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BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME XVI.

1884.

SALEM, MASS.
PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS,
1884.

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CONTENTS.

Prefatory Note,

The North American Reptiles and Batrachians; by Samuel Gar-
man,

An Extraordinary Shark; by Samuel Garman, .

A Species of Heptranchias supposed to be new; by Samuel Gar-
man, e e° s e s e e e .

Pigeons and the Pigeon Fancy; by Wm. G. Barton, .

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 19, 1884,. .

Election of officers, 82; retrospect of the year, 83; members, 83; field
meetings, 88; meetings, 89; lectures, 90; publications, 91; library, 92;
art exhibition, 103; horticultural, 105; museum, 105; financial, 107;
abstract of secretary’s report, 108.

° e ° .

Field Day at Topsfield, Wednesday, June 18,1884, . A

Remarks of the President, 111; of James J. H.Gregory, 111; of Rev.
Fielder Israel, 112.

Notes on the Condition of Zodlogy, fifty years ago and to-day:
in connection with the growth of the Essex Institute; by E.
S. Morse, . ‘ : ‘ .

The Progress of Botany in Essex County during the last half
century, especially as influenced by the Essex Co. Natural His-
tory Society and the Essex Institute; by John Robinson,

Geology and Mineralogy in Essex County; by B. F. McDaniel,
An Historical Sketch; by Samuel P. Fowler, .

A Field Day at Annisquam, Wednesday, July 16,1884, .
Remarks of the President, 147; of Alpheus Hyatt, A. C. Perkins, 147;
of Jonas H. French, James Davis, 148.

The Annisquam Laboratory; by J. S. Kingsley, . .

(iii)

Page.

109

113

122
133
141
146

149

CONTENTS.

Field Day at Asbury Grove, Hamilton, Thursday, July 31, 1884, 152

Remarks of the President, 153; of James F. Almy, 153; of George D.

Phippen, F. W. Putnam, 154; of.J. H. Sears, Rev. B. F. McDaniel,
N. A. Horton, 156.

Field Day at Newbury Old Town, Thursday, August 28, 1884, 158
Remarks of the President, 158; of Luther Dame, Alfred Osgood, 159;
of Stephen H. Phillips, D. B. Hagar, 160; of Rey. Fielder Israel,
George Osgood, 161; tribute to Rev. Dr. Withington, 161.
Geology and Mineralogy of Newbury, by B. F. McDaniel, - wee

Flowering of Plants, December, 1884, . “ = ‘ ‘ > a

BU PEE Ta

OF THE

meee rs LIN Seo? eee

Vou. 16. SALEM: JAN., Fes., Marcu, 1884. Nos. 1, 2,3.

EIS PB PREFATORY NOTE.

At a meeting of the Essex Institute, held on Monday,
December 17, 1883, it was announced that the Friday
evening preceding (Dec. 14) was the fiftieth anniversary
of the assembling together of a few friends, among whom
may be mentioned Dr. Andrew Nichols of Danvers, Wil-
liam Oakes of Ipswich, John C. Lee, Thomas Spencer,
J. Milves, B. H. Ives, Charles G. Page and others, of
Salem, to take the initiatory steps in the organization of
a society for the promotion of Natural History, under the
name of the Essex County Natural History Society. At
this meeting a committee was appointed to draft a consti-
tution and by-laws, and these were adopted at an ad-
journed meeting held on the Wednesday following.

The completion of the organization was effected at a
meeting held in Topsfield on Wednesday, April 16, 1834.
This last event it is proposed to commemorate in April
next at Topsfield.

This Society united with the Essex Historical Society,
organized in 1821, was incorporated by the Legislature of
1848 under the name of the Essex INnstTITUTE.

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS may be specified among
those issued by the Institute since its organization in 1848.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 1 (1)

2 PREFATORY NOTE.

Proceedings and Communications 6 vols., 8vo, 1848 to
1868. These volumes contain a large number of descrip-
tions and figures of new species, especially of corals,
insects and polyzoa, and many valuable papers in natural
history. The first three volumes also contain many im-
portant historical papers. In addition to the papers on
special subjects, these volumes contain the proceedings
of the meetings of the Institute, the records of additions
to the Library and Museum, and many important verbal
communications made at the meetings.

Bulletin 15 vols., 8vo, issued quarterly, a continuation
of the “Proceedings of the Essex Institute” containing
an account of the Regular Home and Field Meetings of
the Society and papers of scientific value.

Historical Collections 20 vols., 8vo, issued quarterly,
contain extracts from the records of courts, parishes,
churches and towns in this county; abstracts of wills,
deeds and journals ; records of births, baptisms, marriages
and deaths, and inscriptions on tombstones; also papers
of historical, genealogical and biographical interest. In
these volumes will be found memoirs of deceased mem-
bers of the Institute and others; also genealogies of Es-
sex County families.

Flora of Essex Co., by John Robinson, 8vo, pp. 200.

First Cruise of Frigate “Essex,” by Admiral Geo. H.
Preble, U.S. N.

In the year 1883 the Institute exchanged publications
with thirty-two societies in Germany, ten in France, four
in Switzerland, three in Austria, one in Denmark, four in
Sweden, two in Italy, two in Belgium, thirteen in Great
Britain (besides receiving the Government Surveys of
India and the United Kingdom), and with eighteen Mis-
cellaneous, twenty-three Scientific and twenty-three His-
torical Societies in America.

THE NORTH AMERICAN REPTILES AND
BATRACHIANS.

A LIST OF THE SPECIES OCCURRING NORTH OF THE ISTHMUS
OF TEHUANTEPEC, WITH REFERENCES.

BY SAMUEL GARMAN.

TuE following list is presented in the shape in which it
has proved most useful in my own work. ‘As in other pub-
lications, I have placed the date immediately after. the au-
thority, as one naturally thinks it. In order accurately to
determine species, comparison should be made with the
original description rather than with the opinion of a sub-
sequent writer; for this reason reference is made to the
discoverer and not to one in whose opinion the species
belongs to a genus some other than that in which it was
originally placed. Consequently, the references are under
names unaffected by frequent changes from one genus to
another.

Heretofore, the faunal limit for North America has
been patriotically placed at the Mexican boundary. The
distribution of the reptiles and Batrachians proves this
limit to be unscientific, and shows the nearest approach to
a& separation between the faune of the Americas, North
and South, at the southern extremity of the tableland of
Mexico. Attempt is made in this list to include all the
species known to occur north of that point.

When several localities for a species are given, they are
chosen to indicate the extent of its range as nearly as
possible.

With a slight modification, the binomial system is fol-
lowed. For various reasons, as will be seen below, the tri-

(3)

4 GARMAN’S LIST OF

or polynomials affected by different authors, can hardly be
considered improvements. Such names as, for example,
Cinosternum (Thyrosternum) pennsylvanicum pennsylvan-
tcum (v) x, or Lropidonotus (Nerodia) compressicaudus
compressicaudus flavirosiris (v) y, if there were varieties,
have the appearance of doubtful advances from a binomial
system. According to that system, if V first describes a spe-
cies under a certain title, and W discovers one closely allied
— giving it aname—and X says W’s species is not suffi-
ciently distinct, X is entitled to the credit rather than W,
and the formula reads Genus (Subgenus) species subspecies
(V) X. That is, V is credited with a form he never saw,
and W is discredited by X who claims to rank with V be-
cause, for whatever reason, possibly insufficient knowl-
edge, he arrives at aconclusion differing from that of W.
If there are varieties, Y may displace X, and for author-
ities we should have (V) Y, or, if Z discovers that Y’s
variety is out of place, (V) Z, and in either case the
authorities cited may give us no information concerning
the form to which the names refer.

If we are now to adopt a polynomial system, we might,
to be more consistent, accept the names given before
Linné’s time.

The modification suggested in the binomials consists in
using a symbol, a letter, to represent each form or race of
a species with its history or synonymy. To illustrate,
Hutenia sirtalis Linn.; B. & G., is the first (A) of a
eroup of forms of the species sirtalis, Linné being au-
thority for the species, and Baird and Girard for its posi-
tion in the genus. The A can always be understood and
need not be written with the first described form. If
either the symbol or the name following it is in italics
there can be no confusion.

B Hutenie sirtalis is the form to which Catesby gave
the name Vipera gracilis maculatus, afterward named by

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 5

Linné Coluber ordinatus. The authorities for the races
succeeding the first may or may not be written. To
write them, D HH. sirtalis Say; Jan, is that described by
Say as Coluber parietalis, but placed as a variety of szr-
talis by Jan. Inthe synonymy, the history of each of
the various forms is indicated under their respective let-
ters. The use of the letter leaves little or no excuse for
duplication, confusion, and excessive length in the name,
or for a questionable disregard of the earlier authorities.
It may be objected that the original name tells more about

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Letters are in use among English and French writers to
indicate varieties, the custom dating back half a century
or more.

The method suggested has been applied in a few of the
following genera. There are numerous others in which the
present list of species, as in Sceloporus, Greotriton, and
others, is susceptible of a considerable reduction, which
will be a necessary consequence of further study.

6 GARMAN’S LIST OF

TESTUDINATA.

CHRYSEMYS PICTA.

g. Gular. Le Axillary.

pg. Postgular. 4. Inguinal.

p. Pectoral. Nn. Nuchal.

ab. Abdominal. m-m. Eleven Marginals.
pa. Preanal. co. Four Costals.
an. Anal, Ce Caudal.

v-v. Five Vertebrals.

SPHARGIDIDAE.

DERMATOCHELYS Blainv., 1816, Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 111.
Testudo coriacea (Rond.) Linn., 1766, Syst., Ed. 12, 350.
Tropical Atlantic and adjacent waters.
D. schlegeli :

Tropical Pacific and Indian oceans.

CHELONIOIDAE.

THALASSOCHELYS Fitz., 1836, Ann. Mus. Wien, I, 121.
Testudo cephalo Schneid., 1783, Schildkr., 303 (caowana auct.).
Tropical Atlantic and adjacent waters.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 7

Chelonia olivacea Eschsch., 1829, Zool. Atlas, p. 3, pl. 3.
Tropical Pacific and Indian oceans.

COLPOCHELYS Garman, 1880, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 124.
C. kempi Grmn., |. c. 123.
Northeastern part of the Gulf of Mexico.

ERETMOCHELYS Fitz., 1843, Syst. Rept., 30.
Testudo imbricata Linn., 1766, Syst., 350.
Tropical Atlantic and adjacent waters.
Caretta squamata Krefft, 1871, Austral. Vertebr., 39.
Tropical Pacific and Indian oceans.

CHELONTIA Brongn., 1805, Essai d’une Class. Rept.
Testudo mydas Linn., 1758, Syst., 197.
Tropical Atlantic and adjacent waters.
(B) Chelonia marmorata D. & B., 1835, Erp., IT, 546.

Atlantic around Ascension Island.

Chelonia agassizii Bocourt, 1870, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., p. 26,

pl. 6.

Tropical part of the eastern Pacific.

TRIONYCHIDAE.

AMYDA Fitz., 1843, Syn. Rept., 30.
Trionyx muticus Les., 1827, Mem. Mus., XV, 263.

PLATYPELTIS Fitz., 1836, Ann. Wien Mus.
Testudo ferox Penn., 1767, Phil. Trans., LVI.
Mississippi valley and eastward.

ASPIDONECTES Wagl., 1830, Amph., 134.
Trionyx spiniferus Les., 1827, Mem. Mus., XV, 258.
Mississippi river, tributaries and eastward.
A. asper Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 405.
Valley of the lower Mississippi.
A. nuchalis Ag., 1. c., 406.
Tennessee river and eastward.
A. emoryi Ag., 1. c., 407.
Texas to Mexico.

CHELYDROIDAE.

CHELYDRA Schweigg., 1814 (read 1809), Prodr. Monogr. Chelon.,
23.

8 GARMAN’S LIST OF

Testudo serpentina Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad. Fridr., 36,—1758
Syst., 199.
From Canada southward, east of the Rocky moun-
tains.

MACROCLEMYS Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 48.
Chelydra lacertina Schw., 1814, Chelon., 23.
Florida to Texas.

CINOSTERNOIDAE.

AROMOCHELYS Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 46.
Testudo odorata Latr., 1801, Rept., I, 122.
Maine to Texas.

GONIOCHELYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 423.
Aromochelys carinata Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 47.
Florida to Texas.
G. minor Ag., 1857, 1. c., 424. °
Alabama to Louisiana.

THYROSTERNUM Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 427.

Testudo pennsylvanica Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I, 1042.
Virginia to Florida.

Cinosternum sonoriense LeC., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 184.
Arizona; Sonora.

C. integrum LeC., 1. c., 183.
Mexico.

C. henrici LeC., }.c., 182.
Arizona.

C. doubledayi Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort., 33.
California.

C. cruentatum Dum., 1851, Cat. Met., 16.
Mexico; Texas.

K. punctatum Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 45 (s. d.).
Eastern Florida,

K. shavianum Bell., 1825, Zool. Jour., II, 304.

PLATYTHYRA Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 429.
P. flavescens Ag., 1. c., 430.
California; Texas; Utah.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS.

EMYDOIDAE.

PSEUDEMYS Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 33.

Testudo rugosa Shaw, 1802, Zool., ILI, 28.
New Jersey; North Carolina.

T. concinna LeC., 1820, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., 106.
North Carolina; Missouri; Louisiana.

Emys mobiliensis Holbr., 1842, Herp., I, 71.
Florida to Mexico.

E. hieroglyphica Holbr., 1. c., 111.
Gulf States to Tennessee.

E. ornata Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., 30.
Mexico.

Callichelys? pulcherrima? Gray, 1863, Ann. Mag., 181.
Mexico.

TRACHEMYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 434.
Testudo scabra Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 193.
North Carolina to Georgia.
Emys troostii Holbr., 1842, Herp., I, 128.
Illinois and southward.
E. elegans Wied., 1839, Reise N. Amer., I, 176, 213.
Dakota to Texas.

GRAPTEMYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 436.
Testudo geographica Les., Jour. Phil. Ac., I, 85, pl. 5.
New York to Texas.
Emys lesueurii Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., 12.

MALACOCLEMMYS Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort., 28.
Testudo palustris Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I, 1041.
New York to Texas.

CHRYSEMYS Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort., 27.

Testudo picta (Herrm.) Schneid., 1783, Schildkr., 348.
Nova Scotia to Louisiana.

C. marginata Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 439.
Michigan to Iowa.

C. dorsalis Ag., 1. c., 441.
Mississippi to Louisiana.

Emys belli Gray, 1831, Syn., 12.
Illinois to Missouri.

E. oregonensis Harl., 1837, Am. Jour. Sc., 382, pl. 31.
Oregon.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 1*

10 GARMAN’S LIST OF

DEIROCHELYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 441.
Testudo reticulata (Bosc.) Daud., 1805, Rept., II, 144.
North Carolina to Louisiana.

EMYS Brongn., 1803, Mem. des Sav. Etrang.
Testudo melagris Shaw & Nodder, 1793, Nat. Misc., pl. 144.
New England to Wisconsin.

NANEMYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 442.
Testudo guttata Schn., 17—, Berl. Gesellsch. Nat. Fr., IV, pl. 4.
New England to North Carolina.

CALEMYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 448.
Testudo muhlenbergii Schoepff, 1792, Test., 132.
Pennsylvania to New Jersey.

GLYPTEMYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 443.
Testudo insculpta LeC., 1828-1836, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., III, 112.
Nova Scotia to Kentucky.
Emys incisa Boc., 1870, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 11, pls. 1 and 2.
Mexico.

ACTINEMYS Ag., 1857, 1. c., 444.
Emys marmorata B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 177.
California to Puget sound.

CISTUDO Flem., 1822, Philos. Zool., 270.
Testudo carinata Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 198.
New England; South Carolina; Michigan.
C. triunguis Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 445.
Georgia; Louisiana.
C. ornata Ag., l.c., 445.
Kansas; Dakota.
C. major Ag., I. c., 445.
Alabama; Florida.
Onychotria mexicana Gray, 1849, P. Z. S. Lond., 17.
Mexico.

TESTUDINIDAE.

XEROBATES Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 446.
Testudo carolina Linn., 1758, Syst., 198.
South Carolina; Texas.
X. berlandieri Ag., 1. c., 447.
Texas; Mexico.
X. agassizi Cooper, 1863, Pr. Cal. Acad., II, 120.
California; Sonora.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 11

RHIZODONTA.

CROCODILIDAE.

CROCODILUS Gronow, 1756, Mus. Ichth., II, 74,—1763, Zooph., 1,
10.
C.acutus Cuv., 1807, Ann. Mus., X, 55.
South America; West Indies; Florida.
C. pacificus Boc., 1870, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 81.
Mexico; Ecuador.

ALLIGATOR Cuv., 1807, Ann. Mus., X.
Crocodilus mississippiensis, Daud., 1805, Rept., II, 412.
North Carolina to Mexico.

SAURIA.

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EUMECES FASCIATUS.

1 Rostral. 11 Postorbitals.

2 Supranasals. 12 Temporals.

3 Internasal. 13 Supraciliaries.
4 Prefrontals. 14 Frontoparietals.
5 Frontal. 15 Interparietal.

6 Postnasals. 16 Parietals.

7 Nasals. 17 Occipitals.

8 Loreals. 18 Supratemporals.
9 Preorbitals. 19 Infralabials.

10 Labials. 20 Submentals.

12 GARMAN’S LIST OF

EUBLEPHARIDAE.

COLEONYX Gray, 1845, Ann. Mag., XVI, 162.
Stenodactylus variegatus Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 254.
Texas; California.

GECCONIDAE.

SPHAERODACTYUUS Wagl., 1830, Amphib., 148.
S. notatus Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 254.
Key West, Fla.

PHYLLODACTYLUS Gray, 1829, Spicil. Zool., 3.
P. tuberculosus Wiegm., 1835, Act. Acad. Caes. Leop., XVII,
241, pl. 18, f. 2. |
Mexico.
P. xanti Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac., 102.
Cape St. Lucas.

DIPLODACTYLUS Gray, 1832, Pr. Zool. Soc., 40.
D. unctus Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac., 102.
Lower California.

HELODERMIDAE.

HELODERMA Wieem., 1829, Isis, 627.
H. horridum Wiegm., 1. c.
Mexico.
HH. suspectum Cope (name only) 1875, Checklist, 47.
Utah to Mexico.

TEIIDAE.

CNEMIDOPHORUS Wagl., 1830, Syst. Amph., 154.
Lacerta 6-lineata Linn., 1766, Syst., 364.
Southern States to Colorado.
Ameiva tesselata Say, 1823, Long’s Exp., II, 50.
Colorado.
(B) Cnem. gracilis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 128.
Desert of Colorado.
ee C. tigris B. & G., 1852, Stansbury’s Rep., 338.
Texas to California.
(D) C. melanostethus Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac., 104.
California.
C. inornatus B. & G., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 255.
New Leon.

‘

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 13

C. octolineatus Bd., 1858, 1. c.
New Leon.
C. grahami B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 128.
Texas to California.
C. maximus Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac., 104.
Lower California.
C. perplexus B. & G., 1852, 1. ¢.
Texas; New Mexico.
C. mexicanus Pet., 1869, Mb., Brl. Akad., 62, pl. 34.

Mexico.

C. deppii Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 28.
Colima.

C. guttatus Wiegm., l. c., 29.
Mexico.

C. hyperethra Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac., 103. (?).
Lower California.

AMEIVA Meyer, 1795, Syn. Rept.
A. undulata Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 27.
Mexico.
Cnemidoph. praesignis B. & G., 1882, Pr. Phil. Ac., 129.
Acapulco.

ZONURIDAE.

BARISSIA Gray, 1838, Ann. Mag., 390.
Gerrhonotus olivaceus Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 255.
Mexico; California.

GERRHONOTUS Wieem., 1828, Isis, 379.

Elgaria nobilis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 129.
Arizona; Sonora.

G. (Elgaria) kingi (Bell) Gray, 1838, Ann. Mag., 390.
Mexico.

G. deppei Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 379.
Mexico.

G. leiocephalus Wiegm., 1. c.
Mexico.

G. imbricatus Wiegm., 1. c.
Guanahuato.

G. rudicollis Wiegm., 1. c.

Elgaria principis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 175.
California.

14 GARMAN’S LIST OF

G. multicarinatus Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. du Mus., 289, pl.
2b. f. ‘2.
California. :
Elgaria grandis B. & G., 1852, 1. c., 176.
California; Oregon.
G. infernalis Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 255. (?).
Texas.
Tropidolepis scincicaudus Skilton, 1849, Am. Jour. Sci., 202.
California.

XENOSAURUS Pet., 1861, Mb. Brl. Ak., 453.
Cubina grandis Gray, 1856, Ann. Mag., 270.
Vera Cruz.

ANGUIDAE.

OPHEOSAURWUS Daud., 1803, Rept., VII, 346.
Anguis ventralis Linn., 1766, Syst., 391.
South Carolina; New Mexico; Illinois.

ANNIELLIDAE.

ANNIELLA Gray, 1852, Ann. Mag., X, 440.
A. pulchra Gray, 1. c.
California.

XANTUSIIDAE.

XANTUSIA Bad., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 255.
X. vigilis Bd., 1. c.
California.

SCINCIDAE.

OLIGOSOMA Grd., 1857, Pr. Phil. Ac., 196.
Scincus lateralis Say, 1823, Long’s Exp., IT, 324.
South Carolina; Mexico; Nebraska; Illinois.

EUMECES Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 36.
Lacerta fasciata Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 209.
Nebraska; Florida; South Carolina; Texas.
Plestiodon obsoletum B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 129.
Kansas; Mexico.
P. inornatum Bd., 1858, 1. c., 256.
Nebraska.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 1d

P. skiltonianum B. & G., 1852, Stansbury’s Rep., 349.
California.

P. septentrionalis Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 256.
Texas; Minnesota.

P. egregius Bd., 1. c.
Florida.

P. tetragrammus Bd., |. c.
Lower Rio Grande.

P. leptogrammus Bd., 1. c.
Nebraska.

P. multivirgatus Hallow., 1857, Pr. Phil. Ac., 215.
Texas; Nebraska.

P. anthracinus Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac., I, 294.
Pennsylvania; Mississippi.

P. longirostris Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac., 313.
Bermudas.

Mabouia brevirostris Gthr., 1860, Pr. Z. S. Lond., 316.
Oaxaca.

Euprepes lynxe Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 36.
Guanaxuato.

Lamprosaurus guttulatus Hallow., 1853, Sitgreaves Rep., 113.
Arizona.

Eumeces onocrepis Cope, 1869, Rep. Peab. Ac., 82. (?).

E. hallowelli Boc., 1879, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 435, pl. 22 e, f. 7.
California.

E. obtusirostris Boc., 1881, 1. c., 441. .
Texas.

(?)Diploglossus millepunctatus O’Shaug., 1874, Ann. Mag.,

301.

N. W. N. America.

IGUANIDAE.

HOLBROOKTA Grd., 1850-51, Pr. A. A. A. S., 201.
H. maculata Grd., 1. c.
Texas; Dakota; Sonora.
(B) H. approximans Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 253.
Tamaulipas.
(C) H. propinqua B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 126.
Texas.
(D) H. affinis B. &G.,1.c., 125.
Sonora.
Cophosaurus texanus Trosch., 1850 (1852), Arch. f. Natg.
389, Tab. VI.
Texas.

16 GARMAN’S LIST OF

H. elegans Boc., 1874, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 164, pl. 17 bis, f. 8.
: Mazatlan.
H. lacerata Cope P.

Texas.

CALLISAURUS Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus., 286.
C. draconoides Blainv., 1. c., 286, pl. 24, f. 2.
(B) Homalosaurus ventralis Hallow., 1854, Sitgreaves
Rep., 117. '

UMA Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 253.
U. notata Bd., 1. c.
Arizona.

SAUROMATLUS Dum., 1856, Arch. Mus., 535.
S. ater Dum., 1. c., 536.
California to Arizona.

CROTAPHYTUS Holbr., 1842, Herp., II, 79.

Agama collaris Say, 1823, Long’s Exp., II, 252.
Kansas to New Mexico.

C. wislizenii B. & G., 1852, Stansb. Rep., 340.
California to Texas.

C. reticulatus Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 253.
Texas. :

C. copii Yarr., 1882, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 441.
California.

DIPSOSAURUS Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., VII.
Crotaphytus dorsalis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 126.
Colorado; California; Sonora.

UTA B. &. G., 1852, Stansb. Rep., 344.

U. ornata B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 126.
Colorado; Texas; Sonora.

U. stansburiana B. & G., 1852, Stansb. Rep., 345.
Utah; Nevada.

U. schottii Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 253.
California.

U. thalassina Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac., 104. (?).
Lower California.

U. nigricauda Cope, CP):
Lower California.

U. graciosa Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 92.
California.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 17

U. elegans Yarr.
La Paz, Cal.
Phymatolepis bicarinatus Dum., 1856, Arch. Mus., VIII, 549.
Puebla, Mexico.
Phymatolepis (Uta) irregularis Fisch., 1881, Abh. Nat. Ver.
Brem., VII, 232. —
Mexico.

SCELOPORUS Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 369.
Agama torquata Peale & Green, Jour. Phil. Ac., VI, 231.
Texas; Mexico.
Stellio undulatus (Bosc.) Latr., 1801, Rept., II, 40.
Pennsylvania to Florida and California.
(B) S. occidentalis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 175.
California; Washington Territory.
(C) S. thayeri B. & G., 1. c., 127.
Texas to Sonora.
S. scalaris Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 369.
Mexico; Sonora.
S. couchii Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 254.
New Leon.
S. ornatus Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., Rept., 5.
Sonora.
S. poinsetti B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 126.
Texas; Sonora.
S. garmani Bler., 1882, Pr. Z. S. Lond., 761, pl. 56.
Southern Dakota; Nebraska.
S. marmoratus Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 178.
Southern California.
S. biseriatus Hallow., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, Williamson, 6.
Mexico.
S. consobrinus B. & G., 1854, Marcy’s Exp., 208.
Utah; California.
(B) 8S. gratiosus B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 69.
Utah.
S. Clarkii B & G., 1852, 1. c., 127.
Arizona; Sonora.
(B) S. zosteromus Cope, 18638, Pr. Phil. Ac., 105.
Cape St. Lucas.
S. horridus Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 50.
Vera Cruz; Colima.
S. formosus Wiegm., l. c.
Colima.

ABL/

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 2

18

GARMAN’S LIST OF

S. microlepidotus Wiegm., 1. c., 51.
Puebla; Colima.
S. floridanus Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 254.
Florida.
S. spinosus Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 369.
Mexico.
S. dugesi Boc., 1874, Miss. Sci. Mex., 188, p. 18, f. 7.
Colima.
S. jarrovi (Cope) Yarr., 1875, Wheeler’s Rep., V, 569.
Arizona.
S. smaragdinus Yarr., l. c., 572.
Utah; Nevada.
S. tristichus Yarr., l. c.
Taos, New Mexico.
S. rufidorsum Yarr., 1882, Pr. Nat. Mus., 442.
La Paz, California.
S. utiformis Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac., 177.
Colima, Mexico.
S. gracilis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 75.
California.

PHRYNOSOMA Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 367.

Lacerta orbicularis Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 206.
Mexico.
Agama douglassi Bell, 1829, Trans. Linn. Soc., XVI, 105, pl. 10.
Dakota; Arizona.
(B) Tapaya ornatissima Grd., 1858, Wilkes Exp., Rept.,
396.
Arizona; Mexico.
(C) P. pygmaea Yarr., 1882, Pr. U. S. Mus., 443.
Oregon.
Tapaya hernandesi Grd., 1858, Wilkes Exp., 395.
Mexico.

_P. regale Grd., 1. c., 406.

Arizona; New Mexico.
P. modestum Grd., 1852, Stansb. Rep., 365.
Texas; Arizona; New Mexico.
P. platyrhinum Grd., |. c., 361.
Utah; Arizona; Nevada.
Agama (Phrynos.) coronata Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann., 284,
pl, 25, fi.
California.
P. blainvillei Gray, 1839, Rept. Beechey’s Voy., 96, pl. 29, f. 1.
California; Arizona.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 19

Agama cornuta Hari., 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac., IV, 299, pl. 20.
Texas; Mexico;
Anota me’calli Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 182.
Arizona; Nevada.
Tapaya boucardi Boc., 1874, Miss. Sci. Mex., 225, pl. xi, f. 4.
Mexico plateau.
P. braconnieri Boc., 1. c., 233,-pl. 7.
Oaxaca.
P. taurus Duges, 1869, Cat. Vert. Mex.
Mexico.
P. planiceps Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 178.
Western Texas.
P. asio Cope, Pr. Phil. Ac., 178.
California; Mexico.

CYCLURA Harl., 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac., IV, 242.
Lacerta acanthura Shaw, 1802, Zool., III, 216.
Mexico; California.
C. teres Harl., 1. c., 246.
Vera Cruz; California,
C. pectinata Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 42, pl. 2:
Colima.
Ctenosaura cycluroides Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 371.
C.(Ctenosaura) hemilopha Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac., 105.
Cape St. Lucas.

ANOLIS Daud., 1802, Rept., IV, 50.
Lacerta principalis Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad., — 1758, Syst., I, 201.
North Carolina to Texas.
A. sericeus Hallow., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac., 227.
Jalapa, Mexico.
A. cooperi Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 254.
California.
A. tropidonotus Pet., 1863, Mb. Brl. Ak., 135.
Pe Orizaba.
A. cymbos Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac., 173.
Vera Cruz.

AMPHISBAENIDAE.

CHIROTES Cuv., 1817, R. An., Ed. 1, 57.
Bipes canaliculatus Bounat., 1789, Erpetol., 68.
California; Mexico.
LEPIDOSTERNON Wagler, 1824, Spix Serp. Brazil, 70,
L. floridanum Baird, 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 225.
Florida.

20

Sonmstaoaronwe

GARMAN’S LIST OF

OPHIDIA.

COLUBER CONSTRICTOR.

Rostral.

Nasals.

Loreal.

Preoculars or Anteorbitals.
Postoculars or Postorbitals.
Temporals.

Internasals.

Prefrontals.

Frontal.

Supraciliaries or Supraoculars.

Parietals.
Occipitals.
Labials.
Infralabials.
Gulars.
Mental.
Submentals.
Ventrals.
Dorsals.
Tongue.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. >}

SCOLECOPHIDIA.

TY PHLOPIDAE.
TYPHLOPINAE.

TYPHLOPS Schneid., 1801, Amph., II, 339.

Ophthalmidion longissimum D. & B., 1844, Erp., VI, 263.
Texas; ‘‘ North America.”

T. perditus Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak., 435.
Orizaba.

T. basimaculatus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac., 320.
Cordova; Orizaba.

T. emunctus Garman, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Rept., 3.
Central America.

STENOSTOMINAE.

ANOMALEPIS Jan, 1861, Arch. Zool., 185.
A. mexicanus Jan, l. c.
Mexico.

STENOSTOMA Wagl., 1824, Spix Serp. Braz., 68.
Rena dulcis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 142.
Texas.
R. humilis B. & G., l. c., 148.
Valliecetas, California.
S. rubellum Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 130.
Uvalde, Texas.
S. tenuiculum Grmn., |. c., 5.
San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
S. myopicum Grmn., l. c., 6.
Tampico, Mexico.

SIAGONODON Pet., 1881, Gesellsch., 71.
S. dugesi Boc., 1882, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 507, pl. 29, f. 9.
Colima.

ON YCHOPHIDIA.
ERYCIDAE.

CHARINA Gray, 1849, Cat. Snakes, 113.
Tortrix bottae Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus., 289, pl. 26, f. 1.
California to Mexico.

22 GARMAN’S LIST OF

Wenona plumbea B. &. G., 1853, Serp., 154.
California to Puget Sound.
Lichanura trivirgata Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac., 304.
Lower California; Mexico.
(B) L. myriolepis Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac., 2.

BOIDAE.

BOA Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 214.
B. imperator Daud., 1802, Rept., V, 150.
Central America; Mexico.
B. mexicana Rapp.
Mexico.

CHILABOTHRUS D. & B., 1844, Erp., VI, 562.
Boa inornata Reinh., 1843, Dansk. Vid. Selsk., pl. 21-23.
West Indies; Central America; Mexico.

ACACOPHIDIA.
COLUBROIDEA.

DIPSADIDAE.

LEPTOGNATHUS Dum., 1852, Mem. Acad., XXIII, 467.

Tropidodipsas fasciata Gthr., 1858, Cat. 181.
Mexico.

L. dumerili Jan, 1863, Sist., 101.
Mexico.

Coluber nebulatus Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad., 32, pl. 24, f. 1.
Brazil to Mexico; West Indies (Gthr.).

L. dimidiatus Gthr., 1872, Ann. Mag., 31.
Mexico.

L. brevis Dum., 1852, Mem. Acad., 23, p. 467.
Mexico.

SIBON Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 60.
Dipsas biscutata D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1153.
Central America to Mexico.
(B) Dipsas biscutata var. latifascia Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl.

Ake B77:
Pueblo, Mexico.
Coluber annulatus Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad. Fridr., pl. 8, f. 2.

Mexico to Brazil.
(B) Dipsas septentrionalis Kenn., 1859, Mex. Bound.,
if, 16, pL. vil, F. 1.
Texas; Arizona; Mexico.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 23

Leptodeira torquata Gthr., 1860, Ann. Mag.
Nicaragua.
(B) L. pacifica Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac., 310.
Mazatlan, Mexico.
(C) L. personata Cope, l. c. -
Mazatlan.
L. discolor Gthr., 1860, Pr. Zool. Soc., 317.
Oaxaca.

DENDROPHIDAE.

LEPTOPHIS Bell, 1825, Zool. Jour., 329.
L. mexicanus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 536.
Mexico.

NATRICIDAE.
TROPIDONOTUS Kuhl, 1826, Isis, 205.

-(CHILOPOMA.)
C. rufipunctatum Yarr., 1875, Wheeler’s Exp., V, 543, pl. xx,
fi.
Southern Arizona.
(EUTAENTA.)
Coluber saurita Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 385.
Mississippi valley to Atlantic.
(B) Eutaenia faireyi B. & G., 1853, Serp., 25.
Minnesota and Wisconsin southward.
(C) E. Sackenii Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac., 98.
Florida.
(D) Coluber proximus Say, 1823, Long’s Exp., I, 187.
Arkansas and Texas to Mexico.
(EB) E. radix B. &G., 1853, Serp., 34.
- Wisconsin; Illinois.
Coluber sirtalis Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 222.
Nova Scotia to Mississippi valley.
(B) C. ordinatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 379.
Coast from Nova Scotia to Georgia and Alabama.
(C) E. marciana B. & G., 1853, Serp., 36.
Kansas to Texas and Mexico.
(D) Coluber parietalis Say, 1823, Long’s Exp., I, 186.
Missouri basin to Utah.
(EB) E. vagrans B. & G., 1853, Serp., 35.
Rocky mountains to Sierras; Sonora.
(F) Trop. collaris Jan, 1863, Sist., 69.
Southern Mexico; Panama.

24 GARMAN’S LIST OF

(G) E. leptocephala B. & G., 1853, Serp., 29.
Oregon.
(H) Coluber infernalis Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus.,
291, pl. 26, f. 3.
California to Mexico.
(I) EK. atrata Kenn., 1860, P. R. R. Rep., XII, 296.
California.
(J) Trop. quadriserialis Fisch., 1879, Verh. Nat. Ver.
Hamb., 82.
Mazatlan.
Atomarchus multimaculatus Cope, 1883, Am. Nat., 1300.
New Mexico.

(NERODIA.)
Coluber sipedon Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 219.
Mississippi valley to Maine.
(B) C. fasciatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 378.
Southern States.
(C) C. erythrogaster Holbr., 1838, Herp., II, 91, pl. 19.
Southeastern States. ;
(D) Trop. rhombifer B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 177.
Mississippi valley to Wisconsin.
Trop. taxispilotus Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 35, pl. 8.
Southeastern States.
T. cyclopion D. &B., 1854, Erp., VII, 576.
Ohio to Florida.
Nerodia compressicauda Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 335.
Florida.

(REGINA.)
Coluber leberis Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 216.
Michigan to Texas.
(B) C. rigidus Say, 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac., 239.
New York, southward and westward.
(C) Regina clarkii B. & G., 1853, Serp., 48.
Texas to Mexico.
(D) R. grahamiiB. & G., 1. c., 47.
Michigan to Texas.
(EB) R. valida Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 334.
California to Mexico.
R. kirtlandi Kenn., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac., 95.
Illinois to Ohio.

STORERIA B. & G., 1853, Serp., 135.
Tropidoclonium storerioides Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac., 190.
Mexico.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 25

Tropidonotus occipitomaculatus Storer, 1839, Rept. Mass.
230.
Mississippi valley and eastward.
Trop. dekayi Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 58, pl. 14.
Maine to Mexico.
Adelophis copei Cope, 1879, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 265.
Guadalaxara.
Microps lineatus Hallow., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac., 241.
Texas to Kansas.

HELICOPS Wagler, 1830, Amph., 170.
H. alleni Grmn., 1874, Pr. B. N. H. Soc., 92.
Florida.

HYDROPS Wagl., 1830, Amph., 170.

Coluber erythrogrammus Latr., 1802, Rept., IV, 141.
Illinois and Virginia southward.

C.abacurus Holbr., 1836, Herp., I, 119, pl. 23.

| North Carolina to Texas.

Homalopsis quinquevittatus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 975.
Mexico; Central America.

Calopisma septemvittatum Fisch., 1879, Verh. Nat. Ver.

Hamb., 84.
Mexico.
COLUBRIDAE.
SALVADORA B. & G., 1853, Serp., 104. (Not preoccupied among
animals. )

S. grahamii B. & G., |. ¢.
California to Mexico; Utah to Texas.
(B) S. bairdii Jan, 1861, Icon., livr. 1, pl. 3, f. 2.
Mexico.
(C) Phymothyra hexalepis Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac., 305.
Arizona.
Phym. decurtata Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac., 310.
Lower California.

CYCLOPHIS Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 119.
Coluber vernalis (De K.) Harl., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac., 361.
Nova Scotia to Rocky Mountains.

PHYLLOPHILOPHIS Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 40, 146.
Maryland to Mexico.
Coluber aestivus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 387.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 2*

26 GARMAN’S LIST OF

COLUBER Linn., 1748, Syst., p. 34, —1758, Syst., I, 216, —1766,
Syst., I, 375 (Part.).

(BASCANIUM.)
Coluber constrictor Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 216, —1766, Syst., 1,
385.
Nova Scotia to Texas.
(B) C. flaviventris Say, 1823, Long’s Exp., I, 185.

Mississippi valley west to Pacific.

Coryphodon mentovarius D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 187.
Mexico.

(MASTICOPHIS.)
Coluber flagellum Shay, 1802, Zool., III, 475.
(B) C. testaceus Say, 1823, Long’s Exp., 248.
Dakota to Texas and the Pacific.
(C) Drymobius aurigulus Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac., 301.
Lower California.
Zamenis mexicanus D. &. B., 1854, Erp., VII, 695.
Mexico,
Masticophis spinalis Pet., 1866, Mb. Brl. Ak., 91.
Mexico.
Leptophis taeniata Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 181.
Plains to the Pacific.
(B) Masticophis bilineatus Jan, Sist., 40.
Mexico.

SPILOTES Wagler, 1830, Amph., 179,

(GEORGIA.)
Coluber couperi Holbr., 1842, Herp., IJI, 75, pl. 16,
Gulf States.
C. obsoletus Holbr., 1. ¢., 61, pl. 12.
Florida to Texas.

(SPILOTES.)

Coluber corais (Cuv.) Boie., 1827, Isis, 537.
Brazil to Mexico.

C. variabilis Max., 1825, Beitr., 271.
Mexico to Brazil.

(B) Spilot. pullatus var. auribundus Cope, 1861, Pr.
Phil, Ac., 300,

Mexico.

S. melanurus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 224.
Mexico.

S. poecilonotus Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 100,
Mexico.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 27

PITYOPHIS Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 7.
Coluber melanoleucus Daud., 1803, Rept., VI, 409.
East of the Mississippi, Ohio and Petinsylvania south-
ward.
C. catenifer Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus., IV, 290, pl. 26, f. 2.
Oregon to Mexico.
(B) C. sayi Schleg., 1837, Ess., II, 157. ;
Rocky Mountains to Illinois.
(C) P. mexicanus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 236.
Mexico.
(D) Elaphis deppei D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 268.
Arizona to Mexico.
(EB) Churchillia bellona B. & G., 1852, Stansb. Exp., 350.
Utah basin.
(F) C. vertebralis Blainv., 1835, 1. c., 293, pl. 27, f. 2.
Lower California.

ELAPHIS Aldrov., 1640, Serp. Drac., 267, —1765, reprint; Bonap.,
1831, Saggio.

(SCOTOPHIS.)
Coluber obsoletus Say, 1823, Long’s Exp., I, 140.
Mississippi valley.
(B) C. alleghaniensis Holbr., 1842, III, 219.
New England to Alabama.
(C) S. lindheimeri B. & G., 1858, Serp., 74.
Illinois to Texas.
(D) C. bairdi Yarr., 1880, Bull. U. S. Mus., 41.
Fort Davis, Texas.
(E) 8S. confinis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 76.
C. guttatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 885.
Virginia to Louisiana.
(B) S. vulpinus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 75.
Massachusetts to Nebraska.
C. quadrivittatus Holbr., 1. c., 80, pl. 20.

DROMICUS Bibr., 1848, Rept. Cuba, Sagra, 221.

D. laureatus Gthr., 1868, Ann. Mag., 419.
City of Mexico.

D. flavilatus Cope, 1871, Pr. Phil. Ac.

; Florida to North Carolina.
Herpetodryas margaritiferus Schleg., 1837, Ess., I, 151, II,
184.

Mexico; Central America.

D. putnamii Jan, 1863, Sist., 67.
Southern Mexico.

28 GARMAN’S LIST OF

CORONELLIDAE.

TACHYMENIS Wiegm., 1834, Act. Acad. Caes. Leop., 252.

Tomodon lineatum D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 936.
Mexico.

Taeniophis imperialis B. & G., 1855, Gilliss’ Exp., II, 215.
Texas and Mexico.

Coniophanes lateritia Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac., 524.
Guadalaxara.

Coniophanes proterops Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 249.
Mexico; New Granada.

Coronella fissidens Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 36.
Mexico.

Coronella bipunctata Gthr., 1. c.
Mexico.

T. melanocephala Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak., 876.
Mexico.

ERY THROLAMPRUS Boie, 1826, Isis, 981.
E. guentheri Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 63.
=KE. venustissimus var. D Gthr., 1858, Cat., 48.
“Mexico.”

OPHIBOLUS B. & G., 1853, Serp., 82.
Coluber doliatus Linn., 1766, Syst., 1, 879.
Southeastern States.
Osceola elapsoidea B. & G., 1853, Serp., 133.
Southern States east of Mississippi river.
C. triangulus Boie, 1827, Isis, 537.
Mississippi valley eastward to Canada.
(B) C. calligaster Harl., 1835, Med. Res., 122.
Northern Mississippi valley.
(C) O. triang. var. mexicanus Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C.
Z;, wept., 66.
San Luis Potosi.
(D) O. doliatus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 89.
Nebraska and southward.
(E) O. gentilis B. & G., 1. c., 90.
Arkansas to Utah.
(F) C. (Zacholus) zonatus Blainv., 1835, Ann. Mus., IV,
298.
California.
(G) Lampropeltis annulata Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac.,
329.
Mexico.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 29

(H) Coronella rhombomaculata Holbr., 1842, Herp., III,
103, pl. 23.
Southeastern U. S.
Coluber getulus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 382.

Southern States to Texas.

(B) Coronella sayi Holbr., 1842, Herp., III, 99, pl. 22.
Mississippi valley, Illinois to Texas.

(C) O. boylii B. & G., 1853, 1. c., 82.
California to Mexico.

(D) O. splendidus B. & G., 1. c., 83.
Arizona and southern California to Mexico.

(EB) O. pyrrhomelanus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac., 305.
Arizona; Sonora.

LIOPHIS Wagl., 1830, Amph., 187.
Pliocercus elapoides Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 253.
Mexico.

DIADOPHIS B. & G., 1853, Serp., 112.
Enicognathus annulatus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 335, pl. 80,
f. 1-3. °
Mexico.
Coronella decorata Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 35.
Southern Mexico.
Rhadinea fulvivitta Cope, 1875, Jour. Phil. Ac., 139.
Southern Mexico.
Coluber punctatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 376.
Southern and Eastern States to Nova Scotia.
(B) D. arnyi Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac., 99.
Illinois to Arkansas.
(C) D. docilis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 114.
Texas to Mexico.
(D) D. amabilis B. &G., 1. c., 113.
Arizona to California.
D. regalis B. & G., 1. c., 115.
Mexico.

RHINOCHEILUS B. & G., 1853, Serp., 120.
R. lecontei B. & G., 1. c., 120, 161.
Texas to California.
(B) R. lecontei var. tesselatus Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C.
Z., Rept., 74.
Mexico.

HETERODON (Pal. de Beauv., 1799) Latr., 1802, Rept., IV, 32.

H. platyrhinus Latr., 1. c., 32, pl. 28, f. 1-3.
Eastern, Middle and Southern States.

30 GARMAN’S LIST OF

(B) H. niger Troost, 1836, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., 186.

Southern States east of Mississippi river.
Coluber simus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 375.

Mississippi valley to the Atlantic.

(B) H. nasicus B & G., 1852, Stansb. Exp., 352.
California to Texas and Nebraska. ;

(C) H. kennerlyi Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 336.
Sonora.

CEMOPHORA Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 244.
Coluber coccinneus Blumenb., 1788, Licht. & Voigt. Mag.,
pl. V.
Southern States east of Texas.
(B) C. copei Jan, 18638, Sist., 45.
Tennessee.

XENODON Boie, 1827, Isis, 541.
X. bertholdi Jan, 1863, Arch. Zool., II, 108.
Mexico.

HYPSIGLENA Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 246.
H. ochrorhynchus Cope, l. c.
Lower California.
(B) H. chlorophaea Cope, 1. c.
Arizona to Sonora.

CALAMARIDAE.

FICIMIA Gray, 1849, Cat. Serp., 80.
Toluca frontalis Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac., 167.

Colima.

Gyalopion canum Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 243, 310.
Arizona.

Conopsis nasus Gthr., 1858, Cat., 6.
California.

Toluca lineata (Kenn.) Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, Rept., 23,

pl. 21, f. 2.

Mexico.

Oxyrhina maculata Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 54, 61.
Mexico.

Amblymetopon variegatum Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 7.
Mexico.

F.. olivacea Gray, 1849, Cat. Serp., 80.
Mexico.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 31

CHEILORHINA Jan., 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 57.
C. villarsii Jan., 1. c.
Western Mexico.

STENORHINA D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 865.
S. freminvillei D. & B., 1. c., 868.
Central America and Mexico.
Microphis quinquelineatus Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 97.
Mexico. :

TANTILLA B. &. G., 1853, Serp., 131.
T. gracilis B. & G., 1. c., 182, 161.

Texas.

(B) T. hallowelli Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 77.
Kansas.

(C) T. calamarina Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac., 320.
Guadalaxara.

T. nigriceps Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 328.
Texas; New Mexico.
T. coronata B. & G., 1853, Serp., 131.
Gulf States.
(B) Homalocranion wagneri Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II,
50.
Florida. .
Coluber planiceps Blainv., 1835, Ann. Mus., IX, 294, pl. 27, f. 3.
California.

ELAPOMORPHUS (Wiegm.) Fitz., 1848, Syst., 25.
E. mexicanus Gthr., 1862, Ann. Mag., pl. 9, f. 1 (Extr., p. 6).
Mexico.

CONTIA B. &G., 1853, Serp., 110.

(SONORA.)

S. semiannulata B. & G., 1853, Serp., 110.
Sonora.

Rhinostoma occipitale Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 95.
Arizona.

(B) Lamprosoma annulatum Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound.,
i, 22.

Arizona.

C. isozona Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac., 304.
Arizona to Utah.

(PROCINURA.)
P. aemula Cope, 1871, Pr. Phil. Ac., 223. (?Position).
Mexican plateau.

32 GARMAN’S LIST OF

(CONTIA.)

C. mitis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 110.
California.

Lamprosoma episcopum Kenn., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, Rept.,

99. 1..8; £4)
Texas.
LODIA B & G., 1853, Serp., 116.

Calamaria tenuis B. & G.,°1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 176.

Oregon and Washington Territory.

NINTIA B. & G., Serp., 49.
Chersodromus liebmanni Reinh., 1860, Vid. Medd. Kjobenh.,
$5, pl. 1¥,.£. 10,11.

Vera Cruz; Mexico.

Streptophorus sebae D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 515.
Mexico.

S. sebae var. collaris Jan, 1865, Icon., livr. 12, pl. 3, f. 6.
Mexico.

Elapoides sieboldi Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 21.
Mexico.

N. dimidiata B. & G., 1853, Serp., 49.
Mexico.

VIRGINIA B. &G., 1853, Serp., 127.

Coluber striatulus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 375.
Virginia to Texas.

V. inornata Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 97.
Texas.

V. elegans Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac., 99.
Southern Illinois.

V. valeriae B. & G., 1. c., 127.
Maryland to Georgia and Illinois.

(B) Carphophis harperti D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 135.

Georgia to Texas.

CARPHOPHIS Gerv., 1843, D’Orb. Dict. N. Hist., III, 191.

Chilomeniscus stramineus Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac., 33.
Lower California.

Chilom. cinctus Cope, 1. c., 303.
Guaymas.

Celuta helenae Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac., 100.
Illinois to Mississippi.

Carphophis amoena Gerv., 1843, 1. c., 191.
Massachusetts to Illinois and southward.

(B) Celuta vermis Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac., 99.

Missouri and southward.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 33

GEOPHIS Wagler, 1830, Amph., 342.

Rabdosoma semidoliatum D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 93.
Mexico.

G. bicolor Gthr., 1868, Ann. Mag., 413.
Valley of Mexico.

G. latifrontalis Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 103.
San Luis Potosi.

G. unicolor Fisch., 1881, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., VII, 227, pl.

xv, f. 1-3.

Mexico.

Sympholis lippiens Cope, Pr. Phil. Ac., 524.
Guadalaxara.

TOXICOPHIDIA.

PROTEROGLYPHA.
CONOCERCA.
ELAPIDAE.

ELAPS Scbneid., 1801, Amph., 289.
Coluber fulvius Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 381.
Southern States east of the Mississippi.
(B) E. nigrocinctus Grd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 226.
Central America to Mexico.
(C) E. affinis Jan, 1859, Rev. and Mag. Zool., 6, 14, pl. B,
ft. 2:
Mexico.
(D) E. bipunctiger D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1227.
Mexico; Florida.
(E) E. tenere B. & G., 1853, Serp., 22, 156.
Texas.
(F) E. apiatus Jan, 1859, 1. c., pp.6, 11, pl. A, f. 4.
Vera Cruz.
(G) E. epistema D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1222.
Mexico.
(H) E. diastema D. & B., 1. c., 1222.
Mexico.
(I) E. cerebripunctatus Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak., 877.
Pueblo.
E. euryxanthus Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 337.
Arizona to Mexico.
E. marcgravii var. laticollaris Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak.
Pueblo.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 3

34 GARMAN’S LIST OF

E. decoratus Jan, 1859, 1. c., pp. 7, 14, pl. B, f. 5.
Mexico.

E. elegans Jan, 1. c., pp. 6, 18, pl. B, f. 1.
Mexico.

PLATYCERCA.

HYDROPHIDAE.

PELAMIS Daud., 1803, Rept., VII, 357.
Anguis platura Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 391.
West coast of Mexico and Central America to East
Indies and China.

SOLENOGLY PHA.
BOTHROPHERA.

CROTALIDAE.

CROTALUS Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad. Fridr., 39.
C. durissus Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 214.
Brazil to Mexico.
(B) C. molossus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 10.
North Mexico; Arizona; New Mexico.
(C) Caudisona basilisca Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac., 166.
Western Mexico.
C. adamanteus Beauv., 1799, Trans. Ann. Phil. Soc., IV, 368.
Texas to North Carolina,
(B) Caudisona scutulatus Kenn., 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac., 207.
Arizona; Mexico.
(C) Crotalus atrox B. & G., 1. c., 5, 156.
Texas to Mexico.
C. confluentus Say, 1823, Long’s Exp., II, 48.
Dakota to Texas.
(B) Caudisona pyrrha Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac., 308, 310.
Arizona.
C. oregonus Holbr., 1842, III, 21, pl. 3.
Oregon to California.
(B) C. lucifer B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 177.
California to Mexico.
(C) C. lucifer var. cerberus Coues, 1875, Wheeler’s Rep.,
V, 607.
Arizona.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 35

(D) Caudisona mitchellii Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac., 293.
Lower California.
(E) Caud. enyo Cope, l. c., 293.
Lower California.
Crotalus exsul Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 114.
Cedros Island.
C. horridus Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 214.
New England to Texas.
C. cerastes Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 95.
California; Arizona; Mexico.
?Caudisona lepida Kenn., 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac., 206.

Mexico.
Crotalus tigris (Kenn.) Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, Rept., 14,
pl. 4.
Mexico.
C. triseriatus Wiegm., 1828, Mus. Berl.
Mexico.
(B) C. jimenezii Duges, 1879, La Naturaleza, IV, 23.
Mexico.

SISTRURUS Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 110, 118, 176.
Crotalinus catenatus Raf., 1818, Am. Month. Mag., IV, 41.
Ohio and Michigan to the Plains and south to Missis-
Sippi.
(B) Crotalophorus consors B. & G., 1853, Serp., 12.
Texas.
Crotalus miliarius Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 372.
Southern States.
(B) Crotaloph. edwardsii B. & G., 1. c., 15.
Texas; Arizona; Sonora; Mexico.
(C) Crotalus ravus Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac., 191.
Mexican plateau.
Crotalus intermedius Fisch., 1881, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem.,
VII, 230, pl. XIV, f. 1-4.
Mexico.

ANCISTRODON Pal. de Beauv., 1799, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., IV,
381.
Coluber contortrix Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 216.
.Mississippi valley to New England.
(B) Acontias atrofuscus Troost., 1836, Ann. N. Y. Lyc.,
181. Mountains from Virginia southward.
Crotalus piscivorus LaC., 1789, Quad. Ovip. Serp., II, pp.
130, 424.
South Carolina to Texas.

36 GARMAN’S LIST OF

(B) Toxicophis pugnax B. & G., 1858, Serp., 20, 156.
Texas.
A. bilineatus Gthr., 1863, Ann. Mag., 364.
West Mexico; Tehuantepec.

BATRACHIA.
APODA.

CAECILIIDAE.

DERMOPHIS Pet., 1879, Mb. Bri. Akad., 937.
Siphonops mexicanus D. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 284.
Mexico.

CAUDATA.

SIRENIDAE.

SIREN Linn., 1766, Act. Acad. Upsal. (dissert. auct. . Deere rer 15.
S. lacertina Linn., 1766, 1. c.
North Carolina to Illinois and Mexico.

PSEUDOBRANCHUS Gray, 1825, Ann. Phil., 216.
Siren striata LeC., 1824, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., I, 54, pl. 4.
South Carolina; Georgia; Simahmoo Bay, Washington
Territory (Yarrow).

PROTEIDAE.

NECTURUS Raf., 1819, Jour. Phys., Vol. 88, 417.
N. maculatus Raf., }. c.
Mississippi valley and eastward; Canada.
Menobranchus punctatus Gibbes, 1853, Jour. B. N. H. Soc.,
369.
North Carolina; South Carolina.

AMPHIUMIDAE.

AMPHIUMA Linn., Garden, 1821, Linn. Corresp., Smith, 333.
A. means Linn., 1821,1. c., 333, 532, 599.
North Carolina to Louisiana.
A. tridactyla Cuv., 1828, Mem. Mus., XIV, pl. 1.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 37

CRYPTOBRANCHUS Leuck., 1821, Isis, 257.
Salamandra alleghaniensis Latr., 1802, Rept., II, 253 (index).
New York to Missouri.
Menopoma fusca Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 99, pl. 33.
Pennsylvania to Louisiana.

SALAMANDROIDEA.
AMBLYSTOMATIDAE.

AMBLYSTOMA Tschudi, 1838, Batr., 57.
Salamandra opaca Gravenh., 1807, Ueb. Zool. Syst., 431.
New Hampshire to Mexico.
S. talpoidea Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 73, pl. 24.
South Carolina to Louisiana.
S. tigrina Green, 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac., V, 116.
Mississippi valley to New Jersey.
(B) A. bicolor Hallow., 1857, Pr. Phil. Ac., 215.
New Jersey.
(C) A. mavortium Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac., I, 292.
Dakota to Mexico.
(D) A. californiense Gray, 1853, Pr. Z. S. Lond., 11, pl. 7.
California.
(EB) A. trisruptum Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac., 194.
Colorado to New Mexico.
(F) A. xiphias Cope, 1867, 1. c., 192.
Ohio.
(G) A. obscurum (Bd.) Cope, 1. c., 192.

Iowa.

Lacerta punctata Linn., 1766, Syst., 370.
Maine to Texas.

A. macrodactylum Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac., 292.
Oregon.

A. paroticum (Bd.) Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac., 200.
Oregon; Puget sound.

A. aterrimum Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac., 201 (s. d.).
Rocky mountains.

A. tenebrosum B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 174.
Oregon.

A. conspersum Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac., 123.
Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

Salamandra texana Matthes, 1855, Alg. Deutsch. Nat. Zeit.,.
266.(?)

38 GARMAN’S LIST OF

S. jeffersonania Green, 1827, Cont. Macl. Lyc., 4.
New England and Canada to Illinois.
(B) A. laterale Hallow., 1858, Jour. Phil. Ac., III, 352.
Canada to Wisconsin.
(C) A. platineum Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac., 198.
Ohio.
(D) A. fuscum Hallow., 1858, 1. c., 355.
Indiana; Virginia.
A. cingulatum Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac., 205 (s. d.).
South Carolina.
A. microstomum Cope, 1867, 1. c., 206.
Louisiana to Ohio.
Gyrinus mexicanus Shaw, 1800, Nat. Misc., 343.

Mexico.

Axolotes maculata Owen, 1844, Ann. Mag., XIV, 23. (?)
Mexico.

DICAMPTODON Strauch, 1870, Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb.

(4), XVI, 68.

Triton ensatus Eschsch., 1833, Zool. Atlas, pt. 5, p. 6, pl. 22.
California.

PLETHODONTIDAE.

ANAIDES Bd., 1849, Icon. Encycl., IT, 256.
Salamandra lugubris Hallow., 1848, Jour. Phil. Ac. (2), I, 126.
California.
A. ferreus Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac., 109.
Oregon.

PLETHCDON Tschudi, 1838, Batr., 92.
Heredia oregonensis Grd., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac., 235.
Oregon; California.
P. flavipunctatus Strauch, 1870, Salamand., 71.
California.
Salamandra glutinosa Green, 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac., I, 357.
Louisiana to Wisconsin and east.
P. croceater Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac., 210.
Fort Tejon, California.
P. intermedius (Bd.) Cope, 1. c., 209.
Vancouver’s island.
S. erythronota Green., 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac., 356.
Wisconsin to Canada.
(B) 8S. cinerea Green, l. c., 356.
Indiana; Pennsylvania; Canada.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 39

(C) P. dorsalis Baird.
Kentucky.
P. iecanus (Cope) Yarrow, 1883, (7);

HEMIDACTYLIUM Tschudi, 1838, Batr., 59, 94.
~ Salamandra scutata Schleg., 1838, Fauna Japon., Amph., 119.
Canada to Texas.

Salamandrina attenuata Eschsch., 1833, Zool, Atl., pt. V, 1,
pl. 21. :

California.
‘H. pacificum Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac., 195.
California.
Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac., 98.
California.

GEOTRITON Bonap., 1831, Saggio, 84 (Spelerpes Raf., 1832).

Salamandra rubra Latr., 1802, Rept., IV, 305.

Missouri to Florida.
(B) Pseudotriton montanus Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac.
(2), I, 293.
New York to South Carolina.
(C) Spelerpes sticticeps Baird.

Mexico.

Salam. longicauda Green, 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac., I, 351.
Ohio to Georgia.

Sal. guttolineata Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 29, pl. 7.
Ohio to Georgia.

Sal. bilineata Green, 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac., I, 352.
Florida to Ohio.

Sal. variegata Gray, 1831, Synops., 107.
City of Mexico to Central America.

Spelerp. multiplicatus Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac., 106.
Arkansas.

S. lineolus Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac., 197. (?)
Vera Cruz; Orizaba.

S. chiropterus Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac., 54. (?)
Mexico.

S. cephalicus Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac., 196.
Mexico.

S. leprosus Cope, Pr. Phil. Ac., 105.
Vera Cruz; Oaxaca; Orizaba.

S. belli Gray, 1859, Batr. Grad., 46.
Mexico.

Oedipus rufescens Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac., 104.
Vera Cruz.

40 GARMAN’S LIST OF

O. morio Cope, l. c., 103.
Mexico.

Pseudotriton marginatus Hallow., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac., 130.
Georgia.

Salam. porphyritica Green, 1827, Macl. Lyc., I, 3, pl. 1, f. 2.
Ohio to Massachusetts and Georgia.

Spelerp. laticeps Broc., 1883, Miss. Sci. Mex., Batr., 110, pl.

1.7. 4,

Vera Cruz.

Bolitoglossa mexicana D. & B., 1854, Erp., IX, 93, pl. 104, f. 1.
Mexico.

MANCULUS Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac., 101.
Salamandra quadrigitata Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 65, pl. 21.
North Carolina to Florida.
M. remifer Cope, 1869, Rep. Peab. Ac., 84.
Florida.

DESMOGNATHIDAE.

DESMOGNATHUS Bad., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac. (2), I, 282.

Triturus fuscus Raf., 1820, Ann. of Nat. (Bd.).

New York to Louisiana.
(B) 8S. auriculata Holbr., 1. c., 47, pl. 12.

Ohio to Georgia.

Salam. nigra Green, 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac., I, 352.
lllinois to Georgia.

“S$. quadrimaculata Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 49, pl. 13.

Florida to New York.

D. ochrophaea Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac., 124.
New York to Georgia.

THORIUS Cope, 1869, Am. Nat., 222.
T. pennatulus Cope, l. c.
Mexico.

SALAMANDRIDAE.

DIEMYCTYLUS Raf., 1820, Ann. Nat., No. 22.
Triturus (Notophthalmus) miniatus Raf., 1. c.
Canada to Texas.
(B) T. (Diemyctylus) viridescens Raf., 1. c.
Canada to Texas.
Triton torosus Eschsch., 1833, Zool. Atlas, V, 12, pl. 21, f. 15.
Oregon; California.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 41

ECAUDATA.
RANIDAE.

RANA Linn., 1735, Syst., —1758, Syst., I, 210, —1766, Syst., I, 354.
R. catesbeiana Shaw, 1802, Zool., III, 106.
Mississippi valley to the Atlantic.
(B) R. horiconensis Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 83, pl. 19.
New York; Canada.
R. clamitans Latr., 1801, Rept., II, 157.
New England to Texas.
(B) R. septentrionalis Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 61.
Canada to Montana.
R. montezumae Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 61.
City of Mexico.
R. virescens Kalm, 1761, Resa N. Amer., III, 46 (halecina
" auct.).
Mexico; United States and northward.
(B) R. berlandieri Bd., 1859, Mex. Bd. Surv., Rept., 27, pl.
26, f. 7-10.
Mississippi valley; Dakota to Mexico.
(C) R. nigricans Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 96.
El Paso creek, California.
(D) R. areolata B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 173.
Texas.
(E) R. capito LeC., 1855, Pr. Phil. Ac., 425, pl. 5.
Illinois to Florida.
(F) R. sinuata Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 61 (circulosa
Jord.).
New York to Michigan.
(G) R. lecontei B. & G., 1853, Pr. Phil. Ac., 301.
R. palustris LeC., Ann. Lyc. N. Y., I, 282.
Missouri to the Atlantic.
R. silvatica LeC., 1. c., 282.
Mississippi valley to Atlantic.
(B) R. cantabrigensis Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 61.
Canada to Saskatchewan; New England.
(C) R. aurora B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 174.
California; Oregon.
R. pretiosa B. & G., 1853, Pr. Phil. Ac., 378.
Puget sound.
R. maculata Brocchi, 1876, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), I, 178.?
Mexico.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. o*

42 GARMAN’S LIST OF

R. adtrita Trosch., 1865, Wirbelth. Mex., 82 ?

Mexico.
R. pachyderma Cope ?
ENGYSTOMATIDAE.

ENGYSTOMA Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 65.

E. carolinense Holbr., 1838, Herp., I, 83, pl. 2.
South Carolina to Missouriand Florida.

E. ustum Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac:, 131.
Mexico.

E. elegans Blgr., 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal., 162.
Cordova, Mexico.

E. rugosum D. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 744.
Mexico.

CYSTIGNATHIDAE.

HYLODHES Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 38.
H. ricordii D. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 623.
Southern Florida.

Lithodytes latrans Cope, 1878, Amer. Nat., 186 ?
Texas.

Syrrhophus marnockii Cope, 1. c., 253. ?
Texas.

H. berkenbuschii Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Akad., 879.
Mexico.

Batrachyla longipes Bd., 1859, Mex. Bd. Surv., II, pl. 37.?
California to British America.

BUFONIDAE.

BUFO Laur., 1768, Syst., 25.
Rana lentiginosa Shaw, 1802, Zool., III, 173.
North Carolina to Colorado and Florida.

(B) B. americanus (LeC.) Holbr., Herp., V, 17.

Nova Scotia to Dakota, and southward.

(C) B. fowleri Putnam, Rep. Peab. Ac.

This is an americanus of moderate size and with frontal
ridges low, close together, and nearly or quite parallel.
Voice peculiar.

Manitoba to Winnipeg; Massachusetts.

(D) B. cognatus Say, 1823, Long’s Exp., II, 190.
Arkansas; Colorado; Dakota.

(E) B. frontosus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac., 301.
Colorado; Utah; New Mexico.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 43

(F) B. dorsalis Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 181.
_ New Mexico.
(G) B. speciosus Grd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 86.
Texas; New Mexico.
(H) B. microscaphus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac., 301.
Colorado; Utah; California.
(I) B. pictus Yarr., 1875, Wheeler’s Rept., V, 522.
Utah.
(J) B. mexicanus Broc., 1879, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), III,
28.
Mexico.
B. punctatus B. &G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 178.
Texas; Mexico; Arizona.
B. debilis Grd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 87.
Tamaulipas.
B. halophila B. & G., 1853, Pr. Phil. Ac., 301.
California.
B. columbiensis B. & G., 1853, 1. c., 378.
Oregon and Washington Territory.
B. valliceps Wiegm., 1833, Isis, 657.
Louisiana to Mexico.
B. compactilis Wiegm., |. c., 661 ?
Texas; Mexico; Peru.
B. dipternus Cope, 1879, Am. Nat., XIII, 437 ?
Montana.
B. monksiae Cope, 1879, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 263 ?
B. copeii Yarr. & Hensh., 1878, Rept. & Batr., W. 100 Merid., 4.
Selkirk and James bay, British America.
B. beldingii Yarr., 1882, Pr. U. S. Mus., 441.
La Paz, California.
B. quercicus Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 13.
North Carolina to Florida.
B. occipitalis Camerano, , Atti Ac. Torin, 889, XIV ?
Mexico.
B. bocourti Broc., 1876, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), I, 186.
Totonicapam, Mexico.
B. argillaceus Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac., 138 ?
Western Mexico.

HYLIDAE.

CHOROPHILUS Baird, 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 60.
Hyla triseriata Wied., 1839, Reise N. Amer., I, 249.
New Jersey; Colorado.

44 GARMAN’S LIST OF

(B) Helocaetes clarki Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 60.

Texas.
(C) C. triseriatus subspecies corporalis Cope, 1875, Check-
list ?
New Jersey.

Rana nigrita LeC., 1824, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., I, 282.
South Carolina; Florida.

Cystignathus ornatus Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 103, pl. 25.
South Carolina; Georgia.

Hylodes ocularis Holbr., 1. c., 187, pl. 35.
South Carolina; Georgia. ;

C. copii Blgr., 1882, Cat. Bat. Sal., 334.
Georgia.

C. septentrionalis Bigr., 1. c., 335, pl. 23, f. 1.
Great Bear lake.

C. verrucosus Cope, 1877, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 87 ?
Florida.

ACRIS D. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 506.
Rana gryllus LeC., 1824, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., I, 282.
Iilinois ; North Carolina to Florida.
(B) A. crepitans Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 59.
Maine to Dakota and Texas.
(C) A. achetae Bd., |. c., 59.
Key West, Florida.
(D) A. bufonia Blgr., 1882, Cat. Bat. Sal., 337.
New Orleans.

HYLA Laur., 1768, Rept., 32.
Calamita cinerea Schn., 1799, Amph., 1, 174.
This is the H. carolinensis of authors, = the cinereous frog
of Pennant, 1792, Arct. Zool., II, 331.
North Carolina to Florida.
(B) H. semifasciata Hallow., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac., 306.
South Carolina; Texas.
H. affinis Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 61. ?
Sonora.
H. gratiosa LeC., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac., 146, pl. VI.
Georgia; Florida.
H. versicolor LeC., 1824, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., I, 281.
Texas; Wisconsin; Massachusetts.
H. femoralis Daud., 1803, Rainettes, 15. pl. 1, f. 1.
Georgia; Florida.
H. squirella Daud., 1. c., pl. 14, f. 3.
South Carolina; Florida.

N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 45

H. andersoni Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 61.
Maryland; South Carolina.
H. eximia Bd., 1. c., 61.
New Mexico; Mexico.
H. regilla B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 174.
Mexico; Oregon; Nevada.
H. baudinii D. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 564.
Texas; Central America.
H. nigropunctata Blgr., 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal., 366.
Cordova; Jalapa; Vera Cruz.
H. crassa Broc., 1876, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), I, 130.
Mexico.
H. plicata Broc., 1. c.
Mexico.
H. cadaverina Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac., 84 ?
California.
H. arenicolor Cope, l. c.
Utah; Sonora.
H. curta Cope, 1. c., 313.
Lower California.

H. miotympanum Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac., 47 ?
Jalapa, Mexico.

H. gracilipes Cope, 1865, 1. c., 195 ?
Northeastern Mexico tableland.

H. bistincta Cope, 1877, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 87 ?
Vera Cruz.

Hylodes pickeringii Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 135, pl. 34.
Maine; Illinois; South Carolina.

PHYLLOMEDUSA Wagl., 1830, Syst. Amph., 201.
P. dacnicolor Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac., 181.
Colima.

PELOBATIDAE.

SCAPHIOPUS Holbr., 1838, Herp., I, 85.
S. solitarius Holbr., 1. c., 85, pl. 12.
Massachusetts; Florida; Mississippi.
(B) var. albus Garman, 1877, Pr. A. A. A. S., Buffalo meet-
ing, 194.

Average size less than that of preceding. Brown of the back
lacks the red or chocolate tinge. Readily distinguished by the
great amount of white on back, flanks and upper surface
of limbs. The white forms spots or vermiculations which
coalesce into bands of irregular shape and extent.

Key West, Florida.

46

GARMAN’S LIST OF

S. couchii Bd., 1855, Pr. Phil. Ac., 52.
Texas; Utah; California.
(B) S. varius Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ae., 52.
Utah; Lower California.
(C) S. rectifrenis Cope, l. c., 52.
Tamaulipas; Coahuila.
S. multiplicatus Cope, l. c.
Mexico.
S. hammondi Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pt. 4. 12, pl. 27, f. 2.
California.
S. bombifrons Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac., 53.
Missouri; Nebraska; Texas.
S. dugesi Broc., 1879, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), III, 28.
Mexico.
Spea stagnalis (Cope) Yarr., 1875, Wheeler’s Rep., V, 525, pl.
25, f. 6-8.
New Mexico.
Scaphiop. intermontanus (Cope) Yarr., 1883, Checklist, 26. ?

AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK.

BY SAMUEL GARMAN.

CHLAMYDOSELACHUS ANGUINEUS.

48 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK ;

Measurements.—Total length 59.5; snout to angle of mouth 4.5,
to back of skull 4.25, to occipital pores 3.9, to end of gill covers 7.,
to end of pectorals 14.25, to vent 35.5, to base of ventrals 32., to end
of ventrals 38.6, to base of anal 39.75, to end of anal 47.6, to base of
dorsal 42.25, to end of dorsal 47.75, to base of caudal 48.5; greatest
width across ventrals 7., greatest width across caudal 5., greatest
width across dorsal and anal 6.5, greatest circumference of body 11.5,
width of head across eyes 3.5, width of teeth between the outer
prongs (length of longest prong little less) .25 inches.

Rows of teeth +$-2%. +4.

Rays on hyomandibular and ceratohyal (first branchial arch) 22, on
second arch 15, third 14, fourth 12, fifth 9, sixth 6, and on the seventh
none.

Hab., Japanese seas.

Description. Body very long, slender, eel-like, in-
creasing in size comparatively little anteriorly, compressed
near and behind the vent, which is in the posterior half
of the total length. Head broad, wider than high.
Crown slightly convex forming a rather sharp angle with
the snout and sides of the head, from the eyes forward.
Skull with an anterior foramen, beginning a short distance
in front of a vertical from the front edge of the orbit, re-
sembling that of Raja. Behind this, midway between the
eyes, there is an elongate depression on the crown as of a
second foramen, while on the occiput a little distance in
front of the occipital pores a deep rounded depression in-
dicates what is commonly called the second, the posterior
foramen. Snout broad, rounded, hardly extending in
front of the jaws, rather acute-angled or shovel-shaped at
the top. Nostril moderate, vertical, separated by a fold
from each side into an upper opening looking forward and
a lower one looking backward, situated about midway
from eye to end of snout and near the middle of the space
from top of headto mouth. Eye moderately large, orbit
elongate, near a vertical from the middle of the length of
the mouth. Spiracle very small, over the hyomandibular ;
its distance behind the eye equal to that from eye to

BY SAMUEL GARMAN. 49

end of snout. Mouth cleft very deep, slightly curved,
extending as far back as the skull. Roof and floor of
mouth covered with sharp scales, the former curving up-
ward very strongly behind the teeth between the nostrils.
Upper and lower jaws about equal in length. Lips without
a groove or labial fold. Glossohyal cartilage (basihyal)
prominent above the floor of the mouth and free at its ex-
tremity about half an inch, forming a tongue. Teeth
small, similar in both jaws, several in each row in function
at the same time, each with three long, smooth, curved,
backward directed, slender, very sharp cusps — each of
which bears some resemblance to a serpent’s tooth. A
small cusp on the base at each side of the central. Bases
of teeth broad, extending inward about the length of the
cusps, terminating in two prongs (see fig.) which, extend-
ing beneath the base of the next tooth, prevent the possi-
bility of reversion or turning the cusps forward. Fourteen
rows of teeth on each side on the upper jaws, no median
series. A median row on the symphysis of the lower jaws,
its teeth similar in size and shape to those of the thirteen
rows on each side of it. Hyomandibular and ceratohyal
closely and somewhat firmly connected with the jaws at
the hinge or hinder angle of the latter. Branchial arches
long, very slender, with sharp small scales on their inner
edges. Without dissecting, twenty-two branchial rays can
be counted on the hyomandibular and ceratohyal (the first
arch) and on the succeeding six arches, in order, 15, 14,
12, 9, 6, and 0 respectively. In most cases the outer ex-
tremities of the rays are produced in a sharp flexible point
beyond the adjacent margin of the gill covers. Gill open-
ings very wide, oblique, the opposite series very narrowly
separated on the throat, the fourth in front of a vertical
from the pectoral and the fifth and sixth extending back
above the shoulder. A broad opercular flap covers the first
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 4

50 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK ;

branchial aperture and is continuous and free across the
isthmus, forming a frill or ruffle; it is held in place and
prevented from turning forward by a thin fold or wall of
membrane, near an inch in height, attached immediately
beneath the middle of the basihyal. The external distri-
bution of slime-canals is about as follows: starting above
the nostril in front of the eye a line turns backward along
each side of the skull and, after receiving a branch from
behind the eye, continues along the middle of each flank
to the extreme end of the vertebral column in the tail,
where it makes an abrupt turn downward for about a
quarter of an inch ; under the chin on each side, a line runs
along the mandible and curving upward disappears behind
the angle of the mouth ; a branch of this, beginning nearly
on a vertical beneath the middle of the space between eye
and nostril, runs farther from the mouth and turning up-
ward near the margin of the opercular flap after receiving
a short branch behind the angle of the mouth, continues to
a point a very short distance behind the spiracle, a small
branch coming into it near the end from the direction of
the corner of the mouth. Pectorals moderate, broad,
rounded. Dorsal comparatively small, its posterior ex-
tremity extending as far back as that of the anal, angle
blunt. The upper margin of the dorsal is armed with a
series of enlarged, compressed, chisel-shaped scales, which
extends forward on the back to a vertical from the vent, a
few of the anterior being horizontally flattened. Ventrals
large, broad—a little broader than long, rounded, poste -
rior angle acute. Anal broad, long, rounded, acute-angled
posteriorly. Caudal long, very broad, rounded anteriorly,
posterior angle acute— produced into a filamentary point,
margin very thin or membranaceous. Above the muscular |
vertebral portion of the tail there is a narrow expanse of
fin, widening backward, the edge of which is armed by a

BY SAMUEL GARMAN. 51

sharp series of chisel-shaped scales, and extended down-
ward behind the end of the vertebral column, where it be-
comes about three-sixteenths of an inch in width. That it
is the dorsal portion of the fin which descends is proved by
the change in the direction of the points of the scales and
of the mucus canal. The dorsal portion of the fin is
plainly indicated on the hinder margin of the tail about
half-way down to the filamentary point. The chisel-shaped
scales are in reality formed from two series (one belonging
to each side of the body) which have coalesced. ‘Though
small and harsh to the touch the scales on the body are
not sharp ; they offer about the same resistance from what-
ever direction the finger may be passed over them. On
the tail, however, they are very sharp and the points are
directed backward. Along the edges of the canals on both
body and tail the scales are compressed and flattened ;
they form the only cover or protection for these organs,
which in the specimen described have the appearance of
long seams or grooves. On the skull these canals do not
stand open as on the rest of the body. Near the mouth
and especially toward its angle the scales are larger and
more prominent. Under the middle of the belly, the
skin forms two closely approximated rolls or ridges sep-
arated by a groove, and inside of these the muscle is thicker
than towards the flanks. Intestine very small, valve spi-
ral. Abdominal pores opening behind the vent, pro-
tected by afold. Cartilages soft and flexible as those of
Somniosus or MSelache. Uniform brown, darker at the
thin margins of the fins. Specimen described, a female,
apparently adult, purchased by the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology from Professor H. A.Ward, who gives Japan
as the locality.

The accompanying outlines are taken from the animal as
it lies on the belly showing the back of the middle of the

52 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK ;

body and the sides of the head and tail. The smaller
sketches show the upper and lower surfaces of the head.
The smallest figures give the outlines of a tooth viewed
from above and from the sides.

From the foregoing it appears that there is neither
genus nor family to which the species described may prop-
erly be assigned. The characters given below are se-
lected for provisional diagnoses.

CHLAMYDOSELACHUS. Branchial apertures six. Oper-
cular flap broad, free across the isthmus. Teeth similar
in both jaws, with slender subconical cusps and broad
backward produced bases. No teeth in the middle in
front above ; a row onthe symphysis below. Mouth wide,
anterior ; no labial fold. Nonictitating membrane. Fins
broad, pectorals far in advance of the others. Caudal
without a notch posteriorly. Gill arches slender, long,
basihyal not wide. Intestine small.

CHLAMYDOSELACHID&. Body much elongate, increas-
ing in size very little anteriorly. Head depressed, broad.
Eyes lateral, without nictitating membrane. Nasal cav-
ity in skull separate from that of mouth. Mouth anterior.
Snout broad, projecting very little. Cusps of teeth re-
sembling teeth of serpents. Spiracles small, behind the
head. One dorsal, without spine. Caudal without pit at
its root. Opercular flap covering first branchial aperture
free across the isthmus. Intestine with spiral valve.

BY SAMUEL GARMAN. 53

Remarks. Such an animal as that described is very
likely to unsettle disbelief in what is popularly called the
“sea serpent.” Though it could hardly on examination
be taken for anything but ashark, its appearance in the
forward portion of the body, particularly in the head,
brings vividly to mind the triangular heads, deep-cleft
mouths, and fierce looks of many of our most dreaded
snakes. In view of the possible discoveries of the future,
the fact of the existence of such creatures, so recently un-
discovered, certainly calls for a suspension of judgment
in regard to the non-existence of that oft-appearing but
elusive creature, the serpent-like monster of the oceans.

Generally the attitude of ichthyologists in respect to the
belief in unknown sea monsters is much the same; they
are inclined to accept it but are waiting more definite in-
formation. A couple of years ago Professor Baird in a
conversation on the subject drew a sketch of a strange
creature, captured and thrown away by a fisherman on
the coast of Maine, which might be readily considered by
the ordinary observer as a form of “the serpent.” It
was some twenty-four feet in length, ten inches in diame-
ter, eel-like in shape, possessed of a single dorsal placed
near the head, and had three gill openings. The question
was “is ita shark?” In several respects it resembled an
eel rather more. An outline and the correspondence in
relation to it have recently been published in the Proceed-
ings of the Fish Commission.

Notwithstanding the possession of peculiarities which
prevent its entrance into any of the known families of the
order, the subject of the present communication is a verit-
able shark. A diameter of less than four inches toa
length of five feet marks one of the slenderest of the tribe.
Whether it attains much greater length we can only judge,

54 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK ;

from the structure and apparent age of the specimen, to be
probable. The delicate margins and filaments of the fins
are those of an inhabitant of the open sea or considerable
depths. Bottom feeders are provided with larger spiracles
and the fins usually show signs of wear. Rapidity of .
movement is suggested by the large amount of surface in
the posterior fins. It is probable, however, that the large
fins, being so far back, are of importance as support for the
body when the anterior portion is quickly plunged forward
to seize the prey; that is, they secure a fulerum from
which the animal may strike like a snake. The anterior
fins (pectorals) being only of moderate size are yet ample
for balancing or directing the body when in motion how-
ever rapid.

There is a correspondence between the size of the gill
openings and that of the mouth; no matter how widely
the latter may be opened when rushing upon the prey,
the immense branchial apertures allow the water to pass
through without obstruction. Favoring the idea of rapidity
of movement still further are the peculiarities in the struc-
ture of the nostrils. By means of a fold from each side
of the vertically elongated nostril it is divided into what
appears to be two nasal apertures. Of these the upper looks
forward and catches the water as it is met turning it into
the cavity upon the membranes of the-interior; while the
lower opens backward allowing the water to escape after
passing over the olfactory apparatus. In case of the
upper opening it is the hinder margin that stands out
farthest from the head and in the lower aperture it is the
forward edge that is prominent. In fact the structure is
such that the slightest forward movement will send a cur-
rent of water in at the upper portion of the nostril and out
at the lower while a move backward will simply reverse

BY SAMUEL GARMAN. 5D

the order making the current enter below and escape above.
In most Selachians this current is secured by means of the
nasal valve, which covers about half of each nostril.

The teeth are constructed for grasping and from their

peculiar shape and sharpness it would seem as if nothing
that once came within their reach could escape them.
Even in the dead specimen the formidable three-pronged
teeth make the mouth a troublesome one to explore.
Points of teeth in perfect preservation, shape of the cusps,
and the structure of the small portion of the intestine left
by the captor, leave little room for doubt that the food of
the creature was such as possessed comparatively little
hardness in the way of the mail or other armature.
- No other shark of which we know has the opercular flap
free across the throat. In this particular it recalls the
fishes. There is a certain embryonic look about the spe-
cies, as others who have seen it also remark, that calls for
a comparison with fossil representatives of the Selachians.
Among them I have been unable to find anything which
might be considered at all near. InCladodus of the
Devonian there is a form with teeth somewhat similar,
a median and two lateral cones on each tooth, but
the cones are straight instead of curving backward, and
the enamel is grooved or folded instead of smooth. How-
ever, the type is one which produces the impression that
its affinities are to be looked for away back, probably ear-
lier than the Carboniferous, when there was less difference
between the sharks and the fishes.

A SPECIES OF HEPTRANCHIAS SUPPOSED TO
BE NEW.

BY SAMUEL GARMAN.

HEPTRANCHIAS PECTOROSUS.

Total length 16, snout to caudal 10.375, snout to anal 8.25, snout to
dorsal 7.1, snout to vent 6.75, snout to end of pectoral 5, snout to
angle of mouth 2, and snout to mouth 0.8 inches.

Hab., Patagonia.

Description. Body elongate, compressed posteriorly,
heavy and broad in the anterior third of its length, chest
broad. Head broad, short, somewhat depressed, snout
and facial angles rounded, blunt. Nostril, anterior, more
than half-way from the eye to the end of the snout, in the
upper half of the distance between top of head and mouth.
Eye moderate, without a nictitating membrane, situated
about the middle of the length of the head. Spiracle very
small, in front of the upper angle of the first gill opening,
half-way toa vertical from the eye. Mouth very large,
inferior, with a thin labial fold which extends along the
lower jaw nearly half-way to the symphysis. Teeth com-
pressed, unlike in the upper and lower jaws, which both
have teeth on the symphysis. Roof and floor of mouth
with compressed usually five-cusped scales, like shagreen.
The tooth between the series of the upper jaws is sharp
pointed, slightly oblique and resembles those on its left, as
it is on that side the small notch appears at its base. On
each side of this tooth there is a series of seven, the me-
dial of which bears asmall cusp at the forward portion of

(56)

HEPTRANCHIAS; BY SAMUEL GARMAN. Ae

the base which is followed by a long sharp one and this in
turn by one or two smaller ones. Behind the seven,
toward the angle of the jaws, there are a number of very
smallones. On the lower jaws the teeth are much broader,
that on the symphysis is small and bears most of its notches
on the left side ; on each side of it there isa series of six,
each of which has one to two small, followed by four mod-
erate sized, cusps, the anterior of the four being little
if any longer than the other three ; and, in cases, there is
also a small cusp on the posterior portion of the base. As
in the upper series there are very small teeth in the hinder
portion of the series. Gill openings seven, wide, all in
front of the pectoral, the series separated on the throat by
a space nearly as wide as that between them back of the
head ; the width of the openings, and of the spaces between
them decreases toward the pectoral. Pectorals nearly as
broad as long, angles rounded, posterior margin slightly
indented. Width across both ventrals less than their
length. ‘The posterior inner portion of each ventral is :
strong fold, opening toward the body, and in it is hidden
the clasper. Dorsal rather small, beginning above the pos-
terior extremity of the ventral and extending a little beyond
a vertical from the middle of the anal, posterior margin in-
dented, lower angle produced, blunt. Anal smaller than
the dorsal, beginning under the middle of the length of
the latter. Tail long without a pit at the root, armed on
the upper edge by three series of enlarged (thickened and
broadened) scales. Caudal rather narrow, widest ante-
riorly. Scales carinate, where they have not been rubbed,
with a long sharp central point and, on each side of this,
one or two small ones.

Brownish, more or less faintly blotched with darker on
back and flanks. Type in Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, Mass.

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BULLETIN

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Vot. 16. SaLemM: Aprit, May, Jung, 1884. Nos. 4,5, 6.

PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY.

BY WM. G. BARTON.

THE pigeon family, in the widest sense, includes a mul-
titude of species, many living in the tropics and display-
ing the gorgeous colors characteristic of the birds of hot
climates. But the wild species of pigeons which inhabit
Old and New England are few in number. In the former,
we find fuur species, viz.: the Blue Rock Dove, which
we shall speak of again, the Ring Dove, which is the com-
monest wild pigeon of England, the Stock Dove — once
considered the stock whence all domestic pigeons — and
the Turtle Dove. In New England are éwo species only :
the common Wild or Passenger Pigeon, and the Carolina
Dove. The beautiful little Collared Turtle Dove, called
also Ring Dove and Laughing Dove, common in both
countries as a pet, is not to be confounded with these.

Science has turned her scrutinizing eye sharply upon
pigeons; and Mr. Darwin took the domestic pigeon for
his chief typical illustration of the variability of do-
mestic animals, and made them contribute a surprising

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 4* (59)

60 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY ;

array of facts toward the support of his grand and auda-
cious theories of animal life. His opinion that all the
varieties of tame pigeons have descended from one species,
finds acceptance I believe with most scientists, although it
has not lacked warm contestants, and certainly, to super-
ficial observers, may well appear absurd. Those who are
interested in the question should read that one of the several
monuments of the great naturalist’s patience and concen-
tration, “The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domes-
tication.” The wild species assigned this post of honor
is the one first mentioned—the Blue Rock Pigeon (Col-
umba livia). This bird is very similar in appearance to that
variety of our common pigeon which is slaty-blue with two
well-defined dark bars across each wing. It is still found
in Great Britain, particularly along the rocky shores of
Scotland. Wild rock pigeons in other parts of the
the world, as in India and Italy, differing somewhat in
appearance from the British bird, are classed as the same
species. It is interesting to notice how often the light
bluish wing with the two bars appears among the fancy
breeds. This marking is especially common in the off-
spring of crosses between two varieties.

The Blue Rock pigeon’s nearest brother, and a variety
which required neither the cunning interference of man
nor long ages to produce, is the common Dove-house
pigeon, with which, mingled in some degree with other
blood, Salem and other cities are, in the words of a
Salem clergyman, “infested.” But, if we follow Mr.
Darwin, we must also consider as Columba livia, birds so
mutually diverse as the pouter, the tumbler, and the fan-
tail. Our common pigeon is found all over Europe, and
is the kind used in the cruel shooting-matches, which
should be prohibited. It is so abundant that the swift-
ness of its flight and the general beauty of its plumage,

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 61

especially in the “iris” of its burnished neck, are apt to
escape our notice.

Pigeons have been associated with mankind for un-
counted ages. Noah’s dove and the frequent references
to pigeons in the Scriptures are familiar to us all. The
earliest record of the domestic pigeon refers to the Fifth
Egyptian Dynasty or 3,000 B. C. But, leaving that out
of account, the ode to the carrier by Anacreon, written in
the fifth century, B. C., and the complaints of Varro who
was born 116 B. C., and of Columella, living about the
year 1 A. D., regarding the extravagant prices paid for
fancy pigeons by their contemporaries, are allusions to
pigeons old enough to make the brownest crumbling doc-
ument in this building seem a thing of yesterday. And
there may be somebody here who, learning that £100
is paid for a pair of carriers at the present day, and that
long lists of pigeon genealogy are printed, would shake
hands with old Pliny across eighteen centuries, and la-
ment as he did when he said: “Many are mad with the
love of these birds; they build towers for them on the
tops of their roof, and will relate the high-breeding and
ancestry of each, after the ancient fashion. Before Pom-
pey’s civil war, L. Axius, a Roman knight, used to sell a
single pair of pigeons denarits quadringentis.” This sum
has been estimated £12 18s. 4d.

Among the Orientals, pigeons have always been favorite
pets. There are thirty Sanscrit names for them, and
half as many Persian. India and China are old pigeon
countries. In fact, we believe that all civilized, and many
half-civilized, peoples have prized the pigeon. Besides the
countries mentioned, there come readily to mind, as asso-
ciated with this fancy, Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, Aus-
tria, Italy, Spain, France, Russia, the United States, and
preéminently Germany, Belgium, Holland and Great

62 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY ;

Britain. The dove which whispered into the Great Proph-
et’s ear has endeared this bird to Mussulmans; Russians
feel at this late day a practical affection toward them be-
cause of the service rendered at the Deluge; and the
many associations of the dove with Scripture have kept
alive a sentiment at least in their favor throughout
Christendom. Large numbers are publicly fed every day
in the great square of Venice; flocks soar across the
smoky sky of London; the streets of St. Petersburg,
Cairo, and Constantinople abound in them, tame and fear-
less. Among the rafters in the dock-sheds of New York
City live hundreds of pigeons, protected and cherished by
salt and stevedore ; and the spillings from the nose-bags of
the horses in Boston are devoured by denizens of loft,
cornice, and church-tower ; while amid the smoke and din
of the railway station in Salem doves rear their young.

In feudal days the barons only were allowed to keep
pigeons, which they suffered to prey upon the crops of
their tenantry, who had no redress. So that, in France
especially, we find hard words spoken against the dove-
cotes — those towers of masonry in which these birds were
lodged. These dovecote pigeons were no doubt at first
the “ blue rocks,” which had been captured in their native
haunts.

The pigeon fancy must be considered strictly a fancy.
Many men make it a business, of course, and a pigeon
pie is a pleasing incident; but the bald questions “ Does
it pay?” and “ Do you eat them ?” are considered almost in-
sulting by the true fancier, and are a sign that the ques-
tioner must experience, in respect to this subject, a sort
of new birth before he can be enlightened. The fancy,
then, is zesthetic, allied to that for roses, dahlias and tu-
lips; and I will venture to assert, that in grace of form,
and beauty of color and marking, those flowers have in

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 63

pigeons formidable rivals. To the boy the pigeon is a
pretty pet; to the man it becomes the object of deep
thought, of persevering training, and of patient experi-
ment.

Yes! to the boy, pigeons are the royal pets; and
thereafter, the caged squirrel, the penned-up toad, the
tethered tortoise, lose their charm. Captives are they —
yet at liberty, and such a liberty — not of the earth, but
of the heavens. They wander, not to catch grasshoppers
in the mowing lot, but to soar with exultant freedom into
the skies, still, as their proud owner knows, bound
fast to the loft by the ties of home. To the urchin every-
thing winged and hard to catch has especial charms,
whether butterfly, bat, or bird. And the craving for pos-
session grows so strong, that the black-barred, blue-check-
ered, brick-red-checkered, white, or variously pied, com-
mon pigeons of our streets and yards are enticed into the
noose or under the sieve, if only for the short-lived pleasure
of holding in the hand that throbbing form which just now
cleaved the air, or of pressing to the cheek or lips the soft
wing which has whistled so often overhead. The rapture
felt, when the coop is being prepared ; when the first live
pigeons are owned; at the discovery of the first white
egg; or at the return of the birds after their taste and
test of liberty,—only those who have felt it know. The
speaker recalls the time when, although then opposed as
now both from inclination and principle to early rising, he
hastened to his loft at five in the morning, where seated on
a hard box he spent an hour or two in watching the indoor
habits of his pigeons. Sometimes I carried on evening
observations by lantern light. Even now, I occasionally see
in dreams such ideal pigeons as are figured in the books,
and with that light upon their feathers which never was on
sea or land.

64 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

Pigeons pair, like the singing-birds; but, instead of
mating for the season, remain paired year after year, even,
as a rule, for life. I say as a@ rule because there are fre-
quent exceptions; and the constancy of the dove has been
greatly exaggerated, as they occasionally desert one an-
other to choose more congenial mates, and are by no means
always faithful to the vows made at billing, even when
the partnership is continued. So are their meekness and
gentleness largely imaginary. It is, I fear, the soft,
plaintive voice of the pigeon that has done much for its
reputation. There could scarcely be a more striking illus-
tration of a quarrelsome disposition, prone to pick up a
row whenever possible, than is afforded by some cock
pigeons. Such a bird will take up his station at the en-
trance of a loft, and do his best to prevent the passage in
or out of any inmate, rushing to and fro with malicious
cooing and vicious strokes of his bill. Such a pigeon
often takes possession of the whole side of the room,
comprising many more nests than he can possibly use,
and maintains his position until actually whipped in a
free fight with some other cock. <A pigeon frequently
acts to perfection the dog in the manger, perching upon
the food box or the bath solely to keep other pigeons
away. This is hardly exceptional, unless in degree. No
bird is more jealous of his rights and privileges, and they
are all greedy and all will fight—orrun. I have watched
with some excitement fights over a nesting place, which
lasted for many minutes. They approach one another
sidewise, holding on high the off wing in a threatening
way, and striking with the one next their rival, and
also with their beak. It is highly amusing to see two that
are about equally matched, in a nesting box, wrestling,
each trying to pitch his antagonist out and not to be
pitched out himself, so that they turn round and round

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 65

or stand as still as a Rogers group, tightly braced with
outspread wings and legs. That they are seldom much
injured in these fights is only because they are poorly
armed. A squab which has tumbled to the floor is not
unfrequently terribly lacerated—sometimes even killed
by old birds; and a sick pigeon is invariably persecuted
with vehement malice. I regret to disturb any long cher-
ished notion in the minds of my hearers, but am thus in
the fashion in these iconoclastic times. You will find very
much in these birds to compensate for a character often so
unlovely ; and their habit of generally mating for life,
and always very fondly, remains a remarkable fact.

The perpetuation and improvement of existing varieties
and the formation of new ones depend upon the fact that
pigeons very kindly accept mates chosen by their owners,
so that they may be made to mate according to the points
possessed by the proposed parents and desired in the off-
spring. Many pages of tedious detail have been written
as to what birds should be mated to produce a given result.
As the French in roses, the Dutch in bulb flowers, so, for
example, have the Germans shown marvellous skill in the
production of variously marked and colored pigeons.

A cock and hen pigeon placed in a cage together, will
generally mate in a day or two, unless the hen whip the
cock. In which case, a few days sole possession of the
cage will commonly furnish him with sufficient courage
to bring the hen to submission. Two cock pigeons
may mate, when males are too numerous, and, if given
eggs, rear young; and females have been known to
do the same, each laying two eggs in the nest, on which
they sit with amusing patience. The nest is generally the
choice of the cock, if not of the fancier. He flies into it,
scratches about or crouches perfectly motionless and calls
softly, louder and louder, to his mate, peeping out now

66 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

and then to see if she responds. Probably she soon flies
into the nest, coos softly in reply, and caresses his head
gently with her bill in the most affectionate and delicate
manner. Perhaps she has brought a stick or straw. But,
at any rate, he soon flies off to fetch building material to
her, which she arranges with great care, often taking it
directly from his beak. These meetings are always
accompanied by short, confiding coos. The nests vary
greatly. Some pairs work with great industry, and build
a toppling dangerous structure ; others are content with a
dozen sticks, and deposit the eggs upon the bare board or
earthen nest pan. Two eggs only are laid, the great
fecundity of pigeons depending altogether upon the num-
ber of the broods, which among good breeders may
amount to ten or eleven a year. For several days before
the eggs are laid, the cock follows the hen from place to
place, giving her little peace except when she is on the
nest. The first egg is laid in the late afternoon, and after
two nights and a day have passed, the second one is placed
by its side, probably in the forenoon. Then begins incu-
bation in earnest, more and more assiduous as the days
goon. Inall these matters, the cock takes an affectionate
and unaffected interest, perching near by, communicating
frequently, and assuming an important share in the labor
of incubation. He goes on to the nest in the middle of
the forenoon, is cordially welcomed by the hen, who care-—
fully gets off the nest and seeks for food, recreation, and
exercise, while he as carefully adjusts himself with an air
of great comfort to await his mate’s return, which will be
in four or five hours. This time may vary slightly, but
at night the nest is always occupied by the female. In
about eighteen days after the second egg, the “golden
couplets are disclosed,” thinly covered with a yellow down,
blind, and as helpless as young mice or sparrows. Now

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 67

we behold a marvel which distinguishes pigeons from
other birds, and makes the old joke about pigeon’s milk
no joke at all. As in mammals the lacteal glands secrete
milk at the birth of the young, so, at the hatching of the
young pigeons, or rather at the time when they should
hatch, the crops of both parents become thickened in
structure, and secrete a milky liquid, which coagulates or
curdles into something resembling curdled milk; and the
young pigeon has his beak taken into the side of that of
his parent, and receives this curdy nourishment, ejected
by a sort of vomiting, against his wide under mandible.
For this, his appetite is excellent, and such remarkable
nutritive power does it possess, that squabs grow at a
wonderful rate. For a while they are covered closely by
the parents, and fed exclusively upon this “soft meat.”
But in a few days, they are left uncovered longer and
longer, and the soft meat becomes mingled with half-di-
gested food; and, after eight or ten days, it disappears
altogether, the food being then merely softened by macer-
ation in the crop of the parent. Later on, the old one,
_after eating heartily, directly swallows a copious draught
of water and throws up his whole cropful into the maw of
the young one, who is now fully feathered, perhaps flying
from roof to roof, or running with outspread wings and a
whistling note in pursuit of his father,—for the mother
has probably weaned him, and is devoting her whole atten-
tion to a second pair of eggs.

Fanciers are in the habit of shifting eggs from one pair
to another to afford valuable young the benefit of good
nursing, and a large proportion of the highest bred birds
are reared by foster-parents of a common sort. Young
ones are sometimes given to several different pairs of
nurses in succession, so as to be afforded more than one
course of soft meat. Pigeons, like infants, may be brought

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 5

68 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY ;

up by hand, and many aone, deserted after a week or so
by his parents, has flourished, first on chewed cracker,
then on grain and water (which they soon learn to take
deftly from the human mouth) ; or has been fed literally by
hand with soaked peas or corn. A large number of the pig-
eons sold for food in the London market have been stuffed
by professional feeders, who charge a penny a dozen
squabs for feeding them with millet or tares and water
from their mouth. The crop is blown full in an instant
and a whole meal thus given the astonished bird in almost
the twinkling of an eye. The increase in weight of a
young pigeon is thus given by an English clergyman. It
was a young barb, and weighed at hatching one-half oz.

The following are its weights on the respective days :—

6th day Ad oz.
Tt 66 52 66
Oth «6 84 x;
12th * 10« ss
18th * 114 «<
20th << 113 «
lmo. 124 «* or a little more

than the mother. In four or five weeks the bird is flying
about, and in six months or so is anxious to find a mate
of his own.

Pigeons are great bathers, and common ones are often
seen squatting in the puddles. During a shower, they
sprawl about upon the roof, lying upon the side with one
wing uplifted, that the drops may fall beneath it; and they
sometimes remain out until completely drenched.

In their manner of drinking they resemble horses, suck-
ing all they wish—a hearty pull— without raising the
head, and, when very thirsty, immersing the beak nearly
to the eyes.

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 69

They are fond of salt, and gather around a bit of salt
fish, or peck day after day at the gravel where salt has
been shaken from the table cloth.

Their fondness for hemp seed is like the greed of chil-
dren for candy ; and the wildest specimens may generally
be quickly tamed by it, and made to eat from the hand
and fly upon the head and shoulders of the feeder.

They are as individual as men. I can recall the faces
and coos of certain pigeons, and have often recognized one
among a flock of thirty by the voice alone. Some are docile,
intelligent, less greedy ; others pugnacious, stupid, and the
very embodiment of selfish gluttony. Some, easily tamed,
look trustingly at you; others of the same variety, have
the eye of a wild Texas bull and refuse to come near, un-
less they are sure of hemp seed.

There are very many obstacles to successful pigeon-
keeping. Hawks may catch them on the wing; cats
bring bloody havoc into the loft, or snap up your choicest
darling under your very nose; rats may eat eggs and
young ; lice in five or six species infest them; or disease
ravage like Asiatic cholera. Some refuse to lay, others
allow their young to starve. You may be surprised some
fine day to find that your best yellow fantail has fallen
down a chimney. Several pigeons have tumbled down
two different chimneys in my house, and I was once
obliged to rise at midnight to remove the fireboard in my
chamber and admit a tumbler in this Santa Claus fashion,
a tumbler indeed.

The homes of pigeons are of every kind, from the soap-
box of the ten year old boy, to the elaborately furnished,
heated, and daily swept apartments of the wealthy fancier.
The best lofts in England, Scotland, and the United States
would doubtless greatly surprise most of us by their
beauty, costliness, and adaptation.

70 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

Many pigeon or columbarian societies, for the promo-
tion of the fancy, exist in this country and in Europe. In
London, at the present day, there is the National Periste-
ronic Society, which consists of one hundred members,
and which holds an annual exhibition at the Crystal Pal-
ace. Of course there are multitudes of local societies.

The premiums and the notoriety offered by exhibitions
afford the special inducements to fanciers to breed for
points of excellence. The prizes are awarded by judges ;
and upon the standards adopted by the society, and the
discretion of the judges depends, in some degree, what
characteristics shall be demanded in certain varieties.
So that, while the general character of a variety remains
the same year after year, requirements as to minor points
are constantly being modified. This subject sometimes
gives rise to controversy. ~

[In describing the principal varieties of fancy pigeons,
the speaker referred to the pictures upon the stage, and
was not confined to manuscript. His remarks, somewhat
abridged, were as follows. |

The Pouter is, in my opinion, the king of fancy pigeons,
although this term has been applied to the carrier. The
unsophisticated are apt to call him ugly, and at first sight
he does bear a top-heavy look. But when we learn that
his huge ball is simply inflated with air, he seems the
lighter for it. Pouters are more cosseted and petted
than any fancy pigeon. They are made very tame,
handled often, stroked upon the back, and taught to
“blow, ” and trip about or “ play” as it is called, when ad-
dressed by the peculiar call which pouter fanciers utter.
He is the most human pigeon, often assuming a nearly erect
position, is intelligent, responsive, social, good-natured,
comical. One comes to consider him a playful, sly
rogue, ready for a frolic. If he does not swell up when

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 71

you want him to, it is an easy matter to put his bill into
your mouth and blow him up, as a boy does a football.
He will retain this air when set down, and strut about
with as much satisfaction as if he did it himself. This
habit of inflating the crop is in some degree common to all
pigeons and affords them unmistakable pleasure, although
once in a while the pouter may have a difficulty in dis-
charging the air, perhaps even fall over backwards.
They generally fly with much wing clapping and often
with their crops fully inflated. When very hungry they
are apt to gorge themselves, and all the pigeon books give
instructions for hanging up a gorged pouter in a stocking
leg. The pouter should be very tall and slender, with long
legs that are properly feathered, long wings and tail, and
a full round crop. He should be as perfectly marked as
possible. ‘There are blue-pied, black-pied, yellow-pied,
red-pied, white, and other colors. Indeed most varieties
of fancy pigeons are found of different colors. There is
a small or “bantam ” variety called the “pigmy” pouter.
The Scotch are noted for their fine pouters. £300 has
been paid for three pairs, and $135 for a yellow-pied
hen, and probably even larger prices have been realized.
Prices like these are not rare among rich and enthusiastic
fanciers, and figures as astonishing may be quoted for all
the more important varieties of fancy pigeons.

The Carrier is by many fanciers placed at the very head
of the fancy, but it is not a favorite of mine. It has
beauty, because it is a pigeon, and is very curious, but re-
quires a high degree of culture to fully appreciate it. One
must “be educated up to it,” as the old saw-sharpener said
to the man who objected to the music of his file. The
carrier is now poorly named because, although its ances-
tors were undoubtedly used for the purpose which the
name suggests, this fancy carrier is, by the highly devel-

72 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY ;

oped eye and beak wattles, totally unfitted for long flights,
its sight being so much obstructed that the best specimens
cannot pick up scattered kernels of corn, but must be
fed from a box. So the term “Homing Pigeon” or
“ Homer” has been applied to the actual carrier. The fancy
carrier calls for more points of perfection than any other
pigeon, and itis stated that twice as much money is annu-
ally spent for them as for any other variety. He is not
tame nor petted like the pouter, but is naturally wild. He
is large, powerful, and bold-looking. His neck should
be long, slender but not tapering. His beak-wattles, eye-
wattles, beak, head, legs, outline, must approximate to a
given standard. His main distinguishing feature is his
abnormally large beak-wattle, which looks as if a small
cauliflower had been impaled upon his bill.

The Dragoon, often called the “ Dragon,” resembles the
carrier, but has a smaller wattle which grows upon the
upper mandible only. He is, I think, a much handsomer
bird, being very symmetrical in form. They are good
fliers and good nurses.

The Antwerp isa name given to an important variety of
“ Homing ” pigeon, but there is also a sort called the “Show
Antwerp,” which is a fine bird, with lines to charm a
sculptor, but with no very remarkable peculiarity.

The Barb was perhaps named from the country of Bar-
bary. All the “ wattled” pigeons are probably of Oriental
origin. A Turkish pigeon called the Scandaroon much
resembles the carrier. The barb has a broad square head,
with a bright red surface of wattle around the eye, and a
short, thick, bullfinch beak. It is highly prized, and is,
like the foregoing and most of those to follow, of various
colors.

The Mahomet is similar to the barb, but has a crest.

The Tumbler is so called because he tumbles ; yet some

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 73

do not. In fact, tumblers may be divided into two classes :
the Flying Tumblers, prized for their aérial performing,
and Short-faced Tumblers, which are bred solely for
eertain peculiarities of appearance, without regard to their
manner of flight. Tumbling, strictly speaking, is the
turning of one or more complete backward somersaults
during flight, so rapidly as not to impede progress, and
often during an upward course. Good birds will tumble
thirty or forty times a minute, and go over so quickly as to
escape the notice of a person not used to watching them.
The better spirits they are in, the more they tumble,
appearing to take great pleasure in the act. But it is also
true that among those called “House Tumblers,” which
tumble in the loft and are seldom let out, some individuals
tumble if they rise a foot from the floor, and seem to dread
the action; while occasionally an out-of-door tumbler
loses control of himself and falls to the grouud. But
the term tumbling does not mean falling, though some
poor performers, especially young birds, do drop for some
distance instead of going over. There is, however, a
variety among tumblers called “Rollers,” which drop
through the air while rolling rapidly over and over.
Collections or “kits” of flying tumblers are carefully trained
to fly high in a compact flock. There is no more beautiful
sight than a flock of these birds dashing off a roof, tumb-
ling, rolling, and circling about higher and higher until
almost or quite lost to sight. These flocks are often
started off by flag waving, and called down by a whistle.
They will remain aloft for hours, for seven hours even,
never going out of sight, unless upward.

The Short-faced Tumblers are bred very small and
plump, with a round head, and an exceedingly short beak.
They are of very many colors, and among them are the
Baldheads with a white head, and the Beards with a white

74 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

chin. All tumblers have short “ faces,” but the difference
between the coarsest, “mousy,” flying-tumbler and the
high-bred, delicate, short-face is very great, and there are
all grades between. The Almond Tumbler should be
of a dark, rich yellow color (difficult to describe—it might
be called a very light brown), dotted with small black
spots, while the flight and tail feathers should each show
distinct marks of yellow, black, and white. Some of
the finest specimens remind one of a tulip. The almond
birds often have young of other colors, which are used
in breeding other almonds.

The Fantail or“ Fan” is the best known fancy pigeon.
It probably originated in India, and many have been
brought home from Calcutta in Salem vessels. Ladies
always admire the fantail ; and a flock of pure white ones
strutting over a lawn, or a collection of various colors,
white, black, blue, yellow, red, pied, saddle-backed,
feeding in a dense cluster like a bouquet of fine flowers, is
worth going some distance tosee. The old name for them
is Broad-tailed Shaker. The term shaker is on ac-
count of the peculiar quivering motion of their necks when
they strut. The tail of the common pigeon contains twelve
feathers while that of the fantail has been known to carry
forty. But erect carriage and symmetry of form are more
to be desired than a great number of feathers, and most
tails contain only between twenty and thirty.

[Only short notes had been written about the following
varieties which were more or less fully described. ]

The Frilled Pigeons, with a frill on the breast like a
ruffled shirt-front, variously crested or plain-headed, in-
clude the following, with many sub-varieties of color, etc. :
Turbit, Turbiteen, Satinette, Brunette, Bluette, Blondi-
ette, and Owl.

The Jacobin, or “Jack,” is apt to be poor, but when

BY WILLIAM QG. BARTON. 75

good, is a most beautiful bird. Its distinguishing feature
is an ample hood of colored feathers closely curving over
its pretty white head.

The Trumpeter has a “shell” crest, a strange tuft of
feathers at the base of the upper mandible, and very heay-
ily feathered legs. He is named for his remarkable, long-
continued, very amusing coo.

The Runt is the largest variety. It is bred solely for
size. They weigh, per pair, between four and five pounds,
and a single runt has weighed two pounds nine ounces.

The pigeons which are usually called “Toy Pigeons,”
are mostly of German origin. Most of them are in-
cluded in the following list. It should be remembered
that of many of these, there are several sub-varieties of
differing colors: Magpie, Nun, Spot, White-spot, Hel-
met, Swallow or Tern, Fairy, Priest, Brunswick, Starling,
Swiss or Crescent, Shield, Letz, Archangel, Ice, Fire,
Suabian, Hyacinth, Porcelain, Victoria, Frill-back, Stork,
Black-backed Gull.

The following varieties are Oriental: Swift, Lahore or
Martin, Burmese or Florentine, Scandaroon, Damascene,
Capuchin, Mookee, Goolee, Sherajee.

The Homing Pigeon, or the “carrier pigeon” of literature,
must be distinguished from the carrier of the fancy.
Pigeons have undoubtedly been used for many centuries
to carry messages, and they are still used for that purpose ;
but at present, where one is used for carrying a message,
thousands are flown in matches for a trial of speed. In
considering them, it should be remembered that they fly
only to their loft, being influenced solely by their desire
to get home, and that they accomplish long distances only
after a prolonged course of training. In the opinion of
most persons who have carefully weighed the facts, their

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 5*

76 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

wonderful feats may be altogether accounted for by their
acute eyesight, good memory, and great power of endu-
rance and speed. Cases have been cited which were thought
to prove that they possess some mysterious power of di-
vining the way home, but the weight of the evidence is
decidedly against this notion. Fog and darkness invariably
interfere with their return, and even a light fall of snow,
which changes the appearance of the landmarks, has
thwartedthem. Journeys of three or four miles have been
made on moonlight nights ; but the offer made by Mr. Teget-
meier of £10 for any pair of pigeons which would fly
twenty-five miles on a dark night (although thousands
will fly two hundred and fifty miles in a day) was not
met. The same gentleman took a pigeon, which had often
flown fifty miles, a distance of five miles in a fog, and the
bird very wisely remained upon a housetop until the fog
cleared away. !

The mystery of this homing power is lessened in some
degree, when it is considered that a pigeon’s power of
vision is probably much greater than that of man, and
that Mr. Glaisher, from a balloon one-half mile high over
London, could see the River Thames all the way from
Richmond to the Nore, and when a mile high, the cliffs
at Dover seventy miles away. ‘There can be little doubt
that the very best-bred pigeon would certainly be lost if
taken one hundred miles away for its first flight. Some
birds which were twenty hours upon a journey of eighty-
three miles flew over the same ground the second time in
two. Even old ones, which have flown in races the
previous season hundreds of miles in length, are never
sent upon the longest journeys without being, in some
degree, re-trained that year to refresh their memory.

Dragoons, Tumblers, Owls, and other varieties, have

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 77

been used as carriers; but the birds used for this purpose
are prized solely for their flying, are generally the product
of several judicious crosses, and so are of every variety
of color. They must be muscular, close-feathered, with
broad overlapping flight-feathers. Probably ninety-nine
one-hundredths of the pigeons flown as carriers look much
like common pigeons, being somewhat larger and stronger,
stouter in build and beak, and having a sharp, intelligent
look. When a pigeon, destined to be a homer, is two or
three months old, he is taken a half mile or a mile away from
his home and allowed to fly back. Then he is taken two
miles, then say four, eight, sixteen and, perhaps, by this
time ten, twenty, or thirty miles farther at each stage.
Many birds are lost while being trained, thus carrying out
the principle of the survival of the fittest.

A most remarkable opportunity for the use of carrier
pigeons was afforded by the siege of Paris. Pigeons whose
home was in that unfortunate city were sent out in balloons
and subsequently loosed to make their way back as bearers
of valuable official and private despatches. By paying a
high rate of postage any person could send a message to a
friend in Paris limited to a certain number of words. A
very large number of despatches were set up in type,
making a page as large as that of a newspaper. This was
reproduced on a much reduced scale by photography upon
asmall piece of paper. Onesuch piece, which was probably
a fair sample, measured one and one-fourth inches by two
and one-fourth, and contained two hundred and twenty-six
despatches, the postage on which aggregated £100. This
scrap of paper was placed within a bit of quill, which was
securely attached to the shaft of one of the tail feathers
of the appointed messenger. If the brave little pigeon
safely ran the gauntlet of hawks, storms, fog, and German

78 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

sharpshooters, upon its arrival the despatches were inter-
preted with a microscope, distributed, or publicly displayed.

During the siege, sixty-four balloons came out of Paris
containing ninety-one persons and three hundred and sixty
three pigeons. Of the pigeons, only seventy-three found
their way back; a few of them, however, two or three
times, while one bird made six trips. A pigeon which
was captured by the Germans and sent by Prince Fred-
erick Charles to his mother, upon escaping from her loft
after four years’ confinement, returned to its Parisian home.
Is it to be wondered at that the governments of France
and Germany at the present time breed and keep in training
great flocks of homing pigeons as a military measure?

Pigeon racing is now practised to some extent in this
country. The English are moderately fond of it, but the
headquarters for this sport is Belgium. Pigeon-flying
is there the national sport. The King favors it and the
government subsidizes it. There are said to be more of
these pigeons in Belgium than there are inhabitants, or over
5,000,000. Every town, every village, has its society, and
flights of three, four, and five hundred miles are common.
Upon a single day there were sent 200,000 pigeons from
Belgium into France, all to be liberated in races or for
training. Sometimes the wonderful sight is afforded of
2000 or 3000 pigeons being liberated together. They are
shipped in willow panniers or baskets, each containing
about thirty. On Saturday, May 11, 1878, two special trains
of seventy-three cars left Belgium for different stations in
France, carrying 1740 hampers containing about 70,000
pigeons to be liberated the following day, Sunday. And,
upon Sunday, May 19, 125,000 pigeons were loosed,
24,000 in one French city alone.

The races are generally flown under the direction of a

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 79

society. The distance from the starting point to each
owner’s loft is determined, and on the eve of the race, the
birds, marked with their owners’ name or number, are
sent to the rooms of a committee, and there again marked
with a cipher unknown to the owners. They are sent by
rail with attendants to the starting point. When they
are released the time is carefully taken, and various means
are adopted to ascertain and verify the time of each bird’s
arrival at its home. In regard to the speed of these birds,
Tegetmeier maintains that they can fly at the rate of three
miles a minute. A pigeon has been known to make a
journey in eight hours at an average speed of forty-five
miles an hour. A French writer chose from the official
reports of 300 great races the times of twenty-one birds,
the circumstances of whose flight were particularly favor-
able for his purpose. The slowest of these, according to
his estimate, flew 867 yards per minute, the three next
to the fastest about 1440 yards, the very fastest 1780
yards. The journey of the latter occupied four and three
fourths hours. A mile a minute for nearly five hours!
Even this speed is greatly exceeded in short flights.

In 1865, thirty birds were flown from Liverpool to
Ghent, 300 miles; they were liberated at 5.30 a. m., the
first arriving at 5.50 that evening, after twelve hours and
twenty minutes, averaging twenty-five miles an hour.
Eight returned the same day; eight never returned.

In 1868, 1507 birds were liberated, July 18, 5 a.m.
at Agen, about 500 miles from Brussels. The prizes,
including those offered by the king, amounted to 19,000
francs. The following morning at 6.04, the first pigeon
arrived, and the 216th came in at 10.30 the day after.

The longest race ever flown was from Rome to Belgium
in 1868. 200 pigeons were liberated on July 22, at 4.30

80 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY;

A.M. All of them had flown home from the south of
France but none had ever been farther. No bird reached
home that month, nor on the first of Aug., nor the second,
but on the third there arrived, at a town near Liege, the
first messenger from the Eternal City, at 1.55 in the after-
noon. If this pigeon bad flown in a straight line, it must
have crossed the Apennines and the Alps at an altitude of
at least 7000 feet ; but it is thought probable that it kept
to the west of these mountains, skirting the coast and
entering France by the way of Nice. The second bird
came in on the same day at evening; the third, the day
following, Aug. 4; the fourth, Aug. 6; the fifth and sixth,
Aug. 10; seventh, Aug. 11; eighth, Aug. 12; ninth, Aug.
18, nearly a month after starting ; and the tenth on Sept.
11, to Maestricht. Of the 200 birds liberated, 180 never
returned.

The following facts, selected from a mass of material,
may be interesting. Mr. Van Opstal, a Belgian, living
in New York City, writes me that the longest distance
flown in the United States is about 725 miles. The
pigeon which performed this feat was owned in Cleveland,
O., and was bred from a pair imported from Brussels. A
Newark bird has flown about 700 miles, but the time oc-
cupied was about four weeks. In the summer of 1883,
pigeons flew from Columbus, O., and arrived home at
Newark, N. J., 460 miles away, on the same day they
were liberated. Mr. Van Opstal writes that a distance of
more than 550 or 600 miles seems to be too much for
homing pigeons, from one to six weeks being spent in
accomplishing that distance, and 75 per cent of the pig-
eons getting lost ; while they often return 500 to 525 miles
in a single day, and only 12 per cent get lost. They
have flown from Steubenville, O., over the Alleghanies to

BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 81

N. Y. City, 350 miles, in eight hours. A homer called
Jupiter had arecord substantially as follows :

Hatched in Antwerp Aug. 1874.
Brought to America Jan. 1875.
Philadelphia to New York 1875.
6 aS “s ‘¢ (silver cup) 1876.
Chester, Pa. toN. Y. (Ast prize) 1877.
Elkton, Md. to N. Y. ot
Baltimore to N. Y. 66

Newark, N. J. to N. Y. (1st prize among 69) 1878.
Tamaqua, Pa. to N. Y. (1st ‘* ek ey Nes
Sunbury, Pa. to N. Y. (1st * ne 5)

This bird afterward won first prize from Altoona, Pa., 235
miles, and third prize from Steubenville, O., 355 miles.

In a sale of Homing Pigeons in Brussels in 1877, No.
4 on the catalogue sold for 170 francs.

It had flown from—

Valencienne, 50 miles. Several prizes.

Arras, 100 <«é 66 ee

Orleans, 280. . <6 A prize.

Chateauroux, 325 ‘* sean;

Langon, 600 <* (in 1876) 6th prize among
2000.

Lectoure, 600 <** 201stprize among 2468.

Such is the wonderful travelling these birds perform.

In closing, let me say, that to any one of you, whether
lady, gentleman, or child, in search of a hobby, I can
heartily recommend the Pigeon Fancy. You may keep
pigeons merely as delightful pets, breed them for prize
points, or fly them as tumblers or racers.

ANNUAL MEETING, Monpay, May 19, 1884.

THE annual meeting this evening at 7.30 o’clock: The
PRESIDENT in the chair. Records of the last annual meet-
ing were read and approved.

The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, Li-
brarian and the Curators and Committees were read and
duly accepted, and ordered to be placed upon file.

The committee on nominations reported the following
list of officers, which was duly elected.

PRESIDENT:
HENRY WHEATLAND.

VICEH-PRESIDENTS:

ABNER C. GOODELL, JR. DANIEL B. HaGar.
FREDERICK W. PUTNAM. ROBERT S. RANTOUL.
SECRETARY: TREASURER:
GEORGE M. WHIPPLE. GEORGE D. PHIPPEN.
AUDITOR: LIBRARIAN:
RICHARD C. MANNING. WILLIAM P. UPHAM.
CURATORS:
History—HENRY F. WATERS. Botany—GEORGE D. PHIPPEN.
Manuscripts—WILLIAM P. UPHAM. Zodlogy—EDWARD S. MORSE.

Archeology—FREDERICK W. PUTNAM. | Horticulture—JOHN E. PEABODY.

Numismatics—MATTHEW A. STICKNEY. | Music—JOSHUA PHIPPEN, JR.

Geology—B. F. MCDANIEL. Painting § Sculpture—T. F, Hunt,
Technology—EDWIN C. BOLLES.

COMMITTEES:

Finance:
The PRESIDENT, Chairman ex off.

HENRY M. BROOKS. GEO. R. EMMERTON. DAVID PINGREE,
The TREASURER, ez off.

Library:

CHARLES W. PALFRAY. HENRY F. KING. WILLIAM NEILSON,
WILLIAM D. NORTHEND. THEODORE M. OSBORNE.
The LIBRARIAN, ex off.

(82)

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 83

Publication:

EDWARD S. ATWOOD. ABNER C. GOODELL, JR. EDWIN C. BOLLES.
B. F. MCDANIEL. H. F. WATERS. JAMES A. EMMERTON. T. F. HUNT.
Lecture:

ROBERT S. RANTOUL. FREDERICK W. PUTNAM. AMOS H., JOHNSON,
FIELDER ISRAEL. ARTHUR L. HUNTINGTON.

Field Meeting:

The SECRETARY, Chairman ex off.

GEORGE A. PERKINS, Salem. GEORGE D. PHIPPEN, Salem.
GEORGE COGSWELL, Bradford. FRANK KR. KIMBALL, Salem.
FRANCIS H. APPLETON, Peabody. EBEN N. WALTON, Salem.
NATHANIEL A. HORTON, Salem. WINFIELD S. NEVINS, Salem.
EDWARD S. MORSE, Salem. JOHN H. SEARS, Salem.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

compiled from the several reports read at the meeting,
and the remarks of several members in relation thereto,
presents the work of the Institute in its various depart-
ments since the last annual meeting.

MemBers.—Changes occur in the list of our associates
by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by
death.

We have received information of the death, during the
year, of twenty-four persons, who have been resident
members. ,

GARDINER LEONARD CHANDLER, son of Gardiner L.
and Lucretia C. (Green) Chandler, bern in Boston, 9
April, 1806; artist; died in Salem, 27 May, 1883. Ad-
mitted a member 4 May, 1859.

CHARLES Timotuy Brooks, son of Timothy and Mary
(Mason) Brooks; born in Salem June 20, 1813; gradu-
ated at Harvard College in 1832, Harvard Theological

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 6

84 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

School in 1835; pastor of the Unitarian Church at New-
port, R. I., from 1838 to 1871; died at Newport, 12
June, 1883. Admitted a member 12 Oct., 1859.

ERNEST BRUNO DE GERSDORFF, son of Ernest von
Gersdorff, a judge of the court of Saxe Weimar; born
in Elsenach, Germany, 18 July, 1820; graduated in
medicine at Leipsic, 1846, and immediately came to this
country, residing at Bethlehem, Penn. ; then Andover ;
in 1849, Salem; in 1865, he removed to Boston; a phy-
sician; died at Pleasantville, N. Y., 28 June, 1883.
Admitted a member 4 May, 1853.

CHARLES CoTESwoRTH Braman, son of Ephraim and
Rebecca (Greenleaf) Beaman; born in Boston, 12 Aug.,
1799; in early life engaged in business pursuits; then
entered Andover Theological Seminary, and graduated in
1837 ; pastor of the Howard Street Church in Salem from
1857-1864, having previously occupied other pulpits;
died in Boston, 4 July, 1883. Admitted a member 28
Jan’y, 1858.

Horace Brown, son of Haydn and Harriet (Emery)
Brown; born at West Newbury, 31 Aug., 1851; gradu-
ated at Harvard College, 1872, the Harvard Law School
in 1874; lawyer in Salem; died at West Newbury, 5
July, 1883. Admitted a member 5 April, 1875.

SamuEL H. Nicuots, son of Samuel H. and Sarah
(Burdett) Nichols; born at Wakefield, N. H., 31 Jan’y,
1830; clerk; died in Salem, 9 July, 1883. Admitted a
member 22 July, 1868.

Joun M. Ives, son of William and Mary (Bradshaw)
Ives; born in Salem, 8 July, 1799. In early life he was
in the book business, and at the same time kept a circu-
lating library ; afterwards interested in horticultural pur-
suits ; died in Salem, 29 July, 1883. An original member.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 85

STEPHEN BrapsHaw IvEs, a brother of the preceding ;
born in Salem, 12 April, 1801; known for many years as
a bookbinder and bookseller under the firm of W. & S.
B. Ives; established the Salem Observer in 1823; died
31 July, 1883. Admitted a member 15 Feb., 1852.

WILLIAM SEWALL CLEVELAND, son of William and
Mary (Hiller) Cleveland; born in Lancaster, 28 Feb.,
1810; bookkeeper, secretary of the Commercial Insur-
ance Company, treasurer of the Salem Turnpike and
Chelsea Bridge Corporation, etc. ; was for a long time a
clerk with Charles S. Nichols & Co.; died in Salem, 3
Aug., 1883. An original member.

Witi1am Hont, son of William and Mary (Dean)
Hunt; born in Salem, 25 April, 1804; a merchant, and
with the late Robert Brookhouse was largely engaged in
the west coast of Africa trade; died at Salem, 3 Aug.,
1883. Admitted a member 25 Jan’y, 1854.

Tuomas S. JEWETT, son of Thomas and Lucy (Pinder)
Jewett; born in Ipswich, 18 Jan’y, 1812; came to Salem
when a boy and learned the carpenter’s trade; followed
this trade for many years; the past twenty-three years
one of the assessors of Salem; died 13 Aug., 1883.
Admitted a member 28 Jan’y, 1856.

Witu1aM Leavitt, son of Joshua and Eunice (Rich-
ardson) Leavitt; born in Hingham, 15 April, 1801; came
to Salem with his parents in 1801; in early life a clerk
or salesman in a hardware store, afterwards a teacher in
the grammar schools of Salem; many years an in-
structor in navigation and bookkeeping ; interested in the
local history of Salem and has compiled several communi-
cations for the Historical Collections of the Essex Insti-
tute; died at Salem, 3 Sept., 1883. Admitted a member
25 Nov., 1863.

86 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

JAMES C. Stimpson, son of Thaddeus and Hannah
(Cook) Stimpson; born at Salem, 9 July, 1799; one of
the oldest tanners in Salem, and was for many years prom-
inent in the leather business; for several years a member
of the City Government, either in the Council or Board
of Aldermen, and also for many years a director of the
First National Bank. Died 11 Sept., 1883. Admitted a
member 28 July, 1864.

Enocu K. Noyes, son of Enoch and Sarah Noyes;
born at West Newbury, 11 Nov., 1820; a trader in Salem ;
died 11 Sept., 1883. Admitted a member 26 Aug.,
1857.

JOSEPH SHATSWELL, son of Moses and Sarah (Lord)
Shatswell; born in Ipswich, 2 Sept., 1801; merchant in
Salem; for many years engaged in the West India trade ;
died 2 Oct., 1883. Admitted a member 20 Dec., 1854.

Peter Sitver, son of James and Susanna (Howard)
Silver; born in Salem, 2 Nov., 1811; in early life a
master mariner, afterwards a retired merchant; died in
Salem, 6 Oct., 1883. Admitted a member 6 July, 1864.

BENJAMIN Oscoop Perrce, son of Benjamin and Re-
becca (Orne) Peirce; born in Beverly, 26 Sept., 1812;
and died there 12 Nov., 1883; graduated at Colby Uni-
versity, 1835; a teacher in several colleges and acade-
mies; since 1849 engaged in business pursuits. Admitted
a member 19 July, 1880.

JOSEPH W. CHAMBERLAIN, son of John and Mary
(Silver) Chamberlain; born in Salem, 25 Nov., 1830;
druggist in Salem; died 10 Dec., 1883. Admitted a
member 21 Sept., 1859.

Henry W. Perxins, son of Henry W. and Dolly
(Webb) Perkins; born in Salem, 1 March, 1882 ; cashier

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 87

of the Mount Vernon National Bank, Boston; died in
Salem, 19 Jan., 1884. Admitted a member 16 Dec.,
1873.

Wituram C. C. Mourton, son of Hiram and Mary
(Batchelder) Moulton; born in Newport, Vt., 14 Oct.,
1839 ; a trader in Salem; died 17 Jan’y, 1884. Admitted
a member 14 July, 1864.

STEPHEN BrapsHaw Ives, son of Stephen Bradshaw
and Mary (Perkins) Ives ; born in Salem, 8 March, 1827 ;
graduated at Harvard Coliege in 1848 ; admitted to Essex
Bar in 1851. MHedid not hold many official positions, but
was a celebrated and well-known advocate in the courts
of the state; died at Salem, 8 Feb., 1884. Admitted a
member 4 Jan’y, 1854.

JAMES Moore Cater, son of John and Mary (South-
wick) Caller; born in Pleasant Valley, N. Y., 11 Jan’y,
1813; came to South Danvers at an early age; for many
years was largely engaged in the leather business as a
tanner and currier; died in Salem, 13 Feb., 1884. Ad-
mitted a member 30 March, 1859.

JOHN ARCHER, son of Jonathan and Rachel (Wood-
man) Archer; bornin Salem, 4 July, 1796; in early life
went to sea, and was privateering in the war of 1812-15;
after the peace had a ship chandlery store on Derby street ;
for many years retired from active business; died 5 Mar.,
1884. Admitted a member 26 May, 1858.

Otis Puiiuirs Lorp, son of Nathaniel and. Eunice
(Kimball) Lord ; born in Ipswich, 11 July, 1812; grad-
uated at Amherst College, 1832; admitted to the Essex
Bar, Dec., 1835; practised in Ipswich until 1844, when
he removed to Salem where he has since resided; Asso-
ciate Justice of the Superior Court from 1859 to 1875,
and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1875

88 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

to Dec., 1882, when he resigned in consequence of failing
health; died 13 March, 1884. Admitted a member 5
Oct., 1874.

FietD Meetings. Five meetings have been held as
follows :

First, on Tuesday, June 12, 1883, at “Oak Dell,”
South Georgetown, situated in a very delightful part of
the county. Delegations from Georgetown, Groveland,
Boxford, Topsfield and West Newbury joined those from
Salem and its vicinity. After a ramble in the forenoon,
and the lunch, the meeting was called to order, the presi-
dent in the chair. Mrs. C. M.S. Horner, of George-
town, spoke of the “ Flora,” Rev. Messrs. McDaniel, of
Salem, and Alcott, of Boxford, on “ Mineralogy and Geol-
ogy,” Messrs. Sidney Perley, of Boxford, and Henry M.
Nelson, of Georgetown, on “ Historical Matters of Local
Interest ;” there were also remarks from Messrs. M. W.
Bartlett, of West Newbury, B. F. Stevens, of Boxford,
and others.

Second, on Friday, June 29, 1883, at Dodge’s Mill in
Rowley, owned by Mr. Ignatius Dodge. The speakers at
the afternoon session held in the old mill, where comfort-
able seats were improvised, were Messrs. John H. Sears,
F. W. Putnam, John Robinson, Alfred Osgood and N.
A. Horton. The remarks were mainly on archeological
subjects, especially those of Messrs. Putnam, Robinson
and Osgood.

Third, on Thursday, July 26, 1883, at Linebrook Par-
ish, a rural country village in the western part of Ipswich.
The afternoon session was held in the church. Mr. John
H. Sears gave an account of the “Flora,” Messrs. M. V.
B. Perley and Sidney Perley spoke on “ Historical Mat-

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 89

ters ;” there were also remarks from Rev. B. F. McDaniel,
Messrs. J. J. H. Gregory, A. C. Perkins, N. A. Horton,
and others.

Fourth,on Wednesday, Aug. 15,1883, at Balch’s Grove,
Groveland, by invitation of the Groveland Flower Mis-
sion. At the afternoon session, Miss Harriet E. Paine
spoke on “The Plants of the Vicinity,” Dr. George B.
Loring on “ Forestry ;” there were also remarks from N. A.
Horton and Dr. G. Cogswell.

Fifth, on Wednesday, Sept. 19, 1883, at West Pea-
body, by invitation of the Farmers’ Club of that place.
The forenoon was spent in visiting the farms of Messrs.
Henry Saltonstall, and F. H. Appleton, and other places
of interest. At the afternoon session, the speakers were
Messrs. J. H. Sears, George Dixon, W. P. Upham, J.
H. Ingraham, Willard Spaulding, James P. King and J.
S. Kingsley.

MEETINGS.—Regular meetings occur on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. Special and ad-
journed meetings occasionally. At these meetings papers
have been presented by the following persons and referred
to the publication committee :

Edward A. Silsbee, on “ Criticism of Poetry.”

William G. Barton, on “Pigeons and the Pigeon
Fancy.”

Rev. B. F. McDaniel, on “The Literature and History
of Bells.”

J. Ritchie, jr.,and Charles Toppan, on“ A New Process
of Bleaching.”

FF. L. Capen, on “ Catastrophic Planetary Tidal Action
of the Globe.”

1 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, p. 59.

90 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Samuel Garman, on “The North American Reptiles
and Batrachians, a list of the species occurring north of
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, with references.”

Samuel Garman, on “An Extraordinary Shark ( Chlamy-
doselachus anguineus) .”®

Samuel Garman, on “A Species of Heptranchias sup-
posed to be New.”

John H. Sears, on “ Weeds of Essex County.”

F’.. W. Putnam, on “The First Notice of the Pine
Grove or the Forest River Shellheap.”®

Herbert B. Adams, on “The Great Pastures of Salem.’”

J. A. EHmmerton, on “Dr. Bentley’s East Parish
Deaths; some Notes and Corrections.”8

Wellington Pool, “Inscriptions from Gravestones in
the Old Burying Ground in Wenham.”

Leverett Saltonstall, “Memoir of Oliver Carlton.”

John T. Moulton, “Inscriptions from the Old Burying
Ground in Lynn.”

Memorial of C. T. Brooks: “ Birth and Boyhood,” by
EK. B. Willson”; “ His Life at Newport,” by Charles W.
Wendte!; “ Letter from W. P. Andrews" ;” Remarks of
R. S. Rantoul.”

Luke Brooks, “Genealogical Notes Respecting Henry
Brooks and Some of his Descendants.”!®

Edward S. Atwood, “ Memoir of John Bertram.””

LEectuRrRES.—A course of seven lectures, under the di-

2 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, p.3. *% Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, p. 47.
4 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, p. 56. Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XV, p. 93.
6 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XV, p.85. 7 Hist. Coll., Essex Inst., Vol. XX. p. 161.
8 Hist. Coll., Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p.209. °® Hist. Coll., Essex Inst., Vol. XX, pp.
232 and 297. 1° Hist.Coil., Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p.241. 1! Hist. Coll., Essex Inst.,
Vol. XX, p. 273. 12 Hist. Coll., Essex Inst., Vol. XXI, p.1. ‘1 Hist. Coll., Essex
Inst., Vol. XXI, p.13. 14 Bulletin; Essex Inst., Vol. XV, p. 81. 15 Bulletin, Essex
Inst., Vol. XV, p. 78 1®Hist. Coll., Essex Inst., Vol. XXI, p.24. 17 Hist. Coll.,
Essex Inst., Vol, XXI, p. 81.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 91

rection of the lecture committee, has been delivered as
follows: First, Alban Andren, of Beverly, “Sweden by
a Swede,” Wednesday, Nov. 28, 1883. Second, Ephraim
Emerton, “Martin Luther,” Wednesday, Dec. 19, 1883.
Third, Arthur M. Knapp, “Greek Art,” Wednesday,
Jan’y 9, 1884. Fourth, George M. Towle, “Carlyle,”
Wednesday, Jan’y 30, 1884. Fifth, George B. Loring,
“Nathaniel Hawthorne,” Wednesday, Feb. 6, 1884.
Sixth, George M. Towle, “Charles Dickens,” Wednes-
day, Feb. 13, 1884. Seventh, Edward S. Morse, “First
Impressions of China,” Wednesday, March 5, 1884.

In addition to the above, the following lectures have
been delivered in the rooms of the Institute.

George H. Hosmer, “Martin Luther,” illustrated, Sat-
urday, Nov. 10, 1883.

Matthew Arnold, Friday, Nov. 30, 1883, “Science and
Literature.”

Raymond Lee Newcomb, Tuesday, Dec. 4, 1883, “The
Story of the Jeannette.”

John G. Wood, “ Whales,” Monday, Dec. 10, 1883.

J. C. Welwood, “On the Rhine” (illustrated), Thurs-
day, Jan’y 10, 1884.

John G. Wood, a course of four afternoon lectures : “Ants
of the Temperate Zone,” Friday, Feb. 15, 1884; “ Ants of
the Tropic Zone,” Tuesday, Feb. 19; “ Pond and Stream,”
Thursday, Feb. 21; “The Horse,” Tuesday, Feb. 26.

Alban Andren, “An Evening in Sweden,” Tuesday,
March 18, 1884,

Morton Prince, “On the Anatomy and Physiology of
the Vocal Organs,” Monday, April 7, 1884.

PUBLICATIONS have been issued as heretofore. The ex-
change list, with few exceptions, continues the same as
last year.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 6*

92 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Lisrary.—The additions to the Library for the year
(May, 1883 to May, 1884) have been as follows:

By Donation.

Folios, e . e . e ° e e e e . . e e 1l
Quartos, e e e e e . e . e . J . e . e 68
Octavos, e e . s e e . © e . e e e e 827
Duodecimos, ° ° e ° ° ° ° . . ° ° . ° 519
Sexdecimos, . - . “ . “ 4 “ A fs A r . 98
Octodecimos, e e e . J e ° e e e . e . 25
Total of bound volumes, ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 4 - 1,548
Pamphlets and serials, - . e F - e ° . F - 6,407
Total of donations, ° ° ° e ° ° ° e F ° » 4,955
By Exchange.
Folios, . * ° ° . . ° ° e ° . e ° ° 11
Quartos, . . e e . e e e e . ° . e . 68
Octavos, . ° . ° A ° ° e e . ° - “ ° 827
Duodecimos, e o es e e e e e e e e e e 519
Total of bound volumes, = e ° ° e e ° ° . ° 526

Pamphlets and serials, e ° e : ° e ° 2 e : - 2,492

Total of exchanges, ° - ° ° . P e ° > - «6018
Total of donations, ° ° * - ° : ° - ° . « 4,955
Total of exchanges, F : - A e 3 ‘ , ° - - 8,018
Total of additions, e ¢ e e * e . o e © . 10,973

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 2,722
were pamphlets, and 6,177 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and seventy-eight individuals
and fifty departments of the General and State Govern-
ments and Societies. The exchanges from three individ-
uals, and from one hundred and sixty-three societies and
incorporate institutions of which ninety-six are foreign ;
also from editors and publishers.

The annual examination of the Library has been made.
Of the thirteen volumes that were missing last year, ten

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

93

have been returned ; seven others are now missing from

their places.

Donations or exchanges have been received from the

following :

Adelaide, Royal Society of South Australia, . ‘
Agassiz, Alexander, Cambridge, ‘ : . :
Allen, Nathaniel T., West Newton, . ‘ . : 3
Almy, James F., : ‘ . é ° ‘ ° °
Almy, S. H., ‘ ° : ‘ ° . ‘
Alnwick, Eng., Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club,

American Association for the Advancement of Science, .

American Library Association, ‘ °

American Ornithologists’ coo, h . F ‘
Ames, George L., . . ° ° ° . .
Ames, Sons of Onteie: . é . . a ‘
Amherst College Library, : ‘ . . °
Amiens, Société Linnéenne du Nord aa la France, .
Anagnos, M., So. Boston, ' i 7 y *
Andover, Theological Seminary Library, ‘ °
Andrews, Charles H., x . ‘ ° 4 . -
Andrews, Mrs. James H., ° ° e ° ° .
Andrews, William P., ‘ ‘ F * j ¢ =
Appleton, F. H., Peabody, ‘ ‘ 2 ‘ ‘
Archeological Institute of America, " ‘
Auckland, N. Z., Auckland Institute, theAtipajena:, Maps,
Augsburg, hicoritatorischiay Verein, . .
Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, 3 ° ‘
Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University, . ° P
Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute, : a é ‘
Bancroft, Rev. C. F. P., Andover, . . ‘ 3 F
Barnes, George William, San Diego, Cal., : - 3

Barton, Edmund M., Worcester, : ; * = °
Bassett, Samuel, Chelsea,
Batavia, Natuurkundige Vereeniging in /iedevtamdaeh

India, : w ‘ é \ -
Beifast, Naturalists’ ‘Field Club, . ; . . .
Bell, Charles H., Exeter, N. H., é : FS . .
Bergen, Bergens Museum, 3 P

Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturtérvcheddee Weowias; é .
Berlin, Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues, . :
Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, . = 3 é

Vols

26

—

31

Pam.

ee

94 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Bolles, Rev. E. C., D.D., : , ‘ 4
Bologna, Accademia delle Scienze, . : ;
Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein, : ‘

Bordeaux, Académie des Sciences, Bibisatutines et ‘digas
Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences,

Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club, : : : :
Boston Art Club, ; "| ‘ ‘ . ‘ . ‘
Boston, Board of Health, ‘ 5 " . :
Boston, Bostonian Society, ‘ : : ‘ z ‘
Boston, City of, é : . ‘ « ‘ :
Boston, City Hospital, ; : : ‘

Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital, 4 ‘ ‘
Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society, : .
Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society, .
Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society, “ .

Boston, National Association of Wool Stanniiatiaers: °
Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society, .
Boston, Overseers of the Poor, > - ;
Boston Public Library, : : . ; °
Boston Society of Natural Siatory: ; .
Boston, State Board of Health, Lunacy nisi Charity,
Boston, State Library of Massachusetts,

Boston Zoological Society, r ‘ : : : ¥
Boutwell, F. M., Groton, ‘ ‘ : : F :
Bradlee, Rev. C. D., Boston, . : ; ‘ :
Braunschweig, Archiv fiir hcouninte, : ‘ :
Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, ‘ : :
Bristol, Eng., Naturalists’ Society, ; : r .
Brooklyn, N. e Brooklyn Library, ‘ i i
Brooklyn, N. Y., Long Island Historical banivin, $
Brooks, Mrs. Henry M., 4 ‘ . Newspapers,
Brown, Henry A., : : ; : 3
Browne, A. G., Jr., New ark; N. Y., : " :

Briinn, Naturforschender Verein, c ; H “

Brunswick, Me., Bowdoin College ibvary. . :
Bruxelles, Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres “

des Beaux Arts de Belgique, » :
Bruxelles, Société Belge de Microscopie, ‘ : ‘
Bruxelles, Société Entomologique de Belgique, : *
Bruxelles, Société Royale de Malacologique, >
Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, .
Buffalo, N. Y., American Society of Microscopists, :

Buffalo, N. Y., Historical Society,

bo

145

— me b= ©

oo = = =

bo
=

Kee eS eS OO Oe

m bo

573

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Buffalo, N. Y., Society of Natural Sciences,

Caen, Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles- Lattred}
Calcutta, Geological Survey of India, :

Cambridge, Harvard University Library,

Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zodlogy,
Cambridge, Nuttall Ornithological Club, R
Carpenter, Rev. C. C., Mt. Vernon, N. H., P é
Cassel, Verein fiir Naturkunde, ‘ ‘ ‘ P
Chamberlain, James, . ‘ ‘ ‘ Maps,
Chauncy, Elihu, New York, N. Y., : j é
Chicago, Ill., Historical Society, ‘ $ ,
Chicago, Ill., Inter Ocean Publishing Company A .
Chicago, Ill., Public Library, : 5
Chilovi, D., ince Italy, ‘ - : ‘
Ghristiania, K. Norske Universitet, : ; 2
Christiania, Norské Gradmaalingskommission,
Christiania, Videnskabs-Selskabet, d .
Cincinnati, O., Historical and Philosophical Sostesy!
Cincinnati, O., Mechanics’ Institute, P ‘ ‘ ‘
Cincinnati, O., Society of Natural History, : : :
Clarke, Scerze K., Needham, é J
Cleveland, O., Western Reserve Hidtovtent gud =
Cleveland, Mrs. William S., . i ‘ 4 : .
Coffin, C. C., Boston, , é F F ‘
Cogswell, W. F., Beverly, N. ral Z F Z
Cole, Mrs. N. D., F ; aewadanene:
Conant, F. O., Portland, Nios Chart of the Conant Family,
Conant, W. P., Washington, a Ge, , . p
Copenhague, Société R. des Antiquaires du Word:
Crowell, Rev. E. P., D.D., Amherst, : : 4
Cutter, Abram E., Sinsinctiard: : - A ;
Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Darling, C. W., Utica, N. Y., d ‘ ‘
Darmstadt, Verein fiir Erdkunde, : ; ‘ "
Davis, Joseph, Lynn, ‘ F é ‘ : é
Delisle, M. Leopold, Paris, E .

Dement, Henry D., Springfield, IIl., : .

Dodge, James H., Boston, : d .

Doolittle, Miss E., Troy, N. Y., é ;
Dresden, Glarwiseenachariniite deaeiiceniatt, Isis,
Dresden, Verein fiir Erdkunde, ;

Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, : °

Dublin, Royal Society, d

95

Vols. Pam.
1
1
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3
L}
3
1
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26 58
1
2 1
1
1
1
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1
1
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1
3
1 85
1
3
99
2 1
7
1 1
1
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nde be

96 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Du Rieu, Dr. W. N., Leide, F . ‘ . : e
Eagleston, John H., ‘ : . : ‘ ‘

Edinburgh, Royal Society, : ‘ . . s .
Eddy, R. H., Boston, “ ‘ ° ; ° ‘
Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ‘ ¥
Emerton, James, - ‘ ‘ ' ‘. ‘ é ;
Emmerton, James A., : : ‘ . Newspapers,
Epping Forest and County of Essex Naturalists’ Field

Club, : ; ‘ . :
Erlangen, Physikalisch- supdieiniactie ‘Societiit, : .

Exeter, N. H., Phillips Academy,
Falmouth, tec -» Royal Cornwall Plaine Baciein,

Farley, Mrs. M. C., ‘ : ‘ . : :
Fewkes, J. Walter, amiet i: . ° ‘ .
Flanders, Rev. G. T., D.D., New Bedford, 4 ‘ “
Fogg, Miss Ellen M., . ° . ° ‘ : »
Foote & Horton, . ‘ < . Newspapers,
Frankfurt, a. m., Senckenbergische Naturforschende Ges-

ellschaft, : ‘ . s ° .
Freiburg, Naturforschende ‘Gesellschaft, ‘ . é
Gates, Beman, Marietta, O., “ . .

Genéve, Société de Physique et d'Histoire Farrell, a
Giessen, Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur u. Heil-
kunde, ; E é ‘ 4 . : ‘

Gillis, James A., : E : : . ‘ :
Glasgow, Natural History Society, . . . “ °
Goodell, A. C.,Jr., .« F “ ’ . . :
Goodwin, D., Jr., Chicago, IIl., = : . °
Gottingen, K. Gesellschaft der en BPE »
Gould, John H., Topsfield, 4 - " Newspapers
Green, Samuel an Boston, . . ; i
Gregory, J. J. H., Marblehead, , Ne ewspapers,
Giistrow, Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in
Mecklenburg, A . : . . ‘ .

Hale, Josiah L., Brookline, ‘: ;

Halle, a. S., Matar lasennelattliaher vor fiir Seta
u. Thiiringen, -

Hamilton, R. I., Narragansett Historical Publishing Come.

pany, . . . . . ‘
Hannover, Gesellschaft fiir Milrockopie, 5 ‘ .
Hannover, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft, - “ “

Hapgood, H. L., Athol, F 2 ; ° ° ° ‘
Harlem, Société Hollandaise des Sciences, ° ° °
Hart, Charles Henry, Philadelphia, Pa., . > ‘ ‘

Vols.

58

12

127

Pam.

Ce a ee

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Hartford, Conn., Trinity College,

Hassam, John T., Boston, H A : : . :
Hazen, Rev. Henry A., Boston, = :

Herford, Rev. Brooke, Boston, . r

Hewitt, Abram S., New York, N. Y., for ‘ite late es
Cooper, : ‘ * ‘ ‘ ; ‘ . 4

Hill, B. D., . ‘ . : , . Newspapers,
Hill, William M., : : é 5 ‘ 4 ‘
Hitchcock, Edward, Amherst, . F y F J ;
Hobart Town, Government of Tasmania, : °

Hobart Town, Royal Society of Tasmania, 4 ‘
Hodges, Mrs. Elizabeth, Estate of the late, 4 ‘

Holmes, J. C., Detroit, Mich., 2 E : : -
Honeycomb, Mrs. T. P., , é ‘ . é °
Hunt, T. F., ‘ . ° 2 : F : :
Illinois Department of Sesndatiicrs: , ‘ : ‘
Iowa City, Ia., State Historical Society, a : F
Israel, Rev. Fielder, . : . Newspapers,

Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell Universtiy, . : J ‘ ;
James, Joseph F., Cincinnati, O., . X é
James, U. P., Chacineaal. Bion : ‘ é i ‘

Johnson, Emery S., : A : : ; 2
Joy, Walter H., ; ; , : no
Kimball, Mrs. James, Erp PEE : : . Z ‘
Kingsley, J. S., Malden, % :

Kjébenhavn, Botanisk Forening, ° .

Kjobenhavn, K. D. Videnskabernes Sedalits, : 5 °
K6nigsberg, Physikalisch-6konomische Gesellschaft, .
Langworthy, Rev. I. P., Boston, 3 : ¢ . ,

Lansing, Mich., State Library, : - ‘
Lausanne, Société Vaudoise, . : F 4 é é
Lawrence, Public Library Trustees, é ® ig
Lee, Francis H., 2 ‘ FE ‘ ‘ :
Lee, William, Boston, : : 4
Le Mans, Société d’Agriculture, Sofenens: et Arts ie la
Sarthe, ; . : : ‘ : 2 .
Lisboa, Academia Real das Sdlenelas: : 3 F
Liverpool, Eng., Literary and Philosophical Bate, ‘
London, Eng., Royal Society, é . 3 3
Loring, George B.,_ . ° . . . °

Lowell, Old Residents’ Historical Association,
Lyon, Société d’Agriculture, . : ‘ d 4
Lyon, Société Linnéenne, ‘ ; é ‘ .

Vols.

13

97

Pam.
1
1

17

CO

bo
ox b>
me be ee ON OO eb OO

—
KF Penwwan

191

98 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Mack, Miss Esther C., : ‘

Madison, Wis., State Historical ba cdiety, ' ‘
Madison, Wis., Superintendent of Public Property, ‘
Madrid, Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, .

Mannheim, Verein fiir Naturkunde, ¢ ‘: ; .
Manning, F. H., Boston, é - ‘ ; : c
Manning, Robert, y ‘ ‘ : ° ‘ ;
Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der Gecambien

Naturwissenschaften, é e : “
McDaniel, Rev. B. F., = : ; Ranchesan kia
McDanolds, James S., Trenton, N. J. ‘ ‘: ~ ‘
Meek, Henry M., aly : : 4 . . .
Merrill, George S., Lawrence, ‘ 3 i .

Merrill, W. Jr., West Newbury, : ‘ é 5
Metz, Société d’Histoire Naturelle,

Mexico, Museo Nacional, : é : é ‘ .
Miller, Lewis F., F : , ‘ $ .
Montreal, Natural History inion. : : . m
Moulton, John T., Lynn, . = : : :

Miinchen, K. B. Akademie der sw isnaiteiNntien: : :
Miinster, Provinzial Verein fiir Wissenschaft u. Kunst,
Napoli, R. Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matemati-

che, “ i “ : ‘ 5 ;
Neuchatel, Société des Rcleahin Naturelles, . ‘ .
Nevins, W. S., : mi : ‘ - Newspapers,
Newark, New Jersey Historical Society, . ‘ ;

New Haven, Conn., Yale College Library, ° .
Newlands, John A. R., London, Eng., ; : : 3
Newport, R. I., Natural History Society, ,

New York Academy of Sciences, : r E :
New York, American Geographical Society, . : ‘

New York, American Museum of Natural History, :
New York, Genealogical and Biographical Society, 4
New York, Historical Publication Company, F
New York, Historical Society, ‘ : < 5
New York, Mercantile Library ‘Aanhatibns, “ : °
Northampton, Smith College, . > r . .
Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, * ° .
Nourse, Miss Dorcas C., : . Newspapers,
Odell, Charles, : , ‘ ; F ‘ - 7
Oliver, Henry K., 2 ; s : 7 é
Orne, A. C., Marblehead, . 7

Osgood, Alfred, Newburyport, : ‘ .

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Osgood, John C., , ; 4 ‘ ‘ ;
Ottawa, Geological and Natural Histor y Survey of Canada,
° , pI . , ‘ Maps,
Silvas, hicice W., : ‘ . < . ‘
Paris, Institution Tuirnoe-caehiein ‘ : : °
Paris, Société d’Acclimation, ‘ ; . . i
Paris, Société d’ Anthropologie, ; ,
Paris, Société des Etudes Historiques, j . ; :
Peabody Institute, ‘ 4 * ‘ ‘ 3 . °
Peabody, John P., « 4 s ‘ “ - ‘ :
Peet, Rev. S. D., Clinton, Wis., . , ; ;
Peirce, Henry B., Boston, * : ‘ ; . ‘
Perkins, A. C., Exeter, N. H., ‘ ‘ F F ‘
Perkins, George A., . - ‘ ‘ t ‘ -
Perkins, J. McC., Boston, . ‘ J ‘ F
Perley, Jonathan, ‘ F x . 4 , .
Perry, Rev. William Stevens, Bee sacht fa., .
Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, :
Philadelphia, Library Company, 5 3
Philadelphia, Historical Society of Muasanlvatala,

Philadelphia, Mercantile Library Company,

Philadelphia, Numismatic and Antiquarian Society,
Phillips, Henry, Jr., Philadelphia, . ‘ ‘ :
Plumer, Miss Mary N., 4 é . . ° . :
Pollard, Samuel S., Boston, . : . ° . °
Pool, Wellington, Wenham, ; 4 . A ‘ P
Poole, W. F., Chicago, ‘ . . . F "

Porter, Rev. Aaron, Mendon, ‘ ‘ 5 .

Pratt, Henry J., ‘ ‘ ‘ F ; :
Preble, George H., Raaeuitinge ‘ 3 " ; is
Preston, Charles P., Danvers, F “ 4 PF a
Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society, . .
Providence, R. I., Public Library, P ‘ ‘ .
Pumpelly, Raphael, Newport, R. I., 7 - Maps,
Putnam, Rev. A. P., Brooklyn, N. Y., é F i. F
Putnam, Mrs. Eben, ‘ ‘ oma * ‘
Putnam, Mrs. Esther O., Ceaaiiidans F = 4
Putnam, F. W., Cambridge, , Fe ‘ . 4
Quebec, Laval Université, ‘4 ° . ; : .
Quill, D. W., A : 3 P , " ,
Ramsay, IS decaniier. Leadue ine: a - . : .
Ranck, G. W., Lexington, ny a 4 . ‘ , i
Rantoul, R. S., y : - i - . P

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 7

Vols.

oS

11

14

ie 2)

136

99

Pam,

2

—_
oO bo
mB pd = db

om m= O99

680

_ —
On ~w So — = bd

= st OR e Oe

is)
yj

100 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Regensburg, K. B. Botanische Gesellschaft, ‘ ;
Regensburg, Zoologisch-mineralogischer Verein,
Richardson, F. P., : f r r é
Richmond, Virginia Historical ieciciy, ; : ‘
Riga, Naturforschender Verein, : ss 4 ,
Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, : 4

Roberts, Mrs. J. K., . : A .
Robinson, E. P., Saugus, . ; . Newspapers,
Robinson, John, ‘ i z ~ 4 P qr
Robinson, Mrs. John, . : 3

Ropes, Rev. W. L., Andover, _

Russell, Mrs. Thomas B., 5

Salem Fraternity, r 2 i

Salem, Peabody Academy of Belenbe, Siemapunees. Mapen
Saltonstall, Leverett, Boston, . Newspapers, Maps,
Sampson, Davenport & Co., Boston, . = .
San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, ‘ A
San Francisco, Cal., Mercantile Library Association,

Secomb, Daniel F., Concord, N. H., : ‘

S’Gravenhage, Hedartanauwtiy But desiorivetie’ vereents.
ing, : : : : ,

Shufeldt, R. W., Nees Grdeaaie: ae rn : ; i “

Sibley, Miss A. M., : J : : A

Silliman, B., New aye, Conn., t gee

Sims, William, Topeka, Kan., : . at

Skinner, John B., : ‘ . 5

Slocum, Charles E., Defiance, a :

Smiley, C. W., Washington, D. C.,

Smith, George Plumer, Philadelphia, Pa., ay

Smithmeyer, J. L., Washington, D. C., : ,

Smucker, Isaac, Newark, O., . : :

Soule & Bugbee, Boston, 4 A ‘ es

Springfield, Mo., Drury College [beak : 5 .

Stettin, Fntawistosischer Verein, ‘ ;

St. Gallen, St. Gallische Natur widserocharitions Gesell-
schaft, R : , . = A é 4 :

Stickney, George A. D., ‘ ; é , 5 ,

Stickney, M. A., ‘ :

St. John, New Benak Nature ory Society,

St. Louis, Mo., Public School Library, 3 ‘

Stockholm, Vatomelncinks Foreningen,

Stoddard, Mrs. Frances Mary, Roxbury, .
Stone, Eben F., Washington, D. C., i f

oo me em OD bd

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me m bO

23
69

132

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Stone, Rev. Edwin M., Providence, R. I., . ° :

Stone, Miss Mary H., : ‘ . : ‘ a ;
Stone, Robert, i ‘ ‘. ; . Newspapers,
Story, Miss E. A., ‘ : ° ® é °
St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Sickae s ‘ 5
St. Pétersbourg, Académie Impériale des Sciences, :

St. Pétersbourg, Jardin Impérial de Botanique, °

St. Pétersbourg, Societas Entomologica Rossica,

Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Archeological and Natu-
ral History Society, ‘ : ° : .

Terre Haute, Ind., Rose Polytechnic Institute, -

Throndhjem, K. N. Videnskabers Selskabs, ‘ ‘

Tokio, University of, : = P e ‘
Topeka, Kan., State Historical Aiiotéty, Newspapers,
Toronto, Canadian Institute, ‘ ° 4 :

Tuckerman, Mrs. J. F., é ‘ ‘ P , 4
Tuckerman, L. S., : i ‘ ‘ : A Maps,

Twyman, Joseph, Chicago, IIL, é : ‘ ‘ .
Unknown, p ‘
Upsal, Société ae fics tstaiiaties du dissec

U. S. Bureau of Education, 4 ‘ a ;

U. 8S. Chief of Engineers, ‘ ‘ ‘ .

U. S. Chief Signal Officer,

U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, . ; ‘ r
U.S. Department of Agriculture, . 3 . :
U. S. Department of the Interior, : . ° *

U. S. Department of State, é ‘ ‘ : ;

U. S. Fish Commission,

U. S. Geological Survey, : : , : ° ‘
U. S. Life Saving Service, « & .

U. S. National Museum, : e : : ‘
U.S. Naval Observatory, > ! : . ‘

U. S. Patent Office, . é ° : -
U.S. Treasury Department, ; : ‘ : :
U.S. War Department, " ‘ : p 4 .

Ward, James W., Buffalo, N. Y., 4 4 r
Waring, Geo. E., Jr., Newport, R. i, : “
Washington, D. C., Anthropological Society,

Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Institution, ; .
Waters, E. Stanley, ‘ ° $ - Newspapers,
Waters, J. Linton, ‘ : - Newspapers,
Waterston, Rev. R. C., Basted, * . ‘. ‘

Waterville, Me., Colby University Dihsary, 3 ° 2

Vols.

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54

18

16

102 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Webber, Charles H., i ‘ $ ‘ é i <
West, Mrs. George, r : z . Newspapers,
Wheatland, Henry, é ‘ 4 : : y ‘
Wheatland, Miss Martha G., : ‘ Z é F >
Wheatland, Philip D., Boston, : ¢ ; : ‘
Wheildon, William W., Concord, ° ; ; * {
Whipple, G. M., ; , ° : °
Whitcher, Mary, Shaker Village, N. i, $ ¢ .

Whiteley, John, Shirley Village, ‘ ‘ : 4
Whitney, Mrs. H. M., Lawrence, é .. Newspapers,
Whitney, J. L., Concord, 3 ;
Wien, K. K. Pociliiaist potential Gesellschaft,
Wiesbaden, Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde,

Wilder, Marshall P., Boston, : : .
Wildes, Rev. Basie Dis Riverdale, N. ¥.j ; ‘
Wilkes-Barré, Wyoming Historical and Geological Soci-
ety, . : é ‘ ° .
Williamstown, Williams Cioltcicths A : 6 4 ‘
Willson, Rev. E. B., ‘ é é : '

Winnipeg, Ainaitesies Historical and Scientific doctety,
Winsor, Justin, Cambridge, : : :
Worcester, American Antiquarian Society, : ‘ ‘

Worcester, Free Institute, . . : : °
Worcester, Society of Antiquity, : : A :
Worcester, Society of Natural History, 4
Wiirzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, :
Zincken, C. F., Leipzig, , : ‘ ; °

The following have been received from editors or publishers :—

Vols.

29

127

12

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35

— et re Co e bO

American Journal of Science. Lawrence American.

Bay State Monthly. Lynn Bee.

Cape Ann Bulletin. Manifesto.

Chicago Journal of Commerce. Mansill’s Signal.

Danvers Mirror. Marblehead Messenger.

Essex County Statesman. Medical Register,

European Mail. Musical Herald.

Fireside Favorite. Musical Record.

Gardener’s Monthly and Horti- Musical Review.
culturist. Nation.

Ipswich Chronicle. ' Naturalist’s Leisure Hour and

La Bibliophilie. ~ Monthly Bulletin.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 103

Salem Gazette.

Salem Observer.

Salem Register.

Stove and Hardware Reporter.
Turner’s Public Spirit.

West Newbury Era.
Zoologischer Anzeiger.

Nature.

Newton Transcript.

Our Dumb Animals.

Peabody Press.

Quaritch’s Catalogue.

Sailors’ Magazine and Seamen’s
Friend.

Salem Evening News.

THe Art Exureirion opened on Wednesday evening,
May 23, 1883, the seventh under the auspices of the In-
stitute. These exhibitions of Essex County work have
an increasing interest for those who watch them carefully
from year to year, as an indication of a growth of art feeling
in the community, and of the development of talent whose
beginnings we have seen, as well as of the appearance of
new aspirants whose early endeavors are full of interest
and sometimes of decided promise.

The electric light was put into the hall for the first
time, and enabled the visitors in the evening to see the col-
lection to much better advantage than heretofore. Some
excellent photographs were made of a portion of the ex-
hibit with this light.

There were on exhibition, from one hundred and forty-
four contributors, four hundred and eight specimens in the
various departments of art. The arrangement was very
effective, and the hall attractive.

The following is the list of contributors :

Miss Delia Sheldon, Beverly.

‘¢ Ida Caller.
John and Henry Benson.
Mrs. Sara K. Hart.
Miss E. A. Welch, Georgetown.
Mr. Arthur W. Dow, Ipswich.
Miss Edith B. Pickering.

‘¢ Edith Rantoul.

Mr. David H. Barry, Marble-
head.

Mr. Albert I. Whipple.

Mrs. A. P. Newhall, Lynn.

Miss C. B. Crossman, Swamp-
scott.

Miss S. Ellen Pratt.
Is Lis A. VIR.

104 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

Miss A. D. Crain.
Mr. E. D. Jones.
Miss S. E. Ober, Beverly.

‘© KE. Philbrick.

sc A. G. Endicott.

‘¢ Helen Philbrick.
Mr. Sydney P. Guild, Lynn.
Miss H. M. King.

‘c 6K. B. Gardner.

‘<'_ 1..8. Jackson.

Mrs. J. H. Langmaid.

‘OW? H. A) Patnam.

6 Ki Ts, Woods.

Mr. J. Mackintire.
Miss Vinnie Browne.
“<_ B: 2: Smith.
Mrs. J. C. Abbott.
Miss Carrie Goldthwaite.
.T. Nason:

Geo. W. Harvey, Gloucester.

Arthur L. Toppan.
Mrs. M. A. Bovie.
Miss §S. S. Kimball.
‘6 6M. E. Standley.
J. Appleton Brown, Boston.
Frank M. Cone.
N. B. Cone.
Mr. Joseph Ropes.
Miss Mary L. King.
sc M. M.: Brooks,
Master Henry Whipple.
‘ Srank Frye.
‘¢ Harry Putnam.
‘¢ Richard Ives.
‘6 6h John G. More.
‘¢ ~~ Beverly Rantoul,
Miss M. Dixie, Marblehead.
‘¢ BB. Darling.
‘¢ Nellie Flint.
sc) 6K. E. Grush.
«¢ 6M. A. Bigelow.
‘© Lizzie Brooks.
Mrs. Charles Sewall.
Miss Grace R. Sewall.

Mrs. Geo. Harrington.
Mr. E. C. Larrabee.
‘s 6 F. B. Choate.
Mrs. M. W. C. Thayer.
Miss S. E. Brown.
‘¢ Ruth 8. Mugford, W. Pea-
body.
Miss A. G. Pingree.
Mr. J. J. Redmond.
Mrs. George Upton.
‘¢ Helen F. Jacobs, Peabody.
Miss Edith B. Dalton.
‘¢ M. W. Nichols.
‘«_ K.. Peirson.
‘¢ 6A. L. Peirson.
‘6 A. F. Williams.
Mrs. W. A. Smith.
Miss M. L. Hill.
‘* Kate Dodge.
‘s Abby Streeter.
Mrs. G. L. Streeter.
Miss Kate Pond.
‘¢ Minnie Pond.
Mrs. F. W. Tuttle.
Miss Alice D. Perkins.
‘¢ UK. W. Fiske.
‘s Lizzie R. Pickering.
sc OM. O. Barrett.
‘¢ Lucy B. Hood.
‘¢ Annie Symonds, Peabody.
Mr. F. Powers.
Miss Agnes L. Babcock.
“ Cr Case.
‘¢ Maggie Bolles.
‘* HL. Rimball.
Mrs. Chas. E. Symonds.
‘¢ Chas. N. Symonds.
Miss Mary Robinson.
‘¢ Beatrice E. Symonds.
Mrs. C. P. Sears, Danvers.
‘“ Damon. —
Miss Annie Agge.
‘¢ Mary E. Phippen.
‘¢ Alice S. Batchelder.

THE RETROSPECT

Miss A. M. Quinby.
‘OH. McMullen.
Mrs. J. H. Roberts.

‘sc N. A. Frye.

Miss Caroline P. Lummus, Pea-
body.

Mrs. E. R. Bigelow.

Miss Myra Hall.

6 6C. A. Fabens.
Mrs. Jos. Symonds.
Frank W. Benson.
Annie W. Poole.

Miss M. M. Farley.

‘¢ A.M. Osborne.

‘¢ H. Frances Osborne.

‘¢ Miranda Swan.

«¢ 6C. H. Sweetser.

« 6A. F. Perkins.

« 6L. C. Symonds.
Mrs. H. H. Davis.

Miss Lucy P. Robinson.
Mrs. J. Robinson.

OF THE YEAR. 105
Miss E. W. Chadwick,
‘¢) 6A. L. Chadwick.
‘“ A. D. Varney:
« A. §. Tukey.
Mr. C. H. Lefavour.
Mrs. S. B. Ives, jr.
Miss Eva Farndale.
‘¢ Rose Farndale.
‘¢ Bessie Putnam.
Mrs. E. V. Emilio.
Miss Nellie B. Nowland.
‘6 OM. K. Stevens.
“ 64. B. Holden.
E. B. Stewart, Lynn.
Miss Louisa Lander.
‘¢ Alice Osborne.
“. §. EB. Smith.

“Mrs. Mary W. Whitney, Law-

rence.
Mrs. R. C. Manning.
Miss A. B. Hunt.
Mr. C. F. Whitney.

HorticuLTuRAL.—The trustees of the Essex Agricul-
tural Society, having accepted the invitation of the author-
ities and citizens of Salem to hold their annual Cattle
Show and Fair at the “ Willows” in Salem, on Tuesday and
Wednesday, Sept. 25 and 26, 1883, the Institute deemed
it advisable to suspend all operations in that direction
and to cordially unite with the trustees of the Agricul-
tural Society in making their undertaking a success.

An account of the exhibition will be found in the
“Transactions ” of that Society for the year 1883.

Museum. The specimens in natural history, including
those in archeology, which have been given during the
year, are on deposit with the Trustees of the Peabody
Academy of Science, in accordance with previous arrange-
ments. Those of an historical character or which possess
an artistic interest have been placed in the rooms.

106 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

The following may be specified as contributors :

Edwin R. Ide. Miss C. A. Hurlburt.
Leverett S. Tuckerman. Rev. George B. Jewett.
Edward S. Morse. Mrs. John Robinson.
Edward S. & Henry Huntington Ezekiel Goss.

Nelson. Daniel Henderson.
Charles W. Palfray. Moses S. Prime.
George G. Putnam. B.D. El.
T. F. Hunt. Philip D. Wheatland.
John C. Osgood. Eben N. Walton.
Peabody Academy of Science. Tenn. Historical Society.
William Reith. John Larcom.
Charles Odell. William Chambers.
Capt. Henry F. King. Henry A. Brown,
Miss Dorcas C. Nourse. Miss Caroline L. Bayley.
Charles H. Webber. Lemuel B. Hatch.
Rev. Fielder Israel. Frank T. Mooney.
Rev. B. F. McDaniel. J. Coward.
Peter Coffee. H. M. Batchelder.
George M. Whipple. John Davis.

Miss F. L. Prescott.

Among the additions to the cabinets during the year, a
very interesting historical relic has been received, the
inkstand of Wordsworth. <A brief account of the manner
in which it came into our possession may not be devoid of
interest. In August last a letter was received from Mrs.
Sarah N. (Pope) Dixon, formerly of Salem, now a
resident of Darlington, Eng., dated Aug. 14, 1883, giving
an account of her recent visit to Ambleside, in the Lake dis-
trict, and of a pleasant call at “Stock-Ghyll Force or Falls,”
the residence of Mr. J. Coward, “ who exhibited an ink-
stand, being the one used by Wordsworth. He said that
he had many offers for it, but he would not sell, but
would give it to some society or museum. Immediately
I spoke a word for the Essex Institute, and he gave his
word that he would give it.” Ambleside was the home
of Wordsworth from 1813 till his death April 23, 1850;
the locality teems with memorials of him; there is

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 107

scarcely a crag, a knoll, or a rill which he has not cele-
brated in verse. On Jan’y 25, 1884, a letter was re-
ceived from Capt. W. T. Hill of the barque “Venice,” dated
Charleston, S. C., Jan’y 21, 1884, stating that he had, on
board, the inkstand of Wordsworth that was put into his
hands by Mr. J. Coward, with the request to deliver the
same to the Essex Institute ; he intended to visit this sec-
tion on his arrival, but was obliged to return to Liverpool
and accordingly sent it by mail. It was duly received in
good condition.

The Institute is under deep obligations to Mrs. Dixon,
the suggester, to Mr. Coward the donor, and to Capt. Hill
the transporter, a worthy trio by whose combined efforts
this interesting relic of a well-known and much admired
poet of old England has found its way to Plummer Hall,
where it will long remain an object of interest to all who
delight to study the literature of our fatherland.

Financrau.—The Treasurer’s Report of the receipts
and expenditures of the past year (condensed for print-
ing).

RECEIPTS.
Balance of last year’s account . : P A 3 . $54 64
INCOME OF General Account - 2 5 : a

Assessments of Members 2 - ; A 5 ¢ $884 00
Publications. - : : 4 : 4 ; é 575 36
Lectures, Excursions, Hall, etc. . 3 5 : A 5 524 77
Dividend - 3 : - ‘ Z 2 C : s 40 21
Salem Athenzum, Proportion of Expense . : F 204 26

——— $2228 60

Income of Historical Fund : : . s P A - 44 00

vs “ Nat. Hist. Soc. Fund | r - : A 2 36 00

a Davis Fund - ‘5 2 P - © fs 392 16

= ‘¢ Ditmore Fund . - A c ° . f - 180 40

= “ Manuscript Fund “ a “ 4 - ; 24 94

ss ** Ladies’ Fair Funé . : 3 t - ° % 60 00

% ** Derby Fund ° . . P : 5 - 28 72

= "Howes Fund . 4 ‘ 4 > : = - 1430 00

«= “Story Fund ° ° - . ; ‘ . 563 00

Loan on Note of Corporation . A ‘ ; - 5 ‘ 400 00

$5,442 46

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 7*

108 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19.

EXPENDITURES.
PAID ON General Account . . x ‘ Z :
Salaries “ 2 : : : = : $1832 00
Publications . - - 4 4 4 1081 80
Fuel and Gas “ : : 3 : 257 79
Binding, Printing, Books and Stationery : : 401 81
Repairs, Express, Postage, etc. 125 75
Salem Athenzum, Rent and Labor 350 00
——— $4049 15
Paid on Historical Account 56 26
oor ee Neat aaretany : 56 25
* Ditmore Fund Annuity ‘. s < P : 110 00
Interest on Manuscript Fund funded in Savings Bank 24 94
ue * Derby Fund funded in Savings Bank 28 72
fs * Davis Fund funded at Savings Bank 12 16
“* Story Fund, paid to Legatee . 563 00
Paid Note $500 and interest F . . " f 541 04
Balance on hand ‘ - “ ‘ : ;: ~ F ‘ 94.
$5,442 46
The invested funds are now 2 : 2 : ; $45,832 60

Examined and approved by the Auditor, May 19, 1884.

The Secretary in concluding his report, says:

The urgent need of room for the shelving and arrange-
ment of donations to the Library and the Museum, forces it-
self upon the attention of the officers of the Institute daily.
In some of the cases books are already piled three deep, and
valuable gifts to the Museum are stored away in drawers
and other places, practically valueless to visitors for the pur-
poses of examination. During the past year the matter of
increased accommodations has been once more agitated,
and plans for an addition to the present building have been
laid before some of the officers of the Salem Athenzeum
and of the Institute for their informal consideration. The
lack of funds to carry out these improvements appears to be
the only reason for delaying a movement in this direction.
Thirty thousand dollars, it is believed, would give ample
room to both the Athenzeum and the Institute. Some re-
lief must be devised and that speedily. The subject is
again commended to the attention of the directors.

BULLETIN

OF THE

wBSsh=xz LNWSTiTtTvT ws.

Vou. 16. SALEM: JULY TO Dec., 1884. Nos. 7-12.

Frevcp Day at TorsFIELD, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 18, 1884.

NOTWITHSTANDING the extreme heat and dusty roads, a
party numbering about sixty left Salem in carriages at 9
A. M. for a day in Topsfield. After a pleasant drive
through Peabody and Danvers, the party arrived at the
country residence of Col. T. W. Peirce, by whose kind
invitation three hours were agreeably spent in rambling
over the estate and visiting the greenhouses, conservato-
ries, gardens and other places and objects of interest.
This farm for some one hundred and fifty years was known
as the old “Estey Place,” previous to the sale, Sept. 5, 1821,
to Hon. Benjamin W. Crowninshield of Salem,! by Daniel
Estey of Topsfield, who inherited the same, by will, from
his father Aaron Estey. The heirs of Mr. Crowninshield,
April 21, 1852, sold to Dwight Boyden of Waltham ;?
Mr. Boyden, Sept. 10, 1852, to Frederick Boyden ;? Mr.
F. Boyden, June 2, 1856, to William Hammond Foster of
Boston ; Mr. Foster, Jan’y 6, 1857, to the present pro-
prietor, Thomas W. Peirce,’ who has added to the original

1See Essex Reg. Deeds, Lib. 227, fol, 246. 2 Reg. Deeds, 460-54,
3 Reg. Deeds, 468-237, * Reg. Deeds, 532-244. Reg. Deeds, 544-129,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 8 (109)

110 FIELD DAY AT TOPSFIELD ;

purchase by the annexation of adjoining lands, so that it
now contains between four and five hundred acres. It is
only within six or eight years that Mr. Peirce has inaugu-
rated and perfected many extensive improvements: sub-
stantial and well-built faced stone walls now run all over
the estate ; low lands have been drained ina thorough and
systematic manner, and the whole farm has been brought
to a high degree of productiveness. The barn which
was built by Mr. Aaron Goldthwaite of Salem, as were
most of the other buildings, is an immense structure, the
upper portion of which is used for the storage of hay,
while the lower floor has accommodations for horses and
cattle ; the livestock now kept numbers 130 cows (and
heifers), 11 working cattle, 8 horses and 4 bulls — Hol-
stein, Ayrshire and Jerseys are the breeds represented ;
in the rear of the barn is the blacksmith’s shop, with a
twenty-horse power engine, where the general repairing
of the farm tools is done; also the poultry house 100
feet by 15 feet, and other buildings. The Newburyport
turnpike runs through the estate; the farmhouse and
farm-buildings are located on the southern side, while the
mansion house and porter’s lodge (a most picturesque
little cottage) are across the way on the hillside rising to
the north. On the top of the hill in the rear of the
house is a fine tower containing a tank with a capacity
of 13,000 gallons; at the foot of the hill to the west is a
never-failing supply of pure spring water and a pumping
station. From the top of the tower is a magnificent view
of the surrounding country and towns. Mt. Wachuset
in this state, and the waters of Massachusetts Bay from
Nahant to Cape Ann, are always visible on clear days ; and
the White Mountains are said to be occasionally seen.
The noonday lunch was partaken of in the large barn,
tables and other suitable accommodations being provided.

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 18, 1884. 111

At 2 p. M. the party drove to the Town Hall in Topsfield,
about a mile and a half distant, where the afternoon ses-
sion was held; the original party having increased to
more than thrice its number by accessions from Topsfield,
Groveland, Boxford and other towns in the vicinity.

At 2.30 p. mM. the meeting was called to order by
President Henry Wheatland, who in an opening address
said that the exercises of the afternoon were arranged in
commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the meeting
held in Topsfield, on Wednesday, April 16, 1834, to
complete the organization of the Essex County Natural
History Society, one of the parent societies of the Essex
Institute, preliminary meetings having been held at
Salem in the December previous. It was intended that
this meeting should have been held in April, but owing to
the backwardness of the season and the inclement weather
it was decided that it should be postponed to a day in
June, to be selected by the committee on field meetings.
Papers, especially prepared for this occasion, which are
appended, were read by Prof. E. S. Morse, Mr. John
Robinson, Rev. B. F. McDaniel and Mr. 8S. P. Fowler.

After the presentation of the papers the following
gentlemen were called upon:

Hon. James J. H. GReGorRY commenced his remarks
by quoting the old saying, “If you require proof of their
work look around you,” and applied it to what the society
has done. One thing, he said, the other speakers had
not touched upon,—local Indian antiquities and relics.®

6This subject was assigned to Vice President Putnam, who had prepared him-
self to speak upon it, but was necessarily detained from the meeting.

112 FIELD DAY AT TOPSFIELD; JUNE 18, 1884.

Thirty-three years ago he deposited with the society the
only collection it then possessed ; now it has one of the
finest collections owned by any society.

He spoke of the lack of knowledge of natural history
and of neighborhood history, urging that those studies be
taken up in our public schools. He also spoke of the
progress which had been made in arriving at conclusions,
formerly by theory which was often at fault, now by sci-
ence which rarely errs.

Rey. Fre.tprer Israrew spoke of the work and influence
of the society, and of the elevating and refining influence
of the study of nature, at the same time making appro-
priate reference to the valuable services of the President,
and to the pleasure which Deacon Fowler, the only sur-
vivor of those men present at the meeting of fifty years
ago, must experience in being with us here to-day. He
also alluded to the prospective influence of the society, and
closed by offering the following vote which was adopted :

Voted, That the cordial thanks of the Essex Institute
are due to Col. T. W. Peirce for his very generous hos-
pitality in opening his house and the grounds of his fine
estate for the gathering of to-day, and for the abundant
and refreshing supplies furnished at lunch.

Also to the gentlemen having in charge the Town Hall
for the gratuitous use of said hall for this meeting.

NOTES ON THE CONDITION OF ZOOLOGY, FIFTY YEARS AGO
AND TO-DAY: IN CONNECTION WITH THE GROWTH
OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

BY E. S. MORSE.

A most natural and appropriate theme for discourse on
this, the fiftieth anniversary of the Essex County Natural
History Society, would be a review of the sciences and
their progress during the last half century. So wonder-
ful and prodigious has been their growth however, that
neither time nor strength has permitted the preparation of
such a review. In lieu of this we may with propriety
run back to the time of the first organization of this so-
ciety, one of the first of its kind in the country, and con-
template the condition of affairs then, and the attitude
science presents to-day.

At that time the burden of general discourses on z06-
logical science was mainly of an apologetic nature. We
were invited to steal away from the perplexing cares of
life to quiet retreats and soothe ourselves in contemplating
the beauties and wonders revealed to us in the products of
nature’s handiwork. Newton’s apple, Young’s soap-bub-
ble, and Galvani’s frog, as illustrations, were always at
hand to show what great fields of research had been opened
by the observation of simple facts ; but fifty years have ren-
dered science such a power in the world that its study no
longer requires an apology. Indeed, so many and such
wonderful results have grown out of the most trivial be-
ginnings that, nowadays, a man might thoughtfully and
systematically study the flight of motes in the air and still
be regarded as sane.

e (113)

114 NOTES ON THE CONDITION OF ZOOLOGY

Every established fxet in nature, however insignificant
it may seem, is of importance. To-day, as well as fifty
years ago, one might indeed tind rest and infinite pleasure
im turning from the tiresome thoroughfares of activity to
a contemplation of nature's marvels. And herein lies the
very great difference between the Society of Natural His-
tory fifty years ago and similar associations of to-day. The
work done by these societies in past times is now relegated
to the individual care of these who wish for a relief from the
strain of business activities. Hogarth, in a letter to Ellis,
portrays very well the spirit that animated many of the
workers of the past, as expressed in the prefatory pages
of their works. He says: “As for your pretty little
seed-cups, or vases, they are a sweet contirmation of the
pleasure Nature seems to take in superadding an elegance
of form te most of her works, wherever you find them.
How poor and bungling are all the imitations of art!
When I have the pleasure of seeing you next we will sit
down — nay, kneel down if you will—and admire these
things.” The societies of to-day, if they are to be of
any use, must be cared for by trained and salaried speo-
ialists. In past times a few genial and pleasant people
sauntered leisurely through the cabinets and admiringly
examined the graceful shell or curious fossil. Now thou-
sands of eager and critical students throng through the
same halls, hungry for the impressive lessons that greet
them from every case.

Through the all-embracing doctrines of evolution, man
has awakened to the vivid realization that he is part and
pareel of the domain of nature, which he had heretofore
studied as a matter apart and beneath him. The realms
of thought opened by Darwin show how intimately he is
connected with the animals below him, and that somehow
his welfare, moral and physical, is to be affected by a

'

FIFTY YEARS AGO AND TO-DAY. 115

more intimate knowledge of the life history of those crea-
tures which he had only regarded witha curious eye.

The record of this society is one that may well excite
pride, not only for the great work it has accomplished,
but for the dignity of its past history. Its first journal
was issued nearly fifty years ago, at about the same time
with the journal of the Boston Society of Natural History
and its publication had only been anticipated by those of the
American Philosophical Society, the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences, which dates from the latter part of
the last century, the Philadelphia Academy and the New
York Lyceum of Natural History. Indeed, these socie-
ties had issued but few numbers of their publications,
when this institution, as represented by the Essex County
Natural History Society, published the first number of
its journal, and since that time a continuous series of sci-
entific papers has issued from its councils.

Another matter for congratulation is that this society
has always kept true to its name. It has been wholly for
the benefit and in the interests of the good old county of
Essex. Public meetings to the number of over two hun-
dred in all, have been held in every corporate town in the
county, with but one exception ; and the enthusiasm of its
members has often led it beyond the limits of the county
and of the state. These excursions have gone into out-
of-the-way places,— little villages, crossroads and hamlets
by the sea. In short, the society has met in sixty-eight
localities outside the corporate limits of Salem.

To these places has the society induced the celebrated
naturalists of the country to bring the results of their
researches, and the latest and freshest fruits of science.
Agassiz, Wyman, Rogers, Jackson, and the younger
generation of naturalists, Putnam, Verrill, Hyatt, Pack-
ard, Scudder, Allen, Coues, Dall, Gill, Kingsley, Robin-

116 NOTES ON THE CONDITION OF ZOOLOGY

son, Emerton and a host of others, have from time to
time addressed the citizens of this county on almost every
conceivable topic within the domain of natural science,
while papers and memoirs from their pens have enriched
the pages of your publications.

No better evidence can be adduced of its county char-
acter than the fact that its members are by no means con-
fined to Salem, but are found scattered throughout the
county, and the further fact that this important anniver-
sary is being celebrated not in its halls at Salem, but here
in this beautiful town of Topsfield.

In further evidence of the fact that it is a county
society, it has especially aimed at forming a collection
of the animals and plants of Essex County, and through
the devotion of Putnam, Cooke, Richard H. Wheatland,
Robinson, Sears, Emerton, and many others, it has
brought together a local collection of the first importance
in this country. It can be said, without fear of contra-
diction, that in no other society in America can so complete
and exhaustive a local collection of animals and plants be
found, as has been brought together by this society. <A
general review of this nature will not permit us to point
out the numerous species new to science or forms new to
the state which have been added by these assiduous efforts.

Let us glance at the first volume published by the so-
ciety nearly fifty years ago, and catch a glimpse of the
poverty of resources with which these early pioneers he-
roically set out in their task. In this volume was pub-
lished a catalogue of books, the working tools of a naturalist.
A few of our lunch baskets might have held the entire
library, and this collection consisted of a few volumes of
the transactions of the Philadelphia Academy, and the
opening numbers, with pages freshly cut, of one or two
other societies, containing the germs of American zoédlogy

FIFTY YEARS AGO AND TO-DAY. 117

and botany. This material consisted almost entirely of
specific descriptions and the modest establishment of a few
new genera. Outside of these publications, with the ex-
ception of works by Audubon, Nuttall, Wilson and a few
others, there was absolutely nothing to which the student
could refer to aid him in his studies. Since that time
what wonderful progress! States with their organized
seientific surveys, fish commissions, state boards of health,
mindful of the germ theory of disease, and above and be-
yond all, the stupendous achievements of the United
States Government Surveys with their great libraries of
publications freely distributed throughout the land!

When our venerable president, Dr. Wheatland, first
taught the young and ardent naturalist Stimpson the
mysteries of dredging from a dory, how little could he
have anticipated that within so short a time a United States’
steam vessel, fitted with dredges and all the paraphernalia
of deep-sea collecting, and attended by a corps of trained
naturalists, should visit the county for several successive
seasons for the sole purpose of dredging, and that this
government and European governments should sustain
expeditions for the purpose of dredging in the deepest
abysses of the ocean !

At that time there was not a single text-book of zodl-
ogy in our schools; now, nearly every high and classical
school in the land has its classes in zodlogy and botany.
Then not a college in the land with its special professor
of natural science; now, every college with its special
instructor in those branches and with rapidly growing
museums. At that time not a single popular periodical ©
devoted to these sciences; now, a number of illustrated
weeklies and monthlies with large circulation. And here
it is a matter of pride to state that the first and among the
most important of these magazines, the American Natural-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 8*

118 NOTES ON THE CONDITION OF ZOOLOGY

ist, came into existence under the support and patronage of
the Essex Institute, whose name it bore upon its cover
during its earliest years, having in reality been founded
and edited by one of its members.

At that time the newspapers recognized science by
publishing now and then short paragraphs about five-
legged kittens, or accounts of the hackneyed drop of
water with its myriads of animalcules disporting within.
Now, the freshest results of science published in tech-
nical language appear side by side with the gossip of the
town. A comet appearing then was dismissed with a par-
agraph of a few lines or an apostrophe in the poet’s corner.
Now, the daily paper publishes a whole broadside about
the subject from the pen of some able astronomer and
illustrated by diagrams. It is safe to say that the daily
newspapers of the country in a single day publish more
strictly scientific matter than could be brought together
in all the pages of a scientific library of fifty years ago.
At that time a few men with unvarying monotony akin to
an inherited instinct were recording the daily winds and
temperatures ; now, we have an organized meteorological
bureau whose weather predictions have excited the ad-
miration of the world.

At that time the science of archeology was not born.
Evidences of the high antiquity of man had been brought
forward only to be rejected as contrary to Jewish chro-
nology ; now, it is the most vigorous and aggressive of
all the sciences, and one of Essex County’s gifted sons,
Mr. Putnam, whose name has been so intimately iden-
tified with the work of this society, is at the head of an
endowed museum of archzology at Cambridge, and is
for the first time teaching the country the proper and only
way of exploring the mysterious mounds of the West.
His discoveries thus far have revealed such rich fields

FIFTY YEARS AGO AND TO-DAY. 119

of research in our country that one is led to wonder that
a single penny should ever be spent abroad for work of
this kind while so much remains to be done here.

To come nearer home. At that time the unrivalled
ethnological collections of the East India Marine Society
could be got access to only by soliciting permission from
some one of its members, most of whom at that time were
scattered over the world in the interests of Salem’s com-
merce. Now, through the liberality of the great Essex
philanthropist, in founding the Peabody Academy of Sci-
ence, and the wise administration of its trustees, these
invaluable collections are open daily, free to all, and a
throng of forty thousand people annually pours through
the open doors. Liberal provisions are made to augment
these collections and the additions in the past ten years
have outnumbered the original collection. The biological
collections of this society, as well, have been cared for in
the same manner and are equally accessible.

As to the growth of the Institute it is a matter of wonder
and pride that, until recently without special funds, save
what it derived from the annual assessments of its mem-
bers, it should have obtained the position it holds to-day.

It is almost pathetic to read the first address by Prof.
John L. Russell before the society in 1836, and see how
meagre were the possessions over which its members
were felicitating themselves. Mr. Russell speaks in glow-
ing terms of the “spacious and commodious halls, fur-
nished with elegant and useful cabinets” and the library
of one hundred volumes! And this was absolutely all:
a few heroic members paying out of their own pockets
in disproportionate sums the funds necessary to sustain
even this display. How faintly could he have conceived
that within fifty years this society should have grown to
one of three hundred and forty members, with a library

120 NOTES ON THE CONDITION OF ZOOLOGY

of thirty-eight thousand volumes and invested funds to
the amount of fifty thousand dollars.

While this prosperous growth is due in part to the rich
intellectual soil from which it sprang, a very great credit
is due to the unselfish and unceasing labors of its one
persistent associate, our devoted president, who has been
with it from its inception and who as an officer has been
intimately connected with it at every stage of its develop-
ment.

It is not a little remarkable that an organization em-
bracing, as it has for thirty-five years, an historical as well
as a natural history society, should have received from
this man impartial solicitude and attention. Voluminous
papers and memoirs, historical and biological, have been
published in its proceedings. Matters pertaining to both
subjects have often come up for discussion at the same
meetings, and yet there have been no dissensions nor
jealousies between the two branches. No factions have
developed. The curse of political methods has never
entered its councils. Perhaps it augured well for the so-
ciety that its first act of incorporation was signed by
educators and statesmen, by Horace Mann, then President
of the Senate and Edward Everett, Governor of the
Commonwealth.

Surely such harmony indicates the patience and sagacity
with which its work has been guided. Certainly the
highest compliment our president could receive is, that
during the space of fifty years in which time he has suc-
cessively held all the offices to the highest, he has been
heartily seconded in every effort for its welfare.

With all this vitality and growth, this society is the
only one of any age and importance in the country that
has never had a home of its own. The Portland Society
of Natural History, though twice burned out, has still a

FIFTY YEARS AGO AND TO-DAY. 121

building of its own. The Boston Society of Natural
History, the Antiquarian Society at Worcester, not to
mention other societies throughout the country, occupy
buildings which they possess through the liberality of
their patrons. This society, on the contrary, has had to
hire rooms from the moment of its inception to the present
time. Its name has been carried, on its publications, to
the four quarters of the globe, yet it has never had the
supreme comfort of seeing permanently wrought in stone
over its own door the name which has done the county so
much honor and credit at home and abroad.

At present it finds accommodations in rented rooms in
a building far from fire-proof where it has stored away
portraits and manuscripts of inestimable value, and its
shelves fairly groan with the weight of its library accum-
ulations, yet no citizen of the city or county has been
prompted to perpetuate his name by securing for this
worthy society a permanent habitation suited to its rapidly
increasing needs.

In fifty years the society has attained more than its
most sanguine friends could have hoped for. May it not
be many years before successful efforts shall be made to
secure a solid and fire-proof structure over whose portal
the name of the Essex Institute shall be wrought in en-
during stone, asa memorial of the past, and an inspiration
for the days to come }

THE PROGRESS OF BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY DURING THE
LAST HALF CENTURY, ESPECIALLY AS INFLUENCED
BY THE ESSEX COUNTY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY AND
THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 1834-1884.

BY JOHN ROBINSON.

One of our older botanists has said that the careful
study of the flora of a very limited region might well
occupy the lifetime of any person, and that the result
accomplished would contribute more information of real
value to science than any general work the same indi-
vidual would be likely to undertake successfully.

This sentiment applies to the institution as well as the
individual. ‘Too often we see the local scientific society
striving, not to emulate the spirit, but actually imitating
the work of state or national institutions, totally neglect-
ing, all the while, the more important duty of first pre-
senting to the public a complete exhibit of the natural
products of the fields, the forests, and the waters of the
immediate neighborhood, and of encouraging an earnest
study on the part of the people, especially the younger,
of the natural objects met in every-day life, with which it
is safe to say few are at all well acquainted.

How many persons outside of a scientific class should
we be likely to find who could, even to-day, readily and
correctly give, in outline, the life-history of a single ani-
mal or plant? We find many persons who are familiar
with the common field flowers, but how many of these
could tell us a word of the grasses or sedges, or, give us
even the common names of half the forest trees growing
naturally in our own county of Essex? And yet, in the
whole course of botanical investigation, there are no plants

(122

BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY. 123

so common as grasses or so conspicuous as the forest
trees; there are none of more value considered economi-
cally and none of greater importance to the practical
farmer and mechanic. Happily, however, it cannot be
said that the Essex Institute has materially erred in this
direction, as may be shown to-day, by the present excel-
lent local herbarium originally begun by the Essex County
Natural History Society and the numerous natural history
field-clubs, children, so to speak, of the Essex Institute,
successfully established in various parts of the county,
whose members hold their meetings and collect and study
the native plants and animals.

To consider the progress of botany in Essex County for
half a century three points present themselves: (1) The
condition of botanical knowledge now as compared with
that of fifty years ago. (2) The progress made in fifty
years’ work here, as shown by the increase of libraries,
public museums, private herbaria, etc. (3) The practi-
cal benefit and general knowledge bestowed upon the
people of the county by such increased accurate knowl-
edge of the subject and the facilities for obtaining it.

Prior to 1834, the young zoologist had little in the
way of books or collections to aid his studies. Through-
out the county but few students of animal life had been
developed. No convenient text-book had then been writ-
ten applicable to this region, and many of the common
forms, among the lower animals, had not even been de-
scribed. The expense and difficulty of preserving speci-
mens prevented the formation of private collections in
many departments. In this part of the country, the mu-
seum of the East India Marine Society had alone attained
any considerable size, and that collection was only open
to the public as a special favor and contained but little in
the way of specimens illustrating local natural history.

124 BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY.

The railroads had not been built, and stage communica-
tion was so slow and expensive that the young student
could not run to Boston or Cambridge of a holiday to con-
sult libraries and collections even had they existed, as
now, in those places.

With the botanist, however, it was somewhat different.
Although the life-histories of plants were little known,
and the theory of natural selection and evolution from
lower forms was comparatively unheard of, and species
were more considered than morphological relations ; yet,
in Dr. Jacob Bigelow’s “Florula Bostoniensis,” first
printed in 1814, the second and enlarged edition of which
had appeared in 1826, the young botanist had the golden
key which should introduce him to an intimate acquaint-
ance with nearly every flower and tree his path might
cross, in any ramble, hereabouts, and through this ac-
quaintance with their names and natures lead him to the
closer study of their structure and morphology. To
those of us who are only familiar with the study of botany
to-day it is difficult to realize the importance of Dr. Big-
elow’s little volume, or the labor and study expended in
its preparation. Begun as a sensible recreation from his
arduous professional labors, it became the standard for all
botanists in this part of the country, and, for more than
a third of a century held the ground undisputed, until
the larger and more elaborate works of Dr. Asa Gray
superseded it.

The study of botany in Essex County, we may say in
New England, properly dates from the time of Rev.
Manasseh Cutler at the close of the last century. Early
writers as Francis Higginson, John Josselyn, William
Wood, John Winthrop and others refer to the native
fruits and flowers. Josselyn published the well known
* New England Rarities Discovered,” an edition of which

DURING THE LAST HALF CENTURY. 125

has been prepared in recent years with valuable notes by
Professor Tuckerman, and Higginson in a letter written
from Salem in 1629-380 (Mass. Hist. Coll., Vol. I, p.
121) speaks of the “ Flowering Mulberry,” or Raspberry,
and “ Chervil,” or Sweet Cicely, as growing near Salem
in places, where certainly, until a very few years, these
interesting historical plants still flourished. None of
these writers can, however, be considered as Essex
County botanists, and it is not until the close of the
American Revolution that we find any serious or scientific
study of the plants of the county. Manasseh Cutler of
Hamilton, after his varied services as revolutionary chap-
lain, lawyer, pastor, doctor, reformer and pioneer, found
time to prepare in 1783-4, as the title of his paper, says:
* Anaccount of some of the vegetable productions grow-
ing in this part of America, botanically arranged.” This
was published in the first volume of the “ Memoirs of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences” which was
printed in 1785, where some three hundred and fifty
species of flowering plants were described and several
important scientific points suggested which have since been
adopted in botanical treatises. It was his intention to
extend this work, and several manuscript volumes are
now in existence prepared toward this end. Dr. Cutler’s
paper bears the date of presentation Jan. 26, 1784, and,
therefore, we are not only celebrating to-day the semi-
centennial anniversary of the first organization formed in
Essex Country for the study of botany and kindred sub-
jects, but the full centennial anniversary of the presenta-
tion of the first work upon the flora of Essex County by
the first Essex County botanist.

Following Cutler came Drs. George Osgood and An-
drew Nichols: the former contributed notes for Bigelow’s
* Florula Bostoniensis,” and the latter delivered, in 1816,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 9

126 BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY

a series of lectures on botany, the first of such given in
this part of the country. Dr. Nichols was later one of
the founders of the Essex County Natural History Society
and its president, and thus has had an important influence
upon local botanical work. In 1823, two young men,
both destined to be long remembered on account of their
contributions to botanical knowledge, began their work in
Essex County. These were William Oakes of Danvers,
later of Ipswich, and Charles Pickering, then spending
much of his time at the homestead of his grandfather Col.
Timothy Pickering at Wenham.

Oakes, disgusted with the law, his chosen profession,
became the first critical botanist of the region, and at this
time converted Dr. Pickering from conchology, a study
he had first chosen, to botany.

Oakes botanized with Pickering extensively in Essex
County, particularly in the Great Swamp, Wenham, a
region then almost in its pristine wildness. Oakes after-
wards prepared a list of Vermont plants for Thompson’s
history of that state, and had in contemplation a work on
the plants of New England, which, owing to the appear-
ance of Beck’s Botany, was never completed. His most
elaborate work was a folio volume on White Mountain
scenery illustrated by Sprague, which, however, was not
published until after his death in 1848. Oakes was impul-
sive and generous, and thoroughly in earnest in his favorite
study. Like many men of note he was but little appre-
ciated while living, yet no monument could have been
erected to make his memory more cherished and his labors
more respected than that which he left behind : an extensive
collection of beautifully prepared botanical specimens de-
termined with faultless accuracy, a portion of which formed
the nucleus of the present county botanical cabinet now in
the hands of the Peabody Academy of Science in Salem.

DURING THE LAST HALF CENTURY. a7

Dr. Pickering, in 1838, joined the Wilkes Exploring Ex-
pedition, of which he had been appointed the naturalist,
and from that time until his death in 1881, his entire life
was devoted to important works on zoology and botany.

We thus find in 1834, at the time of the foundation of
the Essex County Natural History Society, a strong
impetus had been given to the study of botany, beginning
at Cutler’s time and continuing directly to this date,
through those who had been the disciples of Cutler him-
self, and that, developed at the same time, through
a different channel, however, Bigelow’s Botany had
reached its second and enlarged condition.

For the systematic student, therefore, the path was made
easy. In the departments of vegetable physiology the
works of the older authors were accessible to those who
could cope with the Latin, in which language they were
chiefly written. Sprengel, the forerunner of Darwin,
had, forty years before, published his work on the fertili-
zation of flowers, which, however, was but little known ;
Andrew Knight had followed in 1800 ; Hale’s experiments
with the sunflowers were published and pictured, and the
Jussieus, Schacht and Schleiden had swelled the writings
on these and kindred subjects.

It is not to be wondered, therefore, at the first meet-
ings of the new society, and later at those of the Essex
Institute, that the subject of botany should have absorbed
a large share of the time in its consideration, and that
horticulture, its close kin, should develop in our midst
even to becoming the mainstay of the Institute in its early
and less prosperous days by furnishing the attraction to
its rooms for the outside public, and through the proceeds
of the regularly conducted exhibitions replenish the often
scanty exchequer.

But even with the advantages these men thought they

128 BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY

possessed, how should we, to-day, think to accomplish
any important results? The microscope furnished by
Mr. Cole, the liberal amateur, was too costly a piece of
mechanism to be even hoped for, except by few. Drying
paper could not then be had, cheaply, at any natural his-
tory store. Indeed, no natural history store itself then ex- -
isted. Horse-cars and steam railroads were not at the
doors and street corners to take the collector swiftly to
the woods and fields. Yet, patiently and surely, the
work proceeded and collections were formed and new
truths discovered.

To-day five editions of Asa Gray’s Manual of Botany
are broadcast over the land and countless variations, by
his publishers, of Dr. Gray’s other works are with it.
Alphonso Wood has scarcely fewer followers, while the
publications from innumerable other authors bring up the
rear. Works on local floras are abundant. A good com-
pound microscope can be had by almost any thrifty botani-
cal student, and an excellent magnifying glass can at least
be owned by all. Drying paper is on sale, as are also reg-
ulation size herbarium sheets and genus covers, in almost
every city. Herbaria for consultation are everywhere
accessible. We can run off in the cars, collect our box of
plants, and be back to dinner, or, to Boston or Cam-
bridge for consultation and exchange of ideas as quickly.
In fact, we live in an age of such unheard-of advantages
and luxury that, doubtless, we do not appreciate our priv-
ileges and have not half respect enough for the botanists
of fifty years ago. The change is none the less marked to
the student of vegetable physiology than to the collector
of plants. Charles Darwin has come upon the scene and
left it again, but left behind him an impression never to be
effaced ; he has revolutionized botanical study in many of
its branches as much as he has that of zodlogy.

DURING THE LAST HALF CENTURY. 129

Gray has given us in the text-book of structural botany
an almost perfect work, while translations of Sach’s great
volume are in most libraries, and, besides, almost every
mail brings to our table magazines devoted specially to
botanical research, filled with the latest information from
every quarter of the globe. In short, the study of bot-
any from being looked upon as merely including the col-
lecting and naming of plants, has been shown to be of a
widely different nature in its highest aims; the study of
the life-history of the individual and its relations to other
forms. No longer do we draw an impassable line be-
tween the flowering plants and cryptogams; recent study
proves that no such line exists. Instead of a mass of
disconnected members we are taught to see a graduated
line reaching from the humblest one-celled alga to the
loftiest and most highly developed monarch of the forest.

And what then are the visible results in Essex County
of this fifty years of labor?

The nucleus of the herbarium begun by Oakes and
Nichols has grown into a collection including some 4,000
sheets of mounted plants and 200 wood specimens, repre-
senting nearly 1,700 species of plants, native or natural-
ized in Essex County, besides a reference collection of
about 10,000 specimens from all parts of the world, all
of which is now neatly arranged and properly cared for
by the Peabody Academy of Science, at whose rooms it
is open for free consultation by any botanist in the county.
With this collection are the latest botanical reference
books and microscopes for the use of students. Lectures
and instruction in botany have formed part of the regular
work of the Academy, where classes have regularly been
conducted for several years. At the evening meetings of
the Essex Institute many papers of value on this subject
have been presented, while the influence of the two hun-

130 BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY

dred field meetings, which the Institute has held in all
parts of the county, cannot even be approximated. The
Jast important work in this direction was the Catalogue of
the Flora of Essex County, a volume of two hundred
pages, published by the Institute, in 1880.

Many museums, societies and clubs have sprung up
throughout the county, and we frequently see in the local
press accounts of the meetings of the “West Newbury Nat-
ural History Club,” the “Cape Ann Scientific Association,”
the “ Boxford Natural History Club,” or those of similar
organizations in Lynn, Georgetown, Amesbury, Marble-
head and elsewhere. Many of these societies, as well as
some of our educational institutions, possess valuable
herbaria, and in several instances lists of the floras of the
towns have been published. Of private collections it is
impossible to speak. Their number is legion; many are
confined to special groups, as trees, ferns, grasses, mosses,
sea-weeds, etc. Some are more general in character, and
many are both extensive and valuable.

We could extend this enumeration to many pages, but
the brief outline here given must suffice to indicate these
visible results.

Of the influence exerted upon the people, as a whole,
and of the increase of students on these subjects it is
more difficult to speak accurately.

Fifty years ago, William Oukes, searching on hands and
knees for half an hour, to obtain a few capsules of a rare
moss, was thought, by a worthy country woman who had
watched his movements, to be a harmless insane person,
and, in simple kindheartedness, she took him a slice of
bread and butter. It is doubtful if such a thing could
happen now, although it is not unusual for the botanical
collector to be curiously questioned as to the commodity
he has on sale in the green box, or to be addressed from

DURING THE LAST HALF CENTURY. 131

the second story window of some house at which he may
called for a drink of water after a dusty walk, being mis-
taken for a marauding tramp.

There is, however, no doubt that the general informa-
tion of the people of Essex County, on the subject of
botany, has vastly increased. The importance of the
relations of certain insects to flowers is now so generally
known that it would hardly be possible to find a com-
munity so stupidly ignorant as to be jealous of a neigh-
bor’s honey bees and almost drive him from the town in
consequence, and this did actually happen in Essex
County thirty years ago.

The distribution of useful scientific information through
the county, and agricultural papers, is now so widely
felt, and scientific lectures are so numerous, even in the
smaller towns, that notions and superstitions, born of
isolation and seclusion, are vanishing as mists before
the morning sun. No longer do the former utterances of
the lecturer or the writings of the essayist satisfy the
growing demand. Mere accounts of habits and classifi-
cation are still satisfactory to a juvenile audience, but for
the maturer mind a deeper and more philosophical theme
is required. Scientific books are more read and hence are
more extensively purchased by the libraries. The bene-
fits are twofold. Superstition is banished, and obser-
vation and rational thought encouraged.

This institution cannot, of course, be credited with all
this change and improvement. Other forces have been
steadily at work. The labors of our ancient and most
excellent Essex Agricultural Society and its farmers’ in-
stitutes, are an important factor not to be overlooked.
The press and the pulpit have grown and developed
immeasurably also, and have had their powerful influ-
ences brought to bear in the right direction, and natural

132 BOTANY IN ESSEX COUNTY

history has been introduced as a regular study in our
higher grades of schools. Yet this institution has done
a lion’s share. Beginning before others, it has been as
the leaven for the whole lump, preparing the people for
all truth and wisdom. It has encouraged those who
needed encouragement and offered facilities to those ready
to work. Through its publications it has furnished the
medium for the expression of ideas and the presentation of
the results of scientific investigations, and it has sustained,
at home and abroad, a reputation for Essex County as a
scientific and intellectual centre. It is an honorable rec-
ord, and this institution may well be proud of the result
of its fifty years of labor. And in connection with this
work the names of Cutler, Oakes, Pickering, Osgood,
Russell and many other botanists will always be remem-
bered with gratitude. They helped each other, and
though all have passed away the result of their work will
be a help to every future botanist who shall collect or
study in Essex County.

Nor can I close without expressing my personal indebt-
edness to my old and honored friend, our president. To
his belief in the necessity of encouraging the young stu-
dent is in a great measure due the perpetuation of the
institution he helped so ably to begin. He has ever be-
lieved that young laborers and new men must be en-
grafted on the old stock. I feel for myself as I know it
has been with others, that what I have enjoyed of botany,
of natural history generally, of museum work, is due to
the encouragement given and the trust placed in me by
him when I was but a boy, and if I have added the least
of value to the work of those who have preceded me, it
is the result of the stimulus coming of such encourage-
ment and trust.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY IN ESSEX COUNTY, MASS.

BY B. F. MCDANIEL.

THE first organized effort in the United States for the
study of geology and mineralogy was the “Mineralogical
Society,” formed in New York city in 1798.

In appealing for aid and sympathy, information was
especially desired as to the localities, quantity, and quality
of gunflints, brimstone, saltpetre and lead.

Evidently the society meant to justify its existence.
The state of the science is forcibly revealed by Professor
Silliman, the elder, in 1818. “Notwithstanding the laud-
able efforts of a few gentlemen,” he says, “to excite some
taste for mineralogy, so little has been effected in forming
collections, in kindling curiosity, and in diffusing informa-
tion, that only fifteen years since (1803), it was a matter
of extreme difficulty to obtain the names of the common
stones and minerals; and one might inquire earnestly and
long before he could find any one to identify even quartz,
feldspar, or hornblende among the simple minerals, or
granite, porphyry, or trap among the rocks.

We speak from experience, and well remember with
what impatient, but almost despairing curiosity we eyed
the bleak, naked ridges which impended over the valleys
and plains that were the scenes of our youthful excur-
sions.

In vain did we doubt that the glittering spangles of
mica and the still more alluring brilliancy of pyrites gave
assurance of the existence of the precious metals in those
substances, or that the cutting of glass by the garnet and
quartz proved that these minerals were the diamond; but,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 9* (1383)

134 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

if they were not precious metals and diamonds, we in vain
inquired of our teachers what they were.”

In the next twenty-five years, interest in this science
rapidly increased. In 1825 Dr. Samuel Robinson pub-
lished a “ Catalogue of American Minerals,” an octavo of
300 pages, giving the localities of all known minerals in
the United States and British Provinces. Prof. Parker
Cleaveland’s “Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology” was
first published in 1816, and marked an epoch in American
science.

In 1824, North Carolina, the first state to take such
action, authorized a geological survey.

In June, 1830, Massachusetts commissioned Prof.
Edward Hitchcock to do the same work for this state.
Other states followed, until now the whole extent of the
country has been or is now being surveyed.

It is here to be noticed that the sciences of geology and
mineralogy have made great and important strides away
from the comparatively primitive knowledge and methods
of the early part of this century. Then the terminology
of both sciences was largely based on the external appear-
ances of rocks and minerals. Hence an imperfect classi-
fication and many errors. The long and fierce quarrel
between the Wernerian or Neptunian, and the Huttonian
or Plutonian schools of geology had not yet settled down
into the present dispassionate weighing of evidence.

The science of geology was not yet free and independent,
but was subjected to tests and made to do duty in foreign
fields, where its development was checked.

But the practical study of geology and mineralogy won
many minds who cared little for speculative discussion, and
who, indeed, did not feel competent to master the abstract
principles of either science. The early local scientific
societies were not largely made up of scientific men, but

IN ESSEX COUNTY, MASS. 135

of those whose hearts were touched with the beauties and
wonders of nature, and who wished to sit in her school as
humble disciples.

They were observers, with the true passion for knowl-
edge,— explorers, whose zeal carried them through many
difficulties and hardships, and rewarded them with many
brilliant discoveries. Such were the early workers in the
field of geology in this county.

The Essex County Natural History Society and its suc-
cessor, the Essex Institute, have given their attention
almost wholly to botany, zodlogy and prehistoric arche-
ology, owing to the bent and profession of their leading
members. In these directions they have given the Essex
Institute and the Peabody Academy of Science a world-
wide reputation. Had the same thorough and continuous
work been done in the fields of which this paper treats, I
believe that results hardly less brilliant and helpful to sci-
ence would have been realized.

The geology of Essex County is not rich in metalliferous
deposits, nor even as far as we know in valuable minerals ;
but both Rockport and Newburyport have yielded sur-
prises to the older mineralogists, the former giving two
new species to the science. Dana gives but eight towns
in our county as mineral localities, one of which, the
sodalite of Salem Neck, is only a reminiscence. Other
localities have been named by Hitchcock and others, but
little has been taken out of them. For instance, the evi-
dence for the existence of the Topsfield copper mine rests
at the bottom of the Atlantic. Geological and mineralog-
ical investigation has been pursued here in a desultory
way.

In the first three volumes of the Proceedings of the
Institute are preserved the accounts of the early labors in
this department. I will now briefly review them. Two

136 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

of the most eminent mineralogists of that time were Dr..
Charles T. Jackson and Mr. Francis Alger. They at-
tended the second field meeting of the Institute at Lynn-
field, in July, 1849. The serpentine ledges there, like
those in Newbury, then gave promise of a rich output
of decorative marble.

It is unfortunate that this promise has not been realized.
From an extensive acquaintance with the formation at
Newburyport, I am satisfied that the deposit there may
yet yield handsome returns for a comparatively small out-
lay.

The name of Dr. Andrew Nichols, of Danvers, early
appears among the earnest and intelligent naturalists in
the ranks of the Institute.

In a notice of his death, at the annual meeting, May,
1853, hearty testimony was borne to his noble work in the
several departments of natural history prosecuted by the
Institute. Nothing in the natural world escaped his ques-
tioning mind, and his power of imparting the results
of his studies was equally felicitous. To him, it was
said, we owe a great deal for the development of natural
science in this county.

Dr. William Prescott, of Lynn, afterwards of Concord,
N. H., where he died, was another earnest spirit and
ready helper. He studied enthusiastically the geology
and mineralogy of his neighborhood, and contributed
generously of his stores to the cabinets of the Institute.

I was present at the sale of his collections in Concord,
which were very large and rich, but like all such things
sold at auctions, suffered a grievous slaughter.

The Rev. A. P. Chute, of Lynnfield, was another effi-
cient worker in these fields. At the several meetings
held at that place, Mr. Chute showed evidences of earnest
and intelligent work. January, 1856, he made a report

IN ESSEX COUNTY, MASS. 137

to the Institute on the sodalite found on Salem Neck,
which Mr. D. M. Balch reported on again more thoroughly
in 1864. Ata field meeting in Lynnfield, in Oct., 1856,
Mr. Chute displayed cabinet specimens of chlorite, epi-
dote, smoky quartz, fluorite (white and purple), feld-
spar, albite, pyrites, magnetite, siderite, magnesite,
serpentine and manganese, the last probably dendritic,
that he found in that town.

In 1857, Mr. B. F. Mudge, of Lynn, appears among
the Institute workers in the field of geology. At the
field meetings in Lynn, Nahant and Lynnfield, Mr. Mudge
rendered efficient aid in his department, and in other
ways at other times served the Institute. He gave the
names of fifteen minerals that he had found in Nahant.

Mr. J. J. H. Gregory, of Marblehead, appears as
early as 1858 among the active forces of our society, ad-
mirably filling the place made vacant by Mr. Mudge’s
removal to the west. He has been a faithful attendant
and valuable helper ever since, the Proceedings of the
Institute bearing witness to the diligence and intelligence
of his geological studies. In Sept., 1858, Mr. Gregory
read a paper on “The Geology of Marblehead,” which,
with such additions as more recent research might offer,
might profitably appear among the publications of the
Institute.

In 1860, Mr. D. M. Balch became curator of miner-
alogy. The Proceedings of the Institute bear record to
his fidelity and competency.

Jan. 7, 1861, Mr. 8. S. Mackenzie presented a paper
on “The Geology of Topsfield,” showing close and care-
ful observation, but offering little of interest to the min-
eralogist.

Like all of our towns, Topsfield was early agitated by
the gold fever, iron pyrites being in nearly all cases the

138 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

gay deceiver. One Smith, digging a well in this town,
found alump of what he supposed to be gold, and placed
it on the mantle in his house. One day a stranger called
and asked for a drink of cider. While Mr. Smith was
absent in the cellar drawing the beverage, the visitor de-
parted, taking the tempting mineral with him. A circle
drawn with chalk on the floor showed where he had last
stood. It is needless to suggest who the stranger was
held to be.

In 1861, Rev. Stillman Barden reinforced the ranks of
the Institute workers in the field we are now considering,
and until his death contributed generously by voice and
gifts of specimens to elucidate the geology of the county.
Called to live at Rockport, he was the first to develop the
mineral treasures of that place.

At field meetings held there in August, 1862, and
August, 1863, he won the cordial praise of Dr. Chas. T.
Jackson, Mr. Francis Alger and Prof. Alpheus Hyatt for
his enthusiastic and intelligent labors in that interesting
field; thereby the attention of trained scientists was
drawn to the locality, and two new species discovered,
besides the more accurate definition given to those al-
ready known.

In July, 1867, at a field meeting held in Andover,
Prof. C. H. Hitchcock made an address chiefly in expla-
nation of the kames or glacial ridges in that town and
section. The study of these formations has since been
ably pursued by Rev. George F. Wright, lately of An-
dover, now of Oberlin, Ohio, and two communications
made by him to this society have been published in pam-
phlet form. ‘This has been the first thorough, systematic
work done by an amateur. That it has won the recogni-
tion and hearty approval of professionals has been simple
justice, for no trained scientist could have more fully met

IN ESSEX COUNTY, MASS. 139

the conditions of his work than has Mr. Wright. His
removal from the county is deeply to be regretted.

Following the meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science in Salem in 1869, a
number of its members made a visit to Rockport, under
the auspices of the Institute. Col. J. W. Foster, the
eminent archeologist of Illinois, and Professor T. Sterry
Hunt, made interesting and valuable addresses at the meet-
ing there gathered.

The work I have mentioned has been largely done in a
desultory way, and by untrained local students. Prof.
Alpheus Hyatt and others had given some attention to
our local geology, and in May, 1871, Professor Hyatt
read a paper before the Institute on this subject.

This marked the beginning of a thorough detailed study
of the district. Prof. Edward Hitchcock, in his report
and map of 1841, and Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, in his map
of 1871, had drawn the substantial geological features of
the county; but as scientific views change rapidly and
often radically, Professor Hyatt, in bis more minute and
recent investigations, found reasons for differing from
their conclusions. He made a detailed map in colors of
the geology of Marblehead Neck, which is now in the
Mass. Institute of Technology.

Mr. M. E. Wadsworth, of the Boston Society of Nat-
ural History, and Prof. T. Sterry Hunt (see his “Chemical
and Geological Essays”) deserve mention for valuable,
original work on the geology of this region.

Professor Hyatt’s work has been taken up, and under
his direction carried to greater completeness by Mr. W.
O. Crosby, by whom a map and report were prepared
under the patronage of the Mass. Commission to the Cen-
tennial Exhibition in 1876. In this report we have the
first detailed and comprehensive statement of the geology

140 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

of Essex County, based on intimate personal study in the
field.

But Mr. Crosby did not stop with this brief exposition.
He prosecuted his work in the field and laboratory, and
in 1880 published an octavo volume of two hundred and
ninety-five pages, with an accompanying map, entitled
“Contributions to the Geology of Eastern Massachusetts.’
It appeared under the auspices of the Boston Society of
Natural History, with which he is officially connected.

The volume is a worthy monument of years of careful
research and study, but its author disclaims any preten-
sions to completeness. In the nature of the case, it can-
not be exhaustive. Large tracts of rocks, that are needed
to verify inferences, are covered by drift and water, and
future explorations and quarry-workings must be looked
to for the explication of some unsolved questions.

It is hoped that an abstract of Mr. Crosby’s report, with
a geological map of the county, will be published by the
Institute for the use of our schools and public libraries.

My report has come to an end, but the work of which
it treats may be said to have been just begun, in a way
that will need no radical revision. It is a work to which
all observing, inquiring minds can contribute.

The intelligent farmer in his fields, the teacher and her
scholars in their rambles, whoever has eyes to see, can
help the geologist to complete the story of creation written
on the great stone leaves of the earth’s crust. The re-
wards of such work lie in the discovered facts, without
which man knows not all the beauties and riches of his
earthly home, and even the commonest life is not com-
plete.

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH.

BY SAMUEL P. FOWLER.

Tue Essex County Natural History Society was organ-
ized on the eighteenth day of December, 1833, in Salem.
The officers of the society who were then elected were:
Dr. Andrew Nichols of the old town of Danvers, presi-
dent; Mr. William Oakes, of Ipswich, and Rev. Gardner
B. Perry, of Bradford, vice presidents; Mr. John M.
Ives, of Salem, secretary and treasurer ; Rev. John Lewis
Russell, of Salem, librarian and cabinet-keeper ; William
Oakes, of Ipswich, John C. Lee, of Salem, Thomas
Spencer, of Salem, and Charles G. Page, of Salem,
curators.

Andrew Nichols, William Oakes, William Prescott
and their associates were made a corporation under the
name of the Essex County Natural History Society, Feb-
ruary 12,1836. A circular, dated Jan. 1, 1834, was pub-
lished and distributed, setting forth the object of the
society, which was to promote more generally the study
of natural history in the county of Essex.

We may further notice the gallantry of the men who
formed this society fifty years ago in inviting ladies to
join in their work, not because there was at that time any
discussion concerning woman’s rights, but because they
well knew the fondness of the fair sex for flowers and the
beautiful things of nature.

I am an old man, but in the course of my long life I
have never yet met with a woman who would say she
was not fond of flowers. In this circular they say em-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 10 (141)

142 AN HISTORICAL SKETCH.

phatically, “ Ladies, you will perceive, are not excluded, .
and it is anticipated that they will contribute much to the
success of the society. Several in Salem have already
become subscribers.”

These anticipations have been more than realized.
Ladies have always taken a deep interest in the society
and its work, and have greatly aided us in many ways
and by gifts of substantial value. It would be interesting
to know who were the ladies who first became members of
the society.

_ The first anniversary address delivered before the Essex
County Natural History Society was by Rev. John Lewis
Russell, June 15, 1836.

On the sixteenth day of April, 1834, the society held
its first field meeting at Topsfield, at the hotel then stand-
ing on the line of the Newburyport turnpike.

The company came in carriages, as railroads were then
unheard of. I came to the meeting in a chaise with Dr.
Ebenezer Hunt. The following persons were present:
Dr. Andrew Nichols, of Danvers; William Oakes, Esq.,
of Ipswich; Rev. Gardner B. Perry, of Bradford; Mr.
John M. Ives, of Salem; Mr. Benjamin Hale Ives, of
Salem; Rev. John Lewis Russell, of Salem; Dr. Ebe-
nezer Hunt, of Danvers; and Samuel P. Fowler, of Dan-
vers; and perhaps some others whose names may have
escaped my recollection. Only one of those then present
is now living. Several of the party brought with them
specimens of natural history, Mr. William Oakes bring- |
ing several of the beautiful plates of Audubon’s magnifi-
cent work on the Birds of North America. The field
meeting which was held fifty years ago was much like
those of the present day. Rev. Mr. Russell, when allud-
ing to it in his address, says, “the season, the weather,

—— eo a

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH. 143

the day were auspicious. It seemed as if Nature herself
was smiling on our prospects and inviting us to her study
and acquaintance, the lovely Hepatica and pure Sangui-
naria were blooming under our feet, and assisted to adorn
our tables.” After dinner a stroll was taken in the woods
and fields, and among the plants gathered was a fine spec-
imen of Blood Root (Sanguinaria Canadensis) which
was taken up with a spade, and upon our return to the
hotel it was placed on the middle of the table with a
newspaper under it, when we pledged ourselves to sustain
the Essex County Natural History Society and promote
its interest.

To carry out this intention, the several persons who
were known to be interested in the study of any particular
branch of natural history were requested to bring for-
ward to the field meetings such specimens as they pos-
sessed or might find in their rambles. All through those
early days of the society our pledge was well kept, not-
withstanding the laughter noticed on the countenances of
some persons when told we were posy-seekers and bug-
hunters. But neither the sneer of the unthinking nor
“the world’s dread laugh” for a moment deterred us
from going forward in the study of the natural history of
the county of Essex. Farmers and gardeners have since
derived important knowledge from the labors of ento-
mologists, and in consequence of the constant jncrease
of injurious insects it has now become necessary to make
entomology a study for the preservation of our crops.

The love of flowers, their study and cultivation, have
greatly increased in these fifty years. Flowers are now
used at most public meetings and gatherings and are seen
in churches. They are now profusely used at the burial
of the dead, when fifty years ago the only plant you would

144 _AN HISTORICAL SKETCH:

have seen at a funeral was a handful of tansy gathered
from the garden or roadside and thrown upon the coffin.

The Essex County Natural History Society has not be-
come extinct, although its name was given up when it was
merged in the Essex Institute, which includes both those
who study the wonders of nature and those whose tastes
lead them to search out the events of the past.

The Essex Institute was formed by the union of the
Essex Historical and the Essex County Natural History
Societies. To effect this end the two societies held sev-
eral meetings during the autumn of 1847. <A joint com-
mittee was appointed to draft a plan to serve as a basis of
organization. The plan offered by the committee was
accepted by the societies at a meeting Jan. 14, 1848.
An Act of Incorporation, from the Legislature, was ob-
tained in February of the same year; and on the first of
March following, by its acceptance, the Essex Institute
was organized and the following officers chosen: Daniel
A. White, President; John G. King, John Lewis Russell
and John C. Lee, Vice Presidents; Henry Wheatland,
Secretary and Treasurer; Frederic Howes, jr., Cabinet-
keeper; George D. Phippen, Librarian ; Frederic Howes,
Joseph G. Waters and Matthew A. Stickney, Curators of
the Historical Department ; William Mack, Henry F. King
and Samuel P. Fowler, Curators of Natural History ;
Benjamin H. Silsbee, Francis Putnam and James Upton,
Curators of the Horticultural Department; John C. Lee,
Frederic Howes and Ephraim Emmerton, Financial Com-
mittee.

My esteemed and somewhat eccentric friend, the Rev.
John Lewis Russell, a learned and enthusiastic botanist,
when the union of the two societies was under considera-
tion, expressed to me his fears that the subject of natural

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH. 145

history would be deemed of minor importance, and that
many of the members absorbed in the subject of genealogy
would devote more time to find out who their great-great-
grandmothers were than they would to the study of natural
history. |

I said I thought the subjects of civil and natural history
could be studied together to the mutual benefit of the
members of the Institute. The fears of Mr. Russell have
never been realized as time has proved. The records of
our proceedings will show that the study of civil and
natural history has continued side by side, to the neglect
of neither, but to the advantage of both; and an interest
in these subjects has been developed in the county, which
I trust will continue and increase. I cannot close without
a tribute of respect to those departed friends who were
associated with me in the formation of this society, and
whose memory I fondly cherish. I well remember their
enthusiasm in striving to awaken among the people of
Essex County an interest in the study of nature, and I
cannot forbear to express my desire and my hope that
their laudable examples will be followed by the young men
and women of the present day.

A FIELD DAY AT ANNISQUAM
Wednesday, July 16, 1884.

A goodly number of the members and friends of the
Institute spent a very pleasant day at this favorite seaside
resort on the northern side of Cape Ann. The train made
its usual prompt run to Gloucester; at the station, car-
riages were in waiting and soon the party were safely
conveyed to the place of rendezvous, which was the post-
office at Annisquam. This building appears to be the
centre of the social life of the village. Not only do the
U.S. mails arrive and depart with governmental precision,
but the usual varieties of a country store are dispensed
with courtesy and despatch; in the rear is a small hall
in which our baskets, wraps, etc., were deposited and
where the noonday lunch was laid. In the second story
is a larger hall where the afternoon session was held.

‘The party spent the forenoon in rambling about the
place. Some visited the Laboratory, established by Prof.
A. Hyatt, an institution designed to cultivate the study of
zoology, especially the marine; further reference to what
was seen may be gleaned from Mr. Kingsley’s remarks
at the meeting. Some visited “Sunset rock” upon an em-
inence near by, which commands an admirable view of the
broad Ipswich Bay, Plum Island with its nine miles of
length, Agamenticus mountain in Maine and, occasionally,
a glimpse of the Isle of Shoals. Some went to Dogtown,
about two rhiles distant, which, many years ago, contained
some forty houses, occupied largely by men who served
their country during the war of 1812, and afterwards long
continued to be the abode of the widows and orphans,
especially of those who died on the battle field or who had
gone down at sea; the last of them are still remembered

(146)

A FIELD DAY AT ANNISQUAM. 147

bringing to market the berries and herbs which yielded
them a scanty support. They have now all passed away
and the dwellings have also disappeared ; the old cellars,
the grass-grown roads and the traditions of the place im-
part an interest to this deserted hamlet.

Upon a point on the beach is the “Squam light,” which
was visited by some; others strolled upon the beach and
gathered various specimens of natural history.

This is an interesting locality and its attractions have
induced many to pass the heated term in the enjoyment
of its cool and refreshing breezes.

The afternoon session was called to order at 2 Pp. M. by
the President who, after a few remarks alluding to the
pleasant meeting held at this place in August, 1872, called
upon Mr. J. S. Kingsley, who is at present in charge of
the Marine Laboratory which was visited in the forenoon,
and who gave an interesting account of the history of the
institution, the mode of management and its present condi-
tion. His remarks are embodied in the communication
hereto appended.

Mr. JamMEs S. JEWETT, of Gloucester, read a sketch of
Annisquam, for which see Historical Collections, Essex
Institute, Vol. X XI.

Prof. AtpHeus Hyatt followed. He expressed his
pleasure in meeting his old friends, and said that he should
always have the kindest feelings toward the Institute. In
regard to the Laboratory he spoke of the philosophy of
the instruction as distinct from the curriculum adopted in
the various schools of learning. He then proceeded to
give a short illustrated lecture or talk upon sponges which
was very interesting and instructive.

A. C. Perkins, Esq., formerly Principal of Phillips
Academy, Exeter, now of Brooklyn, N. Y., Hon. Jonas

148 A FIELD DAY AT ANNISQUAM.

H. Frencu of Gloucester and Hon. James Davis of
Gloucester, offered interesting remarks. The first, after
complimenting the Institute upon the value of its work,
proceeded to read some extracts of a bright and humorous
character from the note book of a zodlogical student. The
second expressed regret that the Institute could not go
farther on the Cape, visit the quarries and accept his invi-
tation to visit his own house and grounds. Referring to
the horticulture of the Cape, he said that, while he was
prospecting with the view of laying out and embellishing
his own grounds, he was visited by Mr. Copeland, a man
of experience in such matters, who, after a walk in the
woods with the view of discovering what local plants might
be found, said that we had more desirable shrubs and other
kindred growths than can be found elsewhere. The third
said that he remembered the circumstance of the meeting
held in this place in 1872 and recalled the details of that
day’s proceedings. He then gave a talk which he consid-
ered supplementary to Mr. Jewett’s interesting sketch,
in which he recalled some of his own early recollections,
the changes that had been made in the spelling of the word
Annisquam, and the signification of the name as being
“Pleasant water,” which seemed to him a beautiful desig-
nation. He recalled the experiences of his father’s days
when the principal part of the business of Gloucester was
done in this section of the town; the building of vessels
was quite extensive and his father had inspected as many
as nine thousand barrels of mackerel in a single season.

Hon. N. A. Horton offered a vote of thanks to Messrs.
Alpheus Hyatt and J. S. Kingsley, to Mrs. H. H. Ben-
nett and Mrs. Alpheus Hyatt and also to Hon. Jonas H.
French, for attentions and hospitalities rendered or prof-
fered. Vote adopted.

A FIELD DAY AT ANNISQUAM. 149

THE ANNISQUAM LABORATORY.

BY J. S. KINGSLEY.

For several years Professor Hyatt has invited one or
more students to accompany him to Annisquam to spend
the summer in the study of the marine forms so abundant
here. It seemed from the number of applications that
there was a demand for a marine laboratory on the coast
near Boston which should be practically free to all. On
consultation with some of the managers, the Woman’s
Educational Society of Boston became interested in the
project and advanced the money necessary to fit up the
laboratory which you have visited to-day.

The laboratory is under the charge of the Boston Society
of Natural History. It was first opened for students in
June of 1881 and during that summer twenty-two students
availed themselves of the privileges afforded. So suc-
cessful was the laboratory during its first season that money
needed for a windmill was promptly furnished by that
society which is doing so much for the education of woman
and which has been constant and unfaltering in its support
of the laboratory. By the aid of the windmill, salt water
is pumped into the building thus supplying a tank on each
of the tables besides three large aquaria in the centre of
the room. The object of this was to keep the specimens
studied alive in confinement, a task of no small difficulty.
During the second year (1882) of the laboratory, fifteen
students were present and during 1883 the number was
nine. During these three years the laboratory has been
under the immediate charge of Mr. B. H. VanVleck, a
thoroughly competent instructor.

This year the number of students has been fifteen. Dur-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 10*

150 A FIELD DAY AT ANNISQUAM.

ing June and July, owing to the absence of Mr. VanVleck,
I have had charge of the laboratory ; but about the first of
August he will resume the position he has so acceptably
filled in the past.

The object of the laboratory is to furnish students an
opportunity to study animals and plants in the best pos-
sible manner. Some of those who come are competent to
conduct original investigations and they are left to follow
out any line they may choose. The majority, however,
come to get a foundation and to fit themselves for teaching.
We have nothing to do with species. The common ques-
tion asked by students at first is what is the name of this
and that form. The name is not the most important thing.
What we aim to teach are the structure and development of
animals and the methods of study best adapted to produce
teachers and investigators. Hach student, unless previ-
ously qualified, dissects a series of types of the larger forms,
such as sea anemones, starfish, clams, lobsters, squid, etc.
After this comes a drill in the methods of investigating the
embryology of marine forms. You all know that a fish
comes from an egg, but have you any idea of the way in
which that small, simple object becomes converted into
the highly organized cod or cunner? To trace these steps
of development is the province of embryology and to-day
the study of embryology is solving some of the most pro-
found problems connected with life.

All our life here is not spent with the scalpel in hand or
in gazing through the microscope. We have to collect
the specimens we study. Collecting may seem an easy
task but, in reality, it is one which requires experience to
meet with much success. On the shores and beaches, when
the tide is out, we find some forms ; others may be obtained
by turning over stones or by digging in the mud. Still
others are found below that zone which is laid bare by the

A FIELD DAY AT ANNISQUAM. 151

retreating tide twice in every twenty-four hours. To
obtain these forms we have recourse to the dredge, a net
with an iron rim, which scrapes the floor of the ocean and
brings up the treasures living there.

On the surface of the water exists a fauna far different
from that found in the location already mentioned, and to
collect these a surface net is employed. This is made of
thin cheese cloth and is dragged along the surface; the
water readily passes through the tissue but the numberless
animals floating at the surface are retained in its meshes.
These surface forms are mostly minute, but at the same
time they are exceedingly interesting. Among the forms
will be found numbers of larve which delight the eye of
the embryologist, but the vast majority are minute crus-
taceans as yet all but unknown to science. The myriads
of these surface swimmers are beyond all computation.
The product of an hour’s collecting with the surface net
can only be numbered by millions.

Fretp Day at AsBury GROVE, Hamitton, THuRSDAY,
JULY 31, 1884.

In the immediate vicinity of the place of meeting is
Wenham swamp, which comprises a territory several
miles in extent, and with its beautiful ponds and woods
and its diversified scenery has long been considered one
of the finest localities in this county in which to botanize.
Many of our rare and choice plants have here been found ;
and the collection made, some sixty years since, by
William Oakes and Charles Pickering, then young men,’
have made it well known among botanists. Thither re-
paired many of those who came to the meeting in the first
train, and under the guidance of Mr. John H. Sears were
successful in their findings. Itis very desirable that at an
early day, some of our naturalists should make a careful
exploration of this region and publish the results of
their researches.

Other members of the party lingered about the grove
and took notice of the many improvements that have been
made within the past few years, and of the new cottages
which have been erected, replacing to a great extent the
old tents and cheap structures of the early days of the
enterprise.

The noonday lunch was partaken of in the dining hall
at the grove.

The afternoon session was held in the chapel, re-
cently erected. It was called to order at 3 Pp. M., by the

1 The one entered upon the practice of the law at Ipswich, which he soon left;
the other, as a medical student in the office of Dr, A. L. Peirson at Salem,

(152)

FIELD DAY AT ASBURY GROVE. 153

PRESIDENT, who said: This is the third time that we
have been kindly invited to hold a meeting in this beau-
tiful grove, dedicated to Christ and to the church. The
first was on July 6, 1866, and the second Aug. 12,
1877. On all these occasions we have been cordially re-
ceived and heartily welcomed. This is the third field meet-
ing of the present season: the first, at Topsfield, the
geographical centre of the county ; the second, at Annis-
quam, on the borders of the sea.

At the first the land and fresh-water animals and plants
were considered; at the second the marine. The first
commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the meeting
held in Topsfield on the sixteenth of April, 1834. In this
connection the PRESIDENT made brief notice of some
of the persons who were the first to place their names
on the roll of membership: Ichabod Tucker, Daniel A.
White, Andrew Nichols, Thomas Spencer, Thomas Cole,
Robert Manning, William Oakes, Gardner B. Perry,
John L. Russell, John C. Lee, B. H. Ives, J. M. Ives
and Charles G. Page.

James F. Aumy, treasurer of the Asbury Grove Cor-
poration, extended a cordial welcome to the Institute at
its third meeting at the grove. He spoke of the many
natural attractions of the place, and said that while, as a
summer home for hundreds of people, Asbury Grove had
become very popular, the fact that it had been dedicated
to the worship of God gave to it an added charm. Mr.
Almy referred to the singing of the birds, the beauty of
the trees and the ever-changing foliage, and the many
forms of animal life, all of which offered an abundant
opportunity for the study of nature which should be im-
proved.

154 FIELD DAY AT ASBURY GROVE.

In closing, he gave some information regarding the growth
of the Asbury Grove Association, the erection of new
cottages and villas and the building of the new chapel,
which was paid for by subscriptions in small sums from
the people.

Mr. Georce D. Purpren, introduced by the President
as a member who joined the Natural History Society
when avery young man, and whe had in various ways,
covering a period of many years, promoted its objects, said
that we might well draw inspiration from the double pur-
pose for which people come here; there was no difficulty
in harmonizing science and religion, both grew from a
common inspiration. In this world there have been great
convulsions in the building up of the earth ; but the process
of completion is still going on. Among the prophets of
science was Darwin, and the evolutionary principle is re-
cognized as containing the elements of truth. He then
spoke of plants with special reference to man’s methods of
helping nature ; selection, cross-breeding and hybridization
were the three methods he described. He closed with an |
appeal to encourage the study of natural history among
the young, and said that it had been of great service to
him through life.

Vice President F. W. Putnam was the next speaker.
He said that a little incident which occurred just be-
fore the meeting led him to take curiosity as the subject
of his remarks. He then stated that while he was sitting
under the trees with a friend he noticed many red ants,
which were all going in one direction and all carrying
objects of the same character. His curiosity was aroused
and he caught several of the ants and found that each was

FIELD DAY AT ASBURY GROVE. 155

carrying another ant, apparently of the same species.
While he and his friend were making their observations,
a few other persons gathered around, and in a short time
curiosity led many others to the spot and all became in-
terested in the ants and curious to know why they were
thus engaged in carrying their fellows, which it was found,
could travel well enough as soon as they were taken from
the jaws of their bearers. This led to a few statements
in relation to the habits of the ants; and thus curiosity
had led to knowledge. In this way curiosity had often
been the cause, leading men to devote their lives to deep
studies, the results of which had been of great importance
to mankind, and when properly directed curiosity could
not fail to elevate the mind; while misdirected curiosity,
on the contrary, debases ourselves and often proves inju-
rious to vur fellow-men.

The speaker then gave instances in the life of some of
the early naturalists who regarded all natural objects as
curiosities, and who wrote to their friends to send them
such curiosities as could be obtained, stating that they were
curious to compare objects from different places. Thus
begun many branches of natural science which have since
occupied the minds of profound thinkers and men of deep
research. He then called attention to the collecting of
arrowheads and other worked stones, out of simple curi-
osity on the part of many persons, and showed how such
curiosity, if not properly directed, leads to hoarding the
objects as the miser does his gold, whereas if such collec-
tions were properly used and the curiosity of the collector
properly directed so as to lead to research, much of in-
terest and importance could be made from such things in
relation to the early condition of man and his migrations.
In concluding the speaker called attention to the importance

156 FIELD DAY AT ASBURY GROVE.

of taking advantage of the natural curiosity and so di-
recting it as to lead to high results while developing the
mind.

Mr. J. H. Stars spoke with special reference to the
plants peculiar to Wenham swamp. This swamp runs
from Danvers to Hamilton and Ipswich, a distance of
about five miles, and is three miles broad. In the part in
Danvers and West Wenham, where he had _ botanized
most, are the Trillium erectum L., Cypripedium parvifio-
rum Salisb., Cypripedium spectabile Swartz., Stellaria
borealis Bigelow, Viburnum lantanoides Michx. On
Turkey Island, at this end of the swamp, the Cornus
florida Li. grows in abundance. He made reference to
many plants that had been collected during the day, des-
cribing the peculiarities of several varieties.

Rev. B. F. McDaniet made an interesting talk upon
the bat and beetle, specimens of which had been given to
him since his arrival. He had trained himself to keep an
eye upon nature and nature’s God, because he did not feel
that he would be fitted to enter upon the future life, until
he had learned all he could about this. Speaking of the
beetle he described the details of its structure to show
its adaptability to its needs. He closed by speaking of
the desirability of the study of natural history in vaca-
tion days, and of this place as being ad&pted to such
study ; and also as favorable to the mental growth to be
obtained in this way.

Mr. N. A. Horton made reference to the nature of
the Institute as devoted to inquiry into things which per-
tain to civil history, as well as to those which relate to

FIELD DAY AT ASBURY GROVE. 157

natural history. Mr. Spencer, of whom the President had
spoken, gave shelter to George Thompson, the English
anti-slavery agitator, whenhe was in Salem. Rev. Mr.
Cutler, who preached fifty years in Hamilton, took an
important part in founding the first settlement in the
state of Ohio, which was a part of the great northwest
territory to which the ordinance of 1787 applied; and
there has been a strong presentation to show that this
early anti-slavery measure, of which Nathan Dane of Bev-
erly is supposed to be the author, was a result of prelim-
inary councils, in which Dr. Cutler was a conspicuous
influence.

He spoke of the many impsovements made at the grove
since 1877, and of the many attractions of the place. He
alluded to the courtesies extended to the members of the
Institute, and concluded his remarks with proposing the
following vote which was unanimously adopted.

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be ex-
tended to the officers of the Asbury Grove Association
for the use of the grove and the chapel, to James F. Almy
for many attentions, and to the young ladies who served
so efficiently at the dinner tables.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 11

Fretp Day at Newsury Oxtp Town, Tuurspay, Avu-
GUST 28, 1884.

THE party, on arrival in the early morning trains, pro-
ceeded to Plum Island, and spent two hours in a pleasant
ramble; thence to the Old Town Parish, where the local
points of interest were visited ; some to inspect the collec-
tions of Mr. Alfred Osgood, some to the old burial ground
containing the graves of Rev. John Parker, the Sewalls and
many of the first settlers; others to see several of the old
houses, especially the residence of the late Joshua Coffin,
the historian of Newbury, and the house built by Rev.
James Noyes, pastor of the parish from 1635 to 1656,
the year of his death, in the 48th year of his age, and
now occupied by a descendant, Miss Mary E. Noyes,
who was very courteous to the numerous visitors. Dele-
gations from Groveland, Danvers and Byfield arrived at
noon.

The afternoon session was held at 2.30 Pp. M., in the
lower hall of the chapel, and was largely attended by res-
idents as well as by the Institute party. |

The meeting was called to order by the President, who
spoke of another visit of the Institute to Newbury, on a
beautifnl October day, twenty years ago. Some of those
who were present then are present to-day ; but among the
absent who are still living, no one is missed more than the
venerable Rev. Dr. Withington, who at that time favored
the Institute with an interesting sketch of the First Church
at Newbury, of which he, then at the age of seventy-five,
was the active pastor. He closed by introducing

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FIELD DAY AT NEWBURY OLD TOWN. 159

LutHEer Dams, of Newbury, who read a carefully pre-
pared paper on “The Life and Times of Sir William
Pepperell.” He reviewed the life of the Elder William,
his early struggles and the laying of that mighty fortune
which made the name of Pepperell such a tower of strength
in the early colonial days down to the time of Sir William,
and the final extinction of the name in America.

At the outbreak of the French and English war in
1744, the appointment of the second William by Governor
Shirley, to lead the expedition against Louisburg, lifted
him into prominence in the colonies and gave him en-
during fame. He advanced £5,000 out of his own for-
tune to defray the expenses of the war and gave himself
energetically to the organization of the army. Thespeaker
exhibited original correspondence and other memorials of
Sir William and other leading actors in the war, which had
been handed down in the family.

This paper was referred to the publication committee to
be printed in the Historical Collections.

ALFRED Oscoop, of Newburyport, read a paper on
“Archeology,” illustrated by the exhibition of Indian
arrowheads and other rude stone implements. His views
of their uses were entirely different from those of most
students ; instead of thinking all these arrowheads, etc., to
have been made and used for warlike purposes, he be-
lieved that many of them were of an emblematic charac-
ter ; some were used as drills, others for various domestic
purposes, and he did not consider it unlikely that many
were carried as ornaments. ‘The arrow-chipper kept the
art in his own family, and as he was never molested had
ample opportunities to indulge his tastes in the way of
fanciful designs. The speaker exhibited illustrations
which he considered were rude attempts to represent fly-

160 FIELD DAY AT NEWBURY OLD TOWN.

ing birds, chosen as emblems to propitiate the powers
above, and another of a stone implement described by a
writer as a weapon of war, which in reality was an in-
genious implement used for doubling and twisting cords
in household spinning.

Hon. SterHeN H. Pariuies spoke on “The Early Set-
tlers of Newbury.”

Among the early settlers of Ipswich who found their
way here were the Rey. Mr. Parker, his neighbors John
and Benjamin Woodbridge and the Rev. Mr. Noyes. In
1635 they came to this village and Old Town by way of
the River Parker, named in honor of the distinguished
divine.

He alluded to the long and bitter controversies which
sprung up in the parish; he then proceeded to discuss the
great witchcraft delusion of the early days and closed by
describing a visit to the old home of Rev. Mr. Noyes
and tracing the honorable record of the Woodbridges in
other states.

The remarks of Mr. Phillips were referred to the com-
mittee on publications to be printed in the Historical
Collections.

Rev. B. F. McDantet, of Salem, read an elaborate
paper on the “Geology and Mineralogy of Newbury,”
which is herewith appended.

D. B. Hagar, of the State Normal School, Salem,
presented the following resolution which was unanimously
adopted :

Resolved, That the hearty thanks of the Essex Institute
are hereby presented to Alfred Osgood, of Newburyport,

FIELD DAY AT NEWBURY OLD TOWN. 161

and Miss Mary E. Noyes, of Newbury, and their co-
workers, for their earnest and efficient labors towards pro-
moting the pleasure and success of the present meeting ;
to the First Parish of Newbury for the free use of its
chapel; and to the several gentlemen, who, by their en-
tertaining and instructive addresses, have largely contrib-
uted toward the important objects which are ever cherished
by the Institute.

Rev. FIELDER [srAEL, of Salem, briefly described a call
upon Rev. Dr. Withington, the venerable divine, during
the day, and then moved the appointment of a committee
to consist of the President, Mr. Phillips and the Secre-
tary, for the purpose of drafting a resolution to be spread
upon the records, commemorative of this meeting and the
appreciation on the part of the Institute of the life, learn-
ing and piety of Rev. Dr. Withington. The motion was
adopted.

Grorce Oscoop, of Kensington, N. H., remembered
a prayer delivered by the venerable divine, forty years
ago, in the course of which he presented a sentiment, he,
the speaker, had never forgotten and which he thought
was applicable to-day. “Let us elect members we are not
ashamed of, nor afraid to obey.”

The Committee to Dr. Withington.

Rev. Leonarp WiruHinetTon, D. D.
My Dear Sir:

In the opening remarks at the field meeting
held in Newbury on Thursday, August 28, 1884, reference
was made to the meeting held here some twenty years
previously, on a pleasant October day, when you made

162 FIELD DAY AT NEWBURY OLD TOWN.

some interesting remarks on the history of this church and
society, and regrets were expressed at your absence on
the present occasion.

Rev. Mr. Israel, of Salem, alluded to the pleasant call
which he had made on you this morning, and proposed
that the Institute tender to you its high appreciation of
your faithful services, not only in your long pastorate
among this people, but in the advancement of religious
truths, education and general culture in the community.

This suggestion was unanimously approved by the
meeting, and in conformity with the wish so feelingly ex-
pressed, the members of the Essex Institute now formally
present their tribute of high regard and esteem, and offi-
cially express the veneration which is due to your ad-
vanced years and elevated character. |

May Heaven still longer spare your well-spent life!

With the high respect of the Essex Institute,

Henry WHEATLAND, Pres.
STEPHEN H. PHILLIPS,
GrorcE M. Wuiprte, Sec’y.

ee

i

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY.

BY B. F. MCDANIEL.

THE geology of Newbury is that of the Huronian sys-
tem of the Eozoic period, that is, the period of earliest
life. The rocks of this system overlie those of the Azoic
period, and, until recently, were held to be non-fossilif-
erous. But the discovery of the Eozéon Canadense in
the Laurentian limestones of Canada and here in New-
bury moved far back the paleontological horizon. With
the exception of small areas of paleozoic rocks in Quincy
and Braintree, the Huronian system forms the main part
of the coast from the New Hampshire line to Plymouth.
In great part it is drift-covered.

The rocks in sight show great disturbance and meta-
morphism. In some localities the evidences of these
changes are of the most striking character. Their condi-
tion is simply chaotic.

The stratified portions have usually a northeast by
southwest strike, and the unstratified and intruded mem-
bers of the series show a parallelism with the strike of
the stratified rocks, which usually dip sharply to the
northwest.

The Huronian system in eastern Massachusetts is chiefly
made up of the following rocks :

1. Granite (hornblendic and binary).
Felsite (petrosilex of some authors).
Diorite (unstratifed and chiefly exotic).
Hornblendic gneiss, stratified diorite.
Limestone.

or 99 be

(163)

164 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY.

1. Granite. It will be noticed by recent students of
geology that several changes have taken place in the classi-
fication of our rocks. The old name syenite has given
place to that of hornblendic granite, as being more specific.
The term granite is now used to cover many varieties of
rock, all crystalline, ranging from distinct diorite on the
one hand to felsite on the other. The specific names of
these varieties are determined by the presence or absence,
and the greater or less quantity, of certain constituent min-
erals, mainly hornblende, in the rock. I have always
maintained, and this is the view now generally accepted,
that there are no absolute distinctions between rocks.
There are varieties almost infinite, but no absolute species.
It is possible to arrange a continuous scale of specimens
covering the whole series.

It is necessary to have specific names for strongly
marked rocks, though these resolve themselves into varie-
ties that shade off again into other species. It requires
long familiarity with, and close study of, all classes of rocks
to be able to determine these specific distinctions. When
even the professors and geological authors differ so much
in their classifications, amateurs need not feel cast down
by an occasional mistake.

In Newbury a fine hornblendic granite is developed in
two bands or ridges running east and west, enclosed by
diorites, and broader and coarser at the eastern than at
the western end.

The serpentinic limestone is associated with this granite,
which led Dr. T. Sterry Hunt to call it Laurentian; but
the whole formation is pronounced by Mr. Crosby to be
Huronian.

2. Felsite. This term is now used to cover many
varieties of rock, some of which were formerly called
porphyry, metamorphic slate, hornstone, ete.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY. 165

The term porphyry has deservedly fallen into disuse as
a substantive, and is now rightly used as an adjective.
All the varieties once called porphyry are now arranged
as varieties under the several great species or families of
rocks.

The term felsite is used to include rocks composed
mainly of a fine paste of quartz and feldspar, sometimes
enclosing grains of quartz and crystals of hornblende and
feldspar, sometimes banded like jasper, and sometimes
segregated like conglomerate. Examples of the compact
varieties are the so-called jasper of Saugus and Lynn;
the banded varieties are found at Marblehead, and an
example of the segregated variety is the so-called toad-
stone of Newbury.

The Newbury felsite extends in a belt along the River
Parker, from its mouth to Byfield, a distance of five miles.
Its width is from a few rods to a mile and a half, and
lies between belts of granite.

Its prevailing color is a deep red or brownish red, but
sometimes shades to purple, pink and gray. It is never
porphyritic, but shows a banded structure, due to the inter-
lamination of layers of quartzose and feldspathic materials.
This banding indicates a sedimentary, not an igneous ori-
gin, though like all metamorphic rocks, our felsite has
undergone material change.

I have already alluded to the so-called toadstone of
Newbury as a variety of felsite. A full examination of
this rock will be found in Crosby’s Geology of Eastern
Massachusetts, which I have largely followed in this
paper.

In Newbury the felsite is highly ferruginous. The sides
of the granitic basin in which it lies partake of the red-
dish cast of the felsite. In some places it might not im-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. I

166 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY.

properly be called an iron ore, and its decomposition in
one or two places observed by me has yielded a red
ochre.

3. Diorite. This rock is laid down on Crosby’s map
as covering a large part of Newbury. It is the gangue of
the argentiferous galena. Composed of feldspar and
hornblende, generally in a finely divided, and sometimes
in an impalpable mixture, it is very hard.

Diorite is a convenient term to describe all that class
of rocks formerly known as trap and greenstone. Like
granite and felsite, it is not the name of a single distinct
species, but of a family having relationship on one hand
to felsite, and on the other to granite and hornblendic
gneiss.

4. Limestone. The magnesian limestone of Newbury
is the best known of its geological formations.

In colonial times quarries of it were worked at the
localities known as the “Devil’s Den” and “Devil’s Basin.”
In his diary of remarkable events uuder date of 1697,
Judge Sewell records the discovery by Ensign James
Noyes, of the beds of limestone in this town at the local-
ities just named. The discovery created great excite-
ment, as hitherto clam and oyster shells had been the
only sources of lime, and great difficulty had arisen in
consequence.

This appears to have been the first limestone discovered
in Massachusetts, and so valuable was it held to be that
restrictive regulations for its use were adopted and a com-
mittee appointed by the town to enforce them.

In the first century after its discovery, quantities were
exported, though from the size of the excavations I should

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY. 167

judge that the whole amount was not large. Why the
quarry was abandoned I have not been able to learn.

It is in the “ Devil’s Den” that the most interesting
minerals in Newbury are found. I have visited it and the
other localities here for the last twelve years. First in in-
terest is the serpentine, varying from arich bottle green to
a leek green; the first compact, pure and translucent, the
second impure and opaque; the most harmful impurity
being iron pyrite disseminated through the mass.

Great expectations were once entertained as to the
commercial value of this rock, and a company operated
the quarry for marble, but nothing has been done in a
commercial way for many years. <A shaft was sunkin the
field, not far off, during the silver excitement, but was
soon abandoned. Quantities of a beautiful porphyritic
rock were thrown out, that in masses, might prove to be
profitable.

At present, hardly enough attractive rock is in sight to
warrant great expectations, and the large masses of wol-
lastonite, garnet, calcite and dolomite mixed with the ser-
pentinic limestone would seem to confirm this view; but
when we consider that the excavations have not even re-
duced the knolls to the level of the surrounding country,
and the “ Den” itself is a very modest pit, the resources
of the place can hardly be said to be exhausted.

Iam firmly of the belief that some generous blasting
would reveal an abundance of fine, rich stone, superior to
any verde antique marble in our market. Associated
with the serpentine are masses of wollastonite, once
called tremolite. It is a beautiful white mineral, in long,
bladed, radiated crystals. It is too brittle to serve any
other than the mineralogist’s purpose.

Masses of compact garnet are also found at the “ Den.”
When associated with or disseminated through the ser-

168 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY.

pertinic limestone, this massive garnet enriches it for or-
namental purposes. It is also an excellent flux, and
possibly may sometimes serve that purpose here.

Small masses of crystallized calcite appear, which I
believe to be the same as the chalybite or carbonite of
iron that occurs in connection with the galena at the
silver mines and elsewhere in Newbury.

Asbestus occurs at the “ Den,” but not in large quanti-
ties. Much of the mineral there found and called as-
bestus is an asbestiform serpentine, or chrysotile, which
appears in thin seams interlaminated with noble serpen-
tine. This is one of the most beautiful combinations
known tome. ‘The dark green serpentine prevails at the
“Den,” the light green at the “ Basin,” which is a larger
excavation, but not so well known.

It would seem that information on these points would
be better known here than elsewhere. Possibly this is
the case with the silver mines, the popular interest in
which was almost as great as was the speculative. The
discovery and rapid development of the argentiferous
galena was one of the great epochs in your local history.
A sadly brief one it was, as these deserted mounds and
works testify.

That this clean, brilliant metal, mined in masses that
made the town talk of those days, and yielding fiattering
assays, was not to be a perpetual bonanza, was regarded
as rank heresy.

At least, that was my experience. No account, appar-
ently, was taken of the local geology nor of the character
of the gangue rock with reference to its docility in smelting.
I ventured to express an opinion to the superintendent
of the Chipman mine that these galena deposits were
pockets in the diorite, each of them comparatively small
in size, though possibly many in number. Operations

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF NEWBURY. 169

were suspended sooner than I anticipated, judging from
the output of the leading mine, so that I do not know
whether this theory was or was not confirmed. It is to
be hoped that a part of the expectations then raised may
sometime be realized.

The last formation to be noticed is the amygdaloid
lying in the basin of the River Parker and on Kent’s
Island. This is a purplish-brown or chocolate color. It
is not of great extent and is of little importance. On one
side it passes into a breccia, and on the other into a chlo-
rite slate, and may be only a product of the felsite.

I trust I have said enough to show that Newbury is rich
in geological and mineralogical interest, and to excite a
desire in some minds to explore still farther these fields and
hills. It was amateur exploration that revealed these
minerals of which I have been speaking. It is to the
amateur geologist that the professional student mainly
looks for hints.

Where so many richly suggestive hints exist as in New-
bury, the amateur ought to feel encouraged to prosecute
his field-work ; not, let me say, in the hope of “striking
something rich,” with which to form a stock company,
but to contribute new and important facts to science and
to enrich his own mind with the wealth of knowledge and
beauty that fills the earth. .

FLOWERING OF PLANTS, DECEMBER, 1884.

At the meeting of the Institute, held on Monday, De-
cember 15, 1884, Mr. John H. Sears presented the follow-
ing list of plants which he had found in bloom in the fields
and pastures of Salem and vicinity.

DEC. 8, 1884.

Tansy, Tanacetum vulgare.

Fall Dandelion, Leontodon autumnale.
Common Dandelion, Taraxacum Dens-leonis.
Golden Rod, Solidago nemoralis.

Sea-side Golden Rod, Solidago sempervirens.
Shepherd’s Purse, Capsilla Bursa-pastoris.
Charlock, Brassica sinapistrum.

Field Chickweed, Cerastiwm arvense.
Common Mallow, Malva rotundifolia.
Yarrow, Achillea millefolium.

Common Groundsel, Senecia vulgaris.

Red Clover, Trifoliwm pratense.

Mayweed, Maruta cotula.

Arrow-leaved Violet, Viola sagittata.
Spurry, Spurgula arvensis.

Knawel Weed, Scleranthus annuus.

DEC. 14, 1884.

Witch hazel, Hamamelis Virginica.
(170)

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