. M. 1906, p. 148: Usegua, Pangani District, Tanganyika Territory. As we are unable to see the type in the Berlin Museum, nor can we send specimens for comparison, we have carefully compared the description and examined the four specimens in the British Museum collection, and there is no doubt that Vincent redescribed Neumann’s 7’. h. rufuensis. Therefore T'wrdoides hypoleuca kilosa Vincent becomes a synonym of T'urdoides hypoleuca rufuensis Neumann, 171 Vl 1939 PURCHASED BULLETIN | 540 5 pURCHASEP BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB. OF THE No. CCCCAXAXVII. THE four-hundred-and-twenty-second Meeting of the Club was held at the Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, S.W. 7, on Wednesday, December 13, 1939. Chairman : Dr. A. LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON. Members present :—Miss C. M. ActAND ; Dr. D. A. BANNER- MAN (Vice-Chairman); F. J. F. Barrineton; Miss J. M. FERRIER ; JAMES FisHeR; Capt. H. A. Ginperr; B. Guy Harrison ; Dr. E. Hopxrnson ; Rev. F. C. R. Jourparn ; N. B. Krynuar (Acting Hon. Secretary) ; Miss C. LONGFIELD ; Dr. G. CarmicHaEL Low; Dr. P. R. Lowe; C. W. MackwortH-PraEpD; Lt.-Col. H. A. F. Macratry; J. G. Mavrocorpato ; J. H. Newman; Mrs. J. B. Priestiey ; D. Seru-SmitnH ; Dr. C. B. TickHurst; B. W. Tucker; H. F. WitHERBY ; C. DE WorRMS. Guests :—Miss E. V. Hatt; H. W. Mackworru-Praep ; Mrs. G. Swirt; Mrs. A. LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON ; Mrs. B. W. Tucker; L. 8S. V. Venasies; H. G. Vevers : Mrs. H. F. WITHERBY. Members, 24; Guests, 8; Total, 32. [January 5, 1940.] a VOL, LX. Vol. Ix.] 28 [1939. CHAIRMAN’S ADDRESS. Review of the Past Year. (NOVEMBER I, 1938, to OCTOBER 31, 1939.) Dr. A. LanpsporoucH THomson said: During the past twelve months, Ornithology has lost by death some distin- guished students, including :—in France, Henri Auguste Ménégaux ; in the United States, Samuel Prentiss Baldwin, Joseph Grinnell, John Charles Phillips, and Witmer Stone. Among British ornithologists mention may be made of Sydney Herbert Long and Herbert Massey. Much valuable work was done during the earlier part of the period, before ornithological activity in this and many other countries beeame restricted by world events. Owing to war conditions, however, it has been difficult to collect informa- tion from the Continent, and I am therefore afraid that on this occasion my review is concerned almost exclusively with the doings of British and American ornithologists. For my material I am largely indebted to Mr. N. B. Kinnear and his colleagues in the British Museum (Natural History), to the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain, and—as regards the New World—to Dr. Alexander Wetmore and Dr. H. Friedmann. To all of them I wish to make most grateful acknowledgement. ACTIVITIES OF BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS. Europe. Several large-scale field inquiries have been in progress in this country under the auspices of the British Trust for Ornithology. Special mention may be made of Mr. E. M. Nicholson’s report on the habitat of the Lapwing. Mr. J. Fisher and Mr. H. G. Vevers have completed their investigation into the status of the Gannet. All the British breeding stations of the Gannet were visited during the season by collaborators in the inquiry: Mr. L. 8S. V. Venables and Mr. Vevers also visited those in Iceland and the Faroes in addition to doing other work there. Mr. E. Cohen was in Corsica in May, and made some interest- ing observations. Visits to some of the more familiar European countries were also paid by several British ornithologists. Mr. B. W, 1939.] 29 [Vol. lx. Tucker, for instance, has already given here an account of a visit to Sweden. Asia. Mr. F. Ludlow and Mr. G. Sheriff have made a second expedition to the Tsangpo Valley in southern Tibet, accompanied on this occasion by Mr. G. Taylor of the Botanical Department of the British Museum. They have brought back a splendid collection both of birds and of botanical specimens. Mr. J. L. Chaworth Musters went to Afghanistan in the spring of this year, mainly to collect mammals, but hoping to get some birds as well. For the past few years the Ceylon Museum has been making a bird survey in collaboration with the British Museum. Mr. Hugh Whistler is now working out the results, which it is hoped will clear up many points on South Indian and Cingalese ornithology. Africa. Lt.-Col. and Mrs. R. F. Meiklejohn visited the Algerian Sahara during the early months of 1939, but en- countered abnormally bad weather—detrimental to bird work. Mr. J. D. Macdonald has made an expedition to the south- eastern Sudan to collect birds for the British Museum; an account of this has already been given here. Mr. and Mrs. R. M. Lockley went to Madeira, and visited the Desertas to study the breeding of the Petrels. Australia. Mr. G. M. Mathews has presented his valuable collection of ornithological books to the Commonwealth Library at Canberra. North America. Mr. Oliver Davies was in Newfoundland from June to September, collecting birds and seeking informa- tion about the Gannet colony at Cape St. Mary. Mr. B. G. Harrison visited the Magdalen Islands, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, for a month in the spring. South America. Mr. D. Lack and Mr. L. 8. V. Venables completed their stay in the Galapagos Islands. Mr. Alastair Morrison went to Peru in June, and is again collecting live birds and skins, a 2 Vol. Ix.] 30 [1939. Antarctic. Mr. B. B. Roberts is preparing reports on his observations during the s.s. ‘ Penola’ expedition to the Antarctic. He has written an interesting account of the life history of Wilson’s Petrel, which is being published by the British Museum. ACTIVITIES OF AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS. By the kindness of the colleagues in Washington already named, I am able to add this section on ornithological work in the New World. Constant additions tothe wild-life refuges under the direction of Dr. Ira N. Gabrielson, Chief of the United States Biological Survey, have brought these areas during the present year to a total of approximately 14,000,000 acres, of which 9,000,000 acres are concerned especially with water-fowl and other birds. The result of this refuge work and of recent wise restrictions on hunting have brought a definite increase in the abundance of wild ducks and geese. The Whitney Wing of the American Museum of Natural History, devoted to the ornithological collections (including the Rothschild collection) and exhibitions of that institution, was formally dedicated on June 6. At the death of Dr. Stuart T. Danforth of Porto Rico, his important collection of Antillean birds was presented to the United States National Museum, the material including specimens not only from the better- known areas but also series from many small islands unknown to other naturalists. Interest in the ornithology of Mexico is steadily increasing, so that in 1939 there have been special investigations by Dr. George M. Sutton of Cornell University and Mr. T. D. Burleigh of the Biological Survey in north-eastern Mexico, by Dr. Pierce Brodkorb of the University of Michigan in Chiapas, by Mr. Robert Moore of the California Institute of Technology in north-western Mexico, and by Dr. Alexander Wetmore of the Smithsonian Institution in the State of Vera Cruz. Mr. W. EK. Clyde Todd of the Carnegie Museum continued work in Ungava during the summer, Mr, E. R, Blake of the 1939. | 31 [Vol. lx. Field Museum of Natural History secured important collections in little-known areas in British Guiana. American ornithologists have also been active in other continents. For instance, Mr. A. L. Rand of the American Museum of Natural History has made extensive studies in the interior of New Guinea in regions not previously known ; and Dr. Joseph F. Rock has been making collections of birds on behalf of the United States National Museum in Indo-China. PUBLICATIONS. The third volume has appeared of the new © Handbook of British Birds,’ by Messrs. H. F. Witherby, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst, and B. W. Tucker. It is to be hoped that the war will not interfere with publication of the remainder of this most admirable work. The preparation of the fourth volume is understood to be well advanced. We welcome the appearance of the new Bulletin of Animal Behaviour, which contains much of interest to ornithologists. Mr. F. N. Chasen has completed the fourth volume of his ‘Birds of the Malay Peninsula.’ Dr. J. P. Chapin of the American Museum of Natural History has published the second part of his ‘ Birds of the Belgian Congo.’ Dr. E. Stresemann has published the first instalment of an important paper on the birds of the Celebes in the Journal fiir Ornithologie. Mr. A. C. Bent has issued a volume on the Woodpeckers in his series on the life-histories of North American birds. Dr. C. E. Hellmayr has published Part XI. of his ‘ Catalogue of Birds of the Americas.’ Some Remarks on Periodicity in the Life of Birds. Dr. A. LANDSBOROUGH THOMSON, continuing, said: Rhythm is, of course, a characteristic feature of all life. We breathe so many times a minute, feed at intervals of a few hours, sleep once a day, and vary our habits to suit the changing seasons. In the case of birds there is, among other things, the familiar annual cycle: this is marked chiefly by the recurrence of reproductive activity, but is punctuated also by such events as moult and migration. Vol. Ix.] | 32 [1939. Two kinds of periodicity may be distinguished, although not very sharply. One is inherent, as in the case of the beating heart, and is little affected by external conditions. The other is directly related to some external rhythm, such as the alternation of day and night or of summer and winter. This second type, however, may become to some extent inherent, tending to persist even if the environment fails to change in its regular manner. Thus, some marine animals, inhabiting the belt of shore between the levels of high and low water, show a tidal rhythm in their behaviour, and retain this for a time in the quiet tanks of an aquarium. Rhythm may be defined as the regular alternation of two or more phases. Commonly, there is an active phase followed by a resting phase. The latter may often be divisible into a period of recovery in the first instance, and a period of readiness during which some necessary stimulus to fresh activity is awaited. This period of readiness may not last indefinitely : if the proper stimulus to activity does not come, there may instead be a process of disintegration in which the state of readiness is lost for the time being. This is a point of some importance, but may be left here for the moment. One rhythm may be closely related to others. They may be simultaneous, or they may be linked together in an ordered sequence. Thus in birds, all the elements of reproductive activity—from the first sign of courtship to the last effort of parental care—are interwoven as parts of a single pattern. One activity provides the stimulus for another ; or the cessa- tion of one allows the next to become manifest. In such a series the later activities normally emerge only as a consequence of the earlier ones. So much for generalisations. The particular object of these remarks is to mention various points, from more or less recent work, which show the significance of rhythm in the life of birds. For discussion of the nature of the underlying physiological processes—especially in regard to sexual periodicity—reference may be made to such reviews as those of Marshall (Philos. T'rans., B, 1936, 423), Bissonnette (Quart. Rev. Biol., 1936, 371; Walson Bull., 19387, 241), and Rowan (Biol. Rev., 1938, 374). 1939. ] 33 (Vol. Ix. Association of different rhythms. It is obvious that different periodic events are associated in the sense that they fit into their proper places, in relation to each other, in the annual cycle of the bird’s life. In recent years we have had evidence of an actual physiological connection in some cases. Thus, the work of Rowan (Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc., 1926, 147, and 1939, 151; etc.) has shown that such different activities as reproduction and migration may be interrelated in this way, instead of being separately dependent on the changing seasons. Briefly, the migrational urge is—at least in certain instances—-associated with a particular state of the gonads, intermediate between full activity and complete quiescence. Some association between migrational urge and reproductive urge in spring had for long been considered probable : incident- ally, incomplete spring migration on the part of non-breeding individuals can be explained on this basis. The new experi- mental evidence, as it happens, refers mainly to autumn. This interdependence, however, cannot be regarded as complete. Witness the migration of young birds in their first autumn. Castrated individuals in Rowan’s later experi- ments also took their departure ; and other evidence on this point has recently been given by Putzig (Vogelzug, 1939, 189). The link between the two activities therefore does not appear to be essential in all circumstances. Persistence of adaptive rhythm. There are many examples of captive birds brought from the southern to the northern hemisphere showing a tendency to breed at what would have been the appropriate season on their own side of the equator. This is an example of an adaptive periodicity becoming to some extent inherent, and thus persisting in spite of altera- tion in the environmental conditions. Cases of this kind have recently been reviewed by Baker and Ranson (Proc. Zool. Soc., A, 1938, 101), who show that there are wide differences in the extent to which the inherent rhythm is preserved, disturbed or suppressed. Among imported southern hemisphere birds, the species which show an internal breeding rhythm not easily influenced by the environment are in a minority: certain Parrots and Vol. Ix.] 34 (1939. the Gouldian Finch are examples. It would be interesting to know how such birds would react under the experimental conditions which Rowan and others have found to be capable of controlling the reproductive state almost at will. Annual nature of the cycle. The tendency of the annual rhythm to become inherent is perhaps also exemplified by migratory birds which spend part of the year beyond the influence of the seasonal changes proper to their native area. A sedentary bird in the temperate zone is affected by all the seasons in turn: its annual cycle may depend entirely on their immediate influence, and only experiment can show whether the rhythm has any independent quality. On the other hand, a bird which migrates from the temperate zone to the tropics can be directly influenced only by the summer and autumn of its native area: winter and spring are missing from the external cycle, or are at least replaced by something different, yet the bird itself remains true to the annual rhythm. Again, a _ trans-equatorial migrant experiences a _ second summer in the temperate zone of the other hemisphere but does not breed ; and in the local autumn it feels the call of spring. Moreau (/bis, 1931, 553), discussing the subject, suggested that the periodicity in each of these groups must be essentially different. It is possibly easier to believe, however, that all these cases exhibit an annual rhythm which is essentially the same, but which becomes linked with different factors in the environment according to circumstances. This annual rhythm reflects the influence of all the external conditions governing the bird’s life, and its phases may be induced by stimuli of various kinds or may even occur merely by virtue of a periodicity which has become inherent. Thus one may suppose, with Moreau, that the departure of a migrant ‘* wintering ”’ in the tropics is a response to an internal rhythm showing itself in the absence of any external stimulus—it may, in other words, be induced in a relatively stable environment by the mere effluxion of time. As regards the reproduction of birds wholly resident in the tropics, it seems that the cycle is normally an annual one for the individual. Yet there are instances in which different 1939.] 35 [Vol. lx. individuals of a species, even in the same area, have breeding seasons at widely separated times of year. Possible longer cycles. Although the cycle of the bird behaviour is in the main an annual one, there may be some partial exceptions. The large non-breeding population of various Petrels indicates that the birds do not breed annually, although one cannot say whether this applies to all individuals. Evidence in the case of the Fulmar has recently been presented by Wynne-Edwards (Proc. Zool. Soc., A, 1939, 127), who discusses the effect of failure to breed on other events in the cycle. In particular, the post-nuptial moult takes place much earlier than in the case of breeding birds. He also points out that non-breeding—whether due to immaturity or to other causes—affects behaviour in varying degree in different species of marine birds. In some, the immature birds resort to the breeding stations in summer ; in others, the immature birds remain during that season in the winter- quarters of the species. _ There are also interesting phenomena which suggest the action of some cyclical factor in the environment, operating at intervals of a few years and affecting whole communities simultaneously. The work of Elton (Brit. J. Exp. Biol., 1924, 119; etc.), in particular, has shown that periodicities of this kind among mammals—made manifest in fluctuations in the population level—are often remarkably regular. In some cases the periodicity is that of the sun-spot cycle of approxi- mately eleven years, which is known to have climatic effects. Among small rodents in Arctic and sub-arctic lands, a cycle of about four years is common. ‘The periodic fluctuations in the Lemming population provide the classical example. In the case of birds, various authors have drawn attention to the periodic failure to breed on the part of certain species in the Arctic, and the question has been discussed generally by Bertram, Lack and Roberts (bis, 1934, 824). In some seasons there is little or no breeding on the part of the species affected, which may include the Snowy Owl, Long-tailed Skua, Glaucous Gull, Arctic Tern, Red-throated Diver, Hider Duck, and other members of the same groups—but Vol. Ix.] 36 [1939. apparently no Passerine or Limicoline birds. Wheenptplg cs MES | elk a) Pebignaiemist aes eee site is ee icon Ya ee ack : ae hy hd cS ei ‘ae s AG ,, 3 ¥ ar AAs He: dette alice teenies: a gets ae Bote aaa dy DEBT gibe ibiarag cas Lis P: cehteogt ial Bd eit ioe ie Hare: oie ae 9 ssid Tih mee Mero we SOR BRE Bhd Sie Bee Bie) LH ee hie. oul 1D, aan alam: Gat teat ates er eh ea der “es ated yi ae Chin wel ely mae a tgil aad Twig f as 1 MIN ss ahr |e mt ¥) Me 4 » Day i os 5 2 Pat * a Y phan "4 4 i + ' a = WAM Perth i oe a a ; "REE or i haskee ] ‘ _— Tt st } : i ee ‘ tages Ley » . ‘ ‘ 1 ate 5 STR MGT tty ae a ee War fike Ca F ry 2 , by "% oa) rer) jy > 5 ey = bee ¢ was J ~ — 4 ny ~ INDEX, {Names of new species and subspecies are indicated by clarendon type under the generic entry only ; vernacular, or common, names are shown in ordinary type. ] aalge intermedia, Uria, 20. abingoni, Campethera abingoni, 17, 18. kavirondensis, Campethera, 18. mombassica, Campethera, 17, 18. suahelica, Campethera, 17. abyssinicus, Pseudoalcippe, 10. zneus, Quiscalus quiscula, 77. zstiva, Dendroica xstiva, 78. affinis, Camarhynchus, 48. africana athi, Mirafra, 50, 51. dohertyi, Mirafra, 50, 51. harterti, Mirafra, 50, 51. tropicalis, Mirafra, 51, 52, 59. africanus archeri, Francolinus, 96. —— ellenbecki, Francolinus, 96. friedmanni, Francolinus, 96. stantoni, Francolinus, 96. albicilla, Halizxetus, 20, 70. albicollis, Muscicapa, 21. albiventer, Tchitrea, 100. albwentris, T'chitrea, 100. alfredi itoculo, Phyllastrephus, 52. Alseonax ,batesi, nom. nov., 65, 85, 86. epulata, 65. flavipes, 65, 85, 86. flavitarsus, 85, 86. —— sethsmithi, 86. americana, Certhia familiaris, 77. Anas discors, 79. rubripes, 79. Andropadus marwitz, 64. angolensis, Fringilla, 53, 90. , Poliospiza angolensis, 53. , Ureginthus angolensis, 53. Anser anser, 21. VOL. LX, Anthus campestris griseus, 24. gould: turneri, 26. leucophrys, 24, 25. goodsoni, 26. —— —— omoensis, 26. saphiroi, 26. zenkeri, 26. longirostris, 24. neumannianus, 24. nicholsoni, 24. chyuluensis, 25. —— —— harerensis, 25. nyassxe, 25. nivescens, 24. similis, 24, 25. chyuluensis, 25. —— —— hararensis, 25. —_——__. ——— ————— ————— —_—_———. —— —— jebelmarre, 25. —— neumannianus, 25. —— —— nivescens, 24. ee RYUASSZ, 20. sokotrz, 25. sordidus, 24. jebelmarre, 25. sokotra, 25. archer, Francolinus africanus, 96. Ardea herodias herodias, 78. argentatus smithsonianus, Larus, 80. athi, Mirafra africana, 50, 51. atrata, Saxicola caprata, 90. auratus, Colaptes, 78. autumnalis, Sula, 16. — ——__. Babbler, Brown, 61. barake, Turdinus, 52. bassana, Sula, 39. batesi, Alseonax, 65, 85, 86. Batis orientalis chadensis, 92. lynesi, subsp. nov., 92, C Val, bicolor, Saxicola caprata, 90. Bittern, American, 79. bororensis, Camaroptera brachyura, 15. Botaurus lentiginosus, 79. brachydactyla, Certhia, 78. brachyura bororensis, Camaroptera, 15, Suggles-couchmani, ptera, 15. pileata, Camaroptera, 15. Bradypterus cinnamomeus cavei, subsp. nov., 9. cinnamomeus, 9, 10. Bulbul, 61. Bullfinch, 61. Buzzard, Rough-legged, 36. Camaro- Cactospiza, 47. pallida, 47. Calamocetor, 91, 92. Calamonastides, gen. nov., 91. Calidris minutilla, 79. temmincki, 21. Camarhynchus, 47. —— affinis, 48. pauper, 48. psittacula, 48. Camaroptera brachyura bororensis, 15. fuggles-couchmani, subsp. nov., 15. pileata, 15. campestris griseus, Anthus, 24. Campethera abingoni abingoni, 17, 18. —— —— kavirondensis, 18. mombassica, 17, 18. suahelica, 17. Capella gallinago delicata, 79. caprata atrata, Saxicola, 90. bicolor, Saxicola, 90. nilgiriensis, Saxicola, 90. , Saxicola caprata, 90. Caprimulgus fossii fossii, 99. mosambiquus, 99. carolina, Porzana, 80. carolinensis, Pandion halixtus, 78. carolinus, Euphagus, 77. Carpodacus thura_ charmensis, subsp. nov., 56. feminina, 56. thura, 56. caspia, Hydroprogne, 20. caudatus, Coracias, 60. cavei, Bradypterus cinnamomeus, ——— , Francolinus clappertoni, 57, 108 [1940. Certhia brachydactyla, 78. familiaris americana, 77. Certhidea, 47. chadensis, Batis orientalis, 92. Charadrius dubius curonicus, 21. hiaticula, 21. melodus, 79. semipalmatus, 79. charmensis, Carpodacus thura, 56. Chat, Bush-, 90. chayulensis, Suthora fulvifrons, 56, ot. Chloropeta, 82, 83, 92. gracilirostris, 91, 92. natalensis, 82, 83, 92. massaica, 82. —— similis, 82, 83. chrysurus suahelicus, Dendromus, cy chyulu, Pycnonotus tricolor, 43. chyuluensis, Anthus nicholsoni, 25. —, similis, 25. ——., Phyllastrephus fischeri, 63, 64. cinerea, Turdoides plebeja, 72, 73. cinereus, Crateropus, 73. cinnamomeus, Bradypterus cinna- momeus, 9, 10. caver, Bradypterus, 9. Circus cyaneus hudsonius, 78. cirtensis, Colaus monedula, 13, 14. clamosa, Turdoides melanops, 18. clamosus, Crateropus melanops, 18. clappertoni cavei, Francolinus, 57. gedgei, Francolinus, 57, 58, _ 59. heuglini, Francolinus, 58. nigrosquamatus, Francolinus, sharpet, Francolinus, 59. clara, Motacilla clara, 81, 82. torrentium, Motacilla, 81. clarkei, Turdoides leucopygia, 10. clarus, Scotornis climacurus, 99. climacurus, clarus, Scotomis, 99. Colaptes auratus, 78. Coleo monedula semmeringi, 13. collaris, Coleus monedula, 13. Coleorum, 13. Coleus monedula cirtensis, 13, 14. collaris, 13. —— — dauricus, 14. ——— ——— ibericus, subsp. nov., 12. —— —— khamensis, 14. monedula 12. —— —— higerrimus, subsp. noy., 13, 14, 1940.] Coleus monedula pontoeaspicus, subsp. nov., 13. seemmeringi, 13, 14. spermologus, 12. turrium, 12. ultracollaris, 14. neglectus, 14. congicus, Dryoscopus 83. conirostris, Geospiza, 48. Coracias caudatus, 60. lorti, 60. corax principalis, Corvus, 77. Cormorant, 69, 89. Corvus corax principalis, 77. - macrorhynchus, 90. OCrateropus cinereus, 73. melanops clamosus, 18. platycircus, 73. uamensis, 73. Crotenea fossii youngi, 99. Crossbill, 21. Cuckoo, European, 22, 23. curonicus, Charadrius dubius, 21, curvirostra, Loxia, 21. cyaneus hudsonius, Circus, 78. cyanophrys, Suthora fulvifrons, 57. ——_—_—_ ed oe gambensis, dauricus, Coleus monedula, 14. delalandii orientalis, Vinago, 95. delawarensis, Larus, 80. delicata, Capella gallinago, 79. Dendroica xstiva xstiva, 78. Dendromus chyrsurus suahelicus, Nd. difficilis, Geospiza, 48. discors, Anas, 79. distans, Illadopsis rufipennis, 61. Diver, Red-throated, 35. dodsoni, Pycnonotus, 43. dohertyi, Mirafra africana, 50, 51. dresseri, Somateria mollissima, 76, Dryoscopus gambensis congicus, 83. erythrex, 83. gambensis, 83. malzacii, 83, 84. nyansx, 83, 84. martius, 21. dubius curonicus, Charadrius, 21. Duck, Black, 79. , Hider-, 20, 35. | | Eagle, Sea-, 20. , White-tailed Sea-, 70. edolioides lugubris, Melznornis, 84, 85. 109 [Vol. lx. edolioides, Melznornis, 84. . edolioides, 85. ——, Melasoma, 85. schistacea, Melzenornis, 84, 85. Eider, American, 76. , Southern, 79. ellenbecki, Francolinus africanus, 96. emint, T'chitrea nigriceps, 99, 104, 105. epulata, Alseonax, 65. epulatus seth-smithi, Pedilorhyn- chus, 85. erythrez, Dryoscopus gambensis, 83. erythropus, Tringa, 21. Huphagus carolinus, 77. EKurillas virens holochlorus, 64.. —— shimba, 64. virens, 64. zanzibaricus, 64. zombensis, 64. Hurocephalus, 71. riippellt, 71, 72. europxa kongboensis, Siiia, 57, 74. nebulosa, Sitta, 57. nd —___. familiaris americana, Certhia, 77. fayt, Pycnonotus tricolor, 43. feminina, Carpodacus thura, 56. fernandonis, Orthotomus sutorius, 15. ferreti, Tchitrea viridis, 101, 102, 104, 105. Finch, 46. , Gouldian, 34. , Rose-, 15, 56, 74. Jischeit chyuluensis, Phyllastrephus, 63, 64. ——, Phyllastrephus fischeri, 43. —— placidus, Phyllastrephus, 43, 63, 64. flavipes, Alseonax, 65, 85, 86. flavitarsus, Alseonax, 85, 86. flavostriatus litoralis, Phyllastre- phus, 62, 63. , Phyllastrephus flavostriatus, 62,.63. tenurrostris, 62, 63. vincentt, Phyllastrephus, 62, Phyllastrephus, 63. Flicker, Southern, 78. , Yellow-shafted, 78. Flycatcher, 92. , Collared, 21. fortis, Geospiza, 47, 48, 49. fossu, Caprimulgus fossii, 99. mosambiquus, Caprimulgus, 99. Vol. lx.] fossvi youngi, Crotenea, 99. Francolin, 57, 96. Francolinus africanus archeri, 96. ellenbecki, 96. friedmanni, 96. —— —— Stantoni, subsp. nov., 96. clappertoni cavei, subsp. nov., gedget, 57, 58, 59. heuglini, 58. nigrosquamatus, 58. sharper, 59. friedmanni, Francolinus africanus, 96. fringilla angolensis, 53, 90. tobaca, 53. Suggles-couchmani, Camaroptera brachyura, 15. fuliginosa, Geospiza, 48, 49. Fulmar, 87, 88, 89. Fulmarus glacialis glacialis, 87. fulvifrons chayulensis, Suthora, 56, 57. | | | cyanophrys, Suthora, 57. , Suthora fulvifrons, 56, 57. fusca, Melanitta, 20. Juscus, Larus fuscus, 21. Gadwall, 80. gallarum, Mirafra hypermetra, 96, 97. gallinago delicata, Capella, 79. gambage, Muscicapa, 64, 65. gambensis congicus, Dryoscopus, 83. , Dryoscopus gambensis, 83. —— erythrex, Dryoscopus, 83. —— malzacii, Dryoscopus, 83, 84. nyansex, Dryoscopus, 83, 84. Gannet, 39, 89. gedget, Francolinus clappertoni, 57, 58, 5 Geokichla piaggiz hadii, subsp. nov., 98. piaggie praggie, 98. Geospiza, 47. conirostris, 48. difficilis, 48. —— fortis, 47, 48, 49. — fuliginosa, 48, 49. —— magnirostris, 47, 48, 49. glacialis, Fulmarus glacialis, 87. glareola, T'ringa, 21. Glass-eye, L5. Goosander, 20. Goose, Grey Lag-, 21. goodsoni, Anthus leucophrys, 26. gouldi turnert, Anthus, 26. qracilirostris, Chloropeta, 91, 92 110 [1940. Grackle, Bronzed, 77. , Rusty, 77. Grebe, Slavonian, 69. Greenshank, 21. griseus, Anthus campestris, 24. grotei, Phyllastrephus placidus, 43. Grouse, Willow-, 36. Guillemot, 20, 89. Gull, 69. ——, Glaucous, 35. ——, Greater Black-backed, 20. ——., Herring-, 20, 80, 89. ———, Lesser Black-backed, 20, AA. ——, Little, 21. ——, Ring-billed, 80. hadii, Geokichla piaggie, 98. Halizetus albicilla, 20, 70. halietus carolinensis, Pandion, 78. hararensis, Anthus nicholsoni, 25, ——-, similis, 25. harterti, Mirafra africana, 50, 51. Hawk, Marsh-, 78. herodias, Ardea herodias, 78. Heron, Common, 78. ——., Great Blue, 78. —_—, Night-, 78. —_—, Purple, 78. heuglini, Francolinus clappertoni, 58. hiaticula, Charadrius, 21. hoactli, Nycticorax nycticorax, 78, holochlorus, Hurillas virens, 64. Hoopoe, 57. hudsonius, Circus cyaneus, 78. Hydroprogne caspia, 20. hyemalis, Junco hyemalis, 77. hypermetra gallarum, Mirafra, 96, 97. kathangorensis, Mirafra, 96. —— kidepoensis, Mirafra, 59, 97. ——, Mirafra hypermetra, 59, 96, 97. hypoleuca kilosa, Turdoides, 26. rufuensis, Turdoides, 26. ibericus, Coloceus monedula, 12. iliaca, Passerella iliaca, 77. Illadopsis rufipennis, 52. distans, 61. —_—— ——— puguensis, subsp. nov., 61. intermedia, Uria aalge, 20. itoculo, Phyllastrephus alfred, 52. Ixos plebejus, 73. 1940.] Jackdaw, 11, 12. jacksoni, Turdinus, 52. jebelmarre, Anthus similis, 25. : sordidus, 25. jeneti, Tchitrea viridis, 100. Junco hyemalis hyemalis, 77. Junco, Slate-coloured, 77. kangre, Procarduelis nipalensis, 16. kathangorensis, Mirafra hyper- metra, 96. kavirondensis, Campethera abin- goni, 18. khamensis, Coleus monedula, 14. kidepoensis, Mirafra hypermetra, 59, 97. kilosa, Turdoides hypoleuca, 26. Kittiwake, 89. kongboensis, Sitta europxa, 57, 74. Lark, 57, 96. Larus argentatus 80. smithsonianus, delawarensis, 80. —— fuscus fuscus, 21. minutus, 21. layardi, Pycnonotus tricolor, 42. lentiginosus, Botaurus, 79. leucophrys, Anthus, 24, 25. omoensis, Anthus, 26. saphirot, Anthus, 26. zenkeri, Anthus, 26. leucopygia clarkei, Turdoides, 10. omoensis, Turdoides, 10. smithii, Turdoides, 10, 11. litoralis, Phyllastrephus flavostri- atus, 62, 63. longirostris, Anthus, 24. lorti, Coracias, 60. Loxia curvirostra, 21. lugubris, Melznornis 84, 85. : ——, Muscicapa, 85. ugandx, Melznornis, 84, 85. lynesi, Batis orientalis, 92. edolioides, macrorhynchus, Corvus, 90. macularia, Tringa, 79. madoci, Monticola solitarius, 97. magnirostris, Geospiza, 47, 48, 49. mahelica, T'chitrea, 100. malzacii, Dryoscopus gambensis, 83, martius, Dryocopus, 21. 111 [Vol. lx. marwitzi, Andropadus, 64. massaica, Chloropeta natalensis, 82. Melznornis edolioides, 84. edolioides, 85. —— —— lugubris, 84, 85. schistacea, 84, 85. —— lugubris ugandex, 84, 85. schistacea, 85. Melanitta fusca, 20. melanops clamosa, Turdoides, 18. , Crateropus, 18. sharper, Turdoides, 18. Melasoma edolioides, 85. melodus, Charadrius, 79. Merganser, 20. micrus, Pycnonotus tricolor, 42, —— migratorius, Turdus migratorius, 78. minor, Pycnonotus tricolor, 42. minutilla, Calidris, 79. minutus, Larus, 21. Mirafra africana athi, 50, 51. dohertyt, 50, 51. —— —— harterti, 50, 51. tropicalis, 51, 52, 59. ——— hypermetra gallarum, 96, 97. hypermetra, 59, 96, 97. —— kathangorensis, subsp. nov., 96. ——— kidepoensis, subsp. nov., 59, 97. mollissima dresseri, Somateria, 76, 79. mombassica, Campethera abingoni, ve TS. monedula cirtensis, Coleeus, 13, 14. —— collaris, Coleus, 13. ——, Coleus monedula, 12. —— dauricus, Coleus, 14. ilericus, Coleeus, 12. —— khamensis, Coleus, 14. nigerrimus, Coleus, 13, 14. pontocaspicus, Coleus, 13. seemmeringi, Coleus, 13, 14. —- spermoloqus, Coleus, 12. —— turrium, Coleus, 12. —— ultracollaris, Coleus, 14. Monticola solitarius madoei, subsp. nov., 97. —— pandoo, 97, 98. mosambiquus, Caprimulgus fossi, 99. mossambicus, Caprimulgus, 99. Motacilla clara clara, 81, 82. torrentium, subsp. nov., 81. —— sutoria, 16. Vol. lx.] miinznert, Phyllastrephus, 52, 53. Muscicapa albicollis, 21. gambagez, 64, 65. — lugubris, 85. perspicillata, 102. somaliensis, 64, 65. speciosa, 102. striata, 64. viridis, 101. natalensis, Chloropeta, 82, 83, 92. massaica, Chloropeta, 82. naummanni, Pycnonotus tricolor, ae nebularia, Tringa, 21. nebulosa, Sitta europexa, 57. neglectus, Coleus, 14. neumannianus, Anthus, 24. , Anthus similis, 25. nicholsoni, Anthus, 24. chyuluensis, Anthus, 25. hararensis, Anthus, 25. nicolli, Sula, 16. nigerrimus, Coleus monedula, 13, 14. nigriceps emini, Tchitrea, 99, 104, 105. nigrosquamatus, Francolinus clap- pertoni, 58. nilgiriensis, Saxicola caprata, 90. nipalensis kangre, Procarduelis, 16. nisoria, Sylvia, 21. nivescens, Anthus, 24. ——, —— similis, 24. Nuthatch, 56, 74. nyansx, Dryoscopus gambensis, 83, 84. nyassxe, Anthus nicholsoni, 25. 4 similis, 25. nycticorax hoactli, Nycticorax, 78. Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli, 78. ochropus, Tringa, 21. omoensis, Anthus leucophrys, 26. , Turdoides leucopygia, 10. orientalis chadensis, Batis, 92. lunesi, Batis, 92. ——, Vinago delalandii, 95. Orthotomus sutorius fernandonis, subsp. nov., 15. Osprey, 78. Owl, Snowy, 35, 36. pallida, Cactospiza, 47. Pandion haliztus carolinensis, 78. pandoo, Monticola solitarius, 97, 98. 112 [1940. Passerculus princeps, 77. sandwichensis savanna, 77. Passerella iliaca iliaca, 77. pauper, Camarhynchus, 48. Pedilorhynchus epulatus seth-smithi, 85. pembaensis, Treron, 94. Peregrine, 80, 81. perspicillata, Muscicapa, 102. ruwenzoriz, T'chitrea, 93, 103. —— suahelica, Tchitrea, 93, 99, 102. —— , Terpsiphone, 102. ——, Tchitrea perspicillata, 93, 99, 100, 101, 102. Phyllastrephus alfredi itoculo, 52. fischeri chyuluensis, 63, 64. fischeri, 43. placidus, 43, 63, 64. —— flavostriatus flavostriatus, 62, 63. oo —_——— eed litoralis, 62, 63. —— ——- tenuirostris, 62, 63. —— —— vincenti, subsp. 62, 63 —— miinzneri, 52, 53. placidus grotei, 43. piaggix, Geokichla piaggizx, 98. hadu, Geokichla, 98. Pigeon, Green, 94. puleata, Camaroptera brachyura, 15. placidus groter, Phyllastrephus, 43. , Phyllastrephus fischeri, 48, 63, 64. platycircus, Crateropus, 73. , Turdoides plebeja, 72, 73. Platyspiza, 47. plebeja cinerea, Turdoides, 72, 73. platycircus, Turdoides, 72, nov., vice ——, plebeja, 72, 73. uamensis, Turdoides, 72. plebejus, Ixos, 73. Plover, Grey, 69. » Piping, 79. ——, Ringed, 21. ——, Semi-palmated Ringed, 79. plumbeiceps, Tchitrea plumbeiceps, 93, 99, 100, 103. ——, Terpsiphone, 108. violacea, T'chitrea, 93, 103. Poliospiza angolensis angolensis, 53. poliothorax, Tchitrea, 100. pontocaspicus, Coleus monedula, 13. Porzana carolina, 80. princeps, Passerculus, 77. principalis, Corvus corax, 77. 1940.] Procarduelis nipalensis kangre, subsp. nov., 16. Pseudoalcippe abyssinicus, 10. pyrrhopterus, 52. psittacula, Camarhynchus, 48. puguensis, Illadopsis rufipennis, 61 Pycnonotus dodsoni, 43. tricolor chyulu, 43. fayi, 43. —— —— layardi, 42. micrus, 42, 43. minor, 42. naummanni, 42. tricolor, 42. pyrrhopterus, Pseudoalcippe, 52. ——_. oo a —-__. Quiscalus quiscula eneus, 77. quiscula, Quiscalus zneus, 77. Rail, Sora, 80. Raven, 77. Razorbill, 20, 89. Redshank, Spotted, 21. restricta, T'chitrea, 102, 104. ! viridis, 100, 102. Robin, American, 78. Roller, 60. , Lort’s, 60. Rose-Finch, 15. rubripes, Anas, 79. rufipennis distans, Illadopsis, 61. , Llladopsis, 52. puguensis, Illadopsis, 61. rufuensis, Turdoides hypoleuca, 26. riippellt, Hurocephalus, 71, 72. ruwenzorixe, Tchitrea perspicillata, 93, 103. Sandgrouse, Pallas’s, 36. Sandpiper, Green, 21. , Spotted, 79. , Wood., 21. sandwichensis savanna, Passer- culus, 77. saphiroi, Anthus leucophrys, 26. savanna, Passerculus sandwichensis, die Saxicola caprata atrata, 90. —. bicolor, 90. —. caprata, 90. —— —— hilgiriensis, subsp. nov., 90. schistacea, Melzxnornis, 85. , edolioides, 84, 85, Scoter, Velvet, 20, 113 [Vol. lx. Scotornis climacurus clarus, 99. semipalmatus, Charadrius, 79. seth-smithi, Alseonax, 86. ——, Pedilorhynchus epulatus, 85. Shag, 89. sharpei, Francolinus clappertoni, 59. , Turdoides melanops, 18. shimba, Eurillas virens, 64. Shrike, 71. similis, Anthus, 24, 25. , Chloropeta, 82, 83. chyuluensis, Anthus, 25. —— hararensis, Anthus, 25. jebelmarrx, Anthus, 25. neumannianus, Anthus, 25. nivescens, Anthus, 24. ——. nyassx, Anthus, 25. —— sokotrx, Anthus, 25. Sitta europea kongboensis, subsp. nov., 57, 74. nebulosa, 57. Skua, Long-tailed, 35, 36. smithii, Turdoides leucopygia, 10, ll. smithsonianus, Larus argentatus, 80. Snipe, Wilson’s, 79. semmeringi, Coleus monedula, 13, 14. sokotrxe, Anthus similis, 25. 4 sordidus, 25. solitarius madoci, Monticola, 97. pandoo, Monticola, 97, 98. somaliensis, Muscicapa, 64, 65. Somateria mollissima dresseri, 76, Wo: sordidus, Anthus, 24. jebelmarrex, Anthus, 25. sokotre, Anthus, 25. Sparrow, Fox-, 77. , Hedge-, 22, 23. ——, Ipswich, 77. ——., Savannah, 77. , Song-, 37. speciosa, Muscicapa, 102. , T'chitrea viridis, 102, 104. spermologus, Coleus monedula, 12. stantoni, Francolinus africanus, 96. Starling, 77. Stint, American, 79. , Temminck’s, 21, 79. striata, Muscicapa, 64. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris, 77. suahelica, Campethera abingoni, 17. ——, Tchitrea, 100, 101. perspicillata, 93, 99, 102, Vol. lx.] suahelica, Terpsiphone perspicil- lata, 102. suahelicus, Dendromus chrysurus, 17. Sula autumnalis, 16. bassana, 39. —— nicolli, 16. Suthora, 56, 74. Suthora fulvifrons chayulensis, subsp. nov., 56, 57. cyanophrys, 57. fulvifrons, 56, 57. sutoria, Motacilla, 16. sutorius fernandonis, Orthotomus, 15. Sylvia nisoria, 21. Tailor-bird, 15. T chitrea albiventer, 100. albwentris, 100. emini, 104. —— mahelica, 100. nigriceps emini, 99, 104, 105. perspicillata perspicillata, 93, 99, 100, 101, 102. —— ——- ruwenzoria, subsp. nov., 93, 103. —_— suahelica, 93, 99, 102. —— plumbeiceps plumbeiceps, 93, 99, 100, 103. —— —— violacea, 93, 103. poliothorax, 100. —— restricta, 102, 104. —— suahelica, 100, 101. viridis ferreti, 101, 102, 104, 105. subsp. nov., jeneti, 100. restricta, 100, 102. speciosa, 102, 104. viridis, 99, 100, —_———_ 104. Teal, Blue-winged, 79. temminckii, Calidris, 21. tenuirostris, Phyllastrephus flavo- striatus, 62, 63. Tern, 20. , Arctic, 35, 36, 89. , Caspian, 20. Terpsiphone perspicillata suahelica, 102. plumbeiceps, 103. Thrush, Orange, 98. , Rock-, 97. ——, Rock Blue-, 98. thura, Carpodacus thura, 56. charmensis, Carpodacus, 56. —— feminina, Carpodacus, 56, 101, 114 [1940. tobaco, Fringilla, 53. torrentium, Motacilla clara, 81. Tree-Creeper, 77. Treron pembaensis, sp. nov., 94. tricolor chyulu, Pycnonotus, 43. fayi, Pycnonotus, 43. layardi, Pycnonotus, 42. —— micrus, Pycnonotus, 42, 43. minor, Pycnonotus, 42. —— naummanni, Pycnonotus, 42. , Pycnonotus tricolor, 42. Tringa erythropus, 21. glareola, 21. macularia, 79. nebularia, 21. —— ochropus, 21. tropicalis, Mirafra africana, 51, 52, 59. Turdinus barakex, 52. jacksoni, 52. Turdoides hypoleuca kilosa, 26. rufuensis, 26. leucopygia clarkei, subsp. nov., 10. omoensis, 10. emithiz, 10, 11. melanops clamosa, 18. sharpet, 18. plebeja cinerea, 72, 73. platycircus, 72, 73. plebeja, 72, 73. uamensis, 72. Turdus migratorius migratorius, 78 LETT | turneri, Anthus gouldi, 26. turrium, Coleus monedula, 12. uamensis, Crateropus, 73. , Turdoides plebeja, 72. ugandx, Melznornis lugubris, 84, 85. ultracollaris, Coleeus monedula, 14. Ureginthus angolensis angolensis, a. Uria aalge intermedia, 20. Vinago delalandii orientalis, 95. wakefieldi wakefieldi, 95. vincenti, Phyllastrephus flavostria- tus, 62, 63. violacea, T'chitrea plumbeiceps, 93, 103. virens, Hurillas virens, 64. holochlorus, Hurillas, 64. shimba, Hurillas, 64. zanzibaricus, Hurillas, 64. zombensis, Kurillas, 64, 1940.] viridis ferreti, T'chitrea, 101, 102, 104, 105. jenett, T'chitrea, 100. ——, Muscicapa, 101. restricta, T'chitrea, 100, 102. speciosa, T'chitrea, 102, 104. ,Tchitrea viridis, 99, 100, 101, 104. vulgaris, Sturnus vulgaris, 77. Wagtail, African Mountain, 81. , Pied, 22. wakefieldi, Vinago wakefieldi, 95. Warbler, African Swamp, 91. , Barred, 21. 115 [Vol. kx. Warbler, Great Reed-, 23. . Marsh-, 22, 23. , Serub-, 9. , Sedge-, 23. , Yellow, 78. Waxwing, 36. Wigeon, 80. Woodpecker, Black, 21. youngr, Crotenea fossi, 99. zanzibaricus, Hurillas virens, 64. zenkeri, Anthus leucophrys, 26. zombensis, Hurillas virens, 64. 1 AUG i340 PURCHASED VOL. LX. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, LTD.. RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. Seat earth tie Abe et hae | d Ce ot Be ee a hain: be eae aes she tie leh he Hei i . * a - ® ee ee ve teed ten @ was. > by hoe O48: Fi poe @.2.323 Se ey Pate! e sedey ree ere a eb Posie hem eked & 7 oe