Bulletin —
British Museum
(Natural History)

‘ntomology Series

VOLUME 61 NUMBER 2 26 NOVEMBER 1992

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© British Museum (Natural History), 1992

Entomology Series
ISSN 0524-6431 Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 77-148

British Museum (Natural History)
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London SW7 5BD Issued 26 November 1992

Typeset by Ann Buchan (Typesetters), Middlesex
Printed in Great Britain by The Alden Press, Oxford

Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 61(2):77-148 Issued 26 November 1992

Neotropical red-brown Ennominae
in the genera Thysanopyga

Herrich-Schaffer and Perissopteryx
Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

MARTIN KRUGER*

Department of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales College of
Cardiff, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff CF1 3TL

MALCOLM J. SCOBLE

Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road,
London SW7 5BD

CONTENTS
IMO CCH O Masai s certo eat e sean aha aTgats so o's caren pit debe tee tnvbhen satvud ot aictasssiens sane 78
Taxonomic history of the Thysanopyga-group ...........0seeceeneeecncnenenecececneneneeeenen 78
Matentalsvand MethOUS) ceats cate asp daananen ane soe as «duane memaanenepen aes: ereger aatemade nc eaaees 79
PAU DLE VL ATOUSIOL MOSIMMULOMS: csi ciisiisies cys iciissin nets dupab atrisateeanaata mene nanveseae en ane stat res 79
AX CEMOWICA LEMONS: fo cance seiesteineiiape vie seoin sie tain nina a uetle steve natetaneme sone sobies estes sects eetsaiar 79
MANONOMMC'CHALACUENS,. cee canes cies cscceptasesescenes sseatetetemmenmenn tackcuee ad cemeemed tua taieee « 79
WATE VEMANOM yc cece ttaneiectis siecle sas enecicirialeaa enn nol agate Con AMM eee eee eee ce leet ee 79
GreTiitalice daa heee cies cod cs asMie ce sectecteusions ssa ncdeemeneamene te amatcee aaectese cee ae renee 79
OMerCHALAachelS™ «et cneccnece ce tacaecdes ot eveecsespemaae Mme eden dadtcaecaeeceeees deaese meee se 80
NSSOCIATION | Of SEXES a tawutigaconcetce tsee ele ae asi ois nn epee teen Meet seteaee Rema ametaaterececnece 80
STN E-SPECUMENS. © steer ee coe ssenece etree tae re vais vine » seteeieaiaannetteaeara teehee riieepeinatecdeise tela atte ces 80
Comments on'skeletal’morphology . Lui..«.....caesareneetateensemas eeetnea chia snet. tree cca 80
FLSA DIA i bin apts he eta tn ox MMe en's ochhid dekh Sits nin» «oa nde Pe ce ee eR RCE Mena eee. stee itg sit. aitisidelMbiley 80
MH OTAK 16.) Mesh d raves tA Td AMORA is vn « own SERRE Ect ME apt e cies ga alccabia gah eb's 81
ADAOMIEM Oi eid. ceases Renae eh eat ad sets as vs vesinaiainminmianias «oredeneenese eile Sandi Bekwieits 81
Bianly Sta ges's Uh tecch, Sateen atna Aedntahe Meticsise wai ceed: Sebi eaet semeee SemeReh ein. tects. Yelanaritoy 83
Comments onyphyloseny pik. s acer. oweker ids oie +o. oteesepbtanteiese dase wadene eines sina picte commie spat 83
Monophyly ofjthe Thysanopyga-OrOuph, «......swswasniadece. «aaniees «sjasiyciucindieisisnis als ainein = 83
Monophyly of Thysanopyga Herrich-Schaffer .................::cceeeeeeceeeneceeceeeeeners 83
MonophylyiotPerissoplenyic WaEreMa say. «sj. sec smemceesee eircltases'-aceeneeneisesicaseseaat dase 83
The Thysanopyga-group and the tribal classification of
The MNOMMMAC tas ea dciacia esses cake etiaca oe cisoismcrs shacame nae tise shcerecamecaesessaseeaseet 84
MNS FHIBY S ODM OA- CLOW paar a cee oie cial ac teats. sees cla eames meses aol = ceiga tein is eles 84
Check-list of genera and species of the Thysanopyga
= TOU Pa sate cals ob sicissics sats oselsie alse else elses ciclo Dsiola ic asicinma slays cielo cisclacea as nincenaeansaviaotineis/aleaseiie de 85
Key to the genera of the Thysanopyga-group .............4.cecneeeeeeeneeneceeetensenenees 86
hysanopy za tacnnch-SChaitela LOIN cr... .-.<eeenedees eee aataes sadeteceene reece ere eetae te 86
INE VLOMSPECICS OLMUDYSQILODV RIL. secrete. <a nisin see ere eee tea Maes deer masesnereeceeeere nee 87
PETISSODICTY XG NV AINEIE LOO) ote ccecethir cieseema on oaoncie ade cameatnolesmientrisemienen cent aeeee tee cree 96
IEYELOISPECIES TOL EMISSOPLEN YX! one cc cp wena cnt eeeoatinee saat = meteeomtncma amen ear rn samt 97
VaV0} LLG 00,28 dk Sodticch aaod dachebhe cee Gee Ener PRA RERE aC ac eas oatE Scion ar Houmndon dete sce srene sac 116
FROESTCICES, ean sneer aot Seta ents de Pedal acin olen sem eemoese aan tae aioe Memes teee hee oattoasaba 116
TIMGEXA eo 2ets Seeae raee eaes dete eee aloes poe tataan news Mhaiteatettecth anenamineeesheee cee becuse cbs 148

* Current address: Transvaal Museum, P.O. Box 413, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa.

78

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Synopsis. The neotropical genera Thysanopyga-Herrich-Schaffer and Perissopteryx
Warren (Geometridae: Ennominae) are redefined and their species taxonomically
revised and described. All primary types available have been examined. Twelve species
are included in Thysanopyga, of which three are new, and two new synonymies are
made. Twenty-four species are included in Perissopteryx, of which 15 are new, and one
new synonymy is made. Eight new combinations are proposed for species transferred
from Thysanopyga to Perissopteryx. Keys are provided to the genera and species. The
moths are illustrated to show appearance and intraspecific variation. Line drawings of

the genitalia are provided for all species.

INTRODUCTION

Thysanopyga and Perissopteryx are two among
several superficially similar genera of medium-
sized, reddish-brown Ennominae from tropical
America including Petelia MHerrich-Schaffer,
Lobopola Warren, O0cnoptila Warren, and
Oenothalia Warren. With 39 species, Thysano-
Pyga constitutes one of the largest of these gen-
era. Most of them were erected in the 19th
century, and based upon externally visible char-
acters alone (e.g. wing-venation, form of anten-
nae and palpi, development of tibial spurs).
However, recent work by D.C. Ferguson (in
prep.) on the reddish brown Ennominae of the
southeastern subtropical part of North America
and the Caribbean has revealed radical differ-
ences in the genitalia of otherwise similar spe-
cies. In the present study, which has included an
examination of male and female genitalia and
wing venation, besides externally visible charac-
ters, it was found that a close relationship exists
between Thysanopyga and Perissopteryx but not
between these genera and the others.

A detailed study of the species has led to the
resolution of numerous nomenclatural problems.
Several species are transferred from Thysano-
pyga to Perissopteryx, while various others, pre-
viously assigned to these genera, were found to
belong to neither and are removed.

This research on two neotropical genera has
doubled the number of known species in these
groups from 18 to 36. Although 21 new names
were listed as species in previous literature, three
proved to be synonyms; 18 new species are added
in the present paper.

Our account was stimulated, in part, by a
major project to inventory the moths (and other
organisms) of Costa Rica. The purpose of the
national inventory of Costa Rica is to provide
basic information to facilitate the use of wildland
biodiversity information (D.H. Janzen, pers.
comm.). However, taxonomy knows no national

boundaries, and effective revision of these moths
(as with others) is undertaken only by studying
material from as broad a range as possible.

TAXONOMIC HISTORY OF THE
THYSANOPYGA-GROUP

The genus Thysanopyga was erected by Herrich-
Schaffer in 1855. Although the name was avail-
able from that year, no species were included
until 1856 (Herrich-Schaffer, [1856]), when T.
apicitruncaria was described (type species by
subsequent monotypy) (Fletcher, 1979). The
original description (Herrich- Schaffer, 1855: 43)
deals effectively with the facies of the group.
Referring to the fore wing venation, Herrich-
Schaffer correctly stated that vein R1 (his vein
11) is free.

Between 1890 and 1910, some 30 further spe-
cies were described in Thysanopyga, mostly by
Warren, Schaus, Druce, and Dognin. Many of
these are excluded from the Thysanopyga-group
in the present work (Appendix 1).

In 1857, Guenée (1857: 137) described a new
genus Pachydia. As was usually the case, Guenée
described only the facies, which he appropriately
indicated to be characteristic, but not the vena-
tion. He included three species in Pachydia,
abdominaria Guenée, pygaria Guenée, and vex-
illaria Guenée. The last of these species is cur-
rently included in Pefelia Warren. Fletcher
(1979) designated P. abdominaria as the type
species of Pachydia. In the present study we’
conclude that this species is not, as previously
assumed, a junior subjective synonym of Thysan-
opyga apicitruncaria (as suggested by Fletcher,
1979), but a distinct, although closely related,
species. However, we agree with Fletcher (1979)
that the two species are congeneric and that,
consequently, Pachydia is a junior subjective
synonym of Thysanopyga.

Perissopteryx was erected by Warren in 1897 to

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 79

accommodate a new species, P. delusa Warren.
Warren (1897: 497) stated that the genus was
closely related to Thysanopyga in a description in
which he also noted the presence of the distinc-
tive flap on the inner margin of the hind wing in
the male sex (see below). The venation was also
described.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study is based on material from The Natural
History Museum, London, U.K. (BMNH), the
National Museum of Natural History, Washing-
ton, U.S.A. (NMNH), and the Instituto Nacio-
nal de Biodiversidad, San José, Costa Rica
(INBio).

Over 500 adult specimens were examined dur-
ing the course of this study, including all avail-
able primary types. About 350 of these were
received from INBio and collected by Professor
D.H. Janzen and his associates. More than 370
genitalia slides were prepared. No material was
located for ‘Thysanopyga’ subpusaria Herrich-
Schaffer, 7. palliata Warren, or T. fuscaria
Schaus (see Appendix 1).

ABBREVIATIONS OF
INSTITUTIONS

BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, U.K.
(formerly British Museum (Natural History))

INBio Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, San José,
Costa Rica

NMNH National Museum of Natural History, Wash-
ington, D.C., U.S.A. (formerly United States
National Museum, USNM).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We are very grateful to Dr D.C.
Ferguson for his valued advice on this work, for his
comments on the manuscript, and for organising the
loan of material from the NMNH, and Dr J.D. Hollo-
way for his comments on the manuscript. Professor
D.H. Janzen supplied a very substantial number of
specimens, collected by him and his associates, via the
INBio. We are indebted to him for his support, to the
other collectors, and to INBio. We thank Mr D.J.
Carter, Mr M.A. Cook, Mr M.R. Honey, and Mrs
L.M. Pitkin for their help, and the Photographic Units
of the BMNH and of the Department of Pure and
Applied Biology, University of Wales, College of
Cardiff for photographic work. Dr J.E. Rawlins, Carn-
egie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburg, kindly

supplied details of the hostplant of Thysanopyga
carfinia, which represents the only information known
about the hostplants of members of the Thysanopyga
group. We thank the Trustees of the BMNH for
facilities.

M.K. is very grateful to Dr M.A. Jervis, Department
of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales,
College of Cardiff, for his help during the course of this
work, and to Professor M.F. Claridge, the Head of that
Department, for granting facilities at Cardiff.

TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS

Characters from the wing venation and the geni-
talia, especially those of the male, were found to
be of particular value for the definition of genera
and the separation of species.

Wing venation

Although Warren and Herrich-Schaffer based
their generic descriptions largely on differences
in wing venation, both Janse (1932) and Capps
(1943) warned that the variability of venation,
even within species, presents a major obstacle
towards a more Satisfactory classification of the
Ennominae. For example, and in particular, vari-
ation occurs in the anastomosis of R1 with Sc or
with R2. With this observation in mind, a few
specimens of the type species, and a single speci-
men of each of five additional species of Thysan-
opyga and Perissopteryx, were examined. At
least in these two genera the venation appears to
be constant with Sc being free in Thysanopyga
(Fig. 108) while anastomosing with R1 in Peris-
sopteryx (Figs 109, 110). This difference in the
venation was apparent to Prout (1910: 300), who
noted that in Thysanopyga strigata Warren the
venation was the same as in apicitruncaria, Sc
being free rather than anastomosing with R1 as
occurs in divisaria. (In the present study,
divisaria is transferred to Perissopteryx.)

Genitalia

In Thysanopyga, as revised in this work, the
shape of the vinculum, the presence of lateral
processes on the tegumen of males of the
carfinia-group and, particularly, the develop-
ment of the sacculus, are of great diagnostic
value both for the separation of species and for
characterizing the genus as a monophyletic
taxon.

In Perissopteryx, more variation is exhibited
by both the male genitalia and, especially, by the

80

female genitalia. Within Perissopteryx, the geni-
tal morphology provides evidence for the exist-
ence of several, possibly monophyletic, species-
groups (see below). The only character to
support the monophyly of the genus is the form
of the vinculum. As in Thysanopyga, it is
extremely elongated; however, unlike the situa-
tion in Thysanopyga, its basal region is not
lyre-shaped (but see p. 97), and the saccus takes
the form of a more or less prominent tip or of a
sclerotized plate.

Other characters

Wing-shape and markings, also of taxonomic
value, are prone to convergence. For example,
the white blotch near the apex of the fore wing
found in all species of Thysanopyga and Peris-
sopteryx is similarly developed in some species of
Astygisa Walker (= Apopetelia Wehrli),
although the genitalia suggest that there is no
close relationship between these genera.

The males of the Perissopteryx delusa-group
are characterized by a large flap on the hind
wing, which is folded along the anal edge under-
neath the hind wing (Figs 111-113). The males of
some other similar species of Perissopteryx may
be distinguished, without dissection of the geni-
talia, by the absence or presence of tibial hair-
pencils.

The taxonomic value of coremata is limited
since these structures tend to be present or
absent in species within the same genus. How-
ever, they are occasionally useful for separating
species, as in Perissopteryx divisaria (recombined
with Perissopteryx below), in which they are
present, and P. trinidadicola, in which they are
absent.

ASSOCIATION OF THE SEXES

Correct association of the sexes was problemati-
cal in some species, notably the medium-sized
representatives of Perissopteryx, where males
and females look so similar. Usually, this diffi-
culty was overcome by studying the range of
variation of colour pattern of one sex, generally
the male, and then, by comparison, associating
the other. Distributional data were also useful,
since pairs of similar species sometimes proved to
be allopatric. However, the identity of the
females remains uncertain in P. neougaldei and
P. bozae.

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

TYPE-SPECIMENS

Where possible, the primary types of the species
dealt with in the present work were studied to
resolve questions of identity. In some species,
the type appears no longer to exist, and in others
damage to the type was so extensive that a
definite identification proved difficult. Details
are given under the relevant species.

The type material of new taxa described in this
study is variously deposited in the following
institutions: The Natural History Museum, Lon-
don, U.K. (BMNH) and the Instituto Nacional
de Biodiversidad, San José, Costa Rica (INBio).

COMMENTS ON SKELETAL
MORPHOLOGY

Head (Figs 102-104)

The head of Thysanopyga and its relatives is
typically macrolepidopterous. The compound
eyes are large, strongly convex, and possess
neither interfacetal hairs nor ‘lashes’. These con-
ditions are typical of Geometridae, but in some
species, especially diurnal forms such as
Archiearinae, the eyes are small. Yagi &
Koyama (1963) described the eyes of
Geometridae as being short ellipsoids displaying
a wide range of ground colours. Interfacetal hairs
are almost always absent from Geometridae, but
where present, they are said to be somewhat
dense and short. External ocelli are absent.
Chaetosemata, consisting of approximately 20
sensory hairs of varying lengths, occur in the
Thysanopyga-group. The vertex and the scape of
the antenna are thickly clad in recumbent scales,
and the frons is also smooth-scaled, but the
scaling less dense. In all species examined, the
scales on the vertex are paler than those on the
frons. The antennae of males of the
Thysanopyga-group are bipectinate for the first
two-thirds of their length; the apical third is
ciliate. In females, they are ciliate throughout
their length, not bipectinate.

As is typical in macrolepidopterans, the maxil-
lary palpi are very small and 1-segmented. The
labial palpi vary greatly in size between families.
Although usually small in Geometridae, they are
fairly large and stout in the Thysanopyga-group,
and 3-segmented with segment 3 short. The
proboscis is very well developed and, as in all
Geometridae, not scaled at its base.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 81

Thorax

The thorax of species of the Thysanopyga-group
is typically lepidopterous, with a very much
reduced prothorax, a rather small metathorax
and a very large mesothorax. Dorsally, the tho-
rax is dominated by the mesoscutum, which
bears a distinct median suture, and the mesoscu-
tellum. The pronotum is minute, but the patagia
are well developed. In lateral view, the tegulae
are particularly prominent. The pronotum is hid-
den between the patagia, and the propleura and
the lateral posterior arm of the pronotum are
clearly distinguishable. The episterna and the
epimera of the meso- and metathorax are also
well defined.

LEGs (Fig. 105). In the Thysanopyga-group the
legs are typically geometrid—smooth-scaled,
slender, and with long tarsi. The tibial spur
arrangement is 0-2-4, as occurs in most macro-
lepidopterans. Each fore leg bears an epiphysis.
The hind tibiae of the males of many species are
dilated and bear hair-pencils or brushes (e.g. P.
ochreobarbipes, Fig. 105), presumably for scent
distribution.

WINGS (Figs 106-110). The wings of
Geometridae are broad compared with the size
of the body. They are often cryptically coloured
and frequently display some or all of the follow-
ing lines: subbasal, antemedian, median, postme-
dian, subterminal, and terminal. All species of
the Thysanopyga-group show great uniformity in
their line pattern. While three lines (subbasal,
median, postmedian) occur on the fore wing, the
hind wing regularly bears only the median line
and, rarely, a weakly developed postmedian line
(Fig. 106). A discal spot on the fore wing is
present in most species (Fig. 106). On the under-
side (Fig. 107), the lines are not usually visible,
but a broad terminal shade is usually present. In
the fore wing of Thysanopyga and Perissopteryx,
1 or 2 areoles are present. Wing venation is
illustrated in Figs 108-110. Vein Sc is close to, or
partly fused with, Rl; R4 and RS are always
stalked. M2 does not arise nearer to M3 than M1,
CuP is absent, and 1A+2A sometimes has a
small basal fork. In Geometridae in general, the
hind wing of most females possesses 2 or more
frenular bristles, while there is a single, but
composite, bristle in males. The humeral angle is
usually expanded, and a humeral vein is often
present from the angle of Sc. Vein Sc is approxi-
mated to, or fused with, Rs near its base, or
joined to Rs by R1, and then diverges. M2 is
absent, or, as in the fore wing, does not arise
nearer to M3 than M1. The anal area is narrow,

and 1 or 2 anal veins are present.

Abdomen

The geometrid abdomen is generally slender.
Segments A7 and A8 house the genitalia and are
more or less modified for this purpose. In the
Thysanopyga-group, the pleura of these seg-
ments frequently form eversible pouches, while
the sterna are equipped with additional scleroti-
zations to support the often very large coremata,
which occur widely in males of the Thysanopyga-
group. A pair of tympanal organs (Fig. 114) are
situated at the base of the abdomen near the
junction with the metathorax (see below).

The tympanal organs of the Thysanopyga-
group (Fig. 114) are typically geometrid in gen-
eral structure (e.g. Kennel & Eggers, 1933;
Minet, 1983; Cook & Scoble, 1992). Apart from
their location, they have a sclerotized arm
(ansa), which curves over the tympanum.
Abdominal sterna A2 and A3 fuse to form a
large sclerotized plate, which supports the tym-
panal cavities. This plate is reasonably well
developed in all species studied, and perhaps
best in the Perissopteryx delusa-group (Fig. 114).
However, the tympanic lacinia (see Cook &
Scoble, 1992), a lid-like sclerite partly covering
the tympanal cavity, and which often occurs in
Geometridae, is absent.

A great diversity of scent organs, frequently
connected with eversible structures, is found
within the Lepidoptera. Attention has already
been drawn (p. 81) to the hair-pencils present on
the hind tibiae of many species. Eversible struc-
tures have been universally termed coremata,
but this word covers several non-homologous
kinds of androconial organs. Here, we follow
Janse (1932), (see also Varley, 1962), who
restricted the definition of coremata to ‘eversible
sleeve-like bags sometimes of great length and
covered with hairs’.

Coremata (singular, corema) (e.g. Fig. 115)
occur exclusively in the male and appear always
to be associated with scent-distributing organs
such as hair-pencils or patches of modified scales.
Although there is very little information on their
function based on direct observation in the field
(but see Barlow (1982) on Creatonotos gangis
and Willis & Birch (1982) on Estigmene acrea
(Arctiidae)), they are assumed to serve mainly in
courtship. It has also been suggested that they
may be involved in defence (Rothschild, 1985).
Schneider et al. (1982) have demonstrated that in
species of Creatonotos, certain pyrrolizidine
alkaloids present in the foodplant control the
morphogenesis of the scent organs. In Thysano-

82

pyga the length of the coremata was highly
constant within species, an observation based on
dissections of several long series.

The irregular occurrence of the coremata, not
only among higher taxa of Lepidoptera, but also
within genera, suggests that either these struc-
tures have been lost many times in the course of
evolution or, perhaps more likely, they evolved
independently in different parts of the body
where this kind of structure could arise (i.e.
where there is a membrane and a suitable
frame). Coremata occur in the males of many
species of Geometridae, including all species of
Thysanopyga and in a considerable number of
species of Perissopteryx.

In Thysanopyga the coremata are genital, aris-
ing from the base of the vinculum. In T. abdomi-
naria (Fig. 115), each corema consists of a large
tuft of long, broad scales, arising from the mem-
branous parts of the vinculum and a long and
fairly narrow tube. Folded together like a concer-
tina when at rest, they are extended from the tip
of the abdomen when in use. The tip of the
corema bears a tuft of hairs. In the T.
apicitruncaria-group, both the shape of the scales
forming the tuft and the length of the corema
varies with species. The tubes are longest in T.
apicitruncaria, where they measure well over
1 cm.

The scent organs of the T. carfinia-group are
more uniform. The coremata, which also arise
from the base of the vinculum, are generally
shorter than in the apicitruncaria-group. They
are also less hairy and show little variation
between species. The tuft of scales at the tip of
each corema is absent from the group.

In Perissopteryx, the coremata are usually pre-
genital (Fig. 116); only commendata, distincta,
and nigricomata possess coremata arising from
the base of the vinculum. In P. commendata
(Fig. 147), these are long tubes rather similar to
the type observed in Thysanopyga, while in P.
distincta and P. nigricomata the membranous
inner parts of the vinculum form large and short
sacs (Figs 149, 150). In both species, the core-
mata bear long and fine hairs.

In the other species of Perissopteryx, fre-
quently one or two pairs of eversible pouches are
found ventrolaterally on the abdomen. In the
three species of the delusa-group, only one pair is
present between segments A4 and A5. Each
pouch carries a hair-pencil, and grouped around
the pouches are several pairs of conspicuous
scent-brushes, some of which are readily visible
externally in dried specimens.

In those Perissopteryx-species possessing pre-
genital coremata, two pairs of pouches occur.

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

These are situated ventrolaterally on segments
A7 and A8; frequently, the anterior pair is
larger. These structures are also associated with
hair-pencils, not scales. An example showing the
pouches and hair-pencils of P. suffecta in their
original position in the abdomen is given in
Fig. 116.

Irrespective of the presence of such pouches,
most males of Perissopteryx are characterized by
the possession of a large hair-pencil on the base
of the valva.

MALE GENITALIA. The ventral aspects of the
male genitalia of T. apicitruncaria and P. fletch-
erl, species representing the two genera, are
shown in Figs 117 and 129. In Perissopteryx and
the T. apicitruncaria-group, the tegumen is more
or less elliptical and roughly hood-shaped. In the
species of the 7. carfinia-group, however, it is
compact and nearly rectangular, and its ventro-
lateral margin forms one or two pairs of highly
characteristic inner projections (e.g. Figs 124,
126). The uncus of the Thysanopyga-group, as in
many other Lepidoptera, is attenuated and ter-
minates in a fine hook. In some species of
Perissopteryx a small subapical hook is also
present. Below the uncus, paired socii (structures
of uncertain derivation) are present in most of
the species studied. The gnathos is entirely
absent from the Thysanopyga-group. The vincu-
lum (i.e. the ventral part of the ring, derived
from sternum AQ), is more or less U-shaped and
rather small in many groups of Lepidoptera. In
Thysanopyga and Perissopteryx, however, the
prominently developed vinculum is one of the
most characteristic features. The upper dorsal
ends of the lateral arms of the vinculum unite
with lateral parts of the tegumen termed pedun-
culi. From the base of the vinculum upwards runs
a pair of medial sclerotizations. Posteriorly,
these join the juxta and the base of the valvae, so
that vinculum, juxta, and valvae seem to form a
united complex. The function of these conspicu-
ous sclerotized bands (juxto-vincular sclerotiza-
tions) is as yet unclear; they may provide a frame
for coremata or hair-pencils or have a role in
moving the valvae.

The posterior end of the abdomen is closed by
a membranous diaphragma. The aedeagus
(intromittent organ) passes through the dia-
phragma, and is sheathed by it. Within the
aedeagus is a membranous, eversible vesica
(endophallus) which frequently bears sclerotized
structures (notably cornuti) of diagnostic value.
The transtilla, a transverse band, and the juxta, a
shield-shaped structure, are sclerotizations of the
fultura superior and inferior (i.e. the dorsal and

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 83

ventral parts of the diaphragma), respectively.
Although the juxta is usually crescent-shaped in
Thysanopyga, its shape is much more variable in
Perissopteryx, and ranges from nearly rectangu-
lar (e.g. Fig. 140) to star-shaped (e.g. Fig. 138).

In the Thysanopyga-group, the valvae are
mostly simple, but vary considerably in shape.
They may be broad and rounded, as in the P.
delusa-group, or short, narrow, and pointed as in
P. deprivata Warren. Of special diagnostic
importance for Thysanopyga is the shape of the
sacculus, the basal part of the valva.

FEMALE GENITALIA. The morphological terms
adopted to describe the female genitalia of the
Thysanopyga-group are given for T. olivescens
(Fig. 161) and P. commendata (Fig. 177).

In the Thysanopyga-group the lamella
antevaginalis and the lamella postvaginalis are
not differentiated; a fused sterigma exists. Its
shape is often diagnostic (e.g. as in the T.
carfinia-group). The papillae anales in Thysano-
pyga and its relatives, as in most other groups,
are soft, hairy, lobes. In the Thysanopyga-group,
an appendix bursae, an anterior secondary evagi-
nation of the corpus bursae, is present in only a
few species. The wall of the bursa may be very
delicate or heavily sclerotized. Frequently, it
bears one or more sclerotized signa, which are of
diagnostic value. Discrete signa are absent, but
in most species of Thysanopyga the wall of the
corpus bursae bears a band or larger area of
inwardly directed denticles (spiniferous area).

EARLY STAGES

Other than for a single hostplant record (Goua-
nia polygama: Rhamnaceae) for T. carfinia (J.E.
Rawlins, pers. comm., and see below), no infor-
mation is available on the early stages of Thysan-
opyga and its relatives.

COMMENTS ON PHYLOGENY

Monophyly of the Thysanopyga-group

The pattern of wing markings in members of this
group is unique (p. 81). Although in Astygisa
morosa (Wehrli) and A. _ chlororphnodes
(Wehrli) a similar whitish blotch on the apex of
the fore wing occurs, the lines are much less well
defined. In addition, the great elongation of the

vinculum in the male genitalia also appears to be
a specialized character.

Monophyly of Thysanopyga
Herrich-Schaffer

The monophyly of Thysanopyga in its revised
state is supported by a range of characters from
the male and female genitalia. In the mate the
following characters are considered to be inde-
pendent specializations for Thysanopyga: the
presence of a large or very large sacculus; the
rectangular to triangular shape of the distal part
of the valva, and the lyre-shaped base of the
vinculum. In the female, the ductus is long and
heavily sclerotized.

Two species-groups exist within the genus. The
monophyly of the apicitruncaria-group is based,
in the male, on the presence of an extremely
large sacculus, a single, handle-shaped, median
cornutus and a varying number of apical cornuti
in the vesica. In the female it is supported by the
long, heavily sclerotized and posteriorly undi-
lated ductus, together with the ‘leathery’ texture
of the wall of the corpus bursae.

In the carfinia-group the following specializa-
tions are found: in the male genitalia, the inner
margin of the broad and quasi-square tegumen
forms highly characteristic lateral processes. The
aedeagus bears a group of apical cornuti only,
the median cornutus is presumed to have been
lost. The female genitalia exhibit three striking
apomorphies. The sterigmata are highly complex
and well sclerotized; a large spiniferous area
occurs on the corpus bursae as in Figs 159-162;
the ductus is massive, heavily sclerotized and
consists of a small posterior part, leading to the
ostium, and a much larger anterior part. The
relative length of the posterior part is of diagnos-
tic value at the level of species.

Monophyly of Perissopteryx Warren

The elongated vinculum, in which the saccus can
take either the form of a tip or of a sclerotized
plate, is an apomorphy for the entire genus. In
the female genitalia, such a range of variation in
shape and size occurs that no apomorphy from
these structures has been recognised for the
genus.

The species of Perissopteryx are usually less
uniform than in Thysanopyga, both in facies and
in genital morphology. Within Perissopteryx,
only one monophyletic grouping (composed of
the three species of the delusa-group) has been
recognised. These species possess the following
specialized characters: the presence of a special-

84

ized flap on the underside of the hind wings of
the males (Figs 111-113); and the existence of
one pair of ventrolateral, eversible pouches on
segments A4 and AS, (as opposed to two pairs on
segments A7 and A8). Considerable uniformity
occurs in the male genitalia.

It is likely that a more detailed study will
reveal the existence of further monophyletic
species-groups within Perissopteryx. For exam-
ple, in P. raveni, suffecta, and intermedia, the
male genitalia, with the exception of the juxta,
are very similar and the aedeagus is characterized
by a single, needle-like cornutus (Figs 139, 140,
141). A similar cornutus is also observed in P.
distincta, albopunctaria, and deprivata, but these
species do not possess a star-shaped juxta and
display other differences, particularly in the con-
dition of the saccus. They also differ in general
appearance. They belong to a group of five
species, the position of which is discussed below
(p. 97). Another group that may be monophyl-
etic is composed of P. ochrilinea and gamezi. It is
characterized by a distinctive, star-shaped juxta
and the presence of short, woolly hair along the
ventral margin of the tegumen (Figs 137, 138).

The Thysanopyga-group and the tribal
classification of the Ennominae

The current tribal classification of the Ennomi-
nae is still largely unsatisfactory, and based to a
significant extent on regional studies. A good
foundation has been provided for the Nearctic
Ennominae by the studies of Forbes (1948),
McGuffin (e.g. 1972, 1987), and Rindge (e.g.
1975, 1980, 1985), while the Neotropical Ennom-
inae remain far less extensively studied, despite
the great diversity of the subfamily in this region.

Attempts to ascertain whether the
Thysanopyga-group fits into the existing tribal
classifications of Ennominae were made difficult
because, as indicated above, these are mainly
based on Nearctic representatives. Our limited
knowledge about the early stages of Thysano-
pyga and Perissopteryx was a further limitation,
because the existing tribal classifications are
partly founded on these characters (Forbes,
1948; Holloway, in prep.).

In the North American literature, Thysano-
pyga has been variously associated with the tribe
Caberini (e.g. by Forbes (1948: 70) who also
erroneously cited nicetaria Guenée as the type
species). More recently, Hodges et al. (1983)
included Thysanopyga (with two species, intrac-
tata and proditata Walker) in the Caberini. The
species cited are probably correctly placed in or

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

near the Caberini, but nicetaria, intractata, and
proditata do not belong to the Thysanopyga-
group (see Appendix 1).

Holloway (in prep.), tentatively suggests that
Thysanopyga and Perissopteryx, together with
others of the reddish-brown genera such as Pete-
lia and Oenothalia, might eventually be found to
belong to the Caberini. However, apparently the
only adult character shared by most Caberini, the
swollen base of Sc in the hind wing (Forbes,
1948), is not well developed in Thysanopyga and
its relatives. Also, the male (and to a lesser
degree the female) genitalia differ markedly
from those of the core-group of Caberini (in the
sense of Forbes (1948) and other authors —
Cabera Treitschke (= Deilinia Hiibner), Apo-
drepanulatrix Rindge, Eudrepanulatrix Rindge,
Drepanulatrix Gumppenberg, Erastria Htibner
(= Syrrhodia Hibner)).

The exact composition of the Ennominae is
uncertain, and classification at the tribal level
will remain unsatisfactory until comprehensive
comparisons are made across the subfamily. We
have been unable to assign the Thysanopyga-
group to an existing tribe within the Ennominae.

THE THYSANOPYGA-GROUP

In general appearance (Figs 1-101, 106, 107) the
moths are fairly robust-bodied Ennominae, espe-
cially the species of Thysanopyga (excepting stri-
gata and prunicolor) and the Perissopteryx
delusa-group. The length of the fore wing ranges
from 11—21 mm. Although variable in colour, the
adults are easily recognized by a combination of
features. The apex of the fore wing, which is
frequently slightly falcate, is demarcated distally
by an off-white convex line. The apex bears a
more or less prominent greyish-white apical
blotch. Three lines (one subbasal, one median,
and one postmedian) are present, although the
median line may be only weakly developed. The
median area of the fore wing is frequently paler
or of a different colour. On the hind wing,
usually only the median line is present. Discal
spots are found on fore wings and hind wings.
The males are frequently, but not always, slightly
larger than the females, which they outnumber
considerably in light-trap samples.

The species of Thysanopyga are mostly brown
to purplish-brown, mixed with orange or pinkish-
brown to flesh-coloured, mixed with grey. A few
species of Perissopteryx (P. commendata, depri-
vata, albopunctaria, nigricomata, and distincta)

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 85

are pure grey and brown with the lines fine and
narrow and the different areas of the wing clearly
defined (see also p. 97). However, the majority
of Perissopteryx species occur in two forms: in
one, the ground colour is uniformly grey or
brown with darker irrorations; in the other it is
olive-grey with extensive ochreous markings.

HEAD (Figs 102-104). Eyes large, naked. Ocelli
not visible; chaetosemata present. Proboscis well
developed; maxillary palpi minute, 1-segmented,
obscured by labial palpi. Labial palpi ascending
to almost porrect, length 1.0—1.5 times diameter
of eye, with segment 3 very small. Head smooth-
scaled, scales on vertex often of different colour
from those on front of head. Antennae: in male
bipectinate on basal two thirds, ciliate on apical
third; in female simple, bearing short cilia.

THORAX. Fore leg with epiphysis present. Tibial
spurs 0-2-4. Fore wing and hind wing usually
concolorous. Discal spots always present on both
fore wing and hind wing but sometimes minute.
Thorax slender to fairly robust, its vestiture
concolorous with wings. Wings coupled by
frenular-retinacular system.

Wing venation (Figs 108-110). Fore wing with
12 veins; cell at most half as long as wing. Vein Sc
arising from beyond middle to near end of cell,
anastomosing or not anastomosing with Rl.
Veins R2-5 stalked. Areoles absent. Vein M2
arising midway between M1 and M3. Vein CuA1
arising from near end of cell, CuA2 from middle
of cell or slightly beyond. 1A+2A normal. Hind
wing with 8 veins. Vein Rs closely approximating
to, but not fusing with, Sct+R1. Veins M1 and
M3 running parallel, or slightly converging for a
short distance, towards termen. Vein M2 absent.
Vein CuA1 arising from near end of cell, CuA2
arising from beyond middle of cell. Vein 1A
normal; 2A well developed and reaching wing
margin (Perissopteryx delusa-group) or weakly
developed and not reaching wing margin (oth-
ers).

ABDOMEN. Tip of abdomen in male with hair-
tuft of varying size. Hair-pencils and coremata
occurring in male of many species (see species
descriptions).

Genitalia O& (Figs 117-151). Uncus fairly
straight and robust, of moderate length, rarely
long and curved. Socii usually present. Gnathos
absent. Valva ranging in shape from narrow and
pointed to broad and rounded or rectangular, but
nearly always simple; costal arm present only in
Perissopteryx fletcheri; sacculus well developed
and large in Thysanopyga, absent in Peris-
sopteryx. Juxta usually large, crescent-shaped in

Thysanopyga, variously shaped in Perissopteryx.
Tegumen usually without special modifications,
elliptical to square, but with conspicuous lateral
inner projections in the 7. carfinia-group. Vincu-
lum large and conspicuous in practically all spe-
cies, with prominent juxto-vincular
sclerotizations; base of vinculum frequently with
hair-pencils and coremata. Aedeagus ranging in
shape from short and stout to long and thin;
cornuti always present on vesica, displaying great
variation in size and number.

Genitalia 2 (Figs 152-178). Exhibiting consid-
erable variation, particularly in the shape of the
bursa copulatrix. Papillae anales narrow to
broad, soft, hairy. Apophyses anteriores and
posteriores well developed, the latter being
longer and thinner than the former in most
species. Sterigma usually simple, occasionally
complex (7. carfinia-group). Ductus bursae
membranous or sclerotized, varying in length
and strength. Corpus bursae membranous to
‘leathery’ in texture, with appendix bursae
present in one species (P. commendata); discrete
signum never present, but corpus bursae bearing
a spinose area of varying size in most species of
Thysanopyga.

BIOLOGY. The early stages are unknown except
for T. carfinia. Although adults of species of the
Thysanopyga-group are observed in all months
of the year, there are two distinct seasonal peaks
of emergence. One of these occurs from May to
August, tending to coincide with the onset of the
rainy season, and the second, smaller emergence
occurs from November to January. These results
are similar to those presented by Janzen (1984)
for Saturniidae and Sphingidae in the dry sea-
sonal forest of the Santa Rosa National Park in
northwestern Costa Rica.

On the Mato Grosso in Brazil, males of T.
amarantha Debauche have been observed to visit
damp sand and human sweat (label data on
specimens from the C.L. Collenette collection).
This observation may indicate at least partial
diurnalism in this species.

DISTRIBUTION. South America north of approx-
imately 30° S (i.e. from northern parts of Argen-
tina); Central America including southern parts
of Mexico; the Caribbean (Trinidad, Grenada),
and Cuba, which appears to be the northernmost
point of distribution.

Check-list of genera and species of the
Thysanopyga-group

THYSANOPYGA Herrich-Schaffer, 1855
PACHYDIA Guenée, 1857

86

apicitruncaria-group
apicitruncaria Herrich-Schaffer, 1856
?illectata (Moschler, 1881) (Cimicodes)
abdominaria (Guenée, 1857) (Pachydia) comb.n.
agasusaria (Walker, 1860) (Hyperythra) syn.n.
bilbisaria (Walker, 1860) (Caberodes) syn.n.
pygaria (Guenée, 1857) (Pachydia) comb.n.
amarantha Debauche, 1937
henneickeae sp.n.
gauldi sp.n.
strigata Warren, 1907
prunicolor Warten, 1908
carfinia-group
carfinia (Druce, 1893) (Pachydia) comb.n.
nigricosta Warren, 1905
olivescens sp.n.
Janzeni sp.n.

PERISSOPTERYX Warren, 1897
delusa-group
delusa Warren, 1897
fletcheri sp.n.
huanucoi sp.n.
Other species in the genus
griseobarbipes sp.n.
ochreobarbipes sp.n.
ugaldei sp.n.
neougaldei sp.n.
submarginata (Schaus, 1911) (Thysanopyga) comb.n.
submarginatella sp.n.
ochrilinea (Warren, 1904) (Thysanopyga) comb.n.
gamezi sp.n.
raveni sp.n.
suffecta (Warren, 1904) (Thysanopyga) comb.n.
intermedia sp.n.
smithi sp.n.
divisaria (Walker, 1861) (Tephrina) comb.n.
bozae sp.n.
trinidadicola sp.n.
muzonensis sp.n.
commendata (Schaus, 1912) (Thysanopyga) comb.n.
deprivata (Warren, 1909) (Thysanopyga) comb.n.
distincta sp.n.
nigricomata (Warren, 1901) (Thysanopyga) comb.n.
muricolor (Schaus, 1911) (Thysanopyga) syn.n.
albopunctaria (Dognin, 1900) (Thysanopyga)
comb.n.

Key to the genera of the
Thysanopyga-group

(Based on wing venation and genital morphol-
ogy.)

1 Sc not anastomosing with R1 in fore wing
(Fig. 108). Male with base of vinculum lyre-shaped,
always slightly cleft apically; sacculus forming a
lobe of varying size (e.g. Figs 117, 124). Female
often with broad, sometimes massive, and well-
sclerotized ductus bursae and corpus bursae in most
species with a spiniferous area. Mostly large spe-
cies, relatively brightly coloured

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

a See EA ROR TERE cokers een ae aa MOE Thysanopyga (p. 86)

— Sc anastomosing with R1 in fore wing for a short
distance (Figs 109, 110). Male with base of vincu-
lum (saccus) typically drawn into a tip (e.g.
Fig. 132) or a sclerotized plate (e.g. Fig. 148); if
somewhat lyre-shaped (e.g. Figs 147, 149) then
never cleft apically; sacculus absent. Female with
ductus bursae rarely so massive, usually much thin-
ner and less heavily sclerotized; corpus bursae with-
out spiniferous area. Mostly smaller, greyish-brown
or olive-ochreous species ..... Perissopteryx (p. 96)

THYSANOPYGA Herrich-Schaffer, 1855

Thysanopyga Herrich-Schaffer, 1855: 109, 123;
[1856] 1850-1858: 29, 43. Type species: Thys-
anopyga _apicitruncaria __ Herrich-Schaffer,
[1856], by subsequent monotypy.

Pachydia Guenée, 1857: 137. Type species:
Pachydia abdominaria Guenée, 1857: 138 by
subsequent designation (Fletcher, 1979). Syn-
onymized by Fletcher, 1979: 150.

Thysanopyga includes ten fairly large and robust-
bodied species and two much more slender-
bodied species. The length of the fore wing
ranges from 13-21 mm. The adult moths exhibit
clearly the line pattern typical of the whole
group. The genus is divided into two species-
groups based on coloration and differences in the
genitalia (see below). Adults of the
apicitruncaria-group are fairly dark moths, occur-
ring in various shades of reddish purple and
brown and frequently marked with orange. T.
strigata and T. prunicolor are exceptional in
being small, greyish species. The species of the
carfinia-group are much paler, mostly pink to
flesh-coloured, sometimes mixed with a warm
brown, and more or less strongly irrorated with

grey.

VENATION (Fig. 108). Vein Sc not anastomosing
with R1 in fore wing. In hind wing, A2 weakly
developed and not reaching wing margin.

GENITALIA © (Figs 117-127). Distal part of
valva broadly rectangular to triangular, never
rounded or pointed; sacculus developed,
although to a varying degree. Vinculum always
lyre-shaped and slightly cleft apically; extended
into two processes.

In T. apicitruncaria-group male genitalia
appearing elongated. Uncus ranging from short
and straight to long and curved. Sacculus at least
as large as remaining part of valva. Tegumen
elliptical in outline, without lateral processes.
Juxta crescent-shaped. Base of vinculum with a

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 87

large tuft of scales and usually very long core-
mata. Aedeagus with a single, handle-shaped
median cornutus and a group of apical cornuti.
In T. carfinia group, genitalia appearing
broad. Uncus short and stout. Socii large. Distal
part of valva broadly rectangular, hairy over its
entire surface; sacculus much smaller than distal
part of valva, also hairy. Tegumen very compact,
nearly rectangular, and with one or two (upper
and lower) pairs of characteristic inner projec-
tions. Juxta shield-shaped, roughly triangular.
Vinculum generally shorter and broader than in
the T. apicitruncaria-group, its base lacking the
tuft of scales. Coremata short and delicate, carry-
ing a tuft of hairs which is easily lost. Aedeagus
generally slender, with apical cornuti only.

GENITALIA (Figs 152-162). Ductus bursae
long and stout, well sclerotized. Corpus bursae
with or without a spiniferous area.

In T. apicitruncaria-group, ostium and steri-
gma simple, without special sclerotizations.
Spines present or absent, but if present, of diag-
nostic value. Corpus bursae broadly pear-shaped
to elongated, its wall tough, with a ‘leathery’
texture.

In T. carfinia-group, sterigmata occur as com-
plex sclerotizations. Ductus bursae compact and
heavily sclerotized, consisting of a small poste-
rior and a much larger anterior part. Corpus
bursae well rounded, its wall quite smooth, not
‘leathery’, and with a large spiniferous area in the
apical third.

REMARKS. Fletcher (1979) considered the type
species of Pachydia, namely abdominaria
Guenée (1857), as a junior subjective synonym
of the type species of Thysanopyga, namely
apicitruncaria Herrich-Schaffer, [1856]. He
therefore regarded Pachydia as a junior synonym
of Thysanopyga. Although abdominaria is re-
instated to specific rank in this study, following
the examination of the male holotype, the
generic synonymy is maintained because the two
species are so similar.

Key to species of Thysanopyga
(Based on genital morphology.)

1 Tegumen elliptical or broadest near base, its vent-
rolateral margin without modifications. Sacculus
forming a large lobe. Vesica with several apical
cornuti and a handle-shaped median cornutus (e.g.
Figs 117-119). Corpus bursae with spinose area
present or absent; ductus bursae entire, sterigma
small and weakly sclerotized. Mostly darker,
purplish-brown species, sometimes with orange
markings, rarely entirely grey (apicitruncaria-

— Tegumen not elliptical, very compact and nearly
rectangular, its ventrolateral margin forming one or
two pairs of inner projections. Sacculus markedly
smaller than distal part of valva. Vesica with apical
cornuti only (Figs 124-127). Corpus bursae with
large spinose area; sterigma with complex structure
(Figs 159-162). Paler, pinkish-brown _ species
(COUPE EAH OT OUD) a: vies «tecasttaagle's estas aeeteais <sunelacesaiee’s 9

2 (1) Small (fore wing length 13-14 mm), light grey or
dark brown-grey species with indistinct lines
(Bigs 2A 2s scone he Been tc eter inet cree teed dep'ieeclens 3

— Larger (fore wing length 17-21, rarely 15 mm),
reddish- and purplish-brown species with distinct
MCS UFOS ME 2S) 9 Fons cic wacpvantindincisancscmeisierovslascioxee J

Ww

(2) Medium to light grey, apical blotch indistinct.
Male genitalia (Fig. 123): valva with tooth-like pro-
cess near base, aedeagus with numerous slender
apical cornuti. Female genitalia (Fig. 157) with
rather short and stout ductus bursae; corpus bursae
WellirOlindlied: jorsiznuiaes comadtsies.. strigata (p. 93)

— Dark grey, apical blotch distinct. Male genitalia
unknown. Female genitalia (Fig. 158) with longer
and narrower ductus bursae; corpus bursae irregu-
larly Shapeder:t, « sesoawe: eapad save prunicolor (p. 93)

4 (2) Distal half of valva broadly triangular (Figs 117,
118, 120), densely hairy over most of the surface.
Corpus bursae hardly elongated ..................... 5

— Distal half of valva also triangular, but much nar-
rower (Figs 119, 121, 122), densely hairy only along
inner margin. Corpus bursae, where known, clearly
CLOMPALE ree cette eter sete se grevedes seuss ores ets ceed oe 7

Nn

(4) Uncus very long, curved. Vinculum becoming
only moderately dilated towards base (Fig. 120).
Corpus bursae slightly elongated, with a few large
spines (Fig. 154). A very variable, but compara-
tively brightly coloured species, often light brown
WUT OLAN PC Terscastetensened caeaee + amarantha (p. 91)

— Uncus much shorter, not so strongly curved. Vincu-
lum becoming much dilated towards base (Figs 117,
118). Corpus bursae irregularly shaped and with a
conspicuous lateral outgrowth; without spines
(Fig. 153). Sombre-coloured species, usually dark
brown'and! purple “Ales hides cterencamenetctowestvmeess 6

6 (5) Male genitalia (Fig. 117) with long, broad aede-
agus, with 8-10 apical cornuti on vesica. Juxta
forming a long and narrow crescent. Female genita-
lia (Fig. 152) with large corpus bursae and clearly
twisted ductus bursae. Mainly restricted to main-
land South America .......... apicitruncaria (p. 88)

— Male genitalia (Fig. 118) with aedeagus more slen-
der, with 4 large apical cornuti. Juxta forming a
short crescent. Female genitalia (Fig. 153) with
much smaller corpus bursae and hardly twisted
ductus bursae. Centre of distribution in Central
AMI eniCal Watiak: nee A abdominaria (p. 89)

88

7 (4) Smaller species (fore wing length 15-18 mm),
light brown and orange. Sacculus with distal area of
large pores. Aedeagus (Fig. 119) with a short and
broad median cornutus and two groups of apical
cornuti. Female unknown. Recorded from Argen-
tina, Brazil, and Paraguay .......... pygaria (p. 90)

— Larger species (fore wing length 18-21 mm), grey-

ish pink and purple or vivid lilac and orange.
Sacculus with or without a discrete distal area
bearing large pores. Aedeagus either with long,
slender median cornutus, with two of the apical
cornuti very large (Fig. 122), or, if median cornutus
is short, then apical group of cornuti lack two
markedly large members. One species restricted to
French Guiana, the other to Costa Rica .......... 8

8 (7) Vinculum with small lateral lobes near pedun-
culi; tegumen and valvae narrow (Fig. 121). Saccu-
lus without a discrete distal area bearing large
pores. Juxta arrow-shaped. Aedeagus not unlike
that of pygaria and amarantha. Large species of
fiery orange colour, median area lilac. Corpus bur-
sae elongated, without spiniferous area (Fig. 155).
BrenehiGulanal Weetete.s-4-- 5-24 henneickeae (p. 91)

— Vinculum without such lobes, tegumen and valva

even narrower (Fig. 122). Sacculus with a discrete
distal area bearing large pores. Juxta not arrow-
shaped. Aedeagus similar, but the two large cornuti
arising apically. Large species, similar in colour to
apicitruncaria, but paler, especially on median area
of fore wing. Corpus bursae elongated; spiniferous
area present (Fig. 156). Costa Rica

shiek ehh eee at hahaa gauldi (p. 92)

\o

(1) Tegumen with very long inner projections
present, but lacking shorter lower inner projections
(Fig. 126). Posterior part of ductus bursae very
long; sterigma as in Fig. 161. Wings greyish olive,
with a faint pink tinge. Costa Rica

Hae ees alee. OSE RO A AE wits ad olivescens (p. 95)

— Tegumen with both upper and shorter lower inner

projections present (Figs 121, 125, 127). Posterior
part of ductus bursae shorter; sterigma as in
Figs 159, 160, 162. Wings paler, greyish-pink,
mixed with brown. Central America (one species),
South America (two species) .............2..2.0000 10

0 (9) Tegumen with upper inner projections forming
a blunt lobe (Fig. 127). Posterior part of ductus
bursae very short and stout; sterigma wrinkled
(Fig. 162). Mainland South America (Colombia,
Ecuador, Brazil) sea-cscessteeescceees janzeni (p. 96)

— Tegumen with upper inner projections acutely

1

pointed (Figs 124, 125). Posterior part of ductus
bursae moderately long; sterigma as in Figs 159,
160, not wrinkled. One species restricted to Central
America, the other to mainland South Amer-
ICA’. 4. .didbhs . Seida smiaees seemed ae eneee seta aomaetien cee est 11

—

(10) Tegumen with upper inner projections angu-
lated, lower inner projections broad (Fig. 124).

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Sterigma as in Fig. 159. Wings chocolate-brown,
irrorated with grey. A smallish species, restricted to
Central America: Mexico to Panama

So aeG eats 1 chet aiclhapiae aco ot agarose «SSE carfinia (p. 94)

— Tegumen with upper inner projections not angu-
lated, lower inner projections slender (Fig. 125).
Sterigma as in Fig. 160. Wing colour as in carfinia,
but with less grey scaling. Peru and Bolivia
Wo dads MARE «chem thee bebe daaee aaa nigricosta (p. 95)

The apicitruncaria-group

Thysanopyga apicitruncaria
Herrich-Schaffer, 1856

(Figs 1-4, 117, 152)

Thysanopyga apicitruncaria Herrich-Schaffer,
[1856]: pl. 94, fig. 536. Holotype co’, [BRA-
ZIL]. [Type presumed lost; not examined. ]

CO (Figs 1-3), Q (Fig. 4). Fore wing and hind
wing concolorous dark brown and purple, in
some specimens with orange distal to the postme-
dian line. Apical blotch moderately well devel-
oped. Median area of fore wing purplish, with
fine grey striations, interrupted by undulating
brown median line. Subbasal line often only
poorly developed, also undulating. Hind wing
ground colour ranging from brown to purple,
always finely striated. Median line broad, not
well defined and more like a fascia. Female
paler. Underside ochreous with grey irrorations,
terminal shade purplish-red, broad. Discal spots
weakly developed on underside. Dorsal side of
thorax and approximately anterior four abdomi-
nal segments rich brown to purple; rest of abdo-
men ochreous. Fore wing length: O’ 17-19 mm;
2 17-18 mm.

GENITALIA CO (Fig. 117). Uncus moderately
long, rather narrow, with minute apical hook.
Valvae broad, distal part broadly triangular, sac-
culus forming a large lobe. Juxta large, crescent-
shaped. Vinculum very broad at base, narrowing
towards tegumen. Coremata very long; hair-tuft
prominent, consisting of fairly broad scales.
Aedeagus large and broad, with 8-10 apical
cornuti and a slender median cornutus.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 152). Papillae anales slen-
der, slightly pointed. Apophyses slender, with
posteriores about 1.5 times the length of anteri-
ores. Sterigma inconspicuous. Ductus bursae
long, smooth, and conspicuously twisted near
middle. Corpus bursae large, slightly elongated,
with the lateral outgrowth more to its posterior

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 89

part. Spiniferous area absent. Wall of corpus
bursae of ‘leathery’ texture.

DIAGNOSIS. T. apicitruncaria is most likely to be
confused with T. abdominaria, from which it
cannot be separated on external features. In the
male genitalia, the most useful character is pro-
vided by the aedeagus, which in apicitruncaria is
broader and bears 8-10 rather slender apical
cornuti, but in abdominaria is more slender and
bears 4-5 larger apical cornuti. Also diagnostic is
the shape of the juxta, which is longer and
narrower in apicitruncaria. In the female genita-
lia, the corpus bursae is larger in apicitruncaria
and the lateral outgrowth is situated more poste-
riorly. Also similar in colour pattern are T.
gauldi and some specimens of 7. amarantha, but
these species are readily separated from api-
citruncaria by their genitalia. Also, gauldi has so
far been collected only in Costa Rica.

DISTRIBUTION. Excepting Trinidad, apparently
restricted to the South American mainland. Con-
firmed records include Trinidad, Venezuela,
Brazil, and Peru.

REMARKS. The type of apicitruncaria H.-S., the
type species of Thysanopyga, is apparently lost.
Since the species was described from a single
male, stated to be from Brazil, of which an
illustration of reasonably good quality exists
(Herrich-Schaffer, [1856]: pl. 94, fig. 536), a
holotype is deemed to have been designated
(Article 73 (a)(iv) of The International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature (1985)). Although
Herrich-Schaffer’s illustrations are adequate for
the identity of many of his species to be fixed
satisfactorily, in this instance another species, T.
abdominaria, previously thought to be a junior
synonym of apicitruncaria, but here considered
to be a good species, is indistinguishable from
apicitruncaria in external appearance. Moreover,
the ranges of the two species also partly overlap.
Although the genitalia of the male holotype of
abdominaria have been examined, obviously
those of apicitruncaria have not. So it is not
impossible that the type of apicitruncaria repre-
sents the same species as that represented by the
type of abdominaria. The identity of apicitrun-
caria is established below by applying that name
to the other species, thus accepting, implicitly,
that Herrich-Schaffer’s illustration represents
apicitruncaria in the sense accepted here, and not
abdominaria.

Cimicodes illectata Moschler was described
from a single male from Surinam (Moschler
1881: 394). In the card index and main collection
of the BMNH,, it is listed as a junior synonym of

apicitruncaria, although this synonymy appears
not to have been published. The description and
illustration given by Méschler could also refer to
abdominaria and amarantha, but the type has not
been located.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (70", 29).

Trinidad: West Central Trinidad, Caparo. Vene-
zuela: San Esteban. Brazil: Upp[er] Amazons,
Fonte Boa. Peru: Dept. Amazonas, Chachapo-
yas.

Thysanopyga abdominaria (Guenée, 1857)
comb.n.

(Figs 5-8, 118, 153)

Pachydia abdominaria Guenée, 1857: 138. Holo-
type 0’, BRAZIL (BMNH) [examined].

Hyperythra agasusaria Walker, 1860: 242. Holo-
type o', ‘SANTO DOMINGO’ [probably
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC] (BMNH) [exam-
ined]. Syn.n.

Caberodes bilbisaria Walker, 1860: 252. Holo-
type 2, ‘SANTO DOMINGO’ [probably
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC] (BMNH) [exam-
ined]. Syn.n.

CO (Figs 5, 6), 2 (Figs 7, 8). Colour pattern and
markings as for T. apicitruncaria, see above, but
frequently smaller. 7. abdominaria is more vari-
able than the type species, and paler specimens,
as well as specimens with orange markings on the
hind wings and on the postmedian area of the
fore wing, occur. Fore wing length: &
15-18 mm; 2 17-18 mm.

GENITALIA © (Fig. 118). Very similar to api-
citruncaria. In abdominaria the juxta is shorter
and broader, and the aedeagus more slender
bearing 4-5 apical cornuti instead of 8-10.
Median cornutus less curved.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 153). Papillae anales stout
and blunt. Apophyses slender, with posteriores
about twice the length of anteriores. Sterigma
inconspicuous. Ductus bursae long, smooth, well
sclerotized. Corpus bursae of medium size,
slightly elongated, of irregular shape, with a
conspicuous lateral outgrowth near the middle;
spinose area absent; wall of corpus bursae leath-
ery.

DIAGNOsIS. The wing markings and the male
genitalia are extremely similar to those of api-
citruncaria, but the moths are usually slightly
smaller. The differences in the male and female
genitalia are described under apicitruncaria.

DISTRIBUTION. Confirmed records (i.e. speci-

90

mens which have been dissected) exist from
Cuba, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Brazil. The
Dominican Republic seems also to be a likely
area (see Remarks). Although the species was
described from Brazil, and has also been col-
lected from Ecuador, it seems to be predomi-
nantly Central American in distribution. In a
series of over 70 specimens collected in Costa
Rica, dissection of over 15 specimens failed to
reveal a single specimen of apicitruncaria; all
were abdominaria. Similarly, all Cuban speci-
mens examined were found to belong to abdomi-
naria.

REMARKS. Both Hyperythra agasusaria and
Caberodes bilbisaria were described in 1860 by
Walker from ‘Santo Domingo’. Although this is a
very common place name in Latin America
(Columbia-Lippincott, 1962), it is believed that
Walker’s ‘Santo Domingo’ refers to what is
known today as the Dominican Republic (D.C.
Ferguson, pers. comm.).

MATERIAL EXAMINED (790", 139).

Holotype CO’, Brazil: (abdominaria) Abdominaria
Gn.; Ex Typicalibus Speciminibus; Ex Musaeo
Ach. Guenée; Pachydia abdominaria, Guenée
(Sp.G. X no.1145) boite 255 [handwritten]; Ex
Oberthtr Coll. Brit. Mus.1927-3 (genitalia slide
No. 14344) (BMNH). Holotype CO (agasusaria),
[Dominican Republic]: ‘S[an]t{o] Domf[ingo]
55.1; Hyperythra? agasusaria’ (abdomen miss-
ing) (BMNH). Holotype @ (bilbisaria) [Domini-
can Republic]: ‘S[an]t{o] Domf[ingo] 55.1;
Caberodes bilbisaria’ (genitalia slide No. 14341)
(BMNH).

Cuba: Holguin (Holquin); Santiago. Domini-
can Republic: Santo Domingo (see Remarks).
Costa Rica: Guanacaste Province: Rincon
National Park, 4km E Casetilla; Finca Biesnan,
500 m; Casa Oeste, Cerro El Hacha, 12 km SE
La Cruz, 300 m; Santa Rosa National Park;
Hacienda San Isidro, 6.7 km N Quebrada
Grande; W of Carmona Nicoya, 600-700 m.
Alajuela Province: Estacion Pitilla, 680 m, 8 km
S Santa Cecilia. Heredia Province: La Selva
Biological Station, 40 m, Puerto Viejo de Sara-
piqui. Limon Province: 9.4 km W _ Bribri,
Suretka, 200 m. Ecuador: Puna. Brazil: (precise
locality not recorded).

Thysanopyga pygaria (Guenée, 1857)
comb. n.
(Figs 9-11, 119)

Pachydia pygaria Guenée, 1857: 138. Holotype
Oo’, BRAZIL (BMNH) [examined].

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

CO (Figs 9-11). Rather small. Ground colour of
wings chocolate to coffee-brown, with extensive
orange to sepia markings particularly on basal
areas of fore wing and hind wing and distal to the
postmedian line on the fore wing. Apical blotch
distinct, but not very bright. Median line nearly
absent on fore wing, and ill defined on hind wing.
Discal spots black on fore wing, white on hind
wing, and of varying size. Underside greyish-
white dusted with dark grey. Terminal shade
fairly broad, light purplish grey. Vestiture of
thorax and abdomen concolorous with the brown
shade of the wings. Fore wing length: 15-18 mm.

GENITALIA © (Fig. 119). Uncus moderately
long, slightly curved. Distal part of valva small,
narrow, its inner margin densely hairy; sacculus
not much larger than distal part of valva, with a
clearly defined area carrying large ‘pores’. Tegu-
men broad. Aedeagus closely resembling that of
T. amarantha; median cornutus very broad.

GENITALIA 2. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIS. Externally, this species is likely to
be confused only with 7. amarantha in which
there is a considerable overlap in size and mark-
ings. However, in pygaria the uncus is much
shorter than in amarantha, the lower and upper
part of the valva are narrower, the tegumen is
less elliptical, and the vinculum is more heavily
sclerotized.

DISTRIBUTION. Only very imperfectly known
due to confusion in external features with T.
amarantha. Confirmed from Argentina, Brazil,
and Paraguay, perhaps suggesting a more south-
erly distribution compared with its congeners.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (6C’).
Holotype ©’, [Brazil]: Type; Pygaria Gn. Brésil;
Pachydia Pygaria Guenée (Sp.G. X No 1146)—
Boite 255; Typicum Specimen; Ex Musaeo Ach.
Guenée; Abb. 4777 [on illustration apparently
cut from a plate]; Ex Oberthtir Coll. Brit. Mus.
1927-3 (genitalia slide No. 14343; BMNH)
Brazil: Sao Paulo, Itapura; Misiones. Para-
guay: Sapucay. Argentina: Haut Parana, San
Ignacio Missions (BMNH).

Thysanopyga amarantha Debauche, 1937

(Figs 12-19, 120, 154)

Thysanopyga amarantha Debauche, 1937: 20,
Fig. 13. Holotype 0’, [BRAZIL]: Manicore,
Rio Madeira (Le Moult). [Possibly lost; not
examined. |

Oo (Figs 12-17), 2 (Figs 18-19). Very variable

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 91

both in size and colour. Ground colour ranging
from pale ochreous brown to dark purplish red,
but always finely striated; frequently with exten-
sive orange markings in the subbasal and postme-
dian areas of the fore wing, and also in the basal
half of the hind wing. Apical blotch varying from
large and conspicuous to nearly invisible. Median
line on fore wing mostly weak, postmedian line
usually only slightly concave. White discal spot
on hind wing often rather large. Underside
ochreous with reddish tinge, irrorated with grey;
terminal shade reddish. Vestiture of thorax and
of a varying number of anterior abdominal seg-
ments concolorous with wings, other abdominal
segments ochreous-grey. Fore wing length: &
16-20 mm; 2 18 mm.

GENITALIA OC (Fig. 120). Uncus very long,
strongly curved. Distal part of valva broad,
densely hairy over most of its surface. Sacculus
very large. Tegumen elongated. A small hairy
lobe with four to five setae present on inner
margin of valva. Vinculum not markedly dilated
towards base, its margins only weakly sclero-
tized. Aedeagus similar to that of pygaria, with a
broad median cornutus and about 12 apical cor-
nuti, two of which are markedly larger.

GENITALIA (Fig. 154). Papillae anales short,
blunt. Apophyses slender, posteriores slightly
longer than anteriores. Sterigma appearing as a
darker area, but without structural specializa-
tions. Ductus bursae typical of the group. Corpus
bursae rounded, slightly elongated, with spinose
area consisting of a small group of irregularly
shaped and fairly large spines.

DIAGNOSIS. Because of its variability, T. ama-
rantha may be confused with several other spe-
cies, particularly T. pygaria and T. henneickeae.
From pygaria, it can be distinguished by its
usually larger size, longer uncus and broader
valva. From henneickeae, it may be separated by
its usually smaller size, less fiery colour, longer
uncus, and narrower and less sclerotized vincu-
lum. In the female genitalia, the corpus bursae of
henneickeae is more elongated than that of ama-
rantha and devoid of a spinose area.

DISTRIBUTION. Thysanopyga amarantha has
possibly the widest range of all species of Thysan-
opyga. It has been recorded from Trinidad, Gua-
temala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela,
French Guiana, Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia.

BIOLOGY. On the Mato Grosso of Brazil, males
have been observed to visit damp sand and
human perspiration, probably in the daytime.

REMARKS. The holotype has not been traced.
However, the description of Debauche, which
includes an illustration of the male genitalia, is
sufficiently detailed for us to feel confident about
the identity of amarantha.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (280, 29).

Trinidad: Caparo; Par. of St.George. Costa Rica:
Guanacaste Province, W.of Carmona Nicoya,
600-700 m; Santa Rosa Nat[ional] Plar]k; Pun-
tarenas Province, Manuel Antonio Nat[ional]
P[ar]k, Quepos, 30m; Osa Peninsula, Sirena Cor-
covado Nat[ional] P[ar]k; Heredia Province, La
Selva Biol[ogical] Sta[tion], Puerto Viejo de
Sarapiqui, 40 m. Guatemala: Cayuga. Colombia:
Muzo, 400-800 m; Bogota. Venezuela: San Este-
ban. French Guiana: St.Jean de Maroni. Brazil:
Rio de Janeiro, Organ Mountains, near Tijuca;
Parana, Iguassu; Sao Paulo. Peru: Chancha-
mayo, 2100-7500 f[ee]t; La Union, R[iver] Hua-
camayo, Carabaya, 2000 flee]t, wet season;
Yahuarmayo, SE Peru, 1200 ffee]t. Bolivia:
Prov. del Sara, Dept. Santa Cruz, 450m (BMNH,
INBio).

Thysanopyga henneickeae sp.n.
(Figs 20, 21, 121, 155)

CO (Fig. 20), 2 (Fig. 21). Large. Median area of
fore wing and hind wing lilac, remaining wing
area brown, mixed with more or less extensive
orange markings. Wings with brown and grey
striations of varying density. Median line on fore
wing practically absent. Subbasal and postme-
dian lines almost straight, leaving a rather nar-
row median area between them. Apical blotch
conspicuous. Hind wing with the white discal
spot moderately large, median line not clearly
defined, but broad, more like a fascia. Female of
same size as male, but paler. Underside with
broad, purplish-red terminal shade. Dorsal
aspect of thorax orange to reddish-brown, of
abdomen brown on anterior half, and grey on
posterior half. Fore wing length: CO’ 20-21 mm;
2 20 mm.

GENITALIA O (Fig. 121). Elongated. Uncus
fairly short, straight. Distal part of valva hairy
along the margins, of about the same size as
sacculus. Tegumen narrow. Vinculum large,
becoming very broad at base, and with two
lateral lobes in its upper part. Aedeagus small
compared with size of the rest of the genitalia,
with a group of about five rather long apical
cornuti. Median cornutus short and broad.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 155). Papillae anales short
and blunt. Apophyses posteriores narrower and

92

much longer than anteriores. Ostium and sterig-
ma weakly sclerotized. Ductus bursae typical of
the group, long, smooth, and well sclerotized.
Corpus bursae elongated, of irregular shape, and
without spinose area.

DIAGNOsIs. A very large and vividly coloured
species, which may occasionally be confused with
certain large specimens of 7. amarantha. The
two species appear to be sympatric only in
French Guiana, to which T. henneickeae is appar-
ently restricted. The species are readily distin-
guishable by examination of the genitalia. In the
male, the uncus of henneickeae is shorter and not
curved, the shape of the valva and the distribu-
tion of hairs on that structure differs, and the
vinculum is broader and more heavily sclero-
tized. In the female, the corpus bursae of henne-
ickeae is much more elongated and lacks the
spinose area present in amarantha.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type
series. All specimens were collected in French
Guiana.

REMARKS. MK names this species after his wife
Kerstin, née Henneicke, in recognition of much
help and inspiration over the past years.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype ©, [French Guiana]: (Guyane
Frangaise), collection C. Bar; ex Oberthiir Coll.
Brit. Mus. 1927-3 (genitalia slide No. 13664;
BMNH).

Paratypes (50°, 39): 40°, 39, same data as
holotype; (genitalia slides No. 13665, 13496,
14355; BMNH). French Guiana: 10’, St. Jean de
Maroni, Received from E. LeMoult; Rothschild
Bequest B.M. 1939-1 (BMNH).

Thysanopyga gauldi sp.n.
(Figs 22, 23, 122, 156)

CO (Fig. 22), 2 (Fig. 23). Large. Ground colour
pink and purplish brown, densely dusted with
grey. Some specimens with orange markings on
the postmedian area of the fore wing. Median
area of both wings much paler than other areas,
greyish pink. Median line present, but not clearly
defined. Subbasal and postmedian lines promi-
nent, the areas between them dark purplish.
Apical blotch moderately well developed. Discal
spot on fore wing black, on hind wing white,
clearly visible. Underside ochreous grey, with
broad, purplish-red terminal shade. Vestiture of
thorax and anterior abdominal segments dark
purple, of remaining segments dark brown: Fore
wing length: O& 18-19 mm; 9 20-21 mm.

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

GENITALIA © (Fig. 122). Resemble those of T.
pygaria. Elongated and small compared with the
size of the moth, but aedeagus of normal size.
Uncus moderately long, curved. Distal part of
valva small, triangular, its inner margin densely
hairy; sacculus large, with a distal area bearing
large ‘pores’; proximal part with long hairs. Teg-
umen rather broad. Aedeagus large, longer than
rest of genitalia with several groups of apical
cornuti; two of the cornuti very large. Median
cornutus elongated.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 156). Papillae anales short
and blunt as in preceding species. Both pairs of
apophyses slender. Sterigma discernible as an
area of denser sclerotisation. Ductus bursae com-
paratively short. Corpus bursae pear-shaped,
with conspicuous longitudinal folds and with spi-
nose area consisting of a band of minute denticles
situated centrally.

DIAGNOsIS. Externally similar to T. apicitrun-
caria and abdominaria, but nearly always larger
and paler, especially the median area of the fore
wing. The male genitalia resemble those of nei-
ther species; they are much closer to T. pygaria.
From henneickeae, gauldi may be separated by
the presence of hairs on the sacculus and the
much larger aedeagus; also, in gauldi, the apical
cornuti are arranged in three distinct groups of
different sizes, and the median cornutus has a
distinct ‘knob’.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Costa Rica.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Dr Ian Gauld, of the Department of Entomology
of The Natural History Museum, London, in
recognition of his tireless efforts on behalf of
Costa Rican ichneumonid taxonomy and the
development of collaboration between the
National Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica and
The Natural History Museum, London.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype ©’, [Costa Rica]: La Selva Biol[ogical]
Sta[tion], 40 m, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui,
Heredia Prov[ince], Feb[ruary] 1987 (Chavarria)
(genitalia slide No. 14322; BMNH).

Paratypes (40°, 29): 20°, 12 same data as
holotype (except 10" dated July) (genitalia slides
No. 14302, 14361; BMNH). Costa Rica: 10’, Fila
Esquinas, 35 km S Palmar Norte, Punt[arenas]
Prov[ince], 7-8 Jan[uary] 1983, 150m elev{a-
tion], 8° 45’ x 83° 20’ (Janzen & Hallwachs)
(genitalia slide No. 14321; BMNH); 10, Esta-
cion Carrillo, P[ar]k Nac[ional] Braulio Carrillo,
Prov[ince] San José, 700 m, July 1984 (Chacon)
(genitalia slide No. 14303; BMNH); 19, Finca

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 93

La Selva (OTS), Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui,
Heredia Prov[ince], 50 m, 14-15 Nov{[ember]
1982 (Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia slide No.
14356; BMNH).

Thysanopyga strigata Warren, 1907
(Figs 24, 25, 123, 157)

Thysanopyga strigata Warren, 1907: 293. Holo-
type 0’, ARGENTINA (BMNH) [examined].

Thysanopyga strigata Warren; Prout, 1910: 300
[partim].

CO (Fig. 24), 2 (Fig. 25). Small. Ground colour
of fore wing ochreous grey, densely striated with
grey. Apical blotch nearly circular, also greyish
and therefore inconspicuous. Lines hardly dis-
cernible, yellowish-ochre. Postmedian line on
fore wing not straight but making a bend below
the blotch; postmedian area darker grey. Discal
spots small, black on fore wing, white on hind
wing. Underside ochreous-grey, with grey irrora-
tions, terminal shade weak. Thorax and abdo-
men brownish grey. Fore wing length: oO’ 13 mm;
2 14mm.

GENITALIA © (Fig. 123). Uncus long, socii
absent. Distal part of valva small, rounded, with
a tooth-like projection at the base of its inner
margin, hairy over its entire surface; sacculus
nearly equalling distal part in size, with an area
characterized by larger pores. Juxta shape as in
Fig. 123. Tegumen and vinculum very broad,
with margins well sclerotized. Aedeagus slender,
straight, with numerous apical cornuti and a
handle-shaped median cornutus.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 157). Papillae anales stout,
blunt. Both pairs of apophyses slender, of about
equal length. Sterigma small. Ductus bursae
short and stout; corpus bursae almost round,
with numerous small denticles covering over one
half of its area.

DIAGNOsIS. The general appearance of this spe-
cies is atypical of the genus, and strigata cannot
be confused with any other species of Thysano-
pyga. It somewhat resembles nigricomata (War-
ren) (removed to Perissopteryx, below). The
genitalia, however, show clearly that T. strigata
belongs to the 7. apicitruncaria-group.

DISTRIBUTION. The only two specimens exam-
ined come from Argentina: Ciudad de Tucuman;
and Brazil: Rio de Janeiro.

REMARKS. A female in the BMNH from La
Rioja, which was identified as strigata by Prout

(1910: 300), does not belong to this species. Its
identity is uncertain.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (10', 19).
Holotype o’, [Argentina]: Ciudad de Tucuman,
April 1903, (L. Monetti); NZ xiv.293; Thysano-
pyga strigata Warren Q [sic] Type; Rothschild
Bequest B.M. 1939-1 (genitalia slide No. 14338;
BMNH).

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Organ Mts. near
Tijuca, S.R. Wagner 1902-287 (genitalia slide
No. 13579; BMNH).

Thysanopyga prunicolor Warren, 1908
(Figs 26, 158)

Thysanopyga prunicolor Warren, 1908: 109.
Holotype 2, [BRAZIL] (NMNH) [examined].

Q (Fig. 26). Small. Wings dark grey brown, with
darker dusting. Lines brown, hardly visible, the
median line best developed. Discal spots white
with pupil black on fore wing, white on hind
wing. Apical blotch fairly distinct. Ochreous
streak running along costa of fore wing. Under-
side purplish-ochreous, heavily irrorated with
grey. Terminal shade darker, but not well
defined. Discal spots not visible. Vestiture of
thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.
Fore wing length: 14 mm.

GENITALIA CO’. Unknown.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 158). Papillae anales nar-
row, pointed. Apophyses slender, both pairs of
about equal length. Sterigma with both lamellae
distinct. Ductus bursae narrow, moderately scle-
rotized. Corpus bursae of irregular shape,
broadly elongated, its wall tough. Spinose area
covering most of one side of corpus bursae,
consisting of numerous small denticles.

DIAGNOSIS. T. prunicolor and strigata are the
smallest species of Thysanopyga. The lines on
the wings of strigata are indistinct, but the apical
blotch is clear.

DISTRIBUTION. Brazil.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (39).
Holotype @, [Brazil]: Rio [de] Janeiro; Thysano-
pyga prunicolor 2 type; Type No. 11408
U.S.N.M. (NMNH).

Paratype. 19, data as holotype.

Other material. Brazil: Rio [de Janeiro]
(BMNH).

94

The carfinia-group

Thysanopyga carfinia (Druce, 1893)
comb.n.

(Figs 27-29, 124, 159)

Pachydia carfinia Druce, 1893: 136, pl. 53,
Figs 25,° 26. LECTOTYPE CG, [GUATE-
MALA] (BMNH), here designated [exam-
ined].

CO (Figs 27, 28), 2 (Fig. 29). On average size,
this species is the smallest of the carfinia-group.
Ground colour of wings brownish pink, some-
times with a tinge of olive, irrorated with dark
scales. Basal area of fore wing flesh-coloured.
Costal margin with a broad blackish streak. Api-
cal blotch prominent. Median lines on fore wing
and hind wing present, but weakly developed.
Discal spots on fore wing black, on hind wing
white. Underside greyish-brown with broad,
dark terminal shade; discal spots clearly visible to
nearly absent. Fore wing length: CO’ 15-18 mm; 2
18-19 mm.

GENITALIA O (Fig. 124). Uncus relatively
broad, terminating in a fine hook, socii large.
Distal part of valva broadly rectangular, hairy
over its entire surface; sacculus small, its outer
margin also hairy. Tegumen very compact,
nearly rectangular; upper ventrolateral process
angulated and pointing upwards; lower process
broad. Aedeagus small and slender compared
with rest of genitalia, with cornuti as shown in
Fig. 124.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 159). Apophyses slender,
posteriores hardly longer than anteriores. Steri-
gma with characteristic sclerotizations (see
Fig. 159). Anterior part of ductus bursae long
and heavily sclerotized, posterior part moder-
ately long. Corpus bursae rounded, with a large
spinose area covering the apical third.

DIAGNOSIS. Thysanopyga carfinia and the three
following species are very closely related. This
species is best identified in the female by the
shape of the sterigma (see Fig. 159), together
with the posterior part of the ductus, which is
very short and stout in 7. janzeni, moderately
long in carfinia and nigricosta, and very long in
olivescens. The males are best distinguished by
the shape of the inner projections of the tegumen
(Fig. 124). 7. carfinia and T. olivescens are
restricted to Central America, while nigricosta
and janzeni occur only on the South American
mainland.

' M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

LARVA. A specimen (identified by W. Lybarger
from the adult male moth that was subsequently
reared) was collected by J.E. Rawlins (pers.
comm.) in Yaxoquintela (Chiapas, Mexico) from
Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urban (Rhamna-
ceae). G. polygama is common from Arizona to
Brazil, and throughout the Caribbean (J.E. Raw-
lins pers. comm.). The larva pupated on
24.x.1978, and the adult eclosed on 7.xi.1978.

DISTRIBUTION. Central America from Panama
to Mexico. Recorded from the following coun-
tries: Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Pan-
ama.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (340, 79).

Lectotype 0’, [Guatemala]: Panima, Champion;
Godman-Salvin Coll. 1903-4, B.C.A. Lepfi-
doptera] Het[erocera] Pachydia carfinia Druce;
Pachydia carfinia Druce & Type [handwritten];
(genitalia slide No. 13658; BMNH).

Paralectotypes: Guatemala: 192, Volcan de
Atitlan, 2500-3000 feet, Champion; Godman-
Salvin Coll. 1903-4, B.C.A. Lep.Het. Pachydia
carfinia Druce; Pachydia carfinia Druce 2 Type
[handwritten]; (genitalia slide No. 13657;
BMNH) [examined]; 12, Volcan de Atitlan,
2500-3000 feet, Champion; Pachydia carfinia
Druce [handwritten]; Joicey Bequest. Brit. Mus.
1934-120; 10°, as before but without the hand-
written label; 10°, Pantaleon, 1700 feet, Cham-
pion, Godman-Salvin Coll. 1903-4, B.C.A. Lep.
Het. Pachydia carfinia Druce; 10°, Las Mer-
cedes, 3000 feet, Champion, Godman-Salvin
Coll. 1903-4 B.C.A. Lep. Het. Pachydia carfinia
Druce; 10°, El Tumbador, 2500 feet, Champion,
Godman-Salvin Coll. 19034. B.C.A. Lep. Het.
Pachydia carfinia Druce. Mexico: 19, Presidio,
Forrer; Godman-Salvin Coll. 1903-4, B.C.A.
Lep. Het. Pachydia carfinia Druce. Panama: 19,
Volcan de Chiriqui, 2000-3000 feet, Champion,
Godman-Salvin Coll. 1903-4, B.C.A. Lep. Het.
Pachydia carfinia Druce (BMNH).

Other material. Mexico: Chiapas, Yaxoquin-
tela, 16-58N, 9147W, 560 m., J.E. Rawlins
(larva, see above). Costa Rica: Guanacaste Prov-
ince: 4 km E Casetilla, Rincon National Park,
750m; Finca Biesnan, Colonia Refug. Los Ange-
les, 1 km E Quebrada Grande, 500 m; Santa
Rosa National Park; Heredia Province: Finca La
Selva, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, 40 m; Estacion
El Ceibo, Braulio Carrillo Nat. Pk., 400-600 m;
San José Province: Estacion Carrillo, Parc Nacio-
nal Braulio Carrillo, 700 m; Estacion Bijagual,
500 m, Res. Biol. Carara; Alajuela Province:
Estacion Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, 700 m;
Finca San Gabriel, 16 km E Quebrada Grande,

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 95

630 m; Puntarenas Province: Osa Peninsula,
Sirena, Corcovado National Park; Finca Cafrosa,
Estacion Las Melizas, P.N. Amistad., 1300 m
(INBio).

Thysanopyga nigricosta Warren, 1905

(Figs 30-32, 125, 160)

Thysanopyga nigricosta Warren, 1905: 61. LEC-
TOTYPE oO’, [PERU] (BMNH), here desig-
nated [examined].

CO (Figs 30, 31), 9 (Fig. 32). Moderately large to
large, ground colour varying between fawn and
brown, usually with a tinge of olive, especially in
postmedian area of wings. Most specimens with
pale orange markings in basal region of fore wing
and hind wing, and to the exterior of the postme-
dian line on the fore wing. Along the costa runs a
blackish streak. Apical blotch prominent.
Female larger than male, but of same colour.
Underside ochreous, dusted with grey; terminal
shade brown. Vestiture of thorax and abdomen
orange-brown to brown. Fore wing length: C
17-20 mm; 2 20 mm.

GENITALIA CO (Fig. 125). Uncus very large, socii
large. Tegumen with two pairs of inner projec-
tions; upper pair acutely pointed and directing
upwards, lower pair rounded and horizontal to
slightly downward-pointing. Juxta shield-shaped.
Aedeagus slender, with cornuti as shown in
Fig. 125.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 160). Apophyses slender,
posteriores nearly twice the length of anteriores.
Sterigma very large, with three lobes. Anterior
part of ductus bursae large and heavily sclero-
tized, posterior part moderately long. Corpus
bursae rounded, with a large spinose area cover-
ing posterior apical third.

DIAGNOSIS. May be confused, in external fea-
tures, with 7. janzeni. Although adults of nigri-
costa are usually darker, especially along the
termen of the fore wing and the hind wing,
examination of the genitalia is usually necessary
for identification. Also similar to T. carfinia, but
that species is usually smaller and more heavily
suffused with grey. In the male genitalia, nigri-
costa is best distinguished by the shape of the
inner projections of the tegumen; in the female
genitalia, the large, 3-lobed sterigma is the most
useful character. T. carfinia and T. nigricosta are
allopatric, the former being restricted to Central
America, and the latter to the South American
mainland.

DISTRIBUTION. Collected from Peru and

Bolivia.

REMARKS. The original description was said to
be based on ‘several examples from Santo Dom-
ingo, Carabaya, S.E.Peru (Ockenden)* (Warren
1905: 61). However, apart from the lectotype, no
further specimens of the type series have been
traced.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (70’, 19).
Lectotype ©’, [Peru]: Santo Domingo, Carabaya
(genitalia slide No. 13659; BMNH).

Peru: La Union, R[io] Huacamayo, Carabaya,
2000 f[ee]t; Chanchamayo; Yahuarmayo, 12000
f[ee]t; Santo Domingo, Carabaya. Bolivia:
Salampioni, 800 m (BMNH).

Thysanopyga olivescens sp.n.
(Figs 33, 34, 126, 161)

CO (Fig. 33), 9 (Fig. 34). Rather small and dark.
Ground colour brownish-olive at base and mar-
gins of fore wing and hind wing, and of a greyish
fawn colour on median area of fore wing and
most of hind wing. Both wings densely suffused
with dark scales. Lines and markings on upper
surface and under surface as in carfinia and
nigricosta. Fore wing length: C' 16-17 mm, @
17-18 mm.

GENITALIA OC (Fig. 126). Uncus very large; socii
large. Tegumen with only lower inner projec-
tions, which are extremely long and point
upwards; upper projections absent and replaced
by a serrated section. Juxta rather large, shield-
shaped. Vinculum more elongated than in other
species of the group. Aedeagus slightly more
robust than in the other species, with a large
apical cornutus and a number of much smaller,
subapical cornuti.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 161). Both pairs of apophy-
ses slender, posteriores markedly longer than
anteriores. Sterigma rather small. Anterior part
of ductus bursae even stouter than in other
species of the group, but posterior part much
longer. Corpus bursae rounded, with a large
spinose area covering the apical third.

DIAGNOsIS. Although most specimens of
olivescens are clearly recognizable by their som-
bre colour, pale examples may be confused with
T. carfinia. Both species are Central American in
distribution. In such doubtful cases, examination
of the genitalia is necessary for identification. In
the male genitalia, olivescens may at once be
recognized by the very long, lower inner projec-
tion of the tegumen; in the female genitalia, the

96

posterior part of the ductus bursae is much
longer than in the other species of the carfinia-
group.

DISTRIBUTION. TJ. olivescens has been collected
only from Costa Rica.

REMARKS. The name of this species is based on
the characteristic olivaceous ground colour.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (50", 99).

Holotype ©’, [Costa Rica]: Santa Rosa Nat[ional]
P[ar]k, Prov[ince] Guanacaste, 16-18 Nov[em-
ber] 1979 (Janzen) (genitalia slide No. 13649;
BMNH).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Guanacaste Prov[ince],
10, data as holotype (undated), 72, 7 Jan 1979;
2-11 March 1980 (genitalia slide No. 14730;
BMNH); 25 Dec 1978; 28 Dec 1978; 29 Dec
1978; 31 Dec 1978; 15-17 May 1979. 29, W of
Carmona Nicoya, 600-700 m, 19 Aug[ust] 1982
(Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia slide No. 13650;
BMNH); 10’, Heredia Prov[ince], La Selva
Biol[ogical] Sta[tion], 40 m, Puerto Viejo de
Sarapiqui, May 1987, (Chavarria); 10’, G[uana-
calste Prov[ince], 4 km E Casetilla, Rincon
Nat[ional] P[ar]k, 14 Feb[ruary] 1983, (Janzen &
Hallwachs); 10°, Prov[ince] San José, Estacion
Carrillo, P[ar]c Nac[ional] Braulio Carrillo, 700
m, Nov[ember] 1984 (Chacon).

Thysanopyga janzeni sp.n.
(Figs 35-37, 127, 162)

O (Figs 35, 36), 9 (Fig. 37). Virtually indistin-
guishable from pale specimens of 7. nigricosta,
see description given for that species (above).
Fore wing length: & 16-20 mm; 2 18-21 mm.

GENITALIA CO (Fig. 127). Uncus very large; socii
large. Distal part of valva broadly rectangular,
hairy over its entire surface; sacculus rather
small, also hairy. Upper inner projections of
tegumen blunt and lobe-like, lower inner projec-
tions slender, rounded, and pointing upwards.
Aedeagus slender, closely resembling that of
nigricosta.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 162). Both pairs of apophy-
ses slender, posteriores nearly twice the length of
anteriores. Sterigma wrinkled, bearing numerous
folds. Ductus bursae short and stout anteriorly,
as in other species of the group, posterior part
very short. Corpus bursae rounded, with a large
spinose area covering the apical third.

DIAGNOsIs. Although adults are mostly paler
than in nigricosta, especially in the postmedian
areas of the wings, no reliable external characters

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

can be given to separate these species from T.
nigricosta. However, in the male genitalia, jan-
zeni is characterized by the large blunt lobe
formed by the upper inner projections of the
tegumen. In the female genitalia, the strongly
folded nature of the sterigma, together with the
very short posterior part of the ductus bursae
enable the recognition of janzeni.

DISTRIBUTION. Apparently fairly widespread in
South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil), but
not extending into Central America, where the
carfinia-group is represented by T. carfinia and
olivescens.

REMARKS. This new species is named in honour
of Professor Daniel H. Janzen, in recognition of
his immense contribution to conservation in
Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (50", 29).
Holotype ©’, [Colombia]: Muzo, R[io] Cantin-
ero, 400 m, (Fass/); Rothschild Bequest, B.M.
1939-1 (genitalia slide No. 14295; BMNH).
Paratypes. Colombia: 12, Muzo, 400-800 m,
coll. Fassl; L.B. Prout coll. B.M. 1939-643;
Thysanopyga carfinia Druce Q [not decipher-
able] det.; (genitalia slide No. 13513; BMNH);
10° Muzo, R[io] Cantinero, 400m, (Fass/);
Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1 (genitalia slide
No. 14333; BMNH). Brazil: 20’, S.E. Brazil, Sao
Paulo; E.D. Jones Coll. Brit. Mus. 1919-295;
Pachydia carfinia Druce [handwritten] [misiden-
tification] (genitalia slide No. 14337; BMNH).
Ecuador: 10°, Balzapamba, Prov{incia] de Boli-
var, (de Mathan), ii-iv 1894; Ex Oberthir Coll.
Brit. Mus. 1927-3 (genitalia slide No. 14334;
BMNH); 19, N.W., Bulim, 160 f[ee]t, I [19]01
(Fl.& Mik.); Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1
(genitalia slide No. 14336; BMNH).

PERISSOPTERYX Warren, 1897

Perissopteryx Warren, 1897: 477. Type species:
Perissopteryx delusa Warren, 1897: 477, by
original designation.

Generally, species of Perissopteryx are less
brightly coloured than in Thysanopyga. They
entirely lack red, orange, and pink in their mark-
ings, and are restricted to various shades of
ochre, brown, and grey. Also, they are smaller;
only a few species have a fore wing length
reaching 18 mm, and in most this length ranges
between 14 and 16 mm.

The males of the delusa-group are readily
recognized by the presence of a large flap on the

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 97

anal margin of the hind wing, which is folded
over on the underside. On the inside, the fold is
densely covered with hair-scales, giving it a
woolly appearance. In these species, the fore
wing is also very broad compared with the size of
the hind wing (hence the generic name, from the
Greek perissos—disproportionally large, and
pteron—a wing). The flap is absent from females,
which are also less robust.

Apart from the delusa-group, the monophyly
of which is also supported by characters other
than of the genitalia, the morphology of the male
genitalia suggests the existence of further group-
ings, possibly monophyletic, among the other
species of the genus. However, a more detailed
examination is needed to establish that these
groups are monophyletic.

The placement of five species (commendata,
deprivata, distincta, nigricomata, and albopunc-
taria), all of which were previously included in
Thysanopyga, must be regarded as not fully
satisfactory. They differ from the other species of
Perissopteryx in wing markings, which are pure
grey and brown rather than ochreous or grey
with dense irrorations, and their lines are finer
and narrower. Most also have a subdorsal kink in
the postmedian line, a feature not occurring in
the other species. In addition, they possess geni-
tal coremata arising from the membranous inner
parts of the vinculum, reminiscent of the core-
mata in Thysanopyga, while the abdominal core-
mata, so characteristic of many species of
Perissopteryx, are absent. The genitalia also dif-
fer from those of their congeners. While the
vinculum may also be somewhat lyre-shaped (as
in Fig. 147) it is never cleft as in Thysanopyga,
and the saccus is in the form of a sclerotized plate
(as in Fig. 148) not a tip as in other Perissopteryx
species.

These five species share characters with both
Thysanopyga and the type species of Peris-
sopteryx, but, lacking one or more autapomor-
phies, they cannot be assigned to a genus of their
own. On balance, these species are assigned to
Perissopteryx, particularly because the shape of
the valva, including the absence of the sacculus,
resembles other members of that genus. How-
ever, the assignation is not entirely secure.

VENATION (Figs 109, 110). Vein Sc anastomos-
ing with R1 for a short distance in the fore wing.
In the delusa-group, vein 2A well developed in
hind wing and reaching termen; in other species,
vestigial and not reaching termen.

LeGs (Figs 4, 5). Hind tibia with hair pencil
present or absent.

ABDOMEN. One or two pairs of pregenital core-
mata present as ventrolateral pouches in many
species. In the delusa-group, pregenital coremata
are situated between segments A4 and AS, in
other species between segments A7 and A8.

GENITALIA OC’. Perissopteryx may be distin-
guished from Thysanopyga by several characters.
Valva rounded or pointed, never angular or
triangular; sacculus absent. Juxta not crescent-
shaped, but shape varying widely. Vinculum
rarely somewhat lyre-shaped (e.g. Figs 147, 149),
but, if so, then unlike condition in Thysanopyga,
never cleft apically and thus not extended into
two processes; saccus either in form of a sclero-
tized plate, or ending in a more or less prominent
tip in which case the vinculum may be rounded
(e.g. Fig. 140) or angular (e.g. Figs. 142, 145).
Genital coremata occurring in some species, but
of a different type from those observed in Thys-
anopyga, and taking the form of broad sacs
rather than narrow tubes (except in P. commen-
data where they are similar to those found in
Thysanopyga). Most Perissopteryx species lack-
ing genital coremata, possessing instead a thick
hair-pencil on base of valva.

GENITALIA 9. Shape and size of ductus bursae
and corpus bursae varies widely; appendix bur-
sae present in three species (P. commendata,
ochrilinea, griseobarbipes). Sterigma either not
discernible or with lamellae developed as simple,
more or less elliptical sclerites. Texture of wall of
bursa copulatrix ranging from tough and leathery
to delicate and membranous, sometimes with
localized sclerotizations. Signum always absent.

Key to species of Perissopteryx

1 Hind wing of males with a large flap on anal margin,
folded over on underside (Figs 111-113). Female
genitalia of P. delusa as in Fig. 163, females of
other species unknown (delusa-group) ............. 2

— Hind wing of males without such a flap. Female
PEMItallaMOtLaSiMNPISMLOS t-carccsr.cecddee tac dvn cease 4

tN

(1) Uncus short, not curved to form a large hook
(Fig. 130). Termen of hind wing forming angle;
postmedian area of hind wing distinctly paler than
ground colour. Female unknown. Peru

COOERE LE OCSCaE SAG ht CREAR EEE Coete Ese ire huanucoi (p. 101)

— Uncus much longer, curved to form a large hook
(Figs 128, 129). Termen of hind wing rounded,
postmedian area of hind wing not lighter than
ground colour. Female either unknown (fletcheri)
or similar to male, but smaller. Not recorded from
| eTrP (EEREAC a eee een e ees PREP ROREEERE ae corse Src 3

3 (2) Valva with broad costal arm, aedeagus longer

98

Nn

fo.)

~

than in following species (Fig. 129). Female
unknown. Venezuela and Colombia

fletcheri (p. 100)

Valva lacking costal arm, aedeagus shorter than in
preceding species (Fig. 128). Female similar in wing
pattern and colour to male, less robust; genitalia
with long and broad ductus bursae (Fig. 163).
Widespread in Costa Rica, also recorded from
Colombia and Mexico delusa (p. 100)

(1) Vinculum always longer than tegumen, usually
markedly so, its base rounded and usually with a
more’ or less prominent sclerotized plate
(Figs 148-150), or, rarely, drawn into a relatively
weak tip (Fig. 151). Genital coremata frequently
present. Female genitalia, where known, either
elongated and with transition between ductus and
corpus bursae gradual, with an appendix bursae
(Fig. 178), or with a small and rounded corpus with
an appendix bursae (Fig. 177)

Vinculum of varying length, but always drawn into
a robust, although sometimes short, tip (e.g.
Figs 132, 133). Genital coremata absent. Female
genitalia very variable, but not as in Figs 177,
178

(4) Hind tibia of males with conspicuous hair pen-
cils. Male genitalia (Figs 131, 132) with short tegu-
men and short, rather narrow valva. Female
genitalia either with spindle-shaped corpus and
appendix bursae (Fig. 164), or with very long,
coiled ductus bursae (Fig. 165)

Hind tibia of males without such hair pencils. Male
genitalia not as in Figs 131, 132; female genitalia
not as in Figs 164, 165

(5) Adults nearly uniformly ochreous to dark choc-
olate brown, with only light grey scaling. Apical
blotch on fore wing prominent, also on underside.
Male genitalia (Fig. 132): uncus with a small sub-
apical hook, aedeagus long and narrow, not flask-
shaped. Female genitalia (Fig. 165): ductus bursae
uniquely long and coiled, corpus bursae rounded,
without appendix ochreobarbipes (p. 102)

Adults grey-brown or olive-ochre, with intense grey
scaling. Apical blotch on fore wing weakly devel-
oped, nearly absent on underside. Male genitalia
(Fig. 131): uncus lacking subapical hook; aedeagus
short and flask-shaped. Female genitalia (Fig. 164):
ductus bursae short and stout, corpus bursae
spindle-shaped, with large appendix bursae

griseobarbipes (p. 101)

(5) Valva short, apex well rounded or, if pointed,
free part of vinculum very short (Figs 135, 136).
Female genitalia with long, entirely or partly sclero-
tized ductus bursae and elongated corpus bursae
(Figs 168, 169). Relatively pure ochreous species
with little grey dusting. Apical blotch very clear on
both sides

Valva moderately long to long, pointed. Female

1

1

oo

No}

0

—y

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

genitalia variable, but if with long ductus bursae
and elongated corpus, then sclerotizations and/or
sterigmata different. Rather variable, brown-grey
or Olive-ochreous species. Apical blotch less
clear

(7) Smaller species. Male genitalia: valva pointed,
but appearing rounded due to density of marginal
hair covering; tegumen roughly triangular, vincu-
lum very short below base of valva (Fig. 136).
Female genitalia (Fig. 169) with circular sterigma
and very long and slender corpus bursae; entire
ductus bursae sclerotized. Widespread (Brazil,
Peru, French Guiana, Guatemala)

submarginatella (p.105)

Larger species. Male genitalia: valva rounded; tegu-
men not triangular; free part of vinculum longer
(Fig. 135). Female genitalia as in Fig. 168; only one
side of ductus bursae sclerotized. An additional
sclerotization present on corpus bursae. Costa Rica
submarginata (p. 104)

(7) Aedeagus with characteristic ‘angulated’ median
cornutus (Figs 133, 134, 142-146). Female genitalia
either with moderately long and stout ductus and
elongated, pear-shaped corpus bursae (Figs 166,
167, 175) or with very long ductus and smaller,
more rounded corpus bursae (Figs 173, 174,
176) 10

Aedeagus either with a single, long, needle-like
cornutus (Figs 139, 140, 141) or with a single,
broadly flask-shaped cornutus (Figs 137, 138).
Females of two species of the first category
unknown, genitalia of the third species typically
pipe-shaped (Fig. 172); genitalia of females of the
second category with long and narrow ductus bur-
sae and either large and nearly rectangular
(Fig. 171) or pear-shaped corpus bursae with a
small lateral appendix (Fig. 170) 16

(9) Valva long. Lateral arms of vinculum well
rounded to nearly semicircular, base of vinculum
rounded, saccus small (Figs 133, 144). Female geni-
talia with long, stout ductus bursae and elongated
corpus bursae (Figs 166, 167). Small species with
rather narrow fore wings; fore wing length not
exceeding 15 mm

Valva variously shaped, but never quite as long.
Lateral arms of vinculum narrower, base of vincu-
lum angulated, saccus larger (e.g. Figs 142, 143).
Female genitalia not as in Figs 166, 167, and either
with a very long ductus and small and rounded
corpus bursae (Figs 173, 174, 176) or corpus
broader than long (Fig. 175). Usually larger spe-
cies, mostly with broader fore wings .............. 12,

(10) Male genitalia: juxta entire, as in Fig. 134.
Pointed process of median cornutus not longer than
other process. Female genitalia (assuming correct
identity) (Fig. 167) with twisted ductus, joining
corpus bursae apically neougaldei (p. 104)

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 99

— Male genitalia: juxta as in Fig. 133, lower part cleft.
Pointed process of median cornutus distinctly
longer than other process. Female genitalia
(Fig. 166) with ductus not twisted, appearing to join
corpus bursae subapically .......... ugaldei (p. 103)

12 (10) Vinculum nearly twice as long as tegumen and
aedeagus with an additional row of minute cornuti
at apex (Fig. 146). Female unknown

er aectentescseen efesescaspi: muzonensis (p. 112)

— Vinculum hardly longer than tegumen or, if of
similar length, aedeagus without the additional row
of minute cornuti (Figs 142-145). Female genitalia
either with long to very long ductus and small and
rounded corpus bursae (Figs 174, 176), or with long
ductus but a large corpus, which is broader than
(aii (Sw a WS) eee ene ee Oe ee 13

13 (12) Vinculum markedly longer than tegumen
(Figs 142, 144). Female genitalia as in Figs 173,
175, with a long ductus bursae and short but broad
Baan ANISIERS AG, Mara cart gst obs siviewchlep eerie SyoaF Ty vince « cic 14

— Vinculum hardly longer than tegumen (Figs 142,
144). Female genitalia as in Figs 173, 175, with a
very long ductus bursae and a small and rounded
CAMPSUINME SAG eee aiite tit. Me Jaaciawedeaasetdel tke 15

14 (13) Aedeagus shorter, with two groups of apical
cornuti, median cornutus robust (Fig. 144). Female
genitalia with broadly elongated corpus bursae
(Fig. 175). A medium-sized species, fore wing
EO MM ON UCD oo caiidnennecnvemiecmnasexins bozae (p. 111)

— Aedeagus longer, with one group of apical cornuti,
median cornutus slender (Fig. 142). Female genita-
lia with rather rounded corpus bursae (Fig. 173). A
robust species, fore wing length up to 18 mm
PRE acer scide nas atch ididcdudetenceas smithi (p. 109)

1

Nn

(13) Strong setae present on inner margin of valva
(Fig. 143). Abdomen of male with two pairs of
coremata. Female genitalia: sterigma as in Fig. 174;
ductus bursae very long, twisted, with longitudinal
lines. Widely distributed in mainland South Ameri-
GAM teeter eetd et sed dowd. SIPs divisaria (p. 110)

— Setae absent from inner margin of valva (Fig. 145).
Abdomen of male without coremata. Female geni-
talia: sterigma as in Fig. 176; ductus bursae of
similar length, not twisted, without longitudinal
lines. Restricted to Trinidad
_oocdee dodude pabeberaeemedeece ache trinidadicola (p. 112)

16 (9) Valva long. Aedeagus long, with a single, long,
needle-like cornutus (Figs 139, 140, 141) and serra-
tions at tip of vesica. Female of two species
unknown, genitalia of the third with bursa typically
pipe-shaped (Fig. 72)" A nten-cesseateeeseceees see. 17

— Valva shorter. Aedeagus short, with a single,
broadly flask-shaped cornutus (Figs 137, 138) and
without serrations at tip of vesica. Female genitalia
not pipe-shaped, but with long and narrow ductus
bursae and either a large, nearly rectangular

17

20

2

—

22

(Fig. 171) or a smaller, pear-shaped corpus with a
lateral appends (Big 170) ees. scecncew cote. anes 19

(16) Juxta broadly pointed, with lateral projections.
Cornutus about half as long as vesica (Fig. 141).
Female unknown. Ecuador

beams sine sta sirinadaceanescncnes intermedia (p. 109)

Juxta roughly rectangular, without lateral projec-
tions. Cornutus either one-third the length of or
nearly as long as, vesica (Figs 139, 140). Female
unknown or genitalia as in Fig. 172. Not recorded
MOM Pe CUAGON ee srerevctrrcctaccsss<cseetccerrett aden: or 18

(17) Cornutus almost as long as aedeagus. Vesica
with weak apical serrations (Fig. 139). Female gen-
italia (Fig. 172) with distinctive pipe-shaped bursa
copulatrix. Costa Rica ............... raveni (p. 108)

Cornutus about one-third the length of aedeagus.
Vesica with stronger apical serrations (Fig. 140).
Female unknown. Peru and Bolivia

eethate te Metetn Me sas Meds detsesatte scars sc suffecta (p. 108)

(16) Male genitalia broad and compact, especially
the valva. Uncus straight, not dilated apically. Cor-
nutus nearly as long as aedeagus (Fig. 137). Female
genitalia with an elongated corpus bursae and a
small lateral appendix bursae (Fig. 170)

ju Renindecedeenaaestranesteneetoascne tesa ochrilinea (p. 106)

Male genitalia relatively more elongated, the valva
more acutely pointed. Uncus curved, dilated api-
cally. Cornutus smaller (Fig. 138). Female genitalia
with corpus bursae almost rectangular, appearing
very large compared with the narrow ductus
(Bis. LT) eed ate ah ob hot gamezi (p. 107)

(4) Adults with characteristic dark brown markings
(Figs 90, 91). Males with a large hair-tuft on dor-
sum of fore wing. Male genitalia (Fig. 147) very
elongated, with long coremata from base of vincu-
lum. Female genitalia (Fig. 177) with anterior part
of ductus and adjoining areas of corpus bursae
strongly sclerotized. Appendix bursae present on
small, rounded corpus bursae

sPacbetaeey Pcn tithe. cates. dee commendata (p. 113)

Adults without dark brown markings. Males lacking
such a hair-tuft. Male genitalia (Figs 148-151) less
elongated, with coremata in form of sacs rather
than long tubes, or absent. Female genitalia, where
known, elongated, with a gradual transition
between ductus and corpus bursae (Fig. 178) .. 21

(20) Discal spot on fore wing white. Male genitalia
(Fig. 151) with saccus attenuated, not forming a
sclerotized plate. Female unknown

ede fc cies aideles Geass ge ase goals albopunctaria (p. 115)

Discal spot on fore wing black. Male genitalia
(Figs 148-150) with saccus forming a sclerotized
late igcor. ser issasssech eke thas- qocmd teeter tese arn sees 22

(21) Small species (fore wing length 14 mm). Male
genitalia (Fig. 148) with characteristic basal plate of
vinculum and aedeagus with a single cornutus.

100

Female unknown .................. deprivata (p. 113)

— Mostly larger species (fore wing length 15-17 mm).
Male genitalia (Figs 149, 150) not modified in this
way. Female of one species unknown, genitalia of
Otherspecies as in) Fig yal Siee-eeeeeeeree ee ee eeeee a 23

23 (22) Male genitalia with vinculum and basal plate
well rounded (Fig. 149). Aedeagus with a single
median cornutus. Female unknown. Peru
Bate Suaich etedsate bac anideton te detetene cue eiont distincta(p. 114)

— Male genitalia with vinculum and basal plate nar-
rower (Fig. 150). Aedeagus with median cornutus
preceded by a group of tiny cornuti. Female genita-
lia (Fig. 178) strongly elongated; transition between
ductus and corpus bursae gradual. Central and
South America ................. nigricomata (p. 114)

The delusa-group

The following three species (delusa, fletcheri, and
huanucoi) form what is probably a monophyletic
group. Its monophyly is based on the presence of
a flap, folded over on the underside, on the hind
wing of the males, the pregenital position of the
coremata on the abdomen, and the high degree
of similarity in the male genitalia.

Perissopteryx delusa Warren, 1897
(Figs 38-41, 128, 163)

Perissopteryx delusa Warren, 1897: 477. Holo-
type O', [COSTA RICA] (BMNH) [exam-
ined].

O (Figs 38, 39), 2 (Figs 40, 41). Large and
robust, especially the male. Wings almost uni-
formly brown, irrorated with grey; a rather nar-
row, irregular, rich chocolate-brown fascia
occurring between postmedian and termen.
Males more variable in ground colour than
females. Costa of fore wing strongly convex. All
lines present but not very conspicuous. Apical
blotch rather dark except for its inner margin.
White discal spot on hind wing large. Fore wing
of males very broad compared with hind wing.
Flap on underside of hind wing of males as in
Fig. 15. Abdomen with conspicuous coremata on
segments A4—AS, surrounded by externally visi-
ble hair pencils. Fore wing length: o’ 17-19 mm;
Q 15-18 mm.

GENITALIA CO (Fig. 128). Uncus long, curved to
form a hook, with short apical hairs; socii rather
small. Valva broad, pointed apically, but without
modifications. Juxta a broad band. Two elliptical
areas with hair-pencils situated below juxta. Teg-
umen and vinculum of equal length. Vinculum
broad, U-shaped, with well-defined tip. Aedea-

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

gus with apical and median cornutus large and
curved.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 163). Papillae anales small,
narrow. Apophyses moderately slender, posteri-
ores over twice as long as anteriores. Bursa
copulatrix: ductus bursae of moderate length,
narrow near ostium, then widening towards the
broadly elongated corpus bursae. Wall of corpus
bursae of the same wrinkled texture as ductus.

DIAGNOsIS. Males resemble those of P. fletcheri.
P. delusa appears to be much more common and
to be the only species of the delusa-group extend-
ing northwards into Central America. In the
male genitalia, delusa may be distinguished from
fletcheri by the absence of a costal arm, the
pointed valva, and the large and curved apical
cornutus. To distinguish delusa from huanucoi,
the best characters are, in delusa, the longer
uncus, pointed valva and larger apical cornutus.
The females of the other two species of the
delusa-group are unknown. Because of the
absence of a distinct sterigma and the shape and
tough structure of the bursa copulatrix, delusa is
unlikely to be confused with females of the other
Perissopteryx species. However, some (e.g.
smithi and raveni) may be externally similar.

DISTRIBUTION. Perissopteryx delusa is widely
distributed in Costa Rica, and has been recorded
from Colombia and Mexico.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (310', 109).

Holotype ©’, [Costa Rica]: Perissopteryx delusa
Warren O& Type; Holotype; Rothschild Bequest
BM 1939-1; (Underwood) (genitalia slide No.
13663; BMNH).

Mexico: Misantia; Jalapa. Costa Rica: Guana-
caste Province: Rincon Nat{ional] P[ar]k; 4 km E
Casetilla, Rincon Nat[ional] P[ar]k, 750 m; San
José Province: Estacion Carrillo, Braulio Carrillo
P[ar]c Nat[ional], 700m; Puntarenas Province:
Monte Verde, 1400 m; Las Nubes, 11 km NW
Monte Verde; Cartago Province: Moravia de
Chirripo, 1000 m; Alajuela Province: Forest
Reserve de San Ramon, 5 km N Col. Palmarena,
900 m. Cariblanco; Cashi, 3200 f[ee]t; Orosi;
Pozo Azul; Sitio; San José de Costa Rica. Colom-
bia: Pueblo Rico, San Juan, Choco Slopes of
Colombia, 5200 f[ee]t (BMNH, INBio).

Perissopteryx fletcheri sp.n.

(Figs 42, 129)

O (Fig. 42). Externally, the new species is indis-
tinguishable from pale specimens of P. delusa,
although perhaps less robust. For a description,

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 101

see under that species. Flap on underside of hind
wing of male as in Fig. 112. Coremata as in
delusa. Fore wing length: 17-18 mm.

GENITALIA O (Fig. 129). Uncus long and
curved, socii small. Valva broad and well
rounded apically, with a prominent costal arm.
Juxta a sclerotized band. Hair-pencils present
below juxta. Tegumen and vinculum of about
equal length. Vinculum narrows gradually into
tip. Aedeagus with both cornuti rather straight.

GENITALIA 2. Unknown.

DIAGNOSIS. This species is very similar to P.
delusa, although perhaps slightly less robust. P.
fletcheri may be distinguished from P. delusa by
its conspicuous costal arm of the valva, the
rounded apex of the valva and the differences in
the shape of the cornuti (compare Figs 128 and
129).

DISTRIBUTION. Collected from Caracas (Vene-
zuela) and the upper Rio Negro region of East-
ern Colombia.

REMARKS. This species is named after Mr
Steven Fletcher in recognition of his dedicated
work on the geometrid collection of the BMNH,
which has contributed so much to this study and
to many other studies on the family.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (10, 19).
Holotype ©’, [Colombia]: Ost Colombia,
Ob[erer] Rio Negro, 800 m, Coll. Fassl; Joicey
Bequest Brit. Mus. 1934-120 (genitalia slide No.
14331; BMNH).

Paratype. Venezuela: 19, Caracas; Joicey
Bequest Brit. Mus. 1934-120 (genitalia slide No.
13444; BMNH).

Perissopteryx huanucoi sp.n.
(Figs 43, 113, 130)

O (Fig. 43). Darker than the preceding two
species; basal two-thirds of fore wing dark olive
brown, apical third similar, but mixed with
chocolate-brown. Apical blotch rather faint. All
lines present, but very faint due to dark ground
colour. Hind wing with submedian area distinctly
lighter, ochreous. Termen of hind wing forming
angle of approximately 120° (rounded in other
species). Anal flap on hind wing smaller and
differing in shape from preceding species
(Fig. 113). Underside with very broad terminal
shade, especially on fore wing. Coremata as in
delusa and fletcheri. Fore wing length: 16 mm.

GENITALIA ©’ (Fig. 130). Uncus short, not
curved to form a hook, with short hairs, socii

medium-sized. Valva_ short and _ strongly
rounded, nearly semicircular. Juxta very large,
with long lateral projections. Tegumen much
shorter than vinculum. Aedeagus with median
cornutus straight, apical cornutus curved, small.

GENITALIA 2. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIS. The male is easily recognized as
belonging to the delusa-group by the presence of
the flap in the hind wing. The darker colour of
this species distinguishes it from the other species
in that group.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the holotype,
which was collected from the Huanuco region of
central Peru.

REMARKS. The new species takes its name after
the type locality, Huanuco, in central Peru.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (10).

Holotype oO, [Peru]: Pozuzu, Huanuco,
800-1000 m (Hoffmanns); Perissopteryx delusa
Warr. [misidentification]; Rothschild Bequest
B.M. 1939-1; (genitalia slide No. 13618;
BMNH).

Other species in the genus

Perissopteryx griseobarbipes sp.n.
(Figs 44-49, 131, 164)

O (Figs 44-46), Q (Figs 47-49). Robust and
large for Perissopteryx. Occurs in a greyish-
brown and an olive form, with extensive ochre-
ous scaling, especially on distal half of hind wing.
Discal spot on fore wing black, on hind wing
white. Lines complete, dark brown to ochreous.
Apical blotch on fore wing only weakly devel-
oped. Underside: light grey to ochreous, densely
irrorated with grey, but practically lacking a
terminal shade. Apical blotch not visible from
beneath. Discal spots present on underside of
fore wing, but absent on hind wing. Thorax:
robust, densely clothed in long hairs which are
brown to olive in colour. Hind tibiae of males
with large grey-brown hair pencils. Abdomen
lacking coremata. Fore wing length: CO
17-18 mm; 2 16-18 mm.

GENITALIA © (Fig. 131). Uncus medium-sized,
straight, socii large. Valva short and narrow,
apex rounded and with long and fairly strong
hairs. Tegumen and vinculum very broad, base
of vinculum rounded with a fairly small tip. Juxta
characteristic, as in Fig. 131. Aedeagus very
large and stout compared with rest of genitalia,
with a single large cornutus.

102

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 164). Apophyses slender,
posteriores longer than anteriores. Ductus bur-
sae very short and stout. Corpus bursae large,
spindle-shaped, with an appendix bursae; wall of
ductus and corpus tough, wall of appendix more
delicate.

DIAGNOSIS. Externally very similar to P. raveni.
Both exhibit the same range of variation, occur-
ring in a grey/brown and an olive/ochreous form,
but the males may be separated readily by the
presence (griseobarbipes) or absence (raveni) of
the tibial hair-pencils. In the females, however,
dissection of the genitalia is necessary for identi-
fication. In P. griseobarbipes, the bursa copula-
trix is spindle-shaped, whereas in raveni it is
typically pipe-shaped.

DISTRIBUTION. Most records are from Costa
Rica, where the species has been found in Gua-
nacaste, Cartago, and Puntarenas provinces.
Possibly also Venezuela and Peru (see
Remarks).

REMARKS. Two females from mainland South
America (Venezuela: Merida; Peru: La Oroya,
Rio Inambari, 3100 feet), which may represent
griseobarbipes have been excluded from the
type-series, which otherwise contains only Costa
Rican females, because they show slight differ-
ences in the genitalia, and may belong to a
closely related species.

The species name is derived from the
ochreous-grey tibial hair-pencils of the males.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (110", 79).
Holotype ©’, [Costa Rica]: Guanacaste Prov-
[ince], Derrumbe, Estac[ion] Mengo, 1400 m, W
side Volcan Cacao, 11 Jul[y] 1988, (Janzen &
Hallwachs) (genitalia slide No. 14306; BMNH).
Paratypes. 10", same data as holotype (genita-
lia slide No. 13677; BMNH); 40’, Guanacaste
Prov[ince], Estacion Mengo, 1100 m, SW side
Volcan Cacao, 27 May 1987, (Janzen & Hall-
wachs) (genitalia slide No. 13676; BMNH); 20°
G[uanaca]ste Prov[ince], 4 km E Casetilla,
Rincon Nat{ional] P[ar]k, 750 m elev[ation], 22
May 1982, (Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia slide
No. 13656; BMNH); 19, same data, 14 Feb[ru-
ary] 1983; 20°, 29, Punt[arenas] Prov[ince],
Monteverde, 15-16 May 1980, (Janzen &
Hallwachs) (genitalia slide Nos 13636, 14314,
13639; BMNH); 10°, same data, dated 25-26
Jun[e] 1979, 1400 m; 10", same data, dated 30-31
Jul[y] 1981; 10°, same data, dated 23-25
Aug[ust] 1978, (Janzen); 10°, same data, dated
8-10 Dec[ember] 1978, (Janzen) (genitalia slide
No. 13653; BMNH); 29, Cartago Prov[ince],

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Moravia de Chirripo, 1000 m, 10 May 1983,
(Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia slide Nos 13637,
14315); 19, Cachi; Joicey Bequest. Brit. Mus.
1934-120 (genitalia slide No. 13702; BMNH);
10’, Orosi, 1200 m, Coll. Fassl; Joicey Bequest.
Brit. Mus. 1934-120 (genitalia slide No. 13697;
BMNH); 19, Sitio; June; Rothschild Bequest
B.M. 1939-1 (genitalia slide No. 13577; BMNH)
(BMNH, INBio).

Perissopteryx ochreobarbipes sp.n.
(Figs 50-53, 132, 165)

CO (Figs 50, 51), 2 (Figs 52, 53). Ground colour
of wings ranging from ochreous to dark
chocolate-brown, but always almost unicolorous,
with little grey scaling. Costal margin with a
blackish streak. Apical blotch on fore wing
prominent. Median area of fore wing with a
slightly iridescent, purplish tinge, which is espe-
cially noticeable in dark specimens. Lines com-
plete. Discal spots small, especially on fore wing.
Underside purplish grey with broad terminal
shade. Apical blotch clearly visible. Discal spots
present only on fore wing. Thorax, which is
covered with long hairs, and anterior abdominal
segments, concolorous with wings; posterior
abdominal segments greyish. Hind tibia of male
with large, whitish-ochreous hair-pencil. Abdo-
men without coremata. Fore wing length: CW
16-20 mm; @ 17-20 mm.

GENITALIA CO (Fig. 132). Uncus large, espe-
cially broad at base; apex with a subapical hook.
Socii small. Valva rather narrow, pointed, with
apex and inner margin with hairs sparsely distrib-
uted. Tegumen broad. Vinculum narrower than
tegumen, with saccus forming a well defined tip.
Aedeagus large, with few median cornuti and a
group of apical cornuti.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 165). Papillae anales nar-
row. Sterigma discernible as an area of heavier
sclerotization. Ductus bursae extremely long and
coiled. Corpus bursae large, rounded.

DIAGNOSIS. In general appearance, pale speci-
mens of P. ochreobarbipes are quite similar to
those of P. submarginata, but they are practically
always larger, and readily separable from males
of that species because of the presence of tibial
hair-pencils. The shape of the bursa copulatrix in
this species is unique and highly characteristic.

DISTRIBUTION. Recorded from Costa Rica and
Colombia.

REMARKS. The name is derived from the ochre-
ous tibial hair-pencils of the males.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 103

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype ©’, [Costa Rica]: Alajuela Prov[ince],
Estacion Pitilla, 700 m, 9 km S Santa Cecilia,
Jul[y] 1988, (Espinosa & Chaves) (genitalia slide
No. 13640; BMNH).

Paratypes. 30°, 22, same data as holotype
(genitalia slide No. 13681; BMNH); 2c’, 19, as
holotype, (Scoble & Brooks); 10’, Estacion Pit-
illa, 680m, 8 km S Santa Cecilia, 20 Nov[ember]
1987, (Janzen & Hallwachs); 10’, as holotype,
GNP Biodiversity Survey, UTM 330200.380200;
10’, as holotype, June 1988 (Espinosa); 10’, San
José Prov[ince], La Montura, Braulio Carrillo
Nat[ional] P{ar]k, 1100 m, 17 Dec[ember] 1981
(Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia slide No. 13678;
BMNH); 20, San José Prov[ince], Estacion Car-
rillo, P[ar]k Nac[ional] Braulio Carrillo, 700 m,
Sept[ember] 1984 (Chacon) (genitalia slide No.
13642); 20’, data as before, August 1984; 10’,
data as before, November 1984; 19, data as
before, April 1985; 19, G[uanaca]ste Prov[ince],
4 km E Casetilla, Rincon Nat[ional] P[ar]k, 18.
Oct[ober] 1982 (Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia
slide No. 13643; BMNH); 10’, data as before, 11
April 1983; 20’, data as before, 2 May 1982; 19,
Derrumbe, Estacion Mengo, 1400 m, W side
Volcan Cacao, 5 Jun[e] 1988 (Janzen & Hallw-
achs); 20’, Cartago Prov[ince], Moravia de Chir-
ripo, 1000m, 10 May 1983 (Janzen & Hallwachs);
10’, Alajuela Prov[ince], F[in]ca San Gabriel, 16
km ENE Quebrada Grande, 650 m, July 1988,
(Gauld & Mitchell); 10’, Finca San Gabriel, 2
km SW Dos Rios, 600 m, Jun[e] 1988 (Janzen &
Hallwachs); W85° 23'50", N10°53'19"; 29, Cerro
Campana, 650m, E side V[olcan] Cacao, 6km
NW Dos Rios 15 June] 1988 (Janzen & Hallw-
achs). Colombia: 20°, Muzo, 400-800 m, Coll.
Fassl; L.B. Prout Coll. B.M. 1939-643. (genitalia
slide No. 13512; BMNH); 19, Rothschild
Bequest B.M. 1939-1 (genitalia slide No. 13515;
BMNH); 1c’, Ost Columbia, Ob[erer] Rio
Negro, 800 m, (Fass/); L.B. Prout Coll. B.M.
1939-643 (BMNH, INBio).

Perissopteryx ugaldei sp.n.

(Figs 54-56, 133, 166)

CO (Figs 54, 55), 9 (Fig. 56). Small. The species
occurs in a grey-brown and an ochreous-olive
form with extensive ochreous scaling, especially
along the lines and on the hind wing. In the
grey-brown form, all three lines are well devel-
oped on the fore wing, while the median line is
practically absent in specimens of the olive form.
The apical blotch is rather weakly developed in
both forms. The discal spots are black on the fore

wing and white on the hind wing, but may be
almost absent. Grey-brown specimens often with
additional grey markings in terminal areas of
both wings. Underside: similar in both forms,
brownish-grey with broad terminal shade. Discal
spots discernible only on fore wing, apical blotch
just visible. Abdomen without coremata. Fore
wing length: O’ 13-15 mm; @ 15 mm.

GENITALIA CO (Fig. 133). Uncus rather short,
socii well developed. Valva long and broad,
pointed, and with short, soft hairs on inner
margin. Juxta large, shield-shaped, cleft. Vincu-
lum becoming very broad and rounded towards
base; saccus very short. Inner membranous parts
of vinculum forming a pair of delicate sacs (?
coremata). Aedeagus small and slender, with an
angulated, stout median cornutus and approxi-
mately four narrow apical cornuti. Pointed pro-
cess of median cornutus longer than blunt
process.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 166). Papillae anales long
and narrow. Apophyses slender, posteriores
about twice the length of anteriores. Sterigma a
simple, broadly crescent-shaped area around the
ostium. Ductus bursae about as long as corpus,
moderately sclerotized. Corpus bursae elon-
gated, pear-shaped, its wall delicate.

DIAGNOSIS. Together with neougaldei, this is the
smallest species of Perissopteryx. In both species,
the fore wings are narrower than in their conge-
ners, from which they may also be distinguished
by the very well-rounded vinculum. P. ugaldei
may be distinguished from P. neougaldei (below)
by the cleft juxta, and the angulated median
cornutus the pointed process of which is longer
than the blunt process. In the female, the best
distinguishing characters are the more slender
apophyses and the shorter and non-twisted con-
dition of the ductus bursae in ugaldei.

DIAGNOsIS. Apparently restricted to Central
America. Recorded from Mexico, Guatemala,
and Costa Rica.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Alvaro Ugalde, Director of the Costa Rican
System of National Parks and Conservation
Areas, in recognition of more than two decades
of unstinting dedication to the formation, growth
and perpetual survival of Costa Rica’s national
parks.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.
Holotype oO [Costa Rica]: Osa Penin{sula]
Sirena, Corcovado Nat[ional] P[ar]k, 5—11 Jan[u-

104

ary] 1981 (Janzen & Hallwachs (genitalia slide
No. 14310; BMNH).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: 10’, data as holotype,
(genitalia slide No. 14325; BMNH); 10’, Ala-
juela Prov[ince], Estacion Pitilla, 700 m, 9 km S
Santa Cecilia, June 1988 (Espinosa) (genitalia
slide No. 13634; BMNH); 10’, data as before, 18
May 1988 (Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia slide
No. 14316; BMNH); 10’, Prov[ince] San José,
Estacion Carrillo, P[ar]k Nac[ional] Braulio Car-
rillo, 700 m, Jun[e] 1985 (Chacon & Chacon)
(genitalia slide No. 14309; BMNH); 10’, Guana-
caste Prov[ince], Santa Rosa National Park, July
1982, 300 m (Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia
slide No. 14308; BMNH); 10’, Orosi, 1200 m,
Coll. Fassl; L.B.Prout Coll. B.M. 1939-643 (gen-
italia slide No. 13622; BMNH). Mexico: 10’,
(Mexique), Misantia, (Ver) (Gugelmann), regu
en juin 1912; Ex Oberthtr Coll. Brit. Mus.
1927-3 (genitalia slide No. 14318; BMNH). Gua-
temala: 10°,19 V[olcan] de Atitlan, 25[00]—3000
f[ee]t, Champion; Godman-Salvin Coll. 1903-4,
B.C.A. Lep[idoptera] Het[erocera] Pachydia
divisaria Walk. [misidentification] (genitalia
slides No. 13672, 13705; BMNH); 10’, data as
before, plus handwritten label ‘Thysanopyga api-
citruncaria H.-S., so named in Coll Stgr (fol-
lowed by an undecipherable word) Ribb’
[misidentification] (genitalia slide No. 13704;
BMNH).

Perissopteryx neougaldei sp.n.
(Figs 57-60, 134, 167)

O' (Figs 57, 58), 2 (Figs 59, 60). Indistinguish-
able from males of P. ugaldei, and also occurring
in two colour forms. Abdomen without core-
mata. Fore wing length: O& 14-15 mm; ? 15 mm.

GENITALIA © (Fig. 134). Uncus, socii, and
shape of valva as in ugaldei. Shape of juxta as in
Fig. 134, not cleft. Vinculum broader, lateral
arms almost forming a circle. Aedeagus with
pointed process of median cornutus shorter.

DIAGNOSIS. Very similar to P. ugaldei in appear-
ance. In the male genitalia, neougaldei is best
distinguished from that species by the juxta,
which is differently shaped and not cleft, and the
shorter pointed process of the angulated median
cornutus. Also, the membranous sacs formed by
the vinculum are larger in neougaldei. In the
female genitalia (but see Remarks), neougaldei is
characterized by a longer and twisted ductus
bursae, stouter apophyses, and a different steri-
gma.

DISTRIBUTION. Known with certainty only from

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Costa Rica. The females (below) provisionally
associated with the male types are from the
South American mainland (Colombia, Venezu-
ela, Brazil).

REMARKS. Three females from mainland South
America (Colombia: Purnio; Venezuela; Brazil:
La Chima (BMNH)), may belong to neougaldei.
(Two of the specimens are illustrated in Figs 59,
60.) However, their conspecificity with the male
holotype and paratype, which were collected in
Costa Rica, is uncertain so they are excluded
from the type-series. The female genitalia
(Fig. 167) may be described thus: Papillae anales
narrow. Both pairs of apophyses stout, posteri-
ores nearly twice length of anteriores. Sterigma a
broadly crescent-shaped sclerite. Ductus bursae
very long and twisted just above corpus bursae.
Corpus bursae strongly elongated, with bulla
branching off from anterior half. Wall of bursa
delicate, with a few fine longitudinal lines in its
posterior part.

The specific name was chosen because of the
extreme similarity of this species to P. ugaldei.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype o’, [Costa Rica]: Punt[arenas] Prov-
[ince], 35 km S Palmar Norte, 7-8 Jan[uary]
1983, 150 m elev[ation], 8° 45’ x 83° 20’ (Janzen
& Hallwachs) (genitalia slide No. 13638;
BMNH).

Paratype. Costa Rica: 10°, Osa Penin{sula],
Sirena, Corcovado Nat{[ional] P[ar]k, 1 May 1984
(Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia slide No. 13675;
BMNH).

Perissopteryx submarginata (Schaus, 1911)
comb.n.

(Figs 61, 62, 135, 168)

Thysanopyga submarginata Schaus, 1911: 595.
LECTOTYPE 9, [COSTA RICA] (NMNH),
here designated [examined].

O (Fig. 61); 2 (Fig. 62). Wings ochreous to
fairly dark brown, finely striated with grey, but
without maculation. In most specimens, faint
lilac tinge visible. Fore wing with lines complete;
median line straight, subbasal and postmedian
lines curved; hind wing with a nearly straight
antemedian and a curved subterminal line. The
subbasal line on the fore wing and the subtermi-
nal line on the hind wing are much fainter than
the other lines. Costal margin with a blackish
streak. Apical blotch well developed, nearly pure
cream white. Discal spots minute. Underside:
grey with darker irroration, terminal shade

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 105

broad, purplish-brown. Apical blotch as clear as
on upperside. Abdomen brown on anterior seg-
ments, more grey on posterior segments. Abdo-
men of males with two pairs of small pouches on
segments 7 and 8 bearing hair pencils. Females
larger than males. Fore wing length: CO
14-16 mm; 2 15-17 mm.

GENITALIA CO (Fig. 135). Uncus and socii mod-
erately large, uncus with a small subapical hook.
Valva broad and well rounded, apical region and
inner margin densely covered with soft hairs.
Tegumen and vinculum of equal length and
width, saccus forming a small plate rather than a
tip. Aedeagus short, flask-shaped, with a single,
fairly large median cornutus.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 168). Papillae anales long
and narrow; both pairs of apophyses slender,
posteriores nearly twice as long as anteriores.
Shape of sterigma as in Fig. 168. Ductus bursae
fairly long, with one side heavily sclerotized.
Corpus bursae elongated, its wall delicate except
for a posterior sclerotized section situated
between the end of the ductus bursae and the
ductus seminalis.

DIAGNOsIS. Similar in appearance to P.
ochreobarbipes (above) and P. submarginatella
(below). In size, P. submarginata is intermediate
between the two. Males of P. ochreobarbipes can
be easily identified by the presence of light
ochreous tibial hair-pencils, and both sexes lack
the subterminal line on the hind wing. P. sub-
marginata and ochreobarbipes are sympatric in
Costa Rica, but submarginata and submargin-
atella seem to be allopatric (see Distribution).
Where no locality information is available, they
can be separated only by dissecting the genitalia.
In the male, submarginata is best distinguished
from submarginatella by the rounded valva,
larger and rounded vinculum and broader aedea-
gus. In the female, although the bursa copulatrix
of both species is elongated, that of swbmarginata
is distinguishable by the presence of localized
sclerotizations.

DISTRIBUTION. Collected only from Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (100, 59).

Lectotype 2, [Costa Rica]: Juan Vinas; Jan[u-
ary]; Type No. 17453 U.S.N.M.; Thysanopyga
submarginata Schaus Type (handwritten)
(NMNH) [examined].

Paralectotype. Costa Rica: 10°, Mar[ch], Six-
ola Riv[er], CR; Schaus and Barnes coll.; Thys-
anopyga submarginata Schaus_ [handwritten]

(NMNH) [examined].
| Other material. Costa Rica: Alajuela Province:

Estacion Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, 700 m;
Finca La Campana, El Ensayo, 7 km NW Dos
Rios, 700 m; Finca San Gabriel, 2 km SW Dos
Rios, 600 m; Cerro Campana, 650 m, E side
Volcan Cacao, 6 km NW Dos Rios. San José
Province: Estacion Carrillo, Braulio Carrillo
National Park, 700 m. Limon Province: 9.4 km
W Bribri, Suretka, 200m (INBio).

Perissopteryx submarginatella sp.n.
(Figs 63, 64, 136, 169)

CO (Fig. 63), 2 (Fig. 64). Colour and markings as
in P. submarginata (Schaus), from which it is
externally indistinguishable, although usually
slightly smaller. Abdomen of males also with two
pairs of small pouches on segments 7 and 8,
bearing small hair pencils. Fore wing length:
13-15 mm; 2 17 mm.

GENITALIA © (Fig. 136). Uncus fairly large,
curved, with an additional small subapical hook.
Socii absent. Valva pointed, but densely hairy
over entire surface and therefore superficially
appearing rounded. Tegumen large, roughly tri-
angular and narrowing towards uncus. Vinculum
small, rectangular, with saccus short and blunt.
Aedeagus long and nearly straight, with a single,
small, very weakly sclerotized elliptical cornutus.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 169). Papillae anales slightly
pointed. Both pairs of apophyses very slender,
posteriores about twice length of anteriores.
Sterigma a circular sclerotized area. Ductus bur-
sae fairly long and quite well sclerotized, corpus
bursae strongly elongated, delicate, and with
very fine longitudinal lines.

DIAGNOSIS. Similar to P. submarginata, but the
two species are largely, although not entirely,
allopatric so that locality data together with the
smaller size of submarginatella can be helpful in
recognition. In submarginatella the male genita-
lia differ from those of submarginata in having a
pointed valva, a smaller, rectangular vinculum,
and a more slender aedeagus. In the female
genitalia, submarginatella may be recognized by
its more slender apophyses and the absence of
the very distinct sclerotizations on the bursa
copulatrix.

DISTRIBUTION. Widespread in South America,
but records are not numerous. It has been col-
lected in Peru, Brazil, and French Guiana. There
is also an isolated record from the Cerro Zunil
area in Guatemala.

REMARKS. The ending -e//a, denoting a diminu-
tive, was chosen because of the resemblance of

106

the new species to small individuals of P. sub-
marginata (Schaus).

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype oO, [French Guiana]: (Guyane
Frangaise), St. Laurent de Maroni, Collection Le
Moult; Mars; 67.20. (Brabant) 1920; Joicey
Bequest Brit. Mus. 1934-120 (genitalia slide No.
14329; BMNH).

Paratypes (30°,19): Guatemala: 19, Cerro
Zunil, 4-5000 f[ee]t, Champion; Godman-Salvin
Coll. 1903-4, B.C.A. Lep[idoptera] Het[erocera]
Pachydia_ divisaria Walk. [misidentification]
(genitalia slide No. 14359; BMNH). Brazil: 20’,
Para (Moss); Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1.
(genitalia slide No. 13514) (BMNH). Peru: 1c’,
Yahuarmayo, 1399, 1200 f[ee]t, April 1912; L.B.
Prout Coll. B.M. 1939-643 (genitalia slide No.
14328; BMNH).

P. ochrilinea and P. gamezi

These two species may constitute a monophyletic
group. Probable derived characters in the male
genitalia are a distinctly star-shaped juxta and
the presence of hairs along the inner margin of
the tegumen.

Perissopteryx ochrilinea (Warren, 1904)
comb.n.

(Figs 65-68, 137, 170)

[Thysanopyga pygaria ‘ab.’ ochrilinea, Warren,
1897: 478. [JAMAICA: Newcastle] as an ‘ab.’,
see Remarks. ]

Thysanopyga ochrilinea Warren, 1904: 125.
LECTOTYPE ©’, JAMAICA (BMNRH), here
designated [examined].

CO (Figs 65, 66), 9 (Figs 67, 68). Of medium size
for the genus, with broad wings, but a rather
slender body. Abdomen of males without core-
mata. Occurs in two different forms. The species
was originally described from the olive-ochreous
form by Warren. Olive-grey form: fore wing and
basal half of hind wing olive-grey. Extensive
ochreous scaling on distal half of hind wing and
along the costal margin and subbasal and post-
median lines of fore wing. Median line on fore
wing weakly developed to absent, antemedian
line on hind wing absent. Discal spots dark
brown on fore wing, white on hind wing, small.
Apical blotch moderately well developed, rather
dark. Underside: ochreous, heavily dusted with
grey, especially in terminal area. Discal spots and
apical blotch practically absent. Brown-grey
form: wings brownish grey, finely striated with

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

darker grey over basal two thirds, but chocolate-
brown in terminal areas. Fore wing with straight,
or nearly straight, subbasal and median lines and
a concave median line. Apical blotch and discal
spots as above. Hind wing with median line
present. Underside: light grey, irrorated with
darker scales. Terminal shade moderately broad,
without clear margin. Discal spots discernible on
fore wing only, apical blotch faint. Fore wing
length: CO 15-16 mm; 9 16 mm.

GENITALIA CO (Fig. 137). Uncus fairly long,
straight. Valva moderately broad, pointed. Inner
valval margin with a large hair-tuft. Inner margin
of tegumen hairy. Juxta large, star-shaped.
Aedeagus short and stout, with a single large
cornutus with apical serrations.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 170). Papillae anales and
apophyses normal. Sterigma elliptical. Ductus
bursae long and narrow, membranous. Corpus
bursae pear-shaped to rounded, with a small,
lateral appendix bursae. Wall of bursa membra-
nous.

DIAGNOsIS. The species is difficult to recognize
and may be confused with a range of others.
Specimens of the olive-grey form may be con-
fused with P. suffecta, divisaria, muzonensis,
trinidadicola, and others. However, some help
may be gained from distributional data, since
ochrilinea seems to be restricted to Jamaica and
British Guyana. P. ochrilinea, and P. gamezi,
(described below), may be distinguished from all
other species of Perissopteryx by their star-
shaped juxta (Figs 195, 197). The most useful
characters for separation of ochrilinea and
gamezi are the straight and not dilated uncus, the
smaller and rounded vinculum, and the larger
cornutus in ochrilinea. The female of ochrilinea is
easily recognized by its corpus bursae, which
possesses a lateral appendix.

DISTRIBUTION. Specimens are known only from
Jamaica and Guyana.

REMARKS. Originally, Warren (1897) used the
name ochrilinea for an aberration of Thysano-
Pyga pygaria. Since this is of infrasubspecific
rank, it falls outside the regulations of the Inter-
national Code of Zoological Nomenclature
(1985). Seven years later, however, he regarded
ochrilinea as a distinct species (Warren, 1904:
125). Hence 1904 is the date of the species
description. The type series (two male syntypes)
have very well-developed ochreous markings, a
condition which seems to be rather rare. All
intermediates between these and the grey-brown
individuals occur.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 107

MATERIAL EXAMINED (70, 39).

Lectotype ©’, [Jamaica: Newcastle]; Thysano-
pyga [handwritten]; N.Z.iv.478, ab. ochrilinea
Warren © Type; Rothschild Bequest B.M.
1939-1 (genitalia slide No. 13661; BMNH)
[examined].

Paralectotype. Jamaica: 10°, Newcastle,
Aug[ust] [18]93; Thysanopyga pygaria Gn. ab.
ochrilinea Warr. 1897, O paratype [handwrit-
ten]; Rothschild Bequest, B.M. 1939-1 (genitalia
slide No.13576) (BMNH) [examined].

Other material. Jamaica: Newcastle. Guyana
(BMNH).

Perissopteryx gamezi sp.n.
(Figs 69-72, 138, 171)

CO (Fig. 138), 9 (Fig. 171). Rather small. Wings
ochreous to greyish-brown, rarely brown, with
heavy grey dusting. Both wings with sparse
darker maculation in terminal area. Lines com-
plete. Discal spots normal (black on fore wing,
white on hind wing), but small and sometimes
absent. Apical blotch of normal size, but dark
and inconspicuous. Underside: greyish ochreous
with fine grey irrorations, terminal shade darker,
without precise margin. Discal spots faintly visi-
ble on fore wing, apical blotch hardly discernible.
An olive-grey and ochreous form also occurs, but
more rarely. Abdomen of males without core-
mata. Fore wing length: CO 13-15mm; Q
14-15 mm.

GENITALIA © (Fig. 138). Uncus large, dilated
towards apex, socii small. Valva long and nar-
row, pointed. Tegumen triangular, slightly
longer than vinculum, with inner margin hairy.
Juxta star-shaped as in ochrilinea. Base of vincu-
lum intermediate between the rounded and the
rectangular type. Aedeagus moderately large,
straight, with a single large, but not very large,
cornutus.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 171). Apophyses slender,
posteriores not much longer than anteriores.
Sterigma crescent-shaped. Ductus bursae long,
fairly broad near ostium and broadening towards
corpus bursae, central part narrower. Corpus
bursae large, membranous, its posterior part
somewhat angular.

DIAGNOSIS. The male genitalia of P. gamezi are
most similar to those of P. ochrilinea, although
the species do not closely resemble each other
externally. In size and markings gamezi is much
more similar to P. divisaria (Walker) and its
close allies. As stated in the diagnosis of P.
ochrilinea (above), that species and gamezi can

be separated from the other, externally similar
Perissopteryx species by the conspicuous star-
shaped juxta in the male. The most useful char-
acters to separate gamezi from ochrilinea are the
longer and dilated uncus, larger and rather rect-
angular vinculum and smaller cornutus in
gamezi. In the female genitalia, gamezi can be
recognized by the large, membranous, and some-
what rectangular corpus bursae, which appears
to be very large compared with the long and
narrow ductus bursae.

DISTRIBUTION. A Central American species
known mainly from Costa Rica. A single speci-
men from S. Mexico: Orizaba has also been
observed.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Dr Rodrigo Gamez, Director of the National
Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica, in recogni-
tion of his tireless efforts in aiding Costa Rican
biodiversity administration to evolve in response
to society’s needs.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype ©’, [Costa Rica]: Guanacaste Prov-
[ince], Estacion Mengo, 1100 m, SW side Volcan
Cacao, Jul[y] 1987 (Janzen & Hallwachs) (genita-
lia slide No. 14317; BMNH).

Paratypes (50°, 29): Costa Rica: 10°, Guana-
caste Prov[ince], Rincon Nat[ional] P[ar]k, 22
Deci[ember] 1978 (Janzen) (genitalia slide No.
14319; BMNH); 19, same data, dated 19
Nov[ember] 1979 (genitalia slide No. 14311)
(BMNH); 10’, Punt[arenas] Prov[ince], Mon-
teverde, 1400 m, 25-26 Jun[e] 1979, (Janzen)
(genitalia slide No. 14324; BMNH); 20’, Under-
wood; Rothschild Bequest, B.M. 1939-1 (genita-
lia slides No. 14290, 14291) (BMNH); 19, 22.24.
San José (Schmidt); Joicey Bequest, Brit.Mus.
1934-120 (genitalia slide No. 14320; BMNH).
Mexico: 10°, Orizaba, March [18]96 (Schaus);
Pachydia_ divisaria Walk. [misidentification]
[handwritten]; Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1
(genitalia slide No. 14284; BMNH).

P. raveni, P. suffecta, and P. intermedia

The following three species probably constitute
another monophyletic species-group within Per-
issopteryx. The male genitalia are extremely sim-
ilar, except for the juxta, and the aedeagus is
characterized by a single, needle-like cornutus of
varying length and apical serrations on the ves-
ica.

108
Perissopteryx raveni sp.n.
(Figs 73-75, 139, 172)

CO (Figs 73, 74), Q (Fig. 75). Fairly robust,
occurring in two forms. Thorax and abdomen
concolorous with wings in both forms. Male
abdomen with two pairs of coremata, bearing
large hair pencils. Grey-brown form: wings of a
uniform medium brown, dusted with grey. All
three lines on fore wing and median line on hind
wing well developed. Apical blotch dark, incon-
spicuous. Discal spots small; black on fore wing,
white on hind wing. Underside: grey-ochreous,
with dense dark dusting, especially towards ter-
men. Terminal shade better developed in males.
Apical blotch and discal spots absent or nearly
so. Olive-grey form: areas normally ochreous on
other species ate brick-red. Median lines absent
on both wings. Apical blotch nearly absent.
Underside grey with heavy dark dusting, with a
lighter postmedian fascia on both wings. Fore
wing length: ©’ 15-17 mm; 2 16 mm.

GENITALIA © (Fig. 139). Uncus long and nar-
row, socii small. Valva long and pointed, arising
from base of vinculum and nearly entirely devoid
of hairs. Tegumen rounded in outline, becoming
slightly narrower towards uncus. Juxta somewhat
rectangular. Vinculum about 1.5 times length of
tegumen, its base not rectangular; saccus forming
a broad, stout tip. Aedeagus very long, with a
single, needle-like cornutus nearly equalling
length of aedeagus. Apex of vesica very finely
serrated.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 172). Both pairs of apophy-
ses narrow and delicate. Ostium and sterigma as
in Fig. 172. Ductus bursae short. Bursa copula-
trix characteristically pipe-shaped, with conspicu-
ous sclerotizations.

DIAGNOSIS. Externally indistinguishable from
smithi. P. ochreobarbipes and griseobarbipes are
also similar, but the males can be distinguished
by the presence of tibial hair-pencils compared
with their absence in raveni. In the female genita-
lia, raveni is clearly recognizable by its pipe-
shaped bursa copulatrix. In the male genitalia,
confusion is likely only with P. suffecta and
intermedia (described below). These three spe-
cies are best separated by the length of the single,
needle-like cornutus: in raveni, it is nearly as
long as the aedeagus, while in suffecta and inter-
media it attains half and one-third of its length,
respectively. In addition, the juxta is rather rect-
angular in raveni and suffecta, but broadly
pointed with lateral projections in intermedia.

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE
DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Dr Peter Raven, Director of the St. Louis Botan-
ical Garden, in recognition of his tireless efforts
on behalf of the conservation of tropical biodi-
versity in general, and Costa Rican biodiversity
specifically.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.
Holotype O [Costa Rica]: Punt[arenas] Prov-
[ince], Monteverde, 1400 m, 25-26 Jun[e] 1979
(Janzen) (genitalia slide No. 14312; BMNH).
Paratypes: 10°, same data as holotype (genita-
lia slide No. 14307; BMNH); Costa Rica: 10’,
Cartago Prov[ince], Moravia de Chirripo,
1114 m, 14 Jan[uary] 1986, (Chacon & Chacon)
(genitalia slide No. 14313; BMNH); 10’, Cashi,
3300 flee]t, 23.ix.-14.x.1912 (C.H. Lankester);
Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1 (genitalia slide
No. 13700) (BMNH); 19, Cartago Prov[ince],
3 km S Casa Mata, 16 km S San Isidro de Tajar,
1800 m, Interamericana, 4 Dec{ember] 1988,
(Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia slide No. 14323;
BMNH); 29, Orosi, 1200 m, Coll. Fassl; Joicey
Bequest Brit. Mus. 1934-120 (genitalia slides No.
13688, 13694; BMNH).

Perissopteryx suffecta (Warren, 1904)
comb.n.

(Figs 76, 77, 140)

Thysanopyga suffecta Warren, 1904: 125. Holo-
type &', BOLIVIA (BMNH) [examined].

CO (Figs 76, 77). Medium-sized for the genus.
Abdomen of males with two pairs of coremata.
Occurs in an olive-grey and an ochreous-grey
form. Olive-grey form: wings ochreous, very
thickly dusted with olive. Fore wing with sub-
basal and postmedian line present, ochreous,
median line absent on both wings. A weak ochre-
ous streak along the costa of the fore wing, apical
blotch nearly absent, discal spots present, but not
conspicuous. Postmedian area of hind wing with
an ochreous fascia. Underside: light ochreous,
heavily dusted with grey, terminal shade olive-
grey. Discal spots and apical blotch absent.
Ochreous-grey form: wings ochreous, thickly
dusted with grey. Fore wing with all lines
present; hind wing with median line present.
Costa of fore wing with a weak greyish streak;
apical blotch not conspicuous, discal spots dis-
tinct. Terminal area of hind wing with faint grey
maculation. Underside: of same ground colour as
upperside, less heavily dusted. Hind wing lacking
terminal shade, apical blotch and discal spots.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 109

Fore wing length: C' 16 mm.

GENITALIA O' (Fig. 140). Uncus large, socii
absent. Valva long, rather narrow, slightly
pointed apically and practically devoid of hairs.
Juxta rather rectangular. Vinculum longer than
tegumen, its base of the rounded type. Aedeagus
long, slightly curved posteriorly, with a single
needle-like cornutus of around one-third the
length of the aedeagus. Vesica with rather strong
apical serrations.

GENITALIA 2. Unknown.

DIAGNOSIS. See also diagnosis for raveni, above,
and intermedia below. The holotype is very simi-
lar in size and markings to the corresponding
forms of divisaria and ochrilinea. In the male
genitalia, confusion is only possible with raveni
and intermedia; the differences are described in
the diagnosis of raveni, above.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru and Bolivia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (30’).
Holotype ©’, [Bolivia]: Chulumani, 2000 m,
i.[19]01, wet s[eason] (Simons); xi p.125 [hand-
written]; Rothschild Bequest B.M.1939-1 (geni-
talia slide No. 14329; BMNH).

Other material. Bolivia: Chulumani, 2000 m.
Peru: Santo Domingo, Carabaya, 6500 feet
(BMNH).

Perissopteryx intermedia sp.n.
(Figs 78, 141)

CO’ (Fig. 78). Medium-sized for the genus. Both
wings olive-grey; heavily striated. Median line
absent, fore wing with subbasal and postmedian
lines doubly ochreous and brown, fairly straight.
Costa of fore wing with a faint ochreous streak.
Apical blotch weak; discal spots of normal size,
black on fore wing, white on hind wing. Hind
wing with a broad ochreous postmedian fascia.
Underside dark, fuscous grey, with a broad, grey
terminal shade. Apical blotch very faint, fore
wing discal spots clear. Vestiture of thorax and
abdomen of the same olive-grey as wings. Abdo-
men of males with two pairs of coremata. Fore
wing length: 16 mm.

GENITALIA © (Fig. 141). Uncus long, finely
pointed, socii absent. Valva long, rather narrow,
pointed, but not acutely so; practically devoid of
hairs. Shape of juxta as shown in Fig. 141, not
rectangular, but broadly pointed and with lateral
projections. Vinculum longer than the tegumen,
its base of the rounded type. Aedeagus long,
mildly curved posteriorly, with a single, needle-

like cornutus which is roughly half as long as the
aedeagus. Vesica with apical serrations.

GENITALIA 2. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIS. The olive-grey holotype is currently
the only specimen known. It is very similar to the
corresponding forms of suffecta, divisaria
(Walker), ochrilinea, and smithi. The male geni-
talia of intermedia are most similar to those of
suffecta and raveni. The single needle-like cornu-
tus which characterizes them is longest in raveni,
shortest in suffecta, and of intermediate length in
intermedia. The juxta of suffecta and raveni is
roughly rectangular in shape, while that of inter-
media is entirely different.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type local-
ity in Ecuador.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype ©’, [Ecuador]: Hacienda Cayandeled,
Prov[ince] Rio Bamba (Versant Ouest Cordil-
leres), 42001, Février 1883, Stolzmann; Ex
Oberthiir Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3 (genitalia slide
No. 14378; BMNH).

P. smithi, P. divisaria, P. bozae, P.
trinidadicola, and P. muzonensis

These five species may form another species-
group, all being characterized by an angulated
median cornutus, which consists of several parts.
However, this is by no means certain. P. ugaldei
and P. neougaldei (above) also have an angu-
lated median cornutus, but the association of
these two species with the five mentioned here is
uncertain.

Perissopteryx smithi sp.n.
(Figs 79-81, 142, 173)

Oo (Fig. 79), 2 (Figs 80, 81). A fairly large and
robust-bodied species of Perissopteryx. The spe-
cies Occurs in a brown and an olive-ochreous
form. Vestiture of thorax and abdomen concol-
orous with wings in both forms. Abdomen of
male with two pairs of coremata. Females tend to
show more variation in ground colour and size
than males. Brown form: wings nearly unicolor-
ous, ranging from ochre to rich brown, densely
striated with grey. Fore wing with all 3 lines
present, median line frequently the most promi-
nent. Apical blotch rather inconspicuous. Discal
spots black on fore wing, white on hind wing,
small. Hind wing with median line usually prom-
inent, but sometimes virtually absent. Underside
ochreous to grey-brown with broad terminal

110

shade. Apical blotch hardly visible, discal spots
present or absent. Olive-ochreous form: only one
specimen has been examined. Groundcolour of
wings ochre. Fore wings very heavily striated
with olive, so appearing nearly unicolorous olive-
grey. Hind wings fairly thickly striated in basal
half; terminal half predominantly ochreous.
Median line absent on hind wing and practically
absent on fore wing. Subbasal and postmedian
lines on fore wing ochreous. Apical blotch mod-
erately conspicuous, discal spots normal. Under-
side dark grey-brown, with prominent terminal
shade. Apical blotch and discal spots clearly
visible. Fore wing length: O 15-18mm; 2
16 mm.

GENITALIA OC (Fig. 142). Uncus long and nar-
row, socii medium-sized. Valva long and
pointed, inner margin hairy. Tegumen broad and
compact, approximately rectangular. Juxta as in
Fig. 142. Vinculum markedly longer than tegu-
men, its base rectangular, saccus forming a well-
defined tip. Aedeagus long, with slender
angulated median cornutus and 2-3 apical cor-
nuti; end of vesica with serrations.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 173). Papillae anales nar-
row. Apophyses posteriores long and slender,
apophyses anteriores shorter and slightly more
robust. Sterigma broadly crescent-shaped. Duc-
tus bursae long and bearing longitudinal stria-
tions. Corpus bursae fairly small and rounded,
membranous.

DIAGNOsIS. A fairly robust species, externally
similar to bozae (described below) and P. raveni.
P. bozae and P. smithi may be recognized by
their larger genitalia and longer vinculum than in
the other species with an angulated median cor-
nutus. The best characters for separation of
smithi and bozae are found in the aedeagus. In
smithi it is longer, with an elongated and slender
median cornutus, three apical cornuti, and serra-
tions at the apex of the vesica, but in bozae it is
shorter, with a more robust median cornutus,
two apical cornuti and a vesica bearing a group of
minute cornuti instead of a serration. In the
female genitalia, both smithi and bozae have a
long ductus bursae, and a corpus which is
broader than long. However, there are differ-
ences in the structure of the sterigma and the
shape of the corpus bursae (Figs 173, 175).

DISTRIBUTION. Apparently widespread, with
records from Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru. Not
recorded from Central America.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Ted Smith, Director of the Consultative Group

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

on Biological Diversity, for his unflagging and
thankless task of attracting foundation support to
the conservation of tropical biodiversity in gen-
eral, and Costa Rican biodiversity specifically.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.
Holotype oO’, [Peru]: 1903-295 (genitalia slide
No. 14375; BMNH).

Paratypes. Bolivia: 10, EE. Bolivia,
Buenavista, July-Oct[ober] 1906 (Steinbach);
Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1 (genitalia slide
No. 13624; BMNH). Colombia: 10°, Ost Colom-
bia, Ob[erer] Rio Negro, 800 m, Coll. Fassl;
Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1 (genitalia slide
No. 13625; BMNH); 10°, Muzo, 400-800 m
(Fassl); Joicey Bequest Brit. Mus. 1934-120.
Peru: 10°, Chanchamayo; Joicey Bequest Brit.
Mus. 1934-120; Pachydia abdominaria Gn. [misi-
dent.] (genitalia slide No. 14724; BMNH); 10,
C. Peru, La Merced; 3000-4500 flee]t,i,ii '20,
(Watkins); 6.20; Joicey Bequest Brit. Mus. 1934-
120 (genitalia slide No. 14371; BMNH); 19, La
Oroya, R[io] Inambari, Sept[ember] 1904, 3100
f[ee]t, dry seas[on] (Ockenden); Rothschild
Bequest B.M. 1939-1 (genitalia slide No. 13703;
BMNH).

Perissopteryx divisaria (Walker, 1861)
comb.n.

(Figs 82-84, 143, 174)

Tephrina divisaria Walker, 1861: 960. Holotype
Oo, VENEZUELA (BMNH)[examined] .

Pachydia divisaria (Walker); Druce, 1893: 136.
[Probably misidentified. |

CO (Figs 82, 83), 9 (Fig. 84). Fairly small; occur-
ring in two forms. Thorax and abdomen concol-
orous with wings in both forms. Ochreous-grey
form: ochreous, densely dusted with grey. Lines
complete, but fainter in females. Terminal area
of fore wing with inconspicuous grey and brown
maculation. Apical blotch of normal size, but
dark. Discal spots black on fore wing, white on
hind wing, small to reduced. Underside: lighter
than upperside, terminal shade darker, but not
well developed. Discal spots visible on fore wing
only. Apex of fore wing often with a small black
spot. Olive-ochreous form: fore wing olive-grey,
as in typical ochrilinea; subbasal and postmedian
lines ochreous, edged with brown; median line
simple, brown. Costal margin with ochreous
streak. Terminal area with pure brown macula-
tions. Hind wing: median line weakly developed,
a broad ochreous fascia in subterminal area.
Discal spot white, sometimes very small. Under-
side: postmedian line on fore wing visible from

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 111

beneath, denoting the margin of the terminal
shade. Fore wing length: CO 13-15 mm; 2
15-16 mm.

GENITALIA © (Fig. 143). Uncus broadest near
middle, spindle-shaped. Valva moderately
broad, pointed; inner valval margin with soft
hairs and a conspicuous group of strong setae at
base. Tegumen trapezoidal, shorter than vincu-
lum. Base of vinculum of the rectangular type,
with a well-defined tip. Aedeagus with angulated
median cornutus and 2-5 apical cornuti.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 174). Papillae anales nar-
row. Apophyses posteriores long and slender,
apophyses anteriores much shorter and stout.
Sterigma fairly conspicuous, broadly crescent-
shaped. Ductus bursae very long, twisted several
times, its wall with longitudinal striations. Cor-
pus bursae small, rounded, its wall membranous.

DIAGNOsIS. Externally, closest to gamezi and to
the holotype of trinidadicola (described below).
In the male genitalia, the group of strong setae
occurring at the base of the inner valval margin is
helpful in the recognition of divisaria (see
Fig. 143). The female genitalia are rather similar
to those of trinidadicola, but they differ in the
structure of the ductus bursae and the sterigma
(compare Figs 174, 176). In addition, divisaria is
widespread on the S. American mainland, while
trinidadicola is restricted to Trinidad.

DISTRIBUTION. Apparently widely distributed in
mainland S. America, but not extending into
Central America (see Remarks). Most specimens
examined have been collected in Brazil with
additional records from Peru and Paraguay.

REMARKS. Druce (1893: 136) noted that P.
divisaria is common in Guatemala and also
occurs in Panama and Mexico. These records
probably refer rather to one or more of P.
gamezi, ugaldei, or neougaldei, all of which occur
in Central America. P. divisaria seems only to
occur in continental S. America.

The original description of Tephrina divisaria
Walker is based on a single male from Venezu-
ela. Unfortunately, the abdomen of the holotype
(including the genitalia), which is housed in the
BMNH, is in very poor condition thus rendering
it difficult to establish the identity of the species
in the face of several similar species. However,
since gamezi, the species externally most similar,
is restricted to Central America, the identity of
divisaria is here established as the South Ameri-
can species described and figured above.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (110", 29).
Holotype ©’, [Venezuela]: 26. Tephrina divisaria;
(BMNH).

Brazil: W. Brazil, Calama, Rio Madeira,
below Rio Machados; Jaragua do Sul, Santa
Catharina [sic]; Hansa Humboldt, Santa Catar-
ina, 60 m; Minas Gerais, Uberaba; Castro,
Parana, 950 m; Novo Friburgo; La Chima. Para-
guay: Sapucay. Peru: La Union, Rio Huaca-
mayo, Carabaya, 2000 feet (BMNH).

Perissopteryx bozae sp.n.
(Figs 85, 86, 144, 175)

CO (Fig. 85). Medium-sized with relatively broad
wings. Wings dark ochreous with heavy grey
striation and additional irregular grey maculation
in postmedian area of both wings. Apical blotch
dark, only with a whitish dot beneath the apex.
All lines well developed, discal spots small.
Underside fairly dark ochreous grey, terminal
shade therefore not pronounced. Discal spots
and apical blotch nearly absent. Dorsal side of
thorax and abdomen of the same brown as wings.
Male abdomen with two large pairs of coremata.
Fore wing length: C 16 mm.

GENITALIA OC (Fig. 144). Uncus moderately
long; socii well developed. Valva long and fairly
narrow, apex pointed, but not acutely so, inner
margin hairy. Juxta broadly pointed with lateral
projections. Base of vinculum of the rectangular
type; saccus with a large tip. Aedeagus with
angular median cornutus robust, two subapical
and three very small apical cornuti.

GENITALIA 2. See Remarks.

DIAGNOsIS. This is a fairly dark and broad-
winged Perissopteryx. Particularly similar in
appearance are smithi, raveni, and muzonensis
(described below). In the genitalia, however,
close similarities only exist with smithi (above),
and a detailed diagnosis is given under that
species.

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador and, possibly, Guate-
mala (see Remarks).

REMARKS. A female from Guatemala (Volcan
Santa Maria, July, BMNH) thought to be bozae
is described as follows: colour and markings
(Fig. 86) similar to male. Fore wing length:
17 mm. Genitalia (Fig. 175) (Papillae anales bro-
Ken in the only known female.) Apophyses ante-
riores distinctly shorter and stouter than
posteriores. Sterigma a rather narrow area of
denser sclerotization, without special structures.
Ductus narrow for posterior third, then widen-

112

ing. Corpus bursae broader than long, its wall
membranous. The specimen is excluded from the
type series since there is some doubt of its
conspecificity with the male. The locality differs
from that of the male holotype, and there are no
other specimens of this species.

This new species is named in honour of Mario
Boza, Viceminister of the Costa Rican Ministry
of Natural Resources, Energy and Mines, in
recognition of his outstanding promotion of
Costa Rica’s national park and wildland conser-
vation for more than two decades.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype ©’, [Ecuador]: West Ecuador, Haci-
enda Ave Maria (Buchwald); Rothschild
Bequest B.M. 1939-1 (genitalia slide No. 14358;
BMNH).

Paratype. Ecuador: 10°, Equateur, Chimbo
(Mathan), ler Semestre 1892; Ex Oberthiir Coll.
Brit. Mus. 1927-3 (genitalia slide No. 13693;
BMNH).

Perissopteryx trinidadicola sp.n.
(Figs 87, 88, 145, 176)

CO (Fig. 87), 2 (Fig. 88). Small and fairly robust.
Both wings ochreous-grey to sand-coloured, and
then with only rather faint grey striation. Fore
wing with lines complete; median line well devel-
oped, subbasal and postmedian lines faint or well
developed. Apical blotch very weak, discal spots
small. Hind wing with median line faint. Under-
side whitish grey, with sharply contrasting, dark
grey terminal shade. Median lines of both wings
and discal spots on fore wings clearly discernible,
apical blotch hardly visible. Dorsal aspect of
thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.
Abdomen without coremata. Fore wing length:
CO 13 mm; 9 14 mm.

GENITALIA O' (Fig. 145). In ventral view, geni-
tal capsule less elongated than in its congeners.
Uncus strong, broad at base, not spindle-shaped.
Socii small. Tegumen hardly longer than vincu-
lum, robust, narrowing only very slightly towards
uncus. Vinculum strongly rectangular ventrally,
the tip well defined. Aedeagus with a fairly
massive median cornutus (pointed process long),
and with apical cornuti in a long row.

GENITALIA 9 (Fig. 176). Papillae anales slightly
pointed. Apophyses posteriores nearly twice as
long as anteriores. Sterigma large. Ductus bursae
very long and coiled, well sclerotized. Corpus
bursae small and rounded.

DIAGNOSIS. P. trinidadicola is a small and rather

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

robust species. In externals, the species is diffi-
cult to distinguish from gamezi and divisaria.
However, two of the three specimens known for
trinidadicola are less grey and more _ sand-
coloured than in gamezi and divisaria. The
underside is greyish-white and much paler than
in gamezi or divisaria, with a sharply contrasting
terminal shade. Since trinidadicola is so far
known only from the island of Trinidad, distribu-
tional data may also prove useful. The genitalia
of trinidadicola are most similar to those of
divisaria. In the male, trinidadicola lacks the
group of strong setae at the base of the inner
valval margin and also abdominal coremata. In
the female, the sterigma differs in shape, the
longitudinal lines in the wall of the ductus bursae
are absent, and the corpus bursae is smaller.

DISTRIBUTION. Trinidad.

REMARKS. The name is derived from the coun-
try from which it has been collected.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype ©’, [Trinidad]: W.I., Morne Bleu, Tex-
tel Installation At Light 9.xi.1978 (Cook); TL-
751; CIE COLL A.12521; Pres[ented] by Com-
m[onwealth] Inst[itute] [of] Ent[omology] B.M.
1980-1; Thysanopyga divisaria Walk., 100-64,
det. J.D. Holloway 1980 [misidentification] (gen-
italia slide No. 14288; BMNH).

Paratypes. Trinidad: 10’, 10.vi.-11.vii. (Kaye),
1904-25; SC 1 from cell [handwritten] (genitalia
slide No. 14372; BMNH); 19 (Kaye) 1904-14
(genitalia slide No. 14373; BMNH).

Perissopteryx muzonensis sp.n.
(Figs 89, 146)

CO (Fig. 89). Medium-sized, with rather broad
wings. Wings medium brown with very fine grey
irrorations and only faint maculation in terminal
area of fore wing. Lines complete. Discal spots
very small. Apical blotch mostly grey, inconspic-
uous. Underside grey, dusted with darker scales,
terminal shade well developed. Discal spots and
apical blotch not visible from beneath. Vestiture
of thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.
Fore wing length: 16 mm.

GENITALIA OC (Fig. 146). Genital capsule
strongly elongated. Uncus stout; socii small.
Valva rather narrow and pointed. Tegumen nar-
row, almost rectangular. Vinculum narrow, rect-
angular, and more than twice length of tegumen.
Juxta large. Aedeagus moderately large, straight
with row of minute cornuti near apex; vesica with

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 113

angular median cornutus and two subapical cor-
nuti.

GENITALIA 2. Unknown.

DIAGNOSIS. Externally, this new species is most
similar to bozae and smithi. In the male genitalia,
however, it most closely resembles trinidadicola
and divisaria, from which it is best distinguished
by the presence of an additional row of very
small cornuti on the aedeagus and, especially, by
the very long vinculum.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Muzo in
Colombia, the type locality.

REMARKS. The name is derived from the type
locality, Muzo in Colombia. The species is
known only from the holotype.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype ©’, [Colombia]: Muzo, 400-800 m
(Fass!); L.B. Prout Coll. B.M. 1939-643 (genita-
lia slide No. 13505; BMNH).

Perissopteryx commendata (Schaus, 1912)
comb. n.

(Figs 90, 91, 147, 177)

Thysanopyga commendata Schaus, 1912: 425.
LECTOTYPE oc’, [COSTA RICA] (NMNH),
here designated [examined].

Oo (Fig. 90), 2 (Fig. 91). Large and robust.
Thorax and abdomen mouse-grey in males,
ochreous-grey in females. Male: ground colour of
fore wing mouse-grey, with fine dark striations,
especially along the costa. Median line practi-
cally absent, subbasal and postmedian lines
slightly zigzag, chocolate-brown, bordered with
ochreous. Apex with a black spot and a fine,
pure white streak. Discal spots off-white with
black pupil. Dorsum of fore wing with patch of
long hairs along anal margin. Hind wing grey-
brown with dark striations and a darker terminal
shade. Median line present. Discal spot visible
on fore wing. Large hair-patches on dorsum of
fore wing also visible. Female: ground colour of
fore wing lighter grey than in males, mixed with
ochreous, and with fine, dark striations; subbasal
line and most of postmedian area of fore wing
rich chocolate-brown. Hind wing: median line
absent. Underside: without discal spots; terminal
shade better developed than in males. Fore wing
length: O16 mm; ? 16-17 mm.

GENITALIA © (Fig. 147). Uncus moderately
large, socii large. Valva long and narrow,
pointed. Vinculum about twice as long as tegu-

men, widest ventrally; ventrally well-rounded;
saccus not developed. Base of vinculum bearing
coremata similar to those found in Thysanopyga.
Aedeagus small compared with size of genitalia,
with one large median cornutus, deeply cleft, and
a patch of more than 20 smaller cornuti.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 177). Papillae anales fairly
large. Apophyses posteriores long and slender,
anteriores short and stout. Sterigma inconspicu-
ous. Ductus bursae long, its anterior part and the
adjoining proximal part of the rounded corpus
bursae sclerotized; remaining parts membranous.
Corpus bursae with appendix bursae.

DIAGNOsIS. The patch of hairs on the dorsum of
the fore wing of the males, together with the
presence of tubuliferous genitalia-based core-
mata and the atypical colour of the wings clearly
distinguish this species from its congeners.

DISTRIBUTION. Central America and the adjoin-
ing parts of the South American mainland: Pan-
ama, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Peru.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (50, 29).

Lectotype ©’, [Costa Rica]: Nov[ember]; Cachi,
C[osta] R[ica]; Type No. 17603 U.S.N.M.; Thys-
anopyga commendata Sch{au|s Type [handwrit-
ten] (NMNH).

Other material. Costa Rica: Juan Vinas, 2500
feet. Panama: Volcan de Chiriqui, 3000-4000
feet. Colombia: Etat Cundinamarca, Canache.
Peru: Yahuarmayo, 1200 feet; Santo Domingo,
Carabaya, 6500 feet (BMNH).

Perissopteryx deprivata (Warren, 1909)
comb. n.

(Figs 92, 148)

Thysanopyga deprivata Warren, 1909: 105. Holo-
type O', PERU (BMNH) [examined].

CO (Fig. 92). Ground colour of fore wing mouse-
grey, finely striated with darker grey. Proximal
half of fore wing between subbasal and postme-
dian line ochreous, subterminal area with or
without a large ochreous patch, these areas also
striated. Median line grey, its posterior half faint;
subbasal line narrow, brown, running towards
apex, but not reaching wing margin. Postmedian
line brown. Apical blotch ochreous. Discal spot
off-white with black pupil. Hind wing ochreous
with dark grey striation. Discal spot white, incon-
spicuous. Underside: lighter ochreous, dusted
with grey, especially along costa and termen of
fore wing. Discal spot small on fore wing, absent
on hind wing. Thorax and abdomen mouse-grey.

114

Abdomen of males without coremata. Fore wing
length: CO 14 mm.

GENITALIA CO’ (Fig. 148). Uncus short and stout,
with a very small ‘tip; soci fairly large. Valva
short, pointed, bearing soft hairs. Juxta approxi-
mately triangular. Tegumen U-shaped. Vincu-
lum about 1.3 times length of tegumen, with a
prominent ventral plate. Aedeagus small,
straight, median cornutus single, flask-shaped,
with longitudinal ridges.

GENITALIA 2. Unknown.

DIAGNOSIS. One of the smallest species of Peris-
sopteryx. Confusion may arise over similar small
specimens of nigricomata. Both species occur in
Peru, and may or may not have ochreous mark-
ings. However, the males of deprivata are clearly
identifiable by the prominent basal plate of the
vinculum.

DISTRIBUTION. Recorded only from Peru.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.
Holotype ©’, [Peru]: Huancabamba, Cerro de
Pasco (Boettger); Nov. Zool. xvi. 145, Thysano-
pyga deprivata Warren OC Type; Rothschild
Bequest B.M. 1939-1 (BMNH).

Other material. Peru: S.E.Peru, Santo Dom-
ingo, 6000 feet (BMNH).

Perissopteryx distincta sp.n.
(Figs 93, 94, 149)

[Thysanopyga suffecta distincta Warren, 1909:
106. Described as an aberration. |

CO (Figs 93, 94). Medium-sized with apex of fore
wing pointed. Wings fairly dark (occasionally
(Fig. 94) very dark) brown-grey with irregular
darker scaling and darker grey maculation in
tornal area of fore wing. Fore wing with all three
lines narrow, brown, but rather weakly devel-
oped. Apical blotch greyish-white, prominent.
Discal spots on fore wing large, black. Hind wing
with median and postmedian line appearing only
as indistinct fasciae. Discal spot white. Under-
side: paler grey-brown with intense grey irrora-
tion. Fore wing with discal spot and apical blotch
just visible. Terminal shade absent from hind
wing, weakly developed on fore wing. Basal half
of hind wing with patch of ochreous hairs. Abdo-
men of males without coremata. Fore wing
length: O& 16-17 mm.

GENITALIA C (Fig. 149). Uncus short and stout;
socii moderately large. Valva short and compara-
tively broad. Juxta broadly trapezoidal. Vincu-

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

lum about twice as long and much broader than
tegumen. Tegumen narrow with a large and
rounded basal plate. Membranous parts of vincu-
lum forming a large sac, bearing long hairs.
Aedeagus with a single, needle-like median cor-
nutus.

GENITALIA 9. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIS. The adult moth resembles nigrico-
mata, which, although usually smaller, may
attain the same size. The apex of the fore wing of
distincta is more acutely pointed. Both species
are sympatric in Peru. In the male genitalia,
distincta may be distinguished from nigricomata
by its much larger and ventrally well rounded
vinculum, the absence of a tooth-like projection
on the inner valval margin, and the trapezoidal,
not triangular, juxta.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Peru.

REMARKS. Originally, Warren (1909: 105)
described distincta as an aberration of Thysano-
pyga suffecta. Being infrasubspecific, the provi-
sions of the International Code do not apply to
Warren’s taxon. However, the name is still avail-
able and we have made Warren’s ‘type’ of the
aberration the holotype of distincta.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype oO’, [Peru]: Cushi, Huanuco, 1900 m
(Hoffmanns); Thysanopyga suffecta ab.distincta
Warren CO type [upperside]; Thysanopyga suf-
fecta distincta Warr. XVI1.104 [underside] [hand-
written]; Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1
(genitalia slide No. 13662; BMNH).

Paratypes. 120’, data as holotype, but without
handwritten ‘type’ label (genitalia slides Nos
13619, 13620; BMNH); Peru: 10’, Cushi, Hua-
nuco, 820 m (Hoffmanns); Rothschild Bequest
B.M. 1939- 1 (genitalia slide No. 13509;
BMNH); 10’, Cushi, Huanuco, 1820 m, 1904
(Hoffmanns); Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1;
20’, Pozuzu, 5000-6000 f[ee]t, (Native Collector);
Joicey Bequest Brit. Mus. 1934-120; 10°, Huan-
cabamba, Cerro de Pasco (Boettger); Rothschild
Bequest B.M. 1939-1.; 10°, Oxabamba, Junim;
L.B. Prout Coll. B.M. 1939-643 (genitalia slide
No. 14732; BMNH).

Perissopteryx nigricomata (Warren, 1901)
comb. n.

(Figs 95-100, 150, 178)

Thysanopyga nigricomata Warren, 1901: 481.
Holotype &, [PANAMA: Chiriqui] (BMNH)
[examined].

Thysanopyga muricolor Schaus, 1911: 595. LEC-

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 115

TOTYPE oc, COSTA RICA (NMNH), here
designated [examined]. Syn. n.

CO (Figs 95, 96, 99), 2 (Figs 97, 98, 100). Male
small to medium-sized, female smaller. Fore
wing: median area cinereous to mouse-grey, with
darker striations; basal and postmedian area
darker, grey-brown with grey maculation; some
specimens with broad ochreous streak along cos-
tal margin, and with ochreous maculation in
terminal area of fore wing; median line on fore
wing weak; subbasal and postmedian lines better
developed; discal spot black, usually normal,
sometimes small; apical blotch cinereous, con-
spicuous. Hind wing: ochreous to mouse-grey,
with darker striations; discal spots minute, white;
median line at most weakly developed, often
absent. Occasionally, extensive ochreous mark-
ings present on both wings (Fig. 96). Underside:
dull grey dusted with darker scales; terminal
shade present; discal spots present on fore wing;
apical blotch appearing as lighter area in terminal
shade of fore wing. Thorax and abdomen mouse-
grey. Abdomen of males without coremata. Fore
wing length: CO’ 15-16 mm; 9 12-17 mm.

GENITALIA CO (Fig. 150). Uncus stout, with only
a small apical hook; socii small. Valva rather
broad, with a tooth-like process at inner margin;
inserting directly on sclerotized parts of vinculum
(not on the membranous central parts). Juxta
triangular. Vinculum narrow, with a large basal
plate and a small membranous sac, bearing
sparse hairs. Aedeagus with a single, flask-
shaped median cornutus, and a group of approx-
imately ten smaller cornuti.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 178). Papillae anales fairly
long. Both pairs of apophyses short and slender.
Sterigma distinct. Ductus bursae broad, gradu-
ally widening into elongate corpus; appendix
bursae present.

DIAGNOSIS. This species varies considerably in
size, particularly in females. The variation is
similar to that observed in distincta, and darker
specimens, in particular, are similar. However,
in nigricomata the fore wing apex is less pointed.
Males of nigricomata, like those of distincta,
possess a patch of yellowish hair on the underside
of the hind wing. Small specimens with ochreous
maculation may be confused with deprivata. The
differences in the male genitalia are given in the
diagnosis for that species.

DISTRIBUTION. Recorded from Costa Rica, Pan-
ama, Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (60’, 39).

Holotype OC’ (nigricomata); Panama: N.Z. viii. p.
481, Thysanopyga nigricomata Warren CO Type;
Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1 (BMNH).

Lectotype ©’, [Costa Rica]: Juan Vinas; June;
Type No. 17454 U.S.N.M.; Thysanopyga muri-
color Sch{au]s Type [handwritten] (NMNH)
[examined]. Paralectotype 2, Costa Rica: Juan
Vinas; June, Schaus and Barnes coll.; Thysano-
pyga muricolor Sch{au]s 2 type [handwritten]
(NMNH).

Other material. Costa Rica: Orosi, 1200 m.
Colombia: Monte Tolima, Colombian Central
Cordillera, 3200 m. Bolivia: Cochabamba,
Yunga del Espirito Santo; Rio Songo, 750 m.
Peru: Oxayampa; Province Huanuco, Cushi,
1900 m; Santo Domingo, Carabaya, 6500 feet
(BMNH).

Perissopteryx albopunctaria (Dognin, 1900)
comb. n.

(Figs 101, 151)

Thysanopyga albopunctaria Dognin, 1900: 450.
Holotype C&’, [ECUADOR] (NMNH) [exam-
ined].

CO (Fig. 101). Medium-sized, pastel-shaded with
acutely pointed fore wing and indistinct lines.
Fore wing mouse-grey with large ochreous areas,
especially in basal half and along costa; thinly
striated with grey; all three lines relatively
straight, brown, but not clearly defined; discal
spot large, white; apical blotch inconspicuous
and nearly concolorous with wing. Hind wing
lighter, whitish-ochreous with grey striations and
three broad lines (more like fasciae) of same
colour; discal spots also white. Underside greyish
ochreous, with fine darker scaling, becoming
more intense towards termen. Apical region of
fore wing darker brown, with apical blotch
appearing as a greyish-white area. Discal spots
absent. Basal half of hind wing with a patch of
ochreous hairs. Thorax and abdomen mouse-
grey. Abdomen of male without coremata. Fore
wing length: 16 mm.

GENITALIA COC (Fig. 151). Elongated. Uncus
short and stout, with apical hook minute; socii
rather large. Valva short and narrow. Tegumen
short, nearly rectangular. Juxta large. Vinculum
more than twice length of tegumen, delicate and
mostly membranous except for the sclerotized
frame. Basal region occupied by a weak tip.
Aedeagus almost straight, equalling genital cap-
sule in length; single cornutus, rather weakly
sclerotized, bearing longitudinal ridges.

116

GENITALIA 2. Unknown.

DIAGNOSIS. Attains the size of P. distincta and
has similarly pointed fore wings, but is distin-
guished by its pastel shade and the presence of
white discal spots on all wings.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type local-
ity, El Monje, southern Ecuador.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype ©’, Ecuador: El Monje, prés Loja,
Equateur, 1893; n.sp.? [undecipherable] 1900;
Thysanopyga albopunctaria Dgn. type C’; Dog-

nin Collection; Type No. 31623 U.S.N.M.
(NMNH).

APPENDIX 1

Listed below are those species previously

assigned, at some time in their taxonomic his-
tory, to Thysanopyga (or its junior synonym,
Pachydia), which are here excluded from that
genus. The list is likely to be incomplete, but we
feel that included in it are most of the species
likely to be encountered by anyone working on
the genus.

longistria Warren
fractimacula Warren
fulvifascia Warren
nicetaria (Guenée)
cercyon Druce
cermala Druce
oraea Druce
oroanda Druce
maresa Schaus
nigristicta (Warren)
crenata Herbulot
puatartia Dyar
bipunctifera Dognin
brunneonotata Warren
brunnescens Dognin
casperia Druce
subalba Warren
fuscaria Schaus
palliata Warren
lollia Schaus
cermalodes Dognin
intractata (Walker)
proditata (Walker)
gausaparia Grote, 1881
fulva Warren, 1900

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

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118 M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Figs 1-8 Thysanopyga species. 1-4, T. apicitruncaria; 1-3, males; 4, female. 5-8, T. abdominaria; 5, 6, males; 7,
8, females. Scale line: 10 mm.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 119

Figs 9-16 Thysanopyga species. 9-11, T. pygaria, males. 12-16, T. amarantha, males. Scale as Figs 1-8.

120 M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Figs 17-24 Thysanopyga species. 17-19, T. amarantha; 17, male; 18, 19, females. 20, 21, T. henneickeae
(paratypes); 20, male; 21, female. 22, 23, T. gauldi (paratypes); 22, male; 23, female. 24, T. strigata (holotype,
male). Scale as Figs 1-8.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 121

Figs 25-32 Thysanopyga species. 25, T. strigata, female. 26, T. prunicolor (holotype, female). 27-29, T. carfinia;
27, 28, males; 29, female. 30-32, T. nigricosta; 30, 31, males; 32, female. Scale as Figs 1-8.

122 M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Figs 33-40 Thysanopyga and Perissopteryx species. 33, 34, T. olivescens; 33, holotype, male; 34, paratype,
female; 35-37, T. janzeni; 35, holotype, male; 36, paratype, male; 37, paratype, female; 38-40, P. delusa; 38,
39, males; 40, female. Scale as Figs 1-8.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 123

Figs 41-48 Perissopteryx species. 41, P. delusa, female; 42, P. fletcheri (holotype, male). 43, P. huanucoi

(holotype, male). 44-48, P. griseobarbipes: 44, holotype, male; 45, 46, male paratypes; 47, 48, female
paratypes. Scale as Figs 1-8.

124 M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

55 36

Figs 49-56 Perissopteryx species. 49, P. griseobarbipes (paratype, female). 50-53, P. ochreobarbipes (paratypes);
50, 51, males; 52, 53, females. 54-56, P. ugaldei; 54, holotype, male; 55, paratype, male; 56, paratype, female.
Scale as Figs 1-8.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 125

Figs 57-64 Perissopteryx species. 57-60, P. neougaldei: 57, holotype, male; 58, paratype, male; 59, 60, females.

61, 62, P. submarginata; 61, male; 62, female. 63, 64, P. submarginatella (paratypes); 63; male; 64, female.
Scale as Figs 1-8.

126 M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Figs 65-72 Perissopteryx species. 65-68, P. ochrilinea; 65, paralectotype, male; 66, male; 67, 68, females. 69-72,
P. gamezi; 69, holotype, male; 70, 71, male paratypes; 72, paratype, female. Scale as Figs 1-8.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 127

Figs 73-80 Perissopteryx species. 73-75, P. raveni (paratypes); 73, 74, males; 75, female. 76-77, P. suffecta; 76,
holotype, male; 77, female. 78, P. intermedia (holotype, male). 79, 80, P. smithi: 79, holotype, male; 80,
paratype, female. Scale as Figs 1-8.

128 M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

87 88

Figs 81-88 Perissopteryx species. 81, P. smithi (paratype, female). 82-84, P. divisaria; 82, 83, males; 84, female.
85, 86, P. bozae; 85, holotype, male; 86, paratype, female. 87, 88, P. trinidadicola; 87, holotype, male; 88,
paratype, female. Scale as Figs 1-8.

|
|
|
|
|

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX

95 96

Figs 89-96 Perissopteryx species. 89, P. muzonensis (holotype, male). 90, 91, P. commendata; 90, lectotype,
male; 91, female; 92, P. deprivata (male). 93, 94, P. distincta (males). 95, 96, P. nigricomata (males). Scale as
Figs 1-8.

129

130 M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

97

99 3 100

101

Figs 97-101 Perissopteryx species. 97-100, P. nigricomata; 97, paralectotype, female, of muricolor; 98, female;
99, lectotype, male, of muricolor; 100, female. 101, P. albopunctaria (holotype, male). Scale as Figs 1-8.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 131

NO
ee
pas
CORLL

Figs 102-105 Thysanopyga and Perissopteryx species, head and hind leg. 102-104, T. abdominaria; 102, head,
vestiture; 103, head, dorsal aspect; 104, head, ventrolateral aspect. 105, P. griseobarbipes, hind leg of male.

132

apical blotch
postmedian line |

costal streak
median line ie

subbasal line x

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Figs 106-113 Thysanopyga and Perissopteryx species. 106, 107, P. submarginata, wing pattern elements.
108-110, wing venation; 108, T. amarantha; 109, P. fletcheri; 110, P. divisaria. 111-113, under side of wings of
Perissopteryx, showing fold; 111, P. fletcheri; 112, P. delusa; 113, P. huanucoi.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 133

tympanic cavity

114

Vs

SS hair-pencils

genitalia

Figs 114-116 Thysanopyga and Perissopteryx species, tympanal organs and male scent organs. 114, P. fletcheri,
tympanal organs at base of abdomen, with abdomen slit laterally and unfolded. 115, T. abdominaria, male
genitalia (aedeagus removed) showing scent organs. 116, P. suffecta, male abdomen showing scent organs,
ventral aspect.

134 M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

valva

tegumen

sacculus

pedunculus

iN base of hair-pencil

vinculum

Figs 117-120 Male genitalia of Thysanopyga species. 117, T. apicitruncaria; 118, T. abdominaria; 119, T.
pygaria; 120, T. amarantha.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 135

Figs 121-124 Male genitalia of Thysanopyga species. 121, T. henneickeae; 122, T. gauldi; 123, T. strigata; 124, T.
carfinia.

136 M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Figs 125-128 Male genitalia of Thysanopyga and Perissopteryx species. 125, T. nigricosta; 126, T. olivescens; 127,
T. janzeni; 128, P. delusa.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX

juxta

median

comutus
juxto-vincular
sclerotizations

Cee

129

vinculum

137

Figs 129-132 Male genitalia of Perissopteryx species. 129, P. fletcheri; 130, P. huanucoi; 131, P. griseobarbipes;

132, P. ochreobarbipes.

138 M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Figs 133-137 Male genitalia of Perissopteryx species. 133, P. ugaldei; 134, P. neougaldet; 135, P. submarginata,
136, P. submarginatella; 137, P. ochrilinea.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 139

Figs 138-141 Male genitalia of Perissopteryx species. 138, P. gamezi; 139, P. raveni; 140, P. suffecta; 141, P.
intermedia.

140 M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Figs 142-146 Male genitalia of Perissopteryx species. 142, P. smithi; 143, P. divisaria; 144, P. bozae; 145, P.
trinidadicola; 146, P. muzonensis.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 141

Figs 147-151 Male genitalia of Perissopteryx species. 147, P. commendata; 148, P. deprivata; 149, P. distincta;
150, P. nigricomata; 151, P. albopunctaria.

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

amarantha. 155, T. henneickeae.

142
Figs 152-155 Female genitalia of Thysanopyga species. 152, T. apicitruncaria. 153, T. abdominaria. 154, T.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 143

Figs 156-160 Female genitalia of Thysanopyga species. 156, T. gauldi. 157, T. strigata. 158, T. prunicolor. 159,
T. carfinia. 160, T. nigricosta.

144

papillae anales

apophyses posteriores

~apophyses anterioires

Y

posterior part of
ductus bursae

anterior part of
ductus bursae

spiniferous area

Figs 161-164 Female genitalia of Thysanopyga and Perissopteryx species.

P. delusa. 164, P. griseobarbipes.

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

161, T. olivescens. 162, T. janzeni. 163.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 145

Figs 165-168 Female genitalia of Perissopteryx species. 165, P. ochreobarbipes. 166, P. ugaldei. 167, P.
neougaldei (?). 168, P. submarginata. ;

146 M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

Figs 169-173 Female genitalia of Perissopteryx species. 169, P. submarginatella. 170, P. ochrilinea. 171, P.
gamezi. 172, P. raveni. 173, P. smithi.

NEOTROPICAL GENERA THYSANOPYGA AND PERISSOPTERYX 147

appendix bursae

Figs 174-178 Female genitalia of Perissopteryx species. 174, P. divisaria. 175, P. bozae. 176, P. trinidadicola.
177, P. commendata. 178, P. nigricomata.

M. KRUGER AND M.J. SCOBLE

INDEX

abdominaria 89
acrea 81

agasusaria 89
albopunctaria 115
amarantha 91
apicitruncaria 88
Apopetelia 80
Apodrepanulatrix 84
Astygisa 80, 83

bilbisaria 89
bipunctifera 116
bozae 111
brunneonotata 116
brunnescens 116

Cabera 84

carfinia 94
casperia 116
cermala 116
cermalodes 116
cercyon 116
chlororphnodes 83
Cimicodes 86
commendata 113
Creatonotos 81, 82
crenata 116

Deilinia 84
delusa 100
deprivata 113
distincta 114
divisaria 110
Drepanulatrix 84

Erastria 84
Estigmene 81

Synonyms and unavailable names are in /talics.

Eudrepanulatrix 84

fractimacula 116
fletcheri 100
fulva 116
fulvifascia 116
fuscaria 116

gamezi 107

gangis 81

gauldi 92
gausaparia 116
griseobarbipes 101

henneickeae 91
huanucoi 101
Hyperythra 86

illectata 86
intermedia 109
intractata 116

janzeni 96

Lobopola 78
lollia 116
longistria 116

maresa 116
morosa 83
muricolor 114
muzonensis 112

neougaldei 104
nicetaria 116
nigricomata 114
nigricosta 95

nigristicta 116

ochreobarbipes 102
ochrilinea 106
Oenothalia 78, 84
Oenoptila 78
olivescens 95

oraea 116

oroanda 116

Pachydia 86
palliata 116
Perissopteryx 83, 96
Petelia 78, 84
proditata 116
prunicolor 93
puatartia 116
pygaria 90

raveni 108

smithi 109

strigata 93

subalba 116
submarginata 104
submarginatella 105
suffecta 108
Syrrhodia 84

Tephrina 86
Thysanopyga 83, 86
trinidadicola 112
ugaldei 103

vexillaria 78

British Museum (Natural History)
Publications

THE GENERIC NAMES OF MOTHS OF THE WORLD

Vol. 1. Noctuoidea (Part): Noctuidae, Agaristidae, and Nolidae.

I.W.B. Nye

1975, A4, 568 pp.

0 565 00770 X £38.00

Vol. 2. Noctuoidea (Part): Arctiidae, Cocytiidae, Ctenuchidae,

Dilobidae, Dioptidae, Lymantriidae, Notodontidae,

Thaumatopoeidae and Thyretidae.

A. Watson, D.S. Fletcher & I.W.B. Nye

1980, A4, xiv + 228 pp.

0 565 00811 0 £27.50

Vol. 3. Geometroidea: Apoprogonidae, Axiidae, Callidulidae,

Cyclidiidae, Drepanidae, Epicopeiidae, Epiplemidae, Geometridae,

Pterothysnidae, Sematuridae, Thyatiridae and Uraniidae.

D.S. Fletcher

1979, A4, xx + 243 pp, frontispiece.

0 565 00812 9 £27.50

Vol. 4. Bombycoidea, Castnioidea, Cossoidea, Mimallonoidea,

Zygaenoidea, Sphingoidea, Sesioidea.

D.S. Fletcher & I.W.B. Nye

1982, A4, xiv + 192 pp, frontispiece.

0 565 00848 X £27.50

Vol. 5. Pyraloidea.

ILW.B. Nye & D.S. Fletcher

1984, A4, xv + 185 pp.

0 565 00880 3 £27.50

Vol. 6. Microlepidoptera.

ILW.B. Nye & D.S. Fletcher

1991, hardback, 297 x 210 mm, 367 pp + prelims.

0 565 00991 5 £50.00

The price of the complete set of six volumes is £170.00.

77 Neotropical red-brown Ennominae in the genera Thysanopyga
Herrich-Schaffer and Perissopteryx Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

M. Kruger and M.J. Scoble

ENTOMOLOGY SERIES

Vol. 62, No. 2, November 1992