“Ye PS CPS EPCS i a4 Oh FOPOW porte y awenty,
o diner I AEs baseaietite ite 4 wily tr ete trad ciggibinde: :

* * < oo. » * q : ; .
+ ied a gil - . v~ : : $e - : . a : ‘

weer

Ce lh Life eri Chath ea ee care it
ee tag dot Petatabatnintesmbatoad . — ss
aaaen “ i ; vee dette te ved eves
caemetnngue cs cmmeemeagepepyeocen yee oie eee.
wate rele reravery'etgte’ a

at
vr new ee
. a. ee

ewe sewn Ee we ee TERY oe wer
— elev ole ee ee we Orrre wees
. P29 ATE ees We one re wRlelen®
‘were wen oe

owes
i

“woe ae ay
‘walw es Oe

wee
Sree W Serene O aCe Tiere goer ener:
Severn es Setgletieeie eae
cbt dbibtdieiekbuniua aid
"| 7 oon wrete "
iethdith Ad bhok de ath Sok le th ak ae
eee
oor eh eree Pp ipraieren af
eee to
Ce hee ee
bit ict Sill Meth i

tere
Sdliedidalirds-tedindh iedind-4-dl

‘ewe
a ee

= ‘.

www tes
OVP eee ree cdone
We we riewwig

indediediin ds

vs See tore ews reset payor

Pe Pe er ewes Peewee
‘wee * Pee re ree

Ve owe
oor

“eee see eee
repr Pe wri we
Bhs owe e's bets 'eX9

Peeve rte rey
CUOCT CM et eee teres

. ore ae
PVE STD LWW we Ri Glee er wale
Owens t rer ete ee

eorrtirrrery

wh heuvwe es
.

ey ee

Peer ev bee eee
erate Rad

€ + eed 2 ehagee se se
i Pea .

res serene

“w eratep

< fey © 5 SF ewe wert
cre ee oP eee e

Teer ere e wes
ryVeresy re

.
vrerre
serv

: e* ree ees
oe
D4 "ae e ‘ rere eter eres
t r yee.» wv? . . erere es vey

eee Cow Be

. . .
7 : : : : Me
: <veeewveerr rer eee. . e 2h ere : —
, seer ivewess : 7 : ‘ Perereve ‘ -+> » ’ . 4
Peet seers eve J * dee ’ teve : " + ' » ¢ Md ‘ .
‘ete ; - - : . 5 ° ® ) 3 ~ >! A
. te i. . . . : . etetene : : ite lee .
vous ost e ; : : oreee y .
‘* : e e v : : : : : " . - 7
oe . 4 > ve . .
te re - . + . . ° e» |
te erepeewreee 80 eevee 2. . ’ :
re * t

SMITHSONIAN. DEPOSIT

wr. a
.
a

PD BBA ae ae Lt Si a: , | j
rh) OR eee Teer ne

~
—
>. -|

OY \ \p be
Ww’ A oy Cy 72
Wn ANS

wf oo
Se A ar Baa
>. BULLETIN 234
\V
? OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

EDITOR: THE DIRECTOR,

VOi -VilT.

LONDON:

SOLD BY
DULAU & Co., Lrp., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W. 1.
1917-1918,

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.

Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum
(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. BagsHawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Sir J. Rose Braprorp, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon-General Sir Davip Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., AMS.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and
Tisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum
(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwett Lerroy, Imperial College of Science and
Technology.
The Hon. Sir Jonn McCatt, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDovuea tt, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,
Edinburgh University.
Sir Jonn McFapyeay, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden
Town.
Sir Parrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the
Colonial Office.
Sir DanreEL Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office
in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Nerwsreap, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of
Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nurratt, F'.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,
Cambridge.
Professor EK. B. Poutron, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davip Pratn, C.1.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Reap, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. RoTuscHiLp.
Mr. Hueu Scorr, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,
Cambridge.
Dr. A. K. Sarerey, F.R.S., Vice-Chancellor, Cambridge University.
Mr. R. Speriine, Foreign Office.
Sir Srewart SrockMan, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agri-
culture.
Mr. F. V. THeosatp, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural
College, Wye.
Mr. C. WarBurTON, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of
England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions
is an ex officio member of the Committee.
General Secretary,
Mr. A. C. C. Parxinson (Colonial Office).
Director and Editor.
Dr. Guy A. K. MarsHatu.
Assistant Director.
Dr. 8. A. NEAvVE.

Head Office —British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,
~ London, 8.W.7.
Publication Office —89, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7.

cA ie go Se ee Alo \
Honorary Committee of Management. Cn

ego

Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Atcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of °

oe 2 ee

CONTENTS.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

Arrow, GILBERT J. PAGE
Some Melolonthid Beetles injurious to Cacao plants in the Belgian
UMMA ore thier ee ares Sin sclre AAS sae HEE ae hoe URL eon cee 111

Bezzi, Pror. M.
New Ethiopian Fruit-flies of the genus Dacus ..............00006. 63
Notes on the Ethiopian Fruit-flies of the Family Trypaneidae, other
than Dacus (s.l.), with descriptions of new genera and species (Dipt.) 215

Bopkxin, G. E.
Mates on tne Coccidge of British Guiana .......0.ce ccc ccc cc ccc ee 103

Davipson, Capt. J.
Some practical methods adopted for the control of flies in the Egyptian

RAPIQN OT | fo oe ok oa Ae Uc gta be Neh eae A a a. wo! 2 297

d’ EMMEREZ DE CHARMoy, D.
Notes relative to the importation of Tiphia parallela, Smith, from
Barbados to Mauritius for the control of Phytalus smithi, Arrow.. 93

Distant, W. L.
Some Coreid Bugs injurious to Cacao plants in the Belgian Congo .. 118

GAHAN, C. J.

Some Longicorn Beetles injurious to Cacao plants in the Belgian
EERO 0 EET ESPLES SE eA A Sg 8 OO 117

Gowney, C. C.
A list of Uganda Coccidae, their food-plants and natural enemies .. 187
(C481) Wt. P.3/130. 1,000. 12.18. B.&F.,Ltd. Gp. 11/1. A2

iV CONTENTS.

IncRaM, Dr. A., and Macriz, Dr. J. W. Scort. PAGE.
Notes on some distinctive points in the Pupae of West African
(22151 2,8 1UNLEC |< ee Ree aE ME EY iS 0 lek NMR 73
The early stages of certain West African Mosquitos................ 135
JACK, RupERT W.
Natural transmission of Trypanosomiasis (7. pecorum group) in the
absence-of Esetse-Hy ‘sais vice saree oa Sees ue ee eee be Slee 30

Keiitn, Dr. D.
On the supposed first stage larva of Leptohylemyia coarctata, Fall... 121

MacGrecor, Matcorm Evan.
A summary of our knowledge of Insect Vectors of Disease....... . 2 haS

MarsHatt, Dr. Guy A. K.
Some Weevils injurious to Cacao plants in the Belgian Congo ...... 112
A new Weevil pest of Sweet Potatoes in Jamaica ...............-. 269

NEWSTEAD, Pror. R.
Observations on Scale-insects (Coccidae).—IV, V. .............-. 1, 395

Sampson, Lt.-Cou. F. WINN.
A new Scolytid injurious to dried Sweet Potatoes in Jamaica....... 295

ScHWETZ, Dr.
The western and northern limits of Glossina morsitans in Northern

BGAN BA isos pda s sels eS ae eee > og Oe ee 165
Preliminary note on the Tsetse-flies of the Kabalo-Albertville (Lualaba
Tanganyika) TRailweiy..¢i:. 200s. . Poa ate eee 169

Stupson, Dr. James J.
Bionomics ot Tsetse and other parasitological notes in the Gold Coast 193

erty. H.
The structure of the mouth-parts of Pangonia longirostris in relation
to the probable feeding-habits of the species ...............5.5: 253

THEOBALD, FRED, V.
Mivican Aphididae:—Part U1], 0050.45 de bagans shoes owe esses 273

TURNER, RowLanp E.
On a: Braconid -parasito ‘of Glossina). ich. sane es igem eee eee Weg

is 4 c ' ‘i : . 1 oP ; r ; v
ae ! we a oe an a ; »
iy | | CONTENTS. Vv
ev crpasvaw: wine PAGE.
| ’ A new species of Paraphelinus, Psy from British Guiana, with a
3 discussion of the genus and the allied Aphelinus, Dalm. ......... 43

Chalcidoidea bred from Glossina in the Northern Territories, Gold

| Winrams, ee B. |
ae A new Thrips damaging Orchids in the West Indies..............

: ae
a eae
ek ae
v 7 bai
pa
Pp
|

a)

MISCELLANEOUS.

See 2c cs anche Saas aus al ye apr cts diw'e 18 és o gujaic eee dw. EO

59

Me recedes) GUM os iain arg due 119, 191, 311

Vi.

PLATES.

PAGE,

I. to IV. Views in West Africa showing early stages of certain
Mosquitos and their haunts: 3): 0:0 bees oes = - facing 154
i's Wanee Ol Aivican Trypaneidae : ccs sea se eee ses 5 oon
V1. Mouth-parts of Pangonia longirostris, Hardw. ......... 33 208

MAPS.

PAGE,

I. Map showing the northern and western limits of Glossina
morsitans in the southern Belgian Congo .............. to face 168

Il. Map showing the distribution of Glossina along the Lualaba-
Tameamyilen Tarlywaiy «0 ihc 00s. ees ee i aes

Vil.

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

Details of scale-insects : —
Monophlebus ? hirtus, Brain, 2 .
Aspidoproctus neavei, Newst., sp. n., 2
Palaeococcus cajani, Newst., sp. n., 2
Icerya nigroareolata, Newst., sp. n., 2 ah
» sulfurea var. pattersoni, Newst., nov., 2

Ditetien buxtom, Newst., sp.n., ¢, 11, ¢
Stictococcus intermedius, Newst., sp. n., @ and larva

9 multispinosus, Newst., sp. n., 5 and larva
Lecaniodiaspis tarsalis, Newst., sp. n., 2
Pulvinaria africana, Newst., sp. n., °

eS aristolochiae, Newst., sp. n., 92
- elongata, Newst., sp. n., 2
9 ? flavicans, Mask., O,

subterranea, Newst., ep. Ry, o
Usroplanes bipartitus, Newst., sp, n., 2.

ye destructor, Newst., 3 antenna and euceeusinn
S egbarum, Ckll., g pupa

es vuilleti, Marcial, 2 antennae and eens wend
mi zonatus, Newst., sp. n., &

Inglisia theobromae, Newst., sp. n., Q :
Sketch-map showing the position of the Gatooma teatne area ‘
Sketch-map showing the position of the fly areas in the Sebungwe Distxiet
Paraphelinus perkinsi, Waterston, sp. n., details of 9, 47, 48,55; 3 antenna
and forewing, 54; left mandible of ¢g

- tomaspidis, How., 9 antenna, 48; © wings re

s xiphidii, Perk., details of 9, 47, 48, 50,55; gd antenna
Physothrips xanthiws, Williams, sp. n., adult 9 ie a
Wings of :—

Tridacus @emmerezi, Bezzi, sp n.
Dacus annulatus, Becker
» blepharogaster, Bezzi, sp. n.
» erythraeus, Bezzi, sp. n.
» hamatus, Bezzi, sp. n.
» mochi, Bezzi, sp. n.
Pupae of :—
Aédomyia africana, N.L.
Anopheles mauritianus, Grp.
i pharoensis, Theo. ;
Chaoborus ceratopogones, Theo., trumpet

———S oT

Vlil ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

Pupae of:
Culex fatiqans, Wied.
» guarti, Blanch.
» “%imvidiosus, Theo.
» thalassius, Theo.
» tritaeniorhynchus, Giles
Cyathomyia fusea, Theo.
Humelanomyia inconspicuosa, Theo.
Mimomyia mimomyiaformis, Newst.
ss splendens, Theo.
Ochlerotatus albocephalus, Theo.
Stegomyia metallica, Edw.
= unilineata, Theo.
Sketch-map showing five years gradual increase in othe Aiseivedion bf
Phytalus smithi che
Systates mayne?, Mshl., sp. n., ¢..
a ramosus, Mshl., sp. n., 3
Alcides theobromae, Mshl. 9 Sp. aise :
Leptohylemyia coarctata, Fall., cae parts of egeenaes S aes ee
122; mouth-parts of a full- -grown larva .. ae
M Pe nists africanus, Theo., details oflarvasiphon ..
Head, end of abdomen, and mentum of :—
Culex guiarti, Blanch.
» thalassius, Theo.
Cyathomyia fusca, Theo.
Mimomyia splendens, Theo.
Ochlerotatus albocephalus, Theo.
avicoannulatus, Edw.
a minutus, Theo.
Lateral view of the heads of :—
Dirhinus ehrhorni, Silv. (left)
nS inflerus, Waterst. (right)
Conradiina suspensa, Bezzi, sp. n., wing
Rhacochlaena fasciolata, Loew, wing
Ocneros mundus, Loew, wing ; mn ai) 8 st $e
Pangonia longirostris, Hardw., 3, O54 : ©, details of head, 258-261; 4,
details of maxilla, 262, 263; 4, labrum-epipharyax, 263; 6; hypo-
pharynx i< $< my a . ‘
Palaeopus costicollis, Marshall, sp.n., 3
Details of :—
Aphis acetosella, Theo, nom. n.
» vbauhiniae, Theo., sp. n.
» obuddleiae, Theo., sp. n.
» durantae, Theo., sp. n.
» jeeus, Theo., sp. n.
» mathiolae, Theo., sp. n.
» mathiolellae, Theo., sp. n.
» pomonella, Theo.
» pruniella, Theo., sp. n.
» tamaricis, Theo., sp. n.
zizyphi, Theo., sp. n.

275

alopionse i insignis, Theo., sp. n. ny ae 7 ms "290, 291

yt

Details of

Macrosiphum dahliafolii, Theo., sp.n. .. Le
Myzus pterisoides, Theo., sp. n. .. fhe

_ Earth incinerator in side view section .. i
Fly cage made with wire gauze on a wooden framework
A fly trap with poisoned bait... ae ds

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

‘Treatment of horse-manure by spraying Pa Beck
Native latrine system for incineration of faeces ; >
_ A portable latrine .. tc a, ;
Portable incinerator made with galvanised i iron andi iron siokots oe

1x

PAGE

14 ore
se OZ
ee | eS
ve, wOZ
-. 303
.. 3804
es §=~— SUS
ow oh OOr
ef ees

ERRATA‘
Page 12, fig. 7, for baxtont read buatoni
rh 13, line: 3, ,, Kantora ‘, (Rantara:
of 16, . 4, » 2. @’Emmerez ,, .D. @inimerez.
5 36, ,, 44, ,, calacitrans » calcitrans

= 44, ,, 5, .,, Haplogonotopus ,, Haplogonatopus.
a 87, fig. Vi, ,, guern » guiarti.
5p OB ime 8g) Wook ti. rg ht) eee
» 104, ,, 18. ,, Pseudoceus Pseudococcus.
» 105, lines 13 & 19,for Pseudococcus sacchari, Newst.,
read Pseudococeus sacchari, Ckll.
» 108, line 32, for Coccus » | Cocos,
29 118, 99 35, 29 C. 29 lags
» 126, ,, JI, ., aegypnacum » aegyptiaca.
» 129, ,, 27, , Aranthemum ,, Hranthemum.

oo . obo, «ge. COL 5, hl eawem » Hevea.

5 Re » 38, ,, pseudaonidia ,, Pseudaonidia.
3, ta0,. ,, 19... Aédeomya , Aédomyia.

Joie RE ype) Oe aay? chOmeeD sy a erzog.

5 185, , 53, » pimnformis » pinnaeformis

» 187, ,, 13, 5, sulphurea » sulfurea.

st 210, 4, 4, \5, suflezus » mflexus.

wt holes 45 ESCH hh etsied » visited.

See ere a. eee AOE » with.

ae Teoh. VDD s5) WOEL

» 243, ,, 21, ,, dipterologist » hymenopterologist.
3 206, 5, 26, 5 Tupells » rippells.
BeeAO7, \ sat Hla wee «hoger, =. » moder, Ey von,

» 2388, line 7; 244, line 36; 248, line 30; 249, line 20, and 250, line 7,
for “"Zanry, Tread: Jabrh:”

VOL. VIII. Part 1.—pp. 1-120.
| AUGUST, 1917.

BULLETIN OF
ENTOMOLOGICAL
RESEARCH

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

EDITOR: THE DIRECTOR.
:

* _— rs Maal te *
_ : Ft Nan
¥ ‘ at “ “tp, |
r a . « ~ © ye. i 2 » 7 = nm x i
iV ta} wT! tp, ® : ae ee Ei es
? - sag . P pis j e. _ ns
< a ~i! Abe
es Ҥ 3
P es *
z - P as a a

e F ae tO Te + tala t i act ’ o> *

‘ Ar bf jy28 } mary © ox,
5 ay a) ‘ : >
» n é é o~ -"8 -
, =o . my A , Py

% Ag a ~ PA t r ‘
a a a ae
a / “a be :
a, ON} - if i
a, Ly} by 10 he ae fr '
7 Gate a

LONDON:
SOLD BY
DULAU & Go,, Ltd., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W. 1.

Price 4s. net.

All Rights Reserved,

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF EN TOMOLOGY.
HONORARY COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT.

THE VISCOUNT HAROOURT, Cbairman.

Lrzvut.-Corone. A. ALCOCK, C.LE., F.R.8.

Mr. E. E. AUSTEN.

Dr. A. G. BAGSHAWE, C.M.G.

Mr. E. C. BLECH, C.M.G.

Sm JOHN R. BRADFORD, K.C.M.G., F.R.S8.
Sura.-GenzraLt Sm DAVID BRUCE, C.B., F.B.8.
Dr. 8. F. HARMER, F.R.S.

Pror. H. MAXWELL LEFROY.

Sm; JOHN McCALL.

Dr. R. STEWART MACDOUGALL.

Sm JOHN MoFADYEAN.

Sm PATRICK MANSON, G.C.M.G., F.R.S

Sm DANIEL MORRIS, K.C.MG.

Pror. R. NEWSTEAD, F-.RB.S.

Prov. G. H. F. NUTTALL, F.RB.8.

Pror. E. B. POULTON, F.RS.
Lrzvt.-CoLonet Sm DAVID PRAIN, C.M.G., C.LE., F.RS.
Mr. H. J. READ, C.B., C.M.G.

Tue Hon. N. C. ROTHSCHILD.

Mr. HUGH SCOTT.

Dr. A. KE. SHIPLEY, F.R8.

Sm STEWART STOCKMAN.

Mr. F. V. THEOBALD.

Mr. C. WARBURTON.

Director.
Dr. GUY A. K. MARSHALL...

Assistant Director.
Mr. 8. A. NEAVE.

Secretary.
Mr. A. C. C. PARKINSON.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,

BULLETIN

OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH.

Vou. VIII. 1917,

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV.

By Ropert Newsteap, F.R.S.,
The School of Tropical Medicine, the Unwersity, Inverpool.

Liaveia abrahami, sp. nov.

Female, adult. Ovate, strongly gibbose above and flattened beneath; segmen-
tation both on the dorsum and venter distinct. Colour, in alcohol, buff-yellow ; with
a thin deposit of white secretion in the hollows between the segments; legs and
antennae yellowish brown. It is highly probable that much of the secretion had
disappeared in the alcohol in which the specimens were preserved. Antennae of
eleven segments, 2nd and 11th longest ; 3rd a little shorter than the latter, but much
longer than the succeeding ones, which are submoniliform in shape; average length
0-8-0'°9 mm. Legs relatively short; tarsi a little more than half the length of the
tibiae ; front pair shortest, measuring 0°85 mm. ; posterior pair longer, measuring
1-1-1 mm. ; hairs relatively long and slender ; claws simple, though in one example
two of these organs have a well-marked tooth-like projection dorsally, just above
the curved tip. Derm both dorsally and ventrally rather thickly set with very short
fine hairs ; margin with a narrow band of long fine hairs, the longest of which measure
0-6-0'7 mm. Pores dorso-ventrally relatively very small, circular and with beaded
rims ; these are less numerous than the fine hairs; those at the margins are slightly
larger, much more numerous, and many have clear triangular-shaped centres. Anal
segment of abdomen with three large ovate rings, the central one being slightly the
largest and measuring about 0°2 mm. in its longest axis. Length, after maceration
in KOH, 8-9 mm.

Larva. Very like those of the genus Icerya. Marginal hairs of great length, those
in the abdominal region measuring 0°7-0°8 mm. There are four pairs of very long
caudal hairs, the median pair slightly the longest, measuring 11-12 mm. “Antennae
of six segments ; terminal segment with many hairs, of which six to seven are much
the longest, the longest measuring 0°5 mm. Derm rather thickly set with long fine
hairs and numerous pores similar to those in the adult but relatively larger. Legs

C365) Wt. P.7/21. 1,000 8.17. B.&F.,Ltd. Gp. 11/1.

2 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

hairy ; digitules long and slightly dilated, upper pairs wanting ; claws slender, with
a distinct ventral tooth near the tip. Eyes prominent and somewhat hemispherical.
Length, 0-9-1 mm.

BritisH Guiana: Issororo, N.W. District ; “ inhabiting indentations in the bark
of a rubber-producing tree (Sapwwm jenmant); attended by ants which construct
coverings over the Coccids,” 3.vi.15 (A. A. Abraham, per G. E. Bodkin).

Differs from L. primitiva (Towns.) in its larger size, the number of antennal seg-
ments, and the absence of spines on the legs.

Liaveia primitiva var. pimentae, nov.

Female, old adult. Dried example (1 only) elongate-ovate, highly convex dorsally,
hollow ventrally, the latter character almost as marked as in certain species of the
genus Lecanium; segmentation of the abdominal region fairly distinct above; the
cephalo-thoracic region with a faint median keel, not extending to the front margin.
The whole of the body clothed with a dusky white, farinaceous secretion, which is
denser in the hollows of the abdominal segments, the irregular depressions of the
thoracic area, and the hollow ventral surface; the last-named also containing a
small quantity of pure white flocculent matter, in which were found two dead larvae.
Antennae of nine segments ; formula: 9, 1 (or 1, 9), 3, 2 (or 2, 3) (4, 5) (6, 7, 8), all
the segments longer than wide; length twice that of the anterior femur plus tro-
chanter, or slightly more. Legs (anterior pair) relatively short ; femora incrassate,
equal in length to the upper portion of the tibiae, the latter nearly one and a half
times the length of the tarsi and furnished ventrally with nine to ten long slender
bristles ; claws smooth on the under surface. Integument dorso-ventrally rather
densely clothed with long stout bristles, and, almost as thickly beset with circular
“rosette? pores ; marginal hairs much longer and denser than those seen elsewhere,
more especially so are they on the abdominal segments. Venter, near the distal
extremity, with three large oval rings. Length (after maceration in KOH), 5:5 mm.

Female, young adult. Similar to the preceding, but with the marginal hairs very
long, the longest of them equalling the length of the antennae. The only example
has the antennae asymmetrical: one of ten segments with a partial division of the
4th, the other of seven segments only.

Female, second stage. Shape similar to that of the old adult, but less than half
the size. Dorsum with or without a median ridge; completely covered with a
dense, pale yellowish-white secretion; segmentation faintly indicated. Antennae
variable, and in two examples asymmetrical, of eight or nine segments. Integument
much more densely hairy than in the adult; marginal hairs as in the young adult
female. Length, 2°8-3:2 mm.

Larva (fully developed). Short ovate. Marginal hairs long and continuous in
front ; the longest of those on the cephalic margin longer than the antennae. Caudal
hairs in four pairs, of which the median pair is the shortest and less robust than the
others, the longest hairs three-fourths the length of the body. Antennae with seven
long hairs, the longest of which is nearly equal in length to the antennae. In the
embryo larvae, taken from the body of the parent, the integument appears more

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 3

densely hairy than in the fully developed larva, owing apparently to the somewhat
contracted nature of the integument. This applies also to the pores in the two
stages respectively.

JaMAIcA: on Pimento (Pimenta officinalis, Lindl.), 1916; ‘attended by the
so-called ‘ stinking-ant,’ Cremastogaster sp., and to be found under the loose bark ;
not of great importance.” (A. H. Ritchie).

This may possibly prove to be Townsend’s Llaveia primitiva, the slight differences
being possibly due to the age of the individuals. Probably the normal number of
antennal segments will prove to be ten. More material is needed,

Monophlebus ?hirtus, Brain.

Brain* in his brief description of Monophlebus hirtus states that ‘‘ the dermis is
closely crowded with slightly clubbed glandular hairs and occasional long hairs,
the latter fitting into thickened sockets,” these characters being the salient features
of the species. In the only specimen I have before me, the derm, more especially
at the margin, is crowded with stout, blunt, curved spines (fig. 1, 6), which, though

™&
Ses ee

o; —=*

4 Tene “Ss
gi AS
A ORAV da

Fig 1. Monophlebus ? hirtus, Brain, @¢;
marginal spines and hairs.

slightly narrowed proximally, can scarcely be said to be club-shaped. Before my
example was passed through the various reagents and mounted in Canada balsam,
the margin was seen to be broadly set with long and very stiff hairs (fig. 1, a); but
these were so easilyjdeciduous and brittle that the majority of them broke away in
the preparation. Length, 7:2 mm.

NyasaLANnD: Mt. Mlanje, 1913 (S. A. Neave).

* Trans. R. Sac. 8. Africa, v, p. 165 (1915).
(C365)

4 - ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

Aspidoproctus neavei, sp. nov.

Female, adult. Ovate, sides elevated and more or less concave; dorsum in front
relatively low; abdominal region highly convex. Cephalic or frontal depression
well marked. Marginal dentate appendages long, rectangular, widely separated
and ivory-like in colour and texture; there are about 25 of these altogether. Sub-
marginal series of processes on the anterior half of the body (four to five in number)
not quite so long as the marginal ones, but more robust and often irregularly dentate ;
the abdominal series, in continuation, diminishing in size distally. In the median
line in front is a pair of small processes and behind them two to three large single
ones. Midway between the median and submarginal processes are three very deep
pits or depressions. Cavities and hollows coated with creamy white, granular
secretion. Colour pale to dark castaneous; dull orange-crimson in alcohol ; lower

Fig. 2. Aspidoproctus neavei, Newst., sp. n., 9;

a, spines of gland tracts; b, marginal spines of

lip of marsupial opening; c¢, pores; d, pores
at angle of marsupial opening.

surface paler. Secretionary operculum relatively small compared with the size of the
insect ; it is normal in shape and of a dark brown colour. Antennae of ten segments ;
3rd to 7th inclusive broader than long; 9th and 10th much the narrowest, being
about half the width of the 6th, the 10th equal in length to the 6th, 7th and 8th,
inclusive ; 2nd nearly twice the length of the 4th; formula: 10, 1, 2, 3, 9 (6, 7, 8),
(4, 5); two kinds of hairs present, subspinose forms and simpler slender ones; the
longest of the latter equal in length to the terminal segment, and measuring 1°75 mm.
Spines of the gland-tracts (fig. 2, a) incrassated proximally, apex bluntly pointed
or sometimes slightly dilated ; those of the proximal lip of the marsupial opening
(fig. 2, b) generally curved and more or less spathuliform; elsewhere, both dorsally
and ventrally, the spines are simple and more or less acutely pointed. Glandular

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 5

pores (fig. 2, c) circular ; some apparently with compound openings others with a tri-
angular, quadrangular or circular openings. Length, 15°5-21 mm.; width, 12-15
mm.; height, 6-9 mm.

Female, second stage. Ovate, sometimes slightly narrowed anteriorly ; posterior
half of margin rather broadly produced or flattened ; dorsum convex. Marginal
dentate processes similar to those in the adult but smaller. Dorsum without dentate
processes and, with the exception of the rubbed portions, covered with granular
secretion. Dorsal glandular pores circular, with four openings. Glandular pores
at the angles of the marsupial opening (fig. 2, d) of three types; a relatively small
form of somewhat variable shape, a large form with six openings, and a roughly
quadrate form with four openings. These glandular orifices in the old adults become
more or less obscure owing to the density of the chitin.

NyAsALAND: Mt. Mlanje, on “ Mwange ” tree, x. 1913 (S. A. Neave).

This Coccid differs from A. pertinax, Newst., in being less convex (especially in
the abdominal region), and in the larger size and arrangement of the dorsal thoracic
processes.

Aspidoproctus verrucosus, sp. nov.

Female, adult. Subhemispherical, produced in front, flat beneath ; secretionary
operculum complete. Integument blackish; sparsely clothed with dusky golden
pubescence, and punctate between the patches of secretion. Margin with short,
tooth-like, contiguous appendages, dusky white in colour, with here and there faint
traces of yellow, tips more or less pure white. Frons with two converging rows of
similar, but smaller and confluent, processes. Above the last-named in the middle
line are three widely separated, transverse rows of very small tooth-like appendages
surrounded by dusky granular secretion. Leading from the third group towards
the anal margin is a narrowly ovate series of scurfy patches and surrounding them
an almost complete circle of similar patches of secretion. Between the various
tooth-like processes are other irregular patches of secretion, which collectively give
the insect a decidely warty or more or less mottled appearance. Derm rather densely
clothed with relatively long spines, some of which are truncated, possibly owing to
injury. The special gland-tracts at the margin of the abdominal area surrounded
by a dense wall of spines taking a quadrangular or rectangular form ; within these
are one or two small groups of circular glands. There are at Jeast three other types
of glands on the venter, including a large quoit-shaped one of slightly varying dimen-
sions, these being most conspicuous in the region of legs 1. and in. Length, 85;
width, 7°3; height, 5°5 mm.

Ucanpa: Ngamba Is., on trunk of a fig tree, 16. v.14 (Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter).

In its general shape this Coccid resembles a very small example of Aspidoproctus
pertinax, Newst.; but it is otherwise markedly distinct. The mouth-parts and
antennae were absent in all the specimens, and were evidently detached when removing
the insects from the tree.

Palaeococcus bicolor, sp. nov.

Female, adult. Ovate, narrowed in front, covered with short bright yellow or
white waxen processes, which are arranged in seven more or less well-defined rows :

6 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

one short, median, and three on each side, the lateral rows continuous behind ;
intervening spaces with somewhat granular wax; margins with outstanding
hairs, which appear more numerous and much longer posteriorly. Venter, in the
oldest examples, with a relatively thin layer of white wax, but this, in the specimens
submitted, does not form a distinct ovisac or pad. Antennae of nine to ten
segments; in two instances they were asymmetrical; terminal segment not quite
so long as the two preceding ones together; there is a long slender spine on the
second, and long stout hairs on the succeeding ones, in addition to which there
are two to three very long slender hairs on the terminal segment, one of which is
equal in length to the last two segments together. Legs very robust and long.
Derm markedly hirsute; spinnerets large, circular and almost as numerous as
the hairs. Stigmata relatively small. Margins with immensely long stout hairs,
the longest being three times the length of the antennae. Many of the marginal
hairs are dilated and frayed distally and sometimes present three distinct, lateral
ridges, resembling somewhat the proximal half of the scapula of a mammal in
miniature; these are clearly malformations due, possibly, to injury by abrasion.
Length, 5-5 mm.-6°5 mm.

Female, second stage. Waxen covering similar to that of the adult, but the
median and submedian rows are not so pronounced; colour bright yellow, or
rarely pure white. Antennae of seven segments, of which the third and seventh
are the longest. Derm sparsely hirsute; pores much fewer than in the adult.
Marginal hairs of immense length, the longest and stoutest arising from the
abdominal segments; these are, when perfect, four times the length of the
antennae, or slightly longer than the entire length of the insect. Length, 2-2-3 mm.

Larva. Antennae with the terminal segment markedly incrassate, with five
immensely long, stout, lateral hairs; the largest about twice the length of the
antenna. Derm thickly set with fine long hairs; margins with similar but slightly
longer hairs ; terminal segment of abdomen with three pairs of long hairs, of which
the median pair is about half the length of the others; the two pairs of longest
hairs three times the length of the antenna, or about one-fourth longer than the
body.

Gotp Coast: Aburi, on Thespesia sp. (W. H. Patterson).

The general appearance and arrangement of the cereous coverings of the old
adults resemble somewhat those of the young adult @ of Icerya seychellarum, Westw. ;
but the strongly hirsute character and great length of the marginal hairs may
readily serve to distinguish it. That the colour of the waxy covering should vary
between bright yellow and white is rather remarkable, but the former, so far as
one can judge from the few examples at hand, is the predominant colour. There
is no admixture of the two colours in the same individual; all are either entirely
white or entirely bright yellow.

Palaeococcus caudatus, sp. nov.

Female, adult. Apparently without any trace of an ovisac; dorsum covered
with short stout waxen processes, white or dirty white in colour and thickly felted
in texture; these processes are arranged in seven rows: the median row much
the broadest and coalescing, more or less; the other rows almost uniform in size

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 7

and continuous in front, so that they appear concentric with the median row;
the marginal row almost hidden by the submarginal row. A number of long hairs
project beyond the waxen covering, especially at the margin in front. Posterior
extremity markedly narrowed and with a single long stout waxen appendage or
tail-like process. Integument, antennae and legs of dead examples pitchy-black.
Antennae of eleven segments and of the usual form found in the females of this
genus. Legs normal. Marginal hairs very long, the longest being a little more
than one-third the total length of the body ; these hairs are much more numerous
in front and also posteriorly ; at the sides of the body they are arranged in rather
widely separated groups. Integument densely studded with relatively large
circular spinnerets, interspersed with fine short hairs, the latter much more
numerous ventrally. Length, inclusive of waxen appendages, 7-8 mm. ; length,
exclusive of caudal appendage, 5 mm.

Female, second stage. Dorsum with five rows of white waxen appendages ;
median row coalescing ; submedian and marginal rows much shorter than in the
adult female; caudal process similar to that in the adult. Antennae of nine
segments; marginal hairs and spinnerets as in the adult, but the former are
relatively longer, being about one-half the total length of the body.

Ueanpda: Entebbe, on crotons, 13.vii.12 (C. C. Gowdey).

The somewhat pyriform outline of the female, with the long stout caudal
appendage, should readily serve to distinguish this insect from any of its allies.

Palaeococcus cajani, sp. nov.

Female, adult. Ovate and highly convex. Waxy covering pure white, the
arrangement very like that of Icerya euphorbiae, Brain,* but more or less distinct
processes are traceable; these are arranged as follows: margin with 13-14 short
and bluntly rounded processes packed closely together and coalescing behind ;
immediately above them is a well defined constriction, and over this a ridge with
similar but more irregular processes ; cephalic extremity with an irregular cluster
of blunt processes; the rest of the dorsum denuded by pressure in packing. Colour
of integument black. A number of fine hairs protrude through the waxen covering.
No ovisac, but a little flocculent secretion beneath the body. Length of dried
example, 3°9 mm.

When first placed in chloroform the marginal appendages show up very distinctly
and the outstanding hairs are regularly arranged so that a pair of them (one dorsal,
the other ventral) form the dividing line between the waxen processes. Colour
in this medium, dull orange-crimson. Antennae (fig. 3, @) of nine segments; the
terminal equal in length to the second and third together ; all, with the exception
of the last two, broader than long; hairs of two kinds: a relatively short form,
which is somewhat spinose, and a very long slender one; the longest on the last
three segments, one of which is twice the length of the distal segment. The
antenna on the opposite side has the articulations of the third and fourth segments
very faintly indicated. Legs with the femora very broad; tibiae and tarsi with
slender hairs of varying lengths. Derm scantily clothed with hairs; pores (fig. 3, 0)

* Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, V, p. 167, pl. xxu, fig. 48.

8 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

circular, presenting the characteristics shown in the illustrations according to the
plane in which they are focussed. Marginal hairs very long; one of the longest,
just behind the antennae, about one-fourth longer than the latter, or about half

“

Fig. 3. Palaeococcus cajani, Newst., sp. n., 2; a, antenna: b, gland
pores ; ¢, base of dermal hair.

the width of the body; these structures are readily deciduous and very few are
left intact in mounted material.
S. Nigerta: Agege, on pigeon pea, 1914 (Dr. W. A. Lamborn).

Icerya nigroareolata, sp. nov.

Female, adult. Secretionary covering and appendages very like those of Icerya
aegyptiaca, Douglas, but the flocculent matter beneath the appéndages is thicker.
When macerated in KOH the females assume a very elongate form, thus differing
materially from J. aegyptiaca, which is broadly ovate. Antennae of eleven segments ;
fourth the shortest and broader than long; eleventh longest and twice the length
of the tenth ; hairs very long and for the most part arranged in whorls, the longest
hairs (terminals) being slightly longer than the two last segments together;
formula A1.(2,, 3),.(7,85,95 10), 4ky,4,( 0841 {2,,,3, 7, 85;9,,10), Ligds prdaewe roluene
hairs on the upper surface of the tibiae very long, the longest being equal in length
to the tarsi (fig. 4, a); digitules simple. Marginal hairs relatively short, the
longest arising from between the antennae and also at the anal extremity; some
of the former about half the length of the antennae. Derm rather sparsely hirsute.
Pores or spinnerets (fig. 4, b) of two types: one large, with an inner hexagonal

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 9

border ; the other less than half the diameter of the former, with a beaded margin ;

the large ones are generally distributed over the dorsum and also form large
triangular groups along the margin of the abdomen. Venter with three large
vaginal discs or areoles, the laterals (fig. 4, c) reniform, the median one ovate,
with a faint central transverse division or construction; these, if maceration is
not carried too far, are seen to be completely covered with opaque black pigment ;
when the pigment is partly removed a finely reticulated surface is visible, but when
completely removed the reticulation may disappear almost completely. Length
of macerated specimens, 5-6 mm. ; width, 2°50-3 mm.

Larva. Very elongate. Gland pores or spinnerets as in the adult; arranged
in regular transverse rows, the larger ones preponderating, the smaller ones
confined chiefly to the median line. Terminal segment of the antennae with three
long hairs, the longest being one-fourth longer than the antennae; the remaining
hairs are also very long, but less than half the length of the longest. Marginal

—

———

2) "4

Pe

%

a

Fig. 4. * Icerya nigroareolata, Newst., sp. n., 9.; a. tarsus;
b, gland pores; ¢, lateral areole, with portion of pigmented surface.

hairs very long, the longest of the abdominal ones nearly as long as the antennae ;
the long caudal hairs six in number, three on either side of the anal orifice; two
are very long, being almost as long as the body, the third a little more than half
the length of the others. Length, 0°9-1 mm. Length of antennae, 0°'4 mm.

Ucanpa: Kampala, on coffee, 4.xi.13 (C. C. Gowdey); Jinja, on croton,
1914 (Dr. R. Van Someren).

icerya sulfurea var. pattersoni, nov.

Female, adult. Waxy covering bright pale yellow; covering of the dorsum
imperfect, but that which remains is suggestive of short stout plates; marginal
series of waxen appendages long, broad, curved downwards and slightly curled
distally. Ovisac well defined ; colour, white or white with a faint tinge of yellow.
Derm faintly hirsute, but thickly studded with minute hairs interspersed with
long slender ones. Margins with irregular groups of Jong outstanding hairs, the

10 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

longest varying between one-third and one-half the length of the antenna. Pores
circular and very numerous; these are of two sizes: the larger (fig. 5, a) bemg
twice the diameter of the others. Antennae (fig. 5, 5) of eleven segments ;
terminal segment much the longest but scarcely wider than the preceding one.

lntie
p =

Fig. 5. Icerya sulfurea var. pattersoni, Newst., nov., 9;
a, pore; b, antenna; ¢, leg.

Legs (fig. 5, c) long; femur very short; claw faintly bidentate, digitules simple
hairs; underside of tibia very hairy. Eyes truncate. Stigmata large, slightly
longer than the tarsus.

Gotp Coast: Aburi, on Tectona sp. (W. H. Patterson).

The form and arrangement of the waxen appendages are very like those in Icerya
aegyptiaca, Doug., but the bright pale yellow colour is distinctive and the structural
details differ.

Margarodes buxtoni, sp. nov.

Female, adult. Form rather elongated and very tumid. Derm almost completely
covered with a layer of white, mealy secretion. Colour in alcohol, dull brownish-
crimson. After maceration in KOH the body assumes a broadly ovate form
(fig. 6, a). Derm, on both surfaces, finely but markedly pubescent, the individual
hairs relatively long and exceedingly slender. Pores (fig. 6, f) circular, with a
central opening and numerous minute ones surrounding it; these organs are
almost as numerous as the hairs, more especialky so on the terminal segments of
the abdomen. Antennae (fig. 6, b) short, stout, and widest proximally, composed
of eight segments, each (with the exception of the last) with a well-defined chitinous
band; distal segment with several minute stout spines, and two groups of long
fine slender hairs; the remaining segments are apparently nude, but of this one
cannot be quite certain, as the innumerable hairs on the surrounding integument
are lying superimposed over a great portion of the antennal segments. Anterior
leg (fig. 6, c) large, stout, and more than twice the size of the other limbs; claw
densely chitinised and distinctly articulated with the exceedingly short tarsal
segment; tibio-tarsal articulation well defined, and immediately below this is a

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. ll

distinct group or tuft of long fine hairs. Posterior legs (fig. 6, d) not differing
materially from the intermediate pair; claws distinctly articulated; digitules
represented by slender hairs. Eyes well developed, truncate, and placed
considerably below the antennae (see fig. 6, a). Thoracic stigmata (fig. 6, e) large
and somewhat reniform in outline; outer lateral lobe-like extension with a group
of circular pores; abdominal stigmata present on the first and second segments
only ; these organs are represented by minute circular orifices, external to which
is a roughly horse-shoe-shaped thickening of the body wall. Anal orifice circular ;

Ws

ee
>

Ny
Y
YZ)

Yj a
—L7
© Zz

VLE

xe Fe <
e leh 77 AS ave
QIAN

4IZEZZET 1s
; a \
LAA 11, \

)

Ny
\
,

"\\)

Sea
ZG LL LPL e

7 UVEN SN
a » gill $ RALOSSSN

Fig. 6. _Margarodes buxtoni, Newst., sp. n., 2; a, ventral view of a specimen
cleared in potash; b, antenna; c¢, front leg; d, posterior leg; e, stigma;
f, pore.

ring strongly chitinised, with a disc-like structure at the distal margin. Vaginal
orifice nearly opposite the analfopening. Length, 57 mm.; width, 43 mm. ;
length of front legs, 1 mm.

Male (fig. 7, a). Colour of dried specimens dark piceous ; when placed in potash,
rich dark crimson. Wings hyaline; costa pale crimson, darkening distally ; veins,
of which there are traces of three, faintly indicated ; outline variable in the two
examples before me; in one the wing is slightly longer and narrower than the other.
Subterminal segment of the abdomen with a dense tuft or pencil of fine white silky
filaments. Antennae (fig. 7, b) of nine segments, and finely pubescent ; distal segment

412 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

much the longest, and furnished near the tip with a minute circular sensorium ;
articulations of the last four segments with relatively broad and clear integument.
Hyes large, compound ; a single prominent ocellus on the proximal edge of each of
the compound eyes. Sculpturing of thorax doubtful, but apparently with prominent
rounded gibbosities. Anterior legs (fig. 7,d) much shorter and more markedly robust

Fig. 7. Margarodes baxtoni, Newst., sp. n., ¢; a, dorsal view, from a
dried specimen; b, head and antenna; c, hind leg; d, front leg;

. . . a
ێ, pygidium, lateral view.

than the others; tarsus and claw united, the latter strong, stout and densely chiti-
nised ; femur, tibia and tarsus with fine hairs. Posterior leg (fig. 7, c) well developed ;
the tibia a little more than twice the length of the tarsus ; claw distinctly articulated ;
femur, tibia and tarsus clothed with fine hairs. Terminal segment (fig. 7, e) broad and
somewhat quadrate, with a distinct median angular projection ; intromittent organ
slender and cylindrical. Owing to the density of the chitin the special groups of

i

;

\/
}
i

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—Iy. 13

glands from which the tuft of silky filaments arise are not traceable. Length,
inclusive of the anal tuft of filaments, 4°5 mm.; exclusive of the filaments, 2°5 mm.
AtGcERIA: El Kantora, 13.iv.13, 19, 2¢¢ (P. A. Buzton).
Mr. E. E. Green, to whom I forwarded the above description and drawings, con-
siders that “‘ this Margarodes is undoubtedly a new species. In its hairy integument
it approaches my M. niger, but that species has limbs of a very different form.”

Stictococcus gowdeyi, Newst.

SouTHERN NicERIA: Agege; on young shoots of cacao, invariably protected by
the ant Oecophylla, 1915 (Dr. W. A. Lamborn).

These examples differ from the type lot of specimens by being of a rich dark
translucent crimson or of a translucent olivaceous yellow, sometimes with a trace
of crimson. They are, in all probability, young adults which had not acquired the
permanent colour of more mature examples. 7

Stictococcus intermedius sp. nov.

Female, adult. General facies as in L. sjéstedti, Ckll. Pseudo-margin with a regular
series of short, deep, sharply defined and slightly radial grooves, giving the extreme
edge a finely crenulated appearance, as if marked by a roulette; midway between

Fig. 8. Stictococcus intermedius, Newst., sp. n.;
marginal spines of: a, adult 9; b, second stage
2; e, larva at period of ecdysis.

the median line and the roulette border is an irregular row of deep, clearly defined
pits—seven to eight on either side. Colour pale to dark castaneous or piceous, with
the integument polished. Marginal spines (fig. 8, a) of two distinct forms:
(1) broad and irregularly digitate, and (2) very long, somewhat contorted, broad and

14 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

flat, geniculated, and finely spinose ; just within the margin is a series of long, slender, ~
simple spines. The young adults are reddish buff in colour, with the pits and hollows
of the roulette border piceous or dark castaneous. Length, 3-4 mm.

Female, second stage. Short ovate, flat, with the sides slightly raised. Colour
pale reddish-buff. Marginal spines (fig. 8, b) broadly digitate and similar to those
in the adult, but usually with one of the lateral projections more pronounced than
the rest ; and a broad, flat, falciform and spinose one alternating more or less with
the others.

Larva (at period of ecdysis) with the marginal spines as shown in fig. 8, c.

Gotp Coast: Aburi, on cacao, ? 1913 (W. H. Patterson).

Separable from S. sjéstedti, Ckll., by the form of the marginal spines (in all stages)
and by the sculpturing of the dorsum in the adult female.

Stictococcus multispinosus, Newst.

Male puparium. Like that of Kermes quercus (Linn.) ; a white, felted, elongated
sac, and very brittle. Two examples were found wedged in between the old adult
females. Neither was quite perfect ; one contained a propupa, the other was empty.

Fig. 9. Stictococcus multispinosus, Newst., sp. 0. :
a, terminal segment of g; b, head of g; ec, marginal
spines of larva.

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 15

Propupa. Turned to dull crimson in cold KOH. Very robust. Frons with one
pair of bristles. Genital sheath short, obtuse. Abdominal segments with a few
stiff hairs. Length, 0°38 mm.

S. Nicer1a: Agege, on pigeon-pea stems, 1914 (Dr. W. A. Lamborn).

Male (imperfect). Head slightly longer than broad; ventral surface (fig. 9, b)
with two divergent narrow sclerites, and four pairs of bristles, which are separated
by a median longitudinal suture, the distal pair on the frontal margin. One pair
of ocelli near the apex formed by the sclerites. Thoracic apodeme normal. Legs
long, sparsely clothed with bristles; claws rather strongly falcate ; lower digitules
with slightly longer knobs than those of the tarsii Abdomen very elongate; the
segments with submedian and lateral bristles, the terminal segment with a pair of
very long marginal bristles. Genital armature (fig. 9, a) with three pairs of long
bristles ; stylus in two parts, with the tip of one bluntly rounded, the other truncate.
Length, 1:3 mm.

Larva. Marginal spines (fig. 9, c) of two forms ; minute club shaped ones, alter-
nating with immensely long, stout, curved and barbed ones.

Ucanpa: Kampala, on Markhamia platycalyx, 2.1x.15 (C. C. Gowdey).

Asterolecanium spectabile sp. nov.

Female puparium. Lanceolate and convex dorso-ventrally ; margins broadly
flattened, with slight constrictions opposite the stigmata; slightly narrowed and
produced posteriorly. Surface strongly punctate; a definite narrow median suture
extending nearly the whole length of the puparium, the suture faintly interrupted
at iegular intervals along the abdominal region, suggesting segmentation. Colour
brilliant orange-crimson, with black suffused markings anteriorly, the latter due to
the under-lying shrivelled body of the female; the narrowed posterior end opaque,
glassy and colourless ; the cephalic margin narrowly orange-crimson. Fringe com-
posed of closely adjacent, straight, glossy filaments of a pinkish colour; in very
young individuals this lies flat upon the surface of the leaf, but as the ventral portion
of the test gets more and more convex (exteriorly), the fringe drops and becomes
vertical ; as a rule, it is either entirely wanting or can be traced only in isolated and
abraded patches. Length, 1-3-2 mm.

Female, adult. Form somewhat doubtful, but clearly very elongate and probably
filling the test at gestation. Rostrum approximately central. Paired or 8-shaped
pores disposed in a single row, not extending to the posterior extremity or the extreme
cephalic margin. A short series of small circular glands on the ventra margin
opposite the thoracic stigmata only. Tubular glands geniculated, with the proximal
end attenuated; these are distributed over the whole of the dorsal area; their
length equal to the greatest diameter of the rudimentary antennae, approximately.
Abdominal extremity with two minute setiferous lobes; setae short and with their
tips broken away in all the preparations (eleven). Anal ring hairless, its diameter
not much greater than the basal attachments of the setae of the lobes. Genital
orifice relatively very large, transverse, and placed well away from the anal orifice.
Rudimentary antennae with three to four extremely minute spines.

16 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

Male puparium. Similar to that of the female, but slightly narrower; the ends
equally rounded. Colour as in female. Length, 15; width, 0°5.

The puparia of the young females (2nd stage) are amber-yellow in colour.

Mauritius; Botanic Gardens, on palm trees, 1915 (Z. d Emmerez).

A really handsome species and the only one known to me which has such brilliantly
coloured puparia.

Lecaniodiaspis tarsalis, sp. nov.

Female test. Colour warm buff; narrowed slightly posteriorly ; dorsum convex,
with a median interrupted longitudinal ridge, and about twelve transverse ones on
each side. Orifice terminal, circular; projecting from it, in some individuals, is a
short white waxen filament. Texture dense; surface with exceedingly minute
whitish particles. Length, 2-22 mm.; width, 1:2-1°3 mm.

Female, adult. Legs (fig. 10, a, a) well developed; anterior tarsi unusually long,
with a deep and clearly defined dorsal constriction; tibiae relatively short, from

Fig. 10. Lecaniodiaspis tarsalis, Newst., sp. n., 9; a, a, legs; 0b, antennae;
c, marginal spine ; d, anterior stigmatic spine; e,, tubular glands; e,, cribriform
and 8-shaped pores; /, anal segment.

one-half to one-third the length of the tarsi; digitules long, those of the tarsi very
faintly knobbed. Antennae (fig. 10, 6) normally curved, of nine segments; 8th
with a short hair, 9th with several; relative length of individual segments varying
slightly, 2nd and 3rd usually the longest, but sometimes the 6th is as long as the 3rd.
Marginal spines (fig. 10,c) stout and rather bluntly pointed ; these are widely separated.
Anterior stigmatic spines (fig. 10, d) two, both spathuliform, one-half the length of
the other; posterior pair both short and very widely separated. Tubular glands
(fig. 10, e,) generally distributed over the whole of the derm, and so numerous as

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 17

sometimes to touch or slightly overlap each other; about two-thirds the length of
the marginal spines; 8-shaped pores generally distributed but most numerous
towards the margin. Two divergent rows of cribriform plates (fig. 10, e,), four on
each side of the median line; these are circular, with labryrinthiform gratings, the
diameter about three times as great as the length of the 8-shaped glands. Anal
segment (fig. 10, f) with rather prominent lobe-like extensions and a broad bilobed
plate below the anal aperture, each with a pair of very short subapical spines and
two long marginal hairs. Pre-anal plate with a very deep emargination. Anal ring
with ten hairs.

Larva. Elongate. Antennae stout, of six segments; 3rd and 6th longest, but
both relatively short. Marginal spines minute. Anterior stigmatic spines similar
to those of the adult; posterior pair absent. Legs robust; anterior tarsi much
longer than the tibiae. The 8-shaped pores in well-defined longitudinal rows. Anal
lobes similar to those of the adult, but the terminal bristles are much longer. Anal
ring with six hairs.

South Arrica: Pretoria, 1914 (H. d’Emmerez).

This insect is related to Lecamiodiaspis africana, Newst.,* but is still more remark-
able in having the legs normally developed. It differs moreover in its smaller size,
the presence of marginal and stigmatic spines, the extraordinarily long tarsi, the
antennal formulae, the character of the “ cribriform plates,” and in other details.

Phenacoccus ballardi sp. nov.

Female, adult. Dorsum, in dried example, covered with a felted mass of white
secretion, completely obscuring the segmentation ; margin with a conspicuous fringe
of extremely long, white appendages, which are shortest in front; those arising
from the cephalic margin about three times the length of the felted dorsal area.
Length, inclusive of the fringe, 10 mm.

Form, after maceration in potash, slightly elongate-ovate. Antennae of nine
segments, the articulation of the 3rd and 4th less pronounced than the rest. Hyes
small, but prominent. Legs slender, longer than the antennae; tarsal digitules
simple bristles ; those of the claw very long and dilated ; two strong apical spines
on all the tarsi. Margin with a complete series of inconspicuous spinose tubercles
the spines short and truncate; between them and’ surrounding them a number of
large circular pores ; two or three long hairs accompany each of the abdominal groups
of spines. Anal lobes similar to the marginal ones. Anal ring with six hairs. Inte-
gument with a few minute scattered spines and small circular pores, the latter most
numerous on the terminal abdominal segments. Length of macerated specimens,
1-7-2 mm.

Female, second stage. The marginal appendages similar in their arrangement
to those in Pseudococcus (Dactylopius) longispinus (Targ.); but they are much
longer and arranged radially; posterior pair longest. Form, after maceration,
elongate. Antennae of six or seven segments. Marginal series of spinose tubercles
not so clearly defined as in the adult. Integument with numerous minute spines ;
and there are two or three very long hairs arising from near the anal spinose lobes.

* Bull...Ent. Res., 11, p. 100, fig. 13 (1911).
(C365) 4s

18 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

Very like P. eceryordes, Green (Mem. Dep. Agr. India, ii, p. 26) in having a con-
spicuous fringe of white filaments; but in Green’s species the 2 has a “ fringe of
short, stout, conical spines which extend into broad clusters on the abdominal
segments”; whereas in P. gracilis the spines are truncate and their arrangement
similar to those in P. insolitus, Green (l.c.), but in the latter spinose tubercles are
present also on the dorsum.

S. Inp1a: Coimbatore, on mango, 10.11.14; S. Kanara District, on an unnamed
plant, xx.1913 (7. V. Ramakrishna, per E. Ballard).

Tachardia bodkini, sp. nov.

Female test. Obconical; centre with a bluntly pointed prominence, rarely with
two; margin with low, blunt, and usually bifid processes, clearly the remnants of
the rays of the test of the young female; surface smooth ; a nipple-like prominence
over the anal opening. Colour bright subtranslucent orange-red, or in certain lights
faintly orange-ruby. Texture very hard and brittle, similar to that of the lac of
commerce (7. lacca). Average length, 5-4 mm.; height, 3°3 mm.

Female, adult. Form doubtful; specimens macerated in KOH become broadly
ovate when mounted under pressure. Antennae about equal in length to the greatest
width of the anterior spiracles, composed of four ill-defined segments, with no trace
of hairs. Post-anal spike about two and a half times the length of the antennae.
Compound circumgenital glands or “ tubercles”? in four groups, each group con-
sisting of over one hundred individual pores. Margin of flattened specimen with
three pairs of large bilateral gland-tracts, the pores in each group of three distinct
kinds: (qa) four or five relatively large ones, with strongly chitinised subcutaneous
tubes, arranged more or less in line and in the centre; (b) minute, circular and
rimless pores occupying a large and roughly ovate area; (c) a complete outer ring
of circular chitinous pores, resembling the circumgenital glands in the Diasprnag,
arranged on one side of the circle in a single row, on the opposite side in an irregular
band, two or threedeep. The large pair of spiracles shaped somewhat like a cardinal’s
hat, the irregular chitinous plate surrounding them beset with circular pores. “ Lac
tubes ”’ circular, the chitinised rim convex, the greatest diameter about equal to the
length of the antennae; interior with relatively large pores. Anal chitinous tube
shagreened, 7.e., set with minute, closely adpressed spines; apical plates cuneiform
or notched ; anal ring with (?) ten hairs.

Female test, second stage. Five-rayed, the anterior and posterior rays longest ;
central area with a nipple-like prominence. Colour slightly darker than that of the
adult. Length, 18-2 mm.

Male puparvum. Subcylindrical, each extremity with a pair of short lateral rays ;
dorsum with a central nipple-like extension, on either side of which is a distinctly
segmented, convex, median ridge. Length, 1°83 mm.

BRITISH GUIANA: near Repos, Georgetown, on Sapium jenmani, xii.1915 (G4. E£.
Bodkin).

Froggatt* has described a species (7'. angulata) the test of which, he says, comes
to a blunt point at the apex, its general appearance resembling a large blunt

*Proc, Linn. Soc., N.S.W., xxxvi, 1911

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 19

rose-thorn. This applies, in a general way, to Bodkin’s specimens; but the apical
extension of the test in angulata is fluted, whereas in bodkini it is perfectly smooth.
The structural characters of the two species are, however, quite distinct. I have
pleasure in dedicating this species to its discoverer.

Pulvinaria aristolochiae, sp. nov.

Female, adult. More or less cordate in outline and rather flattened; dorsum
almost completely covered with a well-defined layer of flake-like wax which varies
in colour from dirty grey to greyish brown. Antennae (fig. 12, a) of eight segments ;
3rd, 4th and 5th unusually long, the two first-named markedly swollen distally ;
3rd about twice the length of the 4th; three long hairs on 2nd, one of which lies
(in three examples) close up to the succeeding segment; there is also a long distal
hair on the 3rd ; two on the 5th ; a single slender spine on the 6th, 7th and 8th, the
last-named also with a few very short hairs. Legs (fig. 12, b) stout, long; tarsus
relatively very short, less than one-third the length of the tibia ; lower digitules long

eo

Fig. 12. Pulvinaria aristolochiae, Newst., sp. n., 9;
a, antenna; b, leg; c, marginal spines ; d, submarginal
tubercle ; e, anal lobes.

and very broadly spathuliform. Marginal spines (fig. 12, c) stout, pointed and placed
rather closely together; stigmatic spines broken away in all the specimens, their
points of attachment being continuous with the marginal series. Submarginal pores
(fig. 12, d) very large, continuous, but rather widely separated. Anal lobes (fig. 12, e)
with four stout spines near the apex, on the inner edge. Anal cleft short, usually
a little less than one-sixth the entire length of the body. Anal ring with eight hairs.
No derm cells present; but there are numerous circular spinnerets (? ventral),
each having an inner concentric ring. Length, 5°7-7°6 mm.

Ovisac pure white and closely felted, long and generally tortuous. Length,
10-20 mm.

(C365)

20 ' ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

Gotp Coast: Aburi, on Aristolochia sp., (W. H. Patterson).

The affinities of this insect are with P. maxima, Green, and P. jacksont, Newst.,
but it differs from both in having pointed marginal spines, and from the latter species
by the much denser and shorter ovisac.

Pulvinaria elongata, sp. nov.

Female, adult (fig. 13, e). Extremely elongate or elliptical, extremities more or
less equally attenuated ; dorsum convex, cephalic region flattened. Colour, in life,
varying from very pale crimson to bright rosy flesh-colour, with two more or
less distinct, longitudinal lines of bright crimson, the latter frequently interrupted
by a black wavy loop-like line, due apparently to a portion of the alimentary tract

Fig. 13. Pulvinaria elongata, Newst., sp. n., 9;
a, normal 8-segmented antenna; b, 7-segmented
antenna; ¢, anal lobes; d, stigmatic cleft; e, adult 9.

(2 Malpighian tubules). Dry cabinet specimens are pale buff, with a broad median
suffused area of smoky brown or red-brown, and often with a well-defined median
keel. The ovisac is very short indeed, projecting but slightly beyond the margin ;
it extends anteriorly, usually as far as the region of the eyes. Antennae (fig. 13, a)
normally of eight segments, of which the 3rd is slightly the longest; in two
individuals the antennae are asymmetrical, one being composed of seven segments
(fig. 13, 6) the other of eight ; in the former the 4th is twice the length of the 3rd,

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 21

but it shows a partial subdivision. Legs long and somewhat slender; tarsal
digitules nearly as stout as those of the claw, the latter with disc-like terminals.
Anal lobes (fig. 13, c) with four stout spines; one apical, the others arranged
in a triangle; beneath each scale are four to five very long stout hairs, which
are apparently attached to the eversible sac; their number and arrangement is
somewhat exceptional. Abdominal hairs very long, in two pairs. Circumgenital
pores numerous, extending beyond the anal plates. Anal ring with six unusually
long, stout hairs. Stigmatic cleft (fig. 13, d) practically obsolete ; spines three, the
middle one about twice the length of the laterals; margin with relatively long and
very stout hairs. No derm cells present. Length, 35-6 mm.

Larva. Narrowly elongate. Lateral margins with widely separated, stout hairs ;
frons with nine to ten similar but much longer and stouter hairs or spines; these
are packed closely together and give the insect a strikingly characteristic appearance.
Anal lobes each with an immensely long hair. Stigmatic spines well developed,
but the longest of the three is less than half the length of the marginal hairs.

BritisH Guiana : Georgetown, “ on blade of sugar cane,” 12.11.13 (G. £. Bodkin).

In its general external appearance this Coccid bears a rather striking resemblance
to a member of the genus Aclerda, owing to its elongated form and the small amount
of white secretion beneath the insect, but it has no real affinity with this genus, and
although the ovisac is but slightly developed, it cannot be considered as generically
distinct from Pulvinaria; neither can it be placed, so far as one can judge, in either
of the allied genera Tectopulvinaria or Protopulvinaria.

Pulvinaria ? flavicans, Mask.

Female, adult. Dead examples shrivelled and resembling a shapeless mass of
dirty, amber-coloured beeswax ; dorsum in some examples with detached fragments
of glassy secretionary matter, with here and there particles of a whrte felted substance.

Fig. 14. Pulvinaria ? flavicans, Mask., 9; a, b, antennae; c, stigmatic
and marginal spines; d, leg; e, anal lobes.

22 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

Marginal spines visible under a two-inch objective. Ovisac very short, slightly
overlapping the sides of the female, and most pronounced posteriorly. Specimens
attacked by Chalcidid parasites are very elongate, highly convex and of a red-brown
colour; no ovisac was formed by them. Length of 9 and ovisac, 2-33 mm.

After treatment in KOH the form is more or less ovate or broadly pyriform. Antennae
(fig. 14, a) normally of eight segments, rarely of seven ; in the latter case the 3rd and
4th are either completely fused or only partly so (fig. 14, b); hairs on the terminal
segments relatively short. Marginal spines (fig. 14, c) long, stout and pointed ;
they are placed closely together, the space between them being much less than their
length, more especially so are they on the frons and the distal margin. Stigmatic
clefts obsolete ; stigmatic spines (fig. 14, c) usually six in number, of which two pairs
are much larger than the others, broad, curved and flattened. First pair of legs
(fig. 14, d) with the tarsus bearing a well-defined dorsal constriction. Anal lobes
(fig. 14, e) with the distal portion thickened, convex, and with many fine hairs;
beneath the tips are two pairs of long slender hairs, one pair being a little more than
half the length of the lobe. Anal cleft slightly less than one-fifth the length of .
the insect. Anal ring with ten hairs. Circumgenital glands small, but very
clearly defined. Venter, just in advance of lobes, with two pairs of hairs, one pair
much longer than the other. No derm glands or pores traceable. Length, 2-25 mm. ;
width, 1°5-2°6 mm.

Britisa Guiana: Rockstone, on “ blood-wood ” plant, 30.xii.13 (G. #. Bodkin).

A species of ant had built little shelters or “‘ tents” over some of the females.

Pulvinaria subterranea, sp. nov.
Ovisac. White and felted and, when complete, very elongate, with traces on the
proximal portion of 3-4 longitudinal groves; incomplete forms more robust and
' decidely more convex. Length of elongated forms, 35-45 mm.; short forms,
2—2°5 mm.

Fig. 15. Pulvinaria subterranea, Newst., sp. n., 9; a, a, antennae ;
b, stigmatic cleft and marginal spines ; ¢, anal lobe.

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 23

Female, adult. Tilted and shrivelled at gestation; after treatment in KOH
broadly ovate. Colourpale brown. Antennae (fig. 15, a, a) usually of eight segments,
rarely of seven; in the former case, the 4th is shorter than the 5th, and the 3rd the
longest ; in the example with seven segments the 4th, 5th and 6th are equal, the
3rd and the 6th are also of equal length and the longest. Legs very robust ; lower
digitules stout and strongly dilated. Stigmatic clefts (fig. 15, b) barely indicated ;
spines three, the laterals about half the length of the central one and much the
stoutest. Marginal spines (fig. 15, 6) long and for the most part faintly frayed
distally ; those at the anal margin slightly the longest ; they are somewhat irregularly
arranged and in places are two deep. Anal cleft about two and one-fourth times
as long as the lobes; the latter (fig. 15, c) somewhat variable, with one apical and
generally two subapical bristles. Derm glands scarcely traceable, even in well
stained specimens, and then only in one or two places as small and approximately
oval spots. Length, 15-2 mm.; width, 0:95-1°5.

Uaanpa: Entebbe, on roots of Chrysanthemum, 10.i11.14 (C. C. Gowdey).

Pulvinaria africana, sp. nov.

Female, adult.—More or less ovate, narrowed anteriorly. Colour (in formol) dull
amber-yellow ; surface of many individuals with a faint black network formed by
the mycelium of a fungus. Ovisac closely felted, elongate, with the sides more or
less parallel, straight or curved; surface usually with four well-defined, rounded,
longitudinal keels, and transverse conchoidal wrinkles. Antennae (fig. 16, @) normally

>.

Fig. 16. Pulvinaria africana, Newst., sp. n., 9;
a, antenna; b, anal lobes ; c, stigmatic cleft and spines.

of eight segments, of which the 3rd is slightly the longest; formula: 3 (2, 8) 1,
(4, 5) (6, 7); m one example the antennae are asymmetrical :—one being normal,
the other of six segments only, of which the 4th is much the longest. Legs somewhat
robust ; anterior tarsi with a median constriction. Anal cleft short, about twice
the length of the lobes or one-eighth the length of the body. Anal lobes (fig. 16, 6)

24 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

with four or five apical bristles. Stigmatic clefts (fig. 16, c) clearly defined but
small; spines three, all of them stout and bluntly pointed, the central one curved
and a little more than twice the length of the laterals. Marginal spines (fig. 16, c)
in two irregular rows ; these are of two forms: one long and stout, with fine lateral
hairs ; the other much shorter, usually simple, but here and there one may be found
with a divided tip. Arising from near the insertion of each antenna is a group of
three bristles, each successively longer than the other, the longest being nearly equal
in length to the 2nd and 3rd segments of the antennae togerther. Derm cells irre-
gularly oval or circular, but these are quite obscure in the majority of the specimens.
Length, 1:8-2°2 mm. Length of ovisac, 35-4 mm.; width, 15 mm. (average).

GoLp Coast: Accra, on guava, 2.vii.16 (Dr. J. W. Scott Macfie) ; heavy infesta-
tion.

Clearly this is not Pulvinaria psidi, Mask., as defined by either Maskell* or
Green. It differs in a marked degree in the form of the ovisac, and also in the
character of the marginal spines, which are not dilated and dentate distally and are
moreover, so far as I can judge, relatively very much larger, more irregularly arranged
and not nearly so uniform in length. It is also not specifically identical with the
specimens of P. psidw, Mask., recorded by me in this Bulletin (Vol. i, p. 67, and Vol.
i, p. 94). Many of the examples were attacked by a parasitic fungus, and they were
also preyed upon by a predaceous Lepidopterous larva, of which there were several
examples. A description of the cocoons of the latter is appended below.

Larva with the whole of the upper surface protected by a tough silken cocoon,
into which is incorporated the remains of the Coccid (Pulvinaria africana, Newst.)
and its ovisac ; the bodies of the female Coccids often more or less intact ; the remains
of the ovisacs are sometimes arranged in narrow spiral-like bands, or they may
completely cover the semi-cocoon. Plant hairs and the mycelium of a fungus also
present. Ventral surface of the larva nude.

Cocoon, containing a parasitised pupa, complete, but thinner on the ventral surface
than elsewhere. The general form is slightly more elongate than the semi-cocoon of
the larva. Comminuted remains of the Coccid and its ovisac incorporated, as in the
cocoon of the larva.

Ceropiastes avicenniae, sp. nov.

Female test. More or less hemispherical, smooth and more or less evenly rounded,
with very faint traces of plates, apparently arranged as follows: one dorsal, one
anterior, two bilateral and one anal; in each of the first three is a dark brown or
almost black nuclear spot with a white centre; the anal plate with three similar
spots placed closely together, the central one, formed by the tip of the caudal pro-
cess, being without a white centre. ‘Two examples gave the following measurements :
(1) length, 7° mm., diameter, 7 mm., height, 6 mm. ; (2) length, 7 mm., diameter,
6 mm., height, 6 mm.

Female, adult. Semiglobular in shape, but slightly longer than broad ; integument
highly chitinised but thin ; submarginal tubercles well developed and five in number ;

* N.Z. Trans., XXV, p. 223 (1892).
t Coceidae of Ceylon, p. 264 (1909).

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 25

one cephalic and two bilateral, each of the latter placed just above the stigmatic
clefts; median dorsal tubercle prominent and keel-like. Caudal process long,
stout, measuring 1'2-1°3 mm. long. Frontal margin slightly produced ; posterior
margin, immediately beneath the caudal process, with a similar projection but wider
and with a median division (anal cleft). Stigmatic clefts quite small and shallow.
Antennae of eight segments, of which the 3rd, 5th, and 8th are the longest. Stig-
' matic spines minute, conical, arranged three to four deep, centrally, but diminishing
in number bilaterally at the extreme margin. Legs normal, as far as can be traced.
Gland pores of the integument simple, somewhat thinly and irregularly scattered.
Marginal spines not traceable in the three females examined.

British GuIANA: Mahaica Creek, on courida (Avicennia mtida), viii. 1916 (G. E.
Bodkin).

The old adults when denuded of the test are very like those of Ceroplastes ceriferus
(Anderson), but the caudal process is slightly shorter and the number and arrange-
ment of the submarginal tubercles differ in a marked degree. Only one antenna
has been studied, and this, so far as one can judge, consists of eight segments, but
the articulations are ill-defined and difficult to trace ; clearly however it is markedly
different from that of C. ceriferus.

Ceroplastes bipartitus, sp. nov.

Female test. Colour, in dried specimens, very like pale dirty beeswax. In the
young adults the test is broadly oval, somewhat hemispherical and divided into
nine plates: three bilateral, one cephalic, one anal and one dorsal, the last-named
with a conspicuous dark brown or blackish, oval spot, with a central elongated patch
of pure white wax; the nuclear spots to the lateral plates are smaller and generally
much less conspicuous than the dorsal one. Margin over the stigmatic areas with
a pair of laterally compressed and somewhat disc-shaped extensions, each extension
carrying on its edge a narrow strip of opaque white wax, the tip of which sometimes
reaches the dark nuclear spot of the lateral thoracic plate. In very old examples.
the test has increased in thickness considerably, but this has been so much damaged
in transit as to render it useless for descriptive purposes; however, one can trace
the curious marginal extensions, which are somewhat like a narrow-waisted and dis-
torted bobbin, or the toy used in the once popular game “ diabolo.” Average
length of young adults, 3 mm.; height, 16-2 mm.; average length of old adults,
6 mm.; height doubtful.

Female, adult. Denuded of wax, hemispherical ; caudal process very long, varying
in length from one-half to a little less than one-half the length of the remaining
portion of the insect. Submarginal tubercles small, but generally clearly defined :
one cephalic and three bilateral, the two over the stigmata slightly more pronounced
than the rest. When examined under a high power lens, by transmitted light, these
tubercles are seen to be traversed by clear cell-like tracts forming an irregular reticu-
lated pattern. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that these may be the special
set of glands which secrete the nuclear spots in the centre of the plates in the test.
Derm relatively thin, but strongly chitinised. Pores minute, separated over a large
portion of the dorsum by slightly varying distances equalling the length of one of

26 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

the short segments of the antennae or two of them together. Stigmatic clefts
(fig. 17, b) relatively shallow, but very clearly defined; spines short, obconical, those
at the extreme margin very minute and stud-like. Marginal spines or hairs not trace-
able. Antennae (fig. 17, a) of six segments, the 3rd longer than the last three
together. Legs normal. Length of denuded female, inclusive of the caudal
process, 45-4°6 mm.; length of caudal process, 1:3-1‘5 mm.

Male puparium (fig. 17, e,e,). Consisting of two distinct parts; the lower half
boat-shaped, and of a glassy, vesicular texture, as in those typical of the genus.
Lecanium; the upper portion opaque, low, convex, and of a dirty beeswax colour,
with nine narrowly rectangular, submarginal patches of snow-white secretion. Anal

Fig. 17. Ceroplastes bipartitus, Newst., sp. n.°
a, antennae of 9; b, stigmatic cleft of 9; ¢, derm of
Q; e, e1, puparium of ¢, dorsal and lateral views.

cleft apparently obsolete. On the emergence of the male the whole of the upper
portion falls away, leaving the ventral half attached to the food-plant. The line of
cleavage between the upper and lower portion is clearly defined in those puparia
from which the imprisoned male has not escaped. Length, 1-6 mm.

SoutH Arrica, 1914 (de Charmoy).

Ceroplastes destructor, sp. nov.

Ceroplastes ceriferus (Anderson) Newstead, Bull. Ent. Res. 1, pp. 66, 195 (1910).

Female test. White, creamy white or dirty white ; exceedingly soft and containing
an excess of moisture. Form irregular, with large but ill-defined gibbose protru-
berances ; sides usually with two narrow opaque lines of secretion from the stigmatic
clefts. No trace of lateral plates. Length, 5-8 mm.

Female, adult. More or less hemispherical, with the sides often slightly compressed ;
caudal process long; integument castaneous and highly chitinised, smooth and

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 27

shining, and without fovea or lateral tubercles. Antennae of six segments, the
3rd being as long as the 4th, 5th, and 6th together; the last three segments with
stiff and bluntly pointed, spinose hairs. Legs small; hind femora very short and
often distinctly incrassate ; hind tarsi equal in length to the tibiae, or sometimes
slightly longer. Claw very short; lower digitules very long and stout; upper
digitules normal. Stigmatic clefts well defined, but relatively small; stigmatic
spines very small and pointed, bases not constricted ; basal attachment (disk) very
large. Caudal process (after maceration) transparent and somewhat flexible ; sides
with an irregular double row of short spinose hairs, and in addition to these there
are two pairs of longer hairs (one pair of which is twice the length of the others)
slightly ventral to the row of short ones and towards the distal extremity. Anal
lobes short and highly chitinised. Dorsal pores very small, rather widely separated.
Ventral integument opposite the caudal process, with rather extensive groups of
circular pores, many of which, in well cleared specimens, are linked together with lines
of dark chitin. Length, 4-7 mm.

Female, second stage. Pyriform, the sides without tubercular projections ; caudal
process long. Eyes relatively large. Antennae of six segments and very similar

Fig. 18. Ceroplastes destructor, Newst., 3; a, antenna; 6, puparium.

to those of the old adult female. Legs small; tibiae and tarsi of equal length.
Stigmata large ; parastigmatic’ glands extending in a broad band to the stigmatic
clefts. Stigmatic spines 40-50 in number, one of which is considerably larger than
the rest; there is also a single long simple spine on either side of the group, near
the extreme margin. Ventral group of circular pores slightly larger than those in
the adult, and the chitinous strips connecting them are absent. Dorsum thickly
studded with spinnerets, which are interspersed with short stout spines dilated
distally. Caudal process absent. Length, 2-3-7 mm.

In the second larval stage of the female the waxen appendages are arranged in a
very similar way to those in Ceroplastes ceriferus, Anderson.

Male puparium (fig. 18, 6). Elongate, faintly yellowish white or faintly greenish
yellow; texture hard, glass-like and opalescent ; dorsum with a central boss-like
_ patch of white secretion ; margins with three relatively large, opaque, white appen-
dages, which are often sub-divided. Anterior extremity with three similar but much

28 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

smaller appendages, the outer ones diverging from the central one; these processes
are however often wanting and seem to be readily abraded; many of them are
also strongly recurved over the dorsum. Length, 1°5-1‘7 mm.

Male. Dried examples dull red-brown or dusky brownish-crimson. Ventral
ocelli in a single pair. Antennae (fig. 18, a) short and stout and of ten segments.
Genital armature styliform and very long. No visible trace of caudal filaments,
though the usual organs for the attachment of these are present. Wings strongly
and beautifully iridescent, and when seen by direct light the membrane appears
distinctly and regularly punctate.

This Ceroplastes has twice previously been recorded (loc. cit.) as being doubtfully
referable to C. ceriferus, Anderson; and this chiefly because of the striking simi-
larity of the old adult females to those of the latter. With a more extensive series
of specimens, in all stages, one has been able to gather that the Uganda insect is in
many ways markedly distinct; more especially so are the young adult females,
the male and its puparium.

Ceroplastes egbarum, Ckll.

Male puparium. Narrowly elongate; ventral half shaped like a shallow boat,
opaque glassy white; upper half also glassy beneath, but covered with a thick,
opaque, creamy-white layer of wax; with or without a median depression, in the

Fig. 19. Ceroplastes egbarum, CkIl., 3 pupa, xX 130.

centre of which is a very short elongated process of white faintly segmented secretion,
which is broadly divided transversely in the centre. Marginal processes similar ;
three on each side and two cephalic. The dorso-ventral scales are rather widely

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 29

separated distally from a point near the centre of the puparium, so that the terminal
portion of the abdomen of the enclosed pupa is more or less exposed. The examples
submitted are grouped together in long narrow colonies, two or three abreast, one
overlapping the other with, generally, the lower half of the puparium only exposed.
Length, 2-22 mm.; width, 1 mm.

Pupa (fig. 19, a). With well developed wing-pads and three large anal tubercles.
Length, 2 mm.

Pro-pupa. Antennae of six segments, of which the 3rd and 6th are longest, the
former longest of all. Stigmatic spines three, narrowly conical, the central one the
longest. Marginal hairs few and widely separated. Just within the margin is a series
of exceptionally long subcutaneous gland-tubes, which are placed rather closely
together.

Gotp Coast: Tamale, on Pithecolobium saman, 31.1.16 (C. Saunders).

The discovery of the male puparia is of much interest. They were attached to the
same branch as two of the females, but were slightly separated from the latter.

Ceroplastes lamborni, sp. nov.

Test of old adult female. Conical, more or less vertical in front and sloping upwards
and forwards from the caudal process; sides with faint traces of three stigmatic
plates. The four white stigmatic processes extending beyond the margin. Colour,
in old dried examples, dusky red-brown and somewhat oily in appearance. Texture
hard and almost as brittle as resin. Length, 3°5mm.; height, 35mm. A slightly
larger example was also submitted, but this was imperfect.

Female, old adult. Dorsum obconical, with a deep constriction at the base in a line
with the caudal process ;_ sides below the constriction bulging and irregular ;_ cephalic
lobe well defined. Stigmatic clefts deep, but relatively small. Caudal process very
short, piceous. Integument shining, dull castaneous; the conical projection of the
dorsum with obscure black and more or less confluent spots. Antennae of six
segments, the 3rd much the longest and occasionally with a partial sub-division, the
Jength equalling the three succeeding segments; formula: 3, 2, 6, 1 (4,5). Legs
normal. Stigmatic spines small, conical and arranged in a relatively large, compact
group; one of them, near the centre, is slightly larger than the rest. Dorsal pores
small, with a minute cylindrical external projection resembling a truncated spine ;
intervening spaces faintly reticulated. Marginal spines traceable only in places,
minute and hair-like.

Female test, second stage. Somewhat rectangular in outline; dorsum with a well-
marked and somewhat angular prominence, behind which, immediately over the anal
orifice, is a broad tongue-shaped plate of dull white secretion ; sides with three well-
defined plates; stigmatic processes pure white and projecting considerably beyond
the margin, when perfect. Spaces between the plates and elsewhere translucent, the
colour of the sublying insect showing faintly through. Texture hard and brittle.

Female, second stage. Elongate, narrowed and produced in front, truncate pos-
teriorly ; dorsum with a strong keel or, in more advanced specimens, a fusiform
swelling, surrounded by a deep channel; sides more or less vertical; venter flat ;
eyes prominent; cephalic lobe strongly produced. Stigmatic clefts well defined.

30 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

On maceration in KOH the integument is thin and transparent, with the exception
of a small portion surrounding the minute caudal process. In very young females
the test is ovate, opaque and glassy, with a very elongated plate of bufi-yellow
secretion, the posterior end of which rests against the naked caudal process. Stig-
matic processes pure white and projecting beyond the margin.

SouTHERN NicErtA: Ibadan, on cacao and “on a large climber on bush tree ”
(Dr. W. A. Lamborn).

The tests of the old adults bear some resemblance to those of Ceroplastes coniformis,
Newst., but are markedly distinct. There isa striking, indeed a remarkable, difference
between the young and old examples, but their structural details are specifically
identical.

Ceroplastes subdenudatus, sp. nov.

Female test. Incomplete, covering only the central portion of the dorsum of the 9 ;
this is more or less bluntly conical, the apex with an irregularly pointed patch of dull
white wax, sometimes faintly stained with yellow or yellowish brown, with a central ©
nuclear spot ;_ the rest of the body of the 9 with a thin transparent coating of varnish-
like secretion ;_ stigmatic processes white, thread-like and curly, resting upon the sides
of the 2. Greatest diameter, 2°5-3°4; height, 2°3-3°6 mm.

Female, adult. Somewhat hemispherical, but the height is shghtly greater than the
diameter at the base, the latter circular in outline. Cephalic lobe and stigmatic clefts
rudimentary. Caudal process rudimentary and placed, as a rule, just above the
middle line between the margin and the centre of the dorsum. Surface shining,
faintly wrinkled at the sides. Antennae relatively small, of seven segments; 4th
much the longest ; formula, 4, 2, 3, 7, 1 (5, 6), or the 7th may equal the 3rd; long
stout spines on the last three segments. Stigmatic spines of two types; those at the
margin stout and pointed, forming a group of 15-16; the inner group obconical and
numbering 19-22. Marginal spines similar to the pointed ones in the stigmatic
clefts ; very few at the sides, but they are placed closely together on the cephalic
margin. Postanal arch of chitin with a well-marked series of circular pores.

Two specimens gave the following measurements: (1) diameter, 2°4; height, 3°3;
(2) diameter, 3-2; height, 3°5 mm.

UGANDA: Entebbe, on Acacia sp., 7.iv.14 (C. C. Gowdey).

Easily distinguished by the apical patch of white wax and the unusually long 4th
segment of the antennae.

Ceroplastes vuilleti, Marchal.*

Puparium of male. Hlongate. Colour of the dorsal half somewhat like that of
dirty beeswax, with seven relatively large protuberances partly covered with dirty
white, granular wax; one anterior, three bilateral and one central. Lower half
shaped like a shallow boat; posterior extremity often tilted upwards, with a narrow
transverse slit between the dorsal and ventral portions. Inner: surface dirty grey.
Length, 14-155 mm.; width, 0°7-0°8 mm.

* Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1909, p. 68; Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xxii, p. 165 (1909).

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—IV. 31

The specimens are badly weathered and discoloured, so that too much importance
must not be attached to the colour of the puparia as givenabove. Itis highly probable
that the protuberances of the dorsum were pure white when quite fresh and that the
texture was also more or less glassy.

Female, adult. Marchal (I. c.) has described the female and its test, in detail ; but
there are some structural points which need elaboration and these are appended below.

Antennae (fig. 20 a, a) of eight segments, the articulations of the last four
segments appearing very broad owing to the thinning down of the surrounding
chitin ; in one example the 4th and 7th segments show partial but irregular and
incomplete articulation. Another example has the normal number of segments on
one side, and on the other only six; the latter is clearly malformed, owing possibly
to the presence of Chalcidid parasites. Legs normal; lower pair of digitules not so
markedly dilated as is usual in the members of this genus; tarsi shorter than the
tibiae. Dorsal pores (fig. 20, b) very numerous; the intervening spaces finely and
faintly reticulated in the more highly chitinised portions. Stigmatic clefts deep and

Fig 20. Ceroplastes vuilleti, Marchal, 9; a, a, antennae;
b, derm glands.

| broad ;” the spines at the outer edge relatively long and pointed ;_ the broadly ovate,

| Inner group very short, conical and placed closely together; one in the centre of the
group is larger than the rest. Marginal spines similar to those at the edge of the
stigmatic clefts, but smaller and widely separated. A number of minute spines are
scattered over the dorsum.

Marchal found one antenna with nine segments, but states that the additional
segment was probably due to the sub-division of the 8th. His description and figure
of the stigmatic cleft and the marginal spines is correct, but he evidently failed to
determine the true character of the group of minute conical spines on the interior of
the clefts. Apart from these details my examples agree with the rest of Dr. Marchal’s
description and figures.

S. Nicer1a: Agege and Ibadan, abundantly on pigeon-peas, 1913 (Dr. W. A.
Lamborn).

Dr. Lamborn is to be congratulated on the discovery of the male puparia, as little
is known, comparatively speaking, of the males or their metamorphoses in this genus.

32 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

Ceroplastes zonatus, sp. nov.

Female test. Broadly ovate in outline, highly convex; marginal plates very
faintly indicated, but apparently without nuclear spots; dorsal plate very large,
with a central nuclear spot of white wax ; cephalic margin slightly clypeate ; lateral:
margins in very old examples with a pronounced foot-like extension from each of the
stigmata, from which there extends a thick white waxen appendage. In the younger
forms the foot-like extension is wanting, but the white waxen appendages are present
and always porrected. Colour creamy white, suffused with very pale brown; dorsal
plate surrounded by a shaded wavy zone of dark brown and brownish black, with
here and there a suffused patch of dull flesh-colour. In very old examples the zone }
of colour extends to the margins and is of a shining madder-brown to piceous colour.
On the removal of the outer surface of the test with chloroform, it is seen to be divided

Fig. 21. Ceroplasies zonatus, Newst., sp. n., 9; a, antenna;
b, stigmatic cleft, with spines; ¢, portion of anterior group of
spines ; d, portion of proximal group of spines.

into seven areas by pale orange-coloured lines ; a central polygonal area, corresponding
to the area occupied by the dorsal plate, from the angles of which radiate to the
margin single lines marking off the areas of the lateral and cephalic plates.

Female, adult (denuded of the test). Ovate; cephalic margin clypeate; dorsum
low and wrinkled ; twe large, bilateral, submarginal extensions, both longitudinally
striated; the space between these extensions of the body-wall and the margin
markedly constricted. Dorsum with a large keel-like process. Caudal process very
short and conical. Stigmatic clefts deep. Antennae (fig. 21, a) of eight segments ;
the articulations relatively very broad; 3rd about equal in length to the 7th and 8th

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)——IV. 33

together ; a very long hair on the 2nd and 5th, and a slightly shorter one on the 8th ;
there are two spines on the 8th and one on the 7th. Legs normal. Stigmatic spines
(fig. 21,6) covering a large and somewhat pyriform area, the length of which is nearly
equal to twice the length of the antennae ; the spines, with the exception of a small

roup near the stigmata, are obconical and the space between them with bands of
Task granular bodies, which collectively form a polygonal reticulation (fig. 21, ¢) ;
the small proximal group of spines (fig. 21, d) are longer than the others and pointed.
No trace of marginal spines. Derm thin and transparent after maceration ; rather
thickly set with minute pores and minute scattered spmes. Caudal process surrounded
by a porose zone of brown chitin. Length, 3-9-4°6 mm.

Soutu Arrica: 1914 (EZ. d@ Emmerez).

Inglisia theobromae, sp. nov.

Female test (fig. 22,a). Strongly bilobed, the lobes forming two cones, which aré
confluent at their bases; each cone is rounded ventrally and almost flat dorsally,
with the ends truncated. In the younger forms the cones are fixed at an angle of,
approximately, 45°; in the old adults they are much more diverted and in some

1
a

iit

Fig. 22. Inglisia theobromae, Newst., sp. n., 2; a, test; b, anal appendages
of test; c, c, anteunae; d, stigmatic and marginal spines.

instances assume an almost horizontal position. The cones are strongly fluted
vertically and very finely striate transversely. Colour pinkish buff with a faint
pearly lustre. Anal aperture (fig. 22, 6) inthe young adults with a pair of thin, trans-
lucent, waxen plates, upon which there rests a pencil of thick, white, waxy filaments
with truncated ends; the latter are held in place by the anal lobes and their accom-
panying bristles. Above the lobes a small irregular mass of dusky secretion.

(C365) o

34 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

Length, between the extremities of the cones, 45 mm.; height of middle line,
2mm. Young adults measure: 2°2 mm. between the extremities of the cones, and
15 mm. along the middle line of the dorsum. These may be taken as average
measurements.

Female, adult. Shape similar to that of the test, but shrivels on drying, so that the
test readily falls away in two parts. Antennae (fig. 22 c, c) of seven or eight segments ;
in the former case the 4th is the longest, but invariably bears one or more partial
divisions ; in those having eight segments the 3rd is the longest. Stigmatic clefts
obsolete, the position occupied by a single long spine (fig. 22, d) which is equal in length
to two-thirds of the antenna ; it is sometimes strongly curved at the end. Stigmata
just within the margin and between them three to four circular pores. Marginal
spines (fig. 22, d) in an irregular row, and of two sizes; all are conical and sharply
pointed. Anal orifice surrounded by a very long loop-shaped band of dense chitin.
Anal lobes pointed ; inner edge with two tubercular projections; the tubercles and
the tip each with a spine, and there is also a very large spine attachment in the middle
of the apical projection. Anal ring with six hairs. A narrow line of dorsal pores
extends from the anal lobes to the region of the proboscis; the latter relatively
small and the mentum monomerous.

' Ucanpa: Nagunga, on stems of cacao pods and flowers, 18.ix.15 (C. C. Gowdey).

In the form of the test this species bears a close resemblance to I. castalloae, Green,*
but differs in having the ends truncated, in the absence of the “deep transverse
furrow extending downwards from the apex of each cone’ and the “ rounded lips ”
forming the border behind and in front. Furthermore, the female of I. castilloae
has no stigmatic spines, and the antennal characters are also different.

* Jour, Econ. Biol., vi, p. 29, pl. i. (1911).

NATURAL TRANSMISSION OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS (T. PECORUM
GROUP) IN THE ABSENCE OF TSETSE-FLY.

By Rupert W. Jack, F.E.S.,

Government Entomologist, Southern Rhodesia.
(Maps I & II.)

The opinion that trypanosomiasis of the T. pecorwm type is, under favourable
conditions, transmissible amongst domestic stock through the agency of blood-
sucking flies other than Glossina has been expressed by several observers.”

Observations in Southern Rhodesia during the past seven years have convinced
the writer that, given the necessary conditions, transmission of this disease may
take place in the absence of tsetse-fly, and that such transmission has occurred more
frequently than has been generally recognised. It may be of interest therefore to
give the facts concerning several outbreaks in the territory which form a chain of
evidence pointing to the above conclusion. The trypanosome was in each case
diagnosed by Mr. Ll. EK. W. Bevan, Veterinary Bacteriologist, 8. Rhodesia :—

I. Ts cattle. Farm on railway about 3 miles N.E. of Gatooma. Season 1909-10.
Ten cattle were brought to farm about 26th October 1909, from Victoria, but had
been by rail to Salisbury and back to Gatooma. Two were brought to farm about
6th December. At the time of my visit, 3lst January, the two latter were healthy ;
but the remainder, of which one had already died, were all “ fly-struck,” the first
case having been noticed during the first week in January. The range of the cattle
was confined to the farm, the road between the farm and Gatooma and across the
railway to the Cam mine. Fly is known to exist 3 to 5 miles to N.E. (see Map J).
The writer spent a full week looking for fly on this farm and in the vicinity with
negative results. A few specimens of Tabanus and a few Stomoxys calcitrans were
seen about the cattle. Karly in March the two remaining cattle fell sick and were
diagnosed by Bevan as suffering from trypanosomiasis. Since that year cattle
have lived in a healthy state on this farm.

Il. 4H.’s cattle. Farm within 2 miles of Gatooma to S.E. Season 1909-10.

Forty cows were on the farm for sixteen months and out of these nineteen showed
symptoms of trypanosomiasis (diagnosed by Bevan). The only occasion on which
any left the farm was from August to November, 1909, when all but six went to
the Inez Mine (opposite direction to the fly belt). The first case was recorded in July
1909. Stomoxys calcitrans, Lyperosia sp. and two species of day-feeding mosquitos
were common about the range of the cattle. No tsetse was seen on or near this farm,

* (1). Kinghorn & Montgomery: ‘“‘A Report on Trypanosomiasis of Domestic
Stock in N.W. Rhodesia.” —Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., June, 1908.
(2). G. E. Owen: ‘‘ Mechanical Transmission in Trypanosomiasis.’—J1. Comp. Path.

Therap., September, 1914. (The species of Trypanosome in this instance is not certain.)
(3). H. Llewelyn Jones: ‘“‘ The Treatment of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle caused by
the Trypanosoma pecorum.”’—Jl. Comp. Path. Therap., June, 1915.

(C365) 2

36 RUPERT W. JACK.

and there was no subsequent reason to believe that “ fly’ occurs in the vicmity.
Many cattle are used on the roads in and out of Gatooma, and if fly occurred the
fact could not remain hidden.

III. Chicago Mine. 8. bank of Msweswe River and about 5 miles HE. of railway
line. Season 1909-10.

Thirty-six oxen had been at work near the mine for two years, drawing crushing
material from a shaft about a mile from the mine. The only time when any of them
were away was when four oxen drew a Scotch cart to Gatooma and back about
a month before Christmas 1909. The first case was noticed in March 1910 (diag-
nosed by Bevan). At the time of my visit, 6th April,-five cattle had died and at
least ten more were “struck.” SS. calcitrans and Lyperosia sp. were extremely
numerous about the cattle. The writer could find no sign of tsetse in four days,
and there has been no subsequent reason to believe that fly occurs at this spot.
Cattle have been working on other mines near by for years, but early in 1909 fly-
struck cattle were brought to the Lydia Mine, which is only a short distance across
the river from the Chicago, and may have initiated the outbreak. The nearest
known fly belt is 12-15 miles distant in a straight line to the north.

IV. M.’s swine. Farm on N. bank of Umfuli River, on E. side of and adjacent to
railway line. Visited on 15th November 1911.

A number of sows had been on the farm for two years. The first death occurred
on 15th October 1911, and fifteen had died up to time of the visit, as well as one
boar. A large number of young pigs on the farm were all healthy, and a number
of cattle there also remained unaffected. Tabanus taeniola was very abundant on
the cattle at the time of the visit, but did not pester the swine much. S. calcitrans
was abundant on the swine. This farm is about 10 miles from any part in which
one would expect to see tsetse, but the fly was at that time probably carried occa-
sionally close to Hartley, which is about 3 miles distant from the farm. The
immunity of the cattle, apart from other facts, practically proves that something
other than tsetse was responsible for the spread of the disease amongst the pigs.
- (N.B.—Bevan is doubtful as to the trypanosome in the swine being identical with
that affecting cattle in the district, but states that morphologically it belongs to
the T. pecorum group.)

V. S.’s & G.’s swine. Adjacent farms on the Umfuli River. S.’s farm is also
adjacent to M.’s. Date of visit, 29th January 1916.

Of 8.’s swine, three pigs were bought from M. and had remained on the farm since
January 1914. On 18th December 1915, 32 sows arrived from East London. A
sow from Kast London died on 15th November 1915, and a second on the 27th,
both being heavy in young. On 21st December, 40 pigs arrived from East London
(35 sows and 5 boars) To that date, 19 heavy sows and 1 boar had died and two
more died during the writer’s visit, whilst several young pigs showed symptoms of
being “struck.” Other pigs died subsequently. Cattle ranged on the farm over
the same ground as the swine and all remained healthy. Tabanus fuscipes and
Haematopota sp. were and had been very troublesome to the pigs since the commence-
ment of the rains. S. calacitrans was moderately abundant, and the pigs were,
of course, much infested with lice (Haematopinus).

NATURAL TRANSMISSION OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS. 37

G.’s pigs were obtained from 8. and were exposed to similar conditions, and the
outbreak took a similar course. Cattle also remained healthy on this farm.*

VI. M.’s Cattle. Sikombella River; Sebungwe District.

In this outbreak the sequence of events is so clearly defined and the distance of
the farm from any fly belt so great that it constitutes in itself a definite proof of the
transmission of this form of trypanosomiasis in the absence of Glossina. The situa-
tion of the farm in relation to the fly belts in the district is shown in the accompanying
map (Map II). The outbreak occurred in the 1915-16 season and the history
of the affected cattle is given by the owner as follows :—

“In September 1915, four spans of oxen were taken to Sileya’s kraal and were
employed in transport work between that kraal and Sikombella until 17th December.
During October eight of these were taken by a Dutchman into the fly belt on the
Sassame River—it may have been the Ensengwe River fly belt in the vicinity of
the Sabala River (Bandala’s kraal)—and on and off after that were in contact with
the remainder of the four spans until 17th December.f After this they were running
not only with the remainder of the four spans, but with all the cattle on Sikombella
farm; the eight infected oxen were all dead by the end of December, one having
died with the first rain at Sileya’s on or about 15th November. At the middle of
February some twenty head showed sick, but the true cause was not, suspected
at that time. About 25th February a team of healthy-looking oxen, made up of
11 oxen which had been to Sileya’s and 5 young oxen which had not previously left
the farm, were inspanned and sent to Gokwe with a load in company with another
team of 16; which had been to Sileya’s and looked fit ; two of these died on the road
up, including one of the young oxen, and some six others became sick, including
three of the young animals (these three subsequently recovered and are now working‘)
I now removed all sick animals to a camp about a mile away, but from time to time
I had to keep adding an animal which showed sick amongst the‘healthy herd.
Towards the end of March two old cows and my bull (none of which had left the
farm) became sick ; the two cows quickly died, one leaving a very young calf, which
is alive to-day ; the bull has entirely recovered since. From the end of February
the infected cattle were dying at the rate of two or three a week for two months,
after which the death rate would be about one a fortnight until the end of September ;
some 12 head of infected cattle remaining at that date have recovered and are now
working. Some 36 head have died, including the 8 fly-struck animals; all these
showed typical fly sickness. With the exception of the eight oxen taken into the.
fly belt, none of my oxen have ever been in the vicinity of a fly belt, having only
travelled the main road between Sileya’s kraal and Queque; also the main road
between Sikombella Farm and Pondo Mine (years ago)—Mr. Luxat’s.”

Cattle had been living in a healthy condition on this farm and near by for years.
The writer visited the locality in August 1916, and after exploring the vicinity for
three days on the possibility of fly having “‘ come down” to the farm from the belt

* The location of the preceding five outbreaks is indicated on Map I.

+ The oxen returned with the waggons from Sileya’s kraal to the Sikombella River
in December.

t The disease was diagnosed by Bevan from smears taken from these three oxen.

38 RUPERT W. JACK

Map I.

SX >

- New Milky Way
*Golden Valley

Sketch-map showing the position of the Gatooma tsetse area.

39

NATURAL TRANSMISSION OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS,

Map II,

rs
e

\Bululai K's
py fa Tie taken by the 8 ano % 4
N
~—s>
ahs, So

\
1
he Guwe2* oa
SE Sm Mumbwe

egetela
ANS
Ml i
a Ae My
3a 2=©0s Nyamararo
oa ie)
A oe
Wunu ar 38Gadoma
&. a Gorodema.
” Vp
\ con =
——— \e
sie] Senyeniti
/ yy Qwtany, is ae
r a you 2 Mope
iss %
{yt vIri
ae

'd Kraal/)

/ a

Robbs Drift

“ally
Messy, i ‘Ny,
NA

img "
Cine

e

% :
4

SiN. \

.MANVoOnI _pSilika I
> Stay wfeMarume Mkulu
rses Nijelele a < Or;,
4 Cattle) , Wo. Little Sidoma.
" R. Ad a
latives keep Seng
attle here EAS
nym = wy .
me *€ySidoma, Mkul
c , Z “Nhiiys,, Fp
R.Mbumbusi Ona sr >’ ae
e &
eos
R.Iattope att Am ms orn, fF S
arm 36S rcs ~ 80
Scene of outbreak No.Vi "S et } Suna
Vag COMMIT ES Mine
&Do a Ane
bella

Sketch-map showing the position of the fly areas in the Sebungwe District.

40 RUPERT W. JACK.

to the north, travelled down the Gwanyika River and down the Umniati to ascertain
if any movement of the fly had taken place. No fly were encountered until the spot
was reached where its southern limit on the Umniati River was marked in 1914.
From the Umniati the return journey to Gokwe was made via the Mtanka River,
all the country traversed, as on previous occasions, proving free from fly.

The following points are noteworthy in connection with the cases cited above :—

(1). In all cases the outbreak attained its height during the spring and summer
months (October—April).

(2). In all cases, in connection with which sufficient time has elapsed for such
observation, there has been no recrudescence of the disease in the following
season, although susceptible animals have still been kept in the same locality.*

(3). In all cases infection occurred only amongst animals that were herded
together.

From the foregoing it appears probable :—

(a) that the transmitting agent or agents are abundant in the spring and summer
and disappear or decrease greatly in number in the winter ;

(b) that the disease is not readily transmissible under Southern Rhodesian
conditions by these agents from chronic cases that live over until the rains
or recover ; 7

(c) that the agents concerned in this method of transmission are not capable
of perpetuating the disease indefinitely, or are only capable of doing so
under exceptional circumstances ;

(d) that- the method of transmission is of a mechanical and not of a cyclical
nature ;

(e) that the segregation of infected animals (on showing temperature) would
in the absence of tsetse effectively check the spread of the disease.

Allowing for the moment that the deduction given tentatively under (a) is correct,
very few species of blood-sucking Diptera are eliminated by this statement, as, apart
from Glossina morsitans and certain species of Hippobosca, all the common blood-
sucking flies are very much scarcer in winter than in summer. Moreover, observa-
tions as to the prevalence of possible transmitting agents in the locality of the out-
breaks furnishes a number of different species as likely subjects for experiment.
The most probable agents are included in the following :—TZabanus fuscipes,
T. taeniola, Haematopota pertinens, Haematopota spp., Stomoxys calcitrans, Lyperosia
and mosquitos. Of these it must be admitted that S. calcitrans and mosquitos are
the only agents that are everywhere abundant throughout the season over which
infection extends. It is, however, by no means necessary to infer that the power
of mechanical transmission is confined to one species or to one family ; and in view
of Mitzmain’s;failure to associate S. calcitrans with the transmission of surra in the
Philippines, it appears unlikely that this species is solely responsible in regard to
the present.disease. The ‘whole matter calls for careful experiment and investiga-
tion. ;

* This is, of course, contrary to the experience in Barotseland and Portuguese East
Africa

NATURAL TRANSMISSION OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS. 41

With regard to (b) and (c), these deductions are fully borne out by experience in
this territory where fly-struck cattle have been freely moved into fly-free areas in the
past. These movements have not resulted in establishing trypanosomiasis in any
area away from the fly belts. If this method of transmission can continue freely
and indefinitely, it is difficult to understand why the disease has not by this time
become generally spread throughout the continent.

In no instance as yet recorded in Southern Rhodesia, however, can Glossina be
definitely disassociated from the inception of the outbreak. The main point is, that
the herding of “ fly-struck ” cases with healthy animals is a practice attended with
danger, especially in the spring and summer months.

eek | AIR ATMOROMATEMR DIO i ait

fb PSH O AEG XD vd. tua aero elut 6 eis ecoion had
Odt ci, anete aoqiytt odak bavoiv vise} ada 3% ack
HOG, thie BiRA HOLOBENRE: pats de s\cintesy: ib hebland di
yy leer! exci aod, aeQlwolesinninest Jo bedi ada
ira nidd, = JOuk eadkonessils ¢ odd. Vile Devas po
s, Asmcityoa, att die
. od | pargqeosy) map save won ,aleobod st sip d 08 i bab f
sad? al ni aa ant dead add to. nos iret ie aD f tort bedaloodin F, elation t
diiv holiignte gars A tl al Laser lees yetlaed Agia Ae fy : |

| ald roan OAL i Y

yee an, saith — =

10. yalbyed: *
ies t ties StH ey, 10% ;

, Li
F *
T Fee
Let
: fit
13- j ) , ;
»* a if ‘
j ty | bets
f trunnnisaon 40 of « Mmechetticah Awe,
ae
; - . ‘ é
in TFA & recauiatt) ty : 4 rl Mis dA) hare =p
| t elentivey chook the wie al thas

love Shak sf | i thent At weG pee pee v) baht su Javely anor ta hos ;
vec Of Dn aS I Aree e olbnimatedl hie thie gtate
won weleni and Certa ypewies 0) \ Hepat all. vi aomanen fo
Ab 5 nv jst Sateen Li wit ; n “A56 it eu, "Mocevret, 0 ie
Lone of peghitlle thu. ving agenda ae tie doanliey et he a <i
mbar of eeedeont spies i Viale subjects fir ex,
pputvse. he, tgertocic ro the following tn Tobanes, Doty
; 7 a
| 7 ern Saat hail aes etornta, Up Stomyrys calevtrans, . ba
Ei ecquicd OF shea le penne ee i a a Ree el Soca
tien & é + i ; ; if | be is , .

mt (2° coon are?
Mite oxteuk irik So

. eet T
, meiry “5 to: tnloy ti ‘o' be Dy

of sab. woos Hae lee
ta Lage Baits ow ive tie
rechaneae % ao \ibaly

Sabian: Te

EAs | Fe pan
"s "an
Africa

43

A NEW SPECIES OF PARAPHELINUS, PERK.,- FROM BRITISH GUIANA,
WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE GENUS AND THE ALLIED
APHELINUS, DALM.

By James WaterstTon, B.D., B.Sc.,

Imperial Bureau of Entomology, London.

During the past summer (1916) Mr. C. B. Williams has, on behalf of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Trinidad, been engaged in investigating the natural enemies
of Tomaspis and its allies, in the hopes of finding some effective means of controlling
the froghopper, Tomaspis saccharina, Dist., which in recent years has caused consider-
able damage to the sugar plantations of Trinidad. With this object Mr. Williams
has made collections of minute parasitic Hymenoptera in the Island and the adjacent
mainland of British Guiana, and this material has from time to time been forwarded
to me for study. Mr. Wilhams has from the first been fully alive to the importance
of securing any specimens of the egg-destroying Paraphelinus, Perk., and I am glad
to find species of this interesting genus in the gatherings from both Trinidad and
British Guiana. The literature dealing with Paraphelinus is scattered and perhaps
inaccessible to those to whom it is most likely to prove serviceable. I have therefore,
in some introductory notes, recapitulated the main facts in the life-history and host
attachment and added a bibliography to the present paper.

As an economic insect Paraphelinus owes its importance to the fact that while
most APHELININAE attack Aphids, Coccids, and Aleurodids, this genus destroys the
eggs of Xiphidium and Tomasms. Although the genus is of comparatively recent
erection, it is likely, as Dr. Perkins pointed out in his original description, that
Agononeurus locustarum, Giraud, bred from the eggs of a grasshopper, Xiphidiwm
fuscum, is really a Paraphelinus. P. xiphidii, Perkins, is an efficient controller
(Swezey, 2, 4) of Xiphidium varipenne, Swez. The parasite was first observed in
March, 1905, in the grounds of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association’s Experi-
ment Station, Honolulu, where it had almost certainly been introduced.

The eggs of the Xiphidium are laid in clusters just beneath the leaf-sheath of the
sugar-cane, where they are attacked by the parasite ; 7-14 examples of Paraphelinus
may emerge from a single egg and occasionally the whole cluster of eggs (2-15) is
affected. Like many species of which several imagines emerge from a single host,
all the individuals in a brood of P. xiphidii use the same hole of emergence, which is
gnawed by the first to hatch out. The aperture is circular, and when the host egg is
closely pressed against the leaf-sheath, the latter as well as the egg-shell may be
gnawed through. If the Xiphidium egg is examined in balsam after the parasites
have emerged, the empty pupal envelopes of the Paraphelinus may be seen, together
with numerous darker granules within the shell. These granules are the accumulated
foecal matter which is discharged by the insect shortly after emergence. _ Para-
sitised eggs are bluish-black in colour. The life-cycle of Paraphelinus varies from
20-31 days, that of the host being three months; the parasite is thus placed at a
distinct advantage, and shortly after it was first noted, proof of its beneficial work
was given by the rapid disappearance of Xiphidium in some districts.

44 JAMES WATERSTON.

About three years later Swezey (4) recorded a disconcerting departure from the
usual habit of Paraphelinus. In February 1908, P. xiphidi was bred as a hyper-
parasite from cocoons of a Dryinid, Haplogonatopus, Perk.* Experiment showed
that Paraphelinus reared from the Dryinid readily attacked Xiphidium eggs and the
resulting imagines quite as freely reverted back to Haplogonotopus, attacking the
larva just before it pupated. Whether the host was an egg or larva the number of
Paraphelinus was the same, viz., 12 or 13 commonly.

Apparently P. xiphidii is a vigorous parasite, attacking whatever pabulum most
conveniently offers itself; and the unfortunate feature of this particular case of
hyperparasitism lies in the fact that it was desirable to protect the Dryinid because
it destroyed leaf-hoppers. X¢phidium varvpenne itself is partly a noxious insect,
in so far as it attacks tender shoots, flower stamens, etc., and partly useful as a
devourer of Aphids.

The material which I have had before me is as follows :—

(2) A single female—‘ St. Clair, Trinidad; 12.iv.16; swept from grass ”
(C. B. Willams), which I have determined as P. tomaspidis, How. (see notes
p. 96) ;

(b) two lots of a distinct new species from British Guiana: (i) Issororo, N.W.
Dist., 6.vii.1916, Lot 7, ““ Emerged from base of grass, Imperata caudata,
containing Tomaspis ? carmodyi” (C. B. Williams), 2 gg, 8 92; (i) ib. et
id., Lot 8, during July 1916, 83g, 2699;

(c) a slide containing a “ parasitised egg of Xiphidium g and 6 QQ of
Paraphelinus, Perkins ”—Lahaina, Maui, 28. ix. 1905 (O. H. Swezey) ; possi-
bly the seven examples referred to by Swezey (2, p. 215). This was generously
placed at my disposal by Dr. Perkins to treat as might seem best. The seven
examples have been remounted after careful potashing, the male and three
females being partly or completely dissected. These preparations with
others from Mr. Williams’ material are deposited in the British Museum.

Only the most careful manipulation will produce satisfactory preparations of
Paraphelinus. The wings may be detached from either dried or spirit material
and mounted in the way already suggested (Bull. Ent. Res. vii, p. 231-2) ; but after
potash and acetic acid, transference to oil should be gradually attempted. Three
or four graduated layers from oil to absolute alcohol in a narrow 1 inch tube are not
too many when dealing with such delicate organisms; the actual transference to
absolute should be effected as quickly as possible, for even a momentary pause will
permit the acid to evaporate and the preparation will be ruined. The object of
having the specimen charged with acetic acid when passed into absolute is to regulate
transfusion and to prevent collapse.

The slide of P. ziphidii was treated as follows :—The hard balsam at the edge
having been removed, a little xylol was run round the cover slip; when the xylol
had acted on the balsam fora short time two needle points were inserted a little apart
and the cover broken by pressure between. In this way the cover was gradually
chipped off without at any time bringing pressure to bear upon the brittle mounts.

* “ H. vitvensis. . . . No repetition of this hyperparasitism has since come to bend
notice.” —O. H. Swezey, in litt., Dec. 1916.

A NEW SPECIES OF PARAPHELINUS. 45

It was interesting to find that after ten years the balsam had hardened only for a
short distance from the edge. After being detached the specimens were thoroughly
soaked in xylol and transferred to spirit, after which they were manipulated in the
usual way.

External Morphology of Paraphelinus, Perk.

In the following account of Paraphelinus some notes of more than generic appli-
cation have probably been included. The value of particular characters, whether
tribal, generic, or specific, is at present very imperfectly understood in the Aphelinines.
In particular, too little attention has been paid (a) to the clypeus and mouth-parts,
especially the labrum, (b) to the sternal apophyses, and (c) to the general chaetotaxy ;
and in respect of these and some other features, I have tried to place the genus on
a sounder basis. :

Although the elongate facies, the antennae, and the head, distinguish the group
at a glance, it is perhaps worth noting that one of its most striking features—the
course and ending of the genal keel—might quite easily arise by an exaggeration of
conditions obtaining in other allied genera. In the not very closely related Cocco-
phagus group, é.g., 1m some quite thin-headed forms, the keel is well forward, though
the genae are normal. A little further shifting would cause the lower extremity of
the keel to fuse with the sides of the clypeus and the condition found in Paraphelinus
would result.. Similarly the antennae with their distinctive “ elbow ” and terminal
“horn ” might result from an inconsiderable modification of the antenna in A phelinus
itself. The cumulative effect of such shght differences however is decided, and
(apart from their host attachment) the species showing them form a compact genus.

The two known males are easily separated, but the females are extremely uniform,
presenting differences of a rather critical nature. In discussing the antennae I state
that 6 (7) joints are present ; 7.e., of these six are obvious, but the first funicular has,
I believe, the lamina or disc of the ring joint fused to it basally. With Perkins
and Howard I assign the penultimate joint to the funicle and consider the last joint
to be a solid club; Girault treats the penultimate as the first of a two-jointed club.
In its natural position (seen best in a specimen mounted without pressure in a cell
or under a supported cover-slip) the antennal “ beak” curves gently outwards and
the sense-organ appears in its normal position on the inner aspect. When, however,
the antenna is mounted separately, the weight of the cover-slip, without distorting
the general shape, brings the surfaces into the same or parallel planes, when the tip
of the antenna appears to be decurved, and the sense-organ is dorsal. All the figures
of the antenna have been drawn from this position. Besides the usual linear sensoria
the club bears two peculiar organs each with a central stouter bristle (?);
focussing down a little, these organs seem circular, but when the central bristle is
distinct the surrounding rim is vaguer. The head is particularly difficult to examine,
owing to the inequalities of surface it presents, and to its liability to collapse during
the process of mounting. The chaetotaxy and shape of the clypeus may be made
out in shrunken specimens, but notes on the proportions are worthless unless the head
is naturally swollen.

In the thorax noteworthy features are the slight advance of the axillae,
structure of the sternopleurae, etc. One peculiar abnormality of the dorsal chaetotaxy

46 JAMES WATERSTON.

deserves mention, viz., the very frequent failure of the second anterior medio-
dorsal bristle on the left side of the mid lobe. The lateral ridges of the propodeon
are really folds more or less internally strengthened. If preparations of Paraphelinus
are made too quickly, the thin mid-dorsal region of the thorax is apt to collapse
longitudinally, forming a more or less distinct furrow. This appearance can very
easily be produced by plunging a specimen into oil after incomplete dehydration.
Whether in life this line of weakness in the chitin has a sulcate appeareance or not
is uncertain, but I think the point worth mention, as Girault (6, p. 74) says of Para-
phelinus australiensis, ““ There is a narrow median grooved line down the thorax.”
P. speciosissimus, Gir., is much more isolated, and it was hardly advisable to recon-
struct the genus, as Mr. Girault (5) has done, from such a form. In four of the five
described species the forewings are hyaline or faintly tinted, not conspicuously
banded; the general coloration pale, not black and yellow; and the eyes hairy,
not bare. Later Mr. Girault (9, p. 180) mistakenly, as it seems to me, sank Para-
phelinus: “ The forms named Paraphelinus, Perkins, intergrade with the forms of
Aphelinus, Dalman, as the Australian species show, so that obviously there are not
two genera represented by them. Paraphelinus must therefore fall as a true synonym
of Aphelinus.”

In Aphelinus (sens. str.), which preys upon various Aphids, the head is short and
thin, normal, lenticular, with large eyes, behind which there is no temporal develop-
ment. The occiput is sharply margined where it joins the vertex. The genal keel
passes ventrally outside and behind the toruli ; the clypeus is practically in the same
plane as the frons, and its edge is straight. The mid lobe of the mesonotum is densely
covered with short sharp bristles, the parapsides, which are deeply invaded by the
axillae, bear 4 bristles. There are short, stout bristles on the metapleurae. The
fore wings are triangular and the hind wings broad, with a short fringe; the abdo-
minal tergites decrease in length posteriorly, and the ovipositor and its sheath are
short. In all these characters Aphelinus, Dalm., offers a precise contrast to Para-
phelinus, Perk. ; and there are other differences, less obvious but equally important ;
e.g., in Aphelinus instead of a backward-sweeping parabolic incrassation the pleurae
show a short nearly verticle anterior rib. The prepectora are medianly fused and,
in conjunction, band- or coilar-like, reminding one of the genus Coccophagus, to which
Aphelinus also approaches in its mandibles (cf. also the mesonotum). The genotype
of Aphelinus is A. abdominalis, Dalm. (Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., xl, p. 181,
t. 8, £. 55, 56, 1820), of which A. basalis, Westw. (Ann. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 122, 1833) is,
I believe, correctly regarded as a synonym. ‘The foregoing remarks on the generic
characters are based on an examination of two very old specimens of A. basalis in
the British Museum Collection ; one bears the data—‘ stood under this name in old
B. M. Coll.—C. Waterhouse”; the other is labelled “ basalis”’ in the handwriting
of F. Walker, to whom the determination of both examples is due. The first is now
completely dissected on two slides, the second mounted whole, except that the fore
wings are under a separate cover-slip.

But while Paraphelinus is distinct from Aphelinus, it is closely approached by the
small yellow-bodied group (at present placed in Aphelinus) which attack Coccids.
Whether Perkins’ genus should include the latter or not I cannot say; it is one of
the Coccid-destroyers, A. diaspidis, How. (Ann. Rept. Dept. Agric., p. 355, 1880),

A NEW SPECIES OF PARAPHELINUS. 47

which Howard has figured as representative of Dalman’s genus (U. 8. Rept. Agric.
Tech. Series, No. 1, p. 23, fig. 7, 1895).

Genus PARAPHELINUS, Perk.

Q Head (fig. 1, a, 6, c): In profile, long antero-posteriorly, the vertex, which
hardly rises above the level of the eyes, being flattened, lke the upper frons. Face
inflated, widening ventrally and curving in sharply above the perpendicular clypeus ;
genal keel short; temples and genae swollen, the latter widening ventrally. Eye
subtriangular, occupying about two-thirds of the depth, both upper angles broadly,

SEPT md

“ SS

Fig. 1. Paraphelinus aiphidii, Perk., Q: (a) head, thorax, and propodeon ;
(b) head, etc., in profile. Paraphelinus perkinsi, sp. n., Q: (ce) head, front view ;
(d) pronotum ; (e) presternal apophysis; (f) mesosternopleurae—all flattened.

the lower angle hardly at all, rounded, set with numerous bristles arranged in straight
rows. From above, the vertex is both broad and long, the orbits nearly parallel,
but slightly divergent posteriorly ; ocelli in a wide-angled triangle, the lateral pair
about two diameters from the edge ; supra-occipital edge broadly rounded ; temples
swollen distinctly backwards. From in front, the face proper contracts ventrally,
the most remarkable feature of the head here being the running of the broad genal
keel forward below the toruli to the upper angles of the clypeus, and the shortening

48 JAMES WATERSTON.

of the mouth-edge. The swollen out genae are carried forward beneath the toruli
also, and are largely visible from in front. In the middle of the clypeus is a minute
notch flanked on each side by a more or less distinct short lobe or tooth. The toruli
are elongate, sub-triangular, broadest ventrally, with their adjacent sides sub-parallel.

Antennae (fig. 2), 6 (7)-jointed ; scape, pedicel (ring-joint), three in funicle, club
solid. Bulla long, apex of pedicel oblique, funicular joints gradually expanded.
Second funicular joint set at an angle to the oblique apical dorsal surface of the first ;
second and third funicular in the same straight line, but the suture between them
is more or less oblique. Third joint with one sensorium; club wider than last
funicular, with several sensoria, and ending in a short outwardly curved beak. On

——————

Se

Fig. 2. Antennae of females of: (a) Paraphelinus perkinsi ; (b) P. xiphidvi; and
(c) P. tomaspidis.

the inner apical aspect is a small sense-organ consisting of 4—5 sensory hyaline bristles,
stouter than the elements of the general chaetotaxy of the antenna, standing above
definite passages through the integument of the club.

Mouth-parts: Labrum triangular, apically rounded, with 2 central preapical
bristles. Mandibles broad basally (8:7), tridentate. Trophi nearly circular; cardo
small and narrow, stipes swollen and broad ; maxillary palpus with the second joint
sometimes presenting a false appearance of being divided in two; labial palpus
longer than either joint of the maxillary ; ligula with two median setigerous cells.

Thorax (fig. 1, a, b, d, e, f) flat dorsally ; including the propodeon, half as long
again as broad, widest at the level of the fore wings. The pleurae are very little

A NEW SPECIES OF PARAPHELINUS, 49

convergent towards the rounded, nearly rectangular, postero-lateral angles of the
propodeon. The integument weakly chitinised and smooth or faintly patterned
along a narrow middle line ; the pattern beyond the middle line more raised towards
the sides and the cells generally longer than broad. Pronotum descending,
developed into two weakly connected triangular sclerites ; when flattened, deeply
emarginate anteriorly, straight posteriorly, the hind and lateral margins meeting in
rather over a rounded right-angle, befcre which is the deep semicircular spiracular
emargination. The longest and stoutest bristle 1s placed above the spiracle and
there is always another fairly stout bristle before the edge half-way from the postero-
lateral angle to the middle. Prosternum bare, rectangular, truncate posteriorly.
Episternite large, with a minute bristle anteriorly and half a dozen on the anterior
articulating projection. Mesonotum distinctly longer than the scutellum, mid-
lobe large, the width at the anterior extreme of the parapsidal furrows about equal
to the length ; 10 stout coloured bristles in two widely separated rows (4 : 4) about
the mid line and one inside each parapsidal furrow anteriorly. Side lobes narrow ;
two bristles on outer edge above the tegula, which also bears two bristles. The
suture between the mid lobe and scutellum broad, a little curved antero-laterally
where the small axillae (one bristle) shortly invade the rather narrow parapsides
Scutellum with 4 bristles (2: 2), wider apart than those on the mid lobe. At che
level of the anterior pair but a little nearer the mid line are a pair of clear pustules.
Mesophragma long and narrow, reaching back to below the hind margin of the first
abdominal segment. Metanotum and propodeon not carinate, but as both, espexially
the second, are declivous, about the mid line the latter shows up in a more or less
distinct ridge. Metanotum band-like (the smooth lateral hollows small and shallow),
present mainly as a broad short reticulated post-scutellum, which is widelv angled
over the propodeon. The latter as a rule nearly smooth, except medianly ; two
posteriorly slightly divergent faint lateral folds, so far apart as to be nearly in line
with the sides of the abdomen. Beyond each fold there is a narrow trisngular area
with a short anterior sulcus ; at the inner anterior angle lies the broadly oval moderate
sized spiracle. Sternopleurae: sternum broader than long, pattern various, but
rather large, very finely raised ; two minute widely-spaced bristles on anterior edge,
and 4 (one near each postero-lateral angle, and one on each side of the mid line) near
posterior edge. Between sternum and pleura is a weakly defined edge, obliterated
posteriorly (without internal support) and represented by a slight crease in flattened-
out preparations. At the anterior end of this crease, and confluent with it for nearly
half its length superiorly, there is a strong parabolic internal rib which, beginning
at the antero-lateral sternal angle, sweeps backwards, enclosing about four-fifths
of the pleural surface, and ends superiorly at the insertion of the forewing. The
area thus enclosed is a little more prominent than the posterior (epimeral) region,
which is delimited ventrally by a ridge, sloped from above the mid coxa diagonally
towards the upper anterior pleural angle and fading out (at about one-fourth) in
front of the parabolic rib already described. The pleural surface bears one minute
bristle antero-ventrally. The episternite is indicated only by an internal chitinised
suture. Prepectus large, antero-posteriorly striate, the cross reticulation nearly
obsolete. The internal chitinous rib very near the hind edge. The metapleurae
are absolutely bare.
(C365) D

50 JAMES WATERSTON.

Wings elongate, at least three times as long as broad, subspatulate in shape.
Neuration reaching to one-half or just beyond, and very little bent at the junction
of the marginal and submarginal. Submarginal cell narrow, with one minute
bristle on the upper surface at one-third from the radix, and 2-4 apically. Sub-
marginal vein with four short stiff bristles, one stronger on the marginal before
that vein reaches the costa, 6-8 major bristles frmging marginal and postmarginal
combined, while dorsally these veins bear 9-12 short appressed bristles. One
bristle on radius, which is acutely inclined towards the costa. Basally the wing
is narrowed, showing a few bristles below the submarginal. Across the wing, at
the junction of the marginal and submarginal, is a sloped indistinct bare area, and
another broad “hairless line,” much better defined and roughly parallel to the
first, crosses the wing from the end of the radius. This second track does not
reach the posterior edge, before which one or two rows of the usual discal ciliation
intervene. It is similarly cut off from the small clear spot outside the radius,

ea. Bl

> Ne a ma AAA Se <=

Fig. 3. Paraphelinus xiphidii, wings.

generally by one, sometimes by several, rows of bristles. The clear path shows
scattered black dots, which are not the bases of broken-off bristles, but under an
oil immersion are seen to be excessively minute prickles (rudimentary bristles 2)
set in the wing membrane. Beyond the bare track the discal ciliation is regular
and dense, coming evenly up to the margin everywhere, but tending to form an
isolated isoclinal row parallel to the costa on the apical half. Marginal cilia on
costa very short and dense, sparser and longer apically, longest on the distal
two-thirds of the hind margin and shortened again after the frenulum. Hind wings
not much shorter than the fore wings, with no submarginal cell, narrowed basally
and very elongate (up to eight times as long as broad). Posterior fringe long, equal
to the extreme breadth (at the hooks). Costal fringe moderate. There is a row
of minute bristles along the costa and a distinct isoclinal row subcostal in position.
Discal ciliation otherwise sparse, varying specifically.

Legs. Fore legs: femur with no strong ventral bristles, except a (coloured)
longer anterior one and a shorter (hyaline) posterior one, subapical in position ;

A NEW SPECIES OF PARAPHELINUS, Hl

tibia with the superior apical angle narrowed, chitinised, the apical comb hardly
developed, with 2-3 spines. Mid legs: tibiae long, spur long and thin. Hind
legs: coxae elongate, flat, oval; tibiae elongate, exceeding those of mid legs, spur
short and not half the first tarsal joint. Tarsal proportions: in the fore legs the
first and second tarsal joints are subequal (9:8), whilst in the mid and hind legs
the first joint is much longer than the second (4:3); joints 3 and 5 are subequal
in all the tarsi, 4 being a little shorter.

Abdomen elongate, acuminate, seen from above at least twice as long as broad,
from the petiole to the base of the ovipositor sheath. Dorsal surface smooth,
broadly in the middle, except for a narrow scaly reticulate band across the middle
of the first tergite. Towards the side this band becomes normally reticulate, while
at the extreme sides and on the overlaps of all the tergites the cells are drawn out
antero-posteriorly. Posterior tergal edges straight, on 5 and 6 a little convex
posteriorly. Tergites 1-5 equal, 6-7 longer. (The first tergite being anteriorly
concave appears shorter, but at the sides it is even longer than its successors.)
Sternites 1 and 5 are subequal and long, 2-4 much shorter and subequal.

Normal abdominal chaetotaxy :—

1, Id, Thi, IV. V. VI. VII,
Tergites « Hin es 2,2 2, 2 ee ae 8 2, 2 4.4
Sternites .. 0 oe a, 6, 6 — —

The bristles on tergites 1-3 are wide apart, one at the edge closely accompanied
by the second. On tergite 5 the eight bristles form a continuous row with one in
front and sometimes one behind at the sides. There are a few (3-5) minute post-
spiracular bristles besides the longer transverse ones on tergite 6. The setigerous
process on tergite 7 bears four bristles, one shorter. This tergite extends narrowly
backwards above the base of the ovipositor sheath, but the bristles borne here are
probably of specific value. On the fifth sternite the bristles are arranged 1, 2 and
3 on each side of the mid-line. The free portion of the sheath is rather long, and
projects distinctly with the ovipositor.

Male similar to female. The antennal formula the same, with the scape flattened
more or less. Wings shorter and broader. Fore legs a little stouter; second tarsal
joint relatively shorter than in the female.

List of Species described in the Genus Paraphelinus, Perk., with Data of Host
Attachment, original Collector, and Location of Type.

1. P. xiphidui, Perk. (1906) (Le., p. 264, pl. xx, f. 6). From eggs of Xiphidium
varipenne, Swez.; Hawaii (O. H. Swezey).
Type (female) in Mus. of Haw. Sug. Pl. Assn., Honolulu, Hawaii.
2. P. speciosissimus, Gir. (1911) (l.c., p. 181). Host unknown; Urbana, Illinois
(A. A. Girault).
Type (female) in U. 8S. N. M., No. 14,122, Washington, D.C.
3. P. australiensis, Gir. (1913) (l.c., p. 74). Host unknown; Nelson, Queensland
(A. A. Girault).
Type (female) in Queensland Museum, No. Hy. 1712, Brisbane.
(C365) D2

52 JAMES WATERSTON.

4. P. tomaspidis, How. (1914) (Le., p. 82). From eggs of Tomaspis varia ; Trinidad
(P. L. Guppy)
Type (female) in U. 8. N. M., No. 18,321, Washington, D.C.

5. P. perkinsi, sp.n. From Tomaspis t carmodyt; British Guiana (C. B. Williams).
Type (female) in British Museum, London.

To the above should possibly be added Agonioneurus locustarum, Giraud (1), bred
from eggs of Xiphidiwm fuscum in galls of Lipara spp. on Arundo phragmitis (Europe).

Since sinking Paraphelinus, Perkins, Mr. Girault has with extreme brevity described
the undermentioned yellow or pale-coloured species of Aphelinus from Australia.
In 1913 (9) the following :—haeckelr, grotiusi,* darwini, minutissimus, newtoni ; in
1915 (11) he added miltoni* and ruskint. Of these the two asterisked species are
probably referable to Paraphelinus, but only a re-examination of the types, which are
deposited in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, can enable one to place them
exactly.

No remarks have been offered in the notes just given on the general coloration of ~
Paraphelinus, but it is probable that the genus when more extensively collected and
described will be found to include only pale forms like perkinsi, xvphidii, and tomas-
pidis. Detailed colour notes have been given only for the first of these. The infus-
cations of the abdomen, etc., are exceedingly faint, and when the body contents have
been cleared away by potash the whole insect is perfectly transparent. Only in
aiphidit are the genae distinctly darker ; in tomaspidis they are faint. The wings in
xiphidii and perkinsi are hyaline, in tomaspidis faintly embrowned. The following
keys may serve to separate the species :—

Key to the Males of Paraphelinus, Perkins.

First two funicular joints very short and broad, the third elongate, cylindrical,
nearly equal to the club, which bears the longest bristles of the antenna
xiphidi, Perk.
First two funicular joints normal, cylindrical, the third normal, two-thirds of
the club, which bears the shortest hairs of the antenna perkinsi, sp. 0.

Key to the Females.

1 (2). Yellow and black species; forewings with a conspicuous median black band
as wide as the marginal and stigmal veins... -. specrosissimus, Gir.

2 (1). Concolorous, the head and thorax reddish yellow, abdominal tergites at most
a little infuscated laterally ; wings hyaline or uniformly faintly tinted.

3 (4). Deep orange yellow, immaculate; hing wing near tip with about 5 lines of |

discal cilia .. oe fe Re australiensis, Gir.
4 (3). Paler species; genae, Oe aan ‘nid haeie of abdomen more or less
infuscated. |
5 (6). “ Hairless line” of forewings Oe on anterior half, with anteriorly
convergent sides .. Bs a's tomaspidis, How.

6 (5). “ Hairless line”’ crossed at most By one or Bed (is of discal cilia at level of
the radius knob, with sub-parallel sides. |

A NEW SPECIES OF PARAPHELINUS. 53

7 (8). Club just longer than pedicel, third funicular joint about twice (5 : 3) as long

as the second dy ' xiphidiw, Perk.
8 (7). Club distinctly shorter Hoan ok ay shi Aecibedlar not ss need ia twice (4 : 3) as
long as the second so : 7° perkinsi, sp 0..

The following notes refer chiefly to Hi more areas Iptagienisic differences between
the females. It will be noted that the new species is more hirsute than the others.
The males are so easily separated by the characters given in the key and figures that
minor differences are not now described, but the dimensions of the antenna and wings
have been stated. The legs of three of the species are compared in a concluding
paragraph.

Paraphelinus xiphidii, Perk. (1906).

9. Head: in profile (fig. 1, 6) the vertex and upper frons are about four-fifths of
the depth ; where the frpns is swollen out to its greatest extent the length and depth
are about equal. On the gena the reticulation is drawn out, and there are 12-15
short scattered bristles up to the insertion of the episternites. From above (fig. 1, a)
about one-half as long as broad, the proportions across the vertex at the posterior
ocelli are 6 : 11, and in front of the anterior ocellus, where the eyes are nearest, 5 : 12 ;
wider than thorax (22:19). MReticulation of vertex transverse, more regular
anteriorly, three minute bristles in ocellar triangle with 2 (1 : 1) stronger ones between
each pair of ocelli, the bristles close to the ocelli. Behind the posterior ocelli the
vertex bears six stouter bristles (2, 2, 2), the middle pair in advance of the lateral pairs,
and there are also 6-7 minute bristles at each side on the rounded edge above the
temples. Between the orbits, a lateral and an anterior ocellus are 4-5 bristles.
The frons bears along the orbits (between the keel and the level of the anterior ocellus)
about a dozen bristles, the lowermost fine hyaline, 4-5 of the uppermost dark and
- stouter. Between each upper row of stronger bristles and the mid line are about
9 similar bristles (5,4). The greater part of the face below is bare and faintly reticu-
late. Between and above the toruli 6-8 pairs of bristles, one pair above the clypeal
edge and 3-4 (single) inside the genal keels.

Antenna (fig. 2, 6): length, 37 mm.; bulla (3:1) over one-third (5: 14) of the
scape. Scape + bulla equal to pedicel + funicle. Pedicel just over half (23 : 42)
the scape; Ist funicular (8 : 6), 2nd (12:7), 3rd (20: 10), club (44:12). The club
distinctly longer than the funicle (11 : 9), equal to (or if carefully measured, just longer
than) the scape, and bearing 4-5 long sensoria. The scape with 4 ventral bristles,
otherwise like perkinsi, except that there are only about a dozen bristles posteriorly.

Thorax: pronotum with the spiracular emargination occupying about two-ninths
of the lateral edge; between each stout bristle on the posterior edge and the mid
line are two weaker ones, 2-3 minute on each side of the mid line, and 6-8 obliquely
across each half. Pattern everywhere distinct, traceable to the mid line. Mesonotum
(14: 15) half as long again as the scutellum (3:4). Mid sternal region distinctly
separated from prepectus. Sternal pattern very faint but the cells large and sharply
outlined when finely focussed.

Propodeon nearly twice as long as the metanotum (11 : 6) which is coarsely trans-
versely reticulate; pattern very faint medianly, more distinct towards the lateral
ridges. Spiracle circular, with two minute bristles at the outer edge of the rim.

54 JAMES WATERSTON.

Wings (fig. 3) about three and a third times as long as broad; length, ‘7 mm. ;
breadth, 21 mm. (excluding fringe). Hind wings over eight times as long as broad ;
length, ‘6 mm.; breadth, ‘07 mm. (excluding fringe) ; longest hairs of fringe as long
as, or just exceeding the breadth.

Abdomen twice as long as thorax and propodeon, and nearly thrice as long as broad
(8:3). The 7th tergite long and narrow, much longer (10:7) than the preceding
(spiracular) tergite. The ovipositor does not exceed the sheath, which projects shortly
(one-third the length of the seventh tergite), the free portion of the sheath being
about one-half the base. Above the fixed part of the ovipositor sheath there are on

, ot
$477!

re ~
~~ i ae re
Cat nes
- = -—
[SA tae
ce iy tag Ce

TEHZI—

Vig. 4. Paraphelinus xiphidu, 3: (a) antenna.
P. perkinsi, 3: (b) antenna; (c) forewing.

the apical half about 4 longer bristles with 3 above placed below and behind the
setigerous process ;_ the free portion of the sheath bears a ventral row of 4—5 longer
bristles with as many more (shorter) above and one or two (minute) at the apex.
Length, about 1 mm.; alar expanse, 1°6 mm. |
g.—Antenna (fig.4,a): length,°37 mm. Forewings: length, 64 mm.; breadth,
‘2mm. Hindwings: length, 54 mm.; breadth, ‘07 mm.

Paraphelinus perkinsi, sp. nov.

Vertex, upper two-thirds of frons, eyes, and entire dorsal thoracic surface, pale
rusty yellow; the dark inner chitinous socket of the eye shining through ; ocelli,
tips of mandibles, and ventral half of orbits (very narrowly) dark reddish brown ;
genae infuscated a little. Wings faintly tinted, veins hardly darker than the
membrane. Otherwise colourless transparent, with the following marks: Anterior

A NEW SPECIES OF PARAPHELINUS. 55

tarsi faintly darker, all claws brown ; sterno-pleural sutures narrowly darkly outtined,
a pale median dorsal line from behind the head to above the ovipositor ; pronotum
and propodeon each with two or more or less defined triangular darker spots about
the mid line. The tergites (except medianly) are faintly infuscated, so that the
abdomen is indistinctly banded; on the 7th tergite (bearing the setigerous process)
the band is darker, narrow, and distinct. Sternites a little infuscated ; ovipositor
reddish brown.

©. Head from in front (7:6); frons narrowest (2 of the width) at two-thirds above
the clypeal edge. Toruli well below the base-line of the eyes, three-fourths their own
length from the mouth-opening and nearly twice (11 : 6) their length apart. Pattern

oe
Ses?

i
iene
a

Fig. 5. Paraphelinus perkinsi: (a, b) wings of 9; (c) left mandible of 9; (d) lett
mandible of ¢.
P. xvphidii: (e) labrum of 9.

on vertex and frons (except just between the scapal grooves, where the surface is
nearly smooth or finely mamillated) large, raised on vertex and upper frons, but
very faint on the face; clypeus smooth. Along each lower orbit are 5-6 bristles and
about the same number (strong) superiorly ; nearly a dozen smaller bristles between
the orbital row and the mid line, on the upper angles of the frons ; 5-6 minute bristles
inside the genal keel and 9-10 pairs of bristles between and above the toruli; the
two clypeal bristles are well above the edge.

Antenna (fig. 2, a): length, -42 mm.; bulla (2:1) five-eighteenths of the scape.
The latter narrow (5:1), with 6 bristles along the ventral edge, 6-8 on the outer

56 JAMES WATERSTON.

apical half, about 10 on the dorsal edge, and 20 on the inner surface evenly but sparsely
disposed. Surface, especially on the inside, with large-celled little-raised reticulation.
Pedicel (25: 11) scarcely half the scape. Funicle shorter than either club or scape,
being about four-fifths of the former or three-fourths of the latter. First funicular
(9: 7) (measuring to the ventral apical angle) equal to one-sixth of the scape. In
the same scale, the 2nd and 3rd funicular joints are (12 : 9) and (16 : 13) respectively.
The club (45: 15) is five-sixths of the scape and bears 5-6 sensoria. Bristles of
pedicel sparse and evenly set, as on the scape; on the first funicular, round the
insertion of the second and along the short dorsal edge are 6-7 bristles, and one
on the inner ventral angle; from the 2nd funicular onwards the bristles are more
closely set, shorter and fewer; on the club they are numerous and more appressed.

Thorax: pronotum with the bristles weaker than in xiphidir, and an extra one on
the posterior edge near the middle. Proportions much as in zvphidi, scutellum longer
(5 : 6), mesophragma to scutellum as 17 : 10, and longer than mid lobe (17: 15). The
four pairs of median bristles are in two nearly parallel lines, converging very slightly
anteriorly. In xvphidi the first pair immediately behind the pronotum are a little
nearer to one another, and the second pair (and sometimes the third) more outwardly
displaced, so that the lines are not parallel.

Propodeon: the pre-spiracular propodeal fold is distinctly shown only for a short
distance anteriorly, i.e., beside the spiracle. Posteriorly there are only some indistinct
longitudinal rugae ending at the side of the petiole. Spiracle relatively larger and
broadly oval, with two minute bristles outside.

Wings (figs. 5 a, 6): Forewings (3:1), length, °8 mm.; breadth, 26 mm.; broader
than in xiphidw with two more macrochaetae on the marginal and 1-2 additional
minute bristles below the submarginal distally (cf. also thé disposition of*the 6-7
rows of longer bristles below the marginal to that vein). The bare area beyond the
radius smaller. Hind wings broader, not eight times as long as broad; length,
‘68 mm.; breadth, ‘09 mm.; numerous bristles at apex. Longest hairs of fringe
about three-fourths the breadth.

Abdomen: free portion of sheath much as in xiphidiw, but the long bristles are nearer
the apex. Above the sheath the short bristles are very numerous, 14—16, the last
(below the setigerous process) being longer.

Length, ‘85 mm.; alar expanse, 1°8 mm.

3. Like the female, paler if anything on head and thorax, mandibles apically
darker. The fore legs darker than in the female.

Antenna (fig. 4, b): length, ‘28mm. Forewings (fig. 4, c): length, ‘54 mm. ;
breadth, 18mm. Hind wings: length, 44 mm.; breadth, ‘07 mm.

Paraphelinus tomaspidis, How. (1914).

. Head: from in front, ciliation of eyes very short and sparse. Clypeal teeth
distinct. Between and above the toruli three pairs of bristles, 2-3 bristles inside
each genal keel; between the orbits and mid line at the level of the anterior ocellus
merely 2-3 bristles. At the same level the frons is one-half the width (just wider than
in xuphidir).

A NEW SPECIES OF PARAPHELINUS. 57

Antenna (fig. 1, c): length, 3mm.; bulla over one-third of the scape (4: 11).
The latter only a little over four times as long as broad (33:8). Bulla + scape longer
than pedicel + funicle. Club (nearly 4:1) elongate, three times as long as the last
funicular, and exceeding either funicle or scape. Bristles of scape much as in ziphidn,
except that there are only 3-4 bristles on the anterior apical half, and about 10
posteriorly.

Wings (fig. 6). Forewings: length, ‘5 mm.; breadth, ‘142 mm.; narrowed
basally, narrower than in either xiphidw or perkinsi, about 34 times as long as broad.
The oblique hairless tract with convergent sides and obscured on about the anterior
half, with 10-11 bristles below the submarginal. Hind wings (9: 1) elongate, narrow
and pointed; length, 45 mm.; breadth, 05 mm.; almost as long as the forewings,
and nearly bare apically. Longest bristles of fringe exceeding the greatest width.

Fig. 6. LP. tomaspidis, How., 9, wings.

Abdomen not twice as long as thorax and propodeon. Ovipositor distinctly pro-
jecting and exceeding its sheath. The free portion of the latter with two longer
ventral bristles, two shorter above, and a number of minute ones at the apex ;_ there
are 9 short bristles in a patch above the distal end of the base of the sheath.

Length, ‘8 mm.; alar expanse, 1:1 mm.

Mr. Williams’ example is a little smaller than the genotype, with which however
it agrees in having the “ hairless line’ incomplete.

The following is a comparative description of the legs of the three species here dealt
with :—

Fore legs: coxae of xvphidii with 10-11 bristles anteriorly (about 15 in perkinsi,
7 in tomaspidis); femur about 4:1 in perkinsi, narrower (5:1) in tomaspidis ;
comb of first tarsal joint 13-14 in perkinsi, 9 tomaspidis, 10-11 xiphidw. Mid legs:
4—5 stiff bristles on coxa ; first tarsal joint with 34 spinose bristles on apical posterior
edge. Hind legs: coxae bare, but for two bristles above the trochanter and one
antero-ventrally ; femur (a¢phidir) anterior subventral row of 6-7 widely spaced
bristles and two irregular subdorsal rows of 6-7 each, on apical two-thirds; in
tomaspidis only 7-8 subdorsal bristles in all, none below one half; tibial comb in all
three species with 8-9 spines.

In the chaetotaxy of the legs xiphidii and perkinsi agree more closely, tomaspidis
being a barer species. The first tarsal joint of the mid and hind legs is also rather

58

JAMES WATERSTON.

shorter, the first and second being nearly 5 : 4, as opposed to 4 : 3 in the other species.
In the figures of the wings special attention should be given to the shape of both
fore and hind pairs and to the distribution of the minute bristles on the basal half.
It is noteworthy that in these respects 2 tomaspidis approaches somewhat to
3 perkinsi.

fone

Bibliography.

Giraud, J. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges, Wien, xiii, p. 1278.

Swezey, O. H. Report of the Work of the Experiment Station of the
Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, Division of Entomology, Bull. no. 1,
pt. 7, p. 214, December 1905.

. Perkins, R. C. L. Ibid., Bull. no. 1, pt. 8, pp. 245 & 264, January 1906.
. Swezey, O. H. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., ii, pt. 1, p. 21, October 1908.
. Perkins, R. C. L. Fauna Hawaiiensis, ii, pt. 2, suppl., p. 658, 17th

December 1910.

. Girault, A. A. Jl. New York Ent. Soc., xix, p. 181, September 1911.
. Mercet, R. G. Los Afelininos, pp. 32, 35, 45, 107, 108, 110, 290, 30th

December 1912.

. Girault, A. A. Arch. f. Naturg., Ixxix, Abt. A., pt. 6, p. 74, September 1913.
. Girault, A. A. Mem. Queensland Museum, pp. 181-184, 10th December 1913.
. Howard, L. O. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., xvi, p. 81, June 1914.

. Girault, A. A. Mem. Queensland Museum, pp. 45-47, 4th June 1915.

All the above (except 1) contain explicit references to Paraphelinus, but every

described yellow or reddish species of Aphelinus will ultimately require to be
studied before the limits of Paraphelinus are understood.

59

A NEW THRIPS DAMAGING ORCHIDS IN THE WEST INDIES.
By C. B. Witxiams, M.A., F.ES.

The thrips described below has recently been a source of considerable damage
to orchids grown for ornamental purposes in Trinidad, West Indies. Up to the
present it has not been found on wild orchids and it is possible that it is not
indigenous to this island. A large number of orchids are brought over from
Venezuela and it may have been imported with them from that country.

Order TH YSANOPTERA.
Family THRIPIDAE.

Physothrips xanthius, sp. nov.
Q. Measurements.—Total length, about0‘9mm. Head, length, 0-076 mm., width,
0-132 mm.; prothorax, length, 0-088 mm., width, 0°160 mm.; pterothorax,

tf, OP ET =
é YZ ote

a

Vf, VELL FES 3
thy GItttHtt} -

greatest length, 0-180 mm., width, 0:200 mm. ; abdomen, width, about 0-180 mm. ;
wing, length, 0580 mm., width of middle, 0-028 mm.

Antennae 7, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
length (uw)... 22 5 34 48 40 52 9 14
width (1) 2 29 24 18 7 15 13 6 4

’ Total length of antenna, 0:290 mm.

60 C. B. WILLIAMS.

Coloration.—Body and legs almost uniformly pale yellow, the fore part of the
head very slightly darker. Antennae a little darker brown, except for the bases
of the third and fourth segments, which are very pale. Eyes black; ocellar pigment
reddish orange. Wings brown, distinctly darker than the body, with the central
portion of the outer half a little paler than the margins. ,

Head not quite twice as broad as long; the cheeks not arched. yes large, very
slightly projecting ; distance between the eyes greater than the width of the eye;
distance from the eye to the back of the head about half the length of the eye.
Ocelli on a level with the middle of the eye, the three forming an obtuse triangle ;
the posterior pair about twice as far apart as they are distant from the margin of
the eye; the anterior ocellus directed forward. Ocellar and post-ocular spines
and a few smaller ones on the vertex, pale and indistinct; the ocellar spines arise
from the sides of the ocellar triangle. Mouth-cone bluntly rounded, reaching about .
two-thirds across the prosternum. Mazillary palps short, three-segmented ;
the basal segment short, the two others subequal. Labial palps slender, apparently
two-segmented. Antennae eight-segmented, relatively long, being three and a
half times the length of the head: the first segment short and broad; the second
barrel-shaped ; the third with a distinct pedicel and narrowed to a slight neck at
the apex; the fourth widest at about half its length, but narrowing rapidly
apically to a long neck; the fifth with a distinct ring joint at its base, truncate
apically ; the sixth long and gradually tapering; the eighth half as long again as
the seventh. Forked trichomes on the third segment dorsally and the fourth
ventrally, that on the third segment reaching just beyond the base of the fourth,
and that on the fourth reaching to about one-third the length of the fifth segment.
Prothorax about one and two-thirds as wide as long, all angles rounded. Two
pale spines at each hind angle of the pronotum each about half as long as the
dorsal length of the pronotum ; short spines at the front angles, other small spines
very inconspicuous. Pterothorax normal; at the front angle there is, more or less
distinct, a small double tooth-like projection in front of the base of the fore wing,
one portion of this is long and slender, the other short and broad. Legs normal.
Wings fully developed ; veins on the fore wing almost invisible, only indicated
by the position of the bases of the spines. On the costa there are 20-21 spines ;
on the fore vein two groups of 3 near the base and 2 near the apex; on the hind
vein 11-13. The anterior fringe commences just distal to the base of the hind
vein; the posterior fringe extends a little further towards the base of the wing.
Hind wings paler than the fore wings, with a rather broad dark, central vein
distinct almost to the apex of the wing. The minute setae on both wings are dark
and conspicuous. Abdomen normal; the ninth segment longer than the tenth; spines
on the last two segments pale, those on the ninth segment about as long as the
tenth segment, those on the tenth segment a little longer. No trace of comb-like
structure on the hind margin of the eighth tergite.

6 unknown.

Described from about a dozen females collected on Cattleya orchids in Port of
Spain, Trinidad, on various dates during 1915 and 1916 by F. W. Urich and C. B.
Williams.

Type in the author’s collection.

A NEW THRIPS DAMAGING ORCHIDS IN THE WEST INDIES. 61

This species is chiefly recognisable by its yellow body colour, brown fore wings
and the relatively long antennae.

The larvae and pupae are found with the adults on the upper surfaces of the
leaves, particularly near the mid rib and towards the base of the leaf. They cause
injury by piercing the surface, resulting in brownish spots or patches on the leaves.
In severe cases the plant may be entirely killed.

8 . BTA Teaw gute ny 9. uM

egaiw.cvol oword | soaldo yhod walloy, a, ydrel
tle eee ss aa
Wit toi bao! ‘ae soqpin edly xy: 2! lobal mht tone bgmsio} oY 6
fpar'yodT sol Seite wien aif ebiewod Bodedrebion add
wovect ost sto > vodoiug WH Bloque Hsioword ab yalblganm balsa 9
: | he fist “Covites ads ean, ‘wah sl
a ured arepsher Por, ti oleae
ol m Wie so tey of
i hogs Battin kis chm

or me dae. |

Newer abn at carols
ah ive tee}. faze oraie lee “< c
| nie be ails talons: yeent | Ge,
Sn ee aft 7 dh Toe hs grew = te ;

Teg th nes i pee aerate atu
wrt réintively. lowe pe ate fant

“ Z
} dre) Amerowead

pigivos dh Chan fenigt Shrine, am
outiw 9k thir Penk aie hat
ah vpecit t frout of thet
‘ubepslen, the , tht beiciielee

rw ‘pine in chs genta
. f the tee phen re ;
G0 afi owns
de » ic boka eee see be
id | ee nee, Sh te mata oma deck, <t
Abt » uci, Sie <= Goth wings A
oe Abdomen toteaal He aengk ther the senth
a sere: eae Ven ” 20 A peut, itp ev hu + :
lop A ye / ides 3 > Ulam tend sb erty, Mage &
utes a . rr) ye uted — al , See agin
ss Gere
Lipson ae Snes ihiahn, Aer teacln
oma a ais aged Ol

Viull aad

‘* Ps
Type in. ibe » |
i. u

4"

ba
‘ + iG
ies

. ay st 7 e A
~ - Peas ‘ a ”
alas 74
; '
i . r - e wee
« ee
‘4 a ' a we os

NEW ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES OF THE GENUS DACUS.
By Prof. M. Brzzi.

Since the publication of my previous paper on the Ethiopian fruit-flies of the
genus Dacus,* I have received some additional species, the descriptions of which
are given in the following pages, with the purpose of completing our knowledge
of this very important genus of Diptera. For the material here illustrated I am
indebted to Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology,
and to Dr. Alberto Mochi, of Ghinda, Erythraea: to whom I have to offer my best
thanks.

I. Subgenus Trrpacus, Bezzi, 1915.

1. Tridacus d’emmerezi, sp. nov. (fig. 1).

Very distinct from any other known species of the present group, on account
of the broad fuscous patch on the middle of wings, around the small cross-vein.

$2. Length of body, 7-9 mm.; length of wing, 6-7 mm.

Body of a uniform reddish colour, with less striking yellow and brown markings ;
thorax and abdomen with short yellowish pubescence on the disk ; all the bristles
of head and thorax black. Head of a more yellowish colour, opaque, but shining
on the occiput, which has a paler border near the eyes; ocellar dot dark brown,
on a brown transverse band; frons with a less developed fuscous middle spot,
with almost indistinct dark dots on the sides and with two pairs of lower fronto-
orbital bristles, which are not approximated; lunula reddish brown, shining ;
face with shining antennal grooves, in the middle of which are placed the very
small and rounded black spots; peristomial spot dark brown. Antennae much
elongated, with the first jot about as long as the second; they are entirely
reddish, the third joint being sometimes a little infuscated at the distal end;
palpi very broad, pale yellowish, almost bare. Thorax with some irregular,
blackish markings on the disk, forming two more or less distinct longitudinal
stripes, which do not reach the scutellum, or two less distinct broader interrupted
stripes along the dorsocentral lines. Yellow markings as follows: humeral calli
entirely ; a narrow stripe along the transverse suture, broadly interrupted in the
middle, and continued on the pleurae with the broader mesopleural band, which
ends with a small spot on the upper border of the sternopleura; two broad
contiguous hypopleural spots, which are margined inwardly, in front of the
insertion of the halteres, with a conspicuous blackish patch. The anterior supra-
- alar bristle is well developed, like the two posterior ones; the four scapular ones
are long and strong; the pteropleural is well developed. Scutellum yellow, with
the base narrowly reddish brown, and with a pair of long apical bristles. Mesophragma
reddish, with the above-mentioned dark spot on the sides. Halteres whitish yellow.
Abdomen elongate, rather constricted near the base; hind border of the second
segment with a broad yellowish band, which is more or less interrupted in the
middle; sides of the first. sometimes of the second and middle of the third
segments provided with more or less distinct, but not sharply defined, dark brown

* Bull. Ent. Research, vi., Sept. 1915, pp. 85-101, 14 figs.

64 M. BEZZI.

or blackish markings ; venter reddish, the second segment with a yellow band. Third
segment of the male with 8-10 long, black cilia at the sides of the hind border;
ovipositor not longer than the last abdominal segment, reddish yellow, with the
basal segment depressed. Legs of a prevalent pale reddish colour, but the coxae
and the trochanters dark reddish-brown or blackish; the basal half of the femora
and all the praetarsi pale yellowish. Wings (fig. 1) of teehee large size, with the veins
reddish yellow; last portion of fourth vein gently bisinuous; second longitudinal
vein long, the distance of its end from that of the first being not much shorter
than the distance from that of the third; small cross-vein long, its lower end
placed much after the middle of the discal cell; lower prolongation of the anal
cell longer than the distance of its end from the hind border of the wing. They
are hyaline, with a broad, pale yellowish fore border; which includes the stigma,
but excludes the costal cells, and is not extended over the third vein, or only a
little ; in contact with this border is a broad and more infuscated patch, surrounding
the small cross-vein and encroaching more or less on the upper end of the discal
cell, Anal stripe very broad and more infuscated than the marginal one.

es, P
-_— ee ae menses 2”

Fig. 1. Tridacus d’emmerezi, Bezzi, sp. n.

Type g and type Q, and some additional specimens, in the collection of the
Imperial Bureau, from Mauritius, Reduit, 1916, collected by Mr. D’Emmerez de
Charmoy, in whose honour this interesting species is named.

II. Subgenus Dacus, Bezzi, 1915.

In my Key to the species (l.c., p. 89) the section 21 (22) must be amplified
as follows :—

21 (22). Face without black spots.

a (6). Two contiguous hypopleural spots; third abdominal segment of male
ciliated; wings with a brown anal stripe .. .. wmmaculatus, Coq.

6 (a). A single hypopleural spot; male with the third abdominal segment not
cihated; wings without an anal stripe.

c (d). rons with three pairs of blackish dots near the eyes; abdomen entirely
black along the middle line; wings with the submarginal cell hyaline
at base over the small cross-vein. .. annulatus, Becker.

d (c). Frons with the basal half brown, the rie nae yellowish, and without
black dots; abdomen with a broad, reddish yellow, longitudinal
middle band, which is divided by a black line; wings with the sub-
marginal cell broadly infuscated at base and with the upper end of the
small cross-vein margined with fuscous .. a 2. mochu, sp. 0.

NEW ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES OF THE GENUS DACUS. 65

2. Dacus annulatus, Becker, 1903 (fig. 2).

An elegant species, well distinguished by the entirely black yellow-marked
body, by the unspotted face, by the single hypopleural spot, by the unciliated
third abdominal segment of the male, and by the lack of the anal stripe on the wings.

The face is unspotted, but usually there is a more or less developed black or
blackish spot on the upper edge of the clypeus, just below the base of antennae.
All the bristles are black ; two pairs of distant lower fronto-orbital bristles; only
the external scapular bristles are well developed, the middle ones being
rudimentary ; no anterior supra-alar; pteropleural well developed. The sutures
. of the abdominal segments are partly fused in the middle. The legs are pale
yellowish, as described by the author; but in some ¢ specimens the apical third
of the hind femora, and sometimes the whole of the hind tibiae, are black. Wings
(fig. 2) with the second longitudinal vein short, the fourth segment of the costa
being about one-third the length of the fifth; prolongation of the anal cell not
longer than its distance from the hind border.

Fig. 2. Dacus annulatus, Becker.

The present species was collected by Ehrenberg in Egypt about a century ago
and described rather recently by Becker from the original specimens; I have
before me numerous examples from Ghinda, Erythraea, December 1916, collected
by Dr. A. Mochi, who has found the species very common there. This species
has already been recorded from Hrythraea (Asmara, leg. Kristensen) by Dr. Enderlein
and by Dr. Speiser, both in 1911.

3. Dacus mochii, sp. nov. (fig. 3).

Nearly allied to the preceding species, but at once distinguished by the very
differently coloured frons and abdomen, and by the peculiar wing-pattern.

g. Length of body, 55-6 mm.; length of wing, 45-5 mm.

Occiput shining black above, with a narrow yellowish border, and pale yellowish
below; ocellar dot black; frons with the basal half infuscated, the apical half
pale yellowish, destitute of blackish lateral dots; lunula shining brown; face pale
yellowish, immaculate, shining only along the antennal grooves; peristomial spot
wanting. Antennae of moderate length, the first joimt not elongated; they
are dark yellowish, with the third joint infuscated at the distal end; palpi and
proboscis pale yellowish. The bristles of the head are black; there are two pairs
of lower fronto-orbitals, one very near the dividing line between the face and frons,
the other at the level of the dividing line between the dark and the clear portions
of the frons. Thorax entirely black, even on the pleurae, with short whitish

(C365) E

66 M. BEZZI.

pubescence on the back. ‘The wax-coloured markings are as follows: humeral calli
entirely ; a short and narrow stripe on each side of the transverse suture; a very
broad, spot-like patch (about double as broad as the corresponding band of annulatus)
occupying almost the whole of the mesopleura and the adjoining part of the ptero-
pleura, ending with a small spot on the upper border of the sternopleura ; a single
rounded hypopleural spot. Mesophragma entirely black. Scutellum wax-coloured,
with a very narrow, black, basal stripe. Halteres whitish. All the bristles are black ;
no trace of anterior supra-alars ; pteropleurals weak ; scapulars not distinguishable
in the type; two scutellars. Abdomen ovate, punctate and pubescent lke the
pronotum, a little constricted near the base; it is black, but has a broad yellowish
band at hind border of second segment, like annulatus, and besides a broad yellow
middle band extending from hind border of second segment to the end, where it is
dilated and occupies almost the whole hind half of the last segment; along the
middle of this yellow band there is a narrow black stripe, dilated at base and attenu-
ated before reaching the tip; the sutures of the segments are partly fused and the
third is not ciliated at the sides. Venter yellow, with dark or blackish sides ;_ geni-
talia reddish. Legs with the coxae entirely of a pale yellowish colour, the ends of
the femora and the four apical joints of the tarsi being a little reddish. Wings (fig. 3)

= . ase"
Oe es OT ec ere neon”

Fig. 3. Dacus mochit, Bezzi, sp. n.

hyaline, with brownish veins; second vein short; small cross-vein a little beyond
the middle of the discoidal cell ; last portion of fourth vein gently curved at base ;
prolongation of the anal cell proportionally short. There is a narrow blackish
fore border, which leaves the costal cells hyaline, but is more intensively coloured on
the stigma; below this, the fore border is dilated, filling broadly the base of
the submarginal cell and surrounding the upper end of the small cross-vein; at
its end the marginal band is a little dilated, but without forming a distinct spot at
the end of third vein. There is no trace of an anal stripe, the anal cell being only a
little yellowish on its upper half.

Type 3, and an additional specimen of same sex, in the writer’s collection, taken
near Ghinda, Erythraea, December 1916, by Dr. Alberto Mochi, in whose honour
the species is named.

4, Dacus woodi, sp. nov.

Exceedingly close to the preceding species (D. mochii), and resembling it in its
unspotted face and unciliated third abdominal segment of the male, but differing in
the colour of \ody and in the not infuscated upper end of the small cross-vein.

NEW ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES OF THE GENUS DACUS. 67

$9. Length of body, 55-6 mm. ; length of wing, 45-5 mm. The species differs
from M. mochii in the following points :—

(1). The basal half of frons is yellowish, and therefore there is a very distinct
dark transverse band on the middle; the lunula is pale yellowish, not brown.
(2). The thorax is prevalently of a reddish, not black, colour, chiefly in front and on
the pleurae; all the markings and the scutellum are of a bright yellow colour; the
mesophragma is distinctly reddish on the sides, not entirely black. (3). The
abdomen has the second segment more broadly yellow; the longitudinal yellow
band is broader and has no middle black line in the male. (4). The wings have the
base of the submarginal cell broadly infuscated, but this infuscation is not con-
tinued over the upper end of the small cross-vein.

The female is very like the male, but the abdomen has the second segment more
broadly black, and there is a middle black line in the longitudiual yellow stripes.
Ovipositor entirely reddish-yellow, shining, with the basal segment swollen, about as
long as the last abdominal segment, but not much prominent.

Type 3, type 9 and additional specimens of both sexes in the collection of the
Imperial Bureau, from Nyasaland, Chiromo, Ruo. R., 22.1x.1916, collected by
R. C. Wood, in whose honour the species is named.

5. Dacus hamatus, sp. nov. (fig. 4).

A very distinct species, which in my key falls into section 25 (p. 90), but is dis-
tinguished from imornatus and from any other known species by the exceedingly
peculiar wing pattern, and by the longitudinal keel of the abdomen.

62. Length of body, 6-65 mm.; length of wing, 5-5-5 mm.

Head entirely of a shining black colour, even on frons and face ; occiput with a
narrow and short, spot-lke stripe on each side on the orbits; frons with a pair of
yellow dots on the basal halt; lunula yellowish brown; the frons shows anteriorly
a rounded prominence, which is peculiar to this species. Antennae dark yellowish,
with the two basal joints very short, the second with some black bristles above,
the third very elongate, blackish on the apical half ; palpi broad, of a reddish colour ;
proboscis black. Cephalic bristles black ; two pairs of distant lower fronto-orbitals.
Thorax entirely black, punctate, with a short dark pubescence on the back, which
is paler at the sides. The very striking yellow markings are as follows: a rounded
humeral spot, which covers only the hind half of the humeral calli; the fore half
being black ; there is no sutural stripe, only the notopleural calli at the beginning
of the suture being yellow; an oval spot in the middle line of the back, behind the
suture; a broad mesopleural patch, extended on to the pteropleura and ending
with a small spot on upper border of sternopleura; a single hypopleural spot
Mesophragma entirely black, punctate, a little shining. Halteres pale yellowish.
Scutellum yellow, with a narrow black base and with a pair of bristles. All the
bristles are black; there is no trace of anterior supra-alars; pteropleurals well
developed; only the external scapulars are strong. Abdomen rounded, convex,
constricted at base ; along the middle line there is a very peculiar obtuse keel, which
on the middle segments is rather prominent; it is clothed with dark pubescence,
which at the sides of the base is greyish, erect and rather long. The abdomen is.

(C365) E2

68 M. BEZZI.

entirely black, opaque, punctate ; only the last segment is more or less reddish in the
middle of the hind border; the segments are fused together in the middle, and the
third of the male is not ciliated ; ovipositor shining black, smooth, with the basal
segment swollen and of conical shape, not longer than the last abdominal segment ;
apical segment short, reddish yellow. Venter entirely black; male genitalia dark
brown, surrounded with yellowish. Legs with coxae, trochanters and femora
shining black, but the middle pair with a narrow base, and the hind pair with
more than the basal half, yellowish; tibiae yellowish, with blackish or darkened
basal half; tarsi pale yellowish, with whitish basal joints. Wings (fig. 4) hyaline,

with yellowish veins, which are darkened on the dark markings; second vein
long, its distance from the end of the third being only 14 times longer than
that from end of the first; third vein straight at the end and parallel with the
last portion of the fourth, which is only a little curved near the base ; the lower end
of the small cross-vein is placed at the middle of the discal cell; the prolongation
of the anal cell is shorter than the remainder of the anal vein.* The dark pattern
consists of the black stigma, the infuscated bases of the marginal and submarginal

Fig. 4. Dacus hamatus, Bezzi, sp. b.

cells, and a very peculiar, hook-shaped band, which passes over the small cross-vein,
crosses the middle of the discal cell and ends sometimes with a short prolongation
in the third posterior cell. There is no trace of an apical spot or anal stripe.

Type g¢ and type 9, and some additional specimens of both sexes, in the
collection of the Imperial Bureau, from Nyasaland, Chiromo, Ruo. R., 11.v.1916
(R. C. Wood). .

The present species, with its characteristic wing pattern, seems to approach to
the Oriental species with banded wings, for which I have preserved the genus
Bactrocera in a restricted sense; these last species however are always provided
with a pair of praescutellar bristles.

6. Dacus blepharogaster, sp. nov. (fig. 5). eee
Falling into section 28 of my Key (p. 90), but very different from=riufus on
account of its prevalently black colour ; it is besides distinguished from annulatus
and mochit, to which it is allied in general appearance, by the black-spotted face and
by the ciliation of the third abdominal segment in the male.
g. Length of body, 7 mm.; length of wing, 6 mm.

* All these peculiarities of the venation are to be found also in the nearly allied
inornatus, Bezzi, which however has no trace of the longitudinal keel on the abdomen.

NEW ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES OF THE GENUS DACUS. 69

Head yellowish ; occiput shining, with the vertex reddish with two black spots
and with a broad blackish patch on each side; orbits yellow, broadened below ;
ocellar dot black ; frons opaque, with three pairs of blackish dots on the sides and
an undetermined fuscous patch in the middle; lunula shining black ; face entirely
shining, with a broad rounded black spot on lower half of each antennal groove ;
peristomial spot broad and black. Antennae entirely reddish yellow, the third
joint a little infuscated at the end, the first joint much shorter than the second ;
palpi and proboscis reddish yellow. Cephalic bristles black ; two pairs of distant
lower fronto-orbitals. Thorax entirely black, slightly reddish on the sides in the
hind half and along the pleural sutures, chiefly on the front half. The bright yellow
markings are as follows: humeral calli entirely; a short triangular stripe along
the sides of the transverse suture; a rather broad mesopleural stripe, ending
with a spot on upper border of sternopleura ; a single hypopleural spot. The back
is punctate and clothed with short greyish pubescence; mesophragma entirely
black. Scutellum bright yellow, with a narrow black basal line. Halteres whitish.
All the bristles are black ; no trace of anterior supra-alars; the middle seapulars
are well developed, like the external ones; pteropleurals rather weak; a single
pair of scutellar bristles. Abdomen in shape, colouring, punctuation and
pubescence like that of annulatus; but it is less elongate, more oval; the hind

one”
Ae ews wt wae ereern”

Fig. 5 Dacus blepharogaster, Bezzi, sp. n.

border of the third segment has also a narrow yellowish band{; third segment
with 6-7 black cilia at the sides of the hind border. Legs with the coxae pale
yellowish, the middle and hind femora being dark reddish at the end; all the
tibiae are broadly darkened, the posterior ones being entirely black ; | tarsi reddish
brown, with all the praetarsi whitish. Wings (fig. 5) hyaline, with the fore border
and the apical spot as in annulatus, but there is a distinct greyish spot before the
end of the anal vein, which is entirely wanting in that species. ‘The veins are
yellowish and their disposition is like that of annulatus, but the prolongation of
the anal cell is much more developed, being longer than the rest of the anal vein.

Type 3, a single specimen in the writer’s collection, taken near Ghinda,
Erythraea, 7.xi.1916, by Dr. Alberto Mochi.

7. Dacus erythraeus, sp. nov. (fig. 6).

Allied to the preceding species, but distinguished by the smaller facial black
spots and by the non-ciliated third abdominal segment of the male; and also
differmg from it and from annulatus and mochii by the broader black base of
the scutellum and by the isolated blackish apical spot of the wings.

70 M. BEZZI.

In my Key the present species falls ito section 27 (p. 90) together with oleae,
which also occurs in Hrythraea,* but has no real affinity with it.

$9. Length of body, 55-65 mm.; length of wing, 5-6 mm.

Occiput black, rather shining, with narrow yellowish orbits, which are broadened
below; ocellar spot shining black; frons opaque, with the basal half reddish
brown and the apical half pale yellowish, but with three distinct pairs of broad
blackish dots on the sides; lunula shining red or brownish; face pale yellowish,
shining, the black spots being more stripe-like and placed on the inner border of
the antennal grooves near the mouth-border; peristomial spot less darkened,
but distinct. Antennae reddish, with the first jot short and the third infuscated
at the end; palpi pale yellowish; proboscis reddish. Cephalic bristles black ;
two pairs of strong and distant lower fronto-orbitals. Thorax entirely black, even
on the pleurae, or only with a reddish stripe near the prothoracic stigma. Yellow
markings as follows: humeral calli entirely, but with a black border above and
in front; a narrow, triangular and short sutural stripe on each side; a rather
narrow mesopleural stripe, ending with a very small and less distinct sternopleural
spot; a single hypopleural spot, which is broadly margined with black below.
Scutellum bright yellow, with a basal black band, which is much broader than

Fig. 6. Dacus erythraeus, Bezzi, sp. n.

in all the preceding species. Mesophragma entirely black. The back of the thorax
is punctate and clothed with short whitish pubescence. The bristles are black ;
no anterior supra-alars; scapulars short, the middle ones not distinct; ptero-
pleurals well developed; two scutellar bristles. Halteres whitish. Abdomen
elongate in the male, more rounded in the female, convex, punctate, with whitish
pubescence, which on the sides is rather long. It is black; the second segment
has a rather broad, pale yellowish, transverse band at the hind border, which is
broadly interrupted in the middle ; fourth and fifth broadly reddish in the middle,
forming a triangular patch with the base behind and provided with a middle
longitudinal black line, which does not reach the hind border of the last segment.
Venter yellowish, irregularly blackened towards the middle. Male with non-ciliated
third abdominal segment and with shining red genitalia. Ovipositor short, as
long as the last abdominal segment, but not prominent, reddish, with the basal
segment rather inflated but not conical. Middle segments of the abdomen in both

* F. Silvestri. Viaggio in Eritrea per cercare parassiti della mosca delle olive (Boll.
del Labor. di Zool. gen. e agr., Portici, 1914, ix, pp. 186-226, 24 figs.).

F. Silvestri. Contributo alla conoscenza degli insetti dell’ olivo dell’ Eritrea e dell’ Africa
meridionale (l.c., 1915, ix, pp. 240-334, 78 figs.).

NEW ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES OF THE GENUS DACUS. 71

sexes with the sutures partly obliterated. Legs pale yellowish; front femora
brownish at the end; four posterior femora broadly black at the end; middle
tibiae black at the base exteriorly, hind tibiae entirely black; praetarsi paler
than the other joints. Wings (fig. 6) hyaline, with blackish veins; second vein
short, the fourth segment of the costa being about one-third the length of the
fifth ; third vein rather straight and parallel with the last portion of the fourth,
which is less curved near the base; lower end of the small cross-vein placed after
the middle of the discal cell; prolongation of the anal cell longer than the
remainder of the anal vein. The very reduced pattern consists only of the black
stigma, the infuscated marginal cell and an isolated blackish spot at the end of
the third vein; there is no distinct grey spot at the end of the anal cell.

Type ¢ and type Q, a single pair of specimens in the author’s collection, from
Ghinda, Erythraea, 3.xu.1916, collected by Dr. Alberto Mochi.

; = s 4 is

- . | (ee eee cea oe
Poy?” UDA ROME a mol aR A IAT 102 overs
. 4 2 ,

“Fs A

' pall: ap 2 G1 eis ‘, . f ‘ ) As

&IGMIOT tf GT . {th reli J a. ay won | Jetarenitdo Yidredy ett
O33 by oC". ite ome ce Isa id yap ord “TORT it. fOr A EME set t

io oid pad Pat itetse oead edt

=
)

.»

a er ae

, ' ais S7ibu Eeerh (85 ae

i . i “ee

<that

BY ban ies So
Ci, poe @ pe Pres se )
4 alti mer ir a |

ae L a > is, wm, ¢ 7 aa’

7 ”
a ‘

NOTES ON SOME DISTINCTIVE POINTS IN THE PUPAE OF
WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS.

By A. Incram, M.D., C.M., and J. W. Scorr Macriz, M.A.,. D.Sc.,
West African Medical Staff.

Wesché employed the relative length of the trumpets to the length of the thorax
and the shape of the openings of the trumpets in drawing up a Key to the Pupae
of West African Culicidae (Bull. Ent. Res., i, pp. 18-19). Howard, Dyar and Knab
in their valuable monograph ‘“‘ The Mosquitoes of North and Central America and
the West Indies” (Vol. i, pp. 102-103) state that in their experience too much
has been made of the difference between the pupal trumpets of Anopheles and
Culex; the variations in the shape, size, and length of the breathing trumpets
between different species are numerous, they say, but “furnish no characteristics
which are diagnostic of genera or larger groups.” They consider that there are
intermediate forms and that differences between species are frequently more
striking than between genera themselves. They remark also that this may
equally well apply to the differences in shape of the pupal paddles, admitting,
however, that “there is a striking difference between the two tribes CULICINI and
SABETHINI”’ as regards the paddles for ‘‘ In the Cutictni the paddles are large,
broad and rounded in outline; they are strengthened by a stout longitudinal mid-
rib which bears a spine or seta apically. In the SaBeTurni the paddles are much
smaller, narrower and tapered to a point; the midrib is either absent or poorly
developed and there is no spine or seta.” It may be remarked here that in
Eretmopodites, the only genus of the tribe SABETHINI up to the present known in
Africa, the midrib is well developed in the pupal paddles and there is a long terminal
seta, much longer than in the Cuicint. Howard, Dyar and Knab believe that
“the greatest diversity among the pupae of mosquitoes will be found in the number
and arrangement of the setae on different parts of the body. These, we are sorry
to say, have not been adequately studied, but we are convinced that they will
furnish both generic and specific characters”; and they point out that “there
is a well-marked difference in the two tribes above-mentioned. In the SABETHINI
the seventh and eighth abdominal segments each bear a pair of ample fan-shaped
tufts at the apical angles; these are absent in the CuLIcINI.”

Bacot takes up the question of the “ possibilities of the pupal paddles (anal
_ plates of Wesché) for purposes of classification and the separation of ill-defined
species’ of mosquitoes in his “Report of the Entomological Investigation
undertaken for the Yellow Fever (West Africa) Commission ”’ (pp. 140-146), stating
that “very marked differences may occur in the pupal paddles of closely related
species.” Bacot qualifies this statement, however, by remarking that “there
seems .. . no likelihood, so far as.the scanty material examined goes, that these
characters could be made to afford the basis for an independent scheme of
classification.” In the opinion of Bacot those appendages of the pupa which are
obviously likely to be adaptive rather than ancestral in character may form a
means of discrimination.

74 A. INGRAM AND J. W. SCOTT MACFIE.

Following Bacot we have described the pupal paddles of a few mosquitos which,
so far as we know, have not yet been illustrated in this particular manner. It
seemed to us, after reading Bacot’s paper, that, while helpful in the differentiation
of certain species, a scheme of classification based solely upon the characters of
the pupal paddles with their appendages would break down sooner or later. We
must admit, however, that this break-down has not occurred so far as the
examination of our materials has gone, yet the points of distinction are sometimes
so slight that we believe that not only the numbers and arrangement of the setae
on different parts of the pupal case should be taken into consideration, as suggested
by Howard, Dyar and Knab, but also in certain cases the length and shape of the
pupal trumpets, in attempting to draw up a scheme of classification based upon
pupal characters alone. Such a provisional scheme we have outlined below for
the pupae which have been figured by Wesché and Bacot, and for those we
ourselves have had the good fortune to examine. Unfortunately we have not been
able to avail ourselves of all the descriptions given by Wesché, as some of them
are incomplete and his drawings, which were made at a low magnification, do not
reveal certain minute points on which we have had to rely for the differentiation
of species; this is especially the case in the genus Culex, in which we have had
reluctantly to abandon the attempt to include his species in our scheme.

In drawing up this scheme we have relied as far as possible on the characters of
the paddles and the setae on the last two abdominal segments. These structures
furnished sufficient points for the differentiation of genera. In dealing with species,
however, we have had to have resource to other characters in order to distinguish
even the small number of pupae discussed, and it is probable that when further
’ materials are available the setae on all or most of the abdominal segments and every
other structure capable of giving assistance will have to be included in devising
a complete scheme of classification.

Table of Tribes.

1. Paddles small, breadth less than half the diameter of the 8th
segment; tufts on the 8th segment as long as the paddles

or nearly as long a ny “i bs ire SABETHINI.
Paddles relatively large; tufts on the 8th ay a shorter
than the paddles z ag ees ee
2. Large species; long dorsal tent ee on Sep ith aM sth
segments .. a - ” af .. MEGARHININI.
Smaller species; without such et on = ; a bi iia aces
3. Dendritic seta on the posterior angle of the 8th Socaechy is ANOPHELINI.
Tuft or differentiated seta on the Pee is angle of the 8th
segment .. Ki . CULICINI.

The only species ae to mn tebe ‘Bacamecen: the pupa of which has
been. described is Toxorhynchites brevipalpis, which has been figured by Bacot.
The large size of the pupa is at present sufficient to differentiate it from any other,
but the insignificant size of the tuft on the 8th segment, the absence of terminal
setae on the paddles, and the presence of long serrated dorsal setae on the 7th and
8th segments are also characteristic.

THE PUPAE OF WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 75

The pupae of Eretmopodites, the only genus of the tribe SaBeTHINi at present
known to occur in Africa, differ from those of the SABETHINI described by Howard,
Dyar and Knab, as has already been pointed out, in having well-developed
midribs in the paddles, and long terminal setae or tufts of setae. The five species
described, including one described by Bacot which is known only in the pupal stage,
can readily be distinguished, as shown in the following table.

Genus ERETMOPODITES, Theo.

1. Single stout seta on the end of the paddle .. f . mi ¢ 2
Tuft of about a dozen setae on the end of the paddle .. HF. quinquevittatus.
Tuft of about half a dozen setae on the end of the paddle .. E. inornatus.

2. A single stout seta on the posterior angle of the 8th segment. . H.?(undetermined).
Tuft of long setae on the posterior angle of the 8th segment .. :. ‘3 3

3. Tuft of four setae on the posterior angle of the 7th segment .. —-E.. chrysogaster.
Tuft of six setae on the posterior angle of the 7th segment .. EH. dracaenae.

Genus ANOPHELES, Mg.

The pupae of only four West African species of this genus have hitherto been
described in this way, namely those of A. costalis, A. pharoensis, and A. mauritianus
by Wesché, and A. funestus figured by Bacot. The latter author also figured
A. costalis. The pupa of A. marshalli is described here for the first time, and further
details are given of those of A. pharoensis and A. mauritianus so as to make the
descriptions of all the five species comparable.

Anopheles marshalli, Theo.

The pupal paddles are somewhat narrow, with a marginal fringe on the outer
side. The thickening of the outer margin of the paddle or buttress, described by
Wesché as present in the Anopheline pupae he examined, is also present in this
species, but is less well developed than in A. costalis. There are two setae near the
distal end of the midrib, the more distal one being the longer and stouter. The
latter seta is not bent into a hook, as in the case of A. costalis and A. funestus in
Bacot’s figures, but is gently curved with the convexity inwards. The seta at the
posterior angle of the 8th segment consists of branches coming off a main stem ;
the main stem is, however, much shorter than that of the lateral hairs of A. costalis.
The 7th segment carries no lateral tuft, but bears a single seta at its posterior angle,
which is simple, and internal to it there is a longer but more slender seta, also
simple. On the posterior border of the 5th and 6th segments there are similar setae,
but the inner setae are usually double, and between them and the setae at the
angles there are smaller double hairs, which, however, are larger than the similar
hairs on the 7th segment. At the posterior angle of the 4th segment there is a small
knob-like seta. On the posterior margins of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments there
are several single, double and triple hairs, none of which however are strongly
developed,

76 A. INGRAM AND J. W. SCOTT MACFIE.

Anopheles pharoensis, Theo. (fig. 1).

The paddles are pyriform, with a slight external fringe, and have well developed
midribs; they have also an external buttress, which is less developed than in
A. costalis. There are two terminal setae on each paddle, a large and a small one,
as in the other species of this genus. The large hair is not bifid, though the small
one, which is poorly developed, may be split at its end. These hairs lie further
apart than do the similar hairs in A. mauritianus, and the larger hair is longer
than the larger hair on the paddle of A. mauritianus (9 units to 7).

There is a stout irregularly branching dendritic seta, much like that of A. costalis,
at the posterior angle of the 8th abdominal segment; it is about one-fifth the
length of the paddle. At the posterior angles of the 5th, 6th, and 7th segments
are stout, curved and sharply pointed setae, longer than the similar setae on the
segments of A. mauritianus. At the posterior angles of the 3rd and 4th segments
are curiously stunted and blunted setae. Internal to the seta at the posterior

Fig. 1. <Ancpheles pharoensis, Thec,*

angle and at the posterior border of the segments on the dorsum is a tuft of hairs
upon the 3rd to the 6th segments ; these hair-tufts have fewer hairs than the similar
tufts on A. mauritianus ; on the 7th segment this hair-tuft is replaced by a single
or bifid hair. Nearer the middle line of the dorsum on either side upon the posterior
margins of the 5th, 6th, and 7th segments js a single stout hair extending to the distal
margin of the segment over which it projects ; this hair is replaced by a tuft on the
posterior border of the 3rd and 4th segments. The trumpets have wide apertures,
which are not fluted.

Anopheles mauritianus, Grp. (fig. 2).

The paddles are large and pear-shaped, with a slight fringe on their outer
margins; they have well-developed midribs and also buttresses, which are slighter
than those of A. costalis. The terminal hairs on each paddle are a large hair, which
is usually bifid, and a small one, which may have its end split into three or four
pieces. The hairs are slightly curved, but not hooked.

At the posterior angle of the 8th abdominal segment is a stout seta giving off
delicate branches only upon its inner aspect; these branches all extend to about

* Unless otherwise stated the magnification of all the drawings is x 50.

THE PUPAE OF WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 77

the same distance, namely to the termination of the seta itself, so that the branches
coming off near the base are relatively long, while the others diminish in length

progressively towards the apex—the appearance produced being suggestive of
a harp.

There are short single stout setae with pointed ends at the posterior’ angles of
all the segments proximal to the 8th, except the Ist. These setae gradually increase
in size as the posterior end is approached. On the dorsal surface and at the posterior
border of the segments immediately internal to the seta at the posterior angle there
is a tuft of simple hairs on the 3rd to the 6th segments; on the 7th segment this
tuft is replaced by a single or double hair. On each side nearer the middle of the
dorsum on the posterior border of the 6th and 7th segments is a single or double
stout hair extending slightly beyond the middle of the segment over which it
projects; on the posterior border of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments this single
hair is replaced by a tuft. The trumpets have wide apertures, which are fluted.

Fig. 2. Anopheles mauritianus, Grp.

With such a small amount of material it is scarcely worth while making out a
table for identification, especially as there is no difficulty in separating the pupae,
but a few of the many points of distinetion may be briefly mentioned.

The buttress on the outer margin of the paddle is conspicuous in A. costalis, less
well developed in A. pharoensis, and in A. mauritianus, as Wesché states, it is less
_ well marked than in A. pharoensis. In A. marshalli it is only slightly developed.

Unfortunately Bacot’s figures do not show the buttress in either A. costalis or
A. funestus.

The longer terminal seta on the paddle is “reminiscent of a boot-hook” in
A. costalis and A. funestus, according to Bacot ; in A. marshalli it is gently curved ;
in A. pharoensis it is almost straight, and in A. mauritianus it is usually bifid,

The dendritic setae on the posterior angles of the 8th abdominal segment also
differ in these species. In A. funestus they are “larger, with less spread of the
branches” than in A. costalis, according to Bacot. In A. marshalli they are
smaller than in A. costalis, their length as compared with the length of the paddle

being as 7 to 35 in the former, and as 12 to 36 in the latter. In A. mauritianus they
are harp-shaped.

7& A. INGRAM AND J. W. SCOTT MACFIE,

Tribe CULICINI.
Table of Genera.

1. Paddles of unusual shape. . os ets f. if “ hei #2
Paddles of usual shape, oval or eee we) sé $ wT 3.

2. Paddles narrow, without fringe; end of oar, meta-
morphosed into a spine Sh Mansonioides.
Paddles “ knife-like,” inner lobes — chink bis ate: 1g Uranotaena.
3. End of midrib thickened and tube-like Es .. Humelanomyia.
End of midrib not thickened, terminal setae Hacialy ate in phe
4. Terminal setae long is iy om P? ye ~ “as ‘emcaidee
Terminal setae Peart e 3 oe me pee

5. Terminal setae very long; stout chore wre Fess a very
long central branch a little internal to the tuft on the 7th

segment .. eG a oe ce eh a“ st Aédomyia.
Terminal setae shorter; no such dendritic seta on the 7th
segment .. ne Aédes.
6. Tuft oh the 8th segment nell no > tuft on the ‘Ith; ‘pda
more or less infuscated. . ve prs Mimomyia.
Tufts on the 7th and 8th segments stall aaa we bs ener
7. Long double hairs arising near the eyes <n = of Culiciomyia.
No such hairs = io am s a.) oP es ss Culex.

In the above table no attempt has been made to separate the genera Stegomyia
and Ochlerotatus, but this will be referred to later when dealing with Aédes.

Culiciomyia nebulosa possesses the two conspicuous hairs arising from a point
near the eyes described by Wesché as present in the species he knew as
C. freetownensis and C. cinerea, both of which have been sunk by Edwards. We do
not know if these hairs are present in other species of Culiciomyia, but as we have
not observed them in any species of Culex it is possible they may prove to be a
distinguishing feature. .
Genus Apres, Mg.

The only species of Ochlerotatus that we have had the opportunity of examining
differ from Stegomyia in having a small dendritic tuft on the 2nd segment similar
to, but much smaller and more delicate than, that on the Ist segment. It may be
possible therefore to differentiate these genera as follows :—

Tuft on the Ist abdominal segment dendritic, almost no stem;

similar but smaller tuft on the 2nd segment .. #3 .. Ochlerotatus.
More decided stem to the dendritic tuft on the lst segment; no
similar tuft on the 2nd .. ‘i ee > se aty Stegomyia.

Genus SteGomyi1A, Theo.

¢

1. Tuft of setae on the posterior angle of the 7th segment .. te a ieee
Single or double seta on the 7th segment nA Pr me ie ae at
2. Paddles without a fringe .. oi Aes 20 ‘i ps S. sugens.

Paddles with a fringe ne “fe y = bas G a oe

THE PUPAE OF WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 79

3. Stout branched seta at the posterior angle of the 6th segment,

fringe shorter... t? Ay re S. metallica.

No such special seta on the 6th segment ; ier ea midrib
more highly chitinised .. ne ey .. _S. luteocephala.

4, Paddles narrow; single seta or a poorly developed tuft on the
8th segment oe .. 8. unilineata.
Paddles broader ; tuft on ‘is sth Perv well Gorioped es Be eee
5. Long fringe on the paddles ~ a oe Sp ce S. africana.
Short fringe on the paddles = s a “i op oe
6. Paddles with distinct notch an 4 = af ee S. simpson.
Paddles without distinct notch .. : ap Roe. Ak

7. Single seta on the 7th segment ; tuft on the sth ‘i Ech aay
hairs +9 ist .. S. apicoargentea.

A single or Reaslly a ‘datible seta on the 7 th get tuft on
the 8th with only one or two hairs subplumose aa i S. fasciata.

The tufts and setae of Stegomyza are variable both in different individuals and on
the two sides of the same pupa, so that it is necessary to examine more than a single
specimen in those cases where these structures are used in differentiating the species.

We have not had an opportunity of examining the pupae of S. sugens, S. africana,

and S. apicoargentea but have relied on the descriptions by Wesché for the differ-
ential points.

Stegomyia luteocephala, Newst.

The paddles are oval and rather narrow, but not so narrow as those of
S. unilineata, they have a long fringe and a highly chitinised midrib, and the
terminal seta is well developed. There are tufts at the posterior angles of the
7th and 8th segments, those ofthe 8th segment being the larger. These tuits
vary in size considerably, and those on the 7th segment may be reduced to
stout bifid hairs in some specimens, but as a rule they are well developed on one
or other side of the body. On the 8th segment there is a single simple hair internal
to the tuft, but the segment is otherwise almost bare. All the other segments carry
a number of small setae, especially at their posterior margins, which are mostly
simple, although a few are bifid; none of these hairs is conspicuously or strongly
developed. The dendritic tufts on the first segment are not very strongly developed
and have only a small number (about 7) of primary branches.

Stegomyia metallica, Edw. (fig. 3).

The paddles are oval, with a short fringe, a well-developed midrib, and a long
terminal seta. At the posterior angles of the 7th and 8th segments there are setae
differentiated as tufts of subplumose hairs; those on the 8th segment being small
but definite tufts, those on the 7th being little more than strong double or triple
branched hairs. The 8th segment is bare but for the tuft at each angle and a small
simple hair internal to it. On the 7th segment there are, in addition to the tufts,
_a number of simple hairs, mostly situated on the posterior margin, and a pair of

80 A. INGRAM AND J. W. SCOTT MACFIE.

triple hairs. The 6th segment has at each posterior angle a strong bifid seta, on its
posterior margin a number of simple and one pair of bifid setae, and a few small
hairs further forward. The 5th segment has a single stout hair at the posterior
angle and a number of small hairs near the posterior margin, one of which is larger
than the others. The setae on the 4th segment are similar to those on the 5th, but
the long hair is more highly developed. On the posterior margin of the 3rd segment,
in addition to small hairs, there are on each side of the mid line a double or triple

<< SS 2S a Ne <—S

cs
Fig. 3. Stegomia metallica, Edw.

and a long simple seta. On the 2nd segment these setae are more highly developed
and the inner one is composed of four branches. All these setae on the 2nd to the 8th
segments are more highly chitinised and better developed than those of S. luteocephala.
The dendritic setae on the lst segment are well developed and have about a dozen
primary divisions.

Stegomyia simpsoni, Theo.

The paddles are broader than those of the two species just described and show a
distinct notch at the point where the midrib ends; they have a slight fringe; the
midrib is well-developed, and they carry the usual long terminal seta. On the 8th
segment there is a small tuft at the posterior angle, some of the hairs of which are
subplumose, and a single or bifid seta internal to it. The 7th segment bears a few
quite small setae, mostly at its posterior margin, and at the posterior angle two larger
setae, one of which is larger and stronger and is situated a little anterior to the other.
The 6th segment shows similar hairs and one strong seta a little above the posterior
angle. On the 5th segment the small hairs are mostly bifid and sometimes triple,
the strong seta above the posterior angle is present, and in addition there is a long,
strong seta on the posterior margin a little internal to the angle. The 4th segment
bears similar hairs, but the strong seta above the posterior angle is smaller, and the
long seta internal to the angle is more highly developed. On the 3rd segment the
seta above the posterior angle is reduced still more, and on the posterior margin
internal to the angle there is a small tuft and then a seta of moderate size. On the
2nd segment there are a few simple and divided hairs, none of which is specially
developed. The dendritic hairs on the lst segment are well-developed and show
more than a dozen (about 16) primary divisions.

THE PUPAE OF WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 81

Stegomyia unilineata, Theo. (fig. 4).

The paddles are narrower than is usual in the other members of this genus, the
ratio of length to breadth being on the average as 1°6 is to 1; they have a stout
midrib, a well developed fringe, and a long terminal seta. The abdominal setae
are very variable in this species both in different individuals and on the two sides
of the same specimen. *The 8th segment is almost bare but carries at each posterior
angle a stout seta, and internal to it a small hair. The seta at the posterior angle
is well developed and may be single, double, or composed of three or four elements :
it is subplumose. At the posterior angles of the 6th and 7th segments there are
similar stout setae, but anterior to this there is little or no differentiation of the setae
in this position. The seta at the posterior angle of the 7th segment is pubescent
and may be single or double, that on the 6th segment is much smaller, simple, and
either single or bifid. All the segments from the 2nd to the 7th bear numerous
setae, the majority of which are situated on the posterior margins. Most of these

Fig. 4. Stegomyia unilineata, Theo.

setae are small, but two series are rather more highly developed. The one series is
situated on the posterior margins about half-way between the mid line and the
posterior angles and is represented by a long, single seta on the 6th and 7th segments,
a long single or double seta on the 4th and 5th segments, and a long single seta on the
2nd and 3rd segments. ‘The second series lies slightly internal to the first, and the
setae composing it are developed into tufts, which gradually become smaller as
the posterior extremity is approached. On the 2nd segment the tufts are usually
well developed, on the 3rd and 4th they are smaller and consist of only four or five
hairs, on the 5th and 6th they are reduced to triple hairs, and on the 7th they are
represented by single or double hairs not specially differentiated from the other
small setae on the segment. The dendritic setae on the Ist segment are well
developed and have a large number (over a dozen) of primary divisions.

The above description is based on the examination of five pelts of pupae of this
species.
Genus OcHLEROTATUS, Arrib.

1. Two small dark spots on the margin of each paddle... di O. sudanensis,
No such spots de a sig $y. rm she i’ iv iat 2
(C365) ‘

82 A. INGRAM AND J. W. SCOTT MACFIE.

2. Single seta at the posterior angle of the 8th segment .. .. O. domesticus.
Tuft on the 8th segment .. FP are
3. Tuft on the 8th segment long, half fhe sesigth of chs nsidille ormore .. thky a

Tuft on the 8th segment short, less than half the length of the paddle .. 5
4. Paddles with a fringe and a single long terminal seta .. * .. O. apicoannulatus.

Paddles without a fringe, short bifid terminal seta... as O. simulans.
5. (Paddle plates “run at sharper curve from the ribs ’’) .. O. mgricephalus.
Paddles of usual shape .. # :% Fy oh ue Be ENG
6. Paddles with a fringe “at ge ny =: .. O. albocephalus.
Paddles without a fringe .. ?. 4a Ae * ng O. minutus,

O. punctothoracis,

O. caliginosus.

This table is given with considerable diffidence, as we have ourselves examined

only two of the species. Bacot figures three, namely, 0. simulans, O. aprcoannulatus

and O. minutus, O. sudanensis was briefly mentioned by us in a previous paper

(Bull. Ent. Res. vii, p. 7), and the others were described by Wesché. 0. albocephalus,
Theo., has not previously been described, or figured.

Ochlerotatus albocephalus, Theo (fig. 5).

The paddles are oval in shape and show a well marked midrib, a slight external
thickening or buttress, a slight but distinct external fringe, and a long terminal seta.
The terminal seta is one-fifth the length of the midrib and in this respect resembles
that of O. minutus as figured by Bacot. The 8th segment bears at each posterior

Fig. 5. Ochlerotatus albocephalus, Theo.

angle a small tuft of about four simple or pubescent hairs, which is just about the
same length as the terminal seta on the paddle, namely, one-fifth the length of the
midrib. Internal to the tuft, close to the outer margin.of the paddle there is a long,
slender, single or bifid hair. At the posterior angle of the 7th segment there is a
bifid seta and a few small hairs, and along the posterior margin of the segment are a
number of delicate and rather long hairs. On the 4th, 5th and 6th segments one of
the setae on the posterior margin and a little internal to the angle is especially de-
veloped, so that it reaches right across the following segment. This seta may be
single or double. The dendritic setae on the lst segment are well developed. On
the 2nd segment there is also a pair of dendritic setae, which are, however, much
smaller than those on the 1st segment and but poorly chitinised.

THE PUPAE OF WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 83

Genus MANSONIOIDES, Theo.

The early stages of Mansonioides uniformis are not known. The pupa of
M. africanus can readily be distinguished from all other known West African pupae
by the structure of the trumpet, which is developed at its distal end mto a spine
suitable for piercing the roots of the water-weed Pistia stratiotes, but it can also be
separated from pupae of other genera of the tribe CuLicrni by the characters of the
paddles alone.

The structure of the paddles has been figured by Ingram (Bull. Ent. Res. in,
p. 377) and it is only necessary here to add that the ends are slightly thickened
and that apparently there are no terminal setae. At the posterior angles of the
7th and 8th segments there are large single setae in place of tufts.

Genus AipomyiA, Theo.

Aeédomyia africana, N.L. (fig. 6).

The paddles are pyriform, slightly notched, and without a fringe ; the outer margin
is a little thickened and the midrib is well developed. There is a single stout terminal
seta at the end of the paddle about as long as the paddle itself. In the middle line
and at the distal end there is a slightly darkened patch.

Fig. 6. Aédomyia africana, N.L.

The tufts at the posterior angles of the 8th segments are well’ developed and
consist of four branched hairs. On the 7th segment there is a stout double seta
at the posterior angle, and internal to it another tuft formed by the branching of a
stout seta the median element of which is extremely long. Similar long tufts, or
more correctly dendritic setae, are also present on the 4th to the 6th abdominal
segments. Internal to these, and in a similar position on the Ist, 2nd and 3rd seg-
ments also, there is a tuft of slender hairs. The dorsal tuft on the lst abdominal
segment is poorly developed.

There are several tufts on the thorax, one of which lies just behind the trumpets
and another at the posterior margin. The trumpets are not very long, but are
highly chitinised.

Genus CuLEex, L.

1. Tuft at the posterior angle of the 8th segment containing

branched hairs... cm aid - - extordl
Tuft on the 8th segment of cn Aiea ee aie ai te ceive

2. Tuft at the posterior angle of the 7th sal pe et
j branched hairs 3

ce

Tuft on the 7th segment of sea ttt or Taal ed és - fee
(C365) F2

84 A. INGRAM AND J. W. SCOTT MACFIE.

3. Infuscated spot on the paddles... r + ai .. C. quasigelidus.
No such spot .. i ws bie 52.

4. A triple hair at the — sneie of ‘the bth aint 6th
segments .. ..C. thalassvus.

A tuft of five or six haat a Hide paseenen sable: of she bth
and 6th segments .. .. _C. tritaenorhynchus.

‘5. Large species; length of thi pivians also 0: 9 mm. (70

units) es Ah a mA .. C. tugripes var. fuscus.
Small or medium- ined pesies *

6. Stout pupa, well chitinised; tubal aperture large (19

units to a trumpet length of 42 units)... : : ” C. fatigans.
Slender pupa, poorly chitinised ; tubal apnea smaller
(10 units to a trumpet length si 35 units) .. s .. C. wnvidoosus.
7. Tuft on the 8th segment long, more than half the length

of the paddle (19 to 34); trumpets short ate Cyathomyva fusca.
Tuft on the 8th segment shorter, less than half the length

of the paddle (8:42); a pair of long hairs on the

distal margin of the 6th segment ; trumpets larger .. NB C. quart.

In drawing up this table it has been necessary to take into account certain minute
characters which unfortunately has made it impossible to include some of the species
described and figured by Wesché in insufficient detail. It has also been necessary to
re-describe C. fatagans and C. invidiosus in order to bring out these points. The
branched or subplumose character of the hairs composing the tufts at the posterior
angles of the 7th and 8th segments is not a very satisfactory differential feature and
has been adopted in the table only because it was employed by Wesché. Four of the
species have not previously been described.

It may be noted as a point of possibly generic importance that none of the species
of Culex that we have examined has had a fringe on the pupal paddles.

Culex fatigans, Wied. (fig. 7).

The pupa is stout and well chitinised. The paddles are large and slightly pyriform,
with a well developed midrib and a slight thickening of the external border, but without
a fringe. At the distal end of the midrib there are two small setae situated close
together, the one being rather longer than the other. At the posterior angle of the
8th segment there is a tuft of about 6 to 8 branched hairs. At the posterior angle of
the 7th segment there is a group of three setae ; the one nearest the angle is a small
tuft of 4 or 5 delicate hairs, just above itis a larger tuft of 3 to 5 stout hairs, which are
usually subplumose but may be branched, and internal to this seta and a little above
it is a small double or triple hair. Several other hairs are situated along the posterior
margin of this segment, most of which are small and double, but one particularly
long single hair may be found near the angle. The 6th segment bears just above its
posterior angle a long delicate triple hair, on the posterior margin a little internal to
the angle a very long double hair, and just internal to this a tuft of 4 hairs. Similar
setae occur on the 5th segment, but the tuft internal to the angle 1s composed of rather
more hairs, 5 usually. On the 4th segment the long lateral seta is sometimes double,

THE PUPAE OF WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS, 85

sometimes quadruple and the tuft internal to it comprises 5 to 7 hairs. On the 3rd
segment there is a tuft of 7 or more hairs on the posterior margin a little internal to
the angle. There are only a few small setae at the posterior angle of the 2nd, 3rd,

SS
S\ IS
Fig. 7. Culex fatigans, Wied.

and 4th segments. The dendritic setae on the Ist segment are well developed, there
is also a pair of small dendritic setae on the 2nd segment. The pupal trumpets are
relatively short, but have a large aperture.

Culex invidiosus, Theo. (fig. 8).

The paddles are similar to those of C. fatigans, that is, they are pyriform and have a
well developed midrib, a slight external thickening, but no fringe. At the free end of
each midrib are two small setae, set close together, one of which is a little larger than
the other. The pupa is, however, much more delicate than that of C. faligans and

Fig. 8. Culex invidiosus, Theo.

is but poorly chitinised. The 8th segment bears a tuft at its posterior angle, and a
delicate double hair close to the insertion of the paddle. The tuft is composed of
7 to 9 branched hairs. There are several delicate setae near the posterior angle of the
7th segment the most conspicuous of which is a tuft composed of 2 to 4 hairs, which
may be either simple or subplumose. This tuft lies a little above the angle and close
to the lateral margin of the abdomen. On the posterior margin of this segment and
about half way between the angle and the mid line, there is a delicate tuft of about
4 hairs. The 6th segment has a delicate tuft of about 5 hairs in the posterior angle,
an extremely long double seta on the posterior margin a little internal to the angle,

86 A. INGRAM AND J. W. SCOTT MACFIE,

and internal to this a tuft. of about 7 delicate hairs. The 5th segment bears similar
setae to those on the 6th segment. On the posterior margin of the 4th segment there
are two tufts a little internal to the angle, the outer composed of about 6 hairs and
the inner of about 10. On the 3rd segment there are two similar tufts, the outer
one of which is however much reduced. On the 2nd segment there are two delicate
dendritic setae with long peduncles. The dendritic setae on the Ist segment are
well developed.
The pupal trumpets have a smaller aperture than those of C. fatigans.

Culex thalassius, Theo. (fig. 9).

The paddles are broad, with a well marked midrib, and an external thickening, but
without a fringe. There are two small terminal setae, the larger of which is sometimes
bifid. On the 8th segment there is a large tuft of 10 to 12 branched hairs at the
posterior angle, and a small double hair near the external root of the paddle. On the
7th segment there is a small tuft of about 7 delicate hairs close to the posterior angle,

Fig. 9. Culex thalassius, Taeo.

and a little above this a larger tuft of 4 to 6 stout branched setae. On the 6th segment
there is at the posterior angle a delicate triple or double hair, but the most con-
spicuous seta lies a little internal to this on the posterior margin, and is long, strong,
. bifid, and pubescent or subplumose. The setae on the 5th segment are similar to
those on the 6th. On the 4th segment the seta at the posterior angle is sub-divided
into a tuft of about 5 delicate hairs, and the conspicuous seta internal to it is sometimes
triple. On the 3rd segment the tuft near the posterior angle consists of about 6
elements, but the stout seta internal to it is no longer conspicuous. On the 2nd seg-
ment there is a small dendritic seta. The dendritic seta on the 1st segment is large
and shows about 8 primary divisions.

Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Giles. (fig. 10).

The pupal paddles are similar to those of C. thalassius ; they are without a marginal
fringe, and their terminal setae are paired but very small. The more conspicuous
abdominal setae are as follows. On the 8th segment there is a lateral tuft of about
6 branched hairs. On the 7th segment there is a minute tuft in the posterior angle
and just above it a larger tuft of 4 branched setae, and on the posterior margin about
half-way between the angle and the mid line there is a tuft of 4 hairs. On the 4th,

THE PUPAE OF WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS, 87

5th, and 6th segments there is at the posterior angle a tuft of 5 or 6 hairs; just internal
to this a stout double seta, which is not so well developed as in C. thalassius; and
again internal to this and on the posterior margin a tuft of 6 to 8 hairs. The latter
tuft is larger on the 4th and 5th segments than it is on the 6th, but on the 3rd segment

Fig. 10. Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Giles.

there is a similar tuft which is rather larger than that on the 4th segment. On the
2nd segment there is a small dendritic tuft. The dendritic tufts on the Ist segment
are well developed and have about a dozen primary branches.

Culex guiarti, Blanch. (fig. 11).

The pupa as a whole is very poorly chitinised. The paddles show no marginal
fringe; they have paired small and slender terminal setae. Most of the abdominal
setae are poorly chitinised, the only conspicuous ones being the lateral tufts on the
7th and 8th segments, and the very long double setae on the 5th and 6th segments.
Near the posterior angle of the 8th segment there is a tuft of 7 or 8 subplumose hairs ;
this tuft is small, being less than a quarter the length of the midrib. In a similar

Fig. 1l. Culex guirti, Blanch.

a
position on the 7th segment there is a tuft of 3 or 4 subplumose hairs, and on the more
anterior segments delicate tufts of about 5 fine hairs. On the posterior margin a
little internal to the angle there is on the 5th and 6th segments a strong double or
triple seta of great length; in a similar position on the 4th segment there is a tuft of
5 hairs. A little internal to these setae there are delicate tufts on the 3rd to the 7th
segments. The dendritic setae on the lst segment are large and much branched.
The trumpets are long, poorly chitinised, and have a narrow aperture.

88 A. INGRAM AND J. W. SCOTT MACFIE.

Genus CyatHomytA, Theo.

Cyathomyia fusca, Theo. (fig. 12).

The paddles are rather small, with a slight external thickening, a midrib, but no
fringe; they carry paired terminal setae, which are small and very delicate. On the
7th and 8th segments there are conspicuous lateral tufts; those on the 8th segment
are long and are composed of 7 subplumose hairs, those on the 7th of 4 or 5 hairs,
subplumose towards their extremities and branched at their tips. No such tufts

Fig. 12. Cyathomyia fusca, Theo.

are present on the other segments, which carry at their posterior angles only a few
minute setae. On the posterior margins of the 4th, 5th and 6th segments there is a
specially large seta a little less than half-way between the angle and the mid-line ;
this seta is single on the 6th segment and double or triple on the 4th and 5th. The |
trumpets are short, highly chitinised and with a moderately wide aperture.

Genus EKEUMELANOMYIA, Theo.

Eumelanomyia inconspicuosa, Theo. (fig. 13).

The pupa of this mosquito possesses pear-shaped paddles with a distinct external
buttress ; the midrib is well formed and has a peculiar expansion at its end; no
terminal seta was visible in the single specimen examined. At the posterior angle of
the 8th abdominal segment there is a fan-shaped tuft of 8 subplumose hairs; near

Fig. 13. Humelanomyia inconspicuosa, Theo.

the posterior angle of the 7th segment there is a fan-shaped tuft of 7 less well developed
subplumose hairs, but actually nearer the posterior angle there is a slender triple
hair; near the posterior angle of the 6th segment there is a slender triple hair.
The trumpets are rather long and narrow, slightly expanded at the ends and with
small apertures. The whole pupa is dark and strongly chitinised.

THE PUPAE OF WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS., 89

Genus MimomytiaA, Theo.

Edwards in his “‘ Revised Keys to the Known Larvae of African Culicinae” has
given a table by means of which the pupae of M. splendens, M. plumosa, M. mimomyia-
formas, and M. hispida can be distinguished. In the following notes we give certain
additional points of importance with regard to two of these species,

Mimomyia mimomyiaformis, Newst (fig. 14).

The pupa as a whole is dark, and the paddles and the middle parts of the abdominal
segments are covered by minute spines. The paddles are pyriform, the inner distal
angle, however, is characteristically squared; they are infuscated with a white

Fig. 14. Mimomyia mimomyiafcormis, Newst.

comma-shaped marking on their outer sides; there is a fringe of large sparsely
scattered points; the midrib is well developed, and there are single short terminal
setae. The tufts at the posterior angles of the 8th segment are very small and consist
of only 2 or 3 short hairs. On the 7th segment there are only a few minute setae near
the posterior angle, and on the posterior margin a little internal to these two rather
larger bifid setae. The latter setae are better developed on‘the anterior segments,
and are further subdivided. The dendritic setae on the Ist segment are poorly
developed and but little branched. The trumpets are long and pale at the tips.

Mimomyia splendens, Theo. (fig. 15).
The paddles are narrow, ending in a small knob-like projection, and slightly
darkened at the tips. There is a well developed buttress both on the inner and outer
margins of the paddles, but the midrib is poorly developed distally. The fringe on
the paddles is long. The terminal setae are small, and there is a small seta close to

—
Fig. 15. Mimomyia splendens, Theo.

the midrib a little distance from the end. The tuft at the posterior angle of the 8th
segment is poorly developed and consists of only one or two short hairs; the pos-
terior angle itself is almost tooth-shaped. At the posterior angle of the 7th segment

90 A. INGRAM AND J. W. SCOTT MACFIE.

there are only a few minute hairs. On the 2nd to 7th segments there are on each side
two long powerful setae on the posterior margin a little internal to the angle, and a
small stout seta internal to them; these setae are more highly developed on the
anterior segments, and on the 7th segment may be poorly represented. The dendritic
setae on the lst segment are small and sparsely branched. The trumpets are long
and pale for the apical third, but the actual end is somewhat darkened.

Genus URANOTAENTA, Arrib.

The only species of this genus that we have examined is U. balfowri. The paddles
are peculiar in shape, as described by Wesché, that is the plates on the inner sides of
the midribs are larger than those on the outer sides, an arrangement we have not
observed in any other pupae.

The paddles of U. balfouri appear to be more pointed at the apex than those of
U. ornata, which has been figured by Bacot, and the pupa differs also in having a fan-
shaped tuft of simple hairs near to, but not actually at the posterior angle of the 7th
abdominal segment, and the small tufts at the posterior angles of the 8th segment
composed of only two hairs. In the specimen of U. balfouri examined by us there
was also a dark ring at the base of the paddles.

Sub-family CHAOBORINAE.
Genus CHaosporus, Lichtenstein.

Chaoborus ceratopogones, Theo. (figs. 16, 17).

The pupa is less curved than the pupae of the Cuticrnar. It has very large paddles
of a peculiar shape ;_ these paddles have a well developed buttress on their inner side
and their internal margins are fringed, the midrib is broad and lies nearer the inner

== Ss S
Fig 16. Ohaoborus ceratopogones, Theo. Fig. 17. Pupal trumpet of

Chaoborus ceratopogones, X 75.

than the outer side of the paddle, the inner lobe being thus narrower than the outer.
There is a single slender terminal hair at some distance to the outer side of the end of
the midrib. The pupa seems to be devoid of stout hairs, but there are delicate tufts
near the posterior angles of all the segments and along the posterior margins. These
tufts might easily be overlooked. The trumpets bear but a slight resemblance to the
trumpets of the CuLIcINAE; they are flask-shaped or pear-shaped, with the narrow
end outwardly directed: their surface is beautifully reticulated, suggesting an

THE PUPAE OF WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 91

alvéolar-structured organ possibly functioning as a primitive lung; the trumpets
have an exceedingly narrow slit-like opening distally and the proximal ends are
connected with well marked tracheae, which narrow at their junction with the trum-
pets and become broader and more convoluted as they are traced into the interior
of the pupal case. Miall (Aquatic Insects, p. 119) states that “The pupa floats in an
upright position at the surface of the water.” This statement is incorrect so far as
the pupa of Chaoborus ceratopogones is concerned, as it appeared to spend the whole
of its time at the bottom of the water in the glass vessel wherein it was placed.

_ The pupal stage lasted about 36 hours in the two specimens bred.

In conclusion, we desire to express our thanks to Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall,
Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, for his kind assistance in deter-
mining several of the species here dealt with; and to Miss Rhodes for the great
care and trouble she has taken in the preparation of the illustrations.

a 7 trae ‘¥ Cie Se at

‘ { ; | a ies
-" 20, RA” Oy. hee 5 ee ee

\ : 1 ;
} ~ : 7 . - 2 ms é :
AOTigtom, ¥ carn’ ey 4O Saas
vo Pe i x ; j vie ; i i? ' dimaog
: + It ne
( } ii i } ‘ ce. OL
: uit; fi ij i ’ ‘ i ry ff j
1 wf)
:
i ai bf iJ

. me saul

f . : p Te rT i a 9F et
| pevTtht LehiaeAy GaBF
; of 4 a4 1% y » Lore ree

‘yuh

—, ‘5...

- 7 os " erie @ 502 Fi) j 4
EB sicemete me hr,

odie |
‘pea o —. 7 r
- ne) eG .

93

NOTES RELATIVE TO THE IMPORTATION: OF TIPHIA PARALLELA,
SMITH, FROM BARBADOS TO MAURITIUS FOR THE CONTROL
OF PHYTALUS SMITHI, ARROW.

By D. > EmMMEREZ DE CHARMOY,

Government Entomologist, Mauritius.

The existence in Mauritius of the Melolonthid beetle, Phytalus smithi, Arrow, was
detected for the first time in July 1911 on those lands of Mon Rocher Estate which
adjoin the Royal Botanical Gardens of Pamplemousses. It was at once suspected
that this new pest of the sugar-cane must have been conveyed into the Colony by some
shipment or other of sugar-cane cuttings from abroad, but no clue could be found as
to its country of origin until February 1912, when it was detected in Barbados by
Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, who was
then on his way to the Agricultural Conference held at Trinidad in that year.

The first results of the campaign against the insect were recorded in a report
published by the Government of Mauritius in 1912. The methods therein prescribed
for combating the pest are those that are still employed and consist mainly in :—

(1) Digging out larvae by means of hoes from those fields which show an average
infection of 15,000 to 20,000 larvae and over per arpent. ‘This operation is as a rule
carried out during the months of May to September and is extended to October in
very exceptional cases, for by this time of the year most of the larvae have burrowed
deep into the ground for their ultimate transformation.

(2) Capturing adult insects at night from 7 to 9 p.m., which is carried out during
the months of November to April and sometimes until June,

The annexed statements show the months of greatest emergence of the adult
insects, the number of insects destroyed from July 1911 to June 1916, and the annual
expenditure incurred.

It will be noticed that a considerable reduction in the number of insects has taken
place in that zone which was at first most heavily infested, thus showing the
possibility of effectively bringing the pest under control wherever, as at Mon Rocher,
- the prescribed measures are carried out with persistence and energy.

From the accompanying sketch map (see page 96) it will also be seen that the
insects, though not increasing’in numbers, have steadily gained ground during the
last five years, the radius of the infected zone being now greater by one kilometre.
The quarantine measures, however, that were imposed from the very beginning of
the outbreak have succeeded in localising the pest within the limits of the District
of Pamplemousses and in preventing its spread throughout the Colony.

As soon as the origin of the pest was ascertained, suggestions were made relative
to the introduction of its natural enemies, which it was presumed might exist in the
country of origin. Mr. Marshall during his stay in Barbados having ascertained that
the insect, although distributed throughout that island, did not cause any serious

6ZI‘SHZEF | OS8‘F69'9 | DOFLGE‘TS | OGO‘SOS‘L | O€L‘F8F‘9R | GEP‘9EO'S | NES*SFOOT | SI8‘IIS | LET‘O9F‘9Z

ae

9FG‘LIT OGL‘6S 666 = 2 = = ce
LZ6‘09S‘8T | OOS*ZIO'S | SIS‘LSZS‘LI | OOL‘EST O88‘°S8ES | OS1'Ss LIG‘9OSPhF =
OZL°SI9°SI | 000‘OT9'S | 986‘°618‘II | OSO‘OLS 888 ‘PEPrs = L98°609°Z —#
ELEGSS'0T | OOSESO'T | SBSTFE'ST | OOT*FOT'D | EBF*LLE“OS | OOSFZS‘T | S8E‘LLL‘S =
C96‘SSFI | 0086 IZ8°L98°S | OOS‘LFE 686'L86°F | SFOSLST L90°ZZZ'S | SI8‘I1S
‘S0[}09 “OVAIVIT "SO[}00 | "OVAIV'T *SsoT}00q ‘OVAIV'T *S0]}00q “OBAIV'T
‘9I6I-SI6I “CI6I-FI6I ‘PIGI-SI6I “EI6I-ZI6I

918816
a. SE6'T
62E*60S‘T | SZL*Lgs
9S 698'F =
PIPEST‘OL | LFL‘9OT
ZE1‘8c6‘6 | 999°EGE
‘sop00 gq ‘OVAIV'T
‘ZIGI-II6I

SpOOSUT JO IJOqWINN [eIOT,

IiUAANOY pu OI[VSOYy
opuery felesoy ojt0g

‘ oouviods
puv si1oj}uelg Teurg

“i uvi[q nvog

qUuno

wz. Iayooy uopy

a EE EEE EE ee SS ee eee eee ee | eee ee eee ee eee eee ee eee

‘OI6T 8UNL O71 TIGL Ang wouf pruysig sassnowodung oy) ur pohousap mys snpeydyg fo avamwT pun sajoog fo saqunyy ay) Gurmoys 2190,

THE IMPORTATION OF TIPHIA PARALLELA INTO MAURITIUS.

95

Table showing the Total Numbers of Phytalus smithi destroyed in the Pamplemousses
District from 1911 to 1916, with the Cost.

_ Amount Spent.

Total.

Larvac. Beetles. Rs. Cs,
Mon Rocher 1,309,029 | 22,929,442 | 18,041 15
Mount 9,117,847 65,379,783 31,920 88
Beau Plan 3,180,050 24,734,003 17,282 74
Small Planters and Esperance 3,478,475 | 47,817,895 | 21,824 15
Petite Rosalie Grande Rosalie and Souvenir 41,688 118,545 193 13
Total Number of Insects 17,127,089 | 160,979,668 | 89,262 | 05

Table showing the Number of Larvae and Beetles of Phytalus smithi

captured at Mon Rocher during the Year 1914-15.

July
August
September
October
November... is Bh
December
January
February
March ..
April

Total .. i we

Larvae.

330,700
11,200

300

— —- — |

347,200

Beetles,

—————EE

40
30
3,150

48,017

2,286,757

74,110
636,830

246,910

38,262

3,367,321

96 D. D’ EMMEREZ DE CHARMOY.

damage to crops such as it did in Mauritius, at once concluded that it was being kept
in check by some natural enemy. Upon Phytalus larvae which he brought back to
the British Museum, Mr. Gilbert Arrow detected the presence of the larva of a Scoliud
wasp, suspected of being that of Dielis (Campsomeris) dorsata, which Mr. Marshall
had observed in fields infested with Phytalus and Lngyrus tumulosus.

5
es
FO
=) La
Ag
& if)
pel SB
‘ len
>
“AI OR
aS
MISTRICT 5 |. \ a i ee
m \ Fig ~~ /
DP \ /
\ 7
mt 7a
P.M. Powders Mills SY \ Hy
R.O. Royal Observatory % \ of
B.G. Botanical Gardens “S ‘XS Le?

L. Langlois

Sketch map in which the spiral black line shows the gradual increase in
the distribution of Phytalus smithi during the past five years.

This fact led them to believe that this Scoliid might be one of the chief parasites
that kept the Phytalus in check. It has since been shown, however, by Mr. W.
Nowell, then Mycologist to the Local Department of Agriculture, Barbados, in a
report published in the Annals of Applied Biology (1915) that the ratio of this para-
sitism to that due to Tvphia parallela at the same time and place was calculated to be

THE IMPORTATION OF TIPHIA PARALLELA INTO MAURITIUS. 97

about one to a hundred. Mr. Nowell further states that towards the end of 1911 a
large number of coccons had been found by him in cane-fields infested with white
grubs, which cocoons were identified as being those of T7phia parallela, the existence
of which had already been recorded in Brazil.

At about the same time the writer of this article recommended that enquiries be
made from the Government of Barbados as to the natural enemies of the Phytalus
with a view to their introduction into Mauritius.

From the labels attached to the specimens existing in the British Museum previous
to its discovery in Mauritius, it was supposed that Phytalus smith was indigenous to
Trinidad. It was only in 1912 (March) that the nature of one of its enemies was
indicated to the writer by Mr. Gilbert Arrow, and soon after definitely identified by
Messrs. Bovell and Nowell of the Agricultural Department of Barbados, as Tiphia
parallela.

The Government of Barbados was at once approached with a view to obtaining a
few of these valuable insects and arrangements were kindly made by Mr. John R.
Bovell, Superintendent of Agriculture, for the despatch of several shipments of
Tiphias to Mauritius under different conditions from April 1913 to August 1915 as
follows :—

(1) 2nd April 1913.—First consignment shipped from Barbados, a short time
before the inauguration of the Department of Agriculture in Mauritius, and landed
26th June. It consisted of cocoons picked up in the fields and packed with some
earth in a small wooden case. None of the cocoons hatched out.

(2) 8th July 1913.—Second consignment sent by parcel post, and reached
Mauritius 15th August. This shipment too consisted of cocoons which did not hatch
out.

(3) 25th June 1913.—Third shipment despatched, and arrived 15th August 1913.
It consisted of four Wardian cases prepared under the care of Messrs. Bovell and
Nowell and containing larvae of Phytalus and of Tiphia as follows :—

Case.No. I... No.2... No, 3... No. 4. .« Total.

Tiphia larvae... “e 50 40 50 41 181
Phytalus larvae .. oe nee 160 180 120 650
Tiphia cocoons .. eines — ~— — 170

The contents of these four cases were placed on the day of receipt in the Insectary
at Pamplemousses, which had been amply stocked with Phytalus larvae of different
stages during the previous six weeks.

As far as could be ascertained without breaking up the earth mass, these cases
contained, besides 170 cocoons—31 of which had hatched out during the voyage,
while the rest never hatched out—a fair number of cocoons in situ, numerous non-
parasitised Phytalus larvae, five parasitised ones and two male Tiphia. From 15th
to 28th August, one male emerged daily; from 28th August to 14th September
none was found; and from the latter date to 2nd February 1914, a few insects of
both sexes emerged daily, the greatest number in a single day being four males and
two females on 29th November and six males on 9th December. As a rule these
insects came out after 10 a.m. and buried themselves in the earth towards 3 p.m.

(C365) G

98 D. D EMMEREZ DE CHARMOY.

On 9th October the first parasitised larva was found, on the 20th a second, and a
third on 11th February 1914. In April an examination of the Insectary was made
and at the bottom were found but a few cocoons showing emergence holes.

The writer was absent from the Colony from October 1913 to March 1914 and was
_ therefore unable to ascertain personally the number of insects that hatched out during
that period ; but as his instructions were strictly complied with, he has good reasons
to believe that these were very few and that the development of the insects in the
Insectary was impaired by causes as yet to be determined.

With regard to this consignment there are a few facts that deserve to be noticed.
Mr. Nowell had ascertained the probable egg capacity of a female to be about 70, and
further that the insect can reproduce parthenogenetically. Supposing there were a
minimum of 100 females in the cases out of 212 adult insects therein contained (181
originally introduced and 31 that hatched out from the cocoons en route), we see that
5,000 Phytalus larvae could have been parasitised by them, if we assume an average
laying of 50 eggs per female Tiphia. As it was, the cases contained only 530 Phytalus
larvae; many of those that outlived the voyage were non-parasitised, and nearly a
hundred Phytalus cocoons were found ;_ so that it is clear that the egg-laying power
of the Tiphia had been considerably reduced under the prevailing conditions.

As the life-cycle of a Tiphia ranges, according to Mr. Nowell, between 50 and 60
days, it is evident that the two larvae found parasitised on arrival had been attacked
by wasps of the second generation that emerged during the voyage; and here again
it is a matter of surprise that only two of the Phytalus larvae in the cases were
parasitised.

There is, further, no room for doubt that the reproduction of the Tiphias was
continued in the Insectarium up to the fourth generation, with a gradual reduction
in the egg-laying power of the females.

(4) 10th June 1914.—Fourth consignment despatched, and reached Mauritius
15th August 1914. This shipment was made under the same conditions, but owing
to the scarcity of adult Tiphias the cases were stocked with 29 cocoons and 32 adults
only, while Phytalus larvae were placed therein to the number of 1,064.

Mr. Sydney Dash, Assistant Superintendent of Agriculture, Barbados, was able
to ascertain that nearly 15 per cent. of the cocoons had hatched out and that a certain
number of Phytalus larvae had already been parasitised before the despatch of the
cases.

One of the cases was received in a soaked condition and from the three others 22
male and 10 female Tiphias were obtained. There were numerous non-parasitised
larvae, just as in the previous shipment. These cases were left undisturbed, the
insects as they emerged being removed and placed in the Insectary so as to allow of
the exact number of emergences being known.

Hatching began on the 4th September and continued up to 24th January 1915,
when 3 males were found; 5 females and 10 males hatched out in September, 2 males
“and 1 female in October, 7 males and 1 female in November, and 3 males in January,
or a total of 32 insects, which constituted the 3rd generation of the 58 adult insects
that emerged in May 1914, not taking into account the 4th case that was flooded,

THE IMPORTATION OF TIPHIA PARALLELA INTO MAURITIUS. 99

As already stated, the adult insects were transferred from the cases to the Insectary
as soon as they hatched out ; by 20th November, however, no parasitised larva could
be found (so far as could be ascertained without disturbing the insectaries), and it
was decided to set free some insects. Two couples were therefore liberated at Mon
Rocher to the east of the Botanical Gardens ;_ two further couples escaped from the
Wardian cases on being transferred to the Insectaries and flew away to the west of
the Gardens.

(5) The fifth consignment was despatched on 18th June 1915, and reached
Mauritius on 25th August; it consisted of cocoons spun in the case. After the
parasitising of the Phylalus larvae had taken place in Barbados, the case, which had
been fitted with four small feet, was closed exactly at the level of the contained earth,
thus guarding both the earth and cocoons from being moved about. |The case travelled
via Southampton in the cold storage hold of steamers as far as Durban, but from the
latter place to Mauritius it had to be transhipped and was placed directly upon ice
blocks, which caused the death of the Phytalus larvae and the Tiphia pupae in the
cocoons. On arrival there were found only fifty cocoons that had been spun in situ,
that is to say, a number far inferior to that originally placed in the case.

The recurrence of the same facts on three different occasions, and the ever-increasing
difficulties that were experienced in obtaining new shipments from Barbados, induced
the Department of Agriculture to consider the question of obtaining another closely
allied species from a nearer source than Barbados. This question was carefully gone
into and the Chamber of Agriculture passed a resolution to the effect that steps should
be taken for the introduction of Tvphia bisinuata from Madagascar; and in the
meanwhile, in case this attempt should not prove successful, that more effective
measures be taken to secure further shipments of Tiphia parallela from Barbados or
Brazil under the best possible conditions.

In view of a great reduction in the number of Phytalus to be found at Mon Rocher,
very careful and thorough searches were made amongst the larvae. Not only was a
large percentage of larvae found to be affected with bacterial or cryptogamic diseases,
but also during this search parasitised larvae came to light. Two parasitised larvae
were detected on the 8th and 9th May 1916 in the very field where Tiphias had been
liberated in 1915, and by the 26th of the same month 7 other parasitised larvae had
been found in various fields that were somewhat distant from each other. The first
adult Tiphias were met with on the 23rd of the same month on Herbe Condé (Cordia
interrupta) in the immediate vicinity of the field where Tiphia larvae had been found,
and some days later 6 females and 10 males were found at Esperance. In the month
of July parasitised larvae and adult Tiphias were found in greater numbers, more than
40 adults being met with in one instance on a single plant of Herbe Condé. In the
following months they were found less frequently and became scarce in September
and October.

. The presence of parasitised larvae in the very field where adult Tiphias had been
liberated 6 months previously left no doubt as to their orig n, as well as that of those
found elsewhere, 7.e., on the leeward side of the Botanical Gardens, in which direction
those adults had flown that escaped from the Wardian cases as before stated.

(C365) G2

100 D. DEMMEREZ DE CHARMOY.

In view of the number of the adult insects (40) met with at one time on a single
shrub of Cordia interrupta and the area over which they spread, it may safely be
concluded that there existed several hundreds of adult couples scattered over a surface
of about 400 to 500 arpents. This fact is a clear proof of the influence exercised by
a state of captivity upon the longevity and egg-laying power of certain species.

At this stage, a question naturally arises which it would be difficult to answer for
the present. Granted that four couples were able to generate such a large number
of insects within a period of 8 months, and that these insects became scattered over
such a large area, how is it that in the same locality and under apparently similar
conditions a much greater number of couples could not, on two different occasions,
increase to a proportional extent ? At first sight one can only ascribe this to their
having been kept in captivity ; and with a view to investigating the different effects
that-may be produced by such unnatural conditions, we shall here briefly review the
observations we were able to make both as regards Tiphia parallela and Elis rufa, a
species of Scoliid peculiar to the Mascarene Islands.

It is known that captivity brings about a state of sterility in certain vertebrates,
and that this sterility may be temporary or permanent, according as certain conditions
are temporarily or permanently absent. Captivity entails restricted space, deficient
nest-material and, it may be, deficient food and unsuitable temperature ; and it may
well be responsible for the sterility and lesser vitality of certain animals.

As regards Tiphia, climatic conditions may be excluded, as they were the same for
both captive and free insects; nesting-materials may also be set aside, as they
consisted of Phytalus larvae, which in the Insectaries were available in greater
numbers and were of easier access. Insufficient space does not appear to be a check
on fertility, because from unfertilised (parthenogenetic) females that were kept in
such small vessels as flower-pots Nowell succeeded in obtaining fertile eggs. Further-
more, reproductions, although on a considerably reduced scale, actually took place
in Wardian cases and in the Insectary at Pamplemousses. It is possible, however,
that insufficient space, which necessarily impedes the movements of insects, coupled
with the absence of direct solar rays, may have a certain bearing on their longevity, if
not on their fertility.

It will be seen further on that the egg-laying habits of Tiphia and Elis are such as
_ to necessitate a sufficient length of time to allow of all eggs being laid; and it may be
as well to mention here certain facts which may somehow account for the considerably
reduced fertility of Tiphias when in a captive state.

The writer of this article, whilst studying the life-history of Elis rufa, had been
struck by the invariable number of parasitised larvae or cocoons met with in
cane-stools infested by Lachnosterna. Whatever the number of larvae found
in a stool, there were hardly ever more than two—exceptionally three—para-
sitised larvae or cocoons to be found; if larvae, they were of the same age; if
cocoons, they hatched at a few days’ interval. In captivity it was observed that
larvae were parasitised by twos and at intervals varying from 6 to8 days. The same
observations were recorded in the case of Phytalus larvae parasitised in open fields by
Tiphaa.

Examinations of the ovaries of several female Elis showed that the eggs could only

THE IMPORTATION OF TIPHIA PARALLELA INTO MAURITIUS. 101

be laid in this manner owing to their different degrees of development; for in no
case could more than two eggs be found in the same stage of development, namely
one in the right oviduct and one in the left ; and furthermore the interval between
one laying and the next is explained by the marked difference in the sizes of the
successive eggs in the ovaries.

The following observations will confirm this statement :

On 21st June two female Tiphias were captured at Esperance and placed in the
Insectary“at Pamplemousses together with numerous Phytalus larvae and were fed
on honey and water. On 26th June a hundred of the larvae were examined and one
of them was found to be parasitised. On 10th July three other larvae were parasi-
tised-; on the 17th two, and on the 27th three; or a total of 9 eggs laid by two
female Tiphias during a period of more than one month. On 5th August two other
females were submitted to the same conditions and by the 12th August had para-
sitised five larvae. It is quite possible that some other parasitised larvae had
burrowed too deep in the soil to be found, but it is clear from what precedes that
Tiphia and Elis lay their eggs only by twos, and exceptionally three at a time, and
that an interval of at least seven days takes place between one laying and the next in
captivity.

It may be well to add that none of these eggs hatched out ; and furthermore Nowell
states that he could never obtain more than six eggs from one captured female.

It would seem therefore that it is the longevity of the insect that is affected by
captivity rather than its egg-laying power, and we are then led to enquire whether
the food question does not play here an important rdle.

Nowell has observed that in Barbados Tiphias when in a free state lived on the
secretions of Aphids, and that when in captivity they willingly fed on sugary liquids
and on honey, but that neither in the captive nor in the free state did they resort to
flowers for their food. The writer, who had made the same observations, was
therefore afraid that it would be difficult to establish them at Pamplemousses for
lack of proper food material, seeing that the few existing species of Aphids appear
only at a certain time of the year and are then rapidly destroyed by Syrphids,
Braconids, Coccinellids and fungi.

Now it is a noteworthy fact that Tiphias have established themselves at Pam-
plemousses and have made good the scarcity of plant-lice by having recourse to the
sweetish content of the vesicular hairs of Cordia interrupta. This plant is a native
of British Guiana, which was introduced about 15 years ago; it is now a regular
pest and infests all uncultivated fields.

This unexpected change of diet might at first sight lead one to believe that the
quality of the food is immaterial to these insects, and it had no evil influence on the
captive ones. A closer observation of other facts, however, leads to a different
opinion; namely, that.this change of diet was the result of a deliberate choice, most
probably due to the constituents of the vesicular hair content of Cordia interrupta
being more closely related to the secretion of Aphids than to the nectar of flowers.
It is indeed well known that ants are as a rule very fond of the secretions of Aphids,
while they are only exceptionally met with on flowers. The red ants of Pample-
mousses (Solenopsis sp. ?) show a peculiar liking for the secretions of Coccids and are

102 D. D EMMEREZ DE CHARMOY.

found in great numbers on trees infested with Icerya seychellarum, Westwood. Now
these ants sometimes occur in such large numbers on leaves of Herbe Condé that one
might believe this plant to be infested with Aphids, the belief being strengthened by
the fact that the ants circle round a central spot, just as if they were surrounding an
Aphid or a Coccid. This further tends to prove the similarity that apparently exists
between the secretions of the Aphids and the sweetish content of the vesicular hairs
of Cordia interrupta.

It would be premature to conclude from the preceding observations that the
‘quality of the food was chiefly responsible for the attempts at Tiphia importation
having been nearly a failure, as there may exist other causes which more systematic
searches might bring to light.

The writer’s aim in recording these observations and in trying to interpret them
was to point out the difficulties experienced in introducing insects from a long distance
and the necessity of a closer study of the food requirements of the economic species
utilised by mankind as auxiliaries.

The importation of Tiphias and their establishment in Mauritius have brought to
light several interesting facts which may serve as guides in the future for the intro-
duction into other countries of species of the same family.

It is the pleasant duty of the writer to avail himself of this opportunity for acknow-
ledging the valuable assistance received from all those who contributed to this
importation. To Mr. John R. Bovell, Superintendent of Agriculture, Barbados,
and his assistants, Messrs. W. Nowell and J. Sydney Dash; to Dr. Guy A. K.
Marshall, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology ; to Mr. C. P. Lounsbury,
Chief of the Division of Entomology of the Union of South Africa ; and to Mr. C. W.
Mally, Entomologist of the Cape Province, are due the grateful thanks of the planters
of this Colony for their untiring efforts in securing the importation into Mauritius of
this valuable parasite.

[Since the foregoing paper was received Mr. d’Emmerez has written to say that
at that time (5th May 1917) specimens of Tiphia parallela were to be found in
thousands on Corda wnterrupta all over Esperance Estate and Maison Blanche.
He estimated the females on the plants at about 5°%, but was not certain whether
this was due to the earlier emergence of the males, or to the fact that the majority
of the females were engaged in oviposition underground. He states that in his
insectary the females have laid fertile eggs on larvae of Adoretus versutus, and on
young larvae of Oryctes.—KD. |

103

NOTES ON THE. COCCIDAE OF BRITISH GUIANA.*

By G. E. Bopxrn, B.A., Dip. Agric. (Cantab.), F.Z.S., F.E.S.,

Government Economic Biologist, British Guiana.

The object of this paper is to supplement an article which appeared early in 1914
in the Journal of the Board of Agriculture of British Guiana (Vol. iii, No. 3.) At
that time it was proposed to publish a further account of these insects as soon as
more species had been collected and identified, and fuller information gained. Also,
taking into consideration the great economic importance of the Coccrpag, it has been
deemed advisable to disseminate as widely as possible all information which has
been acquired concerning them locally. In the previous article, some fifty-one
species were enumerated and notes recorded concerning their habits and economic
importance. In this paper information appertaining to sixty-eight species is given,
a number of which are new to science. Further knowledge with regard to the para-
sites and predaceous enemies has been gained, as well as their economic status.

The following short account of previous work on the Coccrpak of British Guiana
is of interest. Their study may be said to have commenced in 1888 when a number
of common species of Coccids were collected in the Botanic Gardens, Georgetown,
and forwarded to Mr. J. 8. McIntire, of Shepherds Bush, London. These species
were examined both by this gentleman and also Mr. J. W. Douglas, and the results
of their studies were published in the Entomologists Monthly Magazine, the Journal
of the Quekett Microscopical Club, and in two papers published in Timehri, the
Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana, the
one written and illustrated by Mr. McIntire and the other by Mr. R. Ward.

Between the years 1888-1894 a series of articles dealing with Guiana CoccIDAE
appeared in the Entomologists Monthly Magazine, written by Mr. J. W. Douglas,
Mr. A. C. F. Morgan, Professor R. Newstead and Mr. E. E. Green. The material
on which these articles were based was collected in the botanic Gardens, Georgetown,
by Mr. G. 8. Jenman, F.L.S. Thus some twenty-two species of scales were described
either for the first time or identified as previously described species.

During more recent years, with the exception of a small but interesting collection
made by Mr. A. W. Bartlett, who was Government Botanist for some years, no
further work has been done on the Coccrpaz of this part of Tropical America.

The collection of CocciDAE in this laboratory was commenced by the writer in 1911
and may now be said to be very fairly representative. Collections have been made
in all the various cultivated parts of the Colony, and species have been obtained
from many of the wild and uninhabited portions. I have to thank the following
gentlemen who from time to time have forwarded interesting specimens, Mr. R.
Ward, Mr. L. D. Cleare Jnr., Mr. P. M. de Weever, Mr. A. A. Abraham, Mr. E. M.
Morgan, and Mr. H. W. Moore. The determinations have been made in most cases
through the agency of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology by Professor Robert
Newstead, F.R.S., the well-known authority on Coccrpar. With the exception of

* Published by permission of the Director of Science and Agriculture,. British Guiana.

104 G. E. BODKIN.

a few species, either dried or microscopical preparations, and in many cases both,
are preserved in this laboratory.

For the sake of convenience the classification adhered to throughout the paper
is that adopted by Mrs. Fernald in her well-known catalogue.

In British Guiana, as elsewhere, scale-insects are among the worst insect enemies
with which agriculturists have to deal. The cost of their annual depredations must
be enormous, yet little is done by the smaller farmer in the way of controlling them.
Systematic spraying is carried out on some of the large coconut estates with beneficial
results.

The CoccINELLIDAE are among the most important enemies of scale-insects in
this country and the following species have been observed and identified.

Pentilia insidiosa, Muls. Observed to be predaceous only on Asterolecanium
bambusae, Bdy. It is a common species where this Coccid occurs; few bamboos
are free from them.

Hyperaspis festiva, Muls. Predaceous on Pseudococcus sacchari, Ckll. Occurs
commonly, being found beneath the leaf-sheaths of sugar-cane with the scale.

Hyperaspis orthopustulata, Muls. Another common enemy of P. sacchari, CkIl.

Brachyacantha 10—punctata, Melsh. Predaceous on a species of Pseudoccus.. An
uncommon species.

Neda dilychnis, Muls. Predaceous on Aspidiotus destructor, Sign. An uncommon
species, but found in this one instance occurring in large numbers on a heavily infested
coconut palm.

Cryptognatha nodiceps, Mshl. A common species preying on A. destructor, Sign.

Azya trinitatis, Mshl. Another common enemy of A. destructor, Sign.

Azya pontbrianti, Muls. Frequently occurs as an enemy of Savssetva hemi-
sphaerica, Targ.

The Chrysopid, Chrysopa claveri, Navas, is occasionally found as a predaceous
enemy of the sugar-cane mealy bug (Pseudococcus sacchari, Ckll.)..

The following Hymenopterous parasites have been bred from CoccIDAE at various
times. Considerable difficulty has been experienced in obtaining identifications. A
large number of species still await determination. c

Arrhenophagus chionaspidis, Auriv., bred from Hemichionaspis minor, Mask.

Leptomastix dactylopu, Howard, bred from Pseudococcus citri, Risso.

Lecaniobius cockerelli, Ashm., bred from Saissetia nigra, Nietn.

Three species of coccophagous Lepidopterous larvae occasionally occur, namely
Blastobasis lecamella, Busck (BuastoBastpak), Vitula bodkini, Dyar (PYRALIDAE) and
Vitula toboga, Dyar (PyRALIDAE). These three species attack indiscriminately the
following Coccids: Saissetia nigra, Nietn., Saissetia oleae, Bern., Saissetia hemi-
sphaerica, Targ., and Ceroplastes floridensis, Comstock.

Two species of entomogenous fungi are at times found attacking colonies of scale-
insects. Both species are well known elsewhere in the West Indies. They are the
red-headed fungus (Sphaerostilbe coccophila, Tul.) and the shield-scale fungus
(Cephalosporium lecanii). The red-headed fungus principally attacks Chionaspis
citrt, Comstock ; while the shield-scale fungus attacks such Coccids as Saissetia

NOTES ON THE COCCIDAE OF BRITISH GUIANA. 105

mgra, Nietn., Saissetia oleae, Bern., Saissetia hemisphaerica, Targ., Coccus mangiferae,
Green, Coccus hesperidum, Linn., and Coccus viridis, Green.
Both of these fungi are more effective in the interior districts, where a more humid
climate prevails. On the coast lands they are only operative during the rainy season.
The following species of ants have been observed to attend certain species of
CoccrIDAR.

Daceton armagerum, Latr. P. citri, Risso, on cacao pods.

Cryptocerus atratus, L. P. citri, Risso, Coccus hesperidum, Linn.,
Saissetia nigra, Nietn.

Cryptocerus minutus, F. Pulvinaria pyriformis, Ckll., Coccus hesperidum,
Linn.

Ectatoma tuberculatum, Oliv. Saissetia ngra, Nietn., on Hibiscus.

Tetramorium guineense, F. Pseudococcus sacchari, Newst., on sugar-cane ;
P. citri, Risso, on cacao pods. |

Azteca schimperi, Km. Lecanium aequale, Newst., on Courida; Cero-
plastes avicenniae, Newst., on Courida.

Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) Pseudococcus citri, Risso, on cacao pods.

bidens, L.
Solenopsis pylades, Forel. Pseudococcus sacchari, Newst.

A species of Cremastogaster fosters Akermes quinqueport, Newst.

Family COCCIDAE.

Subfamily MoNopHLEBINAE.

Llaveia abrahami, Newst. A rare species. First observed by Mr. A. A. Abraham
at the Government Experimental Station, Issororo, N.W.D. It was only found
in thissinstance in an indentation of the bark of the native rubber tree, Sapvum

jenmant.
Subfamily DIASPINAE.

Chionaspis citri, Comstock. A very common species; to be found on the bark
of most species of citrus trees and also on the castor oil plant.

Howardia biclavis, Comst. Fairly common on the branches of jasmin (Jasminum
sp.).

Howardia biclavis detecta, Mask. A very uncommon form. Only once collected
on the branches and twigs of the native rubber tree, Sapiwm jenmani.

Diasyis boisduvali, Signoret. Occasionally found on the stem of plantains.
Common on the leaves of some orchids, especially the Cattleyas.

Diaspis echinocactt opuntiae, Ckll. Recorded in 1893 from British Guiana by
T. D. A. Cockerell and in 1889 by Newstead. I have personally never collected
this species in the Colony.

Aulacaspis rosae, Bouché. Very common on the leaves of mango trees; also
found on cinnamon (Laurus cinnamonum). The males are always more conspicuous.

Hemichionaspis minor, Mask. Fairly common on cultivated cotton and also on a
species of wild ipecacuanha.

106 G. E. BODKIN.

Pinnaspis buxi, Bouché. Common on a number of ornamental plants and also
on garden plants.

Aspidiotus cydoniae, Comstock. Occasionally occurs on the stem of the egg-plant
(Solanum melongena).

Aspidiotus destructor, Signoret. The commonest and most destructive Coccid in
British Guiana. Occurs on a large variety of cultivated and wild plants. Its com-
monest cultivated host-plants are the coconut palm, plantains (Musa paradisaica),
bananas (Musa sapientium) and avocado pear tree (Persea gratissvma).

Aspidiotus diffinis, Newstead. Recorded from British Guiana in 1893 by R.
Newstead as a new species. It has not been collected here since.

Aspidiotus sacchari, Ckll. A common species, usually found on the stem of sugar-
cane just beneath the surface of the soil. .

Aspidiotus rapax, Comst. An uncommon species. Up to the present only found
on the twigs of the Oronoque tree (Lrythrina glauca). Professor Newstead remarked
on examining this species. “The 29 in this colony have remarkably malformed
squamae ; I thought it new at first, but am of the opinion that the organs in question
are in some way diseased, they are so inconstant.”

Morganella longispina, Morgan. Recorded from British Guiana by A. C. F.
Morgan in 1889; careful search has failed to reveal its presence since.

Pseudaonidia fossor, Newst. An uncommon species; only once collected on the
twigs and branches of a large Muscatel grape-vine in Georgetown.

Selenaspidus articulatus, Morgan. Occurs commonly on all varieties of citrus
plants and also on the leaves of Liberian coffee (Coffea liberica).

Chrysomphalus aondum, Linn. Not a common species. Occurs on the leaves of
citrus plants.

Chrysomphalus aurantu, Mask. A very occasional species on citrus playpts.

Chrysomphalus biformas, Ckll. Of frequent occurrence on most orchids, especially
Schomburgkia crispa, and also on sisal plants (Agave rigida var. sisalana).

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Morgan. Recorded from British Guiana in 1889
by A. C. F. Morgan. It has not been collected since.

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi pinnulifera, Mask. Recorded from British Guiana
in 1892 by Maskell as occurring on crotons (Codiaeum spp.). Not observed since.

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi arecae, Newst. Recorded from British Guiana by
Newstead in 1893. Not found here since.

Chrysomphalus personatus, Comstock. A common species. Occurs on leaves of
star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito), many ornamental palms, mangoes, and also on
the leaves of Para rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis).

Chrysomphalus erythraspidis, Newst. A comparatively rare species. Collected
once on the twigs of the Oronoque tree (Lrythrina glauca). It was found in abundance
in this particular instance.

Lepidosaphes beckii, Newm. One of the most widely distributed and commonest
species of Coccids in the Colony. Citrus plants, crotons, Barbados cherry (Malpighia
glabra) are a few of its common host-plants.

NOTES ON THE COCCIDAE OF BRITISH GUIANA, 107

Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis, Bouché. Recorded from British Guiana in 1892 by
Maskell. It has not been taken here since.

Ischnaspis longirostris, Sign. Commonly occurs on mango (Mangifera indica),
Liberian coffee, and many species of ornamental palms.

Parlatoria ziziphus, Lucas. To be found at times on citrus plants, though it is
not a common species.

Subfamily ORTHEZIINAE.

Orthezia insignis, Douglas. An exceedingly injurious and common species.
Found on a large variety of plants, chiefly belonging to the order Compositae. This
and the following species are well-known garden pests, especially in Georgetown.

Orthezia praelonga, Douglas. Commonly infests a number of plants such as crotons,
mangoes, Barbados cherry, etc. ; it has also been known to attack sugar-cane and
a species of rubber tree (Sapiwm jenmant).

Subfamily DacTYLOPrINAE.

Asterolecanium bambusae, Bdv. The ordinary species of bamboo are seldom
without this Coccid. It is widely distributed over the Colony.

Asterolecanium fimbriatum, Fonsc. Recorded from British Guiana in 1889 by
Morgan on leaves of Cupania sapida. I have been quite unable to find this species
despite a vigorous search.

Asterolecanium pustulans, Ckll. A not uncommon Coccid on the leaves of some
orchids and the akee (Blighia sapida). On several occasions I have observed it on
the twigs of Hevea brasiliensis, where it was causing considerable damage.

Lecaniodiaspis dendrobu, Douglas. Recorded from British Guiana by Douglas
in 1892. I have not been able to find this species on the host-plant mentioned by
Douglas.

Pseudococcus citrt, Risso. Of frequent occurence on citrus plants, cacao, ferns,
crotons, occasionally on rice plants and several species of grasses, rarely on sugar-
cane.

Pseudococcus nipae, Mask. Recorded from British Guiana in 1893 by R. Newstead
on coconut palms. Not a common species.

Pseudococcus virgatus, Ckll. On one occasion collected from the leaves of Boulanger
- oregg-plant. It occurs also on some garden plants, such as violets.

Pseudococcus sacchari, Ckll. The common sugar-cane mealy bug of British
Guiana. Found wherever sugar-cane is grown. It is much more prevalent in dry
weather, when it flourishes ; wet weather causes it to be attacked by a green parasitic
fungus which causes great mortality.

Subfamily TACHARDIINAE.
Tachardia lacca, Kerr. Collected here in 1890 by Robert Ward in the Botanic
Gardens. I have not observed the species personally.

Tachardia bodkini, Newst. Collected on the twigs of a native rubber-producing
tree, Supium jenmam. <A rare species.

108 ‘+ @ E. BODKIN.

Subfamily Coccrnae.

Pulvinaria pyriformis, Ckll. Of common occurrence on the leaves of guava
(Psidium guayava), avocado (Persea gratissima) and a few species of ornamental
plants.

Pulvinaria simulans, Ckll. Recorded some years ago by A. W. Bartlett. I have
not collected the species myself.

Pulvinaria flavicans, Mask., var. formicicola, Newst. An uncommon species.
Collected from a wild species of plant with a deep red sap, which has earned it the
name of “ blood-wood plant.” This species was attended by a species of Cremasto-
gaster ant.

Pulvinaria elongata, Newst. A rare species. Occurs on the leaf-blades of sugar-
cane.

Ceroplastes denudatus, Ckll. Recorded in 1893 by Cockerell as occurring in British
Guiana on crotons. It has been collected here recently on a species of wild Sola-
naceous plant. Professor Newstead remarks on examining this species “ these are the
first examples I have seen with the tests complete.”

Ceroplastes dugesii, Towns. Recorded some years ago by A. W. Bartlett as
occurring on Schinus terebinthifolius.

Ceroplastes floridensis, Comst. A common species, occurring especially on citrus
plants and ferns.

Ceroplastes cirripediformis, Comst. An uncommon species, occurring on Ipomoea
sp. in Georgetown.

Ceroplastes avicenniae, Newst. An uncommon species, occurring solely on the
maritime plant known locally as Courida (Avicennia nitida).

Vinsoma stellifera, Westw. Recorded from British Guiana since 1888. An
exceedingly common species on a great variety of plants, principally coconut,
citrus plants, ornamental palms, and orchids. Occurs also on several species of
wild plants found in the interior districts.

Eucalymnatus chelonoides, Newst. A rare species. Collected from leaves of
Pachira insignis in the Botanic Gardens, Georgetown.

Eucalymnatus perforatus, Newst. Found only occasionally on the leaves of coconut
(Coccus nucifera) and French cashew (Eugenia jambolana).

Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Sign. A common species on ornamental palms.

Coccus aequalis, Newst. A small species and common in certain districts on Courida
(Avicenna nitida). Invariably associated with the species of ant mentioned
previously ; occasionally a species of Cremastogaster ant is found in attendance.

Coccus hesperidum, Linn. A common species, especially on citrus plants and
Liberian coffee (Coffea liberica).

Coccus mangiferae, Green. Recorded from British Guiana since 1888. An
exceedingly common species on the leaves of mango, also on jasmin (Eugenia panicu-
lata).

Coccus viridis, Green. A common species on Liberian coffee in certain districts.
Of considerable economic importance.

Coccus wardi, Newst. A rare species. From leaves of Malacca apple, Georgetown.

NOTES ON THE COCCIDAE OF BRITISH GUIANA. 109

Akermes quinquepori, Newst. A rare species. From beneath the bark of certain
trees. On this occasion taken from Macrolobium acaciaefolium in the Botanic
Gardens, Georgetown. Never more than one or two are found together in one
position. The species is invariably attended by a small black species of Cremasto-
gaster ant. When alive it is of a dull pinkish colour closely adhering to the bark.

Coccus impar, Ckll. An uncommon species. Name of host-plant unknown.

Saissetia begoniae, Douglas. Recorded from British Guiana in 1892 on Begonia
sp. It has not been met with since then.

Saissetia hemisphaerica, Targ. An exceedingly common species. Its commonest
host-plants are Liberian coffee, citrus plants, guava, and several species of ferns,
Occasionally found on crotons.

Saissetia nigra, Nietn. The commonest species of Saissetia in British Guiana.
Recorded since 1891. Host-plants: Hevea brasiliensis, Sapium jenmani, Okra
(Hibiscus esculentus), Solanum melongena, and many others.

Saissetia oleae, Bern. A common species on citrus plants, crotons, Duranta, etc.

Saissetia hurae, Newst. A rare species. A thick infestation was however dis-
covered on one occasion on the twigs of a sand-box tree (Hwra crepitans), attended
by a species of Cremastogaster ant.

Sarssetia scutata, Newst. A rare species. A large colony was discovered in one
instance on a cannon-ball tree (Cowroupita guianensis). The infestation covered
the curling branches which bear the flowers and fruit near the ground. A species
of Cremastogaster ant was in attendance.

“hace Ab, ‘ig? an | mw Ga of piauwts, pera: aOR

ws t
ie a
=,
=

at | A AETS orm, 39, 49000 ba

nfatind to hg ait diumend arog, oe 7, 3 Gets fy 8
piopiott off at ‘agerelo\ pasion pie as an soda

Ade. oi 140) anit ‘Kauel’ wine a » ait trees “ote
<y vy Uy Oe ‘alge MOREE Havas # hee Hebisita otis vee |
fs pi nt of waltedtua efsaals win lard q (lint a to 4 he on
Ah ve ' adiigy Sc pada 5 aia iv, Bain sf isha be
. yet. a0, a Py pani) ‘dative mort bah iin gt nl wiry qT
ery bit? noha TPitee 48/06 diane Wom
JEL OD Prin ml Mom Apt Ih ah eek bores at
Hive) Te eotonay le e¥ee hi .evany elite i Pesta} anes rea OTH 7
atsotirny ay ree rahe

F . h4e ry
ein danke 7+ as GY. a i) BOIDaTA Tes (OTTO oat ATPat A.
‘ardt) ae init, a lep MANE BT v. fj get, See: “Mott, tear pet

RTA Last etl RY gti pe a merit)

wing ; if ritJ on 2 at 4S ;.

As, | DOT eet) Atoeliy suv oo as cam epee isch Fe rth. Bee ae

“gh. sreanad air got MRICALI( Meu? fh ay 948, vein oY pe Awad 4

: Py oe re

Bobcat tt ATL Wo must\) sot? 2od-bese e ly ener ad oo cove: LAO £0 etait

a 2) bs are 1 SGU

; : . Ain moalebiqoleiantant)’ im. eetiy nd ie ae

4,

ete al boy Wopaid. GW Vilod o f ai aif vr SF. Senet cishyshuray ;'
bewsveo mobteteatat 4 ot {8 pry Bigs orb Mase ie fet nie ate Oh a

aaioaips x -bitiiony ait durGb Dae ets wont t ahi teat doiitve rita wire ,
| ae — Ts we

ma .

1h) Pen, comer
tA ne mid < ver mila

2 S43) iin ‘ana jac

2) fae tes i td wich Gat "ae “astine take seertl ap

% ty a) Cabbhoneed
en ¢ 4 oe ee . ‘ _
ay ; a the
Di ¢ ;
. Be ‘ A

pot “Porno gated
nina ta Rertaty Gol yews
Y ae Co ely the “speci oe el “alt

a ror ee ib od

lll

Vv SOME INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CACAO PLANTS
IN THE BELGIAN CONGO.

M. Raymond Mayné, the Government Entomologist in the Belgian Congo, has
recently made a special study of the insects that live on cacao in that country, and
the Belgian Ministry of Agriculture is shortly publishing his report on the subject.
The material collected by him comprises a number of species new to science, some of
which are described below by various specialists.

All the species dealt with were taken in the Mayumbe district, a region of dense
tropical forest, not very far from the coast and lying due north of Boma.

Order COLEOPTERA.

Family MELOLONTHIDAE.

By GILBERT J. ARROW.
Aserica variegata, sp. nov.

Ferruginea, subopaca, fronte, pronoti macula magna tripartita elytrorumque
plagis tessellatis viridinigris ; sat longe ovalis, corpore supra et subtus irregulariter
albo-setoso, scutelli lateribus elytrorumque basi densius setosis, partibus obscuribus
fere nudis, hic et illic dorso squamis nonnullis majoribus ornato ; clypeo grosse et
rugose punctato, antice leviter emarginato, fronte et pronoto parce punctatis, hujus
lateribus leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis acutis, posticis rectis, elytris profunde
striatis, intervallis convexis; pygidio parce punctato et setoso, linea mediana laevi;
pedibus haud brevibus, tibiis anticis fortiter bidentatis, posticis modice latis.

3, oculis magnis, clava antennali ad stipitem longitudine aequali. |

Long., 6mm.; lat. max., 3 mm.

This insect, according to M. Mayné, devours the young and tender leaves of the
cacao. I have seen only a single pair. It is one of the group of species called
Lepiserica by Brenske, but included in Autoserica by Péringuey, who has pointed
out that no practical means of separating them has been devised. The latter name is
also redundant, being synonymous with Aserica.

A. variegata is rather elongate in form and decorated like the species of Ewphoresia,
but without a sternal process. The elytra are deeply striated and the alternate
intervals are decorated with greenish-black patches, almost bare of the setae with
which the remaining surface is sprinkled. The posterior part of the head and the
middle of the pronotum are also greenish-black, the latter dark area trilobed behind.
In addition to the minute setae there are also broad scales upon the scutellum, in the
intervals longitudinally dividing the dark patches upon the elytra, and a small cluster
on each side of the middle of the pronotum.

Pseudotrochalus concolor, Kolbe.

This is undoubtedly the insect so-called by Brenske, but the original description
is quite inadequate for its certain identification. Its typical form has been well
described by Gyllenhal (Schonherr’s Synonymia Insectorum) under the incorrect
name of Melolontha versicolor, F. It is remarkably variable in coloration, but
normally red-brown, with narrow black margins and five vague black spots upon the

13g INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CACAO PLANTS

pronotum, frequently reduced to two placed at the base. The five spots may also
coalesce and cover part or the whole of the pronotum, and the elytral border may
extend from behind forwards to cover the whole hinder part of the elytra (var.
nigromaculatus, Brenske), or there may be an intricate dark network. In one specimen
the scutellum alone remains pale, in another this and a red spot on each side of the
pronotum, and finally, the entire surface may become black.

Triodonta procera, Lansb.

I think this is probably Lansberge’s species, in spite of certain inaccordant phrases
in the description. It is certainly not nitid and the hairy clothing of the lower
surface is distinctly longer, instead of shorter, than that of the upper side, but these
discrepancies may perhaps be due to hasty writing.

It is strange that the real significance of the remarkable modification of the mentum
described by Lansberge has never been recognised. It is certainly not, as supposed
by him, a possibly generic feature characteristic.of a few of the species, but is dis-
tinctive of the males of nearly all. Like the equally remarkable claw-development
in the same sex, it is a prehensile device, its essential feature being the backwardly-
directed and extremely strong, close and regularly-arranged spines (generally cleft at
the end) with which the enlarged mentum is provided on its outer face.

Family CURCULIONIDAE.
By Guy A. K. Marsnatiz, D.Sc.

Systates ramosus, sp. nov. (fig. 1).

Colour varying from black to red-brown, rather thinly and unevenly ee with
grev or buff scales so that the integument is largely exposed.

3S. Head dull and shagreened, the forehead almost flat and with a very short deep
central furrow, the furrow separating off the rostrum strongly angulate in the middle ;
along the inner edge of the eye is a row of 5-7 erect flattened white setae. Rostrum
longer than its basal width, sculptured like the forehead, tricarinate, the central carina
rather more distinct than the others and bifid in front, the two lateral ones strongly
convergent anteriorly, the sides of the rostrum not falling steeply below them,
but forming a continuous transverse curve with the median area ; this lateral con-
vexity causes the scrobes to be more sharply delimited behind than usual; the genae
broadly dilated. Antennae with the scape moderately stout, subcylindrical, of almost
the same thickness throughout, slightly curved downwards only at the apical fourth,
with rugose longitudinal wrinkles and clothed with subrecumbent broad dark setae
and sparse pale scales; the funicle with joints 1 and 2 equal, 3 longer than 4, and
4 to 7 equal. Prothorax much broader than long, the sides strongly rounded, broadest
well behind the middle, without any apical constriction, but markedly constricted at
the base, which is not much broader than the apex, the latter being shallowly sinuate ;
the upper surface comparatively flat, finely shagreened, usually with a short bare
smooth central line, and set with very small and widely separated granules, each
bearing a short erect scale-like seta. Hlytra ovate, broadest at about one-fourth from
the base (being there obtusely angulated) and rapidly narrowing thence to the apex ;
the basal margin abruptly raised and forming a sharp transverse ridge, each external
angle being produced obliquely forwards into a broad process, 1:2 mm. long, which is

IN THE BELGIAN CONGO. 113

broadly truncate at the apex, the external angle being extended downwards to a point,
while the basal half of the process is dilated into a broadly trianglar sharply
pointed tooth, the greatest width of the process being 1 mm.; the upper surface
with regular rows of large, bare and rather tfansverse punctures; the intervals
scarcely broader than the punctures, smooth and shiny, and each bearing a row of
long erect scale-like setae, which are deeply emarginate at the tip; the scales are
small, convex, fluted and almost circular, the apical edge being somewhat flattened.
Legs stout, without any long silky hairs ; the front tibiae shallowly bisinuate internally

Tassart.

Fig. 1. Systates ramosus, sp. n., Mshl., 3g.

and having at the apex on the lower surface a broad deep cup-like cavity, the inner
basal margin of which is produced into a short lobe bearing four stout spines, with
two others above it; the mid tibiae with a shallow longitudinal impression on the
lower surface at the apex with three short spines on its anterior edge ;_ the hind tibiae
not distorted, the inner surface smooth and flattened almost to the base, its lower
edge with small denticulations.

Length, 74; breadth, 34 mm.

. Differs only as follows :—The elytra are broader and shorter, not nearly so much
narrowed posteriorly, the dorsal outline being much more convex and steeper behind ;
the apical excavation on the front tibiae is much shallower, and the hind tibiae are
not flattened internally, except narrowly in the apical third, both edges being
distinctly denticulate.

Length, 6-7; breadth, 31-34 mm,

(C365) H

114 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CACAO PLANTS

This remarkable species may be readily recognised by the striking basal prominences
on the elytra and the cup-like cavities on the front tibiae of the male.

This insect is stated by M. Mayné to occur but rarely, the adult attacking the leaves
of full-grown trees.

Systates maynei, sp. nov. (fig. 2).

Colour black, piceous or red-brown, thinly covered with small sub-circular convex
fluted grey scales, often having a pale greenish or coppery reflexion.

3. Head separated from the rostrum by an angulated furrow ; the forehead almost
flat, shiny and faintly alutaceous, with a deep central furrow, which is about equal
to one-half the anterior furrow; along the inner orbit of each eye a row of 5-7
erect flattened pale setae. Rostrum longer than its basal width, gradually narrowing
from the base to the middle and broadly dilated at the genae; the upper surface

= =H iy &
© S55
: SESE
3

oe —

PRES ie 2 “i

(v,
>

XS
Fig. 2. Systates maynet, Mshl., sp. n., 3.

tricarinate, the median carina bifid at the apex, the outer ones strongly convergent
in front; the lateral areas not perpendicular, but sloping gradually outwards, the
upper portion of the scrobe being therefore sharply delimited behind by an oblique
carina. Antennae as described for S. ramosus, except that joints 4 and 7 of the funicle
are each slightly longer than 5 or 6. Prothorax a little broader than long (6: 5), the
sides rather strongly and regularly rounded, broadest about the middle, the apical
margin truncate and only slightly narrower than the base; the upper surface,
shagreened, usually with an abbreviated shiny central line, and set with sparse small
granules, each bearing an erect scale-like seta. Hlytra ovate, broadest not far from
the base and gradually narrowing from there to the apex, the sides being quite straight
from the base to the point of greatest width (above the middle of the metasternum) ;

IN THE BELGIAN CONGO. 115

the basal margin forming a low straight transverse carina, the outer angles of which
are produced into a very short sharp point ; the upper surface with rows of large bare
transverse punctures, the intervals narrower than the punctures and hardly broader
than the interspaces between them ; each interval with a regular row of dark erect
broad apically-emarginate setae. Legs stout and without long hairs; the anterior
pairs of tibiae normal, shallowly bisinuate internally ; the hind pair with the inner
face strongly flattened in the apical half, its upper edge being there carinate and the
lower edge finely denticulate, and the external apical angle not produced.

Length, 43-53; breadth, 24-2? mm.

®. The elytra are much more rotund and less narrowed behind, and the very convex
dorsal outline is steeper near the apex ; the hind tibiae are not flattened internally
and are more conspicuously denticulate.

Length, 43-53; breadth, 23-3 mm.

In general form like a small specimen of S. fossulatus, Klb., which has the base of the
elytra similarly constructed ; but the latter species differs in the following respects :—
the rostum is gradually widened from base to apex, the outer dorsal carinae are almost
parallel, the first joint of the funicle is distinctly longer than the second, the granules
on the prothorax are much larger and shiny, all the tibiae of the ¢ are fringed beneath
with long silky hairs, the outer apical angle of the hind pair is produced into a broad
acute-angled process, ete.

This weevil is abundant in cacao siiabtons being especially injurious to
young plants in the nurseries. The injury is caused by the mature insect, which
devours the leaves, eating large portions out of them along the edges. Nothing is
known as to the early stages of this or the preceding species.

Alcides theobromae, sp. nov. (fig. 3). :

9. Colour shiny black and almost bare above; the prothorax duller, with a
transverse lateral band of pale recumbent hairs at the base and near the apex ;_ the
elytra with the following markings formed of similar hairs: a very small spot at the
shoulder and near the base of interval 2, a spot on interval 4 a little before the middle,
an irregular transverse row of spots behind the middle on intervals 2, 4, 6 and 8, and
a patch in the pre-apical depression ; the lower surface somewhat densely clothed
with tawny feathered scales. | The markings are evidently very easily abraded.

Head dull, finely aciculate on the vertex, the forehead with shallow confluent
punctation and shallowly impressed between the eyes. Rostrwm about as long as
the front femur, moderately stout and almost straight, the dorsal outline straight for
three-fourths the length and then sloping gently ; the upper surface fairly closely
punctured throughout, but less so towards the apex, and without any furrows or
carinae, the punctures much larger and longitudinally confluent at the sides on the
basal half. Antennae stout and black ; the funicle with the two basal joints short,
1 longer and thicker than 2, 3-5 subequal and strongly transverse, 6 much longer than
5 and nearly quadrate, 7 hardly as long as the first two joints of the club, the first
joint of which is bare and shiny on its basal half. Prothorax a trifle shorter than its
basal width, broadest at the base, rather strongly narrowed in front, distinctly con-
stricted near the apex, the sides moderately rounded ;_ the dorsal outline very convex,
the downward slope of the front half being much steeper than any part of the elytral

116 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CACAO PLANTS

slope; the upper surface closely and evenly set with small low shiny granules of various
sizes. Scutellum transverse, smooth and impunctate. Hlytra broadest at the
shoulders, where they are only slightly broader than the prothorax, and gradually
narrowing from there to the apex ;_ the dorsal outline rising very slightly from the
base to one-fourth the length, then gradually sloping backwards and becoming steeper
in the apical third ; the basal lobes longitudinally wrinkled, and a shallow depression
involving the bases of striae 1 and 2 behind the scutellum ; the striae very shallow
on the disk, rather deeper at the sides and apex, the punctures moderately large,

ine

Fig. 3. Alcides theobromae, Mshl. sp. n., 9.

their septa narrower than the intervals, which are smooth and shiny and bear very
small scattered punctures, except on interval 1 and the juxta-apical area, which are
rather rugosely punctate; a distinct epipleural carina from the hind coxae to the
apex, the epipleurae being oblique in front, but quite horizontal at the apex and there
bearing coarse confluent punctures. Legs moderately stout, all the tibiae with a
sharp internal tooth near the apex, the front pair with a broad triangular tooth about
the middle, which is represented by a feeble angulation on the middle pair. Sternum:
the metasternum granulate and with a large prominence on each side in front of the
hind coxae.

Length, 8; breadth, 34 mm.

Very closely allied to A. cultrirostris, Thoms., which differs in the following points :—
The elytra are mahogany red, the tibiae lack the inner apical tooth, the anterior
slope of the prothorax is less steep, and the punctures on the disk of the elytra are
much larger, so that their septa are scarcely narrower than the intervals.

The larvae of this weevil bore longitudinal galleries in the small branches of
cacao trees; the leaves subsequently turn yellow and the branch dies. The beetle
is not as yet sufficiently numerous as to be regarded as an important pest.

IN THE BELGIAN CONGO. 117

Family LAMIIDAE.
By C. J. Ganan, M.A., D.Sc.

Tragocephala maynei, sp. nov.

T. nobili (Fab.) affinis, sed differt capitis medio haud vittato, elytris prope basin non
transversim fasciatis. Capite inter antennas sat lato fere plano, margine antica
frontis genarumque et macula pone oculum coeruleis; prothorace utrinque ante
tuberculum lateralem ochreo-fulvo fasciato, basi lateraliter coerulescente ; elytris
nigro-velutinis, utrisque maculis quatuor ochreo-fulvis notatis: macula prima ad latus
paullo pone humerum, secunda transversa et tertia parva rotunda obliquiter positis
pone medium, quarta transversa paullo ante apicem; macula infra humerum,
puncta postero-laterali, et macula minuta ad suturam vix ante apicem coerules-
centibus ; corpore inferiore pedibusque coerulescentibus, nigro fasciatis et maculatis ;
antennis (2) paullo pone medium elytrorum transeuntibus, scapo ad apicem angustim
cicatricoso ; prosterno sat lato, antice verticali et transversim truncato, mesosterno
antice late rotundato ; femoribus brevibus subclavatim incrassatis.

Long., 20; lat., 7 mm.

This species is nearly related to Tragocephala nobilis, Fab., with which it agrees in
general form and structure, the only difference noticeable in this respect being the
somewhat broader intercoxal process of the prosternum in the present species. It
differs however in markings ;_ the head is without a median band, the genae and front
are bordered below with greyish blue pubescence and there is a patch of the same
colour behind each eye; the prothorax is banded at the sides as in 7’. nobilis, but
with the band in front of the lateral tubercle more ochreous or brownish in colour ;
the elytra are marked each with four ochreous tawny spots—one at the side a little
behind the shoulder, two placed obliquely a little behind the middle, and the fourth
transversely a little before the apex ; each has, in addition, a bluish spot below the
shoulder, a blue lateral speck at about one-fourth from the apex, and a speck on the
suture just before the apex. Body beneath and legs glaucous blue, banded with
black.

Exocentrus ortmansi, sp. nov.

Niger sat dense griseo-pubescens, antennis dense setosis quam corpore paullo
longioribus, articulis ab 3° cinereo anguste annulatis ; prothorace transverso, spinis
lateralibus pone medium positis, retro directis ;_ elytris nigro-setosis, setis in seriebus
octo utrinque ordinatis, interstitiis bi- aut uni-seriatim sed haud regulariter punctatis,
punctis post medium evanescentibus.

Long., 6; lat., 2°5 mm. |

Black, with a rather dense covering of grey pubescence. Antennae a little longer
than the body, black with a rather dense fringe of black setae beneath, the joints from
the 3rd narrowly ringed with grey at the base. Prothorax with a few scattered black
setae, lateral spine placed behind the middle, and directed towards the shoulder of
the elytron. The elytra, seen in certain lights, exhibit a faint brownish band behind
the middle ; each has eight longitudinal series of black setae, and on the basal half the
intervals between the rows of setae are punctured in rather irregular rows, the rows
in some parts being double and in others, especially farther back from the base, single.

118 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CACAO PLANTS IN THE BELGIAN CONGO.

Order RHYNCHOTA.
By W. L. Distant.

Family CoREIDAE.

Pendulinus devastans, sp. nov.

Above with the head, pronotum, scutellum and corium ochraceous, thickly darkly
punctate ; narrow margins to the pronotum and scutellum and the margins and
venation to cortum pale ochraceous and impunctate; membrane shining bronzy-
brown; body beneath and legs pale ochraceous; head beneath and sternum
thickly but not darkly punctate, a small shining black spot on each side near outer
margins of posterior coxae ; tibiae sometimes moderately roseate in hue; antennae
reddish-ochraceous, apical joint either paler in hue, or testaceous with the bases and
apices paler, basal joint moderately thickened and a little curved outwardly, its apical
area somewhat incrassate, first and second joints almost subequal in length, second
and third joints slender, second longer than third, fourth incrassate, subequal in
length to third; head above centrally longitudinally incised; lateral pronotal
angles subprominent ; venation of corium robust. :

Long., 13 ; breadth between pronotal angles, 4 mm.

Immaiure forms.

Ist stage-—Head and pronotum fuscous-brown ; abdomen above more or less
roseate in hue; body beneath and legs ochraceous; antennae
strongly incrassate, the third joint distinctly dilated.

Long., 5-7 mm.
2nd stage-—Above more or less pale castaneous, on anterior and posterior
margins of fourth abdominal segment, a smal] rounded _pro-
truberance each containing two small shining black tubercles,
and another black tubercle on each side near the lateral margins
of the segment ; antennae as in first stage.
Long., 9 mm.
The perfect insect is allied to P. carmelita, Burm., from which it differs by the more
robust and differently coloured antennae, absence of the black fasciate markings
beneath, etc.*

* I add a description of another a.lied species found in Natal, which is probably also
a destructive insect :—

Pendulinus nigromarginatus.

Allied to P. carmelita, Burm. and C. devastans, Dist., from both of which it differs
in having the lateral margins of the pronotum and more than basal half of the sub-
late:al margins of the corium, black ; antennae ochraceous, basal joint stoutest and
darkest, distinctly curved and considerably longer than the second joint, which with
the third joint is slender, fourth jot mutilated ; body beneath pale ochraceous ;
legs and rostrum dark ochraceous ; other characters generally as in P. devastans.

Long., 11-12 mm. |

Hab. Natal, near Durban (Bell Marley).

119

COLLECTIONS RECEIVED.

The following collections were received by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology
between Ist January and 3lst March, 1917, and the thanks of the Managing Com-
mittee are tendered to the contributors for their kind assistance :—

Dr. W. M. Aders :—386 Culicidae ; from Zanzibar.

Mr. G. E. Bodkin, Government Economic Biologist :—2 Culicidae, 5 other Diptera,
2 Siphonaptera, 31 Hymenoptera, 12 Coleoptera, 2 Trichoptera, 3 Mallophaga, 5
Rhynchota, 5 Orthoptera, 1 Mayfly, 1 Dragonfly, 9 Ticks, 1 tube of intestinal worms,
1 Centipede, 4 Scorpions, and | Spider; from British Guiana.

Mr. J. R. Bovell, Superintendent of Agriculture :—2 Diptera, 4 Coleoptera, 3
Lepidoptera, 2 Rhynchota, 1 Cockroach, and 1 Spider; from Barbados.

Mr. D’Emmerez de Charmoy, Government Entomologist :—98 Trypetidae and
about 50 pupa-cases, and 3 other Diptera; from Mauritius.

Mr. E. C. Chubb, Curator of the Durban Museum :—44 Culicidae, 2 Hippoboscidae,
187 other Diptera, and 65 Coleoptera ; from Natal.

Dr. J. B. Davey, Medical Officer :—68 Culicidae, 5 Tabanidae, 4 Glossina, 36
other Diptera, 23 Hymenoptera, 13 Coleoptera, 3 Planipennia, 4 Trichoptera, 2
Isoptera, 4 Mallophaga, 10 Rhynchota, 17 Orthoptera, 2 Odonata, 100 Ticks, 1
Centipede, 2 Scorpions, and 4 Entozoa; from Nyasaland.

The Division of Entomology, Pretoria :—15 Diptera, 1 Moth, 14 Hymenoptera,
90 Coleoptera, 27 Rhynchota, and 1 Grasshopper ; from South Africa.

Mr. P. R. Dupont, Curator of the Botanic Station :—4 packages of Coccidae and
fungi; from Seychelles.

Mr. W. W. Froggatt, Government Entomologist, New South Wales :—126 Diptera,
32 Chalcidids, 6 other Hymenoptera, and 14 Coleoptera ; from various Australasian
localities.

Mr. C. C. Gowdey, Government Entomologist :—3 Culicidae, 4 other Diptera,
2 Lepidoptera, 60 Chalcidids, 98 other Hymenoptera, 243 Coleoptera, 20 Thysanop-
tera, 6 packets of Coccidae, about 100 Aphididae, 117 other Rhynchota, and 17
Orthoptera ; from Uganda.

Mr. E. Hutchins, Chief Veterinary Officer :—1 Tabanus and 14 Haematopota ;
from Uganda.

Mr. R. W. Jack, Government Entomologist :—8 Diptera and 13 Moths; from
Rhodesia.

Mr. F. P. Jepson, Government Entomologist :—About 100 Diptera ; from Fiji.

Mr. H. H. King, Government Entomologist, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan :—3 Ants ;
from Khartoum.

120 COLLECTIONS RECEIVED.

Dr. W. A. Lamborn :—51 Tabanidae, 405 Glossina, 14 Hippoboscidae, 270 other
Diptera, 1 Moth, about 80 Chalcidids, 117 other Hymenoptera, 52 Coleoptera, 48
Rhynchota, 4 Harwigs, 1 Stone-fly, 8 Ephemeroptera, and 2 Odonata ; from German
Kast Africa.

Mr. 8. Leefmans, Laboratorium von Plantenzeikten, Buitenzorg :—27 Coleoptera ;
from Java.

Prof. R. Newstead, F.R.S.:—About 50 Ants, from Jamaica; and 4 bred
Chalcidids.

Capt. J. E. T. Phillips :—50 Haematopota ; from Uganda.

Dr. J. J. Simpson :—360 Tabanidae, 1,211 Glossina, 497 Hippoboscidae, 1,012
other Diptera, 338 Hymenoptera, 247 Coleoptera, 1,158 Rhynchota, 9 Odonata, and
3 Orthoptera ; from the Gold Coast.

Mr. R. Veitch :—38 Diptera, 1 Moth, 1 Caddis-fly, 20 Chalcidids, 21 other Hymenop-
tera, 47 Coleoptera, 3 Planipennia, 6 Rhynchota, 10 Orthoptera, 1 Dragonfly, 2
Arachnida, and 1 Centipede; from Fiji.

Mr. C. B. Williams :—7 Tabanidae, 4 Hippoboscidae, 9 other Diptera, 1 flea, 1 moth,
10 Chalcids, 235 other Hymenoptera, 60 Coleoptera, 5 Mallophaga, 106 Rhynchota,
and a tube of Entozoa; from British Guiana.

The Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research :—2 Hymenoptera, 18 Coleoptera,
77 Lepidoptera, 2 Rhynchota, 7 Orthoptera, and 1 Dragonfly ; from Venezuela.

Mr. R. C. Wood :—14 Tabanidae, 1 Asilid and its prey, 132 Trypetidae, 179
Hymenoptera, 3 Coleoptera, and 3 Spiders; from Nyasaland.

—_

Aer i ee EN Yt ge ca

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
"HONORARY COMMITTEE OF NAN ACEMENT

THe VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Gaieman,

-Laeut.-Coronzt A. ALCOCK, CLE, iia |
Me. E. E. AUSTEN. apne ay
Dr. A..G, BAGSHAWE, CLG. i ae
Mp: C. BLECKS OMG) ena.
Sm JOHN R.: BRADFORD, K.C.M.G., FERS.
Sune.-GenrraL Sir DAVID ‘BRUCE, C. Bs ‘F. R. 9.
Ma’ J; CF. FRYER.»
Dr. §. F. HARMER, F.RS.
Pror. H.. MAXWELL LEFROY. SE
Sir JOHN MoCALL. ops
. Dr. R. STEWART MACDOUGALL.
$tr JOHN McFADYEAN. -~
Sp PATRICK MANSON, G.C.M.G.,. PRS
‘Sm DANIEL MORRIS, KOMG
Pao, RB. NEWSTEAD, F.RSS souseran ie ae
- Prom. G. H. F. NUTTALL, ERS. Pe RNC Elie
Pror. E. B. POULTON, F.RS. ) oat.
Lirur.-Corowe. Sm DAVID PRAIN, Cue. OLE., BRS. te
Mr. H. J; READ, C.B., C.MLG. 7” |
Tae Hon, N. C. ROTHSCHILD.
Mn HUGH SUOTT Shien ns a
Dr. A. BE. SHIPLEY, F.R.S. RT a
- $m STEWART STOCKMAN. ‘sig i
Mr. ¥, V. THEOBALD. a Ge eS
“Mz. C. WARBURTON. . is yos Vara

‘ ye

maviodigen te cous’ UO BC otON. Som teal ie ce eee |

; “Dr. GUY A,.K. MARSHALL. as 8 bh Ontos:

if “Assistant Director. By ee AN ‘ ENS
Mr. ay NEN Heh

‘Secretary;
‘Mr, AL vor Cc. ‘PARKINSON.

oy

/ b Na He

121

ON THE SUPPOSED FIRST STAGE LARVA OF LEPTOHYLEMYIA
COARCTATA, FALL.

By D. Kerry, D.Sc.
(From the Quick Laboratory, University of Cambridge.)

It has been well known since the studies of Taschenberg (1864-1872) that the
larvae of Leptohylemyia coarctata, Fall., attack wheat and rye. The damage due to
this fly has been observed many times in almost all European countries, and many
papers have been devoted to its life-history. Of these papers the most important
are those of E. Ormerod (1882-1895), 8. Rostrup (1905-1911), T. Hedlund (1906—
1907), P. Marchal (1909) and finally the recent work of Kurdjumovy (1914).

We owe to Hedlund (quoted by Kurdjumov, p. 25) the most complete account of
the development of this fly. According to this author, copulation takes place with
this species at the beginning of July. The examination of the ovaria of females
captured in the field at different times has led him to the conclusion that the deposi-
tion of eggs takes place between the Ist and 22nd of August. Hedlund has also
observed that eggs of this fly, which were laid in earth in the breeding vessels at the
beginning of August, contained in September a completely formed larva which in
December had not yet hatched.

In this way it seems that he has been able to confirm the supposition of Ormerod
and of Rostrup that L. coarctata has only one generation per annum ;_ that it deposits
its eggs towards the end of summer or at the beginning of the autumn; that the
eggs, which are always laid in the earth, hibernate; and that the larvae do not hatch
till the spring.

These results were accepted by Kurdjumov (1914) in his recent publication on this
fily.* According to this author’s personal observations the newly hatched females
are never sexually mature and they pass the whole summer in this state of immaturity,
so that oviposition takes place only at the beginning of the autumn. Kurdjumov’s
paper contains also the description and the figures of the egg and primary larva of
L. coarctata. This is of special interest, because of all the life-history of this insect
the part that is most disputed and the most difficult to observe, but which is of great
economic importance, is precisely the beginning of the cycle, 7.e., the oviposition and
the first-stage larva. From his description and figures it would seem that Kurdjumov
produces definite data relating to the beginning of the cycle.

We shall now consider under what conditions this primary larva was discovered by
Kurdjumov.

During the whole summer he kept in his breeding vessels both males and females
of L. coarctata. On 28th August all the flies that he had bred were, with one exception,
killed by a fungus. All the females which perished had undeveloped ovaries. The

| * The reader is referred to this paper (in Russian) for full references and for a critical
examination of many papers dealing with this insect. Kurdjumov, N.V.: Adia genitalis,
Schnabl, and Leptohylemyia coarctata, Fall., Reports of the Agricult. Exper. Station of
Poltava, Branch of Agric. Entomol., 1914, No. 21, part ix., pp. 1-43. [Abstracted in
Rey. Appl. Ent. ii, 1914, p. 250.]

(C394) Wt.P7/121. 1,000. 11.17. B.& F.Ltd, G.11/1, A

122 D. KEILIN.

single female still living had a rounded abdomen, which showed that its ovaries were
well developed. This female was put in another breeding vessel, and the dissection
of this fly, done three days later, showed that its ovaries were perfectly matured.
The breeding vessel (terrarium) was well examined. Kurdjumov found no eggs on
the plants, but in the earth he found at no great depth two eggs similar to those
discovered in the lower chambers of the ovary of the dissected fly. In one of these
eggs the black mouth-parts of the larva were visible through the egg-covering.

On 9th November this egg was taken to the laboratory and on 12th November the
larva protruded the anterior part of its body from the egg and died in this position.
Kurdjumov inferred from the facts (a) that the frost did not kill the egg, and (6) that
as the larva hatched as soon as it was transferred to a warm place, it is the egg which
represents the hibernating stage of L. coarctata. He next describes the first stage
larva; but his description, and especially his figure 26, convince me that neither
eggs nor larva belong to the developmental cycle of L. coarctata.

Fig. 1. Mouth-parts of Kurdjumov’s primary larva.

{It is quite sufficient to look at Kurdjumov’s fig. 26, which I reproduce here (fig. 1),
and which represents the mouth-parts of his primary larva, to establish from all the
details of the structure he delineates that it pertains to a carnivorous larva.*

If we compare the mouth-parts of this supposed first-stage larva with those of a
full-grown larva of Leptohylemyia, we can easily see that the difference is not one
which we usually find between the primary and third stage larva of the same species.
The difference is such as can only exist between two different ethological groups.
As figure 2 shows, the mouth-parts of a full-grown Leptohylemyza larva are very like
those of one of the phytophagous Anthomyid larvae (Pegomyia ngritarsis, or even
those of Adia genitalis, discovered by Kurdjumov) ).7 The first stage Leptohylemyra
larva should be then very similar to the peunery phytophagous larva and it probably
resembles closely that of Adia genitalis (fig. 5 of Kurdjumoy).

Kurdjumov’s description contains two other points which show that his primary
larva does not belong to Leptohylemyia, for he states: (1) that the last abdominal
segment is round and without the protuberances which are very characteristic for the
full-grown larva of Leptohylemyia ; (2) that the posterior spiracles of his primary
larva have three clefts and closely resemble those of a third stage cyclorrhaphous

*See: D.Keilin. Recherches sur les Anthomyides a larves carnivores. Parasitology,
x, nos,

+ Iam much indebted to Messrs. C. Warburton and F. R. Petherbridge for the larvae of
Leptohylemyia coarctata herein referred to.

THE LARVA OF LEPTOHYLEMYIA COARCTATA. 123

larva. This demonstrates the existence in this insect of development with almost
obliterated trimorphism, such as characterises carnivorous Anthomyid larvae.

We may therefore conclude from (1) the structure of the mouth-parts, (2) the shape
of the posterior end of the abdomen, and (3) the structure of the posterior spiracles,

Fig. 2. Mouth-parts of a full-grown larva of Leptohylemyia coarctata.

that the primary larva found by Kurdjumov does not belong to the developmental
cycle of Leptohylemyva coarctata, Fall. On the other hand it is quite easy to suppose
that the two eggs found by Kurdjumov in his breeding vessel were brought in with
the earth from outside.

(C394) A2

otal" My ee a rears
i) y ee a ets
4, an ? J os i. @ i,

es as

xh 7 Oe ee 10 ARGH,
dyysitie diver ; eee zah, Ly toynad aide mb onaysel nad
a SR TIAL bre uw fata ugescaciin a Saver'tead: a |
peed orth (2) asimpalticans 20 90 tuned adh Ch) airvat af
Galnctiqa, 19 (tien, ah So eredourle old) Dag o suri a
a ay Ashe cn! . i, pes Way ‘on

‘Oy ahha wir he ay

ea if’ y 4%,

ates see fe
naps ay

ni)
Ge
-
a a
tind Goll Fr
ais ee
¥ ea"
, we. yp
Peetsesy cers Gy a) we ai Fo | Wes karst} nih OL! 7 esa?

. Pee es iepy Edt dinneet waite sd ie hen avn ened ie ‘ 7
; — farw BL FARO TR wie? wie rit aicl om now nag, ma heap agge owe :
| gbisiue CO aN
Vin j ; : 2, ee pean
ey Shae wpnuiry deerg, i eete hehe
| . yi ‘2 a nr

ne

phere

dl its is “gcse

| . neler peairts Vv; rhs

a ‘hae » . eleng “4 aa “4 eee ‘bo bili Ata -. Sy cutis

| ath Mii oy erga
ers

eas ee oie hae? va!

ie “eed “"y : >

7

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—V.

By Rosert Newsteap, F.R.S.,

The School of Tropical Medicine, The University, Liverpool.

Aspidoproctus armatus, Newst.

PortucuEsE Conco: San Salvador; on tree of unknown species (Dr. Mercier
Gamble).

Aspidoproctus ? glaber, Lind.
NyasaALANp: Mlanje; on “ mwanga” tree, x.1913 (S. A. Neave).

A small undersized female, unfortunately imperfect. I have placed it here, as it
agrees, apart from its size, with Lindinger’s description.

Aspidoproctus pertinax, Newst.

NyasaLtanp: Mlanje; on “ kalati” tree, x.1913 (S. A. Neave).

Female, young adult: Broadly ovate and highly convex above; covered with a
relatively thin layer of very pale yellowish-buff secretion, which is Somewhat granular
in texture. Margin with a closely set series of large waxen rectangular appendages,
a few of which are completely divided longitudinally ; dorsum, in the middle line,
in front with three pairs of short blunt waxen processes, each surrounded by a fringe-
like series of relatively large, granular pieces of wax. Midway between the short
dorsal series of processes and the margin is another complete row of tooth-hke pro-
cesses, all of which have a granular fringe. Length 7°5 mm.

The above description was drawn from a specimen which had been preserved in
alcohol. Fortunately Mr. Neave collected examples which show the intermediate
stages between the quite young adults and the fully matured female, so that there
can, I think, be no doubt as to the specific identity of his specimens.

Aspidoproctus ? pertinax, Newst.

SourH Inp1a: Bangalore, Lal Bagh; on a wild plant, vi.1908 (7. V. Rama-
krishna, per HK. Ballard).

A single and apparently young adult female, which differs externally from typical
African examples in having the posterior marginal processes slightly longer and so
arranged that they partly overlap. The larvae are inseparable from the cotypes of

A. pertinax in the author’s collection. More material is needed for an exact specific
determination of the adult female.

Aspidoproctus ? tricornis, Newst.

NyasaLanp: Mlanje; on “ mwanga” tree, x.1913 (S. A. Neave).

A single immature female which apparently belongs to this species. It differs
from the adult in having three relatively small, dorsal, horn-like processes, of which
the median one is much the longest and faintly bifid at the tip. Marginal tubercular
projections bifid along the abdominal area; the flat tooth-like appendages arising from
these are, when present, well separated and divergent; some of the appendages
on the thoracic margin are broad and flat, with truncated ends; the four cephalic
ones bluntly rounded, and with more or less pointed processes.

126 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

Icerya aegyptiacum, Doug.

ZANZIBAR: on young date palm, 15.iv.13 (Dr. W. M. Aders).

This is the first record of the occurrence of this pest in Zanzibar. The examples
were nearly all young females.

Icerya maxima, Newst.

Ucanpa: Ngamba Is., Lake Victoria; on tree trunk, 28.v1.14 (Dr. G. D. H.
Carpenter).

These specimens have a larger number of glands than typical examples ; otherwise
the structural characters are specifically identical. Unfortunately the external
coverings had almost completely macerated in the preservative, so that nothing can

be added regarding these.

Icerya seychellarum, Westw.
UcanpnA: Entebbe; on mango, 10.11.14 (C. C. Gowdey).

Icerya sulfurea, Lind.
Ucanpa: Entebbe; on Eranthemum, 4.1.13 (C. C. Gowdey).

Icerya ?sulfurea, Lind.
Ucanpa: Kampala; on Castilloa, 15.vin.13 (C. C. Gowdey).

Stictococcus formicarius, Newst.
Ucanpna: Entebbe; on Ficus sp., 4.xu.12 (C. C. Gowdey).

Stictococcus multispinosus, Newst.
Gotp Coast: Aburi; on kola (W. H. Patterson); a small percentage of the
females were attacked by Chalcidid parasites. Ucanpa: Kampala; on Mark-

hamia platycalyx, 2.1x.15 (C. C. Gowdey); 29, 2-3 J puparia and an imperfect J,
the last two being new.

Stictococcus sjostedti, Cll.
GoLtp Coast: Aburi; on cacao (W. H. Patterson).

Pseudococcus citri, Risso.
British East Arrica: Nairobi, Old Government Farm, 5,500 {t., 3.1.13 (Geo.

W. Evans). Ucanpa: Entebbe, on coffee, 13.vi.12; Tero Forest, on an un-
known shrub, 13.vu.12 (C. C. Gowdey).

Pseudococcus sacchari, Ckll.

Mapras Pres.: Megapatam; onrice,xi.1914(7. V. Ramakrishna per E. Ballard).
British Guiana: Georgetown; on sugar cane, 27.vu.16 (G. #. Bodkin).

The distinguishing features of the adult females are: the presence of a pair of dark
brown or piceous plates between the 2nd and 3rd free abdominal segments on the
venter ; the great length of the transverse coxal sclerite on the anterior legs ; and the long
bristles on the segment above the anal lobes. The second-stage females are similar,
but the anterior coxal sclerites are slightly longer relatively, as compared with the
width of the coxae; and there is an additional group of long abdominal hairs above
the anal lobes.

~

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—V. 127

Pseudococcus hymenocleae, Ck].
South Arrica: Onderstepoort, Transvaal; food-plant not stated, 1914
(D. d Emmerez).

ft

“ Pseudococcus virgatus, (kl.

Ucanpa: Nama Konkoni, Chagwe; on coffee (C. C. Gowdey). ZANZIBAR:
on cassava and sugar-cane, 4.iv.13 (Dr. W. M. Aders). Gotp Coast: Aburi, on
French beans, Jatropa curcas and Colocasia, 1.1.13 (W. H. Patterson); Accra,
on oleander and a creeper called “Salonica,’ 2.vin.16 (Dr. J. W. Scott Macfie).
SouTHERN Nigeria: Ibadan, on cacao seedlings, 5.xu.11 (A. D. Peacock).

Phenacoccus insolitus, Green.

Mapras: Saidapet; on egg-plant (Solanum melongena), 13.vu.07 (TL. V.
Ramakrishna, per HK. Ballard).

Mr. EK. E. Green in his original diagnosis (Mem. Dept. Agric. Ind., ii, p. 26, 1908)
states that the 8th and 9th segments of the antennae are “fused together.” In
several of my examples this character is very pronounced ; in others, however, the
articulation is as clearly defined as the rest.

Tachardia decorella, Mask. :
Ueanpa: Entebbe; on Anona muricata, heavy infestation, 20.11.13 (C. C.

-Gowdey). SoutH Arrica: Pretoria, 1914 (D. d@ Emmerez).

Asterolecanium coffeae, Newst.

British East AFrrica: on coffee plants seven miles N.E. of Nairobi, 9.xii.12
(Geo. W. Evans). Ucanpa: Nakasanja, Chagwe, on coffee, 10.vi.13; Banda, on
coffee, 28.vu.16 (C. C. Gowdey)—heavy infestations.

Mr. Evans, in a note attached to his specimens, states that this Coccid infests
every part of the tree, causing the leaves to droop. He found twenty plants
attacked by it. A small percentage of the specimens are infested by Chalcidid
parasites. The general colour of the tests of the females is pale yellowish-green.
In Mr. Gowdey’s specimens the colour of the test of both old and young adults is
pale bottle-green, shaded with bright yellowish-green or golden green ;_ the filaments
forming the fringe, crest, etc., dull pink. In the adult females the anal lobes are
furnished with a single long bristle; these had evidently been broken away in the
type material described by me in 1911.*

Asterolecanium bambusae, Bdv.
Gotp Coast: Aburi; on bamboo (W. H. Patierson). UGanpa: Entebbe; on
bamboo, 7.11.14 (C. C. Gowdey). Soutn Arrtca: 1914 (D. d Emmerez).

Cerococcus hibisci, Green.
C. hibisci, Green, Mem. Dept. Agric. India, ii, no. 2, p. 19, pl. 1 (1908).
S. Inpra: Guntur; on egg-plant, 20.11.10 (7. V. Ramakrishna, per E. Ballard).
The tests of the females agree best with those forms which are described by Green
(l.c.) as having a “ golden-yellow scurfy tomentum,” but the tomentum in my

* Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, V. 2, Pp; 161, fig. 4a.

128 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

examples has almost entirely disappeared, owing apparently to detrition, and has
assumed a distinct scurfy appearance, which is also patchy and irregular, or arranged
in ill-defined transverse bands.

Ceroplastodes cajani, Mask.

S. Inp1a: Coimbatore; on red gram; on Zizyphus, Feb. 1909; on Ocimum
sanctum, Feb. 1910; Anantapur Dist., on wild indigo, April 1907 (7. V. R., per
EK. Ballard).

Inglisia chelonioides, Green.
S. Inp1a: Coimbatore; on Parkinsonia aculeata, 27.vi.14 (T. V. Ramakrishna,
per E. Ballard).

Inglisia conchiformis, Newst.

Gotp Coast: Aburi; on Gliricidia maculata, 12.1.16(W. H. Patterson). ‘‘ Native
host could not be traced. All available material forwarded. Difficult to dry. No
parasites found. No economic damage, as only one plant infested.” (W. H. P.).

Ceroplastes actiniformis, Green.
S. Inp1a: Coimbatore; on coconut, x.1908 (7. V. R., per KE. Ballard).

Ceroplastes africanus, Green.

SoutH Arrica: 1914 (D. d@Emmerez). Ucanpna: N.E. of Lake George; on
acacia, 20.vi.11 (C. C. Gowdey).

The nipple-like process on the dorsum of the waxen test, characteristic of typical
examples of this insect, is wanting in all Mr. Gowdey’s specimens, the position of these
processes being indicated by a rather deep depression.

Ceroplasies ceriferus, Anderson.
8. Inpia: Coimbatore; on “ wild elm,” x.1909 (7. V. &., per E. Ballard).

Ceroplastes cirripediformis, Comst.
British Guiana: Berbice, on Hura crepitans, in association with Lecanium
(Akermes) sp., 27.x1.13; Georgetown, on [pomea sp., 3.1.14 (@. #. Bodkin).

Geroplastes denudatus, Ck1l.
British Guiana: Demerara; on a wild species of Solanaceous plant, x.1915
(H. W. B. Moore).

Ceroplastes ficus, Newst.

SoutH Arrica: Wonderboom; on Ochra pulchella, 1914 (D. @ Emmerez). Goup
Coast: Aburi; on Anona (W. H. Patterson).

Mr. Patterson’s 9 9 are larger than those of the type lot, which came from Uganda
(Bull. Ent. Res., i, p. 191, fig. 5).

Ceroplastes personatus, Newst.
Gotp Coast: Aburi; on Coffea lberica, 3.x11.15 (W. H. Patterson).

This is the only additional record since its discovery in 1898.

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—V. 129

Ceroplastes quadrilineatus, Newst.
Uaanpa: Kimi Is., Lake Victoria, v.1914 (Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter).

Ceroplastes rubens, Mask.
S. Inpra: Ganyon District, Chicacola; on mango, iv.1910 (7. V. R., per K.
Ballard). Zanzripar: Maruhubi; on young orange trees, 16.vu.13 (Dr. W. M. Aders).

Ceropiastes ugandae, Newst.

Ucanpa: Mount Mubendi; on an unknown tree, 1.x.10 (C. C. Gowdey).

It is necessary to call attention to the fact that this insect so closely resembles
Ceroplastes egbarum subsp. fulleri, Ckll., in the form and colour of the waxen test that
the two insects are apparently inseparable. But the 9 of C. ugandae may at once be
distinguished by the presence of three large bi-lateral tubercles, all of which are
distinctly larger than the rudimentary caudal process. “‘ The broadly ovate group
of circular pores,’ described by me* as occurring immediately above the stigmatic
clefts, are really not pores but minute conical spines. In a well cleared specimen
which is now before me, these structures are very distinctly displayed.

Ceroplastes vinsonioides, Newst.
Ucganpa: Mabira Forest; on coffee, 28.xu.12 (C. C. Gowdey).

Pulvinaria burkilli, Green.

8. Inp1a: Coimbatore; on Zizyphus sp., 19.11.13 (1. B. Fletcher).

Two imperfect females and many male puparia. One example has the normal
number of segments to the antennae (eight), while the other presents only seven, of
which the 4th is nearly as long as the 3rd.

Pulvinaria cupaniae, Ckll.

JAMAICA; on Ficus sp., 1916, heavy infestation; “on mulberry imported last
year from U.S.A.,” v.1916 (A. H. Ritchie).

Pulvinaria jacksoni, Newst.

Ucanpa: Kampala; on Aranthemum bicolor, 4.vin.15 (C. C. Gowdey) ; chiefly
young adult 2° without ovisacs. British East Arrica: Nairobi; on granadilla,
11.1914 (7. J. Anderson). ‘

Fulvinaria psidii, Mask.

Ucanpa: Mabira, on coffee, 15.x.10—heavy infestation; Mpumu, Chagwe, on
coffee, 12.xu.12 (C. C. Gowdey). British East Arrica: Kikuyu, on coffee, 1.1914
(T. J. Anderson); Bukoba, on “ nsambyia,” 8.vi.12 (C. C. Gowdey). S. Inpta:
Coimbatore, on mango, Feb. 1914; Koilpati, on guava, x.1907 (7. V. R., per
K. Ballard).

Ten of the Mabira females were prepared for microscopical examination ; all of
these had their bodies completely traversed by the hyphae of a fungus, which I
believe to be a primary parasite.

* Bull. Ent. Res., ii, p. 94, fig. 8¢ (1911).

130 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

The derm cells in these examples from East Africa appear somewhat larger and less.
oval than I have seen in other specimens from Africa ;_ possibly due to the age of the
individuals.

Lecanium (Saissetia) cuneiformis, Leon.
British Hast ArricA: Mua Hills; on Acocanthera sp., 1.1914 (1. J. Anderson).

Lecanium (Saissetia) hemisphaericum, Tare.

British East Arrica: Limosa, 1.1914 (7. J. Anderson). UGanpa: Nagunga,
on Aristolochia, 20.1x.15; Entebbe, on Adiantum, 10.i1.14—curiously stunted forms,
such as are not infrequent on the stems cf Adiantum; Mabira, on coffee, 29. vu. 13

(C. C. Gowdey).

Lecanium (Coccus) hesperidum, Linn.

British East Arrica: near Mombasa, on banana,1.1914; Mua Hills, on lemon,
1.1914 (T. J. Anderson).

Lecanium (Saissetia) nigrum, Nietn.

8. Inpia: Coimbatore; on Lawsonia alba, iv.1910, and on cotton, very heavy
infestation, vii.1910 (7. V. R., per E. Ballard). UGanpa: Mwera; on coffee,
29.vu.13 (C. C. Gowdey). British East Arrica: Government Farm, Kabete ;.
on ornamental shrub, 1.1914 (7. J. Anderson).

Lecanium (Eulecanium) somereni, Newst.
Ucanpa: Nagunga; on Hrythrina excelsa, 20.1x.15 (C. C. Gowdey).
The specimens are of an unusually dark colour and heavily parasitised.

Lecanium (Eucalymnatus) tessellatum,- Sign.

BritisH Guiana: Botanic Gardens, Georgetown; on Malacca apple, 28.vu.15
(R. Ward, per G. E. Bodkin); associated with Lecaniuwm wardi, sp. n.

These examples show a considerable variation in the arrangement of the plates
which form the tessellated pattern of the dorsum. Some agree with Signoret’s
description (the first I have seen); others (two) with the var. perforatum, Newst.,
though these are not quite typical.

Lecanium (Coccus) viride, Green.

British Guiana: Onderneeming, Essequibo, 60; on Liberian coffee, 29.vu.13
(G. E. Bodkin). SourH Arrica: 1914 (D. d@Emmerez); all immature 99, differmg
from typical examples of L. viride only in that some have eight instead of seven
segments to the antennae.

Hemilecanium imbricans, Green.

S. Inpr1a: Southern Mysore; on Cedrela tuna, heavy infestation, x1.1903 (H.
Ballard).

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) auranti!, Mask.
British Hast Arrica: Kabete; on orange tree, 7.1.14 (If. J. Anderson).
SOUTHERN RuopeEsiA: Mt. Chirinda, Melsetter (C. #. M. Synnerton)—very heavily

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—V. 131
infested by a fungus, apparently a species of Nectria ; Chalcidid parasites also present.
SoutH Arrica: Pretoria; on Acacia, 1914 (D. d Emmerez)—a few examples living
in association with Chionaspis capensis, Newst. JAMAICA: on citrus imported from
India in 1913, 15.11.16 (A. H. Ritchie). Fist: Taveuria; on bananas, 1913
(Chas. H. Knowles).

Aspidiotus camelliae, Sign.

British East Arrica: Nairobi, 5,500 ft., on apple, 3.1.13, and on rose-tree,
6.vi.12 (Geo. W. Evans); Kabete, on trunks of black wattle, 7.1.14, and on apple
and fig, 11.1914 (7. J. Anderson).

Aspidiotus cyanophylli, Sign.
Ucanpa: Entebbe; on peach, 4.xu.12 (C. C. Gowdey). Fist: Taveuria; on
bananas, 1913 (Chas. H. Knowles).

Aspidiotus cydoniae, Comst.

British East Arrica: Kabete, on mango, 7.1.14 (7. J. Anderson). UGANDA:
Entebbe, on Bauhima, 4.11.14, on guava, 10.11.14, and on rose shrubs, 24.v.12;
Kampala, on “Cape lilac,” 4.vii.15 (C. C. Gowdey). Gotp Coast: Accra, on
oleander, 12.1v.16 (Dr. J. W. Scott Macfie). Jamaica; on Nectandra coriacea,
1916 (A. H. Ritchie). S. INpta: Coimbatore, on fig fruit, v.1912, and on vine,
xi1.1909; Bangalore, on pear, 11.1910 (7. V. Ramakrishna, per E. Ballard).

Aspidiotus destructor, Mask. |

S. Inp1a : Cochin State, Kimbalengua ; on cocoanut leaves, 8. vii.08 (£. Ballard)—
heavy infestation, but about 70 per cent. destroyed by a small Coleopterous
larva. ZANZIBAR: Marahubi; on mango, 24.iv.13, in association with Lecanium
adersi, Newst.; on stems of castor oil plant, 16.vi.13 (Dr. W. M. Aders)—the
examples on the last-named plant have very remarkable puparia, being highly convex
and exceedingly thick and robust. SoutH AFRICA: on an unnamed plant, 1914
(D. d@ Emmerez). British East ArricA: Mombasa, on cocoanut palm, 7.1.14
(T. J. Anderson). UGANDA: Kisube, on banana, 10.vili.13: Entebbe, on mango,
13.1.13, on guava, 10.11.14, on screw-pine, 16.i11.14, and on Ceara rubber,
10.vui.13; Kampala, on banana, 8.x.13, and on Heavea brasiliensis, 26.x .13 (C. C.
Gowdey). Gotp Coast: Accra, on mango, 6.xi.16 (Dr. J. W. Scott Macfie) ;
Aburi, on Pandanus (W. H. Patterson).

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) dictyospermi, Morgan.
S. Arnica: Fort Beaufort, 1914 (D. d@ Emmerez).

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) ficus (Riley), Comst.
8. Iyp1a: Coimbatore, on mango, 11.1914; Pemkonda, on Ficus sp., 11.1907
(7. V. R., per E. Ballard).

Aspidiotus (pseudaonidia) fossor, Newst.
British GuIANA: Georgetown, on grape-vine, 10. viii.13 (@. E. Bodkin).

152 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

Aspidiotus orientalis, Newst.

British East Arrica: no data (7. J. Anderson). 8. Inp1a: Coimbatore,
on tamarind fruit, 1.1911 (7. V. R&., per E. Ballard), very heavy infestation ;
Guntur, on egg-fruit, 20.11.10 (7. V. R., per E. Ballard), heavy infestation.

A large proportion of the African adult females have the margin of the cephalo-
thoracic area chitinised, a character not noted in the type lot, but present also in
examples from Southern India.

The incorporation of the epidermal layer of the fruit in the Coimbatore puparia has
given them a distinctly russet-red colour. The three large bilateral squamae in nearly
all of the examples examined are almost entirely free from the minute lateral serrations
which may be clearly seen in typical examples ; otherwise the structural characters
are specifically identical. The puparia of the Guntur females are much more robust

than those of the co-types, and bear a striking resemblance to those of A. cydoniae,
Comst.

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) rossi, Mask.
S. Arrica: Modderfontein; on Hucalyptus sp., 1913 (D. @ Emmerez).

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) tesseratus, d’ Emm.

Jamaica: on Matyba apetala, Nectandra coriacea, Gr., Trophis racemosa, Urt.,
1916 (A. H. Ritchie); all heavy infestations.

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobitiformis, Green.

S. Inpra: Coimbatore, vin.1912 (7. B. Fletcher). Ucanpa: Kampala, on
oleander, 20.vu.15, on mango, 20.vu.15 (C. C. Gowdey).

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) triglandulosus, Green.
S. Inpra: Bangalore: “attached to scabs on Jack leaf,” vi.1912 (7. B. Fletcher).

Aspidiotus (Selanaspidus) silvaticus, Lind.

Ucanpa: Entebbe, on Citrus aurantium, 7.1x.13 (C. C. Gowdey).

Female puparium: More or less circular or somewhat deltoid when arrested by the
prominent veins of the leaf; thin and flat. Exuviae central in the circular forms,
and submarginal in the deltoid ones. Those on the upper surface of the leaves russet-
buff, with broad pale margins and slightly darker exuviae; on the underside more
opaque and brownish buff, with obscure buff-yellow exuviae. Greatest diameter
226mm. Female adult: Very broadly pyriform; thoracic constriction slightly:
less than one-third the entire length of the body ;_ thoracic tubercle apparently absent.
Pygidium roughly triangular in outline; its margin with two pairs of well developed
lobes, the median pair deeply emarginate on both sides; the curiously forked
squamae beyond the usual prominent tooth-like process seem to be characteristic
of the species. 7

Lindinger’s* examples of the puparia were evidently very much smaller, but the
structural details given by him (I.c.) of the adult female agree in all essentials.
(Juite 50 per cent. of the females were attacked by a parasitic fungus.

* Jahr. der Hamb. Wissen. Anst., xxvi, p. 10, taf. ii (1909).

OBSERVATIONS ON SCALE-INSECTS (COCCIDAE)—V. 13.

Vey

Aspidiotus (Selanaspidus) articulatus, More.
Jamaica: Kingston; “ on citrus imported from India,” 15.11.16 (A. H. Ritchie).

Chionaspis (Hemichionaspis) minor, Mask.

SouTHERN NicreriA: Ibadan; food-plant not stated (? cotton) (Dr. W. A.
Lamborn). Gotp Coast: Aburi, on Jatropa curcas (W. H. Patterson); the female
puparia are larger and much more dilated than typical examples ; otherwise they do
not materially differ. SourH Arrica: Drakensburg, Cape Province; on willow
trees (D. d’ Emmerez).

Cooley* has described a variety of this species, under the name strachani, from
material collected on an unknown plant from Abeokuta, West Africa, and states that
it differs from H. minor “‘ in having the exuviae of the female scale rather darker and
contrasting more strongly with the secreted portion, and in having the median lobes
broader in proportion to their length and more finely and less distinctly crenate.”’
Dr. Lamborn’s examples of the females do not exhibit any morphological characters
by means of which one can separate them from typical H. minor; but the puparia of
the females show a somewhat marked departure from Maskell’sf description in having

the secretionary portion much more widely pyriform, dusky white, and relatively
thin and smooth.

Chionaspis dentilobis, Newst.
Uceanpa: Entebbe, on an unnamed plant, 6.v.10 (C. C. Gowdey).

A large percentage of the females were parasitised, evidently by Chalcidid
Hymenoptera.

Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) lutea, Newst.
Gotp Coast: Aburi, on Funtunia (W. H. Patterson). -

The male puparia associated with the females in this colony are very strongly
tricarinate and not at all like those in the type lot described from East Africa.
Possibly the West African examples belong to a species of Diaspis. The 29 are
specifically identical with the co-types of C. lutea.

Fiorinia proboscidaria, Green.
JAMAICA: Kingston, “ on citrus imported from India,” 15.11.16 (A. H. Ritchie).
This species has not hitherto been reported from the West Indies.

Parlatoria pergandei, Comst.

JAMAICA: Kingston, “on citrus imported from India, 1913,” 15.11.16 (4. H.
Ritchie).
Parlatoria ziziphus, Lucas.

Jamaica: Kingston, “on citrus imported from India, 1913,” 15.11.16 (4. H.
Ritchie).

* Special Bull. Hatch Exp. Stn., Mass. Agric. Coll., 10th Aug. 1899, p. 54.
7 N.Z. Trans., xvii, p. 33, pl. vi, fig. 4 (1884).
+ Mit. Zool. Mus. Berlin., v, 2, p. 169 (1911).

134 ROBERT NEWSTEAD.

Ischnaspis filiformis, Doug.
JAMAICA: on Ficus sp., 1916 (A. H. Ritchie). UcGanpa: Mabira Forest, Chagwe ;
on coffee, 28.x11.12 (C. C. Gowdey).

Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) citricola, Pack.
Goup Coast: Accra, ona sickly lime-tree, 12.11.16 (Dr. J. W. Scott Macfie).

Lepidosaphes gloverii, Pack.
Ucanpa: Entebbe; on croton, 10.vu.13 (C. C. Gowdey).

THE EARLY STAGES OF CERTAIN WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS.

By A. Ineram and J. W. 8. Macrin,
West African Medical Service.

(PLates I—IV.)

Howard, Dyar and Knab in their monograph “ The Mosquitoes of North and Central
America and the West Indies,” in discussing the rearing of mosquitos, emphasise
the importance of larvae in specific determination. They write (Vol. I, p. 181)
“* Many species of Culex are of uncertain determination without the associated larvae,
while some Aédes have identical adults, yet dissimilar larvae. The characters of the
larvae reside in the modifications of the chitinous appendages of the skin and the
arrangement ofthe hairs. As these are fully retained by the cast skins, it is possible
to preserve both the larva and the adult of the same identical specimen, thus assuring
absolutely correct associations.” This plan has been carried out so far as possible in
the rearing of the mosquitos, the larvae of which—obtained during 1916 in Accra
and its vicinity—we have attempted to describe below.

We take this opportunity of pointing out that so far as our experience of the
mosquitos of Accra goes, Howard, Dyar and Knab are in error in controverting the
statement of the late Sir Rubert Boyce that mosquitos living in crab-holes “ are the
chief nuisance in those houses which are situated near the sea.” Howard, Dyar and
Knab write : “ Our observations prove that the crab-hole mosquitoes do not bite nor
annoy man and no consideration need therefore be given to their destruction.”
In Accra Culex thalassius, Ochlerotatus writans and Anopheles costalis are commonly
found flourishing in crab-holes, all of these mosquitos are vicious biters and invade
houses ; their destruction therefore is one of the problems which must be faced by
Sanitary Authorities on the West Coast of Africa, especially as A. costalis is a proved
carrier of malaria.

We have here to express our indebtedness to Dr. A. C. Parsons, Junior Sanitary
Officer at Accra, and to Dr. J. B. Alexander, Medical Officer of Health at Accra, for their
untiring zeal in procuring for us specimens of larvae. Our thanks are again due to
Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, and to Mr. F. W.
Kdwards, of the British Museum, for much help and advice and for identifying species.

Anopheles marshalli, Theo.

The head is small as compared with the thorax. The brushes are prominent. The
antenna possesses no hair-tuft and its surface is covered with minute spines, which,
however, are almost absent externally. At the end of the antenna there are stout
spines and a short branched hair; this hair shows at least three branches. The
anterior frontal hairs (clypeal hairs) are all simple and appear to be placed in a triangle,
one being situated anteriorly and two posteriorly ; of the two posteriorly placed hairs
the external is only slightly in advance of the internal. The internal posterior hair
is nearly twice as long as the others. The mental plate is small and carries a median
tooth with four teeth on either side.

136 A. INGRAM AND J. W. S. MACFIE.

The thoracic plumes are fairly developed, the median hairs overlap the occiput.
There are no rudimentary palmate hairs on the thorax or the first two abdominal
segments.

There are long lateral feathered hairs on the first three abdominal segments and all
the segments bear short branched hairs laterally. Palmate hairs are present on the
fourth to the seventh abdominal segments. ‘The leaflets of which these hairs are
composed show no shoulder and scarcely any filament. Upon an average there are
nine hairs on each side of the main stem (in A. costalis the average number is seven)
when the structure is looked at in profile. The comb differs from the comb of
A. costalis in that the long teeth are, relatively to the short teeth, more elongate and
more numerous. Wesché, describing the comb of A. costalis (Bull. Ent. Res., i, p. 21)
in the various stages of development of the larva, says of the final stage, ‘‘ the character
of the comb remains the same, four short spines followed by a long one.” In the
comb of A. marshall: there appear to be three short spines followed by a long one.

This larva falls into the same group as A. pretoriensis and A. rufipes in Edwards’
key (Bull. Ent. Res., iii, p. 374), but is distinguished from them by having no palmate
hairs on the second abdominal segment.

Breeding place.—This larva was taken in a Pistia-covered pool at Christiansborg,
near Accra (see Pl. II, fig. 1). From the same pool larvae of A. costalis, Aédeomyia
africana, Culex quasigelidus, Mimomyia splendens and Mansonioides africanits were
obtained.

Stegomyia simpsoni, Theo.
The head is small and moderately chitinised. The antenna is short and heme in

place of the tuft a single hair at about its middle or a little beyond. There are several
small tufts of hairs and one tuft of three long hairs arising between the base of the
antenna and the eye and projecting laterally. The mental plate has a median pointed
tooth of moderate size and ten or eleven smaller teeth on each side, the two outermost
teeth being much smaller than the others. The brushes are small.

The thoracic plumes are not very strongly developed and are composed of simple
hairs. The hook-like spines at the bases of the ventral plumes are about as strongly
developed as those of S. fasciata.

The abdomen is not conspicuously hairy and is without true stellate hairs. All the
hairs are simple. The hairs forming the siphonal, subsiphonal, and anal plumes
appear also to be simple. The comb consists of a row of seven or eight spines barbed
at their bases, which resemble those of S. fasciata but are rather less strongly barbed.
The siphon is less than twice as long as its basal diameter. The pecten is composed
of about eight slightly barbed spines. The tuft is situated just beyond the middle
of the siphon and is composed of three simple hairs; it lies at about the same level
as the last pecten spine. The beard is poorly developed. The dorsal hairs on the
anal segment are three above and one below on each side. Theanal papillae are long
and blunt at the ends.

The above description was made from a single specimen, but unless it was an
abnormal one, this larva can be distinguished from the other known larvae of this
genus with barbed comb spines and without conspicuously hairy abdomens by its
pecten of only eight spines.

THE EARLY STAGES OF CERTAIN WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 137

Breeding place.—The larvae of this species were found in rot-holes in trees and
were associated with larvae of Culicuomyra nebulosa, Stegomyra fasciata, S. metallica,
S. unilineata, and S. luteocephala.

Stegomyia unilineata, Theo.

The head is small, though well chitinised. The antenna is short, and there is no
hair-tuft, a single or bifid hair being, however, visible at about half the length of
the shaft. In one of the specimens examined a distinct constriction occurred in
the antennae at a fourth of the length from their bases. Several tufts of stout hairs
may be seen on the head. The mental plate carries a substantial median tooth with
ten more slender teeth on each side, the lateral teeth becoming broader and more
widely separated towards the base of the plate. The brushes are small.

The thoracic plumes are short and are formed of hairs which are subplumose at
their bases. The hook-like spines visible at the bases of the ventral plumes on the
thorax of some other members of this genus are scarcely perceptible.

Numerous hair-tufts are present on all the abdominal segments, these are not
true stellate hairs, but resemble the hair-tufts on the abdominal segments of
S. luteocephala. A few of the constituent hairs are pubescent, the majority are
simple. The hairs forming the subsiphonal, siphonal and anal plumes show slight
pubescence. The comb consists of about eight spines with fringed bases set in a
single row. The siphon is about twice as long as the diameter of its base, and there
are 8-12 barbed spines in its pecten; distal to the pecten is a tuft of four or five
simple hairs, situated a little beyond the middle of the siphon. The anal segment
carries a scanty beard; the hairs on the end of the dorsum are three above and
one below on each side, and there is a tuft of five stout hairs—which are simple—
on the lateral aspect of the segment. The papillae are long and blunt-ended.

This larva may be distinguished from other larvae of the same genus which have
numerous hair-tufts on the abdominal segments by the absence of hook-like spines
on the thorax.

Breeding place.—The larvae were found in association with the larvae of
S. luteocephala, S. metallica and S. simpsoni in a rot-hole holding a small quantity
of water in the trunk of a Flamboyant tree (Poinciana regia) in the laboratory
compound at Accra (Plate IV, fig. 2).

Mansonioides africanus, Theo. (Plate I, figs. 1, 3; text-fig. 1).

The larva of Mansoniordes africanus has already been described by Ingram (Bull.
Ent. Res. iii, p. 76), and has also been figured by Edwards (Bull. Ent. Res. 10,
p. 377). The siphon tube is complex and would appear to resemble that of Man-
soma titillans, a South American mosquito, the larva of which also attaches itself
to the roots of Pistva. A general description of this tube has already been published,
but a more detailed account of the structure, especially that of the apical third, may
be of interest as indicating the high degree-of specialisation of the breathing
apparatus of the larva of this species.

The apical third of the siphon tube is more highly chitinised than the basal two-
thirds and appears to be movable on the latter portion. It is an incomplete tube
composed of two lateral chitinous lamellae with a ventral membrane connecting

(C394) se

138 A. INGRAM AND J. W. S. MACFIE.

them, but dorsally it 1s open to accommodate the saw-like element to be referred to
immediately. The lateral chitinous lamellae extend to the tip of the siphon, where
they come into relationship with the ends of the internal structures, and they bear
at their extremities two pairs of slightly chitinised hooks. At the base of each
lamella there is a single bristle, which lies therefore at about the same level as the

Fig. 1. Siphon of Mansonioides africanus; (1) outer case, lateral

view; (2) apical third of the outer case, ventral view; (3) inner

elements: Tr, trachea, 8S, saw, L, the lateral pieces, V, ventral pieces,

Ax, axial rod; (4) ventral pieces flattened out and seen from the

ventral aspect: L, the lateral pieces in profile; (5) saw flattened out,
dorsal view.

larger dorsal bristles, but more ventrally and not as figured by Edwards. These
bristles are simple and are not furnished with a fringe or membrane. The ventral
membrane is feebly chitinised and is irregularly ribbed or folded transversely, so
that in profile it looks like the edge of a file. It is attached laterally and basally
to the chitinous part of the siphon by a delicate membrane.

THE EARLY STAGES OF CERTAIN WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 139

Within the siphon tube a number of complicated structures can be seen.
Running from end to end of the tube and extending for some distance into the
abdomen there is an axial rod of chitin, a narrow flat structure with its edges directed
towards the dorsal and ventral aspects of the siphon, and with a hinge or joint at
its lower end. The two tracheal trunks pass upwards inside the siphon to the right
and left of this axial rod; in the apical third they lose their spiral structure and
unite with the rod so as to form the “ common hollow space ”’ described by Raschke.
This arrangement is usual in mosquito larvae, but in the case of Mansonioides africanus
the margins of the space do not form simple valves, but are highly specialised so as
to enable the larva to penetrate the roots of Pistia stratiotes and to attach itself
firmly to the plant. Laterally the outer walls of the tracheal tubes are continued as
highly chitinised plates, which rapidly taper to points. On the ventral aspect the
axial rod is continued as a stout, highly chitinised structure, on which a trough-
shaped body composed of a mesial and two lateral parts is jointed, each of the
lateral pieces bearing at its distal end a triple hook of great strength. A delicate
flexible membrane connects the bases of these hooks with the edge of the siphon.
On the ventral margin of the “ common hollow space” a highly chitinised trough-
shaped structure with a saw-like dorsal keel is hinged. Howard, Dyar and Knab
state that in Mansonia the “outer portion of the tube is . . . furnished with
serrations,’ but in Mansonoides africanus the saw appears to be attached to the
margin of the “common hollow space” and to be separate from the tube, and for
these reasons we conclude that it probably represents a modified valve. These
structures may perhaps be correlated with the primitive elements in the closing
mechanism above the spiracles of Anopheline larvae, corresponding respectively to
“the lateral flaps, the posterior plate, and the anterior fan-shaped plate.

The saw-like structure has about fourteen teeth and appears to be attached a little
above its lower end to the dorsal margin of the “ common hollow space.” Its lower
end divides, a strong median process passing down into the siphon tube and two
knob-like bodies projecting dorsally so as to he between but in close apposition
to the bases of the two stout curved bristles situated at the junction of the apical
third of the siphon with the basal portion. These bristles have a delicate fringe or
membrane on their lower surfaces, which suggests that they may have a sensory
function and may be of service to the larva when feeling its way between the rootlets
in search of a suitable point at which to attach itself. The larvae of Mansonioides
africanus after the first instar attach themselves to the tap-roots of Pistia plants ;
they swim about in the water until they encounter the rootlets and then, tail fore-
most, follow these inwards to the root itself. In this manoeuvre vision can be of
little assistance to them ; but if the large bristles are sensory, as we suggest they may
be, they might help the larvae to reach the root, and, once arrived, might transmit
a stimulus enjoining the larvae to attach themselves.

The actual process by which the larvae penetrate the tissues of the root, appreciate
the fact when they have reached the air-containing tubes, and fix themselves firmly,
must be a matter of surmise, but as extremely powerful muscles are attached to the
axial rod, it may be conjectured that this structure plays an important part both by
approximating the terminal elements, so as to form a sharply pointed cone for thrusting
into the root, and by putting into action the saw-like structure attached to it, which,

(C394) B2

140 A. INGRAM AND J. W. S. MACFIE.

as we have stated, is poised on the dorsal margin of the “ common hollow space ” as
its fulcrum. The six sets of terminal hooks no doubt suffice to anchor the larvae
once they have penetrated the plant tissues. In specimens killed and fixed in situ
and subsequently cleared, the siphon is seen to be embedded in the root up to a point
about half-way between the tip of the tube and the bases of the dorsal bristles, the
hooklets at the end are spread out in a cluster and appear to be firmly fixed in the.
tissues, and the dorsal and ventral bristles of the siphon, are widely extended with
their tips in contact with the surface of the root.

The siphon of the larva in the first instar bears but a slight resemblance to that of
the fully-developed larva, it is a bottle-shaped structure, which is made up of a conical
basal portion (8°5 units) and a more highly chitinised and slender apical portion
(7°5 units). The basal ring is hardly visible, the movable junction between the apical
third and the basal portion is indistinguishable, but the chitinised axial rod is well
developed and has powerful muscles attached to it in the lower half of the tube.
About half-way up the lower part of the siphon and slightly on the ventral aspect,
that is, in the position occupied by the tuft in the fully-developed larva, there is a
single, very long, simple hair. At the shoulder of the bottle, that is, at the point
where the narrow part of the siphon commences, the tracheal trunks are constricted,
and from this level run up the distal end of the siphon as two chitinised tubés separated.
by the axial rod. At the tip of the siphon on the ventral aspect there is a pair of
powerful highly chitinised double hooks, corresponding with the similar triple hooks
of the fully developed larva ; dorsally there are two pairs of less highly chitinised
hooks, which are toothed; and a pair of relatively stout bristles mounted on large
bases can be distinguished, which appear to represent the dorsal bristles of the later
stages. The saw-like structure on the dorsal aspect is not developed at this stage.
The relatively poor development of the terminal structures is no doubt associated
with the habit of the larva in this instar of attaching itself to the rootlets instead of
to the tougher tap-root.

The larva at this stage, the first instar, differs in many other respects from the fourth
phase larva. ‘The head is large, considerably larger than the thorax; the antennae
are relatively huge, possessing the two prominent bristles which are conspicuous in
the fully-grown larva, and have in place of the tuft a single stout branched hair.
The mental plate is small and has three slender lateral teeth on each side of the
prominent mesial tooth. The eyes are prominent and rounded; the “ main” eye
is not yet developed. The lateral abdominal hairs are two on the first, and one on
each succeeding segment. The comb consists of three to five fringed spines, quite
unlike the curious elements of the comb of the fully-developed larva. The tuft on
the siphon is represented by a simple stout hair, and all the plumes of the eighth
segment are in this stage simple hairs. The dorsal hairs on the anal segment are
conspicuous, arranged in pairs, the ventral pair being shorter than the dorsal; there
isno beard. The anal papillae are equal, and have rather less sharply pointed ends
than those of the fully grown larva.

After the first moult the siphon assumes the form described as being characteristic
of the species. The dorsal saw-like structure is well developed in the second instar,
but has rather fewer teeth than in the fully developed larva.

THE EARLY STAGES OF CERTAIN WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 141

The egg.—The eggs are laid on the under surfaces of the leaves of Pistia stratiotes
in clusters or cushions about 2-3 mm. in diameter, containing about 150 eggs apiece.
Each egg is rounded at its attached end, but prolonged into a snout at its free end,
is dark brown in colour with the surface covered by a cellular reticulation, and measures
about 0°96 mm. in length and 0°17 mm. in breadth at its widest part. At the blunt
end of the egg there is a layer of clear, colourless material to attach it to the surface
of the leaf. The pointed end projects freely and bears at its extremity the micropilar
apparatus consisting of a cap-like mass of clear, colourless material similar to that at
the rounded end. This cap is readily detached, revealing the presence of four blunt
processes at the end of the egg.

The egg-masses lie on the under surfaces of the outer leaves. As the plant unfolds,
the leaves become nearly horizontal, and in this position the cushions of eggs come into
contact with the water, the pointed ends of the eggs being directed downwards.
When the larva hatches the egg breaks horizontally at its widest point, detaching a
cone-shaped piece about 037 mm. long consisting of the end of the egg and the micro-
pilar apparatus. This cone falls to the bottom of the water. The larva on escaping
also descends to the bottom and attaches itself to the root of a Pistia plant, selecting
a delicate rootlet and not the main tap-root as the older larvae do.

Breeding place.—The larvae of Mansonioides africanus are found in pools and
swamps in which Pistva stratiotes is growing (see Plate I, fig. 1; UI, fig. 1), but up to
the present we have not found them associated with any other water-plants. At
Accra we obtained specimens regularly from a particular pool from April to
November. In April and at the beginning of May the larvae were difficult to find,
in June they were very numerous, in July-and August they diminished in numbers,
and in September and October they were again very few. They were most plentiful
therefore during the rainy season, which at Accra reaches its height in June.

Ochierotatus albocephalus, Theo. (fig. 2).

The larva has a small and dark head, slightly more than half as wide as the thorax ;
the antennae are slender, curved and covered with spicules, the tuft is placed about
the middle and consists of a few subplumose hairs. The midfrontal hairs are multiple
(5-8) and are plumose ; the brushes are prominent, being composed of coarse hairs.
The eyes are large. The mental plate has a large median tooth and nine smaller teeth
on each side of it.

The thoracic plumes are poorly developed, the constituent hairs being plumose.
The lateral abdominal hairs are multiple on the first segment, triple on the second,
and single on the remaining segments. The comb consists of 12-15 barbed spines
placed in an irregular row. ‘The subsiphonal plume is composed of subplumose hairs,
the siphonal plume and the anal plume consisting of pubescent hairs, and there is a
single independent hair adjacent to the anal plume. The siphon is about three times
the diameter of its base; the pecten comprises 9-11 spines, which become slightly
larger and are more widely separated distally ; a tuft of simple hairs is situated just
beyond the middle of the siphon (35-60). The anal segment is broader than it is long
(22 x 19); the anal papillae are almost equal in length, stout and with sharply
pointed ends, being longer than the anal segment (28:19). The beard is well

142 A. INGRAM AND J. W. S. MACFIE.

developed, extending all the length of the ventral surface of the segment. The hairs
on the dorsal end of the anal segment are quadruple above and single below on each
side.

This larva may be distinguished from the other known African Ochlerotatus larvae
(Edwards’ key, Bull. Ent. Res., ii, p. 376, and Bull. Ent. Res., vu, pp. 5-6) by its
possessing multiple mid-frontal hairs with a pecten of only 9-11 spines.

Breeding place.—The larvae were found in a variety of situations, namely, in small
cavities washed out by the sides of cement drains running across an open and wind-
swept golf-course, in an empty grave in the Accra cemetery, in broken pipes, earth
drains, pools and crab-holes. Associated with them, A. costalis and C. thalassius
were frequently found, and once C. fatigans.

Fig. 2. Larva of Ochlerotatus albocephalus, Theo.; head and end of abdomen ;
a, mental plate.

The larval stage appeared to be passed through very rapidly, as some of the
samples in which pupae predominated were taken from pools that could not have
been in existence more than three or four days. The attitude of the larvae when
at the surface of the water was characteristic, the body and the siphon tube being
almost in line or forming an exceptionally obtuse angle. -

Ochlerotatus minutus, Theo. (fig. 3).

The head is small, narrower than the thorax (52 : 80), and not so highly chitinised
as the head of O. albocephalus. The antenna is curved, slender and covered with
spicules ; it carries a tuft of subplumose hairs at its middle. The mid-frontal hairs
are peculiar in that they are delicately branched; they are multiple, numbering
6-8. The ante-antennal tuft is composed of 9-10 plumose hairs. The mental plate
has a small median tooth and 9 lateral teeth on each side.

THE EARLY STAGES OF CERTAIN WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 143

The thoracic plumes are formed of plumose hairs and are poorly developed. The
Jateral abdominal hairs are multiple on the first segment, triple on the second
segment, and single on the remaining segments. The comb consists of 12-15 barbed
spines set in a triangular patch. All the hairs forming the siphonal, subsiphonal
and anal plumes appear to be subplumose. The siphon is slightly swollen about
its middle and is rather more than three times as long as the diameter of its base,
its pecten shows nine spines, which increase in length and are more widely separated
distally ; there is a slender tuft of simple hairs just beyond the middle (34/58).
The anal segment is longer than it is broad (23 : 19); the beard does not appear to

Fig. 3. Larva of Ochlerotatus minu'us, Toeo.; head and end of abdomen;
a, mental plat>.

extend the full length of the ventral surface; the hairs on the dorsal end of the
segment are a tuft of 5-6 hairs above and of one stout hair below on each side. The
anal papillae are short and bluntly pointed.

This larva may be distinguished from other known African Ochlerotatus larvae
(Edwards’ key, Bull. Ent. Res., i, p. 376, and Bull. Ent. Res., vu, pp. 5-7) by the
fact that its multiple frontal hairs are delicately branched.

Breeding place.—The larvae were found in April at the margin of a lagoon in
crab-holes that had been enlarged by children digging for crabs (Plate II, fig. 2).
The water in which they were living was dirty, thick with deposit, and quite salt.
In the same holes larvae and imagines of Culex thalassius were also found.

The occupants of the house neighbouring the lagoon were much troubled by
mosquitos, and a small collection made on the same day as that on which the larvae
were found contained specimens of both O. minutus and C. thalassius.

144 — A. INGRAM AND J. W. S. MACFIE.

Ochlerotatus apicoannulatus, Edw. (fig. 4.)

The whole larva is of a dark brown colour and very opaque, so that it is difficult
nan uncleared specimen to distinguish details.

The head is a little more than half the width of the thorax, being well chitinised.
The antenna is of a light brown colour, curved, and covered with spicules. The
whole antenna measures about 25 units and carries a tuft of five or six subplumose
hairs at 11 units from its base. The mid-frontal hairs are multiple (8-10) and are
plumose ; the ante-antennal tuft is plumose. There are on the lateral aspect of the
head three tufts of hairs, a small one immediately in front of the eye and a large one
shghtly posterior to the eye; the hairs constituting the tufts are simple; a short
distance anterior to the small tuft of simple hairs is a well developed tuft of plumose

Fig. 4. Larva of Ochlerotatus apicoannulalus, Edw.; head and abdomen;
a, mental plate.

hairs situated more towards the ventral aspect of the head. The mental plate shows
a stout median tooth with nine teeth on each side; these lateral teeth, which are
pointed, increase in size towards the base of the plate. |

The thoracic plumes are small. The lateral abdominal hairs are multiple on the
first segment and paired on the other segments. The subsiphonal plume is formed
of plumose hairs; the anal one apparently consists of simple hairs, and the siphonal
seems to be represented by a single hair, but this is difficult to determine. The comb
consists of 11-12 spines set in an irregular row. The siphon is about three times as
long as the diameter of its base (55 units x 19) and carries a pecten of 18-20 barbed
teeth, the last tooth being situated at about 23 units from the base of the siphon,

THE EARLY STAGES OF CERTAIN WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 145

‘and a strongly developed tuft of six pubescent hairs is inserted at 28 units from
the base. The valves are prominent. The anal segment is slightly longer than it
is wide; it has a voluminous beard extending the whole length of the ventral
surface, the hairs on the end of the dorsal surface being three above and one below,
and there is a slender tuft of simple hairs on the lateral aspect of the segment
immediately beneath the insertion of the dorsal hairs. Of two larvae examined,
one showed no anal papillae and the other only one; this papilla was of extreme
length, measuring about 48 units and having a pointed end.

The larva may be distinguished from other Ochlerotatus larvae (Kdwards’ key,
Bull. Ent. Res., iii, p. 376) having multiple mid-frontal hairs and a pecten with
about 18 teeth, by the number of teeth in its comb.

Breeding place.—The larvae were obtained from a hollow between the branches
of a Flamboyant tree at Christiansborg, near Accra. The water collected in the
hollow was dark brown in colour and contained rotting leaves and twigs. Larvae of
S. fasciata, S. metallica and S. luteocephala were flourishing in the’ same situation.

Cyathomyia fusca, Theo. (fig. 5).

The head is about as wide as the thorax, and the frontal hairs are plumose. The
antenna is rather slender, being covered with spicules, and carries its hair-tuft of
simple hairs at five-sixths of its length. The eye is large. The mental plate has
one very large mesial tooth, upon each side of which are four square-ended teeth
and five sharply pointed teeth, these latter being nearest the base and the two
most basal being larger than all the others except the mesial tooth.

The thoracic hairs on the dorsum are long and stout, but are scantily plumose.
The lateral abdominal hairs are quadruple on the first segment and paired on the
succeeding segments. The comb consists of about 35 long scales, which are fringed
and are set in a triangular patch. The siphonal plume is formed of a few scantily
plumose hairs with an independent hair adjacent; the subsiphonal plume consists
of 6-8 plumose hairs, and one or two simple hairs constitute the anal plume. The
siphon is about 12 times as long as the diameter of its base;* the pecten is
composed of sharply pointed spines, 12-15 in number, and extends to about a
quarter of the length of the siphon; beyond the pecten are 7-8 tufts of simple
hairs, which are scanty, short, and irregularly placed. The anal segment measures
about 20 units in length by 12 in width ; its dorsal hairs are paired, two above and
two below ; the beard is rather poorly developed, and there is a small tuft of simple
hairs on the lateral aspect just below the dorsal hairs. The anal papillae are unequal,
the dorsal pair (41 units) are nearly twice as long as the ventral pair (24 units).

This larva may be distinguished from other Culex larvae possessing a siphon about
13 x 1 (Edwards’ key, Bull. Ent. Res., 11, p. 381, and Bull. Ent. Res., vii, pp. 11-12)
by its numerous comb scales (30-40) and by the absence of distally scattered pecten
Spines.

*In specimens dehydrated and mounted in balsam the length, however, is not more
than ten times the diameter of the base.

146 A. INGRAM AND J. W. &. MACFIE.

Breeding place.—The larvae were found flourishing in the dark brown water that.
had collected in a hole partly filled with decaying vegetable matter in a Flamboyant
tree (see Plate IV, fig. 1). With them were associated larvae of A. costalis,

A. marshalli, S. fasciata and S. luteocephala.

| \
ar i
au | | | A ips
| ; yy}! "a
NN | WAVG yyy

}

fd LQ WN

pia
X
Us

Fig. 5. Larva of Cyathomyia fusca, Theo.; head and end of abdomen ;
a, mental plate.

Eumelanomyia inconspicuosa, Theo.

In our former description of the larva of this species (Bull. Ent. Res., vu, p. 12)
certain gaps had to be left owing to lack of sufficient material for examination. As
we have been fortunate enough to procure further specimens, we are now able to
complete the description.

THE EARLY STAGES OF CERTAIN WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 147

The tuft on the antenna is usually situated at a point about four-fifths of the length
from the base, and not about the middle as formerly stated. The mental plate, which
resembles that of Cyathomyia fusca, has a very large median tooth, on each side of
which are 8-9 teeth. These lateral teeth are larger towards the base of the plate,
the four teeth nearest the central tooth are square-ended, the fifth tooth is in a
transitional stage, and the four basal teeth are sharply pointed.

The lateral abdominal hairs are multiple on the first segment, triple on the second
segment and double on the remaining segments. The dorsal hairs on the anal segment:
are one above and one below on each side. The anal papillae are unequal, the dorsal
pair being nearly twice as long as the ventral, and as a rule the longest pair do not
greatly exceed the length of the anal segment.

Culex thalassius, Theo. (fig. 6).

The head is large, as wide as the thorax. The antenna is slightly curved and has
spicules on its basal half and on the outer aspect of its apical part ; it carries a tuft
of plumose hairs just beyond the middle (17/28). The mid-frontal hairs and the tuft
at the base of the antenna (ante-antennal plume) are strongly plumose. The mental
plate has a substantial median tooth and eight sharply pointed teeth on either side.
The eye is large, and the “ larval” eye is in most specimens distinctly separate from
the “imaginal” eye. The thoracic plumes are plumose and their insertion is marked
by a chitinous plate. The longer lateral abdominal hairs are subplumose ;_ they are
quadruple on the first and second segments, and paired on the remaining segments.
There are 60-70 scales in the comb; these are small, with a fringe of hairs, and are
collected into a somewhat irregularly triangular patch. The hairs forming the
siphonal and subsiphonal plumes are plumose, the anal plume appears to be formed
of three or four pubescent hairs, which occasionally branch at their apices; in
addition there is an independent hair between the anal and subsiphonal plumes.
The siphon is nearly five times as long as the diameter of its base (83 units to 17) ;
the pecten contains 12-15 barbed spines, beyond it being 4—5 pairs of strongly
developed hair-tufts, while a smaller tuft is situated a short distance below the end
of the siphon, and another smaller tuft is also to be seen laterally at a slightly lower
level. The hairs in the larger tufts are pubescent apically. The anal segment is
longer than it is broad and has a well developed beard ;_ the hairs on the dorsal end
are usually four above and one below on either side. A few small spines may be
found on the end of the segment immediately beneath the dorsal hairs. The anal
papillae are very short and oval in shape; they measure in length 10-12 units, as
compared with the anal segment itself, which measures 30 units.

Eggs.—The eggs of C. thalassius are laid in a raft of the usual shape and size; they
are a little more than four times as long as their greatest breadth. The surface of the
egg shows cellular or reticular sculpturing.

Breeding place.—The larvae appear to be unusually adaptable. They have been
found flourishing in a variety of situations, such as a brackish lagoon, crab-holes,
foul-smelling water holes, earth drains, pools of various sorts, an iron pot, and a spring.
The first sample collected was found in a lagoon (see Plate III, fig. 2), the water of
which contained 680 parts of chlorine per 100,000. The larvae were distributed
along the edge in the shallow water, but did not frequent the deeper parts. They

148 A. INGRAM AND J. W. 8S. MACFIE.

occurred singly, drifting with the wind-swept water, and were very readily alarmed,
when they sank at once to the bottom. The water in which they flourished was
exposed to the full glare of the sun and was quite hot.

one + = no ee eee ee

\\

\\\
WA\VAASN
IY

\\\\ \t
VN \\

HUNKS
VANS,

Fig. 6. Larva of Culex thalassius, Theo.; head and end of abdomen
a, mental plate.

Another sample was collected from a pool into which the sea poured at each high
tide (see Plate IIT. fig. 1); a small crab found in this pool was a most voracious
feeder on the larvae.

Other samples, however, were obtained from fresh-water pools, collections of rain-
water, etc., so that a high degree of salinity is not essential for this species. No

THE EARLY STAGES OF CERTAIN WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 149

difference in the length of the anal papillae or “ tracheal gills” could be detected
between the larvae found in the brackish and the fresh water.

The larvae were commonly found together with larvae of A. costalis and occasionally
with those of O. minutus, O. albocephalus, C. invidiosus, C. tritaeniorhynchus, and
-C. fatigans. Larvae of C. tigripes var. fuscus were found preying upon them.

The imago is one of the most troublesome mosquitos in the bungalows at Accra
and is a severe biter.

Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Giles.

This larva, which occurs in the same pools as the larva of C. invidiosus, resembles
it closely in configuration. When the two larvae are examined side by side, however,
that of C. tritaeniorhynchus seems to be more robust, to have a longer siphon and to be
more strongly chitinised.

The head is large, almost as wide as the thorax. The antenna is covered with
spicules, and its outer third beyond the insertion of the hair-tuft is much darker and
has more prominent spicules than the basal two-thirds. The tuft of very plumose
hairs is placed at two-thirds of the length of the antenna from its base. The mouth-
brushes are prominent. The mid-frontal hairs are plumose, and the ante-antennal
tuft is formed of dark and plumose hairs rising from a pedicle. The eyes are large.
The mental plate shows a moderate-sized median tooth with 6-8 pointed teeth on
either side, its posterior border being deeply incised mesially. The mandibular teeth
are more powerfully developed than those of C. invidiosus.

The thorax carries the usual long plumes.. The lateral abdominal hairs are sub-
plumose and are multiple on the first segment, triple on the second segment and paired
on the remaining segments. All the abdominal segments show stellate hairs, which
are longer than the similar and similarly placed hairs on the abdomen of the larva of
C. invidiosus. The comb comprises 35-40 fringed scales, which appear to be darker
than the comb-scales of C. amvidiosus. The siphonal and subsiphonal plumes are
formed of plumose hairs, the hairs of the anal plume being simple. The siphon is
about ten times as long as the diameter of its base; there are 10-12 spines, which
are barbed inferiorly, inthe pecten. The siphon also carries 6-8 pairs of tufts of simple
hairs distally to the pecten; these tufts are longer than the tufts on the siphon of
C. invidiosus, and those visible ventrally are more regularly placed in line. The anal
segment is almost as wide as it is long (23 units : 21); the anal papillae are equal,
have pointed ends, and are longer than the anal segment. The beard is fairly
developed, and the dorsal hairs on this segment resemble the similar hairs on the
anal segment of C. invidiosus.

This larva, as stated above, bears a striking resemblance to the larva of C. invidiosus,
the apparently distinctive points have been tabulated below :—

C. tritaenvorhynchus. C. invidiosus.
Larva as a whole .. More robust. Less robust.
Antenna me .. Apical portion above origin Apical portion _ scarcely
of hair-tuft darker and darker, spicules not more
with more prominent spi- prominent.

cules.

150 A. INGRAM AND J. W. S. MACFIE.

C. tritaeniorhynchus. C. invidiosus.
Lateral abdominal hairs Paired after the first two Single after the first two
segments. segments.
Scales of comb.. .. Darker in colour. Lighter in colour.
Siphon .. e .. Ten times the length of its Hight times the length of its
diameter at the base. diameter at the base.

Hair-tuftsbeyondpecten Hairs longer and tufts more Hairs shorter and tufts ir-
or less regularly placed in regularly placed in a

a line. spiral.
Anal papillae .. .. Nearly equal in length. Ventral pair much shorter
: than dorsal.

Anal segment .. .. Almost as broad as itislong. Longer than broad.

Breeding place.—The larvae were found in large numbers in a swamp formed by
the heavy rains in June and were associated with A. costalis and C. fatigans, and
after a day or two larvae of C. tagripes var. fuscus were found preying upon them.
They were particularly numerous at one part of the swamp where the water had
submerged a narrow path through the grass. On re-examining the swamp a week
later none of the larvae could be found, but on this occasion natural enemies
(Ephemerid larvae, dragon-fly larvae, Notonecta, larvae of Hydaticus and other
species of water-beetles, etc.), which had not been observed on the first occasion,
were extremely numerous. On another occasion larvae of C. tritaeniorhynchus were
found together with those of C. invidiosus, C. thalassius, and A. costalis in a large
water-hole by the road-side. The water in this hole contained 18 parts of chlorine

per 100,000.

‘Culex guiarti, Blanch.* (fig. 7).

The head is as wide as the thorax and is strongly chitinised. The antenna is
slightly curved and stout; on its surface a few spicules occur, most conspicuously
at its base. The antennal tuft, which is placed at about three-fourths of the length
of the antenna from its base, consists of dark and plumose hairs. The apical
portion of the shaft beyond the hair-tuft is considerably darker than the basal
three-fourths. The mid-frontal hairs are plumose and paired, the ante-antennal
tuft being formed of dark and plumose hairs. The brushes are strongly developed
and the palps are large. The eye is large and band-like, extending on to both the
dorsal and ventral surfaces. The “larval” eye is small and round, lying below
and separated from the main eye. The mental plate is small, consisting of one
stout median tooth with six or seven more slender teeth on each side.

The dorsal thoracic plumes are formed of subplumose hairs, those on the anterior
border being very long; the ventral thoracic plumes are formed of plumose hairs.
The lateral abdominal hairs are multiple on the first segment, quadruple on the
second and triple on the remainder. Plumose hairs form the siphonal and sub-

*The adults associated with two other larvae have also been identified as C. guiarti
(Bull. Ent. Res., vu, p. 7, footnote). Itis not possible to decide at present whether
this is due to some error in association, or to the name OC. guiarti including more than

one species of mosquito.

THE EARLY STAGES OF CERTAIN WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. 151

siphonal plumes, while three or four pubescent hairs and an independent hair
detached towards the subsiphonal plume represent the anal plume. The comb
consists of 7-8 stout spines placed in an irregular row. The siphon is nearly nine
times as long as the diameter of its base and carries a pecten of 8-9 rather slender

x AN A Wy \
NN

Fig. 7. Larva of Culex guiarti, Blanch.; head and end of abdomen;
a, mental plate.

spines, fringed at their bases. Four or five tufts formed of two to three simple hairs
are visible beyond the last spine of the pecten. The anal segment is nearly twice
as long as it is broad (30 : 16 units) ; the beard is somewhat scanty, but the dorsal

152 A. INGRAM AND J. W. S. MACFIE.

hairs are well developed, consisting of three hairs above and one below on each side:.
The anal papillae are slightly longer than the anal segment (35 : 30 units) and are.
subequal with rather pointed ends.

This larva may be distinguished from other Culex larvae having siphon tubes
8 x 1 by the possession of a comb consisting of 7-8 spines (Edwards’ key, Bull. Ent.
Res., i, pp. 380-381).

Breeding place.—These larvae were found at Nsawam (Plate IJ, fig. 1), 25 miles
north of Accra, ina swamp (covered with Pistia stratvotes) which lies on both sides of
the railway embankment, and were associated with the larvae of Mansonioides
africanus and Mimomyia splendens.

Mimomyia splendens, Theo. (fig. 8).

The larva resembles those of Mimomyia hispida and M. mamomyiafornis in the
shape of its antennae and in the hirsute appearance of its head.

The head is dark and large, though not so broad as the thorax. The antennae
are curved, with a tuft of plumose hairs at about two-thirds of the basal portion ;
they are possessed of divergent apical pieces similar to those of MW. hispida and
M. mimomyiaformis, these pieces being devoid of the spicules present on the
basal portions, and at their junction with the basal portions are two long bristles.
The apical piece in this larva does not appear to be lighter in colour than the rest
of the antenna. <A bifurcated subplumose hair extends laterally from the head in
front of the eye, as in M. hispida, and there is a small plume of simple hairs on the
dorsal surface of the head immediately internal to the eye. The mental plate is
small and flat, with a central tooth and six teeth on each side, the outermost of which
are the smallest. All the frontal hairs are strongly plumose, the ante-antennal
plumes resembling feathers.

The long hairs on the thorax are plumose. The lateral abdominal hairs on the
first two segments are multiple, large and plumose, those on the remaining segments
being plumose, small and paired; and on all the abdominal segments there are
conspicuous stellate hairs. The comb consists of a single row of large spines, 6-7 in
number. The siphon is about three times as long as the diameter of its base, the
pecten being formed of two spines, which are placed vertically and not horizontally
asin M. hispida. There is a hair-tuft of subplumose hairs about the middle of the
siphon and a pair of hooks on the dorsal valves. The subsiphonal plume is formed
of subplumose hairs, the hairs of the siphonal plume being pubescent, while the
anal plume consists of simple hairs; there are also two independent hairs, which
are branched, on each side of the subsiphonal plume. The anal segment is longer
dorsally than ventrally, has its posterior border edged with spicules, long and short
spicules alternating, and possesses a single long and subplumose hair on its lateral
aspect. The dorsal hairs are collected into tufts and are more strongly developed
than the beard. The anal papillae are short, nearly equal in length (the ventral pair
being slightly longer), and have pointed extremities ; they are about half the length
of the anal segment.

This larva may be distinguished from the larva of Mimomyia mimomyiaformis,.
which also possesses an antenna with a divergent apical piece and a comb of 6-7
spines in a single row, by its pecten of relatively strongly developed spines,

THE EARLY STAGES OF CERTAIN WEST AFRICAN MOSQUITOS. Too

Breeding place.—The larvae were found in a small pool covered with the water-
weed Pistia stratiotes (see Plate II, fig. 1) and were repeatedly obtained from the
same pool from February to July. With them were associated the following
larvae :—A. costalis, Aédeomyia africana, Culex quasigelidus and Mansonioides
africanus.

Fig. 8. Larva of Mimomyia splendens, Theo.; head and end of abdomen;
a, mental plate.

The larvae were very active in their movements, but when stationary lay practically
parallel with the surface of the water. They appeared to be definitely associated

with the weed Pistia stratiotes, as they were generally found under the leaves of this
plant.

(C394)

154 A. INGRAM AND J. W. S. MACFIE.

The leaves of P. stratiotes have an unwettable surface and are strongly ribbed on
the underside, so that as the plant expands the outer leaves come in contact with the
surface of the water and carry down with them a film of air. It was to the under-
surface of these outer leaves that the larvae of M. splendens attached themselves,
lying horizontally with their siphons inserted into the film of air, and in maintaining
this position the hooks described above were no doubt of great assistance. In this
manner they were able to live for a long time (in one experiment 24 hours) without
direct access to the air and may moult whilst still submerged.

Chaoborus ceratopogones, Theo.

The head is small and laterally compressed, as romp with the head of a larva
of the CuLIcINAE, and carries very few hairs. Two delicate tufts of simple hairs are
visible, one in front of and one behind the prominent eye. The mouth-parts de-
scribed by Miall (“‘ Aquatic Insects” pp. 116-117) are very well seen in the larval pelt.
There is a distinct neck.

No plumes are present on the thorax, but on its lateral aspect short tufts of simple
hairs occur and dorsal to these hair-tufts a single longer hair.

The abdominal segments have laterally a single long hair and a tuft of ieee hairs
ventral to this hair similar to the arrangement of the lateral hairs on the thorax.
The usual paired and pigmented air sacs are present in the thorax and the seventh
abdominal segment. The ventral brush on the ninth segment is composed of
about 20 curved and elegantly plumose hairs. The anal papillae are short, the
ventral pair being slightly longer than the dorsal. The hairs on the dorsal extremity
of the ninth segment are one above and one below; they are nearly equal in length
and are strongly plumose.

BULL.” ENT: RESEARCH. -Vot.*VIIT, Parr 2. PDATE |.

Fig. I. Swamp at Nsawam partly covered with Pistia plants; breeding place of
Culex guiarti and Mansonioides africanus.

Fig. 2. First stage larva of Fig. 3. Larva of M. africanus
Mansonioides africanus. attached to roots of Pistia.

‘suapuajds erduioullp
pue snuBolife saproruosuey ‘snpijabisenb xajng ‘eueodid fe

‘SNJNUIU SN}ZBJOLATYOO pur snisseyey}Z xXarng jo vod BrAulopay ‘I//eysdeul ‘vy ‘sije}soo sayaydou yp jo vox|d gulpsedq
SuIpeddq ‘: UOOsR] B JO UlsdBW JY} 3B B[OY-qvdD ‘°% ‘sI4 £$a]017Bd]S BIZSIG paaMm-dayeM 9yy Aq pdd9AOD [OOg ‘| ‘SI

-

Fest

* + >

ye ek
‘
on

"I SLwig 7 Lavel <DiAcIOA “HOUvasay “lie Wang

’
py as :
en, «

FUG:

Not
y

; mt Pat
‘ Set 0 Mies = ee oF" ae, ;
Petey elas Wea F nt
hie Pastel aay Oo dots - an
VA te . |
. “wy val ott “ ; .
. ‘
s .
- = ty | |
| ‘s > . > Pa
wa ; | i |
ES ' . met rot i $A
- a = ~ a | 7 j J Fe J A ae ; |
- . 7 t = 4 : ce . ; ve) a Ceti NE *y
ra iy ) 7 g cy r ¥ a s a a Aa
‘ 7 - | |
ii 3 ( be 8
.

ats : =

7 9 “4 pr’ ni i ce wa 7
(Pa any FE
r a 7 a4 _ 7 ‘a ; ,
.

a

BULL, ENT: RESEARCH. Vot. VIII. Parr 2; PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Pool flooded by the sea at high tide, in which larve of Anopheles costalis
and Culex thalassius were found.

Te pea Si ‘yy fe

a ese 4 \ Bee
NSS AE Sel ee a

Fig. 2. Lagoon at Christiansborg, near Accra; breeding place of Culex thalassius.

>

oé

a]

=
*

-

“3
=-
=
‘
>

: :
d nae
ea:

ce

oH

PO) fae ee

i
‘@
.

®
oy

—

i

et

Sc i i

‘Bosnf

‘Byeydas0ajny “Ss pues Berduoyzedg pus wBleydascajn, ‘Ss ‘ezeresef erdurohazsg
Borjyejaul *S ‘ruosduirs *S ‘ezeaurzrun BIhfulobajS jo BAdey] ‘Tyeysdeul “yp ‘sije}zsoo sajaydouy jo Bade, dd9M YOIyUM
poeddnooo YOIYM UI ZJOY B YM dod} JUBAOqUIR[ ‘Z% ‘SI Ul YdOJ UIBLU BY} UI 9[OY B YIM ood} YuBAOqUIBI ‘| ‘“sI4

‘Al ALv1d % Levey TA “10K “AOuvaSas INZ: “Ting

fost vi nae ett

wiges

A SUMMARY OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF INSECT VECTORS OF DISEASE.

By MatcoLm Evan MacGrecor, B.A. (Cantab.),

Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research.

So much has been said about insects since the War began that it is, | think, advisable
that some attempt should be made to summarise our knowledge of the more important
insect-borne diseases and their vectors. While insects have long been suspected of
being responsible for the transmission of serious diseases, it may be said that practically
the whole of our knowledge of insects in this réle has been acquired within the past
twenty years. So rapidly, however, has the charge on this offence been made out
against them that, although it is common knowledge that they have been proved
guilty, it is not generally realised upon how many counts the verdict rests.

Tt has lately been my good fortune to give class instruction for the War Office to
officers of the R.A.M.C. who are proceeding to the East, and in order to bring home
to my audience the importance of the connection between insects and disease I have
compiled the tables which I now publish. These can in no way claim to be complete,
but merely present the more important insect-borne diseases, including human
diseases that on certain grounds are suspected of having insect vectors. With
these tables I also publish one (Table VI) which includes the chief insects and Acarina
that are directly the cause of disease in man and his domestic animals. To complete
the list of insect-transmitted diseases would demand the consideration not only of
other mammals as hosts, but also of avian and reptilian hosts. In the present instance
this would be to carry the subject beyond general interest, but it must be remembered
therefore that, long as the present list of charges is, insects are not here arraigned on
all the counts that might with justice be preferred against them.

During the last few years medical entomology has been rapidly establishing itself
as an Invaluable branch of preventive medicine, and with the outbreak of the present
war a great deal of interest and study has been devoted to this subject in Europe,
notably in connection with the transmission of typhus fever by lice, and the dissemina-
tion of bacteria and other organisms by flies.

Centuries ago insects were suggested as being possibly concerned in the spread of
disease, and from time to time such logical hypotheses were advanced that it is sur-
prising that the establishment of the truth was not sooner forthcoming. In 1577
Mercurialis, an Italian physician, suggested that plague, which was then ravaging
Kurope, was spread by flies feeding upon the diseased and dead, and later depositing
faecal matter on food consumed by healthy persons. This idea held ground, and
various suggestions occur as to the spread of disease by flies in the literature of the
XVIth century. Edward Bancroft in 1769 advanced the theory that yaws was
transmitted by flies feeding on diseased subjects and carrying the contagion by settling
on open wounds or scratches on healthy persons. In 1848 Dr. Josiah Nott, of Mobile,
Alabama, published a remarkable article in which he gave reasons for supposing that
yellow fever was an insect-borne disease; but although he mentioned many insects,
he did not specify any one as the particular vector.

(C394) c2

156 MALCOLM EVAN MACGREGOR.

The connection between malaria and the mosquito had long been held, it is said,
by the Italian and Tyrolese peasants, and even by the natives of East Africa, but the
first charge brought against the mosquito in the spread of disease, by scientific
authority, was in connection with yellow fever. In 1853, Dr. Daniel Beauperthuy,
a French physician, wrote ably arguing that yellow fever and other fevers were trans-
mitted by mosquitoes, but in those days there being no accepted belief in a contagium
vwum, he concluded that the virus was obtained from decomposing material that the
mosquito had consumed and that was later accidentally inoculated into man.
Raimbert, in 1869, showed by experiment that anthrax could be disseminated by
flies.

Kpoch-making in the history of our knowledge of insect vectors was Manson’s
discovery, in 1878, that Filaria bancrofti was spread by mosquitoes; but at first he
thought the Filaria escaped from the insect into water and reached man in this
manner. Later work by Manson and his colleagues determined the exact means of
transmission.

It was not until 28 years after Beauperthuy’s theory that Charles Finlay, an
American of Havana, definitely attributed, in 1881, the transmission of yellow fever
to a mosquito of a definite species. He had noticed the connection that seemed to
exist between the presence of large numbers of Stegomyia fasciata and the prevalence
of yellow fever. He then attempted to transmit the disease experimentally by the
bites of this mosquito, and whilst his experiments are open to criticism, there is no
doubt that he did succeed in doing so.

Three years later, in 1883, another American, A. F. A. King, advanced the first
well-formulated mosquito-malaria theory, and in 1898 Ross, in India, demonstrated
beyond doubt the important réle played by mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria.

In 1899 the American Yellow Fever Commission (Reed, Carroll, Lezear and Agra-
monte) was sent to Cuba and was there able to demonstrate with certainty that yellow
fever is transmitted by S. fasciata.

It is interesting thus to note the almost parallel development in time of our know-
ledge of two of the most important insect-borne diseases. To deal even briefly with
the historical aspects of our knowledge of other diseases tabulated below would be to
consume a large amount of space, and the foregoing account will have indicated the
path that has led to subsequent discoveries whose histories are readily available.

I will pass therefore to a few notes on each of the Tables.

Notes to Table I.— Diseases of Unknown Origin.

The majority of these diseases are doubtless caused by living viruses, often
organisms of ultra-microscopic size, and commonly referred to as “ filterable viruses.”

In the case of pellagra it would appear, however, from the most recent work that
although it is still considered by many persons to be possibly an insect-borne disease
(and according to Sambon having a likely vector in either the CERATOPOGONINAE or
SIMULIIDAE) Goldberger in America considers it a disease now certainly attributable
to vitamine-starvation through an unbalanced diet. If this is the case, there is no
causative organism and no vector, and pellagra should be ruled out of present con-
sideration. The question nevertheless is by no means sett!ed.

OUR KNOWLEDGE OF INSECT VECTORS OF DISEASE, 157

The virus of acute anterior poliomyelitis is still not isolated with certainty. Flexner
and his colleagues have been able to cultivate a filterable micro-organism which
produced the disease in experimental animals, and more recently Rosenow and his
fellow-workers have isolated a polymorphous streptococcus with which they were also
able to produce paralysis in certain animals. Nuzum and Horzog were able to do
likewise by a gram-positive micrococcus isolated from the brain and spinal chord of
persons dead from the disease. Poliomyelitis has been very generally suspected of
being transmitted by insects, particularly by Stomoxys calcitrans (the stable fly),
fleas, and TaABANIDAE (gad-flies). Nevertheless it appears more likely that it has an
aerial transmission, infection being acquired through the buccal and nasal mucous
membranes, |

Wolbach claims to have discovered the causative organism of Rocky Mountain
spotted fever in the bodies of infective ticks (Dermacentor venustus).

TABLE I.
The more Important Insect-borne Diseases of Unknown Origin.

(N.B.—Names in these tables marked with an asterisk are certain vectors; names
not so marked are probable vectors ; names followed by (?) are possible
vectors. )

|

Organism. "Host. Disease. Vector.

| Man. | Dengue, or breakbone | Sandflies (Phlebotomus),* mosquitoes

fever. (Culex fatigans).*
2 | 4, | Three-day fever (sandfly | Sandflies (Phlebotomus),* mosquitoes
| _ fever, Phlebotomus (C. fatigans).*
| fever).
? | » | Yellow fever. Mosquitoes (Stegomyia fasciata).*
? | Me ‘Trench fever. Lice (?).
|
? Salivary toxin| » | Tick paralysis Ticks (Dermacentor venustus).*
| (American).
? Salivary toxin) ,, | Tick paralysis Ticks (Ixodes ricinus).*
(Australian).
? - | Rocky Mountain Ticks (Dermacentor venustus).*
| spotted fever.
? » | Japanese river fever Mites (Larval Trombidiidae, “ aka
| (Shima mush). mushi’’).
? » | Acute anterior polio- Many insects have been claimed as
myelitis (infantile vectors, notably Stomoxys calet-
| paralysis). trans (7%).
? | »5 | Pellagra. Flies of the genus Simulium (%) have

|
been claimed.
|

158 MALCOLM EVAN MACGREGOR.

Notes to Table II.—Diseases of Bacterval Origin.

In the majority of cases, diseases of this class have an indirect transmission by insects,
that is to say, instead of the organism entering the body of the host through inoculation
by the bite of an insect (direct transmission), the organisms are carried in or on the
insect’s body, and are deposited by contact on human food or skin abrasions, and in
this manner cause infection.

Bacillus tuberculosis may be disseminated by house-flies feeding on infective sputum,
as was first shown by Spillman and Haushalter (1887) and subsequently by the in-
vestigations of other workers. With the high vitality and resistance to drying
possessed by B. tuberculosis, the possibly long incubation period within the body, and
the insidious onset of the disease, the danger from Musca domestica in this connection
is still not sufficiently recognised.

Exceptions to the rule of indirect transmission are plague, transmitted by the bite
of certain fleas, and typhus that has direct transmission through the bite of lice.
Direct transmission by insects of bacterial diseases may possibly also occur in certain
instances in the spread of tuberculosis and leprosy.

If Wolbach’s organism (see Table I. and notes thereto) is proved to be the cause of
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, this will also be a disease of bacterial origin with
direct transmission through a tick, Dermacentor venustus.

TaBLe II.
The more Important Insect-borne Diseases of Bacterial Origin.

(The word “Flies” in these tables includes :—Musca domestica, Fannia spp.,
Calliphora spp., Lucilia spp., and Sarcophaga spp.)

Organism. Host. Disease. | Vector.
Bacillus anthracis he Man and | Anthrax | Flies, Tabanidae (?),
animals. | beetles (?).
» dysenteriae .. | Man Bacillary dysentery Flies (Musca domestica,
| Calliphora spp., Lucilia
spp.).*
ss leprae a Man Leprosy | Flies (?), fleas (?), bedbugs
(?), skin mites (?), mos-
quitoes (?).
» paratyphosus A. . | Man Paratyphoid fever | Flies.*
* paratyphosus B. . Man Li - Flies. *
» pesis .. fe Man and | Plague Fleas. *
~ rats.
js tuberculosis a Man and} Tuberculosis | Fhes, cockroaches, fleas (?),
animals. | bed-bugs (?).
Rickettsia prowazeki, EoD
exanthematici Man Typhus fever Lice. *
Plétz’s organism ..
Bacillus typhosus .. | Man Typhoid fever Flies. *

OUR KNOWLEDGE OF INSECT VECTORS OF DISEASE. 159
TABLE II—cont.

Organism. Host. Disease. Vector.
Bartonia hacilliformis Man Verruga Phlebotomus verrucarum.*
Spirillum cholerae Man Cholera Flies,* cockroaches. ants.
Micrococcus melitensis Man and | Undulant fever Flies,* although the main

goats. (Malta fever, channel of infection is
Mediterranean fever,| the consumption of goat’s
remittent fever). milk. *
Diplococeus intracellularis | Man Cerebro-spinal fever | Flies (?).
Diplococeus pemphigiconta- | Man Tropical impetigo Lice. *

_giost.

|

Notes to Table [II.—Diseases of Sprrochaetal Origin.
With these diseases the usual method of transmission is direct, that is to say, through
the bites of the insect vectors.
where Musca domestica may at times convey the organism from diseased to healthy

A possible exception occurs in the case of yaws,

persons.
TasBLe III.
The more Important I nsect- borne Disease of Spirochaetal Origin.
Organism. Host. Disease. Vector.
Spirochaeta carteri _ Man Indian relapsing Lice. *
fever.
= duttoni Man African relapsing Ticks (Ornithodorus mou-
fever (tick fever). bata,* O. savignyt).*
- gallinarum Fow!ls Spirochaetosis Argas persicus.*
” novyt Man American relapsing | Lice.*
fever.
e pertenwis Man Yaws (Framboesia) | Flies (?).
a recurrentis Man European relapsing | Lice,* bed-bugs (?).

| fever.

Notes to Table IV.—Diseases of Protozoal Origin.

Both direct and indirect methods of transmission by insects occur with diseases of
this class. With the intestinal parasites indirect transmission takes place by the
flies feeding on faeces containing the resistant stages (cysts), and later depositing them
on human food and drinking water either by regurgitation of the stomach contents
or per anum. Needless to say, infection also occurs—and perhaps principally—by
mechanical and aerial transmission of the cysts to food and water.

The majority of the protozoal blood-parasites have insect vectors, on which they
depend solely for transmission, and in certain cases these vectors are specific :
Malaria—Anopheles ; sleeping sickness—Glossina ; European relapsing fever—
Pediculus. Other insect-borne blood protozoa are apparently able to be transmitted
by more than one vector; e.g., kala-azar may be carried by bed-bugs (Patton),
or by Triatoma rubrofasciata (Donovan); and souma (trypanosomiasis) may be
carried by Glossina, or by Stomoxys calcitrans. .

160

MALCOLM EVAN MACGREGOR.

TABLE

IV.

The more Important Insect-borne Diseases of Protozoal Origin.

|

Organism. | Host.
Entamoeba histolytica Man
Lamblia intestinalis Man
Plasmodium malariae .. Man

a VIVAL .| Man
Es falciparum ..| Man
Leishmania tropica Man
x donovani .| Man
|
95 sp. ine. Man
Br, infantum | Children
|
Trypanosoma gambiense ..| Man
es rhodesiense .. Man
“ brucet ., Cattle and
_ horses.
o lewrse --| Rats
ss evanst Horses,
mules,
| camels.
Schizotrypanum cruzr Man
Babesia bigeminum .., Cattle
Bs ovis Sheep
a canis | Dogs
» caballi Horses and
mules.
Nuttallia equi Horses and
mules.
Chlamydozoa (?) .. Man

Amoebic dysentery
| Flagellate dysentery

Quartan malaria

Benign tertian
malaria.

Malignant or sub-
tertian malaria.

Oriental sore

Kala-azar

Espundia

Leishmaniasis

Congo sleeping
sickness.

Rhodesian sleeping
sickness.

Fly sickness
(Nagana).

Rat trypanosomiasis

Surra

Chagas’s disease
| Red-water fever

Piroplasmosis

Malignant jaundice

Piroplasmosis

Piroplasmosis

| Ophthalmia
aegyptica.

Vector.

Flies. *
Flies. *
Anopheline mosquitoes. *

Anopheline mosquitoes. *
Anopheline mosquitoes. *

Flies, fleas, Phlebotomus
(2), Hippobosca (%).

Bed-bugs (7), fleas (7),
Triatoma (2).

Probably some tropical
blood-sucking insect.

Fleas.

Tsetse-flies (Glossina pal-
palis).*

Glossina morsitans.*
Glossina morsitans. *

Rat louse (?), and fleas
(Ceratophyllus fe sciatus,
Clenocephalus canis).*

Horse-flies (Tabanus
striatus).*

Triatoma (Conorhinus)
megistus. *

Ticks (Margaropus annu-
latus).*

Ticks (Rhiupicephalus
bursa).*

Ticks (Rhipicephalus san-

guineus, Haemaphysalis
leacht).*

Ticks (Dermacentor reticu-
latus).*

Ticks (Rhypicephalus

evertst).*

Flies. *

OUR KNOWLEDGE OF INSECT VECTORS OF DISEASE, 161

Notes on Table V.—Diseases of Helminthal Origin.

With the exception of possible infection with certain helminths resulting from
the carriage by flies of helminth ova from faeces and subsequent deposition of the
ova on food, the insect-borne helminths all undergo part of their life-history in the
body of the insect vector. Thus the adult Filaria bancrofti live in the lymphatic
glands. The ova find their way into the blood stream, where on hatching they are
known as microfilariae, and some are taken up from the blood when a mosquito
bites a person harbouring the organisms. These, if they have entered the stomach
of Culex fatigans, or other intermediate host, soon make their way to the thoracic
muscles of the mosquito, where they undergo definite metamorphosis. When this
is complete (usually in from 16 to 20 days) the worms make their way into the
mosquito’s proboscis, and when next it pierces the skin of some victim the filariae
burst through the proboscis-sheath and make their own passage through the skin,
from which they soon travel to some lymphatic gland, where they become sexually
mature, and the cycle is repeated. Similarly Dipylidiwm caninum passes part of its
lite-history in the rat flea, and becomes sexually mature in the dog or man. The
ova are ingested by the larval flea, and infection by the cysticercoid stage follows
the accidental ingestion of the flea by the definite host.

TABLE V.
The more Important Insect-borne Diseases of Helminthal Origin.

o

Organism. Host. Disease. Vector. ©
Dipylidium caninum ..| Man and Taeniasis (tape- Dog louse (Trichodectes
dog. worm). | latus),* dog flea (Ctenoce-

phalus canis).*

Ova of certain helminths | Man Helminthiasis (para- Flies, *
sitic worms).
Microfilaria bancrofti ..| Man | Filariasis (elephan- | Mosquitoes (Culex, Stego-
| | tiasis). | myia, Anopheles).*
Loaloa .. is ..| Man Calabar swellings Horse-flies (Chrysops dimi-
| diata).*
Filaria immitis .. gor L og filariasis | Mosquitoes (Culex, Ano-
pheles) .*

Notes to Table VI.—Diseases directly attributable to Insects and Acarina.
In each case the disease results from the damage done by the insects and Acarina
in adopting existence upon the body of the host and living upon its tissues. The
time spent upon the host may cover the whole life-history of the parasite and many
subsequent generations, as with Sarcoptes scabiei and the Pediculi, or may only
embrace part of the parasite’s development, as with the larvae of flies causing myiasis.
In either case the injury to the host may be so extensive as to cause death from the
Joss of vital tissue, or the injury itself, although insignificant, may indirectly cause
death to the host by providing a suitable path for invasion by pathogenic micro-
organisms,

TaBLE VI.

MALCOLM EVAN MACGREGOR.

The more Important Diseases Directly Attributable to Insects and Acarina.

Organism.

Fannia canicularis ..
Piophila caser
Eristalis tenax
Muscina stabulans ..

Sarcophaga spp.
Lucilia spp. ..
Calliphora spp.

Chrysomyia macellaria (screw
worm).

The Larvae of

Cordylobia anthropophaga ..
Dermatobia hominis. .

Hypoderma bovis, ete.
Oestrus ovis ..

Gastrophilus equi, ete.

Host.

Man

a | Man

Man
Man
Man

Man

Man

Man and

| animals.

Man
Man

Cattle (ocea-
sionally Man)

Sheep (rarely
Man).

Horses (rarely
Man).

Trombidiidae (Harvest Mites) | Man
Pediculoides ventricosus .. Man
Tyroglyphus siro .. | Man
Tyroglyphus longior castellanii.. | Man
Other Tyroglyphidae . | Man
Sarcoptes scabiei .. _ Man and

| animals.
Pediculus capitis .. Man

7” humanus 1] Man
Phthirvus pubis Man
Dermatophilus penetrans (chigger) | Man and

animals.

Intestinal myiasis
a? 29
92> 99

Kg 29

Intestinal, dermal and
myiasis.
Intestinal, dermal and
myiasis.
Intestinal, dermal and
myiasis.

muscular

muscu lar

muscular

Nasal, auricular, and dermal myiasis.

Dermal myiasis.

2? 99

(Creeping disease in Man).

Nasal myiasis.

Gastric myiasis.

Severe cutaneous irritation.

Dermatitis.

Dermatitis (the so-called
lism.’’)

Copra itch.
Dermatitis (Grocers’ itch).

Itch or seabies,

Pediculosis.

33

93

** vanil-

Severe cutaneous irritation, which
leads ultimately to inflammation

and ulceration.

OUR KNOWLEDGE OF INSECT VECTORS OF DISEASE. 163

TABLE VII.

The more Important Insect-borne Diseases of Fungus Origin.

‘ | ‘ | |
Organism. | Host. ‘Disease. Vector.
| | |
Achorion schénleinit a a ie | Man | Favus Lice (Pediculus).*
Conclusion.

It should be borne in mind that a large number of diseases included in the foregoing
Tables are not spread by insects alone, and insect transmission may im some cases
be only occasional. This fact, however, does not justify the exclusion of such
diseases from consideration, and where transmission of the indirect type is possible,
it is obvious that we are unable to form any just estimate of its relative importance.
Probably nevertheless the dissemination of pathogenic micro-organisms by flies, for
all that has lately been said in this connection, has not even yet been over-emphasised.
It seems more than likely that Bacillus tuberculosis is spread in this manner from
infective sputum to food (milk particularly) to a much greater extent than is com-
monly imagined, and there being no probability of rapid acute infection, as with
B. typhosus, the part played by the fly is too apt to be over-looked.

Much of our knowledge with regard to insects and disease is still indefinite, as may
be seen from the Tables, but to anyone not particularly conversant with the subject,
what we already know with certainty, even in connection with only the more important
diseases that have been considered, may be sufficient to cause some little surprise.

i

“i ; A ; 7 7 oe

Bak = 7 J.

‘Gal "iin va Totherpog ¢ TABOR BH;
- ae

we bai ¥ Sie T ;
een dang Ss Ke arenas dre wae rm

faV¥ Y wemerht! eit .
M y t rel
. ee eee
ve , Be
: ? F b fae 4
4 b a
-

Tui cinta): mal b te wsdinag cura w taiky Bris Pati untied ; oth lis
ane ye arith , et baer ore ‘ataits Vil bots “Teh 94
dj to . reob séviwed Adak eid’! laaoiinene Ci

aie ae ras oO ind talein Ahvlistrn ‘beter arn ee
; r es) ay | it Rees, AT oe sald rn
Tart Giewiti fet. itor | fo coctathinasdinihh odd. neni dpagsed the

OM Blaney yn Me eve goo mag on toed WP Aen od whetelas
| Sr one iti ths a descoravent wish danke. maul oh mr rink. ian
of iy hudunis tad hes ) foot aos

Hiitdadoxg ag BOG eral t fulsst

| t “a Dod at “i MLa we a bavala: ra ald
: 5 we i hi DAS efount oti; | aereadtiw sub fern us. Ue
: : ¥ ad aa | ai es cl velpeondiemay: dean itr 7a, GI wate ToOmt
oe ge tiation stv: at (eapiny are 9 b's Lae Ty WG i vi OW

7 > bi MPU sum > aI vey pane uk LPT i vilgt aH AO, pl's wd {i ch a)

ow : 1 “eaepes {es . cat he

=

165

THE WESTERN AND NORTHERN LIMIT OF GLOSSINA MORSITANS
IN NORTHERN KATANGA.

By Dr. ScHWETz.
(Map I.)

It is not necessary to insist on the utility of knowing the exact distribution of
Glossina morsitans. While its réle in the etiology of human trypanosomiasis is not
yet fully established, and does not seem to be very important, the same unfortunately
cannot be said of animal trypanosomiasis. The obstacle presented by G. morsitans
to the breeding of cattle is well known, and the study of the distribution of this
fly is therefore of considerable interest and importance from several points of view,
entomological, medical and economic.

In a previous paper on this subject (Bulletin of Entomological Research, December
1915) I stated the results of my observations, namely, that this Glossina inhabits
only regions where the vegetation is of a particular type, namely, bush or park-
hke country. On several journeys made in 1913 and 1914 between the River
Lualaba and the River Lomami in the region between 9° and 6° 8. Lat., I was able
to define the spots where the park-like country and G. morsitans disappear almost
simultaneously. These spots I described as the western limit of morsitans. I also
drew attention to the fact that between 8° and 6° 8. Lat. this double limit coincided
more or less with the line of the Lualaba-Lomami watershed. But by a scientific
scruple I abstained from giving on the map an approximate, theoretical line for this
limit and confined myself to indicating the districts actually visited and examined.
In the course of 1916 I again made several journeys between the Lualaba and the
Lomami, and again determined several points in the western limit of morsitans.
I am therefore now able to complete the former map. This time I have also found
the northern limit of morsitans. JI will explain briefly the result of each of my recent
journeys (see Map).

From Kabonga to Katompe.

Grassy savannah, here and there more or less wooded, as far as the village Mlenge
before the River Lugufu. Then, as far as the village Ngona (River Sangwa Mbusi)
transitory vegetation: grassy savannah, scrub, patches of thin park-land (pare
dégénéré), tracts of forest. After the Sangwa Mbusi comes a stretch of typical
park, which, however, is not continuous as far as Katompe, being interrupted here
and there by more or less long stretches of thin park, wooded savannah and several
other kinds of transitory vegetation.

I would draw attention to two points that can be noticed in studying the map.
First, that from the River Luguvu, after the village Mlenge, the basin of the Lomami
is left, the streams and rivers that follow being intermediary tributaries of the
Lualaba. Second, that the Kabongo-Katompe route is parallel to that from Kabongo
to Kisengwa; but while the latter follows the basin of the Lomami, the former
leaves it after the River Luguvu.. But the park commences at exactly 15 km. after |

166 DR. SCHWETZ.

the line of the watershed, while the surroundings of the Kabongo-Kisengwa route
are still savannah. In other words, the park begins (or ends) here close to the line
of the Lualaba-Lomami watershed.

As regards G. morsitans, | must admit that the result was somewhat unexpected.
I found the species only in small numbers, and not ubiquitous. Theoretically,
morsitans exists more or less in all parts after the village Gona ; but it is very rare
everywhere. I found it in fair quantities between the villages Gona and Kataba,
and in very small numbers around the village Mbaie and between Mbaie and Minda.
I think the reason is that from Gona to Katompe the western side of the park is
followed, and I have already noted in my preceding paper the fact that G. morsitans
sometimes disappears a little before the final termination of the park.

I would say in passing that I found two other species of Glossina throughout the
route after Gona, namely, G. brevipalpis (fair number) and G. pallidipes (small

number).

From Katompe to Kabala.
Generally park country, but thin in some places, here and there several large
clearings. G. morsitans throughout the route (in fair numbers), and brevipalpis and

pallidipes also.

From Katompe to Kongolo.

Park country, as from Katompe to Kabala, but not continuously typical park.
which disappears a little before Kongolo and especially between the villages Kalengo
and Masembe. G. morsitans occurs, although in small numbers, as far as Kalenge

(associated with brevipalpis and pallidipes).

From Kongolo to Kabinda by way of Kifukutu (Lomami).

I would begin by explaining that from just before the source of the river Kafuy,
that is, from a little way before the Lualaba-Lomami watershed, the grassy savannah
begins and stretches as far as the Lomami and beyond, on the west. I need scarcely
say that here not a single morsitans exists.

But the case is more complicated with regard to the first part of the route in
question, from the Lualaba up to near the source of the Kafuy. As regards
vegetation, this stretch is a succession of patches of park, wooded savannah, grassy
savannah and even strips of forest. It is probably the northern or north-western
limit of the great Katanga park. G. morsitans is here at first glance as inconsistent
and capricious as the vegetation, but more attentive observation shows a perfect
consistency in the uneven distribution of the fly, which is found only in those spots
where the vegetation 1s park-like. This then is probably the northernmost extension.
the outermost limit of that great area over which G. morsitans is distributed. And
I would add that, even where it exists, morsitans 1s very scarce in this region.
Indeed, it must be sought for so carefully, that for practical purposes it perhaps
need not be taken into account. Places are marked on the map where I have found
morsitans. The last place, the most western point, is the village Katongwe, near

to the river Kafuy.

GLOSSINA MORSITANS IN NORTHERN KATANGA. 167

Besides morsitans, and in much larger numbers than that species, I also found in
this part of the route brevipalpis, pallidipes and palpalis, the two first occurring
in the same spots as morsitans.

From Lobunda to Kabinda by way of Lupongo (Lomami).

I have already explained that in going from Katompe to Kongolo, that is from
the south to the north, it is noticeable that the park ends a little before Kongolo-
Lubunda, where Braine |’ Alleud (or the Hospital of Km. 300) is placed a few dozen
kilometres to the north-west of Kongolo, and at some kilometres south of 5° 8. Lat.
on the Kindu-Kongolo railway (second section). I have not been able to examine
the Kongolo-Lubunda route from the point of view of tsetse, having made this
journey by train. But, judging from the vegetation, I do not think I could be
mistaken in predicting, a priori, the existence in this region of brevipalpis and
pallidipes, and the absence on the other hand of morsitans. This vegetation is, in
fact, transitory : a mixture of thin park, of more or less wooded savannah and a
little forest—the wooded savannah predominating. Some kilometres before Lubunda
the trees suddenly disappear almost entirely, and give place to a grassy and
undulating landscape. This is the great grassy savannah which separates the park
of Katanga from the great equatorial forest.

From Lubunda to Kabinda there is, so to speak, a single stretch of grassy
savannah interspersed with wooded strips along the streams and rivers. [ am not
taking into consideration the bushes and shrubs scattered about, nor the isolated
spots that are fairly well wooded, particularly in the proximity of the rivers.

As for tsetse, I found in several spots brevipalpis, pallidipes — palpalis, but
nowhere did I find a single morsitans.

Referring to the map, it is seen that the Lubunda-Lupongo route is more or less
parallel to that from Kongolo to Kifukutu, but at some dozens of kilometres more
north. I found morsitans on the Kongolo-Kifukutu route, but not a single one on
the Lubunda-Lupongo route. It is therefore here, between these two routes, that
the northern limit of morsitans in northern Katanga must be placed, between the
Lualaba and the Lomami. Generally speaking this limit coincides with 530°
S. Lat.

It must be understood that the limit of morsitans is not a precise line; it is
neither sharply defined nor permanent. Apart from the fact that close to the edge
of the great park morsitans is sometimes so rare that the few existing specimens
may escape observation (which, from a practical point of view, is of no importance),
the boundaries of its distribution are also subject to seasonal variations ; bush fires
particularly modify its range by producing a real temporary migration of morsitans.
Here is a striking example. The usual limit of this fly occurs some kilometres east
of the station of Katompe. I passed several weeks in this station during the rainy
season and never saw a single morsitans. Moreover, the real park does not commence
before some kilometres’ distance from Katompe, and the station itself is surrounded
by a large tract of forest. But towards the middle of the dry season, after the general
burning of the bush, morsitans appeared in the station in fairly large numbers, and
could even be found in the houses. At the same season it was also seen 2 or 3 kilo-
metres west of Katompe. It is readily understood that such a great calamity as an

168 : DR. SCHWETZ.

uncontrollable fire produces among these flies a general rush for safety, and a
temporary disturbance of their habits. For the same reason a terrified antelope
will sometimes arrive in the midst of a large station in broad daylight. But the
danger passed, everything returns to its usual order, and some weeks after, in order
to find morsitans in the vicinity of Katompe, it had to be sought for in its habitual
residence, some kilometres east of the station.

Summary.

The hypothesis which I have previously suggested, that the hmit of morsitans
coincides more or less with that of the park (at least in Katanga), has just been
confirmed by several new observations. But sometimes the range of the fiy
terminates before the disappearance of the park. This double disappearance is
generally gradual.

Between 9° and 5° 8. Lat. the western limits of the park and of G. morsitans
coincide roughly with the Lualaba-Lomami watershed, but most frequently they
disappear a little to the east of this lme, that is to say, they do not quite reach the
Lomami basin.

In this region, between the Lualaba and the Lomami, the park and morsitans.
gradually disappear in the neighbourhood of 5°30° 8. Lat., that is, a little south of.

Kongolo.

7 5 ] Fj

Misr

~
eedny re’

Bure. ENT. Reseance:

VorVill., Part 2.

77 Lac Kisale

Extrait de la Carte de Droogmans au
(000000 indiquant la limite Occidentale et
septentrionale de la G. morsitans entre

le Lualaba et le Lomami. (5°—9° P.S.)

Glossina morsitans.--.--.-----------------------
Route parcourrue précédemment (publice) — — —
Route récemment parcourrue........---..----

a

Bale & Danielsson. Lt

= UOer Set
— mn“ oe Ys Oo «O95 “Sy © "S'e] an be

169

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE TSETSE-FLIES OF THE KABALO- |
ALBERTVILLE (LUALABA-TANGANYIKA) RAILWAY.

By Dr. ScHweETz.
(Map II.)

The Kabala-Albertville Railway is an important section of that great river and
railroad route by which one can now cross the whole of equatorial Africa from Banana
to Daressalaam, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean, without having to walk
a single step. It is therefore a railway with a great future, which deserves to be
studied from all points of view, and particularly with regard to the distribution of
tsetse-flies, as the region traversed by this railway was ravaged a few years ago by
sleeping sickness and the railway is probably destined in part for the transport of
cattle.

A third of this railway, or rather of its route before construction, had already been’
investigated by me from the point of view of tsetse exactly five years ago, in October
1911,* but besides the fact that at that time I had studied only a part of the route,
our general knowledge, and mine in particular, of the classification and habits of
Glossina have since then considerably increased. I had, therefore, not only to
complete.my former observations, but to recommence them. But although having
desired to do this for some time, while I had been in the neighbourhood of Lualaba,
it is only recently, at the beginning of 1916, that I have been able to recommence,
but unfortunately not to finish, my investigations. I have only been able to give
14 days to my journey of investigation between Kabalo and Albertville, and during
that short journey I was convinced that I ought to give six weeks or two months if I
were to study the question thoroughly.

I hope soon to have the necessary time to proceed to a more thorough study of the
position, but as one is never sure of being able to carry out a plan, I think it well to
record at once the result of some preliminary observations.

To make my record systematic, I proceeded in the following manner. [ first
journeyed uninterruptedly by train from Kabalo to Albertville (a day and a half),

‘in order to gain a general idea of the district. During the return journey I stopped

for 24 hours in nine different spots. In three of these districts I stayed 48 hours.
Finally I traversed about 40 kilometres in lorries. My description follows the same
course. I will first describe what I saw in general and then what I found in the
various districts. The presence of Glossina depends almost entirely, in my opinion,
on the character of the vegetation. I will therefore begin with a description of this,
which I consider a most important point.

The Country bordering on the Kabalo-Albertville Railway.
The Lualaba-Tanganyika Railway measures exactly 273 kilometres, and a straight
line drawn between the two termini would measure approximately 250 kilometres.

* Les Glossines et la maladie du sommeil dans la vallée de la Lukuga.—Revue zoologique
africaine, Bruxelles, 1912, et Archiv fiir Schiffs-und Tropen-Hygiene, Leipzig, 1913;
(C394) D

170 DR. SCHWETZ.

From the point of view of the landscape in general, and vegetation in particular, this
distance is divisible into three sections :—(1) from Lualaba to the Luizi River, 63
kilometres ; (2) from the Luizi River to the Niemba River, 174km.; (3) from the
Niemba River to the Lake or Valley of Lukaga, 273 km.

First Section.

The route of this section forms almost a straight line, and the ground is flat or
shghtly undulating. There is no stream in the neighbourhood of the railway. As to
the vegetation, the country is wooded a few kilometres from Lualaba, but becomes
gradually transformed into open, slightly wooded, meadow land a little before the
Luizi. <A great thinning of the trees is noticeable between kilometres 25 and 28 and
again at kilometres 31 and 37. In certain places alongside the railway the trees are
less abundant; probably this is an artificial clearing, the wood having been cut for
fuel for the locomotives, steamers from Lualaba, etc. This clearing, which is
frequently noticeable along the route, and which will doubtless become more
accentuated, ought certainly to have a great influence on the distribution of Glossina.

The river Luizi flowing from Lukuga is nearly 40 metres wide where the river crosses
it. There are no fordable places at the end of the dry season. The river flows through
a wide grassy valley, which is completely inundated in the rainy season. The banks
of the Luizi are entirely grass-covered, close beside the bridge as well as for a certain
distance up and down the river, but trees are visible at about one kilometre down the
river.

Second Section.

While the first section is uniform and easily described in a few words, so far as
vegetation is concerned, the second section presents different aspects in various
parts.

Beyond the grassy valley and low-lying marshes of the Luizi the ground rises, and
after one or two kilometres of wooded plain again becomes park-like. But at km. 93,
that is after 30 km. of park, comes a low-lying plain about 5 km. long and relatively
little wooded, but with many borassus palms. At the beginning of this plain, at
km. 93, the Luambashi stream, flowing from the Loyeye, is crossed, the banks being
covered with climbing, bushy vegetation, and apart from some small pools of stagnant
water, I found it dry (October). After the plain, the vegetation becomes patchy and
alternates between park and forest. Sometimes there is, after several kilometres of
park, a stretch of forest, and sometimes small patches of forest are interspersed with
patches of park. Sometimes the vegetation is undefinable, being less thick than forest
and thicker than typical park land. Apart from numerous stretches of one or two
km. of true forest, the road traverses a stretch of tropical forest about 7 km. in extent,
notably between km. 131 and 138. Referring to the map, it is evident that from just
beyond the Luizi until just before the Niemba, and especially up to km. 166, the
railway follows closely the river Loyeye (a tributary of the Luizi). Thus the river is.
a considerable distance from the railway (never less than 4 or 5km.), flowing in a
wide valley, while the railway follows a ridge bordering this valley. Little streams.
flow down from this ridge, others follow at the base for a certain distance, and nearly
all these streams and their sources are surrounded by forest. It is evident, then,
that when the railway follows beside a stream or its source it crosses or follows a band

TSETSE-FLIES OF THE KABALO-ALBERTVILLE RAILWAY. 1l7l

of forest. Here and there the immediate vicinity of the railway seems very little
wooded, although in reality the route is surrounded by forest ; this is caused by the
artificial clearing of the route referred to above.

The second section, to summarise, shows a vegetation which is transitory between
park and forest, or an alternation of these two types of vegetation.

Third Section.

This is the most picturesque and the most interesting part of allthe journey. After
passing the.River Niemba close to its mouth, which is about 15 metres wide with open
banks, the railway follows the Lukuga until it joms Tanganyika. The distance
between the river and the railway is variable—generally 50 to 100 metres, sometimes
even more, but very often much less—and in many places the railway follows the
river bank at only a few metres distance. The streams (and consequently the bridges)
are very numerous in this part. It is this section (the valley of the Lukuga) which I
examined five years ago. With regard to vegetation, the valley of the Lukuga and
its sides are park-like. The river itself is bordered with papyrus, trees, shrubs and
creepers. According as one or other of these types of plants predominates, the river-
side vegetation becomes more or less thick, but the banks are almost always well
shaded, although they could hardly be described as wooded. It is especially in this
third section that artificial clearing 1s most noticeable. In several places, especially
in the proximity of the habitations of European engineers, there are no trees left
between the railway and the river, nor for a certain distance on the other side of the
railway.

The Species of Tsetse-flies.
In order to simplify the description, I shall deal separately with the Glossina of
each section, beginning with the third and finishing with the second.

Third Section.

During my first journey in this region, in 1911, I found G. palpalis and G. morsitans,
the first along the Lukuga and the second throughout the valley. In the vicinity of
the village Kibogolo, corresponding to km. 232 (but on the opposite side of the river),
I also found G. brevipalpis (which I, in common with others, identified at that time as
G. fusca). Since then, with a better understanding of the habits of G. brevipalpis,
I suspected that this species also would be found more or less throughout the valley,
and in fact I did find G. brevipalpis on the railway itself in three places which I visited
in the evening, especially at km. 259, 219, and near to the Niemba. I was surprised
at the rarity of G. morsitans. I saw none in the train and I found very few specimens
in the two places where I stopped, in spite of the fact that that species was present
there in great numbers in 1911. What has become of it ? Well, I think that the
partial diminution of G. morsitans is a consequence of the progressive clearing of the
railway. I am convinced that beyond Lukuga, on the right of the valley, where
conditions have not changed, G. morsitans is as numerous as ever. But conviction
is not sufficient for affirmation ; to make certain it must be proved on the spot that
facts correspond to supposition. I hope soon to be able to elucidate this question.
It is also probable that G. pallidipes exists in the valley.

(C394) D2

NA ir DR. SCHWETZ.

With regard to G. palpalis, although it occurs almost throughout Lukuga, I saw
but one specimen, and that in the railway carriage, in my double journey (going and
returning).

In brief, I would say that from the Niemba to Tanganyika almost all along the
railroad three species of Glossina exist: palpalis, morsitans and brevipalpis. All
three species are so rare close to the railway itself that they need scarcely be reckoned
with as regards passengers, either human or animal. It is quite different for those,
either Europeans or natives, who have to live close to the railway and to the river
and who are constantly moving about in the vicinity.

First Section.

There is no need to be a specialist, or particularly observant to find tsetse between
Kabalo and Luizi. Some kilometres before Kabalo these flies begin to come into the
compartment when the windows are open. _ When closed, the flies can be seen trying
to enter, stuck, as it were, to the windows. Coming in the train from the opposite
side, from Tanganyika, it is at some kilometres distance after passing the Luizi that
the same phenomena are observed. Not only are the flies constantly seen, but they
are also felt. I do not think that there are many passengers who have travelled over
this region without being bitten by a tsetse. It is common knowledge here that this
fly is G. morsttans. But it is not common knowledge that, besides G. morsitans, two
other species exist here, namely pallidipes and brevipalpis. G. pallidipes is common
enough here and exists in this section all along the railway, although in much smaller
numbers than G. morsitans. I have seen pallidipes at km. 25 and 16 (where I stopped)
and particularly between km. 25 and Kabalo, during a ride in lorries. G. brevipalys
on the other hand is very rare here. I have seen only a very few specimens in the
vicinity of km. 15. This is the more surprising as at the same latitude, west of the
Lualaba, brevipalpis is very common.

Second Section.

The study of the Glossina of the second section is as complicated and difficult as
that of the first section 1s simple and easy. Practically speaking, from the point of
view of passengers, there are not any tsetse in this section.

In coming from Lualaba, there may be one or two morsitans still in the train after
the Luizi, just as in coming from Tanganyika, or from the Lukuga, there may still be
in the train a morsitans or a palpalis long after the Niemba is passed ;_ but these are
imported flies, at any rate so far as morsitans is concerned, for this species does not
occur along the second section of railroad, or exists in such small numbers that I have
not found it. And yet, if the second section is much poorer in Glossina in general,
as regards quantities, than the other sections, it is richer than the other sections in
the number of species.

While the first and third sections possess a vegetation more or less uniform, and
the Glossina found there are more or less regularly distributed, it is different in the
second section, where the vegetation is polymorphous and transitory, and where the
Glossina are consequently localised. (I cannot of course repeat in each of my papers
the relations between the vegetation and the different species of Glossina. These
relations have been explained in several articles that I have published in various

TSETSE-FLIES OF THE KABALO-ALBERTVILLE RAILWAY. 173

scientific journals). In other words, if, after having examined several spots of the
first or third sections, and having found one or other species of Glossina there, one
may conclude with almost certainty that the same species are to be found throughout
each section, it is different in the second section, where various species may be found
at a few kilometres distance from each other. So that in making an approximately
accurate map (none could be absolutely correct) of the distribution of Glossina in the
second section, the ground must be examined almost step by step.

The districts on the second section where I have spent a day or two seeking Glossina
are as follows :—

(1). Km. 169 (Hospital). A fine plateau, about 3 km. (in a straight line) from the
Niemba and 1:500 km. from the Lukuga. Vegetation transitorily wooded (especially
artificially), but park-like around the Hospital. Apart from the palpalis found at
the Lukuga and the Niemba, no Glossina were seen about the Hospital. Above all,
the absence of brevipalpis astonished me. The Director of the Hospital informed
me that this species existed about the Hospital, but in very small numbers. During
my stay at km. 169, it first rained and then turned cold.

(2). Km. 123. The railway here passes beside a deep, marshy valley, the source
of a stream which is a tributary of the Loyeye. The swamp is covered with a very
thick growth of trees forming quite a forest. The rest of the surrounding district is
covered with transitory vegetation (forest-park, etc.). G. brevipalys captured in
the evening, on the railway ;_ no other species found.

(3). Km. 105. About 2 km. from the source of a stream, tributary of the Loyeye.
The source is surrounded by true forest ; about the railway in this district the vege-
tation is mixed and transitory (forest-park). On the railway, close to the plate-
layer’s house and between the railway and the source, I caught several pallidipes,
numerous brevipalyis, two palpalis (probably coming from the source), and two
fusca.

(4). Km. 93. Stream Luambashi. The country is here flat and relatively little
wooded ; Borassus palms are present. I captured several palpalis at the stream
close beside the railroad ; no other species was found.

The results show that in none of these four places have I seen morsitans, which
hardly surprisesme. But what does astonish me is the absence of morsitans between
Luizi and km. 93, the vegetation along all this distance being continuously park-
hke. It is true that I did not stop here, and it is therefore possible that morsitans
may occur here, although certainly rare. But it is also possible that the park only
exists in the vicinity of the railway, and that further off at one or both sides the
vegetation is different. All this must be examined again.

Another district we investigated carefully is the route hetween km. 131 and 138.
This forms a continuous strip of forest and it is probable that fusca, among other
species, will be found there. With regard to the Luizi, the banks of which are com-
pletely cleared of trees, both up and down the railway, I saw no paipalis during my
two journeys and short stoppages. However, I was assured that palpalis is sometimes
seen close to the bridge over the Luizi. This is possible, especially as the banks of the
Luizi about 1 km. down the river become wooded, and it is probably from there that
this fly comes.

174 DR. SCHWETZ.

During this journey I recorded for the first time a curious fact. The hearing is,
as is well known, sometimes a very good means of detecting certain kinds of insects,
and particularly flies, without their being seen. A tsetse, a Hymenopteron, an
ordinary fly, etc., can be recognised by the sound of their flight. Moreover, one
can distinguish by this means different species of Hymenoptera (wasps, bees), different
gadflies (Haematopota, Tabanus), different ordinary flies (house-fly, Sarcophaga),
and different mosquitos. With regard to Glossina, it is easy to distinguish the flight
of a large tsetse (brevipalpis, fusca) from that of a small one (morsitans, palpalts).
Even with certain practice one is able to distinguish the flight of a fusca from that of
a brevipalyis. The sound produced by brevipalpis in flying over the ground or over
grass by night 1s so typical that one is scarcely ever deceived. I will not say never,
because I have just been deceived. Starting about 12.30 p.m. in search of Glossina
in the district of km. 123, [ soon heard the typical sound of the flight of numerous
brevipalpis. But on looking carefully on the ground I found quite different flies.
I observed the same phenomenon the next day in the district of km. 105. This
other fly flew in exactly the same manner and produced the same sound as brevipalpis.
The confusion occurred particularly because at km. 105 this fly was associated with
the real brevipalpis. The fly in question is probably a Choeromyia, or at least closely
allied to the genus Auchmeromyia.

Considering this study as a preliminary and incomplete note, I will abstain for the
moment from drawing any conclusions, and will limit myself to two considerations :
one theoretical and the other practical.

It is a fact that G. morsitans exists along the railroad between the Lualaba
and the Luizi in great numbers, and between Tanganyika and the Niemba in rather
less numbers, but not at all (or hardly at all) between the Luizi and the Niemba.
As, in my opinion, it is the difference in the species of vegetation that governs the
tsetse question, it is in the vegetation of the three sections that I have sought the
explanation of the presence or absence of morsitans. I have not mentioned the
much-discussed big game, which constitutes, in the opinion of many, the real reason
for the presence of morsitans, because I do not believe it; and I do not believe it
because, as I have already stated at length elsewhere, game exists everywhere in
Central Africa, equally where morsitans occurs and where there are neither morsitans
nor other tsetse.

ee

However, in science, we have no preconceived ideas. Therefore, auditur et altera
pars. And this is the explanation of the distribution of G. morsitans along the railway
of Kabalo-Albertville given to me by a colleague who knows the region well.

“ Many morsitans exist between the Lualaba and the Luizi, because game is very
abundant there; there are no morsitans between the Luizi and the Niemba, because
in this section game is rare.”

This explanation has the great advantage of being short and clear, but it is too
theoretical and categorical and not sufficiently accurate. That game is more abundant
in the first section than in the second, J quite admit, but game exists also throughout
the second section. Moreover, if game is rarer here, it is because the trees grow here
more thickly.

TSETSE-FLIES OF THE KABALO-ALBERTVILLE RAILWAY. 175

And how can we explain by the game theory the diminution in morsitans along the
third section, in the valley of the Lukuga ? At first glance the explanation seems very
simple and easy. ‘‘ The construction and exploitation of the railway (and the passage
of troops) have produced a great diminution in the game, and that is the cause of the
diminution of morsitans.” Very well. But on the other hand there exists now a
continual coming and going of men along the railway (instead of very few natives as
in former times), and are not men from the point of view of morsitans game, like any
other animals? Is not the diminution of morsitans rather due to the artificial clearing
of the banks of the railway and of the thinning of trees in its vicinity ?. The clearing
along the railway by force of circumstances will continue, and in the near or distant
future we may expect a large track denuded on each side of the route, which will be
followed by a notable diminution in tsetse, and even eventually by their more or less
complete disappearance, according to whether the denuded track is wide or narrow.
However, this is only theory. In reality there will probably be several series of
artificial clearings, that is to say bare tracks alternating with wooded stretches, which
obviously will not cause the disappearance of Glossina throughout the length of the
railway. It rests, therefore, with the Directors of the Railway not to lose sight of
the question of the tsetse and to organise their clearings accordingly.

Kabinda, December, 1916.

nF

T= te & -~,. | st ane
Fe Wie, =
> Fo d x
: 4 ‘o 4 4
mall
rae
' » t 4 Ke
a) t :
tj (sf)
‘ } ¥
’ ? ;
‘ery i =
7. af j
a ‘3
’ h f
Ve
4 td r :
hi} P
» 7? _
Abies
i
Ts,
‘y
>}
vf,

os
tA % we VERANDA

Wo peseelertebe apt t °

Ae ae .

Sy ee as re
. _ . an

- _ i = a = a
q :
— 7

“he 7

iAAm AAT so nim Bi

| : ait hiniales a |
OYORLS | ieee as hy Last ogee At ci

Si) eo,

we. hy

y =~

Orde

ite doors a basic
“ a * ‘
i ¢ BAL tt
ty oe : ‘ 44 fir :

faa toc te be i Avosialt ee

| bs aitenecicarifh add datend Loviers>

%
is

oat: ai 5 sbdlecss
Cam «np. cD lt} inst

P ML? mney éout, hav hs
palates £ SAE ‘Ki

@ dnkites ;,

, s
» (he Pai abort) di bs
=

Po a
Tahosseat] hades
{ @

Map Il.

2/9

Toa o
J oa : |

# a ll : j
Acti ofAlbertville YV A

wt ' Ie

|
|

Tembwe °

M.Pala

2/9
Bale & Danie/sson, LEY

holes pow es .
eae:

Butt. Ent. Researcn. Vov-Vill., Part 2.

Mae Il.

Extrait de la Carte du Katanga de Droogmans au 7000000

Legende.
Trace schematique du chemin de fer. =ememe=——=—e—
Glossina morsitans A -. SEG
brevipalpis = eT
palpalis_... —=[===raawrs
pallidipes___- --..------- WH

cating)

; Sr
O11) TTS
Wdddddapummaaannididdsiib

Bale & Danielsson, Lt?

177

ON A BRACONID PARASITE OF GLOSSINA.

By Row ianp HE. TuRNER.

Coelalysia glossinophaga, sp. nov.

© Testacea ; capite nigro; mandibulis fusco-ferrugineis; scapo fusco; flagello.
nigro, articulis 40, articulis 15—28 albis; tarsis articulo apicali fusco; terebra,
abdomine paullo longiore, nigra; alis hyalinis, iridescentibus, venis nigris.

3d. Feminae similis; flagello omnino nigro; segmentis abdominalibus tertio
apice, quarto et sequentibus nigris.

Long. 243, 5 mm., terebrae long. 2 mm.

2. Fourth joint of the antennae fully half as long again as the third; all the
joints hairy. Clypeus subtriangular, narrowly rounded at the apex; mandibles
very broad, with two apical teeth, the inner one acute, the outer one broad and
blunt. Smooth and shining ; the face below the antennae very minutely punctured ;
parapsidal furrows deep, finely crenulated, nearly reaching the posterior margin
of the mesonotum ; scutellum with a deep depression at the base which extends
almost to the middle, the depression very broad and divided in the middle by a
high and very narrow carina; dorsal surface of the median segment only a little
longer than the postscutellum, very short, distinctly margined posteriorly, finely
punctured, with a median longitudinal carina; the surface of the posterior
truncation with a median area which is finely longitudinally striated and enclosed
by carinae converging towards the apex. First dorsal segment irregularly longi-
tudinally rugulose, distinctly longer than the apical breadth, much broadened
from the base, with a blunt tubercle on each side before the middle. Sheaths of the
ovipositor with sparse long hairs; the legs also thinly clothed with hairs. Second
abscissa of the radius more than half as long again as the second transverse cubital
nervure; the second cubital cell distinctly pentagonal, the recurrent nervure
received close to the base of the cell.

g. Asin the female, except in the colour differences of the antennae and abdomen.
The antennae are broken at the extreme apex in the only available specimen.

GoLp Coast: Northern Territories (J. J. Simpson).

Bred from pupae of Glossina.

Species of this genus are described by Szépligeti in the genus Jdiasta, and by
Cameron and Enderlein in the genus Alysia. From the former this seems to be
separated by the pentagonal second cubital cell, from the latter by the proportions
of the third and fourth joints of the antennae.

The species included in the genus seem to be: (1) Coelalysia lutea, Cam., 1911 ;
(2) Idrvasta mgriceps, Szép., 1911; (3) Idiasta bicolor, Szép., 1911 ; (4) Alysia cameru-
nensis, Knderl., 1912; (5) Alysia goniarcha, Cam., 1912; (6) Alysia maculiceps,
Cam., 1912.

All these Ethiopian species are very closely allied, but differ in detai's of colour
and the number of joints of the antennae of the female, and in the colour of the head
and abdomen of the male. I have seen only the male of bicolor and the male of
lutea.

CHALCIDOIDEA BRED FROM GLOSSINA IN THE NORTHERN
TERRITORIES, GOLD COAST.

By James Waterston, B.D., B.Sc., Lieut. R.A.M.C.

The material on which the following report is based was received by the Imperial
Bureau of Entomology some months ago, but without any note as to the host
‘attachment of the examples forwarded or any other indication of their special
importance. For this reason the two species of Chalcids recorded below remained
unworked for some time. A more recent letter from Dr. J. J. Simpson disclosed
the interesting fact that both had been bred from puparia of Glossina ; and although
I am unable at present to deal fully with them, it seems advisable to publish some
notes and a preliminary description of one species which seems certainly new.

Dirhinus inflexus, sp. nov.

©. Head, thorax and abdomen black; the flattened setae on head (superiorly)
and thoracic notum yellow, but whitish on genae. Fore wings brown-tinted, veins
a little darker. Fore and mid coxae and hind legs (except the tarsi) black; fore

Fig. 1. Lateral view of the heads of Dirhinus ehrhorni,
Silv. (left) and D. inflexus, Waterst. (right).

and mid legs otherwise brown; hind tarsi the same but paler. Tip of ovipositor
sheath brown. Antennae brown, more or less infuscated, especially on the funicle,
but paler at the tip.

Length, 34 mm; alar expanse, 54 mm.

Type 9 in the British Museum.

Gotp Coast: Larabanga, N. Territories, 1-6. vii.1916 (Dr. J. J. Simpson).

D. inflexus is closely related to D. giffardi, Silv. (Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, vii,
p. 128, figs. liii-lvi, 28th Nov., 1913), and D. ehrhorm, Silv. (vb., p. 132, figs. lvii-lviil),
both of which were described from Southern Nigeria, where they attack fruit-flies
of the genus Ceratitis. In D. giffardi the wings are nearly hyaline, the antennae

CHALCIDOIDEA BRED FROM GLOSSINA IN THE GOLD COAST. 179

‘much redder and darker apically, while in profile the frons from the insertion of the
‘antennae to the extremity of the large process is straight. There are other
‘differences in the propodeal sculpture. From D. ehrhormi the new species differs ©
in the colour of the antennae and in the profile—particularly in the size of the eye
(see fig. 1).

F tins drawings I desire to express my cordial thanks to Prof. F. Silvestri,
‘who has obligingly compared the types of injflexus and ehrhorni with one another,
finding, as he notes, that in the Glossina parasite the frontal processes are longer
and the sculpture of the dorsum coarser.

‘Chalcis amenocles, Walker.
Chalcis amenocles, Walker, List. Hym. Brit. Mus. Chalcid, i, p. 84, 1846 (Sierra
Leone).

The following three series were received from the Gold Coast, N. Territories
(Dr. J. J. Simpson) :—(a) 7 33,9 29, without data, 1916; (b) 2 99, Larabanga,
1-8.vu.1916; (c)1 3,3 29, Yapi, vi.1916. There is also a single § sent without
data by Dr. Simpson amongst a miscellaneous lot of captured insects. The 99
range in size from about 4 mm. long, with an expanse of 54 mm., to 54 mm. long,
with an expanse of 8 mm. The ¢¢ are 44-44 mm. long, with an expanse of
65 mm. or over.

I have placed the above examples of Chalcis together and under the name
amenocles with some hesitation. In the amenocles group several more or less distinct
forms have already been described from South Africa, e.g., capensis, Cam. (1905),
spilopus, Cam. (1905), transvaalensis, Cam. (1911), and varipes, Wlk. (1871). These
seem to me to differ very little, except in size, from one another, but it has not been
possible to make a critical examination of the mouth-parts in each case. Until
this has been done the status of these forms must remain undecided.

- : ic
a IO Aw waned woat anaa ax t0¢
. oe pee
: $2) ’ ‘ae Jit Gat wil Mv’ ich ities ~ 1 «aaa ashing
» 7 3 , : Z WAT \ } 5 Ws wie war
; rome ht » ea. lisod ae, ont

whites Rakbod: acevo Tih deh bo ty

eM NIG tn | ob Anieal § wie ail

: din PE MnB vigeheiide Bi

ISMLOb PSR | iio ote badehp ato er"
: ‘ “4 ero any le bruwlyhir:

4 %
SES ET im ae
‘ ‘ us.

nent

.
= ¢
z | ayy ‘
, 4 -
+
¢ :
P >
‘ i j f UY
a ¥ , .

Be BEE I Ey mo fOr 2h ema a& 4 ah nad he naeT IT im bs
: a Dt .t fi hi mint B tied cit atie } 4
&) etl nee be toon ana tre

=o | Tevir aD: Porn o
| b haw tadisyod violet S I sokpnbss ovoda edt bagala ova it ¥

hay . tal ft: aortotred. amos tin i
a ies | ; | Oey ae , - ti Om mio b en esoneb feed tine «s auf ams
se AE 88 ) ERELY Jc Shee KSAT (WORT) 0 pa

> Ev A

om eae .* tesa 1 EROZE. ny rae, “alialk (rev roRib oF- ?< ee” 0
af. ie ‘ id Qaatmize tn wan 4) tod st

ali
_ ; a
‘ af Which } - ‘ie a)

pf, Ve iat Woe fen; peda tas,

181

THE STATUS OF INTRODUCED COCCIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA IN 1917.

By Cuaas. K. Bratn and Apert EH. KE tty,

Division of Entomology, Pretoria, South Africa.

It will probably be of interest to workers on Coccids in other parts of the world
to know which species have been introduced into South Africa and to what extent
they have become established. Moreover, since so many of these are constantly
found during the inspection of our nurseries, etc., it seems desirable to place on
record their known distribution (August, 1917) for future reference. Fifty-five are
included in this list, which is considered to be approximately complete. Others,
such as Lecanium bituberculatum, Targ., L. corm, Bouché, Pulvinaria betulae (L),
Sign., Diaspis rosae (Bouché), Aspidiotus prt, Licht., and A. ostreaeformis, Curt.,
have been stopped at the ports of entry, but since these species are not established
in the country they are not included.

A large number of the records are compiled from the nursery inspection reports
of the junior writer. Whilst these are complete for localities in which registered
nurseries exist, there may be other parts of the Union where the species is present
but from whence no report has been obtained.

Subfamily MoNoPHLEBINAE.

1. Icerya purchasi, Mask.

Generally distributed throughout the Union but satisfactorily controlled by
Vedaha (Novus cardinalis). This scale often breeds up abundantly on the
Witwatersrand until summer is advanced, when Vedalia again gains the upper hand
for a month or two.

2. Icerya seychellarum, Westw.
Durban (Johannesburg, ex Durban).

Subfamily ORTHEZIINAE.

3. Orthezia insignis, Dougl.
Cape Peninsula, Port Elizabeth, East London and Natal Coast. Sporadic in
Natal midlands (2,000-3,000 ft.).

Subfamily DacTyLOPIINAs.

4. Psewlecoccus adonidum (Linn.), Westw. t

Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Pretoria and Johannes-
burg. Chiefly a pot-plant pest.
5. Pseudococcus aurilanatus (Mask.).

Cape Town, Graaff Reinet, Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Richmond, Johannesburg
and Pretoria.

6. Pseudococcus bromeliae (Bouché).
Eastern Cape Province and Natal Coast.

#

182 CHAS. K. BRAIN AND ALBERT E. KELLY.

7. Pseudococcus citri, Risso.

Although common in most parts of the country the habit of this species is:
somewhat puzzling. It is prevalent in the Cape Peninsula, but generally confined:
to nurseries, where it would appear to be Dr. Marchal’s variety, Ps. citri var.
coleorum, as it is chiefly bad on coleus. In the same locality it is very seldom found
on citrus, being replaced by Ps. fragilis, Brain; the most common species in
vineyards and gardens is Ps. capensis, Brain. In Natal similar conditions obtain,
but the citrus species here is Ps. filamentosus, Ckll., while the most common species
in gardens in Durban is Ps. virgatus, Ckll. In Pretoria Ps. citri is occasionally
extremely abundant on oranges, but from the majority of the citrus orchards, such
as those of Rustenburg, etc., the species 1s apparently absent. The most common.
species in gardens in Pretoria is Ps. burnerae, Brain.

8. Pseudococcus filamentosus, Ckll.

Bathurst, Richmond, Pietermaritzburg (citrus), Pretoria (grevillea).
9. Pseudococcus npae, Mask.

Cape Town, Graaff Reinet, Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage, Durban, Pietermaritzburg,
Johannesburg and Pretoria. Found only on palms in greenhouses, except at Durban,
where it is occasionally found out of doors.

10. Pseudococcus sacchari, Ckll.
Zululand, Natal Coast, and Tzaneen (Transvaal).

11. Pseudococcus virgatus, Ckll.
Durban, Pietermaritzburg and Pretoria (ex Durban).

12. Tylococcus insolitus (Green).

East London, Kingwilliamstown, and Pietermaritzburg.
13. Eriococcus araucariae, Mask.

Common in the Cape and Natal and occasionally found in Johannesburg and.

Pretoria.
Subfamily ASTEROLECANIINAE.

14. Asterolecanium bambusae, Bdv.

Natal coast and midlands.
15. Asterolecanium variolosum (Ratz.).

Cape Peninsula, Elsenburg, Grabouw, Paarl, Simondium, Irene, Johannesburg,
Krugersdorp, Newclare and Canada Junction.
16. Cerococcus ornatus, Green.

Found on one occasion only on stems of Dovyalis caffra, Harv., and Calodendron.
capense, Thunb., at Pietermaritzburg.

Subfamily Coccinae.

17. Coccus cacti, Goeze.

Botanic Gardens, Cape Town, where it was introduced many years ago.
18. Coccus confusus capensis, Green.

May usually be found wherever Opuntia monacantha is abundant, e.g., in the
Cape Peninsula, Albany and surrounding districts, Natal, and oceasionally in the
Orange Free State.

INTRODUCED COCCIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA IN 1917. 183

19. Coccus indicus, Green.

Introduced by the Queensland Prickly Pear Commission in 1913 to destroy
Opuntia monacantha. It is now well established in the Cape Peninsula, Komgha,.
Natal and Pretoria, and was recently received from Mtunzini in Zululand.

Subfamily LECANIINAE.
20. Lecanium hesperidum, Linn.
Widely distributed and common.
21. Lecanium elongatum, Sign.
Johannesburg and Pretoria.
22. Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targ.).

Cape Town, Grahamstown, Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Pretoria and Johannesburg:

(pot plants).
23. Saissetia nigra, Nietu. (S. nigrella, King).

Bayville C.P., and Natal coast (on Ficus spp. only).
24. Saissetia oleae, Bern.

Cape Peninsula, Ceres, Port Elizabeth, Queenstown, Stellenbosch, Uitenhage,
Fort Beaufort, Durban, Pietermaritzburg and Pretoria.

25. Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Ckll.

Durban (Pietermaritzburg, ex Durban).

Subfamily DIAsPINAE.
26. Aspidiotus destructor, Sign.
Durban and Inchanga (uncommon).

27. Aspidiotus fimbriatus var. capensis, Newst.
Port Elizabeth (on Cycads only).

28. Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) forbesr, Johns.

Cradock, Pietermaritzburg, Potchefstroom and Bethlehem.
29 Aspidiotus hederae (Vall.), Sign.

Widely distributed throughout the Union, and common.

30. Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesea) lataniae, Sign.
Generally distributed.

31. Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesea) rapax, Comst.

Johannesburg, Louis Trichardt and Pretoria.
32. Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) perniciosus, Comst.

In most centres an attempt has been made to eradicate this insect as soon as:
discovered. It has been reported from :—Estcourt, Frere, Hilton Road, Ladysmith,
Moorleigh, Newcastle, Pietermaritzburg, Utrecht, Vryheid, Weenen, Winterton,
Dundee and Richmond, in Natal; Amersfoort, Benoni, Bethal, Boksburg, Boskop,
Bronkhorstspruit, Cullinan, Heidelberg, Johannesburg, Middelburg, Nylstroom,
Pretoria, Rayton, Scheerpoort, Standerton and Witbank, in the Transvaal ;
Kroonstad and Viljoen’s Drift, in the Orange Free State.

184 CHAS. K. BRAIN AND ALBERT E. KELLY.

33. Aspidiotus transparens, Green.

Natal coast.
34. Aspidiotus (Selenaspidus) articulatus, Morgan.

Durban and Pietermaritzburg. This is an uncommon scale. Our commonest
species of Selenasyidus is silvaticus, Ldgr.

35. Chrysomphalus aurantu, Mask.

Widely distributed throughout the Union.
36. Chrysomphalus dictyosperni, Morgan.

Cape Town, East London, Kimberley, Kingwilliamstown, Durban, Pietermaritz-
burg, Barberton, Johannesburg, Nelspruit, and Pretoria. This species is common
only in greenhouses, and whilst it has been found on rose and peach, it has not
yet been recorded on citrus in this country.

37. Chrysomphalus ficus, Ashmead.

Common in orchards on the Natal Coast and in a few localities in the Transvaal,
such as Warmbaths, Rustenburg and Nelspruit. A greenhouse pest along the Cape
and Natal coast, and also at Queenstown, Pietermaritzburg, Johannesburg and

Pretoria.
38. Chrysomphalus rossi, Mask.

Cape Town,* East London, Grahamstown, Queenstown,* Estcourt, Dundee,
Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Johannesburg, Pretoria, Krugersdorp, Pietersburg,
Bloemfontein.
38a. Chrysomphalus rossi var. greeni, nov.

This variety has the brown scale as described and figured by Green in “ The
Coccidae of Ceylon.” Hast London and Durban on native trees (uncommon).

39. Morganella maskelli (Ckll.).
Established in Durban on a number of different host-plants; reported from
Pietermaritzburg ; on citrus at Hillary.
40. Diaspis borsduvali, Sign.
Durban, Pietermaritzburg and Pretoria (uncommon).
41. Diaspis bromeliae (Kern.).
Natal coast, Kingwiliamstown and Pretoria. An uncommon scale, chiefly in
greenhouses.
42. Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché).
Graafi Reinet and Pearston, C.P., and other places in the Karroo.
43. Diaspis (Aulacaspis) pentagona, Targ. ;
Common in the Western Province of the Cape and often found in most of the
larger towns elsewhere in the Union.
44, Pseudaomdia trilobitiformis, Green.
Hillary (Durban) on Litchi (probably ex Mauritius).

* Reported, but not well established.

INTRODUCED COCCIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA IN 1917. 185

45. Parlatoria pergander, Comst.
Cape Town, Grahamstown, Port Elizabeth, Durban, Johannesburg and Pretoria
(in greenhouses).
46. Parlatoria proteus, Curt.
Durban (in greenhouses, uncommon).
47. Parlatoria zzypha, Lucas.
In several orchards near Durban, but not prevalent.

48. Chionaspis simplex, Green, var.
Durban (on bamboo).
49. Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Sign.
Common in greenhouses.
50. Fiorina fiorimae, Targ.
Cape Town, Graaff Reinet, Grahamstown, Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage, Durban,
Hillary, Inchanga, Johannesburg (ex coast). In greenhouses.

51. Howardia biclavis, Comst.
Durban.

52. Howardia moorsi, Doane & Ferris.
Durban Botanic Gardens.

53. Lepidosaphes pinniformis, Bouché.

Cape Peninsula, Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage, Stellenbosch, Somerset West,
Bathurst, East London District, Natal Coast, Greytown, Piet Retief, Pietermaritz-
burg, Barberton, Nelspruit (in citrus orchards). Capetown, Durban, Pietermaritz-
burg, Uitenhage and Johannesburg (in greenhouses, chiefly on croton and Murraya).
54, Leyidosaphes glovert, Packard.

Port St. Johns, and in four orchards in the Cape Peninsula (Lounsbury, 1896
Report), Stanger and Warmbaths. |
55. Ischnaspis longirostris, Sign.

East London, Port Elizabeth, Durban, Hillary (Pretoria and Johannesburg,

probably ex Durban). Occurs on a number of ornamental plants; at Warmbaths
on citrus.

(C394) £5

-
‘ster Sita givderaaalet, adadvetl shine vchapitll tai nest
ny Ai, wre, og” 7 aiv\yahhee ; =

as mmet he A, is ‘Mal wre may eh Saws ‘
; | ne at e {obsHeadimiy be ocean, a td
ryt i a beni | “ohn apretighy
(Ol avon i rot Pipe ondiptl 7 oa ebvmnbome- lovee 4

HV f sss (ankes 8 trond

3 =e tea hayes: f
ie res tye tne ito} ‘EN IUCE
‘ied Bite es aa

; AN aioe, asa
ba om: miradasay ni widens

ed
‘

-yre'l onkeioi,
pets!) sosunliegitl. wbedasie dent ‘ epee naa ns wih ES ? tetar ta. Ricae he seer
| | weemdibrste al. Cgc: tan) sUilieomyhilk: papportas

nee es ie oy a
# ~
ay te Fi cent) ievenyeny’ oat

ae wal ah se a

5; : oe : + i. wah) yer ror,

; Shas ate Rio wnreing

| AT spree dpaedallodet os eyes) abted nai. eet oe
weber tery einayt bard MRL OE ph euder } Luin. fea: iT obra & ca

Hauiishse lL andea Wea) i) aa Pie Lh ny) Hay ee *

Ar Bite vetvis mol Yh ist ent virthy ha ied n irda Bi

“nore , vs ) Staton pnnrey

P , : a 2 2 . bs sane 9
van POrteioO, F bifid ay ee” ye ebradivea tol" ‘are A ;
sty rane hep at oll 4 Anieter et pales on

ae 4 a pees, ae ¥
, igi, Ass
syivthditial, a "Hale “sis: ety ili ited eee “ra
adhe! ay ta td Sar attics & 2 FLASHES i) yuu @ gee |

nib A Ps candy Rx

4 he
hs
« < alt
_ af aul
: Pf

Wnideca rts wiles

—_— syst a Le as .

187

A LIST OF UGANDA COCCIDAE, THEIR FOOD-PLANTS AND
NATURAL ENEMIES.

By ©. C. Gowney, B.Sc., F.Z.8., F.E.S.,

Government Entomologist, Uganda.

In the following list the species marked with an asterisk were described as new
from the material collected by the author.

Subfamily MONOPHLEBINAE.

1. Monophlebus raddoni, Westw. Food-plant unknown.
2. Icerya caudatum, Newst. On crotons.
*3. Icerya ngroareolata, Newst. On coffee and crotons.

4. Icerya seychellarum, Westw. On Monodora myristica, Eranthemam bicolor and
mango.

-_

5. Icerya sulphurea, Lind. On Castilloa rubber and guava.

Subfamily DacTyLOPIrINaAk.

Asterolecanium bambusae, Bdv. On bamboo.
Asterolecanium coffeae, Newst. On coffee.

ISD

8. Pseudococcus bromeliae, Bouché. On pineapple.

Vv 9. Pseudococcus citri, Risso. On coffee (leaves, stems and roots), orange, lemon

and cacao. The root form is accompanied by an ant, Acropyga gowdeyi, Wheeler.*
10. Pseudococcus virgatus, Ckll. On. coffee.

Subfamily TACHARDIINAE.

ll. Tachardia decorella, Mask. On Anona muricata and guava. Parasitised by
- Aenasiella africa, Gir.,* and Coccophagus mgropleurum, Gir.* ; and preyed on by the
caterpillars of Stathmopoda oesteétis, Meyr.*
*12. Tachardia longisetosa, Newst. On guava, Ficus thonningi and Anona
murieata,
13. Pulvinaria jackson, Newst. Oncotton. Parasitised by Telrastichus gowdeyi,
Crawf.*
14. Pulvinaria psidi, Mask. On coffee, Funtumia elastica, guava, tea, Allernan-
thera versicolor and Dolichandron platycalyz.
*15. Pulvinaria subterranea, Newst. On chrysanthemum (roots).
16. Ceroplastes africanus, Green. On Cajyanus indicus and Acacia sp.
17. Ceroplastes ceriferus, And. On coffee, Antigonon leptopus, orange, Funtumia
latifolia, Canna, Hibiscus, Agave, croton, Anona muricata, tea and Ficus thonningii.
*18. Ceroplastes coniformis, Newst. On Ficus sp. and Hura crepitans (a dark
piceous form).
*19. Ceroplastes destructor, Newst. On guava.

188 Cc. C. GOWDEY.

*20. Ceroplastes ficus, Newst. On Ficus thonningii.

*21. Ceroplastes galeatus, Newst. On coffee and Ficus thonningii. Parasitised
by Neomphalordella ceroplastae, Gir.,* Eurytoma galeati, Gir.,* and Scutellista cyanea,
Motsh.

*22. Ceroplastes quadrilineatus, Newst. On Anona muricata and Dolichandron
platycalyx.

*23. Ceroplastes singularis, Newst. On guava.

*24. Ceroplastes subdenudatus, Newst. On an undetermined plant.

*25. Ceroplastes ugandae, Newst. On Anona muricata and Acacia sp.

*26. Ceroplastes vinsonioides, Newst. On Baikea eminii, coffee, guava and
Cajyanus indicus.

#27, Inglisia castilloae var. theobromae, Newst. On cacao.

*28. Inglisia conchiformis, Newst. On Hibiscus, Anona muricata, Acalypha
wilkinsoma, guava and Harrogania madagascariensis. Preyed upon by a Lepidop-
terous larva, Hublemma scitula, Ramb.

*29. Ceroplastodes gowdeyi, Newst. On Ficus thonningit.

30. Coccus africanus, Newst. On coffee.
31. Coccus discrepans, Green. On tea roots.
32. Coccus elongatus, Sign. On Albizzia sp. and Cajanus indicus.
33. Coccus hesperidum, L. On orange.
34. Coccus longulus, Dougl. On Gliricidia maculata.
*35. Coccus setiger, Newst. On guava.
*36. Coccus signatus, Newst. On guava.

*37. Coccus tenuivalvatus, Newst. On Pennisetum purpureum and Cymbopogon
cilratus. |
38. Coccus viridis, Green. On coffee and guava.

*39. Eulecanium filamentosum, Newst. On an undetermined plant.
40. Hulecanium someren, Newst. Onmulberry, Tecoma stans and Dolichandron
platycalyse. ? ;
41. Saissetia hemisphaerica, Targ. On ferns and coffee.
42. Sarssetia nigra, Nietn. On coffee, Ficus sp. and Anona muricata.

43. Sarssetia oleae, Bern. On Chiorophora excelsa. Parasitised by Coccophagus
saintebeuvet, Gir.

*44. Sarssetia subhemisphaerica, Newst. On coffee.

*45. Stactococcus coccineus, Newst. On Acacia sp., in association with Ceroplastes
subdenudatus, Newst.

46. Stictococcus diversiseta, Silv. On Hibiscus, Cajanus indicus, cacao, Croton
tighium, Anona muricata, mulberry, Artocarpus integrifolia and Dolichandron platy-
calyz. Preyed on by Eublemma costimacula, Saalm.

*47. Stoctococcus formicarius, Newst. On Ficus sp.

*48, Strctococcus gowdeyi, Newst. On coffee and Harrogania madagascariensis.
Parasitised by Coccophagus comperet, Gir.,* and Epitetrastichus ugandensis, Gir.*

*49, Stictococcus mulltispinosus, Newst: On Dolichandron platycalyz.

.

A LIST OF UGANDA COCCIDAR. 189

Subfamily Drasprna®.

*50. Chionaspis cassiae, Newst. On Cassia floribunda.
*51. Chionaspis dentilobis, Newst. On palms and Sapiwm mannianum.
*52. Chionaspis funtumiae, Newst. On Funtumia latifolia.
*53. Chionaspis substriata, Newst. On palms.
54. Diaspis boisduvali, Sign. On Baikea insignis.
*55. Diaspis reqularis, Newst. On Chlorophora excelsa.
56. Aulacaspis chionaspis, Green. On Sapium mannianum, Erythrina eaxcelsa
and Cassia floribunda. |
- *57. Hemichionaspis chionaspiformis, Newst. On an undetermined plant.
58. Aspidiotus cyanophylli, Sign. On guava, palms and bananas.
59. Aspidiotus cydoniae, Comst. On guava.

60. Aspidiotus destructor, Sign. On bananas, Pandanus sp., guava and mango.
Preyed on by Epilachna punctipennis, Muls.

*61. Aspidiotus gowdeyr, Newst. On Anona muricata.

62. Aspidiotus lataniae, Sign. On palms.
63. Aspidiotus transparens, Green. On tea.

*64. Pseudaonidia baikeae, Newst. On Bavrkea sp.

*65. Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, Green. On oleander and mango.
66. Selenaspidus articulatus, Morg. On coffee and Ficus thonningu.
67. Selenaspidus silvaticus, Lind. On orange.

68. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Morg. On palms, mango and rose.
69. Lepidosaphes beckui, Newm. (= citricola, Pack.). On Citrus spp.
70. Lepidosaphes glovert, Pack. On Citrus spp. and crotons.

71. Ischnasprs longirostris, Sign. On palms, bamboo and coftee.

72. Gymnaspis africana, Newst. On an undetermined plant.

- — 2
(GE P | ,
Mi e. : - ‘ au : s y
: * e 7 as : oy oe 2

> ‘ p,
“) / wore iam, Rarer a itentte olives

vs | ne pollens sides’) ar “nl
i Pees ri f nite ent Mey int be

i. glen PO Le id point
ss ‘ a lng a na My whos hs Ms 7 nd

* “ vplcats - > es ALS Away dh ak ie. nee Mpa, » sttyas
ee .*. caluyss syaihednstlth wee client .
ye ATL, hylan, she

nelargs ame. AMBRE K ea Lis 0 ny gine art) aon), RSTn Hf 2h
awd isl. \

f a
bead “Sal, pp lle wieder et Od TRL incites aaneoeda tigen a ’
- . nae nie aeiandl boyy {} acrul wer Mt ray ae} nih Ay hqgnays wag

A Tui st). aniiivy! Se co ee

é b y »-. arin
chibi hak fh ir ‘cK Ms neice. rit uarngis at} a, wie ‘yf ovina * ious a
plies Deen's a ae OPOMUMORY rh ne obra vd ws o bury yf
ra . - me :
a % | amigor ean aacnh, A> hee 4, - yeslvate erect ee

} Meters « ; . n° aia at) age brant) dartothaqeh, ]

. Si. (tm pistes Ch et OE) peg tl arene anil weibreak i na iv"
faa / | et + heyyy nd ihewe A its venga} nipimonbuenel 4 *

figeat. bse macani, 00. cg) anueo\potolirn what 2

re AN" i ads ya witha wld _- aor, .agehenlavsicbeay mas r nl si ¥ * ene

. a | o ‘ AOC a) boul sare tenyl fe subi
= S ‘. . j
i Bar DNR Ogmne emily oY 20}8 ahi iiich aisle
Mine Se - ‘¢ As! r i € vy © +
ae re ie See a aaa
Ba tot ban que) 2 Som

ij an pee tute onal pei hs, ares ley jot iy ig! auvinoniyaol $i
“PREY ° Bakeee sr danehy-lnaiatertobrns cn 100. 2 sii hy
a. ee
pet gratis . | ak eae a
ot, .Fpbutinias Rravieahcerecs, J4ir. feratend collet hed is
2) Rekha dignti, Niven. op’ ota os i 2
%. Cuahaaamyolldad dla Byers 7 sulin * Phy .
pais eden, CHEAT 145"

"44 ‘, ioe ebmiap ve (ix iiffee } a

a

“or 7 r wT

ov Sacer ei , seat: ma Soe Gi | oe
’ . ; an r < F

Pay ich, Sbwnt, a ae in.

; Di
yw Ay ott mar nw ‘a. ee ve

z / ri fonts: awe te 0 Vis .

, ‘t= 7% ch - e

a = Papel <1 hgelan

it -

4

“Bitvce we

191

»

COLLECTIONS RECEIVED.

The following collections were received by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology
between Ist April and 30th June, 1917, and the thanks of the Managing Committee
are tendered to the contributors for their kind assistance :-—

Dr. W. M. Aders, Economie Biologist to the Zanzibar Government :—33 Diptera °
from Zanzibar.

Mr. G. E. Bodkin, Government Economic Biologist :—-1 Dipteron, 2Hymenoptera,
5 Coleoptera, 1 species of Coccidae, and 4 other Rhynchota ; from British Guiana.

Capt. G. D. H. Carpenter :—-5 Tabanidae, 2 Hymenoptera, 60 Coleoptera, 1 Bug,
and 1 Tick; from German Kast Africa.

Mr. D’Emmerez de Charmoy, Government Entomologist :—30 Diptera; from
Mauritius.

Division of Entomology, Pretoria: 17 Diptera, 12 Hymenoptera, 36 Coleoptera,
and 12 Rhynchota; from South Africa.

Mr. P. R. Dupont, Curator of the Botanic Station :—1 Hymenopteron, 23 Coleop-
tera, 15 Coleopterous larvae, 6 packages of Coccidae, 14 other Rhynchota, 4 Orthop-
tera, 6 Crustacea, and 2 packages of Fungi; from the Seychelles.

Mr. C. C. Gowdey, Government Entomologist :—1 Bug; from Uganda.
Prof. Robt. Newstead, F.R.8. :—8 Chalcids ; from Cheshire.

Dr. L. Peringuey, Director of the South African Museum :—56 Chalcids; from
South Africa.

Mr. A. W. Rymer Roberts :—3 Chalcids from Wheat ; from Harpenden, Herts.

Dr. J. J. Simpson —7 Tabanidae, 120 Glossina, 169 other Diptera, 54 Hymenop-
tera, 32 Coleoptera, and 95 Rhynchota ; from the Gold Coast.

Dr. W. G. Watt, Medical Officer of Health :—274 Mosquito larvae; from the Gold
Coast.

Sir Francis Watts, K.C.M.G., Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Indies :—
10 Coleoptera: from Montserrat.

Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research :—23 Coleoptera, 5 Lepidoptera, and 2
Rhynchota ; from Venezuela.

Mr. C. B. Williams :—-1 Cercopid Bug and about 100 Chalcids; from Panama.

Dr. J. Y. Wood, W.A.M.S. :—14 Tabanus, 18 Hippocentrum, and 165 Glossina ;
from Sierra Leone.

Mr. R. C. Wood :—1 Tabanus, about 150 Simulium, 141 other Diptera, 12 Siphonap-
tera, 1 Hymenopteron, 7 Mallophaga, 5 Rhynchota, and 40 Ticks; from Nyasaland.

um

Fel ; he Stan ocd

Hecate BG erat) waldo QOL ancmaokh) OSE tC ogtinads'T: Tins 6 sO

AT Fin } ‘
r 4 aes a ims ve
le) teenth Tatvairial oc ab yt ew Miao

grtigitll HOG pind) vi hoo T18t oom Not ear
| eile | baid sind ala rotten dt oF fin

otal G8 ideas vot! radix 4:14 of fal ol oe iain avo able I wa
> . P i acti if

ss

igeiggry |! , ft fcgith ; t dnigpolottl oimomnod ee, sitet 8

mits inet } if. reeil rT 4) where! i Mad A , “ rae 2 in vokaagi te
aired 3) tee n ON) wera qu Hf sabigneda oe nepuah ies

axittaA, deat (renriiel mon

res

a

foaet jp arodqitL OC + demolaaaiell toeroisvot} .ronrred’) ob sore it
TO 2 OF Ape nee tt it | deaodigit TE tt etrobert vuolon is ae st Gir
; oth. dtuah aga] , sodomy,

goal ') && tnyepadejeacaenser 7 EI f+ gonad shat od} tev, oh eT } ahsoqut. 4
+ (dirty b A hoct ened i wate 1 swalionsy) ty RRQ ADL d yee, audotnqoe
. ek aloe jd to sa ; uni to sega toad & funa ce 139 en |
— eter ¢ yutl TE -: daigotonodm aie shi a

be : 5 ’ ahvarbactt ¥ ’

haga PS

‘ ae

ais -

eas i inbaoc Lok; Feed nov) Aisha are .
ee “ROO BELAY of) tert ; ebelasiytT 0¢ Bata
hot) aul thor 7 SEV rat é Pinay ey = i ott a moma la

,
i

iS
7

nihil wa dob aod deetlvoing A) ‘cai

& bite conohi © stayorl*)

teesendtt re itd GOL Jicsds |

t iatizaold Gb! hate ie bari ony

%

oe
‘¢ aay;
e a 1)

mL: iowa OOM

ett ave
—

i : eve
= Seno cel ss ie
sbrctasb sins ¢ “nil pa

ib i fs

VOL. VII. Parts3 & 4.—pp. 193-311.
AER | FEBRUARY, 1918.

BULLETIN OF
ENTOMOLOGICAL
RESEARCH

v ve) ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

EDITOR: THE DIRECTOR sis

APR i? 71923"
| Lessons) Des

LONDON:

SOLD BY
DULAU & Co., Ltd., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W, 1.
. Price 4s. net.

All Bights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
‘HONORARY COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT.

“THE VISCOUNT HARCOURT, ‘Cbateman, |

_ Lagur.-Coronet A: ALCOCE, OLE, FRB
Ma. KE. E. AUSTEN.
+ Dr; A, @ BAGSHAWE, C.M.G.
Mr. E. C. BLECK, C.M.G.
‘Sm JOBN R. BRADFORD, K.OM.G.,FRS.
. ‘Bure.-Gunrmat 8m DAVID BRUCE, CB. FERS.
mgt MR. SOB. BRYER, «= te
| Dz. 8. F. HARMER, F.B.8. Le
Pror. H. MAXWELL LEROY. tei he Ea
Sm JOHN McoCALL, hee ee
-. Dn. R. STEWART MACDOUGALL. | |
Sm JOHN-McFADYEAN. > har a
firs PATRICK MANSON, G.C.M.G., BRS ee aN
$m DANIEL MORRIS, .0M.G. = ae
Pros. R. NEWSTEAD, F.RS. ae eR nae
‘Pros. G. H. F. NUTTALL, FRB. acct
Prov. BE. B. POULTON. FRS;
_ Tanvr-Corowan 8m DAVID PRAIN, O.MG., 0. LE. PRS.
SmH J. REAL, KCM.G,, CB. -
> Irn How. N. C. ROTHSORILD.
‘Me. HUGH SCOTT. — poops
* Dr. A. E. SHIPLEY, FRA | Perea,
Sm STEWART STOCKMAN. an aia
Meee Vo THEOBALD. a Sele a one ee
| Ma. C. WARBURTON. LL, fee

. ‘Director.
Dr. GUY A. .¢ MARSHALL

- Assistant. Director.
| ‘Mr. 8. Ay NEAVE.

| Secretary,
Mr. A. 0. ©. PARKINSON.

193

BIONOMICS OF TSETSE AND OTHER PARASITOLOGICAL NOTES IN
THE GOLD COAST,

By Dr. James J. SIMPson,

Imperial Bureau of Entomology.

CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Introductory v3 ’ ‘ 2. 193
I. Factors influencing the awed and er of Glossina it Daa
II. Glossina palpalis var. es v4 + ‘es a ef see UF
It. Food of Glossina .. . se be * mm |
IV. Disparity in proportion mT sexes of ‘elastin ws el s ele 199
V. Flight experiments with Glossina . as et Ae et .. 203
VI. Trapping of Glossina 5,4 a3 i * if ny ss | ee
VII. Natural enemies of Glossina i ‘ st ate Pe ston a
VIII. Breeding places and habitats of ia aes ate e a oe wf ae
am” Pardsites Of pupae of Glossing. se ee ke ee ee 209
X. Fauna of the Northern Territories gh Me . a ei Qe
XI. Human Trypanosomiasis dhe s ety ieee
XII. Blood-sucking insects in the Nodttiarn chibi sited ‘dike Mabie; 212

The following report is based on a tour which extended from September 1915 to
February 1917, but included in it are also some observations made during a few
months residence in 1914.

: The area comprised lies partly in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, and
G partly in Togoland (see Map, Bull. Ent. Res., V, p. 32). It extends trom 8° N. to
; 9° 45’ N. and from 0° 15’ E. to 2° 30’ W.. My headquarters were at Yapi on the
*~ River Volta about 28 miles south-west of Tamale, the capital of the Northern
Territories. I have already described in a previous report* the nature of the country
and the type of vegetation, so need not repeat them here. I examined the whole of
the Volta from Yapi to Yeji by canoe, and then followed a sinuous route on my return
journey, keeping as close to the River as possible. The country between Yapi and
Daboya, a large town with an important ferry on the Volta, was traversed on several
occasions. From Daboya I went to Bole and made my temporary headquarters at
Larabanga, the centre of the game and Glossina submorsitans area. Here I spent
several weeks under canvas in three separate localities in the bush. On my homeward

* Bulletin of Entomological Research, v, pp. 1-36.
(C419) Wt.P7/121. 1,000. 2.18. B,&F.Ltd, G.11/1, A

194. DR. JAMES J. SIMPSON.

journey I visited Yendi, formerly an important German post in Togoland, thence
going to Salaga and Kete-Krachi, where I crossed the Volta and proceeded to join
the main north road at Atabubu (Tabobo).

This report must be taken in conjunction with my previous report already referred
to. It may be advisable to point out here that many of my notes were lost on my
homeward voyage, so that certain sections of this account of my work are not so
complete as they might otherwise have been. For all practical purposes, however,
the actual conclusions arrived at are in accordance with the observations made.

Appended is a table showing the weekly rainfall from Ist June, 1915, to
31st December, 1916. This is the meteorological condition which most greatly
affects the seasonal prevalence of tsetse, and also to a. great extent puts a limit to
bush work. This table should be consulted when reading inter alia the section on
the “ Disparity in the proportion of sexes of Glossina.”

Total

Month. Ist week. | 2nd week. 3rd week. 4th week. | for month.

June me af | 1°81 nil | 1:83 1°63 5°27
July 1°25 2°03 2°74 nil 6:02
August nil 0°73 2:21 1-91 4°85
September |. 2°92 2°68 0:05 2-69 8:34
October .. ates | 1:43 0°34 0°54 : 0°35 2°66
November a | nil nil nil nil nil

December Bs | nil nil nil nil nil

January .. Saou, nil | nil nil nil nil

February eral: Bis oil nil nil nil nil

March .. pe 0-11 | nil 0°83 0-60 1-54
Aspril-« ore sess iy 20 | 0°85 0-15 2°57 4:77
May m1 Ps 1°83 nil 3°25 0°92 6:00
sanyo: Cua 161 | 249 0-88 0-35 5°33
July ab o. | 170 | 2°30 0°47 1°97 5:44
August .. eae 1°96 0:97 1-78 8°57 13°28
September ie 1:73 | 0:74 0:87 1-29 4°63
October .. “fs 1°48 | 0:99 0:34 nil fa |
November ay nil nil 1:17 0:70 1:87
December 5 nil nil nil nil nil

BIONOMICS OF TSETSE, ETC., IN THE GOLD COAST. 195

I. Factors Influencing the Distribution and Prevalence of Tsetse.

Dr. Shircore* has drawn attention to what he calls “ primary centres” in which
he says that Glossina morsitans segregate at the period when the conditions of life are
unfavourable elsewhere, and from which they disperse when water becomes abundant
and the country is covered with grass and the trees with foliage. Several writers
on this question in West Africa also refer to “ fly-belts.”” This term has been so loosely
used that it is sometimes difficult to establish what is actually meant. If by a “ fly-
belt ” is meant that at certain parts on a road tsetse are more abundant than else-
where, then such a state of affairs actually exists, but if by the term it is meant to
indicate that at certain parts these flies exist in numbers and are not to be found
elsewhere in the surrounding country, then the term is misleading and not in
accordance with the facts. In all my experience in West Africa I am not conscious
of any definite locality, either in the wet or dry season, containing tsetse actually cut
off from the surrounding country. To a casual observer this might appear to be so,
but if the intermediate country be thoroughly examined, it will be found that tsetse
exist linking up these so-called belts, though undoubtedly in smaller numbers.

At the end of the dry season (December, January and February in West Africa),
when the forest fires are raging, tsetse (along with game) are undoubtedly driven
before them and take refuge in the denser bush unattacked by such fires, but the pupae
are seldom damaged and soon repopulate the area burnt, in addition to the adults
which return after a very short time. Thus, if an area over which an extensive bush
fire has been raging be examined immediately after the fire, no tsetse will be
encountered, but if the same area be examined a month later, tsetse will again be
found. This isa condition of a purely artificial character, and has no definite relation
to the natural segregation of the flies.

In the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast at any rate, it is no doubt the case
that there is hardly a square mile where tsetse cannot be captured at some period of
the year. This is extremely important in the case of horse transport. In these
Territories certain areas are “ proclaimed ” for horses, but this precaution only leads
to a false security. There is no road between any two stations in the Northern
Territories free from tsetse, and as it is not the actual number of the flies, but the
proportion infected that counts, such a regulation is worse than useless.

Type of Vegetation.—I have already in my reports on the different colonies in West
Africa given the types of vegetation associated with the various species of tsetse found
there, so need not reiterate these observations here. Briefly summarised, these might
be given as follows :—G. palpalis is found along the banks of rivers where vegetation
is dense, in “ kurimis ”’ (dense bush with abundant shade), and along the banks of
the smaller tributaries. G. tachinoides is an up-country form allied to G. palpalis,
and is found in similar localities on the higher reaches of the rivers. G. submorsitans
is seldom found near rivers and is more abundant in the savannah forest and open
savannah country; I have found the species at least three miles from the nearest
water. In very open country where small water-holes exist, G. submorsitans is more
frequent, but this may be, and probably is, because game comes to water there.
G. submorsitans will, however, follow a herd of game a long distance, and undoubtedly
migrates in this manner.

* Bull. Ent. Res., v, p. 87
(C419) A2

196 DR. JAMES J. SIMPSON.

Relation to Game.—Lloyd has drawn attention to the fact that where game is
plentiful 13 per cent. of female G. morsitans were caught, whereas where game was not
plentiful 41°5 per cent. of females were taken. This relationship is confirmed by my
observations in West Africa. At Larabanga game is extremely abundant, and during
22 days’ collecting in July and August the percentage of females was 9°2. At Murugu,
on the other hand, where native hunters are numerous and game consequently scarce,
the percentage in June was 54, while in August it was 15. Lloyd also remarks that
when game is plentiful the number of pupae taken daily was 31, whereas where game
is not plentiful the number was only 7. This is also borne out in West Africa. These
two facts, contradictory as they may seem, are yet easily accounted for, and are what
one would expect. Where game is abundant the females manage to feed easily, and
when fully gorged retire to the seclusion of some shady place, consequently the number
of females seen and caught is diminished. Following on this is the fact that if the
females feed easily they propagate more rapidly, consequently the number of pupae is
increased.

All over the Northern Territories the close association between G. submorsitans
and game is very marked. Wherever game is abundant, there tsetse will be in like
proportion. I have elsewhere remarked on the fact that my attention has frequently
been drawn to the presence of game by observing an increase in the number of tsetses.
The table showing the proportion of the sexes in G. submorsitans will bear out this
association, é.g.,at Larabanga, where game is plentiful, the average daily number of |
G. submorsitans taken was over 100, whereas at Murugu (between Larabanga and
Daboya) where game is kept under by native hunters the daily average was about 50.
The nature of the fauna and its association with tsetse has often been commented
upon, but in West Africa I have never seen any marked disparity in the number of
G. submorsitans associated with buffalo or warthog, although I have followed and shot
practically every species of game in the country. I have elsewhere remarked on the
close association between G. submorsitans and the dog-faced baboon (Papio sphinz),
and this fact was again brought to my notice during my past tour. At one camp
where my collectors brought back very few tsetse, I naturally enquired the reason,
and they explained that there were no monkeys. Now as my carriers that day
caught a small monkey I pointed this fact out to them, but they explained that it was
not the small monkeys they meant, but the dog-faced baboons. They also said that
where the baboons were abundant tsetse were also abundant. ‘This fact is difficult
of explanation, as it is highly improbable that tsetse feed on these animals, yet if such
an association be established, the question of exterminating tsetse by the destruction —
of game becomes exceedingly more difficult.

Meteorological Conditions.—I have elsewhere discussed this question in extenso,
but would point out that humidity is the prevailing factor influencing the numbers
of tsetse. At the beginning of the dry season these insects increase greatly in numbers.
Whereas actual sunshine only affects the daily period of activity, a hot sun most
strongly affects G. palpalis, which seldom follows one in direct sunshine. G. tachi-
noides is next affected, whereas G'. submorsitans will follow and attack in the open in
the hottest sun, but seldom at night. Roubaud states that G. morsitans when exposed
to a temperature of 40° C. (104° F.) died within an hour. This I did not find to be
the case in the Northern Territories. I have frequently caught them in the open at

BIONOMICS OF TSETSE, ETC., IN THE GOLD COAST. 197

a temperature of 109° and 112° F. For this reason, when cattle, horses, and other
animals have to be transferred from one place to another, this should be done if
possible during the night.

II. Glossina palpalis var. pallida, var. nov.

One of the greatest difficulties I experienced in identifying tsetse was in regard to a
small variety of G. palpalis. This variety was first found by me in the upper reaches
of the River Gambia. At that time (1911) I reserved an opinion as to its identity.
Subsequently, Dr. Macfie found them in large numbers in the Llorin province of
Northern Nigeria. In his report on that province (Bull. Ent. Research, iv, p. 13)
he makes some observations on the characteristics of the variety and gives an excellent
illustration of it (Plate vii). At Yapi I found very few typical G. palpalis but
large numbers of this variety. It is almost identical in size and markings with
G. tachinoides, but an examination of the genital armature of a very large number
leaves one in no doubt as to its identity with G. palpalis. When females are gorged
with blood, however, or have become discoloured, it is almost impossible to dis-
tinguish them.* The variety is so distinct in size and markings from G. palpalis,
which prior to Newstead’s study of the genital armature were the only specific
characters, that I think it advisable to give some distinctive name, such as var.
pallida to this race. It is especially worthy of note that no intermediate forms exist
between this variety and typical G. palpalis.

III. Food of Glossina.

The question as to whether tsetse are entirely dependent on blood for their food
supply, and if so, what blood is most acceptable, calls for some comment.

Several writers have devoted much space to this question, but the problem is far
from being actually solved. Bruce and others in discussing the matter cite the
following cases in regard to G. palpalis :—(1) in 60 flies in which blood was found,
20 contained mammalian, 9 non-mammalian, and 31 unrecognisable blood; (2) in
108 other flies, 7 contained mammalian, 35 non-mammalian, and 66 unrecognisable
blood.

With regard to the latter instance they note that reptilian was twice as frequent as
avian.

Yorke and Blacklock give the following data from Sierra Leone :—

Flies. Mammalian. Nucleated.
113 8 0
87 6 2
200 14 2

—_—_ ———s

These figures show great discrepancies; e.g. in Bruce’s first record the proportion
of mammalian to non-mammalian is over 2 to 1; in his second the proportion is as
1to5; while in Yorke and Blacklock’s observations the proportion is 7 to 1.

* (In G. tachinoides the third joint of the antenna is noticeably shorter and its anterior
edge is less curved.—ED.]

198 DR. JAMES J. SIMPSON.

With regard to G. morsitans the following data are available. Bruce in his Report
of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society states that out of 500 flies
examined 288 or 57°6 per cent. contained mammalian blood, while only three con-
tained nucleated corpuscles, and two contained a mixture of both. Of 30 female
flies examined he states that 13, or 43°3 per cent. contained mammalian blood. In
another experiment he notes that 99 per cent. contained mammalian blood and only
1 per cent. avian.

Lloyd states that out of 67 flies examined 24 per cent. contained mammalian blood,
and 7.4 non-mammalian.*

Eminson in 1914 found that out of 500 flies examined there was blood in 43; in 41
there was mammalian blood, and two contained non-mammalian.

This would tend to show that G. morsitans is much more dependent on mammalian
blood than is G. palpalis. I had very little opportunity of studying the latter species
in large numbers, but several thousands of G. tachinoides were examined microscopi-
cally for stomach contents. In none of these could I detect anything of a vegetable
character. At Yapi 1,289 G. tachinoides were captured containing blood. The
percentage of mammalian and non-mammalian blood in the different batches examined
varied considerably, but taking the observations as a whole the result was as follows :
Mammalian 67°3 per cent., non-mammalian 32°7 per cent.

Other observations at different places gave the following figures :—

Flies. Mammalian blood. Non-mammalian blood.
315 SMA A). .0/,
287 685% 315%
329 743% Zoo

It must be remembered that out of those taken with mammalian blood a certain
number must be deducted, as undoubtedly many of them had bitten the collectors.
This fairly exhaustive experiment goes to show that non-mammalian blood forms a
distinct food supply for G. tachinoides, and the point is raised: What is the source of
this food supply ? In my animal house at Yapi I kept various types of reptiles,
including the puff adder (Betis arietans), black cobra (Nava nigricollis), the yellow-
spotted monitor (Varanus niloticus), and the common crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus),
and have repeatedly seen G. tachinoides gorge itself on each and all of these species.
This is especially the case after these animals have had a heavy meal and are very
somnolent. On one occasion at Prang on the River Pru I came across a large sleeping
puff adder on which one G. palpalis and two G. tachinoides were feeding.

Observations on birds were very different. Very few G. tachinoides managed to get
a full meal from any of the species kept. They never fed on fowls unless these were
tied down. This would distinctly point to reptilian rather than avian fauna as the
source of food in the case of those found with nucleated corpuscles; and reptiles are
extremely common all along the river banks where G. tachinoides abound.

The source of the mammalian blood is not so easy of solution. Various species of
small and large game come to the river in the mornings and evenings to drink, and of

*(In Northern Rhodesia, Kinghorn, Yorke and Lloyd record (Ann. Trop. Med. Paras., *
vii, 1913, p. 282) that out of 82 flies containing recognisable blood, 12 (or 14°6 per cent.) _
contained nucleated red cells.—ED.]

BIONOMICS OF TSETSE, ETC., IN THE GOLD COAST. 199

course numbers of them must be bitten; but although the river banks everywhere
abound with baboons and monkeys, I think it highly improbable that these form a
source of food supply. I kept two Cercopithecus patas for nearly two years, and never
once did I see a tsetse manage to feed off them. Even when apparently asleep, the
monkeys at once disturbed the tsetse on alighting, and in the great majority of cases
succeeded in catching and devouring them. There is, however, one small mammal
which is extremely abundant on the banks of the Volta River, and that is a large
yellowish brown bat. These animals sleep during the day in a suspended position in
the dense overhanging trees in localities similar to those where G. tachinoides abound,
and I am inclined to think that, apart from the human supply, these animals are the
chief source of the mammalian blood supply.

I carried out a large series of experiments to find out whether tsetse ever imbibe
water, but in none of these could I definitely say that such was the case. I used
several tubes containing citrated blood, pure water and various coloured liquids,
each covered with a membrane of rat’sskin. Although at different times tsetse pierced
each of these membranes, in no case could I say that any liquid was imbibed except
the fresh blood. Never have I seen a tsetse drink an exposed liquid. G. tachinoides,
just like G. morsitans, seems to prefer piercing before sucking. Several experiments
with fruit, e.g., ripe pawpaw, mangoes, and ripe marrows also proved negative.
Although the tsetse were seen to pierce the skin, never did I actually see any liquid
being absorbed.

The percentage of mammalian blood to non-mammalian differs greatly in the case
of G. submorsitans.

Out of 987 tsetse examined with discernible blood in the stomach, only 23 con-
tained non-mammalian blood, 7.e., only 2°3 per cent. The reason for this is not far
to seek. In the open country away from water where G. submorsitans abounds,
there is practically no reptilian fauna, so that it is lack of opportunity rather than
preference which decides the matter. To test this I put large numbers of G. sub-
morsitans into cages with different reptiles and nearly all fed voraciously and had
distended abdomens, especially in the early morning.

A point of interest which obtruded itself on me on several occasions was that when
an animal had been shot, tsetse and Tabanids often alighted on the carcase. Although
the Tabanids frequently drank from the open wound, tsetse were never seen to do this,
‘but always pierced the skin, and so imbibed. This leads one to suppose that G. sub-
morsitans never drinks exposed liquids.

IV. Disparity in the Proportion of Sexes in Glossina.

The question of the disparity in the proportion of sexes in Glossina has attracted
the attention of many observers in various parts of Africa.

Dr. R. E. McConnell (Bull. Ent. Res., iii, p. 58) was impressed by the apparent
marked numerical superiority of males along the large rivers, and of females on the
smaller streams. He quotes as an example that of 40 specimens of G. palpalis
(fuscipes) taken in October on the Nile, 35 were males and 5 females, while of 77
taken in July 67 were males and 10 females. He goes on to point out that of 56 flies
captured in September near the mouth of small tributaries of the Nile 24 were males

200 DR. JAMES J. SIMPSON.

and 32 females, and expressed his opinion that if this last batch of flies had been taken
some 20 miles upstream the females would have outnumbered the males to a much

greater extent.

Dr. J. B. Davey (Bull. Ent. Res., i, p. 145) states that of 117 G. brevipalpis captured
during the evenings at Kaporo in Nyasaland, all were males, whereas of seven caught
in the same place about mid-day four were males and three females.

Bequaert gives a further reason for the disparity in proportion of sexes, and in
discussing G. palpalis says that in inhabited regions the sexes are in about equal
numbers, whereas in uninhabited regions there is a distinct preponderance of males.
He says this may be due to the fact that food supplies are more scarce in the latter
districts and therefore the more active male is more in evidence.

Kinghorn and Montgomery report the following catches of G. palpalis on the island
of Matondwi, near the southern shore of Tanganyika :—

3 2
Tulyind it Bieplrad suk geal Beaeanny) 127 (9. %)
November .. ‘% ds 396 (98°8%) 5 (12%)

Newstead (Report 8. 8. Comm. of Royal Society, No. 15) gives the following table
with regard to G. morsitans.

iG of Days Total | Meteorological
Month. Flies examined. Flies. | Condition.
August 7-29 .. 7 87 80°5 19°5 Very dry.
Sept. 1-30 .. 22 346 81°6 12-4 ry re
Oct. Hel Gio: 11 206 90:8 9:2 i i
Oct. 17-31 .. 11 165 68:5 31:5 Very heavy rains.

Thus we have such hypothetical reasons to explain the disparity in the proportion
of sexes, as (1) the size of the river on which the tsetse were caught, (2) the time of
capture, (3) the number of inhabitants in a given area, and (4) the season of the year
and meteorological conditions.*

To all of these I paid special attention during my recent tour. As, however, at
certain times I was in an area where G. tachinoides predominated and at others where
G. submorsitans predominated, I was unable to make a consecutive study of either.

The number of days spent in collecting as a basis for percentages has a very direct
bearing on the validity of such deductions ; ¢.g., at Yapi from 1st to 12th June, 1916,
856 males and 767 females were caught. This works out at 52.8 per cent. of males
and 47.2 per cent. of females. Now let us break up this period into three shorter

* [A much more probable explanation of this disparity has been given independently by
Li. Lloyd (Bull. Ent. Res., iii, p. 235) and W. A. Lamborn (Bull. “Ent. Res., vi, p. 250 ;
and vii, p. 39).—Ep.]

BIONOMICS OF TSETSE, ETC., IN THE GOLD COAST. 201

periods, say Ist to 4th June, 5th to 10th June, and 11th to 12th June. The numbers

and percentages are as follows :— 3 2
Ist-4th June .. 206 (52°1%) 189 (47°9%)
5th-l0th __,, .. 523 (60°4%) 343 (39°6%)
11th-12th _,, .. 127 (3835:°1%) 235 (649%)

Now the enormous disparity in the percentages in these three periods compared
with that in the total period is very marked. Consequently, were one to take any one
of these short periods as a basis for deduction, the conclusion would not be in any way
in accordance with facts over a longer period.

The longer the period over which observations are made, provided the meteoro-
logical conditions are fairly constant, the greater will be the validity of the con-
clusions. Again, the larger the number caught, the greater will be the chance of coming
io a definite decision. This is almost a truism, but it has been so much overlooked
that it is worthy of emphasis here.

Now let us take some definite cases, e.g., at Yapi. The following are the results
of prolonged investigation :—

Si meat ei

June 1914 Jt may be gpiteg 30 %

July 1914 La Wd Yo8 Tipp OA 43 %

Sept. 1915 isle. on anak 805% 43-5 % 2,876 8-34
Oct. 1915 ee eee 535% 3,526 2:66
Nov. 1915 mit! rt dit er 4h 525% 3,497 nil
RW. iT nSiar Se nih BONING 50 % 2,985 nil
1-12 June 1916 .. 3... | 472% 52-8 %, 1,733 2-71
3-12 Sept.1916 .. .. | 64 % 36% 183 463

It will be seen from the above that the greatest disparity in the proportion of sexes
occurs during the period of greatest rainfall.
_ Now at Daboya the following are the results :—

3 | 9 ake Rainfall.

|
99.30. nig 1 60 % 40% pera 1°54
27. 71.16, ... oe 58% 42% 907 5°33
23, 24.vii.16 xf aH 50% 50% 215 5:44

The results here obtained are almost in direct contradiction with those previously
shown for Yapi.

202 DR. JAMES J. SIMPSON,

Again, take the case of Gnaniand Danio in Togoland. These places are practically
identical in every way, yet at the former three days’ collecting resulted in the
following—127 males and 194 females; while at the latter the position was reversed,
and 126 males were caught to 114 females.

On the River Lora between Larabanga and Daboya, in April 1916, the proportion
of males and females was as 51°5 to 48°5; rainfall 4°77. This river satisfies two of
the conditions insisted on by McConnell and Bequaert. It is a small tributary of the
Volta, and it is several hours from the nearest village, consequently uninhabited.
Yet in the case of G. tachinoides, if we may judge from the results here found, neither
of these factors has any bearing on the proportion of the sexes. But it is only right
to point out that these authors were dealing with G. palpalis.

At Zantana (N. of Daboya) in the same month, April, the relation was 57 per cent.
males and 43 per cent. females. This village is also on a small tributary of the Volta,
but the difference in percentages of the sexes is not appreciable.

At Gwa, a small village 8.E. from Daboya far removed from the River Volta, in
March 1916 the proportion was as 62 to 38 per cent.

At Kaito, a similar locality, a little further south in the same month the proportion
was as 65 to 35 per cent.

The one outstanding feature which these figures exhibit is that the percentage of
males decreases as the rains gain in intensity and the humidity increases. (Compare
this with G. submorsitans).

Now let us consider the case of G. submorsitans, and see how far the proportion of
sexes is in accordance with the figures found for G. tachinoides. The following table
has been prepared for various localities in the Northern Territories at different
seasons.

It will be seen that Larabanga was visited at four different periods.in July and
August, but that the percentages are practically the same. In the case of Murugu
and Kapoto (some miles 8. W. from Daboya) the difference between June and August
requires some explanation.

Percentage.
Larabanga .. ate a 1-7. vii. 16 721 100
i ot ‘. é 14-18. vu.16 546 47
Jo -witeneanapadit ais'e1s1( Br BB sik: MOU) tule 20 deal adh aan ae
a sy ui rv 15-21. vii. 16 816 78 }
Kabampwi .. - i 29. vii.16 52 4 90°7 9°3°
Guripe wt as .. 30.vii-38.vi.16 300 33 9] 9
ss a * tatet 11-14. vii. 16 69 6
Murugu... 4 ‘P 31. vi.16 25 29 46 54
i - - os 21. vii. 16 46 8 85 15
Yarizori.. bd = 22.vil.16 58 4 91°5 8°5
Kapoto.. a “i 28. vi.16 80 52 60 40
Ve ue a4 Ls 23. vii. 16 109 5 93 7
Kofaba_... “a as 4-9. 11.16 261 76 44°5 55'5
Larabanga Bush Camp I. 14-20. vi.16 660 38 94:5 2 55
Larabanga Bush Camp II. 23,24. v.16 268 14 95 5

Larabanga Bush Camp III. 8-13. vu.16 336 36 91 9

BIONOMICS OF TSETSE, ETC., IN THE GOLD COAST. 203

From the foregoing table it is quite evident that there is a much greater disparity
in the proportion of the sexes of G. swbmorsitans than in the case of G. tachinordes.
The general average ranges from 90-95 per cent. of males, but there are certain
discrepancies ; ¢.g., at Murugu in June the percentage of males was only 46, while
in August it was 85. This is probably accounted for by the greater rainfall between
June and August than in the preceding months. The same may be the case in
October and November at Yapi, and it would certainly be accounted for in the case
of Kofaba in February. It is worthy of note that at Kapoto the percentage of males
in June was also low, viz., 60. This is in distinct contradiction to the percentages
found by Newstead in corresponding seasons in Nyasaland. It is worthy of note,
however, in connection with Newstead’s figures, that the twe last numbers given by
him (see page 200) are only for a period of over two weeks. Now, although there
were very heavy rains during the latter fortnight, it would not materially affect the
number of G. morsitans in so short atime. Had he taken the whole month’s collection
together, the percentage would have been approximately the same as in the corres-
ponding two months. This is a clear case, I think, of false deduction from over-
subdividing.

In May, however, when I visited the two Bush Camps at Larabanga the percentage
of males was even higher than at Larabanga in July and August. This is anomalous,
and I will venture no solution, but would only note that these districts were greatly
overrun by game. It may be that the food supply was very plentiful and that the
females were well fed and therefore more retiring, whereas the greater number of males
caught would be accounted for by their being on the look-out for females. This seems
to me a more feasible explanation than that given by Bequaert.

V. Flight Experiments with Glossina.

In order to ascertain whether Glossina tachinoides liberated at some distance from
the river would return to it, I performed a series of experiments by marking a number
of specimens by means of cutting off the two terminal tarsi of the various legs.
Altogether in these experiments about 3,000 specimens were used. On the road
from Yapi to Tamale there are two small streams, about two miles from Yapi, which
are dry in the dry season but contain a considerable amount of water in the wet season.
Notwithstanding this latter fact, very few G. tachinoides are to be found on the banks.
They seem to prefer the larger river.

In the first experiment in the dry season I liberated 150 specimens at each of the
following distances, 1 mile, 14 miles, 2 miles, 3 miles, 4 miles and 5 miles along the
main Yapi-Tamale Road. Of these, 59 per cent. liberated at 1 mile were again
recaptured, 15 per cent. liberated at 14 miles were again caught, while of those liberated
at 2 miles only 5 per cent. were retaken on the river bank. Of those liberated at
3 miles and 5 miles, none were taken; while only one liberated at 4 miles was re-
captured. None were taken further away from the river than where they were
liberated.

When this experiment was again repeated in the wet season, 47 per cent. of those
liberated at 1 mile were retaken, 25 per cent. of those liberated at 14 miles, and 10
per cent. of those liberated at 2 miles. On the other hand, an examination of the banks
of the stream at the different seasons showed a marked disparity.

204 . DR. JAMES J. SIMPSON.

During the dry season, when there was no water in the stream, only 3 per cent. of
those liberated at 2 miles, 8 per cent. of those liberated at 3 miles, and 6 per cent. of
those liberated at 4 miles were again caught, and that at no great distance from the
road. None of those liberated at 5 miles were again seen.

In the wet season, however, when water was abundant in the stream, 10 per cent.
of those liberated at 2 miles, 13 per cent. of those liberated at 3 miles, 9 per cent. of
those liberated at 4 miles, and 6 per cent. of those liberated at 5 miles, were again
captured.

Before being liberated, these tsetse were all fed as far as possible, and the cages
containing them were taken out at night and left open. It was found that by 2 a.m
all the tsetse had escaped. Of course it must be remembered that there is considerable
traffic on this road, and many of these tsetse may have followed the natives for some
distance.

However, from these experiments the following deductions may be drawn :—

(1) The greatest distance covered by a single tsetse was four miles.

(2) “Apart from this none returned over two miles.

(3) All seemed to return to the water, as none were caught at a Seater distance
from the river than where they were liberated.

(4) If there was any intermediate water between where the tsetse were liberated and
the large river, the tsetse discovered this and were making their way down stream to
the large river.

(5) Where there was shade on the bank of a stream but no water, the tsetse
congregated there, but did not attempt to proceed towards the large river.

(6) A thorough examination of the open bush on each side of the road revealed
not a single tsetse at a greater distance than 200 yards.

(7) There was practically no discrepancy in the proportion of the sexes recaptured ;
if anything, there was an excess of males, but the numbers were too small to be of
value.

It must be remembered that these numbers may not—in fact, cannot—actually
represent the number of tsetse which really returned. The percentages must therefore
be taken not as absolute, but as proportionate.

I then tried a similar experiment in the open bush, but found that this was practi-
cally impossible owing to the various directions in which the tsetse might return to
the sinuous river, and the impracticability of patrolling the whole area.

On another occasion I liberated 1,000 tsetse at distances varying from one to ten
miles, along the bank of the river. It was found impossible to collate the returns,
but the greatest distance covered by an individual tsetse was seven miles, while
numerous flights of 2-4 miles were observed. It is more than probable, however,
that these followed the numerous canoes which constantly ply on the river. I have
already shown in my various reports the great attraction moving objects have for
tsetse.

Of a large number of tsetse liberated at Yapi in September and October 1916,
some were taken as late as December 1916, while one was captured 15 miles down the
river in January 1916. This is evidently a clear case of a tsetse following a canoe.
While tsetse liberated on one bank have been captured on the other, I have not been
able to ascertain the total distance covered in one distinct flight.

BIONOMICS OF TSETSE, ETC., IN THE GOLD COAST. 205

In all, ten experiments were tried to test how far tsetse will follow a herd of game—
five original and five repeats. Fifty tsetse (G. swbmorsitans) were used in each
experiment. A herd of cattle passing along a road was selected and the tsetse were
liberated in the centre of the herd. In the first set of experiments, the tsetse were
not molested, but it must be remembered that cattle are much easier victims to tsetse
than are wild game. In the second set, a number of boys with fly switches were
ordered to keep disturbing the flies when seen to alight.

The results of these experiments are as follows :—

After one mile (1) 21 were recaptured. (6) 29 were recaptured.
,, two miles (2) 10 ,, Cit ere ss 4
» eres, (a)? ',, # (a) BR J
wa. ay Oo SF , (Gy Lyre s 8
Eanes Mé (TO) O,, i

From this series of experiments it will be seen that after five miles have been
traversed the tsetse have either all managed to feed, or have given up the attempt
and disappeared.

VI. Trapping of Glossina.

The question of how to diminish the number of tsetse in any definite locality is of
paramount importance. It has repeatedly been shown that in the case of villages
a clearing of about 400 yards around the outer circumference of the village will
practically restrict the tsetse to a region outside this area. This, as Mr. T. E. Fell
has pointed out, should be undertaken only when such a clearing can be maintained,
otherwise a lower, shorter and more scrubby type of vegetation will arise which is
very suitable for the flies. The same must apply to fords of rivers and the main roads
in a district. This then should be undertaken only in definite localities where the
supply of labour is adequate. In a restricted area, as for example the Island of
Principe, such a scheme as systematic trapping has had very beneficial results ;_ but,
in wide areas, such as any of the colonies of West Africa, the conditions are totally
different. Take, for example, a small portion of the River Volta between Yeji and
Yapi. After a week’s examination of this part of the river, I am confident in saying
that there is not one half mile in this whole area where G. tachinoides is not to be found
in quantity. There is a constant stream of canoes plying on the river, and it is now
certain that tsetse follow these canoes considerable distances. My own experiments
have shown a distance of seven miles, and this cannot be regarded as the maximum.
Consequently, to attempt to clear this region of tsetse would mean expense out of all
proportion to the advantage gained, because the supply on either side would con-
stantly tend to repopulate the whole area.

At the Yapi ferry I posted five men for four months for the purpose of ascertaining
if there would be any diminution in the number of tsetse at the end of that time.
The following are the results :—

1st—23rd Sept. 1915, 2,876 tsetse caught or 125 per day.
Ist-3lst Oct. 1915, 3,526 ,, Lb on OR ALA sean ds
Ist-30th Nov. 1915, 3,497 _,, pe AR Li a
Ist-23rd Dec. 1915, 2,985 _,, er 129 ls

206 . DR. JAMES J. SIMPSON.

Again, between 22nd February and 23rd March 1916, another test was made with
the following result, :—3,842 tsetse were caught, or 128 perday. From 21st November
to 23rd December, 4,392 tsetse were caught, or 133 per day.

It must be remembered that collectors were working in this area at several inter-
vening times, so that one is fairly justified in concluding that systematic trapping is
out of all question in such an area.

This, it must also be remembered, was accomplished by trained, well paid, fully
equipped collectors, and I am of opinion that if the whole population in the area sug-
gested were put on to this work, there would be no appreciable diminution in the
number of tsetse. The expense, too, would preclude such an undertaking being
attempted.

Systematic trapping with bird-lime I found to be less satisfactory than by means
of nets. Four colours of paper were used—light brown, red, black waterproof, and
green. These were most satisfactory in the order given.

The following are the average numbers captured daily, five men being used for
each colour :—Light brown, 103; red, 89; black waterproof, 79; green, 45.

In my Gambia report* I have already shown the marked preference of tsetse for
black over white in clothing.

I then tried liberating tsetse in an enclosed room and smearing the bodies of
collectors with the following oils and essences :—oil of bergamot, oil of cloves, beech-
wood oil, oil of lavender, cedarwood oil, beechwood creosote, essence of oranges, and
essence of lemon. The tsetse were allowed to alight on and bite the collectors, and
only in two cases did these substances seem to act as a deterrent, viz., beechwood
creosote and beechwood oil. In the case of oil of cloves and the two essences there
seemed to bea marked attraction. The large quantities of these preparations required
precluded the experiments from being carried out on a large scale.

Beechwood oil smeared over the hands and face acts as a deterrent to mosquitos

so long as the fumes persist.

VII. Natural Enemies of Tsetse.

The conservation or increase in the numbers of the natural enemies of tsetse is a
subject which might well repay consideration. Guinea-fowl and bush-fowl have been
mentioned by some writers, especially the late Professor E. A. Minchin. He recom-
mended that these species should be conserved and their range extended, as owing
to their scraping habits it was more than probable that they would feed on and destroy
tsetse pupae. To test the validity of this hypothesis I examined the stomach contents
of 379 of these birds. I found that by far the greatest proportion of the food of both
species consisted of guinea-corn and other seeds. From the animal kingdom the
following were found, beetles, Syrphid flies, Mantids, ants, bugs, grubs of various
sorts, millipedes, grasshoppers, Hymenoptera, molluscs, etc., but in no case did I see
any remains of either adult tsetse or pupae.

An examination of the stomach contents of lizards revealed numerous kinds of
insects, but never of tsetse. The same is true of the nests of mason wasps. Tsetse
are not “‘ fleshy ” insects and are therefore unsuitable as a food for growing larvae.

* Bull. Ent. Research, ii, p. 210.

BIONOMICS OF TSETSE, ETC., IN THE GOLD COAST. 207

Bequaert mentions the case of a carnivorous spider as a natural enemy of tsetse,
whilst I myself found a predatory Attid spider, Pleaippus paykull, And., capturing
G. palpalis on the Government steamer on the Gambia.”

Dragonflies have also been seen devouring tsetse, but by far the most important
insect enemies are Asilid flies and wasps of the genus Bembez.

Four species of the former were captured by me with tsetse in their grasp. One of
these is an undetermined species of Asilus, while the others are indeterminate both
as regards genus and species. Although several species of AsILIDAE have been seen
capturing and devouring tsetse, some take to it more readily than others. I caught
a large number with G. tachinoides, but very few with G. submorsitans. At one place
on the Lora River, between Daboya and Larabanga, I fitted up a large mosquito net
and enclosed in it numerous tsetse and a few AsILIDAE. It was noted that most of
the tsetse were caught on the wing, only a very few being taken while resting. When
an Asilid captures a tsetse, it becomes so engrossed in its prey that it is possible to
approach it very closely and note its modus operandi. They seldom fly any great
distance after a capture, but alight on some small adjacent twig. Grasping the twig
on both sides with the tarsi of all six legs, the Asilid presses the abdomen of the tsetse
with all its femora, and inserts its proboscis into the thorax. Although the abdomen
be distended with blood, the Asilid very seldom punctures it, but presses the blood
into the thorax, and there abstracts it. On a very. few occasions I saw the Asilid
transfer the proboscis from the thorax to a point between two segments of the
abdomen, and suck the blood from there.

The toll of tsetse taken by ASILIDAE is considerable. They follow cattle and horses
long distances, and I have repeatedly seen an Asilid grasp a tsetse about to alight on
a horse’s neck. Sometimes they will hold a fly for over a quarter of an hour,
occasionally shifting the position of the proboscis five or six times. I have also seen
them relax their hold of the twig when disturbed, fly away with the tsetse and
return to almost the identical spot again. Of 24 tsetse put into a mosquito net with
six Astuipak, all were dead within 24 hours, and all showed signs of having been
punctured. .

Bembex is the most voracious enemy of G. submorsitans. These insects seem to
abound more in the open country than in the shady regions inhabited by G. tachinoides.
Roubaud states that a species of Bembex attacked and captured G. longipalpis, but
was not seen in the palpalis area. On one occasion at Larabanga my pony was
surrounded by G. submorsitans and also small Tabanids.t Numerous Bembex were
hovering about and not a few tsetse were captured, although in no case-did I see the
Bembex attempt to take the Tabanids. The Bembex does not alight, but darts quickly
down and either captures the tsetse on the wing or immediately it has alighted. I
tried an experiment with tsetse and Bembex in a mosquito net in all respects similar
to that with tsetse and ASILIDAE, with the same results.

Thus the Astn1pAz are the chief insect enemies of G. tachinoides and Bembex of
G. submorsitans. Whether or not it would be feasible to breed and disperse these
insects it would be highly injudicious to state categorically.

* Bull. Ent. Research, ii, p. 210.
+ See section (m).

202 DR. JAMES J. SIMPSON.

VIII. Breeding Places and Habits of Glossina.}

The two species of Glossina with which I was intimately associated during the past
tour were G. tachinoides and G. submorsitans, so that the following remarks apply
entirely to them. Zupitza and Yorke & Blacklock have given some details of the
breeding places of G. palpalis, but so far I do not think that any worl has been done
on the two above-mentioned species in West Africa.

On my arrival in the Northern Territories in September 1915 I established my
camp at Yapi, and studied G. tachinoides almost exclusively. Exhaustive searches
along the river bank during that time revealed only a few empty pupal cases, but no
live pupae. Despite this fact, females kept in my laboratory produced pupae which
matured and developed in due course. The humidity was diminishing and the
temperature increasing during this period, and it was found that as this took place
the pupal period diminished. The longest time taken by a pupa to hatch was 49
days, and some pupae deposited 25 days after these developed before them. The
shortest time taken by a pupa to develop was 22 days. From the pupae deposited
in September only 41 per cent. came to maturity, while of those deposited in November
87 per cent. produced adults. Males and females appeared in practically equal
numbers, but the males died off much more quickly than the females. The mortality
amongst the males was 35 per cent., amongst the females only 17 per cent. These
numbers refer solely to those which died before taking a meal. In January I made
an examination of the river between Yapi and Yeji, and again I searched assiduously
for pupae at various places, with the same result. I returned to Yapi on 22nd
February, and remained there till the 23rd March. During this period I obtained
447 pupae of G. tachinoides. Of these 392 produced adults (189 males and 203 females)
and none were parasitised.

The breeding places of G. tachinoides seem to agree fairly closely with those of
G. palpalis. Zupitza, at Duala in the Cameroons, found pupae in the angles of leaf-
sheaths of palms. Yorke and Blacklock never found them there in Sierra Leone, but
they found them on the ground around the bases of palms. No palms exist at Yapi,
but between Kofaba and Yapi Borassus palms are fairly abundant in some places.
A careful search in both positions at these places failed to reveal pupae of
G. tachinordes.

The most common situation for the pupae of G. tachinoides is in the decaying
humus beneath overhanging trees, in places which are quite sheltered from heavy
rains and which would be moistened only occasionally by water dripping down.
The sun seldom or never penetrates to such positions, and the ground is never really
dry. Although this species is very abundant amongst tall grass, I have never found
breeding places in such localities, nor have I found them in places which are liable
to be flooded at any period of the year. On these occasions I found pupae in hollows
of decayed trees, and a more common position is in a collection of decaying leaves in
the axils of branches, or in a similar collection at the fracture of a branch which had
become partly detached.

On my return to Yapi on 31st May another search was made, and between this date
and the 11th June, 217 pupae were obtained. From these 87 females and 93 males

emerged.

BIONOMICS OF TSETSE, ETC., IN THE GOLD COAST. 209

Between 20th September and 14th October, only 23 pupae were obtained, and
between 21st November and 23rd December only 17 pupae were found, although the
same and similar places were examined.

This would tend to show that the principal breeding season of G. tachinoides is just
after the dry season when the rains commence, and that at the end of the rainy season
breeding practically ceases.

The breeding places of G. submorsitans are very similar to those of G. tachinoides,
with the exception that on several occasions I have found pupae on the clusters of
small growth on the top of deserted anthills, and twice under the overhanging rocks
on a scarp at a bush camp at Larabanga.

Lloyd notes that pupae of G. morsitans were found in burrows of bush-pig and wart-
hog. I have never found them in such situations, nor in the burrows of porcupines,
which are fairly numerous in the Northern Territories.

At Larabanga, prior to my finding pupae in their natural position, I felled several
large trees and surrounded them with a mass of undergrowth, and was successful in
inducing G. submorsitans to deposit larvae there. On one occasion I saw a female
deposit a larva. She took up her position on the underside of the trunk about an inch
from the ground and thence let the larva drop. Within five minutes the larva had
penetrated the soil and had disappeared.

Pupae of G. submorsitans were found at Yarizori, Murugu, Larabanga, Larabanga
Bush Camp, Kabampwi and Guripe, all on the Daboya-Bole Road. None were found
at Kofaba, or between Kofaba and Yapi. This may be accounted for by the season
of the year, namely, January.

From the pupae found (in all 947) 821 adults emerged. Of these 402 were males
and 419 females; 679 gorged themselves with blood, while 124 died before feeding.
The males died off much more quickly than the females. Roubaud mentions that he
noted intra-uterine pupation; Kinghorn never saw it; I observed it on four
separate occasions.

Lloyd states that on one occasion driver ants entered the bottles containing pupae,
and that none were damaged. I tested this with eight different species of ants, all
with the same result. After prolonged observation, I agree with Lamborn that the
viscid fluid around the larva is a protection against carnivorous enemies. The ants
approached them, but backed away quite hurriedly before even touching them.

TX. Parasites of Pupae of Glossina.

Up to the present time no parasites of the pupae of tsetse have been described from
West Africa. Now, as I have already shown, there is little hope of the extermination
or even diminution of numbers of Glossina by trapping or other methods of destruction.
Our only hope in this direction is the systematic breeding of parasites and their dis-
semination in fly-infested areas. Of course, such an experiment would have to be
continued over a long period before any definite result could be expected.

From September to December 1915, I found a large number of pupae of Glossina
tachinoides, but from them not a single parasite was obtained. Subsequent investi-
gation showed that a small proportion of them were parasitised by Chalcis amenocles,
Walk. This was the only parasite obtained from the pupae of G. tachinoides,

(C419) B

210 | DR. JAMES J. SIMPSON. ‘

At the Larabanga Bush Camps and at Larabanga itself, between the 15th and 21st
August, enormous numbers of pupae and empty pupal cases of G. submorsitans were
found and from them the following parasites were bred out. These are given in their
order of frequency :—Chalcis amenocles, Walk. ; Dirhinus inflezus, a new species
which is being described by Mr. J. Waterston ; a Braconid which is being described
by Mr. R. KE. Turner as Coelalysia glossinophaga ; a species of Odontomyia, not yet
identified* ; and a small Chalcid, which Mr. Waterston has not at present worked
out. |

In order to ascertain whether these species attacked only Glossina pupae, I placed
the newly emerged parasites in bottles with larvae and pupae of several Diptera and
also newly deposited larvae of Glossina. The result was rather astonishing, as very
few of the Glossina pupae were attacked, whereas nearly every pupa of two species
of Sarcophaga was parasitised. By this means I bred out several hundreds of
Chalcis amenocles, and also large numbers of the other species. It is worthy of note
that of a large number of pupae of Sarcophaga bred out, hardly a single specimen
was parasitised in nature. This 1s not so surprising as might at first sight appear, as
the localities in which these pupae are found are in the rubbish heaps and latrines
around villages where tsetse are not common.

As species of Sarcophaga are everywhere abundant around villages, and as they
breed prolifically, it would be possible in a very short time to obtain very large
numbers of these parasites for dissemination.

X. Fauna of the Northern Territories.

The relationship between the parasites of game and domestic animals, as well as
man, is a subject which has been attracting considerable attention in recent years.
Although in West Africa much work has been done in this direction, practically
nothing has been accomplished on the West Coast. Consequently, when the grass
was burnt down and shooting became practicable, I spent a considerable time in the
game area to find out what kinds of game harboured parasites, and what were the
species of these parasites. By visiting the game area I was also able to compare
the association between tsetse and game. A systematic examination of the blood of
horses and cattle was also made for comparison.

The vertebrate fauna of the Northern Territories examined by me included :—
5 hyaenas (Hyaena crocuta), civet, Paradoxa sp., porcupine, elephant, 1 hippopotamus,
bufialo (Syncerus nanus), 4 haartebeste (Bubalis major), 4 roan antelope (Hippotraqus
equinus), 4 waterbuck, 3 kob (Kobus kob), 1 reed buck (Redunca redunca), 1 bush-
buck or harnessed antelope (T'ragelaphus scriptus), 2 grey duiker (Cephalophus scrip-
tus), 5 red-flanked duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus), 5 oribi (Ourebia nigricaudata),
1 red-fronted gazelle (Gazella rufifrons), 6 warthog (Phacochaerus aethiopicus), dog-
faced baboon (Papio sphinx), red monkey (Cercopithecus patas), brown rat, several

[* Only a single specimen of this Stratiomyiid fly was sent home by Dr. Simpson, and
without any details as to how it was bred. Of the few species of Odontomyia whose
life-history is known the larvae live in mud or damp earth or among decay:ng leaves
and therefore the statement that Dr. Simpson’s species is a parasite of Glossina would
appear to need verification.—ED. |

BIONOMICS OF TSETSE, ETC., IN THE GOLD COAST. 211

species of lizards, crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus and cataphractus), yellow-spotted
monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), puff adder (Bitis arietans), and black cobra (Nava
nagricollis).

In the case of the baboon, monkey, civet, porcupine and Paradozxa, negative
results were obtained by blood examination. When no parasites were found, guinea-
pigs were injected, but the results were again negative. Consequently, we are fairly
safe in asserting that no parasites were present.

In addition to those given in the foregoing list, I also examined two reed-buck,
one roan antelope, one bush-buck, and one grey duiker, in July 1914.

It must be here pointed out that Glossina tachinoides calls for consideration as well
as G. palpalis and G. submorsitans, as according to Bouet, Roubaud and Gallagher,
the former species carries Trypanosoma brucei in its natural state in West Africa.
Dr. Moiser also states that at Mulgue, near Maifoni, the natives assert that tsetse kill
horses and cattle in that district, and this species is G. tachinoides. There can be little
doubt that this is so, as it is the most common species on the upper reaches of the
River Volta, and practically the only species at Yapi for the greater part of the year.
I lost two ponies with trypanosomiasis at Yapi within a few months.

The following are the parasites identified in the blood of the animals shot. Of the
three warthog shot at Kofaba on 6th February 1916, two contained a scanty infection
of what was apparently Trypanosoma pecorum. Trypanosomes have already been
found in the blood of warthog (Bevan). Several writers have noted the close
association between tsetse and warthog, although in all fairness I must say that this
fact has never been evident to me.

The reed-buck shot at Daboya on 10th April 1914 contained an undoubted infection
of T. vwax. This fact is extremely important, as the animal was shot not 400 yards
from the road and enormous numbers of cattle pass this road daily during the time
when the river is low, on their way to Kintampo and Coomassie.

Of the reed-buck shot at the same place on the following day, Dr. J. W. 8. Macfie,
to whom I submitted the slide says :—

“ The reed-buck had a few trypanosomes, some undoubtedly with a free flagellum.
I only found a few parasites and it was not easy to make much of them, but I don’t
think they were T. vivax. I think they were of the polymorphic group which includes
T. gambiense, T. pecaudi, etc. I did not of course find any posterior nuclear forms.
All it is possible to say is that the trypanosomes appeared to belong to the poly-
morphic group (sometimes incorrectly called.the 7. brucei group), and that it is
impossible to exclude the chance that they may have been 7’. gambiense.”

The blood of both of the oribi shot at Kabampwi on 2nd May 1916 showed a few
piroplasms. They were exactly like Theileria mutans, very common in cattle in the
Northern Territories. They were either Theileria (Piroplasma) mutans itself, or a
closely allied species. Todd and Wolbach have noted a similar parasite in the roan
antelope, which they called 7. hippotragi, but I do not think one has previously been
found in the oribi.

The blood of the haartebeeste shot at Gwa on 20th June 1916, and that of the red-
flanked duiker shot at the bush camp at Larabanga on 10th July 1916, both contained
a Babesia resembling Theileria parva.

(C419) p2

212 DR. JAMES J. SIMPSON.

It is interesting to note that out of the small number of animals examined no fewer
than seven contained blood parasites, and that these animals belonged to five different
species.

T. pecorum is common in cattle and has also been found in horses, while one of my
ponies died with an infection of 7. vivax. It is rather strange that no specimen of
T. congolense was found in the blood of game, as a large number of cattle and horses
examined by me were infected with this species, and I myself lost three ponies with
this infection.

Although the blood of a number of hyaenas was examined, it is particularly striking
that no Leucocytozoon was found.

XI. Human Trypanosomiasis.

During my stay in the Northern Territories only two cases of trypanosomiasis in
natives came to my notice. One of these was a cook in the employ of Dr. Burgess
at Salaga, and the trypanosome was undoubtedly T. gambiense. On Dr. Burgess’
departure from the Colony I lost sight of the native, so cannot definitely state his
progress.

The other was a constable in the Northern Territories’ Constabulary in Tamale.
He visted Dr. Graham, Provincial M.O. Tamale, with a temperature. Dr. Graham
examined his blood and found a trypanosome. He gave him 5 grs. of atoxyl, and
from that day onward never succeeded in finding another trypanosome. He wrote
to me about the case, and I suggested that it might be a cattle trypanosome, non-
pathogenic to man. A slide of the blood was sent to Dr. Macfie at the laboratory,
Accra, who identified it as T. vivaz.

XII. Blood-sucking Arthropods other than Glossina.
In order to demonstrate the distribution of these arthropods, the most satisfactory
method is to take certain definite areas and show the species found in each locality.

This list must be taken as supplementary to those given in my original Report on the
Gold Coast.*

Tamale (the headquarters of the Northern Territories): Anopheles costalis, Lw.;
A. funestus, Giles, A. mauritianus, Grp:, A. rufipes, Gough, Stegomyra fasciata,
F., S. africana, Theo., S. luteocephala, Newst., Culiciomyia nebulosa, Theo.,
Mucidus scatophagoides, Theo., Tabanus biguttatus croceus, Sure.

Between Tamale and Yapi: Tabanus biguttatus croceus, Sure., T. taeniola,
P. de B., T. sticticollis, Sure., Cordylobia praegrandis, Aust.

Yapi or Tamale Port: Anopheles costalis, Lw., A. funestus, Giles, Stegomyva
fasciata, F., S. africana, Theo., S. luteocephala, Newst., Mansoniordes uniformis,
Theo., M. africanus, Theo., Culex duttoni, Theo., Culicoides sp., Simulium
damnosum, Theo., Chrysops distinctipennis, Aust., Tabanus biguttatus croceus,
Sure., 7’. taeniola, P. de B., T. sticticollis, Sure., T. gratus, Lw., T. africanus,
Gray, T. subangustus, Ric., T. ditaeniatus, Mcq., T. albipalpus, Walk.,
LT. sumpson, Aust.

* Bull. Ent. Research, v, pp. 1-36.

BIONOMICS OF TSETSE, ETC., IN THE GOLD COAST. 213

Between Yapi and Yeji on the River Volta: Tabanus biguttatus croceus, Surc.,
T. taemola, P. de B., T. simpsoni, Aust.
Between Yeji and Yapi (overland) :
Yeji: Uranotaenia connali, Edw.
Makongo: Culex quasigelidus, Theo., Ochlerotatus nigeriensis, Theo., Tabanus
sticticollis, Sure., T. gratus, Lw.
Salaga: Auchmeromyia luteola, F.
Kofaba: T’. taeniola, P. de B., T. sticticollis, Sure.
Tomaklaw: TZ. biguttatus croceus, Sure., T. sticticollis, Surc., T. gratus, Liw.
Between Daboya and Bole :
Larabanga: Tabanus fasciatus, F., T. subangustus, Ric., T. taeniola, P. de B.,
T. thoracinus, P. de B., Haematopota beringert, Aust., H. gracilis, Aust.,
H. bullatifrons, Aust., Hippocentrum versicolor, Aust.
Guripe: Haematopota sp. near tenuis.
Dimawu: Hippocentrum versicolor, Aust.
Murugu: Hippocentrum versicolor, Aust., Haematopota gracilis, Aust., Haemato-
pota sp. near corsoni, Carter.
Kunkwa: TYabanus sticticollis, Surc., 7. taeniola, P. de B.
Togoland :
Gnani: Tabanus fasciatus, F., Tabanus sp.
Depoi: Tabanus sticticollis, Sure.
Bimbilla: Tabanus sticticollis, Sure.
Tali: Tabanus biguttatus croceus, Surc., T. sticticollis, Sure.
Chamba: Tabanus sticticollis, Sure.

The following are the five species of ticks and one species of louse which were
obtained, with the names of the hosts on which they occurred.

Hyalomma aegyptvum, L. f off roan antelope,
Amblyomma variegatum, F. Larabanga,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Latr. lL 23.vu.14.
Rhipicephalus sanguineus var. sulcatus, Neum., off bush cat, Yapi, 26.vi.14.
Boophilus australis, Fuller, off roan antelope, Daboya, 23.vi.16.

off warthog, Daboya, 13.vi.16.
Hyalomma aegyptium, L. offroan antelope, ,, 21.vi.16.

off roan antelope, s 23.vi.16.
Rhipicephalus falcatus, Neum., off warthog, Daboya, 13.vi.16.
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Latr. | a eee a
Haematopinus eurysternus, N., found on the eyelids of a cow at Yapi.

One of the most outstanding features with regard to the TaBANnrpAE is the large
number of males which were captured at the height of the dry season and until a
month before the rains. For example, in the case of Tabanus sticticollis, in December

214 DR. JAMES J. SIMPSON.

1915, 37 g were taken between Sankwalla and Tamale; 30 gand3 Q were captured
at Tomaklaw in February 1916; 38 ¢ at Kofaba; 33 ¢ between Kofaba and
Charma; 21 gat Makongo and 5 3 at Yapi in the same month.

At Kofaba 187 g and not a single female of T. taeniola were eaneh by two collectors
in One morning around a small water-hole.

In January 1917, 73 3 of TF. sticticollis were captured at Depoi in Togoland,
18 gat Bimbilla, 23 gat Tali, 10 gat Chamba, and 9 g at Kunkwa.

During the other months hardly a male is to be seen when females are very abundant.

, 215

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES OF THE FAMILY
TRYPANEIDAE, OTHER THAN DACUS (8.L.), WITH DESCRIP-
TIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES (DIPT.).—I.

By Prof. M. Brzz1,
4 Turin, [taly.

(PLATE V.)

While the Oriental* and Neotropicalt Trypaneids have been the subject in
recent times of extensive studies, those of the Ethiopian Region are still almost
in the same condition in which they were left by H. Loew in his valuable paper of
1861.£ Only more recently Prof. Hendel has made an attempt to erect some
Ethiopian genera in his general classification of the family§; but all these genera
are only shortly characterised by means of dichotomic tables, and most of their
type-species have been given names as new species, but without any description.

The object of this paper is to give a summary account of our present knowledge
of the classification and distinctions of the Ethiopian species of TRYPANEIDAE,
with the purpose of facilitating further research in this very important family
of flies.

The main material was submitted to the writer by the Imperial Bureau of
Entomology, through the kindness of Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, and is now to be found
in the British Museum; while some of it has been accumulating from various
sources and for many years in the private collection of the writer himself.

I have already given in 1908|| a catalogue of the Ethiopian Trypaneids
described up to that time, with the enumeration of about 70 species (not counting
Dacus); a considerable number of additional forms have however been
subsequently described by Austen, Enderlein, Graham, Hendel, Lamb, Silvestri,
Speiser and myself, thus bringing the total number of the known species to about
110 (always excluding Dacus). No doubt this number may be somewhat reduced
by synonymy, but it is certainly much lower than that of the actually existing
species ; for in the Oriental and Australian Regions about 170 species (without
Dacus) are known, and in the Neotropical, including Mexico and Central America
(a region in which Dacus does not occur) about 250.

According to the classification proposed by me,¥[ and accepted with slight
modification by Prof. Hendel, the family may be divided into three subfamilies
the Dacinak, the CERATITINAE and the TRYPANEINAE (TEPHRITINAE), to which

* M. Bezzi, Mem. Ind. Mus., iii, No. 3, May 1913, pp. 51-175, pl. viii—x.

tj F. Hendel, Abh. Ber. K. Zoo!. Anthr. Mus. Dresden, xiv (1912), No. 3, June 1914,
pp. 3-84, pl. i-iv.

t Berl. ent. Zeits., v, 1861, pp. 253-306, pl. ii.

§ Wien. ent. Zeit., xxxiii, April 1914, pp. 73-98.

|| Bull. Soc. ent. ital., xxxix (1907), 1908, pp. 3-199 (v. pp 138-142).

{| Boll. Lab. Zool Portici, v, September 1910, pp. 1-32, 11 figs.

216 PROF. M. BEZZI.

may be added as a fourth the somewhat aberrant ScHISTOPTERINAE. All these
four subfamilies are well represented in the Ethiopian fauna, while the first and
the last are very scarce or even absolutely wanting in America.

Owing to the great importance of chaetotaxy for the distinction of these flies,
in the following tables and descriptions abbreviations are used for indicating the
bristles or macrochaetae, as follows :—

a. sa. = anterior supra-alar. prsc. = praescutellar.
a. sct. = apical scutellar. prst. = praesutural.

b. sect. = basal scutellar. : p. Sa. = posterior supra-alar.
de. . .= dorso-central. pt. = pteropleural.
hm.. = humeral. pvt. = postvertical.

1. or. = inferior orbital. sa. = supra-alar.
mpl. = mesopleural. scp. = scapular.

npl. .= notopleural. sct. = scutellar.

oc. = ocellar. st. = sternopleural.
ocp.. = occipital row. Ss. or. = superior orbital.
or. = orbital. vt. = vertical.

The Ethiopian genera of TRYPANEIDAE may be distinguished as follows :—
1(6). Thoracic chaetotaxy incomplete, hm., prst., de. and st. being always
wanting (and also the prsc. in African forms)... .. Subfam. Dacrnae.
2(5). Femora not spinose beneath; thoracic suture interrupted ; inferior angle
of the anal cell drawn out into a very long, thin point.

3(4). Only two sa. present, the anterior one being entirely wanting
Dacus, F. (s. str.).

4(3). Three sa., the anterior one being well developed. . .. TLridacus, Bezzi.
5(2). Femora spinose beneath; thoracic suture complete; point of anal cell
proportionally short fe tei .. Meracanthomyia, Hend.

6(1). Thoracic chaetotaxy complete ; that; is, the above-named bristles usually
present, or at least not all wanting at the same time.

7(92). Wings with the costa not broadly interrupted at end of the auxiliary vein,
and destitute of peculiarly coloured “ bullae” on the disc.

8(67). Ocp. composed of thin and acute bristles, which usually are of a black colour ;
in doubtful cases, either the antennal arista is plumose, or the scp. are
well developed, or the de. are placed much behind the suture, or the
third longitudinal vein is bristly, or the point of the anal cell is long, or
the wings are not reticulate, or the body shows a striking coloration

Subfam. CERATITINAE.

9(10). Femora spinose beneath ; arista shortly plumose; third longitudinal vein

with only a few bristles near its extreme base .. Conradtina, End., p. 222. .
10(9). Femora not spinose beneath.

11(48).

12(29).

13(16).

14(15).

15(14).

16(13).

17(28).

18(19).

19(18).
20(27).
21(26).

2223).

23(22),
24(25),

25(24),
26(21).

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 217

Third longitudinal vein bristly throughout its whole length, or at least from
the base to the small cross-vein; ocp. mostly black; arista very often
pilose or plumose; scp. well developed; lower angle of the anal cell
mostly drawn out in a point which is longer than the second basal cell.

De. placed only a little behind the connecting line between the a. sa., and
thus not very far from the suture.

Three strong i. or. present ; hind cross-vein placed obliquely outwards, that
is, with its upper end more distant from the base of wing than the
inferior one ; upper angle of discoidal cell therefore acute; occiput with
lateral swellings below ; eyes narrow.

Body prevalently black, with striking yellow or white markings; wings
with the discoidal cell short and broad, adorned with blackish longi-
tudinal bands and with a A-shaped band near the hind border

Carpophthoromyra, Aust., p. 224.

Body prevalently yellowish ; wings with the discoidal cell more elongate

and only with some yellowish, partly infuscated, transverse bands
Leucotaeniella, gen. nov., p. 227.

Only two i. or. present; hind cross-vein inwardly oblique, its lower end being
more remote from the wing base than the upper one; the acute angle of
the discoidal cell is therefore the lower one.

Middle scp. well developed ; legs short and stout ; wings of broader shape ;
head not “ balanced” (see p. 241), with rather rounded eyes and less
developed lower cccipital swellings.

Third antennal joint distinctly pointed at the upper end; arista long
plumose ; lower occipital swellings rather developed

Chelyophora, Rond., p. 229.

Third antennal joint rounded at end.

Basal segment of the costa destitute of bristles before the costal bristle.

Head, in side view, less shortened, the eyes being therefore more rounded ;
thorax and scutellum prevalently yellowish or reddish, with black spots ;
wings with yellowish bands and blackish basal streaks, the band passing
over the hind cross-vein not united with the basal one.

Arista with short pubescence, more distinct on the upper side; frons of the
male with conspicuous spatulate appendages

Ceratitis, MacLeay (s. str.), p. 230.

Arista with longer pubescence on both sides or shortly plumose ; frons of
the male without such appendages.

Middle legs of male broadly feathered, at least on the tibiae

Pterandrus, gen. nov., p. 231.

Middle legs of male simple .. 4 .. Pardalaspis, gen. nov., p. 233.

Head distinctly shortened in side view, the eyes being more narrow ;
thorax and scutellum shining black, sometimes with white markings ;
wings with blackish bands radiating from the base, which is destitute of
streaks ; arista long plumose .. .. Trirhithrum, gen. nov., p. 236.

218

27(20).

28(17).

29(12).

30(33).

31(32).

32(31).

33(30).

34(37).

35(36).

36(35).

37(34).
38(39).

39(38).

40(41).

41(40).

42/43).

43(42).

44(45).

PROF. M. BEZZI.

Basal segment of the costa provided with two groups of strong spines
before the costal bristle .. iy ; i’ Bistrispinaria, Speis.
No distinct middle scp.; legs long and ienaas wings long and narrow,
with the small cross-vein much before the ehiddle of the discoidal cell
and adorned with yellowish longitudinal rays; head “ balanced,” with

narrow eyes and strongly developed lower occipital swellings
Xanthorrhachista, Hend., p. 241.

De. placed much behind the line of the a. sa., and therefore very far from
the suture; eyes usually rounded; lower occipital swellings absent or
less developed ; hind cross-vein outwardly oblique.

Second longitudinal vein distinctly wavy; scutellum with three pairs of
bristles, the intermediate pair being however often much smaller than
the others ; arista usually plumose or pilose.

St. wanting; head much broader than the thorax; middle scutellar
bristles weaker; 3rd and 4th longitudinal veins with their last portions
parallel .. - ved fe Themarictera, Hend., p. 248.

St. present ; head not or a little broader than the thorax ; middle scutellar
bristle as strong as the others; the above- aA) veins diverging
distally ; arista plumose or ja ve .. Themara, Walk., p. 244.

Second longitudinal vein straight.

Scutellum with three pairs of bristles; third longitudinal vein with
numerous and very long bristles on its whole length.

Head normal, with rounded eyes; i. or. present; antennae separated
by a keel from the base ; lower angle of the anal cell drawn out in a long
point de ; x. Lee .. Baryglossa, gen. nov., p. 244.

Head abnormal, sith very narrow eyes; 1. or. wanting; no keel between
the antennae ; anal cell not produced below .. Cladoderris, Bezzi., p. 246.

Scutellum with ie two pairs of bristles.

Arista plumose ; oc. rudimentary or wanting ; wings mostly black

Ptilonola, Hend., p. 246.

Arista bare or shortly pubescent.

Face very concave, without a distinct middle keel, but with prominent
sides; abdomen long and thin, rather conical

Coelopacidia, End., p. 248.

Face of usual shape, with more or less distinct middle keel ; abdomen ovate,
not conical.

No prst. and no oc. ; wings with the small cross-vein placed near the middle
of the discoidal cell and with the last portion of the 4th longitudinal
vein curved and diverging from the 3rd Rhacochlaena, Loew, p. 248.

Prst. always present ; oc. usually well developed ; last portion of 4th vein
not or less curved and not or little diverging.

Small cross-vein near or before the middle of the discoidal cell; wings
adorned with narrow, vertical, fuscous bands, which are often partly
broken into spots .. a es .. Phorellia, R.D., p. 249.

45(44).

46(47).

47(46).

48(11).

49(50).

50(49).
51(52).

52(51).
53(54).

54(53).
55(60).

56(57).

57(56).
58(59).

59(58).
60(55).
61(64).
62(63).
63(62).

64(61).

65(66).

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I, 219

Small cross-vein much beyond the middle of the discoidal cell ; wings with
a much more extended dark pattern.

Wings of usual shape and rather broad, with short stigma and distinct
costal bristle, and with the fore half variegated ; oc. well developed

Philophylla, Rond., p. 249.

Wings rather narrow, with parallel sides, with elongate stigma and no costal
bristle, and with the fore half usually entirely infuscated ; oc. very thin
or even wanting .. +3 at a .. Ocneros, 0. Costa, p. 250.

Third longitudinal vein quite bare or only with a few bristles near the base ;
ocp. mostly pale; arista usually bare or shortly pubescent; scp.
sometimes less developed ; anal cell usually with a short point.

De. much behind the line of the a. sa.; wings narrow and long, with
parallel sides ; anal cell with a long point’... Ocnerioxa, Speis.

De. on the line of the a. sa. or only a little behind ; wings of usual shape.

Anal cell quite rounded paige its lower angle being neither acute nor
produced .. i : ; vi Tephritis, Latr.

Anal cell with the lower ina acute, na more or less produced in a short
point.

Prst. wanting; oc. very little developed; arista shortly plumose; body
pale-coloured a. st e Staurella, Bezzi.

Prst. always present ; arista bare or Soe ae pubescent.

Body mostly pale-coloured, often with black spots on thorax and scutellum ;

scp. always pale ; wings with yellowish bands or rays, or quite hyaline.

No oc. ; small cross-vein at or before the middle of the discoidal cell

Carpomyia, A. Costa,
Oc. well developed ; small cross-vein beyond the middle of the discoidal cell.
Eyes narrow, much higher than broad; prsc. as widely separated as the

de. ; wings with yellowish longitudinal rays .. Craspedoxantha, Bezzi.
Eyes rounded ; prsc. nearer together than the de. ; wings with cross bands
or wholly alee ze Py A 2 Terellia, R.D.

Body quite black, at the most ae an cs reddish ; wings dark brown
or blackish, with hyaline spots and indentations.

Thorax shining black, the ground-colour of back not or little altered by the
faint greyish pollen ; scutellum convex, shorter than broad.

Three i. or. ; ocp. blackish or pale; a. sct. wanting or rudimentary, much
shorter than the very long b. sct. ¥ 3% re Aciura, R.D.

Only two i. or. ; a. sct. about as strong as the b. sct. ; ocp. quite black

Spheniscomyia, Bezzi.

Thorax on the back densely clothed with greyish pollen, the ground-colour
not or hardly visible; scutellum flat, as long as broad, usually with
strong a. sct.

Wings of usual shape, with an Aciura-like pattern, without hyaline spots
on the disc .. an 3 He ‘ae os .. TLephrella, Bezzi.

PROF. M. BEZZI.

. Wings more or less widened, rounded at end and narrow at base with some

hyaline spots in the middle 4 ; af .. Platensina, End.
Ocp. composed of strong and usually bikes bristles, which arepale yellowish
or whitish in colour, at least in part; scp. mostly not or less distinct ;
third longitudinal vein bare on the upper side, or exceptionally with a ae
bristles near the base ; in doubtful cases, either the wings have a reticulate
pattern, or the de. are placed much before the a. sa., or the lower point
of anal cell is very short, or the arista is bare, or the coloration of body
is much more modest, and entirely without striking markings.
Subfam. TRYPANEINAE.

. Wings with Aciwra-like pattern, that is, with two hyaline indentations

at fore border and three or four at hind border; a. sct. present or
absent ne - afd .. Tephrella, Bezzi (p. p.).

. Wings with a different med
. Wings much widened and rounded outwardly, about as long as broad, with

the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins much diverging distally ; arista shortly
plumose or with rather long pubescence.

2). Face and frons without black spots; axillary cell very narrow, narrower

than the marginal one; wings with a few hyaline discal spots
Platensina, End.

. Fore part of the frons or face with velvety black spots; axillary cell well

developed ; wings with numerous and usually minute hyaline spots on
the disc .. a ay! me: ae sa . .Hutretosoma, Hend.

. Wings of usual shape, not or but little widened, at any rate much longer

than broad; arista bare or microscopically pubescent.

. Wings very narrow and long, with parallel sides and with the anal cell

obtuse, its lower angle not being acute. . iy .. Llaphromyia, Big.

. Wings not so shaped, and with the lower angle of anal cell mostly acute.
. Wings with the black pattern more extended than the hyaline one ; hyaline

discal spots very few in number, thus the wings not appearing reticulate.

. Wing pattern not distinctly radiating at apex and hind border.
. Two i. or.; proboscis long and rather geniculate; b. sct. very long, the

a. sct. wanting or rudimentary .. cis .. Spathulina, Rond.

. Three i. or. ; a. sct. well developed ; proboscis short and simple

Plomelaena, subgen. nov.

; Wing pattern distinctly See proboscis not geniculate; usually two

1. or. and four equal sct. Me La .. Huaresta, Loew.

. Wings with the hyaline part more capcated than the blackish one, or

appearing reticulate owing to the numerous discal spots, or being
dimidiate, or having a star-shaped apical pattern.

. Head depressed, considerably longer than high, with very narrow jowls ;

if head not so depressed, the proboscis very long and geniculate, its
terminal part being as long as or longer than the lower border of head
Ensina, R.D.

83(82).
84(89).
85(88).
86(87).

87(86).

88(85).
89(84).

90(91).

93(94).

94(93).

95(96).

96(95).

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 221

Head not depressed and proboscis usually short and simple ; if the proboscis
is geniculate, its terminal part is shorter than the basal one.
Wings with a properly reticulate pattern, extended over all, or almost all,
their surface.
Frons flat, and not at all or little produced above ; ovipositor flat.
Frons of usual breadth; antennae rather approximate ; wings not at all
widened, with the stigma unicolorous or with a single hyaline spot
Euribia, Meig.
Frons very broad ; antennae broadly separated ; wings distinctly widened,
usually with short, radiating, marginal streaks and with a bimaculate
stigma a we 38 mn ¥: a Campiglossa, Rond.
Frons convex and prominent above; ovipositor conical
Camaromyia, Hend.
Wing pattern not extended over the greater part of surface, but either the
hind or the basal half is quite hyaline.
Wings dimidiate, that is, on the fore half with a dark reticulation, at least
at the end, on the hind half either quite hyaline or with a very faint
reticulation. . ae of He Acanthiophilus, Beck.

. Wings with a star-shaped pad on ae terminal half Trypanea, Schrank.

Wings with the costa broadly interrupted at end of the auxiliary vein, and
there with a projecting border; they are provided with strikingly
distinct “bullae”; ocp. thick and yellowish; arista bare or shortly
pubescent ; dc. near the suture ;, 3rd longitudinal vein bare, small cross-
vein often obliterated ; anal cell obtuse or acute below, but not prolonged
(subfam. SCHISTOPTERINAE).

Second longitudinal vein long, ending at costa nearer to the end of the third ;
anal cell acute ca 3rd and 4th longitudinal veins not or but little
diverging distally . a / a .. Rhabdochaeta, de Mei}.

Second longitudinal vein short, Sie at costa nearer to the first; anal
cell obtuse below; 3rd and 4th longitudinal veins exceedingly divergent
outwardly.

Scutellum with 6 bristles; 3rd longitudinal vein ending before the apex of
wing. . “ a. ne 4 .. Rhochmopterum, Speis.

Scutellum with 4 ae 3rd longitudinal vein ending at apex

Schistopterum, Beck.
I. Subfam. DACINAE.

The Ethiopian species of this subfamily have been dealt out by me in two previous
papers, published in this Bulletin.*

Of the Oriental genus Meracanthomyia there is a species, antennata, Hendel
(Wien. ent. Zeit., xxxi, 1912, p. 11), described from W. Africa, Ashanti.

* Bull. Ent. Res., vi., September 1915, pp. 85-101, 14 figs.; vill, August 1917,
pp. 63-71, 6 figs.

b)
bo
bo

PROF. M. BEZZI.

II. Subfam. CERATITINAE.

Of this numerous subfamily only the genera with a bristly third longitudinal
vein are treated in the present paper.

I. Conraptina, Enderlein, 1911.

This well characterised genus has a rather isolated position, and comprises some
species of greater size which are not unlike the Oriental species of Lagarosia, in
which however the femora are unarmed. The genus Celidodacus, Hendel, 1914,
with its undescribed type-species, C. apicalis, Hendel, from South Nigeria (Wien.
entom. Zeit., xxx, April 1914, p. 75), is not dealt with here, as I have been unable
to recognise it, but the new species here described (Conr. suspensa) apparently has
a very similar wing pattern.

To the characters of the genus Conradtina may be added that the scuouel longi-
tudinal vein is distinctly sinuous, and that the first is very short, ending much
before the small cross-vein, which is placed beyond the middle of the discoidal cell.
The genus, as far as at present known, 1s confined to West Africa. The species can
be distinguished as follows :—

1(6). Apex of wing at end of 3rd and 4th longitudinal vein more or less broadly
whitish hyaline, the apical fuscous band being therefore not contiguous
with the wing border.

2(5). The two fuscous bands on the two cross-veins separated in the middle.

3(4). The two above-named bands separated at the hind border; apical hyaline
band rather broad .. 4" = ree, Wied.

4(3). These two bands coalescent at the Me fio tlld aig hy hyaline band very
narrow ; a fuscous oblique streak across the middle of the last portion of

4th vein a oe aa ie .. acrodiauges, Speis.
5(2). The two fuscous bands net to form a mae broad patch, which is attached
by a brown streak to the fore border igs , .. Ssuspensa, Sp. NOV.

6(1). Apical fuscous band contiguous to the costa, and thus entirely filling the
wing tip; an oblique fuscous streak on the middle of the last portion cf
4th vein es + . ¥: a a .. longicornis, End.

1. Conradtina longicornis, Enderlein, Zool. Jahrb., xxxi, 1911, p. 443, fig. 8.
Described from W. Africa, Fernando Po.

2. Conradtina acrodiauges, Speiser, Deut. ent. Zeits., 1913, p. 145.
Of this species, described. from Camerun, Duala, I have before me the specimen
collected at Lagos, 8. Nigeria, by Prof. F. Silvestri and recorded by me in 1914.*

3. Conradtina acroleuca, Wiedemann, Auss. zweifl. Ins., 1, 1830, p. 520 (Dacus).
Prof. Hendel in 1912+ has redescribed this species from W. Africa, Sierra Leone ;
Wiedemann’s type was from an unknown locality.

* Boll. d. Labor. di Zool. gen. e agr. Portici, vill, May 1914, p. 303.
+ Wien. entom, Zeit., xxxi, February 1912, p. 13.

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 223

4. Conradtina suspensa, sp. nov. (fig. 1).

Very distinct from all the other known species on account of the broad fuscous
patch on the middle of wings, comprising in a single spot both the cross-veins, as
in Lagarosia.

2. Length of body (with the ovipositor), 10 mm. ; of wing, 8 mm.

Head reddish yellow, with a broad black patch on each side of the occiput, which
shows no distinct lateral swellings. Frons with a dark stripe on each side, which is
shining and prominent on the basal half ; the face and the rather narrow jowls are
without dark spots. Antennae wholly yellowish, the third joint rounded at tip and
a little longer than the face; arista rather long plumose, the feathering being
broader than the breadth of the third antennal joint. Palpi and proboscis dirty
yellowish. The cephalic bristles seem to be all of a black colour, but they are in
part broken off. Thorax black on the back, with a faint pale pubescence ; humeri
pale yellowish ; the sides of back near the suture and on the hind half are partly
of a dark reddish colour; pleurae black, shining, but the whole sternopleura
is yellowish. Scutellum triangular, flat above, pale yellowish on the sides and

Fig. 1. Wing of Conradtina suspensa, sp. nov.

below, much darker reddish in the middle; it bears four bristles. All the
bristles are black; sc. long and strong. Mesophragma entirely black, rather
shining. Halteres pale yellow. Abdomen quite hlack, even on the venter;
ovipositor black, flat, as long as the last two abdominal segments. Legs with
all the coxae and the anterior and posterior femora pale yellow; middle femora
mostly dark brown; all the tibiae dark brown or even blackish, with the tips
narrowly reddish ; middle tarsi quite black, the others reddish at base. All the
femora are armed on the apical half with two rows of short but strong, black spines,
3-4 in each.row. Wings (fig. 1) with the normal venation; the 3rd longitudinal
vein is provided with 3-4 bristles only at its extreme base. They are whitish-
hyaline, with three fuscous bands, disposed as follows: The first is narrow and
extends perpendicularly from the stigma to the end of the anal cell. The second
is very broad, shaped as a rounded spot extending from the 3rd vein to the hind border,
enclosing the two cross-veins, and joined by a short peduncle to the apical band.
This last, or the third, is narrow and regularly curved ; after the end of the 2nd
vein itis removed from the costa, which is again reached at the end of the 4th, thus

224 PROF. M. BEZZI.

forming a hyaline band, which is as broad as the fuscous band itself. This apical
hyaline part is distinctly whitish. There is no trace of a dark streak across the.
middle of the last portion of the 4th vein.

Type 9, a single, rather old specimen from the Congo, in the writer’s collection.
II. CarporputHoromyiA, Austen, 1910.

This genus was erected by Austen* on the type-species vittata, Fabricius and Loew,,
uniting with it also grata, Wiedemann and Loew, scutellata and tritea, Walker, and the.
two new species formosula and pulchella ; it was distinguished from Ceratitis by its
general facies, the flat and triangular scutellum and the tubular ovipositor. In
19137 I took it as the 5th section of Ceratitis, thus adding to it the species which
are now placed in the new genus Trirhithrum. In 1914¢ Hendel (who at first§
had accepted it in the foregoing sense) restricted it to the two species scutellata and
tritea, with the main characters of the colour of body, number of 1. or., pattern of
wings and shape of the cross-veins.

I have followed here these views of Hendel, but including in the genus also the
type species vittata, which has the hind cross-vein not Ceratitis-like and has not even
a typical wing pattern. If this species is not congeneric with the others, the name
Carpophthoromyra must be used exclusively for it, and a new generic name is
necessary for scutellata and tritea. The genus seems to be an exclusively Ethiopian
one ; Prof. de Meijere has recently (1914) described a C. tomentosa from Java, which
however seems to belong to Carpophthorella, Hendel. For the three species grata,
formosula and pulchella, which all agree in wing pattern and have a Ceratitis-like
hind cross-vein, but have all a flat scutellum, a new genus is necessary ; but I have.
not yet seen these species in nature.

The species provisionally placed here can be distinguished as follows :—

1(8). Second longitudinal vein rather straight; base of wing wholly infuscated,
without streaks ; scutellum flat above and white or pale yellow in colour ;
abdomen destitute of whitish transverse bands.

2(3). Wings without hyaline indentations at fore border and with the ,a-shaped
band united with the fuscous of the base in the 3rd posterior cell ; scutellum.
with brown tip Bh bh ttt x nf bY vittata, Fabr.

3(2). Wings at fore border with a broad triangular hyaline indentation near the.
stigma; the inner branch of the A-shaped band is separated from the
fuscous of the base.

4(5). Scutellum entirely yellow; abdomen ferruginous towards the base; femora
tawny ; costal cell partly hyaline .. A - .. scutellata, Walk.

5(4). Scutellum on its posterior margin with three black spots, which are not visible -
from above; abdomen entirely black; femora mostly black; costal cell
wholly infuscated.

* Bull. Ent. Res., i, April 1910, p. 71.

f Boll. Lab. Zool. gen. agr. Portici, vii, February 1913, p. 22.
{ Wien. ent. Zeit., xxxiii, April 1914, pp. 80 and 97.

§ Wien. ent. Zeit., xxxi, February 1912, p. 15.

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 225

6(7). Frons with a transverse brown stripe; humeral calli dark brown; white
mesopleural patch vertical ; front femora entirely black .. tritea, Walk.
7(6). Frons with a longitudinal brown stripe; humeral calli white; mesopleural
patch longitudinal ; front femora whitish at apex pseudotritea, sp. NOV.
8(1). Second longitudinal vein distinctly wavy; wings with basal streaks ;
scutellum rather convex and shining black; abdomen with two broad
transverse bands of whitish pollen. . “ 3 .. superba, sp. nov.

1. Carpophthoromyia vittata, Fabricius, Wiedemann; Loew, Berl. ent. Zeits.,
v, 1861, p. 262, pl. u, fig. 3.
Originally described from Guinea, Loew has it from Senegal, and Austen records
it from East Africa, Delagoa Bay, and from Natal, Malvern.
Let
2. Carpophthoromyia scutellata, Walker, Ins. Saund. ,iv, 1853, p. 384, pl. viii, fig. 5.
Described with a query from Senegal, and recorded by Austen from Sierra Leone.

3. Carpophthoromyia tritea Walker, 1849; Austen, Bull. Ent. Res., i, 1910,
pp. 72 & 76.
Described from Sierra Leone, and not found subsequently.

4. Carpophthoromyia pseudotritea, sp. nov. (Plate v, fig. 1).
Ceratitis tritea, Bezzi, Bull. Lab. Zool. Portici, vii, 1913, p. 25, fig. 2; Silvestri,
lc., vii, 1913, p. 69, fig. 14.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but easily distinguished by thé characters
given in the table.

32. Length of body, 5-6 mm. ; of ovipositor, 1 mm. ; of wing, 5-6 mm.

In my previous papers I have referred the present species to tritea, Walker, with
a doubt, owing to the character of the dark brown humeral calli as indicated by
Mr. Austen. J have never seen the true éritea.

Now Dr. G. A. K. Marshall has compared the present specimens with the type in
the British Museum, and has found that they belong to a distinct species. ' It differs
in having the frons pale yellowish, with a brown longitudinal stripe, instead of being
pale brownish on the upper half and whitish on the lower half, thus forming a
transverse band. Besides, the humeral calli are white (not dark brown), and the white
mesopleural patch is longitudinal (not vertical) and twice as long as deep. The
front femora are whitish at the apex and the four posterior tibiae are entirely
whitish (not brownish on the basal half). The hyaline indentation after the stigma
on fore border of the wings is much shorter, ending a little beyond the 3rd longi-
tudinal vein, instead of being continued backwards int. the base of the 3rd posterior
cell.

Type- gf from Gold Coast, Aburi, 1912-13 (W. H. Patterson); type 2 from Aburi,
April-May 1911 (L. Armstrong); and some additional specimens from South
Nigeria, Agege, 17th April 1914 (Dr. W. A. Lamborn). I have seen the specimens
collected in South Nigeria, Olokemeji, by Prof. Silvestri, bred from fruits of
Pyrenacantha vogeliana. |

(C419) O

226 PROF. M. BEZZI.

5. Carpophthoromyia superba, sp. nov. (Plate v, fig. 2).
A strikingly distinct species, which is provisionally placed in the present genus,
notwithstanding the different shape of the scutellum and the basal streaks of the
wings. It much resembles the Oriental genus Anaplomus in general appearance
and wing pattern, but has a strong hm.

Q. Length of body, 5°5 mm. ; of ovipositor,* 2 mm. ; of wing, 6 mm.

Head pale yellowish, with a broad, reddish-brown stripe on middle of the frons ;
occiput with a brown spot above on each side, and with well developed, white and
whitish pilose, lower lateral swellings. Eyes narrow, higher than broad, aeute below.
Face rather narrow and long, entirely whitish ; a broad, reddish brown spot below
the lower angle of eyes. Palpi whitish, broadly ovate, with short black bristles ;
proboscis black. The antennae are wanting in the type; there are only the basal
joints, which are reddish. All the bristles of the head are black; there are three
strong i. or. ; the oc. are long but thin; the ocp. strong and black. Thorax on the
back entirely shining black, with sparse and short whitish pubescence ; the humeral
calli and the notopleural depression are of a very dark reddish-brown colour; on
the pleura there is a broad, oblique, white stripe, which occupies almost the whole
of the meso- and ptero-pleura ; sternopleura entirely reddish-brown ; there are two
united white hypopleural spots. Scutellum entirely shining black; it is convex
and rounded; only at the extreme base of the sides there is a very small, dark
yellowish spot. Postscutellum and mesophragma shining black. Chaetotaxy
complete ; all the bristles black ; de. placed on the line of the a. sa. ; 2 strong mpl. ;
4 sct. Halteres with whitish stalk and blackish knob. Abdomen shining black,
ovate ; with strong black bristles on the sides of last segment; first segment dark
ferruginous at base, with a broad and complete band of white dust at hind border ;
the 2nd white band occupies more than the whole hinder half of the 3rd segment.
The ovipositor is long, reddish, flat. Venter reddish brown, with pale dust. Legs
and coxae pale reddish, the middle femora almost entirely black, the others broadly
reddish at base ; tibiae and tarsi whitish, the middle tibiae more darkened at base ;
front femora with 5-6 long, black bristles ; middle tibiae with a very long and strong,
black spur; hind tibiae with a short row. Wings broad and long. The extreme
base is whitish hyaline; after this there is a portion extending to the stigma and
to the base of the 3rd posterior cell, occupied by parallel, alternate, blackish and
hyaline longitudinal streaks. The stigma is occupied by a triangular, hyaline
indentation, extended below to the 3rd vein. There is an arcuate, blackish band,
which extends obliquely from the anal veins, passing over the small cross-vein, to
the fore border, and along this to over the end of the 3rd vein, including some darker
spots along the costa and leaving a very narrow clear stripe along it. The A-shaped
band of the hind border is regular, but is broken in the middle, just above the 4th
vein. Costal spine long and strong; 2nd longitudinal vein distinctly wavy ; hind
cross-vein oblique outwardly, 1st posterior cell very broad ; small cross-vein a little
Seyond the middle of the short and broad discoidal cell ; anal cross-vein very bent

* By ovipositor (and its length) is always meant what is in reality the 7th abdominal
segment of the female. This is so called by authors and is always intended for basal
segment ; the true ovipositor is the apical segment, which is mostly retracted, and thus
ouly rarely recorded by authors in their descriptions.

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 227

in the middle ; inferior angle of anal cell not surpassing in length the second basal
cell ; discoidal cell only about twice as long as the hind cross-vein.
Type 9, a single specimen (British Museum) from. Nyasaland, Limbe, Chiromo,
Ruo R., 22 September 1916 (2. C. Wood).
Note.—The three species, provisionally placed here, which require the formation
of a new genus, are :—
(a) grata, Wiedemann ; Loew, Berl. ent. Zeits., v, 1863, pl. 11, fig. 6; from Cape of
Good Hope.
(b) pulchella, Austen, Bull. Ent. Res., 1, 1910, p. 72, fig. 1 ; from Uganda, Entebbe,
and recorded from Camerun by Dr. Speiser in 1915.
(c) formosula, Austen, Bull. Ent. Res., 1, 1910, p. 74, fig. 2; from Uganda.

III. LeucorarEnre.ia, gen. nov.

The present new genus seems to be allied to the Oriental Taeniostola, from which
it differs in having 3 1. or., no black stripes on the thorax, abdomen with whitish
instead of black bands, and different wing pattern. Head in front view as broad as
high ; eyes much higher than broad, very narrow ; occipital lower swellings much
developed ; jowls rather broad. Antennae inserted at the middle of the eyes, short,
with the third jcint rounded at tip and reaching only the middle of the face ; arista
long plumose. Cephalic bristles long and strong, black; 2 s. or. and 31. or., the
- latter very strong; 2 vt., the inner more than twice as long as the outer; ocp. well
developed, black ; oc. strong and long; genal bristle strong. Thoracic chaetotaxy
complete ; scp. much developed, the inner ones closely approximate; dc. placed

only a little behind the line of the a. sa.; 2 mpl.; pt. long and strong. Scutellum
rather convex above, but less than in Ceratitin, black-spotted, with 4 bristles.
Abdomen ovate, bristly on the sides and at end; male genitalia small; ovipositor
broad, flat, as long as the last three abdominal segments. Legs stout; front femora
with a complete row of bristles; middle tibiae with a single spur; row of bristles
on hind tibiae short, developed only about the middle. Wings broad, shaped and
patterned as in Ceratitis, but without basal streaks ; the bands are yellowish, partly
infuscated at the borders. Costal bristle long and strong; 1st longitudinal vein
ending before the small cross-vein; 2nd quite straight; 3rd a little curved abcut
the middle, and then parallel with the last portion of the 4th, with bristles on its
whole length; small crcess-vein placed a little beyond the middle of the discoidal
cell; posterior cross-vein long, outwardly oblique; discoidal cell long, about
2°5-3 times as long as the hind cross-vein ; anal cross-vein deeply sinuous, the anal .
cell with a rather broad point, which is not longer or even a little shorter than the
second basal cell.

Type: the first of the two following new species, which may be distinguished
as follows :—

1(2). Seutellum with a single black spot, the apical one (not counting the spots on
the postalar calli, which are present in both species) ; wing bands broader,

the basal one almost complete nd .. trispila, sp. nov.
2(1). Scutellum with three black etbE wing fide narrower, the basal one less
distinct ce os eee te os .. pentaspila, sp. nov.

(C419) ; c2

228 PROF. M. BEZZI.

The possibility is not excluded that the above recorded Trypeta grata under
Carpophthoromyia), notwithstanding the much darker coloration of the body, may
belong to the present new genus, as suggested by the very similar shape of the head
and of the wing pattern.

1. Leucotaeniella trispila, sp. nov. (Plate v, fig. 3).

A very distinct, pale-coloured species, with yellowish banded wings and with
three very striking black spots on the postalar calli and scutellum.

5 2. Length of body, 55-6 mm.; of ovipositor, 1 mm.; of wing, 55-6 mm.

Head entirely yellowish, without any dark spot, only the small ocellar dot
being black; the lower occipital swellings, the face and the jowls whitish ;
all the bristles black; the hairs on occiput whitish. In the middle of the
frontal stripe there is a less distinct, dark reddish, semicircular spot. Antgnnae
entirely yellow, even the arista. Palpi whitish, with pale hairs and a few
short black bristles at end; proboscis dirty yellowish. Thorax entirely reddish
yellow ; on the back there is pale pubescence and whitish dust, which forms three
very indistinct darker longitudinal stripes; the humeral calli, a broad, oblique
mesopleural stripe and two contiguous hypopleural spots are whitish or white ;
pleurae and mesophragma reddish, like the back ; behind the suture, there is on the
back a pale yellowish stripe on each side. On the postalar calli, just near the extreme
base of scutellum, there is on each side a deep black, opaque, rounded spot.
Scutellum shining pale yellowish ; its single apical spot is subquadrate, less visible
from above, filling out the space below and between the apical pair of bristles; it is
shining black. All the bristles are black; pleurae with whitish hairs. Halteres
whitish, with the base of stalk yellowish. Abdomen entirely reddish above, paler
below, with pale hairs and black bristles; the transverse bands of whitish dust are
on hind borders of first and almost on whole of 3rd segment ; in the female there is
a band also on the 4th segment. Male genitalia shining black, with yellow base ;
ovipositor entirely reddish, darker at the end. Legs and coxae entirely and
uniformly pale yellowish; all the bristles black. Wings hyaline, with yellowish
veins and the following yellowish pattern, margined with brown along the sides of
the bands on the hind half: A basal band, going obliquely from the stigma to the
end of the anal cell; the stigma is yellowish, with a dark brown, rounded spot near
its base ; the costal cell is hyaline in the middle, the second basal cell is yellow. An
oblique band beginning after the stigma and separated from this, going over the
small cross-veir. to the middle of the last portion of anal vein. From this band runs
a marginal stripe, which going along the fore border ends with a brown patch in the
middle between the ends of the third and 4th longitudinal veins ; along the costa
this band encloses 3-4 small hyaline spots, partly bordered with fuscous. From the
middle of this band runs an oblique streak, which, passing across the middle of the
last portion of the 4th vein, reaches the hind border a little below the end of this
last vein. Finally there is a broad edging to the hind cross-vein, which is widened
and more infuscated near the hind border, and ends above in a point near the 3rd
longitudinal vein. |

Type gd and type @ (British Museum), a single pair of specimens from Nyasaland,
Limbe, Chiromo, Ruo R., 22nd September 1916 (R. C. Wood).

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 929

2. Leucotaeniella pentaspila, sp. nov.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but.at once distinguished on account of its
three scutellar black spots and of the somewhat different wing pattern.

©. Length of body, about 5 mm. ; of ovipositor, 1 mm. ; of wing, 5 mm.

Head wanting in case of type. Thorax as in the preceding, but there 1 is no trace
of the yellow lateral stripes, and behind the suture there i is a faint, blackish pattern
of a triangular shape: the whitish markings are as in the precet in _ species, and
likewise the deep | black spots on the postalar calli, Scutellum with th e apical spot,
and besides with a rounded spot on each side, just behind the root of the b. sct. ;
these spots are partly visible from above. Mesophragma dark brown, blackish
below, and with a black patch beneath the double hypopleural spot. Halteres
whitish. Abdomen as in the preceding species, with three broad, whitish, transverse
bands ; ovipositor similarly reddish. Legs entirely pale yellowish. Wings with the
basal ithd less distinct, almost divided inte spots, the basal cells being almost entirely
hyaline, with only a few dark streaks at the end ; costal cell hyaline, with. only a dark
spot on each end ; stigma hyaline, with a rounded, blackish, basal spot. The oblique
2nd band is as in ‘the preceding species, but narrower and uniformly darkened. The
fore border is rather broad, but shows no distinct clear spots along the costa and is
uniformly darkened ; the oblique streak running from it is narrower and at the base
rather separated trou tt. =the incomplete band on the hind cross-vein is narrow,
and above does not extend into the first posterior cell, or only slightly so. The
neuration is identical with that of the preceding species.

Type Q (British Museum), a single specimen without a head, from Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan (H. H. King).

Iv. CHELYOPHORA, Rondani, 1875.

As stated by Prof. Hendel, after examination of the type, this genus is coincident
with my own genus Stictaspis, 1913 ; it is however to be remarked that Rondani in
his diagnosis says of the third dibormaal joint: “ nec distincte concavo superne, nec
apice mucronulato.”

1. CGhelyophora magniceps, sp. nov.

Rather hke striata, but distinguished by.its shorter third antennal joint, only
two i. or., different pattern of back and scutellum, and the fuscous band over the hind
cross-vein being united with the basal one, instead of being united with the costal
border.

fe. Length of body, 6 mm. ; of ovipositor, 2°5 mm. ;. of wing, 6 mm.

Head less. compressed, as toad as high, the frons therefore much broader than
in striata. Occiput entirely yellowish, shining above, whitish and opaque on the
rather developed lower swellings; frons golden yellow, with faint sericeous
reflexions ; ocellar spot reddish ; lunula. and face whitish ; jowls very broad, with
an imrlistinet dark reddish spot below the eye. The eyes are shorter, and pro-
portionally less narrowed. than in, striata. Antennae entirely reddish, short, not
reaching the middle of the face ; 3rd joint only twice as long as the 2nd, rather broad,
with a sharp point on its upper terminal corner ; arista very long plumose, Palpi
pale yellowish, with short black bristles ; Lonmette reddish. All the cephalic

230 PROF. M. BEZZI.

bristles are black; oc. long and strong; only two 1. or., with a very thin and rudi-
-mentary one in front of the 2nd pair; pvt. long; genal bristle very strong. Back
of thorax reddish, with yellowish pubescence ; the black lateral spots are about as
in striata and likewise shining above and velvety opaque below, but the middle
longitudinal stripe is faintly indicated by a verv narrow, dark brown line, and there
is no black patch behind the suture; the pleurae are uniformly pale yellowish,
immaculate ; there is a double, whitish hypopleural spot; the mesophragma is
shining reddish, and the postscutellum is black. The scutellum bears three very
broad, shining black spots, the middle one extending above only to the middle of the
disc, the lateral ones reaching the base ; besides there is on each side a deep black,
velvety opaque, rounded spot on the postalar calli, invading also the extreme sides
of lateral margin of scutellum. Chaetotaxy complete, with strong and black bristles,
the de. are placed a little before the line of the a. sa. ; scp. well developed ; 2 mpl. ;
pt. very strong; 4 sct. Halteres pale yellowish, with a darker knob. Abdomen
elongate, reddish, with pale yellowish base; hind border of 1st and almost the
whole of 3rd segment with broad, complete, transverse bands of whitish dust.
Ovipositor long, reddish brown, with short black hairs. Sides and end of abdomen
with long black bristles; venter yellowish, with whitish dust. Coxae and legs
entirelv pale yellowish, the tarsi being a little darkened at the end ; bristles black :
hind tibiae without distinct row. Wings with strong costal bristle and normal
neuration ; the hind cross-vein however, which is rather perpendicular in striata,
is here oblique as in Ceratitzs ; small cross-vein a little beyond the middle of the
discoidal cell. Base of wing to the end of the second basal cell with alternate
blackish and hyaline streaks, one dark streak in each cell, beginning with the costal
and ending with the anal cell; a short perpendicular yellowish band extending
from base of stigma to the 5th vein ; stigma hyaline, with narrow yellow base. The
other bands are yellowish, infuscated towards the hind border and disposed in the
usual radiating form of Ceratitis ; the oblique band over the hind cross-vein is united
with the basal band in front of the small cross-vein ; the marginal band has three
fuscous spots along the costa, where it 1s narrowly colourless ; the subapical oblique
streak is compete and well united to the costal band. Along the 5th longitudinal
vein the basal complete band is narrowly united with that of the extreme base.

Type @2 (British Museum), a single specimen from Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
(H. H. King).

V. Cerratitis, Macleay, 1829, s. str.

As here restricted, the present genus is confined to the type species cayntata, Wied.,
from which C. catowi, Guérin-Méneville (Rev. Zool., vi, 1843, p. 197), is possibly
distinct.* This latter species is recorded from the Island of Mauritius, and Froggatt
in 1911 noted it from the Seychelles ; capitata is known from the greater part of

Afiica.

*[C. catoiri is certainly distinct from C. capitata, being an obviously larger insect,
almost equalling C0. rosa, Karsch, in size. The oblique band over the hind cross-vein
unites with the broad median band along the 4th longitudinal vein, and the apical
section of this vein is crossed by an oblique fuscous spot. The stalk of the cephalic
appendage in the male is much longer, the spatula being white in colour, and subtriangular,
with the apex broadly truncate or slightly rounded ; whereas in C. capitata the spatula
is black and irregularly diamond-shaped.—Ep. ]

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I, 231

VI. PrERANDRUS, gen. nov.

The present new genus is erected here for the 3rd section of Ceratitis in my paper
of 1909.* It shows the complex of characters of the preceding genus, both
structurally and ornamentally, but is very distinct in the male sex, which lacks the
frontal appendages and has the middle legs feathered. The head is more compressed,
and has the middle band of the frons less hairy ; the arista has longer pubescence,
even on the underside; the scutellum is similarly provided with stout, short hairs
on the disc.

I have not succeeded in finding a distinction from the females of the following genus.

Type: Ceratitis rosa, Karsch, 1887.

The species of this exclusively Ethiopian genus may be distinguished as follows :—
1(6). Wings destitute of an oblique dark band across the last section of the 4th

longitudinal vein.
2(5). Middle femora feathered beneath,
3(4). Middle tibiae broadly feathered; basal segment of the ovipositor short,

measuring only 1 mm. inlength .. , de ak anonae, Grah.

4(3). Middle tibiae more shortly feathered ; ovipositor twice as long _colae, Silv.

5(2). Femora not at all feathered ; ovipositor short off si rosa, Karsch.

6(1). Wings with a distinct sais dark streak across the middle of last section
of 4th vein.

7(8). Femora quite satel’ thorax yellowish on the back and with less distinct

| pleural whitish band. . “3 ; .. rubwvorus, Coquill.

8(7). The four posterior femora broadly ieee’ Sta black on the back and with

a distinct, white mesopleural stripe ‘s an .. volucris, sp. nov.

1. Pterandrus anonae, Graham, 1908 (pennipes, Bezzi, 1908); Silvestri, Boll.
Labor. Zool. Portici, viii, 1913, p. 61, fig. x.

Described from Ashanti and Congo, and recorded subsequently from South
Nigeria.

2. Pterandrus colae, Silvestri, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, viii, 1913, p. 63,
fig. x1.
Described from Gold Coast, Aburi, and from Camerun, Victoria.

There are in the collection some specimens of both sexes from Gold Coast, Aburi,
1912-13 (W. H. Patterson) (Plate v, fig. 4).

>

3. Pterandrus rosa, Karsch, Entom. Nachr, xiii, 1887, p. 22; Froggatt,
Report 1909, p. 111.

Described from Delagoa Bay, and recorded from Natal.

I have received from Prof. Silvestri a pair of this species, caught at Durban,
Natal, on 15th February 1917.

* Boll. Lab. Zool. gen. agr. Portici, iii, April 1909, p. 273-313, 4 figs. (see p. 277).

ill

”

232 PROF. M. BEZZI.

4. Pterandrus rubivorus, Coquillett, 1901 (cosyra, Fuller, 1900) ;* Silvestri,
Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, viii, 1913, p. 66, fig. xii.
Described. from the Cape Colony ;. there is in the collection a 2 specimen from
Transvaal, Pretoria, 16th March 1914, in which the oblique streak on last portion
of 4th vein is is argh ee and hardly visible.

5. ‘Pterandrus volucris, sp. nov.

Nearly. allied to the preceding species, but at once distingtichall by the broadly
blackened legs. |
. 6. Length of body, 5 mm, ; of. wing, 5 mm. Occiput shining and yellowish above,
with a blackish spot on each side, whitish opaque and with whitish. hairs below.
Frons dull yellowish, with a small and indistinct, dark spot. on middle and with
very sparse, short hairs; ocellar dot black ; face pale yellowish ; jowls narrow, im-
maculate. Antennae aay pale Sheen: arista shortly plumose. Palpi and
proboscis dirty yellowish. Cephalic bristles black; only two i. or. Thorax on back
black, with greyish dust and short, yellowish pubescence; the sides and the hind
half are shining ; just before the scutellum there is a pale yellowish spot on each
side. . Pleurae dark brown, but the humeri and a broad mesopleural stripe are
whitish. peu with white hairs, A!] the bristles are black ; de. placed on the line
of the a. sa.; a single mpl. Scutellum yellowish, with three very broad, rectangular,
shining | eed spots and two very small basal ones; it bears 4 bristles, and short.
pale yellowish hairs on the disc. Postscutellum shining black; mesophragma
black, but with dense grey dust; a broad, double, whitish hypopleural spot.
‘Halteres pale yellowish, Abdomen dark brown, with whitish pubescence and black
bristles at the end; Ist and 3rd segment with a broad transverse band of whitish
dust at hind ee : genitalia shining yellow; venter brown, grey dusted. All
the coxae pale yellow. Front legs wanting in type; middle and hind femora black,
with yellow base; middle tibiae almost entirely black, hind tibiae pale yellowish
with darkened base's all the tarsi are pale yellowish. Feathers of middle legs long
but narrow, of an 7 aes black colour; they are present on the last half of the
underside of the femora, on the whole outer side and on the apical two-thirds of the
inner side of the tibiae. The base of middle tibiae is clothed with argenteous
tomentum. Wings hyaline, with scanty dark dots at base. First band narrow,
extending from stigma across the small cross-vein to the end of the anal vein ; the
marginal band is separated from it, and shows the usual 5 dark dots. The oblique
streak over the hind cross-vein is only a little produced above into the first posterior
cell; the oblique streak across the middle of last portion of fourth vein is faint, but
distinct. Venation normal ; the small cross-vein is before the middle of the discoidal
cell, which is narrow and long; stigma brown, with hyaline end; costal bristle
short. |

Type 3 (British Museum), a single specimen from British E. Africa, Embu,
18th December 1913 (G. St. J. Orde-Browne).

*(Mr. C. P. Lounsbury informs us that, so far as he is aware, the true Ceratitis rubivora,
Coq., has been bred only from blackberries in the Cape District (where it is quite common
and attacks no other cultivated fruit) and is not conspecific with the Natal fruit-fly
(OC. cosyra, Fuller, nec Walk.), as erroneously stated by Froggatt. The specimens of the
Natal fly sent us by Mr. Lounsbury are certainly referable to OC. rosa, Karsch.—EpD.]

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 233

It is very doubtful whether Ceratitis pemecillatus, Bigot (Ann. Soc. Ent. France
(7) i, 1891, p. 381 ; Froggatt, Report 1909, p. 108), from W. Africa, Assinia,
belongs to the present genus. _ | |

VIL. PARDALASPIS, gen. nov.

__ This new genus corresponds to the 4th section of Ceratitis on p..277 of my above-
quoted paper of 1909. It contains rather numerous species, which in the male sex
are very easily recognizable by the simple frons and the simple middle legs. The
wing pattern is mostly of a pale yellowish colour, but it is sometimes infuscated,
and it varies from that of the type of Ceratitis, s. str., to that of Pterandrus (viz.
with a separated costal band), and even to that of Trirhithrum (viz. with the middle
band united to the marginal one).

Type: Trypeta punctata, Wiedemann, 1824.

The Ethiopian species may be distinguished as follows :—

1(16). Wings with the band over the hind cross-vein quite isolated.

2( 13). The black spots cf the scutellum are very broad, quadrate or rectangular,
closely approximated, and covering almost the whole surface.

3(12). Last portion of the fourth longitudinal vein destitute of an oblique dark

| streak across its middle. :

4(5). Wings broad, with strikingly developed basal streaks and dots and with
the bands much infuscated; head of male with a peculiar and striking
coloration .. : : .. punctata, Wied.

5(4). Wings. with less elie lobed: — Soctiaen, and — pale yellowish bands,

| which at most are infuscated only towards the hind border; head of
male not peculiarly coloured.

6(7). Thorax destitute of black spots ; species of greater size (8 mm.)

brémei, Guér.

7(6), Thorax with distinct black spots, at least on the sides beyond the suture ;
size smaller (not cver 7 mm.). es

8(9). Humeri with a distinct black spot ; sides of thorax with black spots before

| the suture ; scutellum with basal black spots . i giffardi, Bezzi.= cosy:

9(8). Humeri and sides of thorax before the suture pe ten of black spots ;
scutellum with no distinct basal spots.

10(11). Arista pubescent ; back of thorax whitish, with some small, deep black dots ;
wings with the marginal band united at stigma with the basal one

stlvestrii, Bezzi.

11(10). Arista shortly plumose; thorax yellowish grey on the back, with broad,

less distinct dark spots; marginal band isolated .. morstatti, Bezzi.
12(3). Last portion of 4th vein crossed over the middle by a well developed,
oblique, dark streak ; wings short and broad .. .. antistictica, Bezzi.

13(2). The black spots of the scutellum much smaller and broadly separated,
the outer ones being more rounded; the scutellum therefore mo tly

te yellow.
14(15). Scutellum with three black spots ; wings with the marginal and the basal
bands wholly separated from the stigma ad .. flexuosa, Walk.

‘934 PROF. M. BEZZI.

15(14). Scutellum with five spots; the above-named two bands united together
and with the stigma a Re .. guinaria, sp. nov.
16(1). The band over the hind cross-vein is Me with the basal one near the
small cross-vein.
17(18). Wing bands more bet a dark streak on last portion of the fourth
longitudinal vein .. tu uy. stuctica, Bezzi.
18(17). Wing bands more idicladatea no tte on the fourth vein
unscripta, Grah.

1. Pardalaspis punctata, Wiedemann, 1824; Silvestri, Boll. Labor. Zool. Portici,
vill, 1913, p. 58, fig. ix.
A widely spread African species, which is known to attack cacao pods.

2. Pardalaspis bremei, Guérin Méneville, Rev. Zool., vi, 1843, p. 199.

Described from Senegal in the female sex and not found subsequently. It is
possible that the present species is identical with one or other of the following ; but
it is larger and in the description there is no mention of black spots on the thorax.

-3. Pardalaspis giffardi, Bezzi,* Boll. Labor. Zool. Portici, vii, 1912, p. 8, fig. 1 and
p. 21; Silvestri, ].c., vin, 1913, p. 54, fig. vi.
Reared by Prof. Silvestri from various fruits in Senegal, French Guinea, Dahomey
end South Nigeria.
There is in the collection a female specimen ~—s S. Nigeria, May 1914

(Dr. W. A. Lamborn).

4. Pardalaspis silvestrii, Bezzi, Boll. Labor. Zool. Portici, vii, 1912, p. 10, fig. 2;
Silvestri, l.c., viii, 1913, p. 56, fig. vii.
Known only from Senegal and French Sudan.

5. Pardalaspis morstatti, Bezzi, Boll. Labor. Zool. Portici, vii, 1912, p. 12, fig. 3.

Described from Camerun, Victoria, from where I have received it together with
Pierandrus -colae, Silv., which it much resembles both in general appearance and
wing pattern; the middle legs of the male are however entirely simple, and on the
front femora the characteristic ciliation of that species is lacking.

6. Pardalaspis antistictica, Bezzi, Boll. Labor. Zool. Portici, vii, 1913, p. 20, fig. 1;
Silvestri, l.c., vii, 1913, p. 57, fig. viii.

Reared by Prof. Silvestri in South Nigeria from the fruits of a wild plant. It was
at first described by me as a variety of stictica, Bezzi, but it seems to belong to a
distinct species, as shown by the short and broad wings, which have a short
discoidal cell, with the small cross-vein situated near its middle.

*[There can now be no doubt that this species is a synonym of Ceratitis cosyra, Walk.
(see p. 236, and Plate v, fig. 5), a specimen named by Prof. Bezzi having been compared with
Walker’s type. We have received the species in some numbers from the following
localities :—Gotp Coast: Aburi, Feb. and April 1911, bred from fruit of Landolphia
(1. Armstrong); NyYASALAND: Chiromo, Dec. 1916, bred from “mtondo” fruit
(R. C, Wood); S. Ruopers1a: Salisbury, Nov. 1914, bred from guavas, and Umtali, Aug.
and Sept. 1915 (R. W. Jack).—ED.}

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 235

7. Pardalaspis flexuosa, Walker, Ins. Saund., iv, 1853, p. 382, v. viii, fig. 2.

Described from the Cape and not fuund subsequently ; the above-quoted figure
by Westwoed shows a very distinct species, with characteristic scutellum and wing
pattern.

8. Pardalaspis quinaria, sp. nov. (Plate v, fig. 6).

Closely allied to the preceding species, but at once distinguished by the five
scutellar black spots and by the more complete wing pattern.

32. Length of body, 4°5-5 mm. ; of ovipositor, scarcely 1 mm. ; of wing, 4°5-5 mm.

Head entirely dull yellowish, grey dusted on the occiput, whitish on the face ;
frons in the middle with a broad, dark reddish spot, which is ill-defined. Antennae
entirely yellow, with a shortly pubescent arista ; jowls unspotted. Palpi whitish,
without black bristles ; proboscis yellowish. Cephalic bristles black or dark brown ;
oc. thin and long; 27. or.; genal bristle thin and yellow. Thorax entirely reddish
yellow, paler on the sides, with whitish or pale yellowish pubescence ; humeri and
sides entirely destitute of black spots; on disc there are two pairs of black dots, like
those of silvestrii, one at the suture, the other at the de. ; there are also two small
black dots on each side, behind the root of the wings. Scutellum pale yellowish,
shining, with five equally small, black spots, one at apex and a pair on each side,
placed symmetrically. Mesophragma yellow, whitish dusted; hypopleural spot
double, whitish. All the bristles black; de. a little behind the line of the a. sa. ;
i mpl. Halteres whitish. Abdomen pale yellowish, with the 3rd segment distinctly
darkened and with greyish bands on hind borders of Ist and 3rd segments; apical
bristles reddish or blackish (in the female) ; ovipositor flat, entirely reddish. Coxae
and legs entirely pale yellowish ; their bristles and hairs are yellowish, only those of
the front femora being black. Wings hyaline, with ill-developed dark basal spots ;
stigma yellowish, and from it a yellowish band goes over the small cross-vein to the
hind border, becoming darker in the third posterior cell and disappearing before
reaching the wing margin; the marginal yellowish band united to the stigma, with
the usual five blackish dots and infuscated at end; the oblique band over the hind
cross-vein is wholly infuscated and is produced only a little beyond the 4th vein above.
Last portion of 4th vein without a dark streak. Costal bristle well developed ;
venation normal; small cross-vein placed on the first third of the rather long
‘discoidal cell.

Type gd and type ¢ (British Museum), a single pair from Salisbury, 9th December
1915, bred from apricot (R. W. Jack).

‘9. Pardalaspis stictica, Bezzi, Boli. Lab. Zool. Portici, iii, 1909, p. 278, and vii,
1912, p. 6.
Described from the Congo and found in W. Africa, Ashanti, by Dr. Graham.

- 10. Pardalaspis inscripta, Graham, Bull. Ent. Res., i, 1910, p. 164.

Described from South Ashanti, Obuasi, and not found subsequently. Its position
in the present genus is doubtful, chiefly because the wing pattern seems to be like
that characteristic of the following genus T'rirhithrum.*

_ *[(This species is a Tririthrwm and identical with 7. nigerrimum var. coffeae, Bezzi (see
Plate v, fig. 9).—Ep.]

236 PROF. M. BEZZI.

Note.—The two following species seem to belong to the present genus :—
(a) Tephritis senegalensis, Macquart, Suites 2 a Buffon, i il, 1835, p. 468.
7 Described from. Senegal, seems to agree with P. silvestrit. |
(b) Ceratitis cosyra, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus., iv, 1849, p. 1042.

Described from the Congo. Loew and van Roeder have believed it to
be a synonym of Cer. capitata 2; Fuller in 1900* has described under
this name the Pterandrus rubivorus, Coquillett, or the very destructive
“ Natal fruit-fly.”

VIII. TrrruiraRum, gen. nov.

The present, genus is considerably different in general colour of body and in
pattern of wings from the three preceding genera, and shows more resemblance to
the species of Carpophthoromyia, with which I united it, as 5th section of Ceratitis,
in 1913. !

_ Prof. Silvestrit has studied the larva of T. nigerrimum, and has found that it
shows some very important differences from the larvae of the species now placed
in the three preceding genera, chiefly in the antennae and in the anterior spiracles.
Thus the erection of a distinct genus for it and its allies seems to be justified.

Type: Ceratitis nigra, Graham, 1910.

The rather numerous species of this characteristic Ethiopian genus may be
distinguished as follows :—

1(6). Last portion of furth longitudinal vein crossed by an oblique dark band,
the so-called middle band ; scutellum whitish or pale yellowish, with or
without black spots.

2(3). Wings with basal streaks and dots and with complete middle band ; thorax
densely grey tomentose on disc, with shining black sides and Esl hight
yell owish humeri and pleural stripe. . m2 .. lyen, Cod,

3(2). Wing base not so patterned; thorax quite iting black, even on disc,
humeri and pleurae ; scutellum whitish, with broad and confluent black
spots behind. | |

4(5). Middle band of wings complete; legs entirely light yellowish

nitidum, v. Rod.

5(4). Middle band interrupted in the first posterior cell ; femora black

albonigrum, End.

6(1). Middle band reduced to a short tooth, which does not reach the fourth
longitudinal vein; scutellum entirely black, or only with two very small
yellow dots below at end.

7(12). The short pubescence on back of thorax entirely black ; scutellum without
yellow dots below on middle of hind border.

* First Report of the Natal Government Entomologist, 1899-1900, p. 70, and Fourth *
Report, 1903-1904, p..19, pl. iii, fig. 1 and la (Cer. corysa). [As mentioned above, this
species is P. rosa, Karsch, and not P. rubivorus, Coq.—ED.]

+ Boll. Labor. Zool. Porticet, vii, 1913, p. 22.

{ Boll. Labor. Zool. Portici, viii, November 1913, p. 3-164, fig. i-xix. . Of this very
important work there is an English edition published as Bull. No. 3 of the Division of
Entomology of Board of Agric. Hawaii, Honolulu, February 1914. '

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 237

8(11). Third abdominal segment with a complete whitish cross band at hind border ;
size greater (5-7 mm.).

9(10). Face creamy white on its lower two-thirds ; wings with a triangular hyaline
indentation at fore border before the stigma and with the cubital band
narrower than the length of the hind cross-vein = nigrum, Grah.

10(9). Face entirely shining black, with only a reddish mouth-border; wings
entirely infuscated before the stigma and with the cubital band as broad
as the hind cross-vein.. wi me sft .. gagatinum, sp. nov.

11(8). Third abdominal segment with only two greyish, triangular spots towards
its middle; frons and occiput of a bright reddish colour; size smaller
(not over4mm.) .. ¥ oye derioitnle, Sp. nov.

12(7)._ The short pubescence on eae of ‘lees puree whitish ; scutellum with
two small yellow dots at hind border.

13(14). Base of wings hyaline, with a narrow dark band extending from the humeral
cross-vein to the anal cell; halteres pale; pleurae grey dusted ; scutellum
with two bristles only... ie iP ies bimaculatum, v. Rod.

14(13). Base of wings entirely fuscous, with or without hyaline spots, but with
no distinct isolated band ; halteres black ; scutellum with four bristles.

15(16). Wings with no hyaline indentation at fore border before the stigma, or if
with an indistinct one, the costal vein at any rate entirely black ; face
more or less broadly darkened .. nigerrumum, Beni.

16(15). A well developed hyaline indentation at died Boden before the stigma, and

: the costal vein there broadly pale yellowish ; face entirely cream white,
or only narrowly infuscated above, near the root of antennae.

17(18). Wings with the stigma infuscated and with the hyaline space between the
marginal and cubital bands ending before the small cross-vein; tibiae
mainly yellowish .. ef, ie . leucopsis, var. nov.

18(17). Wings with much paler stigma a with the above- Hisitied hyaline space
extended to the small cross-vein, at least above ; tibiae mainly black

, coffeae, Var. nov.

1. Trirhithrum lycii, Coquillett, Proc. U.S. Nation. Mus., xxiv, 1901, p. 30.

Originally described from specimens bred from Lyciwm sp. in the Cape Colony
and not found subsequently. This species agrees in general wing pattern with the
present genus, but is in some respects very different from the other species, and its
position here is therefore very doubtful.

It is evidently congeneric with Ceratitis loranthi, Froggatt (Proc. Linn. Soe.
N.S.W., xxxv, 1910, p. 863), bred at Perth, W. Australia, from fruits of Loranthus
pendulus growing on Eucalyptus sp., and of which I have original specimens before
me. The two species have a very similar thorax and wing pattern; but while in
lycii the middle’ band of the wings is complete and’ reaches the hind margin, in
loranthi it is reduced to a long tooth, which reaches but does not pass the 4th
longitudinal vein. The head isnot narrowed in profile and the eyes are rounded :
the arista is nearly bare (Coquillett does not mention it in lycii) ; the de. are placed

238 PROF, M. BEZZI.

on the line of the a. sa. ; the small cross-vein is beyond not before the middle of the
discoidal cell. The upper terminal angle of the third antennal joint is acute but not
produced.

2. Trirhithrum nitidum, v. Réder, Berl. Ent. Zeits., xxix, 1885, p. 134.

Described from Delagoa Bay, and very distinct from the other species on account
of the complete middle band of the wings. Not found subsequently.

3. Trirhithrum albonigrum, Enderlein, Zool. Zahrb., xxxi, 1911, p. 410, fig. A.

Described from Camerun, Barombi, and nearly allied to the preceding species,
from which it is distinguished by the interrupted middle band of the wings.

4, Trirhithrum nigrum, Graham, Bull. Ent. Res., i, 1910, p. 162, pl. xu, fig. 1
(obscurum, Enderlein, 1911).

The present species seems to be widely spread in West Africa, being recorded from
South Nigeria, Camerun and the Belgian Congo. I have never seen it, but only the-
following form, which seems to be distinct, at least as a variety.

5. Trirhithrum gagatinum, sp. nov.

Nearly allied to the preceding species, and perhaps only a variety of it, differing
in its black face and the entirely infuscated costal cell of the wing.

2. Length of body, 5°5 mm.; of ovipositor, 15 mm. ; of wing, 5 mm.

Occiput entirely shining black, only dark reddish below at sides; frons dark
yellow, purplish above the antennae, with a black ocellar spot ; face shining black,
with the upper mouth-border narrowly reddish ; jowls dark reddish, with a brown
spot below the eye. Antennae blackish brown, with a broadly plumose arista.
Palpi grey, very broad, with short, black, bristly hairs; proboscis reddish brown.
All the bristles are black, like those of the thorax and scutellum ; 21. or. ; oc. very
strong ; de. a little behind the line of a. sa.; 1 mpl.; pt. strong. Thorax entirely
shining black, even on the pleurae, with the humeri very narrowly and in distinctly
reddish ; pubescence of back short and entirely black ; hairs of pleurae longer, but
likewise black. Scutellum entirely shining black, only at the sides in distinctly
reddish, without yellow apical dots below; 1t bears four bristles, and black, rather -
stout hairs. Mesophragma shining dark brown, like the hypopleura. Halteres black,
with brownish stalk. Abdomen entirely shining black, dark brownish at base, with
black hairs and numerous black bristles on sides at end; the transverse band of
whitish dust on third segment is narrow and abbreviated at the sides; the
pubescence above it is whitish. Ovipositor triangular, shining black and _ black
pilose; apical segment reddish. Venter shining black, with brown base. Legs
with coxae and femora black, tibiae and tarsi pale yellowish, but the four posterior
tibiae are broadly blackened at base; bristles, spurs and hairs black; hind tibiae -
with 4-5 short black bristles at the middle of the posterior edge. Wings as in
nigrum, but with the base entirely infuscated along the costal cells and with the costal
vein entirely black ; the cubital band seems to be broader, covering the whole of the -

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 239.

hind cross-vein. The discoidal cell is almost rectangular in shape, its basal vein
being about as long as the apical one ; the small cross-vein is placed a little before its
middle.

Type 2 (British Museum), a single specimen from Gold Coast, Aburi, 1912-13
(W. H. Patterson).

6. Trirhithrum occipitale, sp. nov. (Plate v, fig. 7).

A very distinct species, being somewhat allied to the two preceding ones on account
of the black pubescence of the thorax, but distinguished from all the known species
by the bright reddish occiput.

© Length of body, 4 mm. ; of ovipositor, 1 mm. ; of wing, 4 mm.

Occiput reddish, bright ferruginous on the lower swellings, with a dark brown spot
on each side of middle ; frons bright reddish yellow, without any dark pattern, except
the black ocellar spot ; face entirely cream-white, only narrowly infuscated above:
near the roots of antennae; the exceedingly narrow cheeks and the rather narrow
jowls are of the colour of the occipital swellings, with a purplish spot below the eye.
Antennae entirely dark reddish, with broadly plumose arista. Proboscis black ;
palpi greyish, with black bristles. All the cephalic bristles are black, but less stout
than in the preceding species, chiefly the oc. Thorax entirely shining yellowish —
even on the humeri and pleurae ; the pubescence on back and the hairs on pleurae
black, like the bristles ; chaetotaxy as in the preceding, but all the bristles weaker.
Scutellum and mesophragma, like the thorax and even-the hypopleura, quite black ;
4 sct. Halteres black, with paler stalk, which at base is more yellowish. Abdomen
shining black, with black hairs and bristles; first segment with a narrow whitish
hind border, which is interrupted in the middle; 2nd and 3rd segment with a
double greyish spot in the middle, more developed and distinctly triangular on the
third. Ovipositor as in the preceding. Legs black, the tibiae and all the tarsi at end
pale yellowish ; hind tibiae with a complete row of short bristles. Wing pattern
blackish ; a great triangular hyaline indentation with the base on the costal cell and
the apex in the first basal cell; a broad border of the axillary lobe and the alula
are greyish hyaline; there is also a hyaline spot near the base of the anal cell.
Costal vein yellowish along the hyaline indentation; stigma blackish. Marginal
band with four broad hyaline streaks along the costa; middle band reduced to a
well developed tooth ; cubital band as broad as the length of the small cross-vein
and entirely covering the hind cross-vein; the hyaline space between the marginal
and the cubital bands with acute end and not reaching the small cross-vein ;_ basal
band ending rather narrowly at end of the anal vein. Discoidal cell narrower at
base than at end, the small cross-vein placed much before its middle ; lower point
of the anal cell longer than the second basal cell.

Type 2 (British Museum), a single specimen from Nyasaland, Limbe, 4,000 ft.,
22nd September 1916 (R. C. Wood).

7. Trirhithrum bimaculatum, v. Réder, Berl. ent. Zeits., xxix, 1885, p. 135.

Originally described from Delagoa Bay and not found subsequently. It is said
to have only 2 sct., a thing which seems probably due to the fact that a pair of
bristles was accidentally broken off.

240 PROF. M. BEZZI.

The present species is evidently allied to the following ones, chiefly to the
var. leucopsts ; but it seems to be distinguished by the broadly hyaline base of
the wings and by the pale-coloured halteres.

8. Trirhithrum nigerrimum, Bezzi, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, vu, 1913,
pp. 25 & 36, fig. 3; Silvestri, l.c., vi, 1913, p. 67, fig. xii.

Bred from various fruits, but especially from coffee berries, by Prof. Silvestri
in 8. Nigeria, Lagos and Olokemeji; Gold Coast, Aburi; and Camerun, Victoria.
Described originally by me as a variety of nigrum, and subsequently recognised as a
different species by Prof. Silvestri. None of the specimens that I have seen were in
good condition, and thus it is not possible at present to have a sure knowledge of this
species, which seems to be variable ; this variability may perhaps be connected with
the fact that the specimens were bred from different plants; some related forms
may be present. The colour of the face seems to vary from entirely white to
entirely brown ; the wings sometimes have a small hyaline indentation at the base
(see my figure, in which the basal band is represented too broad at its lower end),
which is usually not present.

‘9, Trirhithrum nigerrimum, var. leucopsis, var. nov.

Distinguished by the cream-white face and the hyaline indentation of the
costal cell.

$9. Length of body, 3°5-4 mm. ; of wing, 3°5-4 mm.

Occiput entirely black, only below at sides narrowly pale yellowish; frons in
both sexes yellowish grey, with two more or less distinct dark transverse bands
towards the middle and with a black ocellar spot ; face quite white, like the narrow
jowls, which bear a dark spot below the eyes; the face is more or less distinctly
infuscated above, near the root of antennae. Antennae entirely yellowish, with a
broadly plumose arista; proboscis black; palpi greyish brown. Cephalic bristles
black. Thorax entirely black, even on the humeri, pleurae, hypopleurae and
mesophragma ; the short pubescence of the back is whitish, while the longer hairs
of the pleurae are black; chaetotaxy normal, with black bristles. Scutellum like
the thorax, but with two very small yellowish dots on middle of hind border, below
the sct. Abdomen shining black, its grey markings as in occiprtale, but those of the
third segment not triangular in shape ; ovipositor shining black, 0°7 mm. long. Legs
black ; tibiae and tarsi pale yellowish, but the tibiae more or less broadly blackened
at base; hind tibiae with a complete row of bristles. Wing pattern and shape
of discoidal cell as in occipitale.

Type ¢ (British Museum), a single specimen from Nyasaland, Limbe, 4,000 ft.,
22nd September 1916 (R. C. Wood). |

This specimen was caught together with the Q type of occipitale, but I think it is
unlikely that it is the other sex of that species, owing to the different coloration of
the head and chiefly of the pubescence of the back of the thorax, which in the
known species is always similarly coloured in the two sexes. Besides, I have received
from Dr. Mochi a couple of specimens from Erythraea, Ghinda, December 1916,
in which the female has the head coloured as in the male, and has whitish pubescence

on the back.

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 241

10. Trirhithrum nigerrimum, var. coffeae, var. nov.*

Very near the preceding form, but even smaller and distinguished by the
characters given in the table.

3. Length of body, 2°8-3 mm. ; of wing, 3 mm.

Head, thorax and abdomen as in the preceding variety ; but the vertex and the

abbreviated lateral stripes of the frons, which are opaque in that form, are in the
present distinctly shining. The tibiae are black, with the tip only narrowly pale
yellowish. There are some important differences in the wing pattern: (1) The
stigma is less infuscated, and before it there is a small black dot on the upper end
of the 2nd costal cell; (2) the marginal band is much narrower and very sinuous,
because the four hyaline spots of fore border are broader and the two tooth-like
projections are more pronounced ; (3) the hyaline space between the marginal and
the cubital band is not acute at the base, but ends exactly on the small cross-vein,
being there truncated obtusely ; therefore the cubital band is differently shaped at
the base; (4) there is a broad hyaline spot at the base of the 3rd posterior cell. in
front of the anal cross-vein.

Type ¢ and type 9 (British Museum), a single pair of specimens from Gold
Coast, Aburi, December 1910 (L. Armstrong), bred from cofice berries.

It is curious that Prof. Silvestri at the same locality (Aburi) in January 1913 bred
from coffee fruits the form above recorded as mgerrimum, which differs from the
present one in the colour of the face and wing pattern. These variations may be
only individual, or they may depend on the breeding conditions, or even only on
the state of preservation of the specimens.

Ceratitis albomaculata, v. Roéder (Berl. Ent. Zeits., xxix, 1885, p. 136), from
Delagoa Bay, is doubtfullv referable to the present genus, but has a similar wing
pattern, with basal streaks and no middle band or tooth ; it is said however to have
the anal cross-vein not deeply sinuous, and is therefore perhaps to be excluded from

the allies of Ceratitis.
IX. XANTHORRHACHISTA, Hendel, 1914.

I will give here an account of the characters of this very peculiar genus, which
was recently erected in a few words only by Prof. Hendel.t

Body Acidia-like, but more elongate, shining testaceous, with small black dots
on the thorax and scutellum. Head in front view distinctly higher than broad, but
in profile subquadrate, being much swollen below on account of the very developed
lower occipital swellings ; cheeks narrow; jowls broad. The position of the head is
very peculiar, the neck being inserted very low, so that the head is raised considerably
above the front border of the thorax (“ Kopf balancierend”’ of Prof. Hendel). Eyes
twice as high as broad, but not much narrowed. Antennae inserted a little above
the middle of the eyes, with the third joint rounded at tip and extended a little
beyond the middle of the face ; arista shortly plumose, the breadth of the feathering
being less than the breadth of the 3rd antennal joint. Face with a distinct middle
keel in the upper half, flattened below and slightly prominent at the mouth-border.
Palpi broad and. spathulate, with short bristles; proboscis short and _ thick.
(1910).—Ep.}]

t Wien. Ent. Zeit., xxxiii, April 1914, p. 81.

(C419) D

242 PROF. M. BEZZI.

Cephalic chaetotaxy complete ; oc. rather short; 21. or.; ocp. thin, short, acute,
yellow. Thorax rather elongate, with the transverse suture broadly interrupted
in the middle; chaetotaxy complete, but the middle scp. are wanting, while the
exterior ones are strong; dc. placed a little behind the line of a. sa.; only 1 mpl. ;
pt. stronger than the st. Scutellum broad, triangular with rounded sides, convex
above, with four bristles. Abdomen with bristles on sides and at end; male
genitalia strongly developed ; ovipositor as long as the abdomen, conico-tubular,
pubescent above. Legs very long and slender, simple; front femora with a few
(3-5) but strong bristles below on apical half; middle tibiae with a single spur ;
the hind tibiae with a row of sparse but strong bristles. Wings long and
proportionally narrow, adorned with longitudinal yellowish bands and an oblique
apical streak. Costal bristle short, but distinct ; 2nd longitudinal vein straight ;
3rd longitudinal vein bristly throughout its whole length, bent below in its last
portion and there parallel with the last portion of 4th ; small cross-vein placed very
near the base of the long and narrow discoidal cell, which is more than twice as long
.as the 2nd posterior cell ; hind cross-vein oblique outwardly, about as in Ceratttis ;
anal cross-vein bent in the middle; lower angle of anal cell with an acute point,
which is a little longer than the 2nd basal cell ; Jast portion of 4th vein gently curved
above near the base.

1. Xanthorrhachista cephalia, Hendel, Wien. ent. Zeit., xxxiii, 1914, p. 81.

A beautiful fly of large size, readily distinguished by the black spots on the thorax
and the yellowish longitudinal stripes on the wings. ,

¢ @. Length of body, 8-9 mm. ; of ovipositor, 3 mm. ; of wing, 9-10 mm.

Head entirely testaceous, shining only on the occiput; frons more pale yellowish
in front and face more whitish ; there are no dark spots whatever, even on the ocellar
area ; occipital swellings whitish below, chiefly in the male, and clothed with pale
yellowish hairs. Antennae entirely pale yellowish or whitish; the bristles of the
second joint and the arista are yellowish. Palpi pale yellowish or whitish, with
yellow hairs and bristles; proboscis dirty testaceous. Cephalic bristles mainly
reddish yellow, only the 2 s. or., and sometimes the oc. or one of the i. or. being
darkened or even black. Thorax shining testaceous, with the humeri and a meso-
pleural stripe more or less yellowish or whitish ; on the back there is a thin whitish
dust and a short pale pubescence; on the pleurae there are longer but sparse
whitish hairs. The black dots are small and rounded, disposed as follows: a pair
just behind the suture, in front of the dc., being the most conspicuous and shining ;
two pairs on the sides, velvety opaque, the one just below and behind the a. sa., the
other smaller on the postalar callus, near the base of sides of scutellum; more
difficult to see is a third small, elongate dot, very near the root of wings. Meso-
phragma and hypopleural callosities shining yellowish, the latter not forming a distinct
spot. Scutellum like the thorax ; its three small black dots shining, the apical one
placed between the a. sct., the lateral ones below and behind the b. sct. ; on the disc
there are sparse and short, yellowish hairs. All the thoracic, scutellar and pleural
bristles are reddish yellow in colour. Halteres pale yellowish. Abdomen coloured
and shining like the thorax, wholly immaculate ; its pubescence reddish yellow, like
the bristles, which are sometimes infuscated on the last segments. Male genitalia

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—1. 243

reddish yellow, with pale pubescence ; ovipositor reddish, shining, with yellowish
pubescence. Leg entirely pale yellowish, immaculate, with yellowish pubescence
and bristles; the bristles of the front femora very strong in the female.
Wings shining, with yellow veins ; the base broadly yellow to the small cross-vein ;
from it there runs a marginal stripe, which does not extend below beyond the 3rd
longitudinal vein, being only slightly produced beyond that vein at its apex; this
stripe is yellowish in colour, but has some dark spots along the costa (two in the costal
and two in the marginal cell) and is besides infuscated at the apex. The second
longitudinal stripe, or yellowish ray, runs along the upper vein of the discoidal cell,
ending at its apex and there being bent below to form a dark band over the hind
cross-vein. A small, oblique, fuscous band crosses the middle of the last portion of
the 4th vein, extending from the hind border of the wing to the 3rd vein, which meets
the costal stripe. The hind border of the wing is broadly but faintly yellowish-
fuscous on the 3rd posterior and axillary cells. The stigma is yellow like the costal
stripe, but is broadly and faintly infuscated towards the middle.

I assume the above-described species to be identical with that named, but not
described, by Prof. Hendel from EK. Africa. There are in the collection some
specimens from British East Africa, Masai Reserve, viz. a g from Ngare Narok,
31st December 1913, about 6,000 ft. (Capt. A. O. Luckman), and a couple, 2nd April
1913 (7. J. Anderson). I have in my collection a male taken at Kikuyu by Doherty,
and given me many years ago by the late Dr. Magretti, the well-known dipterologist.

Trypeta jucunda, Loew (Berl. Ent. Zeits., v, 1863, p. 258, pl. ii, fig. 1), from
Cafiraria, is perhaps allied to this species, but apparently not congeneric with it, on
account of its bare arista, short ovipositor and very differently placed small cross-vein ;
it is besides much darker in body coloration, and the wing pattern is of a very
different: type.

X. ‘THEMARICTERA, Hendel, 1914.

This genus also was recently erected by Prof. Hendel* on the undescribed type-
species Th. rufipennis from 8. Nigeria. I will give here the essential characters of the
genus from a species which I assume to be the T'rypeta flaveolata of Fabricius and
Wiedemann, with which probably the species of Prof. Hendel is identical.

Head very broad, twice as broad as high, and considerably broader than the
thorax. Hyes rather rounded, being only a little higher than broad. Frons very
broad, not prominent at base, but rather prominent at its apex. Antennae inserted
towards the middle of eyes, only a little shorter than the face ; 3rd joint rounded at
end; arista broadly plumose. Face concave, with a flat, triangular middle keel,
rather prominent at mouth-border; antennal grooves narrow and deep. Cheeks
moderately broad, jowls very broad; mouth-opening broad. Palpi less dilated
at end, bristly ; proboscis short. Cephalic chaetotaxy complete, with 2 i. or., the
2nd pair of which is placed much nearer the middle line than the first ; but all the
other bristles are broken off in the specimen examined. Thorax elongate, with
complete chaetotaxy, but the st. wanting (according to Hendel) ; 1 mpl. ; de. placed
much behind, about in the line of the first p. sa. Scutellum proportionally small,
flat above, triangular, with two pairs of strong bristles and between these a 3rd pair

* Wien. Entom. Zeit., xxxiii, April 1914, p. 77.
(C419) D2

244 PROF. M. BEZZI.

of much weaker ones, which are sometimes hardly distinct. Abdomen elongate,
with distinct but not strong bristles on sides and at end; ovipositor conical, long,
but a little shorter than the abdomen. Legs rather stout; front femora with 3-4
strong bristles below. Wings long and proportionally narrow, much variegated,
having the fore half yellow and the hind half with a broad blackish band and some
hyaline indentations along the hind border. Costa densely but shortly ciliated,
without a distinct bristle; stigma long; 2nd longitudinal vein wavy ; 3rd bristly
throughout its whole length, with the last portion a little bent before the middle and
parallel with the 4th, the first posterior cell being proportionally narrow and long ;
discoidal cell much longer than the very short and almost triangular 2nd posterior
cell, the small cross-vein placed much beyond the middle and very near the posterior
cross-vein, which is rather perpendicular and longer than its distance from the small
one ; anal cell broad and long, with the lower angie acute and produced but not longer
than the second basal cell. In consequence of the breadth of the marginal and sub-
marginal cells, the discoidal and posterior cells are narrower than usual, and the
discoidal cell is thus placed much nearer to the hind border of the wing than in the
related forms.

1. Themarictera flaveolata, Fabricius, 1805; Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl., ii, 1830,
p. 481.
A large and handsome species, obviously recognisable from the short descriptions
of Fabricius and Wiedemann. |
_Head and its appendages wholly reddish yellow; their bristles are entirely black,
hke those of the thorax and scutellum. Thorax, scutellum and mesophragma entirely
reddish yellow and shining, the pleurae being a little paler; the two rounded black
spots are placed just above the humeri, one on each side. Abdomen shining and
coloured like the thorax, darkened along: the middle line, with yellowish pubescence
and black bristles; ovipositor black and with black pubescence. Legs entirely
yellowish, with pale pubescence and black bristles. Wing pattern well described by
Wiedemann.
Originally described from Guinea, there is a 2 specimen (British Museum) from.
Dahomey, Cotonou, 70 miles W. of Lagos, 29th May 1914 (W. A. Lamborn).

2. Themarictera laticeps, Loew, Berl. entom. Zeitschr., v, 1861, p. 260, pl. ui, fig. 2.
Originally described from Caffraria, and apparently distinct from the preceding
species on account of some minor details of the wing pattern.
Of the allied genus Themara there is a known Ethiopian species, 7. fallacivena,
Enderlein (Zool. Zahrb., xxxi, 1911, p. 422), described from Fernando Po, and.
recorded by Dr. Speiser in 1915 from Camerun, Soppo and Victoria.

XI. BaryGbossa, gen. nov.

I have to erect here this new genus for a peculiar form, which shows a wing
pattern recalling that of some Oriental species of Rioza and Ptilona and closely
approaching the reticulate type.

Body short and proportionally broad, rather stout. Head low and broad, in front-
view broader than high. Eyes greatly developed, occupying almost the whole of the:

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 245

head in profile view and obviously rounded. Occiput flat; frons flat, with parallel
sides, prominent only above the antennae, with the middle band thinly pilose. Cheeks
linear ; jowls very narrow. Antennae inserted towards the middle of eyes, as long
as the face ; 3rd joint not much longer than broad, rounded at end ; arista long and
thin, bare. Face shorter than the length of the frons, with a broad but flattened
keel extending to the base of the antennae, which are thus rather broadly separated.
Mouth-opening less broad ; palpi dilated at end, projecting, thickly pilose but not
bristly ; proboscis exceedingly incrassated (whence the generic name), cylindrical,
with broad and fleshy terminal flaps, as long as the length of lower border of head.
Cephalic bristles well developed; ocp. long, thin, acute, black; pvt. diverging ;
oc. long but thin; 2s. or. and 2 i. or.; mouth-borders bristly on sides. Thorax
short and broad, rather flat on the back ; chaetotaxy complete, but the bristles rather
thin ; middle scp. short but distinct ; de. placed much behind, very near the prsc.,
about on the line of the first p. sa.; 2 mpl.; st. weaker than the pt. Scutellum
broad, convex above, rounded on the sides, thinly pilose on the disc, with three pairs
of bristles of nearly equal size. Abdomen broadly ovate, with separated segments,
thinly pilose, without distinct bristles. Legs short and stout ; front femora with long
and thin bristles ; middle tibiae with a single spur ; hind tibiae with no distinct row.
Wings proportionally short, rounded outwardly, with no distinct costal bristle.
Auxiliary vein distinct and callose at end ; costal cell rather broad ; 1st longitudinal
vein ciliated ; stigma a little longer than broad; 2nd longitudinal vein straight,
3rd with very long bristles throughout its whole length, ending near the apex of wing,
parallel with the last section of the 4th; discoidal cell twice as long as the second
posterior cell, much broader at end than at base, the small cross-vein placed at its
middle; hind cross-vein perpendicular, gently arched outwardly ; lower angle of
the anal cell produced into a very long and narrow point, very like that of Dacus.
The wings are wholly infuscated, with hyaline indentations and spots.
Type: the following new species :—

1. Baryglossa histrio, sp. nov.

A strange insect, very distinct from any other Ethiopian Trypaneid owing to its
very thickened proboscis, as well as its peculiar body- and wing-pattern.
6. Length of body, 5 mm. ; of wing, 5 mm.

Head entirely yellowish grey, without any dark pattern, except a small, black
ocellar dot. Antennae entirely yellowish, the 3rd joint a little darker; arista
fuscous, with yellowish base. Palpi and proboscis wholly yellowish. All the cephalic
bristles black, like those of thorax and scutellum. Thorax entirely yellowish grey,
opaque, paler on the pleurae, darker on the back, yellow before the scutellum ;
there are on the back two indistinct longitudinal darker stripes, one on each side of
the middle line. The hairs of thorax are dark yellowish, those on the back rather
long. Mesophragma brownish, shining below. Scutellum yellow, opaque, with a
black terminal spot, which is rounded in shape and fills up the space between the
a.sct. Halteres pale yellowish. Abdomen yellow, opaque, with a very striking black
pattern, which extends to the sides and apex and is formed bv a very small spot at
hind border of 1st, by a broader one occupying all the sides of the 2nd, by a still
broader on 3rd segment, which may be said to be entirely black with a rounded yellow

246 PROF. M. BEZZI.

spot united with the yellow part of the preceding segment; 4th segment entirely
black, being only narrowly yellow at the extreme base ; all this black pattern is opaque
inwardly and shining laterally and behind, the 4th segment being wholly shining.
Venter uniformly whitish yellow. Genitalia black. The whole abdominal pubescence
is black. Legs and coxae entirely pale yellowish, unspotted, with pale yellowish
pubescence, blackish bristles and black spurs and claws. The wings are dark brown,
with the following whitish hyaline indentations and spots: (1) Along the border,
an indistinct indentation in the first costal cell ; two broader ones of about equal
size in the 2nd costal cell ; three in the marginal cell, the apical one smaller and more
apart ; two in the submarginal cell, the first broader and triangular, both extending
to the 3rd longitudinal vein; one in the hind half of the first posterior cell; three
in the second posterior cell, the middle one being longer and stripe-like ; three in the
third posterior cell, extending to the fifth vein and partly fused together. The
axillary lobe is nearly entirely yellow. (2) The discal spots are: one in the middle of
the submarginal cell, just behind the apex of the triangular indentation of the
marginal cell ; one in the first basal cell before the small cross-vein, and beyond this
two others at equal distance in the first posterior cell, disposed in the same line with
the preceding and followed by two more, one above the other, the second being of
greater size ; two in the discoidal cell, that in the middle being broader and extending
to the 5th vein. The anal cell is broadly hyaline towards its middle. The stigma is
wholly black. The costal vein is yellowish on the hyaline indentations, and black
on the dark parts ; the other veins are dark brown.

Type 3 (British Museum), and an additional specimen of same sex, from Congo
belge, Mayumbe (R. Mayné).

XII. Crapoprrris, Bezzi, 1914.

Of this aberrant genus recently described by me,* I have seen only the typical
specimens collected at Aburi, Gold Coast, by Prof. Silvestri.

The want of the i. or. as well as the form of the head are perhaps indications that
the form belongs to the Ortatipag, like the strange Agrochira (Mesanopin)
tephritena, Enderlein, 1912, some specimens of which are present in the collection,
from Durban, 16th May 1915 (ZL. Bevis). I have seen an allied form from the
Philippine Islands, collected by Prof. C. F. Baker.

XIII. Primontota, Hendel, 1914.

A genus recently erected by Prof. Hendelf and owing to its wing pattern
obviously related to the group of the numerous Oriental forms near Ptilona, Rioxa,
Rioxoptilona, ete.

Owing to the fact that in my species there are rudimentary but distinct oc., and
the posterior femora have not distinct bristles below, I will give here an account of
the generic characters, based on the single species known to me, viz. the following
one described as new :—

Head in front view a little broader than high, not compressed ; occiput flat, only
shghtly concave above, with the lower lateral swellings not much developed, but

* Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, viii, May 1914, p. 303, fig. iii.
+ Wien. Ent. Zeit., xxxiii, 1914, p. 79.

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 247

' distinct; eyes rounded, about as broad as high; frons very narrow, distinctly
narrower than the eye, with parallel sides, not prominent in profile, even at base of
antennae; lunula broad; face narrow above and widened below, with a flat,
triangular middle keel and rather prominent at mouth-border ; cheeks linear; jowls
narrow. Antennae inserted towards the middle of the eyes, shorter than the face ;
3rd joint rounded at end; arista plumose, but not broadly. Palpi not or but little
dilated at end, bristly ; proboscis short. Ocp. strong, numerous, acute, black ; oc.
very short and thin, but distinct ; 21. or.; genal bristle strong. Thorax elongate,
with parallel sides, flat above; chaetotaxy complete, with strong bristles; de.
placed much behind, near the line of the first p. sa. ; middle scp. as thin as the outer
ones ; one strong mpl. and below this a smaller one ; st. much stronger than the pt.
Scutellum flat above, triangular, with lateral keels, bare on the disc, with four strong
bristles. Abdomen ovate, not longer than the thorax, with strong bristles on sides
and at end. Ovipositor flat, triangular, not longer than the half of the abdomen.
Legs not elongated; front femora with 4—5 strong bristles below; middle tibiae
with one spur; hind femora without bristles below; hind tibiae with a distinct
posterior row. Wings proportionally narrow and long, entirely infuscated, with
hyaline indentations and spots. No distinct costal bristle; stigma elongated, more
than three times as long as broad; Ist longitudinal vein with stout bristles and
ending above the small cross-vein; 2nd vein straight; 3rd bristly throughout its
whole length, exactly parallel with the last section of the 4th; the segment of the
costa between the ends of 1st and 2nd longitudinal veins only a little longer than that
between the 2nd and 3rd; small cross-vein beyond the middle of the discoidal cell,
which is much broader at end than at base ; hind cross-vein perpendicular, a little
arched outwardly, about as long as its distance from the small one ; lower angle of the
anal cell rather short and broad, triangular, shorter than the 2nd basal cell.

1. Ptiloniola neavei, sp. nov.

A very distinct species on account of its entirely infuscated wings, which have
only a few narrow hyaline spaces.

3. Length of body, 6-7 mm. ; of ovipositor, 1 mm. ; of wing, 7-8 mm.

Head entirely reddish yellow, paler below and on the occipital swellings ; occiput
with a blackish horizontal stripe extending from the neck to the lower edge of the
eyes and forming a continuation of the dark notopleural stripe; frons unspotted,
with only a narrow, black ocellar dot; jowls unspotted; antennae, palpi and
proboscis pale reddish yellow. Cephalic bristles black, except the genal bristle,
which is yellow; frontal band with sparse, scattered, short hairs; occiput below
with long, whitish pile. Thorax reddish testaceous on the back, pale yellowish on the
pleurae, these two parts being separated by the blackish, narrow, horizontal noto-
pleural stripe, extending from the humeri to the root of the wings; the back rather
shining, with short pale yellowish pubescence ; pleurae shining, with longer whitish
pile. All the bristles black, but the second mpl., the pt. and the strong st. yellow.
Scutellum like the thorax and with the sct. black. Mesophragma shining testaceous,
infuscated on the sides, where the hypopleural callosities are pale yellowish like the
pleurae. THalteres with yellowish stalk and blackish knob. Abdomen rather
shining, testaceous towards the middle, black on the sides and on the whole of last

248 PROF. M. BEZZI.

segment ; pubescence and bristles black ; venter yellowish ; ovipositor black. Legs
and coxae entirely pale yellowish, with whitish pubescence and yellow bristles ; only
the apical spur of the middle tibiae and the tip of the claws are black. Wings wholly
infuscated, more intensively on the elongated stigma and near the end of fore border ;
there is a small rectangular hyaline spot on the costa, just behind the upper end of the
stigma, as long as one third or one half of the marginal cell; another small hyaline
rounded indentation at the middle of the 2nd posterior cell on the wing border ; the
3rd posterior cell at hind border and almost the whole of the axillary cell are greyish
hyaline. In the middle of the wing there is always present a small, rounded, hyaline
dot at the middle of the base of the 1st posterior cell, a little before the hind cross-
vein ; besides there are more or less distinct traces of two other dots, one in the
discoidal cell below the small cross-vein, and one in the Ist basal cell; these three
dots are placed symmetrically around the small cross-vein, thus forming nearly an
equilateral triangle. The veins are blackish, with yellowish base.

Type ¢ and type © (British Museum) and some additional specimens from
Nyasaland, Mt. Mlanje, 22-26th November 1912, collected by S. A. Neave, in whose
honour the species is named.

This species is certainly distinct from the undescribed type-species of the genus,
P. preussi, Hendel, 1914, from Camerun.

2. Ptiloniola tripunctulata, Karsch, Ent. Nachr., xiii, 1887, p. 5, fig. 4.

Described from Pungo Andongo, W. Africa, as a Hemilea. The figure of the wing
pattern shows a great resemblance to that of the above-described neaver, but the
three hyaline discal spots are more developed, and that of the discoidal cell, mstead
of being placed near the small cross-vein, is very near the hind one, and therefore
they are not disposed symmetrically as in neaver. The thorax is described as having
two (not one) blackish stripes on each side.

Perhaps it will be found that the present species is the same as preussi, if the hind
femora prove to be provided with bristles.

Note.—I do not know what .is the genus Coelopacidia, with the type-species
C. madagascariensis, Enderlein (Zool. Zahrb., xxxi, 1911, p. 442), from Madagascar,
and I am unable to establish its systematic position. The author places it near
Acidia, but in Prof. Hendel’s table it comes near Platyparea.

XIV. RuHacocHLAENA, Loew, 1862.

This genus, which was founded on a very rare European species, is clearly
differentiated from all the others here recorded on account of the complete want of
the prst. ; a character which it shares only with the genus Stawrella and which seems
to be only rarely present in Ethiopian Trypaneids. As I have before me the single
Ethiopian species of the present genus, which was described by Loew in a few words
only, I will give here a complete description of it :-—

1. Rhacochlaena fasciolata, Loew, Wien. Ent. Monats., vii, 1863, p. 16 (fig. 2).
The two broad shining black spots of occiput extend obliquely from the insertion

of the neck to the upper edge of the eyes ; they are narrowly margined with yellow.

The frons is dull, shining only near the vertex, with a black ocellar spot and a dark

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I. 249

ill-defined spot towards the middle; cheeks linear; jowls narrow, unspotted,
Antennae wholly pale yellowish; arista pubescent, with distinct but short hairs.
Proboscis and palpi pale yellowish, the latter with black bristles. All the cephalic
bristles are black ; 31. or. ; no oc. ; ocp. thin, acute, black. Thorax on back rather
dull, with indistinct pale pubescence ; all the bristles black ; de. placed much behind,
almost in a line with the first p. sa.; 2 mpl.; pt. as strong as the st.; middle scp.
rudimentary. Hypopleural spot whitish. Scutellum triangular, with distinct lateral
keels, bare on the disc, with four black bristles. Halteres pale yellowish. Abdomen
w:th black pubescence and stout black bristles at the end; it is almost entirely
shining blackish brown, with a yellow middle spot on the second segment, extending
in front over the hind border of the first segment. Male genitalia shining black,

es ee SELLA ALES,
¢

ah f echt eG
ei te MoO eth BOE a gh AT
« cae Sea bith. a
/ J DPR eet
Pee A Be BASS ae
* ™ oe

Fig. 2. Wing of Rhacochlaena fasciolata, Loew.

with yellow base ; venter with the sternites pale yellowish, with a black basal spot.
Legs entirely pale yellowish ; hind tibiae with a row of long bristles. For the wing
pattern see the figure. The 3rd longitudinal vein is bristly throughout its whole
length ; costal bristle small, but distinct ; small cross-vein placed after the middle
of the discoidal cell.

Originally described from Orange Free State, Bloemfontein (Tollin), I have
received from Prot. Hendel a male specimen likewise from the Orange Free State,
Bothaville, 15th December 1898 (Dr. H. Brauns).

2. Rhacochlaena hammersteini, Enderlein, Zool. Zahrb., xxxi, 1911, p. 440, fig. R.

Described from Madagascar, as a Huphranta, and apparently belonging to the
present genus, like Trypeta lemniscata from Formosa.

Note.—The widely spread genus Phorellia, Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (= Spilo-
grapha, Loew), is certainly present in the Ethiopian Region, but I have not seen
specimens belonging to it. It seems that the two following species may be placed
in it: (a) Forellha brumthorar, Robineau-Desvoidy, Myod., p. 762, from Mauritius ;
and (b) Acidia tristriata, Karsch, Ent. Nachr., xin, 1887, p. 7, fig. 6, from W. Africa,
Pungo Andongo.

XV. PHILOPHYLLA, Rondani, 1870.
Of the Ethiopian species described as “ Acidiz,” I think that the following may
be provisionally placed in the present, eminently characteristic genus :—

(a) Acedia obnubila, Karsch (Ent. Nachr., xiii, p. 6, fig. 5), from W. Africa,
Pungo Andongo ;

250 PROF. M. BEZZI.

(b) Acidia colonarum, Speiser (Deut. Ent. Zeits., 1915, p. 102), from Camerun,
Victoria, and also from East Africa, Ligitale.

(c) Acidia seychellensis, Lamb (Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., xvi, 1914, p. 316,

fig. 10 and pl. 19, fig. 6), from the Seychelles.

(d) Acidia (%) ocellata, Lamb (l.c., p. 317, fig. 11 and pl. 19, fig. 7, 8), from the

Seychelles.

Trypeta guttatohmbata, Enderlein (Zool. Zahrb., xxxi, 1911, p. 429, fig. K),
probably belongs here, but has a very peculiar wing pattern, and requires the forma-
tion of a new genus ; it is described from Madagascar.

XVI. Ocneros, O. G. Costa, 1844.

The following three species, all described by Loew, seem to be referable to this
genus. They may be distinguished as follows :—

1(2). Scutellum entirely yellow ; discoidal cell wholly infuscated, without hyaline
spots ; stigma longer than the 2nd costal cell .. .. sinuatus, Loew.

2(1). Scutellum broadly black in the middle; discoidal cell with hyaline spots ;
stigma shorter than the 2nd costal cell.

3(4). The hyaline indentation at fore border behind the stigma ends before reaching
the 2nd longitudinal vein; the two last abdominal segments of the female
have at hind border a broad, yellow, transverse band .. mundus, Loew.

4(3). The above-named indentation extends into the Ist posterior cell and ends at
the 4th longitudinal vein, near the upper end of the posterior cross-vein ;
the last two abdominal segments of the female are entirely black

excellens, Loew.

1. Ocneros sinuatus, Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeits., v, 1861, p. 263, pl. ui, fig. 4.

Kasily distinguished by the black wing pattern being more extended than in the
other species; the band over the hind cross-vein however does not reach the hind
border of the wing.

Described from Caffraria, and not found subsequently.

2. Ocneros mundus, Loew, Wien. Ent. Monats., vii, 1863, p. 16.

In this species the black wing pattern (fig. 3) is less extended than in sinuatus,
but more than in excellens. It agrees in all respects with the following species, but
is distinguished by the characters given in the table. The basal half of the first

sere,
OF Re ean s+ Seren ere sadnemeee*s

Fig. 3. Wing of Ocneros mundus, Loew.

posterior cell is in the present species wholly black, while in sinwatus it has a small,
rounded, hyaline dot and in ezcellens it is reached by the lower corner of the hyaline
indentation beyond the stigma. -

NOTES ON THE ETHIOPIAN FRUIT-FLIES—I, 251

Described from the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein (Tollin), I have a 9 specimen
from Natal, Estcourt, September—October 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall), received from
the British Museum many years ago as excellens.

3. Ocneros excellens, Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeits., v, 1861, p. 265, pl. ii, fig. 5.

Very distinct from the other species owing to the more reduced wing pattern.

In this and in the preceding species all the bristles of the head and body are black ;
there are 2 i. or.; no oc.; ocp. acute and black; middle scp. well developed; de.
placed about on the line of the first p. sa. ; 2 equally strong mpl. ; st. strong; pt.
weak or even indistinct. The scutellum rather convex and rounded, bare on the
disc, with 4 sct.

Originally described from Cafiraria, I have received a Q specimen from
Grahamstown from the Albany Museum.

13g sae 18 ronen ane HO me
F , rs _
aomnipads © gov add, ‘sith israel <saiiied Jas
utot bavivosr (Sale bho ge in AOAL tebolty Cnrndansiqa | i
; ' | A hw ra Ju
\ 57
Bh tid ic ate Ee ros fh Leet, Ro, in (eax 9 Bods
reads com hoog Bar anor | O lead white ois ees nee el bt \ a
. er . je
fee tel cons 1 ¥ be . brea bean vi : acrag ea? Oy, a adits ul +? as ah sn h-
ey hen Lag ; Mi? to eal if odd 0 A aaa a
ch Dende uo) def | iD. dowidnebini asgiicfoniis
} F j Pah ti al
3 (Ys tao | ‘ , rf barat be ianig AG |
isray} eyeotane Aa
Prot vot isk
nh |
yy Tidae
-M
hacke
nl as y in 7 + girl roach
7 ire Ts -

nda

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Wig. 1. Carpophthoromyia pseudotritea, Bezzi, sp. n.
bs superba, Bezzi, sp. n.

. Leucotaeniella trispila, Bezzi, sp. n.

. Pterandrus kolae, Silv.

. Pardalaspis cosyra, Walk. (giffardi, Bezzi).
s quinaria, Bezzi, sp. n.

. Tririthrum occipitale, Bezzi, sp. n.

. Xanthorrhachista cephalia, Hend.

. Wa) ch oe BR eo

. Tririthrum inscriptum, Graham (nigerrumum var. coffeae, Bezzi).

food
=

. Themarictera flaveolata, F.

pp
jd

. Piiloniola neaver, Bezzi, sp. n.

—
bo

. Baryglossa histrio, Bezzi, sp. n.

BuLc. Ent. ResearcH. VoL. VIII. PART 3. PLATE V.

Wings of African Trypaneide.

"

253

THE STRUCTURE OF THE MOUTH-PARTS OF PANGONIA LONGIROSTRIS
IN RELATION TO THE PROBABLE FEEDING-HABITS OF THE SPECIES.

By H. Teriey, B.Sc. (Leeds).
(From the Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Manchester University.)

(Puate VI.)

CONTENTS.
PAGE.
[. Habits and Economic Significance of the Genus Pangoma ee .- 200
II. Mouth-parts of the Female .. a ns en - oe bs te anes
III. Mouth-parts of the Male... - ay eee
IV. Measurements in Millimetres of the Mouth- crite of a Poet * de Zee
V. Conclusions as to the Feeding Habits of the Species wig a a) oe
VI. Comparison of the Mouth-parts with those of other Tabanidae . . iy 365

The present research was carried out in the Department of Agricultural
Entomology at Manchester University, under the direction of Dr. A. D. Imms. I
am greatly indebted to him both for giving me the insects upon which this research
was prosecuted, and also for much help at the University, and afterwards in
looking over my paper and aiding its publication.

I. Habits and Economic Significance of the Genus Pangonia.

Pangonia longirostris is one of the Orthorrhapha Brachycera, of the family
TABANIDAE and sub-family PanconitnaE. This fly was first described by
Hardwicke in the Transactions of the Linnaean Society of 1825 from specimens taken
in Nepal. His description is as follows :—

“P. villosa flava, thorace ferrugineo, abdomine nigro-brunneo: segmentorum
marginibus flavis, alis immaculatis.

“Rostrum about twelve times longer than the head. Antennae approximated
at the base, short, consisting of three pieces, the two lowest of which are very
small, the upper one long, tapering to a point, and composed of eight small articula-
tions. Eyes large, very prominent. Head and thorax very hairy both above and
beneath, longer under the throat; of a bright yellow beneath, brownish above.
Wings longer than the body, hyaline; costal nervures brown. Body black; the
margins of each segment shining, the sides hairy. Halteres short, having the shafts
yellow and the knobs ovate, black.

254 1 H. TETLEY.

‘Length of the insect from the base of the rostrum to the apex of the abdomen
ten lines ; ‘and of the rostrum two inches and a half.”

This species was redescribed by Réder in 1881.

;

Fig. 1. Pangonia longirostris, Hardw., 3 (X 2).

The geographical distribution of the genus Pangonia is a wide one, species being
found in Spain, Southern France, Russia, throughout a large part of Africa, in
India, Australia, New Caledonia, Chili, Brazil and Canada. In this genus there is

THE MOUTH-PARTS OF PANGONIA LONGIROSTRIS. 255

to be found a series beginning with those types that have a proboscis that hardly
extends beyond the head, and ending with Pangonia longirostris in which it extends
to a distance greatly exceeding the length of the body. The precise economic
importance of the family TaBANIDAE seems to be doubtful at present. Austen (2)
in 1909 says that it has not been proved or even seriously suggested that any
species of Pangonia is the regular transmitter of any micro-organism pathogenic
to animals or man. According to Fantham, Stephens and Theobald (5) in 1916,
Martoglio says that the trypanosome disease of dromedaries known as salaf is
“transmitted” by TABANIDAE, especially Pangoma magretiw and P. beckeri, in
Italian Somaliland.

In addition to this, the same three authors state that Haematopota can carry
Trypanosoma evanst (causing surra in horses) and that Chrysops conveys Filaria loa
in Southern Nigeria, and in Algeria Dr. EH. Sergent has proved that a species of
Tabanus can transmit three forms of animal trypanosomiasis.* From this it is
evident that the TABANIDAE are of importance from an economic view, and further
investigation may show this importance to be greater than has been demonstrated
at present. It is one of the characteristics of the family to which Pangonia belongs
that the males are without mandibles, and do not feed on blood to anything
approaching the same extent that the females do; they seem to feed chiefly on the
nectar of flowers. In the genus Pangonia are many species with a very long
proboscis, and Lutz (quoted by Austen) thinks that this points to a liquid diet other
than blood. From his own observations Lutz doubts whether species in which such
an organ exists bite and suck blood on the wing. This agrees with the view of
Mr. Ll. Lloyd who writes that “the long proboscis in the PaNncontnaE is used to
extract the nectar from flowers which they do while hovering, much in the manner
of many Sphingid moths.” The experience of Dr. Imms in India with Pangonia
longirostris is that they are found on the borders of forests towards the end of the
rainy season, feeding on flowers of the orders Scrophulariaceae and Labiatae by
thrusting their proboscis into them, poising themselves in the air during the process.
He has never seen them attacking man or cattle, and in an experiment which he
carried out by enclosing his arm in a loose gauze sleeve containing a female of this
species, he found that the insect showed no inclination to use its mouth-parts.
This experiment, Dr. Imms informs me, cannot be regarded as conclusive, as the
insect had not full freedom for hovering on the wing.

Various species of Pangonia have been found attacking man or cattle in different
parts of the world, and their methods of attack differ considerably in the experience
of the observers. This fact appears to me to be natural owing to the variation in
the relative lengths of the labium and the other trophi.

_ Westermann [quoted both by Westwood (20) and Austen (2)] found Pangonia
rostrata a very troublesome species to domestic animals at the Cape, but says that
this species seems to prefer the flowers of Pelargonium. He held the view that,
owing to the length of the proboscis, it can bite only when on the wing. In the
opinion of Westwood (20) P. longirostris could not use its lancets, except by

ERE A 2 glk) 01 1 TE GA ELBE Ol) 2 QIU ION Ni
_ * [M. B. Mitzmain has demonstrated the transmission of surra by Tabanus striatus, F.,
in the Philippines.—Ep. ]

256 H. TETLEY.

detaching them from the labium and holding the latter at a wide angle from the
other parts of the mouth. Bates found, on a southern tributary of the Amazon, a
Pangoma with a proboscis half an inch long and sharper than the finest needle;
this insect settled on the backs of his party and pricked them through their clothing.
Sharp (16), speaking of the genus Pangonia, says that “The proboscis in the
females of some of the species is three or four times the length of the body, and as
it is stiff and needle-like the creature can use it while hovering on the wing, and
will pierce the human body even through clothing of considerable thickness.”’

I will not comment on this at present except to say that the implied difference
in length of proboscis between the male and female is not mentioned, so far as I
can find out, in any species of Pangonia, and does not apply to Pangonia longirostris,
as will be seen from the table of the lengths of the mouth-parts of the two sexes of
this insect. According to Patton and Cragg (13) “there is evidence that some of
these flies, notwithstanding the great length of the proboscis, feed on mammalian
blood . . . while hovering near by, making sudden darts. . . . Such a
habit is apparently exceptional in the genus, as in the majority of cases the mandibles
and maxillae are shorter than the labium, and cannot, therefore, be employed in
making a wound.” Austen (2) considers that the fact that, in such species as
P. rostrata and P. gulosa (of Africa) there occurs the great extension of the proboscis
beyond the piercing stylets, would obviously offer a mechanical obstacle to the
piercing of the skin of a mammal by these flies. He thinks it possible that when
such flies appear to be attacking animals, they are merely sucking up the blood
flowing from wounds caused bv other TABANIDAE.

In two more instances taken from Austen (2), the methods of blood-sucking are
given. Pangona rupelli was seen attacking horses in Northern Nigeria ; it did this
by sucking blood on the wing, and darted away after feeding. Dr. Old (12) says of
P. oldvi that it “ hovers for a few seconds, alights, and then deliberately punctures,
like a needle, with its extraordinary proboscis.”

Neave (11) also mentions that individuals of this species were inclined to enter
tents and the females occasionally attacked the bare skins of the natives,

Wesché (19), writing in 1904, remarks that “In Pangonia is found an extra-
ordinary development in the length of the labium without the geniculation that
usually accompanies this character. This enables these insects to pierce through
clothing to the skin.”

In 1916 Prof. Poulton exhibited at the Entomological Society of London a
specimen of what was probably a form of P. oldii, Aust. (vide Proc. Entom. Soc. 1916,
p- lxxii) and read some notes written by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter, who had conducted.
some observations in German Hast Africa. The latter wrote, “I was bitten one day
[16th June 1916] in this locality [80° 55’ E., 2° 5’ 8.] by a Pangoma, the first I have
met. I heard its hum (an unmistakable Tabanid hum), and looking towards the
sound saw what I thought was a fine Bombyliid hovering at my bare forearm
sucking up moisture from the skin, as Syrphids often do. The proboscis seemed to
me to be laid along the surface. I could not quite reconcile the Tabanid hum with
the Bombyliid appearance, and was interested to notice that the proboscis was

THE MOUTH-PARTS OF PANGONIA LONGIROSTRIS, 257

shrinking, 7.e., its tip had penetrated, but obliquely and so gradually that 1 had not
felt it. So it seems that this species feeds on the wing. I send the specimen. I had

always wondered how Pangonia managed its long proboscis.”

A little later in the same year Prof. Poulton exhibited another Pangonia which
had been identified by Austen as P. varicolor, Wied., and was captured by
W. J. Burchell at Uitenhage on 27th Nov. 1813 (vide Proc. Entom. Soc. 1916, p. xe).
Burchell had added in a manuscript catalogue, under the same number which the
specimen bears, “‘ The fly that sucks the oxen without settling upon them.”

Prof. H. Maxwell Lefroy (who has kindly allowed me to use the information) has
observed Pangonia attacking cattle in India. He says that they make wounds
with the mandibles, turning up the proboscis as an elephant does its trunk. They
then back a little and suck up the blood by means of the proboscis. They are walking
and not hovering at the time.

This description agrees with one given by Roubaud (15) in an account of an
experiment he carried out in Senegal-Niger, West Africa, with a Pangonia ; the species
was undetermined, nor does he mention the sex, but I take it to be a female. The
insect was confined in a muslin cage and this was placed on the author’s bare arm
to see if the Pangonia would bite, but beyond the testing of the skin with the
labella, there was no result. A piece of sugar soaked in water was placed in the
cage, and after leaving the insect feeding on it for a quarter of an hour, the cage
was replaced on the author’s arm. This time blood-sucking started at once, and
continued without a break for 7-8 minutes at a temperature of 23-25° C., when the
insect was fully fed. This experiment seems to show that a meal of nectar would

precede any blood-sucking.

M. Roubaud concludes his account thus :—‘‘ These observations show the biting
role and the manifest blood-sucking habits of Pangonia. There is no doubt that by
reason of the large size of the wounding apparatus, tropical pathology and biology
must henceforth reckon with these curious TABANIDAE.”

From the above descriptions it will be seen that the possible processes of blood-
sucking in the species of Pangonia may be classed as follows :—

1. The insect punctures and sucks up the blood through the proboscis alone,
while on the wing.
2. The insect alights and punctures with its proboscis.

3. The insect alights, punctures with its other trophi, and then sucks up blood
through its proboscis.

I shall return again to this subject after giving a description of the mouth-parts
in both sexes of Pangonia longirostris.

I am indebted to Dr. A. D. Imms for supplying me with the two pairs of insects
upon which this research was carried out. These were preserved in alcohol and
were taken by him at Bhowali, in the Kumaon Himalaya, at an altitude of about
five thousand feet, on 7th August 1912.

(C419) :

258 H. TETLEY.

II. Mouth-parts of the Female (text-fig. 2).

(1). Mandible (Pl. vi, fig. 2).—A strong chitinous blade 10 mm. in length, with the
greatest width (near the base) of 53 mm., and tapering gradually towards the
apex ; the width half-way along its length being ‘30 mm. At ‘2 mm. from the
apex, 1t narrows more abruptly to a sharp point, which is more strongly

in

Wee

Fig. 2. Lateral view of the head of P. longirostris, 9 (x 5): a, antenna; e, eye;

h. hypopharynx ; l, labium; le, labrum-epipharynx ; m, mandible; ma, maxilla;

p, maxillary palp. Owing to its great length only the proximal portion of the labium
ab i9 is Shown,

chitinised than the rest of the blade. Very small teeth are found on both
sides of the apex ; those on the inner side extend to a distance of ‘1 mm., but the
outer ones occur as far down as 3'2 mm. from the tip of the mandible, and then
become minute (text-fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Apex of left mandible of 2
greatly enlarged.

The inner edge of the mandible is produced proximally into a strongly chitinised
rod which articulates with a second much shorter rod. From the proximal end of
the outer edge there arises another short, curved and pointed rod, which, together
with the projection from the inner edge, forms a horseshoe-shaped end to the
mandible, in which the inner end of the horseshoe is prolonged beyond the outer
one. To this outer projection the abductor rectus muscle is attached.

(2). Mazilla (PI. vi, fig. 3)—This is composed of a cardo, stipes, lacinia, galea
and palp. Of these, the cardo is articulated with the head skeleton at a point

THE MOUTH-PARTS OF PANGONIA LONGIROSTRIS. 259

which lies internal to, and further back than, the articulation of the mandible; it
is spindle-shaped, *74 mm. long, and has a strongly chitinised ridge running down
its length.

The stipes cannot be distinctly separated off from the galea. It articulates with
the distal end of the cardo, and from here to the base of the palp it is strongly
concave outwards, but then curves in the opposite direction and merges into the
galea

The lacinia is a curved projection from the base of the inner edge of the galea ;
it has a pointed end directed towards the base of the head.

The galea is a long narrow chitinous rod, of the same length but not as broad as
the mandible, the greatest width being 35-37 mm. Its basal portion is evenly
chitinised throughout its breadth, but more distally the chitin is concentrated into a
narrow darker band, which runs to the apex. The latter is rounded and covered with
numerous rows of teeth, which point backwards (text-fig. 4). The teeth are deep
basally, but are produced into thin flattened or pointed ends. On the outer edge of
the galea the teeth continue only for a short distance, hairs arising part of the way
down and then continuing down towards the base beyond the point where the teeth
disappear. Teeth are found on the inner edge to a point further down than the

Fig. 4. Apex of left maxilla (galea) of 9;
greatly enlarged.

outer edge, but they gradually become less numerous and then are no longer
evident. Some of the more distal of these teeth point inwards. Following a small
gap, hairs arise and are continuous down to the base.

Maxillary palp.—tThis consists of two joints, and arises from the soft membrane
on the external border of the base of the galea, and not from any chitinous part.
The proximal joint of the palp is expanded at the base, and passes forward as a
long rod, slightly curved outwards and of uniform width; its edge is deeply
chitinised and corrugated. At the junction with the second joint it expands
slightly, and from this region two rows of stiff hairs arise at the edge and converge,
passing for some distance down the first joint. The second, or distal, joint is
swollen near the base and then tapers to a blunt end, being about three-quarters of
the length of the first joint. Both joints of the palp are covered with hairs ; at the
base of the first joint are a few long, slightly pigmented setae, in addition to a
continuous covering of short hairs; higher up are a few more darkly pigmented
hairs of medium length, each arising from a conspicuous rounded base. On the
proximal part of the second joint is a thick clothing of short stiff darkly-pigmented
hairs or spines; hairs are also found to the extremity of the joint, the stiff ones
being succeeded by others which are finer and more transparent. In addition to

(C419) E2

260 H. TETLEY.

these, there are a number of very dark long hairs scattered irregularly over the
surface, and on this joint is an oval area of circular thick-walled cells.

Wesché has laid down the rule that “ the maxillary palpi when present in Diptera
are always in contact with the stipites and cardines of the maxillae,”’ and in the
Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society for 1904 he gives a figure of a dorsal
view of the mouth-parts of a male of Pangonia longirostris, in which he marks the
palp as maxillary palp. The assumption from this would be that the palps are in
contact with the basal joints of the maxillae, but I did not find this to be the case
in the specimens I dissected, the palps arising, as stated above, from the soft
membrane adjoining the external border of the base of the galea. If Wesché’s rule
be accepted, the palps should, in my opinion, be called the labial palps, but it seems
more likely that, from their close association with the maxillae, they are really not
labial palps, but maxillary.

(3). Labrum-epipharyne (Pl. vi, fig. 5).—Strong, deeply chitinised in its basal
third, broad at the base and gradually tapering distally until, at a short distance
from the apex, it narrows more abruptly. It then widens out again, and again.

PASS CES
HF BAS en @eeS;
ROSE

\ \ \i\\ \
Wh \

Fig. 5. Apex of labrum-epipharynx of 9;
greatly enlarged.

narrows, forming a somewhat blunt extremity. I have not been able to separate:
the labrum from the epipharynx, but in the preparations I have made I can see
clearly that there is a central portion which is directly continuous with the fulcrum,
and this I take to be the epipharynx, as described by Cragg in the case of Haematopota
pluvialis. The basal external corners of the labrum articulate with two strong
curved rods, which lie in the wall of the head. The apex (text-fig. 5) is covered with
numerous rounded teeth which are directed backwards, and on the outer edges of
its base there are three ridges on each side, which run diagonally from the edge
towards the centre. Behind these ridges the teeth are continued for a short distance
on the edges of the labrum-epipharynx, but in the centre they pass gradually into
rows of minute hairs, which continue for some way down. A strengthening of the

THE MOUTH-PARTS OF PANGONIA LONGIROSTRIS, 261

apex is effected by a strong chitinisation of the central portion forming a straight
rod. This structure tapers slightly distally, and divides at the base into two rods,
each of which ‘passes to the edge of the labrum-epipharynx. The sides of the whole
organ are hairy, starting from a point which is half-way down the chitinous red and
continuing towards the base, the hairs decreasing in size. Ventrally a channel is
formed by the downward extension of the edges of this organ.

(4). Hypopharyna (PI. vi, fig. 4).—A slender tapering rod, but swelling out near
the apex, which is broad and notched in the centre. The salivary duct runs along
the whole length and opens near the extremity (text-fig. 6).

1 Did aT Bind
ere cae:

Fig. 6. Apex of hypopharynx of ? from
ventral aspect; greatly enlarged.

(5). Labium.—The most noticeable feature of this species is the labium, which
forms the long proboscis giving the insect its specific name. The organ lies ventral
to all the other trophi and is loosely attached to the head, its base being enclosed
in a basal membrane, the conjunctive membrane of Meinert (10). The labium extends
directly forwards in front of the head, and is grooved on its dorsal surface, the other
mouth-parts lying within this groove. It is a rather broad organ, and stiff, its
surface being strengthened at intervals by transverse bands of brown chitin. At
its distal end are the two labella, each of which is so situated that it forms a right
or left half of the apex of the labium. The two labella are flattened from side to

Fig. 7. One of the spine-like processes of
labellum of 2 (x 830).

side, and not horizontally as in the rest of the proboscis. They are united at their
bases, but are separate distally ; they are convex externally and concave internally,
and each contains within it a number of pseudotracheae.

The external surface of each labellum (PI. vi, fig. 1) has a honeycombed appearance,
and bears some short, fairly strong spines projecting outwards from it (text-fig. 7).
As stated above, Dr. Imms has found this species only on flowers belonging either
to the order Scrophulariaceae or to the Labiatae, in both of which the flowers are
tubular. In view of this observation, I would suggest that the use of these spines
is to steady the insect somewhat when feeding on nectar. Having inserted its

262 H. TETLEY.

proboscis into the flower, the insect would naturally make the two labella diverge
so as to suck up the nectar; this would have the effect of making the spines project
into the sides of the flower and would give the insect a slightly firmer hold while
it was hovering. Such an arrangement would, I think, he a help, considering the
great length of the proboscis.

III. Mouth-parts of the Male.

(1). Mandibles.—Absent.

(2). Mazilla (text-fig. 8).—Differs very sa a from the maxilla of the female
in the method of its connection with the head. In the female, as stated above, the
base of the maxilla is inserted well inside the head. In the male there is no
articulation, but the whole organ, with its palp, lies in a membranous area situated
within a hollow. The latter is formed firstly by the forward prolongation of the
central anterior region of the submentum, and secondly by the hollowing out of the

Fig. 8. Basal portion of right

maxilla of ¢ (xX 44): g, galea;

1, rudiment of lacinia ; p, maxil-
‘lary palp ; st, stipes.

parts of the genae lying on either side of this process of the submentum. Thus it
will be seen that the maxilla in the male is not nearly so firmly welded to the head
as it is in the female. The maxilla consists of stipes, lacinia, galea and palp.

Cardo.—Absent.

Stipes.—A broad, very deeply chitinised rod, and slightly curved. It has a distinct
articulation with the galea, and is not continuous with it as in the female. The
articulation is straight, but faces obliquely towards the middle line.

Lacinia.—A small projection from the inner basal corner of the galea, slightly
hooked at its extremity, and pointing towards the head. Its inner edge is stronger
than the outer one, as it has a ridge running down it. A straight line, running
parallel to the edge of the galea, can be seen separating it off from the latter piece.

Galea.—Approximately of the same length as in the female. It is slightly curved
outwards at the base, but the remainder is straight until close to the apex, where it
narrows. ‘The inner edge commences to narrow before the outer one. The galea
is more deeply chitinised at the base than elsewhere, the chitin decreasing over the

THE MOUTH-PARTS OF PANGONIA LONGIROSTRIS. 263

general surface to the apex, which is weak and practically colourless. There is,
however, as in the female, a rod of deeper chitin going down the galea, but it gradually
disappears before the apex is reached. The two galeae would, when brought
together, form a circular tube of which each piece would form one side, up which the
liquid food could be sucked.

The apex (fig. 9) is covered with two series of hairs, in one of which the hairs are
long and point outwards and slightly forwards, those in the other (along the inner
edge) being shorter and pointing inwards and more forwards. The two series

\

XSi

AAS N
WS \S \

\

Fig. 9. Apex of right maxilla (galea)
of $; greatly enlarged.

approximate near the apex, but are more widely separated further down. Hairs
are found down to the base of the galea, but are not nearly so numerous as at the
apex, and further down the blade they lie in the centre in a direction parallel with
its edges.

Maxillary palp.—Of the same length as in the female, but the comparative lengths
of the two joints are different, the second one being just over half as long again as
the first one, instead of being only three-quarters of its length. In addition to this,
the second joint is more uniform in width, ending more bluntly and not being so
drawn out as in the female. There are the same different types of hairs as are found
on the female’s palp.

(3). Labrum-epipharyna (text-fig. 10).—The most essential difference between this
organ and its counterpart in the female is found in the character of the apex. The

Fig. 10. Apex of labrum-epipharynx
of 3; greatly enlarged.

base of the blade is as strongly chitinised as in the female, but the rest of it has not
the same strength, as the chitin decreases, the apex being only feebly chitinised.
In contrast to the apex of the labrum-epipharynx in female, that of the male bears
no teeth, unless some serrations along the edges can be so called. It is, however,

264 H. TETLEY.

hairy, more pointed than in the female, and has no central strengthening rod of
chitin. Its breadth is covered with rows of minute hairs or spines which lie in a
direction perpendicular to the edge of the blade. On either side of the apex is an
area free from hairs (fig. 10), in which lie the curved rod-lke structures shown in
the figure. |

(4). Hypopharynex (text-fig. 11).—This has the apex much broader than in the female,
and it ends abruptly and does not taper. The salivary duct runs down the middle
and opens at a distance of *4 mm. from the apex.

Fig. 11. Apex of hypopharynx of 3;
greatly enlarged.

(5). Labium.—Similar to that of the female, except that the teeth on the pseudo-
tracheae of the labella seem to be rather more slender as a rule, but the difference 1s
very slight.

IV. Measurements, in Millimetres, of the Mouth-parts of both Sexes.
|

Hypo- Lbr-epi-
Labium. Mandibles. Mazxillae. pharynx. | pharynx.
| i [
fe Oo mage 3 < ga 2 | Omi:
left right| left right | left right

Length . .| 47 |49;— | 10 10} 95 95 | 98 96 | 95 | 95 | Fo} Fs

99 : sh AED | Aah —— A Ree cre I eh aa ret ee ee ee ee

Greatest width | — |—|—| ‘53 ‘54 | 24 °:30 | °35 ‘37 | -40 | °40 | 1:04) ‘66
Width in

middle . . | — |—}|—].°380 °30 | 14 +16] *18 °13 | — | 110 | °58 | °46

V. Conclusions as to the Feeding-habits of the Species.

From an examination of the mouth-parts of both sexes of Pangona longirostris
it will be seen that the sexual differences are :—

(1) That mandibles are completely absent in the male (as in all other male
TABANIDAE), but are present in the female as strong organs toothed at their apices.

(2) The maxillae of the male are loosely attached to the head, lying ina membranous
area and with no articulation with the head skeleton, and are hairy to the apex ;

THE MOUTH-PARTS OF PANGONIA LONGIROSTRIS. 265

those in the female are firmly attached to the endo-skeleton of the head and are
hairy over a portion of their length only, the apices being naked and armed with
strong teeth. ,

(3) The labrum-epipharynx of the male has a weak chitinised apex and is hairy ;
in the female it has a firm apex, strengthened by a median band of chitin, and is
armed with strong teeth and not hairy.

(4) The hypopharvnx of the male differs from that of the female only in being
broader at the apex.

(5) The labium is similar in the two sexes, and the pseudotracheal teeth are found
in both male and female.

I conclude from these observations that the male could only suck blood which
was flowing from a wound already present on an animal, such as might be caused
by the bite of a female Tabanid. I mention this as a possibility, but do not think
it is at all likely to occur, as I have been unable to find any reference to a male
Tabanid sucking blood. They are always found sucking up the nectar of flowers.

The female is quite competent to suck blood, but can at any time suck up also
the juices of flowers through her proboscis.

The most natural way in which the former process would be carried out seems to
me to be the third of the three different methods I have enumerated above on
p. 257. The female alights, punctures with her stylets and then sucks up blood
through the proboscis, either while settled or on the wing. It is possible, however,
that certain species feed only while hovering and others only when settled on the
skin, but further observations are greatly needed.

The idea that Pangonia longirostris could pierce the skin with its proboscis seems
to me quite untenable, as the apex of this organ is not pointed and could only be
thrust into anything by the close apposition of the two labella. In this case, all
possible value that the pseudotracheal teeth might have as piercing organs would
be lost, seeing that they would be enclosed inside the labella. There are, too, some
short but rather stout spines projecting outwards from the outer edge of the labella,
which would hinder any attempt to thrust in the proboscis. As pseudotracheal
teeth are found on the labella of such a purely flower-haunting family as the
Bombyliidae, and as they are also present in the male P. longirostris, I do not
consider that their presence has any significance in deciding whether an insect is a
blood-sucker or not. According to Dimmock (4) the Bombyliidae use these teeth
to scratch the surface of flowers, and no doubt their presence in Pangonia can be
explained in the same way.

Dr. Imms states that in the living insect the apex of the proboscis is flexible and
has not the rigidity usually associated with piercing organs.

VI. Comparison of the Mouth-parts with those of other Tabanidae.

The other TaBanipaE with which Pangonia longirostris will be compared are
species of Tabanus, Chrysops, Haematopota, and other species of Pangonia. The
only literature that I have found which deals with the mouth-parts of the males of
this family are the writings of Hansen (7), Meinert (10), both of whom give figures
of various TABANIDAE, and Wesche (18), who gives a figure of a male Pangoma

266 H. TETLEY.

longirostris without any description. For the mouth-parts of the female I have used
a mounted preparation of Chrysops coecutiens, and consulted the figures and
descriptions of Hansen (7), Meinert (10), Patton and Cragg (13), Cragg (3), and
Alcock (1).

Mouth-parts of the Female.

The apices of the mandible of Pangonia longirostris, in common with those of
P. sorbens and P. depressa, as figured by Hansen (7), differ from those of species of
Tabanus, Chrysops, and Haematopota, in having teeth on both edges of the blade.
In Tabanus all the teeth are very small and directed backwards, in Haematopota
there is “a regular row of extremely fine serrations’ (Cragg, 3), and in Chrysops
coecutiens there are a number of large teeth followed by smaller ones; in all these
three genera teeth are found only on the inner edge of the blade.

The apices of the maxillae of Tabanus are armed with stout rasp-like teeth which
are set closely together on the whole of the surface. These teeth continue for some
distance on the inner side, and all point towards the base of the blade. In Chrysops
coecutiens the apical teeth are not so numerous as in Pangonia longirostris, but teeth
are found further down the blade than in the latter species.

In the maxillary palp of Tabanus, Chrysops and Haematopota the second joint
is larger or much larger than the first, but in the female of Pangonia longirostris it
is smaller, and larger in the male.

The apex of the labrum-epipharynx in Pangonia longirostris difiers from the
condition found in Tabanus, Chrysops or Haematopota. In these three genera teeth
are found only at the extreme apex, which is more strongly chitinised than the rest
of the blade, and in none of them do they occur so far down. In the case of Chrysops
coecutiens no hairs are found on the labrum-epipharynx as in P. longirostris, though
they occur in Tabanus sudeticus.

The hypopharynx does not differ from that found in other TABANIDAE,

The labium is considerably more elongate than in Tabanus, Haematopota or
Chrysops.

The mouth-parts of the female resemble those found in Tabanus more closely than
they do those of Chrysops or Haematopota. ‘

References.
1. AICO WA, ~ < .. Entomology for Medical Officers. London, 1911.
2. Austen, EH. HE... .. African Blood-sucking Flies other than Mosquitoes
and Tsetse-flies. British Museum, 1909.
a. Crags, FW. :. .. Structure of Haematopota pluvialis—Sci. Mem. Med.
and Sanit. Depts. Govt. India, no. 55, Calcutta, 1912.
4. Dimmock, G. .. .. Anatomy of the Mouth-parts and of the Sucking-

apparatus of some Diptera. Boston, 1881.
5. Fantham, H. B.,
Stephens, J. W. W.
& Theobald, F. V... The Animal Parasites of Man. London, 1916.

6. Griimberg, K. .. .. Die blutsaugenden Dipteren. Jena, 1907.

18.

13.

20.

THE MOUTH-PARTS OF PANGONIA LONGIROSTRIS. 267

Hansen, H. J.
Hardwicke, T.
Lefroy, H. M. &

Howlett, F. W.
. Meinert, F.

. Neave,S. A. ..

eo, J.-B. 8,

. Patton, W.S8. &

Cragg, F. W.

. Roder, H.
. Roubaud, E. ..

Sharp, D.

perth, J.B. ..

Wesché, W.

Wesché, W.

Westwood, J. O.

Fabrica Oris Dipterorum. Copenhagen, 1883.
Transactions of the Linnaean Society, xiv, 1825.

Indian Insect Life. Calcutta, 1909.

Fluernes Munddele (Trophi Dipterorum). Copenhagen,
1881.

The Tabanidae of Southern Nyassaland.—Bull. Ent.
Res., v, 1914-15, p. 294.

Contribution to the Study of Trypanosomiasis and to
the Geographical Distribution of some Blood-
sucking Insects, &c.—Journ. Trop. Med. & Hyg.,
xii, 1902; p. 20.

Medical Entomology. Calcutta, 1912.

Stettiner entom. Zeit., xlu, 1881, pp. 384-6.

Contribution a la biologie de Pangonia.—Bull. Soc.
Ent. France, 1912, p. 183.

Cambridge Natural History ; Insects, Pt. 1. London,,
1909.

A Contribution towards the Knowledge of the Mouth-
parts of Diptera.—Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xvu,
1890, pp. 319-39.

Undescribed Palpi on the Proboscis of some Dipterous
Flies, with Remarks on the Mouth-parts in several
Families.—Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc., 1902, pp.412-416.

Comparative Anatomy of Trophi of Diptera, and their
Bearing on Classification.—Ibid., 1904, pp. 28-47.

An Introduction to the Modern Classification of
Insects, vol. ii. London, 1840.

| lomeveg Me arweyestivoas!. att ae ‘tsi aore wil. fad

‘Toe AICTE CEN
+ a

poten nighties tik Uc atbiialeesee itvie*
ORR Ly ‘vin apna abasiians. 2 91> bs vacant coqyalel at
< Hana (hy Me- ait Ceage ‘y iy
. oer two) §«ot.T tidenk maiiak a
oe gedasqa) , {ouerpypptagi tdyotT) siehhdelt eset ane
Poa in bicuaamee’
digg. saa a ea

We WT Ait ri ga 2 a

ao | ores edves «ff ob fi he
ot oe eve t ‘une ett of ced fic ochoekl xh wytiie Pia he)
“EW: oll oni ho. is past Ne pay . i), end ate ‘(Sas

oi) oy}
cli, yl frat . 5 égor) f$2t tht ty or Atyaeal iy if MRS “7 mrs’ a) iit
eels ; WE a BUG L, iy J :

: | ‘ete
a _ 2: mene) .ceToLa Se eee aivie Cuiners ital, ii) pwn, a 7 W a BY.
ai ~ MS ot fel oie i ta tomehate 2» iy, Sg
ae Ai here. li vigubiieh ako pHtadintiny....
aT (Ok GLAS tart, he
TEND oh i ORR ae es, am
acer. aes a
tall, aif), be edbe! won od ohio; pittndinvtant) i. ps AD A dict if
eK Looe Sek ol... sere: 1+, rata gira. wine i Fei feng =a thee
jbietty feo: MAPS Apes Ps Elie “yen urns:
_sstonadanis, anc bn nace: abt ao ‘ital ty dimaep ber’ ia: Se ‘steely bias aiff
tee af OF 7a ai
db bbh mcr (6 BURT acti scrult.comd dyes aalbineiilis” a Teo Lorre yo

a]

tad dh bene sate iti Metin Cole vetofenrA vitor pare’) e3 Te Wf oi 0 WT j
| “shee. SA. Hel brill -coitesitiveal adler’: rT or pr
M aiieasiam J .ele, od> at... cenanhoatk i. Ts Soni Th rit dua ee

¥ PS ys ni ; ohrea : V ly ehonvenl

. —

ee ah A sane of i et Heist

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Mouth-parts of the female of Pangonia longirostris.

Apex of the left labellum seen from the inner side. x 180.

. Left mandible. x 22.
. Left maxilla: c, cardo; g, galea; p, palp; st, stipes. X 22.
. Hypopharynx. x 22.

. Labrum-epipharynx. x 22.

PLATE VI.

WOOL. Vili. a ARTS: Oo AND 4,

BuLt. ENT. RESEARCH.

AW

Mouth-parts of Pangonia longirostris, Hardw.

262

A NEW WEEVIL PEST OF SWEET POTATOES IN JAMAICA.

By Guy A. K. Marswatt, D.Sc.

The Imperial Bureau of Entomology has recently received from Mr. A. H. Ritchie,
Government Entomologist in Jamaica, specimens of a weevil which he found to be.
doing serious injury to the tubers of a crop of sweet potatoes. The insect belongs
to the sub-family CRYPTORRHYNCHINAE and proves to be an undescribed species
of the genus Palaeopus, Fst. (Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1896, p. 51 & 69).

Palaeopus costicollis, sp. nov.

62. Colour uniform dull black, clothed with erect stiff scale-lke setae, which
are dark brown on the prothorax (paler along the extreme front margin) and dark
or light brown (irregularly intermingled) on the elytra; unevenly scattered on the
latter are also a few elongate recumbent whitish scales, and there is a spot in the
middle of the base of the prothorax formed of similar scales.

& TASSART.

Fig. 1. Palaeopus costicollis,
Marshall, sp. n., 3.

Head regularly convex above the eyes and without any anterior depression, very
finely aciculate throughout and with a few scattered and very shallow punctures.
Rostrum rather densely clothed at the base with short erect light brown setae; in
the 3, opaque and distinctly tricarinate to beyond the middle, the apical third more
shiny and closely and coarsely punctate, except along a smooth median line, which
bears a short central stria; in the 92, the opaque area is confined to the basal third
and the carinae are less distinct, while the apical two-thirds is more shiny and rather
less coarsely punctate. Antennae testaceous ; the funicle with joint 1 as long as

270 GUY A. K. MARSHALL.

but much broader than 2,* the remaining joints very slightly widening outwardly,
3 a little longer than 4, 4 to 6 subequal and about as long as broad, 7 slightly
transverse. Prothorax somewhat broader than long, the sides strongly rounded,
broadest before the middle, deeply constricted quite close to the apex, the base
shallowly bisinuate ; the actual basal margin is sunk considerably below the general
level of the prothorax, except in the middle, where the central costa projects
backwards as short sharp process; the whole upper surface covered with large
reticulated punctures, except along the middle line, where there is a conspicuous
smooth ridge. Elytra broadly ovate, the sides slightly rounded, broadest before the
middle, the basal margin distinctly broader than that of the prothorax, its external
angles projecting slightly forwards, the apices jointly rounded ; the dorsal outline
quite flat for more than three-fifths of its length, the apical deciivity steep; the
striae broad and very shallow, containing large punctures, the interspaces between
which are hardly lower than the longitudinal intervals, the latter not broader than
the punctures, nearly flat, minutely scratched and without granules ; the abbreviated
tenth stria very indistinct. Legs short, broad and compressed ; femora with fairly
dense recumbent scale-like setae and shallowly furrowed beneath, the hind pair
extending to the end of the fourth ventral segment; the tibiae with dense erect
scale-like setae, especially along the carinate dorsal edge, but with a bare space
on the apical two-thirds of the posterior face to accommodate the tarsus when folded
back, and a pad of golden-brown hairs at the apex of the anterior face, the dorsal
carina being simple and not angulate. Abdomen with erect pale setae on the ventral
surface; in the g, the first ventral segment with a very large shallow median
impression, an impunctate strip along the basal margin and the apical margin raised
above the second segment, which is not longer than the third; in the 9, the first
ventral segment not impressed, punctate right up to the base, and its apical margin
not raised, the second segment almost as long as the third and fourth together, the
retractile eighth tergite long and narrowed, its apex armed with four well-
marked teeth, the outer incisions between them being deeper than the central one.
Length, 4 mm. ; breadth, 2 mm.

Types, 3 2, in the British Museum.

Faust has described his two species as having shoulders to the elytra; but he
often used the word laxly to indicate that the basal angles of the elytra project
beyond those of the prothorax, and the true humeral prominence, which indicates
the presence of functional wings, is not present, all these species being wingless.

Mr. Ritchie states that the damage done to sweet potatoes by this weevil is quite
similar to that inflicted by the common West Indian pest, Huscepes batatae, Waterh.,
locally known as the “scarabee.”” As the two insects would almost certainly be
confused by untrained observers, it seems very probable, as he suggests, that some
of the injury attributed to the Huscepes has been really due to the Palaeopus.

In the British Museum collection I have found two other specimens of this genus,
one coming from St. Vincent and the other from Grenada. These are specifically
distinct from the Jamaican species and from each other, and as it is quite likely that
they will prove to have similar habits, they are described below.

* In his generic diagnosis Faust states that joint 1 is longer than 2; but I have
examined cotypes of both his species, in which these joints appear to me to be equal.

A NEW WEEVIL PEST OF SWEET POTATOES IN JAMAICA. 271

Palaeopus grenadensis, sp. nov.
Extremely similar in general appearance to P. costicollis, but differing in the
following particulars :—

- 3. Head with a shallow semicircular impression in front, the floor of which is
opaque and uneven like the base of the rostrum, the rest of the head smooth, shiny
and impunctate. Rostrum with the basal carinae indistinct, the apical area much
less coarsely punctured, and the central stria scarcely perceptible. Prothorax
relatively a little longer, almost as long as broad, and without any central costa,
the anterior constriction much more shallow, the setae much narrower, and the
punctures on the side of the prosternum markedly coarser. Hlytra slightly narrower
proportionately, with larger punctures, the tenth stria entirely lacking; the dorsal
outline flat only to the middle, thence sloping backwards, so that the posterior
declivity is much less steep. Legs much more slender, the femora not compressed,
the setae on the latter suberect and not recumbent, those on the tibiae much more
slender than in P. costicollis, about half the width. Length, 34mm. ; breadth, 14 mm.

GRENADA: Balthazar, windward side (H. H. Smith).

Palaeopus subgranulatus, sp. nov.

Also very similar superficially to P. costicollis, and to be distinguished as follows :—

Head and rostrum as in P. grenadensis. Prothorax broader than in either species
and without any central costa, markedly more convex longitudinally, the greatest
depth being not far from the base. Hlytra not striate on the disc, but with rows of
very shallow and often ill-defined punctures, each of which bears at its anterior end
a small overhanging granule; on the inflexed margins there are no granules, and
the punctures form two shallow striae, the abbreviated tenth stria being entirely
absent ; the dorsal outline not flat, but sloping upwards from the base to about the
middle, the posterior declivity being longer and more gradual than in either of the
other species. Legs similar to those of P. grenadensis, but stouter and the setae on
the tibiae almost as broad as those of P. costicollis. Length, 4 mm.; breadth, 2 mm.

St. Vincent (H. H. Smith).

Faust’s two species, P. adspersus and P. laticollis, were described from Venezuela,
and nothing is known with regard to their habits. The following key may assist
in the discrimination of the five known species of the genus :—

1 (8). Front portion of the head with a shallowly impressed semicircular rugose
area; prothorax without any central costa.

2 (5). Head distinctly sculptured above the impression ; the dorsal carinae on the
tibiae sharply angulated close to the base; the elytra with an abbreviated
tenth stria.

3 (4). Vertex of head coarsely punctate ; prothorax somewhat broader than long ;
metasternum not tuberculate .. F ek adspersus, Fst.

4 (3). Vertex of head transversely striate ; i lich much broader than long ;
metasternum with a tubercle projecting over the hind coxa on each
side Me ae ae Be Ap “fe laticollis, Fst.

5 (2). Head quite smooth and Bit meh above the semicircular area ; the dorsal
carina on the tibiae simple ; elytra without any tenth stria.

272

GUY A. K. MARSHALL.

6 (7). Prothorax much broader than long (10 : 15); elytra with a minute smooth
granule at the anterior edge of each puncture

.. subgranulatus, sp. n.
7 (6). Prothorax nearly as long as broad (9: 10); elytra without granules

grenadensis, sp. n.
8 (1). The whole of the head above the eyes evenly convex and smooth, with only

a few scattered shallow punctures; prothorax with a conspicuous raised
central costa os sp

costicollis, sp. n-

273

AFRICAN APHIDIDAE—Parr III.*

By Frep. V. THEOBALD, M.A.

The following are some new species of APHIDIDAE found in Africa. The majority
are from the collection sent me by Mr. F. C. Willcocks, Entomologist to the
Sultanic Agricultural Society of Egypt. Others have been received by the Imperial
Bureau of Entomology.

Four previously described species are added, so as to keep these lists complete :—

1. Macrosiphum dahliafoli, nov. sp.
. Aphis durantae, sp. nov.
. Aphis zzyphi, sp. nov.
Aphis ficus, sp. nov.
Aphis tamaricis, sp. Nov.
. Aphis bauhiniae, sp. nov.
. Aphis buddleiae, sp. nov.
. Aphis mathiolae, sp. nov.
. Aphis mathiolellae, sp. nov.
. Aphis prumella, sp. nov.
. Aphis pomonella, Theobald.
. Aphis pheidole, Theobald.
. Aphis acetosae, Koch.
. Stphocoryne pseudobrassicae, Davis.
. Hyalopterus insignis, sp. nov.
. Myzus pterisoides, sp. nov.

co CONN OTP oo DO

ee
rn or WD K& ©

1. Macrosiphum dahliafolii, sp. nov. (fig. 1).

Apterous viviparous female.—Apparently deep reddish, with black tubercles on
the body ; black cornicles and cauda; black antennae, except for base of third
segment. Legs apparently yellowish-red, but the femora black, except just at
base, a small dark area at base of tibiae, a large apical one and black tarsi,
Kyes deep blackish-red. Antennae longer than body, arising from prominent frontal
tubercles ; basal segment much larger than second; both deep black, with a few
hairs; third segment about as long as sixth and longer than fourth, with 56-68
round sensoria, evenly distributed over its whole length, except just at the pale
base and apex ; fourth longer than fifth ; sixth not quite as long as 4 + 5, its basal
area short; sixth segment paler than third; in some the flagellum is quite pale;
third to fifth imbricated ; sixth markedly so; a few stiff hairs on third to fifth.
Some of the frontal hairs slightly capitate. Rostrum reaching nearly to the third
coxae; apical segment longer and narrower than the penultimate; apex black.
The black cornicles are cylindrical, slightly expanding basally ; broad and a little

* Part I—Bull. Ent. Res., iv, pp. 313-337; Part II—Bull. Ent. Res., vi, pp. 103-153.
(C419) F

274 FRED. V. THEOBALD.

shorter than the third antennal segment, in some about as long ; the apex markedly
reticulate, remainder imbricated. The black cauda is about half the length of the
cornicles, acuminate, spinose; the spines in rows, longish and thorn-like; five
pairs of lateral chaetae of pale colour; cauda about level with apex of cornicles.
Anal plate black, spinose, with a few long hairs. Abdomen with stiff moderately

Fig. 1. Macrosiphum dahliafolit, sp. n., apterous 9: A, head and antenna ;
a, sensoria; B, cornicle; b, apical sculpturing; C, cauda; c, apical
sculpturing ; D, body hairs.

long pale hairs, some slightly capitate, arising from dark mammillae; the lateral
edges of the abdomen in places have very short, fine spines. Legs with long, pale,
thorn-like hairs, a few being capitate. The dark spots on the body are darkened
areas around the base of the hairs. Length, 2 mm.

Uceanpa: Kampala, 19.xii.16 (C. C. Gowdey).

Food-plant.—Dahlias.

Described from a number of apterous viviparous females sent in spirit, but with
no colour notes ; the colour seems however to have been more or less retained and
appears to be a rich reddish, with marked black abdominal spots. In general
appearance it approaches the Huropean M. solidaginis, but the structure of its
antennae and cornicles is quite different. The only known species feeding on
dahlias is Aphis rumicis (A. dahliae, Westwood). In some specimens the proboscis
reaches well up to and even slightly beyond the third coxae and the cornicles vary
in thickness and relative lengths. It feeds on the leaves of the dahlias.

2. Aphis durantae, sp. nov. (fig. 2).

Apterous viviparous female.—Very small (‘7 to ‘9 mm.). Greenish to yellowish
tinged with green ; two conspicuous dusky areas on the head ; eyes black. Antennae
with the two basal segments dusky; third paler; fourth smoky; fifth dusky to
black. Cornicles dusky to black. Cauda shaded. Legs obscure ochreous; tibiae
dusky at apex; tarsi black. Antennae not quite half the length of the body ; basal

AFRICAN APHIDIDAE—PART III. 275

segment wider than second, but no longer; third longer than fourth; fourth and
fifth about equal in length ; sixth about as long as fourth and fifth, its basal area

more than half the length of the flagellum, but slightly shorter than the fifth. A
small papilla on each side of the prothorax and two small lateral abdominal ones

before the cornicles. Cornicles rather short and thick, expanding basally (some
more so than in others), faintly imbricated. Cauda not quite as long as the cornicles,

A. OR,
B. Sc.

Fig. 2. Aphis durantae, sp. n., apterous 9:
A, Head and antenna; B, cornicle ; C, cauda. “

bluntly acuminate, with three pairs of lateral and one subapical hair. Anal plate
somewhat darkened, with a few apical hairs. Proboscis reaching past the base of
the second pair of legs; dusky at apex; apical segment narrower and longer
than the penultimate. Length, ‘7-9 mm.

Keyet: Ghezireh, 31.11.1910 and 1913 (F. C. Willcocks).

Food-plant.—Duranta.

This very small Aphis, according to Mr. Willcocks, lives on the main and secondary
veins, chiefly on the upper surface of the leaves of the Duranta. It occurs, he says,
in small numbers only.

Described; from about 20 apterous finelas in conjunction with original colour
notes, sent ‘a Mr. Willcocks.

3. Aphis zizyphi, sp. nov. (fig. 3).

Alate viviparous female.—Very dark olivaceous to brownish}black. Eyes dark
brown. Antennae with the two basal segments olivaceous to dusky; third with
basal half olivaceous, remainder dusky ; fourth, fifth or sixth black. Prothorax
green with blackish prothoracic collar (with a shade of obscure brown in it).

Fig.3. Aphis zizyphi, sp. n., alate viviparous 9:
, head and antenna; B, cornicle.

Thoracic lobes black. Abdomen apple-green. Cornicles faintly dusky to dusky
green. Cauda greenish, with base and apex faintly dusky. Wing insertions green ;
cubital vein"green ; stigma smoky; costa and veins dusky. The green abdomen
has three dark lateral spots between its base and the base of the cornicles. Legs
(C419) F2

276 FRED. V. THEOBALD.

with femora of first and second pairs greenish ochreous; tibiae ochreous, dark at
apex; tarsi dark; hind femora with apical half dusky ; tibiae as in the anterior
legs. Antennae not as long as the body; first segment larger than second; third
about as long as the sixth, with 7-8 circular sensoria; fourth longer than fifth,
with 3-4 sensoria ; fifth with normal subapical sensorium ; basal area of sixth half
the length of the flagellum ; the usual sensoria at apex of basal half; all the segments
imbricated. Proboscis reaching to third pair of legs; acuminate. There are lateral
abdominal papillae, one pair caudad of the cornicles and two pairs close together
cephalad of them. Cauda as long as cornicles, spinose, with three pairs of lateral
hairs, the apical pair curved inwards. Anal plate spinose, with a few long apical
hairs. Cornicles rather short, slightly expanding basally, apparently spirally ringed
up to nearly the apex, which is unadorned. Legs normal, with a few short hairs on
the tibiae. Length, 18-2 mm.

Apterous viviparous female.—Y ellowish green, mottled with darker shades of green.
Antennae of the same colour as the head, but apex of fifth and whole of sixth
segments are dusky. Eyes dark reddish-brown. Cornicles yellowish green, dusky
at apex. Legs yellowish green; tibiae with apices shaded; tarsi dark. Cauda
yellowish green. Antennae shorter than body ; basal segment larger than second ;
third longer than fourth and about as long as sixth ; fourth longer than fifth ; basal
area of sixth half the length of the flagellum ; sensoria on fifth and sixth normal.
Cornicles moderate in size, slightly expanding basally, imbricated. Cauda nearly as
long as the cornicles, spinose, with three pairs of lateral hairs, the apical pair curved
inwards. A large lateral papilla between the prothoracic and mesothoracic legs.
Length, 15-2 mm.

EKeaypt: Gizeh, 31.xi.10 (F. C. Willcocks).

Food-plant.—Zizyphus spina-christi.

Mr. Willcocks found this species swarming on the end portions of the young shoots
of Zizyphus which had grown up from the base of the trunk and also on any young
growth on the trees.

Zizyphus is a genus of the Rhamneae or buckthorn tribe. Zizyphus spina-christa
occurs in Asia and North Africa, including Egypt.

4. Aphis ficus, sp. nov. (fig. 4).

Apterous vurparous female—Head, thorax and abdomen a pale bright apple-
green. yes very dark red to reddish brown. Antennae with the first and second
segments of the same colour as the head ; the third to fifth segments pale; the sixth
smoky. Legs very pale yellowish or yellowish green; tarsi and tips of the tibiae
shaded dusky. Cornicles of the same colour as the body, but the tips smoky. Cauda
yellowish green. Antennae not so long as the body; the first segment larger than
the second ; the third longer than the fourth, about as long as the sixth; fourth
and fifth about equal in length ; the fifth with the usual subapical sensorium ; basal
area of the sixth about one-third the length of the flagellum. Cornicles more or less
cylindrical, with irregular transverse striae, showing a dotted appearance. Cauda
about as long as the cornicles, spinose, with three pairs of lateral hairs. Anal plate
spinose, with some long apical hairs. Length, 1-8-2 mm.

AFRICAN APHIDIDAE-—PART III. 277

Alate viviparous female.—Head olivaceous; eyes red. Antennae with first and
second segments olivaceous; third to sixth dusky. Prothorax greenish; collar
olivaceous. Meso- and meta-notum olivaceous, with dark lobes, but ground-colour
paler than head. Abdomen apple-green. Cornicles dusky. Cauda green. Legs
with tarsi of first and second pairs ochreous ; tips of tibiae dusky ; third pair same
as former, but the femora are shaded. Wings with pale or faintly greenish insertions ;
costa faintly smoky ; cubitus greenish, very pale; stigma faintly smoky ; oblique
vein pale dusky. Antennae shorter than the body; first segment larger than the
second ; third longer than fourth; fourth and fifth about equal; the third with
seven circular sensoria ; the fourth with one apical sensorium, as has also the fifth ;
sixth with basal area one-third to one-half the length of the flagellum. Cornicles
more or less cylindrical, with faint dotted transverse lines. Cauda as long as the
cornicles ; with three pairs of lateral hairs; spinose. Anal plate spinose, with a

Fig. 4. Aphis ficus, sp. n.: A, head and antenna of alate 9°;
a, cornicle; B, head and antenna of apterous 9; b,
cornicles ; C, wing of alate viviparous Q.
Nymph.—Head pale olive-green, slightly farinose ; eyes dusky brown. Antennae
with first two segments olive-green ; third to fifth pale; sixth smoky. Prothorax
pale olive-green, farinose. Meso- and meta-notum a pale ill-defined yellowish-brown ;
base of the wing-buds very pale greyish-green ; tips of wing-buds dusky. Abdomen
pale yellowish-brown, suffused with green around the cornicles. Cornicles dusky.
Cauda of the same colour as the abdomen. Legs yellowish; tips of the tibiae and
all the tarsi dusky.
Eeypr: Gizeh, Cairo, 6.vi.14 (F. C. Willcocks). Ucanpa: Kampala, 2.1.16
(C. C. Gowdey).

Food-plant.—Sycomore fig (Ficus sycomorus).

Described from a number of spirit specimens sent me by Mr. Willcocks, with
colour notes from the live insects. It occurs in great numbers on the leaves of the
sycomore fig tree, especially on the leaves which have been attacked by the Sycomore
Fig Tree Psylla. These Aphids live in the empty pits left by the Psyllae. This
insect bears some resemblance to Aphis zizyphi, but is apparently distinct, for the
fourth antennal segment in the alate female has only one sensorium, not 3 to 4 as in
zizyphi, and the cornicles of the alatae do not show the marked spiral ornamentation
seen in the Zizyphus feeder. ®

278 FRED. V. THEOBALD.

Specimens sent to the Imperial Bureau of Entomology by Mr. Gowdey from Ficus
sycomorus at Kampala are clearly the same insect, although the cornicles seem
darker.

5. Aphis tamaricis, sp. nov. (fig. 5).

Alate viviparous female.—Greenish, with dark thoracic lobes. Head almost flat
in front, or slightly rounded, broad. Antennae about half the-length of the body,
greenish ; first segment a little wider than second; third longer than fourth and
sometimes slightly longer than sixth, with 2-3 rather large circular sensoria ; fourth
often with a single sensorium, as long as fifth, the latter with an irregular subapical
sensorium and often another placed medially ; the sixth very marked, the basal
area being longer than the small blunt flagellum; normal] sensoria at junction
of basal area and flagellum; third to sixth segments imbricated. LHyes large.

Fig. 5. Aphis tamaricis, sp. n.: A, head and antenna of alate 9; a, a,, segments
of antenna; B, cauda and cornicles ; C, anterior wing; ¢,, variation in venation ;
D, head and antenna of apterous 9.

Proboscis reaching to base or just past the base of the second coxae. Thorax broad.
Abdomen somewhat rounded. Cornicles rather short and thick ; cylindrical, slightly
expanding basally; green, dusky at apex, not so long as cauda, apex broad;
slightly imbricated. Cauda green, spinose at the edges, less so on surface, broadened
at base, with four pairs of lateral hairs, the last pair more or less curved inwards at
the tips and arising from prominent mammillae; apex pale, bluntly acuminate.
Anal plate green. Legs green, normal ; a few hairs on the tibiae. Wings much longer
than body; slghtly tinted. (In some specimens the venation is abnormal.)
Length, 1-13 mm.

Apterous viviparous female.—Green, somewhat mottled and often darkened in
the middle; with five to six small black lateral specks. Head flat to slightly
rounded and broad in front. Antennae shorter than body ; first segment wider than

AFRICAN APHIDIDAE—PART III. 279

second ; third longer than fourth and a little shorter than sixth; fourth a little
longer than fifth ; sixth with basal area nearly twice as long as the short blunt nail-
like flagellum ; sensoria on fifth and sixth normal ; third to sixth imbricated. Eyes
large. Proboscis reaches to second coxae. A marked papilla on each side between
meso- and meta-thoracic legs and two (?) pairs of lateral abdominal papillae.
Cornicles dark green, thick, rather short, slightly expanding basally, broad at apex ;
showing very faint imbrication ; not quite so long as the cauda. Cauda dark green,
acuminate, spinose, with four pairs of lateral hairs, the apical pair curved inwards,
at some little distance from apex and arising from marked tubercles. Anal plate
small. Legs rather thick; tarsi and apices of tibiae darkened ; tibiae with a few
short hairs. In some the cornicles are thicker and shorter than in others and
consequently much shorter than the cauda. Four short hairs on the frons,
Length, 1-1°2 mm.

Eeyet: Ghizeh, 26.v.10 (F. C. Wallcocks).
Food-plant.—Tamariz sp.

Described from a number of apterous and two alate females preserved in spirit.
The specimens had retained a more or less greenish hue, but definite colours cannot
be given. It is a very marked species; however, easily distinguished by the structure
of the antennae, especially by the shortness of the flagellum and by the small
number of sensoria on the third antennal segment of the alate female. Wing
venation very erratic. Cauda long compared with the rather short, thick cornicles.
The only species recorded from this plant.

6. Aphis bauhiniae, sp. nov. (fig. 6).

Alate viviparous female-—Head dark brown ; thoracic lobes black ; rest of body
green. Sternal thoracic plates black. Proboscis pale. The green abdomen is
darkened in the middle and has three pairs of black lateral spots. Cornicles brown.
Cauda pale. Antennae pale, except just at the apex. Fore and mid femora pale ;
hind pair dusky ; apices of tibiae and tarsi dark. Antennae not so long as the body ;
first segment a little wider than second ; third longer than fourth, but shorter than
sixth, with four to seven round sensoria, more or less equally separated; fourth
segment of about the same length as fifth ; sixth longer than four and five, its basal
area rather less than one-third the length of the flagellum ; third to sixth imbricated.
Head rather flattened in front. Eyes large. Proboscis reaches to the second coxae ;
apical segment longer than the penultimate. Cornicles longer than cauda, slightly
widened basally ; imbricated. Cauda projecting well beyond the cornicles, spinose,
with three pairs of lateral hairs. Anal plate spinose, with a few long apical hairs.
A papilla on each side of pronotum ; also one between the meso- and meta-thoracic
legs and some on abdomen. Wing veins rather pale. Length, 1-15 mm.

Apterous viviparous female.—+Green and mottled green. Cornicles dark greenish-
brown. Cauda greenish, somewhat darker than body; apex of antennae dusky,
also apex of tibiae and the tarsi dark. Antennae not quite so long as the body ;
basal segment wider than the second ; third a little longer than fourth ; not so long
as the sixth; fourth and fifth equal; apex of fifth and all the sixth darkened ;

280 FRED. V. THEOBALD.

basal area of sixth about one-third the length of the flagellum; third to sixth
imbricated. Cornicles rather long, thick and dark; cylindrical, but expanding
basally ; imbricated ; projecting beyond the tip of the cauda and nearly twice its
length and longer than the third antennal segment. Cauda spinose, with three pairs
of lateral hairs, placed on its apical half. Anal plate darker than the cauda ; spinose
and with a few long apical hairs. A papilla on each side of pronotum and one on
each side of body between the meso- and meta-thoracic legs. Proboscis narrow.

a.;

Fig. 6. Aphis bauhiniae, sp. n.: A, head and antenna of alate @;

a, Variations of sensoria on third antennal segment; B, cornicle; C, cauda;

D, anterior wing; E, head and antenna of apterous 9; F, variations of
the cornicle; G, cauda.

reaching past the second pair of legs, often nearly to the third ; acuminate ; apical
segment narrower and longer than the penultimate. Legs normal; tibiae with a
few scattered hairs. Length, 1-14 mm.

Keypr: Gizeh, 26.v.10 (F. C. Willcocks).

Food-plant.—Bauhima.

Described from a number of apterous and alate females taken by Mr. Willcocks
on the leaves of a Bauhima, preserved in spirit, but still showing faint colours. The
structure of the antennae in the alate female will at once separate it from other
Egyptian species. |

There appears to be some variation in the shape of the head in front, some mounts
showing it to be quite flat, whilst in others it is slightly projecting in the middle
and at the sides; and the number of antennal sensoria vary, four being the fewest
and seven the most I have seen on the third segment.

AFRICAN APHIDIDAE—PART III. 281

7. Aphis buddleiae, sp. nov. (fig. 7).

Alate viviparous female——Head dusky, tinged with olivaceous; eyes black.
Antennae shorter than body; first and second segments palé, olivaceous; third
dusky, pale at the base; fourth to sixth dusky; first segment a little larger than
second ; third a little longer than fourth and shorter than sixth, with 14-16 round
sensoria of varied sizes ; fourth as long as the fifth, with 3-5 round sensoria ; sixth
as long as 4 + 5, its basal area slightly less than half the length of the flagellum ;
third to sixth imbricated ; the whole of the antennae are rather thick. Proboscis
long, reaching well past third coxae ; acuminate ; the apical segment narrow, about
twice as long as the penultimate. Pronotum lemon-yellow, dusky in front. Thoracic
lobes brownish black to deep blackish-brown. Abdomen lemon-yellow; skin
reticulate. Cornicles black, about as long as third antennal segment; cylindrical,
but slightly swollen on the inner side near apex or base, or irregularly imbricated.
Cauda lemon-yellow, with dusky apex to faintly smoky ; rather short and triangular ;

Z ws) IOP g

Fig. 7. Aphis buddleiae, sp. n.: A, head and antenna of apterous Q ;
B, cornicles ; C, head and antenna of alate 2; D, apex of proboscis ;
E, anterior wing; F, cornicles; G, cauda.

about one-third the length of cornicles, and projecting beyond them ; spinose, with
three pairs of pale lateral hairs and one dorsal subapical one. Anal plate smoky ;
spinose, with a few long pale hairs. In front of the cornicles on each side of the
abdomen are three pale dusky spots and one at the base of each cornicle, and two
pale dusky bands across the apical segments of the abdomen. Legs long and rather
thin ; first pair with femora and tibiae pale ochreous ; apex of tibiae and the tarsi
dusky ; the second have also the apex of the femora dusky, and the third pair the
same. Wings with yellowish insertions; cubital vein yellow; costa yellowish ;
stigma pale and ill-defined, yellowish to ochreous smoky ; lower margin somewhat
greenish. Length, 1°3 to 1°5 mm.

282 FRED. V. THEOBALD.

Apterous viviparous female.—Bright lemon-yellow, slightly mealy, with black
cornicles. Head lemon-yellow ; eyes black. Antennae shorter than the body ; first
and second segments lemon-yellow ; third and fourth paler; fifth pale, with smoky
apex ; sixth smoky; the first a little wider than second; the third longer than
fourth, not quite so long as the sixth ; fourth about as long as the fifth ; the basal
area of sixth about one-third the length of the flagellum ; third to sixth faintly
imbricated. Proboscis long, reaching past the third pair of legs, pale, acuminate ;
the apical segment rather narrow, about twice as long as the penultimate. Thorax
and abdomen lemon-yellow. Cornicles dull black, thick, somewhat expanding
basally, a little longer than the third antennal segment ; curved outward ; imbricated;
variable in thickness, some being very much thicker than others, reaching about to
the level of the cauda. Cauda shaded to dusky ; much shorter than cornicles ;
almost triangular ; slightly spinose, with three pairs of lateral hairs and one or two
subapical dorsal curved ones. Legs moderately long and thin; femora lemon-
vellow ; tibiae pale, with dusky apex; tarsi dusky ; coxae and trochantas lemon-
yellow. Venter lemon-yellow. A pale papilla on each side of pronotum; one
between the meso- and meta-thoracic legs and one between the cornicles and cauda
on each side. Skin reticulate. Length, 1:2-1°6 mm.

Nymph.—Lemon-yellow, slightly mealy. Antennae with first and second
segments of the same colour as the head ; third and fourth pale yellow; fifth very
pale yellowish ; tip dusky; sixth dusky. Eyes black; ocelli dusky. Prothorax of
the same colour as the head, slightly mealy. Metathorax lemon-yellow, slightly
mealy. Abdomen lemon-yellow, reticulate. Cornicles black. Cauda lemon-yellow,
with dusky apex. Wing buds yellow. Legs pale yellowish ; tips of tibiae and tarsi
dusky. ;

Heyer: Cairo, 10.vi.10 (7. Brown, per F. C. Willcocks).

Food-plant.—Buddleia madagascariensis.

Described from a few alate females and many apterae. In general appearance
this species resembles Aphis neria and Aphis asclepiadis, but it can be distinguished
at once by the shorter antennae and the marked sensorial structure in the alate
female ; also by the shorter and thicker cornicles, the much shorter cauda, and the
much longer proboscis. Although presenting a general resemblance to A. nerv,
it is very distinct. ;

It occurs in great numbers on the Jeaves of the Buddleva.

8. Aphis mathiolae sp. nov. (fig. 8).

Alate viviparous female-——Head dusky olivaceous to blackish; eyes very dark
brown, almost black. Antennae shorter than body ; two basal segments olivaceous ;
third pale at base, dark at apex ; fourth to sixth black, apex of latter slightly paler
than base ; first segment a little broader and very slightly longer than second ; the
third longer than fourth and about as long as sixth, with 13-16 round sensoria, of
unequal size, over its whole length; fourth with 3-5 sensoria, a little longer than
fifth ; the latter may have an extra sensorium in addition to the normal subapical
one; sixth about as long as 4 + 5, its basal area about one-third the length of the
flagellum ; segments 3-6 imbricated. Proboscis dusky at apex, reaching to or just

AFRICAN APHIDIDAE—PART III. 283

past the second pair of legs ; its apical segment a little longer and narrower than the
penultimate. Prothorax yellowish green with a dusky olivaceous collar. Thoracic
lobes polished blackish or olivaceous black. Abdomen green, skin reticulate ; two
blackish transverse bars at the base; a submedian row of small black specks, and
there may be a transverse row in front of and between the cornicles ; three large
black spots on the sides of the abdomen in front of the cornicles, and one at the
base of the cornicles, making four on each side. Apical margin of caudal and pre-
caudal segments of abdomen blackish. Cornicles dusky at base, median area
somewhat greenish or pale smoky ; apex’ dark; rather short and thick ; about as
long as the cauda and much shorter than the third antennal segment, imbricated.
Cauda obscure ochreous ; spinose,-bluntly acuminate; with three pairs of lateral
hairs. Anal plate darker than cauda. Legs with dusky greenish femora, paler at
their base; first pair paler than second and third; tibiae yellowish, black at the
apex ; tarsi black ; coxae and trochanters greenish. Wings with greenish insertions ;

Cre Oo 2d29. Mela Ala hkrie parr

té (7
< OOOO HOLY.

RIS ag Gr etree
ty Re dntactsas See

Fig. 8. Aphis mathiolae, sp. n.: A, antenna of alate?; a, third
segment further enlarged; B, cornicle; C, cauda; D, apex of wing;
E, head and antenna of apterous 2, F, cornicle; G, cauda.

costa smoky ; cubitus yellowish; stigma smoky; oblique veins dusky. Venter of
prothorax and head greenish ; of head darker than prothorax. Sternal plates blackish
to blackish brown. Venter of abdomen green. A pale papilla on each side of
pronotum; one between the meso- and meta-thoracic legs and one between the
cornicles and cauda on each side. The cauda projects well beyond the cornicles.
Length, 2 ram.

Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae shorter than body ; first segment wider
than second ; third one and a half times as long as fourth and as long as the sixth ;
fourth slightly longer than fifth ; sixth about as long as 4 + 5, its basal area not
quite half the length of the flagellum ; third to sixth imbricated. A papilla on each
side of pronotum and one between the meso- and meta-thoracic legs and another
between the cornicles and cauda. Proboscis reaching to the second coxae; rather
broad; apical segment as wide as penultimate and a little longer. Cornicles
apparently dusky, a little longer than cauda; expanding basally; imbricated.
Cauda palish, projecting beyond the cornicles; spinose, with three pairs of lateral

284 FRED. V. THEOBALD.

hairs, curved at their apices. Anal plate darker than cauda; finely spinose, with
some long pale hairs. Legs moderately long and thick ; a few short hairs on femora
and tibiae ; apex of tibiae and tarsi dusky. Length, 1°7-2 mm.

Keyer: Ghezireh, 15.iv.09 (Ff. C. Willcocks).

Food-plant.—Ornamental stocks.

Described from a long series collected by Mr. Willcocks (preserved in spirit) and
from colour notes sent with them, It is a rather obscure species, which, however,
I cannot place with any described form. ‘

Three specimens mounted in balsam sent under the same number and food-plant
differ and I place them as a separate species, which is described as A. mathiolellae.

9. Aphis mathiolellae, sp. nov. (fig. 9).

Alate viviparous female.—Differs from the previous species in that the third
antennal segment has from 21-24 various-sized sensoria spread over the whole
length; the fourth with 10-12 sensoria and the fifth with 3-4 sensoria. The
cornicles are also of different shape (vide fig. 9) and show spiral ornamentation.

Fig. 9. Aphis mathiolellae, sp. n.: A, head and antenna of alate 9°;

a, antennal segments further enlarged; B, cauda; C, cornicle; D, apex

of wing ;§E, apex of proboscis; F, head and antenna of apterous 9;
G, cornicle ;|JH, cauda.

Apterous viviparous female.—This differs in the more cylindrical form of the
cornicles, etc., from the previous species.

Keyrt: Ghezireh, 15.4.09 (F. C. Willcocks).
Food-plant.—Ornamental Stocks. °

Found with Aphis {mathiolae. It may be a variety of it, but the marked
structural differences of antennae and cornicles seem to me to indicate clearly that
it is a separate species.

Described from several alate females and a few apterae.

AFRICAN APHIDIDAE—PART III. 285

10. Aphis pruniella, sp. nov. (fig. 10).

Alate viviparous female.—Antennae shorter than body ; basal segment wider and
longer than second ; third longer than fourth, but not quite so long as the sixth,
with 45 round sensoria scattered over the whole length; fourth and fifth about
equal in length, the latter with a normal subapical sensorium; sixth with basal
area about half the length of the flagellum ; all the segments imbricated. Head
flat in front; eyes large; stemmata marked. Proboscis reaching to third coxae,
acuminate ; apical segment longer than the penultimate ; pale at base, dark at apex.
A prominent papilla on each side of pronotum and one between the meso- and
meta-thoracic legs ; there are also other smaller lateral abdominal papillae. Cornicles
dark, moderately long, cylindrical or slightly swollen towards the base; markedly
imbricated, the imbrications long ; sides serrated. Cauda not nearly as long as the
cornicles ; dark ; spinose, with three pairs of long lateral hairs, the apical pair curved
inwards. Anal plate dark ; spinose, with some long hairs. Legs with apices of tibiae
and all the tarsi dark; tibiae with a few short hairs. Wings much longer than the
body ; the costa, stigma and veins yellowish brown; membrane slightly tinged.
Length, 1:5 to 1°9 mm.

Fig. 10. Aphis pruniella, sp. n., alate 9: A, head and antenna ;
B, cornicle ; C, cauda.

&

Apterous viviparous female.—Antennae shorter than body ; basal segment larger
than second ; third a little longer than fourth, not quite so long as the sixth ; fourth
and fifth equal in length, the latter with the normal sub-apical sensorium ; sixth with
basal area half as long as the flagellum ; all the segments from the third imbricated ;
the third and fourth paler than the remainder. Head with small lateral prominences ;
eyes large. Proboscis reaching past second coxae, acuminate; apical segment
longer than penultimate. Prominent lateral pronotal papillae; a large papilla
between meso- and meta-thoracic legs. Skin markedly reticulate. Cornicles fairly
large ; black ; somewhat expanding towards the base ; markedly imbricated ; sides
serrated. Cauda dark; very spinose; not so long as the cornicles; with three
pairs of lateral hairs, curved apically. Anal plate dark, spinose, with a few long hairs.

_Legs with apices of tibiae and all the tarsi dark. Length, 1°5-1°9 mm. ~

British East Arrica: Nairobi (7. J. Anderson).
Food-plant.—Plum.

Described from a number of alatae and apterae preserved in spirit. It appears
to be a darkish species, with paler (apparently deep greenish) abdomen, and with
dark antennae, cornicles, cauda and anal plate, and black thorax in the alatae. The
sensoria on the antennae in the alate female separate it from any species I have yet
seen on Prunus. The common Aphis prunt, Linn., has many sensoria on segment
three and a good many on four and the cornicles are green, not black.

286 FRED. V. THEOBALD

11. Aphis pomonella, Theobald (fig. 11). — *

Canad. Ent., xlviii, p. 262, fig. 9, 1916.

British East Arrica: Nairobi (7. J. Anderson).

Food-plant.—Apple.

Closely related to Aphis pom, but can at once be separated by,(1) the different
antennae and (2) by the shorter cornicles. A. pomi has more sensoria on segment

Fig 11. Aphis pomonella, Theobald. alate 9: A, head
and antenna; B, cornicle; C, cauda.

three and more irregularly disposed, and also some on segment four. Some American
Aphidologists have pointed out to me that this may be only a variety of Aphis
pom, De Geer.

12. Aphis pheidole, Theobald.
Ent. Record, xxvii, p. 37, 1916.
- Found associated with ants (Pheidole sp.) at Mwengera, N.-W. Rhodesia, ix. 1913.

13. Aphis acetosae, Koch (non Linn, Fabr, Buckton) (fig. 12).

Koch, Die Pflanz., p. 145, figs. 197, 198 (1857).

Eeyet: Ghezireh, 3.11.09 and i.iv.09 (F. C. Willcocks). ENGuaNpD: Wye,
Kent, 7.vi.15 (Theobald). Germany (Koch).

Food-plants.—Rumez spp.* and Papaver spp.t |

Linnaeus’ and Fabricius’ Aphis acetosae in the alate female has two dark bars
across the abdomen and also the Aphis acetosae of Buckton.t The specimens from
Egypt and those I found at Wye show no trace of this ornamentation. These agree
closely with the Aphis acetosae ot Koch. I append a detailed description of this
species, which must receive a new name, and I propose acetosella.

Alate viviparous female (Rumex form).—Head shiny black to very deep shiny
olivaceous ; eyes dark. Antennae black ; first segment wider than, but of the same
length as, the second ; third longer than fourth but not quite so long as sixth, with
13-18 sensoria over its whole length; fourth longer than fifth, with 2-5 sensoria,
three usually placed basally ; sixth as long as 4 + 5, its basal area about half as
long as the flagellum; the usual sensoria on fifth and sixth; all segments from
third imbricated. Proboscis reaching to second coxae; green, with black apex.
Pronotum green in front and behind, black between. Thorax shiny black. Abdomen
green, very shiny; some with a dark green median line, others with the whole
dorsum mottled with deeper green; on the sides of the abdomen are three dark

t

—* Syst. Nat., ii, 7346.
t Ent. Syst., iv, p. 220 (1794).
t Monog. Brit. Aphid., ii, p. 80, pl. lxii, pp. 5—7 (1877).

AFRICAN APHIDIDAE—PART III. 287

spots, cephalad of the cornicles. Venter of head and thorax dark green; sternal
plates black; venter of abdomen black. Cuticle of abdomen markedly reticulate.
Cauda dark green to dusky black ; in some with a greenish apex; not so long as
the cornicles ; spinose, with four (? three) pairs of lateral hairs, the apical pair curved.
Anal plate dark and spinose, with some long apical hairs. Cornicles black ; in some
deep olivaceous, with a dusky marking on inner side of base (not equally visible in
all specimens) ; slightly expanding basally and strongly imbricated ; imbrications
long. Cauda projecting well beyond cornicles. A pale pronotal papilla on each
side, one between the meso- and meta-thoracic legs, one caudad of the cornicles,
and traces of five lateral abdominal ones. Legs with the first femora dull ochreous-
brown; tibiae ochreous with dark apex ; tarsi black ; second femora dusky, except
at base; tibiae ochreous, with black apex ; tarsi black ; third pair of legs same as
second; in some specimens the legs have a greenish tinge. Wing insertions
greenish ; costa smoky; cubitus green; stigma smoky; lower margin greenish ;
veins dusky. Length, 2-2°5 mm.

Fig. 12. Aphis dbetosella, nom. n.: A-—D, alate 9; E-G, apterous 9.

Alate viviparous female (Papaver form).—Very similar to the preceding form, but
the antennae are as follows: first three segments like those of the Rumex form,
fourth longer than third, with 1-4 sensoria, three being placed more towards the
apex ; basal area of sixth one-fifth the length of the flagellum.

Apterous viviparous female (Rumex form).—Head greenish to reddish yellow. Eyes
deep reddish-brown to black. Antennae not half the length of body ; basal segment
greenish ; second greenish, but darkened apically; third black, except at base ;
fourth, fifth and sixth black ; basal segment larger than second; third longer than
fourth, nearly as long as the sixth; fourth and fifth nearly equal. Thorax and
abdomen a rich green with darker suffusions, to a rich yellowish-green. Cornicles
greenish, with dusky apices; cylindrical, slightly expanding basally, faintly
imbricated. Cauda yellowish green, not quite so long as the cornicles, blunt ; with
four pairs of lateral hairs; spinose; projecting well beyond the cornicles. Anal

288 FRED. V. THEOBALD.

plate dusky ; spimose, with a few apical hairs. Lateral papillae as in alate female.
Legs ochreous ; apical parts of femora brownish ochreous ; tips of tibiae brownish ;
tarsi black. Length, 15-2 mm.

Nymph.—Head yellowish green; eyes dark blackish-brown. First two segments
of antennae greenish ; third pale at base; remainder dusky ; sixth darkest. Pro-
notum green, yellowish green at sides. Thorax with median area yellowish green ;
future thoracic lobes outlined with deeper green. Base of wing-buds pale whitish-
green; tips dark sepia. Abdomen rich green; apex paler. Cornicles green, with
dusky or black apex. Legs pale ochreous or greenish ; apex of tibiae and the tarsi
dark. The nymph shows some mealiness on the head and abdomen subdorsally and
laterally in the form of mealy whitish areas, more marked in some specimens than.
in others.

Apterous viviparous female (Papaver form).—Somewhat greenish yellow to yellow
or pale yellowish-green. Head yellowish; eyes very dark brown. Antennae with
first and second segments of the same colour as the head ; third to fifth pale; fifth
shghtly smoky at apex; sixth smoky. Thorax and abdomen yellowish green.
Cornicles pale, with dark apex. Skin of thorax and abdomen very finely wrinkled.
Some specimens show a faint median dorsal and submedian lines of a green hue.
Legs pale, apices of tibiae pale brownish, tarsi black.

Nymph.—Head pale yellowish-green; eyes black. Antennae with first and
second segments pale, also third and fourth ; fifth pale smoky, rather darker towards
the apex; sixth smoky. Prothorax green, median area pale. Thorax green or pale
green ; thoracic lobes more or less defined by deeper green borders. Base of wing-
buds white to green; wing-buds dusky. Abdomen green; a median dorsal line of
a darker green and submedian lines of the same colour. Cornicles pale, with dark
apical ring. Femora pale, with faint greenish reflections ; tibiae pale; tarsi black.
Apex of abdomen pale greenish.

I cannot see any very marked structural differences between the specimens taken
on Rumex and those found by Mr. Willcocks on Shirley poppies in Egypt, except
that on the latter plants the basal area of the sixth antennal segment is relatively
shorter than in the Rumex form. The colours are the same and the sensorial structure
of the antennae, the structure of the cornicles and the cauda agree exactly
within general limits. It is likely that there is a migration between Rumex and
Papaver and probably other plants, as we see with Aphis rumicis. Thus | have placed
the Green Poppy Aphid with the Green Rumex Aphid provisionally. Mr. Willcocks
thinks the same species occurs on thistles (Carduus) and lettuce (Lactuca). I can
detect no difference between the Green Rumex Aphis of Europe (Aphis acetosae,
Koch) and those sent from Egypt.

Linnaeus’, Fabricius’ and Buckton’s Aphis acetosae, I think, are only pale
varieties of rumicis—the dark transverse abdominal bands described being clearly
seen in the latter on certain plants and being more marked in certain years than in
others when on Rumezx. Walker* placed Linnaeus’ acetosae as a synonym of rumicis.
In 1912 I considered it distinct on account of taking Koch’s acetosae for Linnaeus’
species. T

-* List. Homopt. Ins. Brit. Mus., pl. iv, p. 982 (1852).
+ Journ. Board Agric., p. 467 (1912).

AFRICAN APHIDIDAE—PART III. 289

Fabricius* says of Aphis acetosae, Linn., “‘ Parvus totus niger fascia viridi.
Habitat in Rumice acetosa.”’

Bucktony says of his alate female, ‘‘ Head and thorax shiny black. Abdomen
shining, dark olive-green, with obscure transverse bars”; and of the apterous
female, ‘‘ dark brown or nearly black”; he figures the alate female as all black
(Plate lxii, fig. 7).

Miss Patcht lists Linnaeus’ acetosae on Atriplex hortensis (Hunter, 1901, p. 104),
and Kaltenbach§ records Fabricius’ acetosae on Rumex conglomeratus; presumably
these refer to Linnaeus’ species and not the acetosae of Koch.

The colour notes were sent me by Mr. Willcocks.

14. Siphocoryne (Aphis) pseudobrassicae, Davis.

Canad. Ent., xlvi, pp. 231-234 (1914).

Professor Davis of Lafayette, Indiana, writes me that he has received this species
from Mr. Lounsbury from the Cape.

It is closely related to Aphis brassicae and can, so far as I can see, be separated
from that species only by the alate female having sensoria on segment four of the
antennae.

It is found on radish, turnip, rape, kale, mustard and turnip greens. Davis
records it from Geneva, New York; Evansville, Indiana; Lafayette, Indiana ;
and College Station, Texas.

The specimens I recorded from turnips from Onderstepoort, Transvaal, as Aphis
brassicae (Bull. Ent. Res., iv, p. 320, 1914) show no trace of sensoria on segment
four, so are undoubtedly not this species. The other African records I have
given refer only to apterae and these evidently cannot be separated in the two

species.

. 15. Hyalopterus insignis, sp. nov. (figs. 13, 14).

Apterous viviparous female——Rich dull brown, covered with white or slightly
greyish-white farinose or flocculent secretion, except in certain areas (figure 13)
which appear black to the naked eye or low power lens ; this ornamentation is very
marked in fresh specimens. Head entirely covered with white secretion; eyes
black. Antennae slightly less than half the length of the body ; the first and second
segments dusky ; the third ochreous, dusky towards the apex ; rest of antennae all
dusky ; first segment considerably larger than second ; third as long as fourth and
fifth, and about as long as the sixth; fourth and fifth about equal; third to sixth
showing faint imbrication ; basal area of sixth not nearly as long as the flagellum.
Proboscis short and thick, only just reaching the base of second pair of legs; the
last two segments nearly equal in length; the apical one bluntly acuminate. On
pro-, meso- and meta-notum a dark central area, remainder (except for narrow

* Ent. Syst., iv, p. 220 (1794).

+ Monog. Brit. Aphid., ii, p. 81, pl. bxii, figs. 5-7 (1877).

¢ Bull. 220, Maine Agric. Exp. Sta., pp. 289-290 (1913).

§ Die Pflanz. Ins., p. 519 (1874).

(C419) G

290 FRED. V. THEOBALD.

markings as figured) covered with white farinose matter. Abdomen showing one
large median black area, a dark line between the cornicles and a dark median line.
Fore femora and tibiae ochreous ; tarsi black ; mid and hind femora black ; tibiae
ochreous, with black apices; tarsi black; a few short hairs on femora and tibiae ;
coxae dark. Cornicles short ; conical to cylindrical ; black ; from one-third to nearly
half the length of the cauda. Cauda black, bluntly acuminate, spinose. Anal plate
black. Length, 1°5-1'8 mm.

Fig. 13. Hyalopterus insignis, sp. n., apterous 9,
showing dark areas; greatly enlarged (F. C. W.).

These specimens were found in January. Colonies found in June had the brown
colouring not so dark, but some so dark as to appear black to the naked eye. The
cauda was also noticed to be of the same colour as the body, not black. The extent
and shape of the naked areas (7.e., devoid of mealy secretions) are slightly variable,
but all exhibit: the large area in the median region of the abdomen, and in some the
dark brown between the cornicles surrounds their base.

Alate viviparous female—Dusky rich brown, covered with a greyish white
farinose secretion. Eyes red. Antennae with first segment dark; second pale ;
third pale at base, its apex and other segments dusky. Femora all dark; tibiae
yellowish, apex of second and third pairs dark; tarsi dark. Cornicles and cauda
dark. Wing insertions yellowish ; costa, cubitus, stigma and other veins dark.

The above is the general appearance of the January brood.

AFRICAN APHIDIDAE—PART III. 291

The June brood is described by Mr. Willcocks as follows :—

Head black and shiny, but sparsely covered with farinose secretion and so
appearing a dusky grey; eyes red. Antennae with first segment dusky; second
to fourth yellowish ; fifth yellowish with smoky apex; sixth dusky. Thorax of the
same colour as the head. Abdomen brown, a mealy band at base, lateral margins
mealy ; a lateral row of four mealy, overlying dusky, slightly protuberant spots ;
two conspicuous mealy areas surrounding the cornicles ; apex mealy ; middle part
of abdomen always naked and thus dark. Cornicles dark. Cauda brown. Legs:
first pair yellowish ; tarsi dark ; second pair with dusky femora, yellow tibiae and
dark tarsi; third pair as in the second, but the apex of the tibiae dark. Wing
insertions yellowish ; stigma smoky; cubital smoky; costa and obliques dusky.
The antennae are shorter than the body ; basal segment larger than second ; third
as long as 4 + 5 and slightly longer than sixth, with 5-6 large round sensoria ;
fourth very slightly longer than fifth, to about equal; basal area of sixth more than
half as long as the flagellum.

Fig. 14. Hyalopterus imsignis, sp. n.: A, antenna of alate ¢@;
B, proboscis; C, head and antenna of apterous 2; D, cornicle;
E, cauda.

Nymph.—Head and thorax dusky, mealy ; eyes dark red. Antennae with the two
basal segments of the same colour as the head ; third to fifth pale yellowish, almost
yellowish white; sixth smoky. Thorax brownish, but its sparse farinose covering
gives the appearance of an ill-defined grey, tinged with green. Apical half of
wing-buds darkest. Abdomen brownish and mealy, but the median area and median
line are bare of the mealy substance. Cornicles dark. Cauda of the same colour
as the body. Legs very pale yellowish or yellowish white, shghtly farinose ; femora
of third pair smoky.

Keyet: Ghezireh, 20.1.1912 (F. C. Willcocks).

Food-plant.—Reed grass or buffalo grass.

Described from spirit specimens and slides sent me by the collector with his colour
notes on the various stages.

It lives in colonies on the undersides of the leaves.

It is a very marked species, easily recognised when alive by the marked decoration
of the body.
(C419) G2

292 FRED. V. THEOBALD.

16. Myzus pterisoides, sp. nov. (fig. 15).

Alate viviparous female.—Dark in colour, with deep reddish abdomen, as seen
in spirit specimens ; some seem to be all black; some appear as if greenish and
paler beneath. Mounted in balsam, the head and thorax are black; the abdomen
garnet red. Antennae dark ; longer than the body, the sixth segment paler than the
rest ; basal segment wider and longer than the second; third longer than fourth
to almost the same length, with 7-9 round sensoria on the basal half ; the third from
the base being usually smaller than the rest; fourth a little longer than fifth ;
sixth as long as 4 + 5. Hyes very large, dark; median ocellus prominent.
Proboscis reaching to third coxae, in a few even just beyond and in others scarcely
to them; the last two segments nearly equal. Legs rather long and thin, dark ;
tibiae paler, except at apex. Cornicles black, long, thin, cylindrical, slightly swollen
in the middle or nearer the apex ; faintly imbricated ; with a few transverse striae
apically, almost of reticulate nature, shorter and thicker than third antennal segment
to nearly the same length. Cauda small; pale to pale dusky ; bluntly acuminate,
spinose, with three hairs on each side, curved apically ; the small cauda is very

Fig. 15. Myzus pterisoides, sp. n.: <A, head ana antenna of aiate 3;
B, cauda and cornicle ; C, wing; D, head and antenna of apterous 9.

markedly shorter than the long cornicles ; in some specimens they appear as if dull
smoky yellow. Hairs of head and body short and rather blunt. Wings normal ;
with dark veins, the membrane being tinged very narrowly on each side of the veins
and slightly more markedly so where they join the border; stigma smoky.
Length, 16-2 mm.

Apterous viviparous Jemale.—Dark; some paler beneath. Antennae longer than
body ; basal segment slightly longer and much broader than the second; third
longer than the fourth, but shorter than the sixth, with 3-4 round sensoria near the
base ; fourth longer than the fifth ; sixth aslongas4 +5. Hyes large and apparently
dark. Proboscis reaching to third coxae ; in a few beyond and in some just cephalad.
Cornicles black ; cylindrical, but irregularly swollen to a slight extent; about as
long as the fourth antennal segment; faintly imbricated and slightly expanded
basally. Cauda paler; small, spinose, with three hairs on each side, pale and curved
and more or less closely appressed to the cauda. Legs long and thin; dark, except

AFRICAN APHIDIDAE—PART III. 293

base of femora ; with a few scattered hairs. Anal plate dark, with some long, pale
hairs. Small, slightly capitate hairs on the head; body apparently with no hairs.
Length, 1:8 —2 mm.

Uaanpa: Kampala (C. C. Gowdey).

Food-plant.—Ferns. .

Described from a number of alatae and apterae. Its general appearance and
shape resemble at first sight Idiopterus nephrolepidis, Davis, found on ferns in
America and England, but it is quite distinct. The wings show a marked, yet
narrow pale clouding along most of the veins, which also make it resemble Davis’
species, but the typical Myzus character and the antennal structure are quite distinct.
The colour can only roughly be described, as no colour notes were sent.

In alcohol this insect gives a rich deep port-wine stain to the fluid.

New Localities and Food-plants.

Rhopalosiphum dianthi, Schrank.
Bull. Ent. Res., iv, p. 320 (1914) ; vi, p. 153 (1915).
Eeypt: Cairo, 21.11.08 and Spring, 1907; Ghezireh, 21.11.08 (fF. C. Willcocks).
Food-plants—On cabbages and savoys in great numbers, both alatae and
apterae, in company with Aphis brassicae, Linn.

Aphis (Siphocoryne) brassicae, Linnaeus.

Bull. Ent. Res., iv, p. 320 (1914).

Eeyret: Cairo, 16.11.08 and Spring, 1907; Ghezireh, 21.11.08 and 2.iv.09
(Ff. C. Willcocks). |

Food-plants.—On cabbage and savoys, in company with R. dianthi; many alate
females and apterae. This species is now placed in the genus Siphocoryne, and I
think correctly.

Hyalopterus pruni, Fabricius.

Hyalopterus arundinis, Fabricius.

Hyalopterus phragmiticola, Oestlund.

Previously recorded from Cairo on Prunus spp. and various rushes (Arundo).

Recently Mr. Willcocks has sent me specimens from the apricot or mishmish,
taken at Gizeh (10.11.10), both alate and apterous females and also oviparous
females taken in January and notes on a winged male from the same locality. His
descriptions of the sexual forms are appended. He also sent specimens taken on
reed grass taken in February in the same locality. He finds that this grass is the
only alternative food-plant to the peach, apricot and plum. The insect appears in
large colonies on the underside of the leaves of the apricot, the leaves being little
malformed or curled, most hardly at all, a few with the margin slightly turned
down. The attack is usually severe during the spring months and the growth of
young trees is checked. The effect of this Aphid on peach is more marked, the
foliage suffering to a greater degree.

I have never seen it on apricot or peach in this country, but it has been sent me from
the former from Woodbridge, Suffolk.

294° FRED. V. THEOBALD.

Oviparous. female.—Apple-green, of a darker shade than the viviparous female
or spring stem-mother, with an irregular dorsal line of a darker shade of green than
the general colouring. Head green, in some lights dusky green, very sparsely and
irregularly covered with whitish meal; eyes very dark red. Antennae with the
two basal segments green ; the second paler than the first ; third and fourth paler
green; fifth smoky, base pale. Prothorax and mesothorax green; pronotum
sparsely covered with meal. The median dorsal green line commences on the
anterior margin of pronotum and continues back as far as the base of the cornicles.
Abdomen green, apical part from about base of cornicles to cauda of a darker shade
of green or bluish green. Cauda green, hairs pale. Cornicle short and dark. Legs :
first and second pairs all green, except the dark tarsi; in third pair the tibia is
obscure greenish-ochreous ; tarsi dark. Venter and coxae green.”

The most conspicuous features of the oviparous female are the small size and the
prominent lateral accumulations of white matter, with which the shell of the ova is
covered. This secreted substance 1s pure white and fibrous, the fibres short and
rather coarse.

The ova are 0°66 x 0°34 mm.; black, and covered with a white woolly coat;
when first laid yellowish green in colour. They are laid in the axils of the buds.

Mr. Willcocks describes the oviposition as follows :—‘ The female takes up a
position in the axil of a bud; after the egg is laid she by means of her third pair
of legs scrapes off the white secretionary matter from the two masses on the
abdomen and packs it on the shell of the egg, to which it adheres. I watched a
female carrying out this process.for 35 minutes, at the end of which period she left
the egg, the latter having been fairly well covered. During the covering the abdomen
is moved about slightly and may help in the work.”

The oviparous females were found in January.

A NEW SCOLYTID INJURIOUS TO DRIED SWEET POTATOES
IN JAMAICA.

By Lt.-Col. Winn Sampson, F.E.S.

The specimens here dealt with were collected by Mr. A. H. Ritchie, Government
Entomologist for Jamaica, and were handed to me for determination by
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology.

At present this beetle appears to be known only as causing serious damage to
dried sweet potato chips.

Hypothenemus ritchiei, sp. nov.

Q. Head subglobose, black, punctate and rugose, the front having greyish hairs
from the mouth to the middle of the eyes, the remainder of the surface being bare,
with a longitudinal central elevation above the mouth. The antennal funiculus four-
jointed, the first being globular and the other three transverse, increasing very slightly
in breadth; the club bluntly ovate and subsolid, with faimt traces of sutures
indicated by punctures and longish hairs, and having a dark mark resembling folded
tissue extending from one edge to the centre in an oblique direction. The eyes are
elongate and slightly rounded in front. The prothorax is a little longer than broad,
with the sides narrowed anteriorly and rounded apically; the anterior half is
tuberculate the remainder being rugose, the entire surface furnished with minute
hairs and scales ; it is obliquely impressed on each side of the disc and has a sharply
defined posterior ridge or margin at the base.

The elytra are half as long again as the prothorax, but of equal breadth, with
parallel sides and obtusely rounded apically ; they are irregularly punctured and
rugose from the base to the declivity and from there to the apex are furnished with
punctured striae and a few irregularly placed scales, the interstices having a single
row of tubercles with a large scale attached to each. The scutellum is triangular.
The anterior coxae are large, elongate and contiguous, the tibiae being flattened,
rounded exteriorly and toothed ; the third tarsal joint is broader than the others but
not bilobed. The legs are very much paler in colour than the rest of the body. The
abdominal segments are clothed with parallel rows of fine hairs. Length, 1°5 mm.

JAMAICA.

The mature beetles are of a uniform dark brown colour, including the antennae,
the legs being pale yellow. The oblique marking on the antennal club is described
by Hagedorn as “ Sensitivstreifen”’ and is found in Diamerus, Erich., Strombophorus,
Haged., and other genera.

ORE a” ’ Y BE oes aoe: -
A ee = smeaia J

auah ones

ri _ at. “" r,t r dans ‘end we m

oe wre tea? C1 a8 1 toa of Scie

Ate, ' ‘ot ps
estou PS La We Hid, Ot RUOIAULML: AUR ELON Vee Tha
a with hse * ROERIERG Ie Meee eet - Anshaaherial, ot

ed oa Ne tei: thik chen:
A Wry, aE ines ecm hl sd eforig ae ca

peels!

ve! 84 : hi Pn i
4s Lasciceeeavoe) D ai * hae AM ya finds fos. ora taba Hal ot 1a if
va Gh aati 1) , 0h ae ot is rns 36Y try Be: pisniat 0 oni C

| He f gaceicae iy’ 1a6")) L tan Mit out to ted wrtic Neda
' nine: ait.” 4
ot *QeiMigh ert BAER: Pan n> owods wt of wera MTS oft 19h 9h

ati 8
VO ay wldait”

wet Herein Bitrad fost wily sate Kind stat Dnsie , donlll ontisoly ie
Sind Witt: od Sietina att fo ehRamet nat Bove hilt to Bike ad? ot iltbar
Wat bifigotialt lacuretia ad'T - :Adgoere a1 Ay avunia cottewelst Lewas iapibial
visdulls “vey gains tostt Yebadt orth? velo Grit Bore tulsiiltoty daloel aay! Rares
Weetiadrs ia Boley lef atid 3 Wie filoatfoe baa ofarer ian? dah ait °2 AiDi
fey Bist yadda: rant Mall a yAlvait Had! wiled tMigiol bra det Poin fd hs
jen enes dA! tei HD sopildo Na ot, OR Ad OF 0846 Saeed 4 ee
Baond sedt 4 ot oil ft Raritan eh) AROTE bE Lrabictroe Sento
of at! Gatestdy yA3 eihasigs' eh ae bite) ‘y freresarta Dh were iw of
Shi eahit fhipoy fy al €! tt ndiatic ea titiae oAF! Sheet weil maf evi ditions re
Vipradls: 9 tha eth Sts oF to oh id tee Geary att ‘ese bte moe
t} Byways oh | i Led? SLE gia 10. syhre Tot
Atti? dthatid lavas Ms Filia aa eentton od eb iiegn yaol ae Hast ont, re .
bre he ton ; rt firaernt atm yout % Hesiqge hebatior ‘tinanddo haw a tar
ditw borleinteat ore xorn wit ot oved? eas bite vtivil val offt of 4 canal ool ¢ vet Ae
alipttia « Uaivad esvitestad ods soleoa hooalg virelryont wel « Smeal
teliginaint he mrilatvea afT dogs at Hodsuat de thy: a ix a Ati i
/vieotitah sated anidit adit Airorrgitinds hire obeysole ewtal ota pin : ‘esha
dod erecdia odt aedt raheord a bittog fetvat brid? 4a > basdttood hati ¥, a EELS ee
ET -rhod sdt to deer edt sxadt -arelos ai lag pre Tiey «UN ens q Z T - bedolid ta,
tte GE dtyant © erie oait lo vot lolieiag iw badtols efa-eiae a le

‘ = -
. 4 >i

£..

siateine st goibalat gualiey ewoed sirahs cervotdniy “lore voliag
hadinowsl at difs lasaatne' edt a0 yablisar surpildey ot? .wolley of ;
areeteed font darren re banat et pier hesninad 6a

297

SOME PRACTICAL METHODS ADOPTED FOR THE CONTROL OF FLIES
IN THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN.

By Capt. J. Davipson, D.Sc., F.E.S., R.A.M.C. (T.).

The control of flies is a serious problem in the Egyptian Campaign. In desert
camps flies develop at an extraordinary rate, unless rigid sanitary precautions are
taken. In native villages they seem to be taken as a matter of course, and it is a
common sight to see fruit and food of all kinds, in shops and on street-vendors’
carts, swarming with flies. Small children suffering from conjunctivitis are seen in
the streets with their eyes thickly covered with flies. Flies of the house-fly type
(Musca) are the most troublesome, although blue-bottles (Calliphora), green-bottles
(Lucilia) and Sarcophaga are found. These latter are often met with in the desert
in the small clumps of palm trees known as “ hods.”

Owing to the conditions of active service the writer was unable to obtain detailed
accurate data of the various species met with, or as to their life-history. During the
advance of the troops across the Sinai desert, one’s time was fully taken up with
practical methods on a large scale for keeping down flies.

Flies are present in Egypt practically all the year round, although during the
height of the hot weather, and again about December, they are not so numerous.

Whenever the troops halted in the desert and formed a temporary camp a high
standard of sanitation was insisted on, however short the stay. In this way
breeding places were kept under control and fly-breeding was reduced to a minimum.
When troops march out from a camp area crowds of flies are always carried with
them. They may sometimes be seen in hundreds on the shady areas on mens’ backs
and on horses. When the troops arrive at a new camp area these flies soon lay eggs,
and unless strict sanitary precautions are taken, a fly-plague results.

One has only to experience the worry and inconvenience caused to tired and sick
men by flies under the trying heat of the African desert, and to understand that
diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid and cholera may be spread by them, to realise how
important it is to suppress them rigorously.

Sanitation in Egypt has reached a very high degree of efficiency, especially in the
base camps. In the desert, the mobile conditions of active service present more
difficulties, but notwithstanding this, a really efficient system of sanitation is carried
out, the beneficial results of which are undoubtedly proved by the low sickness rate
obtaiing amongst the troops.

An account of the author’s experiences when commanding a Sanitary Section in
the Egyptian Expeditionary Force during the year 1916-17 may be helpful to others
interested in the fly problem. The personnel of the section included 25 N.C.O.’s and
men specially trained in sanitation.

The aim was to inhibit fly-breeding and to prevent the spread of disease. Special
treatment of breeding places and the destruction of flies by spraying, poisoned bait,
traps, etc., were carried out. The three favourite breeding places for flies of the
house-fly type are (1) horse-manure, (2) accumulations of camp and cook-house refuse,
(3) latrme trenches; while those of the blue-bottle type favour putrefying animal
matter.

298 CAPT. J. DAVIDSON.

By careful disposal of horse manure, by efficient incineration of refuse, and by
systematic treatment of latrine trenches, especially when being filled in after use,
the basis of the fly-problem was attacked.

I. Disposal of Horse-manure.

As straw or bedding of any kind was not used in the desert, there was only the
horse droppings and urine to consider. The manure, however, became so much
mixed with sand that disposal was often a very difficult matter. A G.S. wagon-load
of manure would often contain 50 or 60 per cent. of sand. Many methods were tried
for dealing successfully with the manure under the varying conditions of a desert
campaign, and those which gave the best results were :—(1) Close-packing and
spraying ; (2) incineration ; (3) making manure roads.

(1). Close packing and spraying.—This method is specially suited to a large camp
and gave good results in a big camp near Suez.

°F
jo \

|

tp)
3

0

rv)
a<r—- 8S
oO

oO
Peeee

Fig. 1. Treatment of horse-manure by spraying :
X, Y, manure dumps; §, tins for sodium arsenite -
W, water tank.

A site was selected about 2,000 yards away from the camp and staked out as shown
in'fig. 1. Two areas, X and Y, each 25 yds. long by 10 yds. wide with an interval of
2 yds. between them, were marked out with four corner-posts. To these, all manure
‘from the horse-lines and all burnt refuse from the incinerators were hauled. On the
first day everything was dumped on the area X. On the second day on the area Y,
and so on alternately. On an average there were 80 G.S. wagon-loads daily, and a
gang of 20 Egyptian labourers under the supervision of an N.C.O. were employed at
the dumps. As the wagons were unloaded on the dump, these men raked it level
and square, picked out tins, etc., which were stacked near by, while old sacking,
paper, tibbin, etc., were burnt.

THE CONTROL OF FLIES IN THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN. 299

Near by a 300-gallon tank was erected, and this was filled with water daily. A
rough working emulsion, made with crude tar oil (bought very cheaply locally) and
soft soap, was mixed in the tank. Green oil was used when available. In the late
afternoon, the surface of the heap which had been used that day was thoroughly
drenched with this crude emulsion, at the rate of 1 gal. per square yard, with
watering cans. It was then covered with large pieces of sacking which had been
sewn together. This covering was left on during the following day, when the
adjoining heap was used, and then treated in the same way and so on, on alternate
days.

When the writer arrived at this large camp, there was a tremendous number of
flies, and during the first few days they came in hordes to these dumps from breeding
places not yet dealt with, being carried from the camp on the loads of manure, the
men’s backs and on the horses. A number of oil-drums were placed round the heaps
as shown in fig. 1. These were turned upside down and the bottoms made concave
like saucers. Early every morning a solution of 1 per cent. sodium arsenite in water
containing 12 per cent. glycerine and 5 per cent. sugar was poured on these drums.
The flies collected in masses and were killed in enormous numbers, and at the end of
a few days hardly any remained, the treatment of the manure preventing further
breeding in it.

The addition of 80 G.S. wagon-loads of manure and burnt refuse daily soon
increased the size of the heaps. The labourers raked the heaps flat and square and
wagons used to pull up on the top of the heap at one end and when unloaded went off
at the other end. This helped to pack the heaps very tightly. These two dumps
lasted for four weeks, being at that time about 5 feet high. New dumps were then
started. The sacking cover over the heap was found unnecessary, and as a matter of
fact, owing to the great heat of the sun and fermentation heat, or an accident, one
cover took fire.

The removal of all burnt refuse from the camp to the dump did away with other
breeding places in the camp, and there was a very appreciable decrease in the
numbers of flies after a few days.

(2). Incineration of horse-manure.—It was not possible to carry out the method
described above with mobile units out on the desert, owing to the scattered camps
and the difficulty of transport. Under these conditions, incineration of the horse-
manure was tried. Each unit was made responsible for burning its own manure.
Incinerators were made of sheets of corrugated iron of the open brazier type, or of
biscuit tins filled with sand, with tibbin-bale wire as fire-bars. Owing to the large
amount of sand mixed with the manure, it was necessary to sift it before putting it
into the incinerator. Wire mesh screens were provided for units, and the siftings,
which contained a quantity of pulverised manure, were put into a deep pit and
liberally treated daily with crude tar oil. This is an important point, for if siftings
are neglected, they afford a very satisfactory breeding ground for flies. The writer
has found untreated siftings literally seething with fly maggots. Another important
point is to ensure that each day’s manure is thoroughly disposed of and not left on
the ground. If possible, it is well to have a hard platform made of galvanized iron
on which to put the manure. Otherwise, a little of the manure may be left on the

300 CAPT, J. DAVIDSON.

sand ; it gets mixed with it and practically a carpet of manure and sand is left round.
the incinerator, and in this flies breed in enormous numbers. The ova hatch out and

the maggots soon burrow down into the sand and pupate. At a camp of Indian

troops that the writer visited, where horse-manure was being incinerated, there were

several neat mud-wall drying platforms near the incinerators, i which the manure

was put. On examining these, the bottom few inches of manure was found to be three

or four days old and was seething with fly maggots.

(3). Spreading manure by making manure roads.—This method, when very
carefully supervised, is satisfactory, especially during the hot weather. During the
winter months however it is not so satisfactory and incineration was insisted on.

When the manure is spread along a road track, supervision is easy. These manure
roads are much better for horses to walk on than the loose desert sand. Roads about
15 feet wide, leading from the camp out into the desert, were staked out. The day’s
manure from the camp was spread along a certain length of this road and raked out
by Egyptian labourers, so that in no place was the manure more than one inch thick.
All droppings were broken up. The next day a further piece of the road was covered
in the same way. On the third, fourth and fifth days a further piece was covered.
Under the extreme heat of the desert sun the manure quickly dries, and moisture is
necessary for fly-breeding. After the fifth day another layer one inch thick was added
on the first day’s layer, and so on. Four days were thus allowed to elapse before
another layer of manure was added to the previous layer. In this way a good road
of dry pulverised manure was formed. This method needs constant supervision in
order to ensure that the manure is spread thinly, otherwise patches or “ pockets ”’ of
manure here and there may breed flies.

The practice of burying manure direct from the horse-lines in the desert is a great
danger. The writer has found larvae, pupae, and newly hatched flies in the sand
where manure had been buried. The eggs are laid on the manure in the horse-lines,
and when it is buried, the warmth of the sand and moisture from the manure, make
conditions favourable for fly-breeding. Horse-lines were thoroughly raked over
twice a day so as to expose the sand to the sun.

II. Treatment of Latrines.

In large standing camps incineration of faeces is frequently carried out, but in
general a deep trench system of latrines is established. The latrine trenches are
about 8 feet deep and covered with “ fly-proof,” box-pattern latrine seats having
self-closing lids. These are made in large numbers and are available at R.E. Parks.
Owing to the loose nature of the sand in most districts all latrine trenches have to be
revetted with sandbags or wooden revetments. On account of the warping of the
wood-work, damage to lids, etc., the latrine seats are not absolutely fly-proof..
Latrine trenches were sprayed daily with “‘C”’ fluid, 5 per cent. cresol, or kerosene,
the latter being the most effective in keeping flies away.

' When the contents of the trench reached to about 18 inches from the top, the
trench was carefully filled in in the following way :—The contents and sides of the
trench were thoroughly sprayed with “ C” fluid, cresol 10 per cent., or crude tar oil.
The trench was then filled in with sand thoroughly mixed with crude tar oil, the top.
layer of sandbag revetment being removed, A mound made with tibbin and sand.

THE CONTROL OF FLIES IN THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN. 301

in the proportion tibbin 6, sand 1, with water, was formed over it. This set quite
hard and practically imprisoned all flies which might be breeding out in the trench.
In some districts mud or clay was available for this purpose. Fly maggots which
hatch out in the trench crawl in between the sandbags forming the revetment and
pupate there. The flies which hatch out may burrow their way out diagonally from
the trench through the loose sand. To avoid this the mound was extended for an
extra 18 inches all round the trench. |

Major E. E. Austen recommended the following method of dealing with this, which
is very efiective. A piece of canvas soaked in crude tar oil is stretched over the
trench about six inches below the surface, extending to 18 inches all round it. A
second trench about six inches deep is made round the trench and a foot from the
edge of it. This is filled with sand mixed liberally with cresol and tightly packed.
The whole is then covered over with a mound. In this way any flies which emerge
laterally are trapped.

The danger of open shallow trenches cannot be too greatly emphasised. On
inspecting, some days later, areas in the desert which had been temporarily occupied
by bivouacing troops, newly hatched flies were found running about the sand in
hundreds. By digging in the sand at certain places where shallow trench latrines
and pits for unburnt refuse had been, shoals of pupae were found. It is absolutely
essential so to localise sanitary areas for latrines and refuse, that they may be readily
and efficiently treated.

The author has found large numbers of flies breeding out from latrine trenches
which, although they had been covered with a box latrine, had been afterwards
carelessly filled in. The flies hatch out and make their way through several feet of
the loose desert sand. An open trench 5 feet deep was used for three days and then
filled in with 4 feet of the desert sand without any further treatment. Flies were
found emerging from this trench 10 days afterwards, and numbers of pupae were
found 18 inches down, in the sand with which. the trench had been filled. On
exam'nation, two weeks later, of latrine trenches filled in as described above, pupae
have been found in the top layer formed of crude tar oil and sand, but they were
small, malformed, and had failed to deve'op.

Native la'rines.—A large number of native labourers are employed with the troops,
and the deep-trench system of latrines is in force for them. These are covered with
flat, squat, fly-proof covers having self-closing lids. By strict policing and super-
vision this system works satisfactorily. One native is always on duty at the latrines
as policeman. The danger from indiscriminate defaecation by individuals in the
open is very great, and strict orders to prevent this are necessary, especially with
large bodies of native labourers.

Several casual deposits defaecated on the soft desert sand by native labourers
were kept under observation. Flies collected on the faeces almost immediately.
The surface of the deposits soon dried in the hot sun, forming a hard coating, but
there was enough moisture below this for the fly ova to hatch out. On the third day,
numbers of maggots were present in the faeces, which were thoroughly disintegrated
by them in two or three days, the whole being turned into a dry, powdery heap. The
larvae, which were small and ill-fed, burrowed down into the loose sand, where they

302 CAPT. J. DAVIDSON.

pupated. The pupae were small and many of them failed to develop into flies.
The flies that did emerge were small, ill-nourished specimens.

It was noticed that in casual deposits on hard ground, such as is found in low-
lying depressions in the desert known as “ sabkit,” maggots did not develop. The
hard surface and rapid desiccation of the faeces inhibited development.

Incineration of excreta.—Box-seater latrines with self-closing lids covering buckets
are used. Tibbin or sawdust is kept at each latrine and each man adds a handful
to the bucket after use. This absorbs the moisture and facilitates incineration. In
most cases, urinals are provided at the latrines, and troops are requested to use the
urinal before using the latrine.

The contents of the buckets are burned in incinerators of the Horsfall type or
other patterns. Fuel is generally needed to ensure thorough incineration and dry
camp refuse is useful for the purpose. In a few cases the latrine seats are so.
constructed that the urine and faeces are separated, which facilitates the burning
of the excreta. The incineration of night-soil requires most careful supervision, if
it is to be carried out efficiently.

Several companies of the Camel Transport Corps came under my supervision for
san.tation and the following method of dealing with the excrement of the native

Fig. 2. Showing native latrine system for incineration of faeces—(a) side view
section (b) plan: (A) Ration biscuit tin for faeces; (B) biscuit tin for urine ;
(Pp) urine pit; (p) surface of ground.

personnel, under mobile desert conditions, gave good results. Ration biscuit tins.
(fig. 2, A) (about 10 inches cube) were placed in a row about three feet apart, bemg
let into the sand about three-quarters of their depth. In front of each tin, another
tin (B) was placed, also let into the sand, but with its open top inclined at an angle
towards the former tin and set close to it. The bottoms of the tins (B) were pierced
with holes and beneath them a soakage pit (Pp), filled with, old burnt tins, was first
made, so that the tins (B) drained into it.

The natives squatted astride the tins (A) into which they defaecated, urinating at
the same time into the tins (B). Each tin (A) was covered with a weighted piece of
canvas soaked in kerosene or crude tar oil, which was replaced after use. One native
was always on duty at the latrine as policeman.

The contents of the tins were incinerated in an incinerator made of biscuit tins
filled with sand, with wire bands from tibbin bales forming the fire-bars. Camel
dung was used as fuel to facilitate the incineration.

THE CONTROL OF FLIES IN THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN. 303

Portable latrine seats—Under the mobile conditions necessary for troops in a
desert campaign, the difficulties of obtaining materials are necessarily very great.
Where camels are the only means of transport, every ounce of additional weight is
a consideration, and the bulky sanitary stores which one may use in a standing camp
are utterly out of the question.

The northern part of the Sinai desert, from the Suez Canal almost to the Palestine
frontier, consists of very soft, rolling sand, with here and there a few palm groves,
or “ hods ” and extensive sand dunes. It is impossible to use a shallow trench system
of latrines, as winds and sand-storms would continually expose the excreta to flies.
Further, owing to the loose nature of the sand, it is most difficult to localise the
latrine area so that it can be satisfactorily treated afterwards to prevent fly-breeding.
The number of flies produced from shallow trenches, as indicated above, is enormous.

In the Division to which my unit was attached during the advance across Sinai,
a portable latrine seat designed by one of my N.C.O.’s was used and proved very
serviceable (fig. 3). ;

Fig. 3. <A portable latrine: a, self-
closing lid; b, cresol drum.

It consists of a light seat with a self-closing lid which fits tightly on a cresol drum.
These lids were so made that they packed flat, and it was necessary to have a seat
as light as possible compatible with strength. I am reminded that during the trial
stage of these portable seats, one pattern which my N.C.O. made was most pleasing
on account of its lightness and neatness. During its probationary career, however,
it collapsed, much to the inconvenience of the person using it.

A special camel for carrying sanitary stores was allotted to each unit. Hach camel
could be loaded with about 16 to 18 portable latrine seats, together with the
necessary drums, a portable incinerator, and a small quantity of disinfectant. This
portable latrine proved invaluable for small scattered detachments in outpost
lines, ete.

The contents of the drums were emptied into a deep, revetted pit, which was kept
covered with canvas soaked in kerosene or crude tar oil. As the drums were emptied

304 CAPT. J. DAVIDSON.

into the pit, the excreta were covered with a few inches of sand. When the contents
of the pit reached to about 2 feet from the top, it was filled in and treated as
described in the case of deep trench latrines.

III. Disposal of Urine.

Several types of improvised urinals are used, being made from biscuit tins, cresol
drums, or pieces of corrugated iron, and so constructed that the least possible fouled
surface is exposed to flies. The urine is directed into the ordinary type of soakage
pit, which is filled with perforated tins and completely covered in. Urine tubes
which resemble somewhat a piece of stove piping, slightly tapering towards one end,

are used considerably.
°

[V. Disposal of Camp and Cook-house Refuse.

The burial of unburnt cook-house refuse affords one of the gravest sources of
fly-breeding in a desert campaign. The writer examined, nine days afterwards,
holes in which unburnt,refuse was buried with a covering of about one foot of sand,
and found enormous numbers of pupae present and a few newly hatched flies already .
emerging through the sand. After the battle of Romani, in August 1916, we camped
on an area of ground which had been used for a few days by mobile troops. In

Fig. 4. Portable incinerator made with galvanised iron and iron pickets ;
holes are cut in the iron and top cover for drying the refuse.

certain places many newly emerged flies were found walking over the sand, and on
digging in the sand at these places where obviously in some cases shallow latrines
had been, and in others unburnt refuse had been buried, the pupae were so numerous
that it almost looked as though a sack of large black oats had been buried there.

Under certain circumstances, when the front line troops were under observation
by the enemy, it was not wise to incinerate, owing to the large volume of smoke
produced. In these cases the cook-house refuse, which was kept covered from flies
as much as possible, was buried in deep pits. The refuse was thoroughly treated
with crude tar oil or cresol and the pits carefully filled in.

THE CONTROL OF FLIES IN THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN. 305

Units of the Mobile Desert Force carried portable incinerators of a type designed
by Major Lelean, R.A.M.C., on the sanitary camel. These were very useful for
small units and detachments. Brick or stone incinerators were built when possible,
and burnt refuse was either buried in pits near the incinerators or removed to a dump
on the outskirts of the camp.

A very efficient portable incinerator for use in the field was designed by one of
my N.C.0.’s. It was made with sheets of corrugated iron (fig. 4), and this type was
much used by units of the Division.

_ An incinerator is readily made with ration biscuit tins filled with sand forming
the walls, and iron bands from tibbin bales as fire-bars. These materials were
available in plenty from units of the Camel Transport Corps.

The incinerated refuse was buried in pits near the incinerator, all burnt tins, etc.,
being kept for making soakage pits. It is very necessary to ensure that the refuse
is thoroughly burnt before being put into the pit. I have often found flies breeding
in these pits owing to the presence of unburnt refuse. Before filling them in, they
should be liberally treated with crude tar oil, or sprayed with 5 per cent. cresol
solution.

YZ ?
S$ Z
ty 4

Fig. 5. Earth incinerator in side view section: a, fire pit; 6, draught chamber
leading through underground channel (c) to fire pit; (D) surface of ground.

The following type of incinerator (fig. 5), which is suitable where the ground is
hard, was used on a “ sabkit ” near El Arish. It is very easily made and, for a short
stay, is quite satisfactory, very little material being required. It consists of two
square pits connected by a channel under ground. A piece of corrugated iron (or
fire-bars) is placed at the bottom of the larger pit (a), which is made about 4 ft. cube
and in which the fire is started, refuse and manure being then added. The smaller
pit (b), which is about 2 ft. square, forms a draught shaft which fans the fire through
the connecting channel (c).

Sanitary conveniences and incinerators were always erected at Railheads, Supply
Depots, or other public places, and these areas were scavenged daily by native labour.

(C419) H

306 CAPT. J. DAVIDSON.

In this way these public areas, which are liable to be neglected, were kept clean,
and possibilities of fly-breeding reduced to a minimum.

VY. Disposal of Dead Animals.

Blue-bottle flies were only occasionally met with in any numbers on the desert,
largely owing to the care taken in disposing of dead animals and the incineration of
all used bully-beef tins, etc.

Dead camels, horses, and mules were dealt with as follows :—At the selected
burial ground a large pit about 6 feet deep was dug, into which was put some old
sacking, tibbin, firewood, etc., saturated with oil. Two or three stout iron bars were
placed across the pit. The carcase was disembowelled, the cavity being filled with
tibbin or old sacking saturated with oil. The legs were cut off and the prepared
carcase placed over the pit on the iron rails. Oil was then poured over it and the
whole set on fire. Gradually the remains of the carcase falls into the pit and when
the fire is spent it is filled in.

A definite burial ground is established at every large camp, to which all dead animals
must be taken and disposed of as described above.

VI. Destruction of Adult Flies.

In addition to the treatment of breeding places, the destruction of adult flies was
vigorously carried out by means of the following methods :—(1) By spraying with
various solutions; (2) by wire coated with tanglefoot; (3) by fly-traps; (4) by
poisoned bait ; (5) by fly flappers.

(1). Spraying with solutions.—Fles congregate in mess huts, mess tents, canteens
and cook-houses, being attracted by the food and shade. These places were closed
up and the flies sprayed with Lefroy’s fluid (pyrethrum basis), or Osbeer’s fly
solution (Flybane), by means of a fine atomised spray, until the atmosphere was
almost saturated. The flies fell to the ground dazed and helpless and were readily
destroyed. Blockhouses were also treated in this way.

Often during the Khamseen winds, flies collect in great numbers on the lee side of
canvas latrine screens, rush matting walls of cook-houses, etc. A soap-paraffin
emulsion or a strong solution of cresol (about 10 per cent.) sprayed very forcibly and

quickly on them with a Mackenzie sprayer was useful. They fell to the ground and
were easily killed.

(2). Tanglefoot fly wives.—Tanglefoot was made by heating commercial castor oil
almost to boiling (not boiling), and stirring in powdered resin until the mixture
became a black sticky mass. The proportions used were: castor oil, 4 pints; resin,
94 lb. It was ‘ound necessary to alter the proportion of resin slightly according to
the time of the year. During the cold nights of the later part of the year, if too great
a proportion of resin is used, it tends to crystallise out on the wires and the tanglefoot
‘oses its tackiness. Pieces of wire were cut into lengths of 18-24 inches, coated with
tanglefoot (applied when hot and the wires slightly heated), and hung up in tents,
cook-houses, etc. Flies delight to rest on pieces of hanging wire or string, and very
great numbers were caught on these wires. During the day-time the wires should be
hung low down in the tents and high up towards evening. Flies always go to the top

THE CONTROL OF FLIES IN THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN. 307

parts of the tents to spend the night and will invariably select the wires to settle on.
Often the wires are thickly covered with flies after hanging for an hour or so, and
counts made showed that 200-250 were caught on an average on each wire.

The fly-wires are afterwards burnt clean and re-coated with tanglefoot. They
were made in hundreds and issued to units who returned them to be re-coated.

Fly-papers were also issued by the A.8.C., but they are not nearly so efficient as
tanglefoot wires.

(3). Fly-traps—Several lands of fly-traps are in use in the different camps.
Successful baiting and the selection of a position for the trap where the flies are not
disturbed are two important points. It is a good plan to change the variety of the
bait and the position of the trap from time to time. A mixture of vinegar, bread
and sugar is an excellent bait.

The following type of fly-cage (fig. 6) which I had made, being based on the
American pattern of balloon fly-trap, gave excellent results.

re ae «* ~
ee ee oe Ook Oe On
WAS . *.
%

A)
S
*)
*"
ye8)
>.
\)
4
42525
e
‘a

XS
Set
ORS
eM
.
Oy

80
BARRO
* es
gt
Ox
oe
*.
J Sy
.) \
°
~
Lye)
SOR
, ~ OS
Poy
Oe
et
~,
é: N
*
°
\)
)
)
*”, S25
+o
<*
bes
o.° 4
es 5
©.
e

.
>
ORD
o
.
A)
\)
«
*
*
*
>
*
>
7

Fig. 6. Fly cage made with wire gauze on a wooden framework :

0, opening on floor of cage; s, narrow opening leading into the

cage between the two inclined pieces of wire gauze; T, wooden
tray ; b, bait.

It consists of a box with wooden frame-work forming a cubical cage of 18 inches a
side. The sides are of wire gauze, and the top is covered with mosquito netting. The
bottom is made of light wood, the central portion (0), 5 inches wide, being left open,
forming an opening 18 inches x 5 inches. Along the sides of this opening two pieces
of wire gauze (18 inches x 7 inches) are fixed, inclined inwards and approximating,
but just leaving sufficient space (s) for flies to get through into the cage.

The cage, standing on legs one inch high, is placed on a wooden tray (T). The
part of the tray immediately below the opening (0) is painted black, and the bait is
placed on this in the position (b). The flies, attracted by the bait, get into the angle
between the two inclined pieces of wire gauze and make their way upwards towards

308 CAPT. J. DAVIDSON.

the light through the narrow slit (s) into the cage. It is necessary to have the slit
only just wide enough for flies to get through. The writer remembers the afternoon
this specimen trap was made. It was eagerly set with an attractive bait of
vinegar, sugar and bread, and after three hours an enormous number of flies
were imprisoned. They dashed about hither and thither in the cage, making a
frantic buzzing noise. In the evening the cage was put into my bell-tent and after
sundown the flies quietened down, although they were actively crawling about
the walls of the cage. During the night I was awakened by something crawling over
my face and on lighting the candle, was disgusted to find the roof of my tent literally
black with flies. About 75 per cent. of my prisoners had escaped, owing to the
too generous width of the slit (s).

The flies in the cage can be destroyed by fumigation with pyrethrum powder, or —
cresol heated on a tin. The smell which remains about the cage after fumigation
tends to keep the flies away, so they were allowed to pass from the cage into a bag
made with mosquito netting, and were then fumigated.

(4). Poisoned bait.—The use of the poisoned bait method was carried out with
success under mobile desert conditions. Formalin (3 per cent. solution) sweetened
with sugar was used in mess-tents, but sodium arsenite (Na,HAsO,) was used in
the form of poisoned bait. Pieces of old sacking were soaked in a mixture of 1 per
cent. solution of sodium arsenite in water containing 20 per cent. of ghur, and 12 per
cent. of glycerine, rolled into a ball and hung near latrines. The glycerine prevented
rapid drying. .

Fig. 7. Tobacco tin containing poison
solution (Ss), with wicks (Ww) made of
teased tent-rope passing through the lid.

As previously described, sodium arsenite was used at the manure dumps.
Owing to rapid evaporation spraying on exposed surfaces was found not to be
satisfactory.

The sodium arsenite-ghur poisoned bait, devised originally by Dr. Berlese and
used with success in Mesopotamia by Professor Lefroy, gave excellent results. A
sweet syrupy mixture was made containing | per cent. sodium arsenite, ghur and
glycerine. This was put into cigarette tins or other available shallow tins. The
lid of the tin was pierced with a number of holes, through which pieces of teased
tent rope were drawn, forming a number of wicks (fig. 7). When the lid was replaced,
these dipped into the mixture in the tin and sucked it up, so that the rose-like top

THE CONTROL OF FLIES IN THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN. 309

of the wicks on the outside of the lid was always moist with the poison. The flies
eagerly gorged on these and died in shoals round the tin. By this method evaporation
was reduced to a minimum.

Owing to the fierce heat of the sun the flies always seek shade. Small rush matting
shelters were placed at convenient positions round the camp, on the shelves of which
these tins of poisoned bait were put, and large numbers of flies, mostly of the house-
fly type, were killed in this way. Occasionally Sarcophaga, Lucilia and Calliphora
were found at the bait.

(5). Fly flappers.—Flies collect in large numbers during the heat of the day and
towards the evening on the inside of the tents, and troops were encouraged to
kall them.

Leather flappers pierced with holes, mounted on small wire handles, were issued
for this purpose. Another and more efficient type, the flap of which is made with
flexible wire gauze, is sold all over Egypt.

rr

a

CON AN ee nanitesto.s 7
uh tdlw Avian a at iwie eave biheds te aint
iff hy it» mirot alpo he th bait freegy aia
cin cut ; eee serbia
aan . shield rl ; ft ocli peeee eld Tot areas ae y
ibd ee On! Arotarivyro ste Bak
Be aid his ye hae eithak plapern fies
pie evita Y: iri buat foolish sie
Vind nde rr et FO
Apa oT 7”,
hoo Sotheiteg vl am

roid

‘ ~

=

anqasdiyen _
oven ae sh
ep avian oleh
qs
t onl

attains
1 y a _

‘Sie

311

COLLECTIONS RECEIVED.

The following collections were received by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology
between Ist July and 30th September, 1917, and the thanks of the Managing
Committee are tendered to the contributors for their kind assistance :—

Dr. W. M. Aders, Economic Biologist to the Zanzibar Government :—About
12 Cyprinodont fishes (Fundulus guentheri, Pfeffer), foes of Mosquito larvae ; from
Zanzibar.

Mr. W. K. Amyot :—1 Locust and 1 Dragonfly ; from Salonica.

Mr. T. J. Anderson, Government Entomologist: 1 tube of Coffee Bugs, 1 tube of
Psyllidae, and 29 other Rhynchota ; from British Hast Africa.

Mr. R. S. Bagnall:—17 Hymenopterous parasites from Cecidomyiid galls ;
from Northumberland.

Mr. G. E. Bodkin, Government Economic Biologist :—15 Hymenoptera, 10
Coleoptera, 2 Lepidoptera, 3 Rhynchota, and 2 Orthoptera ; from British Guiana.

Capt. G. D. H. Carpenter: 5 Haematopo'a, 515 Coleoptera, 16 Hymenoptera,
11 Rhynchota, and 2 Harwigs; from German Kast Africa.

The Division of Entomology, Pretoria :—12 Diptera, 26 Lepidoptera, 10
Hymenoptera, 53 Coleoptera, 1 Ant-lion, 46 Rhynchota, 36 Orthoptera, and
2 Odonata; from South Africa.

The Government Entomologist, Madras :—42 Weevils; from South India.

Mr. C. C. Gowdey, Government Entomologist :—10 Diptera, 3 Lepidoptera,
about 70 parasitic Hymenoptera, about 300 Aphids, 17 other Rhynchota, 7
Orthoptera, 76 Ticks, and 8 tubes of Worms; from Uganda.

The Imperial Institute :—About 50 Coleoptera, 5 Orthoptera, and about 50
Mites, from Cyprus ; and 10 Coleoptera, from Sumatra.

Mrs. A. Macdonald :—5 Anopheles Mosquitos ; from Suffolk.
Capt. A. Macdonald, R.A.M.C. :—112 Culicidae ; from Belfast.
Mr. A. Macdonald, Jnr. :—3 Culicidae ; from Dunfermline.

Mr. A. H. Ritchie, Government Entomologist :—54 Coleoptera, 2 packages of
Coccidae, and 97. other Rhynchota; from Jamaica.

Prof. F. Silvestri :—25 Bruchid Beetles ; from beans imported from Brazil.
D-. C. Strickland :—28 Anopheline Mosquitos ; from the Federated Malay States.
Mr. F. W. Urich, Government Entomologist :—60 Coleoptera ; from Trinidad.

Lieut. Jas Waterston, R.A.M.C. :—4 Tabanidae, 36 other Diptera, 28 Hymen-

optera, 33 Lepidoptera, 55 Coleoptera, 4 Planipennia, 3 Rhynchota, 8 Orthoptera,
and 16 Odonata ; from Macedonia.

e F i > - ery
COE

+t sa

Pies ten ane

E bea Ae sh on
At y's Wace |
4 ry at yo

wet o2"

‘Title, Contents, Indices to Vol. VIII. .

BULLETIN OF
ENTOMOLOGICAL
RESEARCH

“ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
| BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY:

EDITOR: THE DIRECTOR:

) | f-
4 Fs Pa
(~ :
‘ APRi* 1923]
NG ES ae
Bacon
‘ }
LONDON:
ie Cp et SOLD BY
. DULAU “a Co., LTD., 37; SOHO SQUARE, Ww.
Oi i ial |

ADD. Te. Ek wat ED ie enter ell

a Se?

oat 14

313

GENERAL INDEX.

Numerals in heavy type indicate that the species is illustrated on that page.

abdominalis, Aphelinus.

abrahami, Llaveia, sp. 0.

Acacia, Coccids on, 30, 128, 131, 187,
188.

Acalypha wilkinsonia, Coccids on, 188.
Acanthiophilus, 221.

acetosae, Aphis.

acetosella, Aphis.

Achorion schénleinii, vector of, 163.
Acidia, 241, 249-250.

es coloniarum, may be placed in
Philophylla, 250.

» obnubila, may be placed in
Philophylla, 249.

a ocellata, may be placed in
Philophylla, 250.

7 seychellensis, may be placed in
Philophylla, 250.

a tristriata, may be placed in
Rhacochlaena, 249.

Acwra, 219.

Aclerda, 21.

Acocanthera, Coccids on, 130.
acrodiauges, Conradtina.
acroleuca, Conradtina.

Acropyga gowdeyi,accompanies Pseudo-
_coccus citri, 187.

actiniformis, Ceroplastes.
adersi, Lecanium.

Adia genitalis, 121, note, 122.
Adiantum, Coceids on, 130.
adonidum, Pseudococcus.

Adoretus versutus, Tiphia parallela
parasite on larvae of, 102.

adspersus, Palaeopus.

Aédes, pupa of, 78.

Aédomyia, pupa of, 78.
AS africana, pupa of, 83;
breeding places, 136, 153.
aegyptiaca, Icerya.
aegyptium, Hyalomma.

Aenasiella africa, parasite of Tachardia
decorella, 187.

aequale, Lecanium.

aequalis, Coceus.

aethiopicus, Phacochaerus.

africa, Aenasiella.

africana, <Aédomyia ; Gymnaspis ;
Lecaniodiaspis; Pulvinaria; Stego-
myia.

africanus, Ceroplastes ; Coccus; Man-
sonioides ; Tabanus.

Agave, Ceroplastes ceriferus on, 187.
» rigida var. sisalana, Chrysom-

phalus biformis on, 106.

Agonioneurus locustarum, is a Para-
phelinus, 43.

Agrochira (Mesanopin) tephritina, 246.
Akee (Blighia sapida), Coccids on, 107.

Akermes quinqueport, fostered by Cre-
mastogaster, 105.

albipalpus, Tabanus.
Albizzia sp., Coccid on, 188.
albocephalus, Ochlerotatus.
albomaculata, Ceratitis.
albonigrum, Trirhithrum.
Aleides cultrirostris, 116.
te theobromae, sp.n., injurious to
cacao in the Belgian Congo,
115-116,
Algeria, Coccids from, 13; Tabanus
transmits trypanosomiasis in, 255.

Alternanthera versicolor, Coccids on,
187.

S14 GENERAL INDEX.

Alysia camerunensis, 177.
>» goniarcha, 177.
» maculiceps, 177.

Amblyomma variegatum, off roan ante-
lope in the Gold Coast, 213.

amenocles, Chalcis.
Anaplomus, 226.

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, new fruit-flies
from; 229, 230.

angulata, Tachardia.
annulatus, Dacus ; Margaropus.
Anona, Coceids on, 128.
<8 muricata, Coecids on, 127, 187—
189.
anonae, Plerandrus.
Anopheles, pupae of W. African, 73-77.
Os costalis, pupa of, 75-77;
vicious biters, 135 ; early
stages of, 136, 149, 150,
Lod sin Gold Cogst, 212.

i. funestus, pupa of, 75, 77°
in Gold Coast, 212.

i" marshalli, pupa of, 75, 77 ;
larva of, 135-136.

“4h _mauritianus, pupa of, 75—

77; in Gold Coast, 212,
_ pharoensis, pupa of, 75-77.
ey pretoriensis, larva of, 136.

en rufipes, larva of, 136; in
Gold Coast, 212.

antennata, Meracanthomyia.
anthracis, Bacillus.

anthropophaga, Cordylobia.
Antigonon leptopus, Coccids on, 187.
antistictica, Pardalaspis.

aonidum, Chrysomphalus.
Aphelinus, the genus, 43-58.

a abdominalis, 46.
me basalis, synonym of A. abdo-
minalis, 46.

a darwin, 52.

rh diaspidis, 46-47.
a grotiusi, 52.

- haeckelt, 52.

= miltoni, 52.

. minutissimus, 52.
# newton, 52.

oe ruskini, 52.

Aphis acetosae, 273, 286, 288, 289.
» acetosella, nom. n., 286-289.
» asclepiadis, 282.

» bauhiniae, sp. n., from Egypt,
273, 279--280.

» brassicae, 289.

» buddleiae, sp. n., on Buddleia
madagascariensis in Egypt.
273, 281-282.

» " Ganliag, 274:

» durantae, sp. n., from Egypt,
273, 274-275.

» ficus, sp. n., on Ficus sycomorus
iff Egypt and Uganda, 273,
276-2 7/8.

» mathiolae, sp. n., from Egypt,
273, 282-284.

mathiolellae, sp. n., from Egypt,
273, 284.
we | WETIL: C282:
» pheidole, 273, 286.
» pomi, 286.
» pomonella, 273, 286.
>» pruni, 285.

» pruniella, sp. n., from Brit. E.
Africa, 273, 285.

» rumicis; 274, 288.

» tamaricis, sp. n., on Tamarix in
Egypt, 273, 278-279.

» sieyphi, sp. n., on Zizyphus
spina-christi in Egypt, 278,
275-276; A. ficus similar
£0, 327 bt.

apicalis, Celidodacus.
apicoannulatus, Ochlerotatus.
apicoargentea, Stegomyia.

Apple, Coccids on, 131; Aphids on,
286.

Apricot, new fruit-fly bred from, 235 ;
Aphids on, 293.

Aranthemum bicolor, Coecids on, 129-
araucariae, Lriococcus.
arecae, Ohrysomphalus dictyospermi.

Argas persicus, vector of spirochaetosis,
159,

arieians, Bitis.

Aristolochia, Coeccids on, 20, 1380.
aristolochiae, Pulvinaria, sp. n.
armatus, Aspidoproctus.
armigerum, Daceton.

GENERAL INDEX. 315

Arrhenophagus chionaspidis, bred from
Hemichionaspis minor, 104.

articulatus, Selenaspidus (Aspidiotus).

Artocarpus integrifolia, Coccids on,
188.

arundinis, Hyalopterus.
Arundo, Aphids on, 293.
asclepiadis, Aphis.

Aserica variegata, sp.n., injurious to
cacao in, 111.

Ashanti, fruit-flies of, 221, 231, 235.
Asilus spp., devour tsetses, 207.
Aspidiotus articulatus (see Selenaspidus)

¥9 aurant (see Chrysom-
phalus).

4 baikeae (see Pseudaonidia).

a camelliae (rapax), in Brit.

Guiana, 106; in Brit.
Ee Airica, lads. i S:
Africa, 183.

‘ cyanophylli, in Fiji, 131;
in Uganda, 131, 189.

9 cydoniae, on egg-plant in
Brit. Guiana, 106; dis-
tribution and _ food-
plants, 131; in Uganda,
189.

4 destructor, a pest in Brit.
Guiana, 104, 106; dis-
tributionand food-plants,
134 m 8. Anes, 183:
preyed on by Epilachna
punctipennis in Uganda,
189.

= dictyospermt (see Chrysom-
phalus).

» diffinis, 106.
= ficus (see Chrysomphalus

aonidum).

ed jimbriatus var. capensis, on
Cycads at Port Elizabeth,
183.

ie forbesi, in 8. Africa, 183.

a jossor (see Pseudaonidia).

at gowdeyi, in Uganda, 189.
o hederae, in 8. Africa, 183.

* lataniae, in 8. Africa, 183 ;
in Uganda, 189.

eo orientalis, 132.

se osireaeformis, 181.

» . perniciosus, in §. Africa,
183.

Aspidious pirt, 181.

ss sacchari, common in Brit.
Guiana, 106,

F silvaticus (see Selenaspidus),.

Aa tessaralus (see Pseudao-
nidia).

te transparens, in §. Africa,
184; in Uganda, 189.

Mp trilobitiformis (see Pseudao-
nidia).

Aspidoproctus armatus, from Portu-
guese Congo, 125.

7 2giaber, from Nyasa, 125.
¥ meavet, sp. n., from
Nyasa, 4—5.

AY pertinax, 5; from Nyasa

and ,S., India, 125.
a 2iricornis, from Nyasa,
125.
Pe verrucesus, sp. n., from

Uganda, 5.
aspidistrae, Pinnaspis.

Asterolecanium bambusae, preyed on
by Pentilia insidiosa,
104; common in
Brit. Guiana, 107;
distributioninA frica,
127; in Natal, 182;
in Uganda, 187.

rs coffeae, in Brit. EK.
Africa and Uganda,
127,187:

a jimbriatum, 107.

dl pustulans, in Brit.
Guiana, 107.

7 spectabile, sp. n., from
Mauritius, 15—16.

Pr variolosum, distribution
in 8. Africa, 182.

atratus, Cryptocerus. /

Atriplex hortensis, Aphis acetosae on,
289.

Auchmeromyia luteola, in the Gold
Coast, 213.

Aulacaspis chionaspis, food-plants in
Uganda, 189.

oe pentagona, in 8. Africa, 184.

- rosae, common in Brit.
Guiana, 105.

aurantit, Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus).
aurilanatus, Pseudococcus.
australiensis, Paraphelinus.

316 GENERAL INDEX.

australis, Boophilus.
Autoserica, 111.

Avicennia nitida, Coccids on, in Brit.
Guiana, 25, 105, 108:

avicenniae, Ceroplastes, sp. n.

Avocado Pear, Coccids on, in Brit.
Guiana, 106, 108.
Azteca schimperi, attends on Coccids,
105.
Azya pontbrianti, preys on Saissetia
hemisphaerica, 104.

», trinitatis, preys on Aspidiotus
destructor, 104.

Babesia bigeminum, vector of, 160.
caballi, vector of, 160.
a canis, vectors of, 160.
i ovis, vector of, 160.

sp., in blood of haartebeeste
and red-flanked duiker, 211.

bacilliformis, Barionia.
Bacillus anthracis, vectors of, 158.

_ dysenteriae, vectors of, 158.

5 leprae, vectors of, 158.

$ paratyphosus, vectors of, 158
pe pestis, vectors of, 158.,

Ae a ae vectors of, 158,

- typhosus, vectors of, 158, 163.
Baikea sp., Coecid on, 189.

» eminnu, Coccid on, 188.

» ~mnsignis, Coccid on, 189.
batkeae, Pseudaonidia (Aspidiotus).
balfourit, Uranotaenta.
ballardi, Phenacoccus, sp. n.

Bamboo, Coccids on, 104, 107, 127,
185, 187, 189:

bambusae, Asterolecaniwm.

Banana (Musa), Coccids on, 105, 106,
Pou; Vad.

bancroftt, Filaria.

Barbados, Tiphia paraliela imported
into Mauritius from, 93-102.

Barbados Cherry, Lepidosaphes beckii
common on, 106.

Bartonia bacilliformis, vector of, 159.
Baryglossa, gen. nov., 218, 244-246.

ss histrio, sp. n., 245-246.
basalis, Aphelinus.

Bauhinia, new Aphid on, 280.
bauhiniae, Aphis, sp. n.
beckert, Pangonia.

becku, Lepidosaphes.

Begonia, 109.

begoniae, Saissetia.

Belgian Congo, injurious insects in,
111-118 ; fruit-flies from, 224, 231,
235, 236, 238, 246.

Bembex spp., preying on Glossina, 207.
beringeri, Haematopota.

biclavis, Howardia.

bicolor, Idiasta; Palaeococcus.
bidens, Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea).
biformis, Chrysomphalus.
bigeminum, Babesia.

biguttatus croceus, Tabanus.
bimaculatum, Trirhithrum.
bipartilus, Ceroplastes, sp. n.
bisinuata, Tiphia.

Bistrispinaria, 218.

Bitis arietans, tsetse feed on, 198.
bituberculatum, Lecanium.
Blackberries, 232, note.

Biack Cobra, tsetse fed on, 198.

Blastobasis lecaniella, Coccids preyed
on by, 104.

Blighia sapida, Coccids on, in Brit.
Guiana, 107.
blepharogaster, Dacus, sp. 0.

‘* Bloodwood,” Coccids on, in Brit.
Guiana, 22, 108.

bodkint, Tachardia; Vitula.

boisduvalt, Diaspis.

Boophilus australis, off roan antelope
in the Gold Coast, 213

bovis, Hypoderma.

Brachyacantha 10-punctata, preys on
a Pseudococcus, 104.

brassicae, Aphis.

brémei, Pardalaspis.

brevipalpis, Glossina; Toxorhynehites.

Brit. E. Africa, Coccids from, 126, 129—
132; fruit-flies from, 232, 243; Aphids
from, 285, 286.

British Guiana, new Coccids from, 2,
18, 21, 22, 25; new Paraphelinus
from, 43-58; Coccidae of, 103-109.

Pe iis

GENERAL INDEX.

bromeliae, Diaspis ; Psewdococcus.
brucei, Trypanosoma.
brunithorax, Forellia.

Bubalis major, Babesia in blood of,
a0, 211.

Buddleia madagascariensis, new Aphid
on, 282

buddleiae, Aphis.

Buffalo, 210.

Buffalo Grass, Aphid on, 291.
bullatifrons, Haematopota.
burkilli, Pulvinaria.

burnerae, Pseudococcus.

bursa, Rhipicephalus.

Bush Cat, Rhipicephalus sangwineus
var. sulcatus on, 213.

buxi, Pinnaspis.
buxioni, Margarodes, sp. nu.

eaballi, Babesia.
Cabbages, Aphids on, 2938.

Cacao, Coccids on, 13, 14, 30, 34, 105,
107,” 126, 127, 187, 188; pests of,
in the Belgian Congo, 111-118;
fruit-flies on, 234.

cacti, Coccus.
caffra, Dovyalis:

Caffraria, fruit-flies from, 243, 244,
200, 251.

cajani, Ceroplastodes ; Palaeococcus.
Cajanus indicus (see Pigeon-pea).
caleitrans, Stomoxys.

caliginosus, Ochlerotatus.

Calliphora spp., vectors of bacillary
dysentery, 158; cause of myiasis,
162; control of. 297-3809.

Calodendron capense, Coccid on, 182.

Camaromyia, 221.

camelliae, Aspidiotus.

Camerun, fruit-flies from, 227, 231,
238, 244, 248, 250.

camerunensis, Alysia.

Campiglossa, 221.

(Campsomeris) dorsata, Dielis.

Canna, Coccids on, 187.

canicularis, Fannia.

caninum, Dipylidium.

canis, Babesia ; Ctenocephalus.

317

Cannon-ball Tree, 109.

Cape of Good Hope, fruit-fiies from,
227, 232, & note, 235; Siphocoryne
(Aphis) pseudobrassicae from, 289.

Cape Lilac, Coccids on, 131.

capensis, Ohaleis ; Chionaspis; Aspi-
diotus fimbriatus ; Pseudococcus.

capitata, Ceratitis.
capitis, Pediculus.
cardinalis, Novius.
carmelita, Pendulinus.
carmodyi, Tomaspis.
Carpomyia. 219.
Carpophthorella, 224.

- Carpophthoromyia, 217, 224-227, 228,

236.
fk formulosa, 224, 227.
as grata, 224, 227,
a3 pulchella, 224, 227.
. pseudotritea, sp. 0.,
225.

PS scutellata, 224, 225.
i superba, sp. n., 225-
227.

oe tomentosa, 224.
Be tritea, 224, 225.
a vittata, 224, 225.

cartert, Sptrochaeta.

casel, Piophila.

Cassava, Coccids on, 127.

Cassia floribunda, Coccids on, 189.

cassiae, Chionaspis.

Castilloa, Coecids on, 126, 187.

castilloae, Inglisia. :

Castor Oil Plant, Coccids on, 105, 131.

cataphractus, Crocodilus.

catoirt, Ceratiitis.

Catileya, new thrips on, 59-61 ; Diaspis
boisduvalti common on, 105.

caudatum, Icerya.

caudatus, Palaeococcus.

Ceara Rubber, Coeccids on, 131.

Cedrela tuna, Coccids on, 130.

Celidodacus apicalis, 222.

cephalia, Xanthorrachista.

Cephalophus rufilatus, Babesia in blood
of, 210, 211.

fe seryptus, 210, 211,

318 GENERAL

Cephalophus sp., Rhipicephalus san-
guineus off, 213.

Cephalosporium lecanti, on Coceids in
Brit. Guiana, 104-105.

Ceratitis, 217, 224, 225, 227, 230, 231,

236, 244.
= albomaculata, 241.
be capttata, 230, & note, 236.
ks catoiri, 230, & note.
mA cosyra, 232, & note, 234, noie,

236, & note.
s loranthi, 237.
Be nigra, 236.

. obscurum, 238.

m penicillatus, 233.

%3 pennipes, 231.

ve rosa, 230, note, 231, 232, note.
a rubivora, 232, note.

ci tritea, 225.

Ceratophyllus fasciatus, vector of rat
trypanosomiasis, 160.

ceratopogones, Chaoborus.

Cercopithecus patas, Glossina unable
to. feed’ on, 199, 210, 211.

ceriferus, Ceroplastes.

Cerococcus hibiscit, from S. India,
127-128.

a ornatus, in 8. Africa, 182.
ceroplastae, Neomphaloidella.

Ceroplastes actiniformis, on coconut in
S. India, 128.

ws africanus, food-plants in
Uganda, 128, 187.
m avicenmiae, sp. n., from

Brit. Guiana, 24—25,108 ;

attended by Azteca
schimperi, 105.

5 bipartitus, sp. n., from
S. Africa, 25-26.

fe ceriferus, 25-28; on “ wild

elmioun S. India, 128 ;
food-plants in Uganda,

187.

ie cirrvpediformis, in Brit.
Guiana, 108, 128.

Me coniformis, food-plants in
Uganda, 187.

gs denudatus, in Brit. Guiana,
108, 128.

ms destructor, sp. n., 26-28;
on guava in Uganda, 187,

INDEX.

Ceroplastes dugestt, in Brit. Guiana, 108

* egbarum, male puparia from
Gold Coast, 28-29.

— egbarum, subsp. fulleri, 129.

“4 jicus, in 8. Africa and Gold
Coast, 128; in Uganda,
188.

. floridensis, parasites of,

104; common in Brit.
Guiana, 108.

‘a galeatus, food-plants and
parasites in Uganda, 188.

be lamborni, sp. n., from 38.
Nigeria, 29-30.

» . personatus, in Gold Coast,
128.

s quadrilineatus, in Uganda,
129; food-plants, 188.

yubens, in §S. India and
Zanzibar, 129.

x singularis, in Uganda, 188.

a subdenudatus, sp. n., from

Uganda, 30, 188.

h ugandae, distinct from
C. egbarum subsp. fulleri,
129 ; food-plants of, 188.

. vinsonioides, in Uganda,
129; food-plants, 188.

x vuillett, from §. Nigeria,
30-31.

“a zonatus, sp. 20, from

S. Africa, 32-33;

Ceroplastodes cajani, food-plants in
India, 128.

sj gowdeyt, In Uganda, 188.
Chalcis amenocles, bred from puparia

of Glossina, 179, 209,
210.

» capensis, 179.

» sptlopus, 179.

» transvaalensis, 179.
» varivpes, 179.

Chaoborus ceratopogones, pupa of, 90—
91; larva, 154.

chelonioides, Kucalymnatus ; Inglisia.
Chelyophora, 217.
a magniceps, Sp. n., 229-230.
a striata, 229, 230.
chionaspidis, Arrhenophagus.
chionaspiformis, Hemichionaspis.
Chionaspis cassiae, in Uganda, 189.

GENERAL

Chionaspis capensis, 131.

citri, in Brit. Guiana, 104,
105.

dentilobis, in Uganda, 189,
13s.

funtumiae, in Uganda, 189.

lutea (see Phenacaspis).

if (Hemichionas pis) minor,
distribution in Africa,
133; parasite of, 104.

var. strachani, 133.

simplex, var. of, in 8S. Africa,
185.

“4 substriata, in Uganda, 189.
chionaspis, Aulacaspis, 189,
Chlamydozoa, 160.

Chlorophora excelsa, Coccids on, 188,

189.

cholerae, Spirillum.

Chrysanthemum, Coccids on, 23, 187.

chrysogaster, Eretmopodites.

Chrysomphalus aonidum (ficws), in
Brit. Guiana, 106;
ms. India, J31:
common in 8. Africa,
132, 184.

aurantii, in Brit.
Guiana, 106 ; locali-
ties and food-plants,
130-131 ; Ber 1b.
Africa, 184.

biformis, on orchids
in Brit. Guiana, 106.

dictyospermi, in Brit.
Guiana, 106; in §.
Africa, 131, 184; in
Uganda, 189.

dictyospermt arecae, in
Brit. Guiana, 106.

99

Pe dictyospermi pinnuli-
fera, in Brit. Guiana,
106.

erythraspidis, in Brit.
Guiana, 106.

i jicus (see aonidum).

Pe personatus, common in
Brit. Guiana, 106.

43 rossi, in 8. Africa, 132,
184.

= rosst Var. greeni, nov.,
in S. Africa, 184.

Fa triglandulosus, in S.

India, 132.
‘C481)

INDEX. 319

Chrysomyia macellaria, 162.

Chrysopa claveri, preying on Pseudo-
coceus sacchari, 104.

Chrysophyllum cainito, Chrysomphalus
personatus on leaves of, 106.

Chrysops, conveys Filaria loa in §.
Nigeria, 255.
bs coecutiens, mouth-parts, 266.
S dimidiata, vector of Calabar
swellings, 161.
ey distinctipennis, in Gold Coast,
212.
cinnamonum, Laurus.
cirripediformis, Ceroplastes.
citri, Chionaspis ; Pseudococcus.
citricola, Mytilaspis (see Lepidosaphes
beckit).

Citrus, Coccids on, in Brit. Guiana,
105-109 ; Coccids imported
into Jamaica on, 131, 133;
Coccids on, in 8. Africa, 182,
184, 185, 189.

» aurantiuwm (see Orange).
Cladoderris, 218; may be an Ortalid,
246.

clavert, Chrysopa.
coarctata, Leptohylemyia.

Coccidae, new spp. of, 1-34, 125-134 ;
in Brit. Guiana, 103-108 ; in Uganda,
187; list of, introduced into S&S.
Africa, 181—185.

Coccinellidae, attacking scale-insects
in Brit. Guiana, 104.

coceineus, Stictococcus.

Coccophagus comperet, parasite of

Stictococeus gowdeyi,
188.

‘ nigropleurum, parasite of
Tachardia decorella,
187.

as saintebeuvei, parasite of
Saissetia oleae, 188.

coccophila, Sphaerostilbe.

Coccus aequalis, in Brit. Guiana, 108.

africanus, on coffee in Uganda,
188,

cacti, in 8. Africa, 182.
confusus capensis, in 8. Africa,

39

» adiscrepans, on tea roots in
Uganda, 188.

320 GENERAL INDEX.

Coceus (Lecanium) elongaius, food-
plants in Uganda, 188; in
S. Africa, 183.
» hesperidum, ants attending on,
105; shield-scale fungus on,
105; in Brit. Guiana, 108;
on orange in Uganda, 188;
in East Africa, 130; in S.
Africa, 183.

. ‘mopar, in Brit. Guiana, 109.

» mdicus, in 8. Africa, 183.

. longulus, on
Uganda, 188.

+ mangiferae, shield-scale fungus
on; (105:-;,. in - Brite Guiana,

Gliricidia in

108.

.» setiger, On guava in Uganda,
188.

,, ésignatus, on guava in Uganda,
188.

» tenuivalvatus, food-plants in
Uganda, 188.

» viridis, shield-scale fungus on,
105; in Brit. Guiana, 108,
130; in Uganda, 188.

» wardi, in Brit. Guiana, 108.
cocverelli, Lecaniobius.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Coccids on,
104, 106-108, 128, 1381.

Codiaeum, Coceids on, in Brit. Guiana,
106-109.

coecutiens, Chrysops.

Coelalysia glossinophaqa, sp. n., bred
from pupae of Glossina
in the Gold Coast, 177,

210.
oy lutea, 177.
Coelopacidia, 218.
5 madagascariensis, 248.

Coffea liberica, Coccids on, 106-108,
128, 130.

coffeae, Asterolecanium ;. Trirhithrum
nigerrumum.

Coffee, Coccids on, 9, 106-108, 126,
127, 128, 130, 187-189; fruit-flies
bred from, 240, 241.

colae, Pterandrus.

Coleus, Coceid on, 182.
Colocasia, Coceids on, 127.
coloniarum, Acidia.
comperet, Coccophaqus.
conchiformis, Inglisia.

concolor, Pseudotrochalus.
confusus capensis, Coccus.
conjlomeratus, Rumen.
conqolense, Trypanosoma.
coniformis, Ceroplastes.
connali, Uranotaenia.
Conorhinus (see Triatoma).
Conradtina, 216.

+ acrodiauges, 222.

BS acroleuca, 222.

Le longicornis, 222.

7 suspensa, sp. n., from the

Congo, 223-224.

Cordia interrupta, Tiphia feeding on
fiowers of, in Mauritius, 99, 100,
101-102.

Cordylobia anthropophaga, 162.

4 praegrandis, in Gold Coast,
212)

cornt, Lecanium.

corsoni, Haematopota.

costalis, Anopheles.

costicollis, Palaeopus, sp. 0.
costimacula, Hublemma

cosyra, Ceratitis.

Cotton, Coccids on, 105, 130.

Courida, Coccids on, in Brit. Guiana,
25, 104; 108; .

Couroupita guwianensis, infested with
Saissetia scutata in Brit. Guiana, 109.

Craspedoxantha, 219.

Cremastogaster sp., 3, 105, 108, 109.

Crocodilus cataphractus, 211.

- niloticus, tsetse feeding on,
198,241,
crocuta, Hyaena.

Croton, Coccids on, 7, 9, 106-199, 1354,
187, 189.
», Ugliwm, 188.
cruzi, Schizotrypanum, 160.

Oryptocerus atratus, attending Coccids,
105,

minutus, attending Coceids,
105

Oryptognatha nodiceps, preying 61
Aspidiotus destructor, 104.

Clenocephalus canis, vector of rat
trypanosomiasis, 160; vector of
taeniasis, 161.

99

GENERAL

Culex, pupae of West African, 73-74,
78-90; larvae of West Afri-
can, 135, 136, 142, 143, 145,
147-153; vector of filariasis,
161.

dultoni, in Gold Coast, 212.

fatigans, pupa of, 84-85, 86;
breeding places, 142, 149,
150; vector of dengue and
three- day fever, 157.

guiarti, pupa of, 84, 87; larva
of, 159-152.

snvidiosus, pupa of, 84, 85-86 ;
larva of, 149-150.

yquasiqelidus, pupa of, 84; breed-
ing places, 136,153; in Gold
Coast, 213.

thaiassius, pupa of, 84, 86, 87;
vicious biter, 135; breeding
places, 142, 143; larva of,
147-150.

tigripes var. fuscus, pupa of,
$4; larva, 149.

» tritaeniorhynchus, pupa of, 84,
86-87; larva of, 149--150.

Culicini, pupae compared with Saheth-
ini pupae, 73-74; pupae of West
African, 78-90.

Culiciomyia nebulosa, in Gold Coast,
232,

Culicoides sp., in Gold Coast, 212.

cultrirostris, Alcides.

cunziformis, Saissetia (Lecanium).

Cupania sapida, Coccid on, in Brit.
Guiana, 107.

cyanea, Scutellista.

cyanophylli, Aspidiotus.

Cyathomyia fusca, pupa of, 84, 88;
larva, 145-147.

Cycads, Coccids on, 183.

cydoniae, Aspidiotus.

Cymbopogon citratus, Coccids on, 188.

Daceton armigerum, attends Pseudo-
coceus ecitri, 105.

dactylopii, Leptomastix, 104.

(Dactylopius)longispinus, Pseudococcus.

Dacus, new Ethiopian, 63—71, 215, 216.
» annulatus, 64-66, 69.

‘,, blepharogaster, sp. n., from

Erythraea, 68-59.

erythraeus, sp. n., from Eryth-

raea, 69-71.

>?

(C181)

INDEX. i |

Dacus, hamatus, sp. n., from Nyasaland,

immaculatus, 64.

inornatus, 67.

mochii, sp n., from Erythraea,
64-69.

woodi, sp. n., from Nyasaland,
66-67.

Dahlia, new Aphid on, 274.
dahliae, Aphis.
dahliafolii, Macrosiphum, sp. n.
Dahomey, fruit-flies of, 234, 244.
damnosum, Simauliam.
darwint, Aphelinus.
Date Pahn, Ceceids on, 126.
decorella, Tachardia.
@emmerezi, Dacus, sp. n.
dendrobti Lecaniodiaspis.
dentilobis, Chionaspis.
denudatus, Ceroplastes.
depressa, Pangonia.
Dermacentor reticulatus, 160.

= venustus, 157.
Dermatobia hominis, 162.
Dermatophilus penetrans, 162.
destructor, Aspidiotus ; Ceroplastes
devastans, Pendulinus, sp. 0.
Diaspidiotus (see Aspidiotus).
diaspidis, Aphelinus.

Diaspis boisduvali, in Brit. Guiana,
105; in S. Africa, 184 ; in
Uganda, 189.

bromeliae, in S. Africa, 184.
echinocacti, in 8. Africa, 184.

echinocacti opuntiae, in Brit.
Guiana, 105.

pentagona (see Aulacaspis).
regularis, in Uganda, 189.
ee rosae, 181.
dictyospermt, Chrysomphalus,
Dielis (Campsomeris) dorsata, 96.
diffinis, Aspidiotus.
dilychnis, Neda.
dimidiata, Chryseps.
Diplococcus in'racellularis, vectors of,
159.
pemphiqicontagiost, vector
of, 159.
Dipylidium caninum, vectors of, 161,
B2

99

322 GENERAL

Dirhinus ehrhorni, 178, 179.
ne giffardi, 178.

- inflecus, sp. n., bred from
puparia of Glossina in the
Gold Coast, 178-179, 210.

discrepans, Coccus.
ditaeniatus, Tabanus.
diversiseta, Stictococeus.

Dog-faced Baboon (Papio sphinz), 210,
211.

Dolichandron platycalyx, Coccids on,
187, 188.

Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) bidens, at-
tends Coccids, 105.

domestica, Musca.

domesticus, Ochlerotatus.

donovani, Leishmania.

dorsata, Dielis (Campsomeris).
Dovyalis caffra, Coccid on, 182.
dracaenae, Hretmopodites.
Dragonflies, preying on tsetse, 207.
dugesvi, Ceroplastes, 108.

Duranta, Saissetia oleae on, 109; new
Aphid on, 275.

durantae, Aphis, sp. Nn.
dultomi, Sprrochaeta.
dysenteriae, Bacillus.

East Africa, fruit-flies from, 225, 231,
238, 209, 241, 243, 250.

echinocacti, Diaspis.

Ectatoma tuberculatum, attends Sais-
setia nigra, 105.

egbarum, Ceroplastes.

Egg-fruit (Solanum melongena), Coc-
cids on, 106, 107, 109, 127, 132.

Egypt, new Aphids from, 273, 275-284,
286, 291, 293; control of flies in,
297-309.

ehrhorm, Dirhinus.

Hlaphromyia, 220.

elastica, Funtumia.

Elis rufa, egg-laying habits of, 100-101.
Elm, Coccids on, 128.

elongata, Pulvinaria, sp. n.

elongatus, Coccus (Lecanium).

Ensina, 220.

Entamoeba histolytica, vectors of, 160.

Epilachna punctipennis, preys on
Aspidiotus destructor, 189.

INDEX.

Hpiietrastichus ugandensis, parasite of
Stictococcus gowdeyi, 188.

equi, Gastrophilus ; Nuttallia.
equinus, Hippotragus.
Hranthemum, 126.

9 bicolor, Coccids on, 187
Hretmopodites, pupae of, 73-75.
A chrysogaster, 75.
| > dracaenae, 75.
| a inornatus, 73.
| quinqueviltatus, 75.

Eriococeus araucariae, common at the
Cape, 182.

Hristalis tenax, cause of myiasis, 162.

| Erythraea, new fruit-flies from, 63, 65,
| 66, 69-71.

| erythraeus, Dacus, sp. nD.

erythraspidis, Chrysomphalus.

Hrythrina excelsa, Coccids on, 130, 189.
re tee glauca, Coccids on, 106.

esculentus, Hibiscus.

Huaresta, 220.

Eublemma costimacula, larva preying

on Stictococcus diversiseta,
188.

" scittula, larva preying on
L[nqlisia conchiformis,188.

Eucalymnatus chelonioides, in Brit.
Guiana, 108.

As perforatus, in Brit.
Guiana, 108, 130.
PA tessellatus, in Brit.

Guiana, 108, 130.
Eucalyptus, Coccids on, 132. —
Eugenia jambolana, Coccid on, in Brit.
Guiana, 108.

ss paniculata, Coccid on, in Brit.
Guiana, 108.

Eulecanium filamentosum, in Uganda,

eu somereni, food-plants in
Uganda, 130, 188.

Eumelanomyia, pupa of, 78; larva,
1

e

ee inconspicuosa, pupa of,
’ .

ewphorbiae, Icerya.
Ewphoresia, 111.
Euribia, 221.

eurysternus, Haematopinus.

GENERAL INDEX. 323

Burytoma galeati, parasitic on Cero-
plastes galeatus, 188.

Eutretosoma, 220.
evansi, Trypanosoma.
evertsi, Rhipicephalus.
excellens, Ocneros.

Kxocentrus ortmansi, sp. n., injurious
to cacao in the Belgian Congo, 117.

faleatus, Rhipicephalus.

faleiparum, Plasmodium, 1609.
fallacivena, Themara.

Fannia ee Lee of diseases, 158-

» canicularis, causing myiasis,
162.

Jasciata, Stegomyia.

fasciatus, Ceratophyllus ; Tabanus.
fasciolata, Rhacochlaena.

fatigans, Culex.

Ferns, Pseudococcus citri on, 107-109 ;
Saissetia hemisphaerica on, 188;
new Myzus on, 293.

festiva, Hyperaspis.

Ficus, Coceids on, 5, 126, 129, 131, 183,
188.

» sycomorus, new Aphid on, 277,
278.

» thoningu, Coccids on, 187-189.

ficus, Aphis, sp. n.; Ceroplastes ;
Chrysomphalus (see C. aonidum).

Fiji, Coccids on bananas in, 131.
jfilamentosum, Eulecanium.
jfiiamentosus, Pseudococcus.
Filaria bancrofti, 156, 161.
we immitis, 161.
» loa (see Loa loa).
filiformis, Ischnaspis.
jfimbriatum, Asterolecanium.
fimbriatus var. capensis, Aspidiotus.
Fiorinia fioriniae, in 8. Africa, 185.
ss proboscidaria, from Jamaica,
133.
Flamboyant (see Poinciana regia).
flaveolata, Themarictera (Trypeta).
flavicans, Pulvinaria.
flexuosa, Pardalaspis.
floridensis, Ceroplastes.
forbesi, Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus).

Forellia brunithorax, referred to Phor-
ellia, 249.

formicarius, Stictococcus.

formicicola, Pulvinaria flavicans var

formulosa, Carpophthoromyia.

fossor, Pseudaonidia (Aspidiotus).

fossulatus, Systates.

fragilis, Pseudococcus.

French Beans, Coccids on, 127.

French Cashew (Hugenia jambolana),
Coccid on, 108.

funestus, Anopheles.
Funtumia, Coecids on, 133.
mS elastica, Coccids on, 187.
- latifolia, Coccids on, 187,
189.

funtumiae, Chionaspis.
fusca, Cyathomyia; Glossina.
fuscipes, Glossina; Tabanus.
fuscum, Xiphidium.

fuscus, Culex tigripes var.

gagatinum, Trirhithrum.
galeati, Eurytoma.

- galeatus, Ceroplastes.

gallinarum, Spirochaeta.

gambiense, Trypanosoma.

Gastrophilus equi, 162.

Gazella rufifrons, 210.

genitalis, Adia.

German E. Africa, feeding habits of
Pangonia oldit in, 256.

giffardi, Dirhinus ; Pardalaspis.

glaber, Aspidoproctus.

Gliricidia maculata, Coccids on, 128,
188.

Glossina, 35, 36, 41; species occurring
along Lualaba-Tanganyika
railway, 169-175; a new
Braconid from, 177; two
Chaleids bred from, 178—
179: bionomics of, 193-
S12.

2 brevipalpis, in N. Katanga,
166, 167, 171-174; in
Nyasa, 200.

: fused, in N. Katanga, 17],
173,174.

x fusevpes, 199.

324

Glossina, longipalpis, 207.
Ms morsitans, 40, 160; W. & N.
limits in Katanga of, 165—

168, 171-175; in Gold
Coast, 195-200, 203, 209-
A ie

- pallidipes, in N. Katanga,

166, 167, 171-173.
= palpalis, 160, 202, 207, 208 ;
in N. Katanga,
167, 171-174; in
Gold Coast, 195-—
200;''2E 1.
be » var. pallida, var. n., 19%.
a submorsiians, in Gold Coast,
193, 196, 199, 200, 202, 205,
207-211.
0) tachinoides, in Gold Coast,
195-200, 202, 205, 207-
209, 211.

glossinophaga, Coelalysia, sp. 0.

gloveri, Lepidosaphes.

Gold Coast, Coceids from. 6, 10, 20, 24,
20, 126-1238, ‘13st, Yas, Tat; new
Braconid bred from pupae of Glos-
sina in, 177; Chaleidoidea bred
from Glossina in, 178-179; biono-
mics of tsetse in, 193-212; other
parasitological notes from, 212-214 ;
fruit-flies from, 225, 231, 234, note,
239, 240, 246.

goniarcha, Alysia.

gowdeyi, Acropyga ; Aspidiotus ; Cero-
plastodes ; Stictococeus ; Teirvastichus.

gracilis, Haematopota ; Phenacoccus.

Granadilla, Coecids on, 129.

Grape-vine, Pseudaonidia fossor on,
106.

Grass, Pseudococeus citri on, 107.

grata, Carpophthoromyia (Trypeta).

gratissima, Persea.

gratus, Tabanus.

Grenada, a new Palaeopus from, 279,
BIA:

grenadensis, Palaeopus, sp. 0.
Grevillea, Coccid on, 182.
grotiusi, Aphelinus.

Guava (Psidium quayava), Coecids on,
24, 108, 129, 131, 187-189; fruit-
flies bred from, 234, note.

guiarti, Culex.
Guinea, fruit-flies from, 225, 234, 244.
guineense, Tetramorium.

GENERAL INDEX.

gulosa, Pangonia.
guttolimbata, Trypeta.
Gymnaspis africana, in Uganda, 183.

Haartebeeste, Babesia in blood, of 211.
haeckeli, Aphelinus.

Haemaphysalis leachi, vector of malig-
nant jaundice, 160.

Haematopinus, 36.

eurysternus, on eyelids
of a cow in the Gold
Coast, ie:

Haematopota,a pest to pigs, 26;
carry Trypanosoma
evansi, 255; month-
parts of, 265-266.

beringeri, in Gold Coast,

a2

21 oe

s bullatifrons, in Gold
Coast; 213.

ms corsoni, sp. near, 213.

" gracilis, in Gold Coast,
Dae

= pertinens, 40.

s pluvialis, 260, 266.

se tenuis, sp. near, 213.

. hamatus, Dacus, sp. n.

hammersteini, Rhacochlaena.
Haplogonatopus, 44.
Js vitiensis, 44, note.

Harrogania madagascariensis, Coccids
on, 188.

hederae, Aspidiotus.
Hemiberlesea (see Aspidiotus).

ITemichionaspis minor, parasite of, 104 ;
African localities for,

135.

i minor var. strachant,
133.

a chionaspiformis, in

Uganda, 189.

Femilea, 248.

Hemilecanium imbricans, from 8. India,
130.

hemisphaerica, Saissetia (Lecanium).

Herbe Condé (see Cordia inlerrupta).

hesperidum, Coccus (Lecanium).

Hevea brasiliensis, Coceids on, in
Brit, Guiana, 106 107, 109.

hidviset, Cerococeus.

GENERAL

Mibiscus, Coecids on, 105, 187.

a esculentus, Saissetia
common on, 109.

Tippobosea, 40; vector of
Sore, 160.

Tippoecentrum versicolor, in the Gold
Coast; 213.

Hinpotragus equinus, 210, 211; ticks
off, 213.

hirtus, Monophlebus.
hispida, Mimomyia.
histolytica, Entamoeba.

nigra

Oriental

histrio, Baryglossa, gen. et sp. n.
hominis, Dermatobia.

Howardia biclavis, common on Jas-
minum in Brit. Guiana,
105; at Durban, 185.

a biclavis detecta, on Sapium
jenmani in Brit. Guiana,
105.

a moorsi, in Durban, 185.

humanus, Pediculus.

Hura crepitans, Coccids on, 109, 128,
187.

hurae, Saissetia.

Hyaena crocuta, 210-212.

Hyalomma aeqyptium, off roan antelope
in the Gold Coast, 213.

Hyalopierus arundinis, synonym of

H. prum, 293.

og imsignis, sp. n., from ferns
in Uganda, 273, 289-
291.

9 phragmiticola, synonym

of H. pruni, 293.
" pruni, distribution and
food-plants, 293.
Hydaticus, enemy of mosquito larvae,
150.
hymenocleae, Pseudococcus.

Hyperaspis festiva, enemy of Pseudo-
coccus sacchari, 104.

a orthopustulata, enemy of
P. sacchari, 104.

IHypoclinea (see Dolichoderus).

Hypoderma bovis, causes
disease in Man, 162.

Creeping
Icerya, 1.

» aegptiaca, 8, 10; from Zanzi-
bar, 126.

INDEX.

Iceyra cautata, in Uganda, 187.
ys ewphorbiae, 7.
» maxima, from Uganda, 126.

» nigroareolata, sp.
Uganda, 8-9, 187.

» purchasi, common in §. Africa,
181.

seychellarum, from Uganda,
126, 187; in S. Africa, 181.

‘5 sulfurea, from Uganda, 126.

var. patiersoni, var.
n., from Gold

. Coast, 9-10.
iceryoides, Phenacoccus.
I[diasta bicolor, 177.

n., trom

99 9°?

» mnigriceps, 177.
imbricans, Hemilecanium.
immaculatus, Dacus.
immitis, Filaria.
impar, Coccus.

Imperata caudata, new Paraphelinus
from, 44.

inconspicuosa, Humelanomyia.

India, feeding habits of Pangonia
longirostris in, 255 ;

indicus, Coccus.

Indigo, Coccids on, 128.

infantum, Leishmania.

inflexus, Dirhinus, sp. n.

Inglisia castilloae, 34.

al Pe var. theobromae in
Uganda, 188.

€ chelonioides, in 8. India, 128.

oP conchiformis, food-plants and

enemy of, in Uganda, 188 ;
food-plant in Gold Coast,
128.

” theobromae, sp. 20,
Uganda, 33-34.

inornatus, Dacus ; Evretmopodites.

from

inseripta, Pardalaspis.
inscriptum, Trirhithrum.

Insect vectors of disease, a summary of,
155-163.

insidiosa, Pentilia.

insignis, Hyalopterus, sp.n.; Orthezia.
insolitus, Phenacoccus (Tylococcus).
intermedius, Stictocoecus, sp. n.
intestinalis, Lamblia.

326 GENERAL INDEX.

intracellularis, Diplococcus.
invidiosus, Culex.

Ipecacuanha, Hemichionaspis minor
on, 105.

Ipomoea, Ceroplastes cirripediformis on,
in Brit. Guiana, 108, 128.

irritans, Ochlerotatus.
Ischnaspis filiformis, in Jamaica and
si Uganda, 134.

ee longirostris, in Brit. Guiana,
107 =m S. Africa, 185;
in Uganda, 189.

Ixodes ricinus, vector of Australian
tick paralysis, 157.

Jak (Artocarpus integrifolia), Coccids
on, 132.

jacksoni, Pulvinaria.

Jamaica, Coccids from, 3, 129, 131-
134; a new weevil pest in, 269-
270; a new Scolytid injurious to
dried sweet potatoes in, 295.

Jasmin (Jasminum), Coccids on, 105,
108.
Jatropa curcas, Coccids on, 127, 133.

Java, fruit-flies from, 224.
jucunda, Trypeta.

Kabalo-Albertville Railway, tsetses
occurring along, 169-175.

‘Kalai’ -tree;, '25:
Kale, Aphid on, 289.

Katanga, N., western and northern
limits of Glossina morsitans in, 165—
168.

Kobus kob, 210.
Kola, Coccids on, 126.
Kermes quercus, 14.

lacca, Tachardia.

Lachnosterna, 100.

Lagarosia, 222, 223.

Lamblia intestinalis, vectors of, 160.

lamborni, Ceroplastes, sp. n.

Landolphia, fruit-flies bred from, 234,
note.

lataniae, Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesea).

laticeps, Themarictera.

laticollis, Palaeopus.

latus, Trichodectes.

Laurus cinnamonum, Aulacaspis rosae
on, 105.

Lawsonia alba, Coccids on, 130.
leachi, Haemaphysalis.
lecaniclla, Blastobasis.

lecanu, Cephalosporium.

Lecaniobius cockerelli, bred from Sats-
setia nigra, 104.

Lecaniodiaspis africana, 17.

Ss dendrobii, in Brit.
Guiana, 107.
tarsalis, sp. n., from 8.

Africa, 16-17.
Lecanium, 2.
oe aderst, 131.

bs aequale, attended by Azteca
schimperi in Brit. Guiana,
105.

ts bituberculatum, 181.

. corni, 181.

ze cuneiformis (see Saissetia).

ee elongatum (see Coccus).

6 hemisphaericum (see Sais-
setia).

He hesperidum (see Coccus).

- nigrum (see Saissetia).

- somerent (see Hulecaniumn).

re tessellatum (see Eucalymna-
tus).

4 viride (see Coccus).

Leishmania donovani, vectors of, 160.
a infantum, vector of, 160.
” tropica, vectors of, 160.

lemniscata, Rhacochlaena (Trypeta).
Lemon, Coccids on, 187.

Lepidosaphes beckti, common in Brit.
Guiana, 106 ; in Ugan-
da, 189.
4 citricola, synonym of
LD. beckui, 189; in Gold
Coast, 134.

oe gloverit, in Uganda, 134,
189; in S. Africa, 185.
“s pinnaeformis, in Brit:

Guiana, 107: in
Africa, 185.
Lepiserica, 111.
leprae, Bacillus.

Leptohylemyia coarctata, supposed first
stage larva of, 121-1238.

GENERAL INDEX. aot

Leptomastiz dactylopii, bred from
Pseudococeus citri, 104.

leucopsis, Trirhithrum nigerrimum var.
Leucotaeniella, gen. nov., 217, 227-—

229.

- pentaspila, sp. n., 227,
229.

= trispila, sp. n., 227,
228.

ewisi, Trypanosoma.
Ligyrus tumulosus, 96.
Lime (Citrus), Coccids on, 134.

Llaveia abrahami, sp. n., from Brit.
Guiana, 1-2, 105.

» primitiva var. pimentae, nov.,
from Jamaica, 2-3.

Loa (Filaria) loa, host and vector of,
POL, 255.

locustarum, Agonioneurus.

longicornis, Conradtina.

longior castellanvi, Tyroglyphus.
longipalpis, Glossina.

longirostris, Ischnaspis ; Pangonia.
longisetosa, Tachardia.

longispina, Morganella.

longispinus, Pseudococcus (Dactylopius)
longulus, Coccus.

loranthi, Ceratitis.

Loranthus pendulus, Ceratitis bred from
fruits of, 237.

Lucilia spp., vectors of bacillary
dysentery, 158; larvae the cause of
myiasis, 162; control of, 297-309.

lutea, Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) ; Coela-
lysia.

luteocephala, Stegomyia.

luteola, Auchmeromyia.

lycii, Trirhithrum.

Lycium sp., fruit-fly bred from, 237.
Lyperosia, 35, 36, 40.

macellaria, Chrysomyia.

Macrolobium acaciaefolium, Akermes
quinqueport on, in Brit. Guiana, 109.

Macrosiphum dahliafolii, sp. n., from
Uganda, 273-274,

= solidaginis, 274.
maculiceps, Alysia.
Madagascar, fruit-flies from, 248-250.

madagascariensis, Coelopacidia.
Madras, Coccids from, 126-127.
magniceps, Chelyophora, sp. 0.
magretti, Pangonia.

major, Bubalis.

Malacca Apple, Coccus wardi on, in
Brit. Guiana, 108.

malariae, Plasmodium.

Malpighia glabra, Lepidosaphes bechit
on, 106.

mangiferae, Coccus.

Mango (Mangifera indica), Coccids on,
18, 105-107, 126, 129, 131, 132.

Mansonia titillans, larva of, 137, 139.
Mansonioides, pupa of, 78, 83.

- africanus, pupa of, 83 ;
larva of, 137-141, 153;
in Gold Coast, 212.

us uniformis, pupa of, 83 ;
in Gold Coast, 212.

Margarodes buxtoni. sp. n., from
Algeria, 10-13.

ba niger, 13.

Margaropus annulatus, vector of red-
water fever, 160.

Markhamia platycalyx, Coccids on, 15
126.

marshalli, Anopheles.

maskelli, Morganella,

mathiolae, Aphis, sp. 0.
mathiolellae, Aphis, sp. n.
Matyba apetala, Coccids on, 132.
mauritianus, Anopheles.

Mauritius, Coccids from, 16; new
Dacus from, 64; Tiphia parallela
imported from Barbados to control
Phytalus smithi in, 93-102; fruit-
flies from, 230, 249.

maxima, Ieerya; Pulvinaria.

maynet, Systates, sp. n.;
cephala, sp. n.

Megarhinini, pupae of, 74.
megistus, Triatoma (Conorhinus).
melitensis, Micrococcus.

Trago-

Melolontha versicolor, 111.
Meracanthomyia, 216.

él antennata,in Ashanti,
221.
Mesanopin tephritina (see Agrochira).
metallica, Stegomyia.

328 GENERAL INDEX.

Micrococcus melitensis, vectors of, 159.
miltoni, Aphelinus.
Mimomyia, pupae of, 78.

ts hispida, 89 ; larva of, 182.

fs mimomytaformis, pupa of,
89; larva of, 152.

Ye plumosa, 89.

ag splendens, pupa of, 89-90 ;

larva of, 136, 152-154.

mimomytaformis, Mimomyia.
minor, Hemichionaspis (Chionaspis).
minutissimus, Aphelinus.
minutus, Cryptocerus ; Ochlerotatus.
mochit, Dacus, sp. n.
Monodora myristica, Coccids on, 187.
Monophlebus ? hirtus, 3.

Br raddoni, in Uganda, 187.
moorst, Howardia.

Morganella longispina, in Brit. Guiana,
106.

mA maskelli, distribution in
=. Africa, 184.

morsitans, glossina.
morstatti, Pardalaspis.
moubata, Ornithodorus.

““Mtondo,”’ fruit-flies bred from, 234,
note.

Mucidus seatophagoides, in Gold Coast,
212.

Mulberry, Coccids imported on, 129;

EKulecanium somereni on, 188.
muliispinosus, Slictococcus, sp. n.
mundus, Ocneros.

Musa paradisaica, Coccids on, in Brit.
Guiana, 105, 106.

» sapientium, Coccids on, in Brit.
Guiana, 106, 130, 131.

Musca domestica, vector of diseases.
158-161 ; control of, in the Egyptian
campaign, 297-309.

Muscina stabulans, cause of myiasis,
162.

Mustard, Aphid on, 289.
Mytilaspis citricola, (see Lepidosaphes
beckit).

Myzus pterisoides, sp. n., from Uganda,
273, 292, 293.

Naia wigricollis (Black Cobra), tsetse
feeding on, 198.

nanus, Syncerus.

Natal, fruit-flies from, 225, 231, 246,
251.

neavel, Aspidoprocius, sp. n.; Ptilo-
niola, sp. 0.

nebulosa, Culiciomyia.

Nectandra coriacea, Coecids on, 131,
132.

Nectria sp., infesting Coccids in §S.
Rhodesia, 131.

Neda dilychnis, preys on Aspidiotus
destructor, 104.

Neomphaloidella ceroplastae, parasitic
on Ceroplastes galeatus, 188.

nerii, Aphis.

newtoni, Aphelinus.

niger, Margarodes.

Nigeria, N., Pangonia rippelli attack-
ing horses in, 256.

Nigeria, 8., Coccids from, 8, 13, 15, 31,
127%, 133. droit-fies , from, ~2225
225, 234, 238, 249, 248; Chrysops
conveying Loa loa in, 255.

nigerrimum, -Trirhithrum.

nigra, Ceratitis ; Saissetia (Lecanium).
nigrella, Saissetia.

nigricaudata, Ourebia.

nigricephalus, Ochlerotatus.

nigriceps, Idiasia.

nigricollis, Nata.

nigritarsis, Pegomyia.

nigroareolata, Icerya, sp. Nn.

nigromaculaius, Pseudotrochalus con-
color, var.

nigromarginatus, Pendulinus, sp. n.
mgropleurum, Coccophagus.

nigrum, Lecanium (Saissetia) ; Trirht-
thrum.

niloticus, Crocodilus ; Varanus.
nipae, Pseudococcus.

nitidum, Trirhithrum.

nobilis, Tragocephala.
nodiceps, Cryptognatha.

Notonecta, enemy of mosquito larvae,
150.

Novius cardinalis, controlling Icerya
purchasi in 8S. Africa, 181.

novyt, Sprrochaeta.
** Nsambyia,’’ Coccids on, 129.
Nuttallia equi, vector of, 160.

GENERAL INDEX.

Nyasaland, Coccids from, 3, 5, 125;
new Dacus from, 68; _ fruit-flies
from, 227, 228, 234, note, 239, 241,
248.

obnubila, Acidia.

obscurum, Ceratitis.

occipitale, Trirhithrum.

ocellata, Acidia.

Ochlerotatus, hy of W. African, 78,

2 albocephalus, pupa of, 82;

larva of, 141-142, 149.

apicoannulatus, pupa of,
82; larva of, 144-145.

- caliginosus, pupa of, 82.

$e domesticus, pupa of, 82.

Gi, irritans, a Vicious biter,
135.

“ minutus, pupa of, 82;
larvae of, 142-143, 149.

bs nigeriensis, in the Goid
Coaat,,.213.

sy nigricephalus, pupa of, 82,

bs punctothoracis, pupa of,
82.

as simulans, pupa of, 82.

e sudanensis, pupa of, 81,
82.

Ochra pulchella, Coccids on, 128.
Ocimum sanctum, Coccids on, 128.
Ocnerioxa, 219.

Ocneros, 219, 250-251.

ote excellens, 251.
x mundus, 250-251.
” sinuatus, 250.

Odontomyia, parasite of Glossina, 210,
& note.

Oecophylla, 13.

Oestrus ovis, cause of myiasis rarely
in Man, 162.

officinalis, Pimenta.

Okra, Saissetia nigra on, 109.

oldu, Pangonia.

oleae, Saissetia.

Oleander, Coccids on, 127, 131, 132.

Opuntia monocantha, Coccids on, 182,
1838.

opuntiae, Diaspis echinocacti.

}

329

Orange (Citrus surantium), Coccids on,
129, 130, 132, 187-189.

Orange Free State, fruit-flies from
249, 2ol.

Orchids, damaged by new thrips in
W. Indies, 59-61; Coccids on, in
Brit. Guiana, 105-108.

Oribi, Theileria sp. in blood of, 211.

orientalis, Aspidiotus.

ornata, Uranotaenia.

ornatus, Cerococcus.

Ornithodorus moubata, vector of African

relapsing fever, 159.
- savignyi, vector of Afri-
can relapsing fever, 159
Oronoque Tree, Coccids on, 106.
Orthezia insignis, a pest in Brit.
Guiana, 107; in S. Africa,
181.

» praelonga, a pest in
Guiana, 107.

orthopustulata, Hyperaspis, 104.

Brit.

ortmansi, Exocentrus, sp. n.

Oryctes, Tiphia parallela parasite on
larvae of, 102.

ostreaeformis, Aspidiotus.

Ourebia nigricaudata, Theileria sp. in
blood of, 210, 211.

ovis, Babesia; O6estrus.

Pachira wmsignis, Eucalymnatus chelo-
nioides on, in Brit. Guiana, 108.
Palaeococcus bicolor, sp. n., from Gold
Coast, 5-6.

a cajam, sp. n., from §.
Nigeria, 7-8.
- caudatus, sp. n., from

Uganda, 6-7.
Palaeopus, key to species of, 271.

‘e adspersus, 271.

+ costicollis, sp. n., a pest of
sweet potato in Jamaica,
269-270.

be grenadensis, sp. n., from
Grenada, 271, 272.

7 laticollis, 271.

aa subgranulatus, sp. n., from

Pt. Mimeent, 271; 272.
pallidipes, Glossina.
Palms, Coccids on, 16, 126, 182, 189.
palpalis, Glossina.

330 GENERAL INDEX.

Pandanus (Serew-pine), Coccids on,
16, 131, 182, 189.

Pangonia beckeri, salaf disease trans-
mitted by, 255.

pe depressa, mouth-parts of,266.

95 gulosa, extension of pro-
boscis, 256.
ae longirostris, structure of

mouth-parts, 253-267.

magrettu, salaf disease trans-
mitted by, 255.

ie oldii, method of blood-suck-
ing, 256.

a rostrata, extension of pro-
boscis, 256; sucks flowers
of Pelargonium, 255.

* rippelli, attacks horses in N.
Nigeria, 256.

us sorbens, mouth-parts of,266.
v3 varicolor, attacks oxen, 257.
Papaver spp., Aphids on, 286.
Papio sphina, 210, 211.

Para Rubber, Coccids on, 106, 107, 109,
131:

paradisaica, Musa.

Paradoxa sp., 210, 211.

parallela, Tuphia.

Paraphelinus, generic characters of,

- 43-52.

- australiensis, 46, 51, 52.

sf perkinst, sp. n., 54-58.

. speciosissimus, 46, 51,

a ato 44, 48, 52,
56-58.

53 xiphidu, 43, 47-57.

paratyphosus, Bacillus.
Pardalaspis, gen. nov., 217, 233-236.

= antistictica, 233, 234.

” brémet, 233, 234.

> flexuosa, 233, 235.

> giffardi, 233, 234; sy-

nonym of Ceratitis
cosyra, 234, note.

* inscripta, 234, 235:
synonym of rirhith-
yum nigerrimum var.
coffeae, 235, note.

“i morstatti, 233, 234.
>» punctata, 233, 234.
i quinaria, sp. n., from §.

Rhodesia, 234, 235.

Pardalaspis silvestrii, 233-236.
‘. stictica, 234, 235.
Parkinsonia aculeata, Coccids on, 128.

Parlatoria pergandet, in Jamaica, 133 ¢
in §. Africa, 185.

si proteus, in S. Africa, 185.

es Ziziphus, in Brit. Guiana,
107; in Jamaica, 133 ;
in S. Africa, 185.

patas, Cercopithecus.
pattersoni, Icerya sulfurea var. n.
paykulli, Plexippus.

Peach, Coccids on, 131, 184; Aphids.
on, 293

Pear, Coccids on, 131.
pecorum, Trypanosoma.

Pediculoides ventricosus, cause of der-
matitis, 162.

Pediculus capitis, 162.
. humanus, 162.
Pegomyia nigritarsis, 122.

Pelargonium, Pangonia rostrata sucks.
the flowers of, 255.

Pellagra, 156.
pemphigicontagiosi, Diplococcus.
Pendulinus carmelita, 118, note.

oi devastans, sp. 0., injurious:
to cacao in the Belgian
Congo, 118.

=a nigromarginalus, Sp. N.,
in Natal, probably
injurious, 118, note.

penetrans, Dermatophilus.
penicillatus, Ceratitis.
pennipes, Ceratitis.

Pennisetum purpureum, Coccids on,,
: 188.

pentagona, Diaspis (Aulacaspis).

pentaspila, Leucotaeniella, gen. noy.,
sp. n. |

Pentilia insidiosa, enemy of Astero-
lecanium bambusae, 104.

perforatus, Eucalymnatus (Lecanium).

pergandei, Parlatoria.

perkinsi, Paraphelinus, sp. 0.

perniciosus, Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus).

Persea gratissima, Coccids on, in Brit.
Guiana, 106, 108.

persicus, Argas.

GENERAL INDEX. 331

‘personatus,

phalus.
pertenuis, Spirochaeta.
pertinax, Aspidoproctus.
pertinens, Haematopota.
pestis, Bacillus.

Phacochaerus aethiopicus, Trypanosoma
pecorum in blood of, 210, 211.

pharoensis, Anopheles.

pheidole, Aphis.

Pheidole sp., 286.

Phenacaspis lutea, in Gold Coast, 133.

Phenacoccus ballardi, sp.n., from &.
India, 17-18.

Ceroplastes ; = Chrysom-

. gracilis, 18.

a iceryoides, 18.

“s insolitus, 18; in Madras,
127.

Philippines, transmission of surra by
Tabanus striatus in, 255, note.
Philophylla, 219; spp. of Acidia that
may be placed in, 249-250.
Phlebotomus, vector of dengue and
three-day fever, 157:

possible vector of
Oriental sore, 160.
id verrucarum, vector of ver-

ruga, 159.
Phorellia, 218, 249.
phragmiticola, Hyalopterus.
Phthirius pubis, 162.

Physothrips xanthius, sp. n., on cul-
tivated orchids in W. Indies, 59-61.

Phytalus smithi, controlled by Tiphia
parallela, 93-102.

Pigeon-pea (Cajanus indicus), Coccids
On, $8, 15, 31, 187, 188.

Pimenta officinalis, new Coccid from, 3.
pimentae, Llaveia primitiva var.
Pineapple, Coccids on, 187.
pinnaeformis, Lepidosaphes.

Pinnaspis aspidistrae, common in §,
Africa, 185.

be buxt, common in Brit.
Guiana, 106.
pinnulifera, Ohrysomphalus dictyo-
spermi.

Piophila casei, cause of myiasis, 162.

piri, Aspidiotus.

Pistia, mosquito larvae breed on roots
of, 136, 137, 139, 141.

Pistia stratiotes, mosquito larvae breed
on roots and leaves of, 152-—
154.

Pithecolobium saman, Coecid on, 29.

Plantains, Coccids on, in Brit. Guiana,
105, 106.

Plasmodium falciparum, vectors of,

160.
A malariae, vectors of, 160.
a vivax, vectors of, 160.

Platensina, 229.

Platyparea, 248.

Plexippus paykulli, enemy of tsetse,
207.

Pliomelaena, 220.

Plum, Aphids on, 285, 293.
plumosa, Mimomyia.
pluvialis, Haematopota.

Poinciana regia, mosquito larvae in
rot-holes of, 137, 145, 146.

pomi, Aphis.
pomonella, Aphis.
pontbrianti, Azya, 104.
Portuguese Congo, Coccids from, 125.
praegrandis, Cordylobia.
praclonga, Orthezia.
pretoriensis, Anopheles.
preussi, Ptiloniola.
primitiva var. pimentae, Llaveia, var. n.
proboscidaria, Fiorinia.
procera, Triodonta.
proteus, Parlatoria.
Protopulvinaria, 21.
+ pyriformis (see Pul-
VUNarTIa).
prowazeki, Rickettsia.
pruni, Hyalopterus (Aphis).
pruniella, Aphis, sp. n.
Prunus spp., Aphids on, 293.
Pseudaonidia baikeae, in Uganda, 189.

- fossor, in Brit. Guiana,
106, 131.

" tesserata, in Jamaica,
132.

A trilobitiformis, 132, 184,
189.

pseudobrassicae, Siphocoryne.

Pseudococeus adonidum (longispinus),
17; a pot-plant pest
in 8. Africa, 181.

32 GENERAL INDEX.

Pseudococeus aurilanatus, distribution
in 8. Africa, 181

bromeliae, in 8. Africa,
181; in Uganda, 187.

burnerae, common in
Pretoria, 182.

capensis, common in vine-
vards and gardens of
S. Africa, 182.

citri, notes on, in Brit.
Guiana, 104, 105,
107 = in’ Brite E:;
Africas, “126° in
Uganda, 126, 187 ;
noteson 8. African,
182.
se » war. coleorum,, in
nurseries of S&S.
Af ica, 182.
filamentosus, in 8. Africa,
182.
fragilis, on citrus in S.
Africa, 182.

hymenocleae, in 8. Africa,

39

99

deere

‘ longispinus (see P. adoni-
dum).

“ nipae, in Brit. Guiana,

107; on palms in 8.
Africa, 182.

< sacchari, in Brit. Guiana,
104. 105; 107, 126-40
Madras,; 126: Inve:
Africa, 182.

5 virgatus, in Brit. Guiana,
107 ; localities in
Afriga, 127, 182, 187.

pseudotritea, Carpophthoromyta.

Pseudotrochalus concolor, injurious to
cacao in the Belgian
Congo, 111-112.

‘i concolar var. nigro-
maculatus, 112.
psidu, Pulvinaria.
Psidium guayava (see Guava).
er Aphis ficus living in pits left by,

Pierandrus, gen. nov., 217, 231-233.

% anonae, Ceratitis pennipes
a synonym of, 231.

a colae, 231,. 234,

a rosa, type sp., 231.

te rubivorus, 232, 236, & note.

o volucris, sp. n., 232.

pterisoides, Myzus, sp. n.
Ptilona, 244, 246.
Ptiloniola, 218, 246-248.

- neavel, sp. n., 247-248.

- preussit, may be a synonym
of P. tripunctulata, 248.

a tripunctulata, 248.

pubis, Phthirius.
Puff Adder, tsetse feed on, 198.
pulehella, Carpophthoromyia.

Pulvinaria africana, sp.n., from Gold
Coast, 23-24.

ie aristolochiae, sp. n., from
Gold Coast, 19-20.

Be burkilli, abnormal antennae
in, 129.

rs elongata, sp. n., from Brit.
Guiana, 20-21, 108.

“9 flavicans, from Brit. Guiana,
21-22.

93 flavicans var. formicicola,

in Brit. Guiana, 108.

< jackson, 20; food-plants
of, 129° 187.

» maxima, 20.

- psidv, 24; food-plants of,
129, 187.

> (Protopulvinaria) pyrtfor-

mis, common in Brit.
Guiana, 108; in S. Af.ica,

183.

3 simulans, in Brit. Guiana,
108.

i subterranea, sp. n., 22-23 ;
food-plant in Uganda, 23,
187.

punctata, Pardalaspis ; Trypeta.
10-punctata, Brachyacantha.
punctipennis, Epilachna.
punetothoracts, Ochlerotatus.
purchasi, Icerya.

pustulans, Asterolecanium.
purpureum, Pennisetum.
pylades, Solenopsis.

Pyrenacantha vogeliana, new Ethiopiau
fruit-fly bred from, 225.
pyrvormis, Protopulvinaria ;

Nari.

Pulvi-

quadrilineatus, Oeroplastes
quasigelidus, Culex.

GENERAL INDEX. 999

quercus, Kermes.

quinaria, Pardalaspts, sp. n.
quinguepori, Akermes.
quinquevittatus, Hretmopodites.

raddoni, Monophlebus.

Radish, Aphid on, 289.

ramoss, Systates, sp. n.

rapax, Aspidiotus, (Hemiberlesea).
Rape, Aphid on, 289.

recurrentis, Spirochaeta.

Red-flanked duiker, Babesia in blood
on, 210, 211.

Red Gram, Coccids on, 128.

Red-headed Fungus, on Coccids in
Brit. Guiana, 14.

Redunca redunca, Trypanosoma vivax
in blood of, 210, 211.

Reed-buck, Trypanosoma vivax in
blood of, 211.

Reed Grass, Aphid on, 291.
regularis, Diaspis.
reticulatus, Dermacentor.

~ Rhabdochaeta, 221.
Rhacochlaena, 218, 248-249.

3 fasciolata, 248-249.
” hammersteini, 249.
9 lemniscata, 249.

Rhochmopterum, 221.

Rhodesia, §., trypanosomiasis in
absence of tsetse in, 35-41; Neciria
infesting <Aspidiotus aurantii in,
130-131; fruit-flies from, 234, note,
235.

Rhodesia, N.-W., Aphis pheidole in,
286.

rhodesiense, Trypanosoma.

Rhipicephalus bursa, vector of piro-
plasmosis, 160.

$ evertsi, vector of piro-
plasmosis, 160.

rf faleatus, off warthog in
the Gold Coast, 213.

et sanguineus, vector of
malignant jaundice,
160.

<d sanguineus var. sulcatus,

off bush cat in the
Gold Coast, 213.

Rice, Coccids on, 107, 126.

ricinus, Ixodes.
Rickettsia prowazeki, vector of, 158.
Rioxa, 244, 246.
Rioxoptilona, 246.
Roan Antelope, 210, 211; ticks off, 123.
rosa, Pterandrus (Ceratitis).
rosae, Aulacaspis (Diaspis).
Rose, Coecids on, 131, 184, 189.
rossi, Chrysomphalus.
rostrata, Pangonia
rubens, Ceroplastes.
rubivorus, Pierandrus (Ceratitis),
rubrofasciata, Triatoma.
rufa, Elis.
rufifrons, Gazella.
rufilatus, Cephalophus.
rufipennis, Themarictera.
rufipes, Anopheles.
Rumex, Aphids on, 286.
» conglomeratus, Aphids on, 289
rumicis, Aphis.
rippelli, Pangonia.
Rushes, Aphids, on 293.
ruskint, Aphelinus.

Rye, larvae of Leptohylemyia coarctata
on, 121.

Sabethini, pupae of, compared with
those of Culicini, 73-74; pupae of
West African, 75--77.

sacchari, Aspidiotus ; Pseudococcus.
sacharina, Tomaspis.

St. Vincent, anew Palaeopus from, 270,
Zils

saintebeuvet, Coccophagus.
Saissetia (see Lecanium).

= begoniae, in Brit. Guiana, 109.

ve cunetformis, in Brit. E. Africa,
130.

am hemisphaerica,in Brit. Guiana,

104,-+ TOG), (208 20: (aa Bi
Africa, 130, 183.

hurae, in Brit. Guiana, 109.

nigra, in Brit. Guiana, 104,
105, 109; in Africa, 150,
183.

nigrella, 183.

2?

304 GENERAL INDEX.

Saisseta oleae, in Brit Guiana, 104,
105, 109; in S. Africa, 183.

a scutata, in Brit, Guiana, 109.
‘* Salonica,’’ Coccids on, 127.
saman, Pithecolobium.
sanguineus, Rhipicephalus.

Sapium jenmam, Coccids on, in Brit.
Guiana, 2, 18, 105, 107, 109.

ua mannianum, Coeccids on, 189.
Sarcophaga spp., vectors of disease,
158; cause of mviasis, 162; para-
sites of, 210; control of, 297-309.
Sarcoptes scabiei.
savignyt, Ornithodorus.
scabiel, Sarcoptes.
scatophagoides, Mucidus, 212.
schimperi, Azteca.

Schinus terebinthifolius, Ceroplastes
dugestt on, 108.

Schistopterum, 221.

schonleinii, Achorion.

Schizotrypanwm cruzi, vector of, 160.

Schomburgkia crispa, Chrysomphalus

biformis on, 106.

scitula, Hublemma.

Serew-pine (see Pandanus).

scriptus, Cephalophus ; Tragelaphus.

scutata, Saissetia.

seutellata, Carpophthoromyia.

Scutellista cyanea, parasite on Cero-

plastes galeatus, 188.

Selenaspidus articulatus,in Brit.Guiana,
106; in Jamaica, 133 ;
in 8. Africa, 184; in
Uganda, 189.

ra silvaticus, in 8S. Africa,
184; in Uganda, 132,
189.

Senegal, fruit-flies from, 225, 234, 236 ;
feeding habits of Pangonia in, 257.

senegalensis, Tephritis.

setiger, Coccus.

seychellarum, Icerya.

seychellensis, Acidia.

Seychelles, fruit-flies from, 230, 250.

Shield-scale Fungus, on Coccids in
Brit. Guiana, 104-105.

Sierra Leone, fruit-fly from, 225.
signatus, Coccus.
- silvaticus, Selenaspidus.

silvestrii, Pardalaspis.

simplex, Chionaspis.

simpsoni, Stegomyia ; Tabanus.
simulans, Ochlerotatus ; Pulvinaria.
Simuliwm, 157.

a damnosum, in the Gold
Coast, 212.

singularis, Ceroplastes.
sinuatus, Ocneros.

Siphocoryne pseudobrassicae, localities
and food-plants, 273, 289.

stro, Tyroglyphus.

Sisal (Agave rigida var. sisalana},
Coecids on, 106.

sjostedti, Stictococcus.
smitht, Phytalus.

Solanum melongena, Coccids on, 106,
107; 109, 127.

Solenopsis, 101.

- pylades, attends on Coccids,
105.

solidaginis, Macrosiphum.

somerent, Hulecanium (Lecanium).

sorbens, Pangonia,

South Africa ,Coccids from, 17, 26, 33,
127, 128, 130-133 ; list ot introduced
Coccids in, 181-185.

South India, Coccids from, 125, 127--
132.

Spathulina, 220.
speciosissimus, Paraphelinus.
speclabile, Asterolecanium, sp 0.

Sphaerostilbe coccophila, on Coccids in
Brit. Guiana, 104.

Spheniscomyia, 219.

sphinx, Papio.

Spilographa, 249.

spilopus, Chaleis.

Spirillum cholerae, vectors of, 159.
Spirochaeta cartert, vector of, 159

A duttoni, vectors of, 159.

Pe gallinarum, vector of, 159.
os novyt, vector of, 159.

- perlenuis, vectors of, 159
i recurrentis, vectors of, 159.

.splendens, Mimomyia.

stabulans, Muscina.

Stathmopoda oesteétis, preys on Tachar-
dia decorella, 187.

GENERAL INDEX. 335

Staurella, 219, 248.
Stegomyia, vector of elephantiasis, 161.

e africana, pupa of, 79; in
Gold Coast, 212.

* apicoargentea, pupa of, 79.

: fasciata, pupa of, 79 ; larva,

137, 145, 146; vector of
yellow fever, 156, 157;
in Gold Coast, 212.

a luteocephala, pupa of, 79;
larva of, 137, 145, 146;
in Gold Coast, 212.

e metallica, pupa of, 79-80;
larva of, 137, 145.

a simpsoni, pupa of, 79, 80;
larva of, 136—137.

“5 sugens, pupa of, 78, 79.

J unilineata, pupa of, 79, 81;
larva of, 137.

stellifera, Vinsonia.

Stictaspis, 229.

stictica, Pardalaspis.

sticticollis, Tabanus.

Stictococcus coccineus, in Uganda, 188.

3 diversiseta, food-plants and
parasite in Uganda, 188.

ra formicarius, on Fieus in
Uganda, 126, 188.

- gowdeyi, food-plants in
Uganda, 188.

pe intermedius, sp. n., from
Gold Coast, 13-14.

i multispinosus, sp. n., from

S. Nigeria and Uganda,
14-15; in Gold Coast,
126; food-plants, 15,
188,

‘= sjéstedli, 13, 14; in Gold
Coast, 126.

Stock (Mathiola), new Aphids on, 284.

Stomoxys calcitrans, 35, 36, 40; doubt-
ful vector of poliomyelitis, 157 ;
vector of trypanosomiasis, 159.

strachani, Hemichionaspis minor var.
stratiotes, Pistia.
striata, Chelyophora.
striatus, Tabanus.
subangustus, Tabanus.
subdenudatus, Ceroplastes, sp. n.
subgranulatus, Palaeopus, sp. n.
submorsitans, Glossina.

(C481)

substriata, Chionaspis.

sublerranea, Pulvinaria, sp. 0.

sudanensis, Ochlerotatus.

sudeticus, Tabanus.

Sugar-cane, Coccids on, 21, 104-108,
126, 127.

sugens, Stegomyia,

sulcatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus var.

sulfurea, Icerya.

sulfurea var. pattersoni, Icerya, var. n.

superba, Carpophthomyia.

suspensa, Conradtina, sp. n.

Sweet Potato, new weevil pest of,
269-272; new Scolytid injurious to
dried, 295.

Syncerus nanus, 210.

Systates fossulatus, 115,

4 maynei, Sp. 0., injurious to
cacao in the, Belgian Congo,
114-115.

94 vamosus, sp: N., injurious to
cacao in the Belgian Congo,
112-114.

Tabanus, 35, 265, 266.

bs africanus, in the Gold Coast,
g12.

ve albipalpus, in the Gold Coast,
212.

As biguttatus croceus, in the Gold
Coast, 212, 213.

ad ditaentiatus, in the Gold Coast,
212.

x fasciatus, in the Gold Coast,
212, 213,

* fuscipes, 36.

i gratus, in the Gold Coast,
Bid; 213%

Ly stmpsoni, in the Gold Coast,
ZIZ, 213:

- sticticollis, in the Gold Coast,

212, 213; large number of
dg, 213-214.

s striatus, veetor of surra, 160,
255, note.

4 subangustus, in the Gold
Coast, 212, 213.

+ sudeticus, mouth-parts of,
266.

- taeniola, 36, 40; in the Gold
Coast, 212, 213; large
number of ¢@, 214.
o

336 GENERAL INDEX.

Tabanus thoracinus, in the Gold Coast,
213.

Tachardia bodkini, sp. n., from Brit.
Guiana, 18-19, 107.

5 decorella, in Uganda, 127,
187 ; in B. Africa, 127.

Z, lacea, in Brit. Guiana, 107.

is longisetosa, in Uganda, 187.

. angulata, 18-19.
tachinoides, Glossina.
taeniola, Tabanus.
Taenrostola, 227.
tamaricis, Aphis, sp. n.
Tamarind, Coccids on, 132.
Tamari«z sp., new Aphid from, 279.
tarsalis, Lecaniodiaspis, sp. n.
Cocecids on, 187-189.
Tecoma stans, Coeccids on, 188.
Teclona sp., Coecids on, 10,
Tectopulvinaria, 21.
tenax, Hristalis.
tenuis, Haematopota.
tenuivalvatus, Coceus.
Tephrella, 219, 220.
tephritina, Agrochira (Mesanopin).
Tephritis, 219.

3 senegalensis, placed in a new
genus, 236.

Terellia, 219.
tessellatus, Hucalymnatus (Lecanium).
tesserata, Pseudaonidia (Aspidiotus).

Tetramorium guineense, attends Coc-
cids, 105.

Tetrastichus gowdeyi, parasitic on Pulvi-
naria jackson, 187.
thalassius, Culex.

Thetleria hippotragi, in blood of roan
antelope, 211.

1 mutans, in blood of oribi, 211.

3 parva, in blood of haarte-
duiker, beeste and red-
flanked 211.

Themara, 218.
a fallacwwena, 244.
Themarictera, 218, 243-244.

” flaveolata, 244.
% laticeps, 244.
99 rufipennis, 243.

theobromae, Alcides ; Inglisia.

Thespesia sp., new Coccid on, 6.
thoracinus, Tabanus.

tigripes var. fuscus, Culex.
Tiphia bisinuata, 99.

» parallela, introduction of, into
Mauritius, 93-102.

titillans, Mansonia.
toboga, Viiula.
tomaspidis, Paraphelinus.
Tomaspis carmodyi, 44.
. saccharina, 43.
tomentosa, Carpophthoromyia.
Toxorhynchites brevipalpis, pupa of, 74.
Tragelaphus scriptus, 210, 211.

Tragocephala maynei, sp. n., injurious
to cacao in the Belgian
Congo, 117.

. nobilis, 117.
transparens, Aspidiotus.
Transvaal, fruit-flies from, 232.
transvadlensis, Chaicis.

Triatoma (Conorhinus) megistus, vector
of Chagas’s disease, 160.

sf rubrofasciata, vector of kala-
azar, 159, 160.

Tridacus, 216.

3 dVemmerezi, sp. n., from
Mauritius, 63-64.

Trichodectes latus, vector of taeniasis,
ol.

tricornis, Aspidoproctus.
triglandulosus, Chrysomphalus.

trilobitiformis, Pseudaonidia (Aspidio-
tus).

Trinidad, new thrips on Cattleya in,
59-61; Paraphelinus tomaspidis
from, 43, 44, 52, 56-57.

trinitatis, Azya.

Triodonta procera, injurious to cacao
in the Belgian Congo, 112.

iripunctulata, Ptiloniola.
Trirhithrum, gen. nov., 217, 236-241.

- albonigrum, 236, 238.

e bimaculatum, 237, 239-
240.

x gagatinum, sp. n., 237-
239.

si inseriptum, identical with

T. nigerrumum var.
coffeae, 235, note, 241,
note.

GENERAL INDEX. 337

Trirhilhrum lycii, 236-238,

Pe nigerrimum, 236, 237, 240,
241.

¥ nigerrimum var. coffeae,
nov., 237, 241, & note.

_ nigerrinvum var. lewcopsis,
NOV., 207, 240.

- nigrum, 237, 238, 240.

es nilidum, 236, 238.

A oceipitale, sp. n., 237, 239°
240.

trispila, Lewcotaeniella, sp. n.
tristriata, Acidia.
tritaeniorhynchus, Culex.

tritea, Carpophthoromyia.
Trombidiidae, 162.

Trophis racemosa, Coccids on, 132.
tropica, Leishmania.

Trypanea, 221.

Trypaneidae, Ethiopian species of, 63-
71, 215-251.

Trypanosoma brucei, vectors of, 160,

211.

er congolense, in the blood
of game and ponies,
212.

? evanst, vector of, 160;

carried by LHaemato-
pota, 255.

93 gambiense, veetors of,
160, 211; in blood of
man, 212.

= lewisi, vectors of, 160.

= pecaudi, 211.

19 pecorum, transmission in

absence of tsetse, 35—
41; in blood of wart-
hog, 211; in cattle
and horses, 212.

we rhodesiense, vector of,
160.
3 vivax, in blood of reed-

buck, 211; in ponies,
223 in’ man, 212.
Trypanosomiasis, natural transmission
of, in absence of tsetse, 35-41.
Trypeta flaveolata, may be identical
with Themaricterarufipennis,
243.
& grata, may belong to Leuco-
taeniella, gen. nov., 228.
» guttolimbata, requires a new
genus, 250,

Trypeta jucunda, allied to Xanthor-
rhachista, 243.

of lemniscata, belongs to Rhaoc-
chlaena, 249.

» punelata, type of the new
gen. Pardalaspis, 233.

tuberculatum, Ectaloma.

tuberculosis, Bacillus.

lumulosus, Ligyrus.

Turnip, Aphid on, 289.

Tylococeus insolitus, in 8. Africa, 182.
typhosus, Bacillus.

Tyroglyphidae, cause of grocers’ itch,
162.
Tyrogluphus longior castellanti, cause
of copra itch, 162.

is sivo, cause of vanillism,
162.

Uganda, Coccids from, 5, 7, 9, 15, 23
28, 30, 34, 126-134, 187-189; fruit-
flies from, 227; new Aphids from,
274, 277, 293.

ugandae, Ceroplastes.
ugandensis, Epitetrastichus.
uniformis, Mansonioides.
unilineata, Stegomyia.
Uranotaenia, pupae of, 78.

3 balfourt, pupa of, 90.

é connali, in the Gold
Coast, 213.

2 ornata, pupa of, 90.

Varanus niloticus, tsetse feed on, 189,
211.

varicolor, Pangonia.

variegata, Aserica, sp. 0.

variegatum, Amblyonma.

variolosum, Asterolecaniwm.

varipenne, Xiphidium.

varipes, Chalets.

Vectors of disease, a summary of
insect, 155-163.

Venezuela, Palaeopus adspersus and
P. laticollis from, 271.

ventricosus, Pediculoides.

venustus, Dermacentor.

verrucarum, Phlebotomus.

verrucosus, Aspidoproctus, sp. n.
versicolor, Hippocentrum ; Melolontha.

338 GENERAL INDEX.

versutus, Adoretus.
Vine, Cocecids on, 131.

Vinsonia stellifera, common in Brit.
Guiana, 108.

vinsonioides, Ceroplastes.
Violets, Pseudococeus citri on, 107.
virgatus, Pseudococcus.
viridis, Ceccus.
viliensis, Haplogonatopus.
vittata, Carpophthoromyia.
Vitula bodkim, Coccids preyed on by,
104.
» toboga, Coccids preyed on by,
104.
vivax, Plasmodium ; Trypanosoma.
vogeliana, Pyrenacantha.
volucris, Plerandrus, sp. 0.
vuilleti, Ceroplastes.

wardi, Coccus.

Warthog, Trypanosoma pecorum in
blood of, 211; Rhipicephalus falca-
tus off, in Gold Coast, 213.

Wattle, Black, Cocecids on trunks of,
131.

West Africa, early stages of mosquitos
in, 1385-154; fruit-flies from, 222,
233, 235, 238, 248, 249.

Wheat, larvae of Leptohylemyia coare-
tata on, 121.

woodi, Dacus, sp. n.
xanthius, Physothrips, sp. n.
Xe«nthorrhachista, 218, 241-243.

5 cephalia, 242-243.
xiphidii, Paraphelinus.
NXiphidium fuseum, 43.

on varvpenne, 43, 44.

Yellow-spotted Monitor Lizard, tsetse
feed on, 198, 211.

Zanzibar, Coccids from, 126, 129, 131.
ziziphus, Parlatoria.

zizyphi, Aphis, sp. n.

Zizyphus, Coccids on, 128, 129.

9 spina-christi, new Aphid on,
276.
zonatus, Ceroplastes, sp n.

339

INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS.

Abraham, A. A., 2, 103, 105.

Aders, Dr. W. M., 119, 126, 127, 129,
fol, 191, 311.

Agramonte, 156.

Alcock, Lt.-Col. A. W., 266.
Alexander, Dr. J. B., 135.
Amyot, W. K., 311.

Anderson, T. J., 129-132, 243, 285,
285, 286, 311.

Armstrong, L., 225, 234, note, 241.
Arrow, G. J., 96, 97, 111-112.

Austen, Major E. E., 215, 224, 225,
255-257, 266, 301.

Bacot, A. W., 73—75, 77, 82, 90.
Bagnall, R. 8., 311.

Baker, Prof. C. F., 246.
Ballard, E., 18, 125-132.
Bancroft, E., 155.

Bartlett, A. W., 103, 108.
Bates, 256.

Beauperthuy, Dr. D., 156.
Becker, 65.

Bequaert, Dr. J., 200, 202, 203, 207.
Berlese, Prof. A., 308.

Bevan, Ll. E. W., 35-37, 211.
Bevis, L., 246.

Bezzi, Prof. M., 33-71, 215-251.
Blacklock, Dr. B., 197, 208.

Bodkin, G. E., 2, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25,
103-109, 119, 126, 128, 130, 131,
198; Skil.

Bouet, 211.

Bovell, J. R., 97, 102, 119.
Boyce, Sir R., 135.

Brain, Chas. K., 181-185.
Brauns, Dr. H., 249.
Brenske, 111.

Brown, T., 282.

Bruce, Sir D., 197, 198.

Buckton, 289.

Burchell, W. J., 257.
Burgess, Dr. A. 8., 212.
Piston, PF. A., 1s.

Carpenter, Dr. G. D. H., 5, 126, 129,
191, 256,. S11.

Carroll, 156.

Chubb, E. C., 119.

Cleare, L. D.. Jnr., 103.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 105, 108.
Cooley, 133.

Cragg, F. W., 256, 260, 266, 267

Dalman, 47.

Dash, J. S., 98.

Davey, Dr. J. B., 119, 200.
Davidson, Capt. J., 297-309.
Davis, Prof., 289.

d’Emmerez de Charmoy, D., 17, 26.
33, 64, 93-102, 119, 127, 128, 131-133,
191.

Dimmock, G., 265, 266.
Distant, W. L., 118.
Doherty, W., 243.

Douglas, J. W., 103, 107.
Dupont, P. R., 119, 191.
Dyar, H. G., 73--75, 135, 139.

Edwards, F. W., 78, 89, 135-138, 142,
"143, 145, 152.

Ehrenberg, 65.

Eminson, R. A. F., 198.
Enderlein, Dr. G., 65, 215.
Evans, G. W., 126, 127, 131.

Fantham, H. B., 255, 266.
Faust, J., 270 & note.
Fernald, Mrs., 104.

340 GENERAL INDEX.

Finlay, C., 156.
Fletcher, T. B., 129, 132.
Flexner, 156.

Froggatt, W. W., 18, 119,
note.

Fuller; C..:236.

230, 232

Gahan, Dro@ag., LT.
Gallagher, 211.

Gamble, Dr. M., 125.
Giraud, J., 58.

Girault, A. A., 46, 51, 52, 58.
Goldberger, i

Gowdey, C. C., 7, 9, 15, 23, 30, 34, 119,
126-134, 187-189, 191, 274, 277, 278,
293, Si,

Graham, Dr., 212.
Graham, Dr.. W..M.;"215;: 235.
Green, E. E., ¥3, 24,7 103,127:
Grinberg, K., 266.
Guppy, P. L., 52.

Hagedorn, 295.

Hansen, H. J., 265-267.
Hardwicke, T., 253, 267.
Haushalter, 158.
Hedlund, T., 121

Wendel, Prof, F.,.215, 222,
241, '243, 246/248:

Herzog, 157.

Howard, Dr. L,.0.,.45, 47%, 58, 73—75,
135, 139.

Howlett, F. W., 267.
Hutchins, E., 119

224, 229,

Imms, Dr. A. D., 253,.255, 257, 261,
265.

Ingram, Dr. A., 73--91, 135-154

Jack, R. W., 35-41, 119, 234, note, 235.
Jenman, G. S., 103.

Jepson, F. P., 119.

Jones, H. Ll., 35 note.

Keilin, D., 121-123:
Kelly, Albert E., 181--185.
King, A. F. A., 156:

ade

King, H. H., 119, 229, 230.

Kinghorn, Dr. A., 35, note, 198, note,
200, 209.

Knab,; Dr... PF.) 73+7Taphasaieo:
Knowles, C. H., 131.
Kristensen, 65. _
Kurdjumoy, N. V., 121-123.

Lamb, C. G., 215.

Lamborn, Dr. W... A’; 8 ‘la, Te; SO
120, 21337.20% note, 209, 225, 234.
244.

Leefmans, 8., 120.

Lefroy, Prof. Hl. M., 257, 267, 308.
Lelean, Major, 305.

Lezear, 156.

Lindinger, 125, 132.

Lloyd, Ll., 196, 198, & note, 200, note,
209, 255.

Loew, H., 215, 225,.236, 248.
Lounsbury, C. P., 102, 232, note, 289.
Luckman, Capt. A. O., 243.

Lutz, Dr, A., 255.

Me Connell, Dr. R. E., 199, 202.
Macdonald, Mrs. A., 311.
Macdonald, Capt. A., 311.
Macdonald, A. Jnr., 311.

Macfie, Dr. J. W. Scott, 24, 73-91, 127,
131, 134-154, 197, 211,,202.

MacGregor, M. E., 155-163.

Mc Intire, J. S., 103.

Magretti, Dr., 243.

Mally, C. W., 102.

Manson, Sir P., 156.

Marchal; Dr... P.,;31¢821;-182.

Marshall, Dr. G. A. K., 63, 91, 93, 96,
102, L12-1L16,.-195,. 215, 225, 230,
note, 232, 234, 251, 269-272, 295.

Martoglio, 255.

Maskell, W. M., 24, 106, 107, 133.

Mayné, R., 11, 114, 246.

Meijere, Prof. J. C. H. de, 224.

Meinert, F., 261, 265-267.

Mercet, R. G., 58.

Mercurialis, 155.

Miall, 91, 154.

Mitzmain, M. B., 40, 255, note.

INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 341

Mochi, Dr. A., 63, 65, 66, 69, 71, 240.
Moiser, Dr. B., 211.

Montgomery, R. E., 35, note, 200,
Moore, H. W. B., 103, 128.

Morgan, A. C. F., 103, 106, 107.
Morgan, E. M., 103.

Neave, S. A., 35, 125, 248, 256, 267.

Newstead, Prof. R., 1-34, 103, 105-
107, 120, 125-134, 191, 197, 209.

Nott, Dr. J., 155.
Nowell, W., 96—98, 100-102.
Nuzum, 157.

we. Dr J. Eh. 8.;:256, 267.
Orde-Browne, G. St. J., 232.
Ormerod, E., 121.

Owen, G. E., 35, note.

Parsons, Dr. A. C., 135.
Patch, Miss E., 289.

Patterson, W. H., 6, 10, 14,:20, 126,
2828, 131, 133, 225, 231, 239.

Patton, Capt. W. S8., 256, 266, 267.
Peacock, A. D., 127.

Péringuey, Dr. L., 111, 191.
Perkins, Dr. R. C. L., 43-46, 58.
Petherbridge, F. R., 122, note.
Phillips, Capt. J. E. T., 120.
Poulton, Prof. E. B., 256, 257.

Raimbert, 156.

Ramakrishna, T. V., 18, 125-132.
Reed, 156.

Rhodes, Miss, 91.

Ritchie, A. H., 3, 129, 131-134, 269,
270, 295, 311.

Roberts, A. W. Rymer, 191.
Réder, H. von, 236, 254, 267.
Rosenow, 156.

Ross, Sir R., 156.

Rostrup, S., 121.

Roubaud, Dr. E., 196, 209, 211, 257,
267.

Sambon, Dr. L. W., 156.

Sampson, Lt.-Col. Winn, 295.

Saunders, C., 29.

Schwetz, Dr. J., 165-168, 169--175.

Sergent, Dr. E., 255.

Sharp, Dr. D., 256, 267.

Shireore, Dr. J. O., 195.

Silvestri, Prof. F., 70, note, 179, 215,
Zan, 220, 231, 234, 236, 240, 246, 311.

Simpson, Dr. J. J., 120, 177-179, 191,
193-214.

pmitn, H. H., 271.

Smith, J. B., 267.

Someren, Dr. R. A. L. van, 9.
Speiser, Dr. P., 65, 215, 227, 244.
Spillman, 158.

Stephens, Dr. J. W. W., 255, 266.
Strickland, Dr. C., 311.

Swezey, O. H., 43, 44, & note, 51, 58.
Synnerton, C. F. M., 130.

Tetley, H., 253-267.

Theobald, Fred. V., 255, 266, 273-294,
Todd, 211.

Tollin, 249, 251.

‘armor, Ke Ke 177; 210.

Urich, F. W., 60, 311.

van Someren, Dr. R. A. L., 9.
Veitch, R., 120.
von Roder, H., 236, 254, 267.

Walker, F. D., 46, 288.
Warburton, C., 122, note.
Ward: R:, 103; 107, 130.
Waterhouse, (. O., 46.

Waterston, J., 43-58, 178-179, 210,
311.

Watt, Dr. W. G., 191.
Watts, Sir F., 191.
Weever, P. M. de, 103.

Wesché, W., 73, 74, 75, 77-79, 82, 84,
90, 136, 256, 260, 265, 267.

Westermann, 255.
Westwood, J. O., 235, 255, 267.

342 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. "Bae

Willcocks, F. C., 273, 275-277, 279, Wood, R. C., 67, 68, 120, 191, 227, 228,

280, 282, 284, 286, 288, 289, 291, 234, note, 239, 240.
293, 294,
7s . 2 ! DL,
W Peri Be, 42, oemponegge ts OY Yorke, Dr. W., 197, 198, note, 208.

Wolbach, 157, 158, 211.
Wood, Dr. J. Y., 191. Zupitza, 208,

The Editor will be pleased to receive for publication papers or
notes dealing with any insects which are of economic importance.

Such communications to be addressed to

THE DIRECTOR,
Imperial Bureau of Entomology,
British Museum (Natural History),
London, S.W. 7.

Subscriptions for the “ Bulletin of Entomological Research ” should
be sent to

Messrs. DULAU & Co., Ltd.
37, Soho Square, London, W. 1.

The annual subscription is Ten Shillings, post free,

(C365)

CONTENTS.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

Arrow, G. J. Some Melolonthid Beetles injurious to Cacao Plants
in the Belgian Congo - - : . . : ¢ .

Brzzi, Prof. M. ied Ethiopian Fruit-Flies of the Genus Dacus
(allustrated) : - a : ‘ 4 : :

Bopkxin, G. E. Notes on the Coccidae of British Guiana - -

D. D’EMMEREZ DE Coarmoy. Notes relative to the importation of
Tiphia parallela, Smith, from Barbados to Mauritius for the

control of Phytalus smithi, Arrow - - - . . ai

Distant, W. L. Some Coreid Bugs injurious to Cacao Plants in
the Belgian Congo - - : - : : meetin

GauHAn, C. J. Some Longicorn Beetles Injurious to Cacao Pica in
the Belgian Congo —_-- mil oben here Thy et A ce te a

Inaram, Dr. A., and Macriz, Dr. J. W. Scort. Notes. on some
distinctive points in the tape of West ae Mosquitos
(dlustrated) = - - - : 2 ‘

Jack, R. W. Natural transmission of Trypanosomiasis
(7. Pecorum Group) in the absence of Tsetse-Fly (Maps I & II)

MarsHat., Dr. Guy A. K. Some Weevils injurious to Cacao Plants
in the ‘Belgian Congo (dlustrated) - - - : Bee

NewstEaD, Prof. R. Observations on Scale-Insects (Coccidae)—IV

(illustrated) - - - ‘ c i f é ‘

Warerston, JAMES. A New Species of Paraphelinus, Perk.; from
British Guiana, with a Discussion of the: Genus and the
allied Aphelinus, Dalm. (idlustrated) - - Poke -

Wituiams, C.B. A New one Re ss ok in the West ae
(illustrated) : 4 =

MISCELLANEOUS.

Collections received = - nahi ei 2 4

PAGE.

103

119

»s
ad

~ The -Editor will be oeiied to receive, for publication

A “notes dealing. with any
‘Such communications to be addressed to

| Subscri
. be sent to’

uy

~ (0394)

papers or

‘insects “which are. of economic importance. :

}

THE DIRECTOR,
Imperial Bureau of Entomology,
British Museum (Natural. History),
Ronde S.W.. 7.

ii :

te rien ena

' é

| ptions for the“ Bulletin of Enipmological Research” should

Wines

ence DULAU & Co., Ltd,
ot, Soho SAuate London, Wi 1.

“The annual subscription is Ten Shillings, post frees

CONTENTS,

| - ORIGINAL ARTICLES. ae
2 3 | Ea hoe | hae ARE
Brat, Cyas.: Ki, and “Kuiiy; A: E. hd oye Lie ee ts DM a

Coceids i in South Africa in 1917 = y) wy aay ;
Gownry, Cook Gee of Verna Ceccides, cova Poo- pant De :
| and Natural Enemies - yoy ke
‘Iscuay, ie A., and Macrrs,. ny J. Ww. S The Barly Stages of Lae

» Certain West African Mosquitos (ELATES I-TY) . ‘ me 185)
Pierln Dr. D. On the supposed. First Mee Larva of Lplaeny Ms,

paane ate, Fall. (Musiraied) ig se
MacGrecor, M. jae Summary of ‘our - Kowledge of Tnseot ay

Vectors of Disease, ies b one). a's as

Newsresp, Peal. R. BEC on. Bolle Thais (Cotidae)—¥ = 195
Souwerz, Dr, THe Western and Northern Limit of Glossina morsitans : i ‘
in Northern Kaan (Map D, see ia eee ne ine “4165 i

Boia, ‘Dr. Poplimianey Note on the Pcetse-flies. of the Kabalo- & Ae

Albertville (Iualaba- Tanganyike) Railway (Map I) =a cmon hOit
_ Turner, R. X. Ona Braconid Paradis of Glossina - A ey ; : me 177 :
Warerston,. J. Chaleidoidéa bred from Glossina i in the. Northern. e gage

_ Territories, Gold Coast eee, ee area eae Bae
ae hs ISCELLANTOUS. ee aa
_ Collections Received - Mies Siete “ays kee Hw oe 191.

¥> * -
\ pay : -
;
t
F . . ? >
day ¢
- ns y "@
ak, ph
4 ne re
As f He te
: nt
2 k ye
s heh hs
é F <a
? ‘ mh a

The Editor will be pleased to receive for publication papers or
~ notes. dealing with any. insects which are of economic importance.
Such communications uf be addressed to SNES Nb
-THE DIRECTOR,

Imperial Bureau of Entomology, —
British: Museum: (Natura! History), |
ae London, S.W. Ts

e
Subscriptions for the * Bulletin of Entomological Research ” should
be sent to Fie

Messrs, DULAU & Co, Ltd...
‘87, Soho Square, London, W: 1.

The annual subscription is Ten Shillings, post free.

A

CONTENTS. |

¥

ORIGINAL ARTICLES. —

Buzz, Prof. M. Notes on the Ethiopian Fruit-flies of the Family
| Trypaneidae, other than Dacus'(s. 1.), with Descriptions of New

Genera and Species (Dipt.).—I (ilustrated) 9 - - - - 2165

PAGE

D£vipson, Capt. J., D.83. Some Practical Methods adopted for
_ the Control of Flies in the Egyptian Campaign (dlustrated) - 29°

Marswatz, Dr. Guy A. K. ANew Weevil Pest of Sweet Potatoes
- In Jamaica (illustrated) - - - = = LAD ot ae 260
Sampson, Lt.-Col. Wavy.’ A New Scolytid Injutious to Dried Sweet

Potatoes in Jamaica- 9 - = me ee 805

~«

Smupson, Dr. Jas. J Bionomics of Tsetse and other Parasitological -

“Notes in the Gold Coast. - - + 193

‘Tettzy, H. The Structure of the Mouth-parts of Pangonia longt- ;
“s rostris in relation to the probable Feeding-habits of the Species |
(slleestrated) = 8 ee i a ee eS Bg

» Tazonatp, Frey. V. African Aphididae—Part IIT (lustrated) - 273
MISCELLANEOUS,

Collections TORGE VSG ere ie he eR A ca oh

i

o

dn é

“Trae:
ysfing

fee
% We
sels:

en

i aN, ‘

ul)

h- \ Pl
DA f

his, wr { y
{ yd
up

ie
ae <a

‘
\y