r

MHW. OV

UBR/\RY

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION.

GEORGE ^Y. CLINTON, LL. D. GEORGE E. HAYES, D. D. S

DAVID GRAY, LEON F. HARVEY, M. D.

GEORGE P. PUTNAM, WALTER T. WILSON,

AUG. R. GROTE, Chairman.

^?1

72.

BULLETIN

BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

VOLUME I,

FiioM April, IS 73, to ;>[Aitf'TT. ^;^;4.

U

d

m

BUFFALO:
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

1874.

Press of

WARREN, JOHNSON & C O.

Buffalo, N. Y.

CONTENTS,

I. Description of New North American Moth?. By Aug. R. Grote, 1

II. Catalogne of the Sphingidae of North America. By Aug. R.

Grote, 17

III. Catalogue of the Zygaenidae of North America. By Aug. R. Grote, 29

IV. Conclusions drawn from a study of the Genera Hypena and Her-

minia. By Aug. R. Grote, 37

V. Descriptions of New Species of Fungi. By Chas. II. Peck, . . 41

VI. Contributions to a Knowledge of North American Moths. By

Aug. R. Grote, 73

VII. A Study of North American Noctuidae. By Aug. R. Grote, . . 95

VIII. Descriptions of Noctuidae principally from California. By Aug.

R. Grote, 129

IX. On the North American Geometridae in the Collection of the

British Museum. By Aug. R. Grote, 156

X. Statistics and Distribution of North American Lichens. By '

Henry Willey, IGl

XI. Kleiner Beitrag zur Kenntniss einiger Nordamerikanischer Lepi-

doptera. Von Aug. R. Grote, 168

XII. Description of the genera Argyrophyes and Condylolomia and of

a species of Deuterollyta. By Aug. R. Grote 175

XIII. Description of a Butterfly new to the Lower Lake Region. By

Aug. R. Grote, 178

XIV. Description of three genera of Noctuidae. By Aug. R. Grote, . 180

XV. On Wallengren's " Lepidoptera Scandiuaviae Heterocera disposita

et descripta." By Aug. R. Grote, 183

XVI. On the Butterflies of Anticosti. By Aug. R. Grote, . . • . . 185

XVII. Notes ou North American Lepidoptera. By H. K. Morrison, 18G

XVIII. On Eight Species of Noctuidae. By Aug. R. Grote, . . . 190

XIX. The two Principal Groups of Urbicolae (Hesperidae auct.). By

Samuel H. Sctjdder, 105

XX. Note on the species of Glaucopsyche from Eastern Nortii

America. By Samuel H. Scudder, 107

XXI. On a New Species of Grammysia from the Chemung Group.

By William H. Pitt, 199

XXII. Contributions to the Geology and Physical Geography of the

Lower Amazonas. By Cn. Fred. Hartt, 201

XXIII. Ou the Devonian Brachiopoda of Erere, Province of Para,

Brazil. By Eichard Rathbun, 23G

XXIV. New Phalaenoid Moths. By Leon F. IIaryey, a. m., m. d. . 202

XXV. Notes on the Species of Pasimachus. By JoriN L. Le Conte,

M. D., 268

XXVI. Description of two new Noctuidae from the Atlantic District.

By n. K. Morrison, 274

XXA'II. Rectification of Treitschke's use of Hiibner's generic term

" Cymatophora." By Leon F. Harvey, a. m., m. d., . . 276

XXVIII. Determination of Brazilian Sphingidae collected by Mr. Charles

Linden. By Aug. R. Grote, 279

Errata et addenda, • 282

Index to Plates, 283

General Index, 285

BULLETIN /S/c-^' \ 1"'*'^

4^

BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES.

TOLUME I.

I. Description of New North American IVIoths

BY AUG. R. GROTE.

In" the present Article I announce the fact that new species of the
Lepidopterous Genera Hemaris, Leucania, Phasiaue, Tortrix, Con-
chylis, are discovered in our Fauna, and that two new genera, Mel-
lilla and Lomanaltes, occur Avithin its limits. It has been objected
to such studies as these, that they are of the Closet and not of the
Field. Already one has been who made this distinction in his own
favor. Still, I think the student at his books and dead specimens is
the same whom we meet again, where grasses grow, collecting and
observing. So the Field is brought to the House with the Harvest,
and can be rightly spoken of from the Closet. It will at least profit
others little to be unable properly to tell what one has seen. It is
no excuse that we have been out of door when we are called upon
to speak. To some the form which the student uses, that he may be
well understood, may seem uninteresting, and his statement dry.
But from his record is gathered at last a Truth that every one may
enjoy. So, often, the seed is dry, but the plant is full of sap. Per-
haps it must be dry at first, to be properly green thereafter. This is

BUL. BUF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (1) APRIL, 1873.

the age of objective research, as contrasted with that past in ob-
jectless complaint. Let us, then, see what we can while we live.
Let us mellow our lives to our Harvest time, that then, like a perfect
fruit, we may show in us the soil, the clew, the rain and the sun-
beam, and so fall at last good and sweet into the hands of the
Husbandman.

Family SPHIXGIDAE.

Genus Heniaris, Dalman (1816).

It is Fabricins who, in 1793, arranges under the generic name
Sesia, a number of moths which have for a common character the
more or less pellucid wings. However, the moths thus early brought
together belonged to two distinct structural groups — families in the
Latreillean sense. In 1807, Fabricins restricts the term Sesia to
members of the family under present consideration — the Sphingidae,
and proposes the term Aegeria, for the group afterwards known, it
seems to me properly, as Aegeriidae by the English Entomologists.
This restriction is overlooked on the continent of Europe, where
the term Sesia has been generally, and I must believe incorrectly,
used as equivalent to Aegeria, Fair. But under the generic term
Sesia, in the Systema G-lossatorum (1807), Fabricins arranges a
nuniber of species, which are properly the types of distinct genera,
according to our present acceptation. Among these species is the
European fuciformis, for which the term Sesia has been retained
by English writers, and is used in 18Go by ourselves for congeneric
American forms. It is overlooked that Dalman has taken S. fuci-
formis as the type of his genus Hemaris, and that this name, having
priority over the subsequent restrictions of Fabricins' term, must be
retained for this type.

I have elsewhere proposed to restrict Cephonodes, Hiiiner (1816),
to the Asiatic C.hylas; the type, so far as we can judge, of Hiibner's
genus ; certainly the first species enumerated in the " Verzeichniss "
under the name. Following Latreille's restriction, we must regard
the European Sphinx Stellatarum L., as the tvqje of Scopoli's genus

Macroglossnm. Our nearest known ally to this European genus is,
perhaps, Euproserpinus phaeton, Grote and RoMnson, from California.

In North America we have a number of pellucid winged Sphing-
idae, which, as a group, differ from our present idea of Hemaris, by
their flattened form, appressed squamation, and longer wings.
These we have arranged under the genus Haemorrhagia, G. S R., of
which our common Sesia thysbe. Fab., is the type. Alexander
Agassiz, in his recent superb " Eevisiou of the Echini," speaks of
our present knowledge of genera, as limited to convenient headings
for the identification of species. The species for which I use the
name Hemaris, are black and yellow bodied, more or less fuzzy ;
they look like Humble-bees. On the other hand, the species of
Haemorrhagia are Indian red and olive, Avith flattened body hairs,
and by their form j^repare us for the still more compressedly shaped
species of the genus Aellopos. The late Mr. Kobinson and myself,
in our Systematic Catalogue of North American Sphingidae, p. 24,
have defined under " Sesia," the structural idea I here retain under
the more correct name of Hemaris.

As was the case with Hemorrhagia, in Avhich we discovered that
several distinct species existed on the Atlantic Slope, whereas but
one, or at the utmost two, had been previously suspected, so I have
now to draw attention to the fact that a nearly parallel state of
things exists with regard to the species of Hemaris.

The first illustration of a North American species of Hemaris is
by Abbot & Smith, in 1797. Tbey illustrate and describe a species
from Georgia, under the name of fuciformis. Whatever species
they intended is comparatively of little moment, since the name
they use is the same as tiiat under which the European species was
described, and they were Avrong in considering the two as identical.
Boisduval is the next to figure, in the " Species General," our
Hemaris difiinis [Macroglossa diffi)iis, Boisd.) from the Atlantic Dis-
trict. Without any idea of the existence of cotemporary species,
Harris considers, and Clemens agrees, without obvious point, that H.
difiinis is the species intended originally by Abbot. Boisduval is
probably the originator of this idea, since quite recently, in the
Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, this distinguished
Author indulges in even wider speculations with regard to the work
on the Insects of Georgia, and unnecessarily troubles himself with

discoveries which the American student had ah*eady made and re-
corded.

The next species of Hemaris described is from California. This is
Hemaris Thetis [Maci'oglossa Thetis, Boisd.), illustrated by onrselves
on Plate 6, Vol. 1 of the Transactions of the American Entomological
Society. A third species, Hemaris axillaris {Sesia axillaris, Grote
and Eobinson), is described by ourselves in 18G8 from Texas.

As in Ilaemorrhagia, good specific differences are also to be found
in the shape, size and comparative Avidth, of the band on the exter-
nal margin of the primaries in the species of Hemaris. The inner
edge of this band in H. diffinis is very slightly roundedly and evenly
exserted or scalloped on the interspaces. This character is shown
in Boisduval's figure, with which specimens before me from Massa-
chnsetts to Pennsylvania otherwise sufficiently agree, and is decisive
of what species is really intended. I do not think that either Clemens
or Harris have mistaken Boisduval's and our most common spe-
cies, so that a redescription is unnecessary. But I here indicate the
existence of two new species in onr territory, that may be separated
from H. diffinis, by the shape and comparative width of the marginal
band. We must remember H. diffinis as a species of good size, the
apex of the primaries with a red stain on the marginal band, and
with the inner edge of this marginal band improminently lunnlate,
neither dentate, nor perfectly even. The dark scale patch on the in-
ternal margin of the hind Avings is nsually stained with red in H.
diffinis.

Hemaris tenuis, Grote, Plate l,fig. G, primary wing.

6 2 . — Pale yellowish, and black. Tlie two bluisli wliite lateral abdominal
spots evident against tbe blackish hairs of the basal segments, which latter
are dorsally yellow. Anal tuft black, divided by yellow central hairs. Be-
neath, some sparse yellow hair overlies the nsual black abdominal vestiture.
Legs black ; pectus pale yellowish white ; palpi above black, beneath pale yel-
lowish. Wings largely vitreous, with very narrow, dull blackish borders ;
blackish at base as usual, and partially overlaid with yellowish scales. Costal
edging narrow ; the band along external margin is even on its inner edge and
narrower throughout than in any species hitherto described from the Atlantic
District. There is no percei^tible red apical shading. The body squamation
is rather rough, and in size it is the smallest of our si:)ecies j^et described. The

external margins of the wings are more rounded and fall than in any of our
other known species of Hemaris.

Expanse, 1.50 inch. Length ofhody, .80 inch.

Through Mr. Strecker I have received specimens from West
Farms, N. Y., and Berks County, Pennsylvania.

Hemaris Thetis, Grote, Plate 1, fig. 7, primary Aving.

Macroglossa Thetis, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. t. 3, troisieme Ser. Bull.,

p. 32, 1855.
Seda thetis, Orote and Robinson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. 1, Plate 6, 1868.

This species is from California. It is larger than H. tenuis. The
marginal band of the primaries is even, black and very narrow.
The costal edge is depressed and the external margin of the fore
Avings is more oblique, uneven and longer than in H. tenuis. There
is no apical stain on the marginal band of the primaries. The
more robust Californian species may also be distinguished appa-
rently by the details of the abdominal coloration. It is described
and illustrated in Number 3 of our Descriptions of North Ameri-
can Lepidoptera, as above cited. Our specimen expands 1.80 inch.
A figure of the fore wing is given here for comparison.

Hemaris diffinis, Orote, Plate 1, fig. 8, primary wing.

Macroglossa diffiinis, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Plate 15, fig. 2, 183G.
Sesia difflnis, Harris, Silliman's Journal, Vol. 36, p. 308, 1839.
? Sphinx fuciformis. Smith, His. Ga., Vol. 1, p. 85, Plate 43, 1797.

This species occurs in Canada, and at various localities in the
New England and Middle States. It may be considered infrequent
in the vicinity of Buffalo. Mr. Zesch has, however, taken it as it
hovered in day time about blossoms. My artist and my friend, Mr.
Henry S. Sprague, gives a figure of the fore wing so that it may be
compared with the other species here illustrated. In one example,
received from Mr. Strecker, where the lunulation of the external band
is hardly perceptible above, the character may be detected on the
under surface.

6

A considerable hnmber of specimens examined by me expand
1.75 to 1.85 inch, and average about an incli in lengtli of body as
near as may be.

Heiuaris marginalis, Orotc, Plate 2, fig. 10. ? .

Thorax above yellowisli shading to olivaceous, the squamation becoming
deep yellowish over the basal abdominal segments dorsally. Middle abdom-
inal segments black ; the two pre-anal deep yellowish. Anal tuft black with cen-
tral yellowish hairs ; beneath, the abdomen is black, the yellowish hairs of
the preanal segments extending downwardly at the sides. Legs black ; ante-
rior pair with pale scales along the tarsi and tibiae inwardly. Thorax beneath
sulphur white. The body seems narrower, more fusiform than in the other
species and the squamation more depressed. Wings largely vitreous, orna-
mented as usual, but with a wider terminal band on the primaries than is pos-
sessed by H. diffinis. The inner edge of this marginal band is plainly den-
tate inwardly on the superior interspaces. There is a reddish apical stain as
in H. diffinis.

Expanse, l.%h io 1.10 mch. Length of body, .95 inch.

Both sexes of this species have been obligingly communicated to
me from Michigan by Mr. Herman Strecker. This is smaller, but
otherwise closely allied to H. axillaris. Grate, from Texas.

Hemaris axillaris, Orote, Plate 1, fig. 9, primary wing.

Sesia axillaris, Grote and Robinson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. 1, p. 23, 1868.

This species differs from H. marginalis by the much wider and
more strongly dentate marginal band of the fore wings, exhibited
in the present illustration. It is our most robust species. It is
from Texas. On its discovery we expressed our views of the se-
quence of the species of the genera Hemaris (Sesia), and Haemor-
rhagia, which should be modified, since the examination of all the
new species here described, in so far, that we are now decidedly un-
willing to reunite them in a single genus, and disposed to insist on
the retention of Haemorrhagia as a distinct structural t}^e. I de-
sire to express my obligations to Mr. Theo. L. Mead for the kind
manner in which he has placed my types of this species at my pres-
ent disposition. They passed into the possession of the Central
Park Museum, with the large collections of the late Mr. Coleman
T. Robinson and myself, at Mr. Robinson's desire.

Genus Haemorrhag'ia, Grote and Robinson (1865).

lu the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York,
Vol. VIII., 1867, we gave a synoptical table of the species of this
genus, which I here repeat in a more complete shape, adding our
recently described Haemorrhagia uniformis {Sesia uniformis G.
& E.) from the Atlantic District. Mr. Lintner writes me that
this is the more usual species about Albany. Mr. Strecker kindly
sends me a female specimen from Labrador. This species is of the
size of H. thysbe, but may be known at once by the edendate inner
edge of the marginal band, inwardly produced at vein 5. We speak
of this species on page 26 of our Systematic Catalogue. It is the
rufxaudis J of Walker, but not of Kirby, to judge from the latter's
description, which will not apply to any species of Hemaris or
Haemorrhagia known to us. I owe to the kindness of Mr. Lintner,
whose entomological labors I highly appreciate, specimens of H.
gracilis, G. S E., taken near Albany, N. Y. This is our rarest
species and the slightest bodied. In fresh specimens there is a
narrow white inner lining above and below to the marginal bands
of the wings, which is alike singular and beautiful. It has many
distinguishing features, as will appear in the following synoptic
table of the species of this genus. The first species known to sci-
ence allied to Haem. thysbe, and differing by the edentate margin
of the fore wings, is Haem. buffaloensis, G. <& R. In Buffalo,
where also we take H. uniformis and H. thysbe, Mr. Eeinecke and
Mr. Zesch have reared Haem. buffaloensis from the egg and observed
it in all its stages. It makes a very slight cocoon on the surface of
the ground. The chrysalis has no exterior independent tongue case.
In its growth, as well as in the habits of the perfect moth, we see,
that Haemorrhagia presents resemblances to the Hesperidae, and we
can be sure that its Group outranks the Family. Mr. Lintner has
published full observations on the young stages of Haem. buffaloen-
sis in the interesting Eeports on the State Cabinet ; the species has
also occurred near Albany.

I owe to the obliging disposition of Mr. Strecker, of Eeading,
Penn., an opportunity of examining a single specimen of H. thysbe,
from Pennsylvania, in which the pre-anal segments are almost
entirely red, with only a few lateral olive colored hairs. I think it

possible, then, that H. fnscicandis is only a form of H. thysbe; but
I have no authentic specimens of the former species for comparison
The following is a table of our species of Haemorrhagia :

Group I. {Chamaesesia.)

Discal cell of primaries free. Vitreous field of secondaries crossed by five
nervules. Sp. 1.

Thorax beneath, with lateral red shades ; hind Tvings beneath with a pale
shade at anal angle, 1. Haem. gracilisj G. & R.

(iROUP II. {HaemorrJiagia.)

Discal cell of primaries crossed by a longitudinal bar of scales, appearing as a
prolongation of vein 5. Vitreous field of secondaries crossed by six nervules.
Sp. 2 to 6.

A. Inner edge of external marginal band of the fore wings not dentate on
the interspaces. Sp. 3 to 4.

Size small. (Expanse 1.65 to 1.70 inch) 3. Haem. Buffaloensis, G. & R.

Size moderate. (Expanse 1.80 to 3.30 inch). 3. Haem. uniformisj Grote.
Size large. (Expanse, $ , 3.40 inch) 4. Haem. FloridensiSj G. & R.

B. Inner edge of external marginal band of the fore wings dentate on the
interspaces. Sp. 5 and 6.

Abdomen with the pre-anal segments olivaceous, 5. Haem. Thysbe^ {G. & R.)
Abdomen terminally entirely deep red, 6. Haem. fuscicau(liSj(i?MS(?.)

Y. Heinemann, in his " Schmetterlinge Deutschlands unci der
Schweiz," p. 142, says, that the discal cell of the primaries is crossed
by a prolongation of vein 5, in the European Hemaris bombyliformis.
On examination I find, that in all our species, as well as in the
European, where the cell of the primaries is not free, it is crossed
by a line of scales continuous with vein 5, but the vein itself is
thrown off as usual ; it is not prolonged inwardly, as stated by the
German Entomologist.

Family NOCTUIDAE.

Leacauia Haryeyi, Grote, Plate 1, fig. 14, primary wing.

6 P . — The fore wings are ratlier narrow, with straight costal edge and hardly
ohlique exterior margin. They are pale ochrey, with a gray costal shade,
which picks out the nervules. A black dot at the extremity of the cell. The
median nervure is striped with white scales which extend partially along the
median nervules, that are else marked with gray. At base the white stripe
broadens below the nervure and is edged inferiorly by a distinct black line.
Medially, below median nervure, the submedian interspace is gray limited
below by a second curved dark line. A third dark streak edges the median
nervure below, between the origin of second and third nervules. Between the
fourth and fifth nervules there is a faint interspaceal streak and cuneiform
dark marks precede the gray terminal space, which is cut off obliquely to apex.
A fine terminal line ; fringes pale. Collar whitish, with a dark bordering line ;
tegulae with a white streak. Head, thorax and appendages pale, somewhat
olivaceous ochrey. Hind wings smoky, blackish, with whitish fringes, with-
out marks. Beneath, pale with powdered dark scales ; nervules dark. Some-
times the median nervure on the primaries is darker shaded above on the cell,
and the subterminal marks are variably guttate and distinct.

Expanse, 1.20 to 1.30 inch. Habitat, Buffalo, N. Y., etc.

A common species in the Eastern and Middle States. It is probably
described by Guenee as L. albilinea, Huhier. A reference to Hiibner's
original illustration, Zutraege, figs. 337 to 338, of a species with
uneven costal edge, pale apical shade and produced apices, from
Buenos Ayres, gives abundant reason to reject Guenee's determina-
tion, while the assumption that Hiibner is mistaken in his locality,
seems gratuitous. Guenee himself doubted his determination of
our species, for, referring to some discrepancies between Hiibner's
figure and the material before him from the United States, he asks :
Serait-ce une espece distincte ?

To Dr. Leon F. Harvey, of Buffiilo, who is studying this Family
of Moths, and whom I thank for his kind personal interest, I dedi-
cate this species.

BUL. BUF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (2) APRIL, 1873.

10

Leucania Henricij Orote, Plate 1, fig. 15, primary wing.

The wings are long and wide ; primaries witli the costal edge nearly straight,
slightly arcuated to the depressedly acute apices ; external margin oblique ;
internal angle full and rounded. The fore wings above are marked with lon-
gitudinal shades. There are no traces whatever of the ordinary spots or lines.
All the veins are picked out by whitish gray scales and the interspaces streaked
with olivaceous ochrey. This latter darker shade obtains prominently and
broadly from the base of the wing, below median nervure on the submedian
interspace centrally, to the external margin, before which it is attenuate, leav-
ing the submedian fold marked by gray scales, and the region along the internal
margin of the wing, above and below the internal nervure, gray with scattered
darker scales. The interspaces between the second and fourth veins have
central gray shades. Again the deep olivaceous ochrey color extends along
the discal cell, margining the median nervure superiorly, attenuate at base and
widening to external margin on both sides of the fifth vein, which is as usual
brought into relief by pale scales. Again the darker shade is more prominently
perceivable on the post-apical interspace between veins 7 and 8 ; a short
trigonate shade. A subobsolete series of dots at the base of the white fringes.
Hind wings white. Beneath, whitish with costal dustings of darker scales on
both wings ; a faint terminal row of dark marks. Thorax beneath olivaceous
ochrey, as are the legs inwardly ; outwardly the tibiae and tarsi are whitish gray
and contrast. Antennae rather short and stout, simple, testaceous. Palpi ex-
ceeding slightly the front. Head and thorax above gray ; abdomen exceeding
the hind wings, rather long.

Expanse, 1.50 incli. Habitat, New York State.

Both sexes of this species are before me. Its neutral tints are
distinct and their contrasts on tlie primaries strong. It cannot be
confounded easily with any of our described species on account of
the shape and breadth of the primaries, the simplicity of the mark-
ings and the contrast of the tints. In the shape of the wings this
species resembles Meliana.

I name the present species after my friend Mr. Henry S. Sprague, .
to whose talent in drawing the present Article owes much value.

Leucania eranida, Orote, Plate 1, fig. 16,'primary wing.

$ . — Allied to L. Henrici, but difiers by its narrower wings; the primaries
have the costal edge straighter ; about internal angle the wing is not so full,
less roundedly produced ; the internal margin is straighter and the wing is
less developed below the internal nervure. There is a great similarity be-

11

tween tlie species in the ornamentatioQ and color, but everywliere the gray
shades of L. Henrici are here obsolete, and the olivaceous tints on the primaries
are wanting in L. evanida, in which the interspaceal shadings are simply ochre-
ous. The fore wings are almost entirely pale ochreous, with the whitish veins
and shadings less obvious and contrasting. The internal margin is ochreous in
the present species while it is gray in L. Henrici. The labial palpi are shorter
and do not so prominently exceed the front in L. evanida, which is the slighter
of the two and but little exceeds the European L. pallens in size. Our
species wants all dots or marks whatever on the primaries above. The fringes
are immaculate.

Expanse, 1.45 inch. Habitat, Piituam Co., N. Y.

A single specimen lias been taken by the late Mr. C. T. liobinson
at Brewster's.

Caradriua mirauda) Grote.

$ . — This is a slight species with narrow, glossy blackish primaries, their cos-
tal and internal margins straight. All markings are obliterate and hardly to
be discerned. The ordinary lines are divaricate ; the subterminal line is obso-
lete, indicated by very faint pale dots and preceding dashes. An obscure dark
dot marks the orbicular ; a pale dot on the cross vein preceded by a dark
streak, the reniform. The wing and fringes are concolorous and in some
lights there is nothing to disturb their unicolorous appearance. Thorax
above a little darker ; abdomen and under surface of body and the legs a little
paler than primaries. Hind wings pellucid whitish, clouded with blackish
along the external and costal margins, without discal mark, with an attenuate
marginal line. Beneath both pair whitish ; the fore wings are largely black-
ish superiorly and along external margin. The costal region of the hind
wings ia broadly, evenly and well definedly blackish.

Expanse, .90 to 1.00 inch. Habitat, New York State.

This species of which several specimens are contained in the
collection of this Society, is pyraliform in appearance, reminding us
somewhat of Aglossa. It appears to bear a certain resemblance to
the European C. palustris, Herrich-Schaeffer, fig. 292. It resembles
also generally, the figures 3GG and 3G7 of the same Author.

12

Family GEOMETRIDAE.

Fliasiane mellistrigata, Orote, Plate 1, fig. 11. $ .

Labial palpi convergent, extended beyond the front, the minute third
article naked. Antennae scaled, simple. Maxillae moderately stout. Vein 5
of tlie secondaries absent. Dark steel gray. Wings ample ; primaries witli
straight costal edge, bluntly acuminate apices, external margin slightly
rounded. Secondaries full, a very little depressed on external margin oppo-
site the cell. Fore wings bright clean steel gray ; a distinct even continued
narrow, slightly oblique, bright ochreous transverse anterior line with a light
preceding shade, discontinued superiorly. A dark discal streak, above which,
on costa, the very indistinct median shade line is more distinctly incepted. A
very distinct double bright ochreous transverse posterior line, followed by a
distinct black shade and running from internal margin, a little unevenly and
outwardly obliquely to vein 7, where it is arrested, connected with the costa by
a narrow black line placed inwardly. Subterminal line appearing as a vague
festooning outside of the black shade. A very fine terminal line appearing by
interspaceal dots. Fringes concolorous. Hind wings a little paler, mottled,
deepening in color outwardly, with a distinct median even once angulated
dark line, and a fainter subterminal shade. Beneath, paler, mottled ; the veins
picked out by testaceous scales ; the costal edge a little stained ; markings
improminent. Body concolorous. Hind tibiae with middle and terminal
spurs.

Expanse, 1.10 inch. Habitat, Buffalo, N. Y.

We have only the female of this species in the collection.

Mellilla, n. g.

The body is narrow and linear ; the abdomen as long as the sec-
ondaries, the internal angle of which it slightly exceeds. Labial
palpi dependent, short, but little exceeding the front. No ocelli.
Male antennae bipectinate ; the pectinations are obtuse, and provided
with setal hair ; there are about eighteen pairs on each antennus,
and they gradually decrease in length to the tip, where they become
obsolete. Maxillae moderate. Wings long. Primaries with straight
costal and parallel internal margins ; external margin rounded, a
little shorter than usual. Veins 3 and 4 thrown off together; 5
independent, equidistant between 4 and 6 ; 7 and 8 together from
the extremity of the long and narrow accessory cell, 7 to external

13

margin before, 8 to costal margin just within tlie apex ; 9 out of 8 ; 10
forming the upper limit of the accessory cell, (which is closed by a
branchlet towards the base of 8 and 7,) and originating from the
upper side of the median ncrvure; 11 out of 10 on the line of the
costal nervure; 12 anastomosing with 10. Hind wings ovate, vein
5 wanting. Fringes short.

A ffenus of Geometridae allied to Fidonia.

Mellilla cliamaeclirysaria, Grotc, Plate 1, fig. 1, $ .

$ . Anterior wings basally pale brownisli oclirey, sprinkled witli dark
brown scales. The perpendicular median shade is propinquitous to tbe even
transverse exterior line, wliicla limits inwardly tlie deep brown terminal field
of tbe wing. This latter is deeper shaded along tlie apical region and with
the line, becoming a little paler centrally on external margin. Hind wings
deep orange above, without lines. Internal margin with black scales, which
mark the inception of the usual transverse lines at anal angle. Beneath the
fore wings are orange, with a terminal apical band. Hind wings pale brown,
irrorate with dark scales and with a median transverse dark band.

Expanse, .75 inch. Habitat, BuflQxlo, N. Y., etc.

Mr. Charles Linden has taken specimens in this vicinity. I have
seen this species singly in other collections of Moths, made at
various points in the Atlantic States.

On the Plate, fig. 2 represents the under surface, and fig. 3 the
denuded wings enlarged, showing the venation.

Family PYRALIDAE.

* Lomanaltesj n. g.

Ocelli. Eyes naked. Maxillae moderate. Labial palpi elongate,
projected straightly forward; second joint as long as the thorax;
third joint longer than usual, obliquely porrected, closely scaled.
Antennae simple, slender, finely ciliate inwardly. Fore wings elon-
gate, produced apically; costal edge sinuate, uneven, medially de-
pressed; external margin oblique; internal angle rounded and the

* Gr.: lufia et ava7i-&fjQ.

14

margin shorter than usual. Venation like Ilypena; primaries 13-
veined : 3, 4 and 5 approximate ; 4 nearer 5 at base ; cell closed ; an
accessory cell, from the outer extremity of which 7 and 8 are thrown
off from one point; 9 out of 8 to costa; 8 to apex; 10 out of the
upper edge of the cell opposite the inception of 6. Hind wings
moderately full and rounded, 8-veined ; 5 arising within 3 and 4,
independent, or connected by an aborted feeble veinlet with the
median nervure. Hind tibiae with terminal and median spurs.

Lomanaltes laetulnsj Grotc, Plate 1, figs. 13, $ .

Anterior wings dull olivaceous brown with a light purple cast. The dark
color of the wing extends from the base to the outer median line, beyond this
latter a very pale shade frosts the subterminal field and extends along costal
region broadly to apices. Transverse anterior line even, nearly perpendicular,
twice angulated, rusty ochreous with a pale preceding shade. Transverse
posterior line similar in appearance, not angulated, even, oblique, followed by
a pale shade. The inconspicuous discal dot is formed by raised scales. Sub-
terminal line faint, irregular, indented opposite the cell and again at submedian
interspace ; the line itself is dark, picked out externally by pale points. Ter-
minally the wing is again dark below the pale apical region ; fringes dark.
Hind wings fuscous, without markings, touched with whitish at anal angle ;
fringes darker. Beneath the wings are fuscous; secondaries paler; discal
dots perceivable. On the primaries a white dot on the interspace between 7
and 8 and the costal nervules are faintly indicated by pale scales. Head and
appendages and thorax concolorous with fore wings ; the third palpal joint is
tipped with pale scales. Under the glass there is an admixture of pale scales
overlying the primaries and body parts. Abdomen slender, with feeble dorsal
tufts, no longer than internal margin of secondaries.

Expanse, 1.10 inch. Habitat, Philadelphia; Albany, X. Y. —
(Lintner.)

This genus is allied to Hj'pena and Bomolocha. From either it
strongly differs in the shape of the primaries : their sinuate costal
edge, apical production and oblique and extended external margin.
The relative length and position of the third palpal article are pe-
culiar. In the last of three Papers, partly treating of the Xortli
American Deltoids, to which the aboA^e genus belongs, I have enu-
merated twenty genera and fifty species as referable to the Group,
which I follow the authors of the Wiener Verzeichniss in consider-

15

ing as belonging to the Pyralidae. The Group appears to me of
subfamily value. Figure 13 gives an enlarged view of the extremity
of the labial palpus, showing the position of the terminal joint in
Lomanaltes.

Family TORTRICIDAE.

Tortrix Geor^iann, Grote, Plate 1, fig. 4, primary wing.

Male antennae not basally constricted : all tlie nervules separated ; costa of
tlie primaries witli a basal fold enclosing a liair pencil ; vein 2 tlirown off at
outer two-tliirds of the median nervure from tlie base to origin of vein 3.
Hind wings with 3 and 4 thrown off together ; also 6 and 7. Fore wings pale
ochrey, with five transverse, irregular, nearly equidistant, perpendicular, fer-
ruginous lines crossing the basal two-thirds of the wing ; the outer fourth and
.fifth of these lines are joined on the submedian interspace by a crossing of
similar scales. The second from the base divides at costa. On the outer third
of the wing similar ferruginous scales form three disconnected angulate fig-
ures ; two on the costal, one on the internal margin, that at the apex Y-shaped.
Light purply shades on the ground color of the wing between the ferruginous
markings. Hind wings dark fuscous with pale fringes ; anal tuft prominent.

HaMtat, Philadelphia (Bunte),

Tortrix Houstouaua; Grote, Plate 1, fig. 5, primary wing.

No basal antennal constriction ; fore wings 12 veined, all the veins separate ;
without (?) a costal fold. Hind wings slightly truncate ; external margin un-
even (wellenrandig) ; veins 3 and 4 thrown off together, short ; 5 much re-
moved ; 6 and 7 together ; 7 curved upwardly to apex. Hind tibiae with double
spurs. Palpi thickly scaled, porrect, applied to the front. Fore wings pale
ochreous,much taken up with ferruginous transverse irregular lines ; between
these the irregularly formed interspaces are filled out with different paler
shades ; at outer third the second and third transverse lines from the external
margin are connected medially by a black blotch, and blackish scales are else-
where intermixed on the lines. There is a plumbeous patch on submedian
interspace and a smaller one beneath it on the margin, as well as others
obliquely inwardly towards costa not prominent. The paler scales over the
middle of the wing are slightly brilliant. Hind wings pale, slightly smoky,
with paler fringes longer about anal angle and internal margin. In color this
smaller species with rounded primaries resembles the preceding, but the

16

wing is darker, more blotchy and ferruginous. The longer fringes about anal
angle of the hind wings remind one of Teras, to which I was at first disposed
to refer both species, but the point of departure of vein 2 on the fore wings
and the straightness of the median nervure are opposed to the characters of
that genus.

Habitat, Texas (Belfrage).

Concliylis straminoideSj Grote.

The fore wings widen outwardly, lapping a little at internal angle. Pale
soft ochreous, with a median olivaceous band on the fore wings which below
appears as a very large and very intensely colored ferruginous spot taking up
the inferior half of the band and resting on internal margin. The apical re-
gion is powdered with dark scales and the wing terminally shaded downwardly
with olivaceous. The costa is also darker dotted at base. Thus there are in-
dications of three darker transverse shades. Fringes pale. Beneath the pri-
maries are dark fuscous, except along internal margin. Above, the hind
wings are pale with a light fuscous shade ; beneath with a sprinkling of
fuscous scales about the costo-apical region. Labial palpi dependent.

HaUtat, Buffalo, N. Y.

Eesembles C. stramiuea of Europe aud more distantly 0. angula-
tana, Eobi?isou, from this State.

17

II. Catalogue of the Sphingidae of North America.

SiKCE the North American species of Sphingidae were enumer-
ated in 1808, by the late Mr. Coleman T. Eobinson and myself, a
few additional species have been discovered in our Territory, and are
here included. A very few generic changes have been also found
necessary, and are here introduced. No authentic captures of Phil.
Satellitia, or Dil. Brontes, have been reported from any part of our
Territory. These were formerly retained among our species, for the
reason that they occur near our southern borders, as also, partly,
that some of our own species had been mistaken for them, as will
in fact appear from an examination of synonymy here acknowledged.
The geographical limits here accepted, and the signs used, are the
same as those adopted in the List of the Lepidoptera of North

America.

Aug. R. Grote.

BuFFAi.0, April 21, 1873.

SPHINGIDAE.

Subfamily, BOMBYLIAE {ITdhnn').

Tribe, Vulgares (ffubner).

ARCTONOTUS, Boisduval (1852).

Type: Arctoiiotiis liicidns, Bo isd weal.

Incidiis, Boisducal.
California.

LEPISESIA, Grote (1885).

Type : Macroglossa flavofasciata, Barnston MS.
flavofasciata, Grote.

Macroglossa flavofasciata. Walker,
Canada.

BCL. BrF. SOC. NAT. 8CI. C?) MAY, 1873.

18

HEMAKIS, Dalmau (181G).

Type : Spliiiix f uciformis, Linnaeus.

Thetis, Grote.

Macroglossa Thetis, Boisduval.

Sesia thetis, Grote and Robinson.
California.

tenuis, Grote.

New York ; Pennsylvania.

dlffiuis, Grote.

Macroglossa diffinis, Boisduval.

Sesia diffinis, Harris.

? Sjyldnx fuciformis, % Smith.
Canada ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

luarginalis, Grote.
Michigan.

axillaris, Grote.

Sesia axillaris, Grote and Robinson.
Texas.

HAEMORRHAGIA, Grote and Robinson (1865).
Type : Sesia Thysbe, Fuhridus.
§ Chamaesesia, Grote.

gracilis, Grote and Robinson.
Canada ; New York.

§ Haemorrhagia, Grote and Robinson.

Bulfaloensis, Grote and Robinson.
New Y^ork.

iiuiformls, Grot^e.

Sesia ruficaudis,X Walker.

Sesia uniformis, Grote and Robinson,
Labrador ; Canada ; New York ; Pennsylvania,

Florideiisis, Grote and Robinson.
Florida.

19

ThysbCj Orote and Robinson.

Scsia Thy she, Fabric! us.

SpJiinx pelasgus, Cramer.

? Sesia cwibiciformis, Stephens.

f Sesia ruficaudis, Kirby.
Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

fiiscicaudis ( Walker).

Macroglossafuseicaudis, Boisduval MS.
Georgia (Abbot).

AELLOPOS, Ilubner (1816).

Type : Sphinx Titan, Cramer.

Titan, Hiibner.

SpJiinx Titan, Cramer.

Macroglossum annulosinn, Swaiuson.

Macroglossa halteata, Kirtlaud.
Ohio ; Texas.

Tantalus, Huhner.

Sphinx Tantalus, Linnaeus.

SpJiinx sonata, Druiy.
Texas.

EUPROSERPINUS, Grote and Robinson (18G5).

Type: Euproserpinus Phaeton, Orote and Robinson .

Pliaeton, Orote and Robinson.

Macroglossa Erato, Boisduval.
California.

Tribe, Aequivocae {Hubner).

THYREUS, Swainson (1821).

Type : Thyreus Abbotii, Sioainson

Abbotii, Swainson.

Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

AMPHION, Hubner (1816).

Type : Sphinx Nessus, Cramer.

Nessus, Hubner.

SpJiinx Nessus, Cramer.
Canada ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

20

ENYO, Hiibner (181G).

Type : Sphinx lugubris, Linnaeus.

lug'iibi'is, Walker.

Sphin.K, lurjiihris, Linnaeus.

Sj)7iynx Fcgeus, Cramer.

Enyo Pliegeus, Hiibner, Verzeiclmiss.

? Enyo lugubris, Hiibner, Ziitraege.^
Georgia ; Alabama ; Texas.

DEIDAMIA, Clemens (1859).

Type : Pterogon 1 inscriptum, Uarns.
inscripta, Clemens.

Pterogon ? inscriptum, Harris.
? Sphinx Japix, Cramer.

Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

PROSERriNUS, Hiibner (1816).

Type : Spliinx Oenotherae, Denis and Sehifferlin.
Clarkiae, Clemens.

Pterogon Clarkiae, Boisduval.
California.

Gaurae. Ilabner.

Sphinx Gaurae, Abbot and Smith.
Georgia.

Sublamily DEILEPHILAE {Huhner).

Tribe, PxVLLidivekosae {Iluhner).
DEILEPHILA, Ochsenheimer (1816).

Tyi^e : Sphinx VxKOYxnca., Esper.
Chamaeuerii, Harris.'^

Spildnx e2nlobii, Harris MS.
Deilephihi galii, X Walker.
Deilephiln canadensis, Guenee MS.
? DeilcpMla intermedia, Kirby.
Canada ; Lake Superior ; Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

1 This reference, I think, shoiiUl be transferred to the synonymy of Enyo Gorgon ; Dr.
Herrich-Schaeffer, however, does not agree with me on this point.

2 In 1865 I drew attention to certain characters, which I think readily distinguish our American
species. M. Guenue (Annales de la Socicte Entomologique de France, 4i6nie, Serie 8, p. 7)
speaks of the distinguishing characters of D. chamaenerii as " tres-suffisants." I am, therefore,

21

liucatil; Harris.

Sphinx lincdta, Fabricius (Syst. Eiit. 1775).

Sphinx daucus, Cramer (Plate 125, D. 1779).
California : Canada to Texas.

Tribe, Elegantes {IHibnci').
DUPO, Hiibner (181G.)

Vitis.

Sphinx vitis, Linnaeus, Drury, Fabricius, Denis and ScliifFerlin,
Cramer (267, C), Abbot and Smith, Westwood.

Merian (Plate 47, upper figure teste Linnaeus).

Sphinx fasciatus, Sulzer.
DujMJussieuae, Hiibner.
PJdlampelus vitis, Harris.
Philampelus vitis (larva), Clemens.
Philamp)elus jussieuae (imago) Clemens.
Philampelus fasciatus, Lucas.
New Jersey ; Southern States.

Linnei.

Sphinx vitis, | Cramer (268, E).
Dupo vitis, X Hiibner, Verzeichniss.
Philampelus vitis, % Walker, Herrich-SchaefFer.
Philampelus vitis, \ (imago), Clemens.
Alabama (Auth. Calverley).

PHILAMPELUS, Harris (1839).

Type : Daphne Pandorus, Iluhner.
Pandorus, Walker.

Daphne Pandorus, Hiibner.

Philampelus satellitia, % Harris.

Philampelus nmpclophaga, Boisdiival MS.

? Sphinx satellitia Fabricius, Drury (not of Linnaeus).
Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

Aeliemou, Harris.

Sphinx Acliemon, Drury.

Sphinx Grantor, Cramer.
Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania ; Southern States.

not agreed with a certain hasty opinion to the contrary, in the pages of the Canadian Entomol-
ogist, expressed by Mr. llorman Stiecker. M. Guenee conjectures that the description of
Deilephila Oxyl^aphi, Clemens, an apocryphal species, is based on a larva of Deilephila
chaniaenerii.

22

PACHYLIA, Walker (185G).

Type : Sphinx ficus, Linnaeus.

Lyucea, Clemens.

Texas.

ARGEUS, Hiibner (181G).

Type: Spliinx Labruscae, Linnaeus.

Labruscae, Hiibner.

Spldnx Labruscae, Linnaeus.
New Jersey ; Philadelphia (Auth. C. A. Blake).

Tribe, Obliqtiostriatae {Hubner).
METOPSILUS, Duncan (1852).

Type : Sphinx Tersa, Linnaeus.
Tersa, Duncan.

Sphinx Tersa, Linnaeus.
Canada to Texas.

CO Procne (Clemens).

California (Auth. Clemens).

Tribe, UsrciNNATi {Hubner).
DARAPSA, Walker (1856).

Type : Sphinx Choerilus, Cramer.
Choerilus, Walker.

Spliinx Choerilus, Cramer.
Sphinx Azaleae, Abbot and Smith.
Massachusetts ; New York ; Southern States.

Tcrsicolor, Clemens.

Choerocampa versicolor, Harris.
Massachusetts ; New York (Buifalo).

Myron, Walker.

Sphinx Myron, Cramer.

Sphinx pampinatrix , Abbot and Smith.

Otus Cnotus, Hiibner.
Canada ; New York ; Southern States.

23

Subfamily SMEKINTHI {Huhier).
Tribe, ANorLATi Buhner.
PAONIAS, Hlibner (1816).

Type : Sphinx excaecatus, Ahhot and Smith.
excaecatusj Wibner.

Sphinx excaecatus. Abbot and Smith.
Canada ; Massacbusetts ; New York ; Southern States.

pavoniniis, Oeyer.

Pennsylvania (Autb. Geyer). An spec, praec. ?

myopsj Hubner.

Sphinx myops, Abbot and Smith.

Smerinthus rosacaeruin, Boisduval.
New York ; Pennsylvania ; Southern States.

CALASYMBOLUS/ Grote (1873).

Type : Sphinx Astylus, Drury.
Astylus.

Sphinx Astylus, Drury.

Sphinx lo, Boisduval.

Smerinthus intcgcrrima, Harris.
Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

SMERINTHUS, Latreille (1809).

Type : Sphinx ocellatus, Linnaeus.

oplithalmicus, Boisduval.
California.

gemiuatas, Say.

Canada; Massachusetts; New York ; Pennsylvania.

Cerisii, Kirly.^

Hudson's Bay Territory (Kennicott).

•'Gr.: Ka/.w eiaavfij3o7.0Q. The genus differs from Paouias iu the shupe of the second-
aries, and from Smerintlius in antenna! structure.

'» I regret to differ entirely from the conclusions reached by Sir. Lintner, in an interesting
article on the variation of Smerinthus geniinatus (Entomological Contribution II). I think also
that in no event should Drury's name be brought into use for our common species, since his illus-
tration is discordant. I learn from Mr. Strecker that a specimen referable to this genus has
been received from the Isthmus. Mr. Liutner's reasons for referring Drury's and Kirby's
illustrations to S. geniinatus must be conceded, I think, to be partly speculative. In 1865 I
satisfied myself that Kirby"s figure was failhful and his species valid.

24

Tribe : Dentatae {H'uhner).
LAOTHOE, Fabricius restr. (1807).

Type: Spliiux Populi, Linuncus.

modesta.

Smerintkus modesta, Harris.
Smerinthus princeps, Walker.
Lake Superior ; Canada; Massachusetts; New York.

CRESSONIA, Grotc and RoUnson (1865).

Type : Sphinx juglandis. Abbot and Smith.
jua^landiSj Grote and Robinson.

SpJiinx juglandis, Abbot and Smith.
Canada ; Massachusetts ; New York ; Southern States.

Subfamily, MANDUCAE, {Huhner).

Tribe, Ponderosae {Hiibner).
CERATOMIA, Harris (1839).

Type : Agrius Amyntor, Hiibner.

Amyntorj Orote and Robinson.

Agrius Amyntor, Hiibner.

Ceratomia quadvicornis, Harris.
Canada ; Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania ; Michigan.

DAREMMA, Walker (1856).

T\-pe : Daremma undulosa. Walker.
iindiilosa, Walker.

Sphinx Brontes, J Boisduval, Species General.
Macrosila Brontes ? Walker.
Ceratomia repentinus, Clemens.
Connecticut; New York ; Pennsylvania; Michigan.

25

DILUDIA, Grote and Robinson (1865).

Type : Spliinx Brontes {Drvry), Grote.
Jasuiinearnm, Grote and Robinson.

Sphinx jasm in eariim , Boisdu val .
New York ; Pennsylvania.

leucophaeata {Clemens).

Texas (Auth. Clemens).

MACROSILA, Walker emend. (1856).

Type: Spliinx rustica, Fahricius.

rustica; Walker.

Sphinx rustica, Fabricius.

Sphinx chionantM, Abbot and Smith.
Pennsylvania ; Virginia ; Southern States.

Carolina; Clemens.

Sphinx Carolina, Linnaeus.
Massuchusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania ; Southei'n States.

CeleuSj Orote and Robinson.

Phlegothontius Celeus, Hiibner.

Sphinx quinquemactdata, Stephens.

Sphinx Carolina, % Donovan.
Canada ; Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

Ciugulata; Clemens.^

Sphinx cingulata, Fabricius.

Sphinx Druroei, Donovan.

Sphinx coiivolvuli, % Abbot and Smith.
New York ; Pennsylvania ; Southern States.

SPHINX, Linnaeus restr. (1758).

Type : Sphinx ligustri, Linnaeus.

Drupiferarum, Abbott and Smith.

Canada ; New York ; Pennsylvania ; Southern States.

Kalmiae, Abbot and Smith.

Canada ; New York ; Pennsylvania ; Southern States.

5 The European Sphinx convolvuli ftills in after our M. cina;ulata, and belongs to Macrosila.
See Grote and Robinson, Annals New York Lyceum, Vol. 8, 18116.

BUL. BUF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (4) MAT, 1873.

26

ChersiSj Ovote and Robinson.

Lethia chersis, Hiibner.

Sphinx cinerea, Harris.
Canada ; Massachusetts ; New York : Pennsylvania,

LETHIA, Hubner restr. (1816).
Type : Spliiux Gordius, Cramer.

(jOrdinSj Hiibner.

Spliinx Gordius, Cramer.
Canada ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

luscitiosa.

Sphinx luscitiosa, Clemens.
New York ; Wisconsin.

AGRIUS,8 Hubner restr. (1830).

Type ; Agrius eremitus, Hubner.

eremitusj Hubner.

Sphinx sordida, Harris.
Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania ; Wisconsin.

lagens.

Sphinx lugens. Walker.
Texas.

DOLBA, Walker (1S5G).

Type: Sphinx Hylaeus, Drury.
Hylaeus, Walker.

Sphinx Hylaeus, Drury.

Sphinx Prini, Abbot and Smith,
Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania ; Southern States.

6 1 accept Mr. Lintner's restriction of Hiibner's generic term with pleasure. Tlie name cannot
be used for any of tlie species included under it in the Verzeichniss, I have hitherto neglected
to observe the structure of this and allied forms.

27

Tribe, Leves {IlHhner).
DILOPHONOTA, Burmeister (1856).

Type : Sphinx Ello, Linnaeus.

EllOj Burmeister.

Sphinx Ello, Linnaeus.
New York ; Pennsylvania ; Southern States.

obscuraj Grote and Robinson.

Sphinx ohseura, Fabricius.
? Erinnyis Stheno, Hiibuer.

Pennsylvania.

HTLOICUS, Hiibner (1816).

Type : Sphinx pinastri, Linnaeus.

Seqiioiae (Boisduval).
California.

Strobi {Boisduval).
California ?

plebeia, Grote.

Sphinx plebeia, Fabricius.
Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

ELLEMA, Clemens (1859).

Type: Ellema Harrisii, Clemens.
Coniferai'um.

Sphinx conifcrarum. Abbot and Smith.
Georgia.

Harrisiij Clemens.

Sphinx coniferarum, \ Harris.

Canada ; Massachusetts ; New York.

Pineum, Lintner.

Canada (?) ; New York State.

28

LAPARA,' Walker (1856).

Type : Lapara bombycoides, Walker.

I)ombycoides, Walker.

Canada (Autli. Walker).

■^ A critical comparison between specimens of Ellema Harrisii and a figure of Lapara bomby-
coides, executed in England, convinces me that the two species, if distinct, cannot be separated by
any uncomparative description. The fore wings in the drawing of L. bombycoides seem narrower,
with the external margin quite oblique, the apices more produced. So also the external
prominent dentatedly lunulate transverse band is more oblique, and its representation in the
picture gives it a more even general course ; whereas in Ellema Harrisii it is a little outwardly
bent opposite the cell, and there is a depression at submedian interspace. The hind wings appear
a little more rounded and the head more sunken in the drawing. But in every detail of size,
color and characteristic marking, there is so great a correspondence between the two that I am
inclined to believe that the drawing represents an individual of E. Harrisii, and I hope an occa-
sion will be soon offered for sending specimens of Ellema Harrisii to London for veriQcation.

Hyloicus and Ellema appear to me to recall, sufficiently strongly as to be noticed, certain
European Bombycidae, such as Dendrolimus pini, which are considered by some authors as
typical of the latter family, but which have apparently no American representatives.

29

III. Catalogue of the Zygaenidae of North America.

Since the publication in tlie " List," of the Xorth American
Zygaenidae in 1868, by the late Coleman T. Robinson and myself,
several new forms have been described by Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr.,
and Mr. Richard H. Stretch. lu the valuable work of the latter
Author, now appearing in Parts, are also several suggestions in rela-
tion to the synonymy of certain species, Avhich I here adopt. In
the Fourth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Academy
of Science, Dr. Packard suggests that Eupsychoma geometrica,
Grote, from Colorado, is the same or ratlier a variety of Nemeophila
petrosa, Walker. I have described and figured two species of
Nemeophila from California, and also examined Mr. Walker's types
of the genus in the British Museum. My type of Eupsychoma is in
the collection of the American Entomological Society, and I did not
have it with me in 1867 for comparison when in London. It differs
from Mr. Walker's type and description by the immaculate second-
aries, and it is broader winged. Dr. Packard's remarks show me,
however, that I have probably erroneously referred the species to
the present family in 1865, and it is here excluded. From wliat
we already know of the distribution of this Family, we may expect
the discovery of many more species from Southern California,
the South-western Territories and Texas. In my Notes on the
Zygaenidae of Cuba, 1866, I have drawn comparison between the
profusional intertropical representation of the Family and this
limited number, both of genera and species which appear as inhab-
itants of the Atlantic District, where the Bombycidae are the pre-
vailing element. In the present " Catalogue " all species not
occurring within the Faunal limits embraced by Dr. Le Conte's
List of the Coleoptera are omitted.

Aug. R. Grote.
Buffalo, April 28, 1873.

30

ZYGAENIDAE.

Subfamily HESPERI-SPHINGES, Latreme.

Tribe, Alypiini, Grote.
ALTPIA, Hiibner (1816).

Type : Zygaena 8-maculata, Fabricius.
§ Androloma.^
Lorquiniij Grote and Robinson.
California ; Colorado Territory.

similis, Stretcli.

California.

MacCullocliiij Kirhy.
Nevada ; Canada ; Nova Scotia.

Ridiugsiij Grote.

Colorado Territory ; Nevada ; California.

Brannaui; Stretcli.

California.

§ Alypia.

Dipsaci; Grote and Robinson.
California.

Sacramentij Grote and Robinson.
California.

octomaculata, Hubner.

Zygaena octomaculata, Fabricius.

S Alypia octomaculalis, Hiibner.

$ Alypia quadriguttalis, Hiibner.
Phalaena albomaculata, Cramer.
Anticosti Island ; Massacbusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

^Gr.: avSpiov et T^ufia. I include in this section the species with a drum-like expansion
of the costa in the male. The type is Alypia Lorquinii.

31

Laiigtouii, Couper.

Alypia octomaculata , X ^Walker (in part).
Canada ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

Mariposa^ Grote and Robinson.
California.

Innata; Stretch.

California.

Grotei {Boisduval).

? Agarista himaculuta, Herricli-Scliaeffer, fig. 26.
California.

Tribe, Psychomorphini, Orote.

PSYCHOMORPHA, Harris (1889).

Type: Noctua Epimenis, Drury.

Epimenis, Harris.

Noctua Epimenis, Drury.
Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

Tribe, Eudriixi, Grote.

EUSCIRRHOPTERUS, Grote (1866).

Type: Euscirrliopterus Poeyi, Grote.

frloveri, Grote.
Texas.

2 While Mr. Walker, in the British Museum Lists, refers Canadian specimens of A. Langtonii
to A. 8-maculata, I think it probable that Mr. Couper describes the latter species as the male
of A. Langtonii. This supposition, however, becomes unlikely when we see that Mr. Couper
quotes my letter describing the male A. 8-maculata, with which he is unacquainted, in the same
Paper. If Mr. Couper is correct, we have to do with a species in which, while the female has
but a single spot on the hind wings, the male has two spots, like A. 8-maculata. But I think I
have both sexes of A. Langtonii agreeing with Mr. Couper's original illustration. A mistake is
the more likely to have happened, since Mr. Couper compares his species, in the first instance,
Avith A. MacCullochii, Kirby, instead of with A. 8-maculata. Kirby gives the color of the
spots on both wings in his species as white. Both Kirby's very good figure and a specimen
before me from Owen's Lake, Nevada, show a sulphur tinge on both wings, though more decid-
edly on the primaries. A. Langtonii ? has also the spots concolorous on either wing, and
it is probably only in A. 8-maculata that the spots on the primaries are sulphur yellow and ou
the hind wings white. Now that we have also a Californian species described with all the spots
white, our remark as to the correspondence in the color of the spots between the species of
Alypia inhabiting the same Fauual District, becomes incorrect.

32

EUDRYAS, Boisdiival (1836).

Type : Euthisanotia unio, Hahner.

brevipennis, Stretch.

California (Auth. Stretch).

uiiio, Boisduval.

Euthisanotia tinio, Hiibner.
Canada; Massacliusetts; New York; Pennsylvania.

grata, Harris.

Bovihyx grata, Fabricius.
Canada ; Vermont ; Massachusetts ; New York.

Subfamily GLAUCOPES {Huhner).

Tribe, Horamini, Grote.

HORAMA, Hiibner (1816).

Type : Sphinx Pretus, Cramer.

Texana, Grote.

Horomia plumipes, % Clemens.
Texas.

Tribe, Hyalinae {Huhner).
LAEMOCHARIS, Herrich-Schaeffer (1850).

Type ; Laemocliaris Pertyi, Bouduval MS.

Pertyi, Herrich-Schaeffer.

Georgia.

COSMOSOMA, Hiibner (1820).

Type : Cosmosoma Omphale, Hiibner.
Ompliale, Habncr.
Georgia ; Alabama ; Florida ; Texas,

SINTOMEIDA, Harris (1839).

Type : Syntomeida Ipomaeae, Harris.

Ipomaeae, Harris.

Glaueopis Euterpe, Herrich-Schaeffer, fig. 430.

f Euchromia ferox, Walker,
Georgia.

33

Tribe, CxENUCniNi, Grote.
SCEPSIS, Walker (1854).

Type : Glaucopis f alvicollis, Hdhner.

fulvicoUis, Walker.

Glaucopis fulvicoUis, Hiibner.

Glaucopis semidiaphana, Harris.

Scejjsis Packardii, Grote.^
California ; Maine to Florida.

CTENUCHA, Kirby (1837).

Type : Ctenucha Latreillana, Kirhy.
§ Ctenucha.
Virginica, Grote.

Sphinx Virginica, Charpentier.
Ctenucha Latreillana, Kirby.
Canada ; Maine ; New York (Buffalo).

Cressonana, Grote.
Colorado Territory.

§ Euctenuclia.*

ochroscapiiSj Grote and Robinson.

Ctenucha corvina, Boisduval.
California.

multifaria, Grote and Robinson.

Apistosia? multifaria, Walker.

Glaucopis rubroscapus, Menetries.
California.

Bobinsonii, Boisduval.

California,

Harrisii, Boisduval.

California.

3 Mr. Stretch considers the Californian S. Packardii, as not specifically distinct from our
Eastern S. fulvicoUis.

*Gr.: "Ew et Ctenucha. The tj-pe of this section is Ctenucha multifaria. For the struc-
tural peculiarities of the Californian species, see Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol 1, p. 330.

BUL. BUP. soc. NAT. SCI. (5) MAT, 1873.

bmnnea, Stretch.
California.

venosa, Walker.
Texas.

abdominalis; Grote.
Alabama.

34

§ Pliiloros, Walker.

PTGARCTIA, Grote (1871).

Type : Pygarctia abdominalis, Grotr.

Tribe, Variegatae {Buhner).
GNOPHAELA, Walker (1854).

Type : Dioptis aequinoctialis. Walker.

vermiciilata, Grote and Robinson.

Callalucia vermiculata, Grote.
Colorado Territory.

Hopfferij Grote and liobinson.
California ; Oregon.

latipennis {Boisduval).

California.

Tribe, Immaculatae (Hicbner).

ACOLOITHUS, Clemens (1860).

Type : Acoloitbus falsarius, Clemens.
falsarius, Clemens.

Harrisina Sanborni, Packard.
Pennsylvania ; New York ; Illinois.

HARRISINA, Packard (1864).

Type: Procris Americana, Harris.
Americana, Packard.

Procris Americana, Harris.
Massacbusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

35

Texan.n, Stretch.

Texas.

coraciua, Packard.

Aglaope coracina, Clemens.
Texas.

TRIPROCRIS,* (?/'o^6' (1873).

Tyi>e : Procris ? Smitlisonianus, Clemens.

Smitlisouianiis.

Procris f Smithsonieinus, Clemens,
Texas,

Tribe, Pyromorpiiina {Hcrrieh-ScMeffer).
PYROMORPHA, Herricli-Scliaeffer (1850).

Type : Pyromorplia dimidiata, II.-S.

dimidiata, Herrich-ScJiaeffer.

Medtlutca perlucidula, Clemens.

? LycomorpTia centralis, Walker.
New York ; Pennsylvania ; Illinois,

Tribe, Lycomorphixi, Grote.

LYCOMORPHA, Harris (18S9).

Type : Si)liinx Pliolus, Drury
PholnSj Heirris.

SpJdnx Pholiis, Drury.
Canada ; Maine ; New York ; Pennsylvania,

miniata^ Packard.

Southern California.

Palmeriij Packard.

Arizona.

5 The diagnosis of this genus is given by Dr. Clemens, in the Proceedings of the Academy ot
Natural Science of Philadelphia for 1860, page 540, under the name "P/'om*.?."

36

ANATOLMIS, Packard (18G4).

Type : Anatolmis Qrotei, Packard.

Grotei, Packard.
Colorado Territory.

Subfomily CYDOSIINAE, Grote.

Tribe, Cydosiini, Grote.

CYDOSIA, Westwood.

Type : Phalaena nobilitella, Cramer.

auririttaj Grote and Robinson.
Texas.

imitella,^ Stretch.
Texas.

6 On a comparison with Cuban and South American specimens of C. nobilitella, the Texan
species is seen to be distinct, as suggested by Mr. Stretch in his conscientious work en the
Bombycidae and Zygaenidae, page 163. It is, however, not unlikely that the two names here
cited refer to a single species.

37

IV. Conclusions drawn from a study of the Genera
Hypena and Herminia

BY AUG. R. GROTE.

I HAVE recently identified M. Gnenee's descriptions of North
American Deltoids in a series of Papers contained in the Fonrth
Volnme of the Transactions of the American Entomological Society.
To the third Paper I have given a list of our species. I have en-
deavored to separate as accurately as my ability, and the material as
yet placed at my disposal, would allow me, a number of species
which might be loosely classed under Schrank's genus H}^ena.

I have considered Hypena as restricted by Hiibner in 1816.
Hiibner cites under this name the European species, Palpalis, Deci-
7nalis, Ohsitalis, and Rostrcdis. The genus thus corresponds with
Lederer's second Group of H}^ena, and is typically represented in
our Fauna by Hypena Humuli, Harris. In this species the com-
pressedly elongated labial palpi extend much beyond the head, and
are as long, or nearly as long as the thorax ; the third joint is con-
tinuous and shortly scaled. The primary wings are narrow and
crambiform, without a lappet at internal angle. Our species are
Hypena evanidalis, RoUnson, and Hypena Humuli, Harris,
from the Eastern and Middle States, and Hypena citata, Orote,
from Alabama.

I would follow this genus by our common species from the At-
lantic District, the Hyhlaea scahra of Fabricins, in which the still
narrow Avings swell suddenly at outer third, and are developed at
internal angle somewhat as in Pseudothyatira, Plusia or even Con-
chylis, and have a sinuate internal margin. The third joint of the
palpi is neither so shortly scaled, so continuous, nor so long as in
Hypena. An exceedingly valuable communication made to me by
Mr. Lintner discovers the fact that M. Guenee's Hypena erectalis
is the female form of this species. There is then a sexual character

38

in the breadth of the hind wings, which are disproportionately am-
ple in the male. I propose for the species the name Plathypena'
SGABRA. Lederer agrees with Ilubner in a generic separation of the
European crassalis, under the name Bomolocha. In this genus the
costal edge is arcuate or even, much as in Plathypena, but the inter-
nal margin of the primaries is straight. Through the kindness of Mr^
Lintner, Mr. Meske sends me a specimen taken near Albany, Avhich
seems to be the European crassalis, and differs from Baltimoralis in
the absence of the peculiar neck-like constriction of the median
space inferiorly. Our congeneric species are: Bomolocha Balti-
moralis (Guenee), Bomolocha abaliejn^alis (Walker), Bomolocha
MAXALis (Walker), Bomolocha bijugalis (Walker), and Bomolo-
cha madefactalis (Guenee). Differing from this genus by the
sinuate or depressed costal margin of the primaries, which are
acute at the apices and produced on external margin opposite the
middle, as well as by the more ample concolorons wings, woolly
body scales and stouter build, we have two species from the Atlantic
District which I separate from the foregoing under the name Mac-
EHYPENA.^ The type is Hypena deceptalis, Walker. Our species
are MACRHTPEisrA deceptalis, and Macrhypena profecta (Grote).
We may follow these by Loman"altes laetulus, Grote, which dif-
fers by the oblique external margin of the primaries and essentially
in their shape.

Two species from the Atlantic District are conspicuous by their
even shape and dead black color, hardly relieved by pale scale marks.
All the angles of the primaries are softened; the wings are shorter
and broader ; the eyes larger ; the whole appearance more noctni-
form. I have described these under Hypena. They appear to me
most nearly related to Bomolocha, but the palpi are very short.
They may be known as Euhypena^ TOREUTA(Grote), and Euhypena
SORDIDULA (Grote).

Latrielle seems at first to have used his term Herminia in a syn-
onymous sense Avitli Hypena, or indeed as embracing the whole
Group of Deltoids. Treitschke limits it to a number of European
species among which is the European Pyralis tentacularis, Lin-
naeus. Hiibner and Stephens have accepted many genera for

^Gr.: TT/idriif et Hypena. '^Gr.: /laKpSg et Hypena. ^Qr.: "Ev et Hypena.

39

Treitsclike's species of Herminia, It seems to me we may do jus-
tice to all their observations and restrict Herminia to a genus of
which Herminia tentacularis would be the type. Schrank's term,
Polypogon, it must be remembered, is preoccupied and must be aban-
doned. Hiibner's term, Paracolax, is restricted by Stephens to the
European derivalis, nemoralis and tarsicrinalis. Stephens' restric-
tion of Macrochilo, Huh7ier, to the European crihralis, should appar-
ently be followed. For our species, that appear to me congeneric
with the European included by Lederer in his Group A of Zanclog-
natha, I use this term. There is an agreement in the curvature of the
second palpal joint, the fore tibiae are provided with a fan-shaped
brush capable of expansion, the species are rather heavy and the pri-
maries seem narrow with straighter external margin than usual. Our
North American species are Zanclognatha laevigata (Grote),
Zanclogkatha cruralis (Guenee), ZANCLOGisrATHA marcidil-
INEA (Grote), Zanclognatha obscueipennis (Grote), and Zax-
CLOGNATHA ocHEEiPENNis (Grote). For Guenee's Herminia mor-
bidalis, I propose the term Chytolita,'* Chytolita morbidalis
(Guenee), differs from Zanclognatha in the straight second palpal
joint, and from Pechipogon in the shape of the wings and neura-
tion as indicated by Guenee. It was a common species about Phil-
adelphia and has been reported to me by Mr. J. A. Lintner as taken
near Albany. It is easily recognized by the guttate subterminal
line.

Eather resembling Chytolita in general appearance, but in reality
nearer to Zanclognatha in the shape of the second palpal joint, is
Herminia pedipillalis Guenee, for which I propose the generic term
PiTYOLiTA." As to how far this may be found to agree with any of
the European species contained in Lederer's second Group of Zan-
clognatha, I am not clear, but in the incomplete brush on the fore
tibiae, the frailer form and broader wings, it is easily separated from
our species that I have arranged under Lederer's genus. There
remains but to be noticed two sjwcies already described by myself
under the name Philometra, and which, in some respects, have a
resemblance to the European Herminia tentacularis. These two
species just alluded to as under Philometra, agree remarkably in

■*Qr.: ^1^(5^ et altoq. ^Qt.: ttlt'vu et 7.i7og.

40

most of the structural characters I have been able to discover, but
differ in the comparative length of the pectinations of the antennae.
The species are Philometra longilaeris, Grote, and Philometra
SERRATicoRNis, Grote. I designate the former as the type of the
genus. At the moment I prefer to separate the genera I have here
discussed on other than antennal peculiarities.

I have received from Mr. Lintner some very curious examples
of Zanclognatha laevigata, showing the excessive variability of this
species. Sometimes the median space is dark, bronzed or purpled,
sometimes clear when the base of the wing and the hind region are
obscurely tinted. I have indicated the existence of these variational
tendencies in my original description of the species which was made
from large material.

41

V. Descriptions of New Species of Fungi

BY CHAS. H. PECK.
[Mead before this Society June Gt7i, 1873. J

HYMENOMYCETES.

Agaricus (Amanita) russuloides^ Peck.

Pileus at first ovate, then expanded or convex, rougli with a few superficial
warts or entirely smooth, viscid when moist, widely striate-tuberculate on the
margin, pale yellow or straw color ; lamellae close, free, narrowed toward the
stem, white ; stem firm, smooth, stuffed, annulate, equal or slightly tapering
upward, bulbous ; annulus thin, soon vanishing ; volva fragile, subappressed ;
spores broadly elliptical, .0004* long, .0003' broad.

Plant 2'-3' high, pileus 1.5'-3' broad, stem 3"f-5'' thick.

Grassy ground in open woods. Greenbusli, June. This species
is remarkable for the thin striate-tuberculate margin of the pileus
which causes it to resemble some species of Kussula.

Agaricus (Lepiota) fiiscosquameusj Peck.

Pileus hemispherical or convex, rough with numerous erect pointed black-
ish-brown scales ; lamellae close, white, free ; stem equal, thickened at the
base, hollow or stuffed with a cottony pith, floccose, brown ; spores .0003' x
.00014'.

Plant 2'-3' high, pileua 1.5'-2' broad, stem 3" thick.

Ground in woods. Croghan. September.

Agaricus (Lepiota) oblitasj Peck.

Pileus convex or expanded, subumbonate, smooth or obscurely equamose
from the breaking up of the veil, viscid, alutaceous inclining to tawny, the
umbo generally darker ; lamellae crowded, free, whitish or yellowish, some of

♦One accent (') = inch or inches. tTwo accents (") = line or lines.

BtTL. BUP. SOC. NaT. SCI. (G) JTTLT, 1873.

42

tliem forked; stem ecjual or slightly tapering upward, floccose, viscid, smooth
at the top, hollow or containing a cottony pith ; annulus obsolete ; spores
.00016' X .00012'.

Plant 3'-3' high, pileus 3'-3' broad, stem 3" thick.

Ground in frondose woods. Lowville. September.

Afiraricu.s (Armillaria) ponderosns, PecJc.

Pileus thick, compact, convex or subcampanulate, smooth, white or yellow-
ish, the naked margin strongly involute beneath the slightly viscid persistent
veil ; lamellae crowded, narrow, slightly emarginate, white inclining to cream
color ; stem stout, subequal, firm, solid, coated by the veil, colored like the
pileus, white and furfuraceus above the annulus; flesh white; spores nearly
globose, .00016' in diameter.

Plant 4'-G' high, pileus 4'-6' broad, stem about 1' thick.

Ground in woods. Copake. October.

The veil for a long time conceals the lamellae and finally becomes
lacerated and adheres in shreds or fragments to the stem and margin
of the pileus.

Agaricus (Trlcholoma) rubicundus, Peck.

Pileus convex, then expanded or centrally depressed, viscid, slightly tomen-
tose on the margin when young, smooth, or sometimes Vrith a few scales either
on the disk or on the margin, red ; lamellae close, white, becoming spotted
with red, some of them forked ; stem firm, equal, solid, slightly pruinose,
white, often stained with red ; spores .00038' x .00016'.

Plant 3'-5' high, pileus 3'-5' broad, stem 6"-8" thick.

Ground in woods. New Scotland. October.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) flavescens, Peck.

Pileus firm, convex, often irregular, dry, smooth, sometimes cracking on the
disk into minute scales, white or pale yellow, minutely tomentose on the
margin when young ; lamellae close, floccose on the edge, white or pale yellow ;
Btem firm, solid, often unequal, central or eccentric, colored like the pileus ;
spores subglobose, .0003' in diameter.

Plant caespitose, 2'-3' high, pileus 2'-3' broad, stem 4"-6" thick.

Old pine stumps. Bethlehem and North Greenbush. October.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) decorosus, Peck.

Pileus firm, at first hemispherical, then convex or expanded, coated with
numerous brownish subsquarrose tomentose scales, dull ochraceous or tawny ;
lamellae close, rounded and slightly emarginate at the inner extremity, the

43

edge subcrenulate ; stem solid, equal or slightly tapering upward, white and
smooth at th.e top, elsewliere tomentose, scaly and colored like the pile us ;
spores broadly elliptical, .0003' x .00015'.
Plant subcaespitose, 2'-4' high, pileus 1-2' broad, stem 2'-4" thick.

Rotten logs in woods. Catskill Mountains and Kock City. Sep-
tember and October.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) multipiinctusj Peck,

Pileus brittle, broadly convex, sometimes centrally depressed or subumbili-
cate, densely dotted with minute brown or blackisli scales, yellowish-brown,
the disk often darker ; lamellae close, slightly emarginate, yellow, sometimes
with a darker edge ; stem subequal, squamulose-punctate, hollow, colored like
the pileus ; spores suborbicular, .00016' in diameter.

Plant subcaespitose, l'-2' high, pileus l'-2' broad, stem 2"-4" thick.

Rotten logs in woods. Sandlake and Adirondack Mountains.
July and August.

This species is related to Ag. rutilans.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) lacunosus, Peck.

Pileus convex or expanded, dry, lacunose, densely furfuraceous, bright
golden yellow ; lamellae subdistant, wMte, the interspaces sometimes veiny ;
stem firm, solid, equal or slightly tapering downwards, scaly or furfuraceous,
colored like the pileus.

Plant l'-2' high, pileus 1' broad, stem 1" thick.

Fallen branches and decaying wood. Savannah. August.
The colors are well retained in the dried specimens. The lacunae
of the pileus give it a somewhat reticulated appearance.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) laterarius, Ptck.

Pileus convex or expanded, sometimes slightly depressed in the center,
pruinose, whitish, the disk often tinged with, red or brown, the tliin margin
marked with slight subdistant short radiating ridges ; lamellae narrow,
crowded, white, prolonged in little decurrent lines on tlie stem ; stem nearly
equal, solid, white ; spores globose, .00018' in diameter.

Plant 3'-4' high, pilous 2'-4' broad, stem 3"-5" thick.

Ground in woods. AYorcester. July.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) Limouium; Peck.

Pileus thin, smooth, yellowish ; lamellae crowded, narrow, not forming
decurrent lines on the stem, lemon-yellow ; stem tapering downwards, smootli,
striate, rooting.

Plant 3'-4' high, pileus 2'-3' broad, isteni 3"-l" thick.

44

Ground in woods. Worcester and Croghun. July and Septem-
ber.

The lemon color of the lamellae and the root-like prolongation of
the stem characterize this species.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) virescens. Peck.

Pileus convex or expanded, sometimes depressed centrally, moist, smooth,
dingy-green, the margin sometimes wavy or lobed ; lamellae close, gradually
narrowed toward the outer extremity, rounded or slightly emarginate at the
inner, white; stem subequal, stuffed or hollow, thick but brittle, whitish,
sometimes tinged with green ; spores broadly elliptical, .0003' x .00015'.

Plant 3'-5' high, pileus 3'-5' broad, stem 6"-12" thick.

Mossy ground in open woods. North Elba. July.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) fumidellusj Peck.

Pileus subumbonate, smooth, moist, dingy-white or clay colored, clouded
with brown ; lamellae close, subventricose, whitish ; stem equal, smooth, solid,
whitish ; spores, .00018' x .00015'.

Plant 3'-3' high, pileus l'-2' broad, stem 3"-3" thick.

Ground in woods. New Scotland. October.
The disk is generally darker than the margin. The pileus be-
comes paler in drying. The stem splits easily.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) fallax, Peck.

Pileus firm, convex or expanded, rarely depressed in the center, moist,
smooth, dull saffron color ; lamellae crowded, narrow, tapering toward the
outer extremity, rounded at the inner, yellow ; stem short, smooth, stuffed or
hollow, usually tapering toward the base, colored like the pileus ; spores mi-
nute, Bubelliptical, .00013' long.

Plant gregarious, l'-1.5' high, pileus C"-15" broad, stem 1" thick.

Ground under spruce and balsam trees. North Elba. July,

Agaricus (Tricholoma) thujinus^ Peck.

Pileus convex or centrally depressed, smooth, hygrophanous, pale alutace-
ous, the margin generally irregular, wavy or lobed ; lamellae crowded, thin,
abruptly emarginate, alutaceous ; stem slightly thickened at the top, smooth,
hollow, concolorous, whitish-villous at the base.

Plant 2' high, pileus 2' broad, stem 2"-3" thick.

Swampy ground under Thvja occidentaJis. Memphis. August.

45

Agaricus (Tricholoma) Hebeloma, Peck.

Pileua broadly conical or subcampanulate, obtuse, thin, hygroplianous,
striatulate brown and dark on tbe disk when moist, grayish when dry ; lamellae
broad, rounded behind and deeply emarginate, yellowish ; stem equal, hollow,
smooth, pallid ; spores .00038' x .OOOIG'.

Plant 1' high, pileus 6" broad, stem scarcely 1" thick.

Ground in woods. Worcester. July.

This plant closely resembles some species of the subgenus Heb-
eloma, but the color of its spores forbid its reference to that sub-
genus.

A^aricns (Clitocybe) coniiexus, Peck.

Pileus thin, subumbonate, clothed with a minute appressed silkiness, white,
the margin sometimes faintly tinged with blue ; lamellae crowded, narrow,
white inclining to yellowish ; stem equal or tapering downwards, solid, whitish.

Plant 2-3' high, pileus 2'-3' broad, stem 2" thick.

Ground in woods. Croghan. September.

The lamellae are not strongly decurrent and sometimes terminate
abruptly, hence it might easily be mistaken for a Tricholoma. The
margin of the pileus is sometimes marked with slight ridges as in
Ag. laterarius. The odor is weak but aromatic and agreeable.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) albissimus, Peck.

Pileus convex or expanded, dry, smooth, soft, pure white ; lamellae crowded,
short-decurrent, white, some of them forked at the base ; stem equal, smooth,
solid, white.

Plant growing in rings, 2-3' high, pileus 2'-3' broad, stem 2"-3" thick.

Ground in woods. Croghan. September.

The pure white color and soft texture is retained in tlie dried
specimens.

Agaricus. (Clitocybe) luaculosus, Peck.

Pileus centrally depressed, smooth, marked with numerous watery spots
when moist, having slight short radiating ridges on the margin ; lamellae
crowded, narrow, long-decurrent, pallid or yellowish, some of them forked ;
stem slightly thickened at the base, smooth, stuffed or hollow, colored like the
pileus.

Plant 2'-3' high, pileus 1.5'-3' broad, stem 2"-3" thick.

Ground in woods. Croghan. September.

The spots of the pileus resemble those of Ag. marmorovx. They
generally disappear as the plant becomes dry.

4fi

Agaricus (Clitocybe) Truncicola, Peck.

Pileus tliin, firm, expanded or centrally depressed, smootli, Avy, white ;
lamellae narrow, tliin, crowded, adnate-decurrent ; stem equal, stuffed, smooth,
often eccentric and curved, whitish.

Plant 1' high, pileus 1' broad, stem 1" thick.

Trunks of frondose trees, especially maples. Croghan. Sep-
tember.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) subzoualis^ Peck.

Pileus thin, centrally depressed or subinfundibuliform, marked with two
or three obscure zones, with a slight appressed silkiness, pale yellow ; lamellae
close, narrow, equally decurrent, some of them forked, pallid or yellowish ;
stem equal, slightly fibrillose, stuffed, pale yellow.

Plant 2' high, pileus 2'-3' broad, stem 2"-4:' thick.

Grouud in woods. Croghan. Septem-ljer.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) Gerardianus, Peck.

Pileus thin, funnel-form, hygrophanous, striatulate when moist, "brown,
rough with scattered blackish points ; lamellae decurrent, close, a little paler
than the pileus, some of them forked ; stem rather long, flexuous, smooth,
stuffed, concolorous, white at the base.

Plant 2'-3' high, pileus 8"-12" broad, stem ..5"-l" thick.

Sphagnous marshes. Sandlake and New Paltz. June.

Agaricus (Collybia) coloreus, Peck.

Pileus convex, subumblicate, slightly fibrillose, hygrophanous, yellow,
sometimes tinged with red, the margin exceeding the lamellae ; lamellae mod-
erately close, emarginate, yellow ; stem equal, smooth, hollow, sometimes
eccentric, yellow.

Plant l'-2' high, pileus 8"-12" broad, stem 1" thick.

Decaying wood. Croghan. September.

Agaricus (Collybia) succosusj Peck.

Pileus firm, convex or campanulate, minutely tomentose, cinereous or brown-
ish-gray, the margin generally exceeding the lamellae ; lamellae thin, close,
emarginate and slightly decurrent-toothed, tapering toward the outer ex-
tremity, whitish ; stem firm, equal or slightly tapering upward, minutely
tomentose, containing a whitish pith ; spores minute, subglobose, .00015' in
diameter ; flesh subcartilaginous, abounding in a thin watery or serum-like
juice, changing to purplish or black when cut.

Plant l'-3' high, pileus 6"-13" broad, stem 1' thick.

47

Decaying prostrate trunks of trees in woods. Portville and
Croghan. September,

This is a very remarkable and somewhat aberrant species. In
color it resembles dark forms of Heydnum gelatinosum. The stem
is sometimes eccentric. The juice exudes from wounds as in species
of Lactarius.

Agaricus (Collybia)myria(lopliyllus, Peck.

Pileus very thin, broadly convex, then expanded, sometimes umbilicate,
hygroyhanous, watery -brown when moist, pale ochraceous or alutaceous when
dry ; lamellae very numerous, crowded, narrow, rounded at the stem and
slightly emarginate, brownish-lilac ; stem equal, smooth, stuffed, reddish-brown ;
spores subelliptical, minute, .00012' long.

Plant subcaespitose, l'-1.5' high, pileus 8"-12" broad, stem .5" thick.

Decaying wood and fallen branches in woods. Portville. Sep-
tember.

The color of the lamellae is remarkable.

Agaricus (Mycena) subcaeroleus, Peck.

Pileus very thin, convex or campanulate, obtuse, smooth, striate, pale bluish-
green ; lamellae narrow, close, tapering outwardly, white ; stem slender, equal,
pinkish-white, slightly pruinose ; spores subglobose, .00025' in diameter.

Plant caespitose, 2' high, pileus 4"-8" broad.

Trunks of beech trees in woods. Adirondack Mountains. July.
The disk is more highly colored than the margin and the pileus
has a separable cuticle.

Agaricus (Mycena) minutulus. Peck.

Pileus convex or campanulate, smooth, striatulate, papillate ; lamellae broad,
subdistant, with a slight decurrent tooth ; interspaces reticulated by transverse
veinlets which descend on the lamellae ; stem short, slender, firm, smooth or
sprinkled with minute mealy particles.

Plant gregarious, white throughout, 8"-12" high, pileus 2"-4" broad.

Bark of prostrate trunks in woods. Portville. September.

Agaricus (Mycena) roseocandidus, Peck.

Pileus convex or broadly campanulate, subpapillate, striate nearly to the
apex, white or rosy-red ; lamellae close, uncinate, colored like the pileus ; stem
slender, smooth, white.

Plant 2' high, pileus 4"-G' broad.

48

Among mosses in woods. Adirondack Mountains. July.

Usually the whole plant is pure white, but sometimes the pileus
has a delicate rosy hue except on the apex and the margin. The
striations of the pileus remain in the dried specimens. The papilla
is sometimes very prominent, sometimes wanting.

A^aricus (Mj ceiia) miratus, Peck.

Pileus thin, campanulate, umbilicate, smooth, striate, cinereous ; lamellae
narrow, slightly uncinate, whitish; stem long, filiform, smooth, whitish,
radicating, villous at the base.

Plant 1.5'-2' high, pileus 3"-4" broad.

Among fallen leaves in copses. Center. October.
This species may be known by the umbilicate pileus and the long
striae which extend to the umbilicus.

Agaricus (Omphalia) olivarius, Peck.

Pileus convex, umbilicate, smooth, yellowish-olive ; lamellae arcuate, decur-
rent, subdistant, pale yellow ; stem equal, short, smooth, hollow, colored like
the pileus ; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .00026' long.

Plant 1-1.5' high, pileus 1' broad, stem 1" thick.

Burnt ground under balsam trees. North Elba. July.

Agaricus (Omphalia) rugosodiscus. Peck.

Pileus thin, convex, then expanded, smooth, hygrophanous, striatulate when
moist, brown, rugose-wrinkled on the disk, the thin margin often wavy ; lam-
ellae narrow, close, arcuate, decurrent, white; stem equal, short, smooth,
hollow, often curved, whitish.

Plant l'-1.5' high, pileus 6"-12" broad, stem .5" thick.

Decaying prostrate trunks of trees in woods. Croghan and Wor-
cester. July and September.

Agaricus (Pluteus) sterilomarginatusj Peck.

Pileus broadly convex or expanded, with a slight appressed tomentum,
white faintly tinged with pink, the thin margin exceeding the lamellae ;
lamellae close, subventricose, free, minutely eroded on the edge, pale flesh
color; stem short, equal, solid, smooth, whitish ; spores subglobose, angular,
with a central nucleus, .00025' in diameter.

Plant 1' high, pileus 6 "-12" broad, stem .5" thick.

Decaying woods and sticks in woods. Portville. September.
The pileus is sometimes cracked and then has the appearance of
being coated with a thin scaly paste.

49

Agaricus (Platens) granulans, Peck.

Pileus convex or expanded, subumbonate, rugose-wrinkled, sprinkled with
minute blackish granules, varying in color from yellow to brown ; lamellae
rather broad, close, ventricose, free, whitish, then flesh-colored ; stem equal,
solid, pallid or brown, usually paler at the top, velvety, with a short close
plush ; spores subglobose, about .0003' in diameter.

Plant 2-3' high, pileus r-2' broad, stem l"-2" thick.

Old logs in woods. Pine Hill and Worcester. July.
The granules form a sort of plush Avhich is more dense on the
disk of the jiileus and its wrinkles than on the margin.

Agaricus (Entoloma) cyaneus, Peck.

Pileus convex, dry, minutely scaly, brown or brownish-violaceus ; lamellae
whitish, then tinged with flesh color ; stem subequal, hollow, scaly and viola-
ceous toward the top ; spores angular, .00033' x 00025'.

Plant 2' high, pileus l'-1.5' broad, stem 1" thick.

Decaying Avood and old mossy trunks in woods. Pine Hill and
Worcester. June and July.

Agaricus (Leptonia) foliomarginatusj Peck.

Pileus convex, umbilicate, scabrous on the disk, bluish-brown, the disk a
little darker; lamellae broad, subdistant, plane, whitish, then flesh-colored,
the edge entire and colored like the pileus ; stem smooth, equal, solid below,
with a small cavity above, concolorous.

Plant l'-2' high, pileus 6"-10" broad, stem .5" thick.

Ground and decaying wood in groves. Maryland. July.

Agaricus (Nolanea) fnscofoliusj Peck.

Pileus thin, conical or campanulate, papillate, smooth, hygrophanous, dark
brown and striatulate when moist, grayish-brown and shining when dry;
lamellae ascending, narrowed toward each end, brown ; stem equal, stuffed,
smooth, concolorous, with a white mycelium at the base ; spores irregular,
nucleate, .00033' x .00025'.

Plant 1' high, pileus 3 "-6" broad, stem 5" thick.
In woods on old logs. Maryland. July.

Agaricus (Plioliota) albocrennlatus, Peck.

Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or campanulate, subumbonate, viscid, rough with
dark-brown or blackish floccose scales, yellowish-brown ; lamellae broad, sub-
distant, emarginate, white creuulate on the edge, grayish, then ferruginous ;

BTL. BUF. POC. N'AT. PCI. (7) .rTLT. 1S73.

50

stem firm, equal or slightly tapering upward, Btulfed or hollow, squamose and
pallid below the evanescent ring, white and slightly f urf uraceous above ;
spores subelliptical, .00045' x .00025'.
Plant 3'-5' high, pileus 2'-3' broad, stem 3"-5" thick.

Mossy base of maple trees in woods. Adirondack Mountains.
July and August.

Under a lens the lamellae appear to be beaded on the edge with
minute milky globules.

Agaricus (Plioliota) Acericola, Peck.

Pileus broadly convex, glabrous, rugose-reticulated or corrugated, hygro-
phanous, yellow ; lamellae close, emarginate, grayish, then ferruginous-
brown ; stem equal or thickened at the base, hollow, fibrillose-striate, white ;
annulus large ; spores elliptical, .00035' x .00025'.

Plant 3'-4' high, pileus 2'-3' broad, stem 3"-5" thick.

Mossy trunks of maple trees in woods. North Elba. August.

Agaricus (Pholiota) discolor, Peck.

Pileus thin, convex, then expanded or slightly depressed, smooth, viscid
hygrophanous, watery-cinnamon and striatulate on the margin when moist,
bright ochraceous yellow when dry ; lamellae elose, narrow, pallid, then pale
ferruginous ; stem equal, hollow, fibrillose-striate, pallid ; annulus distinct,
persistent; spores elliptical, .00028' x .0002'.

Plant subcaespitose, 2'-3' high, pileus 8 "-16" broad, stem 1" thick.

Old logs in woods. Greig. September.

The change in color when passing from the moist to the dry state
is very marked.

Agaricus (Plioliota) cerasinus, Peck.

Pileus broadly convex, smooth, hygrophanus, watery-cinnamon when moist,
yellow when dry ; lamellae close, emarginate, yellow, then cinnamon color ;
stem solid, equal, often curved, f urf uraceous at the top ; annulus slight, fuga-
cious ; flesh yellow ; spores elliptical, rough, .0003' x .0002'.

Plant caespitose, 2'-4' high, pileus 2'-4' broad, stem 2'-4' thick.

Old prostrate trunks of trees in woods. Sterling. August.
When fresh it has a strong cherry-like or amygdaline odor.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) pallidomarginatus; Peck.

Pileus brittle, broadly convex, sometimes irregular, smooth, hygrophanous,
brown with a pale margin when moist, ochraceous and subatomaceous when
dry ; lamellae close, thin, rounded and slightly emarginate at the stem, taper-

51

ing outwardly, ocliraceous-brown ; stem usually loug and lloxuous ; equal or
tapering upward, hollow, a little paler than the pileus, white-floccose at the
base ; spores suhelliptical, .0004' x .0002'.

Plant gregarious l'-3' high, pileus 6"-12" broad, stem 1" thick.

Ground in swamps and wet places. Sandlake. September.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) stellatosporns, Peck.

Pileus convex, dry, rough with numerous squarrose or erect scales, brown ;
lamellae pallid becoming brown ; stem equal, scaly, concolorous ; spores
Bubglobose, rough with little nodules, .0003' in diameter.

Plant 2' high, pileus 1' broad, stem 1" thick.

Ground in woods. Croghan. September.

This plant bears a close resemblance to A(j. mutatus, but the
persistent scales and rough spores distinguish it.

Agaricus (Hel)eloma) griseoscabrosusj Peck.

Pileus hemispherical or convex, dry, rough with scales and appressed fibres,
cinereous, the margin whitish when young ; lamellae close, broad, whitish,
tlien ochraceous-brown ; stem firm, solid, tibrillose or slightly scaly, subconcol-
orous; spores smooth, .00035' x .0002'.

Plant gregarious, 1.5'-2' high, pileus 6"-10" broad, stem 1"-1.5" thick.

Ground in open pine woods. Bethlehem. October.

Agaricus (Naucoria) bellulus, Peck.

Pileus thin, convex, moist, smooth, bright watery -cinnamon ; lamellae
crowded, narrow, emarginate, yellow, becoming darker with age j stem equal,
hollow, often curved, smooth, reddish-brown ; spores, .0002' x .00014'.

Plant 1' high, pileus 6"-12" broad.

Decaying hemlock trunks in woods. Lowville and Sandlake.
September.

It is sometimes caespitose. It is difficult to find a mature speci-
men of this plant in which the lamellae have not a stained or
spotted appearance as if bitten by some small insect.

Agaricus (Naucoria) geminellus, Peck.

Pileus convex, even, firm, dry, yellowish-red, the margin paler ; lamellae
crowded, emarginate, pale yellow ; stem equal, smooth, containing a white
pith or a small cavity, colored like the pileus ; flesh white ; spores .00033' x
0002'.

Rotten wood. Croglian. September.

52

The dimensions and habit are the same as in the last sj^ecies, to
Avhich this is clearly related. Its lamellae also have the same
peculiar appearance.

Agaricus (Naiicoria) discomorbidusj Peck.

Pileus thin, convex or expanded, smooth, slightly viscid, reddish-brown or
dull chestnut ; lamellae narrow, crowded, minutely serrulate, white or pallid,
then brownish ; stem equal, stuffed, smooth, slightly mealy at the top, white ;
tlesh white ; spores nucleate, .0004' x .00035'.

Plant 2'-3' high, pileus l'-1.5' broad, stem l"-2" thick.

Ground in woods. Croghan and Copake. September and Octo-
ber.

In the dried specimens the disk has a dark discolored appearance
as if beginning to decay.

Agaricus (Galera) expausns; Peck.

Pileus submembranaceous, expanded or depressed, viscid, plicate striate on
the margin, brownish-ochre, sometimes tinged with yellow and pink hues ;
lamellae close, ferruginous ; stem long, equal, hollow, slightly pruinose,
faintly striate, yellow ; spores .00045' x .00028'.

Plant 3'-4' high, pileus 1' broad, stem 1" thick.

Decaying wood. Sandlake and Memphis. August.

A^aricus (Galera) callistus, Peck.

Pileus thin, expanded, subumbonate, smooth, viscid, striatulate on the mar-
gin, olivaceous or ochraceous, the umbo or disk bright chestnut color; lamel-
lae thin, close, ventricose, easily separating from the stem, yellowish, becoming
bright ferruginous ; stem equal, hollow, pruinose, yellow, spores .00035' x
.0002'.

Plant l'-1.5' high, pileus 6"-10" broad, stem .5" thick.

Exsiccated water-holes in wooded swamps. Croglian. September.

In the dried specimens the lamellae are white on the edge and
the pileus has assumed a dull metallic green color.

Agaricus (Galera) Coprinoides, Peck.

Pileus membranaceous, soon expanded, often split on the margin, plicate-
sulcate to the small even disk, yellowish inclining to ochre; lamellae close,
slightly rounded behind, concolorous ; stem equal, short, hollow, minutely
hairy-pruinose, white ; spores .00028' x .0002'.

Plant 1' high, pileus 6 ' broad, stem .5' thick.

Grassy ground. Sterling. August.

The appearance of the pileus is suggestive of some of the smaller
Coprini.

53

Agaricus (Crepidotus) Herbaruui, Peck.

Pileus thin, at first resupinate, with the margin incurved, clothed with white
down, at length somewhat rellexed, leas downy, the margin spreading ; lamellae
narrow, not crowded, diverging from a naked lateral or eccentric point, white,
then tawny; spores slightly curved, .00028' x .00014'.

Pileus 2"-4" broad.

Dead stems of herbs. North Greenbiish. October.

Affaricus (Psalliota) diminutiTUS; Peck.

Pileus expanded or centrally depressed, sometimes with a slight umbo, dry,
alutaceous, the disk rosy-brown and spotted with small appressed silky scales ;
lamellae close, thin, free, ventricose, brownish-pink, becoming black ; stem
equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow or stuffed with a whitish pith,
smooth, pallid ; annulus thin, persistent, white; spores .0003' x .00015'.

Plant 1.5'-3' high, pileus l'-1.5' broad, stem l"-3" thick.

Ground in woods. Croghan. September.

Sometimes the whole pileus is reddish-brown. The flesh is quite
brittle.

Agaricus (Stropliaria) Howeauus, Peck.

Pileus convex, then expanded, fragile, smooth, subumbonate, yellowish ;
lamellae close, thin, rounded behind, eroded on the edge, whitish becoming
ferruginous-brown ; stem smooth, hollow, slightly thickened at the base ;
annulus thin, fugacious, sometimes adhering to the margin of the pileus ; flesh
white ; spores .00033' x .0003'.

Plant 3'-4' high, pileus 3'-3' broad, stem 2"-4" thick.

Center. June.

The surface of the pileus sometimes cracks into areas. The taste
is bitter. The color of the spores is not a decided brown, and the
plant might with almost equal propriety be referred to the subgenus
Pholiota.

Agaricus (Hyplioloma) hirtosquamulosus, Peck.

Pileus hairy-squamulose, hygrophanous, grayish-brown when moist, gray
when dry; lamellae narrow, rounded at the stem, gray, then brown; stem
short, firm, equal, hollow, slightly hairy-squamulose and colored like the
pileus ; spores subelliptical, nucleate, .00025' long.

Plant 1' high, pileus 6"-10" broad, stem .5" thick.

Prostrate trunks of maple trees in woods, rortvillc. September.

54

Agaricus (Hypholoma) phj Uogenns, Peck.

Pileus firm, convex, sometimes slightly umbonate, hygroplianus, reddish-
brown when moist, alutaceous when dry ; lamellae plane, broad, close, brown,
white on the edge ; stem equal, fibrillose, stuffed or hollow, expanded at the
base into a thin fiat disk ; spores pale-brown, subglobose, .0002' in diameter.

Plant 8"-13" high, pileus 2"-4" broad, stem .5" thick.

Fallen leaves in woods. Worcester. July.

This is a very small but distinct species, remarkable for the disk-
like base of the stem by which it is attached to the leaves on which
it grows.

Coprinus variegatus, Peck.

Pileus fleshy, fragile, oblong-ovate, then campanulate, obtuse, hygrophanous,
pale watery-brown when moist, whitish or cream colored when dry, variegated
by scales and patches of a superficial ochraceous tomentum, the margin finely
striate ; lamellae lanceolate, crowded, ascending, free, white, then rosy-brown,
finally black ; stem equal, brittle, hollow, white, at first peronate-annulate,
then floccose-pruinose, with white branching root-like threads at the base ;
spores .00033' long.

Plant densely caespitose, 3'-5' high, pileus l'-1.5' broad, stem 2"-^" thick.

Thin soil and decaying leaves covering rocks. Slope of Crows'
Nest near West Point. June.

Allied to C. atramentarms. When young the whole plant is
coated by an abundant superficial tomentum. This soon breaks up
into loose scales or patches which peel off in flakes, revealing the
smooth pileus beneath. The slight abrupt annulus soon vanishes.

Coprinus insignis, Peck.

Pileus campanulate, thin, sulcate-striate to the disk, grayish fawn-color, the
smooth disk sometimes cracking into small areas or scales ; lamellae ascend-
ing, crowded ; stem hollow, slightly fibrillose, striate, white ; spores rough,
.0004' X. 00028'.

Plant 4'-5' high, pileus 2'-3' broad, stem 3" thick.

About the roots of trees in woods. Worcester. July.

CJoprinus angulatus. Peck.

Pileus thin, hemispherical or convex, plicate- sulcate, the disk smooth ; lam-
ellae subdistant, whitish, then black ; stem equal, smooth, whitish ; spores
compressed, angular, subovate, .0004' x .00033'.

Plant l'-2' high, pileus 6"-12" broad, stem .5" thick.

Woods. Croghan. September.

The specific name has reference to the angular character of the
spores.

Cortinarins (Myxaciiim) spliaerosporus, Peck.

Pileus convex, smooth, very viscid, pale ocliraceous ; lamellae close, nearly
plane, slightly emarginate, whitish, then cinnamon ; stem tapering upward,
solid, floccose, viscid, subconcolorous, white at the top ; flesh white ; spores
nearly globose, about .0003' in dameter.

Plant 2'-4' high, pileus 2'-3' broad, stem 3"-5" thick.

Ground in woods. Croghan. September.

Cortinarius (Phlegmacium) lon2:ipeSj Peck.

Pileus convex or expanded, slightly fibrillose, viscid, yellowish or pale
ochraceous ; lamellae close, plane, brownish-olivaceous, then cinnamon ; stem
long, slightly fibrillose, tapering upwards, whitish.

Plant 6' high, pileus 3'-3' broad, stem 4' thick.

Ground in woods. Croghan. September.

Cortinarius (Inoloma) lilaciiins; Peck.

Pileus firm, hemispherical, then convex, minutely silky, lilac ; lamellae
close, lilac, then cinnamon ; stem stout, bulbous, silky fibrillose, solid, whit-
ish tinged with lilac; spores nucleate, .0004' x .00025'.

Plant 4'-5' high, pileus 3' broad, stem 4"-6" thick.

Low mossy ground in woods. Croghan. September.

Cortinarius (luloma) Cliutonianus, Peck.

Pileus convex or expanded, with a few appressed silky fibrils, reddish-
brown tinged with gray ; lamellae close, dull violaceous, then cinnamon ;
stem solid, silky-fibrillose, tapering upwards, violaceous at the top ; spores
.0003' X .00025'.

Plant 2'-3' high, pileus l'-2' broad, stem 2"-3" thick.

Ground in woods. Croghan and New Scotland. September.

Cortinarius (Inoloma) modestus. Peck.

Pileus convex or expanded, subfibrillose, even or slightly rugose-wrinkled,
alutaceous ; lamellae close, nearly plane, pallid, then cinnamon ; stem bul-
bous, subfibrillose, hollow or with a white pith, concolorous ; flesh white ;
spores .00033' x .00025'.

Plant 2' high, pileus l'-1.5' broad, stem 2" thick.

Ground in woods. Croghan. September.

It is distinguished from the preceding species by its paler color,
more bulbous stem, and the entire absence of violaceous hues in
the lamellae.

56

Cortinarius (Telainonia) li^narius, Peck.

Pileus smooth, hygroplianous, dark watery cinnamon when moist, paler
when dry; lamellae close, thin, concolorous, when young concealed by the
copious white webby veil ; stem equal, silky-fibrillose, hollow or with a
whitish pith, subannulate, with a dense white mycelium at the base ; spores
.00028' X .0003'

Plant subcaespitose, l'-2' high, pileus 8"-12" broad, stem 1" thick.

Rotten wood. Catskill mountains. June.

Cortinarius (Telainonia) nigrellus, Peck.

Pileus at first conical, then convex or expanded, obtuse or subumbonate,
minutely silky, hygrophanous, blackish chestnut when moist, paler when
dry ; lamellae close, narrow, emarginate, brownish-ochre, then cinnamon ;
stem subequal, silky fibrillose, pallid, often flexuous ; annulus slight, evan-
escent ; spores .00038' x 00016'.

Plant 2'-3' high, pileus l'-2' broad, stem 2"-3" thick.

Mossy ground in woods. Xew Scotland. October.

When moist the pileus has the color of boiled chestnuts, when
dry, of fresh ones. The incurved margin of the young pileus is
whitened by the veil. The lamellae are darkest when young.

Cortinarius (Heygrocybe) pulclier, Peck.

Pileus conical, then broadly convex, umbonate, often irregular, hygropha-
nous, ochraceous, shining and sometimes striatulate when moist, pale ochra-
ceous when dry ; lamellae subdistant, broad, emarginate, uneven on the edge,
ochraceous, stem equal, solid, eubflexuous, silky-fibrillose, whitish or pale
ochraceous ; spores .00033' x .0002'.

Plant gregarious, 2' high, pileus l'-1.5' broad, stem 1 -3 ' thick.

Ground in woods. New Scotland. October.

Paxillus strigosus, Peck.

Pileus dry, convex or expanded, brittle, strigose with scattered stiff hairs,
whitish ; lamellae close, narrow, subdecurrent, whitish, then pale cinnamon
color, some of them forked ; stem equal, solid, pruinose, concolorous ; spores
brownish-ochre, subglobose, .00018' in diameter.

Plant 2' high, pileus l'-1.5' broad, stem 1"-1.5" thick.

Ground among fallen leaves in woods. Caraghan. September.

The young plant might readily be mistaken for a species of
Clitocybe. Owing to the very brittle character of the pileus, the
lamellae are not easily separated from it. The hairs of the pileus
arc either erect or appressed.

57

Lactarius reg-alis, Peck.

Pileus convex, deeply depressed in the center, viscid when moist, often
corrugated on the margin, white tinged with yellow; lamellae close, decur-
rent, whitish, some of them forked at the base ; stem stout, short, equal,
hollow, smooth ; taste acrid ; milk sparse, white quickly changing to pulphur-
yellow ; spores .0003'.

Plant 4'-6' high, pileus, 4'-G' broad, stem 1' thick.

Ground in woods. Croglian. September.

This interesting plant rivals L. pifcratus in size and closely
resembles it in general appearance, but the viscid pilens and sparse
milk quickly changing to yellow, as in L. clirysoi'i-heus, clearly
distingnish it.

Lactarius Geradii, Peck.

Pileus expanded or centrally depressed, dry, rugose-wrinkled, often with a
minute umbo or papilla, sooty-brown, the thin spreading margin sometimes
wavy or irregular ; lamellae broad, distant, decurrent, white, the interspaces
uneven ; stem equal, solid, colored like the pileus ; ilesh and spores white ;
taste mild ; milk white and unchangeable.

Plant 3'-5' high, pileus 2'-4' broad, stem 4''-6" thick.

Ground in Avoods and groves. Poughkeepsie, W. R. Gerard.
Albany and Croglian. September.

In the color of the pileus and stem, this species is like the large
variety of L.fuliginosus, but its real relationship is with L. distans,
from which it is separated by its color and its longer equal stem,
characters which may prove to be only varietal.

Rnssnla sordida, Peck.

Pileus firm, convex, centrally depressed, dry, sordid white, sometimes
clouded with brown; lamellae white, some of them forked; stem equal,
solid, concolorous ; spores globose, .0003' ; taste acrid; flesh changing color
when wounded, becoming black or bluish-black.

Plant 4'-5' high, pileus 3'-5' broad, stem 6"-12" thick.

Ground under hemlock trees. Worcester. July.
The whole plant turns black in drying.

Marasmius semihirtipesj Peck.

Pileus thin, tough, nearly plane or depressed, smooth, sometimes striate on
the margin, hygrophanous, reddish-brown when moist, alutaceous when dry,
the disk sometimes darker ; lamellae subdistant, reaching the stem, slightly

BUL. BUP. SOC. NAT. SCI. (S) .lULT, 187.3.

58

venose-connected, eubcrenulate on the edge, white ; stem equal, hollow,
smooth above, velvety -tomentose toward the base, reddish-brown.
Plant gregarious, l'-2' high, pileus 6'.'-9" broad, stem .5" thick.

On and among fallen twigs and leaves. West Point. June.

Marasmius umbonatus, Peck.

Pileus thin, tough, expanded, umbonate, smooth, even or substriate, aluta-
ceous, the margin at first incurved ; lamallae narrow, subdistant, reaching the
stem, venose-connected, sometimes branched toward the outer extremity,
white ; stem equal, solid, velvety-tomentose, tawny below, paler above.

Plant gregarious, l'-1.5' high, pileus 6"-9" broad, stem .5" thick.

Ground under balsam trees. North Elba. July.

Marasmius caespitosusj Peck.

Pileus fleshy, convex, even, brown, with a lilac tint, the thin margin exceed-
ing the lamallae ; lamellae close, free, somewhat united with each other at the
stem, narrowed outwardly, white ; stem sometimes compressed at the top,
stuffed or hollow, pruinose.

Plant caespitose, l'-2' high, pileus 6"-10'' broad.

Birch stumps in woods. Richmondville, June.

Marasmius longipes, Peck.

Pileus thin, convex, smooth, finely striate on the margin, tawny-red ; lamel-
lae white ; stem tall, straight, equal, hollow, pruinose-tomentose, radicating,
brown or fawn color, white at the top.

Plant 2'-5' high, pileus 4"-6" broad, stem .5" thick.

Among fallen leaves in woods. Savannah and Bethlehem. Au-
gust and October.

The long straight slender stem is a characteristic feature of this
plant.

Marasmius glabellus, Peck.

Pileus membranaceous, convex, then expanded, distantly striate, often
uneven on the disk, dingy-ochraceous ; lamellae broad, distant, unequal free,
ventricose, whitish, the upper margin and the interspaces venose ; stem corne-
ous, equal, smooth, shining, hollow, reddish-brown or chestnut, whitish at the
top, with a thick mycelium at the base.

Plant l'-3' high, pileus 6"-10" broad, stem .5" thick.

Eallen leaves in woods. Worcester and Croghan. July and Sep-
tember.

59

Marasmius gtramiuipes^ Peck.

Pileus membranaceous, hemisplierical or convex, emootli, striate, wliitisli ;
lamellae distant, unequal, white ; stem corneous, smootli, sinning, filiform,
inserted, pale straw color.

Plant l'-2' liigli, pileua l"-3" broad.

Fallen leaves of the pitch pine, Pinus rigida. Center. October.

Lenzites Tialis, Peck.

Pileus coriaceous, sessile, dimidiate or elongated, sometimes confluent, ob-
scurely zoned, subtomentose, brown or grayish-brown, the margin cinereous ;
lamellae thin, anastomosing abundantly, pallid, cinereous-pruinose on the
edge when fresh.

Pileus 6"-12" long.

Old railroad ties. North Greenbush and Center. October.

Boletus separansj Peck.

Pileus thick, convex, smooth, shining, sometimes deeply lacuuose, brownish-
lilac ; tubes plane or slightly depressed around the stem, at first quite
closed and attached to the stem, then by the expansion of the pileus usually
torn from it, small, subrotund, yellow or brownish-yellow ; stem solid, nearly
equal, distinctly reticulated, dull lilac; spores .00055' x .00022'; flesh white,
unchangeable.

Plant 3'-4' high, pileus 3' broad, stem 6"-10 ' thick.

Grassy ground in open woods. Greenbush. August.
In dry weather the separation of the tubes from the stem does
not always take place.

Boletns afliuis, Peck.

Pileus dry, minutely tomentulose, even or slightly rugose, chestnut colored,
soon fading to tawny or ochraceous, the cuticle sometimes cracking into areas ;
tubes plane or convex, attached to the stem and sometimes depressed around
it, at first white and closed, then yellow, small, unequal, angular or subrotund ;
stem solid, unequal, smooth, rarely reticulated at the top, pallid or tinged
with dull red; spores .00035' x .00016'; flesh white, unchangeable.

Plant 2'-3' high, pileus 2'-3' broad, stem 6"-10" thick.

Grassy ground in open woods.. Greenbush. July.

Boletus modestus, Peck.

Pileus firm, often irregular, dry, yellowish-brown ; tubes nearly plane,
attached and snbdecurrent, pale ochraceous, angular and compound; stem

60

equal, browu, reticulated with darker lines ; spores .0004' x .0002'; liesli gray
or pinkish gray.

Plant 2' high, pileus 2' broad, stem 2"-4" thick.

Grassy ground in open woods. Greenbusli. August.

Boletus pallidus, Fi-ost.

Pileus soft, viscid when moist, smooth, pale alutaceous; tubes plane,
attached to or sometimes slightly depressed around the stem, small, subangu-
lar, pale yellow, slightly changing color when wounded ; stem subequal,
smooth, solid, pallid ; spores .00045' x .00022'.

Plant 2'-5' high, pileus 2'-4' broad, stem 4"-6" thick.

Ground in woods. North Greenbusli. August.

Boletus auipliporus, Peck.

Pileus broadly convex or expanded, sometimes slightly umbonate, dry,
squamulose-tomentose, pinkish-brown ; tubes convex, attached or slightly de-
current, very large, angular, compound, yellow ; stem equal, solid, yellowish-
brown, paler at the top, and marked by the decurrent walls of the tubes ; flesh
whitish tinged with yellow, unchangeable; spores pale ochraceous, with a
greenish tinge, 00035' x .00016'.

Plant 3'-5' high, pileus 3'-4' broad, stem, 3"-G " thick.

Low mossy ground in woods. North Elba and Sandlake. Au-
gust and September.

Polyporus caeruleoporus, Peck.

Pileus fleshy, broadly convex, subtomentose, moist or hygrophanous, brown ;
pores short, angular, decurrent, grayish-blue ; stem central or eccentric, solid,
colored like the pileus, sometimes tinged with the color of the pores ; flesh
white.

Plant gregarious or subcaespitose, 2' high, pileus l'-2' broad, stem 2"-3"
thick.

Shaded banks. Copake. October.

This and the three following species belong to the section
Mesopus.

Polyporus griseus, Peck.

Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, often irregular, smooth or with a minute ap-
pressed silkiness, dry, gray ; pores small, short, unequal, subangular, pallid,
the mouths white ; stem central, thick, short, concolorous ; flesh pinkish-gray.

Plant 2'-3' high, pileus 3'-o' broad, stem 6"-10" thick.

Shaded banks. Copakc. October.

61

Polyporus flavidus, Peck.

Pileus fleshy, tough, depressed or funnel-form, smooth, rarely a little villous
on the disk, zonate, yellow with darker bands, the margin sometimes lobed or
wavy ; pores short, minute, angular, yellow ; stem central, solid, slightly
tapering downwards, smooth, subconcolorous.

Plant 3-5' high, pileus 2-4' broad, stem 3"-4" thick.

Ground in woods. "Worcester. July.

Polyporus splendens, Peck.

Pileus thin, coriaceous, expanded, subumbilicate, slightly zonate, silky,
shining, dark ferruginous when moist, tawny ferruginous when dry, the mar-
gin deeply fimbriate ; pores small, angular, short, subconcolorous ; stem slender,
equal, tomentose, concolorous.

Plant 1' high, pileus 6"-10" broad, stem .5"-l" thick.

Much decayed stumps. Center. August.

Polyporus attennatus, Peck.

Resupinate, eflFused, very thin, separable from the matrix, pinkish-ochre,
the margin whitish ; pores minute, subrotund, with thin acute dissepiments.

Prostrate trunks of deciduous trees. Croghan. September.
The pores are scarcely visible to the naked eye.

Craterellus caespitosus, Peck.

Pileus fleshy, tough, irregular, expanded, centrally depressed or funnel-
form, smooth, moist, variable in color, greenish-yellow, pinkish-brown, or
blackish ; the margin sometimes decurved and lobed ; hymenium at first
smooth, then rugose-wrinkled, the folds decurrent on the short, solid, tough
stem which is either central or eccentric ; spores oblong, obtuse, sometimes
slightly curved, .00035 '-.00045' long.

Plant caespitose, 6"-13" high, pileus 6"-10" broad.

Decaying wood in swamps. Portville. September.
The pilei sometimes grow together, forming an intricate irregular
tuft.

Graudiuia coriaria^ Peck.

Eff"used, membranaceous-tomentose, separable from the matrix, under side
and margin tawny-yellow, upper side and minute crowded granules greenish
or dingy olivaceous ; spores globose, rough, .0003' in diameter.

Forming patches l'-3' in diameter on old scraps of leather in
damp places. Greenbush. August.

62

Thelephora Willeyi, Clinton.

Pileus funnel-formed, tliin, smooth, obscurely zoned, white, the margin
entire or laciniately toothed and lobed ; hymenium smooth, concolorous ; stem
central, equal, solid, white.

Plant l'-1.5' high, pileus 6"-12'' broad, stem .5 "-1" thick.

Ground in woods. Buffalo, G. W. Clinton. Lowville. September.
Sometimes the pileus is split on one side down to the stem.

Stereum radiatum, Peck.

Resupinate or slightly reflexed, suborbicular, blackish-brown; hymenium
uneven, marked with thick corrugations or ridges radiating from the center,
cinnamon color.

Old hemlock logs. Catskill Mountains. June.

Corticinm bicolor, Peck.

Thin, membranaceous, resupinate, flaccid, smooth, separable from the matrix,
under surface greenish-yellow, upper surface white.

Eotten wood. Center. October.

Clavaria pusilla^ Peck.

Stem slender, solid, rather tough, much and irregularly branched ; branches
unequal, divergent, tips acute.
Plant scarcely 1 ' high, yellowish.

Ground under spruce and balsam tree^. North Elba. Septem-
ber.

Clavaria clavata, Peck.

Simple, straight, clavate, obtuse, smooth, not hollow, yellow when fresh,
rugose-wrinkled and orange colored when dry.
Plant 4"-6" high.

Damp shaded banks by roadsides. Sandlake. June.
The surface of the ground where it grows is covered by a stratum
of green confervoid filaments. The species is related to C. mucida.

Treinella colorata, Peck.

Plant gregarious, swollen subglobose or irregular soft pulpy and raisin-
colored when moist, externally black and internally brownish-piuk when dry ;
filaments colored in the mass ; spores globose, colored like the hymenium
when mature, .0005'-.0007' in diameter.

Bark of dead ash trees. Tyre. September.

63

Exol)asidium Azaleae, Peck.

Gall subglobose, often lobed or irregular, Bucculent, fleshy, polid, smooth
pale green or glaucous becoming pruinose ; spores oblong, straight or curved,
obscurely uniseptate, white, .0006'-.0008' long.

Terminal on living twigs of the pinxter plant, Azalea nudifiora,
transforming the flower buds.

North Greenbush and New Scotland. May and June.

Exobasidium Andromedae, Pech.

Gall flattened or somewhat cup shaped, more or less lobed, smooth, pale
green or green varied with red, becoming paler and pruinose with age, hollow,
the cavity containing shreds of loose soft cottony filaments ; spores narrow,
oblong, simple, often curved near one end, white, .0007'-.0009' long.

Lateral on living branches of Andromeda Ugustri?ia, transform-
ing the leaf buds.

Center. May and June.

GASTEROMYCETES.

Lycoperdon pedicellatum, Peck.

Subpyriform, whitish, the outer peridium persistent, forming dense angular
spinose processes which are smaller toward the base of the plant ; capillitiuni
and spores greenisli ochre or dingy olivaceous ; spores smooth, pedicellate,
globose, .00016'-.00018' in diameter, the pedicel three to five times as long.
' Ground and rotten wood. Croghan and Center. September and
October.

The spores resemble those of species of Bovista.

Diderma crustaceum, Peck.

Efl'used or circumambient, crowded, sessile, subglobose, smooth, white, outer
peridium crustaceous, resembling the shell of some small egg, the inner deli-
cate, appearing cinereous to the naked eye, iridescent under the microscope ;
columella none ; spores globose, black, .0005' in diameter.

Diderma farinaceuin, Peck.

Effused or circumambient, crowded, sessile, subglobose, plumbeous when
moist or young, white rugulose and farinaceous when dry ; spores globose,
brown, black in the mass, .0004' in diameter.

Incrusting mosses and fern stems in low woods. Croghan. Sep-
tember.

64

Dideriua Mariae-Wilsoni, Clinton.

Scattered or crowded, sessile, subglobose, smootli, white or pinkisli-white,
outer peridium crustaceous, within at the base brownish-pink, inner peridium
delicate ; columella subglobose, rugulose, slightly colored ; spores globose,
blackish-brown, .0004' in diameter.

Fallen leaves, sticks, moss, etc. Buffalo, Clinton. Memphis,
Center and Sandlake. August and October.

Didymiuin connatum, Peck.

Peridium depressed or subglobose, cinereous, f urf uraceous, stipitate ; stems
mostly connate at the base, tapering upward, longitudinally wrinkled, whitish
or cream color ; spores subglobose, black, .0004' in diameter.

Decaying fungi. Portville. September.

The subfasciculate mode of growth is a marked feature in tins
species.

Physarum pulclierripes, Peck.

Peridium globose, variable in color, ochraceous, gray, brown or black ; stem
slender, equal or slightly tapering upwards, vermillion ; spores globose, brown,
.00033' in diameter.

Rotten wood. Richmondville and Worcester. July.

The bright color of the stem is quite conspicuous, notwithstand-
ing the small size of the plant.

Physarum caespitosum, Peck.

Peridia aggregated in tufts or clusters, crowded, sessile, smooth, brown or
blackish-brown ; spores dingy ochre, smooth, globose, .00025' in diameter.
Decaying wood. Greenbu^h. August.

Cruteriuin obovatum, Peck.

Peridium obovate, rugose-wrinkled, glabrous, lilac-brown ; flocci whitish ;
stem colored like the peridium; spores smooth, globose, black, .0005 '-.OOOG' in
diameter.

Decaying wood and fallen leaves. Center, Sandlake and Croghan.
August and September.

The operculum is not always distinct, the peridium appearing fre-
quently to be irregularly ruptured at the a])ex.

Stemouitis herhatica, Peck.

Densely fasciculate ; capillitium slender, cylindrical, brown when moist,
ferruginous-brown when dry ; stem black, arising from a membranaceous

65

hypothallus, penetrating to the apex of the capillitium ; spores globose,
.0003 '-.00035' in diameter.

Plant 2"-3" high, growiug ou living leaves of grass and herbs.
Albany. June.

The color of this plant is almost the same as that of ;S'. ferruginea,
but the spores are much larger, surpassing even those of S.fiisca.

Tricliia reniformis, Peck.

Peridia gregarious or clustered, sessile, subglobose or reniform, small, brown ;
flocci few, short, sparingly branched ; spores globose, minutely echinulate, yel-
low-ochre, sometimes tinged with green, .0005' in diameter.

Dead bark of striped maple, Acer Pennsylvanicum. Portvllle.
September.

The branches and apices of the flocci are sometimes without
spiral markings and slightly nodulose.

Perichaena flaTida^ Peck.

Yellow throughout ; peridia crowded, clustered, sessile, variable in size and
shape, shining; flocci few, short, subnodulose, obtuse, sparingly branched ;
spores globose, enchinulate, .00045' in diameter.

Mosses. Sandlake. August.

The bright golden yellow color renders the clusters conspicuous.

CONIOMYCETES.

Dinemasporium Robiuiac^ Oerard.

Perithecia cup-shaped, bristly, black ; spores hyaline, .0002' long, the termi-
nal bristles about as long as the spore.

Dead wood of locust trees. Poughkeepsie, Gerard.

Dinemasporium acerinum, Peck.

Perithecia small, pezizoid, black, hispid with short straight scattered black
hairs ; spores unequally elliptical, .0003' long, the terminal bristles scarcely
one-third the length of the spore.

Dry maple wood. Buffalo, Clinton. April.

BUL. BUP. SOC. NAT. SCI. (9) JITXT, 1873.

66

Puccinia pulchella, Peck.

Spots yellow or greenish-yellow, orbicular, rarely contiuent ; sori small,
circiuating, sometimes confluent, blackisli-brown ; spores .001'-0013' long, .0006'
broad.

Upper surface of leaves of Rihes jyrostrahim. North Elba. July.

Puccinia Cryptotaeniae, Peck.

Spots small, pallid or yellowish, sometimes tinged with purple, dotted by the
sori, occasionally contiuent ; sori minute, clustered, at first covered by the
epidermis, then surrounded by its pale ruptured remains which continue in
the form of a small pustule with a contracted subcircular opening at the apex,
reddish-brown ; spores subelliptical, scarcely constricted, crowned with a
hyaline pustule, .0011 '-.0016' long, .0006' broad.

Under surface of leaves of Crypfotaenia Canadensis. North
Greenbush, June.

Puccinia Mariae-Wilsoni, Clinton.

Amphigenous ; spots none ; sori scattered or clustered, unequal, reddish-
brown ; spores subelliptical, scarcely constricted, crowned with a pustule,
.0013'-.0018' long, .0007'-0008' broad.

Leaves and stems of Claytonia CaroUniana. Buffalo, Clinton.
Knowersville. May.

Puccinia Lobeliae, Gerard.

Sori minute, scattered or confluent, tawny-brown ; spores oblong-elliptical,
slightly constricted at the septum and easily separating into two parts, pale,
.0013'-0016' long ; pedicel short or obsolete.

Under surface of leaves of Lobelia syphilitica. Poughkeepsie,
Gerard. The fragile spores are peculiar.

Puccinia obtecta, Peck.

Cauline ; sori unequal, often very large, angular or orbicular, scattered or
confluent, slightly elevated, long covered by the epidermis, black ; spores
oblong or oblong-clavate, sometimes curved, constricted, obtuse or obtusely
pointed, .0018 '-.0024' long, .0008' broad; pedicel colored, seldom half as long as
the spore.

Stems of Scirjms validus and S. pungens. Watkins, Montezuma
Marshes and Albany. September and October,

67

Puccinia liueariS) Pock.

Amphigenous ; sori very narrow, deep seated, oblong or linear, parallel,
crowded, long covered by the epidermis, black ; spores oblong, slightly taper-
ing toward the base, not constricted, very obtuse or truncate, .0018'-0034' long,
.0006' broad ; jiedicel colored, very short.

Leaves and sheaths of grasses. AVatkins. September.
This is related to Puccinia cormata, but it is without the apical
teeth of the spore.

Puccinia angustataj Peck.

Hypogenous ; spots pallid or none ; sori oblong or linear, sometimes regu-
larly arranged at equal intervals in long parallel lines, narrow, black ; spores
narrow, oblong-clavate or elongated, septate above the middle, strongly con-
stricted, having the lower cell more narrow than the upper, and cylindrical
or slightly tapering downwards, .00018'-.0024' long, .0006' broad ; pedicel
colored, thick, very short.

Leaves of Scirpus sylvaticum and S. Eriopliorum. West Albany
and Watkins. September.

Protomyces Erytlironii, Peck.

Spots stained with red or purple ; spores growing in the tissues of the
leaf, scattered or crowded, most often arranged in short series and erumpont
through narrow chinks in the epidermis, large, globose, at length black,
.002'-.0026' in diameter.

Leaves and petioles of Erythronium Americanum. Greenbush.
May.

The leaf is most frequently affected at the base of the lamina or
blade.

Ustilago Erytlironii, Clinton.

Produced on the leaves in oblong or irregular vesicular patches, half an
inch or more in length ; spores globose, rough, rather large, .0006 '-.00075' in
diameter, black in the mass.

Leaves of Erythronium Americanum. ■ Goat Island, Clinton.

Uredo Ledicola, Peck.

Spots small, definite, rarely confluent, suborbicular, reddish-brown, some-
times with a darker border ; sori subrotund or irregular, surrounded by the
ruptured epidermis ; spores subglobose, rough, .0012' in diameter, orange,
with a thick hyaline epispore.

Upper surface of leaves of Ledum, latifolium. Jit. Marcy. July.

Apparently quite distinct from U. Lcdi A. & S.

68

Peridermium Cerebrum, Feck.

Peridia large, convex, erumpent, irregularly confluent, forming brain-like
convolutions, white, rupturing irregularly, the cells radiate-striate on the
margin; spores ovate-elliptical or subglobose, rough, yellow, .OOOS'-.OOll'
long.

Trunks and branches of young pine trees, Finns rigida, forming
excrescences half an inch to two inches in diameter. Center, /.
A. Lintner.

Roestelia aurantiaca, Peck,

Peridia cylindrical, fragile, soon lacerated, fugacious, white ; spores sub-
globose, bright orange, about .001' in diameter, with a thick hyaline epispore.

Unripe fruit of AmelancMer Canadensis. New Baltimore, /.
L. Zahrishie. Keene. July. Also on the unripe fruit of Crataegus.
Buffalo, Clinton.

The color of the spores will enable this species to be easily recog-
nized.

Aecidium Gerardiae, Peck.

Spots small, suborbicular, scattered, yellowish-green, peridia usually few,
small, short, the mouth fringed with spreading or recurved teeth ; spores
orange, .0008' in diameter.

Leaves of Gerardia quercifolia. Highlands near Cold Spring.
June.

Aecidium album, Clinton.

Spots none ; peridia scattered, short, white, the margin subentire ; spores
subglobose, white, about .0008' in diameter.
Under surface of leaves of Vicia Americana, Buffalo, Clinton.

Aecidium Lycopi, Oerard.

Spots yellow ; eubiculum more or less thickened ; peridia short, scattered
or crowded, margin crenate ; spores pale yellow.

Leaves, stems and petioles of Lycopus Europaeus. Pough-
keepsie, Gerard. Buffalo, Clinton. June.

Aecidium Hydropbylli, Peck,

Spots small, few, yellow, with a pale greenish border ; subiculum thickened
whitish ; peridia few, generally crowded, short, the margin subcrenate ;
spores bright yellow or orange ; spermogonia central, on the opposite side.

Under surface of leaves of ITydro^^liylhini ('anadciise. Cntskill
Mountains. .June.

69

HYPHOMYCETES.

Stilbum ramosum, Peck.

Head subglobose, -whitisli or pale j-ellow ; stem thick, smooth, branched,
white above, pallid or brovvuish below, sometimes creeping and sending up
branches at intervals ; spores minute, oblong.

Dead larvae of insects buried in rotten wood. Sterling. Sep-
tember.

Periconia Azaleae, Peck.

Plant small, .03'-04' high, black; stem slightly tapering upward; head
globose ; spores subglobose or elliptical, colored, .0002'-.0003' long.

Twigs, capsules and old galls of Azalea nudijiora. New Scot-
land. June.

Macrosporinm Chartarum, Peck.

Flocci long, jointed, flexuous, branched, colored ; branches widely spread-
ing, somewhat nodulose; spores variable, subglobose, elliptical, obovate or
pyriform, black, shining, one to three septate, with one or two longitudinal
septa, .0006' -001' long.

Damp paste board. Albany. November. It forms indefinite
black spots or patches.

Clasterisporium pedunculatiim, Peck.

Flocci erect, opaque, septate ; spores terminal, nearly straight, multiseptate,
colored, mostly subfusiform or lanceolate, about .003' long, the terminal cell
hyaline.

Cut surface of wood. Savannah. October.

Streptothrix abietina, Peck.

Tufts pulvinate, scattered or crowded, blackish-brown ; flocci branched,
pale, echinulate ; spores globose, minutely rough, .00025 '-.0003' in diameter.

Bark of prostrate trunks of spruce trees. Sandlake. September.

The larger rough spores and echinulate threads separate this
species from S. atra.

Aspergillus fuligiuosus. Peck.

Creeping flocci white, septate ; fertile flocci erect, not septate, crowned with
a globose head which is rough with projecting processes ; spores globose,
sooty-black, smooth, .00016' in diameter.

Eice paste and apple. Albany.

70

ASCOMYCETES.

Microspliaera Riisselliij Clinton.

Ampliigenous ; mycelium araclinoid, evanescent ; appendages 8-18, very-
long, flexuous, colored, paler toward tlie tips which are simple or one to
three times divided; sporangia ovate, 4-8; spores 4, elliptical, .0007'-.0008'
long.

Leaves and petioles of Oxalis strida. Buffalo, Clinton. Pongli-
keepsie, Gerard. North Greenbush. October.

This might with almost equal propriety be referred to the genus
Erysiphe.

Erysiplie Eupliorbiae, Peck.

Mycelium thin; conceptacles small, .0035' in diameter; appendages few,
long, flexuous, colored ; sporangia broadly ovate, 3-4 ; spores 3-4, large,
.001' X. 00065'.

Leaves of Euphorbia hypericifolia. Greenbush. October.

Oeoglossuin simile, Peck.

Plant l'-3' high, black, minutely hairy ; club obtuse, generally compressed,
sometimes with a broad shallow groove on one side, tapering into the stem ;
asci broad ; spores fasciculate, elongate, slightly curved, seven-septate,
colored, .003'-.0004' long ; paraphyses slightly thickened at the tips, septate,
sometimes branched.

Damp mossy ground in swamps and in peat bogs. Ft. Edward,
Hoive. Sandlake. September.

It is scarcely possible to separate this species from G. hirsutum
Avithout microscopical examination.

Yibrissea lutea, Peck.

Plant 6'-12" high, yellow, receptacle subglobose, smooth, the margin
slightly lobed, iuflexed, free ; stem nearly equal, solid, a little more highly
colored than the receptacle, longitudinally wrinkled when dry ; asci clavate
or cylindrical ; spores long, filiform.

Prostrate mossy trunks of trees and among fallen leaves in woods..
Xorth Elba. August.

Peziza Soleiiia, Peck.

Cups minute, nearly cylindrical, hairy, brown, opening by a contracted,
white-margined mouth ; spores oblong, crowded or biseriate, uniseptate
usually with four nuclei, subhyalino, .0005' long; ])araphyses filiform.

71

Dead stems of EiqKdorium ageratoides in damp shaded places.
Watkins Glen. September.

The cups are a little longer than broad, and appear like some
minute solenia.

Rhytisma linearis, Peck.

Linear, here and tliere interrupted or constricted, black ; agci broad, clavate,
eiglit-spored ; spores very long, obtuse, strongly narrowed in the middle,
involved in mucus, .002'-.003' long.

Under surface of leaves of pine trees, Piiius Strobus. Guilder-
land, Greeubusli and Sandlake. June.

It forms a thick black line on the under surface of the leaf, often
extending the entire length. The spores appear to consist of two
oblong parts connected by a narrow neck.

Hypomyces polyporinus, Peck.

Perithecia minute, ovate or subconical, seated on a pallid subiculum, smooth,
yellowish, or pale amber ; asci narrow, linear ; spores fusiform, acuminate
at each end, nucleate, .0006'-.0007' long.

On Polyporus versicolor. Worcester and Croghan, July and
September.

Nectria Apocyni, Peck.

Canidia. Subhemispherical or irregular, small, pale red ; spores fusiform,
straight, .0005'-.0006' long.

Ascophore. Caespitose or scattered, dull red , perithecia minute, pale ochra-
ceous, and subglobose when moist, dull red collapsed or laterally compressed
and rough with minute whitish scales when dry ; spores biseriate, uniseptate,
fusiform, nucleate, .00065 '-.0008' long.

Base of dead stems of Apocynum cannahinum. North Green-
bush. October.

Nectria inycetophila, Peck.

Perithecia crowded or scattered, minute, smooth, subglobose, pale yellow
when young, then pinkish-ochre ; ostiole minute, papillate, distinct, darker
colored ; asci subclavate ; spores oblong, simple, .0005' x .00016' .

Decaying fungi. New Scotland. October.

72

Spliaeria Staphylina, Peck.

Peritliecia minute, black, covered by the epidermis, which at length rup-
tures in a stellate manner or irregularly ; spores biseriate, colorless, con-
stricted in the middle, three to five septate, .0009 '-.001' long, the two parts
formed by the central septum unequal in diameter.

Dead twigs of Staphylea trifoUa. Helderberg Mountains. May.

Sphaeria Desmodii, Peck.

Perithecia scattered or seriately placed, minute, covered by the epidermis,
which is pierced by the acute ostiole, black ; asci clavate ; spores biseriate,
fusiform, colorless, four nucleate, .00035 '-.0004' long.

Dead stems of Desniodium. Garrisons. June.

73

VI. Contributions to a Knowledge of North American

Moths

BY AUG. K. GROTE.
[Read before this Society, June Wi, 1873.]

DuMERiL, iu 1823, and afterwards Boisduval, in 183G, availed
themselves of the structural feature offered by the different anten-
na! forms in the Lepidoptera to establish ideal divisions, higher
than Families, in the sub-order. Although not so strongly insisted
upon, other considerations may have suggested themselves, appar-
ently justifying a separation of the Butterflies from the rest of the
Lepidoptera. But, as we become acquainted with the sub-order,
the peculiarities of the Butterflies lessen by comparison. And
since the form of the antennae is nowhere absolute, and even in
reality will not always separate the Butterflies from many Moths,
and since the divisions proposed by Dr. Boisduval are evidently of
unequal value, and the character on which they rest of little sys-
tematic weight, the terms cannot be retained. Boisduval's terms
are in part synchronous with Diimeril's, which, in case of accept-
ance of the values intended, should be preferred. The compara-
tively persistent character of the clavate antennae in the Butterflies
is noticed by Hiibner in 1816. But it is evident that the Hesperi-
dae, for instance, present a modification of the form of the anten-
nus as we find it in the higher Butterflies, and are accordingly not
to be indifferently classed with them. It would seem as though the
succession of Family groups in the Lepidoptera is not to be dis-
turbed by higher exact division, nor need we employ other terms
than our common ones for general purposes of designation.

Professor Agassiz, in 1849, records a character which had been
before unnoticed by the classificators of the sub-order. Agassiz
calls attention to the fact, that there is a common position of the

BUL. BUF. 90C. NAT. SCI. (10} JULY, 1873.

74

wing- in all the Lepidoptera in the pupa state. The wings are then
bent downwards, and the iipper wings cover the lower ones, the
upper surface of the latter turned sidewise. In the Papilionidae,
or true Butterflies, in their adult state, the wings are raised above
the body, their upper surfoce turned upwards and inwards, never
turning outwards. In the mature Hesperian the position of the
wings is different ; the anterior pair only are raised, while the lower
ones are stretched horizontally. In the perfect state of the lowest
Moths, the wings are stretched backwards close to the body, which
they more or less surround. In the varying attitude of the wings
we evidently have a manifestation of the cephalic principle, and
accordingly a safe basis upon which to found our systematic
arrangements.

It is with diffidence that I suggest that, in the position of the
wings, we have a character which might be interpreted as assigning
a higher position to the Geometridae. In most of these moths
there is a more frequent common ornamentation of the upper
surface of the wings, perhaps predicated by the exposure of the hind
pair in a state of rest to the light.

With regard to the position of the Deltoidsj Lederer says :

"Ich konnte, wie gesagt, ebenfalls keine [Verschiedenheit] auffin-
den und trage um so weniger Bedenken, die nun aufzufiihrenden
Arten [Deltoiden] zu den Eulen zu rechnen, als sie selbst dann,
wenu noch ein sie von diesen trennendes, ausschliessliches Merkmal
aufgefunden werden sollte dennoch hier und nicht bei den Pyrali-
don unterzubringen waren und der Totaleindruck sie gewiss von
diesen noch weit mehr, als von den Nodninen unterscheldet, iiber-
haupt weniger in Wirklichkeit als in der Gewohnheit diese Arten
als Pyraliden zu betrachten, besteht."

While I am not agreed with the separation of the Cymatophorina,
Herrich-Schaeffer, as a group equivalent to the Noctuidae, nor as
having more than analogies with the Eombycidae, I think Ave shall
be justified in considering the Deltoids as belonging to the Noctui-
dae; and this rather than allow an interpolation of the Family
Geometridae between groups so nearly allied, that certain of our first
authorities, Zeller, Lederer and Ilerrich-Schaeffer, cannot separate
them by any tangible character.

75

An idea that the affinities in the Lepidoptera are net-like and
not, as they seem to me, branch-like, has excused the classification,
especially of the Bombycidae, adopted by v. Heineman and Stau-
dinger, by which Subfamily groups are accorded Family rank, and
so incongruous a sequence is adopted, that this would seem the end
sought, rather than a natural arrangement of the Moths. No or
little allowance is made for comparative characters, and the severity
of the generic classification has permitted no adequate comprehen-
sion of these softer zoological forms. We miss any reference to
American genera (without which perhaps no true limitation can be
decided upon), either as illustrated by American writers or by the
pens of European authors Avho have investigated so largely the Lepi-
dopterous Faunae of other continents, v. Heineman establishes
the European genus Scodra, without reference to Guenee's Leptina,
from America, which it seems should have been compared.* On the
other hand Packard, in 1864, has indicated in several cases the com-
parative generic position of European Bombycidae, and, in 1865, we
have drawn attention to relationships between the Sphingidae of
either continent, and in particular to the position which the Euro-
pean Macrosila convolvuli and Sphinx ligustri occupy with regard
to the American species of the two genera.

I give here a catalogue of our North American species referable
to Herrich-Schaefier's Family Cijmatophorina, for which I prefer
Boisduval's earlier term, and regard them as forming a sub-family
of the Noctuidae. Alone of any of the divisions of the family
heretofore proposed, they possess a distinctive structural feature,
found in the course of the costal nervure of the secondaries.

1 Auf Seite 17, v. Heineman's Schmetterlinge Deutschlands und der Schweiz, steht, Z. 9, v.
unten, "bei der Hesperiengattung Cyclopaedes die Hinterschienen auch mit Mittelspornen."
Schlagt man, Seite 115, d. Gattung auf, so flndet sicli gerade des Gegentheil angegebeu : "Hiu-
terscliienen nur mit Endsporncn."

76

Family, NOCTUIDAE.

Subfamily, NOCTUO-BOMBYCINI, Boisdwval (1829).
Tribe, Vekae, Orote (1863).

CYMATOPHORA, Treitschke (1834).

Type : Noctua flavicornis, Linnaeus.

caniplaga, Walker.'^

Canada (Autli. Walker).

LEPTINA, Guenee (1852).

Type : Leptina dormitaus, Oueme.

doruiitans; Guenee.
New York ; Pennsylvania.

latebricola, Orote.
New Jersey.

ophtlialmica, Ouenee.

New York ; Pennsylvania ; Alabama.

Doubledayi, Guenee.

Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

formosat Grote.
Massacbusetts.

Tribe, Falsae, Orote (1863).
PSEUDOTHYATIRA, Grote (1864).

Type : Tbyatira cymatoplioroides, Guenee.
cymatophoroides, Orote.

$ TJiyatira cymatophoroides, Guent^e.
New York ; New Jersey ; Pennsylvania.

expultrix, Grote.

S TTiyaUra cymatopTioroides, Guenee.
Canada ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

2 Mr. Walker's CymatopJwra viridescens is erroaeously determined generically, and I retain
the present species witti hesitation on the list.

77

HABROSYNE, Hiibner (1816).

Type : Noctua derasa, Linnaeus.
scripta.

Thyatira scripta, Gosse.

Thyatira abrasa, Guenee.
Canada ; New York ; Pennsylvania ; Virginia.

THYATIRA, Ochsenheimer (1816).

Type : Noctua Batis, Linnaeus.
pudens, Oueme.
New York ; Pennsylvania.

The tribes I have adopted in the Moths are founded upon a more
intimate resemblance among groups of genera ; they may possibly
assist us in placing the different forms into a natural position.

Dr. Packard has shown the existence of two Subfamily types in
the Noctuidae, cotrresponding in the main with M. Guenee's Trifi-
dae and Quadrifidae, but based on other and comparative characters.
Lederer had previously shown that M. Guenee's definitions are inex-
act, and had contended that the Noctuidae are not susceptible of
any Subfamily division.

The species thrown together under Acronycta appear susceptible
of generic division, while our knowledge of the difficult forms is as
yet extremely defective. The early stages must be studied, since we
find the statements of authors that these differ widely in otherwise
closely allied species. I here indicate, I fear imperfectly, the difier-
ent groups into which it seems our species may be divided, not
changing the general generic designation, and leaving many ques-
tions for the moment unsolved.

In 1868 we recorded our opinion of Mr. Walkers description of
American Moths, based upon our personal examination of the
British Museum collections. So many authorities concur in an
unfavorable opinion of Mr. Walker's labors, that we need no excuse
for omitting here any reference to the British Museum Catalogue,
except where we have identified Mr. Walker's descriptions.

Subfamily NOCTUINAE, Packard.
Tribe, Bombycoides {Hubner).
ACRONYCTA, Ochsenheimer (1816).

Tinuula^ Orote.

New York ; New Jersey ; Pennsylvania.

§ Triaena, Hubner (1816).

Type : Noctua psi, Linnaeus.
grisea, Walker.^

Noctua grisea, Barnston MS.
Hudson's Bay Territory.

Tritona, Ouenee.

Triaena Tritona, Hubner.
Canada ; New York ; Pennsylvania.

occidentalis, Orote and Bobinson.

Acronycta psi, % Guenee (in part, B).
Canada ; Massachusetts ; New York ; Pennsylvania,

telnm, Ouenee.
New York.

morula, Orote and Robinson.
Canada, New York.

Lobeliae, Ouenee.

Canada; New York ; Pennsylvania.

furcifera, Ouenee.

Am6rique Septentrionale (autb. Guenee).

hasta, Ouenee.

Amerique Septentrionale (autb. Guenee).

interrupta, Ouenee.'^

Georgia (described from Abbot's drawings).

3 This species differs from Tntona in the whitish secondaries, but otherwise closely resem-
bles Hubner's species. I have examined the types in the British Museum.

4 From the manner of remark on page 121 of the Second Report on the Insects of Missouri,
it would be inferred this species had been identified. I do not think it can be readily known
from the existing description.

79

spinigera, Ouenee.

New York ; Pennsylvania.

connecta, Grote.^
New York.

funeraliSj Grote and Robinson.
Canada ; Ohio.

iunotata, Guenee.

DipMJiera Graefii, Grote. /

New York ; Pennsylvania.

§ Acronycta, Hiibner, restr. (1816).

Type : Noctua leporina, Linnaeus.
Lupini,® BeJir.
California.

lepiisculina, Guenee.

Acronycta populi, 2d Missouri Report.
Pennsylvania; Missouri.

insita^ 'Walker.

New York. Spec, distinct. ?

§ Megacronycta," Grote (1873).

Type: Acronycta hast ulif era, Guenie.

hastulifera, Guente.

Phalaena hastulifera, Abbot and Smith.

Apatela americana, Harris.
Canada ; Pennsylvania ; Massachusetts ; Southern States.

5 Acronycta connecta, n. s., i , is the narrowest winged species known to me. The body is
rather long and stout. Hoary gray, with a testaceous tiuge, the markings indistinct. The
■wing is darker clouded centrally and above internal margin between the basal and internal
black dashes. The costal marks are very faint. The orbicular is a void, rather small annulet,
and its more whitish hue contrasts. The reniform is also rather small, distinctly ringed
inwardly where it is stained, incompletely margined outwardly where it is whitish. The t. p.
line is well removed to the external margin superiorly. A dark shade, not a streak, opposite
the cell. Terminal elongate interspaceal black streaks. Hind wings whitish Avith darker
clouded borders. Beneath dusted, with faint dot and line.

Expanse, 1.25 inch. Sharon Springs, from O. Meske.

6 I have a single specimen of this species that I refer to this section. Compact, stout-bodied,
and thickly scaled ; primaries narrow without saggitate marks, median shade distinct, t. p. line
continuous with succeeding gray shade, fringes minutely black dotted ; secondaries with
immaculate fringes. The specimen is obscurely colored, perhaps stained ; size of leporina.

' Gr.: fih/aq et Acronycta. lu this section vein 5, is hardly weaker, and the cell is in part
closed by a veinlet as strong as vein 5. The fore tibiae are somewhat thickened. I do not
think the species belongs to Stephens' genus Apatela, of which we appear to have a wrong idea

80

§ Apatela, Ochsenheimer (1816).

Type : Noctua aceris, Linnaeus.
acericola, Gueme.

Phalaena aceris % Abbott and Smith, non alior.
" Georgia." An. spec, sequent. ?

rubricoiua, Quenie.
New York ; Pennsylvania.

luteiconia, Grote and Robinson
New York ; Pennsylvania.

brumosa^ Guenee.

Amerique Septentrionale (auth. Guenoe).

Verrilli, Grate and Robinson.
Massachusetts ; New York.

noctivaga, Grote.

New York ; Pennsylvania.

superans, Guenee.
Canada; New York.

afflicta^ Grote.
Texas ; Pennsylvania.

long'a, Guenee.

Auiurique du Nord (auth. Guenee).

§
clarescens, Guenee.
New York.

§ Lepitoreuma,' Grote.

Type : Acronycta ovata, Grote.
ovata,^ Grote.
Pennsylvania.

from Harris' determinution. Hiirris seems to have confused the two illustrations of Abbot,
and while he describes our largest species, which is most probably hastiUlfera of the Insects
of Georgia, he states it to be figured by Abbot and Smith as aceris, which it certainly is not.
Harris may have been led to this by larval observations, which perhaps cannot always be
considered as correctly made by Abbot. In two instances — Phalaena angulosa, Plate 83, and
Phalaena amasia, Plate 90—1 have shown that Abbot has represented two distinct species on
one plate as from the same larva.

8 Gr.: A^TTif et ropev/xa. This section is characterized by the ovate primaries, which
broaden outwardly; the costal edge is produced at the shoulder, depressed centrally and is
again full toward the apices. The scales are strongly raised in ridges along the transverse
lines.

9 Acronycta ovata, n. s., Plate 2, fig. 14 J, is of the general shape of Hamamelis, but very
different in color and with distinct sagittate marks. Gray with a bright tinge, shaded with

81

HaiuameliS; Guenie.
New York ; Peuusylvauia.

dissecta, QroU and Robinson.
Massachusetts; New York.

§
sperata,^" Grote.
New York ; Pennsylvania.

§
xylinoidesj^^ Guenee.
New York ; Pennsylvania ; Missouri.

§Eulouclie,i2 Grote {I9>n).

Type: Acronycta obliuita, Guenie.
oblinitaj Guenie.

Phalaeiia ohlinita, Abbot and Smitli.
Canada ; New York ; Pennsylvania ; Southern States.

testaceous. A black basal dash extend.s to the twice strongly angulated t. a. line, which is gem-
inate, the inner more distinct line composed of raised scales. Above the basal dash the
humeral space is pale beyond the geminate basal half-line. Median space wide superiorly,
owing to the superior wide projection of the distinct and regularly denticulated t. p. line.
Orbicular rather large, pale and vague, with clouded center. Costal black marks evident.
Median shade apparent by raised darker scales. Reniform vague, bisannulate, stained with
deep testaceous. A very narrow black distinct d;tsh at internal angle, broken at the pale con-
tinued s. t. line. A third black dash, indicated within s. t. line, opposite the disc. Secondaries
fuscous, w"ith the distinct black discal spot and dentate line of the paler uuder-surface reflected.
Expanse, 1.45 inch. Coll. Am. Ent. Soc.

10 Acronycta sperata, n. s., Plate 2, flg. 1 J , belongs apparently to the section of A. myricae,
Guenee. Clear blue-gray, the usual markings of the primaries distinct and erect. T. a. line
geminate, waved, component lines divaricate. Orbicular small, very distinct, a blackish void
annulet. Reniform well sized, also distinctly but less completely black ringed, crossed by the
median shade. T. p. line regularly dentate, nearly straight, as usual inflected below median
nervure. No sagittate marks ; s. t. line pale, vague ; a series of minute terminal black marks.
Kind wings white, dusted costally ; beneath white, a little dusted, no lines or spots perceivable.

ETpanse, 1.35 inch. Coll. B. S. N. S. and Am. Eut. Soc.

11 This species resembles ohlinita in general appearance, but is easily distinguished by the
ehape of the primaries, the apices being less produced, the externa! margin a little straighter.
The t. p. line is more distinct and removed further towards the external margin, and there is a
more or less obvious streak at internal angle. Perhaps the two are confounded in the Third
Annual Missouri Report, p. 71. In this same Report, the re-description of Laphygma
frugiperda, Guenee, the corn-bud-w'orm moth of Abbot and Smith, as Prodenia autumnalis,
will at least prevent, it is hoped, "Hn this cou7itry,''^ the appearance of scientific descriptions of
this variable species " based upon the simple examination of solitary specimens of the perfect
insect, tvithout the fact being mentioned.''^ The italics are mine, and the quotations from page
5(j of the Third Report. The species alluded to in this Report as " Prodenia commeinae," can
certainly not be Abbot and Smith's Commelinae, as this is so large as not to be possibly con-
founded with Laphygma frugiperda.

*- Gr.: " Ev et ^6yxTl. This section is characterized by the long pointed primaries and
Bunken head. Vein 5 of the hind wings is a mere fold, and the cell open.

BUL. BUF. soc. NAT. SCI. (11) JULY, 1873.

82

iiisolita,^* Grote.
Pennsylvania.

AgTotis pitychroiis, Grote, Plate 2, fig. 11, 3 .

Allied to Agrotis quadridentata and Agrotis cicatricosa G. & R., from Colorado
Territory and to the Russian A. acuminifera Eversmann, as figured by Herrich-
Schaeifer.

Pale grayisli white from the base along costal region to the transverse pos-
terior line which is indicated by dark dots. The costal edge is marked, show-
ing the inception of the transverse lines which are not perceptible. The
orbicular and reniform are rather large, grayish white, with more or less com-
plete black annuli, lying oh the dusky discal field that, in the male, shows
a testaceous tint. The clavifonn mark is black and perceivable in its usual
place without the transverse anterior line, the latter fragmentary. The
extra basal line is geminate, even, and only discontinued at the whitish costal
shade. Median vein whitish and the whitish scales extend along veins three and
four to the subterminal line which is exerted at this place. Subterminal space
whitish, showing black, more or less evident, cuneiform marks before the line.
Terminal space dusky, constricted medially owing to the exserted portion of the
subterminal line. Interspaceal blackish cuneiform marks take the place of
the terminal line. Fringes stained with testaceous. The hind wings are
whitish with diffuse dusky borders in the male, while in the opposite sex they
are nearly wholly blackish, contrasting with the white fringes and offering a
distinctional character when compared with allied species ; a faint discal liture
in both sexes. Beneath whitish, with dusky shadings ; no transverse lines in
either sex ; a series of interrupted interspaceal terminal dusky marks. Cor-
poral pubescence whitish ; collar with distinct dark lines which define also the
tegulae. Abdomen whitish, stained with testaceous at the extremity ; ovi-
positor exserted in the female in which the antennae are simple, while these
are finely pectinate in the male.

Expanse, 30 m. m. Habitat, Long Island, IST. Y. (coll. J. A.
Lintner).

13 Acronycta insolita, n. s., i , resembles A. oblinita, in the lanceolate primary wings, which
are even longer and more produced apically. Blackish ; orbits of the eyes white. Primaries
uniformly blackish, the dark tone obscuring all ornamentation except the t. p. and s. t. lines,
which are oblique and appear as rather broad interspaceal lunulated or squared gray marks,
which, in the as usual flexed t, p. line, are marked by black outward points, the fragments of the
t. p. line itself, the gray marks being the preceding shade. Hind wings white beneath, with the
costal region dusted with blackish scales. Palpi with the second joint outwardly black ; fore
tibiae with blackish longer hair. Abdomen whitish above, darker beneath, rather long. The
unusually dark color and pointed wings, together with the peculiar appearance of the trans-
verse lines, should make this species very recognizable. This last section of the genus reminds
ng of Leucania. My specimen of A. insolita, expands 1.60 inch. Coll. Ain. Ent. Soc.

S3

Cloantha raniosula, Gueme, Plate 3, fig. IG, primary wing.

Gueu^e's figure of tliis species is not recognisable. In tlie description this
species is compared witli tlie type of the genus, the European C pernpicillaris. I
believe I describe and illustrate here Guen^e's ramosula,&\i\).o\xg\i the description
in the Species General is not full and appears to me contradictory in slight
points. Cinereous, shaded with ochrey brown. Costal edge cinereous. Below
the s. c. nervure the wing is whitish ashen from the base over the cell and,
beyond the reniform, this paler shade extends, outwardly obliquely margined,
to apex. Orbicular extremely indistinct, indicated by a fragmentary obliquely
placed black ringlet. Reniform prominent, large, indistinctly closed outwardly,
with an interior brown shade and with its annulus very distinct and black
inwardly and inferiorly where it descends below vein 3 and is here surrounded
by the diflTuse brown shade which extends largely over the median nervules.
This black marginal line of the reniform does not enclose the spot but, fol-
lowed by an inner pale shade, runs upwardly to vein 5, beyond the cell, and is
continued straightly outwardly, giving the spot an uncinate appearance or
that of a mark of interrogation. T. p. line nearly lost, indicated by little points,
visible against the cinereous costal shading. A black streak below m. nervure
at the base of the wing. A series of black interspaceal subterminal dashes
and whitish dentated shades border the veins terminally, becoming pointed at
the fringes which they interrupt with pale dots. Beneath, pale, powdered with
carneous, with faint discal dots and diifuse but little darker borders iu the male,
hardly expressed on the paler hind wing. No distinct common subterminal
line. Hind winga above testaceous fuscous, with broad diffuse darker borders
and reduced dot. Thorax cinereous, with an attenuate median and an upper
marginal line on the collar. Guenee says : " Une seule ligne noire, fine, sur le
collier."

Mvpanse, 32 to 35 m. m. Habitat, Xew York; Pennsylvania.

The sexes do not, perhaps, differ, but there is a variation in the
distinctness of the marginal shades on the fore wings.

The species described below are to be distinguished at once from
our only one hitherto noticed, by the shape of the reniform spot
which is, so to speak, reversed in appearance, has not the outward
inferior prolongation but an upward and iuAvard V-shaped exten-
sion. Beneath there is less carneous shading, no or little trace of
bordering bands, but a single continued finely undulate subterminal
line crosses both pair of wings and is emphasized on the veins by
darker dots.

84

Cloaiitha cvictaj Grote, Plate 3, fig. 18, primary wing.

$ . — Color of the preceding but without the brown shading over m. nervules
or the paler subcostal shade. More uniformly gray, shaded with pale testaceous
brownish, with all the transverse markings more distinct. The geminate
transverse posterior line is well expressed by a subcontinuous inner dark line
and a succeeding pale shade. The veins are picked out by dark scales. A
basal whitish subcostal fleck and black submedian streak. Ordinary lines
marked on costal edge. T. a. line discernible, outwardly oblique, approximating
to t. p, line toward internal margin. Reniform testaceous with faint marginal
line, with an upward and inward extension which may be the fusion of the
orbicular but which gives the appearance of a large compound spot notched
superiorly. Terminal space testaceous brownish, interrupted by longitudinal
pale dashes on either side of vein 3. A terminal dark line forming inter-
spaceal cuneiform marks. Secondaries much as in raviosula; the veins are
marked with darker scales and the common line of the under-surface is here
reflected. Beneath whitish gray of a warm tint, powdered sparsely with dark
scales ; no borders but distinct discal dots and finely dentate continued subter-
minal line on both wings. Collar whitish gray, without middle line, but with
an upper marginal distinct black line which separates the darker discolorous
tegulae.

Expanse, 33 m. m. Habitat, New York State.

In both this and the succeeding species the head is larger, the eyes
more prominent, and the palpi longer than in C. ramosula.

Cloantlia TOmerina, Grote, Plate 3, fig. 17, primary wing. ^

^ . — This is best described comparatively. There are no traces, or these are
but extremely illegible, of the transverse lines ; their absence gives the fore
wings a resemblance to those of C. ramosida. The reniform spot is shaped
as in C. evicta, but very distinct, owing to its being distinctly black margined.
The whitish sub-costal fleck of C. evicta is here more diff'use and extended and
touches the shoulder of the thorax. A heavy diS'use brown black shade
extends over all the inferior portion of the wing, outwardly running obliquely
upwardly to apex and covering terminal space. White linear shadings along
veins 3 and 4 on terminal space, and thus a tendency to have these pale
shadings accompany all the nervules is exposed, but in both the new species
these shadings run prtra??^^ with the veins. Collar pale without median line
but with an upper marginal line against the blackish tegulae. On the front,
before the antennal insertion, I notice a gathering of the scales into two
slight lateral black tufts, not apparent in G. evicta. Beneath much as in G.
evicta ; the palpi outwardly are blackish.

Expanse, 3(3 ni. m. TLihifaf, New York State.

<S5

Appears to be a larger species than the others, and at first sight
to differ strongly. It is, however, very nearly allied to C. evicta, but
I know of no parallel in the genus that would excuse the reference
of both under one name.

Litognatha,** n. g.

Ocelli. Head witli tlie scales extended tuftedly forwards on the vertex
between tlie antennae. Male antennae with strongly setose pectinations as
well as bristles on either side of the antennal stem ; along the basal third
the pectinations are reduced, and subobsolete on the inside, somewhat gradu-
ally becoming more apparent towards a point about one third from the base,
where they seem to be massed, giving the stem a tufted or thickened appear-
ance at this point ; thus the antennae differ from the simply bristled structure
presented in Pityolita. Labial pulpi very long and compressed with appressed
squamation. Second joint nearly as long as in Philometra, but more bent ;
third joint very long, about half as long as the second. Male fore legs with
slender curved tibiae and a sparse brush of long hair. [The appearance of
the fore legs reminds me of the representation by Poey of Mastigophora.]
Abdomen linear, notably long, exceeding the hind wings by about a fourth
of its length. Female antennae simple, the setal hairs obsolete over the basal
portion of the stem, impectinate, without nodosity ; palpi a little shorter and
more curved than in the opposite sex.

One of the genera allied to Zanclognatha. In the type, L. nubil-
ifascia, the form of the transverse posterior line is unusual. Both
the species I here include are slight and L. litophora reminds me
strongly of Pityolita in ornamentation, but may be readily sepa-
rated on structural characters. As yet I have been unable to make
n eurational examinations.

Litoguatha iiubilifascia, Grote, Plate 3, Fig. 3 ? , ? 2.

Gray dusted with olivaceous, paler than Pityolita pedipillalis. Transverse
anterior line indistinct. Reniform indicated by dots at extremity of cell.
Transverse posterior line oblique, a little uneven, not projected opposite the
cell as usual, but very slightly outwardly inflected at costa and preceded by
a distinct, diffuse olivaceous shade and marked outwardly by a pale line.
Subterminal line equally, and thus unusually distinct, similar to the t. p. line
in appearance, less oblique. A narrow, distinct, continued marginal line.
Secondaries a little paler than primaries with the outer lines of the primaries

' ■* Ur. : /*/70f et }l'(hi>(;r.

86

liere continued. Beneath, with the lines repeated, on secondaries a discal dot.
A $ primary wing measures 12 m. m. along costa.

Habitat, Pliiladelpliici; Buffalo, Olean, Albany, N. Y. (3629,
coll. Lintuer).

The imago flies in June and July in company with Pliilometra
on low grounds in herbage. Fresh specimens are deeper colored, as
the active moth readily loses its scales by attrition.

Litognatha litophora, Orote.

$ ? . — Of the usual pale gray color, but powdered with brown scales, not
olivaceous, as in Pityolita or ochraceous as is more usual in Zancloguatha.
The transverse posterior line has the same shape as in Pityolita, but it is
dark hroicn, and is continued with nearly the same distinctness across the
secondaries which are concolorous. Subterminal shade faint on both wings.
Terminal line very distinct, dark brown, fine and subcontinuous. Fringes
soiled with brownish. Beneath, the wings are darker than above. The t. p.
line is reproduced with great distinctness across both wings. A primary
wing measures 12 m. m. along the costal edge.

Habitat, Philadelphia; Albany {i , 2535, Lintner legit).

Blegliypena, n. g.

Ocelli. Labial palpi very long, as long as the thorax ; third joint small,
porrected, second very long, a little excavate beneath, projected straightly
forwards. Primaries wide, swelled at the shoulder, depressed medially, rising
to the acute apices below which the external margin recedes, rising again
opposite the median nervules ; internal margin straight.

This genus differs from Macrhypena in the much longer palpi
and acnte apices of the primaries. The wings are unusually ample
yet proportionate, hence differing from Plathypena with its wide
secondaries and narrow primaries. The propinquity of the median
lines is noticeable. The species are recognisable from the irrorate
character of the ornamentation. Beneath, on the secondaries, this
is quite noticeable, the discontinued darker streaklets reminding us
of some Geometridae qnite strongly. My material is limited to
single specimens of either species.

87

Meghypena veHfera, Orote, plate 2, fig 7 ? .

The ground color, whicli obtaiiia over the basal and terminal fields of the
fore wings, is pale ochrey, covered with dark strigae as in the Qeometrid genus
Endropia. These marks are visible all along the costa. On the internal mar-
gin at extreme base the wing shows a dark shade. The first of the median
lines is outwardly acutelj- projected on the median nervure, below which
it runs evenly inwardly to internal margin. Above that point it runs
inversely to costa, being inwardly dentate below costal nervure. The median
space is purply blackish with the ordinary spots black and distinct. The
median lines show accompanying deep brownish shades on the median space
that meet centrally below the median nervure. Outer median line even,
like the inner line in appearance, bent at median nervure and running
inwardly below it to internal margin. Subtermiual line consisting of an
undulating series of clouded blackish spots tipped outwardly by white scales.
A large diffuse brown shade lies onexternal margin below the apices, obliquely
margined superiorly. Terminal line dark, interrupted. Hind wings fuscous,
without markings, with a dark suboontinuous terminal line, and with the
discal mark and strigae of the under-surface reflected ; fringes stained with
ochreous. A primary wing measures 20 m. m. along the costa.

Habitat, Sharon Springs, X. Y. (0. Meske coll.)

Meghypeiia lenti^inosa, Orote.

3 . — Resembles the preceding species strongly in ornamentation but not
in color. The primaries are fuscous, but little darker than the secondaries.
The median space does not contrast, but dark brown shades line the median
lines and extend centrally below the median nervure as in M. velifera. The
ordinary spots have the same representation. None of the usual markings
contrast on the primaries in this duller-hued species which seems to exceed
M. velifera in size, while agreeing with it in the details of the ornamentation,
and especially that, on the fore wings beneath, the simple more prominent
black dot followed by whitish scales, below the costa, and whicli inaugurates
the obsolete subtermiual line, is quite evident. Bearing in mind the varia-
bility of Zanclognatha laevigata, Orote, and Renia discoloralis, Ouenee, the
union of the two species I here declare seems probable, and yet the effect
produced on my mind by the specimens I have now under consideration, is
that of having to do with two distinct species. It seems unlikely that the
bright-hued M. velifera with the pale ochrey ground color of the primaries
should be specifically identical with the sombre-hued M. lentiginosa, which
recalls in appearance the species of Macrhypena. A primary wing of M. lent-
iginosa measures 22 m. m. along the costal region.

HaUiat, Albany, N. Y. (3339, coll. Lintner).

88

Family GEOMETRIDAE.

Fidonia fimetariaj Grote and Robinson.

Fidonia fimetaria, G. & R., Trans. Am. Ent., Soc. Vol. 3, p. 181,
Plate 2, figs. 84-85 ^ , 86 2 , 1870.

Fidonia Jialesaria, Zeller, Beitr. z. Kenut. nordam, Naclitf., erste
Abth. p. 42 (488) 1873.

Tliis Sjjecies is from Texas, and represents, as we stated, the
European Fidonia fasciolaria in our Fauna. Our comparative
remarks are so accurately repeated in the course of Professor Zel-
ler's full description, that it is to be regretted the Professor had
evidently not seen our illustration of the North American species.

I am indebted to Professor Hagen, of Cambridge, for a copy of
the first part of Professor Zeller's writings on Xorth American
Moths, received by me while engaged on the present article.

Family PYRALIDAE.

Botis unimacula.

Asopia unimacula, G. &. R., Tranp. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. 1, p. 14,
Plate 2, fig, 8.

Halitat, Brewsters, N. Y. (coll. C. T. Eobinson). I am inclined
to refer this species to the present genus, and to place it near Botis
plectilis, Grote and Robinson. I accept Professor Zeller's corrected
writinsf of the sreueric name.

Botis badipennis, Grote, Plate 2, fig. 12 ? .

f, 5 . — Palpi ratlier long and narrow, projected, a little dejjendent, not por-
rected. Chestnut brown, varying in depth of tint. Ornamentation simple.
On the primaries there is a continued blackish slightly arcuate transverse
anterior line, distinct, slightly notched before internal margin, and more deeply
inwardly on costa where the line is narrower. A large diffuse blackish stain
suffuses the discal reniform spot, extending downwards below median nervure.

89

Transverse posterior line blackish, well removed towards external margin
leaving the middle field of the wing wide. It differs by running nearly
straightly downwards from its ince])tion which takes place nearer the apices
than usual. It is minutely undulate or subdentate to vein 2, below which
it is inwardly arcuate, and nearly even to internal margin. A very fine
continuous line margins the wing. Fringes concolorous. Secondaries paler,
somewhat testaceous, clouded faintly centrally with blackish. A single
continued narrow blackish line, continuous with the transverse posterior
line of the primaries, crosses the wing. It is minutely undulate and becomes
irregularly rivulous inferiorly. The external margin and fringes are more
or less stained with light brown, and colored like the fore wings. A similar
fine marginal line borders the wing. Body parts concolorous with primaries.
Beneath a little paler and duller tinted. A faint discal streak on primaries,
none apparent on the hind wings. A common exterior distinct blackish
transverse line, which, on the hind wings, is better marked, and not so irreg-
ularly rivulous inferiorly aa its analogue on the upper surface.

Expanse, 22 to 24 m. m. Habitat, Maine ; White Mountains, New
Hampshire (coll. Prof. A. S. Packard, Jr.).

Eurycreon chortalis, Qrote, Plate 5, fig. 13 <5 .

ij 9 . — Head with a frontal projection'. Palpi short. Fore wings with the
costal edge somewhat convex and with the apices depressedly acuminate.
Pale testaceous much shaded with gray, varying in depth of tint and dis-
tinctness of markings. Fore wings testaceous, dusted with gray. The veins
marked with dusky scales colored like the lines. Discal dots and two inner
transverse lines difficult to make out. Transverse posterior line evident,
acutely dentate on interspaces, continued. Subterminal line similar but
more even and equally apparent, becoming a little diffuse at apices. A nar-
row terminal line. Fringes concolorous, with dark lines, of which the
inner is sometimes interrupted. Hind wings white, with a more or less
continued and expressed blackish transverse line running at variance with
the more distinct diffuse black serrulate subterminal band which widens to
apices and becomes narrow and obliterate toward anal angle. The narrow
terminal space between this band and the margin is stained with testaceous ;
a continued terminal line. Fringes whitish outwardly, dark near the wing,
with the inner line apparent. Both the apices of the fore and hind wings
are, in one specimen, touched with ochreous. Beneath more dusky, but like
upper surface, all the markings are repeated, veins dusky ; on hind wings
there is a discal liture, and the inner transverse line is seen to run inwardly
opposite the discal streak. The wings are subopalescent and diaphanous.

BUL. BUP. 80C. NAT. SCI. (12) JULY, 1873.

90

Body concolorous ; apparently the caputal squamation is Bubochreous ; abdo-
men whitisli above, more dusky beneath ; legs dusky inwardly.

Expanse 24 to 26, m. m. Hahitat, Albany, N. Y. (coll. J. A.
Lintner) ; Mass. in May (coll. Prof. A. S. Packard, Jr.) ; Alabama
(Grote legit.).

Family TORTRICIDAE.

Phaecasiopliora,'^ n. g.

Differs from any known Tortricidian genus by tlie structure of
the male hind tibiae. In Penthina the tibiae have a tuft of hairs
lying in a depression on the surface of the joint. In Phaecasiophora
the joint is covered Tvith long and coarse scales standing out from
it and, in inutahilana, from their white color, giving the tibiae
the appearance of being wrapped in wool or cotton (Plate 2,
fig. 6). The form is robust, the abdomen notably long. The
palpi are porrect, coarsely scaled, with small third joint. The pri-
maries are rather broad with parallel margins, 12-veined, all the
veins separate (Plate 2, fig. ba). Hind wings 8-veined, cell closed
by an aborted veinlet, 3 and 4 from one point, 5 immediately ap-
proximate (Plate 2, fig. bh).

Phaecasiophora mntahilana. Plate 2, fig. 4 q , 5 neuration, 6 $ hind leg.

Sericoris mutahilana, Clemens, Proc. E. S. Phil., Vol. 5, p. 135 (1865).

3 $ . — Variable in color, either wood-brown or of an ochrey reddish tint.
Primaries crossed by three darker, broad, bent, sinuously edged bands not
attaining internal margin, with paler interspaces medially traversed by darker
shade lines. On the middle band at its outer edge, about the extremity of the
cell, is an ill defined whitish spot. Between the middle and outer dark bands

** Gr.: ^aimoLOV et (ptpa. Kraftig gebaut mitverhaltnissmassig langem starkemHinter-
leib. Von alien mir bekannten Gattungen dieser Zunft durch die im mannlichen Geschlechte
grob, lang and herauf beschuppten Hinterschienen verschieden (Tafel 2, fig. 6). Durch die
weisse Farbe erscheinen die Hinterschienen bei mvtabilana i wie mit Wolle unhullt. Vorder-
fliigel breit mit kaum hervortretender Spitze und Penthinen— artigen Zeiclinung, auf dem
Mittelfelde ein weislicher Punkt ; 12 Rippen, alle gesondert, 3 und 4 nicht aus einen Pnnkte
entspringend, TheiUings Piippe unvollkommen (Tafel 2, fig. 5a). Hinterfliigel mit gleich massig
langen Fransen ; 8 Rippen, .3 und 4 aus einem Puukte, 5 gleich dahinter ; Theilungs Rippe faden-
formig, aber foitgesetzt (Taf§l 2, fig. bb).

91

the narrower interspace is Y-sliaped towards internal angle, enclosing by the
inverted limbs a dark spot. A series of costal ante-apical dark dots. The
oblique outer baud encloses a paler ill defined space on external margin above
the angle. Hind wings dark fuscous with pale fringes. Beneath paler, with
the central portion of the fore wings fuscous.

Habitat, New York ; Pennsylvania ; Virginia.

Phaecasiophora 2 niveiguttana, Orote. Plate 3, fig. 15 ? primary wing.

Although I only know the female of this species, there seems but little
doubt that it belongs here, since it agrees in all apparent characters with
Tnutahilana 9 . The ornamentation is so similar that it is best described com-
paratively. Bright ochreous, the darker markings reddish brown. The
darker bands are more attenuate, sinuous, defined by blackish scales, distinct.
Two blackish streaks at the base of the wing are quite evident, whereas in
mutabilana there are but faint indications of their presence. The shape
of the external ni'.rgin of the first transverse band is different ; it is acutely
projected about the subcostal nervure, lunulate beneath. The white discal
spot on the middle band is clear, distinct and defined ; there is a black dot (on
the succeeding pale interspace) which, owing to the outward angulation of the
middle band where it encloses the white discal spot, appears above this latter
on the costal region. The outer band is like an inverted Y, owing to its nar-
rower shape, and the limbs being more distinctly expressed by the greater
extent of the pale spo., on external margin above the angle which they
enclose. Costal pale and dark dots distinct and evident. Differs notably from
mutabilana by the presence of two white apical streaks, the one, shorter,
before the apex, the other longer, below it and attaining the extremity of the
upper limb of the Y-shaped outer band on external margin. Hind wings
fuscous. Beneath both pair are pale fuscous, darker than in mutabilana, with
distinct costal striations.

Habitat, Pennsylvania.

Penthina Blakcana, Robinson, Plate 2, fig. 8, primary wing.

Head and thorax brownish ; primaries with a large brown basal patch, much
as in fasciatana {Clemens), from which this species differs by the twice broader
whitish succeeding interspace which has a faint pink hue, and by its width
narrows the median dark brown oblique continuous band of the wing which is
toothed outwardly at the center. Costal points distinct ; the apical darker
shading is reduced and limited by a curved shade line. Hind wings fuscous
with pale fringes. Fore wings with the fringes tipped with dark scales to
about the middle of external margin.

Hahifaf, PeunsylvaiHa (C. A. Blake).

d2

Peutlilna mntutinaj Grote, Plate 2, fig. 9, primary wing.

White. Head and thorax whitish. Primaries whitish with scattered dark
scales ; basal patch incomplete superiorly about the middle of the wing, with
scattered dark costal scales. Middle brownish band continued with distinct
edges marked by blackish scales. The succeeding whitish underspace is con-
tracted medially by the more diffuse apical clouding which extends beyond
the curved line. Costal marks minute. Beneath fuscous with whitish costal
edge and more distinct regularly divaricate dark streaks.

Halitat, Texas {Belfrage, %).

I have only a single specimen in wliicli the secondaries are defec-
tive, but the species is quite distinct from BlaTceana, "whicli it
resembles.

Fentliina toreuta, Orote, Plate 2, fig. 10, f, .

I refer this very distinctly marked and easily distinguished species with
some hesitation to the present genus. Uniformly dark silky wood brown.
The primaries are crossed centrally by two parallel slightly arcuate livid raised
metallic lines. Three costo-apical pale dots supported by metallic drops, the
third surmounting the narrower metallic terminal line which is interrupted on
Bubmediau interspace ; fringes burnished. Under the glass the squamation is
seen to consist of dark scales with paler overlying tips. Hind wings fuscous
with pale fringes, Beneath paler, silky; fore wings with an ochreous stain,
pale costal streaks and a faint even pale terminal shade on the margin fol-
lowed by a dark hair line.

Habitat, Pennsylvania.

Grapholitha distema^ Grote.

A tiny blackish silky species resembling the European compositella, but
with only two white lines on the internal margin of the primaries. Eight
white costal marks disposed in pairs, crowded towards the black apices and
becoming straighter and shorter ; the first pair more oblique and divaricate.
A silvery subterminal streak runs from opposite the cell over the median
nervules tapering to internal angle. Secondaries fuscous with pale fringes.
Beneath iridescent, greenish in certain lights, with minute white costal dots
over the outer half of the wing. Body scales beneath whitish,

Halitat, New York; Pennsylvania,

93

Family TINEIDAE.

Oeta ^enimata, Orote.

Among a collection of Lepidoptera received by the American
Entomological Society from Professor Poey, of Havana, and which
collection has been the subject of several papers'^ in the Proceedings
of that Society, is a specimen in excellent conservation, bearing the
number 821, and belonging to the genus Oeta, Grote. This little
moth is of a most brilliant golden orange, and the markings of the
fore wings are similar to those of our United States Oeta compta
Clemens sp. (=:Deiopeia aurea Fitcli, as suggested, probably correctly,
by Mr. Stretch). It is one-third smaller than our species. There
are, as usual, four bands composed of white dots on a blackish
ground, but here the dots are smaller and linear, appearing as inter-
rupted streaks and allowing the darker ground color of the bands
to obtain. But the bands themselves are narrower in 0. gemmata,
so that the golden appearance of the wings is much less interrupted
than in 0. compta. The third band is furcate before costa, while
the fourth, covering internal angle, is not connected with the outer
limb of the apical furcation, as in 0. compta. The hind Avings are
smoky hyaline, becoming darker exteriorly. The smoky abdomen
has a bluish reflection. The legs, palpi and face are dark with white
points. The basal joint of the fore legs is golden outwardly.
Altogether, this is a narroAver insect that 0. compta, and very evi-
dently a smaller species. The Cuban specimen expands 23 m, m.,
while the fore wings at their greatest breadth near the external mar-
gin measure 3 millemetres.

Professor Zeller characterizes Oeta pnnctella {Cramer) compara-
tively with 0. compta, in the Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, p.
178, 1871. Cramer describes his species from Surinam, while Pro-
fessor Zeller seems to hesitate to regard his So. American specimens
as belonging to a distinct species from our United States 0. compta.

»6 <?rofe— Notes on the Sphingidae of Cuba, Proc. E. S. Phil., Vol. 5, pp. 33-84, 1865 ; Notes
on the Bombycidae of Cuba, id., pp. 227-255; Notes on the Zygaeuidae of Cuba, id.^ Vol. 6,
pp. 173-189, and pp. 297-334, 1866-7 ; List of the Sphingidae, Aegeriadae, Zygaeuidae and
Bombycidae of Cuba, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. 3, pp. 183-188, C^^tober, 1870.

94

The Professor has not compared Cramer's figure, which seems to me
to bear out the Professor's description in having much less yellow
and being blacker on the primaries. While Cramer's figure but indif-
ferently recalls 0. compta, it cannot possibly represent 0. gemmata.
Had Cramer drawn our new Cuban species we might expect a splash
of gold color to have represented the fore wings instead of the dark
dotted appearance of these in the figure of 0. punctella, judging
from his known rough manner of illustration. But we probably
have to do with three species, whereof 0. compta from North, is
a near ally of 0. punctella from South America, while our insular
0. gemmata is far prettier, smaller and brighter than either.

95

VII. A Study of North American Noctuldae

BY AUa. R. GROTE.
[Rend before this Society, July 2(1, 1873.]

In the present Paper I have continued my observations on the
Nortli American Noctuidae, preliminary to the publication of a
List of the species upon which I have been for some time at Avork.
The species, referred by M. Guenee to Iladena and Mamestra, I
have now examined for the first time, with a view of testing the
generic determinations of the celebrated French entomologist. I
have found on a near study, that these species are not generically
separable on the charactcrh .aid down in the Species (fcneral, and why
certain of the species are in that work referred to Mamestra instead
of Iladena, or the reverse, I have been unable to understand.

I have then changed a number of M. Guenee's generic determina-
tions and have suppressed certain genera where I have become sat-
isfied that the distinctions are not valid. It is difficult for the
American student at first to study this Group without the preju-
dices he involuntarily entertains from the works of those English
and French authors, in which alone he finds our species described.
It is impossible to arrive at any critical views on the sulyect without
a study of certain German authorities, with whose generic concep-
tions, but more especially with wliose manner of zoological thought,
we have not been sufficiently familiar. It will be of no use to
attempt to write upon our Moths, without a study of the writings
of Lederer, Zeller and Ilerrich-Schaeffer. To the latter we owe an
appreciation of the characters oflFered by the venation and its cor-
rect terminology; to the former the most conscientious and strict
classification that has yet been offered to the student.'

1 The student is also referred to the Annales de la Society Entomologique Beige, for a number
of praiseworthy observations on the Moths, as well as to Dr. Spcyer's work on the geograph-
ical distribution of the Lepidoptera of Germany and Switzerland. The former Society had the
lionor of printing Lederer's last communication, " Contributions a la Faune des L6pidopt6res
de la Transcaucasie." I need not say that the Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift is to the
student of to-day what the Wiener Verzeichniss was to the student of the last century, nor that
every word written by Lederer will make itself remembered.

96

I take the present occasion of thanking Mr. Theo. L. Mead, of
New York, who has sent me a collection of Noctuidae for stndy ;
in the present Paper I describe several new species he has taken in
Colorado. To Mr. J. A. Lintner, of the State Musenni, I am nnder
renewed obligations for the loan of material.

Agrotis auxiliarisj Orote.

S. — Abdomen flattened; fore tibiae spinose ; form elongate; habitus recalling
tlie European yellow-winged species. Fore wings with distinct ornamentation.
Cinereous along the costal region and subterminal space ; blackish, shaded
with carneous on the median and basal spaces. Basal half-line followed and
preceded by determinate black shades; t. a. line distinctly geminate, outer
line marked with black ; a faint carneous shade over basal space inferiorly ;
claviform wide, distinctly margined inferiorly, from its extremity to sub-
terminal line a rigid carneous shade borders vein 2 superiorly ; orbicular
cinereous, decumbent, irregularly oval ; reuiform large, of the usual shape,
touching the gray costal region above ; with an attenuated inner darker
annulus, followed by a faint carneous streak ; t. p. line regular, even, formed
by slight black lunulate marks ; subterminal line irregular, marked within
by two black cuneiform spots opposite the cell and others precede the line
inferiorly ; terminal space dark, narrow ; terminal line continuous, black,
slightly interspaceally lunulate ; fringes fuscous, with an internal pale line.
Hind wings smoky, deepening in tint to external margin, without marks, sub-
iridescent; fringes whitish, fuscous at base with a darker line. Beneath, a
tuft of testaceous hair at base on median vein of primaries ; both pair pale,
subirrorate, with a rather distinct common darker shaded line and discal
dots. Body ashen, collar lined, abdomen with the anal and lateral hairs
stained subcarneously.

Expanse, 45 ni. m. Huhitai, Colorado Territory (coll. Theo. L.
Mead, No. 57).

Agrotis repentis, Orote and RoUnson.

The transverse posterior \me is regular, formed by little black lunulate
marks, which extend outwardly along the veins to the outer component line
which is sometimes wanting, but occasionally appears as an even distinct
shade. Median shade sometimes distinct and diffuse, again, as in the Colorado
specimen, improminent. Fore tibiae spinose.

Hahitat, Atlantic District; Colorado Territory (coll. Theo. L.
Mead, No. 33).

97

Agrotis balanitis, Grote, Plate 3, fig. 14, $ .

5 . — Resembles repentis in general appearance, color, and size ; fore wings a
little darker with a pale costal reflection ; ordinary lines blackisli, perpendicular ;
t. a. with the outer component line black, dentate ; orbicular, moderate, a little
pointed outwardly ; reniform incomplete, both spots concolorous, with narrow
black annuli and pale gray inner edging. Median shade apparent on the
median space below the nervure. T. p. line irregular, incompletely geminate,
unevenly dentate, running inwardly below median nervure, and hence difler-
ing from repentis, where it is even, nearly perpendicular, and does not run
in inferiorly. Subterminal line much as in repentis, preceded by a dark
shade. Terminal line broken into dots ; fringes concolorous ; hind wings
pale smoky, without marks or border ; fringes whitish, with a faint interior
line. Beneath, pale, with discal dots, and a common transverse line broken
into nervular marks on the hind wings.

Expanse, 40 m. m. Habitat, Colorado Territory (coll. Tlieo. L.
Mead, No. 34).

This species offers a resemblance to Lycarum H.-S., fig. 123.
Beneath, the abdomen, in A. balanitis, is laterally marked by a stig-
matal black line.

Agrotis atrifrons, Qrote.

S . — Antennae simple, scaled, ciliate, with scattered hairs, not bristled
beneath ; ocelli ; eyes naked ; spurs short on middle and hind tibiae ; fore
tibiae spinos^. Head with pale supra-caputal vestiture projected between
the antennae ; the clypeal scales are black and contrasting. Collar with a
black line. Thorax above ashen. Fore wings ashen shaded with reddish
brown ; ornamentation simple. Transverse lines narrow, black, single, con-
tinued, t. p. line narrowly luuulate. Nervules marked terminally with dark
scales. No trace of the ordinary spots. Median vein at base marked with
blackish scales. The wing is shaded at base, above and below the m. nervure,
with reddish ; again diffusely over the discal cell, and less obviously on the
median space below the median nervure. Subterminal space dark, shaded
with reddish brown, and bringing the subterminal line into relief by its
contrast with the purely pale ashen terminal space. Hind wings white,
smoky along the hind border, and the veins are also marked ; fringes white,
with a faint smoky interior line. Beneath whitish, costal region of hind wings
irrorate, no discal dots on either surface; the primaries show a faint discal
dot, and there is a common blackish exterior line distinctly marked on costal

BUL. BUP. SOC. NAT. SCI. (13) JULT, 187.3.

98

region, discontinued below the dusty margin of the hind wings. Labial palpi
dark, third joint concealed.

Expanse, 35 ni. m. Ihibitat, Colorado Territory (coll. Tlieo. L.
Mead, No. 32).

Agrotis inimallonis, Orote.

t, . — Ocelli ; antennae long, bristled beneath (borstenformig), tapering ; eyes
naked ; head and thorax thickly haired, caputal squamation directed forwards
between the antennae ; all the tibiae spinose ; middle and hind tibiae spurred.
Head, thorax and fore wings dull purple red. Primaries with simple orna-
mentation. Transverse lines obsoletely geminate, blackish. T. a. line twice
slightly waved to vein 1, below which it is outwardly projected to the margin.
Orbicular with a blackish central dot alone apparent. Reniform with a luni-
form blackish central shade which is alone noticeable. The transverse lines
are marked by black scales on costal region. T. p. line with its inner line
alone distinct, this is narrow, continued, equally distinct throughout its length,
but little projected, regularly lunulate, blackish. Subterminal line. pale,
indistinct, near the margin. Ante-apical pale costal dots. Blackish scales
about the veins on the terminal space ; terminal line subobsolete ; fringes
coucolorous. Hind wings pure white, dusted a little apically with ashen
scales and a faint ashen terminal line ; fringes white with a faint middle line
more apparent apically. Beneath, the hind wings are white, with a discal dot,
and determinately powdered with purple and ashen scales over costal region.
Fore wings fuscous centrally, with the costal region and terminal margin
purplish ; a faint discal dot and two exterior darker shade lines. Feet and
tibiae fuscous, dotted with pale marks ; femora and thorax beneath thickly
haired, purple-red. Thorax above without crests. Abdomen pale, somewhat
ochreous, stained laterally and at the anus with purplish, somewhat flattened,
untufted.

Expanse, 38 m. m. Habitat, New York (coll. Theo. L. Mead,
No. 117).

Agrotis fumalisj Grote.

$ . — Ocelli ; eyes naked ; antennae long, bristled beneath, tapering ; middle
and hind tibiae spurred ; all the tibiae spinose. Habit and ornamentation of
violaris. Dusky ashen ; ornamentation simple. Fore wings with the blackish
t. a. line nearly perpendicular, very slightly lunated and notched on the cell.
Median shade and orbicular obsolete. Reniform a lunated blackish stain. T. p.
line even, continued, a little roundedly exerted opposite the cell, resembling that
of repentis in appearance, formed of regular small lunulations with the black-

99

isli scales running outwardly to where the outer component line would be if it
were present. Subterminal line faint, merely indicated by the paler terminal
space, preceded by a darker shading which forms a determinate blackish costal
shade before the line. A pale line at base of the dusky fringes. Hind wings
dusky, a little paler and semi-hyaline at base, nearly like the primaries in tint,
with no determinate border or discal mark save by reflection from the under-
surface. Fringes with a pale basal line. Beneath paler, more whitish ; luni-
form discal mark on hind wings distinct, black, fainter on fore wings. A com-
mon exterior darker shade line with faint traces of a subterminal shade. Head
and thorax dusky ashen ; abdomen concolorous with hind wing. Feet and
tibiae blackish, pale dotted.

Expanse, 40 m. m. Hahitat, New York (coll. Theo. L. Mead, No.
130).

Agrotis 4:-dentata, Grote and Robinson.

Habitat, Colorado Territory (coll. Theo. L. Mead, No. G3 <5 ).

Agrotis snbgothica, HmcortJi.

Agrotis jaculifera, Guenee, p. 262, Plate 5, fig. 4.

Hahitat, Atlantic District; Colorado Territory (coll. Theo. L.
Mead, No. 62).

Agrotis herilis, Grate.

Agrotis jaculifera, Guenee vars. A. & B. p. 262.

5 $ . — Resembles the foregoing so that a comparative description Avill best
distinguish it. Larger than suigothica, of a purplish black color, and hence
much darker than subgothica, with which it coincides in the ornamentation of
the primaries above. The t. a. line below the median nervure is more outwardly
rounded, less perpendicular ; the prominent claviform is shorter. The ordinary
spots are similar in the two species, but the reuiform is discolorous in
subgothica, stained with ochreous, with a distinct internal ring, whereas the
internal ring is feebly marked and the spot is simply pale carneous, like the
orbicular and the pale nervular squamation, in herilis. The t. p. line is more
distinct and black in the new species. Hind wings smoky blackish, deepening
in color terminally, not pale with a hind border as in subgothica. On the fore
wings above there is a notable contrast between the paler subterminal space
and the extended paler marginings to veins 3 and 4 in subgothica, and the
obscurely carneous coloration of the same parts in the new species, which latter
wants the decided prolongation of pale scales along the inferior veins.

Expanse, 38 to 43 m. m. Hahitat, Atlantic District ; of common
occurrence. I have taken this si)ecie.s in Central Alabama.

100

This is the Agrotis subgothica of American Agricultural Publica-
toins, such as the 1st Missouri Eeport, page 83, fig. 29. It is not the
Agrotis subgothica of English writers, which is A. jaculifera Guenee.
Stephen's figure of Agrotis subgothica, Plate 22, fig. 3, and descrip-
tion, page 126, Haust. II, is decisive. The peculiar discoloration of
the reuiform spot distinguishes . A. jaculifera, and the paler hind
wings, greater extent of pallid shades on the fore wings and smaller
size are characteristic and are all well rendered by Stephen's illus-
tration. When I was in France, M. Guenee stated to me that
he had discovered the fact, that his Agrotis jaculifera was the same
as the Agrotis subgothica of English writers, and also that he
believed that the form now described as Agrotis herilis was a dis-
tinct species ; the latter contrary to the statement made in the
Species General. Agrotis subgothica is figured on Plate 1, fig. 11,
in the 1st Missouri Report correctly, but under its synonym of
Agrotis jaculifera, which latter name I retained for the species in
determining the Noctuidae of the collection of the American
Entomological Society, whence Mr. Riley received his determination.
I was not then able to examine the English authors, who first
noticed our species from specimens accidentally introduced into their
country. Mr. Riley's figures of A. herilis, above cited, have been
copied, with the erroneous determination, by Eastern writers.

Agrotis sexatilis, Orote.

$ § . — Ocelli ; eyes naked ; all the tibiae spinose ; middle tibiae with one,
hind tibiae with two pair of spurs ; 6 antennae bristled, ? simple, oviduct
slightly produced. Ornamentation typical, in color like A. plecta, than
which this is a larger species. Costal edge broadly whitish in ,} , ashen in
S , ordinary spots very large, separated, preceded and followed by black
scales, variable in tint. Median lines black, tolerably distinct. Internal
margin, from the base of the wing to transverse posterior line, broadly and
diffusely shaded with blackish. Subterminal space broadly shaded with dull
purple reddish, smooth; this tint spreads inwardly below vein 2 over the
median space to the prominent black-edged claviform spot. Subterminal
line improminent. A narrow terminal black line interspaceally accentuated.
Hind wings dark fuscous, without border or spot in 2 ; whitish with smoky
posterior shading in ^ . Beneath dusky, with very faint traces of a common
line and discal spots. Fringes of the hind wings above whitish with an
interior dusky line.

101

Expanse, 36 to 38, m. m. Habitat, New York ; Colonido Ter-
ritory (coll. Theo. L. Mead, No. GO).

Differs from Gnenee's description of N. ocliroguster by the
blackish collar and the median nervnre not being white ; the ter-
minal line on the primaries is succeeded by an ev^en pale line, the
base of the dark fringes. The hind wings have no terminal series
of rounded dots. It is, I think, nearer allied to A. herilis and A.
subgothica.

Ufeus, n. g.

Ocelli. Eyes very small, naked, with lashes. Head comparatively small and
sunken. Maxillae weak and comparatively short. Labial palpi short, apical
joint undistinguishable by reason of the long and coarse hairy vestiture.
Middle and hind tibiae spinose ; fore tibiae unarmed, with a slight tuft at the
middle of the joint ; tarsi thickly spined. $ Antennae simple, under the
gl^ss showing two pair of fine short bristles on each joint. Head and thorax
thickly clothed with long hairs, recalling Euthisanotia, but here the thoracic
vestiture is silky, longer and more appressed. Body flattened, recalling
Orthosia ; sides of the abdomen with long hairs, and the anal segment is
densely pilose. Armature of the legs weak and short ; hind tibiae with two
pair, and middle tibiae with one terminal pair of aborted spurs. Legs
coarsely fringed with long hair like that on the body beneath. The vestiture
is unlike that of the $ Leucania pseudargyria, not surrounding the joints.
The genus appears related to Agrotis, and the type, U. satyricus, has a
peculiar Blatta-like appearance from its flattened form, simple antennae,
dark color, want of ornamentation, rather coarse and thin alar squamation,
and rounded external margin of primaries with blunted apices.*

Ufeus satyricus, Orote, Plate 3, fig. 4, 5 .

9 . — Dark dull wood brown, unicolorous. Tongue bright testaceous. Fore
wings with a faint tracing of an irregular, diffuse, darker-shaded transverse
anterior line. An undefined blackish mark takes the place of the reniform.
Transverse posterior line a little more distinct than the t. a. line, nearly even,
not much projected, perpendicular and slightly indented opposite the cell. The
transverse lines have the effect of darker shadows thrown across the wing.
No subterminal line. A series of interspaceal blackish terminal streaks of
variable distinctness and length. Hind wings pale, somewhat dirty testa-
ceous in hue, subhyaline, allowing the veins to be distinctly seen, without

2 In using Lederer's analytical table, the untoothed antennae will separate the present genus
from Ammoconia.

102

marks ; internal margin clothed with coarse hair. Beneath, the hind wings
show a discal ovate hlackish spot ahout the cross vein, and a very faint
tracing of a subterminal band.

Exjjcinse, 45 m. m. Hahitat, Canada (coll. AYm. Saunders, Feb-
ruary) ; Albany, N". Y. (coll. J. A. Lintner, ViJ.

Ufeus plicatiiSj Grote.

S . — Smaller than U. satyricus. Body of the same flattened shape and
color but the fore wings show a uniform, warm, faintly reddish tinge. T.
a. line broken. Along the cell, above the median vein, is an interrupted black
streak. Transverse posterior line black, comparatively very distinct, running
outwardly and downwardly obliquely from costa, much and roundedly exerted
opposite the cell and offering a distinguishing character by its course as com-
pared with that of U . satyricus. It appears interspaceally lunulate from a
short extension of the black scales upon the veins beyond the line. A series of
fainter blackish interspaceal terminal streaks. All the markings are deter-
minate, not reflected. Hind wings dull testaceous above, and, with thg upper
wings, beneath, absolutely without marks or lines of any kind.

Expanse 40 m. m. Hahitat, Philadelphia.

I cannot regard these as sexes of the same species owing to the
difference in the course and appearance of the transverse posterior
line. These two species cannot be referred to Mythimna, which is
restricted by Lederer to the European M. imbecilla. Apparently
Mr. Walker's extension of the term to include Guenee's Leucania
pseudargyria, etc., should not be followed.

Mainestra imbrifera.

Aplecta imhrifera, Guen^e.
Habitat, Atlantic District. The eyes are hairy.

Mamestra pnrpurissata.

JSurois purpurissata, Grote.

Habitat, Atlantic District. Represents the European M. tincta
in our fauna.

Mainestra nimbosa.

Aplecta nimhosa, Guenee.
Habitat, Atlantic District.

103

Mamestra latex.

Aplecta latex, Guenee.
Habitat, Atlantic District.

Mamestra grandis^ Lederer.

Hadena grandis, Guenee.
Habitat, Atlantic District.

Mamestra Farnhami, Orote, Plate 3, fig. 2, 5 .

$, 9 . — Eyes hairy; fore tibiae unarmed ; antennae simple, very shortly ciliate
beneath in ^; palpi porrect, with small projecting third article; abdomen
with moderate basal tufts. A little smaller than Mamestra grandis ; remarka-
ble for the unusually sharply defined W-mark, the varied tints and the pale
oblique streaked shade on median nervure below the ordinary spots, in which
character it simulates Prodenia commelinae. The ground color of the fore
wings is blackish with a dark green cast, and obtains over the median and
terminal spaces. Subterminal space, median space along internal margin,
and basal space before the t. a. line, pale reddish brown with a purple reflec-
tion. T. a. line thrice waved, geminate, with pale internal shade ; basal half-
line similar. Orbicular outwardly oblique, moderate, pale, with a dark shaded
center, finely ringed with black. Reniform elongate, incompletely ringed,
with an inner shaded annulus. T. p. line forming a single inward arcuation
opposite the cell ; below vein 5 it runs straightly, interspaceally lunate, to
internal margin. Subterminal line very distinct, pale, commencing Avith a
pale yellowish apical patch and forming the usual W-shaped mark, the
points closing on the extremities of veins 3 and 4, preceded on the subter-
minal space by interspaceal dark dashes before which are pale scale points.
Terminal line black ; fringes with a pale basal line and interrupted at the
extremity of the nervules with pale scales. Hind wings pale with blackish
borders and discal mark ; veins marked with dark scales ; terminal line
forming broken black interspaceal marks ; fringes pale subtestaceous. Be-
neath pale, faintly reddish> powdered with dark scales and with a continued
common extra discal line and partly annulate discal marks ; on primaries the
pale subterminal line feebly reflected.

Expanse, 42 m. m. Habitat, Colorado Territory ( ? Mr. Jas.
Hidings ; 5 Mr. Tlieo. L. Mead, No. 45).

Named in memory of Charles Severance Farnliam, ivho died, May,
1862, at Yorlctoivn, in tlie service of his country, and ivas one of
the early Curators in this Society.

104

Mamestra brassicae {Linn.).

Halitat, Xew York. Our species does not seem to differ from
the European.

Mamestra albifusa.

Hadena albifusa, Walker, p. 753.

Habitat, Xew York ; Nova Scotia.

Mamestra chcnopodii (TT. F.).

Hadena chenopodii, Guenee.
Habitat, United States and Europe.

Dianthoecia meditata^ O^rote.

$ 5 . — Size moderate ; form compact ; $ antennae with, tbe edges of the
joints relieved and furnished with short cilial tufts ; ? abdomen pointed with
extruded oviduct ; eyes hairy. Dark colored, fore wings uniformly dark with
faded ornamentation. Fuscous with pearly mottlings caused by a sparse
admixture of white scales over tbe thorax and primaries. Transverse lines
perceivable by pale centerings. Basal half-line twice waved. T. a. line
perpendicular, thrice waved. The wing is more or less tinged with rufous
over the median space on which the ordinary spots are with difficulty to
be perceived ; they are dark-circled, picked out by pale scales, concolorous.
Above the reniform the t. p. line is incepted on costa by pale scales. The
line is of the usual shape, slightly inwardly arcuate below median nervure,
slightly lunulate. Three pale ante-apical costal dots. Terminal space nar
row, paler than the rest of the wing ; fringes silky, dark. Hind wing unicol-
orously dark fuscous ; fringes whitish with a dark line. Body parts concol-
orous. Beneath a little paler, especially the bind wings, mottled with white
scale points, with a common exterior line and discal dots.

Expayise, 30 m. m. Habitat, Xew York State (coll. B. S. X. S.;
J. A. Lintner ; Theo. L. Mead, Xo. 129).

This is an obscurely colored species very different from Diau-
thoecia capsularis {Raj)Jiia propulsa. Walker), but sharing the
structural features that separate the genus from Mamestra. It is
the third described X. Am. species, unless others are described,
under some other generic title, by Mr. Walker in the British
Museum Lists. It may be remarked here that a condemnation of
Mr. Walker for an occasional erroneous determination in the

105

moths, or a vague and useless diagnosis, would be without suflQcient
point. But the fact has become apparent that the whole 35 Parts
of the British Museum Lists, when compared with the collections,
contain such a mass of error, that in their present shape they are
unavailable to the student. I have ever expressed myself as desir-
ous of retaining all Mr. Walker's tenable names, but from the
vague descriptions it will require independent testimony to identify
his types, even those in the British Museum collection. It is incon-
ceivable that the Authorities of the British Museum should have
permitted the publication of these Lists, which could not be
desired by science, since they are, for the most part, based upon M.
Guenee's work, and merely add a large number of inferior descriptions
to what we had before us in a useful shape.

Oncocnemis Dayi, Orote, Plate 3, fig. 8.

S . — Eyes naked, strongly laslied ; tibiae all unarmed but -with a stout
claw at the extremity of the shorter anterior pair; all the tarsi spinose;
head not retracted ; clypeus without prominence ; abdomen smooth, not
tufted; ornamentation Hadena-like ; antennae simple; size moderate; cor-
poral vestiture hairy. Fore wings and thorax mixed white and brown,
brightly contrasted. T. a. line not very distinct, black, thrice waved, the
last time sharply below vein 1 on the margin. Ordinary spots distinct ;
claviform pale ; orbicular round, black ringed, pale with deep brown rounded
center ; median shade apparent edging the reniform on the inside, apj^roxi-
mate to t. p. line ; reniform large, with brown center, followed by a whitish
shade which fills up the space left by the superior exsertion of the t. p. line,
and is characteristic of the species. T. p. line even, black, followed by a
whitish shade ; subterminal space deep brownish, with a series of broad
black interspaceal dashes which are very distinctive and precede the inward
dentations of the whitish, irregular subterminal line ; terminal space dark
at apices and faintly so centrally, but below the apices this is mixed with pale
scales which form a narrow whitish edging before the black terminal line,
the latter interspaceally sublunulate and interrupted on the veins ; fringes
with a central dark line and interrupted with pale scales opposite the
extremity of the veins. Hind wings rather bright clear yellow, dusky at
base, with a distinct broad marginal black band ; fringes yellowish at base,
with a dark line beyond which they are whitish. Beneath pale yellow ; the
costae irrorate with dusky scales ; a terminal black band which, on the fore
wings, is superiorly a little removed from the margin and has its outer edge

BUL. BUF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (14) JULY, 1873.

106

a little irregular ; a terminal black line and fringes aa on upper surface ;
minute and faint diacal dots.

Expanse, 32 m. m. Hahitat, Colorado Territory (coll. Theo. L.
Mead, No. 17).

The occurrence of this genus in America is not noticed before.
The hitherto described species are from the Ural Mountains, and
have been taken in the evening on flowers according to Lederer.
At first sight our species might be taken for Anartas allied to A.
luteola, Grote, and the European A. cordigera, but the naked eyes,
Hadena-like ornamentation, and the claw on the fore tibiae quickly
distinguishes them. This claw in On. Dayi, is shorter, stouter and
blunter compared with a second species, which I describe here, and
which equals On. Dayi in expanse, but in which the colors of the
primaries above are less distinctly contrasted, while in general
appearance the two species resemble each other strongly from the
similarity in color of the hind wings. From the yellow-winged
European species of Agrotis, sometimes referred under a distinct
name to Triphaena, and which the present species casually resemble
in the appearance of the hind wings, Oncocnemis differs struc-
turally, among other characters, by the non-spiuose middle and
hind tibiae.

It is with great pleasure that I name this species after David F.
Day, Esq., of this Society, a scientist whose reading is exhaustive,
and a friend whose kindness is enduring.

Oncocnemis Hayesi, Grote, Plate 3, fig. 13.

S . — Eyes naked, strongly lashed ; tibiae all unarmed but with a strong
and rather long claw at the extremity of the anterior pair (vide Lederer,
Plate 4, fig. 2) ; all the tarsi spinose. In all its structural characters this
species agrees with On. Dayi, except that the claw is longer and the eyes
and head a little smaller and less prominent. The primaries are dull pulver-
ulent yellowish ashen with distinct lines, but not contrasted in their shad-
ing. The t. p. line is distinctly continuous, shortly dentate. The ordinary
spots are large and rather vague; the orbicular larger than in On. Dayi.
The subterminal line is whitish, powdery, contrasting ; fringes impromi-
nently chequered. Hiud wings, light, bright yellow, dusky at the base and
along the veins ; the dusky scales form an incomplete line crossing the cell
over the cross-vein and running to internal margin ; a wide terminal black

107

band broader than in On. Dayi ; fringes yellowish, with a dusky line, whitish
at tips. Beneath yellowish, with terminal black bands which, on the fore
wings, are not removed ^superiorly from the margin as in On. Dayi ; minute
discal dots.

Expanse, 32 m. m. Habitat, Colorado Territory (No. 18, coll.
Theo. L. Mead).

This beaiitiful species is very distinct from Oncocnemis Dayi in
the ornamentation of the primaries, which latter have more the
appearance of those of the European 0. diffusa (H.-S. figs. 44-45).
Our species at once differ by their distinctly yellow hind wings.
The geographical distribution of the genus is very interesting,
since it increases the zoological homogeneity of the present Arcto-
gaeal province. The ocelli are present in all our species, and the
maxillae long, stout, black and corneous.

I respectfully dedicate our second species of the genus to Doctor
George E. Hayes, Vice-President of this Society, whose observa-
tions on the Geology of Buffalo, have materially increased our
knowledge of our locality.

Oncocnemis Cliandleri, Orote, Plate 3, fig. 9.

^ . — Eyes naked, strongly lashed ; all the tibiae without, all the tarsi with
spines ; fore tibiae with a strong claw. Fore wings gray, mixed black and
white, distinctly contrasted and with longitudinal black streaks, resembling
in this respect On. Dayi. A distinct black dash runs from the base of the
primaries to the long, black-margined claviform. Transverse lines indicated on
costal region, else obsolete. The appearance of the gray ordinary spots is
very peculiar ; they are fused by a common black edge and distinct shaded
fillings. The compound spot assumes a decumbent funnel-shape. Very evi-
dent longitudinal black dashes precede the white dentate subterminal iine
interspaceally. Fringes alternately paler and darker. In the ornamentation
of the primaries this species remind us of Cloantha. The terminal space is
dark and concolorous in On. Chaifdleri, whereas it is paler than the sub-
terminal in On. Dayi. Hind wings pale fuscous or smoky, with a diffusely
margined, wide, blackish hind border, which, in one specimen, does not con-
trast greatly with the rest of the wing. Beneath paler than above, with
terminal blackish borders and minute discal points.

Expanse, 32 m. m. Habitat, Colorado Territory (coll. Theo. L.
Mead, No. 27).

Quite distinct from the species with yellow hind wings, this
resembles On. Davi. rather than On. Ilavosi, in tlie oruamenta-

108

tion of the fore wings, while in the appearance of the hind wings
it comes nearer to the European species.

I respectfully dedicate this species to Mr. Henry Chandler, Vice-
President of this Society, and a distinguished Patron of the Natural
Sciences.

Hadena arctica, Boisduval.

Hadena amputatrix, Fitch.
Habitat, Atlantic District.

Hadena Bridgliami.

Mamestra BridgJiamii, Grote and Robinson.
Habitat, Rhode Island.

Hadena adjuncta.

Mamestra adjuncta, Guenee.
Habitat, Atlantic District. The eyes are naked.

Hadena devastator.

Phalaena devastator, Brace.
Mamestra ordinaria, Walker.

HaMtat, Atlantic District.

Hadena dubitans*

Apaonea ? insignata, Walker, p. 729.
Mamestra dzibitans. Walker, p. 232.

Habitat, Atlantic District.

I haye compared Mr. Walker's types in the collection of the Brit-
ish Museum. The species varies in depth of ground color ; the
eyes are naked. (Number 90, Chas. A. Blake, Phila. ; Number 95,
Theo. L. Mead, New York.)

Hadena inipulsa.

Mamestra impulsa, Guenee.
Habitat, Atlantic District.

I have not been able to identify Mamestra passer, Guenee. It is
impossible to say to which genus it really belongs.

109

Hadena apamiformis.

XylopJiasia apamiformis, Guen6e.
Habitat, New York State.

Hadena rnrea {Fahr).

Habitat, New York State.

Not distinguished from European specimens.

Hadena lignicolor.

XylopJiasia lignieolora, Guenee.
Habitat, New York State ; Pennsylvania.

Hadena auranticolor, Grote.

$ . Nearest, perhaps, to lignicolor, mucli brighter and more distinctly
marked. Eyes naked. Fore wings yellow ferruginous, deeper shaded below
median nervure. Eeniform pale. Transverse anterior line dark ferruginous,
thrice waved. Transverse posterior line much projected, not distinct, marked
by black dots on the veins on the narrow succeeding paler shade. Subterminal
line pale, quite irregular, leaving the terminal space blackish above and below
the incomplete W-shaped mark. A deep ferruginous dash connects the median
lines, as in sectilis, on the submedian fold, shaded with blackish scales at t. p.
line. Fringes blackish, cut with ferruginous at extremity of the veins. Hind
wings pale fuscous with faint line and spot, apparently reflected from under-
surface, and terminally darker shaded ; fringes of a warm hue. Thorax bright
colored ; labial palpi rather prominent.

Expanse, 40 m. m.

Two specimens taken July lOtli at Twin Lakes, Upper Arkansas
Valley, Colorado Territory, at about 8000 feet elevation (coll. Theo.
L. Mead, No. 41).

Hadena verbascoides.

Xylophasia verbascoides, Guen6e, p. 141.
Habitat, New York State.

Hadena sectilis.

Xylophasia sectilis, Guenoe, p. 141.
Habitat, New York State.

110

Hadena mucens {Hubncr).

Habitat, Pennsylvania; Florida (anth. Guenee). Hiibner com-
pares this species with rurea.

Hadena vulgaris.

Xylophasia mdgaris, G. & R.
Habitat, Pennsylvania.

Uadena confusa.

Auchmis confusa, Hiibner Zutraege, 248.
Habitat, New York State ; Pennsylvania.

Hadena miselioides, suhjuncta, distincta, have been already cor-
rectly referred to this genus.

Hyppa xylinoides, Guenee.

Xylina contraria, Walker.
Habitat, New York, Pennsylvania.

Brotolomia Iris.

Phlogophora iris, Guenee.
Habitat, New York, Pennsylvania.

Hjdroecia inqnaesita.

Oortyna inquaesita, G. & R.
Habitat, New York State.

Hydroecia purpurifascia.

Gortyna purpurifascia, G. & R,
Habitat, New York State.

Hydroecia limpida.

Gortyna limpida, Guenee.
Habitat, Illinois (Guenee).

Hydroecia cernssata.

Gortyna cernssata, Grote.

Habitat, Pennsylvania. An spec, praec. ?

Ill

Hydroecia marginideus.

Gortyna marginidens, Quence.
Habitat, Illinois (Guenee).

Hydroecia rutila.

Gortyna rutila, Guenee.
Haiitat, New York State.

Hydroecia speciosissiina.

Oortyna speciosissima, G. & K.
HaMtat, Rhode Island.

Hydroecia nitela.

Oortyna nitela, Guen6e.
Habitat, Atlantic District.

Hydroecia uebris.

Oortyna nebris, Guenee.
Habitat, Atlantic District.

Hydroecia nictitans, lorea, sera, immanis, stramentosa, have been
already correctly described from our Territory under this genus.

Gortyna cataphracta, Orote.
Habitat, Atlantic District.

Represents in our ftiuna the European Gortyna flavago. Harris
Gortyna leucostigma is probably the same as Guenee's rutila ; the
name proposed by Harris is preoccupied and cannot be retained in
any event. The Gortyna zeae of Harris, I have already referred to
Achatodes. Guenee re-describes this species under the specific
name of sandix.

Ablepharon,* n. g.

Ocelli. Eyes naked. Antennae in botli sexes without pectinations, simple,
not brush-like, under a liiglier power Avitli very short pubescence. Tongue

* Gr.: a et (3?.E(papov.

112

rather sliort and weak, testaceous. Wings rather broad; fore wings acute with
straight external margin. Thorax rounded in front ; abdomen proportioned,
without tufts. Tibiae non-spinose ; anterior pair slightly thickened. Ornamen-
tation Lucania-like. All lines and spots obsolete ; tints neutral ; with longitu-
dinal darker shades on the primaries, which, in A. Henrici, broadly contrast.
From all the genera allied to Leucania differing by the simple antennae.

Ablephuron Henrici.

Leucania Henrici, Grote, huj. scrip.
Habitat, Atlantic District (Buffalo, June, Mr. Zescli).

Ablepliaron eyanida.

Leucania evanida, Grote, huj. scrip.
Habitat, Atlantic District (New York).

Ommatostola,^ n. g.

Ocelli. Eyes naked, strongly lashed. Maxillae comparatively stout, corne-
ous, dark. Antennae scaled above, bristled beneath, with two more rigid
spinules on each joint. Robust, thickly haired ; thorax large, square in front
without tufts ; head prominent, eyes large. Wings elongate ; primaries with
straight costal and rounded external margin.

The want of a clypeal projection separates both Ablepharon and
Ommatostola from Nonagria. From Leucania the naked eyes
separate our two new genera. From Tapinostola and Calamia the
lashes, very prominent in Ommatospila. The simple antennae
separate Ablepharon from any of the genera described by Lederer.
The present genus seems more nearly related to Tapinostola. In
ornamentation and size it approaches Calamia.

Ommatostola Lintneri, Gr-ote.

$ . — Size rather large ; body stout ; abdomen exceeding hind wings, of the
usual shape, not pointed, swelled or tufted ; thorax hairy ; eyes naked, strongly
lashed ; head large, not retracted ; antennae scaled above, bristled beneath.
Of the usual yellowish testaceous color ; fore wings with the external margin
rather full and rounded ; costal region shaded Avith white, and all the veins
more or less completely marked with white scales, interrupted with blackish ;
no markings visible except the t. p. line, which is well indicated by black dots

* Gr.: 'ufj./ua et aroAr).

113

on the veins ; blackisli sliadings accompany the sub-costal nervure on the cell,
the median and internal nervures and obtain terminally, and especially supe-
riorly, on the interspaces ; fringes concolorous ; hind wings white, with a faint
testaceous tinge; nervules obsoletely indicated; head and thorax yellowish
testaceous without markings ; beneath there are no markings, wings and body
whitish ; veins on primaries indicated by blackish scales.

Expanse, 40 m. m. Length of hody, 18 m. m.
Habitat, New York (coll. J. A. Liutuer, No. 2588).

Cncullia Yosemitae, Orote, Plate 3, fig. 3 9 .

? . — Eyes naked, but with lashes ; abdomen exceeding the hind wings, but
shorter than in intermedia, which this species rather resembles in general color,
but is much more distinctly marked ; as usual the legs are proportionately short,
the palpi thickly and finely scaled with small projected terminal joint. Pure
dusty gray, not bluish gray, as in intermedia and its European allies, but rather
brownish ; the median lines are well marked and black ; a basal black dash on
submedian fold, extending to the inward dentation of the t. p. line, more or
less distinctly ; median lines very approximate inferiorly where the outward
dentation of the t. a. line nearly touches the corresponding inward dentation
of the t. p. line, above which point the t. p. line is heavily marked between
vein 2 and the fold ; there is a fine oblique black streak across median space
above the submedian fold ; t. p. line so contiguous to the empty finely black
ringed reniform, that its acute dentations opposite the cell appear as the outer
edge of the spot which is obsolete ; orbicular empty, finely black ringed, large,
rather elongate ovate, lying very obliquely on the cell ; a series of blackish
interspaceal lines ; those between veins 2 and 5 extended inwardly, alternating
with the outward dentations of the t. p. line ; the subterminal line indicated
by pale points on these lines ; fringes interrupted at the extremity of the
veins by pale scales. Hind wings griseous, with paler fringes and faint indi-
cations of a median line; beneath griseous, powdery, with faint discal marks
and traces of a common line ; body griseous, concolorous, collar with a black
line.

Expanse, 42 m. m.

Habitat, California (coll. Theo. L. Mead, No. 29 ; Yosemite, Oct.
12tli).

The thoracic vestiture is displaced on my specimen, so that I can-
not observe its peculiarities.

BUL. BUF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (15) JtJLT, 1873.

114

Xylina scnlpta, Qrote, Plate 3, fig. 1 $ .

t, 2 . — Eyes naked ; middle and Mnd tibia spinose ; frontal tuft very short,
improminent, not projectedly bifid, as in tlie typical species Xylina Bethunei,
Grote and Xylina signosa, Walker.^ Thorax squared, with the shoulders well
defined ; abdomen flattened ; gray, shaded with blackish, with distinct orna-
mentation ; a basal linear black dash ; transverse lines geminate and much
as in Xylina capax, G. & R., which this species strongly resembles ; t. a. line,
with the outer component line best expressed, dentate below costa, running
obliquely outwardly in its general course, acuminate on submedian fold where
it is connected by blackish scales with an acute inward inflection of the t. p.
line at this place, inwardly dentate on vein 1 ; orbicular sometimes not defined
against the ground of the wing ; median shade blackish, diff"use ; reniform of
the usual kidney-shape; t. p. line well projected, interspaceally lunulate, its
inner line most distinct and marking outwardly the veins at the point between
the lunulations ; subterminal line irregular, preceded by difl"use blackish
shadings and irregular cuneiform iuterspaceal marks ; sometimes vein 2 is
accentuated, but there is no continuation of the streak on median space on the
submedian fold beyond the t. p. line; terminal interspaceally dentate line
marked by black points. Hind wings rather pale, powdery, with an indistinct
continued median dentate line, discal dot and subterminal shade, better ex-
pressed in $ , and a distinct black terminal line interrupted by the veins.
Beneath the primaries are dark, with the subterminal line indicated by con-
trast with the paler terminal space, exterior line indicated on costal region ;
hind wings pale with the dot, dentate and terminal lines of the upper surface
repeated.

Ex^yanse, 40 m. m.

HaUtat, Philadelphia (C. A. Blake, Number 43); New York
(Theo. L. Mead, Number 119).

Smaller thau X. capax, and with the reniform more kidney-
shaped ; more purely gray and black, less pui-plish and dark.

Calpe Canadensis, Betliune.

Plusiodonta? purpiirascens , Walker.
Oraesia sobria, Walker.

Habitat, Canada ; New York.

I regret that in our notes on the N. Am. Lepidoptera contained
in the British Museum, Mr. Eobinson and myself have erroneously
considered Mr. Walker's descriptions of this species as earlier. The

6 Mr. Walker's descriptions in this genus are almost useless ; I have identified his Xylina
contrana as a redescription of Hyppa xylinoides.

115

synonymy of this species will show the general style of Mr. Walk-
er's determinations in the moths correctly. The species represents
in our fauna the European Calpe thalictri.

Lygrantlioeciaj Orote and Bohinson (1873).

This genus differs from Heliotlds in its slender and elongated body parts,
and less hairy squamation. From the section Melicleptria by the more
rounded thorax. The naked eyes have a short frilling of scales beneath.
The front is much flatter than in Heliotlds, and the palpi are more porrected.
The frontal scales are not mixed with hair, nor twisted towards a central
point, as in that genus. The habitus is more like Lepipolys, or even Schmia.
The shape of the abdomen is like IleliotMs proper, but the $ oviduct is
shortly salient and dependent. All the tarsi spinose, hind tibiae with two
pair of spurs ; middle tibiae with a single unequal pair, whereof one spur
very long; fore tibia with terminal spines. The squamation is peculiarly
pearly and powdery ; the fore wings are divided into fields, as in some species
of Heliotlds, but the sombre hind wings and under-surface do not recall the
gay coloration and ornamentation of that genus.

This genus was in manuscript at the time of Mr. Eobinson's
death. It had been remarked by him that the typical species,
Anthoecia rivulosa, had been unjustly used by Dr. Ilerrich-Schaeffer
to criticise Lederer's definition of Heliothis.

Lygranthoecia marginata, Orote and Bohinson.

Pyralis marginattts, Haworth.
Anthoecia rivulosa, Guenee.

Habitat, Massachusetts to Alabama. The European Chariclea
umbra, has for its synonym Heliothis marginata,\Qmmg the specific
name eligible for this species.

Lygranthoecia Tlioreaui, Orote and Robinson.

Anthoecia Thoreaid, Grote and Robinson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. 3, p.

181, Plate 3, fig. 80, 1870.

Hahitat, Pennsylvania to Alabama.

Heliolonche, Orote.

Antennae scaled, pubescent beneath in male, siniple in female, in which sex
the ovipositor is exserted as in Melicleptria ; ocelli ; front full, not convex ;

116

body thickly and lengthily haired ; size small ; labial palpi heavily fringed,
extending beyond the front ; fore wings lanceolate, hind margin long, obliquely
rounded, internal angle not prominent. Fore tibiae abbreviate, with a dispro-
portionately heavy claw, else all the tibiae without spines. Eyes constricted ;
no clypeal tubercle as in Omia. DiflFers from Melicleptria in the shape of the
primaries. The clypeus, while full, is not projected ; the thorax is square,
broad, and the whole body lengthily haired.

Heliolonche modicella, Orote, Plate 3, fig. 13 s .

$ 2 . — Fore wings obscure purple, with a wide, roundedly oblique, pale
yellowish fascia running from costal region, below the apices and costal margin,
to just above internal margin, at about basal third, not attaining the base of the
wing nor internal margin, which are covered with blackish olivaceous scales
that, extending upwardly, partially border the central fascia. On the cell a
longitudinal, pale yellowish shade streak ; fringes pale. Secondaries rounded,
small, wholly black, with pale fringes. Body blackish, clothed with olivaceous
hair. Beneath without markings, pale ; on the fore wings a faint indication
of the fascia of the upper surface, preceded at the base of the wing, and suc-
ceeded subterminally, by dusky scales.

Expanse, 17 m. m. Habitat, California (Theo. L. Mead,

No. 70).

HELIOTHIS, Ochsenheimer (1816).
Subgenus, Melicleptria Hiibner '' (1816).

Type : Noctua cardui, Esper.

Heliothis mitis, Crrote, Plate 3, fig. 7 2 .

$ . — Ocelli ; eyes naked ; front bulging, very full ; antennae simple, scaled ;
palpi and body without the very heavy fringing and vestiture of Heliolonche.
Size small. Fore wings dark, olivaceous yellow, tinted with bright ochreous.
A rounded, oblique, pale yellowish transverse exterior fascia, attaining internal
margin. The narrow subterminal darker ground shade between this and the
broader terminal pale yellowish space is, by contrast, distinct. A narrow ter-
minal linear continued shade of the darker ground color ; fringes bright
ochreous. A hardly perceptible discal longitudinal paler shade. The orna-
mentation of the fore wings recalls that of the preceding species. The shape
of these is, however, diiferent, the external margin being shorter and the
internal angle more determinate. Hind wings black, with pale yellow fringes.

■7 This section seems to me of at least equal value with Dianthoecia, and might be raised to
generic raiili.

117

Beneath largely blackish, without marks ; the apices and costal region and
the fringes of both wings pale yellowish.

Expanse, 18 m. m. A single specimen on flowers in July. Cen-
tral Alabama. Collection of this Society.

The fore tibiae are provided with a double row of spines, ter-
minating in longer claws; the other tibiae appear to me unarmed.

Heliothis Tillosns, Orote.
Melicleptria villosa, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. p. 531, Plate 6, fig. 6, 18G4.
Habitat, Colorado Territory.

Heliothis suetus, Qrote, Plate 3, fig. 10 f, .

<j . — Ocelli ; eyes naked ; antennae simple, scaled above, pilose beneath.
Body clothed with pale sericeous olivaceous hair. Fore wings dull purple,
equally overlaid with pale sericeous scales. No traces of ordinary lines.
Below median nervure, between the inceptions of veins 2 and 3, an even
nearly white band descends straightly to internal margin. Above median
nervure a whitish discal blotch takes the place of the orbicular and a second
broader, at the extremity of the cell, the place of the reniform. These two
discal demi-bands seem on either side continuous with the inferior band
which hence has a furcate appearance. Terminal space paler than the rest
of the wing, wanting the purple color, and indicating, by contrasting, a sub-
terminal line. Hind wings black with a broad median fuscia interrupted
medially and thus forming two large spots, the lower subquadrate, the upper
ovate ; fringes white. Beneath, largely white ; costal edge of primaries
white ; the deep black basal patch not attaining costa ; a large subquadrate
black discal spot ; transverse line indicated and followed by a large diffuse
blackish shade inferiorly. Hind wings largely whitish ; the black basal
patch does not attain costa and partly absorbs the large discal spot. The
wide, hind border is abbreviated.

Expanse, 23 m. m. Habitat, Colorado Territory (coll. Theo. L.
Mead, No. 7).

Kesembles the European H. purpurascens, but is more faintly
colored and the band of the fore wings is single inferiorly.

Heliotliis persimilis, Orote, Plate 3, fig, 11 ? .

S . — Perhaps the opposite sex or a variety of H. suetus. It differs as
follows: smaller and with olivaceous scales margining the median fascia

118

inwardly and obtaining on the cell between the two blotches. A third yellow-
ish-white spot on the cell nearer the base of the wing, at about basal fourth.
Hind wings with the spots much smaller than in H. suetus, the upper one
notably reduced. A third spot nearer the base of the wing. [This accessory
spot may be wanting in other specimens, since it is distinct on one wing,
and I can find no trace of it on the opposite side, while my specimen is in
perfect condition.] Beneath, much as in H. suetus, but the costal edge is
black, and on either pair the black color predominates ; the inner white
spot of the primaries is very distinct ; on the hind wings is a trace of a
subterminal line continued above the abbreviated marginal band.

Expanse, 21 m. m. Habitat, Colorado Territory (coll. Theo. L.
Mead, No. 6).

Heliotliis pauxillus, Orotc, Plate 3, fig. 6 <J .

$, . — Resembles the preceding two species, but the white bands and spots
of the primaries are here wanting, and the normal two median lines are
perceivable as paler flexuous lines, the transverse anterior arcuate, the
transverse posterior subsinuous. The wing wants all purple tints and is
dull sericeous olivaceous, the basal and subterminal spaces darker. Paler
shades on the median space indicate the discal spots. Fringes darker-shaded
at base. Hind wings black, with two small sub-equal yellowish spots situa-
ted rather nearer the base of the wing than usual. Fringes whitish. Be-
neath, much as in H. persimilis.

Expanse, 19 m. m. IlaMtui, Colorado Territory (coll. Theo. L.
Mead, No. 9).

Heliothis proruptus, Qrote.

Heliotliis proruptus, Grote, Trans. Am. Eut. Soc.Vol. IV, 1873.

Habitat, California.

Heliotliis spiuosae, Gueme.

Heliothis spinosae, Guem'e, p. 182, Plate 9, fig. 10, 1853.
Habitat, Canada (antli. Guenee).

Heliothis Iiirtellus, Grote and RoUnson.

Anttioeda hirtcUn, G. & R., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. 6, Plate 3,
fig. 3, 1865.

Habitat, Rhode Island.

119

This may be Gnenee's ftpinosne, while the figure in the Sjiecies
General but distantly recalls our species, and the description does
not agree entirely, especially in the color and position of the reni-
form spot.

Heliothis tuberculum, Buhner.

? Anthoecia tub&i'culum, Guenee.
HaMtat, "Pennsylvania" (auth. Hiibner).

Hiibner's figure points to a species yet to be discovered by us,
while M. Guenee's identification may be inexact, since the hind
wings are described as "jaunes" in the Species General.

Heliothis binus.

Anthoecia hinn, Guen6e, p. 186, 1852.

AntJioecia Una, Grote, Proc. E. S. Phil., p. 342, 1863.

Habitat, Amerique Septentrionale (auth. Guenee).

Heliothis brevis.

Anthoecia brevis, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Pliila., p. 530, plate 6,
fig. 4, 1864.

Halitat, Colorado Territory. A specimen from the Territory
taken by Theo. L. Mead, and numbered 8, perfectly corresponds
with my type, and measures 25 m. m. in expanse.

Heliothis atrites, Orote.

Anthoecia brevis, Grote, q var., Proc. E. S. P., p. 530, plate 6, fig. 5,
1864.

I have seen a second specimen in St. Louis, which was larger,
while otherwise agreeing with the specimen from Colorado Terri-
tory, and I feel little hesitation in retaining it under a distinct
name.

Heliothis arciferus.

Anthoecia arcigera, Guen6e, vol. 2, p. 184.
Anthoecia arcifera, Guen6e, vol. 3, p. 399.

Anthoecia arcifera, Grote, Proc. Eut. Soc. Phila., p. 340, plate 6,
fig. 3, 1863.

Habitat, New York; Pennsylvania.

120

Heliotliis Spraguei.

Anthoeda Spraguei, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., p. 341, plate 6,
figs. 4 and 5, 1863.

JIaiitaf,'Nevf York; Pennsylyauia ; New Jersey.

This species unites in its coloration the first and second groups
of M. Guenee's genus Anthoecia. There seems to be no value to
that arrangement, since M. Guenee's Antlioecia rivulosa is not rela-
ted to A. arcifera, but to A. Thoreaui, G. & E., a species which
apparently would have been excluded by M. Guenee from his first
group.

Heliothis lynx.

Anthoecia lynx, Guenee, p. 185.
Habitat, Massachusetts to Alabama.

Heliotliis Packardi.

Anthoecia Packardii, Grote, Proc. E. S. Pliila., p. 538, plate 6,
fig. 2, 1864.

Habitat, Colorado Territory.

Heliotliis uobilis.

Anthoecia noUlis, Grote, Proc. E. S. P., p. 529, plate 6, fig. 3, 1864.

Habitat, Colorada Territory. Perhaps the same as the foregoing.
In the collection before me from the Territory are no specimens of
either form, nor of the succeeding two species brought from thence
by Mr. Ridings.

Heliothis mortuus.

Anthoecia mortua, Grote, Proc. E. S. P., p. 528, plate G, fig. 1, 1864.
Habitat, Colorado Territory.

Heliothis jaguarinus.

Anthoecia jaguarina, Giien6e, vol. 2, p. 184, plate 9, fig. 11, 1852.
Anthoecia jaguarina, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., p. 528, 1864.

Habitat, Colorado Territory (coll. Ridings).

121

Subgenus Tnmila, Guenue (1852).

Type : Noctua Dundiiia, Drury.

Ueliuthis nuudiuus.

Noctua nundina, Drury.
Habitat^ New York; Pennsylvania; New Jersey.

Heliothis Meadi, Grote, Plate 3, fig. 5.

5 . — Fore wings bright olivaceous green, with silvery white transverse lines ;
basal half-line silvery white ; transverse anterior line rather broad, silvery,
forming a single arcuation, interrupted about median nervure by two minute
black streaks ; a similar interruption marks the transverse posterior line below
median nervure ; transverse posterior line silvery, forming two inward arcua-
tions, the first to vein 5, the second to internal margin immediately on which
the line straightens ; median space with a pale diffuse shade inferiorly pre-
ceding the t. p. line below the nervure ; medially, on the cell, is a pale spot
which extends superiorly along costal region to the t. p. line ; the bright oli-
vaceous green subterminal space extends opposite the cell to the terminal mar-
gin, dividing the pale terminal space ; the subterminal line is only indicated
by the contrast between the bright subterminal and the pale creamy yellowish
terminal space ; fringes pale, cut with olivaceous green ; hind wings whitish,
with a broad, black marginal band, half interrupted as usual on the margin
before anal angle, and a broad discal lunule fused with blackish basal scales ;
fringes white ; beneath creamy white ; the primaries show an inferior basal
black dash, two discal spots, the outer the larger, and a diffuse black inferior
shade without the transverse line ; hind wings show a blackish discal lunule
and an abbreviated marginal band at anal angle ; thorax and abdomen creamy
whitish, paler beneath.

Expanse, 26 m. m. Habitat, Colorado Territory (coll. Theo. L.
Mead, No. 5).

This is the most beautiful species perhaps of the genus, and it
gives me pleasure to dedicate it to Mr. Mead, to whose kindness I
owe an opportunity for examining a rich collection of Noctuidae
from Colorado Territory, The present species differs throughout
from H. nundinus, to which its resemblance is only general, so that
a comparative description would be superfluous.

BUL. BITF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (16) JULY, 1873.

122

Subgenus Ileliothis, Oclisenlieimer.

Type : Noctua arniigera, IlUhncr.

Heliothis citrinellusj Orote and Robinson.

Heliothis citrinellus, Grote & Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. 8,
p. 180, plate 2, fig. 79, 1870.

Habitat, Texas.

Heliothis phlogophag'us. Grate and Robinson.

Hahitat, Western States; Colorado Territory (coll. Theo. L. Mead,
Number 23) ; California. This sjiecies is sometimes confounded
with H. armigera. In a late number of the American Xaturalist
(April, 1873) it is figured on p. 214, with an erroneous determina-
tion. On the same page, fig. 40 is considered to represent Anomis
xylina, which it does not. These errors impair the value of the
article which the figures illustrate.

Heliothis armigera, Huhner.

Heliothis umbrosus, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Pliila., Vol. 1, p. 319, 1862.

This is the "Boll-worm" of agricultural Avriters, and is more or
less destructive to the cotton boll in the Southern States, where it
is widely distributed. It is there often erroneously considered as
the same as Anomis xylina, which is the true " Cotton worm," feeds
on the leaf, occurs in swarms at varying periods, and belongs
structurally to a lower group of the family. I consider Anomis
xylina as an introduction, and not as a true habitant of the Cotton
belt. From the irregularity of its appearance, its defective economy
(brought about by feeding on an annual, whereas in the countries
of which it is a native, the cotton plant lasts several years), and the
circumstantial evidence offered by its progression northward, de
novo, every year that it occurs within our limits, I conclude that its
introduction is due to secondary causes. It is killed out every
Avinter Avith the destruction of the plant by the frost in central
Alabama, Georgia and the Carolinas. The last act of the successiA'e
generations is often to lly out of the loosely Avebbed and defenseless

123

pnpa into the face of the frost. Ou warm winter days the moths may
be disturbed in shelter. Since cotton is plan ted after the sj^ring vege-
tation has appeared, and no worm troubles the early plants, it is
evident that Anomis xylina does not exist at that time in any
stage. For if it existed as a moth, it would perish before the plant
was up upon which to deposit; if as an egg, this would hatch
equally before the food was ready ; if as a chrysalis, it could not lie ex-
ceptionally dormant while kindred life was active, unless in all these
cases it suited itself to the altered economy of its food plant.
I have never found it in any stage in the Cotton belt in the early
spring. The rapid numerical increase of individuals in the native
broods may be owing to the absence of parasitic checks which have
been escaped in migrating, and left behind in more Southern coun-
tries. On the other hand, Heliothis armigera is a resident of the
United States. While a comparison of American specimens
(umbi'osus) with European individuals {annigera) affords me no ap-
parently valid distinguishing characters, I yet remark that the
larvae have not been compared. I am not yet prepared to believe
that the species has been introduced from Europe, feeding, as it
does here, on some peculiarly American genera of plants. Yet, ac-
cording to Guen^e, its habitat is very extended, since it has been
taken in Australia, where, however, it may have been introduced
since the colonization and from America. It occurs apparently
rarely in Europe, whereas it is here common. Has it reached
Europe by a westward route from California ? We shall probably
soon write after its habitat — the world.

HELIOCHILUS, Grote (1865).

Heliocliilus paradoxus, Grote.

The aberrant neurntion distinguishes this genus, originally de-
scribed from Colorado Territory. I have taken the species in Cen-
tral Alabama, apparently only diflFering from my types by its smaller
size. I learn that the genus has been since discovered in Northern
Ilindostan.

124

CHAllICLEA, Kirby.

Chariclea expriinens.

Heliothis exprimens. Walker.

Represents in the Atlantic District the European Chariclea
umbra, Lederer {Heliothis marginata, Auct.).

Ar^illophora,* n. g.

Ocelli. Antennae simple, scaled, pubescent in both sexes. Labial palpi
porrected, curved, coarsely scaled, held apart from, but not exceeding, the front,
divaricate. Wings rather wide and subaugulate. Fore wings roundedly pro-
duced opposite median nervules, below which the external margin is cut
inwardly to internal angle. Hind wings with rather determinate apices, full
about median nervules and a little inwardly cut before anal angle. Primaries
12-veined ; 3, 4, 5, near together, 5 near 4, joined by a portion of the cross
vein which is discontinued, leaving the cell open. An accessory cell from the
middle of the lower margin of which 6 is angulatedly thrown off opposite 5 ;
7 and 8 arise together from the outer point of the cell ; 9 out of 8 to costa
just before apex ; 10 out of the upper margin of the cell near its apex to
costa ; 11 out of subcostal nervure opposite 2 ; 12 a simple nervure to costa
near 11. Hind wings with two internal veins, 1 and la ; 3 and 4 from one
point; 5 removed, springing from the cross vein which beyond its inception,
arcuatedly closes the cell ; 6 and 7 from one point, together ; 8 from the ner-
vure at a point within the inception of 2. Hind tibiae with double spurs.
Body linear ; abdomen exceeding the secondaries, with very minute dorsal
tufts.

The color is yellowish bnif, wings nearly alike, primaries with a
white angulate fascia, so that we are reminded of Lencania. But in
the arcuate palpi, the wide wings, their shape and the neuration,
we see that we have to do with a form allied to Spargaloma, and
belonging to a very different group of the family.

Argillopliora furcilla, Orote.

5 2 . — Dull creamy buff, shaded with blackish obliquely downwards from
the apex inwardly, and longitudinally from the base outwardly over the me-
dian space. A black dot at base, one at the locality for the orbicular, and one
(sometimes wanting) at the extremity of the cell, all parallel. A prominent

*Gr. : apyi2.2-oc et (pspo.

125

silvery white elbowed band, limited by black scales more or less evidently,
commences at the base of the wing below median nervure, and runs outwardly
a little obliquely and downwardly, not attaining the internal margin, to a
point beneath the second black dot, whence it ascends obliquely outwardly to
the extremity of the discal cell, there widening and terminating, but sending
beyond its termination on either side a continuing streak, the outer the longer,
limiting inwardly the oblique, dusky, apical shade. Thus the termination of
the white fascia is more or less furcate in appearance. A terminal series of
black dots ; fringes darker than the wing. Hind wings in the male more yel-
lowish and clear, without shades or markings, in the female more or less
smoky, in either sex with a terminal broken black line. Beneath the prima-
ries show a blackish oblique apical shade and a single transverse line, pro-
jected opposite the cell and more evident superiorly. Hind wings faintly
irrorate, with a minute discal dot and a subterminal atomical line running
straightly across the wing, not coinciding with external margin and sharply
angulate at about vein 6, thence running back to costa. In the female there
is a blackish cloud at apex which conceals the angulation of the line, the
course of which is peculiar to the group to which this form belongs. Body
concolorous with wings; thorax above minutely irrorate with black scales,
and these black scales also obtain over the surface of primaries at base. The
few dorsal dots along the abdomen seem raised and appear as incomplete
tufts.

Expanse, 24 m. m. Habitat, Central Alabama in July.

Harvey a, n. g.

Eyes naked, ocelli ; caputal squamation short and thick ; labial palpi free,
exceeding the front ; third joint half the length of the second, closely scaled ; ,5
antennae with a rather long cilial fringe across the joints beneath, converging
at the sides ; tarsi spinose ; legs strong, closely scaled, strongly spurred.
Body stout, smoothly and thickly scaled, in general form like Pimopoda ;
abdomen not exceeding anal angle of secondaries, comparatively stout and
thick, pointed at anus. Wings broad, densely squamose ; primaries with the
costa arcuate to the apices which are squarely cut, the external margin
descending at right angles, l%veined, 3, 4, 5 near together, 5 half the distance
from 4 that separates 3 from 4, cell closed centrally by a fold, 6 opposite 5
from the cross-vein as near the lower angle of the accessory cell as 5 from 4,
7 and 8 together from the apex of accessory cell, 7 to apex, 9 out of 8 a very
short furcation to costa ; cell double, divided obliquely centrally by a vein
which seems the prolongation of 10, upper side of the cell formed by 11,
which anastomoses with 10, beyond which the two veins are thrown off near
together to costa. Hind wings rounded, 8-veined, two internal veins (1 and
la), cell open, or closed by an incomplete fold, 3 and 4 together, 5 a little re-

126

moved, costal and subcostal veins anastomosing at base. The fringes are short;
internal margin lengthily haired ; alar squamation dense. The species is
broad-winged, stout, allied to Panopoda, Guenee, and Pleonectyptera, Grote.
The whole insect is dyed of a pale vermillion, darker, shaded with yellowish
above, and in its bright colors recalls both Pleonectyptera and the Geometri-
dae ; the usual lines and spots are absent. It has something of the compact
appearance of Pseudophia.

I name the genus after Dr. Leon F. Harvey, Secretary of this
Society, whose devotion to science and personal amiability merit
tlie only recognition it is in my power to bestow.

Harveya auripeiinis, Grote.

$ . — The whole insect is pale vermillion wdth an orange cast, shaded above
with dead buif or yellowish. The lines are obsolete on the fore wings above.
The transverse anterior line is merely indicated by two or three geminate, white
and black scale points. The transverse posterior line is pale, even, nearly per-
pendicular, angulated opposite the cell, thence running inwardly obliquely to
internal margin ; it is marked by black and white scale points on the veins ;
the line appears as a narrow yellowish thread-like shade, removed towards
the external margin. The reniform is sometimes perceptible as a vague yellow-
ish mark, tolerably large and of the usual shape. Outside of this runs the pow-
dery black median shade, the most prominent marking of the wing, sometimes
obsolete superiorly, and appearing as a powdery black spot on internal margin,
near the base of the t. p. line. A series of interspaceal subterminal black
streaklets followed by white points sometimes faded out. There is a pale
faint pruinose shade over the wing subterminally, which spreads over the
concolorous hind wings, these latter show no other marks save a vague contin-
uation of the markings of the t. p. line. Beneath, body and wings brighter
than above, without markings, though a faint common line is indicated.
Terminal joint of palpi with blackish scales ; tarsi black ish ; legs white dotted
at the knees and base of the joints.

Expanse 45 m. m. Habitat, Florida (Charles Linden legit);
Kentucky (Mr. Theo. L. Mead, No. 149).^

Spiloloma,^ n. g.

Ocelli. Eyes naked, without lashes. Front without projection. Middle
tibiae sparsely spinose ; fore and hind tibiae without spines ; all the tarsi-
spinose. Vein 5 of the hind wings equally strong, arising very near 4.

^ Gr. ; aniloc; et 'Abfia.

127

Abdomen without tufts. Labial palpi well developed, hardly exceeding the
vertex, thickly scaled ; third joint proportionally long. External margin of
the wings waved. Legs closely scaled; fore tibiae shortened and with a
swelling, more thickly haired. Antennae scaled above, thickly ciliate beneath,
with a lateral longer bristle on the sides of each joint. Wings wide ; size
rather large ; body proportionally slender. Squamation smooth and flattened,
without tufts ; between the antennae the scales have a forward direction with-
out forming a prominent interantennal tuft. Head proportionally large.
Collar discolorous, somewhat wide ; thorax square in front, rather heavy ;
abdomen proportionally slender, tapering, fully as long as the hind wings.

Differs from Lencanitis in the middle tibiae being alone spinose ;
from Catocala in the "^aved margin, smooth vestitnre, and concol-
orous wings; from Pseudophia by the non-si)inose hind tibiae;
from Harveya by the spinose middle tibiae, less thickly scaled
middle and hind legs, broader wings with Avaved external margins,
stouter palpi and slenderer shape. The ornamentation recalls
Megachyta lituralis, and certain of the Geometridae.

Spiloloma lunilinea^ Orote.

$ . — Pale brownish dove color. Collar da]*ker ; body concolorous. Fore
wings with obsolete ornamentation. Costal edge with four distinct deep
brown liturate spots marking the inception of the extra-basal, transverse
anterior, median shade and transverse posterior lines. Below these the
transverse lines are merely indicated by minute nervular dots. The median
shade is very faint, linear, somewhat ochreous. The ordinary spots are obsolete.
Subterminal line faintly indicated, marked on costa and preceded by two
costal marks. A darker shade over the median nervules on terminal
space. Hind wings concolorous, with the t. p. line continuous and formed
by minute nervular dots, and the pale subterminal, faintly indicated. Beneath,
without markings, except a quite distinct continued dark narrow extra-mesial
common lunulated line drawn across both wings, and accentuated on costal
region of primaries. A faint discal shade spot on the hind wings.

Expanse, 50 m. m. Hahitat, West Virginia (coll. Theo. L. Mead,
No. 148).

Our actual knowledge of our Moths, and more especially the
Noctuidae, is yet too indifferent and our collections too meagre, to
allow us to draw any stable conclusions with regard to their geo-
graphical distribution. While certain species occur from California

128

to Maine and southward to Texas, as for instance Heliothis armi-
gera, and certainly show little or no local variation, it is possible
that others, now separated by us specifically, may be hereafter
united as geographical races. The important work of Allen on
our Birds, sIioavs us the value of minute comparisons over wide
areas. But we are very far from possessing the basis for such intel-
ligent comparisons in the Moths. Our material must first be
named and the differences, such as we find them, exhibited, before
we can properly estimate the value of the distinctions we perhaps
may at first overweigh.

To the few intelligible figures of the older illustrators and the
Species General of M. Guenee, we have now to add the conscientious
labors of Lederer on the Pyralidae, and of Zeller on Texan Moths,
increasing the number of observations written in Europe on our
Moths, which are of permanent value. On the other hand the
otherwise great labor displayed in the compilation of the British
Museum Catalogue has been thrown away by the careless and
incomplete descrijitions it embodies, and it will remain a constant
obstacle to a correct synonymy if we continue to recognise it as an
authority. By its non-correction we are brought to face a dilemma
by which we must either commit an act of violence and reject the
Catalogue totally, or submit to the study of a repulsive compilation
from whence we cannot derive either correct information or cer-
tainty on any one point and expose our lists to endless and irri-
tating changes at the dictum of the British Museum. While the
first course is openly advocated by many European scientists, who
are in reality less interested in the matter than ourselves, I, for one,
must prefer the latter alternative, as I elect to suffer through an
injustice rather than to countenance an apparent wrong.

129

VIII. Descriptions of Noctuidae principally from
California

BY AUG. E. GROTE.
{Read before this Society, August 1, 1873.)

I OWE to the kiuduess of Professor A. S. Packard, Jr., of the
Peabody Acaderay of Science, Salem, Mass., a collection of Moths
from California and the Territory of ISTevada, for study and identi-
fication. The collections had been sent by Mr. Hy. Edwards and
Mr. James Behrens, to whom credit is given in the present Paper.
From the condition of some of the specimens and the necessity of
having a larger material for examination, I have not been able to
catalogue the entire collection at the present writing, and hope to
be able to turn again to the subject on receiving the necessary
material.

I have included in this Paper notes on certain species received
from other correspondents to wliom I am indebted for the favor.

Habrosyne scripta (Gosse).

Hahitat, Sitka (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 137).

The specimen (in poor condition) does not seem to differ from
our Eastern material. The species is very near the European H.
derasa. This genus and Thyatira have a singular distribution.
Habrosyne has one European species, derasa ; one Asiatic, gloriosa ;
one North American, scripta. Thyatira is credited with one Euro-
jjean, Batis; one Asiatic, vicina; one North American species,
pudens. The specific differences in each genus are slight, and are
perhaps due to the effects of climate, since our N. A. species of
either genus are brighter colored than the European. I remark,
however, that the larval forms of our species are unknown. Again

BUL. BUF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (17)' AUGUST, 1873.

130

it must be remembered that the species are all Arctogaeal. While
,both genera are Bombyciform iSToctuidae, it seems natural that they
should favor high latitudes, and H. scripta may be spreading south-
wards on this continent. We have it from Virginia, but I have
already remarked that the lepidopterous fauna of the Southern
States is not divisible from the Middle States, until, perhaps, we
come to the Floridian peninsula and Southern Texas. Hence I
would attach little value to descriptions of species princiiially based
on Southern localities, e. g., Grapta Cramer i, Scudder. I have the
Floridian Harveya auripennis, also from Kentucky; this seems to
me a Southern form spreading northwards, since the group to which
it belongs is more extensively developed as we progress towards the
equator.

Acronycta lepusciiliua, Gucnee.

Habitat, California (Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 72).

Two specimens are before me which are better marked beneath
than usual, but which belong evidently to this species. This must
not be confounded with A. lupini, Behr. A study of this genus
shows that the specific names retained under it represent very une-
qual values. Thus, Acronycta occidentalis, Grote, designates a form
which differs exceedingly slightly in the imago state from another,
Acronycta psi, while the two species differ very strongly as larvae
or in the young stage. Again, Acronycta lobeliae, Gucnee, repre-
sents a form that, comparatively speaking, cannot be mistaken in
any stage, as far as known. Yet where Ave find a difference we are
obliged to signalize it, the rather if we are amenable to the eviden-
ces offered by the theory of evolution of species through constantly
acting natural laws. AYhere, as in Acronycta, there is a prevailing
general uniformity in the appearance of the images of a single
group of species, and generally broad distinctions between the lar-
val forms, it is a not unreasonable conclusion that these larval
differences are gradually evolved by the workings of a natural pro-
tective law which intensifies their characters in the direction in
which they are serviceable to the continuance of the animal.

Understanding metamoi-phosis in insects as correlated with devel-
opment, and as a growth -period characterizing a more sudden

131

escape from a lower and more embryonic physical condition, Ave
may consider it as a reminiscent action, marking the successive
developmental halts in the kingdom, through which it is given to
some to pass, and at which it is fated that others shall perish.

Within the two series of suborders of Hesapoda, a synthetic t^^pe
has been shown by Packard to exist in the ISTeuroptera. In compar-
ing the Lepidoptera, a synthesis may be detected in the Bombycidae.
Thus the Lithosiinae resemble the Pyralidae, the Arctiinae the Noc-
tuidae, the Attacinae the Geometridae ; lower down the Cossinae the
Tineidae, though the actual interchange of the two latter must be
doubted, even since the discovery of such a form as Morpheis, per-
liaps the most extraordinary form of the suborder. Professor Pack-
ard has compared the thoracic structure of Sthenopis with the
Neuropterous Polystichoetes. And, in a general comparison Avith
the Neuroptera, the Lepidoptera are seen to advance along a line of
parallel development. Indeed the development of all the suborders
is at least biserial, reflecting the progress of the Order. Thus the
Diurnals resemble the higher Neuroptera in the position of the wings,
while in the lower Neuroptera these are deflexed as in the Moths. In
considering the general progression of the Hexapoda, the Devonian
and earliest forms known seem to be Neuropterous, nor is there yet
sufiicient evidence to prove that the common origin of Hexapoda
is to be carried back through suborders exclusively fossil. Yet that
the position of the N'europtera suggests such a third series, Avhich
is now no longer living, and Avhich has given rise to the Orthoptera,
Hemiptera and Coleoptera, and again to the Diptera, Lepidoptera
and Hymenoptera, cannot be denied. And that the Lepidoptera
are the more recent, palaeontological evidence rather confirms,
while we should not expect the Butterflies to be largely repre-
sented among the flowerless forests of the Carboniferous period.
On general grounds we shall agree that the common origin of Tra-
cheata is to be sought in the Zoeaeform Crustacea as suggested by
Haeckel. Packard's objection, that Leptus begins life on a higher
level than JSTauplius can hardly lead us to reject the crustacean origin
of Hexapoda, a type which must have been evolved from a littoral
biregional ancestry. In studying the larval forms of Hexaj)6da we
follow Packard's exposition of larval types. The exceptional i^osi-
tion of tiie abdomen in the young Lachnosterna recalls the usual

132

Saw-fly form, while the larvae of the Lepidoptera more generally
resemble the X^^^^o stages of the higher Bees. Hitherto recorded
observations suggest that the higher Tracheata have been evolved
by an effort of adaptation to a land life. The land was probably
visited at first irregularly and then at a stated life-period, while the
Hexapodous type affords an ascending series of grade in terrestrial
adaptation. The consideration of the general longer period of larval
life shows a connection with this effort, while the greater equaliza-
tion in duration of the periods of growth, or the curtailment of the
younger stage to the benefit of the adult, marks a permanent ad-
vance in t}"pe in Hexapoda.

In examining the general characters offered by the Lepidoptera,
attention has been already directed by Agassiz to the position of the
wings. The elevation of both pair in the Papilionidae necessitates
a single muscular action in the act of assuming flight. In the
Moths the primaries being deflexed and the hind wings doubled
upon themselves, an additional muscular movement is required
and, as I have assured myself, the wings are first independently
thrown forward. That the stronger-hued Diurnals are in all proba-
bility more recent in time than the Moths, must be, in default of
palaeontological evidence, as yet mere surmise ; yet Castnia sug-
gests the forms through which the Bombycidous type may have
passed.

The antennae of the Lepidoptera have early enlisted the attention
of classificators, but I find on reflection a renewed objection to
Boisduval's terras in the physical unimportance of the difference
they signalize. On comparing the antennae of the Moths and
Butterflies together, we should be rather struck by their rigidity
and uniform length in the latter group. The flexibility and
diversity of the appendages to the joints of the antennal stem
in the Moths, point to a more active use. From the stout,
rayed and short antennae of Attacus, to the thread-like, simple
and lengthy antennae of Adela, there is a wide diversity, in-
dicative of utilitarian change. When we remember the general
habit of the Moths, the necessity for a development of their percep-
tive faculties, independent of vision, seems obvious; their more
sensitive antennae may protect them from many enemies their
habit exposes them to. On the other hand the Butterflies arc more

I

133

protected by vision, and the rigidity, togetlier with the general
uniformity of the antennae, seems to be the result of desuetude.
Clemens' experiment in the excision of the antennae of Platysamia
cecropia, points to a different conclusion from that reached by him,
viz.: that the antennae are instruments of atmospheric palpation.
The power of hovering was hardly lost through anteunal mutila-
tion, but suspended through the consequent loss of a heavy percent-
age of the perceptive faculties. On occasion I have noticed that the
loss of the antennae in the Butterflies has not been attended by an
equivalent result. Finally it does not seem reasonable to expect a
complete differentiation of the senses in the Articulata.

Admetovisj n. g.

Ocelli. Eyes hairy. Front full, closely scaled, exceeded by tlie roughly
scaled labial palpi. Antennae shorter in the male, each joint provided with
rather stout corneous lateral pectinations, giving off at the extremity a
stouter bristle, and more finely bristled beneath ; in the female longer and
simple. The tibiae are unarmed ; legs stout and long. The body is long, stout
and fusiform, thorax elevated, rather short, crested behind ; abdomen long and
stout, exceeding the secondaries by nearly a third of its length. In the female
the stout ovipositor is notably extruded. The maxillae are moderately stout.
The wings are long, with very straight costal margin of primaries, rather acute
apices and oblique, but little rounded, hind margin.

Apparently the nearest European ally to our genus is Brithys,
from which Admetovis differs decidedly in the shape of the wings,
the extruded ? ovipositor, the sexual difference in the antennal
length, and stouter maxillae.

Admetovis oxymorus, Grote, Plate 4, fig. 5, $ .

$ . — Bright gray. Median lines perpendicular, accompanied by paler shades,
approximate, irregular, transverse posterior more regularly scalloped. Orbicu-
lar rather large, subquadrate, double-ringed, concolorous. Reniform whitish
with a brown internal annulus, claviform indistinct. Subterminal space pale,
washed with a delicate brown, deepening in color to the strongly expressed
subterminal line which is the most prominent feature of the wing. The line
appears to arise on the external margin at vein 8 below the apices, whence it
runs inwardly, meeting the margin again at the extremity of vein 4 ; here it
runs inwardly again, shortly dentate on vein 3, forming a wide scallop and

134

joining the internal margin midway between tlie angle and the base of the
transverse posterior line. It is of an intense deep brown with a thread-like
white outer border. The gray terminal space is thus divided by it into unequal
portions. An interrupted black terminal line; the gray fringes are a little
produced at the extremity of the nervules. Hind wings obscure ochrey white,
with a light brownish diffuse exterior shade ; the nervules incompletely marked
with dark scales and a subcontinuous marginal black line ; fringes whitish
with an internal dark line. Tegulae gray, contrasting with the light brown
collar and thoracic disc and tuft ; abdomen colored like the secondaries. Be-
neath the wdngs are pale, shaded with reddish over the apices and costal mar-
gins, sparsely dusted with dark scales, with a common exterior line emphasized
on the veins and faint discal dots more apparent on the hind wings ; a faint
subterminal line appears contrasted by the difference in tone of the subterm-
inal and terminal shades.

Expanse, 46 m. m. Length of hody, 24 m. m. (including ovipositor).
IlaMtat, California, Sierra Nevada (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 2733).

^ . — At first sight, and with a different locality, the specimen I re-
gard as belonging to this species, would not be considered as refera-
ble to it. The thorax and fore wings are uniformly gray sprinkled
with darker scales. The reniform is coucolorous and both spots rel-
atively larger. The most prominent difference is expressed by the
absence of the contrasting light and brown color of the subterminal
space, which is here coucolorous. The subterminal line is, however,
here brown, distinct, and in its general course the same as in the
opposite sex ; it forms a more evident W-shaped< mark by its denta-
tions on veins 4 and 3 ; it runs backward above vein 8 to costa,
leaving the apices gray; however a faint trace of this action is visi-
ble in the female, in which the apices are coucolorous and apparently
fused with the subterminal space. The hind wings are more whitish
with a more determinate darker band and beneath the specimen
lacks the reddish shade of the female, with an otherwise similar
appearance of the wings.

Expanse, 46 m. m. Lengtli of hody, 22 m. m. Ilahitat, Colorado
Territory (coll. Mr. Theo. L. Mead, No. 54, 'VJ.

Ajrotis YancouvereusiSj Grote, Plate 4, fig. 4, i .

$ . — Light brown with pale shadings. A very broad distinct basal dash,
widening outwardly, extends into the median space, apparently concealing the
claviforui. T. a. line strongly dentate inferiorly. Discal spots set in the black

135

filling of the cell. Transvere posterior line unusually sharply denticulate; the
pale Bubterminal line preceded by large cuneiform brown marks. An inter-
rupted black terminal line on the margin ; fringes light brown. Hind wings
fuscous without markings, save from the reflection of the black and distinct
discal liture of the under-surface ; fringes as on primaries. Beneath fuscous
without markings except the discal spots, which are unusually broad on the
secondaries. Thorax above brown with darker lines on the collar.

Expanse, 40 m. m. Habitat, Vancouver's Island (coll. Mr. Ily.
Edwards, No. 2634).

A rather large, broad-winged species, allied to A, oLeliscoides and
A. yenerabilis, differing by the dentate and distinct transverse pos-
terior line.

Agrotis sancia {Buhner).

Habitat, California (coll. Mr. Ily. Edwards, No. 157). The Amer-
ican specimens, described by Harris as Agrotis i^ierinis, are not dis-
tinguished. In the same way Harris describes our specimens de-
termined by Guenee as Agrotis suffusa, under the name of Agrotis
telifera.

Agrotis Wilsoni, Grote, Plate 4, fig. 3, $, .

$ . — Hind and middle tibiae spinose. Eyes naked. Antennae bristled, the
joints with lateral fascicles. Fore wings singular in appearance, as if overlaid
from the base to the terminal space with a smooth olivaceous-ochrey shade, in
which the distinct, black, pale-circled, attenuate ordinary spots appear as if
cut out. At the base of the wing are some blackish marks indicating the basal
half-line. On costa there is a darker somewhat ferruginous shade preceding
the inception of the subterminal line, which is inwardly dentate opposite the
cell and may appear by contrast against the blackish terminal space. No or
very faint traces of the ordinary lines. Terminal line a series of very distinct
black linear marks. Secondaries fuscous, a little paler basally, with whitish
faintly interlined fringes. Beneath very pale, without lines, but with the
reniform on the primaries distinctly reproduced and a black discal comma
mark on the hind wings. Thorax with ferruginous shades on the collar and
centrally ; abdomen pale ochreous with the anal hairs reddish.

Expanse, 37 m. m. Habitat, California (Mr. James Behrens,
No. 12). I know of no species resembling this in ornamentation.
I respectfully dedicate the species to Mr. "Walter T. Wilson, whose
services to Natural Science deserve to be held in remembrance.

136

Ammocouia badicoUis, Grote, Plate 4, fig. 18, 2 .

$ . — Eyes naked, strongly laslied. Middle and hind tibiae spiuose. Abdomen
narrow, without tufts, anal segment laterally compressed. Thorax with a
slight tuft behind the collar, the latter medially produced. Gray, powdered
with brown, with a warm tint which becomes reddish on the under-surface of
the winga. Primaries with the ordinary lines partially eiFaced. The incep-
tions of the basal, transverse anterior and transverse posterior lines are marked
with blackish brown on costa ; between the first two the costal region is free
from brown scales. T. a. line skirting the large, concolorous, decumbent orbic-
ular, beneath which it is very fine, arcuate outwardly on submedian interspace,
running inwardly on vein 1, again outwardly projected to internal margin. A
short brown shade on the cell connects the transverse vaguely-outlined reni-
form, which is hardly as large as the orbicular. T. p. line geminate, consisting
of a pale included space margined inwardly by an obsolete line, and marked
outwardly by black and white nervular dots obsolete superiorly. Subterminal
line whitish, more or less fragmentary and irregular, preceded by a brown
shade. A terminal lunulated deep brown line corresponding to the slightly
waved external margin. Hind wings pale fuscous, with pale fringes and
depressed external margin opposite the cell. Beneath, the wings are reddish
along costal and external margins, show rather distinct linear discal marks
and a common exterior transverse blackish line. Body parts beneath tinged
with reddish, legs brownish. Palpi prominent, brown at the sides. Collar
contrasting, clear pale leather brown, Avith a distinct superior black line.

Expanse, 38 m. m. Habitat, Albany, N. Y. (Mr. J. A. Lintner,
No. 2558).

Pieonectopoda,^ n. g.

Eyes naked, with lashes. All the tibiae spinose; anterior pair with a longer
lateral spinule at the extremity of the joint, at the termination of each row of
spinules. Head thickly haired and thus concealing a flattened clypeal protu-
berance. Tongue strong, corneous. Male antennae with the edges of the
antennal joints projected, bristled in lateral tufts. Size moderate, ornamenta-
tion Agrotiform.

The single species differs from Agrotis by the lashes of the eyes
and from Cladocera by the corneous tongue. In the tibial armature
the genus resembles Mamestra E h. The vestiture of the head and
thorax is hairy and thick; behind the centrally projected collar a
mesial crest of elevated hair traverses the thoracic disc.

^ Qr.; (iXeovexTG) et novg.

137

Pleonectopoda Lewisij Orote, Plate 4, fig. 10, 3 .

5 . — Reddish purple brown, not unlike Agrotis plecta or leucostigma in gen-
eral color, but more robust and without the pale longitudinal shades on prima-
ries. Transverse lines obliterate. Median lines dark, narrow, faint ; t. p. line
sublunulate, projected opposite the cell, running evenly to internal margin.
Ordinary spots large, concolorous, with a narrow pale powdery edging, sepa-
rated by a black well-defined shade which fills up the cell and is slightly ap-
parent before the orbicular. Median shade apparent below the orbicular and
approximate to the t. p. line. Subterminal line pale. Terminal space duller,
paler, less red than the rest of the wing ; no terminal line, fringes concolorous.
Hind wings pale testaceous fuscous, silky, without marks above or below.
Head and thorax reddish ; feet pale dotted ; abdomen a little darker than sec-
ondaries. Costal edge of primaries with anteapical pale dots, visible on the
red-stained costal edge beneath. The fore wings beneath are like secondaries,
without marks.

Expanse, 34 m. m. Hahitat, Colorado Territory (No. 31, coll.
Theo. L. Mead).

Named in memory of Josepli S. Lewis, late of this Society, a
student of Entomology, who perished untimely by the railroad
accident at Angola on the 18th day of December, 1867, at the age
of 24 years.

Enpsephopaectes, n. g.

Eyes hairy, without lashes ; antennae ( 2 ) of the usual length, scaled above,
pilose beneath, with two short stout bristles to each joint; front closely scaled,
without prominence, rather narrow ; tongue long and corneous ; legs unarmed ;
thorax subquadrate with a slight anterior and more prominent posterior crest ;
abdomen with a dorsal ridge but ( 2 ) untufted. Head prominent ; the caputal
squamation is massed between the antennae, front untufted. Palpi prominent,
exceeding the front, directed obliquely forwards, closely scaled. Wings elon-
gate and rather narrow ; primaries widening outwardly, with straight costal
edge ; apices very slightly blunted ; external margin short, evenly rounded ;
internal margin subsinuate. Hind wings moderate, exceeded by the abdomen.
The fringes and the external margins of both wings lightly scalloped. Orna-
mentation Hadena-like ; mimicking the Sphingid genus Dupo.

The genus differs at once from all the genera allied to Hadena
(with which I would associate it), such as Prodenia, Brotolomia,
Phlogophora, Euplexia, Jaspidea, by its distinctly hairy eyes. From

BUL. BUP. SOC. NAT. SCI. (18) AUGUST, 18"3.

138

Mamestra by the sinuate internal margin of the primaries and the
more produced apices. The moth is extraordinary for the resem-
blance which its primaries present to those of Dupo vitis or D.
Linnei. The resemblance to Prodenia is therefore also strong.

Eupsephopaectes procinctiisj Orote, Plate 4, fig. 6.

2 . — The dark greenish-black ground-color of the primaries has a light
purple cast along costa and over the narrow defined external margin. The
bands and lines are pale brownish-ochrey. The median nervure and veins 3
and 4 are striped with pale ochreous scales to subtenninal line. The trans-
verse anterior line is angulated, geminate and margins obliquely outwardly,
below median nervure, a triangulate basal patch of the ground color, the inner
pale margin of which is furnished by a purplish shade extending obliquely
upwardly from the base of the wing, while a pale streak above internal margin
provides the base of the triangle. The ordinary spots are opposedly oblique,
pale and double-ringed, and hence enclose a V-shaped dark space of the ground
color on the cell. A broad pale ochrey band runs downwardly obliquely from
the apices to vein 1, which it joins at the extremity of the transverse anterior
line. The pale single transverse posterior line accompanies this band from vein
5 downwards, it is dentate on 5 and, above it, runs inwardly upwardly to costa,
which it joins above the reniform. The subterminal line appears below the
oblique apical band as a series of pale interspaceal streaks followed by dark
dots of the ground color of the wing before the purplish contrasting terminal
space, which latter shows double terminal hair-lines ; fringes pale. Internal
margin striped with ochrey brown. Secondaries fuscous, whitish towards base
and centrally ; veins dark ; fringes pale, white-tipped, with a middle dark line.
Beneath, with reddish powderings ; on secondaries a discal dot. Tegulae pale
ochrey, with dark marginal lines. Collar with several alternate pale and dark
hair-lines, neatly marked.

Expanse, 45 m. m. HaUtat, California (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards,
No. 73).

Mamestra chartaria, Orote, Plate 4, fig. 13, ^ .

$ $ . — Eyes hairy ; fore tibiae unarmed ; the species belongs to Lederer's
section E c, and resembles in color, size and appearance M. alhifusa and M.
chenopodii. Gray, shaded with olivaceous testaceous, all the markings distinct
and colors clear. Basal half-line geminate, black, distinctly marked (as are all
the other lines) on costa, with included white scales. T. a. line similar in ap-
pearance, the inner line, below the costa, less distinct. Claviform blunt and
rounded, dark-shaded. Orbicular rather large, pale and sometimes undefined.

139

Reniform exceedingly large and cliaracteristic ; it is filled in inferiorly, over
the inception of tlie m. nervules, by a blackisli blotch. Median shade approxi"
mate to the reniform, a blackish streak well marked on costa, but below the
reniform appearing as an inwardly slightly oblique lunulated line. T. p. line
like the other lines, sinuous, not much exserted, lunulate with white included
scales. Two white costal dots before the subterminal, on a darker costal shade
which precedes the subterminal line on costal region to vein 7. Subterminal
similar to the other lines, without a very prominent W-mark ; the narrow ter-
minal space is dark and appears as a prominent spot opposite the cell ; a den-
tate terminal line ; fringes cut with dark scales as in allied species. Hind
wings paler in the 5 , with a line and diffuse darker border in either sex ; fringes
whitish. Beneath pale, with a very distinct dark common line, accented on the
veins, and diffuse subterminal darker shades ; discal litures more or less evident.
The abdomen is not crested, except incompletely at base, terminates squarely in
either sex, and without any external appearance of the oviduct in the female.
Male antennae ciliate beneath, impectinate, scaled. Thorax colored like fore
wings with blackish lines on collar and margining the tegulae.

Expan&e, 34 to 36 m. m. Habitat, California (colls. Mr. James
Behrens, Nos. 6 and 15, and Mr. Henry Edwards, No. 173). Less
glaucous than the European M. sodae, H.-S., figs. GG-67, and differ-
ing in the details of the ornamentation.

Mamestra cuneata, Grote, Plate 4, fig. 9, $ .

$ $ . — Eyes hairy ; fore tibiae unarmed, size small, abdomen dorsally with
small tufts which are more regular in the female ; the species belongs struc-
turally to the same group as M. latex. Wood-brown with ashen shades, a
black basal streak supporting the half-line. The median lines are geminate
with included pale ashen shades, and approach each other on the submedian
interspace above vein 1, where the claviform, concolorous with the dark me-
dian space, nearly approaches the t. p. line. Ordinary spots similar in appear-
ance, pale ashen, obovate. The t. p. line is succeeded by pale nervular dots.
The subterminal space becomes paler before the subterminal line and, on the
submedian fold, at the inward angulation of the pale s. t. line, there is a distinct
deep yellow (ever green ?) cuneiform mark. The W-mark is obsolete ; terminal
space dark, concolorous with median. A terminal whitish dentated hair-line, the
dentations alternating with black lines, and preceded by black points. Secon-
daries dark fuscous with paler interlined fringes. Beneath fuscous with
warmer costal tints and faint common line. Thorax lined ; tegulae more or
less conspicuously whitish.

Expanse, 30 to 32 m. m. Halitat, California (coll. IMr. ITy. Ed-
wards, No. 175). Four specimens examined.

140

Mamestra niveiguttata, Grote, Plate 4, fig. 16, (, .

S ? . — Eyes hairy ; female abdomen pointed at the extremity, but without
perceptible extrusion of the oviduct. The shape of the $ abdomen seems to
be intermediate between Dianthoecia and Mamestra, and to weaken the validity
of the former genus. Size quite small, smaller than conspurcata. Wood"
brown, with the usual lines black, geminate, without any included whitish
shades. Claviform small ; orbicular vague, a little paler than the ground color.
Reniform large, with a double cuneiform white spot at the extremity of the
median nervure, divided by vein 4. Subterminal space deepening in color to
the pale subterminal line, which latter lacks the usual W-shaped mark, and
contrasting with the pale terminal space. Terminal pale dentate line, as in
cuneata, but reduced to pale dots. Hind wings very dark fuscous. Beneath a
little paler, with faint common transverse line. Body vestiture dark. Abdom-
inal tufts obsolete, except at base.

Eocjpanse, 26 m. m. HaMtat, California (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards,
Ko. 796). Five specimens, in good condition, examined.

Mamestra (Dianthoecia 1) leucogramma, Grote.

3 . — Eyes hairy. Smaller than JUigramma, and with the yellow scales con-
fined to the subterminal line, before which they appear as minute guttiform
marks, following interspaceal cuneiform black dots. Median lines with dis-
tinct white centers, dentate or denticulate. The ground color is an olivaceous
wood-brown. Ordinary spots moderate, rather vague, paler than the ground
color. Subterminal line white. Secondaries dark fuscous, becoming paler
basally, with whitish fringes. Beneath the secondaries are palest, primaries
fuscous ; a common line and subterminal fuscous shading. Thorax like the
fore wings ; abdomen untufted, except at base.

Expanse, 33 m. m. Habitat, California (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards,
No. 3198). The discovery of the female may place the species in
Dianthoecia.

Mamestra (Dianthoecia ?) 4-lineata, Grote, Plate 4, fig. 15, t, .

ti . — Size small. Eyes hairy. Primaries whitish gray ; the median space
powdered with blackish, contrastingly dark, wedge-shaped, owing to the
course of the geminate median lines. Of these the transverse anterior runs
outwardly oblique, leaving the sub-basal space wide. The ordinary spots are
smaller than usual and appear more crowded, tolerably distinct, pale with
dark rings, rounded, with dark central scales, while a reddish stain obtains be-
tween them and soils the reniform ; the small claviform is distinctly marked.

141

Beyond the wliite-sliaded transverse posterior line the wing is again pale as it
is sub-basally, with the s. t. line ill defined, but is remarkable for a broad black
dash which accompanies vein 3. Hind wings white, a little stained apically
with testaceous, without marks, remarkable for faintly repeating the black
dash on the primaries at the same place — vein 3. On the pale under-surface a
common line is feebly indicated, while the secondaries show a discal dot.

Expanse, 26 m. m. Habitat, California (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards,
No. 176). Three 5 specimens examined. The female may have an
extruded oviduct, and then Ave should refer the species to Dian-
thoecia. The pale color of the species is noticeable, reminding us
somewhat of capsularis, from which it is very distinct.

Oncocneinis Glennyi, Qrote, Plate 4, fig. 17, i, .

,5 . — Eyes naked, with lashes. Caputal and thoracic vestiture coarsely hairy,
mixed with flattened scales. Fore tibiae with a stout terminal claw. Antennae
subsimple, pubescent. Ornamentation distinct. Fore wings uniform dusty ashen,
very slightly silky. Transverse anterior line perpendicular, blackish, narrowly
toothed below costa, acutely lunulate on submedian space and again below
vein 1. Ordinary spots larger than usual. Orbicular nearly spherical, decum-
bent ovate, concolorous, with a faint nucleus, edged by a blackish shade more
distinct on the cell before and behind the spot. Reniform quite large, erect,
not constricted, like the orbicular in apjiearance. Median shade apparent,
approximate to t. p. line below the reniform. T. p. line geminate, the outer
line obliterate, inner distinct, blackish, inwardly lunulate, marked on costa
above the reniform, of the usual general shape. Subterminal line continued,
of the usual appearance, pale, preceded by blackish cuneiform shades. Termi-
nal line blackish, formed by narrow subcontinuous interspaceal lunules;
fringes long, slightly silky, concolorous. Hind wings dusty fuscous, with a
tolerably well expressed wide blackish terminal border ; fringes pale, with an
internal darker shade line. Beneath paler, with discal points and an extra
mesial common line, discontinued inferiorly on primaries and accentuated on
the veins of the hind wings. Thorax and head above concolorous with
primaries.

Expanse, 38 m. m. HaUtat, Colorado Territory, July 20tli (coll.
Theo. L. Mead, No. 36).

In the appearance of the primaries this species approaches 0.
Hayesi ; the hind wings are more like 0. Chandleri and the Euro-
pean species. The large size of the ordinary spots and the more
usual ornamentation distinguish it.

I name this species after Mr. Wm. H. Glenuy, Jr., Secretary, in
acknowledgment of his kind interest in the welfiire of this Society.

142

Oncocnemis Chandleri, Grote.

HaUtat, Nevada (coll. Mr. Ily. Edwards, No. 2739).

Hadena arctica, Boisdttval.

Habitat, Sierra Nevada, Cal. (coll. Mr. Ily. Edwards, No. 3513).

Hadena Bridghami, Grote.

HaUtat, Sierra Nevada, Cal. (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 3510).

The single $ specimen is in bad condition, bnt from its whitish
secondaries and smaller size, while the ornamentation of the pri-
maries is very similar, compared with ardica, it seems to be this
species.

Hadena dubitans (Walker), Grote.

HaUtat, Sierra Nevada, Cal. (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 3512).

Hydroecia cataphracta, Grote.

Gortyna cataphracta huj. scrip.

Renewed examinations show me that the clypeus is smooth and
has no tubercle. I correct then my former generic reference in these
pages. The species can no longer be held to represent the European
Gortyna flavago on this continent, though the two are similar in
appearance and color.

Gortyna piirpurifascia, Grote and Bohinson.

A male from California (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 135), seems
to be this species, while differing by the more yellowish median
spots on the fore wings. I have no longer my original material.
The male from California has a distinct clypeal tiihercle, and hence,
if my present determination holds, the only species to be referred
to Gortyna is the present; all the others wanting this tubercle,
are to be referred to Hydroecia, as I have already catalogued them.

143

G. pxxpiirifascia is to be distingnislied by the shape and course of the
transverse posterior line which is not outwardly exserted opposite the
cell, where it is bent in cataphracta and the other species originally
referred to Gortyna.

Ampliipyra pyramidoidesj Ouenee.

Habitat, California (coll. Mr. James Behrens, No. 9).

The specimen does not differ from Eastern material in onr collec-
tions.''
Ac/rot is dejyressus, Grote, Can. Nat., belongs to Amphipyra.

Noctua clandestina, Harris.

Halitat, Sierra Nevada, Cal. (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 3503).

The specimen does not differ from onr Eastern material which I
determine as Harris' species. But, on the other hand. Fitch's fig. 6,
Plate 5, 1st and 2d Eeports, can hardly represent this species, though
I fancy the figure is very bad.

Xylomig'es curialisj Grote.

i, . — Eyes liairy; antennae thickly bristled beneath, with the joints distinct
at the sutures, centrally widened. Caputal vestiture rough, extended for-
wards between the antennae ; palpi lengthily haired ; tongue stout, long, tes-
taceous. Thorax quadrate, with a small posterior tuft ; collar raised in front.
Abdomen with a dorsal tuft at base. Fore wings narrow, elongate with den-
tate fringes. Very dark gray, all the transverse lines broken and more or less
indistinct and incomplete. Eemarkable for the veins being all marked by
black scales, interrupted with pale dots. Claviform and orbicular quite small,
void. The angulate blackish diffuse median shade is tolerably distinct. Reui-
form moderate, indistinctly margined, with a reddish stain which seems to be
shared in a slight degree by the claviform and orbicular. Subterminal line
continued, narrow, pale, angulated below costa and interspaceally preceded
centrally by evident dark brown marks. Terminal line very narrow, hardly
distinct with a following pale line at the base of the fringes. Secondaries
white, with a terminal lunulate broken line ; fringes white. Beneath whitish,

2 "It is here, as in almost every other genus and Family, the closet systematist divides up
and arranges with insufficient knowledge of the variation which species are subject to," i. e.
AmiMpyra conspersa, Eiley, "which affords," "on the very face of it," "good food for a
reflecting mind." (3d Missouri Report.)

144

apices of primaries with a light purple staiu (which may be accidental), a dot-
ted transverse exterior, and terminal line, fringes dark. Hind wings white, a
black discal dot, a black dotted median and terminal line, slightly dusted with
dark scales along costa. Head and thorax dark griseous, like primaries; abdo-
men whitish gray with dark tuft. Feet gray ; tarsi dotted.

Expa7ise, 35 m. m. Halitat, California (Mr. James Belirens,
No. 8). This species has a spurious resemblance to Cerura cinerea,
Walker.

Xylomiges patalis, Grotc, Plate 4, fig. 11, 5 .

^ S . — Eyes hairy ; male antennae moi-e shortly ciliate beneath and with
the joints less prominent than in X. curialis. In the vestiture of head and
thorax the two species agree, while the basal abdominal tuft is not so marked
as in X. curialis. Pale whitish gray. Fore wings with a distinct black basal
longitudinal liture below the median vein always distinct, whereas the ordinary
marks vary in distinctness, and they are almost obliterate in one specimen.
Basal space very wide and the indistinct median lines are so approximate
inferiorly, that the large void claviform, distinctly black-margined, appears to
overlie the t. p. line. Median spots large, void, with narrow black annuli.
Orbicular obliquely decumbent, sometimes fused inferiorly with the erect
reniform. Transverse posterior line with a preceding dark shade on costal
region, before the angulation, and this shade is continued within the t. p. line
obliquely, more or less faintly, to internal margin. Subterminal with preced-
ing cuneiform blackish marks of which two more evident at submedian fold,
and again opposite the cell. Terminal space with the nervules finely liturate.
Fringes even ; terminal line indistinct. Hind wings pale in $ , without evident
marks ; with a median line, discal mark and subterminal fuscous shade in $ .
Beneath the fore wings are largely fuscous, terminally gray ; a common line and
evident discal marks ; terminal line interrupted ; a subterminal fuscous shade
medially interrupted on the hind wings in $ , in which sex all the markings
are more evident.

Expanse, S 30, ? 34 m. m. Haiitat, California (No. 155, coll. Mr.
Henry Edwards ; Nos. 14 and 10, coll. Mr. Behrens).

A little smaller and wider-winged than X. curialis. When the
markings are obliterate on the fore wings above, the darker stains
before the subterminal line are yet perceivable.

Anytus, n. g.

Eyes naked, with lashes ; middle and hind tibiae spiuose. Male antennae
not pectinate, but lengthily bristled beneath. Thorax a little flattened with
sharp corners, and therefore recalling Xylina, but here the frontal hairs are

145

not gathered into sliarp double tufts, but form a single loose tuft on the cly-
peus, while the hairs depend between the antennae, also in a single loose tuft.
The collar is raised in front, but not hood-like as in Cucullia. Thorax with a
loose tuft behind the collar, and the abdomen is tufted basally.

The species are large, purple gray, Avitli large ordinary spots and
zigzag lines, and not nnlike tlie better marked species of Xylina,
under which genus I have formerly arranged the two species.^

Anytus sciilptus, Orote.

Xylina sculpta, huj. scrip.

Anytus capax.

Xylina capax, Qrote and Robinson.

Cucullia Toseinitae, Grote.

Halitat, California (Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 139).

A second ? specimen with the markings of the primaries more
distinct, the outer line of the reniform indicated. The thoracic
vestiture is preserved. The collar is not broad and elevated in front
as in this genus, and the species must be removed from it. Unfor-
tunately the head is defective in both my specimens so that it is
impossible to examine the parts correctly. In many characters this
species approaches Anytus, but diflPers by the more fusiform body,
and the straighter margins of the fore wings which are apically
more produced. The armature seems to agree while the ornamen-
tation is very similar. My original specimen and figure merely indi-
cate the very distinct zigzag median lines accompanied by black
shades. Until more material is received I do not venture to disturb
the present generic reference which, however, cannot remain.

3 Wenn man Lederer's dichotomische Tabelle zur Hand nimmt, um diese Arten generisch zu
bestimmen, so wlrd man auf Ammoconia gewiesen ; die Fuhler des Mannchens siud aber hier
nicht pyramidalzillinig, sondern bios bewimpert. Grosse blau-graue Arten von einer ober-
flachlichen Aehnlichkeit mit Polia nijicincia, aber mit viel zackigeren Mittellinien, scharfere
Zeichnung und bewehrten Mittel und Hinterschienen. Die Arten scheinen mir in die Verwand-
schaft von Xylina geliorig, wegen ihrem etwas flachgedriicktem breitem Riicken und Hiuterleib,
die Ecken des Riickens ziemlich scliarf vorstehend.

BUL. BUF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (19) AUGUST, 1873.

146

Flasia Fasiphaeia, Gi^ote, Plate 4, fig. 1, s .

f, . — Pale yellow with a rosy tinge, size of aereoides and resembling that species
in the rigid transverse posterior line which is here, however, whitish, and not
followed by a golden baud. The costal region of the primaries and the base to
the t. a. line, are very pale. The very narrow linear silvery white mark reminds
one of simplex. It is confluent with the t. a. line, rising from the internal
margin of the wing and running upwardly to median nervure where it forms
a wide arc running obliquely outwardly and downwardly to a point above sub-
median fold, whence it runs backward and upwardly to the nervure, thus
allowing the pale squamation of the costal region to extend downwardly be-
low the m. nervure in an oblique V-shaped manner at the center of the wing.
The faint obliquely placed orbicular is visible on a paler portion of the discal
field, darker ringed. The subterminal space is dark, being pale fuscous and the
subterminal line is dark, inwardly arcuate opposite the cell, rising again towards
the margin between veins 3 and 4. Hind wings pale dusty yellow with faint
wide darker borders, and faint interior line. Beneath very pale yellow with
obsolete shadings. Thorax with a light purple or rosy cast, collar pale-edged.
Abdomen with basal tufts. A rather slight species.

Expanse, 32 m. m. Halitat, California (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards,
No. 152). Two male specimens.

Flnsia Fiitnami, Grote, Plate 4, fig. 2, $ .

$ . — A brilliant species of the colors of festucae, but with more produced
apices and rounded external margin, the primaries being more like aereoides
in their genei-al shape. Golden yellow, the base powdered with orange-red scales
and with the linear transverse shades traced in orange-red on the costal region
at base. Beyond the t. a. line the region about internal margin is washed with
pale golden as in festucae, irrorate with orange-red scales. The angulate me-
dian shade and all the lines are comparative more distinct, but seem to have
the same general course as \n festucae. The median metallic spots are, how-
ever, very diiferent. Of these there are two in our new species, narrowly edged
with black and subspherical. Their bases rest on the interspace above the sub-
median fold. The first spot extends above median nervure, and is more nar-
rowly and roundedly terminated on the discal cell. The outer and smaller spot
is distinctly separate and seems to extend upwardly slightly beyond vein 2. In
festucae the spots are fused and elongate, while the inner portion of the spot
does not attain the median nervure and has a diiferent conformation. The
wing has a pale rosy tinge absent in festucae. A black dot above vein 6 at its
base, the indication of the reniform. The apical golden shade is limited to
paler diifuse washing, and is not extended broadly inwardly above vein 5, and
emphasized as in festucae. Hind wings pale fuscous wanting the rosy tint of

147

festucae. Beneath very pale with a light ochrey tint. Thorax and head rosy,
collar with a lilac edge, hence differing decidedly from festucae, in which the
head and collar are orange red and contrast with the darker tegulae.

Expanse, 35 m. m. Halitat, Albany, N. Y. (coll. Mr. J. A.
Lintner, No. 2743).

This species is tlironghout of a paler, more rosy-yellow hue than
its nearest ally, with which I have compared it, thinking to render
its identification the more ready. In naming this species after Mr.
George P. Putnam, of the Publication Committee of this Society, I
testify to an unfailing interest in the welfare of the Society, and a
constant appreciation of the educational value of a study of the
Natural Sciences.

Fliisia Ni {Huhner).

Plusia Ni, Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige.
Plusia hrassicae, Riley.

Habitat, California (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 154 ; Mr. James
Behrens, No. 13). This is a species of apparently very general dis-
tribution, and the American specimens are not to be distinguished.
I have taken Plusia Ni abundantly in central Alabama, and from
my note book as early as February 20th. It varies in general tone
and in the occasional detachment of the guttiform spot beyond the
silver mark on the primaries, and these variations seem to have given
occasion to Professor Zeller's opinion that the American specimens
are distinct specifically from the European.

Lepipolys perscripta {Ouenee).

Halitat, California (coll. Mr. James Behrens, No. 7). The hind
wings in the female are fuscous. The median lines are distinctly
geminate.

Alaria florida {Ouenee.)

Habitat, Nevada (coll. Mr. Ily. Edwards, No. 2502).

148

Heliolonche niodicella, Grotc.

Habitat, California (coll. Mr. Ily. Edwards, No. 104).

Heliothis (Melicleptria) celeris, Orote.

i . — An exceedingly brilliantly colored species of tlie size of H. mitis. Fore
wings deep purple with the median and terminal spaces olivaceous. Very faint
indications of the median spots, but the usual blotch below the median nervure
is large, though not highly contrasted in color. Fringes purple. Hind wings
intense orange-red with paler fringes and faint indications of a paler band
near the base. Beneath the wings are both intense orange-red with the costal
edge and fringes of primaries purple. A faint transverse paler shade on the
hind wings as on upper surface.

Exjpanse, 17 m. m. Hahitat, California (Mr. Hy. Edwards, No.
2585). Cannot be confounded with any other species on account of
its extremely yivid and partly unusual colors. The legs and body
vestiture are defective in my specimens. The pubescence seems to
be paler beneath than usual, above much as in the other species of
the genus.

Heliothis (Melicleptria) (liminutivus, Orote.

$ ? . — A small species resembling H. villosus, H. cardui or H. pauxillus.
Varies in color, so that while the fore wings are purple-red over black they
are sometimes merely yellowish bronze over the dead ground color. The
usual discal and inferior whitish patches, but the first (the orbicular spot) is
subobsolete, and there is a third nearer the base as in M. persimilis. The sub-
terminal line usually contrasts. Fringes tipped with whitish. Hind wings
black with white fringes and two variable white spots as in H. Californicus,
but greatly reduced. Beneath largely black, so that the median space appears
resolved into whitish spots. Apices of primaries and internal margin pale.
Apices of secondaries more largely whitish ; two whitish spots appear on the
median space. Body blackish ; thoracic vestiture subsericeous ; abdomen
fringed terminally with testaceous hair.

Exjjanse, 13 to 18 m. m. Hahitat, California (Mr. Hy. Edwards,
No. 204). Ten specimens examined. Varies in the extent of the
pale blotches on the wings, these are sometimes fused on the secon-
daries. Three specimens differing by the olivaceous color of the
fore wings, obsolescence of the discal blotches and presence of the

149

median lines, ajopear to me to belong to H. panxillus ; they differ by
being brighter tinted beneath. In either species the dots seem to
be sometimes confluent on the secondaries. These three specimens
are a little moulded and not in proper condition for study. H.
diminutivus is apparently easily separable from H. villosiis by the
under-surface.

Heliothis (Melicleptria) Californicus, Grote.

$ . — Size of the European H. purpurascens and a little stouter tlian H. suetus
from Colorado Territory. All the tibiae spinose. Fore wings deep purple-red
over black. Some specimens have lost the intense purple-red and have a
brassy-black hue. The usual markings : two whitish quadrate discal marks
and a square patch below median vein, all margined by the subobsolete
approximate median lines ; fringes dark. Hind wings black with two large
whitish spots, the upper the larger, sometimes connected; fringes whitish.
Beneath grayish; wings with black bases, large black discal marks on the
whitish median spaces and with wide black terminal shades, discontinued
superiorly.

Expanse, 25 m. m. HaMtat, California (Mr. Hy. Edwards, No,
93). Four specimens examined. More thickly haired and stouter
than H. suetus, without the jialer contrasting terminal space; the
subterminal line is imperceptible in 11. Californicus.

Heliothis phlogophagus, Grote and RoUnson.

HaMtat, Sierra Nevada and Oregon (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards, No.
151) ; California (coll. Mr. Ily. Edwards, No. 1250).

Heliotliis armigera {Hiibner).
HaMtat, California (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 3674).

Annapliila; n. g.

A genus belonging to v. Heinemau's group Anartidae, with broad and short
wings, hairy vestiture and constricted eyes, hence related to Omia. The ocelli
are unusually large, remote from the naked lashless compound eyes owing to
the increased width of the epicranial tegument which, from its globosity,
seems to cover the hinder portion of the latter. Antennae scaled, ciliate

150

beneatli. Clypeus full, globose, exceeded by the lieavily fringed palpi. Max-
illae stout; wings broad, fore wings with the costal margin arched to the
sharply defined apices, below which the external margin is unusually straight,
the internal angle determinate, hence the length of the costal and internal
margins is very similar. Hind wings broad, full and rounded. The body
parts are slight in comparison to the breadth of the wings, and the abdomen
does not exceed the anal angle of the secondaries.

A singular genus, recalling Brephos, (from wliicli it differs at
once by the jDresence of ocelli,) and certain Geometridae. The
hind wings are white or yellow with Catocala-like markings.

Annapliila diva, Orote, Plate 4, fig. 14, 5 .

$ $ . — Primaries black or blackish, with the ordinary ornamentation. T. a.
line deep black, strongly dentate inferiorly where it is preceded by a few
white scales. Orbicular black, usually filled in. Median shade black and
quite distinct. Eeniform lost in a broad, oblique, contrasting white band,
which fills in the median space posteriorly before the t. p. line, tapering
toward internal margin, before which it is discontinued. The central waved
streak of the reniform is apparent, and the ground color of the wing appears
twice before the line opposite the cell, the second time more largely. Subter-
niinal line indicated by white scales at costa, and there are white dots between
this and the inception of the t. p. line. Fringes dark. Hind wings white or
yellowish white with blackish basal patch, and a rather narrow terminal band
with uneven inner edge. Beneath, the base of the fore wings is whitish ;
there is a central blackish shade, beyond which the oblique white band of the
upper-surface is more diflfusely reproduced, showing a black liturate mark in
place of the reniform. The wing is blackish terminally with the subterminal
line broadly marked with white. Hind wings white, with a black discal spot
and a partial reproduction of the terminal band of upper surface ; at base the
dark shading of the upper surface is reflected. Body beneath, terminally and
laterally, whitish ; above black, with the segments marked with white. Thorax
and head dark colored.

Expanse, 20 to 22 m. m. Hnhitat, California (coll. Theo. L.
Mead; Hy. Edwards, No. 198). I have examined five specimens of
this beautiful species.

Auuaphila depicta, Grote, Plate 4, fig. 13, ? .

$ . — Agrees structurally with A. diva. Primaries with the t. a. line round-
edly exserted outwardly superiorly, a little duller colored perhaps than in A.
diva. Orbicular small, filled in. Median shade determinate, even, a little

151

centrally inwardly arcuate. The dark reuiform is here determinate against
the narrower pale shading, which precedes the t. p. line more evenly and con-
tinuously than in A. diva. Subterminal line more irregular and contrasted
by the terminal space, which is paler than in A. dica. Hind wings bright
orange-yellow, with a large black lunate discal spot, a black narrow terminal
band with irregular margin. Within anal angle is a black spot, indicating a
possible subterminal line. Base with dusky scales defined outwardly by a
transverse band. Beneath, both wings yellow. Primaries with a median black
fascia, inwardly bent below costa, then running outwardly. A large black
discal spot. A wide black subterminal shade not reaching internal margin.
Fringes black and the apices and costal edge dusky. Hind wings with a con-
tinued extra basal angulate black line, a discal spot, a very attenuate subter-
minal irregular line and a subobsolete black edging indicated by a black spot,
as on upper surface, before vein 2.

Expanse, 21 m. m. Halitat, Culiforuia (coll. Henry Edwards,
No. 2260).

Annapliila danistica^ Grote, Plate 4, fig. 7, ? .

5 ? . — Resembles A. dcjncta in the orange-yellow color of the hind wings
above, but differs throughout, and particularly in the beautiful ornamentation
of the fore wings beneath. Fore wings blackish, becoming outwardly a little
paler. Orbicular a long transverse black streak with equally broad, pale,
linear edgings. A black blotch on the cell between the spots. Reniform
large and a little vague. T. p. line even, geminate with an included pale
shade, slightly and widely roundedly outwardly produced over median ner-
vules, thence lightly sinuate to internal margin. Subterminal line contrasted
by the paler terminal space, preceded by an accentuated black shade empha-
sized on subcostal nervules. An accessor^/, narrow, continued, even, transverse
black line before the margin. A terminal dotted line ; fringes blackish. Hind
wings deep orange-yellow, blackish at base and along internal margin. A
black discal lunule. A narrow subterminal black line, sometimes {$) wanting.
A narrow black band along external margin with even interior edge ; fringes
blackish. Beneath the primaries are pale dull-yellow, with the discal spots
vivid black, eyelike, pale-yellow circled, the space between them an outwardly
oblique black extended patch. Exterior transverse line black, evenly out-
wardly rounded ; beyond it an even pale yellow arc is bounded by another
line leaving the apices dusky. Hind wings dusky fulvous, powdery, with a
faint transverse line and discal liture and an even narrow dark border ; fringes
dark. Corporal vestitui'e blackish.

F.rpanse, 20 to 22 m. m. Hah'tat, Nevada Territory (coll. Henry
Edwards, No. 246).

152

Diifers by the external margin of the wings being a little more
rounded, especially in the ? , than in the two preceding species,
with which it seems otherwise to agree structurally. This species
commences to remind us of Euclidia. The remarkably beautiful
though hidden ornamentation of the under surface of the prima-
ries will always readily distinguish A. danistica.

Axenus, n. g.

The corporal vestiture is rough and coarse and the eyes are almond-shaped,
constricted, and to a great extent hidden by the hairs of the small head, among
which the rather large ocelli are at first not easily seen. Hence we have a
correspondence with Omia,* from which the frontal characters seem to sepa-
rate our species. The clypeus is furnished inferiorly with a broad thin plate,
which extends horizontally forwards, is medially slightly excavate, as wide as
the front, and is not exceeded by the comparatively short palpi. The habitus
recalls some of the species of Melicleptria, such as diminutivus. The antennae
are scaled, very finely ciliate beneath. The eyes naked and destitute of lashes.
The legs appear unarmed and the maxillae are stout. The small species is
olivaceous blackish, with paler powdery, transverse lines over both wings, and
with long and paler fringes.

Axenns arraliSj Grote, Plate 4, fig. 8, i, .

S 9 . — Primaries olivaceous blackish, with the terminal transverse lines
visible, powdery, pale glaucous-ochreous ; this pale color extends as a band
over the anterior portion of the median space. Reniform visible, pale, incon-
spicuous. Hind wings more blackish, with a.subterminal double, pale and
dark, rigid line running straightly across the wing. Behind it is a pale shade,
in which may be detected the pale discal dot. All the fringes variably pale
and contrasting. Beneath paler than above, more yellowish. The markings
of the upper surface are imitated and the pale discal dot of the primaries is
evident. Body blackish, with olivacecus-ochrey vestiture.

Expanse, IG to 20 m. m. Halitat, California (Mr. Hy. Edwards,
No. 106).

Eight specimens examined. Quite variable in the distinctness of
the transverse powdery lines. The ornamentation reminds us faintly

4 Die ich nicht in Natura kenne, von dem sich Axenus aber siclier unterscheidet durch die
Stirnbildung, die keine nabelformigen Zapfen (also gleich Lederer's Tafel 2, fig. 11, sein soil),
sondern eine horizontaler vorstehender, in der mitte seicht ausgehohlter, schwarze Platte zeigt
(Lederer's fig. 10, nicht sehr unahnlich, aber mehr nach unten gestellt, diinner, und andera
ausgescbnitten).

153

of Drasteria or Euclidia. The female seems the darkest, and some-
times the wing appears uniformly blackish, with double pale lines
on the hind wings, and the subterminal jiale line alone distinct on
primaries. In one specimen all the lines are obsolete on both wings
and the anterior half of the median space is alone pale-colored on
the primaries.

Tarache terminimaciilata, Grote.

i . — Eyes naked, without lashes. Clypeal surface without projection. Tibiae
unarmed. Head, thorax and legs with appressed squamation. Size moderate.
Scutum of the thorax large and globose. The wings widen outwardly and are
strongly veined. The head, thorax and fore wings are pearly gray ; primaries
with a black point on the cell and with the terminal portion taken up by a
large red-brown shaded space, neatly defined inwardly by an arcuate line lined
inwardly with white, and which, after a short oblique outward reflection below
costa, sweeps inwardly roundedly to internal margin. On the dark terminal half
of the wing a blackish transverse line may be discerned below the outward
projection of the white line. This dark line is tremulous and marked with a
pale hair-streak at internal margin. An indistinct subterminal brown shade ;
the wing becoming grayish again along terminal margin. A series of black
terminal points ; fringes pale. Posterior wings without markings above and
below, silky testaceous white. Beneath without markings, primaries darker
shaded. The internal angle of the fore wings is slightly produced. Abdomen
without tufts.

Expanse, 28 m. m. Hahitat, Albany, X. Y. (Mr. J. A. Liutner,
No. 1061).

A little stouter than Tarache aprica (a species subject to great
variation and of which Acontia hiplaga, Guenee, is certainly only a
variety), and differing greatly from any of its congeners in ornamen-
tation and coloration.

Tarache flavipeunis, Grote.

2 . — Allied to T. aprica, and especially resembling that form of this species
described as distinct by Guenee under the name of biplaga, but differing by the
yellow hind wings and smaller size. The fore wings are almost entirely black-
ish with a larger white space at the middle on the costal region enclosing the
black discal point, and a smaller, marking the inception of the dotted subter-
minal line. There is a whitish shade on the middle of the internal margin
and the black dotted terminal line is concluded by a white streak at internal

BUI-. BrF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (20) SEPTEMBER, 1873.

154

angle. The fringes are blackish. Hind wings obscure yellow centrally with
the veins marked with fuscous and with a diffuse fuscous costal and external
shading which clouds also the base of the wing and the internal margin ;
fringes pale. Body blackish ; abdomen ringed with whitish. Beneath both
wings are yellow with narrow blackish external borders ; the hind wings show
a black discal dot and a second, larger, without on the costa. The fore wings
have the nervules marked with fuscous and are clouded at base, and show a
discal liture and two broader oblique dark costal shades before the apex.

Expanse, 20 m. m. Habitat, California, Sierra Nevada (coll. Mr,
Hy. Edwards, No. 2590).

Two female specimens are before me agreeing in all their mark-
ings. I liave compared the species in the body of the description
with its nearest ally hitherto known to science.

Syneda Howlandii, Orote.

Habitat, Cahfornia (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 240). The speci-
men does not seem to diflFer from my original types except by the
bands on the secondaries being a little broader superiorly.

Euelidia cuspidea {Buhner).

Habitat, California (coll. Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 90). The speci-
mens are not to be distinguished from our Eastern material.

Drasteria coiivalescensj Guenee.

I have taken this species in Central Alabama. It falls into a dis-
tinct section of the genus from the pectinate, geometriform anten-
nae of the male.

Drasteria erichtoj Ouenee.

I have a single ? specimen in the collection, from New York, which
agrees with Guenee's description in the continuity of the transverse
posterior line. From the distinctness of the black subapical marks
it seems to bear out the remarked resemblance to Euelidia. But I
think that it is a form of our usual species occurring plentifully in
this vicinity in April and May, and which expands uniformly about
37 m. m., and for which I retain this name. By breeding the species
we shall discover whether this and the following are not forms of
one species.

155

Drasteria erichtea, Hubner.

This resembles the preceding so that I cannot distinguish it
except by size. The specimens from the Middle States taken in
July expand about 42 m. m. A specimen from California (Mr. Hy.
Edwards) does not differ. As forms of this species the following
are tabulated :

a) oclirea, ^ ? , from Colorado Territory and California, received
from Mr. Mead and Mr. Edwards (ISTo. 68), is larger and of a uni-
formly pale ochreous ground color above, more yellow without
markings beneath, displaying on the upper-surface the customary
ornamentation of the species ; the expanse is 46 m. m.

(3) agricola, only ? s. known, darkly but distinctly brown, with
obliterate ornamentation, no subapical dots, corresponds watli
Guenee's var. B, and expands 46 m. m.

y) numclula, only $ s. known, hardly distinguished from agricola,
the brown tint is wanting and the bands are obliterate; this is
not improbably the ordinary female of the species, yet ? specimens
occur with the markings of the male type.

Drasteria caerulea, Qrote.

$ 2 . — This is decidedly a distinct species, at once recognisable by its blue color,
■which simulates that of the paler blue and stouter forms among the Lycaenidae.
Above the primaries are blue-gray, -with the usual markings of the genus, the
subapical dots distinct. Hind wings distinctly blue, Avith white fringes and
distinct black border; they vary in depth of color, worn specimens become
blackish ; two unusually xcidcly separated angulated black transverse lines are
more or less apparent, but always faint, sometimes to be perceived with great
difficulty. Beneath pale blue, irrorate, without markings and with narrow
black borders, and here the resemblance to certain Lycaenidae is intensified.

Expanse, 20 to 22 m. m. Halitat, California (Mr. Hy. Edwards,
No. 91).

I have five specimens before me of this strangely colored species,
which is of small size, with broad wings, and cannot by any possi-
bility be confounded with any other. Its distinct gray-blue tints
are, to my knowledge, only paralleled in the Butterflies.

156

IX. On the North American Geometridae in the
Collection of the British Museum

BY AUG. E. GROTE.

An interval of five years lias elapsed since the publication of an
article by the late Coleman T. Eobinson and myself,' upon the North
American Moths contained in the British Museum Collection
described by Mr. Francis Walker. And now concurrent testimony
to the worthlessness of Mr. Walker's determinations is borne by Pro-
fessor Packard.* In comparing the results, reached independently
by Professor Packard and ourselves, their similarity must be consid-
ered as evidence of their accuracy. There are at the outset the fol-
loAvinff differences of treatment of the material discussed in our
respective articles to be borne in mind. We reviewed the entire col-
lection of North American Moths contained in the British Museum,
while Dr. Packard's published Notes relate only to the Geometridae
and Pyralidae. Again, we merely corrected certain of Mr. Walker's
generic references and indicated the principal synonyms, whereas
Professor Packard refers to all of the species of the two families
above alluded to, contained in the collection under Mr. Walker's
determinations.

In the present Paper I tabulate the results of these independent
observations on the Geometridae, Avhere the same species has been
considered, so that an agreement or disagreement in these determi-
nations becomes more clearly exposed. And as to the fewer instances
where Professor Packard's determinations have not accorded with our
own, I would partly account for them by the more critical study which
Professor Packard has bestowed upon our Geometridae for several
years past, and have thus no doubt that the later determinations are

1 Notes on the N. Ani. Lepidoptera contained in the British Museum Collection and described
by Francis Walker ; Trans. Am. Ent. Society, July, 1868.

2 Notes on North American Moths of the Families Phalaenidae and Pjralidae in the British
Museum ; 5th Ann. Rep. Peabody Academy of Science, July, 1873.

157

to be generally preferred. But these discrepancies are mostly trivial
and do not affect the principal result of our respective criticisms.
They are in part owing to a diflferent conception of the genera Epi-
one and Eurymene ; in part also to our here erroneous extension of
Numeria. The most important discrepancy has arisen in the ge-
nus Caberodes. Mr. Walker's seven species of this genus seemed to
us referable to two ; while Dr. Packard assumes them to belong to
four species. These species were at any rate very closely allied, and
the single specimens by which the majority of them were repre-
sented, afforded us no grounds for separation at the time. With
a more critical knowledge of the genus, Professor Packard's deter-
minations must be accepted. It is, however, not impossible that
some changes may have taken place in the collection during the
interim of five years between our own and Professor Packard's visits.
This becomes probable when we see that a few of Mr. AValker's fre-
quent re-descriptions of the four species, Endropia hypochraria,
H.-S., Macaria grauitata, Guenee, Acidalia euuclcata, Giienee, and
Azelina Huebneraria, Guenee, are not alluded to by Professor P-ack-
ard. These species turn up every now and then in unexpected
places in the collection and under unrecognisable generic and spe-
cific descriptions iij the catalogue, filling, in the Geometridae, the role
which Mr. Walker assigns to Lygranthoecia marginata in the Noc-
tuidae. For the few species which Professor Packard here recog-
nises as distinct, in subversion of our earlier determinations, we
trust Professor Packard will furnish descriptions in the expected
Monograph of the North American Geometridae.

Grote and Robinson. Packard.

1868. 1873.

Chocrodes translucens = id.= $ Eutrapela clemitaria.

$ Eutrapela clemitaria.

Choerodes transferens = id.— $ Eutrapela clemitaria.

? Eutrapela clemitaria.

Epione calipusaria belongs to id.= Sicja solfataria.

Eurymene,

Epione agyllaria = id. [is a distinct species.]

Epione calipusaria.

158

Endropia refractarid =
$ Endropia hypochraria.

Endropia mcstusaria =
$, Endropia hypochraria.

Endropia oponearia =
Endropia madusaria.

Miopia panissaria =
Ellopia? amyrisaria and belongs to
Numeria.

[From the determinations opposite
I judge the material has been
changed.]

Cabcrodes f agreasaria —
Endropia lateritiaria.

Tetrads pandaria is =
$ Caberodes remisaria.
[The determination opposite leads
me to suppose the specimens of Cab-
erodes have been shifted. In any
case this Tetracis is a Caberodes and
the species must fall away.]

Azelinaf zalissaria seems to be a
variety of Azelina Huebneraria ; it
differs by the exterior line being
straight.

[Since both Dr. Packard and our-
selves consider this an undoubted
Azelina, Mr. Walker's doubtful ge-
neric determination makes his de-
scription confusing. Azelina Hueb-
neraria seems to me to vary in this
direction.]

id.= Endropia hypochraria.

id.= Endropia hypochraria.

id.= Endropia madusaria.

id. is E. pultraria and End. lateri-
tiaria.

Ellopia? amysaria is a Caberodes
too much rubbed for description.
Ellopia plagifasciata belongs to Nu-
meria.

id. Endropia lateritiaria.

id. is a large rubbed Caberodes metro-
camparia.

id. is a true Azelina closely allied to
A. Huebneraria. It is a good spe-
cies.

Selenia aesionaria, Azelina neonaria, Sclenia aesionaria is a large singular

and Macaria laticincta are the same
species, belonging to Hyperetis, and
closely allied to, if not identical
with, Hyperetis alienaria, Ouenee.

species of Hyperetis.
Azelina neonaria is a true Hyper-
etis alienaria.

Macaria laticincta is a Hyperetis
allied to Hyp. alienaria.

159

Acidalia restrictata = Acidalia enu- id. [Retained as a distinct species.]
cleata.

[I do not know wlietlier Professor
Packard has noted that the black
subterminal shading is a sexual
character ; to this Mr. Walker pays
no attention.]

Boarmia defectaria — Boarmia larvaria. id. = Boarmia larvaria.

Boarmia sublunaria, B. signaria, B. Boarmia signaria and Tephrosia in-

indicataria, and Tephrosia intracta-
ria,&[\ refer to one species = B. sub-
lunaria, Ouenee ?

Boarmia intractaria =
Boarmia momaria.

Boarmia ephyraria =
Boarmia humaria.

Tephrosia spatiosaria is partly B. sub-
lunaria and partly B. humaria.

Tephrosia amplaria =
Bronchelia liriodendraria.

Bronchelia disserptaria =
Bronchelia liriodendraria.

Macaria Jialiata =
Macaria granitata.

Macaria ? indeclinata =
Endropia hypochraria.

Macaria irregulata =
Macaria granitata.

Tephrosia dispuncta =
Macaria granitata.

Melanippe reciprocata =
Odezia albovittata, Ouenee.

tractaria are both = Boarmia sub-
lunaria.

Boarmia indicataria [ia a distinct
species].

id.= Boarmia momaria.

id.= Boarmia humaria.

i(Z.= Boarmia sublunaria.

id.— Bronchelia liriodendraria.

id.= Bronchelia liriodendraria.

id.= Macaria granitata. Not even a
variety !

id.— Endropia hypochraria.

id. — Macaria granitata.

id. is a Macaria.

ifZ.= Odezia albovittata, Ouente.

On tlie autliority either of Professor Pacliard or ourselves, Mr.
"Wallver lias re-described Endropia hypochraria, H.-S., under the
following names: Endroina ref radar ia, Endropia mestusaria,

160

Macaria? indeclinata, and Azelina faedaria. Ou the same author-
ities Mr. Walker has re-described Macaria granitata, Guenee, as
Acidalia 9 Jissinotata, Macaria haUata, Macaria irregulat a, Macaria
retinotata, 3£acaria f refusaria, Tephrosia dispuncta and Larentia 9
exnotata !

A discussion of Dr. Packard's valuable notes on the Pyralidae does
not enter into the limits of the present Paper; but I cannot help
adding that analogous conclusions are reached with those here pre-
sented in the Geometridae. A prominent disclosure affecting Mr.
"Walker's descriptions in the Pyralidae was stated by us in the
following terms :

The following descriptions of species referred to Hypena by Mr.
Walker, viz., H. generalis, H. rufinaUs, H. idaeusalis, H. cacuminalis,
H. habitalis, H. sohrialis, H. factissalis, H. caecaUs, are to be re-
jected from that genus and should be entirely ignored, since the
specimens upon which they are founded are so defective, that the
species are irrecognisable, and, instead of belonging to the Deltoid
or Noctuid genus to which they are referred, they belong to different
genera of Crambidae and Tineidae.

The general correctness of this remark is verified by Professor
Packard's observations on these species. According to Prof. Pack-
ard, Hi/pena rufinalis " is a Crambus," II. idaeuscdis " is perhaps a
Tineid," H. cacuminnJis " is too much rubbed for description," H.
solrialis " is not a Hypena," while H. caecaUs is doubtfully retained
in this genus.

On the other hand, H. factissalis is not mentioned by Professor
Packard, while H. generalis and H. habitalis are retained as refer-
ring to distinct species. II. lijugalis, Walker, is considered a
variety of H. Baltimoralis by Prof. Packard. We regard it as dis-
tinct and have described and figured it in the Transactions of the
American Entomological Society.

161

X. Statistics and Distribution of North American

Lichens

BY HENEY WILLEY, NEW BEDFOED, MASS.
[Bead before this Society, October dd, 1873.]

An attempt at presenting the statistics and the geographical dis-
tribution of the Lichens of Xorth America, mnst necessarily be
imperfect, owing to the fact that but a small portion of the conti-
nent has been thoroughly explored in search of Lichens; so that
new species may be expected to occur, even in the more familiar
districts, while considerable accessions to our knowledge may be
expected in those which have, as yet, been hardly visited by the
Lichenist. The present attempt, therefore, is offered only as an
approximation to exactness.

In my " List of North American Lichens" as known at the com-
mencement of 1872, there were enumerated 808 species and sub-
species, some being ranked as species, which will hereafter, prob-
ably, be reduced to varieties. The additions and corrections since
made to that list (which are given in an Appendix to this paper)
swell the total to 823, subject to the same reservation in regard to
species and varieties. This estimate does not include a considera-
ble number of species collected but not described or published;
with the addition of these and other discoveries which may be
made, the whole number of North American Lichens may finally
reach between 850 and 900 ; the Avhole number of Lichens at pres-
ent known and described being from 1,500 to 2,000, and of Lichens
occurring in Europe, about 700. New species are being constantly
published, but the title of many of them to rank as such may well
be doubted, as it depends to a great extent, on minute chemical dif-
ferences, as to the value of which Lichenists are not agreed.

Of the five Tribes into which Lichens are divided, according to
the arrangement of Professor Tuckerman in his " Genera Lichen um,''

BUL. BUP. 80C. NAT. SCI. (21) OCTOBER, 1873.

162

■which is that followed in this paper, the Parmeliacei contain in
North America, 38 Genera and 411 species; the Lecideacei, 10
Genera and 218 species; the Graphidacei, 11 Genera and 79 species;
the Oaliciacei, 3 Genera and 40 species ; the Verrucariacei, 10 Gen-
era and 75 species. Of the 18 families into which these five tribes
are divided, the Usneei contain 7 Genera and 67 species; Parmeliei,
5 Genera and 53 species ; Umhilicariei, 1 Genns and 21 species ;
Peltigerei, 5 Genera and 38 species ; Pannariei, 2 Genera and 27
species ; Collemei, two snb-families, 7 Genera and 68 species ; Le-
canorei, three snb-families, 12 Genera (inclnding Myriangium) and
412 species; Cladoniei, 3 Genera and 57 species; Coenogonii, 2
Genera and 3 species ; Lecideei, three sub-families, 5 Genera and
217 species; Lecanactidei, 3 Genera and 8 species; Opegraphei, 3
Genera and 31 species ; Glyphydei, 2 Genera and 3 species ; Artho-
niei, 3 Genera and 79 species ; Sphaerophorei, 3 Genera and 6 species ;
Caliciei, 3 Genera and 40 species ; Endocarpei, 2 Genera and 10
species; Verrucariei, three sub-families, 8 Genera and 75 species.

The geographical distribution of the species is shown in the fol-
lowing table. In the first column is shown the number of species and
sub-species in each genus ; in that marked A^., the number of North-
ern species ; S., of Southern species, including the territory south
of Pennsylvania, the Ohio river, and thence west to the Southern
boundary of California ; G., species more or less widely distributed
in both of these regions ; W., species occurring only west of the
Mississippi, and north of the column indicated by S. (including
also a few Arctic species as hereafter noted) ; AI^)., Alpine and sub-
Alpine species ; Arc, Arctic species ; Tr., Tropical and sub-Tropical
species; JS\ Am., species peculiar to North America; Eic, species
occurring also in Europe ; A\ E., species occurring in New England.

163

I.

1. Roccella,

2. Ranialina,

3. Dactylina,

4. Cetraria,

5. Evernia,

6. Usnea,

7. Alectoria,

8. Speersclineidera,

9. Theloschistes, . .

10. Parmelia,

11. Physcia,

12. Pyxiue,

13. Umbilicaria, . . .

14. Sticta,

15. Nephroma,

16. Peltigera,

17. Erioderma,

18. Solorina,

19. Heppia,

20. Pannaria,

21. Epliebe

23. Lichina,

23. Synalissa

24. Omphalaria, . . . .

25. Collema,

26. Leptogium,

27. Hydrothyria, . . .

28. Placodium,

29. Lecanora,

30. Rinodina,

31. Pertusaria,

32. Phlyctis,

33. Conotrema,

34. Gyalecta,

35. Urceolaria,

36. Thelotrema,

37. Gyrostomum, . .

38. Myriangium, . . .

II.

39. Stereocaulon, . .

40. Pilopliorus,

41. Cladouia,

42. Coenogonium, . .

43. Cystocoleus, . . . .

44. Baeomyces

45. Biatora,

46. Heterothecium, .

47. Lecidea,

48. Buellia,

No.
Sp.

N.

S.

G.

W.

Alp.

Arc.

Tr.

N.
Am.

Eu. 1

2

1

1

1

1

24

10

12

2

6

1

10

10

5

3

3

1

1

2

2

1

20

16

4

3

5

3

4

14

5

3

1

1

2

2

1

4

6

1

5

1

2

6

4

1

1

1

3

3

1

6

1

1

1

1

3

3

3

34

12

6

16

3

6

4

6

9

20

13

6

3

4

1

3

4

7

1

1

21

16

5

5

10

3

7

12

23

5

12

6

12

3

11

4

1

1

2

1

1

1

3

8

3

1

4

1

1

7

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

26

11

5

10

2

1

3

3

7

16

3

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

8

5

2

1

1

4

3

4

1

3

2

2

2

28

11

5

12

1

3

13

13

23

7

8

8

3

1

7

8

12

1

1

1

28

16

3

9

10

4

5

3

13

15

52

33

5

14

15

12

5

5

14

34

12

8

4

1

2

2

4

7

18

9

2

i

1

1

5

2

5

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

9

5

1

3

1

1

1

2

7

2

2

2

14

12

2

12

4

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

14

8

5

1

1

5

1

5

5

5

1

1

1

1

36

18

7

14

8

1

6

10

25

2

2

2

1

1

1

6

2

2

2

2

1

5

67

39

10

18

12

6

10

10

13

47

10

2

6

2

1

6

1

4

43

38

5

10

20

11

7

36

38

32

6

11

4

7

17

21

N. E.

14
2
5
3

3

19
8
1

10
7
3
7

1
1

16
2
1
4
1

11

12

1

10

21

7

7

1

7
2
2

7

1

26

4
35

3
21

164

III.

49. Lecanactis, . . .

50. Platygraplia, . ,

51. Melaspilea, ...

52. Opegraplia, . . ,

53. Xylograplia, . ,

54. Graphis,

55. Cliiodecton,. . .

56. Glyphis

57. Arthonia,

58. Mycoporum, .

59. Agyrium, ....

IV.

60. Sipliula,

61. Sphaerophorus

62. Acroscyphus, . ,

63. Acolium

64. Calicium,

65. Coniocybe, . . .

V.

66. Endocarpon, .

67. Norinandiua, .

68. Segestria, ....

69. Staurothele, . .

70. Trypethelium,

71. Sagedia,

72. Verrucaria, . . .

73. Pyrenula,

74. Pyrenastrum, .

75. Strigula,

No.
Sp.

N.

S.

G.

W.

Alp.

Arc.

Tr.

N.
Am.

Eu.

2

1

1

1

1

2

4

2

2

1

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

2

12

3

5

4

3

6

4

3

3

1

2

1

17

1

14

2

12

2

3

2

2

2

1

1

1

34

13

12

9

2

3

1

12

15

15

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

1

1

3

3

3

3

1

1

1

8

6

2

4

1

2

4

3

23

14

2

7

1

2

1

5

20

3

2

1

1

2

8

2

2

2

2

1

2

6

2

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

4

3

1

3

1

9

8

1

8

2

5

1

1

3

1

2

3

20

14

6

3

1

5

15

21

4

12

5

1

11

5

8

2

2

2

1

2

2

2

1

823

410

190

222

103

112

75

171

236

363

N.B.

2

19

3

4
2
1
2
1
4
10

An interesting feature of onr Liclien Flora, is the fact that a num-
ber of species which occur in Europe, have as yet been found only
in the western portion of North America, from Nebraska to the
Pacific, only a few of which are connected with Europe through
the intervening Arctic region, which are indicated in the following
list:

165

1.

Dactylina madrepiformis.

27.

B. glebulosa.

2.

Evernia divaricata.

28.

B. cinnabarina (Arctic).

3.

E. vulpina.

29.

B. cuprea (Arctic).

4.

Alectoria Fremontii.

30.

B. castanea (Arctic).

5.

Umbilicaria rugifera.

31.

B. quernea.

6.

IT. muriua.

32.

B. erysibe.

7.

Solorina crocea (Arctic).

33.

B. artyta.

8.

Leptogium albo-ciliatum.

34.

B. sphaeroides.

9.

L. scotinum.

35.

Lecidea mamillaris.

10.

L. palmatum.

36.

L. vesicularis.

11.

Placodium f ulgens.

37.

L. vitelliuaria (Arctic).

12.

P. callopismum.

38.

L. borealis.

13.

P. variabile.

39.

L. turgidula (Arctic).

14.

P. sinapispermum (Arctic).

40.

L. atro-brunnea (Arctic).

15.

P. fulvo-luteum (Greenland).

41.

L. insularis.

16.

Lecanora crassa {or lentigera).

42.

L. caulescena.

17.

L. verrucosa (Arctic).

43.

L. epigaea.

18.

L. Schleicheri.

44.

L. badia.

19.

L. peliscypha.

45.

Lecanactis abietina (Arctic).

20.

L. rhagadiosa.

46.

Artlionia impolita.

21.

Rinodina aterrima.

47.

Siphula ceratites.

22.

Pertusaria bryontlia (Arctic).

48.

Acolium tympanellum.

23.

P. dactylina (Arctic).

49.

Endocarpon cinereum.

24.

Gyalecta rbexoblepliara (Arctic).

V. cartilagineum (Greenland)

25.

Biatora decipiena.

50.

Phacopsia vulpina.

26.

B. globifera (Arctic).

Of the relation of our Lichen Flora to that of Asia and Japan,
I have little information. The following, originally published as
American, have been found in the regions indicated.

Cetraria Ricbardsonii Siberia.

C. chrysantba, Japan.

Umbilicaria rugifera Siberia.

U. Mublenbergii Siberia.

U. Pennsylvanica Asia ; Japan.

Collema leptaleum .... Japan.

Alectoria Fremontii, Cetraria Oakesiana, Thelotrema subtile, and
Conotrema urceolatum, occur in Europe; Usnea cavernosa, in S.
America and India ; U. angulata, in S. America and New Zealand ;
Eamalina reticulata, in New Zealaud; Pannaria leucosticta, in New
Zealand ; and R. tenuis, is cosmopolitan. These lists might doubtless
be extended.

166

APPENDIX.

The following additions and corrections to my list of North
American Lichens are here noted.

ADDITIONS.

Evernia intensa, Nyl., Flora, 1872 Mexico.

Parmelia crinita v. eciliata, Nyl., Flora, 1869 Mexico.

P. praesignis, Nyl., Flora, 1872 Mexico.

P. colpodes V. cristulata, Nyl., Syn. p. 404 North America.

P. tiliacea v. sublaevigata, Nyl. (P. sublaevigata Nyl.). ...... North America.

f P. livida Tayl., Nyl., Syn. 383 New Orleans.

P. perforata v. cetrata, Nyl., Syn. p. 378 New Orleans.

Pliyscia setosa (Nyl.), Syn. p. 429 Mexico.

P. obscura v. compacta, Nyl., Syn. p. 428 Arctic.

Umbilicaria cylindrica v. Delisaei, Nyl., Scand. p. 117 Arctic.

Sticta pallida. Hook Mexico.

**Placodium murorum v. tegulares, Fw New England.

P. arcticum (Kbr. Parerg. p. 63) Labrador.

*Lecanora caesio-alba, Kbr New York.

L. cupressi, Nyl. Flora, 1872 North America.

L. cinerea varr. ** lacustris, Nyl. *Hoifmanni, ib North America.

L. rhagadiosa, Ach Yellowstone.

Rinodina sophodes varr. ** atro-cinerea (Nyl.) ** roboris (Daf.) New England.

* R. aterrima (Kremph.) California.

** Pertusaria leioplaca v. marginata, Nyl., En. p. 336 North America.

P. pustulata V. schizostoma, Nyl., ib. p. 336 New England.

P. paradoxa, Linds., W. Greenland, p. 344 Greenland.

Thelotrema postpositum (Nyl.), N. Gr. p. 552 Louisiana.

Stereocaulon denudatum v. caespitosulum, Nyl., Syn. p. 247. New England.

S. strictum, Th. Fr. Ster. p. 42 Mexico.

S. albicans, Th. Fr. Ster. p. 63 (S. nanum Ach. saltern pp.) .. . New England.

Cladonia uncialis v. turgescens, Schaer United States.

Heterothecium leptocheilum, Tuck. (Nyl. Antill., p. 14) ... . Mexico.

H. chloritis (Tuck.), Nyl. N. Gr. p. 66 Southern.

*Lecidea mamillaris (Gouan) Yellowstone.

L. Campsteriana, Linds. 1. c, p. 358 Greenland.

L. Vahliana, Linds. ib., p. 358 Greenland.

Buellia discoensis (Linds.), ib. p. 356 Greenland.

B. Egediana (Linds.), ib. p. 330 Greenland.

B. Groenlandica (Linds.), ib. p. 351 Greenland.

B. insignis, Nacg., Linds. 1. c, p. 355 Greenland.

167

B. papillata v. albo-cincta, Th. Fr Northwest.

Opegraplia subvulgata, Nyl., Flora, 18G9 Mexico.

Grapliis pruinosa (Escliw.), Nyl., N. Gr. p. 5G4 Mexico.

Segestria nucula v. granulata, Nyl., Antill., p. 22 Mexico.

Verrucaria Campsteriana, Linds. 1. c, p. 343 Greenland.

[^Tliis and V. tartaricola Linds. are probahly parasitic fungi-l

§ Pyrenula subelliptica, Tuck., Lea Cincinn. p. 47 Ohio.

Phacopsis vulpina, Tul California.

Opegrapha antiqua, Lesq., in Hayden's Report, 1873, pp. 370, 418, is the only
fossil Lichen as yet recorded on this Continent.

CORRECTIONS.

LTmbilicaria niammulata, Ach.= U. spodochroa.

U.- polyphylla v. deusta = U. flocculosa Hoffin.

Sticta crenulata, Del.= S. Ravenelii T. = S. erosa (Eschw.).

Pannaria Michneri, T. = P. molybdaea Pers. f.

Synalissa lignyota should be S. f uliginea (Wahl.).

Lecanora coniza, T. =: L. subf usca.

Urceolaria hybocarpa, T. = L. subfusca, f.

Stereocaulou chlorellum, T. is not a species, the specimens belonging to Eam-

alina.
Biatora leucoblephara, Nyl., perhaps does not differ from B. tricholoma, Mont.
Lecidea grossa. Pars, should be transferred to Heterothecium.
Arthonia pruinosa, Ach. = A. impolita (Ehrh.).
Page 10, after No. 202, insert : 6. Spores muriform, plurilocular.

POSTSCEIPT. — Since these pages were sent to the printer, I have
had the opportunity of examining the Lichens collected by Dr.
Coulter, Botanist to the United States Exploring Expedition to
Colorado, during the summer of 1873. Among them are three
which are new to the United States, but occur in Europe, as follows :

1. Solorina bispora, Nyl.

2. Lecanora calcarea (L.), Sinf., with an elegantly effigurate thallus.

3. Endococcus erraticus (Mass.), Nyl. Parasitic on Placodium elegans.

168

XI. Kleiner Beitrag zur Kenntniss einiger
Nordamerikanischer Lepidoptera

YON AUG. K. GKOTE.
[Bead before this Society, October M, 1873.]

Dee geehrte Hen* Professor Zeller hat die Giite gehabt, eine kleine
von mir determinirte Sammlung Nordamerikanisclier Sclimet-
terlinge iind Motteu mit seiner Sammlung zn vergleiclien und zu
Lestimmen. Ich nelime jetzt die Gelegenheit einige synonyme
Berichtigungen zu maclien, die zum Tlieil auf eine beinahe gleich-
zeitige Publication beruhen, zum Theil durch eine Unkenntniss
von dem in Amerika Publicirtem entstanden sind. Einen starken
Contrast bieten die jetzigen Publicationen des Herrn Professor Zel-
ler iiber unsere Lepidopterenfauna, mit denen des Herrn Walker's.
"Walirend wir von Deutschland zuverlassige Bestimmungen, sorg-
faltige Besclireibungen und eine passende Eiicksicht erfahren, haben
wir das Gegentlieil von England und zum Theil von Frankreich
erlitten ; und es wird uus sogar zugemutliet, von Seiten des Brit-
tischen Museums, eine unwissenschaftliche und im allerhochsten
Grad unzuverliissige Publication bios deshalb zu verschmahen, weil
der Autor uns zuvorgekonimen sei.

Ich ziihle hier einige von den Arten auf, die ich an Herrn Pro-
fessor Zeller schickte, mit Beisetzung seiner betrefFenden Bemer-
kune-en.

Hesperia communis, Grote, Can. Ent.

Ueber diese Art, die im siidlichen Theile von Alabama zahlreich
vorkommt, schreibt mir Professor Zeller: "Ich habe sie in der
Sammlung unter dem Namen Hesperia albovittata, Mus. Berol."

169

Nolaphaua malaiia.

Brachytaenia malana, Fitch, p. 244.
Icli liabe aa Herru Professor Zeller die eclite malana {Brachy-
taenia malana, Fitch) gescliickt, und ich bekani folgende Bestim-
mung : " Nola malaua $, , so vou Dr. Sj^eyer bestimmt. Die zweite selir
aliuliclie Art bat im ^ luigekammte Fiibler, uud solcbe schickten mir
die Herrn Burgess uud Packard als malana. Meineu Artikel muss
icb berichtigeu, weil ich beide Arteu nicht schied." Wenn man die
Beschreibung von Fitch vergleicht, so wird man von der Eiclitigkeit
der Bestimmung des Ilerrn Dr. Speyer iiberzeugt sein. Bei Fitcli
heisst der Vorderrand " outer edge " oder " margin." Seine Phrase :
" From the middle of the outer margin a straight bkack line extends
obliquely towards the inner angle, and ends abrujjtly near the mid-
dle of the wing," betriflffc zwar beide Arten, bezeichnet aber gut
die breitere Querlinie von malana, die scheinbar an der ausseren und
unteren Ecke der Mittelzelle endet. Er sagt entschieden : " The
antennae in the males are pectinated with two rows of short, robust
branches." Bei der Zeller'scheu Art aber heisst es: *' Aber die ganz
uugefransteu Fiihler des ^ und der Mangel des Schuppenhockers
am untern Ende des Wurzelgliedes lassen die Errichtung einer
besonderen Abtheilung zu." Fitch's Abbildung seiner malana ist
ganz falsch und passt nicht zu seiner Beschreibung. Es scheint mir,
dass beide Arten nicht mit Nola verbunden werden konnen. Fiir
die Zeller'sche Art schlage ich den Namen Zelleri vor. Nolapliana
malana hat Nebenaugen, vorgestreckte Palpen, starke Zunge, hinter
der Basis der Fiihler am Scheitel eine ohrenartig erhohte Beschup-
pung. Es wird fiir Zelleri eine Unterabtheilung anzunehmen sein,
welche Asisyra heissen kann. (Dass v. Heinemann Callegenia als
Unterabtheilung zu Nola zieht, wo so vieles widei-spricht, wird
gewiss nicht zugelassen werden.) Im ? Geschlechte sind die Hinter-
fliigel bei beiden Arten dunkel oder schw^arzlich, was bei Fitch nicht
erwahnt wird. Ich hoflfe, dass wir wieder von Professor Zeller iiber
die beiden Arteu, seinem Yersprechen gemiiss, lioren werden.

Caradrina miraiida, Orote.

Das Weibchen liabe ich an Herrn Professor Zeller gescliickt und
er schreibt mir : " iihnlich Lepigoni ? , mir neu."

BUL. BUF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (22) OCTOBER, 187.3.

170

Anomis xylina (Say).

Ueber diese Art sclireibt mir Herr Professor Zeller : " liabe ich
mehrfach aus Texas, obne Namen, daher ist mir der Name sehr
lieb." Diese Art kommt audi scliaarenweise bei Buffalo im Septem-
ber und Oktober vor, und scheiut mir vom Suden eingewandert ;
bis jetzt haben wir die Raupeuicht gefundeu, ihre Futterpflanze, die
Baumwolle, gedeiht bier uicbt. Die Art ist von Guenee uiiter dem
Namen bipimdina beschrieben, und gewiss friiher von Hiibner, Zutr.,
fig. 399-400, abgebildet und auf Seite 32, als von Babia, Aletia argil-
lacca benannt. Es stimmt d. siidlicbe Fundort mit meiner Bebaupt-
ung iiberein, dass das Tbier unserer Fauna nicbt zugebort, sondern
von Mexico und den "West Indischen Inseln jedes Jahr eindringt und
die in den Vereinigten Staaten jahrige Baumwollpflanze verwustet.
Man vergleicbe in dieser Hinsicbt Seite 122 und 123 dieses Bandes,
und zwei Aufsatze von mir im Rural Carolinian, 1871 und 1872.

Colobocliila interpuncta, Grote.

Madopa interpuncta, Grote.
Colohochila saligna, Zeller.
Coldbochyla interpuncta, Grote.

Meine Art aus Alabama ist gewiss der Zellersclien aus Texas
gleicb. Es felilt bei mir die Bescbreibung einer der 3 Piinktclien,
den icb an meinen zwei Exemplaren nicbt bemerkt babe.

Sudariophora callitrichoitles, Grote.

Pkyprosopus callitrichoides, Grote.
Sudariophora nasutaria, Zeller.

Herr Professor Zeller sclireibt mir iiber diese interessante Art, dass
der von mir publicirte Name den " Vorrang hat." Aber mit Recbt
tadelt Herr Professor Zeller, zu gleicher Zeit, die Sclireibart des
generiscben Namens. Anstatt meinen Namen jetzt zu bericbtigen,
ziebe icb vor den Namen beizubebalten, den Herr Professor Zeller
der Gattung gegeben bat, w^as nicbt melir als Recbt ist, wenn man
auf beinabe gleicbzeitige Publication Riicksicbt nimmt. Es ist
aucb die Zeller'scbe Bescbreibung der Gattung die bessere, und
es feblt bei mir die Erwabnung der Mentum appendicibus duabus
pendulis, elongatis, die von Herrn Professor Zeller ganz passender
Weise als sudarii bezeiclmet worden sind. Dagegen findet sicb bei

171

mir eine Besclireibung cler minder erwalinungswertber Eippeii-
verlauf, die von Herrn Professor Zeller niclit untersuclit worden ist.
Icli lioffe dass in der Zukunft keine bibliognostichen Friedensstorer
meinen Gattimgsname auferwecken mogen, wodurch meine Frende
sicher gestort wiirde. (In meineni 2ten Aufsatz ist der Name der
Gattung Pangrapta, Hicbner, zweimal falsch gesdirieben, jedocb in
meinem 3ten Aufsatze ricbtig zu finden. Daselbst ist Xantboptera
coccineifascia verdruckt, ein Febler der auf der letzten Seite nicbt
mehr vorkommt.)

Und nun zu Sudariopbora callitricboides. Das Tbier wird von
Professor Zeller zu den Spannern, von mir aber zu den Noctuinen
gerecbnet, und als mit Calpe und Hemiceras verwandt angeseben.
Herr Professor Zeller scbreibt mir in dieser Hinsiclit : " Dass die
Gattung Ocellen bat, babe icb irgendwo gelesen, und sonacb ware
es eine Noetuine von spannerabnlicbem Ausseben. Daber werfe
icb die Frage auf: ist der Mangel von Ocellen bei den Spannern
Eegel obne Ausnabme ? Was sagt die Rawpe dazu ?" Die letzte
Frage kann icb nicbt beantworten, denn die Eaupe von S. callitricb-
oides ist mir nicbt bekannt. Dass das Tbier zwar kleine, aber
deutlicbe Ocellen besitzt, babe icb mit Hiilfe des Mikroscops wabr-
genommen und Herr Professor Zeller bat die Angabe vielleicbt in
einem meiner Briefe gelesen. Gegen Clemens' Bebauptung scbeint
Professor Zeller die acbte Doryodes acutaria, wie Guenee, zu den
Spannern zu recbnen.

Asopia costalis {Fdbr).

Von mir seit einigen Jaliren so bestimmt und, wenn icb nicbt
irre, von Herrn Eiley durcb meine Bestimmung im Prairie Farmer
veroffentlicbt. Unsere Exemplare scbeinen sicb nicbt von den Euro-
paiscben specifiscli zu unterscbeiden. Herr Professor Zeller scbreibt
mir dariiber: "sicber in Europa und Amerika gleicb." Die Art
bat eine Fliigelspannung von 16 bis 18 m. m.

Asopia olinalis; Guenee.

Asopia trentonalis, Sclilaeger.

Diese Art, von den Staaten JSTew York und Pennsylvania, unter-
scbeidet sicb von costalis durcb bedeutendere Grosse, dunklere und
triibere Farbung, verbaltnissmassig kleineren Costalflecken der Ober-

172

fliigel (der Aiisseufleck nach imten zugespitzt), mit melir sichtbaren
Mittellinien. Es siiid bei meiuen Esemplaren drei Costalliakclien
vorhauden. Flugelspannnng 20 bis 24 m. ni. Herr Professor Zeller
scbreibt mir : " meine nimoniaUs hat die beiden Qnerliuien der
Vorderfliigel viel naher uiid nur zwei Costalliakcben dazwischeu."

Pseudasopia, n. g.

Scheint mir zwischen AsojJia iiud der mir imbekaunteii Zel-
ler'schen Gattung Endotricha zu stehen. Entschieden von Asopia
durch die Anwesenbeit der kleinen Nebenaugen zu treuuen. Zunge
kurz, anliegend besdiiippt. Palpeii am Kopfe aufsteigend mit
kurzen yersteckten vorgeneigten Endgiiedern. Nebenpalpen vor-
banden ; an den Fublern fiude icb keine besonderen Merkmale.
Beine ziemlicb Ling, anliegend, die Scbenkel dicht, beschuppt. Yor-
derfliigel mebr wie doppelt so lang als breit, sonst im Elugelscbnitt
der bekannten Asopia farinalis zu vergleicben.

Pseudasopia stiuamealisj Grote.

Diese Art bat mehligbescbuppte gestreckte Fliigel, die enger wie
gewohnlicb erscbeinen. Vorderfliigel rotblicb braun mit scbwarzen
Atomen vermisclit. Die beiden Querlinien weit entfernt, fein zackig,
fabl-gelb mit scbwarzen Scbattirungen auf dem Mittelfelde. Die
gewobnliclien Costalflecken sind bier auffallend klein und nur
Erweiterungen der Querlinien. Die aussere Querlinie entspringt
bei % des Vorderrandes (und ist gleicli darunter auswarts gebogen)
und ist also dem Hinterrande ungewobnlicb nabe gelegen. Fran-
sen aller Fliigel scbwarzlicb, mit feiner dunkler Tbeilungslinie.
Eiicken rotblicb braun. Hinterfliigel braun-grau, sparlicli beschuppt,
mit dunkler yon einem hellen Schatten gefolgter fein zackiger
Bogenlinie bei % ; Saumbander rotblicb angeflogen, Unten sind
alle Fliigel staubfarbig oder braun-grau, yon einer feinzackigen Aus-
senlinie durcbzogen, die nacb Aussen bell begranzt und die der
Oberseite entspriclit. Saum aller Fliigel wieder rotblicb erscheinend;
also gleicbt die Unterseite aller Fliigel der Oberseite der Unter-
fliigel. Fliigelspannung 24 bis 26 m, m. Mebrere Es. bei Hastings,
New York, in Juni gefangen. Das Geader babe icli bis jetzt nicbt
untersuclien konneu. Unter diesem specifiscben Namen babe ich
das Tliiercben Herrn Professor Zeller mitgetlieilt, dem es ueu war-

173

Botis gentilisj Grote.

Major, abdomine $ elongate, cinerascente, albido-annulato ; alis pallidis-
sime flavidis, griseo-mixtis, in disco subiridescentibus, anteriorum niaculis
2 discalibus annuliformibus, strigis 3 fuscescenti-cinereis, secunda repauda
cum macula secunda lineis conj uncta, tertia serratissima. 3 $.

Botis Thesealis, Zeller (non Led.), S. 514.
Ueber diese Art sclireibt mir Herr Professor Zeller, class (nacli
Eogeuhofer i. 1.) sie niclit die Lederer'sche Art sei, die in dem Mus.
Caes. steht. Als Botis pertextalis habe icli sine nalie steliende Art
bestimmt, welche greller gezeichnet ist. Ein einziges Exemplar im
Buffalo Verein's Museum scheint mir zu Botis ahdominalis Z.,
geliorig. Botis gcntilis ist eine der geAvuliuliclisten Arten.

Botis magistralis, Grote.

Die grosste mir bekaunte Art aus der Verwandscliaft von gentilis,
pertextalis und ahdominalis ; fast so grossv^ie flavidalis. Hell grau-
lich gelb, mit greller braunlicher Zeichnung und fast durchsiclitige
Fliiffel. Die Adern sind yon braunlichen Atomen melir oder we-
iger Yollstandig bedeckt, ein gegittertes Aussehen die Fliigel gebend.
Der Costalrand ist breit braunlicli gelb. Der Saumband ist audi
braunlich gelb, von der braunen scliarf gezeichneten gezahnten
3. Querlinie wurzelwarts gefolgt. Discalflecken dick und gross,
braun, wenig heller gekernt. Ein langer brauner Wiscli auf
dem Mittelfelde, iiber der Falte liegend, in Zelle 2. Hinterfliigel
mit greller Fortsetzung der Zeiclmung ; Saumband hell gelblich.
Alle Fliigel stark irisirend. Auf der Unterseite ist die Zeichnung
weniger stark wieder gegeben. Kopf und Eiicken graulich braun ; die
Beine und Brust weisslich. Palpen oben braun, unten weisslich.
Fliigelspannung 30 bis 35 m. m. Aus Massachusetts.

Anmerhimg. Da icli yermuthlich friiher oxydalis und flavi-
dalis nicht schied, so ist es wahrscheiulich dass ich lacoaUs zu oxy-
dalis, cinctipedalis dagegen zu jlavidalis setzen sollte, anstatt beide
Walker'sche Arten zu oxydalis zu ziehen.

Botis subdeutalis, Grote.

S Grosser und weniger grell gefarbt als viamilcnta, die gewiss
rich tig von Zeller bestimmt wird, und nur der Abbildung nach einige
Zweifel lassenkaun; es sind bei unsereu "Descriptions" eben die
Beschreibungen und nicht die Abbildungen der Arten genauer zu
nehmen. Alle die Querlinien deutlicher als bei marcidenta der

174

Fall ist. Fahl- ocler liell-ocker-gelb. Die aussere Mittellinie lauft
beinahe gerade herunter bis zur Eippe 5, dann mit einer Aus-
buchtung bis 2, sodanii nnegale Zahne bildend zuni Inuenrand
verlaufeud. Die 3. Querlinie, vor dem Hinterrande, ist anffallend
breit, regelmassig gezahnt und erinnert an Botis gentilis, dem die
neue Art an Grosse gleiclit. Die feine bramiliche Ilinterrandlinie,
so wie die Fransen, sind von Schattenstreifclien, die auf den Zellen
liegen, durchsclmitten. Hinterfliigel mit schwachem Mittelpunkt,
geschlangelte Mittellinie, die nacJi dem Hinterrande zu verlosclit,
niclit wie hei gentilis, u. a. A., eimvdrts unter Rippe 2 zvieder er-
scheinend, sondern auf dem hier weissUchen Flugel Spureti einer
Fortsetzung in fortlanfender RicMung zeigt. In dieser Beziehung
zeigt suhdejitalis eine Verwandscliaft mit marculenta. Es kann schon
deslialb niclit serratissimalis sein, da die Querlinie der Hinterflugel
niclit stumpfwinklig gebrochen ist und den Vorderrand erreicht,
obwohl das Tliierclien sich audi durcli seine gelbliclie Farbuug
und dadurcli dass die zwei Discalflecken niclit ringformig sind, sich
von gentilis undersclieidet. Die Mittelzelle sclieint mir audi niclit
kiirzer zu sein als bei Botis der Fall ist, und so, wenn icli micli
audi im Gesclileclite irre, kann meine Art niclit zu Crocidopliora
gelioren. (C. pustuliferalis. Led., kenne icli aus Alabama.) Unten
Aveisslich gelb, scliwacli irisirend, die Zeiclinung wiedergegeben aber
verlosclien. Kopf, Eiicken und Hinterleib falil-gelb ; Unten weiss-
licli, die Beine dunkler. Diese Art entbelirt alle gesattigtere ocker-
rothliclie Farbung. Fliigelspannung 22 m. m. Aus der Umgegend
von Buffalo. Leiclit von marculenta zu untersclieiden durcli den
verscliiedenen Verlauf der ausseren Mittellinie und die gezackte
3. Querlinie, die sicli auf dem Hinterflugel fortsetzt.

Anaphora agrotipennella, Grote.

Can. Ent. p. 137 $ July, p. 142 ? Aug., 1872.

Ebenda liabe icli eine zweite Art aus Alabama mit weissliclien
Oberfliigeln als Anaphora mortipennella besclirieben. Ueber agroti-
pennella sclireibt mir Herr Professor Zeller: "Icli liabe sie als An-
apliora scardina bescliriebeii, und das Manuscript befindet sich in
Wien." Es ist mir selir wabrsclieinlidi dass Pinaris liamiferella,
Huhner, Zutr., S. 14, fig. 4-11-442, aus Rio Janeiro, und Acroloplius
vitellus Poey, Cent. Lep., aus Cuba, zu Anaphora gohoren oder damit
verwaiidt siiid.

175

XII. Description of the genera Argyrophyes and
Condylolomia and of a species of Deuterollyta

BY AUG. R. GROTE.
[Bead before this Society, October 23, 1873.]

Arg-yropliyes,^ n. g.

Ocelli wanting. Maxillae rudimentary, entirely concealed by the prominently
long, very thickly scaled labial palpi (Plate 5, fig. 1), which exceed the front,
their third article directed forwards. Wings full ; primaries (Plate 5, fig. 3)
large, with evenly arcuate costa, straight external, and consequently long
internal margin ; 10-veined ; cell long, closed ; 2 to 5 at decreasing intervals ;
6 from the cross vein ; 7 to apex ; 8 out of 7 to costa ; 9 from upper and outer
angle of the cell to costa ; 10 and 11 wanting. Hind wings (Plate 5, fig. 3)
rounded, rather disproportionally smaller, 7-veined ; cell incompletely closed,
angulated ; vein 5 wanting ; no accessory internal veins ; on both wings the
cells are undivided.

The species is frail, white, pulverulent, with somewhat the out-
line of Homophysa, so that at first, and considering the bushy palpi,
the insect might be considered as Pyralidous. The neuration dif-
fers essentially, however, from that type ; the absence of ocelli and
the rounded secondaries are Geometridous characters. The anten-
nae are simple, scaled, provided beneath with longer and very fine
hairs in the male, in the female these are shorter, two on each of
the well-exposed joints; the caputal scales are massed about the
antennal insertion.

Argyrophyes cilicoides, Grote.

Pure white, shaded with smoky brown. Fore wings with a raised blotch of
black metallic scales at the extremity of the cell ; opposite and beyond this,
inside of the transverse line, are a few more scattered dark scales. The ter-
minal portion of the median space, on which the metallic blotch is placed, is

^ Or. : (i/i/ i'peor et (pvfj.

176

transversely shaded with pale smoky brown. The transverse posterior line is
indicated by darker scales. It is lightly sinuate, outwardly rounded opposite
the cell. Subterminal line fine, quite distinct, pale smoky brown, nearly per-
pendicular, a little irregular, twice more prominently indented. There are
very faint indications of basal transverse shade lines ; fringes white. Hind wings
white, with a smoky discoloration inside the fringe, more prominent towards
the apices. Beneath, the fore wings are dark smoky brown, except along
internal margin near the base, where they are white as are the fringes. Hind
wings white with faint dot and smoky shadings. Body parts white ; a faint
mixture of brown scales is perceivable under the glass, especially on the legs.
The insect distantly recalls in appearance the European Cilix spinula.

Expanse, 16 m. m. My specimens were collected iu Xew Jerse}'.

Condylolomia,* n. g.

Vein 8 of the secondaries (Plate 5, fig. 5) anastomising with 7 ; veins 3 and
4 of the fore wings (Plate 5, fig. 4) furcating. In the male the costa, beyond
the cell, at a little beyond basal third, is provided with a fold within which is
concealed a tuft of hair. At the base, at costa, above the cell, is a rounded
blister. Fore wings with the outer margin straighter than usual, resembling
Asopia. Vein 1 with an incomplete subbasal lower branch. Cell aborted,
hardly one-fourth as long as the wing ; veins 3 and 4 furcate ; 5 thrown ofi"
from the upper side of median vein a little without the lower angle of the
cell ; 2 below and beyond 5, about one-third of the distance between 5 and the
furcation of 3 and 4. Vein 6 from the discal cross-vein near the middle to
costa, just before the apices; 7 to costa near 6; 8 out of 7 to costa at the
center of the wing ; veins 9 to 11 wanting ; 12 an abortive veinlet, apparently
skirting the basal blister and joining the costa at the commencement of the
costal fold. Ocelli. Body slender, tortriciform ; labial palpi porrect, as long
as the front, coarsely scaled ; terminal joints projected forwards. Tongue
spiral. Maxillary palpi not detected. Antennae ( ^ ) moderate, finely pubes-
cent beneath.

Condylolomia differs from any hitherto described genus of Pyral-
idae in the O-veined primaries. It agrees with Duponchelia, Stego-
thyris and Paraponyx, in that veins 3 and 4 of the primaries are
furcating (Lederer's Plate 2, fig. 26), vein 5 arising from the median
vein before the origin of vein 2 below. It approaches in costal
character Cnaplialocrocis and Crocidolomia, but here the swelling
is at base above the very short discal cell, and the fold, concealing a

* Gr. : j]6v6vAoc et /.una.

177

pencil of hair, beyond the discal cell, is apparently different in cliar-
acter from the costal ornamentation of the Asiatic Crocidolornia.

Condylolomia participialisj Grote.

$ . — The fore wiugs are smooth, dark ochrey yellow, more or less washed
and shaded with vinous red, especially terminally. There is no perceptible
ornamentation except an outer transverse even slightly arcuate pale shade
line with a preceding reddish stain. Hind wings dark fuscous, a little pale
at costa. The fringes are rather long, glistening, dark reddish on primaries,
pale fuscous on the hind wings. Beneath paler, testaceous with obscure red-
dish shadings. Primaries the darker, with a transverse line at 3^, followed
by a pale outward shading and corresponds with that on the upper surface.
Hind wings pale yellowish, with the inception of a transverse shade marks
on costa. Abdomen above fuscous, the prominent anal tuft and uuder-surface
yellowish. Legs dusty yellowish ; middle and fore tibia reddish outwardly.
Thorax and head above like the primaries.

Expanse, 14 m. m. Halitat, Pennsylvania (Xo. 8).

Deuterollyta borealis, Grote.

$ . — From the base of the antennae two long scaled processes extend back-
wards over and close to the thoracic surface, reaching to the mesothorax, and
resembling in position the palpi of Anaphora. Labial palpi exceeding the
head, third joint long and pointed ; maxillary palpi present, very short. Fore
wings dusty yellowish gray with powdery black lines. Liner middle line
determinate on costa, irregular. A black discal dot inside of the narrow me-
dian shade. Outer middle line irregularly denticulate, produced about vein
4, thence running inwardly below vein 3, whence it descends very slightly
outwardly projected to internal margin. Terminal field wide ; a wide black-
ish terminal shade band, tinged with brown, notably so at about internal
angle. A terminal series of well-marked interspaceal blackish marks, becom-
ing continuous inferiorly ; fringes whitish. Hind wings fuscous, the veins
darker marked ; a discal dot very near the base and costal border ; a terminal
strongly marked line ; fringes whitish. Beneath pale yellowish gray ; a com-
mon line and discal dots ; the marginal shade band less prominent. Thorax
and head above like primaries. Legs concolorus ; tibiae marked outwardly
with black.

From Cambridge, Mass. Collected by J. C. Merrill (^N^o. 9).
Expanse, 20 m. m. Kindly determined as D. conspicualis, Led.
(from Brazil), on Lederer's authority, for me, by Prof. Zeller, but
differing decidedly by the greater width of the terminal spaces on
both surfaces, the irregularly denticulated exterior lines which are
more inwardly placed, the smaller size and paler color.

BUI.. BUT. SOC. NAT. SCI. (2.3) OCTOBER, 1873.

178

XIII. Description of a Butterfly new to the Lower
Lake Region

BY AUG. E. GKOTE.
[Read before this Society, October 2Sd, 1873.]

Callicista, n. g.

Eyes hairy. Antennae very slender, a little more than half a.s long again
as the abdomen ; club prominent, cylindrical, comparatively short. Fore
tibiae about five-sixths the length of hind tibiae. Fore wings with the costal
margin a little more than half as long again as internal margin ; external
margin equal in length to internal margin, sinuate, being unusually strongly
inwardly retreated from below vein 3 to interna] angle. Cell less than half
as long as the wing. Hind wings broadly elongate ovate, internal margin
nearly twice the length of the abdomen.

Callicista seems to have its nearest ally in Strymon, H'uhiei'. It
is more Hesperiform than any of the Theclid genera.

Callicista ocellifera, Orote.

S . — Wings above, dark bronzy brown. On the cell of primaries a large
blackish sexual spot. On hind wings two black spots before the external
margin, near the anal angle, apparently resting on an extremely fine pale hair
streak ; fringes whitish. Wings beneath, pale dull violet brownish gray.
Primaries with three terminal series of white lunules on the interspaces
descending from the costal region. The first series fainter, marginal, con-
tinued, following the shape of the external margin ; the second consisting of
three lunules, terminating on the interspace above vein 4 ; the inner series pre-
ceded by blackish spots, opposite the cell smaller and parallel with the sec-
ond band, but, below vein 4, two spots are placed outwardly and continued
below the second series. Hind wings with two basal, blackish pupilled, white
ringed, rather large distinct spots, recalling those in Everes in position.
A mesial band of black pupilled, white ringed, ocellate spots, a little waved
and irregular, the spots unequally defined ; beyond, a subterminal series of
unequally V-shaped white marks, accented outwardly by dark shades, the points
turned towards the base of the wing; a terminal series of white lunules, with
dark outer shade spots, interrupted by a large black spot, between veins 2 and 3,
surmounted by a vivid orange yellow shade, and containing a few metallic
points. A black fringe dot at the anal angle. A marginal whitish narrow

170

line, faintly noticeable, also, on tlie fore wings ; fringes dark. A darker
linear shade on the cross-vein of secondaries, perceivable within the mesial
band.

Length of fore wing, along the costa, 11 m. m. Breadth, from apex to internal
angle, 7 m. m. Length of internal margin, 7 m. m. Total length of hody,
9 m. m.

This pretty little species was taken by Mr. Ottomar Eeinecke,
near Aurora, abont 17 miles southward from Buffalo, on the Buf-
falo, New York and Philadelj^hia Railroad. The locality presents
a succession of hilly eminences, covered by a moderate growth of
hemlock, mixed with deciduous trees. The specimen was taken on
the 13tli of July. On the same occasion Argus Eurydice Avas quite
abundant. Mr. Edwards, in his synopsis of North American But-
terflies, enumerates 39 species under the genus Thecla, of which
number, 15 are from California, 1 from Utah [affiiiis), and 1 from
Nevada {cygnus) ; a single species {halcsus) enjoys a range from
Florida to California, while another {mopsus) is found from New
England to Colorado Territory. Mr. S. H. Scudder records 12 spe-
cies, from New England, under 6 genera. It is probable that Cal-
licista ocellifera will be in future added to the list, as its range is
not likely to be confined to this region of country. Our butterfly^
is remarkable for its resemblance to Everes on the under surface of
the secondaries, but here there is but one marginal ])lack spot and
superposed broad orange luniform shade, while in Everes there is a
succeeding one, here absent, a few black scales on the succeeding
interspace indicating its position. On this account, also, it resem-
bles Lampides Balliston, Huhner, fig. 229-230, from Georgia. It is
a much smaller and narrower insect, however; on the underside
the two prominent ocellate spots at base of secondaries are not
indicated by Hiibner, who represents a single larger ocellus on
internal margin, wanting in ocellifera. On the primaries there are
double discal streaks, and the black spots accompanying the inner
even transverse bands on both wings are wanting, in Balliston. On
the primaries the transverse lines are much less complete and much
more crowded on to the external margin, having a very different
position, in Callicista ocellifera. Hiibner's species is not catalogiied
by Mr. Edwards. The European L. Boeticus may be considered
the type of Lampides.

ISO

XIV. Description of three Genera of Noctuidae

BY AUG. E. GROTE.
[Bead before this Society, October 2dd, 1873.]

Hadcua turbuleuta.

PhospMla turbulenta, Hubner, Zutr. S. 15, figs. 67, G8.
AmpMpyraf turbulenta , Walker.

Ocelli. Eyes naked, with lashes. Antennae ( S ) simple, sparsely and finely
pubescent. Thorax tufted, on the disc behind the collar. Abdomen with
slight dorsal tufts. Tibiae unarmed. Slender-bodied ; squamatiou pulveru-
lent on the wings, hairy on the legs and thorax. Bright brown ; fore wings
widening at outer third, paler outside of the t. p. line. Median lines approxi-
mate inferiorly; t. p. line superiorly outwardly projected, double, the inner
line most distinct, lunulatedentate. Costal region between t. p. and subter-
miual line dark brown, relieving the pale costal dots. Subterminal line faint;
on the subterminal space the veins are darker marked. Two prominent dark
brown parallel streaks, fused by a dark shade, rest on the submedian inter-
space above internal angle. Hind wings pale brown, with an even, outwardly
pale shaded, transverse line opposite the t. p. line of primaries ; a faint discal
streak and dififuse darker terminal shade. Fringes on primaries dark, cut
with pale at the extremity of the nervules ; on secondaries pale reddish with
a dusky outer shade. Beneath duller hued, with discal dots and common line.
Noticeable fi'om the inward position of the t. p. line of primaries and trans-
verse line of the hind wings.

ExiKinse, 28 m. m. Albany (Lintner) ; Georgia (Hubner). A
species not noticed by Guenee, and referred without any apparent
reason to Ampliipyra, by Walker, from Iliibner's figures.

Homoliadena, n. g.

Ocelli. Eyes naked, with feeble (?) lashes. Tibiae unarmed. Thorax with
smooth unelevated discolorous collar, the disc untufted. Abdomen without
tufts, a little flattened ( s ). Maxillae moderate. No frontal protuberance.
Size moderate. Differs from Haclena by the untufted thorax and abdomen.
Ornamentation peculiar ; ordinary spots and subterminal line obsolete ; me-
dian lines even, flexous, approximate; t. p. line strongly arcuatedly projected
opposite the cell ; a brown dash from base to t. a. line, below submedian vein,
continued more faintly across the median space to an opposite notch on the
t. p. line ; a second large dash on the cell continued beyond the t. p. line.
Brown ; hind wings whitish in i ; fuscous in ? .

181

Homohadeua badistriga.

Hadena hadistriga, Grote, Traus. Am. Eut. Soc, p. 20, 1873.
Albaii}^ (Liiitner) ; New York (Grote) ; London, Canada (Saun-
ders). Larva on tlie common Honeysnckle (Lonicera sempervirens);
chrysalis in a tolerably firm cocoonet. At the time I originally
described the sj^ecies, Mr. Lintner kindly drew my attention to the
fact, that I had wrongly described the eyes as hairy.

Adipsophanes,^ n. g.

Ocelli. Eyes naked, without lashea. No clypeal projection. All the
tibiae unarmed. Antennae of the usual {-.^ of the costal) length. Thoracic
vestiture smooth. Palpi equally thickly scaled, but very slightly exceeding
the front. Abdomen without tufts. Clypeus without tuft, closely, shortly
and thickly (contrastedly) scaled. Head not retracted. Legs smoothly scaled,
bat with longer sparse hair on the outer surface of the hind tibiae. Fore
wings with the external margin rounded, the long fringes projected very
slightly at internal angle. Vein 8 of the hind wings out of the upper margin
of the cell ; general habit recalling Caradrina. Antennae {$) simple, scaled
above, with exceedingly short and fine down beneath. Palpi thickly scaled,
third joint small, more closely scaled. Maxillae moderate.

In using Lederer's analytical table we refer this moth as allied to
Stilbia, among the European genera, from which it differs by the
absence of secondary sexual disparities, the simple antennae, the
absence of a mesothoracic tuft and the contrastedly colored, close
velvety clypeal squamation (as compared with the j^aler and longer
scales of the vertex). The form is slender; wings elongate, pale
colored; ornamentation Leucania-like. It approaches in general
appearance and form very closely to Guenee's Cramhodes talidifor-
mis, but in that species the antennae are subpectinate, the clypeal
surface is not discriminated by its vestiture, the terminal palpal
joints are longer, more obtuse and broader.

Adipsoplianes miscellus,^ Grote.

S ? . — Fore wings pale brownish gray, with fine interrupted black lines on
the veins accompanied by narrow whitish shades. The usual ornamentation
obsolete. Terminal space darker tinted. An interrupted terminal blackish
line; the long pale brownish fringes cut with whitish opposite the veins.
Hind wings white, subtranslucent, with a brown line and pale brownish ter-
minal shade fading to anal angle, m ore obvious in ? ; fringes white. In the
9 there is an exceedingly slight indication of a transverse line from nervular

1 Gr. : aSapor et (pahoimi. 2 Spec, sub No. 2 ad eel. Zeller niif^i.

182

flecks, apparent also beneath on the dusted costal region. Beneath, without
markings; fore wings pale brownish; hind wings white; terminal lines well
marked. Squamation slightly lustrous. Body parts gray ; clypeal surface
blackish.

Expanse, 28 m. m. Habitat, NeAv York (Albany, Lintner) ;
Pennsylvania; Massachusetts; quite common, and in all collections.
The types are in the Collection of this Society.

Plagiomimicusj^ n. g.

Ocelli. Eyes naked, without lashes. Clypeus with a broad naked cup-like
depression, the raised edges forming inferiorly a wide semicircular corneous
projection, below which a corneous ridge crosses the face above the moderately
slender maxillae. Labial palpi shorter than usual. Legs unarmed. Fore
tibiae with a stout terminal curved spine. Antennae simple, with short hairs
beneath on the joints ( 3 ). Squamation scaly, as in Lygranthoecia, not hairy,
as in Heliolonche and Heliothis. Thorax short and square ; tegulae laterally
spreading, with elevated terminal scales. Abdomen without tufts, very little
exceeding the hind wings.

Plagiomimicus pityocliromns, Grote.

i 2 . — Color of Lygranthoecia marginata and L. Thoreaui. Median lines
narrow, distinct, white ; transverse anterior a little inwardly depressed in its
general course above the median vein, about which it forms a faint angle,
thence straightly to internal margin ; transverse posterior running outwardly
from costa to vein 6, where it is angulated, thence descending with an inward
sweep evenly to internal margin which it joins (running inferiorly parallel
with the t. a. line) at within ~.^ from the base, narrowing the median space
inferiorly. Discal spots evident, elongate, lying in slightly opposed posi-
tions, black (especially the orbicular), surrounded by narrow white borders,
constricted medially, figure 8-shaped. Subterminal line preceded on costal
region by a darker, large triangular shade which obtains between the t. p. and
s. t. lines superiorly. Hind wings a little paler than primaries, similarly tinted,
plain. Beneath without markings ; fringes concolorous. Body parts like the
wings.

Expanse, 20 nx. vx. iZaJiYft/, Alabama; Albany (Lintner). Size
of Lygranthoecia marginata, with the primaries more widely trian-
gulate. From both species of Lygrantlioecia, specifically easily
separable by the paler more olivaceous general tint, the apically
produced transverse posterior line and the distinct guttiform discal
spots, and generically by the frontal excavation. The type is in the
collection of this Society.

3 Gr. : TT7rjy>] et /u/ukoc

183

XV. On Wailengren's '' Lepidoptera Scandinaviae
Heterocera disposita et descripta."

BY AUG. E, GROTE.

The meritorious work of H. D. J. "Wallengren on Swedish Moths
(Lund, 1863), has not, as yet, received our attention. The first part
(Closterocera) is before us, and a brief I'eference to certain points
presented by it may be of interest. Following Dumeril and Bois-
duval, Wallengren assumes divisions higher than Families for the
Moths, but although their definitions are more extended, they are not
recommended to acceptation by any more important contradistinc-
tions than when first announced by the French Entomologists. And
although Wallengren says, " Closterocernes antennform skiljer dessa
fjiirilar genast fran alia Xematocera och Chetocera" (p. 4), he leaves
out of consideration the American Zygaenoid genera, certain of which
are not separable from Wallengren's Nematocera on antennal char-
acters. To his exception " Paranthrena," (properly written Paran-
threne, Hiibner, S. 128), must now also be added the Texan Setioid
genus Zenodoxus, G. and R. To the gradual modification of the
antennae throughout the Suborder (more perceivable, perhaps, in
our American fauna) is owing a gradual change in structure
which necessarily makes any Kepag classification unnatural and
impossible.'

Wallengren retains the less compact Smerinthoid species in the
highest position among the Sphingidae. We object to this on the
ground that their Bombyciform analogies, unprismatic antennae
(g. Cressonia, etc.), and weak abdomen, are characters of inferiority.
The transformation of Haemorrhagia is more like that of the Hes-
peridae, and the diurnal flight of Hiibner's Bombyliae (Vulgares), is
a character entitling them to highest rank. The aborted maxillae
and nocturnal flight of Smerinthus are characters indicating a

1 See the paper on Antennal Structure, read before the Portland Meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science.

184

lower rank in the Family. Xo generic separation of the European
species of Smerinthus is made by Wallengren, but such is evidently
demanded. Although the European Smerintlms tiliae is enumer-
ated first by Latreille under his genus, yet it cannot be considered
his type while he cites oceUafus under the same name, and which
latter species we have separated as typical of the genus in our Cata-
logue. Laothoe Fair, and Delina Dalman, appear to be cast for the
same species, and to be in reality, intended as = Smerinthiis Latr.
The former has been used for the European poipidl, and we have
considered this species as the type. Nor does this arrangement in-
terfere in the slightest with Hiibner's Verzeichniss, a work to which
we would accord the fullest authority and weight. We liave
taken for Hiibner's genus Paonias the type P. excaecatus, which
(with Myops and Salicis) he includes on p. 143. This genus is (ex-
cluding Salicis as the type of Smerinthus) unrepresented in Europe,
and contains two, if not three, American species. Calasymbolus,
Grote, is also unrepresented in Europe ; its type, Astylus, is not
mentioned by Hiibner. For the European tiliae, Hiibner's genus
Mimas must be retained ; there are no described American species.
We have already proposed to restrict Polyptychus Huhner, to
Cramers doitatus as the type. Quite distinct from any of the other
species included under Polyptychus and more strongly marked,
perhaps, than any of the other Smerinthoid species, the American
juglamlis has already been separated under Cressonia.

Wallengren, unhappily (and unnecessarily), refers Philampelus,
Harris, as a synonym to Choerocampa. The proper type of this
genus is Pliilampelus satellitia, Harris (nee Linn.), Daplmis Pan-
dorus Hiibner; the genus is unrepresented in Europe. Wallengren's
idea is probably taken from Burmeister's fusion of the genera in the
*' Sphingidae Brasiliens." Nor does Wallengren separate D. nerii,
as the type of Daphnis Hubnev, as has been correctly done by Curtis.
Quite unnecessarily, Wallengren erects a new genus for the Euro-
pean Macroglossum stellatarum, already originally considered as the
type of Scopoli's genus. Wallengren has, evidently, taken the pre-
valent European idea of " Macroglossa," without exercising literary
research. For Hemaris Dalman (to which Boisduval has referred
S. fuciformis as the type), Wallengren uses the incorrectly written
term " Macroglossa."

185

XVI. On the Butterflies of Anticosti

BY AUG. E. GROTE.

[liead before this Society, Oetdhcr 31, 1873.]

This Society has received from Mr. William Coiiper a collection
of Lepidoptera made in the months of Jnne and July, on the
Island of Anticosti, which lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, be-
tween latitudes 49° and 50°. I am nnder obligations to Mr. Samuel
H. Scudder for his opinion on the eight species of Diurnal Lepi-
doptera collected by Mr. Couper. Two additional species of Grapta
have been reported, though not seen by me, making ten species of
butterflies in all known from the island. No species of Oeneis
were observed. Five of the species received present no features of
particular interest. These are: Vanessa Atalanta, Argynnis Atlan-
tis, Phyciodes Tharos, Cyaniris Lucia and Cyclopides Mandan. Tlie
other three I notice more fully, as follows :

(llaucopsyclie Coiiperi, Orotc.

This species differs from Lygdmnus and Pembina, in having a much broader
dark margin to the wings. The male (25 m. ui.) is more largely pale greenish
blue above, over the dark ground color, which, in the female (37 m. m.) obtains,
the blue color being confined to the basal and discal fields of the wings.
Beneath white shaded over dark, with a subterminal series of 7 black-pupiled
white ringed spots on the interspaces, and a discal ocellus on the primaries.
Hind wings with a twice broken subterminal series of 9 ocelli with obsolete
pupils, 2 more coalesced on the disc, 1 above on costal region. Fringes whitish.

Ganoris oleracea, Scudder, var borealis.

The markings on the veins are much darker and broader than usual, espe-
cially beneath. The species thus resembles /rz^'ida, but the elongated form of
the hind wings peculiar to frigida is totally wanting. This is a renewed
example of the interesting fact that white butterflies assume darker colors
when inhabiting elevated localities or higher latitudes.

Papilio brevicauda, Saunders.

The specimens agree in the special position of the markings with the New-
foundland form. There is a variation in the length of the tails, and the
coloration is more that of the continental P. Polygenes (Asterias). The form
is a segregated geographical one. While the female brevicauda approaches
in excess of yellow color the male, in the Southern States the male Polyxenes
seems to approach the ordinary female type.

BUL. BFF. 80C. NAT. SCI. (24) NOVESIBER, 1873.

186

XVII. Notes on North American Lepidoptera

BY H. K. MORRISOX, OLD CAMBEIDGE, MASS.
[Bead before this Society Nov. 21, 1873.]

Family LYCAENIDAE.

Lycaena pseudofea {nov. sp.).

Expanse, 17 m. m. Length of body, 6 m. m.

Palpi above dark brown ; beneath white, clothed with scattered stout
black hairs, most numerous on the second and third joints. Front darli, with
narrow conspicuous white lines encircling the eves. Antennae alternated white
and black, club at its commencement dark reddish-brown, shading to red at
the tip ; body above dark brown, almost black ; beneath whitish. Wings above
uniform dark brown, deeper at the base, and there concolorous with the body ;
anterior wings without defined markings; posterior wings with a series of
five small submargiual black spots, tlie three nearest the anal angle distinct,
the other two sometimes ahnost obliterated ; fringe concolorous, without any
trace of white. Beneath, ground color of a uniform brown, considerably lighter
than above ; anterior wings with a white ring (enclosing a spot of the ground
color) .5 m. m. in diameter in the center of the basal third of the wing, rest-
ing upon the median nervure at its junction with the fourth median nervule ;
beneath and touching this ring, another, bounded above by the median nervure
and fourth median nervule, and resting on the submedian nervure. This
latter is an ellipsis, major axis .75 m. m., minor, .50 m. m. It is the nearest to
the base of the wing. Two submarginal rows of faint white spots, situated
between the nervules. Between the basal rings and the two submarginal rows
of spots, the wings are crossed by four white parallel lines, interrupted by
the nervules and obliterated slightly before the costa and inner margin of
the wings. These lines are perpendicular to the costa, and not parallel to the
submarginal spots. Posterior wings beneath, with a series of three white
rings (enclosing spots of the ground color) directly beneath each other, and in
the basal third of the wings. A submarginal band of six conspicuous black
Bpots between the nervules. Before this a narrow white band surrounding
the spots, and extending between them along the nervules. The spot nearest
the anal angle is almost entirely covered with metallic green, and the rest of
the spots present detached scales of this color, generally on the side nearest
the margin. The disc of the wings between the submarginal baud and the
three white rings is covered with a series of interrupted white lines.

187

Described from three specimens. Types in the collections of
Edward Burgess and H. K. Morrison.

Hab., Key West, Florida. Specimens taken February 8tli and
9tli. This species belongs to the same section of the genus as exilis,
Boisd., from California, and fea, Edws., from Texas. But it can at
once be distinguished from the latter to which it is closely allied,
by the absence of the metallic blue reflection on the basal third of
the anterior wings above, by the coucolorous ground of the wings
above, and below, without the broad red bands of fea, and by the
presence of the two white rings in the basal third of the anterior
wings beneath.

There are also other dilFerences which can be seen from the
description.

I am indebted for the opportunity of describing this beautiful
species, to my friend Mr. Edward Burgess of the Boston Society of
Natural History.

Lycaena cassias. Cram., Yar. floridensis {nov. var.).

Expanse, $ 20 m. m. ? 22 m. ni.

S . — Palpi above black ; beneath the first two joints white, the third black
tipped with white, all three clothed with thick black hairs ; antennae black
and white; club black, tipped with white ; body black above ; beneath white
with a yellowish tinge ; wings above of a deep marine blue, with a slight
metallic reflection ; anterior wings with a very narrow black border along the
costa and outer margin ; fringe black, changing to white at the inner angle.
Posterior wings with the disc of a lighter blue ; a black border a little wider
than that of the anterior wings ; fringe white ; the markings beneath show
slightly above ; beneath the ground color is white with brown markings ;
anterior wings with a series of six marginal spots between the nervules,
those nearest the inner angle being double ; next to these and separated by
the ground color, a submarginal line formed of united lunules ; this line
extends uninterruptedly to the fourth median nervule ; from this to the inner
margin it is continued by a long faint lunule ; the next line is short, extending
from the costa to the disco-central nervule ; the third extends from the costa
to the third median nervule ; these last two are formed of connected lunules.
The fourth is broad, uninterrupted, extending to the median nervure; from
the median to the third median nervule it is represented by a faint narrow
line. The fifth line is narrow, continuous from the costa to the inner margin.
The sixth line forms a broad continuous band, the sides of which are parallel
until they reach the median nervure, and from that point commence to diverge
until they reach the inner margin — widtli of the band on the median nervure .75

188

m. m., on tlie inner margin 3.5 m. m. — thus forming a broad triangle resting on
the inner margin. The seventh line formed of lunules and not quite touching
the costa, which from it to the Base is brown. The eighth line is reduced to
a long lunule parallel to the costa. The base and disc of the posterior wings
covered with brown spots and lines of various shapes ; a submarginal band of
united lunules, surmounting a marginal series of six spots, situated between
the nervules ; the two anal spots are deep black, each surrounded by a ring of
chrome yellow ; the second of these spots is the largest ; they both contain a
lunule of metallic blue nearest the outer margin, and have also detached
scales of the same color scattered over them.

2 . — Anterior wings above, white, with a very broad black border extended
from the base along the costa to the apex, where it is much thickened, and
from the apex to the inner angle, as in L. neglecta 2 . The base of the wing
and three bands corresponding to the principal ones below, are suffused with a
metallic blue reflection; the middle band extends from the black costal border
across the disc to the inner margin ; the outer band is an arm from the sub-
marginal black border, and is only suffused with blue internally ; posterior
wings with a blue reflection at the base; a black border formed of the sub-
marginal lunules and spots, which are united at the costal angle, but separate
towards the anal angle ; the two black spots beneath, particularly the second,
are reproduced conspicuously above ; beneath the markings are the same as in
the male, except that they are lighter, and in the posterior wings the discal
bands are only represented by a few isolated spots.

Hah., Key West, Florida. Taken from Feb. 1 to 10. Types in
collections of Edward Burgess and H. K. Morrison.

This species is the representative in our fauna of the Central and
S. American cassius, and will perhaps ultimately be considered
distinct from it. But in the large series of specimens which I
examined from diflFerent localities, I was nnable to find any constant
specific characters separating the two, although the Florida form
could readily be recognized by its general appearance.

Tliecla niodesta.

Lycaena modesta, Maynard, Amer. Xat., Vol. 7, March, 1873, p. 177.

This species is not a Lycaena but a Thecla, belonging to a group
which has not until now been found within the limits of the United
States. Modesta is extremely close to, if not identical with, an
undescribed species which I have from Jamaica and Cuba.

The insect fauna of Key West is tro]Hcal in its character, and
intimately connected w^tli that of the West Indies, while it differs
entirely from that of Florida, the nearest main land.

189

Family E??XOMIDAE.

Eurymene excavaria {nov. sp.).
Expanse, 31 m. m. Length of body, 11 m. m.

2. — Head and collar violet-black, the latter edged with ferruginous ; bodr
above oclireous ; terminal segment of the abdomen ferruginous, anus violet
black ; body beneath and legs uniform ferruginous. Anterior wings with the
apex pointed ; a very strongly pronounced angle between the second and third
median nervules (much more so than in any species of the genus known to
me); outer margin between the angle and the apex concave; below the angle
the margin is very deeply indented ; inner angle slightly rounded ; anterior
wings with the ground color pale ochreous, almost hidden except at the base
and apex by numerous transverse, brown striae ; a narrow violet-black costal
border, continuous with the collar, lined interiorly with red, extending one
third of the distance between the base and apex ; a very thick dark reddish-
brown line, commencing on the inner margin two-thirds of the distance from
the base to the inner angle, and continuing perpendicularly until a short dis-
tance before the fourth median nervule ; at this point it changes its course
about thirty degrees to the right, extending in this direction until within 1.5
m. m. of the costal margin, where it stops abruptly ; bordered internally with
brighter red, externally with violet, which extends to the inner angle ; the
indentation below the angle, in the outer margin, bordered with ferruginous ;
a narrow reddish line at the base of the fringe. Posterior wings above ochre-
ous ; an obtuse angle at the termination of the third median rervule, between
which and the anal angle, the margin is concave and bordered with dark
brown ; the anal angle slightly violaceous ; a ferruginous line commencing on
the abdominal margin (where it is almost black) a short distance above the
anal angle, extending about three quarters of the distance across the wings,
gradually becoming fainter and lost in the ground color ; posterior wings free
from striae except near the anal angle. Wings beneath, ochreous; pale near
the base ; profusely striated with ferruginous, especially on the posteriors ;
anterior wings with a broad ferruginous line, slightly violaceous, prominent on
the costal margin, corresponding to the upper part of the line above ; this line
is obliterated before the inner margin ; a broad whitish border along the inner
margin, free from markings ; posterior wings with a broad violet border,
bounded interiorly by a ferruginous line composed of accumulated striae.

Hah., New York. Collection of H. K. Morrison.

This handsome species can be easily distinguished from phlogo-
saria Guenee, and alcoolaria Guenee, by the different number and
arrangement of the lines on the anteriors above; from fervidaria
Herr.-Scli. {emargataria, Guen.), it differs by the strongly marked
indentation and prominent angle of the outer margin of the
anterior wings. There are also other minor points of difference
between the species, which can be seen from the descriptions.

190

XVIII. On Eight Species of Noctuidae

BY AUG. R. GKOTE.
[Read he/ore this Society, November 21, 1873.]

1. Hadena sputator, Gw^e.

Apamea? insignota, Walker p. 729 (n. b. 1.).
$ ? . — I have formerly iiiiited this form with Iladena dnbitaus,
Grote {Mamestra duiitans, Walker, p. 232), but a large series of
specimens induce me to separate it as distinct. The present form
must receive a new name, since that of insigjiata is used for a
species, which is most probaldy a Iladena, on page 727, by Mr.
Walker himself, while the name had also been previously used in
the group. This is the more usual species of the two (found under
bark with H, devastatoi") and has been sent me in number by Mr. J.
A. Pettit, from Grimsby, Canada. New York specimens have been
sent me by Mr. Mead, under the Number 95. I have taken it also
in the vicinity of Butfalo in August. It is the smaller (42 to 44
m. m.) form; the fore wings blackish aeneous lirown, and the
markings almost entirely lost; the most prominent feature of the
primaries is the contrasting pale powdery squamation of the reni-
form spot. Occasionally the orbicular is dusted with similar jaale
scales, which also relieve outwardly and narrowly the subterminal
line which is preceded by improminent lilackish unequal cuneiform
marks. My former determination of H. dubituns, h. s., p. 142, needs
no rectification. Hadeua dubitans is the lai'ger (48 to 50 m. m.)
form of the two, and I have it from the Middle States and Cali-
fornia. It is of a light smooth ferruginous brown, a little darker on
the costal region and terminal space. The transverse posterior line
is merely indicated by dots on the veins. In Hadena sputator, this
line is seen in fresh specimens to be indicated by a j^ale shading be-
tween geminate dark lines. The spots are, in H. dubitans, also,
more or less notably powdered with pale scales, but on account of
the paler color of the wings these do not so prominently contrast.
The hind wings are brownish fuscous, not blackish fuscous, as in

191

H. sputalor. The thorax is brown, concolorous with tlio wings,
without marks; beneath, simihxr to H. sputator, but the color is
everywhere light brown, not blackish brown. Both species are un-
doubtedly typical Hadenas, and very closely allied. Mr. Walker's
generic references are therefore inexplicable, while neither species
can be recognized with certainty by the descriptions in the British
Museum Lists. The form described above under a necessarily new
name bears a resemblance to the European Alopecurus, Engramelle,
ilg. 373, h, not «; I have, however, both sexes of our American
species, corresponding with each other in color. On the other
hand Hadena dubitans resembles, but more distantly, Engramelle's
fig. 373, a. The typical Hadena rurea, is represented in the collec-
tion of this Society by a ISTew York specimen.

2. Ipimorplia pleouectusa, Grote.

5 . — This species is allied to the European suMusa. It differs by
its larger size and different tint.- Instead of olivaceous, it has a faded,
dusky, warm testaceous hue. The ornamentation is similar, but the
claviform spot is proportionally larger in the American species, in.
which it equals the orbicular. The subterminal line differs by being
outwardly pale-lined, and notably more jagged and distinct than in
the European congener. Beneath, the usual lines are not perceptible.
A longer description is not necessary ; the different tone of the deli-
cate evenly diffused tint of the nearly concolorous species (with its
even pale median lineB, and large pale-circled concolorous ordinary
spots), its larger size and the differences in the markings detailed
above, easily separating it from the European 5?<&/«.sa, with which it
coincides in the shape of the wings and the presence of the clavi-
form spot, the latter absent in retusa.

Expanse, 33 m. m.

Habitat, Sharon Springs, Kew York (0 Meske, 3170).

3. Scopelosoma sidus, Ouenee.

Dichngramma vinulenta, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Pliil., 1864.

Hahitat, Texas (Cresson); New^ York (Lintner).
Varies in the color of the reniform spot, which is sometimes white
(as I have described it), sometimes fulvous (as Guenee describes it).

192

The European satelUtia, varies in a similar manner. Out species
seems to be more intensely colored than the European, but other-
wise resembles it closely.

4. Scopelosor // Walkeri.

'. n hagramma Walkeri, Grote, Proc. Eat. Soc. Phil., 18G4.

Ilahitat, Canada (Pettit); New York; Buffalo (coll. of this So-
ciety). On account of the long and narrow primaries, with uneven
fringes and external margin, I refer this species as congeneric with

5. sidus, differing in these characters from Cerastis. The ? moth has
been taken in this vicinity in March, during cold weather (about
maple trees, sucking the sap), by my friend David F. Day, Esq.
The specimens were in good condition but had evidently hyberna-
ted. Lederer remarks that the hybernating specimens of Cerastis
and Scopelosoma noticed by him were all females. The reniform
varies as in sidus, being sometimes white, again ochreous, usually
less distinct than in sidus, but again specimens occur, in which the
two accompanying white dots are readily perceivable. In its dusky
and ochreous colors this species is very diflFerent from sidus. The
median shade in Walkeri, is straighter, below the reniform, than in
satelUtia, where it is waved, and the obsolete denticulate transverse
posterior line is also a little straighter in its general course. In gen-
eral color Walkeri varies from ochreous to dusky olivaceous brown,
while the other two species are rich reddish or purplish brown, and.
so, much deeper and more intensely colored. The marginal pale
points in sateUitia, following the finely waved terminal line, are not
perceivable in Walkeri, which is the more roughly scaled species.

5. Plusia Putuami, Grote, Plate 4, fig. 2 S .

1 have, since describing this species, received from Europe the true
festucae, corresponding with Engramelle's figures, 585 a-f, and I find
that the North American species I have used for comparison with
Putnami, is distinct hovo. festucae. Plusia Putnami, differs from the
European festucae, in the much smaller aureate median spots and
the different shape and upward extension of the first of these, and in
the more rosy fore wings which want the dark ground color and discol-

193

oration of the median space superior! \Mvliieli distingnishcs/i?.S'^Hc«e.
The course of the transverse lines remains much the same in the two
species, while in the American species they are much more tinted
with vivid orange red at the base of the primaries. Beneath, in my
specimen, the lines are very faint; I think there may be two on the
hind Avings. The species I have considered hitherto as festiicae,
seems to me undescribed. Guenee says oi festucae : "Jaivuun
individn de 1' Ameriqne du nord qui ne differe en rien des notres."
This, it seems to me, could not have been &'^a(\. oi Putnami. Mr.
Walker, also, recov(\.^ festucae from North America.

The descrij3tion on p. 14G should be amended and read as follows :

5 . — Golden yellow, the base of the fore wings powdered with orange red
scales, and with the linear transverse shades traced in orange red basally and
towards internal margin. Beyond the t. a line the region about internal mar-
gin is washed with pale golden as in festucae, irrorate with orange red scales.
The angulate median shade and all the lines have apparently the same general
course as in festuaue. There are two median metallic spots, smaller than in
festucae, black ringed, the inner and slightly larger one with an upward exten-
sion into the discal cell. The wing has a pale rosy ground color, not dark as
in festucae. A black dot above vein 6 at its base, the indication of the reni-
form. The mntallic portion of the a])ical golden shade is limited to a border-
ing of the apical streak, not so uniform!}- spreading to the costa as \r\ festucae.
Hind wings, pale fuscous. Thorax and head rosy; collar with a lilac edge.
Beneath, pale ochrey, with faint transverse lines.

6. Plusia contexta, Orote.

5 . — Fore wings a little narrower than in festucae or Putnami, external mar-
gin a little straighter, of the same brilliant colors, but the ground tint is more
as in festucae, more of a livid brown, not rosy as in Putnami. The course of
the median lines is the same as in its allies, but they are hardly as distinct.
The light golden metallic spots are fused, so that they come to have somewhat
the appearance of the spots in hiloba; the base of the compound spot is straight ;
the upper margin of the spot does not extend above the median vein. The
golden portijn of the apical shade is more extended inwardly and superiorily
than in either of its allies, reaching inwardly to the reniform dot. Fringes of
both wings pinkish. Hind wings pale fuscous ; beneath, both wings pale rosy
or ochrey fuscous, with faint transverse lines. Varies in the extent of the or-
ange red powdering of the wings, so that some specimens seem higher colored
than others.

Expanse, 34 m. m. • Hahitat, New York ; Albany (Lintner).

Bfl.. BrF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (35) DECEMBER. 1873.

1U4

7. Plusia striatellii, Grote.

$ . — A little smaller than contexta,cii tlie same form, external margin of pri-
maries seeming straigliter, apices less produced. On tlie fore wings the trans-
verse lines are obsolete. The ornamentation reminds one of Leucania, and
consists of darker longitudinal streaks on a piiikish ground. Costa, basally, and
internal margin throughout its length, narrowly golden. The larger inferior
portion of the fore wing below median vein, from the base outwardly, is deep
ochreous brown. This dark color is cleanly cut by a narrow golden streak,
neatly black margined, which takes the place of the ordinary spots and ex-
tends along the sub-median interspace from within basal third to external mar-
gin. A second golden shade streak opposite the cell, and here margining
superiorly the darker portion of the wing. No dark apical shade as in festucae,
Putnami and contexta. The second longitudinal golden streak opposite the
cell appears to replace the apical shade in those species ; it differs here by being
continuous nearly to the margin, while the darker oblique shadings are absent
in striatella. Fringes pink on both wings, with fine basal line. Hind wings
fuscous, much as in allied species. Beneath, rosy ; primaries, dusky fuscous
centrally ; hind wings with no apparent transverse line. Thorax and head
rosy yellow ; collar with lilac edges.

Expanse, 32 m. m. Habitat, Washington (Glover, MS. Plate 84,
fig. 22); New York (Lintner) ; Canada (Saunders).

8. Maiuestra clayipleiia, Grote.

3 ? . — Eyes hairy ; tibiae all unarmed. Antennae ( 5 ) shortly pectinate,
ciliate beneath, the pectinations furnished with longer lateral spinules. Size
moderate ; wood or umber brown, the lines indicated by paler included shades ;
median spots large, with distinct darker annuli inwardly pale-edged and with
diffuse dark centers, the reniform with a nearly obsolete white streak. Clavi-
form large, triangulate, prominent, almost sometimes blackish — the most no-
ticeable ornamentation of the wing ; median space rather narrow ; transverse
posterior line incepted above reniform froni a prominent costal pale mark,
dentate on the veins, inwardly lunulate between them; the inward lunulation
is extended on cell 3 and the line again outwardly pointed on the subterminal
nervure. Veins darkly streaked opposite the points of the t. p. line ; subtermi-
nal line pale, tolerably distinct and continxied ; W-mark obsolete; a distinct
dark terminal line regularly interrupted by pale dots at the extremity of the
veins where also the dark fringes are undecidedly cut with pale color. Hind
wings and abdomen brownish fuscous, concolorous ; basal portion of the sec-
ondaries hardly paler and these are without lines ; beneath dusted with pale
scales, with faint transverse line and dot. Abdomen with slight dorsal seg-
mentary tufts. Thorax with a central tuft behind the collar.

Expanse, 30 m. m. Halitat, All)anY (Lintner. No. 2,288 $, ; No.
2,287 ? ). Allied to the European M. Treitsehkei.

195

XIX. The two Principal Groups of Urbicolae
(Hesperidae auct.)

BY SAMUEL 11, SCCDDER.

[Read before this Society, December 19, 1873.]

The classification of the Urbicolae (Hesperidae auct.) has proved
a stumbling-block to all who have proposed any arrangement of
butterflies. No author, Hiibner excepted, has even attempted more
than a generic collocation, and the two most recent essays of this
sort have been exceedingly unsatisfactory. In his Verzeichniss,
Iliibner divided the "stirps" into eight "families;" the first three
of these are founded mainly on the form of the wings, the others
simply on their markings; these divisions are almost wholly unnat-
ural, although the sequence of the genera is far more reasonable than
that of Herrich-Schaeffer or Butler.

Fabricius was the first to separate the family into distinct genera.
In liliger's Magazine he divided it into three genera — Thymele,
Helias and Pamphila. Helias was founded upon a single, unde-
scribed and now unknown species. If w^e omit Helias, the genera
Thymele and Pamphila will represent in the main* the natural
separation of the Urbicolae into two grand divisions, which are of
less value than sub-families, and may therefore be termed tribes;
to the former we may apply the name Hespcridcs, which Latreille
gave in 1807 to the whole family, since it includes the genus Hes-
peria; w'hile the other may retain Hubner's name Astyci (1816),
formerly intended for the wiiole group.

The following distinctions will be found between the two tribes :

In the Hesperides, the fore wing of the male is always provided
with a costal fold where a sort of silky down is concealed; this
feature is often very inconspicuous; in the Astyci, on the other
hand, the male is generally furnished with a discal patch of pecul-
iar scales crossing the median interspaces of the fore wings, iisually
in an oblique direction ; but sometimes the wing of the male is as
simple as that of the female. In the male Hesperides again, the

* Some species enumerated under Pamphila belong to the first division.

196

postcr'or extremity of the alimentary canal is protected lieneatli T)y
a corneous sheath, which extends beyond the centrum or body of
the upper pair of abdominal appendages, sometimes nearly to the
extremity of the appendages, carrying the vent beyond the centrum ;
while in the Astyci, the extremity of the canal is not protected by
any extruded sheath, but opens at the very base of the inferior
Avail of the centrum.

In the Hesperides, the prevailing color of the butterflies is dark
brown, marked with white or translucent angular spots; the an-
tennae generally have a long club roundly bent or with a sinuous
lateral curve ; in the Astyci the prevailing tints of the wings are
tawny and black, marked also, but often feebly, with pale, some-
times vitreous spots ; the antennae are provided with a stout club,
which generally tapers rapidly and terminates in a slender pro-
longation, recurved at about a right angle; but in a few genera the
crook is very slight, or wholly wanting.

The body of the Hesperides is proportionally stouter than in the
Astyci, and their flight is generally swifter and more direct, although
in some genera the movement is unusually slow, in the higher Hes-
perides, when the insect is at rest, all the wings are held equally
erect; in the lower groups, the Avings are either perfectly or almost
perfectly expanded, or else they present the inequality of position
characteristic of the Astyci, where the hind wings are usually hori-
zontal or partially raised, while the fore wings are A'ertical, or at
least more elevated than the others.

The earlier stages seem to present no peculiar distinctions, if we
except the eggs; in the Hesperides these are always distinctly rib-
bed vertically, and are almost always taller than broad ; while in
the Astyci the eggs are smooth and pretty regularly hemispherical,
usually broader than high. The caterpillars of Hesperides gener-
ally feed upon leguminous plants, and live in horizontal nests made
of leaA^es; the Astyci feed on Gramineae, and generally construct
vertical nests among the blades.

To the former group — Hesperides — belong such genera as Pyr-
rhopyga, Erycides, Thymele, Thorybes, Achylodes, Erynnis and
Hesperia. To the latter — Astyci — Ancyloxypha, Thymelicus, Cy-
clopides, Atrytone, Pamphila, Augiades, Limochores, Prenes, Cal-
podes and Lerema.

197

XX. Note on the species of Glau:opsyche from
Eastern North America

BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.
[Bead before this Sucuty, Deccmher 26, 18T3.]

Mr. Grote lias recently published in this Bulletin a description
of a species of Glaucopsyche, of which many specimens were col-
lected in Anticosti by Mr. Conper, and to which Mr. Grote gave
the name of G. Conperi. The description was based upon nine
specimens which, strange to say, included only one male; all, except-
ing one female, were more or less rubbed and their determination
was a matter of no small difficulty. Mr. Grote was good enough
to submit the specimens to my inspection before (and again since)
description, and it is but fair to liim to say that it was, at least in
part, owing to my report, that they were described as distinct from
Avhat has ordinarily b^en known in American collections as Lycaena
Pembina Edw. The single male seemed to have as broad and
vaguely defined a dusky border to the outer margin of the wings, as
the female ; while in the previously known species, the upper sur-
face of the wings of the male had a distinct and very narrow black
edging. Since its description, however, I have seen in different
collections thirty or forty good specimens collected by Couper at
the same time, and no male with markings resembling those of the
female occurs among them ; this throws very strong doubt upon the
validity of the distinction and a reexamination of the types is not
reassuring, for the wings of the male are rubbed so that it is impos-
sible to assert positively that their border was any broader or less
well defined than in those specimens from which it was believed to
be specifically distinct, although its appearance tends to the earlier
conclusion. On the whole, therefore, I am inclined now to consider
all the northern specimens of Glaucopsyche as belonging to a single
species.

198

The mime Couperi "will nevertheless stand ibr this species; for
Mr. Edwards has recent!}' called my attention to the fact that in
describing Pembina he stated it to be allied to tlie Californian
Pheres Boisd., while i/i the same connection he described a Califor-
nian butterfly {Bclirii) as belonging to a distinct series of wliicli
Lygdamus Doubl., was the type. The insect, therefore, which we
have been calling Pembina cannot be that species, and hence this
northern Glaucopsyche was described for the first time by Sir.
Grote. What the true Pembina is, remains to be determined.

The southern Glaucopsyche, called Lygdamus by Doubleday, is
probably distinct from Couperi. I have not yet detected any dif-
ferences in the abdominal appendages of tlie male:^, 1.)Ut that is
hardly to be expected, since in these parts the distinction between
closely allied species in the Ephori is always exceedingly slight;
southern specimens of Glaucopsyche, however, differ from the
northern, in having a more glossy reflection of the upper-surface in
the males, a narrower dusky border of the same in the females, and,
in both sexes, a paler tint on the under-surface, and a tendency to
much larger spots, in which the black central portion predominates.

A specimen of this species in my collection (from Kanawha Co.,
W. Va.) has the right fore wing longitudinally crumpled in a slight
degree, the fold passing along the middle of the cell ; beneath, a
little before the extremity of the cell, and also a little before the
second sub-marginal spot, is a small roundish black spot, almost
wholly overlaid by a powdering of hlue scales, of the color 'of the
upper-surface, as if there were a partial inversion of the npjier-
surface, caused by the fold.

The synonymy of these species will stand as follows :

1. Glaucopsyche Lygdamus Scucld., Rev. Am. Butt., 33.

Lycaena Lygdnmui^ Donbl. Entoni., 209.

Ciipido Lygdamus Kirby, Sjn. Cat. Lep., 365.

f Lycaena Antiacis Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1852, 300.

2. Glaucopsyche Couperi Orote, Bui. Buf. Soc. Xat. Sci., I, p. 185 (printed
Nov. 5, 1873).

I,ycaena PemMna Edw., Syn. N. Am. Butt., 37.
Glaucopsyche Pembina Scudd., Rev. Am. Butt., 34 [not Lycaena
Pembina Edw., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Philad., 1863, 224].

IDl)

XX!. On a New Species of Grammysia from the
Chemung Group

BY WILLIAM II. riTT.

[liead before tJds Society, Decemher 2^ 1873.]

Genus Cxraniniysia, DeVeriwuil,
Bulletin de la Soc. Geo!, de France, Vol. 4, p. 69G, 1847.

M. De Verxeuil's generic description has been lately modifif d
by Professor James Hall, so as to inclnde the species which naturally
belong to the same group, as follows :

Generic Characters. — Shell equivalve, inequilateral, varying from sub-
quadrate to transversely elliptical. Valves ventricose, sometimes inflated :
beaks strong, prominent and incurved ; binge line shorter than the shell, pos-
terior to the beaks. Dentition obscure, or represented onl_y by irregular folds
on the cardinal line : ligament external, prominent, extending from beneath
the beaks to nearly one-half the length of the hinge line. Cardinal margin
bordered by a deep, well-marked escutcheon; anterior end marked by a small,
deep an<l strongly defined lunule. Anterior and posterior muscular impres-
sions faintly marked, the latter much the larger: palleal line not sinuate, but
broken into points or ridges, strongly rounded posteriorly, and uniting with
the large muscular scar near its anterior border.

Surface of shell often marked by an oblique mesial rib or fold, extending
from the beak to the basal border, and by numerous strong concentric folds
or ridges, which are frequently obsolete on the posterior part of the shell.
The shells appear to have been thin and fragile, and are usually much crushed
and distorted from compression ; but most of the species occurring in the New
York rocks are well marked, and not readily mistaken, since their specific
characters are easily distinguished.

Notice of Lamellihranchiate Shells, Part 2, p. 48 [preparatori/ for the Paleon-
tology of New Tork^.

Grammysia Chemungensis (n. s.), Plate 6.

Shell attaining medium size, and, transversely, decidedly elliptical ; valves
ventricose; beaks strong, -incurved, and somewhat flattened; hinge line (as
near as can be determined from the specimen, which is a cast, left valve) less

200

than half the length of the shell, and barely arcuate. Anterior end somewhat
narrow and short ; beneath the beaks, which are close to the anterior end, is
a very small, but strongly marked, lunule ; the margin here is broadly rounded
into the basal border, which is regularly curved except where the oblique
fold or rib terminates. The posterior margin is sharply rounded, prolonged,
and slightly oblique to the transverse axis. Surface ornamented with concen-
tric striae and undulations of growth, parallel with the margin, which are
strongly marked on the anterior end and umbo, but disappear on the posterior
slope and cardinal region. There are traces also of an oblique middle fold or
rib, extending from the beak to the basal margin, considerably behind the
middle of the valve. This fold or I'ib is not deeply marked in the speiinien
figured across the entire valve, but its termination on the margin shows plainly
a protrusion and the two adjacent depressions or furrows.

The species resembles Grammysia Elliptica, but the valves are very ven-
tricose, the umbo unlike Elliptica, and in other characteristics quite different.

Formation and Location : Chemung Group, Belvidere, Allegany Co., N. Y.

The great depth and position of the rocks in this group, extend-
ing as they do over the sonthcrn tier of counties of New York,
southward in Pennsylvania, and along the Aiipalachian region,
make them of more than ordinary interest.

They consist mostly of shale and intervening sandstone, in
which the shale greatly predominates.

In no part of the group is there a greater abundance of fossils (jr
variety of species to be found than between the Genesee and Alle-
ghany rivers, over an area some thirty miles in width from the
Pennsylvania line. The Genesee at Belvidere is about 1,700 feet
above tide water, while the hills which lie to the south and south-
west reach an altitude of 800 or 1,000 feet above the flood plain of
the river. The lower strata, as exposed in the deep ravines and
along the natural water-courses of streams tributaries to this river,
are found in many places to be wonderfully fossiliferous; nor is it
only at the base, but on the tops of the elevation^, ■wherever the
shale or sandstone come to the surface, that both brachiopoda and
lamellibranchiata occur.

At Belvidere, on Van Campen's creek, is a layer of grayish sand-
stone, about two feet thick, in which the Grammysia Chemungensis
was found ; and so full is this rock of shells, that scarcely a square
inch of it can be exposed without disclosing some specimen.

201

XXII. Contributions to the Geology and Physical
Geography of the Lower Amazonas

BY CH. FEED. HAETT,
I'rof. of Geology in Cornell University.

[Mead before this Society, January 2, 1874.]

THE ERERE-MONTE-ALEGRE DISTRICT AND THE TABLE-TOPPED

HILLS.

WOODED PLA NS

VICINITY OF

MONTE ALEGRE

AND ERERE.

WOODED PLAINS

^ TNTE ALEGRE

fil(> ALLUVIAL PLAINS

AscENDiXG the Amazonas from Para, the topographical features
observable from the river for the first 300 miles, are very monoto-
nous. With the exception of the immediate vicinity of Para,
Breves and Gurupa, where the land rises to a height of twenty to
thirty feet above tide-level, the country is perfectly flat, scarcely
above water even in tlie dry season, and of recent origin, "Where

(26) .TANUART, 1874.

BUL. BCF. SOC. NAT. SCI.

202

the land is perennially wet, as along the furos* connecting the main
river and the Para estnary, it is so densely forest-clothed that, from
the water, one sees nothing but foliage, and the land-efiect is pro-
dnce'd not by terra firma, but by the forest-wall that at once borders
and limits the channels.

Were the vegetation removed from the region just mentioned,
the vision of the traveler, instead of being shut in everywhere by
the forest, would range over a tract as level as the sea. Enormous
mud flats, partially covered by every tide, nowhere more than a very
few feet out of water, traversed by a network of deep channels, and
diversified by lakes, would be seen stretching away to the horizon
on every side, only here and there a torrao, like that of Breves,
rising above the general dead level. Such would be the appearance
of the Breves district during the dry season if deprived of trees;
but, during the rains, the Amazonas deluges the whole region and
pours over it in one broad sheet into the bay of Marajo. To rightly
appreciate the topography of the lower Amazonas, we must eliminate
the effect produced upon us by the vegetation. True it is that the
alluvial lands, just described, depend upon the forest both for their
origin and existence, but one is apt to mistake forest topography, if
I may use such a term, for land topography, and count for more
than its real geographical value, a district whose height and limits
are intensified or defined by forest. After having made six voyages
between the bay of Marajo and the main river, I am satisfied that,
one reason why voyagers have so much doubted whether the, so
called, Para river should be considered a' mouth of the Amazonas, is
largely due to the fact, that the forest prevents a just appreciation of
the magnitude of the united channels of the Breves district, while,
at the same time, the size of the Tocantins has been much over-esti-
mated. Above Trocara this river is, during the dry months, only a
small, narrow stream, while, in the loAver course, it is not a true
river, but a wide, extremely shallow, tidal estuary, the upper part of
which is in process of filling up with sand, brought down by the
river. The enormously wide, lower reaches, that open broadly into
the bay of Marajo, are swept by very strong tides, and are being
silted up by Amazonian mud. Travelers who hastily pass through

* Kfitro on the Amazonas is a channel that connects two different streams and it differs from
a parana-merirn, which is a side channel that leaves a river nnd joins it again lower down.

203

the Breves district, and trust to maps and the glimpses they get
of the moutli of the Tocantins, may set down the Para as simply
the extension of that river, but they are not correct. The Tapajot-
and Tocantins are rivers of very nearly the same size, but the waters
of the former river, on issuing from its mouth, are crowded by the
mighty torrent of the Amazonas against its bank, as if they were a
mere brook. To attribute the fresh waters of the Para to the To-
cantins, is like referring a giant's Avork to a pigmy. The Tocantins,
Mojii, Acara and all the true rivers emptying into the Para, taken
together, would not, during the dry season, furnish enough water to
make more than a respectable Amazonian parana-merim, and they
would be utterly insignificant, in comparison with the united Breves
furos. Of bourse the rivers just enumerated mnst be enormously
increased in volume during flood time, but even at that time
they cannot compare with the wide Amazonian flood which then
pours through channel and forest over the Breves lowlands.

It must not be forgotten that these lowlands are bordered on the
east by the higher lands of Marajo and on the south-west by those
of the southern side of the Amazonian valley, and the traveler on
the lower Amazonas should remember that the flat, alluvial banks,
which so monotonoush^ accompany the river, do not extend very far
into the interior. If we ascend the Tocantins, we shall encounter
the higher grounds at Cameta, and the town of Gurupa is built
on, what appears to be a low spur of these same lands. They reap-
pear again at the mouth of the Xingii, to the westward of which, at
a greater or less distance from the river, they stretch in a line of
bluffs to the Tapajos.

Ascending the Amazonas by the ordinary route, one sees no high
lands on the northern side of the river, until, having passed the
mouth of the Xingii, the table-topped serras of Parii rise before one,
stretching along the river in patches nearly to Prainlia, beyond
which soon come into view the highlands of the Monte-Alegre dis-
trict. It is to the Geology and Physical Geography of these north-
ern Highlands and their vicinity that I now invite the attention of
the reader.

The villa of Monte-Alegre is situated a few miles above the mouth
of the rio Curupatuba,* one of the northern affluents of the Ama-

* From the Lingoa geral KunipA. a port, and ty'ua^ a place of. The name appears to have
been primarily applied to the village, because of its convenient landing place. Rio Curupatuba

204

zonas, and is distant 350-oGO miles nearly directly west of the city
of Belem or Para. '

Ou the maps, the Cnrnpatuba is usually rejiresented as a large
river, taking its rise in the liighlands of Guiana, to the north-west-
ward of Monte-Alegre, and which, shortly before entering the Ama-
zonas, receives by a short outlet the waters of a large lake. Accord-
ing to Sr. Ferreira Penna* this is inexact. The river that descends
from the interior is called the Maecuru f (or Maycurii) and it empties
directly into the lake. This river has never been explored and noth-
ing is known of its upper course. The lower part is bordered by
rich grazing grounds and is inhabited. The lake, commonly known
as the Lago Grande de Monte-Alegre and celebrated for its fishery of
the 2^irar'ucu [Suclis grandis) is situated in the allilvial bottom
about midway between Monte-Alegre and Santarem, and to the
south-west of the former villa. Sr. Penna says that it is about
twenty-five miles long, and from three to five in width. It is most
probably an old channel of the Amazonas. The same author states
that the lake empties by two channels Avhich soon unite in one
called the Cururuhy'.X This presently receives on the left the
Igarape-apara,§ when the stream takes the name Curupatuba. The
course of the latter is at first north or north-east, but, just before
reaching the villa of Monte-Alegre, it makes a bend to the east, and,
hugging the higher lands on the northern side of the valley, emp-
ties into the Amazonas, a few miles east of Monte-Alegre, just below
wliieh town, it communicates with the main river by a navigable
2Jarcmd-merim. \\ It is interesting to observe that the Amazonas
runs obliquely across the valley, in a north-easterly direction, from
the highlands, a few miles east of Santarem, to those of Monte-
Alegre, leaving a very broad strip of alluvial campos on the north-
ern side, Avliich narrows towards the east, running out near the

then corresponds to Rio de Moute-Alegre, which one sometimes hears used. On some maps we
find the spelling, Gurnpatiiba. Gurupa, the name of a little town a few hours east of the
mouth of the Xingii, is a corruption of Kurupa.
* A Regiio occidental da Prov. do Para, p. 125.

tFrom the reports of the vaqueiros and some fragments of a fine sharp sandstone I have
seen, I am led to believe that the geology of the river would prove interesting.

X Toad river, from Kururii, a toad, and y'g, water or river.

§ ApAra means crooked.

II More properly a furo or cross-cut.

205

mouth of the Curnpatuha; these plains liaving been formed by tlie
growth and fusion of islands in the silting up of the valley.

The villa of Monte-Alegre * is divided into two parts, the upper or
principal town, and the lower town or port. The latter is situated
on the left bank of the river, while the upper town, distant about
a mile to the north, and reached by a steep, weary, sandy ascent, is
built on the edge of a high, broad, flattened ridge or plateau, extend-
ing northward from the river to the serra of Tauajnri, distant some
eighteen miles.f

This ridge, which has a height of five or six hundred feet, more
or less, is composed of horizontal beds of clays and sands, of proba-
ble Tertiary age, and is, as I suppose, a degraded outlier of the once
extensive formation of the Serras de Pani. On top it is very flat,
but the surface is gently rounded, descending to the plains, both to
the east and west, by gradual slopes, abrupt descents being infre-
quent, except on the southern side, which, having been encroached
upon by the Amazonas, is steep, sometimes precipitous along the
base, and gullied by many ravines.

The npper town of j\Ionte-Alegre is composed of some fifty, for
the most part shabby, tumble-down houses and vendas, together with
a handsome new church and a curious, little, old, barn-like chapel,
surrounding an immense, shadeless, sandy, Sahara of a square. The
inhabitants are principally of Indian descent, but among the white
families there are a few of education and refinement. The town
has been ruined by the rubber trade, and is fast going to decay.
The people are chiefly engaged in grazing, fishing and trade.

From the villa there is a magnificent view over the Amazonian
valley. Below is the Curupatuba, which one may trace far to the
south-westward, winding, tree-fringed, over the verdant, grassy,
alluvial plain, Avhich, level as the sea and variegated by forest patches
and mirror-like lagoons, stretches southward for miles to the turbid
flood of the mighty river, while awa}" beyond in the south-west, are

* Happy mount. The name sounds strangely to the traveler who has enjoyed its delectable
nights, the cheerful serenades of its carapaniis and the moon worship of its numerous canine
population !

tl regret very much that I shall be obliged to estimate all the distances given in this paper,
and that I can furnish nothing more than a rough sketch-map of the district examined. The
region has never been surveyed and mapped, and I have hence labored under a very great dis-
advantage. All my work on land was done on foot, many days often being spent in a fruitless
search for rock expi>snreR.

206

the white cliffs of Cugaiy, and the Line, level highlands of the
vicinity of Santarem. Seen from Monte-Alegre, the Amazonas
does not resemble a river. It comes mysterionsly from the west,
stretches a broad, reddish belt across the landscape, and disappears
in the east, with a wide water-horizon, as if, an arm of the sea, it
opened out to the ocean. When the annual flood comes, all the
green campos and clear-water lakes are whelmed beneath the turbid
current, and even from the heights of Monte-Alegre, the southern
shore is but dimly discernible. No wonder that the Indian fisher-
man calls it par' and, the sea! Looking westward from the village,
one sees distinctly the high, rocky, irregularly flat-topped serra of
Paitiina, with a curious mushroom-like pillar standing on its south-
ern extremity, and called the mao de i^ilao, or Indud mena. A
few miles to the north, is the rugged serra of Erere, breaking down
precipitously towards the north. From the top of the ridge behind
the town, the beautiful serra of Tauajure comes into vieAv, while, to
the eastward, lie broad plains and campos, with the level-topped mass
of Parauacpuira lying low down on the horizon. After this recon-
noissance of the region we are to explore, let us descend to the lower
town and go by water to Erere.

The descent to the river is at first down a long, sandy incline,
showing very few exposures, but the upper part, which is very steep,
appears to be composed of reddish, clayey sands, much cut up by
rain-courses, the clay being washed out and carried away, while the
coarse sand is left lying loose on the surface, supporting a sparse
vegetation, consisting mainly of small trees and shrubs, with here
and there a giant cactus, cajii trees {Anacardium occidoitale) being
abundant, as we shall find them elsewhere on similar ground.-
Following the sandy path, and directing our steps to the ravine
leading to the lower town, we presently reach a sort of terrace
that runs out into a high, bluff, projecting point, extending to the
river side just west of the village. This point is formed by a heavy
bed of more or less sandy, and variegated feldspathic clay, which,
tougher than the overlying beds, has resisted denudation. A little
stream of water issuing from above the clay, ftills into a ravine, that
extends down to the river, and in a steep bank by the side of the
road near where the inhabitants resort for water, the clays are
well exposed. They vary in character from a pure feldspathic

207

tabatinga to a clayey sand, and are usually more or less deeply
tinted, some of the layers being of a rich, purplish red. This bed
of clay appears to be the lowest member of the formation of the
ridge of Monte- Alegre. If we descend the ravine cut by the above
stream, we presently strike a sloping, fan-shaped deposit of loose,
white sand occupying the mouth of the ravine and forming a praia
or beach along the river. On this sand, the lower town, consisting
of a few houses and stores, is built. It is not a flourishing place;
everything speaks of decay, and but little business is done in it.
I found the people, however, very hospitable, and Senhor Onetti and
his partner did everything in their power to aid me. In Mr, Rath-
bun's paper, annexed, I shall have an opportunity of recognizing
the kindness of Sr. Valente, of the upper town.

Ascending the Curupatiiba in a montaria, we find the stream to
have a width of 400-500 feet,* and a depth during the dry season
of 7-8 fathoms, the current of course varying with the season.

The bluffs, 60-100 feet in height, and covered with woods under-
grown with curua palms, continue for a short distance above the
town, where they cease, and the highlands trend away from the
river. The southern side of the ridge is high, abrupt, and with a
steep slope. In the valley of Surubiju,f just west of the town, are
swampy grounds, supporting a luxuriant forest with miriti J {Mau-
ritiaflexuosa) and assai§ palms {Euterpe oleracea), but the vegeta-
tion of the sandy slope is very meagre. In the valley is an isolated
hill, on which beds of a white, sandy tabatinga are exposed, and near
by, were obtained the irregular, concretionary masses of iron-stone,
used in building the new church in the upper village.

On the opposite side of the Curupatuba are the alluvial campos of
the river-bottom, covered with coarse grasses and bordered along
the water's edge by a thin line of trees. We soon leave the Curu-
patiiba, which bends round to the south-westward, and enter the
igarape de Paituna, a little river, that flows eastward past the

* 260 metres, Penna.

t Von Martius derives this name from Sorubim {Platystoma. a genus of fislies) and y'g, water,
or river. Glossarios, p. 475.

X Tmyrd. tree, eie, trup. YmyrA was originally ymhyrd, whence the form burii'i (Port) used in
Eastern Brazil.

§ IJasai, lingoa geral, very likely from yinl fruit, and se or see, sAveet.

208

serra of the same name, and which, like all the streams of the allu-
vial bottom of the Amazonas, has a deep, narrow channel, with
very steep, muddy banks. In the dry season, the water of the igar-
ape is almost stagnant, simply rising and falling with the tide, and
the stream literally swarms with alligators of large size. Porpoises
gambol in its waters, and its banks abound in game, uacara and
mauari cranes, piasocas, corta-agoas, alencornos and other birds
being exceedingly common. Capibaras are also very abundant in
the vicinity.

After following the Paituna for some distance, we turn off north-
ward into a still smaller stream, called the igarape de Erere, and
now enter a sort of alluvial bay, bounded by the Monte-Alegre
plateau on one side, and on the other by the serra of Paituna and
the swelling sandy highlands stretching thence to, and east of, the
serra of Erere.

The little igarape is exceedingly tortuous, bending hither and
thither in a manner most bewildering to the voyager. Its banks
are in part open river bottom, in part margined by a thin line of
small trees, palms, as Prof. Agassiz has already remarked, being rare.
The water of the stream is very turbid during the dry season, and
the narroAV channel is often interrupted by floating balsas of cannii-
rdna. As one ascends the igarape the valley growls narrower, and
at the cattle-fazenda of Sta. Maria, the higher lands of this Erere
plateau come dowai to tlie stream, and, in a bluif, obliquely lamina-
ted beds of tinted sands and clays are exposed, The alluvial cam-
pos of the lower course of the igarape de Erere and of the vicinity
of Monte-Alegre, are used during the dry season as a pasturage for
cattle, and there are several curraes along the route we have just
followed. Cattle raising is indeed the chief branch of industry
followed in this part of the Amazonas. The lands in the Erere —
Monte-Alegre district — are for the most j)art unfit for cultivation,
and agriculture is practiced on a very small scale. The proprietor
of the fazeuda of Sta. Maria informed me that the saiiba ant
(Oecodoma) was so very abundant on his farm that it w'as next to
impossible to raise a crop. It was even necessary to place the house
plants upon a staging erected over the igarape to protect them, and
there they were not always safe.

209

On the left bank of the stream, above the fazeuda, beghis a very
extensive and beautiful grove of mirit'i palms, which occupies a
marshy tract, that seems to be quite dry during several months of
the year. A little farther on we meet with higher lands on the left
bank, and on the same side, between the upper and lower ports of
the village of Erere, there is a narrow ridge of sandstone, rising
about twenty feet above the general level of the campos, and which
runs off eastward, perpendicular to the river. This ridge is very
much broken, the sandstone lying in huge masses, overgrown with
trees and spiny shrubbery, so that I found it very difficult to exam-
ine it, and I could not satisftictorily determine the direction of the
strata. The rock is, for the most part, a very hard sandstone with
a clayey cement, but some of the beds are very argillaceous and
beautifully striped witli brilliant colors.

AVe have now emerged from a sort of pass between the Erere and
Monte-Alegre highlands, and have entered a vast, low plain, sur-
rounded by hills and high ground on all sides. From north to
south this plain probably measures not less than fifteen miles, wiiile
its width from east to west must be over ten miles. It lies a little
higher than the alluvial plains of the Amazonas, and is drained by
the igarape by wiiich we have just ascended. It is composed of
nearly horizontal strata of Devonian age, through which the
igarape has cut a little valley, now partially filled in with alluvial
deposits, lying at a lower level than the plain, the Devonian strata
forming low bluffs bordering them. The valley narrows to tlie
northward, and, in the upper part, the igarape flows directly
through, and over the Devonian rocks, a clear water stream.

In a little bluff by the side of the road leading from the igarape
to Erere, and just as one ascends from the alluvial flat, there is an
exposure of about fifteen feet in thickness of the Devonian beds.
The lower part of the bluff is composed of soft, well-laminated, fine-
grained shale, dark gray in color, alternating with white or red
layers, and consisting of a fine, more or less sandy silt, with an
abundance of little flakes of mica. This locality was discovered in
1870 by my assistants, Messrs. T. B. Comstock, Herbert Smith, and
Phineas Staunton, wlio collected from the variegated shales a pretty
little Dlscinn, with which are associated two species of Lingula.

BUL. BUF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (2T) JAXLTARY, 1874.

210

Tlie only other fossils yet fouud in the shales consist of obscure,
flattened casts, probably of some marine plant, together with a
number of minute, discoid bodies, sometimes arranged in little
chains, but of which I can make nothing.

Above the shales, just described, is a heavy bed of a not well lami-
nated clay-rock, white, mottled with red, in Avhich I have found
nothing except some very obscure fucoid-like markings. All these
beds have a very slight inclination to the south-eastward. Going
northward, the bluflFs gradually increase in elevation, but are proba-
bly nowhere more than fifty feet in height. The inclination of the
beds of the Erere plain is quite variable, and, over large areas on
both sides of the igarape, they are almost perfectly horizontal, often
forming open campos of large extent, which are sometimes so ex-
ceedingly stony as to appear as if macadamized, the soil not being
sufficient to support even a growth of grass.

The lowest beds of the series, that I have examined, are exposed
in the north-western part of the campo at the cachoeirinhas of
Paric4* and Cumamirif situated on branches of the igarape de
Erere. At the former locality the rock varies from a very hard,
dark-colored, silicious shale, to a well bedded, dark gray, compact,
cherty rock, breaking with a conchoidal fracture. The strike of
these beds, taken along a water-line, is N. 10-15° W., the dip being
westward and exceedingly slight. Leaving this locality and going
eastward, the surface of the plain rises noticeably for about a mile,
the dip being towards the west, continuing with but few elevations
to the cachoeirinha do Igarape do Cumamiri, where similar cherty
rocks, with the same very slight westward dip, are seen in the bed of
the stream, forming, during the dry season, a little cascade, which at
the time of my visit was not more than two feet in height. The
cherty beds have afforded no fossils, except a few fragments found
in the more shaly portions.

BetAveen the cachoeirinhas, above named, the beds are traversed by
two dykes, which crop out, much decomposed on the surface; one
forming a low ridge running nearly north-south, while the direc-
tion of the other is nearly east-west. On the right bank of the
igarape de Erere, and some distance above the trail to Monte-

* A tree, funiisliiug a seed out of which the Indians make snuff,
t This appears to mean Little Milk.

211

Alegre, a sulpliur-spring bubbles up through the Devonian shales.
The water is limpid, of a greenish tinge, and with a strong sulphu-
reous odor and taste ; notwithstanding which, the basin in which the
water collects is inhabited by little fishes and a species of Ampidla-
ria. I regret that I failed in an attempt to bring away some of the
water for analysis, especially since at Monte-Alegre it has consider-
able repute for its medicinal qualities.

Going eastward from the igarape along the Moute-Alegre ti'ail,
one rises by an ascent of a few feet from the alluvial fiat to the De-
vonian plain, that, almost as level as a floor, stretches to the foot of
the Monte-Alegre highlands, beneath which the Palaeozoic beds dis-
appear. The surface is quite destitute of soil and is strewn with
little nodules of iron-stone, so that large areas are quite barren both
of wood and herbage.

Just before reaching the Monte-Alegre highlands, several slight
elevations, only a few feet high, are met with, that shoAV, in place,
light-colored shales, with thin bands of a reddish sandstone, some
of which are full of fossils, Streptorliynclms Agassizii, nob., being
especially abundant. At this locality I obtained a single glabella
of what appears to be a new species of Ilomalonotus.

If we now retrace our steps to the igarape, and follow the path to
the village of Erere, we shall find the Devonian beds forming a
flat or rolling, open campo, with long, gentle ascents and descents,
in the rain-courses of which are indifferent exposures of Avhitish
shales, apparently noufossiliferous. On this campos-land there is
very little soil, what there is being baked hard and strewn with
small, angular fragments of red sandstone, that occasionally fur-
nish fossils. The surface is often covered with little, rounded iron-
stone nodules, scarcely larger than beans, sometimes forming a
continuous layer. The campo is sparingly clothed with coarse
grass, trees being few, scattered, stunted and disfigured by campos
fires. Occasional large, arborescent cactuses heighten the dry, bar-
ren appearance of the landscape. The low places are covered with
woods densely filled in, on the drier grounds, with Ctirud palms.

Between the igarape and the village of Erere are several large
dykes that project above the surface like mined walls, but the vein-
rock is always badly decomposed, so that it is difficult to say what
it originally was. Similar dykes occur in all parts of the plain.

212

The strata, for a few feet on eacli side of a dyke, are usually consid-
erably altered, being hard and flinty, while at the same time they
are tilted upward at a more or less strong angle, as if the rent had
been widened, not by a horizontal movement of the beds, but by
the bending upwards of the strata on both sides of the fissure,
through the force of the extruding matter. Sometimes in the denu-
dation of the surface, these dykes, as just remarked, project like
ruined walls, Avhile at others, Avith the hardened strata on each side,
they form low ridges, that run, sometimes for long distances, on the
suriiice of the campo.

In the village and immediate vicinity, there are no good rock
exposures. The most interesting locality, and by far the best col-
lecting ground for fossils, lies at a distance of about two miles
to the northward, in a large, open, treeless, grassy campo. The
surface here is quite undulating, and strewn with angular frag-
ments of a red or whitish sandstone, rarely ever seen in place.
In the rain-courses the rock exposed is usually a fine, soft. Well
laminated, whitish or yellowish shale, usually quite unproductive
in fossils. From the yellow shale I have obtained only a large
Lingula, fragments of Vitulina pushilosa Hall, noh., showing the
imprints of the little spines and a single ventral valve of a Spir-
ifer. This shale, which I know only in a somewhat decomposed
state, is largely made up of minute silicious particles and little
mica flakes. It takes excellent casts of fossils, and would proba-
bly repa)^ more careful examination, but I was unsuccessful in my
search for a good exposure.

The great repository of fossils is the sandstone, which, as on the
eastern side of the igarape de Erere, appears to form bands, a few
inches in thickness, interstratified with the shales in their upper
part. • On the washing out of the shales by Avater the sandstone has
cracked up and been left lying in fragments on the surface. Fossils
were collected from the loose fragments, but, on the summit of a
low ridge, to the north of a deserted house, I discovered on my last
visit a layer of the sandstone, Avhich, with great labor, Mr. Derby and
I succeeded in uncovering ; and this yielded us a magnificent lot of
fossils. The layer is only about four inches in thickness, but it is
completely filled with fossils Avhich are usually in the shape of moulds,
the oro-anic matter havino- been eutirelv removed. The rock is com-

213

posed of fine, sharp, cjuartz-santT, with a slight admixture of cla}',
and occasionally a tiny, silvery flake of mica. The fragments of
sandstone lying on the snrface are usually more or less decomposed,
and are apt to be stained with iron oxide, which makes them very
hard on the outside, while sometimes the surface is covered with a
thin layer of the same material. When unaltered the rock appears
to be white, or slightly reddish in color.

The fossils most abundant in the sandstone are the Brachiopoda,
which are represented by twenty species belonging to the following
genera: Terebratula,VituUna, TropidolejJtus, Spirifera, Crytina(?)
Retzia, Streptorhynchus, Chonetes, Orfhis, Rliynchonella, and Lin-
(jula, all of Avhich are described in the paper of Mr. Rathbun,
annexed. The only other Articulates are the trilobites which are
represented by a beautifnl Dahnania that occurs in abundance,
and a sj^ecies of Ilomalonotus, of which last only a fragment is
known.

Several species of Lamellibranchs occur in the sandstone, belong-
ing to NucuUtes, Palaeoneilo, Grammy sia (f), Edmondia, and one or
two other genera. The Gasteropods number about eight species,
representing the genera Belhrophon, Platyceras, Holopea, PUuroto-
maria and TentacuUtes. A few fragments of crinoid stems have
been found, together with a numl)er of obscure markings Avliich
may be of plants.

Jf-^,

\n-.

Serra of Erere from the North.

This fauna has an unmistakable Devonian facies, but it is diffi-
cult to determine its exact ecpiivalency. In some features, as for
instance in Spirifer Pedroana, which closely resembles ;S'. varicosa,
the fauna recalls that of the Corniferous, wiiile in the occurrence
of Tropidoleptus and Vitulina it approaches the Hamilton.*

* See concluding remarks to Mr. Riithbun's paper.

214

The serrii of Erero is a high, narrow, rugged, irregular ridge, four
or five miles long, trending about east-north-east and west-south-
west, and with abrupt and often precipitous sides. The upper part
of the serra is formed of very heavy beds of sandstone, that dip
to the south-south-east at an angle varying from 5°-20°. The top
of the ridge is very irregular, ragged and picturesque, the sandstone
being often exposed, in situ, in bare ledges or ridges, or lying strewn
about in enormous blocks over the surface, which is so rough that
it is no easy task to traverse the mountain from one end to the other.
Along the northern side of the serra the sandstone forms a broken
line of bluffs, varying in height from a few feet to several hundred;
and just opposite the little village, and shown in the cut, there is a
splendid precipice, remarkal^le for being rent by fissures from top to
bottom. Below these blufis the side of the serra slopes very steeply,
presenting the appearance of a talus, the surface being covered with
loose fragments of sandstone.

At both ends the serra is cut squarely off, but on the east the
sandstone exteuds downwards, with a strong dip, disappearing under
the more modern clays and sands of a swelling ridge like that of
Monte-Alegre, that stretches eastward to the igarape, covered with
the characteristic vegetation of the high, sandy campos.

Serra of Erer6 from the East.

On the southern side of the serra, and near the eastern end, these
sandy campos rise l)y a gentle incline nearly to the summit, so that

215

one may asccud the serra on horseback. To the westward of this
incline, the sides of the serra are exceedingly rough and picturesque.
On this side there is hollowed out of the sandstone a large and curi-
ous grotto, called Ita-tupa-oka.* This is situated at some little
height above the base of the mountain, and is reached by a steep
ascent, encumbered by blocks of sandstone, and overgrown with
cacti and stiff bushes. The cavern forms a large, irregular, bat-
inhabited chamber 50-60 feet long, and with a sandy floor. Wallace
had already described the entrance, which is 10-15 feet high, and
divided into two parts by a la}'er of sandstone that runs horizon-
tally across the opening about five feet from the floor. This layer
is harder than the rock above or below, much of which is very
friable.

Immediately west of the serra of Erere, and separated from it by
a deep notch, is a short, angular ridge, with the same trend and
geological structure, called Aroxi. In this mountain, which is a
little lower than Erere, the inclination of the sandstone is very
marked. On the southern side a broad belt of large cactuses ex-
tends from top to bottom.

Serras of Erere and Aroxi from the South-west.

To the westward of Aroxi, at a little distance, is another short,
high, conical ridge, called Aracuri, while beyond appear to be sev-
eral other hills, in a line with those just enumerated, and apparently
part of the same outcrop.

The sandy campos decline towards the southward from the serra
for several miles, w^hen they rise gradually to the rocky plateau of
the serra of Paitiina. This serra I did not visit, but in 1870, Mr.
Phineas Staunton examined it for me, reporting it to be composed
of horizontal beds of the same kind of sandstone as that of the
serra of Erere, so that the two serras probably form part of a syn-
clinal fold. Paitiina is flattened on top. and very broken and pre-
cipitous on all sides. Wallace, who visited it, says that the curious,
mushroom-like pillar on the southern end is composed " of friable

* LiterMlly. God's stone house. lUt. stone; Tnpa, or Tupana. God: and oka. l.onse.

216

stoue ill liorizoiital layers and is coustaiitly decaying away by the
action of the weather. The top is formed by a stratnm of hard,
crystalline rock, which resists the rain and sun," etc. This upper
crystalline rock is probably like the excessively hard sand-stoue
of the serra of Erere. The pillar bears the name Indud mena*
in Lingoa Geral, or JIao de j^ildo in Portuguese, and, together with
anotlier similar column in tlie vicinity, figures in the legend of the
Paitiina, a mythological personage from whom the Indians say that
the serra has derived its name.

The sandstone of Erere is, for the most part, composed of fine,
rounded grains of clear quartz, with a silicious cement, the rock
being so excessively hard that a fracture passes directly through the
sand grains. The rock has a slight brownish tint, and a saccharine
look, sometimes being almost translucent in thin flakes. On the
surface the cement decomposes, becoming milk white, and the hard
beds scale away in concentric coats, giving rise to rounded surfaces.
This is the general character of the Erere sandstone, but there are
some very fine-grained layers like quartzite, while others are soft
and friable. The rock is never very coarse, and pebbles are rare.
The bedding is massive, and oblique lamination is everywhere
observable.

Underneath the sandstone at the notch of Aroxi there is a thick
band of hardened, variegated clay. Being well jointed and of une-
qual hardness, the Erere sandstones, have, under denudation, given
rise to a multitude of curious pillars and imitative forms. To the
latter class belongs a large rock on the east extremity of the serra,
called Piraijaudra\ or porpoise, because of its resemblance to that
animal, while near by, on the brink of a precipice, is a projecting, bird-
like rock, called yurutaut. On the summit of the mountain, and
overlooking the lofty precipice facing the village, is an immense, iso-
lated rock, about fifty feet high, which, from afar, looks like a huge
boulder perched upon the top of the serra. This mass, which is rep-
resented in the cut on page 213, is composed of a very hard, white
sandstone, obliquely laminated and rounded by decomposition. Its
western side is covered with rude Indian drawings in red paint.

* Pestle. Sometimes it is called IndaU; the mortar. Mtna meaus husband. By some the
pillar is called yapona, the oven.

+ rird, fish, and yaudra, dog.

217

Staudiug just iu front of the cliff at the upper part of the serra, ou
the northern side near the Aroxi notch, is a large, high pillar, cov-
ered with similar rude paintings, and apparently at one time an
object of superstitious regard. Similar figures are drawn on the
clilfs near by and in the notch. These so-called hierogljqohics of
Erere were examined and copied by Wallace, but the sketches were
unfortunately lost. I have reproduced some of the more important
forms in the American Naturalist.* Mr. J, B. Steere, on a visit
Avith me to the mountain, had the good fortune to find a large
fragment of silicified wood, imbedded in the sandstone, near the
great painted rock on top of the serra. This is clearly coniferous in
structure, but Dr. Dawson, to whom it has been referred, has not
been able to determine it. Mr. Steere also found what appears to
be the impression of the trunk of a large tree on the surface of a
bed of sandstone, on a ridge about a quarter of a mile to the south-
westward of the painted rock.

One point in tlie geology of the Erere District is settled upon the
best of palaeontological evidence, and that is, the age of the beds
forming the great j^lain to the north of the serra. These are cer-
tainly Devonian. But what is the age of the rocks forming the
serra itself ? I have already expressed the opinion that the strata
of the serra were disturbed before the beds forming the plains
were laid down, since these strata are highly inclined, while the
Devonian rocks bordering the base are quite horizontal, presenting
nowhere more than an exceedingly slight inclination. There is no
reason why coniferous wood should not occur in strata of Devonian,
or even Upper Silurian age under the Equator; but I must freely
confess, that, after carefully considering the whole subject, it seems
to me quite probable that the Erere sandstones are really newer than
the fossiliferous beds of the plains, and that these last may dip
under the serra ; but, if this is the case, it is extraordinary that the
sandstones, if once continuous over the plains, should have been so
completely worn away and that the plains should have been so very
evenly denuded. It is also somewhat strange that the structure of
the serra of Tajuri should differ so markedly from that of Erere.
I have made a long and careful search for exj)osures along the base

* Brazilian Rocli Inscriptions, Amer. Nat., May, 1871.

EUL. BUr. SOC. NAT. SCI. (28) JANUARY, 1874.

218

of the serra of Erere, but I have been unable to determine from
stratigraphical evidence the relative age of the beds of the moun-
tains and plains. There can be no doubt that the serra of Erere is
older than the true table-topped hills, and the question of its glacial
origin needs no further discussion.

In the sandstone of the serra are occasional veins, partly com-
posed of iron oxide. The original vein-rock appears to have been
traversed by a perfect network of delicate veinlets of hematite,
forming interlacing laminae often not more than one or two mil-
limetres in thickness, which, on the decomposition and removal of
the vein-rock, form masses presenting the appearance of honey-
combed wood. In 1870, I made barometrical measurements on the
summit of Erere, which gave me the height as 970 feet. Since
the observations were taken, I have noticed that a point to the west-
ward of those I had chosen appears considerably higher, so that
the serra is not far from 1,000 feet in height.

The vegetation of the serra resembles that of the high, sandy
campos of the vicinity, and is very scanty. The sandy tracts are
sparsely sown with tufts of long, coarse grass. Trees are as usual
very small, rough-barked, gnarly-branched, stunted and scorched by
campos fires. Cajii trees grow all over the serra, and the visitor will
always gratefully remember their thirst-assuaging, acid fruit. The
cajueiros of the serra are all very small, and the fruit is dwarfed
and rather sour. On the sandy campos the tree is everywhere met
with, and the fruit is sometimes very large and delicious. I have
never seen a cajii tree on the Devonian plain. It is a true campos
species, and, as elsewhere in Brazil, it appears to be confined to dry,
sandy soils. It flourishes also on the campos in the vicinity of
Santarem, where, as well as at Monte-Alegre, a very delicious wine
is made from its juice, some of the brands being not inferior to
good grape wine. The manufacture of this beverage was known to
the old Tupis, who called the liquor ahayii kauim. The fruit has
an extended reputation in Brazil for its anti-syphilitic properties,
and it is supposed that the wine also possesses medicinal virtues.
Two palms are common on the serra, the Sacuri and Jaid. The
former appears to be allied to the Curua, but the leaves are much
more stifi" and erect. It is rarely seen elsewhere in the vicinity.
The Jata grows to a height of about fifteen feet, and is a very con-

219

spicuous element in tlie vegetation of the serra. It also occurs ou
the campos. Armadillos and jabuti-tortoises abound in the serra,
and a pretty little species of deer occurs, but I could never succeed
in getting a shot at one.

Before we leave the serra let us take a survey of the landscape.
The eye follows the sandy campo, with its scattered trees and patches
of bare sand, southward to the flat, insignificant-looking, rocky
serra of Paitiina, which, tied by the high campos to the serra of
Erere, forms a point projecting southward into the alluvial bottom
of the Amazonas. On the right, or west of Paitiina, the alluvial
lands form a sort of bay, bordered by sandy campos-land. Into this
region I made an excursion in 1870. From the Aroxi notch the
sandy and sparsely-wooded plain slopes gradually from the moun-
tains to the southward, for a few miles, to a little igarape, called,
I believe, Maxira; but this name I have also heard applied to
the serra of Aroxi. Crossing the stream, one finds on the opposite
side a line of terraces rising about 10-15 feet, if I rightly remem-
ber, above the general level, but considerably more above the Ama-
zonas. These terraces are composed of beds of variegated sands
and clays, in which I made an unsuccessful search for fossils. This
formation appears to occupy a large area to the westward, and the
terraces mark an old shore-line when the land stood at a somewhat
lower level than at present, and the Amazonas, still a broad arm of
the sea, had not yet passed into the riverine condition. Between
the terraces and Paitiina is the alluvial bay just alluded to, in which
is a small lake and a magnificent grove of miritis. The lake, I
suspect, disappears during the dry months, as I do not find it repre-
sented ou one of my sketches.

Eastward of the serra of Erere, a high, rounded, sandy plateau
stretches oif to the igarape, on the opposite side of Avhicli the
Monte- Alegre highlands run off" obliquely to the villa, in a line of
steep slopes. Between these highlands and Paitiina is the alluvial
bay traversed by the igarape of Erere. Across its mouth stretches
the Curupatiiba, and southward lie the beautiful, smiling plains,
beyond which is the Amazonas, with the long, level line of smoke
of a descending steamer. We trace to the northward the ridge of
Monte-Alegre, at first level-topped, then more and more irregular,
to the splendid, blue, mountain mass of Tauajuri, which, with pre-

220

cipitous front, heaves its back against the horizon, like a giant wave
ready to break upon the level plains of Erere, that lie spread out
before ns, flecked with open, bright, grassy campos, dark woodland,
and coursing cloud-shadows from the glorious sky above. Below
us, and beyond a little strip of woodland, is the little village of
Erere, with its wdiite church and scattered, thatched houses.

In the west are the tops of Aroxi and Aracuri, with low lands
beyond on the horizon, while, northward from the hills, stretches a
belt of low, wooded ridges, skirting the campos on the west and
north, and bending round to close the circuit with Tauajuri. And
away beyond them, on the fiir-off northern horizon, are table-topped
hills, evidently of the same formation as the serras of Parii. To give
a clearer idea of the topographical features of the highlands west of
the campos and of tlie distant table-topped hills, I have introduced
the following little outline sketch taken without alteration from my
note-book.

Sketch looking Northward from Serra of Erer6.

A mile or more west of the village, a very narrow, angular ridge
extends northward from the northern side of the serra of Erere,
in a straight line for perhaps a mile, presenting a very even height
of about 200 feet, as nearly as I could judge. On the eastern side
this ridge is very steep, and near the top there is a line of exposures
of a rather compact, not well laminated clay-rock, mottled red and
white, and apparently without fossils. This has a decided dip to
the westward, and the western slope of the ridge is consequently
less steep than the eastern. The ridge is unfortunately covered
with small trees, abominable "Devil's fish-hooks" and cactuses, so
that it is very difiicult to study it. After running along for a con-
siderable distance, it breaks down abruptly, or perhaps more prop-
erly speaking, it is cut through by a broad gap, through which
runs the road to Maecuni.

In the gap, the lower part of the ridge to a considerable height,
is seen to be composed of a heavy mass of dioritc ; but whether this

221

rock forms a dyke, or a bed iiiterstratified "with the ckay-rock, I
could not determine. In the rain-courses of the Maecurii road the
diorite has given rise to a great number of well-rounded boulders
of decomposition, imbedded in a dark soil of decomposed trap ;
and, at a hasty glance, they might be taken for erratics. On the
nortliern side of the gap the ridge appears to be continued for some
distance. Looking from the top of Erere there appears to be a
ridge running northward from the Serra de Aroxi like that just de-
scribed. I made an attempt to reach it, but lost myself in the thick
woods. An attempt to explore the zone of highlands to the west
of the campos proved very unsatisfactory. I made a very long
excursion among these hills, but I cannot give an intelligible
account of their structure, because of the want of exposures and
the difficulty of making and recording observations in the dense
undergrowth, and in the beds of the exceedingly tortuous igarapes.
The prevailing rock appears to be similar to that exposed in the
ridge extending northward from Erere, but I found also a few
wretched exposures of a firmly laminated, dead-black shale without
fossils. I know nothing of the relation borne by these beds to the
undoubted Devonian beds of the plains. Trap dykes are very nu-
merous, and some are very heavy. The whole region seems to have
been much disturbed. At Matarupi and elsewhere in the vicinity
there are superficial deposits of impure haematitic iron ore. Cam-
pos, apparently composed of Devonian rock, extend from the ridge
running north from the serra of Erere to the serra of Aroxi.

Almost directly north of Monte- Alegre is an isolated, precipitous
hill several hundred feet in height, which, in company with Messrs.
Smith and Staunton and my guide Sr. Liberato, I tried to reach from
the campo on the southern side. All I was able to do was to climb
a sort of high platform, in front of the hill, which was so covered
with spiny plants, yurupari pitidd and underbrush, that I was
obliged to turn back. I should have persisted, but that I had sev-
eral hours' march before nie over the stony plain to Erere that
evening. I could only determine that the platform above spoken of
Avas composed of diorite like that of the ridge just west of Erere.

The little hamlet of Erere is situated on the Devonian plain, a
little more than a mile to the north of the eastern extremity of the

222

serra of Erere, and consists of some twenty to thirty miserable
thatched houses and a neat little chapel. The inhabitants are civil-
ized Indians, of more or less mixed blood, but it is not known from
what tribe or tribes they are descended. The old people still speak
the Tupi language, but it is becoming so rapidly superseded by the
Portuguese that it is only rarely used for conversational purposes.
The people are quiet, orderly, and clean, and I came to have a real
respect for them. Sr. Liberato, my host, is a fine, intelligent, trust-
worthy fellow, to whom I am under deep obligations for the faith-
ful way in which he served me on both visits to Erere, and I
take pleasure in recommending him as a guide to future visitors.
The men of Erere are fishers, hunters, vaqueiros, and, like other
Indians, work well when they must. Of the industry of the women
I cannot speak in too high praise. On them falls all the labor of
the field and household; from morning to night they are steadily at
work, and I never think of Erere without fancying that I still hear
the measured rhythmic beat of the carana wand, in beating cotton
for spinning.

The sandy ridge or plateau east of Erere shows but few superficial,
and not very interesting exposures. Like the Monte-Alegre high-
lands, it appears to consist of soft Tertiary beds, horizontally strati-
fied, which have been much denuded down and superficially worked
over, the clayey particles having been washed out, leaving the sand
lying loose on the surface. On the northern side of the ridge, at
some distance east of the serra, is a small, isolated hill composed of
fine clayey sands, white, variegated with piirple, together with white
sands, sufficiently compacted to form a low bluff, that runs round
the eastern side of the hill. The ridge behind is composed of the
same materials, as is seen in several deep rain-courses. On the hill
just described, and in its immediate vicinity, I j^icked up several
loose fragments of a very curious rock which I was unable to find
in place. It consists of iron-oxide and is filled with little, empty
cell-like cavities separated by very thin walls, and consequently
spongy and very light. Each cavity corresponds to a sand-grain
which has been dissolved out, leaving only the iron oxide that
cemented the whole together. The grains were probably calcareous,
but I have no clue to the origin of these very interesting fragments.

223

The serra of Tauajuri,* though iu plain sight from Erere and
from the vicinity of Monte- Alegre, is quite unknown to the white
inhabitants of these places, and I found none except Indians who had
visited it. Failing to reach the mountain in 1870, 1 made an excur-
sion thither the following year, in company with Messrs. Derby and
J. B. Steere. We left Monte-Alegre on foot at day-break, accompa-
nied by four Indians, striking off northward over the highlands,
following the road to Saudoso, a little agricultural settlement, situ-
ated on the low grounds east of the ridge.

The Monte-Alegre jilateau is noted for its flat, rounded outlines,
its long, gentle slopes, rarely gullied by rains, its superficial coating
of coarse sand, and its peculiar campos vegetation, in all which
features it agrees with the similar elevated, sandy campos of the
vicinity of Erere and Paituna, and also with those of Santarem,
which last I shall not attempt to describe here. The covering of
loose, coarse sand completely masks the geological structure of the
plateau, except along its southern border and in a few localities
where the underlying beds come to the surface in knolls. Here and
there on the road, across the plateau, from Erere to Monte-Alegre,
one meets with slight knolls composed of small, ferruginous concre-
tions, cemented together and resembling a conglomerate. The sur-
face sands are so coarse and loose that it is very fatiguing to walk
over them. The vegetation they support to-day is that of the high,
sandy campos districts everywhere in northern Brazil, modified by
campos fires. The sandy campos of the Erere-Monte- Alegre district
closely resemble those of Piauhy, Pernambuco and Bahia. Trees
are sparsely sown, and, having been singed by fire, are small, rough-
barked, stout and gnarly-branched, and thick-leaved. A large pro-
portion of the trees are cajiis, with whose grateful acid fruit the
traveler may refresh himself. Grass grows only in widely separated
tufts, and the surface is yearly burned over. The efiect of these
campos fires is most disastrous, and if kept up they must inevitably
convert the ridge into a desert.

* I am not sure that this is the correct form of the name of the serra. The pronunciation
varies from Tajtiri to Tayur'i, Tauayun, Tauajuri, and I have even heard Tauacur'i. Penna
uses Tauajury, and this appears more nearly riglit, but it would still be a Portuguese form. In
all this uncertainty it seems scarcely worth while to inquire into the origin of the name. The
first point to be settled is, whether the first part of the word, in lingoa geral, is ita, stone, or
taud, a kind of clay.

224

The Monte-Alegre campos are quite unfit for agricultural pur-
poses, but according to Sr. Yalente, who accompanied us for a part
of the Avay to Tauajuri, beans and even corn may be grown during the
wet months ; but mandioca cannot be raised on these lands, because
it requires at least six months to mature, and, during the rains, the
roots are apt to be washed out of the soil. The climate of the
Erere-Monte-Alegre district, during the dry season, is very pleasant.
Day after day, and week after Aveek passes without a storm. The days
are hot, the thermometer in the shade ranging about 90° in the
middle of the day; but the air is so dry and there is so constantly
a stifi" sea breeze bloAving, that the temperature in-doors is very
agreeable. On the plains, I have found the heat oppressive while in
exercise, though much more endurable than in the interior of New
York in the summer months; but the moment one stands still, even
on the open plains, he is apt to be chilled by the breeze. The
nights are very cool, and one is obliged to sleep wrapped in a
blanket and with closed doors. Late in the dry season and in the
rainy months, the mosquitoes are a veritable plague. Of the wet
season on the Amazonas I can say nothing from my own personal
acquaintance.

As the plateauiiapproaches Tauajuri it becomes more broken, and
better wooded, but it soon gives way to hills, probably of a differ-
ent geological structure. The lowlands east of the ridge are well
wooded, but, except in marshy places, the forest is not luxuriant,
and the same seems to be the case with the higher plains of the
vicinity.

We reached Jacare at the foot of the serra at 3 o'clock p. m., hav-
ing rested for dinner at Saudoso for perhaps a couple of hours, so
that the distance from Monte-Alegre to the base of the mountain
must be about 18 miles. At Jacare we found a ruined house, and
as we had outwalked our guides and were obliged to wait until late
in the afternoon for them to come up, we here spent the night, as
well as the carapanas and the white ants, that swarmed from the
rotten timbers of the house, would permit.

On the banks of a little, clear-water igarape that runs through
the forest, bordered by beautiful palms, we found sandstones, and I
discovered a bed of dark-bluish limestone, that looked as though it
ought to contain fossils, but afforded us nothing recognizable.
Its strike was N. S.. and the dip 30° to the eastward.

225

Early the next morning we climbed the serra by a very rough,
steep ascent through the woods over loose rocks, and worked our
way with much difSculty nearly to the western end of the moun-
tain. The serra is a sharp-crested monocliual ridge, trending ap-
proximately E. S. E., W. N. "W., and much longer than Erere. The
southern side is exceedingly steep, almost precipitous, and wooded
nearly to the top, along which runs a line of low bluffs. The north-
ern side slopes off at an angle of 10°-15° in a series of beautiful
campos interspersed here and there with trees. This side of the
serra is scored deeply with deep parallel gorges that extend in many
cases up to and through the crest of the serra, which consequently
presents a notched appearance when seen from the south.

The uppermost stratum observed near the crest of the serra was a
light bluish, nearly white, tough, not well laminated clay-rock, with
a large percentage of very fine sand in its composition. Beneath
this are beds of fine, clayey sandstone, white, mottled with purplish,
and with fucoid (?) casts, alternating with which beds are shaley
bands and layers of sandstone, the whole not well exposed. Then
follow about 4 inches of red shaley iron-stone, overlying a bed of
rather coarse sandstone about 10-15 feet in thickness, which forms
a bluff running along the upper part of the southern side of the
serra, while underneath are light purplish brown, fine-grained sand-
stones poorly exposed. The dip of the Tauajuri beds in the serra
is about 10°-15° towards the N. N. E. or N. E.

I found the elevation of the serra at its highest point to be 850
feet above the level of the sea.* Tauajuri appears to differ entirely
from Erere in its geological structure. ' It is, indeed, true that I
examined only the upper beds of the series, but if the Erere sand-
stone were represented lower down, it is hardly possible that it
should not have shown itself in bluffs on the mountain side.f

* I made but a single observation, and as the mountain looks much higher than Erere, 1
suspect that the observation may be unreliable.

tTuajuri is resorted to by the Indians of Monte-Alegre for the purpose of gathering the bark
of the cumate or cumati tree {Apocynea vel Asdepidea follicularis f v. Mart. Cilossarios, p. 393,
sub voce cumat'i), the sap extracted from which is used to varnish the drinking gourds, for the
manufacture of which Monte-Alegre has been so long famed. The name of the tree appears to
be derived from Jcamy'g, milk, sap, and eU, true. Cumate probably more nearly preserves the
original form than cumati, but I suspect it is still a corrupt form. The sap is obtained from
the bark, I believe, by pounding and squeezing. The cuias are prepared as follows: Tha

B'JL. BUF. 80C. NAT. SCI. (29) JANUARY, 1874.

226

From the summit there is a magnificent view over an immense area
of country, the whole Monte- Alegre-Erere highlands and the great
Devonian plain being distinctly seen. I have reproduced from my
note-book a little sketch of the Erere hills taken from the top of
Tauajuri, because it sho-ws a line of hills extending westward be-
yond Aracuri, apparently forming parts of the same outcrop.

The Devonian plain and serras of Erer6 from the Serra of Tauajuri.

To the northward of the zone of highlands bordering the Erere
plain on the north and west, the country is low, somewhat irregu-
lar, though with but few hills, and uniformly covered with forest.
Along the horizon, on the north-west, high, table-topped hills
stretch along for many miles like a cordilheira. To the east of
Tauajuri the country is low, but still considerably higher than the
Amazonian bottom. Just east of the Monte- Alegre highlands these
higher grounds do not come doAvn to the river, but their margin,
once an old shore-line, describes a strong curve forming a sort of bay
which has been silted up and converted into alluvial grassy campos,
while, skirting the old shore, is a long, narrow, crescent-shaped
lake, once a side-channel of the river. This alluvial bay and lake
put one in mind of the campos and parana-merins of Taperinha,
of which I hope to speak in another paper.

From Avhat I have seen of the Amazonian valley in the province
of Para, I am of the opinion that the greater part of the country

gourd, or fruit of the Crescentia Cuyele (kuia-ete=c?/iapar excellence) Is cut in two and the inside
pulp removed. When the rind is dry it is carefully scraped, both inside and out, and polished
with the sandpaper-like leaves of the caimbe tree {Curalella). A little charcoal of the wood of
the pao de Boia or Mututi is then scraped into the cuia, and, having been mixed with a few
drops of the cumat6, is rubbed over the surface of the vessel. Over this the cumat6 is applied
three or more times, and on being allowed to dry, forms a sort of purplish varnish. The cuias
are then inverted over sand on which stale urine has been sprinkled, but some persons fill them
. with the urine aud allow them to stand. The cumate varnish, probably affected by ammonia
fumes, soon turns jet black and forms a hard, brilliant, durable lacquer, not affected by hot
water or rum. The cuias of Monte-Alegre are often painted in color, with very tasty and often
elaborate designs, by the Indian women.

227

is covered with forest, and tliat open campos are the exception.
These last are confined eitlier to the very low lands innndated
during the wet season, but left dry several months in the year with-
out rain, or to the high, level, never inundated sandy grounds and
the hard-baked, clayey or stony plains of Erere. The alluvial,
bottom of the Amazonas in the vicinity of Monte-Alegre and else-
where, is, over very large areas, destitute of trees. My friend Dr.
Woiekof, the Russian savant, is of the opinion that the treelessness
of prairies is often due to the rank growth of grasses. I am in-
clined to think that this is in gi-eat part the cause of the want of
trees on the Amazonas river-bottom; but there is still another
reason, and that is the dryness of the climate, and the baking of
the alluvial clayey soil in the dry months. The forest gains a foot-
hold only on the borders of the streams and in wet places, where it
holds its own by its proximity to the water.

The only really tropically luxuriant, true jungle is found on pe-
rennially wet grounds. This is always full of palms, Plioinaco-
spermums, Heliconias, Arums, large-leaved plants, and is tangled
with vines and creepers. The vegetation of the higher and drier
grounds is not very luxuriant, especially if the land be stony,
sandy, or clayey. Such is the character of the forests of the higher
lands everywhere in the vicinity of Monte-Alegre and Erere. The
trees are, for the most part small, and the undergrowth is largely
composed of curud palms.

Even where the land is high, if tlie soil is only damp and rich,
the forests may be exceedingly luxuriant and composed of trees of
giant size, as for instance on the black lands on the top of the bluffs
near Santarem, and on the high lands of the Tapajos, Tocantins
and Xingii.

The generally received opinion that the whole valley of the Am-
azonas is covered with one dense, rank, steaming forest, impenetra-
ble and indomitable by man, is as erroneous as the school geography
stories of enormous snakes and wild beasts, which last, somehow or
other, were always hibernating when I was in the country. The
forests of the Monte- Alegre-Erere district and of Santarem as well,
are far from luxuriant, bespeaking, during the dry season, a very dry
climate and a fault of moisture.

228

The taljle-toppecl hills of the Amazonas, so frequently described
by travelers consist of several isolated mountains or plateaus of cir-
cumdenudation composed of horizontal strata, which lie on the
northern side of the river between Prainha and Almeirim, and
known collectively as the serras of Paru. They are characterized
by their broad level tops and their very abrupt, sometimes precip-
itous sides. The western-most of these serras is that of Paraua-
quara, eastward of which is that of Velha Pobre, while still farther
east are the serras of Almeirim. The general appearance of these
mountains is represented in the accompanying sketch made from
the river.

- "^ "^ d ..' — I. bv yx — r — r

Every traveler has felt it his duty to describe the table-topped
hills, and they have been represented, over and over again, by fancy
sketches that look no more like the serras of Parii* than they do like
any other fiat-topped hills, but, strange to say, until 1871, no explo-
rer except V. Martins has ever visited them. He landed at Almeirim
on his journey down the Amazonas and climbed the serra in the im-
mediate vicinity, which he estimated as scarcely 800 feet in height.
He, however says very little concerning its geological structure, but
his account of his visit is so important that I give a part of it
below.f

* I cannot refrain from protesting against the admirably drawn but abominably inaccurate
sketclies that illustrate the magnificent volumes of Marcoy. The sketches of Santarem and
Para might just as well have been labeled Pernambuco and Bahia. As for the portraits that
adorn the volume they are, so far as I can judge, as inaccurate as they well can be.

t "Der Berg von Almeirim liegt etwa eine Stunde nordlich vom Ufer des Stroma entfernt,
und seiu Gipfel mag kaum acht hundert Fuss iiber diesen erhoht seyn. Wir batten bald einen
dichten nicht hoheu Wald durchschnitten, und tratten nun in eine lichte Grasflur heraus, welche
in ihrer Physiognomic die giosste Achnlichkeit mit den campos agrestes von Piauhy darstellte.
Grosse, grau-grune, haarige Grasburchel, mit mancherlei bliithenreichen Krautern wechselnd,
stehen ziemlich weit aus aufgelosten brauneu Sandeisenstein. In den Niederungen der Flur
Bind hier Briiche von geringer Ausdehnung, ebenfalls mit Gras bedeckt, dort inselartige grup-
pen von Gebiische und eine eigenthiimliche Palme (Lyagous cocoides, Jlart. Palm, t. 89-90).
• * * * Der Berg selbst, welcher diese anmuthige Landschaft schliesst, indem er parallel
mit dem Strome von O. nach W. liiuft, ist an seinem untern Abhange mit gleicher wiesen vegeta-

229

In 1870 my time was so completely exhausted at Erere, tliat I
was obliged to return home Avithout visiting the table-topped hills,
and one great object of my journey to the Amazouas in 1871, was
the examination of one of the true table-topped hills. I selected
Parauaquara, not only because it appeared to be the highest of these
mountains, but also because, being precipitous, it would be the
more likely to aiford good sections.

I left Prainha very early on tlie morning of the 14th of Novem-
ber, in a montaria, and dropped down with the current nearly to
the mouth of the Eio Yauari* (Javari). During the night and
to 7K o'clock the terral blew gently down stream, and it was deli-
ciously cool ; after that time the wind gradually lulled, the sea breeze
beginning to blow at about 2)4 o'clock. This continues to blow all
day regularly during the dry season.

The Yauari has a sort of miniature delta. Just before entering
the Amazonas the river bends eastward, separated from the river by
a grass-covered strip of alluvium, across which two channels are
cut. It Avas low tide when we arrived at the mouth of the river,
and we were obliged to wait for sometime before we could enter.
The Yauari resembles the igarape de Erere in having a very deep,
narrow channel, about 200 feet wide, with steep banks lined with
trees which are, however, larger than those of Erere, while the
banks are cleaner. The vegetation is largely made up of the fol-
lowing trees: MiUiiti, Acapu-rdiia\ {Wullsclildgelia?), Araj^arifX
Caxmguha% {Pharmacosycea?), PiranJiauba,\ Taixi^ and UapuV

During the dry season the water of the river and its branches is
quite stagnant, excessively dirty, warm and fever breeding, its

tion, oben aber mit einetn lichten Walde grosser Biiume, besonders vieler castanheiros, bewach-
sen, auf dem steilenWege findet man nirgends ein aiideres als das angegebene sandeisenstein-
gebilde. Kleine Quellen kommen aus den Flanken des Berges auf die Wiesen herab, und die
Waldung der Hohe hegt behagliche kiihle."— /S^jes u. Mart. Beise in Brasilien, Iller Theil,
S. 1326.

* Yauari is the name of the palm Astrocaryutn Javari/. The Portuguese form is Javari.

+ Called also manupe, or the yauari. v. Martius gives the following etymologj': '■^ Caa-cua :
acapoc: arbor fructu desiliente; rana ; spurium," which strikes me as very lanciful.

X This may be a corruption of ymyrd-apara-y'ua, meaning bow-tree.
% Ka& xingy' ua, Lingoa geral.

II Pirdhay'ua, Lingoa geral, tree of the cannibal fish.

^ Taix'i-y'ua, tree of the ant iaixi, so called because its hollow leaf-stalks are inhabited by a
very venomous ant. Taixi appears to be derived from tasy ua, an ant, and i, little.
I ITua-pu'i, slender tree.

230

only motit)!! appearing to be that induced by the tides. Alligators
swarm in it like tadpoles in a ditch, and I was not a little surprised
to find them extraordinarily active, swimming rapidly about and
coming nj) promptly to snap at an object thrown into the water.
The banks of the river are alluvial, and go deeply under water dur-
ing the rainy season.

After ascending the Yauari for some distance we turned off north-
eastward into a smaller stream called the Marapi, on the left bank
of which, not far from the mouth, is the cattle fazenda of Leocadio
Jose Eodrigues, at which I was most hospitably entertained. This
fazenda is built on a little knoll, surrounded on all sides by alluvial
plains, which are partly open and covered with grass, the rest being
forested.

The serra of Parauaquara is distant, as nearly as I can judge,
about tAventy miles to the eastward of the fazenda, and in plain
sight, but I could find no one who had visited it, and it was even
an object of superstitious fear, like the serra of Velha Pobre, which
is to-day held to be haunted by a female spirit, to appease which
boatmen hang offerings of rags and clothing upon the trees on the
banks of the Amazonas at certain localities. I had some difficulty
in obtaining guides for the journey, but Sr. Leocadio kindly fur-
nished me with a negro and a mulatto, and my party was completed
by three young Indians I had brought with me from Prainha. We
set out on foot with provisions and water for three da3's, for we were
warned beforehand that we should find no streams on the route.

For two or three miles eastward from the fazenda our way Avas
through wooded and marshy campos, until we reached a broad,
level, open plain, used as a grazing-ground for cattle, in crossing
which we were completely covered with myriads of minute cara-
pato ticks (Ixodes), from which we w' ith difficulty rid ourselves, an
episode that brought up vivid reminiscences and no saudades of the
campos-land of Minos Geraes. The open plains, just described,
are re^jreseuted in Plate VII. by the irregular lake-like patch,
near the Amazonas. From the grazing-grounds to Parauaquara,
the country, though not high, is very rough, the topography
appearing to have resulted from the denudation of soft beds, inter-
stratified with which, are thin strata of hard, brown, ferruginous
sandstone, blocks of which encumber the ground. A heavy fruit-
growth, Avith jungles of the magnificent banana-like pacua-sor-

231

oroca {Phaenacosjjcrimoii) fills the wet valleys, but the higher
grounds are a mixture, or more properly an alternation of campo
and wood, the campos being thickly covered with high grass and
scattered trees, while the woods are thick and dry. One tree in
these woods especially attracted my attention. Only a few inches
in diameter it grew like a giant withe, straight up above all the
other trees, destitute of branches except at the top, where were only
a few short ramifications. The Indians call it kuatd kysdua, or the
hammock of the cuata monkey.

The journey was exceedingly fatiguing, and in the woods we were
obliged to use our knives incessantly, but what made our progress
most painful, were the high grass and bushes filled with caria, a
long-leafed sword-grass that cuts like a razor. My heavy duck
trowsers were soon cut out at the knees, and my hands and face
were cut and bleeding, while the bare feet of my attendants suffered
severely. Approaching the serra the topography became more and
more irregular, and, just before reaching the mountain, Ave de-
scended into a deep valley, through which flows a stream of delicious
water, passing which we rose to a sort of isolated shelf at the base
of the serra, where we passed the night. Next day we ascended by
a sharp spur at the south-west corner to the summit.

Parauaquara* is an extensive, isolated plateau of circumdenuda-
tion, and apparently forms a long, narrow, irregular strip, running
east-west ; at least so it appeared to me from the river. The sum-
mit is so densely covered with little trees that I could not traverse
it, and I consequently have seen only the western and southern sides
of the serra.

The following sketch, taken from a point a few miles west of the
mountain, will show its topographical features as seen in elevation.

The following cut is from a sketch taken from the top of the
serra looking off northward along the western side, showing the

* Pamd, parrot, and quara, Iiole.

232

level-topped summit, and the steep sides and spurs, along which
run the edges of the horizontal strata like courses of masonry.

On the southern side of the serra, at the south-west corner, is an
immense, concave, precijiitous gulf like one-half of a volcanic cra-
ter, and on its sides a great thickness of rocks is exposed. The
view on Plate VII. is from a sketch taken from the summit
of the serra, just above the precipice, and looking westward across
the gulf and the spur by which we ascended, out over the Amazo-
nian valley. The sloping mass of Tauajuri is distinctly visible on
the western horizon, Avhile just to the south are the Monte- Alegre
highlands between which and Parauaquara stretch immense plains,
more or less completely covered with forest, with the exception of
the campos near the Yauari, which on the sketch look like a large
lake. Far off to the north-ward these same wooded plains are con-
tinued to the long line of table-topped hills. They are rarely bro-
ken by a hill and there is but one little lake in sight. On the maps
a large lake called Urubii-quara,* is represented lying between Tau-
ajuri and Parauaquara, but of this nothing is to be seen from the
serra, the only lakes visible from this mountain or from Tauajun
being the little lagoon just spoken of, and which I have represented
in my sketch, and the long, narrow, crescent-shaped lake lying
between Monte-Alegre and Pramha.

The Amazonas bordered with forest, dotted here and there with
islands, and enlivened by a white sail or a steamer, runs like a
broad belt across the landscape, its reddish waters contrasting
strongly with the green of the woodlands. We may trace it from
the western horizon near Monte-Alegre, to far beyond Almeyrim.
Parauaquara lies some ten miles, more or less, back from the river.

* Uimii, vulture, ml kuara. hole.

233

On the opposite side of the Amazon as, and to the south-west, im-
mense alhivial plains with many large lakes stretch away to the dim,
ill-defined horizon, but I could not make out the Xingii, which
probably lies out of sight below tlie horizon.

The area of country one may survey from the top of Paraua-
quara is immense, and every topographical feature is seen as on a
map. I could not but contrast the bird's-eye view from the serra,
and the clear and comprehensive idea it gave me of this part of the
Amazonian valley, with the meagre idea of the Amazonas one ob-
tains by traveling by steam along the river, when all he sees is the
broad turbid flood, bordered on each side by a strip of forest,
with perhaps a few distant hills seen over the tree-tops; a few islands
and a clear water horizon both in the east and west.

One traveling in this way sees actually nothing of the structural
features of the valley, and he puts one in mind of an ant who
makes an excursion up a Corinthian column following industriously
along the bottom of a fluting.

The Amazonas has been "explored" quite sufficiently in this
style, and the sooner travelers settle down to the conviction that the
Amazonas, like the Mississippi or any other great river, is too big for
one man to explore alone, even in a life-time, the better it Avill be
for science. Mr. Chandless has set a good example to Amazonian
travelers in his careful surveys of the Parii and of the Canuma,
Abacaxi and Maue-Assii.

The following is a section made from the top of Parauaquara to
its base. The exposures on the mountain side, are so poor and dis-
connected, and the sword-grass made the descent so painful that
observations were made with difficulty, and I could not determine
the thickness of the beds. The beds are given in the descending
order.

BUL. BUF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (30) JANUARY, 187-1.

234

a. The surface is covered with a few feet of a very line, light
briclv-red earth consisting of a mixture of chij and very fine sand.

b. Eed sandy clay packed fall of nodules of iron-stone, Avhich are
elongate and stalactitic in form, and imbedded upright, so that the
bed appears as if it were fall of long, irregular roots. Thickness
8-10 feet.

c. Very heavy beds of Tauatinga clay of a grayish Avhite color
magnificently exposed in the cliffs on the south-eastern side of the
serra, where they look white like chalk. These rocks are w^ll
bedded as seen in the sketch of the clifis, but they are not laminated.

d. A thick bed of white clay, partly very pure Tauatinga, partly
sand and often presenting a structure similar to that of a brick in
which two kinds of clay have been imperfectly mixed together.
The material of which this bed is composed bakes very hard iu the
sun, and, resisting denudation better than the overlying beds, it occa-
sionally forms a projecting platform with bluff edges.

e. Soft, fine-grained sand-stone, white or cream-colored, and with
a cement of clay.

/. Sandy clay, not laminated, variegated in color and irregularly
solidified by iron oxide.

Leaving the serra and going eastward a short distance to a deep
valley, the section appears to be continued as follows :

g. A heavy bed of a hard, fine and even-grained, white, argilla-
ceous sandstone, beautifully variegated with bands and mottlings of
delicate shades of red, purple, brown and yellow. This rock resem-
bles very closely that of the little ridge just east of the igarape of
Erere and may be of the same age ; but, unfortunately, in the valley

235

of the Aniiizonas lithologieal characters are not much to be trusted
ill the identification of formations.

li. Series of beds not well exposed ; at x are thin bands of coarse,
red sandstone and iron-stone.

i. The lowest rocks seen were a thick bed of fine, very dark gray
clay.

Xot a single fossil was found in the Parauaquara beds, so that
their geological age is undetermined. My own decided opinion that
they are newer than the Cretaceous and probably of Tertiary must
be taken for what it is worth, until the question is settled by pa-
laeontological evidence.

The following paper by Mr. Eathbun on the Brachiopoda of the
Devonian of Erere is the result of a long and careful study of the
collections under my direction. At my request Mr. Eathbun took
a suite of the fossils to Cambridge, Mass., and compared them Avith
the collection in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Prof.
Agassiz received him with the greatest kindness, and gave him
every facility for the examination of specimens. I have also to ex-
joress my thanks to Mr. T. Cary, business manager of tlie Museum,
and to my old friend Prof. 0. H. St. John, for aid rendered to Mr.
Eathbun.

Prof. Hall has since kindly examined the collection, and I am
much indebted to him for allowing Mr. Eathbun to compare the
Brazilian fossils with New York types in his collection. My
thanks are also due to Mr. Whitfield for his courtesy in aiding
in these comparisons.

I have published a very condensed sketch of the geology of the
Erere-Parauaquara district in the Transactions of the American
Geographical Society, and the sketch-map at the head of this paper
first appeared in that volume, but is now republished with several
important changes.

236

XXII!. On the Devonian Brachiopoda of Erere',
Province of Para', Brazil

BY RICHAKD RATHBUN,
Of the Geological Laboratory, Cornell University.

[Read before tJiis Society January 2d, 1874.]

Terel)ratuia Berbyaiia, ILn-tt, sp. nov., Plate X, figs. 15, 17, 18, 19, 20,21,

22, 24 and 25.

Test small, generally subovate in outline, but sometimes subangular poste-
riorly, lenticular, with nearly equally convex and somewhat flattened valves.
Breadth usually about three-fourths, though sometimes nearly equal to, the
length, and greatest at or anterior to the middle. Surface smooth.

Ventral valve depressed-convex, with the greatest convexity posterior to the
middle. The beak appears to be more or less pointed, slightly extended
beyond the dorsal valve and incurved, with quite a broad deltidium beneath ;
but the external moulds, owing to the friable character of the sandstone in
which they were taken, are all more or less defective in the umbonal region.
The posterior lateral margins, diverging from the beak at an angle a little
greater or less than a right angle, and slightly rounded or nearly straight, ex-
tend forward nearly half the length of the valve, when they bend gradually to
unite with the lateral margins, which, together w-ith the front, form a single
regular curve.

Dorsal valve generally slightly elongate, but sometimes nearly circular in
outline, depressed-convex like the opposite valve, the convexity strongest pos-
teriorly, the curve from the beak to the front being very gentle.

The surface of both valves is smooth, though sometimes it is traversed by
several more or less prominent concentric lines of growth.

There is neither fold nor sinus, and altogether the test presents a very plain
appearance.

Length, 10 m. m., breadth, 7.5 m. m., thickness, 3 m. m.

This species occurs quite abuiuTantlj in the Devonian sandstone
of Erere, associated witli Sfreptorlii/nchus Agassizii,VifuIina jmsfii-
losa, etc. Many specimens of different ages are often found crowded
together in a small space in the friable portions of the sandstone,
and preserved in the form of external and internal moulds.

287

111 the absence of the muscular markings and looji, it has been
impossible to determine with accuracy whether this species is a true
Terebratula or not, since, so far as external form is concerned, it
might belong either to Centronella Billings, or to Cryptonella Hall.
Until more perfect material shall have been collected, I have
thought it best to refer the sj^ecies provisionally to Terehratida,
the most largely represented by species of the above genera. (Mor-
gan Expeditions 1870 and '71.)

Named by Prof. Hartt in honor of his assistant, Mr. 0. A. Derby,
instructor in Geology and Palaeontology in Cornell University, and
his companion on two expeditions to the Amazonas.

Spirifera Pedroaua, Hartt, sp. nov., Plate VIII, figs. 1-9, 13, 14 aud 16-20.

Test of moderate size, inequivalve, very transverse, tliin. Breadth varying
from twice, to three and a half times the length, being greatest along the hinge
line. Outline sub-semi-elliptical or broadly sub-triangular, the lateral margins
on each side forming a single, more or less strong, regular curve, though they
are sometimes nearly straight. Cardinal extremities more or less produced
aud angular, varying from quite acute to nearly rectangular, often slightly'
rounded. Test plicate.

Ventral valve much more convex than the dorsal, sub pyramidal when
young, more or less ventricose when old. Greatest elevation at or just in
front of the beak, which is small, elevated, generally slightly incurved, but
sometimes hardly produced beyond the hinge area. Hinge area moderately
broad, triangular, nearly flat or slightly concave, perpendicular to antero-pos-
terior diameter or slightly inclined forwards or backwards, in which last case
it is generally slightly concave, the curvature varying somewhat but always
more marked under the beak. Cardinal margins angular, nearly straight or
curving very slightly inwards. Fissure triangular with the width at base
about equal to the height. Mesial sinus of moderate depth and width, broader
than deep and increasing gradually in size towards the front, where it is
slightly produced beyond the margin of the valve. It is regularly rounded in
the bottom, though sometimes slightly flattened towards the front ; its surface
is smooth and the margins are well defined. From the beak to the front, along
the mesial line, the surface of the valve curves moderately and regularly, but
never very strongly ; sometimes it is nearly straight. The slope from the
margins of the sinus to the cardinal extremities is very slightly convex but
often nearly straight.

Dorsal valve moderately convex but sometimes much depressed, the eleva-
tion being greatest near the middle. Beak minute. Mesial fold prominent and
abrupt, moderately wide, its breadth increasing regularly from the beak to the

2:58

front ; sides very steeply iuclined, top rounded and flattened, with usually a
very shallow, longitudinal furrow, exceedingly narrow at the beak, but broad-
ening and disappearing on approaching the front. The summit of the fold,
from the beak to the front, describes a moderately strong curve, which tends to
become more or less straight towards the front. The elevation of the fold in
front is quite variable.

The test has, on each side of the fold and sinus, 10 to 16 simple, rounded,
prominent plications, the reverse plications being of the same form but nar-
rower. On the ventral valve, the plications bordering the sinus are sometimes
slightly larger than the others, and are well defined up to the beak. Towards
the sides they gradually decrease both in width and prominence, sometimes
dying out entirely on the cardinal angles, which are thus frequently left
smooth, as is also a narrow space extending just in front of the cardinal mar-
gins, to within a varying distance of the beak. At the sides of the fold in the
dorsal valve, the plications arch rapidly from the beak, curving strongly to the
front, but less and less so as the cardinal angles are approached, where the
valve is more or less flattened, the plications diminishing in prominence
towards the sides as in the ventral valve, but seldom leaving the cardinal
angles smooth. Sometimes the valves are marked, usually towards the front,
by one, two or three, seldom four, prominent lines of growth, and some im-
pressions of the fold and sinus show indications of many fainter ones.

The dental plates of the ventral valve are thin, divergent, generally very
short, though in the older specimens they sometimes extend forward nearly
one-third the length of the valve, each including two or three plications be-
tween itself and the sinus.

The specimens vary much in dimensions, one large one measures, length, 15
m. m., breadth, 36 m. m., depth, 13 m.m.; another, 15, 45 and 12 m. m.

The test must have been a thin one, for the exterior markings are very
plainly impressed upon the inner mould.

This species belongs to tlie group of S2nrife7'ae,\\ii\\ broad hinge
area and more or less extended sides, which is so common in the
Devonian ; but the collections at command for comparison have
been so meagre that its relations to other species have been but
imperfectly determined. It resembles closely >S'. varicosa of the
Corniferous limestone, from which, however, it differs in the greater
number of plications, which are not angular, and also in the nar-
rower hinge area. Many of the smaller and more mucronate vari-
eties approach 8. angusta of the Hamilton group in shape, but in
the latter species the plications are smaller and more numerous.
From the European Devonian S. sul-cuspidata, Sclmur, it differs,
among other features, in the much narrower hinge area.

239

Prof. Hull, who exuniinod a small number of specimens of this
species of Sinrifera after the above description was written, thinks
that in its different varieties it is very closely related to several
American Devonian Spiriferae: S. varicosa, Corniferons limestone ;
S. medialis, Hamilton group, which varies much in form ; 8. angusta,
Hamilton group, perhaps only a variety or young form of 8. medi-
alis ; and 8. macra of the Corn. 1. s., which last species, however, has
generally a narroAver and more curved hinge area. ;S'. Pedroana
therefore appears almost like a connecting link, uniting the above
named species in a single series.

This 8pirifera is one of the most common and beautiful fossils
in the Devonian sandstones at Erere, probably coming next to
8trepfo?'Jil/}ichus Agassizii in abundance. So far as is at present
known, it is almost entirely, if not quite confined to the sandstone.
But a single very small ventral valve of a 8iyirifera has been found
in the underlying shale, which agrees with the species just described
in general outline; it is, however, a little narrower, and appears to
have a small median septum which would ally it with 8piriferina ;
but this last character is obscure in the specimen, and cannot be
relied on. (Morgan Expeditions 1870 and '71.)

[I have taken the liberty to dedicate this beautiful and interesting
species to His Majesty, the Emperor of Brazil, an accomplished
geological observer, and one whose distingushed patronage and sym-
pathy many a scientific traveler in Brazil will remember ivith the
deepest gratitude. — C. F. H.]

Spirifera Elizae, Hartt, sp. nov., Plate YlII, figs. 15 and 21 ; and Plate IX,
fig. 23.

Of tliis species only tlie ventral valve is known. This is of medium size,
transverse, the breadth being about twice the length ; nearly semicircular in
outline, the sides and front forming a very regular curve, indented only slightly
in front by the depression of the sinus ; depressed sub-pyramidal in form, most
elevated in the umbonal region. Beak obtusely angular, elevated, not pro-
duced beyond the hinge area in the internal moulds. Hinge area triangular,
slightly concave and inclining a little backwards ; cardinal margins angular ;
fissure triangular. From the margins of the sinus the valve slopes on each
side with scarcely any curvature to the cardinal extremities, but from the
beak to the front it curves slightly, the sides of the valve presenting there

240

fore a flattened appearance. Mesial sinus extending to the beak, moderately-
deep and wide, regularly rounded in tlie bottom, and, at the front, less than
one-fourth as deep as Avide.

Surface of test with twelve or more low, very indistinct, rounded, radiating
plications on each side. These are rather more pronounced near the sinus, but
gradually disappear towards the sides.

The impressions of the dental plates, iu the interior mould, start quite near
together at the beak, and extend, parallel with and exterior to, the diverging
margins of the sinus, nearly or quite to the front of the valve, the space be-
tween the dental plates and the margins of the sinus including one or two
plications. In one specimen, Plate VIII, fig. 21, one plication is included in
this way on one side, and two on the other.

The type specimen, a ventral valve, is 17 m. m. long, 34 m. m. broad and
about 5 m. m. high.

This species is based on more or less perfect specimens of four
ventral yalves, of which three are internal moulds, and the fourth
an impression of the exterior surface. Though these agree suffi-
ciently well together to warrant the conclusion that they belong to
the same species, there are, however, some points of diflFerence be-
tween them.

The surface in all the above specimens is nearly smooth, and the
dental plates are always long, reaching almost to the anterior mar-
gin of the valve. The specimen taken as the type is very regular,
the margins of the sinus and the bases of the dental plates are
straight; but in some of the other specimens the margins of the
sinus are irregular, curving more or less, and the sinus is narrower,
with the dental plates removed farther from its margins. These
variations do not seem to be produced by distortion, but they might
be due to irregular internal thickening. This question, together
with that of the thickness of the test, cannot be determined from
the present condition of the casts.

In shape this species somewhat resembles S. Pedroana, with
which it is associated at Erere ; but it is easily distinguished from
that species by the very long dental plates and the nearly smooth
surface. On comparing it with those varieties of S. disjunda, Sow.,
which have long dental plates, as represented by Prof. Hall ; Pal.
X. Y., Vol. IV, PI. 42, Fig. 17, and PI. G3, Fig. 14, there is seen to
be a great resemblance, but all the specimens of S. Elizae, which
show plications on the sides have a perfectly smooth sinus, and this
is the case in the external as well as in the internal moulds.

241

Associated with Sp. Pedroana, in the Devouiau sandstones of
Erere. (Morgan Expedition 1811.)

[Dedicated respectfully to Madame Elizabeth C. Agassiz. — C. F. H.J

Spirifera Valenteana, Hartt, sp. nov., Plate VIII, fig. 11.

Test above medium size, ventricose, thick, trilobed in outline and slit^htly
transverse, with the greatest width along the hinge line.

Ventral valve very convex, most elevated between the beak and the middle.
Cardinal angles depressed, with the cardinal margins concave. Beak probably
large and curving over a rather constricted area. The margin of the valve is
distinctly trilobed, caused by the extension forward of the broad mesial sinus
beyond the general margin of the valve ; leaving the cardinal extremity on
one side at nearly a right angle, it curves regularly inward for more than one-
half the whole length of the valve and one-fifth the width, when it gradually
bends outward, forming a shallow reentrant curve before reaching the forward
projection of the sinus, around which it extends in an elliptical curve. The
distance across, from the center of one reentrant curve to the other, is about
twice the length of the prolongation of the sinus beyond the general margin
of the valve. Mesial sinus very broad and shallow, regularly rounded in the
bottom, and with its margins undefined ; width of sinus nearly one-half the
width of the valve, the whole anterior lobe of the valve being occupied by it ;
in the cast it is nearly as broad near the beak as at the front. The surface of
the valve curves regularly and quite strongly from the beak to the front mar-
gin ; from each side it curves rapidly upward for about one-fourth the width,
and then descends gradually to form the sinus, which is very slightly and
regularly concave.

The dental plates, as indicated by the moulds, were very high and thick be-
hind, thinning out gradually as they advance. They are widely separated, the
distance between them being nearly one-third the width of the valve, and thev
extend forward, parallel with each other, for two-thirds the length of the valve.

Between the dental plates in the mould are indistinct impressions of muscular
markings, consisting of an ovate, slightly depressed space, rounded behind,
where it is immediately enclosed by the dental plates, and gradually narrow-
ing to a point anteriorly, not extending as far forward as the dental plates.
This impression seems, however, too limited to include all the muscular mark-
ings of the ventral valve.

But one specimen of this singular species, a cast of the interior
of the ventral valve, has been found, and though peculiar in shape,
it appears to belong to the genus Spirifera. The test was yery
heavy, and, including the dental plates, was much thickened by

BUL. BUP. 80C. NAT. SCI. (31) JAXUART, 1874.

242

internal growth, while the whole interior of the beak was filled up.
The surface of the mould is smooth, and does not enable us to
decide whether the test was ornamented or plain.

The single specimen measures as follows: length about 25
m. m., breadth about 34 m. m., height about 7 m. m.

From the Devonian sandstone of Erere, found with *S'. Fedrocr/in
and S. EUzae. (Morgan Expedition 1871.)

[I have named this species in honor of Capitao Valente, of Monte-
Alegre, a gentleman to whom I am under the deepest obligations
for hospitality, and for most important aid rendered me in my
explorations of the Erere-Monte-Alegre district. — C. F. H.]

Cyrtina? Curupiraj Bathiun, sp. nov., Plate X, figs. 1 and G.

Ventral valve unknown. Dorsal valve small, moderately or very convex,
and most elevated just behind the middle, transverse, sub-semicircular in out-
line, with the breadth nearly or quite twice the length, and apparently great-
est along the straight hinge line; but the cardinal extremities in all the
specimens are defective, making it impossible to determine whether they are
angular or slightly rounded. The sides curve moderately, and the anterior
margin is nearly straight in front of the fold. From the front, along the
median line, the valve rises more or less rapidl)-, with quite a strong
curvature, for two-thirds or three-fourths its length, and then descends in an
abrupt curve to the hinge line, there being no apparent beak. Median fold
moderately elevated above the surface of the valve, broad, and composed of
three plications, of which the two outer ones are very prominent and regu-
larly rounded, the median one being broader but not so high, and slightly
flattened along the top. The fold commences near the hinge line, where it is
moderately broad, increasing gradually in width towards the front, but seldom
gaining much in height. The sides of the valve slope off more or less
abruptly towards the cardinal angles, which are broadly flattened. On each
side there are generally three rounded plications, not so large as those on the
fold, and sometimes much depressed ; they are usually narrower than the
reverse plications, and increase gradually in width towards the margins,
diminishing, however, in size towards the cardinal angles, which last are
smooth.

At first sight, the specimens on which the above species is founded,
might be taken for dorsal valves of VituUna pustulosa, with Avhich
species it is associated in the Devonian sandstone at Erere ; but, as the
above description shows, it is very different. Without the ventral

243

valve it is impossible to determine the genus accurately; but the
specimens resemble closely the dorsal valves of a Cyriina, though
the fold is ditfereut from that of any described species. In this
latter feature the species resembles Chjrtina? amhlygona, Phil.
Subcarb. Eng. (Davidson, Pal. Soc), and I have therefore referred
it provisionally to the same genus. It seems very strange that while
dorsal valves of C? Curupira have been found, not a single ventral
valve has yet been detected.

Prof, Hall, who examined the specimens, thought that they might
prove to be something besides Cyrtina, but was in doubt as to their
generic affinities. They have much the appearance of a Spirifera,
but one specimen seems to be marked, though very indistinctly,
with fine, radiating, raised lines, a character which is unknown in
any Spirifera, plicated as this one is. (Morgan Expeditions 1870
and ''71.)

It receives its name from Kurupira, Lingoa Geral, a forest spirit
of Tupi mythology.

Retzia* Jamesiana; Ilartt, sp. nov., Plate X, figs. 23 and 27-38.

Test small, longitiidiimlly suboval in outline, more or less angular poste-
riorly, with the greatest width near the middle. Proportions of length to
breadth variable ; breadth usually nearly equal to, sometimes three-fourths the
length. Ventricose, occasionally flattened and lenticular ; ventral valve more
convex than the dorsal. Beak of ventral valve extended beyond the dorsal
valve. Valves plicated.

Ventral valve quite regularly convex, the greatest elevation being at or just
behind the middle. The curvature from the front along the median line is usu-
ally very regular and moderately strong up to the beak, along which it is slightly
more abrupt. From side to side the valve is very strongly convex, and, rising
rapidly from the lateral margins, generally with slight curvature, it is regu-
larly and well rounded on the median line. Beak projecting considerably beyond
the dorsal valve, and rather strongly arcuate. The posterior lateral margins of
valve diverge at an angle, varying from a little more to a little less than a
right angle ; they may be slightly convex or nearly straight, but are gen-
erally somewhat concave for a short distance, when they bend round and join
the lateral margins, which, together with the front, form a regular curve equal
to a little more than a semicircle. Surface marked by 14-20 low, rounded,

* Mr. R. P. Whitfield writes me that " the genus lihi/nchoKpira will have to be droppied en-
tirely, as Retzia Adrieni, Vern., appears to be generically the same as i? formosa. Hall's type
of Eliynckospira.''''

244

simple, radiating plications, separated by slightly narrower, rounded depres-
sions. The plications, which are very distinct at the front, extend backwards
from one to two-thirds the length of the valve, when they disappear, leaving
the entire unbonal region smooth. The depression, occupying the median
line, is about twice as wide as the others, but only slightly deeper, and extends
nearer to the beak. It is flattened along the bottom, and very rarely includes
a slight fold in the middle. The plications on the sides of the valve do not
vary much in size, those bordering the central depression being only slightly
larger than the others. Thin dental plates, starting on each side of the beak,
and diverging but slightly, extend forward along the valve for about one-fifth
its length.

Dorsal valve sub-circular in outline, sometimes a little angular behind,
more or less depressed-convex, sometimes very much depressed, with the great-
est elevation behind the middle. Beak sharp, its margins forming nearly a
right angle, depressed, and appearing not to project beyond the hinge line.
The plications of this valve correspond in number and character to those of
the opposite valve, being distinct on the front, while the posterior part of the
valve is smooth. The plication occupying the median line is slightly enlarged,
corresponding to the median depression in the ventral valve. It is flattened
on the top, scarcely more prominent than other plications, but extending
nearer to the beak.

The largest specimen obtained, a ventral valve, measures, length 11 m. m.,
breadth 10 m. m., height 3 m. m.

This species occurs very abimdautlj in tlie Devonian sandstone
at Erere, associated with Streptorhynclms Agassizii, etc. The area,
deltidium and loop, are not preserved, but from external features it
appears to approach more nearly to Retzia {Rhyncliospira) lepida,
Hall, Hamilton group, than any other species; but I have no speci-
mens for comparison. In ornamentation it resembles Retzia radia-
lis, Phil., Carb., Eng. The plications in R. Jamesiana, however,
are smaller, but the median plication on the dorsal valve, and the
corresponding sinus on the ventral valve, are enlarged as in R.
radialis.

The extension of the dental plates to the bottom of the ventral
valve in the new species, is very distinctly shown in some of the
interior moulds, a character which, hitherto, has seldom been found
in any species of Retzia ; but it is not safe to decide on its vahie
until the interior of Retzia is better known. (Morgan Expeditions
1870 and '71.)

[In dedicating this species to my old friend, Muj. 0. C. James, of
Ptio de Janeiro, I desire to express my deep feeling of gratitude, for

245

his generous aid towards fitting out tliree difterent expeditions to
Brazil, and for his constant, warm sympathy with my scientific pur-
suits.—C. F. n.]

Ketzia Wardiana, Hartt, sp. nov., Plate X, figs. 2-5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14 and 16.

Test small, double convex, more or less ventricose, the ventral valve being
usually the more convex ; longitudinally suboval, slightly angular behind ;
usually a little longer than wide, though the width sometimes equals the
length, greatest width near the middle ; whole surface finely plicated.

Ventral valve most convex near the center, curving regularly and moder-
ately, sometimes quite strongly, from beak to front, and very strongly from
side to side. Beak more or less pointed and slightly incurved. Posterior lat-
eral margins of valve straight, slightly convex or concave, including an
angle equal to, or a little more than, 90 degrees. The front and lateral mar-
gins together form a little more than a semicircle. The bases of the dental
plates are parallel and extend very slightly forward, the distance between
them being nearly one-fourth the width of the valve.

Dorsal valve nearly circular in outline, sometimes a little elongate, generally
slightly and regularly convex, the beak being much depressed.

Each valve is ornamented by from 14-20 (in one case 22,) simple, narrow,
rounded, or subangular, very prominent, radiating plications which extend
over the whole surface, being traceable from the beak, where they are very
narrow, to the front, towards which they gradually increase in width and prom-
inence. These plications do not differ much in size, being only a little smaller
towards the lateral margins than in the middle. The depressions separating
the plications are narrower than they, and rounded or angular.

A medium sized ventral valve measures, length 10 m. m., breadth 8 m. m.,
thickness about 3 m. m.

This species occurs quite abundantly in the Devonian sandstones
of Erere, associated with it. Jamesiana, which last is, however, much
more common. The two species resemble one another closely in
size and general form, but they differ totally in ornamentation,
the difference being so marked that the species are readily distin-
guished, even by fragments of valves; moreover, no intermediate
forms have been observed. R. Jamesiana always has low, indistinct
plications not extending to the beak, while those of tlie species just
described are always very prominent, extending from the beak to the
front. The enlarged median plication and depression are also a
constant character of R. Jamesiana. (Morgan Expeditions ISTO
and '71.)

246

[I liave attached to this jiretty species the name of my old friend,
Mr. Thos. Ward, the explorer, of the Tocautins on the Thayer ex-
pedition, and one to whom I am under a deep debt of gratitude for
aid in my first journey to the Amazonas in 1870. — C. F. H.]

RliyiichoucUa (Steuocismaj dotis, Uall, (Palaeontology of New York, Vol.
IV, p. 344,) Plate VIII, figs. 10 and 12.

Of the Erere form the ventral valve ia unknown.

Dorsal valve rather below the mediam size, of moderate convexity, which is
stronger towards the front, quite flattened near the middle ; slightly trans-
verse with the greatest width midway between the beak and the front ; very
short-ovate in outline, slightly truncate in front, and angular behind. The
nearly straight posterior lateral margins diverge at an angle of about 110 de-
grees, and extend less than one-third the length of the valve, the lateral mar-
gins rounding quite strongly and regularly to the edge of the fold, in front of
which the mai'gin is nearly straight. From the depressed beak the valve rises
quite abruptly for a short distance along the median line, and then continues
with a very gentle curve, or nearly straight, to the front. On each side, it
rounds up strongly for one-fourth the width or more, and is nearly flat in the
middle. The mesial fold commences just anterior to the middle, and increases
very gradually in width, being but slightly prominent at the front. The
valve has about 16 plications, of which four occupy the fold. The plications
are prominent, varying in width, being usually rounded near the middle of the
valve, but becoming angular towards the sides, with the reverse plications
generally narrower. The first one or two on each side next the fold extend
nearly directly from the beak to the margin, the others, in succession, curving
more and more strongly outward toward the lateral margins, and decreasing in
size, those on the extreme sides being very small and angular. A narrow sep-
tum extends forward from the beak, for about one-third the length of the
valve.

The most perfect specimen measures, length 11 m. m., breadth 13 m. m.,
height about 3.5 m. m., width of fold in front about 5 m. m.

This small species of Rhyncliondla is probably identical with R.
clotis, Hall, Hamilton group, N. Y. The specimens from New
York vary much in the character of the plications, which are some-
times very angular, and at others well rounded. In the Brazilian
specimens, so far obtained, the plications are of an intermediate
character.

From the Devonian sandstone of Erere, Prov. do Para, Brazil,
obtained with Streptorhynclius Agassizii, JRetzia Jamesiana, etc.
(Morgan Expeditions 18T0 and '71.)

247

Orthis Nettoanaj Rathbun, sp. nov., Plate X, figs. 7, 10 and 13.

Test very small, with the valves unequally convex. Ventral valve sub-cir-
cular in outline and longer than the dorsal, owing to the greater extension of
the beak. Dorsal valve broadly sub-elliptical in outline, slightly straightened
posteriorly, with the breadth greatest across the middle, and about one and
one-fourth the length. Breadth at hinge line apparently about two-thirds the
greatest width of the test ; cardinal extremities rounded ; both valves marked
with very tine radiating raised lines.

Ventral valve very convex, and most prominent just behind the middle.
From the beak, which is elevated and acute, the surface of the valve curves
slightly upwards, and then slopes to the front with a regular and gentle curve.
Towards the sides the slope is more abrupt and slightly convex. Hinge area
rather high, triangular, with a large fissure.

Dorsal valve slightly convex, broadly flattened in the middle, and often more
or less depressed along the median line, in a wide, undefined sinus, extending
two-thirds the length of the valve or more from the front, with its width iu
front one-third to one-half the greatest width of the valve. Beak depressed.

The impressions of the dental lamellae iu the ventral valve diverge slightly
in extending forward, the distance between them being about one-fifth to one-
fourth the width of the valve, and their length, about one-fourth that of the
valve. The socket plates in the dorsal valve left similar impressions.

The raised lines, ornamenting the valves, are exceedingly fine, rounded and
thread-like, closely arranged together, and seem to increase both by intercala-
tion and bifurcation.

The largest ventral valve measures, length and breadth, each about 6 m. m.,
height nearly 2 m. m. The largest dorsal valve has a breadth of 7.5 m. m.,
a length of about 5 m. m., and a height of nearly 1 m. m.

This is a very smull species of Ortliis, being of about the same
size as Orthis lepidus of the Hamilton gronp, but differing totally
from it in shape. It can be easily distinguished from the young of
Strejjtorhynchus Agassizii, with which it is associated, by the much
finer radiating, raised lines, and by the extension forward of the
dental plates in the ventral valve, and the socket plates in the dorsal
valve.

From the Devonian sandstone of Erere, where it is moderately
abundant. (Morgan Expeditions 1870 and '71.)

Dedicated to Dr. Ladislau Xetto, the distinguished director of the
Muzeu N^acional at Rio de Janeiro.

248

Streptorliyiichus Agassizii, Uartt, sp. iiov., Plate IX, figs. 3, 4, 10, IG, 17,

23, 25, 26 and 28-30.

Test small or of moderate size, never very large, transverse, double convex,
or with the ventral valve sometimes slightly and irregularly flattened, or even
concave towards the front. Valves subequally convex, varying much in out-
line ; sometimes unsymmetrical ; often circular, with the sides and front forming
a segment of a more or less perfect circle, embracing two-thirds to three-
fourths the diameter ; in some cases sub-elliptical ; seldom transversely ob-
long. Greatest width at or a little behind the middle. Cardinal extremities
rounded or obtusely angular, but in a single known instance slightly extended
into mucronate points. Proportions of length to width about as 2 to 3, 3 to 4,
or 3 to 5. Hinge line straight, beak of ventral valve elevated and pointed, that of
dorsal valve being depressed and broadened. In size, the test varies from very
young and small to 21 m.m. long, by 32 m. m. broad, and one unusual speci-
men measures 29 m.m. long by 40 m.m. broad. Surface ornamented with
very fine raised lines.

Ventral valve most prominent at, and in the neighborhood of the beak. Ex-
tremity of beak generally elevated above the rest of the valve, with the
surface of the valve sloping more or less irregularly towards the sides
and front, and either straight, slightly concave or somewhat convex; or
the beak may be a little depressed, the surface rising from it for a short dis-
tance, and then continuing to the front and sides as in the former case. In a
few exceptional instances, the valve is regularly and strongly convex, from the
beak nearly to the front ; but the general tendency in all specimens is, for the
surface to flatten out toward the front and sides. Beak acute, seldom per-
fectly symmetrical, generally bent a little to one side or the other, or slightly
twisted ; never extending much beyond the hinge area, and incurving but little.
Hinge area nearly or quite as long as the hinge line, of moderate width, trian-
angular, inclined backward, and with the cardinal margins acutely angular.
The area is never symmetrical in outline, and its form varies as the beak is
bent or twisted. The cardinal margins are generally concave, though they
vary in degree of curvature in the same specimen, and may be slightly con-
vex on one side of the beak, and concave on the other. In extending towards
the cardinal extremities, they generally bend more or less abruptly towards
the hinge line, sometimes approaching quite near to it at some distance from
the extremities, so that the hinge area may be very narrow at the sides, and
appear as if quite short. The surface of the valve sometimes arches up quite
rapidly on the sides, from the cardinal margins, for a short distance. Fissure
of moderate size, triangular, the width at base equal to or slightly exceeding
the height, covered by a very convex deltidium. The impressions of the den-
tal plates in the internal moulds are visible only on the hinge area, at the
sides of the fissure, appearing as shallow depressions not extending forward
into the valve.

240

Dorsal valve more syninietrical than the ventral, the convexity being either
moderate, or strong and regular, though sometimes the valve is more or less
depressed-convex, or flattened in the middle, often with a tendency to form a
shallow, undefined depression or sinus, commencing a short distance in front
of the beak, and extending towards the front margin, broadening gradually at
the same time. This sinus is found only in the more depressed specimens,
and, when deepest, it forms only a slight undulation of the surface. Tlie valve
is most prominent at or posterior to the middle ; in the former case, the curve
from the depressed beak to the front is very regular, but in the latter case, it
arches up somewhat rapidly from the beak, and then slopes otf more gradually
towards the anterior margin. Across the middle of the valve, from side to
side, the curve is seldom regular, the surface generally rises with but little
curvature for n. varying distance from the margin, and then extends straight
across the center, or, if the specimen have a sinus, it is there slightly de-
pressed. The cardinal extremities are more or less flattened, and this flattened
area sometimes extends along the cardinal margins, narrowing to a point near
the beak. A line from the cardinal extremities to the middle of the valve,
forms a slight sigmoid curve. Beak depressed and not extending behind the
liinge line, which is straight, and, in a single instance, slightly extended be-
yond the sides of the valve. Cardinal process small, thin, bifid above, with the
two small processes on each side projecting backwards. A small projection in
the center below, extends a little forward and towards the ventral valve.
Socket plates short, thin, very divergent, forming an angle of about 135
degrees.

The surface of both valves is marked by very fine, rounded, thread-like or
sharp, raised lines, increasing in number by intercalation, and probably in
some cases by bifurcation also. The interspaces are slightly flattened and
broader than the lines. One set of raised lines commences at the beak and
extends to the margin, each line being exceedingly minute at the beak, but
increasing very gradualh' in size. The intercalating lines generally begin to
come in posterior to the middle, and thence, to the front and sides, new ones
are continually being added, until the number at the margin is about double
that near the beak, there being generally but one intercalating line for every
interspace commencing at the beak. In stnue specimens concentric liues of
growth are faintly preserved.

There seems to be no limit to the degree of variation which a
species of Streptorliynclms may assume. It ma}' be symmetrical in
sjme specimens and uusymmetrical in others. The margins may
differ mnch in outline, and the hinge area vary in width from a
few lines to several inches. The beak may or may not be extended,
and turned and twisted to an enormous extent, and the surface
markings may be fine or coarse. Thus we have no limited and

BCL. BUF, SOC. NAT. SCt. (.32) .lANL'ARY. 1ST4.

250

definite cliaracters, on "vvliicli to form species, and it is only by com-
paring together A^ery large collections of specimens, that we are
enabled to determine specific relations.

Davidson is inclined to acknowledge but one species of Slrcptor-
hynchus from the Devonian and Carboniferous of Europe, and Prof.
Hall has also united the numerous Devonian forms of America
under one specific name. But from the descriptions given by these
two noted Palaeontologists, and from the specimens at command
for comparison, there seems to be as much difference between the
Erere forms, and S. crenistria or Chemungcnsis, as exists between
the latter two species themselves.

In >S'. Agassizii the raised lines are always very fine, regular, and,
almost without exce])tion, arranged closely together. The beak is
never much extended, twisted or turned to the side, and the hinge
area retains about the same width in all the specimens, never being
wide, while altogether the test is never very unsymmetrical.

It is true that these characters may seem to be varietal, but they
obtain through all the specimens collected at Erere, which amount
to over 500 in number, more or less perfectly preserved, all of which
have been carefully compared with one another.

Devonian sandstone of Erere. (Morgan Expeditions 1870 and "Tl.)

[This species, the most common of the Erere fossils, I have ded-
icated to my honored teacher, Prof. Agassiz. — C. E. H.]

Clionetes Comstockii, Ilurtt, sp. nov., Plate IX, figs. 5, 14, 18, 19 and 31.

Test rather above the medium size, depressed-concavo-coiiA-ex, transverse,
with tlie breadth one and one-half to one and three-fourths the length, and
greatest along the hinge which is straight. The cardinal extremities are
acutely angular, and, though always defective, are sometimes probably
slightly produced, as is shown by the lines of growth on one or two speci-
mens. The outline is somewhat sub-quadrate ; the lateral margins, slightly
rounded, extend forward, nearly parallel with one another, for about one-half
the length of valve, when they bend rapidly round to unite with the anterior
margin, the outline of which is more or less gently convex.

Ventral valve very slightly convex, generally most prominent just posterior
to the center, whence it slopes with slight curvature to the front, the curve
from the same point to the beak being more rapid. Across the valve, from
side to side, the curvature is gentle and more or less regular, the sides towards
the cardinal angles being usually more or less, sometimes very much, flattened.

Beak very small, depressed to and hardly projecting beyond the hinge area,
which is narrow, linear, and apparently as long as the hinge line. Median sep-
tum in the interior very small and short, about one-fourth the length of the
valve. Associated with one of the interior moulds, is the impression of a single
spine, which is nearly two-thirds as long as the valve, very slender, and about
the same size throughout the part preserved.

Dorsal valve imperfectl}' known. In the collection from Erere is a single
interior mould of the dorsal valve of a Chonetes, that appears to belong to this
species. It is slightly concave, but the margins are broken away. The cardi-
nal process is only sufficiently preserved to show that it is divided through
the middle, and extends inwards and slightly backwards. The median septum
is faintly indicated, as are also the backward extensions of the vascular impres-
sions near to it on each side. The muscular impressions are not preserved.

There is the exterior mould of the dorsal valve of another and a much larger
specimen, which probably also belongs to this same species. It measures 38
m. m. in breadth by about 21 m. m. in length, and is proportionately more con-
vex than the other specimens, but the outline appears to be the same. The
surface markings are not preserved. The impression of the hinge area of the
ventral valve lies behind it, showing, that, when the specimen was imbedded,
the two valves w^ere joined together. At the fissure, which is small and trian-
gular, the area is 2 m. m. broad, but it narrows gradually towards the cardinal
angles. It lies nearly in the same plane as the margins of the dorsal valve.

The test is marked with very fine raised lines, which are low and rounded,
but, from their imperfect preservation, the manner in which they increase in
number can not be determined. There are about fifteen of the lines within a
space of 5 m. m. near the front.

Two ventral valves measure as follows: length 17 m. m., breadth 20 m. m.,
depth nearly 3 m. m.; and 12 m. m , 21 m. m. and about 2 m. m.

This is a pretty species, resembling much Chonetes coronata,
Con. Ilamiltou group, E'ew York and Western States; but it diflfers
from that species in having longer spines, not extending so ob-
liquely backward.

Moderately abundant in the Devonian sandstone of Ererc, asso-
ciated with Sfre])torhi/?icJms Agassizii,Vituli)ia jmstulosa, etc.

[Named in honor of Prof. T. B. Comstock, photographer to the
Morgan Expedition in 18T0. — C. F. II.]

Chonetes Herbert-Smitliiij Ilartt, sp. nov., Plate X, figs. 39-42 and 44-47.

Test small, concavo-convex, transverse, semi-oval or broadly serai-elliptical
in outline. Width greatest at the hinge line, and equal to about one and one-
third the length. Cardinal extremities forming nearly right angles ; tlie

21)2

lateral margins, nearly straight, or gently convex, extending forward one-half
the length of the valve or more, and then forming, with the anterior margin, a
very regular curve around the front.

Ventral valve moderately convex, usually with the greatest elevation just
behind the middle, whence, with a regular curve, it slopes more or less rapidly
to the front. Towards the beak it curves quite abruptly, while across the
middle the curvature is moderately strong and regular. In a few instances,
however, the valve is most prominent in the middle. The sides curve slightly
inwards towards the cardinal angles, which are flattened or slightly reflected,
mailing the curve thence to the center of the valve slightly sigmoidal. Beak
much depressed, with the small, acute apex scarcely projecting beyond the
hinge area. Septnm sn)all and about one-fourth as long as the valve. The
number and length of the spines is unknown. The impressions of a portion
of two of them are preserved, with the exterior mould of one specimen ;
these are slender, and diverge obliquely outwards from the cardinal margin,
their length being about one-fourth that of the valve.

Dorsal valve varying from moderately to very slightly concave, most de-
pressed towards the front, and rising gradually towards the hinge line, along
which, and at the cardinal angles, the valve is often flattened.

The raised lines, with which the valve is ornamented, are small and rounded,
and increase verj' slightly in size towards the front, where they number from
15 to 23 or more. But from the imperfect preservation of the moulds in the
sandstone, the lines are always obliterated on the sides and the posterior part
of the test, while, in many cases, the whole test is thus rendered smooth.

One specimen of ordinary average size measures 7 m. m. in length, 9.5 m. m.
in breadth, and 2 m. m. in height.

This species, in its tvpiciil forms, seems to be relcitcd to Oh. ar-
mata, Bouch., Dev. Inf., Boialonnais, Fiance, witli specimens of
^vliich I have very carefully compared it. The Brazilian species is,
however, a variable one, and the radiating lines are always coarser,
and, Avhen well preserved, are more prominent than in C. armata.
The ventral valve of C. armata is also generally more elevated.

The specimens of C. Ilerhert-Smitldi, on which the ornamenta-
tion is well preserved, resemble somewhat in general appearance
both C. def.cda, Hall, and C[. laticosta, Hall, of the Corniferons and
Hamilton gronps; but a close examination shows that, in shape, the
Erere species differs entirely from those of New York. 'The beak
of the former species is always much depressed, while in the latter
it is prominent, the whole nmbonal region of the test being much
elevated.

258

Obtained from the Devon iaii sandstone of Ereie, "where it is very
abundant, occurring witli Yitulina pustiilosa, Sjjirifera Pedroana,
Retzia, etc. (Moi-gan Expeditions IS TO and 'Tl.)

Named in honor of Mr. Herbert H. Smith, one of the assistants
on tlie Morgan Expedition of 1870.

Chonetes Ouettiaiia, Rnthhun, sp. nov., Plate X, fig-s. 4^ and 48.

Test below medium size, gibbous, transverse, semi-elliptical in outline, with
tlie width probably greatest along the hinge line, and equal to about one and
one-third or one and one-fourth the length ; anterior margin not very strongly
rounded.

The ventral valve is very convex, being well rounded from the beak to the
front; most prominent at or just in front of the middle, where it is very
slightly flattened. The valve rises more or less rapidly from the sides, in a
curve Avliich becomes a little straightened across the middle. The sides are
somewhat flattened towards the cardinal angles, which last are slightly
reflected. Beak small, depressed, with the minute apex projecting but slightly
beyond the hinge line. Median septum small and well defined, about one-
fourth as long as the valve.

Dorsal valve unknown.

The interior moulds are ornamented with fine, radiating, raised lines, but
very indistinctly preserved on the specimens obtained. Length 11 m. m.,
breadth about 15 m. m.

From C. Ilcrherf-Snufliii tliis species is easily distinguislted, bv its
larger size and the finer radiating lines. It may prove to be a
variety of C. scitula, Hall, Hamilton group, New York, but
the specimens of C. Onetticma are larger than those of C. scitula,
and differ from them in many details.

Associated with Spin'fera Pedroana, etc., in the Devonian sand-
stone of Erere. (Morgan Expedition of 1871.)

Dedicated, at Prof. Hartt's suggestion, to Setihor Onetti ( f
Monte-Alegre, to whom he is much indebted for aid rendered in
his Expeditions of 1870 and 18U.

Chonetes , Plate IX, fig. 24.

There was obtained from Erere, a single specimen of a ventral valve of C7u>-
netes, of about the same size as the last species described, which differs from
it, however, both in shape and in ornamentation.

254

Ventral valve below medium size, moderately convex, transverse, with the
proi^rtions of length to breadth about as 3 to 4 ; hinge line equal to the great-
est width of test ; cardinal extremities apparently acute-angular. The valve
is most elevated just posterior to the middle, whence to the front the surface
extends in a moderate slope, and is slightly curved, but towards the beak it is
more strongly curved. The valve curves regularly and moderately strongly
across the middle, becoming very slightly flattened towards the sides. The
cardinal angles are also somewhat flattened. The inner mould of the valve is
marked by small, subangular, radiating, raised lines, which, ou the single
specimen obtained, are only preserved towards the margins. The lines are
separated by rounded depressions of equal or slightly greater width. Length
of specimen 9 m. m., width ou the hinge line 13 ni. m.

This .specimen of Chonetes is undoubtedly different from any of
the three species of C'7iO«ei!e«, described in the preceding pages; but
since only a single specimen has been found, and that is not a very
perfect one, I have thought it best not to give it a name until better
material has been obtained for illustrating the species.

Tropidoloptns esirinatus, Con. {8p.) Plate IX, figs. 1 and 9, and Plate X,
fig. 2G.

Stroiihomena carinata, Con. Ann. G. II. of N. Y., 1839, p. 64.

Leptaena laticosta, Hall, 1843.

Leptaena laticosta, of Owen and others.

Tropidoleptus carinatus. Hall, 10th Rep. St. Cab. N. Y., 1857, p. 151.

Genus Tropidoleptus, Hall, 13th Rep. St. Cab. N. Y., 1859, p. 31.

Leptaena laticosta, of several European geologists.

Description of Erere forms :

Test of medium size, plano-convex, transverse, semi-elliptical in outline,
sometimes slightly straightened in front, with the breadth about one and a
third to one and a half times the length, and greatest along the hinge line
which is straight. Cardinal angles slightly acute. Surface plicate.

Ventral valve moderately convex, most elevated midway between the beak
and the center, whence it curves rapidly backwards, sloping to the anterior
margin along the middle with a very gentle curvature. From the flattened car-
dinal angles, the surface rises gradually on each side, being slightly concave for
a varying distance (one-half the width of the side or less), when it curves regu-
larly across the median line, very strongly on the posterior half, but less and
less so anteriorly. There is thus formed behind the center a sort of undefined
prominence, that broadens rapidly towards the front, gradually flattening out
and blending with the general curvature of the valve. Beak small, quite
stronglv arcuate, and slightly extended beyond the hinge line in the interior

L'.)-)

moulds. Hinge area very narrow, with the cardinal margins concave. Dental
lamellae prominent, placed at right angles to one another.

Dorsal valve flat or very slightly concave, represented by only a single frag-
mentary specimen, preserving the interior processes in too imperfect a condi-
tion for description.

On each valve there are about 14 to IG low, rounded, often obscure, radiating
plications, of medium size, generally broader than the reverse plications,
though frequently equaling them in width. They are smaller, and sometimes
more distinct near the beak, than at the front, the cardinal angles and the sides
being always smooth for a greater or less width, while the front is frecjuently
nearly smooth.

One ventral valve measures as follows: Length, 14 m. m., breadth, 21
m. m., height, about 3 m. m. ; another, 14 m. m., 18 m. m., and about 8 m. m.

It is impossible to separate the specimens of Trojn'dolejjtus of
Erere, from those forms of Trojjidoleptus carinatus of New York,
wliieh are not carinate along the median line.

Obtained with ;S'. Pedroana, etc., from the Devonian sandstone
of Erere, where it is moderately abnndant. (Morgan Expedition
1871.)

Vitiilina pustulosa, Hull, Piute IX, figs. 2, G-S, 11-18, 15, 20, 21, 27 and 82.

Vitulinapustulosa, Hall, 13th Rep. St. Cab. N. Y., 18G0, p. 82.
VitnUnaivistulosa, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, p. 410.

The test of the Erere forms is of moderate size, with the ventral valve very
convex, and the dorsal valve flat or very slightly convex ; transverse, the
breadth varying from one and one-fourth to one and one-half times the length,
and greatest at or just anterior to the hinge line, which last is straight. Cardi-
nal extremities usually subangular in young specimens, but becoming rounded
in the larger and full grown ones. Lateral and anterior margins forming to-
gether a very broad, semi-elliptical curve, which is slightly flattened along the
front of the test.

Ventral valve most prominent at or just posterior to the middle, and fur-
nished with a median fold, more or less elevated above the surface of the
valve, and formed of two, rounded, prominent i)lications, each of which is
very small where it commences at the beak, and increases rather rapidly in
size towards the front. The plications are separated by a rounded or slightly
flattened, and generally well defined reverse plication, and each slopes more or
less abruptly on the outer side, to a still larger reversed plication, beyond
which the sides of the valve slope to the lateral margins with little or no
curvature, generally making the valve somewliat broadly subcarinate along
the median line. The fold increases very gradually in height from the beak,
and the curve along its top is generally quite strong, sometimes becoming

2o()

sliglitly straiglitened towards the front. Beak small, acute, and but slightly
extended beyond the hinge area, of which it is impossible to determine the
exact size and shape, since it is invariably concealed by the rock.

Dorsal valve flat, or curving gently from the beak to the front and sides,
with a well defined sinus along the median line, corresponding with the fold of
the ventral valve, and which, narrow at the beak, increases gradually in width,
becoming moderately deep at the front. A rounded, prominent plication occu-
pies the bottom of the sinus, and the nuirgins curve up abruptly to form a
large plication on each side.

There ai'e four or five, seldom six, broad, rounded, plications on each side of
the fold and sinus, separated by depressions of a similar character. There is
a great variation in the size of the plications, wliicli are much larger in some
specimens than in others. Those of the ventral valve are, however, always
narrower than the intervening depressions ; while on the dorsal valve the de-
])ressions are the narrower. The plications extend nearly directly from the
beak to the margins, arching somewhat strongly along the top near the fold
in the ventral valve, but less and less so, becoming smaller, and less distinct
towards the cardinal angles, which are sometimes flattened or even slightly
reflected, and are smooth in both the valves. There are usually several lines of
growth. The entire surface is traversed by very fine radiating raised lines, which
rise at regular intervals into minute, hollow spines, with elongated bases, the
inner surface of the test showing their position as slight depressions. The
minute surface markings ai'e seldom seen on the specimens from the sandstone,
which, even when best preserved, show only the bases of the spines, and those
very indistinctly. But several moulds of valves, obtained from the underlying
yellow shales, have the impressions of the raised lines and the spines well
preserved.

The impressions of the hinge teeth are shown in the moulds of the ventral
valve, and in the interior moulds of the dorsal valve the imi:)ressions of the
processes are partially preserved ; but on account of the coarseness and friable
character of the sandstone in which they occur, we cannot depend upon them
as being at all perfect. The cardinal j)rocess is somewhat angular behind, and
the socket plates are rather broad at the base, but become narrow along the
top. The septum is short and low.

A ventral valve of ordinary size measures 11 m.m. in length, lo m. m. in
width and about 8 m. m. in height, but specimens are often found much larger,
one being 16 m. m. long, 23 m. m. broad and about 5 m. m. high.

There would be no difficulty in separating the Erere specimens
of Vitulina from the small forms of T'. j^ustulosa, Hall, described
and figured in Vol. IV of the Pal. of New York. But since Prof.
Hall wrote the description of this species, he has obtained a great
number of specimens from other localities than the first, many of
wjiich differ much from those first described, frequently being

257

larger, with the depression in the median fold and the plication in
the median sinus well defined. Thus we have forms which approach
so closely those from Erere, tliat it is impossible to separate the two.
They are undoubtedly identical.

Obtained in great abundance from the Devonian sandstone of
Erere, associated with Sjnrifera Pedroana, etc. A few specimens
have also been found in the yellow^ shale underlying the sandstone.
(Morgan Expeditions 1870 and '71.)

Disciu<a lodensis, Hall.

OrUcula lodensis, Hall, Geol. Rep. Fourth Dist. N. Y., p. 223.
Orhicula lodensis, Vanuxem, Geol. Rep. Third Dist. N. Y., p. 1G8.
Discina lodensis, Hall, Pal. X. Y., Vol. IV, p. 23.
Compare Discina media. Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, p. 20.

Test of the Erere variety small, subcircular or broadly subovate iu outline ;
breadth about equal to the length, and greatest at, or slightly anterior to, the
middle ; generally narrowing more or less posteriorly, and often slightly trun-
cate behind.

Both valves are always so flattened in the shale, that their true convexity is
undeterminable. The nuclei, which were probably acute, at least in the dorsal
valve, are also flattened down to the surface of the valves and broadened.
Their distance from the posterior margin varies with the age of the test, it
being, in the dorsal valve, from about one-third the length of the valve in the
very young, to about one-fifth the length in full grown specimens ; but in the
ventral valve, their distance from the posterior margin is always somewhat
greater than in the dorsal valve, averaging about one-third the length of the
valve, thus giving more space for the foramen, which is narrow, linear, and
extending from very near the nucleus to within a varying distance from the
posterior margin. The concentric lines of growth are numerous, rather fine,
yet prominent, and more closely crowded together posterior to the nuclei.

The larger specimens measure in length and breadth about 8 m. m., and
there are all sizes from this down to individuals of very small size.

This Discina from Erere, is undoubtedly only a variety of Discina
lodensis, Hall, Grenesee shale, Xew York. The Brazilian variety,
together with D. lodensis and D. media,Ji.ii\\, of the Hamilton and
Chemung groups, probably forms a single species, wdiich extends
through all the latter portion of the Devonian age of North Amer-
ica, and has also a wide geographical range ; the specimens varying
somewhat, according to the conditions under which they lived, and
the rock in which they are preserved.

BUI.. BUF. SOC. NAT. SCI. (flZ) JANUARY, 1874.

258

Obtained in great abundance from the dark sliales of the Devo-
nian of Erere, in yarions stages of growth, with Lingula Monte-
Alegrensis, etc. (Morgan Expeditions 1870 and '71.)

Though only six si^ecimens of Lingula were obtained at Erere,
these appear to represent, at least, four determinable species, one of
which may prove to be identical with Lingula spatulata of the
Genesee shale. New York, while the others seem to be new to science.

Lingula spatulata 1 Fig. 1.

Lingula spatulata, Hall and Van.,Geol. Reps., 3d and 4th Districts

New York, 1842 and '43.
Lingula spatulata, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, p. 13.

Tlie only specimen of this species found at Erere, consists of a single valve,

which is small and half as wide as long. The strongly rounded front, and

sub-parallel, nearly straight, lateral margins, forming a somewhat

§ elliptical outline. The posterior third of the valve is angular,
the margins being inclined towards one another at an angle of
about 70 degrees. Being defective at the apex, it is impossible to
■ ■^^ ' determine the original form of the beak, though it was probably

acuminate and strongly elevated. The valve is very convex, flat-
tened toward the front, from which it rises gradually nearly to the beak,
toward which it slightly declines. In the front and middle the valve curves
regularly from side to side, but, toward the beak, it becomes very slightly
subangular along the median line.

Faint traces of the substance of the test appear to be preserved, and the
lines of growth are indistinctly visible. Length 9 m. m., width 4.5 m. m.

Although this specimen of Lingula is much larger than the sjje-
cimens of Lingula spatulata from New York, yet the outline is so
nearly the same, that it does not seem possible to separate the Erere
form from the New York forms, more especially since a variety of
Lingula spatulata has been obtained from the West, which is much
larger than the one from New York.

This is the only species of Lingula yet detected in the Devonian
sandstone at Erere, where it was found associated with Spirifera
Pedroana, etc. It is readily distinguished from the species of the
underlying dark Discina shale by being more angular posteriorly.
(Morgan Expedition 1871.)

259

Ling'ula Gracjana, Rathhun, sp. nov., fig. 2.

In the only specimen of this species yet obtained, the test is small and elon-
gate, the greatest width, which is just behind the middle, being
equal to about one-half the length. The outline is elliptical, the
lateral margins being very slightly straightened and inclined
L. Gracana* towards the front ; beak indistinct ; surface, where preserved,
marked with numerous, exceedingly minute, closely arranged,
concentric lines, together with a few, coarse growth-lines, imperfectly pre-
served in the specimen. The valve is very flat, but this may be the result of
pressure. Length 6.5 m. m., width 3.5 m.m.

This species, which somewhat resembles in form certain varieties
of L. mytiloides, Sow., of the Carboniferous of England, occurs with
Discina lodensis in the dark shale of the Devonian, near the Iga-
rape de Erere, Province of Para, Brazil. (Morgan Expedition 1870.)

Named in honor of His Excellency, Dr. Abel Gra§a, President of
the Province of Erere in 1870 and '71, to whom Prof. Hartt is indebted
for the use of the steamer Jurupensem on his Expedition of 1870.

Lin^ula Stauntoiiiaua; Rathhun, sp. nov., fig. 3.

This species is represented by a very perfect, though probably flattened im-
pression of a single valve ; but, notwithstanding that it preserves
faint indications of muscular markings, I have not been able to
determine whether the valve is ventral or dorsal. The valve is

small, a little longer than broad, the greatest width being at about
L. Sfavnto- ^ ' & &

niana. one-fourth the length from the front. In its posterior three quar-
ters it narrows backward, the margin being regularly elliptical in outline, and
consequently bluntly rounded behind, without a distinct beak. In the anterior
fourth of the valve the margin, nearly straight in front, curves rather ab-
ruptly round on each side to meet the latei'al margins, so that the general
outline of the valve is an oval, slightly flattened in front. The V-shaped line,
shown in fig. 3, appears to represent the anterior limits of the muscular im-
pressions. Length 8.5 m. m., breadth 6.5 m. m.

This species occurs associated with Discina lodensis in the dark
shale near the Igarape de Erere, Province do Para, Brazil. (Morgan
Expedition 1871.)

Dedicated to Mr. Phineas Staunton, a member of the Expedition
of 1870.

* I have given only an outline drawing of this species of Lingula, since it is impossible to
represent accurately its surface markings in a wood cut.

260

Lin^ula Rodriguezii, Bathhun, sp. nov.

Dorsal valve ratlier large, elongate, and oblong in outline. Front very sligbtly
rounded, but curving somewbat strongly to meet tbe lateral margins, wbicb,
curving but sligbtly, extend backwards nearly parallel witli one anotber for
about tbree-fourtbs tbe lengtb of tbe valve. Tbe posterior lateral margins
incline towards one anotber at an angle of about 100 degrees, and tbe beak is
apparently a little rounded. Tbe outline of tbe valve is very defective, but I
bave been able, I tbink, to trace it out very satisfactorily from tbe ratber
numerous lines of growtb, wbicb are quite well preserved on tbe front ; but
tbe valve is so crusbed tbat it is impossible to determine its convexity.

Tbe impressions of tbe several muscular markings are more or less perfectly
preserved. Tbey sbow tbat tbe valve is dorsal. Tbe impression of tbe pedicle
muscle is not preserved, but just in front of tbe place wbere it sbould be, are
two small cresceut-sbaped impressions, placed closely togetber and apparently
more deeply excavated in tbe substance of tbe test tban are tbe otber muscular
markings. Tbe markings left by tbe decussating muscles seem to be narrow^
and elongate, but tbe outline is indistinct. Tbey are apparently situated at
tbe sides of a raised, circular disc, from tbe front of wbicb extends a sbort,
low and ratber broad median crest, but tlie test is so broken tbat tbe appear-
ance of a disc and crest may not be natural. On eacb side of tbis crest are tbe
impressions of tbe posterior adductors, wbicb seem to be unusually small,
Avbile tbe subelliptical impression of tbe anterior adductors in front of tbe
crest is also very small. One or two narrow, faint, curving depressions
extend forward from tbe front of tbe impressions of tbe decussating muscles,
and probably denote structure. Tbere is a V-sbaped line on tbe forward por-
tion of tbe disc, apparently of tbe same cbaracter. Lengtb 22 m. m., breadtli
13 m. m.

Obtained from the yellow sliale underlying the sandstone at Erere.

Dedicated to Dr. J. C. Eodrigues, Editor of the Novo Mnndo,
New York, one of the most prominent patrons of the Morgan
Expeditions of 1870 and '71.

Although the fossils so far obtained from Erere, were collected
from so small an area and so limited a thickness of rock as to ren-
der it unsafe to draw any extended or definite conclusions from
them ; yet the Brachiopod fauna, such as it is, resembles so closely
that of the Hamilton group of New York State, as to leave no
doubt that the beds in which it was found, the sandstones and shales
of Erere, represent about the same horizon as the Hamilton group
of North America. Not only are characteristic Hamilton group

261

genera found in the Erere beds, but even species of those same
genera, which cannot be separated from North American species of
the Hamilton gronp.

Spii'ifera Pedroana, so abundant at Erere, seems to represent, not
a single species of the Devonian, but several, which form a scries
extending through the Corniferous and Hamilton groups. The
different species of this series are very distinct from one another in
their extreme forms, but they are so connected by intermediate
varieties, that they present a good subject for the study of develop-
ment. The series includes in North America S. varicosa and S.
macra of the Corniferous, and ^S*. mediaUs, S. macronoia and ;iS'.
angusta of the Hamilton. Streptorliynclius Agassizii, the most
abundant fossil at Erere, belongs to that transition group of the
Streptorliynchi which helps to characterize the Devonian ; yet, so far
as at present known, the new species does not attain the large size
of the Devonian species of that genus elsewhere. The genus Yitu-
lina has been known by only a single species, which is confined to
the Hamilton group of New York, and was considered rare, but
somewhat recently it has been found in greater abundance. The
Erere form does not differ from the larger varieties of V. pustulosa.
Hall, of the Hamilton group. The Erere Tropidoleptus is identical
with the uncarinate forms of T. carinatus from the Hamilton
group of New York. Though only a very few specimens of PJiyn-
clionella have been obtained from Erere, there is little difficulty in
uniting them with R. dotis of the Hamiliou. The geniis Clionetes
is represented by several species, all of which are closely related to
Hamilton group species of New York. The single species of Dis-
cina, and one of the species of Lingula, are probal)ly only varieties
of North American Hamilton group species. It may appear strange
that many of the most common genera found in the Devonian,
such as Atrypa, Stropliodonta, Productella, etc., are wanting, while
more obscure genera are abundantly represented ; but when we con-'
sider that the collections were made over an area of only a few feet
in extent, and from a thickness of but a few inches, we must see
that it is just what might be expected.

262

XXIV. New Phalaenoid Moths

BY LEO]Sr F. HARVEY, A. M., M. D.

[Read before this Society, January 2, 1874.]

The collection of this Society contains specimens of the follow-
ing Moths, which, among others, have been handed to me for study
and identification by Mr. Grote. One genus and three species,
described in the present paper, belong to the Bombyces (Phalaenae
Hiibn., Bomhycidae Auct.), and three species to the (jJ-eometrae
{Geometridae Auct.),

BOMBYCES.

Heteropaclia, n. g.

This generic term is proposed for a form allied to Gasteropaclia and our
American genera Tolype and Artace, while in its colors it recalls the dusky
olivaceous species of Heterocampa. The eyes are hairy ; the ocelli probably
wanting ; the antennae {$) short, with double, lengthy, converging pectinations
which shorten over apical two-thirds ; the body parts are shaggily haired. The
fore wings are narrow, widening externally, thinly scaled, entire ; hind wings
ovate, with costal shoulder ; primaries 10-veined, cell open ; 2 from the me-
dian vein near the base, 3 half way between 2 and 4 and thrown off at about
the center of the wing, 5 the termination of the nervure ; subcostal nervure a
little bent ; 6 and 7 on to external margin, a short furcation ; 8 a little below
apex, 9 to costa ; hind wings 9-veined, cell opened ; 9 a short bent veiulet on
the costal shoulder, 6, 7 and 8 arising near together at basal third, 6 thrown
off below — a long vein to apex, 7 to costal margin within the apex, 8 a short
vein to costa at about the middle of the wing. The abdomen is as long as the
hind wings and the thoracic disc is destitute of the metallic scales of Tolype.

Heteropaclia Rileyana, Earvey, Plate 11, fig. 1.

$ . — Dark grayish fuscous ; primaries with two irregular, light gray, con-
tinuous bands, the first at base, short, the second, fainter, at apical third,
followed by a series of subterminal dots on the veins ; external margin with
indistinct gray dots ; veins marked ; the denuded integument shows an irides-

BUL. BUF. SOC. NAT. SCI. JANaABT, 1874.

2G3

cence similar to Tolype ; hind wings concolorous, witli a gray band at the mid-
dle of the wing on costal region ; body darker than wings ; antennae with the
stem gray above.

Expanse, 30 m. m. Ilalitat, Missouri (C. V. Eile}-).

It gives me great pleasure to name this species after Mr. C. V.
Eiley, State Entomologist, St. Louis, Mo.

Heterocampa snlbrotata, Harvey, Plate 11, fig. 2 5 , 4 5 .

S . — Antennae simple ; palpi porrect ; thorax of a greenish brown or gray ;
abdomen large, exceeding the hind wings, having a dorsal tuft at its base, in
color a pale fuscous ; primaries bright olivaceous ; median lines bright brown ;
basal line black, distinct, running on to posterior border ; space between basal
and inner median line strongly tinged with green ; both median lines double,
lunulated, black, including a light brown shade; a semi-lunar black streak at
the disc, its convexity towards the thorax, the space between it and the gemi-
nate outer median line is pale. In its general course the outer median line is
twice equally exserted, first on s. c. nervules and again on median nervules,
running inwardly below the median vein, when it approaches more nearly the
inner line. Subterminally the wing is whitish, relieving the irregular, discon-
nected subterminal line, which appears as black, interspaceal points or streaks.
The terminal line is fine, a little waved, the terminal space being again green-
ish or bright olivaceous as are the fringes, which are faintly cut with black at
extremity of the veins. Beneath fuscous, with four or five black dots on the
costa near the apex ; at base very hairy; broad, diffuse, darker shadings in the
center of wing, and a diffuse, continued darker, subterminal shade, limited out-
wardly by the paler, whitish terminal space ; black markings on the fringes at
the termination of the veins. Secondaries cinereous, paler at base, approaching
to olivaceous, fringes nearly white, with black dots ; below concolorous, though
of a lighter shade ; a black dash at the basal angle. The f, differs from the 2
by the sub-terminal line being more undulatory, by the less prominently con-
trasting brown and whitish shades beyond the cell subterminally, while the
antennae are pectinate.

Expan&e, 33 to 34 m. m.

Four specimens collected by Mr. Grote in central Alabama,
Smaller than H. obliqua and H. astarte, to which it is allied.

Heterocampa celtipliaga, Harvey, Plate 11, fig. 3 ,5 .

^ — Smaller than H. subrotata ; antennae pectinate ; palpi dependant, thickly
hirsute ; thorax dark ashen ; abdomen paler, becoming dark ashen towards the
tip ; primaries dark olivaceous ashen, almost approaching to black. All the
lines light brown and narrow and similar to H. subrotata, in their conforma-

264

tion ; apical wliite sliade not as extended. Fringes ashen ; discal lunate mark
brown ; from tliis tlie scalloped transverse posterior lineas externally further
removed than in H. subrotata. Secondaries vi^hite, with an incomplete whitish
median shade ; terminal line black, even ; fringes ashen, pale at base, cut with
darker hairs at extremity of the veins.

Expanse, 18 m. m. Larva on Hackberry {Celtis occidentalis).

The specimen was received from Mr. C. V. Eiley. It is the small-
est species of lieterocampa yet known to science.

GEOMETIUE.

Larentia Oeneiformis, Ilarvey, Plate 11, fig. 5.

9 . — Wings entire ; upper surface ashen or cinereous with a smoky tinge ;
costal region and terminal portions of the fore wings darker ; primaries with
three white and broad bands, marked on costa but discontinuous ; the third
(outer median) more continuous, angulated at vein 5 and indistinctly discern-
ible towards the internal margin ; the first and second bands are approximate,
discontinued ; the costal region above the subcostal nervure is here reticu-
lated ; fringes Avhite, distinctly cut with dark at the extremity of the ner-
vules up to and within the depressed and rounded apices. Terminally the
nervules are darker marked ; hind wings smoky ashen, with wliite fringes as
on fore wings ; below the primaries are largely smoky ashen, but along the
costal region the three wliite bands of the ujiper surface again ajjpear, the
costal region is tinged with olivaceous and beautifully striated with black,
leaving the apices whitish with costal black dots ; the hind wings are entirely
covered with irregular and fine black striations on a white ground ; a median
white baud can be made out, followed below costa, and again on internal mar-
gin, by more distinct striae on an olivaceous ground ; fringes on both wings
tinged with reddish ; thorax ashen with two white vittae ; front dark ; the
secondaries have the cell closed, outwardly prolonged inferiorly ; vein 5
equally strong.

Exjxinse, 33 ni. m. Habitat, Montreal, Mr. F. Caulfield.

Resembles superficially the species of the genus Oeneis {Chion-
ohas), in the ornamentation of the wings.

Scotosia dubitata, L., Plate 11, fig. 7 2 .

3 5 . — This is a large bright brown species with dentate wings ; the fore
wings are covered by numerous wavy black lines, followed by pale shades,
while the subterminal line appears wholly pale. The four usual transverse
lines are distinguishable, darker than the rest. The base of the wing and me-

265

dian space are freest from pale sliade lines, more purely brown; tlie sub-basal
space is wide, the basal line distinctly followed by pale scales ; the median
lines are tolerably approximate, nearly equidistant, geminate, inner line the
strongest, and they are shaded with black and accentuated about the median
uervure ; all the veins dotted and streaked, pale and blackish ; the festooning
of pale scales, forming the subtermiual line, is accentuated on the subterminal
fold; these pale scales in a certain light have a greenish cast; terminal line
black, subcontiuuous, appearing on the secondaries ; hind wings pale fuscous
brown, with the continuation of the wavy, and here much fainter, transverse
lines obsolete ; the more prominent are marked in black, and the veins dotted
on costal region of primaries ; collar with blackifc^h scales ; body parts brown ;
antennae simple.

Expanse, 38 to 45 m. m. Habitat, Montreal (^Ir. Frank Caul-
field).

This species varies slightl}^ in the paler poTvderings of the "wings.
On examination and comparison I cannot separate our specimens
satisfactorily from the European material in the collection of this
Society, and conclude that the form is identical on both conti-
nents. The species is discussed by Dr. Packard, Proc. Bost. Soc.
Xat. Hist., Vol. XI, p. 44.

Bapta yiatica, Ilartey, Plate 11, fig. 6.

$ S . — Smaller and darker than the European Temerata, with darker fore
wings ; faintly bluish white and gray ; fore wings bluish gray with the black-
ish brown, inner median shaded line interrupted; a black discal point; outer
median blackish brown line diifuse, continuous, accented on the veins, curved ;
terminal portion of the wing stained more or less with blackish, coloring the
fringes except at internal angle ; subterminal line diffuse, continuous ; hind
wings bluish white with discal dot, traces of a median line and distinct, black,
marginal points ; fringes white ; beneath both wings bluish w-hite M'ith dis-
tinct black discal dots, longer on the fore wings ; these latter show the outer
median and subterminal lines, Avhich are neatly dentate ; terminal margin
whitish; fringes black; hind wings with white fringes, dotted median line
and terminal points, and a faint trace of a subterminal line ; body parts bluish
gray ; hind wings with veins 3 and 4 from one point.

Expanse, 20 ni. m. IlaMtat, " Catskill IMountains, on roads, fly-
ing in the day time." Theo. L. Mead ; Quebec, F. X. Belauger.

EUL. BUF. SOr. NAT. .=CI. (34) JANTTART, 1874.

266

XXV. Notes on the Species of Pasimachus

BY JOIIX L. LE COXTE, M. D.
[Bead before this Society, January 16, 187-4.]

AiioxG the crude results of my earlier studies in Entomology
was a monograph of the species of Pasimachus, inhabiting the
United States, published, with outline figures, in the 4th volume of
the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History in New York, pp.
141-151, plates 7 and 8.

Being then inexperienced in the recognition of species, I Avas, like
most young naturalists, led to exaggerate the value of characters
which were either individual or unimportant, and thus to multiply
the supposed distinct forms beyond what larger series of specimens
have shown to be tenable. I have endeavored to make the correc-
tions required by more careful study as soon as circumstances per-
mitted, but the remarks have become scattered in various papers,
so as not to be very accessible. By the kindness of Mr. P. S.
Sprague, of Boston, I have recently received a new species, very
remarkable by its size, and wishing to make known so important an
addition to our fauna, I avail myself of the opportunity to append
to its description notes and synonyms of the other species.

A very interesting series of comparative notes on the species
known to him is contained in the Premices Entomologiques of my
learned friend Mr. Putzeys, cited in the following pages. With the
exception of those derived from the antennae and the labrum, they
appear to me of somewhat difficult verification, and I therefore, in
the presence of stronger characters, have not used those derived
from the mentum and lingula. The form of the labrum is subject
to some variation, according as the specimen is young, or old and
worn; in the latter case, the middle lobe becomes less prominent,
and wider, though rarely to such an extent as to prove deceptive ;
the same may be observed regarding the teeth of the front tibiae.

BUL. BrF. SOC. NAT. SCI. JANUARY, 1874.

267

The species are wideh^ distributed over the Athiutic slope, extend-
ing as far west as Utah {P. califoniicus) and Arizona (P. costifer
and mexicamis) ; none has occurred in Cahfornia, and the species
which bears the name of that region was certainly given to Baron
Chaudoir with an erroneous locality.

The species may be divided into three groups, characterized as
follows :

I. Elytra obtusely rounded behind ; spine of middle tibiae com-
pressed, obtuse at top.

Elytra subacute behind ; spine of middle tibiae slender, acute ;

II. Prothorax not constricted at base.

III. Prothorax more or less constricted, hind angles prominent,
body more slender.

I. SUBLAETIS Group.

In this group the labrum is distinctly trilobed, the lateral lobes
wider than the middle one, and sinuate ; the mandibles are obliquely
rugose ; the mentum tooth rounded at tip, and scarcely concave.
The 2-4 joints of the antennae are not compressed. The prothorax
is strongly but narrowly margined, broadly rounded on the sides,
somewhat narrowed at base, but not constricted. The elytra are
parallel on the sides, convex, obtusely rounded behind, and more or
less sulcate; the humeral cai'ina fades gradually into a faint inter-
space between two of the furrows ; the general form is more robust
than in the other groups.

1. P. strenuus, n. sp.

Very large, protliorax rather suddenly narrowed at the base, hind angles
rectangular prominent ; elytra feebly sulcate.

Length, db iw.m..; 1.4 inch.

Two specimens, Florida. For a very fine specimen of this, the
largest species of the genus, I am indebted to Mr. P. S. Sprague,
and for another to Mr. Edward Tatnall, Jr. It is closely related to
the next, and with a large series of specimens will probably be
found to vary in a similar manner. It is easily knoAvn by the rec-
tangular hind angles of the prothorax.

268

2. P. sublaevis.

Protliorax suddenl}- narrowed near the base ; hind angles obtuse, not prom-
inent ; elytra feebly sulcate, sometimes nearly smooth.

Dej. Sp. Gen., 1,408. Bonelli, Obs. 2d, 46; Lee. Ann. Lye. New
York, IV., 149, pi. VIIL, f. 2 ; Putzeys, Premices
Entom., 9.
var. P. rugosus, Lee. Ann. Lye, IV., 149, pi. VIIL, f. 1.
var. P. assimilis, Lee. ibid., 148, pi. VII., f. 8.

var. P. substriatus, Hald. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Phil., I., 313; Lee.
I. c., 147, pi. VII., f. 6.

Length, 21-28 m. m.; .83-1.1 inch; Xew York to Florida, and
westward to Illinois.

This species varies in size and scnlptnre, and there is every inter-
mediate grade between the type, with well defined, thongh shallow
grooves, to the smooth and more shining suhstriatus. These inter-
mediate forms were described by me as rugosus and assimilis, the
former being an individual variation, having the basal impressions
of the protliorax rugous.

II. MARGINATUS Group.

In this group the labrum is rather feebly lobed, the middle por-
tion broader than in the preceding; the mandibles are obliquely
rugose, but much more feebly than in the 1st group ; the mentum
tooth is rounded at tip, and somewhat concave. The joints 2-4 of
the antennae are not compressed. The protliorax is broadly rounded
on the sides, feebly narrowed behind, with the angles obtuse and
not prominent in marginatus, rectangular in snbsiilcatns j the side
margin is widely depressed in marginafns, and narrower in subsul-
catus. The elytra are less convex, feebly sulcate, with the alternate
intervals more elevated, the sides are slightly rounded, and they are
obliquely narrowed behind, and not broadly rounded as in Group 1 ;
the humeral carina fades gradually into an interspace. The spine
of the middle tibial is slender and acute, and the hind tarsi longer
and more slender.

269

3. P. marg-inatuS; BoneUi, Obs. Ent., 2d, 45 ; St. Farg. et Serv. Enc. Mt'-tli..

X. 16, pi. CLXXXL, 18; Dej. Sp. Geu., I., 407;
Laporte Hist. Ins. 1., 63; Lee. Ann. Ljc, X. Y.,
IV., 151, pi. VIII., f. 4 ; Putzeys, Prem. Ent., 8.
Semites marginatus, Fabr. Ent. Syst., I., 94 ; Syst. EL, I., 123 ; Oliv,
No. 36, 5, pi. II., 1 20 ; Beauvois, lOG, pi. XV., f . 1 ,
2 ; Latr. Hist. Crust, and Ins., VIII., 376.

South Carolina; southward, not uncommon.

4. P. subsulcatus, Say, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, II., 19; Ed. Lee, II., 449;

Dej. Sp. Gen., 11., 471 ; Dej. and Boisd. Icon. Col.
Eur., I., 207, pi. XXII., f. 2 ; Lee. Ann. Lye., X. Y.,
IV., 150, pi. VIIL, 1 3.

Georgia and Florida, rare. Of the same form as P. marginatus,
but much smaller, with the sides of the prothorax less widely mar-
gined, and the hind angles rectangular and slightly prominent.

III. DEPRESSUS Group.

In this group, though in some of the species the relative propor-
tions of the body have not changed, the general form is more slen-
der, from the prothorax being more gradually and more strongly
narrowed behind; the hind angles are always rectangular and
prominent. ^ The lab rum varies in form, being broadly and fee-
bly trilobed {dejjressus), or distinctly so, with the middle lobe
narrower {caUfornicus, etc.) ; the mandibles are feebly rugose, or
nearly smooth; the mentuni tooth is usually deeply concave, and
appears almost emarginate. The 2-4 joints of the antennae are
sometimes feebly compressed {mexicanus), but in the others strongly
so, and subcarinate. The elytra are broadly rounded on the sides,
obliquely narrowed behind; they are usually smooth, but in two
species {obsoletns and clupUcatus) are more or less sulcate towards
the sides; in this case the humeral carina is continued into a ridge,
otherwise it is abruptly terminated and differs in length in the dif-
ferent species. The spine of the middle tibiae is slender and acute,
the hind tarsi are longer and more slender in depressus than in the
others. The species may be thus tabulated :

270

A. Antennae witli joints 2-4 not carinate ; elytra with fine rows of punc-
tures arranged in pairs ; margin green, mexicanus.

B. Antennae with joints 2-4 compressed and carinate:

A. Hind tibiae i not densely pubescent on inner side :

a. Labrum broadly and feebly trilobed ; elytra not sulcate, humeral carina
moderate, hind tarsi long and slender, depressus.

b. Labrum distinctly trilobed ; elytra sulcate towards the sides, elytra more
narrowly margined :

Less slender, elytral rows of punctures double or obsolete, diiplkatus.

More slender, elytra rows single, ohsoletus.

B. Hind tibiae S densely pubescent on the inner side near the tip :

Elongate, humeral carina long, elongatus.

Broader, humeral carina shorter :

Humeral carina moderate, ^)?/«ciMtoM.«.

Humeral carina very short, adifornicus.

o. P. mexicanus, Gray, Griffith's An. Kingd., 274, pi. XIL, f. 1 ; Laporte,

Hist. Ins., L,G3.
P. mridans, Lee. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc, Phila., 1858, 6L

One specimen, collected by Mr. Scliott, while attached to the
United States and Mexican Boundary Commission, probably in
Arizona. The form is rather slender, the elytra less convex than
in elongatus, with distinct rows of punctures arranged in pairs;
the humeral carina is very short; the lower joints of the antennae
are not at all compressed or carinate; the labrum is broadly tri-
lobed, the middle lobe wider than the side lobes, though distinctly
separated from them; the mandibles are rather deeply tfugose; the
side margin of the prothorax is narrower than in the other species
of the group, and with the base and the sides of the elytra, is tinged
with metallic green.

6. P. depressus, BonelU, Obs. Ent. 2d, 4o ; Say, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, IL, 19 ;

Ed. Lee. IL, 145 ; St. Farg. et Serv., Enc. Meth.,
X., 15 ; Dej. Sp. Gen., I., 406 ; Aud. and BruUe, ...
61 ; Laporte, Hist. Ins., I., 63 ; Lee. Ann. Lye, IV.,
14-5, pi. VII., f . 1 ; Putzys, Prem. Ent., 6.

Scarites depressus, Fabr., Ent. Syst., I., 94 ; Syst. EL, I., 123 ; Oliv.,
No. 36, 5, pi. IL, f. 15 ; Herbst, Kafer, X., 254, pi.
CLXXV., f. 4 ; Latr., Hist. Crust., et Ins., VIL,
376; Beauvois, Ins. Afr. and Amcr.,106, pi. XV., f .3.

Scarites complanatus, Gmelin, Linn. IV., 1993.

var. P. morio, Leo. Ann. Lye, IV., 145, pi. VIL, f. 2.

var. P. laevis, Lee, ibid.. 146, pi. VIL, f. 4.

271

Eastern region from Xew York to Louisiana and Illinois. Tlie
labrum is very broadly and feebly trilobed, the middle lobe wider
than the side ones. The hind tibia and tarsi are longer and more
slender than in the following species; the joints of the antennae
2-4 are strongly compressed and carinate; the mandibles are feebly
(var. laevis), or not at all striate ; the tooth of the mentum is deeply
concave, and seems almost emarginate.

The specimens from the Southern States are frequently without
the blue margin, and are of a more dull color than those from the
north. Dr. Zimmermann believed that they indicated a distinct
species, to which he gave the name morio, adopted in my synopsis
above cited; the description of Fabricius does not mention a blue
margin, and it is possible, therefore, that his type should be refer-
red rather to the race morio, than to the usual form which is
described by Say and Dejean.* The female is dull, the male shining.

7. P. diiplicatns, Lee, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, X., 395.

var. P. costifer, Lee. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pliila., 1854, 79 ; Journ. Ac.
Pliila., 2d, IV., 15, pi. IV., f. 11.

Texas, northward to Indian Territory. This and the next species
are nearly related, and differ by the arrangement of the striae of
the elytra, which in this are represented by rows of punctures ap-
proximated by pairs, but in ohsoletus by equally distant rows ; in
the best marked specimens the alternate interspaces towards the
sides are elevated, forming ridges, with broad intervening grooves;
sometimes these ridges and grooves disappear, and even the rows of
punctures cannot be seen, and only the outermost of the ridges
remain ; this is the variety which I named costifer. The labrum is
distinctly trilobed, the middle lobe advanced, and rounded, not
wider than the side lobes, which are subacute and sinuate exter-
nally; the mandibles are very feebly striate; antennae as in the
preceding; hind tibiae and tarsi alike in both sexes.

In one specimen from Arizona even the sub-marginal costa has
become obsolete, marked only by a very feeble marginal furrow.

* Dr. Zimmermann i-ecognized this fact after the publication of my synopsis, but still viewing
the two forms as distinct species, called the one with a blue margin P. limhaUts, with the fol-
lowing remarks, which I translate from his MS.: "Of precisely the same form as depressus
also with smooth mandibles, and slender hind tarsi, which are longer than the tibiae; but
usually somewhat smaller, proportionally narrower, more convex, and with the humeral carina
a little shorter ; shining black, with the sides of the prothorax and elytra blue or violet.

8. P. Obsoletus, Lee, Ann. Lye, New York, IV., 148, pi. VII., f. 7.

Kansas and Colorado. Besides the difference in the elytral striae,
above mentioned, this species has the prothorax more narrowed
behind, with the hind angles more prominent, and the elytra less
rounded at the humeri. I may further observe that the elytra in
this and the preceding are less widely margined than in P. deprea-
sns, and the following species. This affords a good character for
distinguisliing the smooth varieties of these two species from all the
others.

9. P. eloug'atuSj Lee., Ann. Lye. New York, IV., 147, pi. VII., f. 5.

P. depressus, var. a X, Say, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, II., 19 ; Ed. Lee,
II., 449.

Illinois, Missouri, Kansas and Colorado. Easily known by the
more elongate form, and longer humeral carina; the labrum is
broadly trilobed, the middle lobe wider than the side lobes; the
mandibles are more finely striate than usual; the elytra are as
widely margined as in P. depressus, but are more convex, and the
humeral carina is longer, and curves outward in front; traces of
very fine rows of punctures approximate by pairs may sometimes
be seen; the hind tibia and tarsi are less slender than in P. depres-
sus, and the former in the ^ are densely pubescent on the inner side,
near the tip.

Old specimens are found in this, as in other species in which the
labrum is worn almost straight in front. The side margins of the
prothorax and elytra are usually bright blue.

10. P. punctulatus, Bald., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, Phila., I., 299.

Alabama, Texas, and Western States to Illinois. Of the same
form as P. depressus, but differing by the hind tibiae and tarsi less
slender and less elongated; the former in the $, are densely pubes-
cent near the tip on the inner face. The labrum is feebly and
broadly lol:)ed, with the middle lobe wider, scarcely separated from
the side lobes. The elytra are as Avidely margined as in P. depres-
sus, awdi the humeral carina is about as long; inmost specimens
rows of punctures slightly approximate by pairs may be seen, but in

273

some individuals they are not visible. The mandibles are rather
coarsely striate, sometimes nearly smooth. The side margins of
prothorax and elytra nsnally are blue.

11. P. ealiforniciis, Chmul, Bull. Mosc, 1350, II., 4-57.

P. punctulatus X, Lee. (nee. Hald.) Aun. Lye., New York, IV. pi.

VII., f. 3.
P. mlidus, Lee. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc., Pliil., 2d. IV., 14, pi. IV., f. 10.
P. corpulentus, Lee. ibid. 15.

Texas, northwards to Colorado and Utah. Easily known by the
very short hnmeral carina; the size is usually greater than in the
other species of this group. The labrum is trilobed, the middle
lobe, when not worn, prominent, a little wider than the side lobes;
the mandibles are deeply striate ; the joints 2-4 of the antennae are
more strongly compressed and carinate than in the other species;
the hind tibiae and tarsi are less elongated and less slender than in
P. depressus, and the former in $, are very densely pubescent on the
inner face, near the tip. When rows of punctures are visible on the
elytra they are approximated by pairs ; the side margin is feebly
tinged with bluish, and is narroAver than in fZepres.SMS, though wider
than in duplicatus and costifer.

P. corpulentus is probably a form of this species ; the elytra are
proportionally broader and more rounded on the sides, the man-
dibles nearly smooth, and the middle lobe of the labrum less
prominent.

BUL. BUP. SOC. NAT. SCI. (35) FEBKUAKT, 1874.

274

XXVI. Description of two new Noctuidae from the
Atlantic District

BY H. K. MORKISOX, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

[Read before this Society, February 13, 1874.]

Valeria Grotei, nov. sp.

Eyes naked, dark green, witli numerous black spots. Antennae strongly
ciliated. Palpi slight, with the first two joints light brown, the third black,
tipped with whitish. Front, vertex and collar clothed with dense, fine, dark
brown hair. A transverse black line on the prothorax. Thorax stout, clothed
with long, thick, mingled black, brown and whitish tipped hairs. A dorsal
patch of white hair just behind the prothoracic black line. Abdomen yellow-
ish gray, with a black baud between each of the segments and with a conspic-
uous black tuft on the seventh segment. Beneath, breast and legs clothed
with long blackish hairs, abdomen lighter. Anterior wings, above, dark oliva-
ceous brown, squamation coarse and rough. Ordinary lines fine, black, hardly
perceptible on account of the depth of the ground color ; exterior line gemi-
nate, its outer line less distinct, strongly projected inwardly, below the cell
irregularly dentate. Interior line geminate, interrupted. Median shade black-
ish, ditfused. All the nervules are irregularly marked with blackish, particu-
larly the median branches. A black elongate spot on the fourth median
nervule near its termination. Subterminal line white, its superior portion
undulating, or zigzag inferiorly, forming a broad inward curve enclosing the
black spot on the fourth median nervule. Orbicular small in proportion to
the reniform, whitish, clearly defined, with an internal black annulus. Reni-
form very large, white, diffused, crossed interiorly by a brown shade line, the
rudiment of an annulus. A series of four or five white costal spots above
the reniform. A sub-triangular glaucous blotch with its base resting on
the inner margin a little before the inner angle. A series of black dots
at the base of the fringe, followed by a marginal whitish outwardly scol-
loped line. Posterior wings white, slightly yellowish. Median line formed
of black dots on the nervules ; outer margin of the wing more or less clouded
with black atoms. There are traces of a subterminal pale line and a fine ter-
minal black line formed of iinited lunules ; from the median line outward the
nervules are strongly marked with black ; the discal dot beneath shows faintly
above. Anterior wings, beneath, powdered with fine black atoms. A pale
o-laucous border, broad and sutTused along the inner margin, narrower and
clearly defined along the outer margin. Costal margin tinged with ochreous.
Disc gray, with gray hairs following the course of the median nervure and at
the base of the wing. Reniform spot reproduced beneath, whitish, with a

275

black linear center; rudiments of tlie exterior lino in spots near tlie costa.
Median brauclies marked in black. Posterior wings, beneath, white, tinged
with ochreous. Costa and costal angle more conspicuously ochreous. Discal
dot round, black, distinct. Median line subobsolete, punctiform ; black atoms
border the costa and outer margin, accumulated at the costal angle.

Expanse, 40 m. m. Length of hody, 16 m. ni. IlahHat, Massa-
chusetts. Specimens taken in Cambridge from April 10th to 26th.
Coll. H. K. Morrison.

This is the first species of Valeria which has been discovered
in North Amei'ica; it belongs to the same section of the genus as
the European V. oleagina ( W. V.), than which its wings are more
elongate, and antennae slightly less pectinated. Our species has a
marked bombyciform appearance, caused by the pectinated anten-
nae, the short, robust thorax and abdomen, the former thickly
clothed, and by the peculiar squaraation. It has also a superficial
resemblance to the common Iladena adjunda (Boisd.), caused by
the conspicuous white reniform and orbicular.

I have dedicated this interesting species to my kind friend Mr.
A. R. Grote, to whom I am much indebted for aid in my ento-
mological work.

Ablepliaron fuiuosuia, nov. sp.

Palpi outwardly and legs inwardly concolorous with the breast, which is
blackish drab, tibiae and tarsi outwardly and the front lighter drab. Thorax
and anterior wings above dark shining brownish drab, the color slightly
increasing in depth from the base outwards. From the base beneath the me-
dian nervure there is a light linear shade extending one-third the length of
the cell. All the nervules are marked with lighter drab, particularly towards
their termination. The proximity of the costal branches gives the costal
margin an eyident lighter appearance. Posterior wings, above, uniform dark
shining drab ; wings beneath dark drab, nervules of both wings lighter, but
not so conspicuously so as on the anteriors above. Anteriors with the costal
margin, and a central shade proceeding from the base, of a brownish drab. A
diffused blackish spot at the termination of the cell.

Expanse, 36 m. m. Length of lodij, 14 m. m. Ilaljitat, Massa-
chusetts. May 24th and 26th. Coll. H. K. Morrison. Closely
allied to A. Henrici, with which it agrees in form and structure.

This species may, by the discovery of intermediate specimens, be
considered an abnormal variety of Henrici, but at present and until
further material is obtained, I am disposed to think it distinct, in
which opinion Mr. Grote concurs.

27G

XXVil. Rectification of Treitschke's use of Htibner's
generic term "Cymatophora"

BY LEOI^ F. HARVEY, A. M., M. D.

[Read hefore this Society, Fehruary 13, 1874.J

" Cymatophora," a generic term, first appears in Hiibner's Teu-
tameu.* Tlie date of tliat paper cannot be now, perhaps, accu-
rately ascertained, but we can sufficiently approximate it, for our
present purpose. In his " Verzeichniss " (181G), Hiibuer makes
mention of the Tentamen in the preface, saying that he had in-
tended publishing a catalogue, and had issued the Tentamen as a
preliminary step. We also find an allusion to it in the fourth vol-
ume of Ochscnheimer's work (afterwards continued by Treitschke),
published in 1816, in the following Avords: "Dieses Blatt kam mir
erst lange nach dem Abdrucke des dritten Bandes zu Gesichte,
daher konnte ich friiher nichts davon aufnehmen." Therefore it
must have been issued between the years 1808 and 1816.

Whilst studying the Geometridae, my attention Avas called to
Hiibner's use of the term Cymatophora in his Samra. Exot. Sch.
He gives in his Tentamen, under the Geometridae, the European
Eoboraria as the ij^Q of his genus Cymatophora, which shows that
Treitschke had no authority for his later use of that generic term
in the Noctuidae. If now, in 1874, we read the Yerzeichniss, we
must be struck with the fact that we are realizing Hiibner's con-
ceptions in 1816, to a much greater extent than before. And Ave
must feel that his general ideas of classification, with so scant ma-
terial upon which to base his conclusions, Avith but fcAV predecessors
to have broken ground for him, were good. We can now see that
his conceptions of the proper divisions and subdivisions of the
Lepidoptera Avere far truer than those of the Avriters by whom he
Avas more immediately folloAA^ed. Whilst Hiibner in his life-time

■ Reprinted in f;xc simile by Samuel II. Scudder, Cambridge, U. S. A., 1873.

277

was obliged to lose, through Treitschke's misapplications, the best
part of his work, and snfiered the misfortune of being ignored by
Boisduval, he yet may have felt "that Time, the unfailing discov-
erer," would preserve his imperishable thoughts. Hiibner's genera
now speak for him, dead, whilst Treitsehke and his followers will
be, perhaps, less honorably remembered.

The results of v. Heinemann's most recent anatomical researches
into the structure of the grouj) now known as Cymatopliorinae
(which, however, must apparently receive the name of Bomhyciae,
used by Hiibner), compared with the arrangement of Hiibner in
the Verzeichniss, shows us that in 1816 the group is already circum-
scribed, the proper genera associated, and, with one or two unim-
portant changes, the genera those of to-day with other names.
In the Tentamen, Boinbi/cia Or is made the type of the genus, and
to-day the priority of this action must be recognized.

The European species must stand as follows :

Subfamily, BOMBYCIAE, Ilubncr (Yerz., 1816).
Tribe, Patidae {Hiibner).
(= Vei'ae, Grote.)

A. Eyes liairj ; antennae simple :

POLYPLOCA, ITuhner (181G).

Type : P. santlioceros, Borkh.

Species : ridens {Fabr.) {=.ranthoceros).
flavicornis {L.) Tr.

B. Eyes hairy ; antennae pectinate :

ASPHALIA, Hubner (1816).
{=Sco(lra, V. Hein.)

Type; Noctua ruficollis, /StVit^.
Species : ruficollis {D. and S.).

278

C. Eyes naked; stout species, tliickly haired; head sunken; abdomen
exceedins: the hind win^rs :

BOMBYCIA, Buhner (Tentameu).

Type : Noctua Or (Z). and S.).

Species : Or {D. and S.).

ocularis (L.) {—octogcsima).
diluta (2>. and S.).

D. Eyes naked ; body slender ; head not sunken ; scantily haired ; abdo-
men not exceeding the hind wings :

TETHEA, Hiibner (1816).

Type: Noctua duplaris, Linn.

Species : duplaris {Linn.).
fluctuosa, Hubner.

We liave seen no Xortli American species of the tribe Pavidae.
Mr. Walker has described one from Canada. In the Proceedings of
the California Academy of Sciences, October 6, 1873, appears the
description of one by Mr. Hy. Edwards. After a careful study of
this description we are compelled to think the species erroneonsly
generically determined. No structural points are spoken of, and
no comparisons are made with the European species of the gronp
to which it is said to belong.

Treitschke seems to have had a fimcy for Hiibners generic names,
and has used them without hesitation in his work, but he applied
them nsually in a totally different sense. He nsed the generic term
"Boarmia" in the place of Hiibner's Cymatophora, and in this he
has been followed. But what regard for the laws of zodlogical no-
menclature can be shown in retaining that name, when the species
must, by priority of designation, be referred to Cymatophora?

279

XXVIII. Determination of Brazilian Sphingidae
collected by Mr. Charles Linden

BY AUG. E. GROTE.
[Bead before this Socidy, Fehruary 15, 1874.]

During a journey on tlie Amazonas, accomplished last year, Mr.
Charles Linden was fortunate in making a large and valuable col-
lection of insects, chiefly Lepidoptera, now incorporated with the
entomological collection of this Society. I give in the present
paper a list of the Sphingidae, with Mr. Linden's memoranda added
in quotation marks. With the exception of Callenyo carinata, there
are none of the species which do not seem to be Avidely distributed.

Aellopos Titau {Cramer).
" Santarem ; June."

Eiipyrrhoglossum Ceculus {Cramer).

" September ; Rhome's Plantation."

Kemeroplanes Oiclus {Cramer).
" Eastern Marajo ; August."

Quite distinct from H. pseudotliyreus, Grote, in the shape of the
external margin of the primaries, the straight transverse posterior
band and the conformation of the argent discal spots ; in color
more brow^nish than in Ci'amer's figure.

Callenyo cliloroptera {Perty).

" Rliome's Plantation (forty miles below Santarem) ; June."

I take this species as the type of the new genus, intermediate
between Enyo and Perigonia, and defined as a group by Mr. "Walker,
C. B. M., Sphing., p. 117.

280

Calleuyo cariuata {Walker).
" Rhome's Plantation ; June."

A second species of the genus and agreeing with Mr, Walker's de-
scription. C. carinata presents a resemblance to Pachylia resnmens
by the banded abdomen, and this is probably remembered by
Walker in his observation on the resemblances of Pachylia, page
189,1. c. ; while the substance of Mr. Walker's remark has been
dissented from by Dr. Clemens.

Pliilampelus Anchemolus (Cramer).
" Para ; August ; found dead."

The specimen is covered with a singular epiphytous growth, not
unlike Cramer's representation on Plate 2G7, A-B.

Pachylia inornata {Clemens).
" Rhome's Plantation ; June."

Metopsilus tersa {Linn.).

" RUouie's Plantation ; August."

Not separable from the United States and Cuban species.

Pseudospliinx tetrio {Linn.).
" Santarem ; May."

Argeus labruscae {Linn.).
'• Para ; August."

At the late meeting of the American Association at Portland,
Prof. C. V. Eiley submitted a specimen of this species to me which
had been captured in Missouri.

Amphonyx Antaeus {Druri/).
" Rhome's Plantation ; August."

The validity of Professor Poey's genus is impugned Avithout
argument by Maasen, Stett. Ent. Zeit, S. 54, 1870. I consider it
incontestable. The record of Acherontia Styx or Acherontia Atro-
pos made on S. 55, 1. c, from Mexico, must be ascribed to an error
in the local it v.

281

Macrosila Carolina {Linn.).
" Rhome's Plantation ; August."

Not separable from the United States and Cuban species.

Macrosila cin^ulata (Fabr.).
" Rhome's Plantation ; August."

Not sejjarable from the United States and Cuban species.

Diloplionota Oenotrus (Cramer).

ErinnyiS Oenotrus, Grote, Spliing. Cuba, p. 44, pi. 2, fig. 3.
" Rhome's Plantation; August."

Diloplionota Stlieno {Iluhncr).
" Rhome's Plantation ; August."

The specimen seems to agree sufficiently with Hiibner's fig. 3,
but is not well preserved.

BUL. BUr. SOC. NAT. ?CI. (36) M.^RCH, 1874.

282

ERRATA ET ADDENDA.

Page 6, line 4, for " Plate 2 " read " Plate 1." s

20, after line 13 insert " Massacliusets ; New York ; Pennsylvania."
" 21, " " 6 insert " Type : Diipo jussieuae, Zr«&ner."
" 21, " " 22 insert" Philamjjelas Linnci.G. &'R."

27, to line 13 add" — "

27, " 15 add" — "
" 29, line 24, for " this " read " the."
" 46, last line, for " 1' thick " read " 1" thick."
" 47, line 4, for "Heydnum" read "Hydnum."
" 47, " 9, for "hygroyhanous" read "hygrophanus."

50, " 31, for "2'-4' thick" read" 2"-4" thick."
" 58, " 20, for " Heygrocybe " read " Hygrocybe."
" 56, " 34, for "Caraghan" read " Croghan."
" 65, " 18, for " enchinulate " read " echinulate."

70, " 20, for ".004'" read ".04'."
" 90, " 4, (foot note) for " unhllllt " read " umhullt."
" 90, " 5, ( do. ) for " Penthinen-artigen " read " Penthinenartiger."
" 90, " 6, ( do. ) for " einen " read " einem."
" 100, " 2, for " Publicatoins " read " Publications."

{Mamestra subjuncta, Grote.
Iladena subjuncta, G. & R.
Habitat, Atlantic District.
" 107, line 30, for " remind " read " reminds."
" 110, " 10, dele " subjuncta."
" 112, " 11, for " evanida" read " evanidiim."
" 112, " 22, for " Ommatospila " read " Ommatostola."
" 116, " 4, for " else all the tibiae without spines," read " else the
tibiae without spines ; middle and hind tibiae spinose."
" 145, " 1, (foot note) for " Hand" read " Hande."

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GRAMMYSIA CHEMUNGENSIS

VII

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIIL

{Figures all of natural size.)

Spirifera Pedroaira, Hartt, sp. nov., page 237.

1, 4. 5 and 17. Ventral valves of large size. In fig. 4 tlie dental plates

are seen to be ratlier long.

2, 9, 13, 16 and 18. Ventral valves of medium size.
14. Small ventral valve.

19. Ventral valve, somewhat larger than fig. 14, inclined slightly forward,

so as to show the hinge area in part.
8. Hinge area of ventral valve, with the margins of the fissure i)artly

broken away.
3 and 7. Large dorsal valves.
() and 20. Dorsal valves of medium size.

Spirifera Elizae, Hartt, sp. iJbv., page 239.

15 and 21. Ventral valves. Fig. 21 is the most perfect specimen yet
found, while fig. 15 is much broken, and its dental plates are slightly
curved.

Spirifera Yalenteaiia, Hartt, sp. nov., page 241.

11. An interior mould of the ventral valv(>, the only specimen of this
species obtained.

Rliyiiclionella (Steiiocisma,) dotis? Hall, page 240.

10 and 12. Dorsal valves. In fig. 12 the margins of the valve are par-
tially obscured by the rock, in which it is embedded.

(All <if the al)()ve specimens are intei'ior moulds.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIIL

(Figures all of natural size).

By a mistake of the heliotyper this plate was reversed and numbered backward. The following are
the corrected references : —

SPIRIFERA PEDROANA, Hartt, sp. nov., page 237.

5, 17, 18 and 21. Ventral valves of large size. In fig. 18 the dental plates

are seen to be rather long.
4> 6, 9, 13 and 20. Ventral valves of medium size.
8. Small ventral valve.
3. Ventral valve, somev^hat larger than fig. 8, inclined slightly forward, so as

to show the hinge area in part.
14. Hinge area of ventral valve, with the margins of the fissure partly broken

away.
15 and 19. Large dorsal valves.
2 and 16. Dorsal valves of medium size.
SPIRIFERA ELIZAE, Hartt, sp. nov., page 239.

I and 7. Ventral valves. Fig. i is the most perfect specimen yet found,

while fig. 7 is much broken, and its dental plates are slightly curved.
SPIRIFERA VALENTEANA, Hartt, sp. nov., page 241.

II. An interior mould of the ventral, valve the only specimen of this species

obtained.
RHYNCHONELLA (STENOCISMA,) DOTIS, Hall, page 246.

10 and 12. Dorsal valves. In fig. 10 the margins of the valve are partially

obscured by the rock, in which it is embedded.
(All of the above specimens are interior moulds. J

¥111

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

{Figures all of natural size.)

Tropidoleptns carinatus? Con., (sp.,) page 254.

1 and 9. Ventral valves. In fig. 1 the plications are very indistinct.

Vitulina pustulosa, Hall, page 255.

2, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 20, 21 and 27. Ventral valves. In figs. 7, 8 and 15, there

ar^ three medium sized plications on the fold, instead of two large
ones.
0, 11 and 32. Dorsal valves. Fig. 11 shows the impressions of the dental
plates.

Streptoiiiynclius Ag'assizii, Uurtt, sp. nov., page 248.

10. Small ventral valve, on which the radiating raised lines are well pre-
served and sharp.

16. Gutta percha impression of an exterior mould of a large ventral
valve.

17. Verj'^ large ventral valve.

23, 26 and 28. Ventral valves of medium size.

3, Dorsal valve, medium size.

4, 25 and 29. Rather large dorsal valves.

30. Interior and exterior moulds of small dorsal valves, with the raised
lines sharply preserved.

CllOlietes Coilistockii, Ilartt, sp. nov., page 250.

5, 14, 18, 19 and 31. Ventral valves.

Spirifera Elizae^ Ilartt, sp. nov., page 239.

22. Fragment of ventral valve, from the dental plate of left side to left
cardinal extremity.

ClioiiPtes ' Ilartt, sp. nov., page 253.

24. A ventral valve, the only specimen found.

(Unless otherwise stated, the above si>eciuiens are all of interior moulds.)

IX

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

(Figures all of natural size.)

Cyrtina '.' Curupira, Rathbim, sp. nov., page 242.

1 and 6. Dorsal valves.

Retzia Wardiana, Hartt, sp. nov., page 245.
3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12 and 14. Ventral- valves.

16. Ventral valve, with the plications finer and more numerous than in the
majority of specimens.

2 and 9. Dorsal valves.

Orthis Nettoana, Rathhun, sp. nov., page 247.

7 and 13. Ventral valves.
10. Dorsal valve.

Terebratiila Derbyaiia, Hartt, sp. nov., pagt 236.
15, IS, 24 and 25. Ventral valves.

17, 19, 21 and 22. Dorsal view of specimens of which both valves are

preserved. The beaks of the ventral valves are seen extending
beyond the dorsal valves, but in all the specimens tlifv arc ihotc or
less defective.
20. Dorsal valve.

Tropitloleptus eariiiatus, Con., (sp.,) page 254.

26. Exterior mould of dorsal valve, very much broken.

Retzia Janiesiana^ Hartt, sp. nov., page 248.

29, 83, 34, 86, 37 and 38. Ventral valves, showing tlie enlarged lucdiaii
depression. ' '

27, 28, 31, 82 and 35. Dorsal valves.

80. View of dorsal valve of a specimen in whicli l)oth valves are pre-
served. The beak of ventral valve is slightly extended beyond tlie
doi'sal valve.

23. Dorsal view of a rather narrow specimen, of which the ventral valve
is also preserved. The plications are less in number than usual.

Clioiietes Herbert-Siiiithiij Hartt, sp. nov., page 251.

39, 41, 42 and 46. Ventral valves of ordinary size.

44. Ventral valve, same as above, but smooth from tlie character of the
rock in which it occurred.

40. Ventral valve, rather above the average size.
45 and 47. Exterior moulds of dorsal valves.

Clioiietes Onettiana, Rathhun, sp. nov., page 253.

43 and 48. Ventral valves, with nearly smooth surfaces and sliowhig the
short median septum very distinctly.

(Exce])t where otherwise stated, the above specimens are all of interior
moulds.)

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'283

INDEX TO PLATES.

I.

1 to 3. Mellilla cliamaeclirvriaria.

4. Tortrix Georgiana.

5. Tortrix Houstonana.

6. Hemaris tenuis.

7. Hemaris Thetis.

8. Hemaris difiinis.
9.- Hemaris axillaris.

10. Hemaris marginalis.

11. Phasiane mellistrigata.

13 and 13. Lomanaltes laetulus.

14. Leucania Harveyi.

15. Ablepliaron Henrici.
Iti. Ablepliaron evanidum.

II.

1. Acronycta sperata.

2. Litoguatlia nubilifascia ? .

3. Litognatha nubilifascia $ .

4 to 6. Pbaecasiophora mutabilana.

7. Megliypena velifera.

8. Peutliina Blakeana.

9. Pentbina matutina.
10. Pentbina toreuta.

11. Agrotis pitycbrous.

13. Botis badipennis.

13. Eurycreon cbortalis.

14. Acronycta ovata.

15. PliaecasiopboraV uiveiguttana.

16. Cloantlia ramosula.

17. Cloantlia vomerina.

18. Cloantlia evicta.

III.

1. Anytus sculptiis.

2. Mamestra Farnliami.

3. Cucullia? Yosemitae.

4. Ufeus satyricus.

5. Heliotbis Meadi.

6. Heliotbis pauxillus.

7. Heliotbis mitis.

8. Oncocnemis Day!.

9. Oncocnemis Cbandleri.

10. Heliotbis suetus.

11. Heliotbis jjersimilis.
13. Helioloncbe modicella.

13. Oncocnemis Hayesi.

14. Agrotis balanitis.

IV

1. Plusia Pasipliaeia.

2. Plusia Putnami.

3. Agrotis Wilsoni.

4. Agrotis Vancouverensia.

5. Admetovis oxymorus.

6. Eupsepbopaectes procinctus.

7. Aunapbila danistica.

8. Axenus arvalis.

9. Mamestra cuneata.

10. Pleonectopoda Lewisi.

11. Xylomiges patalis.

12. Mamestra cbartaria.

13. Annapbila depicta.

14. Annapbila diva.

15. Diantboecia 4-lineata.

16. Mamestra niveiguttata.

17. Oncocnemis Glennyi.

18. Ammoconia badicollis.

284

Y.

1. Argyropliyes cilicoides {head).

2. Argyropliyes cilicoides {primary).

3. Argyropliyes cilicoides {second-

ary).

4. Condylolomia participialis

( (S primary).

5. Condylolomia participialis

{secondary).

Gramiiiysia Chemungensis.

VI.

VII.

View looking west from Serra of Parauaquara.

[Explanations to Plates VIII. to X. face tlie Plates.]

1. Heteropacha Rileyana.

2. Heterocampa subrotata $ .

3. Heterocampa celtipliaga.

4. Heterocampa subrotata 5 .

XL

5. Larentia Oeneiformis.

6. Bapta viatica.

7. Scotosia dubitata.

285

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

Ablepliaron evaiiidiiin 112, 283

f umosum 275

Henrici 113

Acronycta connecta 79

insolita 83

lepusculina 130

lupini 79

sperata 81

Adipsophanes miscellus 181

Admetovis oxymorus 133

Aecidium album 68

Gerardiae 68

Hydrophylli 68

Lycopi 68

Aellopus Titan 379

Agaricus Acericola 50

albissimus 45

albocrenulatus 49

bellulus 51

callistus 53

cerasinus 50

coloreus 46

connexus 45

Coprinoides 53

cyaneus 49

decorosus 43

diminutivus 53

discolor 50

discomorbidus 52

expansus 53

f allax 44

flavescens 43

foliomarginatus 49

f ascofolius 49

f uscosquameus 41

geminellus 51

Gerardianus 46

granulans 49

griseoscabrosus 51

Page.

Agaricus Hebeloma 45

herbarium 53

hirtosquamulosus 53

Howeanus 53

lacunosus ... 43

laterarius 43

Limonium 43

maculosus 45

minutulus 47

miratus 48

multipunctatus 43

myriadoijhyllus 47

oblitus 41

olivarius 48

pallidomarginatus 50

ponderosus . 43

phyllogenua 54

roseocaudidus 47

rubicundus 43

rugosodiscus 48

russeloides 41

stellatosporus 51

sterilomargiuatus 48

subcaeruleus 47

subzonalis 46

succosus 46

thujinus 44

Truncicola 46

virescens 44

Agrotis atrifrons 97

auxiliaris 96

balanitis 97

f umalis 98

herilis 99

mimallonis 98

pityclirous 83

4-dentata 99

repentis 96

saucia 135

286

Page.

Agrotis sexatilis 100

subgotliica 99

Vancouverensis 134

Wilsoni 135

Alaria florida 147

Auinioconia badicollis 136

Ampliipyra depressus 143

pyramidoides 143

Amplionyx Antaeus 380

Anaphora agrotipennella 174

Androloma Lorquinii 30

Annapliila danistica 151

depicta 150

diva 150

Anomis xylina 122, 170

Anytus capax 145

sciilptus 145

Argeiis labriiscae 280

Argillopbora f urcilla 124

Argyropliyes cilicoides 175

Asopia costalis 171

olinalis 171

Aspergillus f uliginosus 69

Axenus arvalis 152

Bapta viatica 265

Boletus affinis 59

amplisporus 60

modestus 59

pallidus 60

separans 59

Bomoloclia abalienalis 38

Baltimoralis 38

bijugalis 38

madefactalis 38

nianalis 38

Botis badipennis 88

gentilis 173

niagistralis 173

subdentalis 173

unimacula 88

Brotolomia iris 110

Calasymbolus Astylus 23, 184

Callenyo carinata 280

cliloroptera 279

Callicista ocellifera 178

Calpe Canadensis 114

Caradrina miranda 11, 169

Chamaesesia gracilis 8, 18

Page.

Chariclea exprimens 124

Cbonetes Comstockii 250

Herbert Smitliii 251

Oneitiana 253

Cliytolita morbidalis 39

Clasterisporium peduuculatum. . 69

Clavaria clavata 63

pusilla 63

Cloantba evicta 84

rauaosula 83

vomerina 84

Colobochyla interpuncta 170

Conchy lis straiuiuoides 16

Condylolomia participalis 177

Copriuus angulatus 54

insiguis 54

variegatus 54

Corticium bicolor 02

Cortinarius Clintonianus 55

lignarius . , 56

lilacinus 55

longipes 55

modestus 55

uigrellus 56

pulcher 56

sphaerosporeus 55

Craterellus caespitosus 61

Craterium obovatum 64

Cucullia ? Yosemitae 113, 145

Cyrtina ? curupira 242

Deuterollyta borealis 177

Dianthoecia meditata 104

Diderma crustaceum 63

farinaceum 63

Mariae-Wilsoni 64

Didymium connatum 64

Dilophonota Oenotrus 281

Stheno 281

Dinemasporiuni acerinum 65

Robiniae 65

Discina lodensis 257

Drasteria caerulea 155

convalescens 154

erechtea 155

erichto 154

Erysiphe Euphorbiae 70

Euclidia cuspidea 154

Euctenuclia ochroscapsus 33

287

Page.

Euliypena sordidula 38

toreuta 88

Eupsepliopaectes procinctus. . . . 138

Eupyrrhoglossum Ceculus 279

Eurycreon chortalis 99

Eurymene escavaria 189

Exobasidiuin Andromidae 63

Azaleae 63

Fidonia fimetaria 88

Ganoris oleracea var. borealis . . . 185

Geoglossum simile 70

Glaucopsyche Couperi 185, 198

Lygdamus 198

Gortyua purpurifascia 142

Grammy sia Cliemungensis 199

Grandinia coriaria 61

Grapliolitlia disteiaa 92

Habrosyne scripta 77, 129

Hadena adjuncta 108

apamiformis 109

arctica 108, 142

auranticolor 109

Bridghami 108, 142

conf usa 110

devastator 108, 142

dubitans 108, 142, 190

impulsa 108

lignicolor 109

TOucens 110

rurea 109

sectilis 109

sputator 190

turbulenta 180

verbascoides 109

vulgaris 110

Haemorrhagia BuflPaloensis 8

Floridensis 8

f uscicaudis 8

gracilis 8

Tbysbe 8

uniformis 8

Harveya auripennis 126

Helioclieilus paradoxus 123

Heliolonclie modicella. . .116, 148, 282

Heliothis arciferus 119

armigera 122, 149

atrites 119

binus 119

Page.

Heliotliis brevis 119

Califoruicus 149

celeris 148

citrinellus 122

dimiuutivus 148

liirtellus 118

jaguarinus 120

lynx 120

Meadi 121

mitis 116

mortuus 120

nobilis 120

Dundiuus 121

Packardi 120

pauxillus 118

persimilis 117

plilogophagus 122, 149

proruptus 118

spinosae 118

Spraguei 120

suetus 117

tuberculum 119

villosus 117

Hemaris axillaris 6

diffinis 5

marginalis 6

tenuis 4

Thetis 5

Hemeroplanes Oiclus 279

Hesperia communis 168

Heterocampa celtipliaga 263

subrotata 263

Heteropacba Rileyana 262

Homoliadena badistriga 181

Hydroecia catapliracta 142

cerussata 110

inquaesita 110

limpida 110

marginidens Ill

nebris Ill

nitela Ill

rutila Ill

speciosissima Ill

Hypeua citata 37

evanidalis 37

Humuli 37

Hypomyces polyporinus 71

Hyppa xylinoides 110

288

Page.

Ipimorplia pleonectusa 191

Lactarius Gerardi 57

regalis 57

Laotlioe modesta. 24

Larentia Oeneiformis 264

Lenzites vialis 59

Lepipolys perscripta 147

Lingula Gracana 259

Rodriguezii 260

spatulata '? 258

Stauntoniana 259

Leucania evanida 10

Harveyi 9

Henrici 10

Litognatha litophora 86

nubilifascia 85

Lomanaltes laetulus 14

Lycaena cassius var. floridensis. . 187

pseudofea 186

Lycopodon pedicillatum 63

Lygranthoecia marginata. . . .115, 182

Thoreaui 115, 182

Macrosila Carolina 281

cingulata 281

Macrosporium Chartarium 69

Mamestra albif usa 104

brassicae 104

chartaria 138

chenopodii 104

claviplena 194

cuneata 139

Farnhami 103

grandis 103

imbrifera 102

latex 103

leucogramma 140

nimbosa 102

niveiguttata 140

purpurissata 102

4-lineata 140

subj iincta 282

Marasmius caespitosus 58

glabellus 58

longipes 58

semihirtipes 57

straminipes 59

umbonatus 58

Meghypena lentiginosa 87

Page.

Megliypena velifera 87

Mellilla chamaechrysaria 13

Metopsilus tersa 280

Microspbaera Russelii 70

Nectria Apocyni. ... 71

mycetopbila 71

Noctua clandestina 143

Nolaphana malana 169

Zelleri 169

Oeta gemmata 93

Oucocnemis Chandler! 107, 142

Dayi 105

Glennyi 141

Hayesi 106

Ommatostola Lintneri 112

Orthis Nettoana 247

Pacbylia inornata 280

Papilio brevicauda 185

Pasimacbus depressiis 270

diiplicatus 271

elongatus 272

marginatus 209

mexicanus 270

obsoletus 272

punctulatus 272

strenuus 267

sublaevis 268

subsulcatus 269

Paxillus strigosus 56

Pentbina Blakeana 91

matutiua 92

toreuta 92

Pericbaena flavida 65

Periconia Azaleae 69

Peridermiiim cerebrum 68

Peziza Solenia 70

Pbaecasiopbora mutabilana 90

? niveiguttana 91

Pbasiane mellistrigata 12

Philampelus Anchemolus 280

Philometra longilabris 40

serraticornis 40

Physarum caespitosum 64

pulcberripes 64

Pityolita pedipillalis 39

Plagiomimicus pityocbromiis. . . . 182

Pleonectopoda Lewis! 137

Platbypena scabra 38

2Si)

Page.

Plusia coutexta 193

Ni 147

Pasipliaeia 146

Putuami 14G, 193

striatella 194

Polyporus attenuaius 61

caeruleoporiis 60

flavidus 61

griseus 60

splendeus 61

Protomyces Erytlironii 67

Pseudasopia squamealis 172

Pseudospliinx tetrio 280

Pucciuea angustata 67

cryptotaenia 66

linearis 67

Lobeliae 66

Mariae-Wilsoui 66

obtecta 66

pulcliella 66

Retzia Jamesiana 243

Waidiana ^ 245

Rhynclionella dotis 246

Rliytisma linearis 71

Roestelia aurantiaca 68

Russuia sordida 57

Scopelosoma sidus 191

Walkeri 192

Scotosia diibitata 264

Spliaeria Desmodii 72

Stapbylina 72

Spiloloma luniliuea 127

S^Dirifera Elizae 239

Pedroaua 237

Page.

Spirifera Valfiiieana 241

Stemonitis urbatica 64

Stereum radiatum 62

Stilbum ramosum 69

Streptorliyu'clius Agassizii 248

Streptotbrix abietina 69

Sudariophora callitridioides .... 170

Syneda Howlaudi 154

Terebratula Derbyaua 236

Taracbe flavipenuis 153

terminimaculata 153

Tbecla modesta 188

Tbeleophora Willeyi 62

Tortrix Georgiana 15

Houstonana 15

Tremella colorata 62

Tricbia reniformis 65

Triprocris Smitbsonianus 35

Tropidoleptus carinatus 254

Ufeus plicatus 102

satyricus 101

Uredo Ledicola (j7

Ustilago Erytbroiiii 07

Valeria Grotei 274

Vibrissea lutea 70

Vitulina pustulosa 255

Xylina sculpta 114

Xylomiges curialis 143

patalis 144

Zauclognatba cruralis 39

laevigata 39, 40

marcidilinea 39

obscuripeimis 39

ocbreipenuis 39

BUL. BL'P. SOC. NAT. SCJ.

(37)

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