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COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT flARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
JFounlicli 1)» prfbatc aubscrfptfon, fn 1861.

cy riT-jryn. ^-nc.

riT-V-yM

^^,dAJL^ (ii^i,<iy(>Cov4.

No. ^/ ^r

/

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME V.

1873.

SALEM, MASS.

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS.

1874.

CONTENTS

Regular Meeting, Monday, Januai-y (5, 1

Coniiminioation by A. S. I'.'ickanl on the Glacial Phenomena of \orth-
castein Anii'i-ic:i coniiiareil with th:)se of Euroite, 1. — Keniaiks of
the President on the History of the Society, 3.

Letters Announced, 3, 4, 10, 15, 25, 26, 77, 87, 98, 101, .lOG, 120,
130, 150, 163, 165, 196, 202.

Adjourned Meeting, Saturday, January 11, 4

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 20, 4

Coninninlcation by Rev. E. S. Atwood on Dr. Emerson'^ Excursion to
Philadelphia Fifty Years Ago, 6.

Additions to the Library, 5, 10, 15, 26, 77, 101, 106, 120, 130, 150,
163, 165, 196, 262.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 3, . . . . 10

Worms of the Genus Xals, by J. H. Enierton, 12. — Notice of the death
of Henry C. Peikins, M.D., 13.— Resolutions adopted, 15.

Additions to the Museum, .... 11,78,102,167.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 17, 15

Communication bv S. M. Allen on Ancient and Jlodern Theoi-ies of
Light, Heat andColor, 17.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 3, . . . . . .25

Notice of the death of Mr. A. F. Bosson,and Resolutions adopted, 25.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 17, 26

A Partial Catalogue of the Birds of Grand Menan, by 11. Hcrrick, 28.
Anniversary Meeting, "Wednesday, March 5, . • . . 42

Remarks of the President, 45; of Gov. Wa.-ihburn, 54; of Mayor Cogs-
well. .57; of Hon. M. P. Wilder, 58: of Prof. O. C. Marsh, (12 ; of J.D.
Runkle, G2; of Hon. George IJ. Loring, G3; of Nath'l Paine, (;5. —
Poem by Rev.E. S. Atwood.GiV— Remarks of S. M. Allen, 70.— Letters
from S. Salisbury, 72; J. G. Whittier, 73; E. P. Whipple, 73; J5enj.
Peirce, 73; Rev. George D. Wildus, 7t; Daniel C. Eaton, 75; R. C.
Winthrop, 75; J. Wingate Thornton, 75.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 14, 77

Notice of a Pocket Bible from Miss JL C. Anderson, 78; of an Ancient
Stand for a Chrii^tening Basin from N. Cleaveland. 7i»; of some relics
of the tomb of Mi-s. Deborah Fairfax from O. N. Bryan of Marshall
Hall P. O., Md., 7!). — A. .>>. I'ackard. on Photographs ofSccneiyin
Colorado and Montana, 8ti. — Stone Knives, by F. W. Putnjun, 80.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 5, 87

Remarks by .J. Robinson on the Floral Progi-ess of the Year, 87; of
Rev. E. C. Bolles on Batrachospermun moniliforme, 88.

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 14, . . . • . . .89

Retrospect of the Year, 89.— Ofti(;ers elected, 98.
Regular Meeting, Monday, May 19 100

Ciii)

IV CONTENTS.

Adjourned Meeting, Thursday, Maj' 22, 101

Notice of ;i Portrolio containing Pl:ins of spveral of the Old IIouscs of
Salem by Samuel Mclntiie. from II. K. Oliver, 102; of "Tlie Fiv.-t Book
of llecoi'ds of the Proiirietors of Common Lanfls of Salem Village,"
from Miss Kiith Marsh. 102.

Special Meeting, Monday, June 9, 103

Notice of the death of Rev. J. L. Russell, and I'csolutions adopted, 103.

Field Meeting at Amesbury, Thursday, June 19, . . . . 104

Hi>toiical Notices of Rnmble. 101.— Remarks of the Pre.'^ident, 107; of
Hon. A. W. Dodge. 110; of F. \V. Putnam on .Stone Im|)lements, 111 ;
of J. II. Emerton, 114; of Rev. W. II. Eaton, 11.5; of II. B. Crane,
11."); of Dr. II. G. Le.'^lie. ll.i; of Wm. Ashby, 11.t; of Rev. CM.
Dinsmore, UU; of W. C. Biuuey, IIC.

Field Meeting at Lynnfleld, AVedncsday, July 30, ... 117

Notice of the Excursions, 117. — F. W. Putnam on Toads and Fishes. 124;
on an Indian Knife, 12.i.— Communication from N. Cleaveland notic-
ing an Herbarium, and specimens in Mnioralogy collected near Erz-
room in Asia IMinor, 120. — Rev. E. C. Bnllos on" shells, etc.. found in
Humphrey's Pond. 127; J. Robinson on Wild Flowers and Ferns. 128;
Remarks of Rev. S. H. Taft, Gen. J. Newhall and N. A. llortou, 128.

Field Meeting at Chebacco Pond, Tuesday, August 12, . . 129

Notices of the E.xcursion, VM ; Geo. D. Phippen on early remini.'^ccnces,
133; A. W. Dodge, on the Rev. Dr. Culler, 131. — Remarks of Prof. A.
Gray, on the Peculiar Properties of the Leaves of tlie Pitcher Plant,
138;' List of Plants collected during the Rambles bv 8. B. Iluttrick.
139. — Remarks of Prof. G. L. Goodale and .J. J. H. Gregory, UO; of
F. W. Putnam on the Fishes in the Pond. 141.

Field Meeting at Danvers Centre, Friday, September 5, . . 143

Notice of the Excursions, 143. — F. W. Putnam on the Meeting of the
A. A. A. .S., at Portland. I.tI.— On the Generic Aflinitics of the New
England Chitons, by P. P. Carpenter, l.")2.— Remarks of J. Robinson
on Ferns, V)5; of Rev. E. C. Bollc.«. !:")(). — Remarks by Rev. C. B.
Rice. 158; of D. Stiles on tlie Old Townsenil Bi.>-hoi) House, ln8; of
Dr. J. SpolTord, l.ii); of A. Mudge, 1.5!); ofW. P. IJpham on the Pairis
House, 1(K); of tieo. Tapley on the Hon. Samuel Holton. 1(0.— List of
Plants collected during the Excursion, by S. B. Buttrick, lUl.

Special Meeting, Thursday, September 11, 1C2

Memorial .\ddress upon the late Henry C. Perkins, M.D., by Rev. S.
J. Spahling, D.D., 1G2.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 6, 163

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 20, 1C3

Regular Meeting, Monda.v, November 3, 1G5

C..T. Maynard on the IMeclianism of the Flight of Birds, 108. — On the
Bird-Fauna of the Salt Lake Valley and the .Adjacent Poitions of ihc
Wahsatch Mountains, by Robei't Ridgway, lOS. — On the Birds of Col-
orado, by Robert Ridgway, 174.

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 17, 196

On some New Forms of American Birds, by Robert Ridgway and S. F.
Baird, 197.

Regular Meeting, Monday December 1, 202

Notice of the death of Benjamin F. Browne, 203.
Regular Meeting, Monday, December 15, 203

Notice of the Death of Prof. Agassi/,, 204.— Resolutions, 204.— Remarks
of A. S. Packard, 20.5; of F. W. Putnam, 205.

Special Meeting, Tuesday, December 10, 208

Remarks of Hon. .lames Kimball, 208; of A. C. Goodell. Jr., 210; of J.
Wingatc Thornton, 211.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ZESSiEX IIsrSTITTJTE.

Vol. 5. Salem, Mass., Jan. and Feb., 1873. No. 1.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, January 6, 1873.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

Dr. a. S. Packard presented a verbal communication,
of which the following is an abstract, on

THE GLACIAL PHENOMENA OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA
COMPARED WITH THOSE OF EUROPE.

Dr. PacivARd said that during a hurried tour through
the Alps, he had specially observed the glacial phenomena
of the regions which had been glaciated in past times.
The impression made on his mind was that the evidences
of the former presence of glaciers in valleys, at the heads
of which were the ends of glaciers now existing, were
scarcely more distinct than in the valleys of the White
Mountains, the Adirondacks and even the coast of ]\Iaine
and Massachusetts, in all of which localities he had in
years past studied these phenomena. As he approached
the Alps from the valley leading up to Kempten from
Munich, he had noticed that in the region of Kempten

Essex Inst. Bulletin. v 1

the valley was flanked by rounded moraines, clothed with
pines and firs, and no better marked than those in the
valley of the Saco about Conway. Their presence was
revealed by the clearing away of the forests in the same
manner as in the White Mountains and the Adirondacks.
In one important feature, the marks were less apparent,
as one does not see in the Alps the broad trains of boulders
so common in the White Mountains, as they have been
cleared away after centuries of occupation of the country.
It was more difficult to detect striated and rounded rocks
in the Alpine valleys than he had imagined from the
accounts of Alpine geologists.

He should, however, make an exception to the valley
of Hasli, in which the stride on the sides of the moun-
tains are wonderfully distinct.

In Norway also the grooves and strife may be often seen
in protected places, but are scarcely more apparent than
about Salem, for example.

He also compared the ice marks and moraines in Wales
with those of this country, and alluded to the identical
appearance of the marine glacial beds of Sweden with
those of northern New England. He thought that the
student of this subject need not go outside of the limits
of New England for excellent examples of the work done
by ancient glaciers.

A general conversation followed on the subjects sug-
gested by the remarks of Dr. Packard, participated in by
Messrs. F. W. Putnam, A. C. Goodell, Jr., E. S. Atwood,
A. H. Johnson and others ; also on the inscriptions on
stones, which have l)ccn supposed to be Rnnic, but are
probably Indian ; and on the visit of the Northmen,
which seems to be historically believed, but of which no
relics have been fotlud.

The President roiiiaiked that, twenty-five years ago
this dixy, a meeting of the Essex County Natural History
Society was held to act upon the report of a committee,
appointed at a previous meeting, to confer with a similar
committee of the Essex Historical Society, on the subject
of a union of the two societies. The resolutions reported
by the committee and adopted with some slight modifi-
cations were the basis of our present organization.

A committee was appointed to petition the Legislature
for an act of incorporation, a committee for the same
purpose having also been appointed by the Historical
Society. The act was duly passed and was accepted by
the two societies at meetings held March 1, 1848, and
the organization of the Institute immediately followed
thereon.

The President presented a brief statement of the organ-
ization and condition of the two societies at the time of
the union, and made some remarks on the causes that led
to this result, and alluded to the various conversations
and discussions among the members before any definite
action was taken by either society. He suggested the
propriety of adopting some measures to commemorate this
event.

After a discussion on this subject, a committee con-
sisting of Messrs. A. C. Goodell, A. H. Johnson and E.
S. Atwood was appointed to consider and report at an
adjournment of this meeting, a plan to commemorate this
epoch in the history of the Society.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Samuel L. IJoardmuti, Auj,'u.*ta, Jlaine, Dec. 20; A. ,T. Cook, Lansing, ]Michi-
gan.Nov. Ij; John T. Moulton, Lynn, Dec.2G; Edward Kussell, Boston. Jan. 4: J.
Lawrence Smith, Louisville, Kentucky, Dec. -I'.i; Xew York, Genealogical and Bio-
graphical Society, Oct 31 ; New York Lyceum of Natural History, Dec. 23.

E. A. Goldthwaite of Salem was elected a resident
member.

Voted, To adjourn to Saturday evening next at 8 o'clock.

Adjourned Meeting, Saturday, January 11, 1873.

The President in the chair.

Mr. A. C. Goodell reported, for the committee, several
plans that had been suggested — after a discussion on mo-
tion of Dr. A. H. Johnson.

Voted, That the twenty-fifth anniversary be celebrated
by a banquet on Wednesday, the fifth of March, ensuing —
at Avhich members can procure tickets for themselves and
their friends.

On motion of Mr. D. B. Hagar,

Voted, That a committee be appointed with full powers
to make all arrangements.

The committee consists of Henry Wheatland, A. C.
Goodell, Jr., William Sutton, F. AY. Putnam, D. B.
Hagar, A. H. Johnson, John Robinson, James O. Safljord,
E. C. Bolles, C. Cooke, E. S. Atwood, William Xeilson,
George D. Phippen, Joshua Coit, and G. M. Whipple.

Adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 20, 1873.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Jacob Bntchelder,,Lynn, Jan. 0; E. M. CoUin, Orangtt, Jan. 8; A. W.
Greeuleaf, Ncwburyport, Jan. 7, !); J. C. Holmes, Detroit, Micb., Jan. 9; M. L.

IluntlPy. South Lancaster, Mass., Dec. 24; J. Miinsell, Albanj% N. Y., Jan. 16; C.
Fe.ssenden Nichols. Boston, Dec. 27; A. T. Perkins, Bo.«ton, Jan. IG; John C.
Ropes, Boston, Jan. 11; J. Henry Stickiiey, Baltimore. Md., Jan. 18; Cyrus Wood-
man, Cambrirlge. Jan. U; Belfast Naturalists' Field Club, Nov. 1 ; Boston Society
of Natural History, Jan. 1; Brooklyn Mercantile Library, Jan.; Bowdoin College,
Jan. K; Hague, Entomological Society of the Netherlands, Oct. 2.j; Hamburg.
Naturwissenschaftlicher Vercin, Dec. 10; Lisbon, Academic Royale des Sciences,
Sept. 27; Maine Historical Society, Jan. i:{; Maryland Historical Society, Jan. 13;
New Haven, Yale College, Jan. 9; New York State Library, Jan. l.l; Pennsylvania
Historical Society, Jan. 10; U. S. Bureau of Education, Jan. 17.

The LiBRARiAX reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

CiiAJiBEKLAiN, J.\MES A. Manual for the (ieneral Court, 18.i8, 1 vol. IGmo. The
New York State Guide, 1 vol. IGmo. Military Commission to Europe 1855, 18.56, 1
vol. 4to. Proposition concerning Protection and Free Trade, 1 vol. r2mo. The
Cultivator, 1815, 1 vol. 8vo. Guide through the Middle. Northern and Eastern
States, 1817, 1 vol. IGnio. Patent Office Reports, 1854, 1856, 1857, 1858, 4 vols. 8vo.
Report on Agiiculturo. 1862, 1863, 2 vols. Svo. Salem Directory, 1851, 1 vol. 12mo.
Mi-ccUaneous pamphlets, 60.

Cole, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette for 1872, .33 Nos.

Editors of '• The N.vtios," New York. The Benson Family of Newport, R. I.
1 vol. 8vo.

FOOTE, C. Files of several County Papers for 1872. 209 Nos.

Fuller, Miss. Memoirs of Denmark, 1 vol. 12mo. London, 1700. Treason
Unmask'd : or the Queen's Title, 1 vol. 12nio. London, 1713. »

G.VKinSDN, W. P., of New York. Constitution and By-laws of the New England
Society of Orange, N. J., Dec. 1872. 16m() |)anii)hlet.

Hawaiian Boaud of Education'. Ka Huiuahelu Hov; via hoi ka Arimatika
Kulanui, 1 vol. Svo. Ka Buke Ao Ileluhclu, 1 vol. Svo. Ka Hoailona Helu, 1 vol.

HoLDEN, N. J. The Commonwealth, 1872. 38 Nos.

National Association of Wool Manufactukes, Bulletin. Oct. Dec, 1872.

New England Tract and Missionary Society of Seventh-day Adventists
AT South Lancaster, Mass. United States in Prophecy, 1 vol. 16mo. Battle
Creek, Mich., 1872.

Nichols, C. F. Webster's Dictionary. 1 vol. 4to. French's Poems. 1 vol. 8vo.
Signs of the Times, 1 vol. 4to. Journal of Education, 1 vol. 4to. Cliamber's Edin-
burgh Journal, 1838, 1 vol. 4to. Lessons on the Gospel of St. John. 1 vol. 12mo.
Outlines of Phrenology, 1 vol. 12mo. Several pieces of Music.

Ropes, W. L., of Andover, Mass. Catalogue of the Andover Theological Semi-
nary, 1872-3, Svo pamph.

Russell, Edward, of Boston. The Mercantile Agency Reference Book for
July, 1S71. 1 vol. 4to.

.Stone, Miss Mary H. "The Nation." 222 Nos.

U. S. Patent Office. Washington, D. C. Official Gazette for Dec. 17, 24, 31,
1872.

By Exchanrje.

Bklfast Natiuallsts' Field Club. Sixth, Eighth and Ninth Annual Reports,
1868-9, 1870-i, 1871-2. 3 pamphlets, Svo.

BiBHOTiifcQUK Universelle et Revue SUISSE. Archives des Sciences Phy-
siques et Naturelles, Sept., Oct., Nov., 1872. 3 pamphlets, Svo.

Canadian Institute of Toronto, Canada. Journal of Science, Literature
aud History, Dec, 1872. 8vo paniph.

Harvard College Library. Annual Reports of the President and Treasurer
of Harvard College for 1871-2. 8vo pamph.

Iowa State Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa, Oct., 1872. 8vo pamph.

KoNiGLiciiE Physikalish-Okonomische Gesellschaft in Konigsuerg,
Prussia. Shriften, 1871-2. 3 pamphlets, 4to.

Naturhistorischen Gesellsch^vft zu NtJRNBERG. Abhandlungen, v Bd.,
1872. 8vo pamph.

Naturwissensciiaftlichen Verein in Hamburg. Abhandlungen aus dem
Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften. Bd. v, II Abth. Mit 9 Tufeln. 4to pamph.
Uebersicht der Aemter-Vertheilung und Wissenschaftlichen Thiitigkeit, 1809, 1870.
2 pamphlets, 8vo.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Historical and Genealogical
Register and Antiquarian Journal for Jan., 1873. 8vo pamph.

SociETfi Estomologique de Belgique, in Bruxelles. Annales, Tome xiv,
1870-71, 8vo pamph.

State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin
Academy 'of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 1870-2, 8vo pamph.

Publishers. American Journal of Science. American Naturalist. Bossange's
Monthly. Christian World. Dexter Smith's Paper. Gardener's JVlonthly. Glou-
cester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Hit^torical
Magazine. Ii)swich Chronicle. Lynn Reportei. Lynn Transcript. Medical
and Surgical Reporter. Merrimac Valley Visitor. Nation. Nature. Peabody
Press. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. Western
Lancet.

DH. EMERSON'S EXCURSION TO PHILADELPHIA FIFTY YEARS AGO.

The time ;it the mecthig was chiefly occiii)ic'd by Rev.
E. S. Atwood, who read copious extracts from a journal
of the late Rev. Brown Emerson, in which was given an
ac(!ouiit of an excursion which he made to New York and
Philadelphia, starting on April 23, 1822, and arriving
home again after an absence of four weeks and live diiys.

The journal contains many interesting incidents of the
trip, and quite a full and equally interesting account of the
friends and i)laces visited on the way. He left Salem,
April 23, ill a stage. On Tuesday evening, in Boston,
called on Rev. Mr. Wisner and negotiated an exchaniro.
''Called also on J. Peabody and spent most of the evening.
He had noticed the publication of my journey in the
Salem Gazet/e, which was some mortitication to me." On
Tuesday night he put up at Earle's Hotel, on Hanover
street, and was aw'akened on Wednesday morning at

Uvo o'clock, at which hour he started in the stage on
his way to Northampton, where he arrived at night, and
the next mornins: took great pleasure in visiting the
house where President Edwards lived when he was set-
tled in the town.

He started from Northampton at eleven o'clock on
Thursdays in a stage, arriving at Hartford at eight in
the evening. Springfield, he described as "a pleasant
town, having the appearance of considerable business and
wealth." There seemed to be sudden changes in the
weather fifty years ago as well as now ; for while the ride
of Wednesday Avas a very cold one, on Thursday it was a
hot summer day, the thermometer indicating 88 degrees,
and the cattle panting in the shade. The advent of a
minister from a distance seemed to be regarded as quite
a distinction on the way, and at Bennett's hotel, on Fri-
day morning, at breakfast, the landlord conducted him to
the head of the table, and, calling the attention of the
company, requested him to ask a blessing. Dr. Emerson
adds : "This was a gratification to me, because it was
apparent the company were not accustomed to this relig-
ious duty at the breakfast table, and I icas saved from the
painfid office of calling their attention to it myself; and
because it evinced in the landlord a regard to religious
duty and a respect for the ministerial character."

He remained at Hartford, visiting among other things,
the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, until the following Tuesday,
when, at nine o'clock, A. M., he started for New Haven,
where he arrived at four in the afternoon. He remained
here until the following Friday, seeing many ministers,
visiting Yale college, etc. On Friday, went on board the
steamboat which started for New York at a quarter before
seven o'clock, P. M. He describes the steamer as a
"floating ark, one hundred and fortv-six feet long and

8

forty-two broad, and the sapper table in the principal
cabin as being laid with as much taste and elegance as
we find in our best hotels, and furnished with as great
and rich a variet3^" So the palatial steamboat living is
not so modern an idea as some of us seem to think. The
drawing for berths, by lot, is described, but the following
shows that the drawing was not altogether impartial : —

"When my name was called, Capt. B. smiling, said,
'There has been great inquiry al)out Mr. Emerson, and
many of my New Haven friends desired me to give him a
good berth.' The captain then drew for me a ticket,
which gave me one of the best berths in the boat. I men-
tion this as a proof that, though the berths are assigned
by lot, 'the whole disposing thereof is not directly 'of the
Lord,' and as an expression of kind attention to a stranger
on the part of some of the citizens of New Haven."

The only other incident of note connected with the trip
to New York, was the open announcement at an early
hour, which all could hear in their berths, "No fear, wc
have passed the gate of Hell," — alluding to the passage
at "Hurl gate."

The boat arrived at New York at three o'clock on Sat-
urday morning, and he remained there, seeing the sights,
and hearing some of the eminent and other preachers,
until the following Friday, when he saih>d for New Bruns-
wick, N. J., thirty-tive miles dist:uit. There lie remained
until the succeeding Tuesday, May 14, when he started,
by a very slow and dilapidated stage, for Trenton, where
he was to take the boat for Philadelphia. The team ar-
rived too late, but it pressed on to Bristol, ten miles
below, and there caught the boat, which, at eight o'clock,
began to move down the Delaware, the city of Philadel-
phia coming in sight at half-past ten.

During his stay in Philadelphia, he visited the diflereut

9

localities of interest, and attendccl some of the sessions
of the Presbyterian Assenibl}'. One of the sermons to
which he listened was that of Rev. Mr. Howe, of New
Brunswick, whom he described as a "noisy, boisterous,
declamatory, and dashing preacher."

Dr. Emerson remained in Philadelphia until twelve
o'clock on Wednesday, May 22, when he took the steam-
boat on his way home, by way of Trenton, New Bruns-
wick, New York, New Haven, and New London. He
arrived at Boston on Saturday night, May 2f)th ; and,
hearing of the severe sickness of his wife, and, finding
that an exchange which he had previously arranged, could
be provided for, he took a conveyance home early on
Sunday morning, — his journal concluding with a warm
expression of the abundant reason he had for gratitude to
God that his trip had been made with so much pleasure
and safety.

lu the back part of the book in which this journal was
kept. Dr. Emerson gives a minute account of his ex-
penses, and we reproduce the list, as having interest for
comparison with present prices : —

Salem to Boston, $1.00; lodging at Earle's hotel, 25
cents ; stage, Boston to Frainingham, $1.50 ; breakfast, 50
cents; Framingham to Brookfield, $2.50; Brookfield to
Belchertown, $1.31 ; Belchertown to Northampton, $1.00 ;
supper, breakfast and lodging at Northampton, 75 cents;
cake at Suffield, Conn., 6 cents; stage from Northamp-
ton to Hartford, $3.00; supper, breakfast and lodging at
Bennett's hotel, $1.00 ; stage from Weathersfield to New
Haven, $2.25; dinner at New Haven, 50 cents; shaving
in New Haven, twice, 12^ cents; conveyance to steam-
boat, 25 cents ; steamboat fare from New Haven to New
York, $5.00; cleaning boots in steamboat, -12 J cents;
conveyance of baggage from steamboat 25 cents ; break-

10

fast at Bunker's hotel, N. Y., 50 cents ; carrying baggage
25 cents ; boat and stage fare from N. Y. to Princeton,
$2.00; dinner in boat, 75 cents; supper, lodging, and
carrying baggage at P., 68 cents; stage, extra, from
Princeton to Bristol, Pa., $2.00; steamboat from Bristol
to Philadelphia, 50 cents ; breakfast on boat, 50 cents ;
carrying baggage, 25 cents ; shaving at N. H., 12 cents ;
ferry, N. Y. to Brooklyn, 8 cents ; four meals and two
lodgings at Mrs. Anstris', $2.00; museum, 25 cents;
hospital, 12^ cents ; porter, 18 cents ; boat and stage from
Philadelphia to N. Y., $2.50 ; lodging at N. Brunswick,
25 cents; dinner and breakfast in boat, $1.00; porter
12i cents; stage from New London to Boston, $7.00 ;
breakfast and dinner, $1.00 ; stage from Boston to Salem,
$1.00. Total expenses, $52.42.

In May, 1837, Dr. Emerson made substantially the
same trip watli his brother Reuben, and he noted the })rin-
cipal expenses as follows :

Salem to Boston, $1.00 ; Boston to Providence, $2.00 ;
P. to N. Y. ("found") $5.00; N. Y. to Philadelphia,
$3.00; total, $11.00.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Febijuary 3, 1873.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Williiim Gray Brooks. Boston, Jan. 28; Caroline 11. Dall, Bo.ston. Jan. 'J:
J. II. Knii'rton, Boston, Jan. 81; Samuel Ilenshiiw, Boston, Jan. 20; Eihvani 1'.
Jliird, Xe\vl)iir\ i>ort, Jan. 20; Wni. I'arsons Lunt, Boston, Jan. 28; J. Munsoll,
Albany, N. Y., Jan. 2t; J. L. Sibley, Oanibridge, Jan. 22; 0. J. Tapley, Now York.
Jan . 27 ; W. O. Townsend. >^av York, Jan. 20; Charles A. Walker, Chelsea, Feb. 3 ;
Boston, Public Library, Jan. 27; Calcutta, Imliitu Museum, June 4; Harvard Col-

11

lege Corporation. Jan. 24 ; Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der Gesammten
Naturwisseuschafteu, Oct 18; Smithsonian Institution, Jan. 17; Yale College, Cor-
poration, Jan. 31; Zurich, die Naturforschende Gesellschaft, July 1.

The Librarian anuouiiced the following additions : —

By Donation.

Atwood, E. S. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 85.

Brooks. Mrs. H. .M. Woman's Journal. 187>. 21 numbers.

CiiAMiiKiti.AiN, James A., Bofcton. Board of Trade, 18.10. 1867. 14 vols. 8vo.
Instruction for Field Artillery, 1 vol. 8vo. Boston Directories for 18G1, 1863,
1864. 3 vols. Svo. Patent Office Reports for 1849-1850, 1850, 1850-1851, 1856. 4 vols.
8vo. New England Business Directory, 1860. 1 vol. Svo. Boston Almanacs for
18,>3, 18.55. 2 vols. ]6mo. The Tax Payer's Manual. 1 vol. Svo. Miscellaneous
l)amphlets, 6.

Naturalist Agexcy. The Great Industries of the United States. 1 vol. Svo.
1872.

U. S. Patent Office, Wasuingtox, D. C. Official Gazette. Jan. 7. 1873.

By Exchaiuje.

E.VTOMOi.OGisciiEK Verei.v IX Stettix. Eutomologische Zeitung. Heraus-
gegeben von deni Entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin, xxxiii, Jahrg. Svo pamph.

Gessellschaft zur Beforderung der Gesajtsitex XATCRWissExscnAFTEX
IX Marhurg. Shriften. Bd, ix, x. Sitzungs berlchte, 1869, 1871.

IIiSTORiCAL Society of Pexnsyuvania. Memoirs of. Vol. x. l vol. Svo.
Catalogue of the Paintings, etc., belonging to the Historical Society of Penn. Svo.

Natukforsciiendkx Gesellschaft ix Zurich. Vierteljahrsschrift, Jahrg.
xvi. 1871. Svo pamph. Xeuchatel, 1871.

Royal Society of Loxdox. Proceedings of. Vol. xx. Xos. 130-137. Svo.

SociKTE D' AccLiMATiox OF PARIS. Bulletin Mensuel Tome ix. Aout. Sept.
Oct., 1872. 3 pamphlets. Svo.

SociETE DES Sciences Katurelles in Neuchatel. Bulletin, Tome ix. 2me.
Cahier. 1872. Svo pamphlet.

Vereins fL'r Erdkunde zu Dresden. Jahres bericht viii und ix. 1872. Svo.

Publishers. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle.
Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical
Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Salem
Observer.

The Superintendent, of the Museum unnonnced the
following donations to his department : —

Stickney, M. a. Miscellaneous manuscripts.

Waters, E. S.. of Chicago, 111. Water Vase, bought in Loudon. Aug., 1870
stored in the basement of 108 Cass St., Chicago, and dug from its ashes, Nov., 1S71.

William Fobes Gavett of Salem, was elected. a resident
member.

12

Mr. James H. Emerton made an interesting statement
of the results of his observations ou the

WORMS OF THE GEXUS NAIS.

He mentioned that, Oct. 21, he took from the large
pond near Legg's hill a quantity of bladdcrwort and
other floating plants, among which, with the animals usu-
ally found in the pond, were large numbers of worms of
the genus Nais, each wearing a tubular case covered with
seeds and water plants and in part with the eggs of
Daphnia. On removing the cases, a large proportion
of the worms showed the beginning of a division into
two and sometimes the struggles of the worm while its
case was being removed were enough to complete the
separation.

The first appearance of division was a larger interval
than usual between two pairs of seto3 near the middle of
the bod}^ around which a slight wrinkle marked the line
of future separation.

Just behind this crease, on the under side of the body,
next appeared rudiments of four pairs of bunches of
hooked settc, marking the four segments next behind the
mouth of a new worm. At the same time in front of the
line of division appeared a great number of new segments
crowded together, which were to form the posterior end
of the forward worm, and just behind them grew out a
pair of long appendages, like those at the end of the old
worm. The line of division became more and more dis-
tinct, until the appearance was presented of one worm,
with another just like it fastened to its tail. At length
the division took place, and at tlie divickul [)art one worm
developed a new mouth, and the other a new set of respi-
ratory appendages.

In a few days aifother worm, Chietogaster, appeared in

13

the water, which divided up in u more complicated wa}'.
While one division Avas oojng on, and before the parts
separated, each half again divided itself, and each of
these quarters again divided, and so on, until a chain was
formed of a dozen or more unfinished worms, all usinjr the
month of the foremost one, and having their digestion and
circulation in common.

The President ainiounced the death of an associate
member, Heiny C. Perkins, M. D., of Newburyport, who
died suddenly at his home on Saturday. In the morning
he was taken ill. No special danger was apprehended
during the day, though some anxiety was felt ; about
seven o'clock in the evening, while physicians were in
the house and friends were near him, he suddenly closed
his ej'es upon this world and expired.

Dr. Perkins was the sou of Thomas and Elizabeth Per-
kins, and was born in Xewburyport, Nov. 13, 1804. He
fitted for college at the Newburyport academy and entered
the Freshman class at Harvard in 1820, graduating in
1824. He immediately commenced the study of medi-
cine with Dr. Richard S. Spofford, of Newburyport. In
Octol)er, 1825, he entered his name as a student with Dr.
J. C. AVarren, of Boston, and continued with him until
he received the medical degree in August, 1827. On the
3rd of September, 1827, he commenced practice in New-
buryport, having had a profi'ssional life in that place of
a little more than forty-live years.

He was well known as a zealous and enthusiastic
student in several branches of science. His investio-ations
went out in a great variety of ways. He undertook the
grinding and polishing of the lenses for a telescope. He
experimented on the qualities of chloroform and ether as
anaesthetics. Some fossil bones, brought to this citv in a

14

vessel of the late Capt. Cushing and given to him, led
him into the study of comparative anatomy. He calcu-
lated the orbits of comets ; he engraved ; made for him-
self a microscope ; was the first in this country to follow
Daguerre in his remarkable discovery ; was a student of
meteorology ; and after he was sixty-five years old learned
the German language, that he might translate a work of
Dr. Ernst Hallicr, entitled, "Parasitical Investigations
upon the Vegetable Organisms found in Measles, Typhus
Abdominalis, Small Pox, Kine Pock, Sheep Pock, Chol-
era, etc." To this translation the doctor added an appen-
dix, giving his own observations continued for months,
confirming those of Professor Hallier. He was scholarly
in all his habits, and kept up a familiarity with the classics,
but the book of nature was his special delight.

Dr. Perkins was highly esteemed for his scicutific and
other attainments, and was frequently called to oifices of
honor and trust. He was for two successive terms Presi-
dent of the Massachusetts Medical Society ; a member of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; President
of the Common Council of Newburyi)ort during the years
1858-59, and a representative of that city in the state
legislature several times; and duriug many years previous
to his decease a trustee of the Putnam Free School, and
trustee of the Institute for Savings for Newburyport and
vicinity. He was appointed by Mr. George Peabody, in
18()7, one of the trustees for the fund for the Promotion
of Science and Useful Knowledge in the County of Essex,
since incorporated under the title of "The Trustees of the
Peabody Academy of Science," and having its museum '
and collections in this city.

After remarks from Rev. E. C. Bolles, Dr. A. II.
Johnson and Messrs. F. W. Putnam and A. C. Goodell,

15

Jr., on the character of oiir deceased associate as a scholar,
a physician and a citizen, the following resohitions were
unanimously adopted : —

Resolved, That the Essex Institute hereby expresses
its deep sense of the value of the labors of its late resi-
dent member, Dr. Henry C. Perkins, in various branches
of science ; its appreciation of the purity of his life and
character ; and its sympathy in their loss with the mem-
bers of his famil3\

Resolved, That the Secretary be instructed to put these
resolutions upon record, and to furnish a copy of the
same to the family of the deceased.

A resolve was also adopted, directing the Secretary to
invite some friend or friends in Newburyport to prepare
a memoir of Dr. Perkins for publication in the "Historical
Collections of the Essex Institute."

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 17, 1873.

Electing this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From B. F. Browne, Salem, Feb. 5; Jacob Batehelder, Lynn, Feb. 11; Wm. G.
Brooks, Boston, Feb. 15; C. II. Dull. Boston, Feb. ."j; Henry B. Dawson, Morrits-
auia, X. Y., Feb. 4; Joseph 11. Frothingham, New York, Feb. 14; Alfred Osgood,
Newburyport, Feb. 11; W. Stevens Perry, Geneva, N. Y., Feb. 7; Edmund F.
Slafter. Boston, Feb. 10; Bruxelles, Societe Entomologique de Belgique, Jan. 24;
Iowa State Ilistorical Society, Feb. '>; New York State Library, Feb. 1.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —
By Donation.

BuTLEK, B. F., of U. S. H. R. Repoit of the Department of Agriculture for
Jan., 1S7.'5. Svo pampli. Alabama Claims, by donor. Svo pamph. ,

Gutter, Abkam E., of Charlcstown. AnniuU Report of the School Committee
of Charlestown for 1872. Svo pamph.

IG

HOLDES. N. J. The Commonwealth, 21 numbers. The L'tevary World. 12 num-
bers. The National Standard, 7 numbers. Orders of tlie Day, Senate, Jan. 19, June
21, 1809.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bu"etin, Jan. 4, 11. 18, 2."), Feb. 1, 1873.

Levette, G. M., of Indianapolis, Ind. Indiana Agrcultural Reports for 1872-
1 volume. 8vo. Report of the Si perintende t of Public Instruc ion of Indiana'
1872. 1vol. 8vo. Geological Survey of Indiana for 1872, by E. T. Cox. 1 vol.
8vo. Maps for the Geological Survey.

Lincoln. Solomon. Industry of Mass. 18G.5. 1 vol. 8vo. Adjutant General's
Report. 1855. 1vol. 8vo. Report of Board of Education of Mass. 1871. 1vol.
8vo. Board of Agriculture of Mass., by C. L. Flint. 1868-9. 1 vol. 8vo. Annual
Report of the Board of State Cliarit < s. 18(:5, 1868. 2 vols. 8vo. Registra-
tion Reports of Mass. 1861, 1S6G. 2 vols. 8vo. Eighth Census of the United
States. 18J0. 1 vol. 8vo. Insurance Commissioner's Reports for 1865, 1867. 2 vols.
8vo. Student's Life, by S. Osgood. 1 vol. 12mo. Ciceronis Brutus, by C. Beck.
1 vol. 12mo. Army Regulations. 1861. 1 vol. 12mo. Whitaker's Almanac,
1871-72. The National Almanac. 1863. British Almanac and Companion. 1858.
1 vol. 12mo. Rules and By-laws of Board of Overseers of Harvard College. 1
vol. r2mo. Manual for the General Court. 1864,1869. 2 vols. 12mo. Statistical
*Pocket Manual. 1 vo'. 16mo. Directory of Cambridge for 1851. 1 vol. 12mo.
Boston Almanacs. 1860, 1861. 2 vols. 16nio. Wai-ren's Common School Geog-
raphy. 1 vol. 4to. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 110.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Schedule of Prizes for 1873. 8vo.

Messrs. Whipple and Smith. Industry of Massachusetts for 1855. 1 vol.

MOULTON, John T., of Lynn. Anniversary A<ldress in Wales, Oct. 5, 1862, by
A. Gardner. 8vo pamphlet.

U. S. Department of the Interior. Ninth Census of the V. S. 1870. 1 vol.

U. S. Patent Office, Washington, D. C. Official Gazette, Jan. 21. 1873.

By Exchange.

American Antiquarian Society of Worcester. Proceedings of, at the
Annual Meeting, Oct. 21. 1872. 8vo pamphlet.

American Philosophical Society of Phila. Proceedings of, July-Dec.
1872. 8vo pamplilet.

BowDoiN College Library. Catalogue of tlie Officers and Student.-^ of Bow-
doin College for 1872. 12mo i)amphlet.

New England Histouic-Genealogical Society. Address of Hon. M. P.
Wilder at the Annual Meeting, Jan. 1. 1873. 8vo pamphlet. Proceedings of the, at
the Annual Meeting, Jan. 1, 1873. 8vo pamphlet.

New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Genealogical and
Biographical Record for Jan., 1873. 8vo i)ami)ldet.

New York State Liukary. Meteorology of New York. 1S.')0-1863. 1 vol.
4to. 1872.

Nova Scotia iNSTrriTE of N.vtural Science of Halifax. Proceedings
and Transactions, Vol. iii, pts. i, ii. 1870-1872. 2 pamphlets. Svo.

PiiiLisiiERS. American Journal of St'lence and .\rts. American Naturalist.
GariUaier's Monthly. Gloucestei- Telegrai>h. Haverliill Gazette. Ipswich Chron-
i(;le. Lawi'ence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and
Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailurt-' Magizine and
Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. Western Lancet.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSIEZS IlsrSTITTJTE.

Vol. 5. Salem, Mass., Feb. and March, 1873. No. 2.
One Dollar a Tear in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy,

Kegular Meeting, Monday, February 17, 1873.

I Cont i nued .1

Mr. Stephen M. Allen made a communication on the

anciekt and moderk theories of light, heat and color.
Light, heat and color appeal to our senses from the
beginning to the end of life. These phenomena, so
closely allied, have for generations appeared alike myste-
rious to youth and age, — to the simple child of nature
and the leaders of scientific research. If any persons
have satisfied themselves fully as to the true cause of
either, they have transmitted no explanatory theory which
has stood the test of time.

The discovery and uses of the spectroscope have for
the past five years taken the world by storm, and as a
natural consequence there have been greater chauo"es in
the theories of light and color than for a century past.
The phj'sicists of Europe and America, who employ the
spectroscope, claim that by its assistance light and color
may be employed to discover the primary elements of

Essex Inst. Bulletin. v 2

18

luminous bodies, and that by comparing tlie prismatic
effects of sun rays with those of artiticial lights, they may
identify or discriminate between their causes. This dis-
covery, so confidently announced in 1870, in some respects
seemed to confirm the Actien theory which wc had the
honor to publish some ten years before. The spectro-
scope would apparently contradict or disprove Sir Isaac
Newton's real theory of light ; but a careful investigation
convinces one that the theory based on the spectroscope is
tenable only for our atmosphere, revelations claimed for
it outside this, failing in their proof; also, that Newton's
theory of the origin of light and its natural properties
has been misunderstood and misquoted.

Actien* is a primary principle, the most subtle of all
known elements, emanating from the sun in straight lines
towards its planets, its flowing rays creating, in their
passage to the earth, electricity, magnetism, light, heat,
color, and many other properties by their friction upon
and combustion with the atmosphere, ultimately reducing
all elements to their utmost density, and producing a con-
stant crystallization and consolidation of matter. This
creative principle is supposed to pass from the sun, cither
in all directions through the solar system, or in concen-
trated rays exclusively upon the planets of its creation,
not necessarily bearing light or heat as it passes through
space, those elements being generated within the circle
of the atmosphere of the planet. When this fluid reaches
and pervades the atmosphere, the contact, or friction with
it, instantly causes a combustion, producing the magnetic,
electric and calorific changes, involving, as a sequence,
light, heat and color, the aurora borealis, zodiacal, com-
etary and phosphorescent lights, as well as the "pole of

f

•Actien, the primary of Actin, or rays.

19

cold," and many other phenomena. Heat seems of late
nearly divorced f'-om light and color, though this is only
an ai)[)arcnt sepai-ation. The Actien theory materially
qualities the estimate of the nature and origin of all these
elements. Late astronomical publications still tell of
the heat of the body of the sun, and the hourly con-
sumption of combustible material on its surface necessary
for our supply of light and heat. But the present ad-
vanced undulatory theory of light promises to qualify
such a principle very much.

The fact of increasing darkness and coldness, experi-
enced by one in rising from the mean surface of the earth,
either 1)\- climbinij mountains or balloon ascension, magf-
nities the doubt that heat is emitted from the sun in the
form received by us; and the result of investigation
plausibly shows that we may yet account for the origin
of the caloric that we use, in a much more satisfactory
and perhaps economical manner.

The advocates of the spectroscopic theory base their
belief principally on the undulatory theory of light, which
the}' claim Sir Isaac Xewton denied, as well as upon the
theory that light is composed of colors, which he did,
emphatically, deny ; and as the correctness of the spec-
troscopic theory in a measure depends on this misconcep-
tion of the real constituents of white light, it seems
properly a subject for investigation. Newton's theory
of white light, as generally understood, is an emission, or
corpuscular theory, and that its rays are a compound of
seven ditferent colors, made up of corpuscles ; thus con-
tradicting the theory of undulations. But from careful
investigations of his original Avork, which these assump-
tions render necessary, it will be found that his idea was
essentially different from that which has usually been at-
tributed to him, during the past fifty years. It not only

20

disagrees with the spectroscopic theory concerning the tak-
ing of prismatic colors as tests of elementary essence, bnt
also qualifies the emission theory, and the theory of color
which this is said to represent. It clearly appears that
Newton understood and a[)preciated the undulatory theory
as a transmitting, if not a creating power. Neither he
nor his predecessors declared light composed of colors,
but called rays of light color mahers, through prismatic
refraction and reflection ; colors never appearing until
rays were thrown through and were refracted by prisms
or lenses, thereby creating the color, according to the
angle of refraction, separating the rays unequally and ad-
mitting plates of atmosphere between. Various extracts
from his well known work on "Optics" distinctly prove
that "emission" and "cor[)uscle" are not used in the sense
generally attributed to him, and it does not appear that
he contradicted or denied the undulatory theory as a
transmitli)ig power. He often referred to the condition
of the atmosphere or ether of space, as trembling, wav-
ing, etc., so that the rays arc transmitted, as sounds are,
by waves or undulations ; and further, implied that colors
may not be created, by any original principle of sun
rays other than their mere flexibility or refrangibility.
This need not be coimected with color as an original
principle, though the atmospheric plates, falling between
the deflected rays may create color by irregular over and
under lappings of shaded lines. It cannot be denied that
Newton, though understanding the present undulatory
theory, did not credit it with being the origin, but only
the vehicle of light.

Many, since the day of Newton, have worked assiduously
in the held of optics and color; prominent among these is
Goethe, whose elaborate work was not fully appreciated.
His mistakes in quoting Newton come from the inadver-

21

tent assumption thiit color pervades the sun rajs before
the prism, instead of after it; the fact being that colors
never appear in the primary ra3''s until after having passed
through a deflecting lens, which creates the colors beyond
it. Hence "sve judge that an emanating theory of light, and
a corpiiscuktr theory of colors are nearer to Xewton's real
meaning, than the common interpretation. As his state-
ments show the undulations to be transmitting rather than
creating powers, he appreciated the distinction between
crossing and travelling with the ether waves. The sepa-
ration, or dispersion of rays by a prism, creates in the
atmos[)here, according to the angle from whence the ray
is thrown, a body to the ray, not before possessed.

Any resultant color is a legitimate consequence of the
introduction of a plate of the atmosphere with its molec-
ular composition, between, or overlying, the ra}', proving
as tangible a result, perhaps, as mixing colored pigments
with a white base. We may fiiirly infer that light has
not the same consistency in the space between our atmos-
[)here and the sun, as within the atmosphere itself.

Rays of light probably do not meet exactly the same
resistance, at any two given points, in passage to our
atmosphere. This we may safely assert, though the at-
mosphere itself is but imperfectly known to us, even at
ten miles distance from the earth's siu'facc. Althoujrh
the principle of light emanates from the sun, light itself
is only a small resultant element, as color may be a resul-
tant of light, uot necessarily representing a constituent
l)i-inciple of light itself.

Undulations over or through which rays pass, may be
simply confined to the atmosphere near the earth's sur-
face, though assumed to extend much fjirther into space.
The primary principle or power from the sun, would
naturally be composed of something more subtle than

22

any single element known to us. Why may not this be
the parent of all subordinate elements, as claimed by the
Actien theory ? This theory does not fix the density or
composition of the sun, nor call for the emission of light
or caloric, which the old theories demanded ; nor is it
inconsistent with the great ether-ocean of space (if such
a principle exists) through which it may pass, under the
same laws which exist for the transmission of magnetic
and electric fluids over wires, either by continuous flashes
from point to point, or by the displacement of forces,
through and over waves of undulation ?

This fluid, repellent, yet constructive, adverse to the
sun's gravitation, measures precisely the distance and
orbits of its creations, and causes their revolutions either
axial or orbital at right angles with the line of propulsion.

A ray of light, passing through a small hole in a cur-
tain to a darkened room, w4ien observed from difi'erent
points, will present dilTerent appearances. From a point
horizontal with the line of the ray, it presents one appear-
ance, w^hile at right angles the efiect is quite difl'erent,
and the floating particles of dust which can be detected,
either by the naked eye or an instrument, will yield differ-
ent colors, according to the line of their angles, which is
constantly changing. The stratification of the atmosphere,
or any transparent substance, will show a similar result,
when observed on a line with, or at right angles to, the
plane of stratification. And the form of crystallization
must ever have a great eflect upon the polarization of
particles.

The cause of the emanation of Actien from the sun may
be accounted foi" on two principles: — the fluid may bi'
the great ultimate or concentrated princii)le of the sun
itself, the resultant product of all action that has or could
take place within nts body ; if so, that principle could not

23

remain at rest on the sun itself, or in its atmosphere,
whatever the composition of either may be. It must
pass off, giving place to other undeveloped, but constantly
increasing, forces, behind. It may be inferred that there
are such forces, and that each revolution of the sun lifts
them on a stage, and that there is a refined and finished
part at least that never returns.

This condensed and sublimated principle may be pro-
pelled or thrown off from the bod}^ of the sun and its
atmosphere against its own, or the gravity of the sun by
centrifugal forces, with such power as to reach the remot-
est planets of its own creation, and produce the results
there observable. Or this fluid may escape well defined
and specific limits of a solar atmosphere by its own vola-
tility or difference in gravity, entering the unresisting
ocean of ether beyond, but seeking a lodgment of its
own creation through the origin and growth of planetary
worlds. It does not matter to us which explanation we
accept. It is enough to know that it does floAV from that
orb, and that it does answer our purpose.

We suppose that Actien passes in straight lines through
space, to our own atmosphere, where the work of change
and transformation begins. This theory Avill also admit of
a plutonic origin of the germ of a planet, thrown oft' as a
cinder, from the sun, although it would be without form,
and void of atmosphere or water, a mere molten mass or
shell, hurled into space as a nucleus for further transfor-
mation under the influences of Actien. If such was the
origin of the nucleus of planetary worlds, they would be
somewhat like the moon, which can have but little atmos-
phere, and consequently no water to fill the immense cav-
ities observable on its surface, unlike our earth whose
caverns have been filled with briny sheets of condensed
vapor. When the rays of Actien reach the atmosphere,

24

or auy body capable of commeucing the process of decom-
position, the work begins and increases in measure and
action, according to the resistance encountered. Of the
elements generated from Actien, we may enumerate elec-
tricity, magnetism, light, heat and color, an atmosphere,
earth, and all it possesses. Electricity seems to be one of
the quickening, disintegrating powers, while magnetism is
more concentrative, and belongs to the fixing or consoli-
dating elements. The former takes no rest, but is ever
ffoadino; all other elements to action and drivins; them on
to their destiny, while the latter seizes the objects of its
concentrated labor, holding them fast and crystallizing
them in every form that nature demands. Of other exis-
tence of these elements, ])oth mechanical and chemical,
we have full proof. Mineralogy and chemistry liave
already enumerated and classified much for us. Geologj^
vegetable chemistrj-, and atmospheric changes give us a
wide field to work in, and a reliable finger-board is ever
pointing us onward. The currents of electricity and
magnetism are no doubt governed by fixed laws, whicli
we are getting to understand better and better every day.
Their action as a secondary cause (Actien being first) may
be considered more important than ain' other elements
we now understand in the creation of worlds, and consoli-
dation of matter. Our planet, like the sun, may also
throw off a creating fluid or power, for the formation of
planets of its own. The moon appears like a cinder,
ragged and cavernous, around which bnt little atmosphere
exists, and consequently with no water or vegetable life.
These may be forming — approaching through time to a.
perfect liabitation, peopled and cultivated — a child of
earth and one of the gems of infinity.

25

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 3, 1873.

Meetinir this evciiiiiir at 7 30 o'clock. The President
iu the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Fiancis H. Appleton, Boston, Feb. 17; Geo. Cogswell, Bradfovd, Feb. 20;
C. IT. Dull. IJcston, Feb. 19, 21; A. W. Morgan, New York, Feb. 17; Wm. S. Pea-
body, Boston, Feb. 17; Jonatlian Pearson, .Schenectady, X. Y., Feb. 2G; S. J.
Si>auldiug, Xewbiiryport. Mch. 3; E. Steiger, New York, Feb. 25; Danzig, Die
Naturforschende GeselliJcIiart, Oct. 4; Genijve. Societe do Physique et d' Histoire
Naturede, Nov. 1 ; Lyon, Socidte d' Agriculture, d' Ilistoirc Naturelle, et des Artes
Utiles, Dec. 20; New York Genealogical and Biograpliical Society, Feb. 18; Mun-
chen, K. Bayerischen Akademie der WIssenschaften, Dec. 1.

Mr. JoHX Robinson spoke of the death of Mr. Abram
F. Bosson, which occurred on the 21st ult., at his resi-
dence in Salem, by which the society loses one of the
most prominent exhibitors of flowers at the horticultural
exhibitions. Mr. Bosson's particular favorites were the
dahlias and gladiolus ; his stands of the former at the
exhibitions ten or twelve years since were of the most
gorgeous description. Of late years he has cultivated
the gladiolus most extensively, the endless variety and
profusion of which at the last series of exhibitions held
by the Institute caused much comment, and gave great
pleasure to the man}' visitors. After some other remarks
the following resolutions were presented and unanimously
adopted : —

Whereas, The Essex Institute, by the death of Abram
F. Bosson, loses an esteemed member and ofiicer, there-
fore be it

Resolved, That the Institute recognizes the value of
the services of the deceased as a promoter of its objects,

26

particularly in the department of horticulture, in which
centred his entire interest. His laro:e contributions to
the exhibitions increased the usefulness of this depart-
ment of the Institute, and thereby enabled the public to
enjoy the beautiful flouers which he cultivated with so
much care and well founded pride.

Itesolved, That the members of the Institute, deeply
regretting their loss, desire to express their sympathy to
the family and friends of the deceased, and request that
a copy of these resolutions be transmitted to them, and
be entered upon the records.

Kegular Meeting, Monday, March 17, 1873.

Meeting this evening at 7 30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Jacob Bati'lieliler, Lynn, Mcli. 1; William Cogswell, Salcni, Mcli. 17;
Samuel G. Drake, Boston, Mch. 6; Samuel A. Drake, Boston, Mcli. 14; J. N.
Emery, Beverly, Mch. 11; Gurdon Saltonstall, Boston, Mdi. 10; E. Steiten, New
York, Mch. 3, 10; M. P. Wilder, Boston, Mch.C; Buffalo Historical Society. Mch.
13; Gottingeu, Die K. Ge-sellschaft dor Wissenschaltcu, Mar. 1; Rhode Island His-
torical Society. Mch. 13.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Bo.\RD OF Public Cii.^ritie.s of Penx. Third .Vnuual Report of, 1872. 1 vol.
8vo. Ilarrisburg, 1873.

Bi;.s\vp:r.iv. E. W., of Boston. Miscellaneous jianiphlcts, ,)0.

BuTLEK, B. F., of U. S. House of Uep. Speech in U. s. House of Rep.. Feb. U,
1.5. 1873. 8vo pami)h.

FooTi:, Rev. llKNitr W., of Boston. l)i>course given in King's Chapel, Boston,
I) ec. 21, 1871, by donor. Hvo pamph.

Gut.vun. Dr. Chas., of Paris. Principcs de Biolojfie a la Medicine, by donor.
32m o pamph.

H\LE, Cn.vs. U.. of Auburn, \. V. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 3.

27

James. Thos. P. Journal of a Botanical Excursion, by F. Piirsli. 12nio pamph.
Phila. 1809.

JLee, Juiix C. Commerrial Bulletin for Feb. 8, ho, 22, Mch. 1, 8, 1873.

PUTN.VM. F. W. Mi.^cellancous pamphlets, 28.

Smith. N., of Pembroke. Annual Report of the School Committee of the Town
of Pembroke. 1872-.3. 8vo jianiph.

Stephens. W. H., of Lowville, N. V. Miscellaneous Catalogues. 1.5.

Stone. E. M., of Providence, R. I. Thirty-first Annual Report of tlie Ministry
at Large. Feb. 3, 1873. Svo pamph.

SUMNEK, Chas., of U. S. S. Reports in the Senate of U. S. 3d Sess., 42d Cong.,
Feb. 20, 1873. Svo pamph.

U. S. Patent Office. Washington, D. C. Official Gazette, Jan. 28, Feb. 4. 11,
1873.

Vassar, Rev. T. E., of Lynn, Mass. Address at the Funeral Services of James
M. Nye, M. D.. by donor. 8vo pamph. 1872.

WiLDEU, M. p., Boston. Lecture on the Hybridization of Plants, by donor.
8vo pamph. 1872. California, by donor. Svo pamph.

Btj Exchange.

ACADEMIE iMPtRIALE DES SCIENCES. BELLES-LETTRES ET ARTS, DE LTON.

Mcmoires, Classe des Sciences. Tome xviii, 1870-71. Svo pamph.

LvsTiTLT National Genevois in Geneva, Bulletin, No. 36, Vol. xvii, pp.
1-216. ]2mo ijamph.

Ko^^GLI^H Baverischen Akademie der M'issenchaften, zu Munchen.
Sitzungsberichto d. pliilos.. Classe 1871, Heft 4-(J, 1872, Heft 1-3. Sitzungsberichte,
d. Math., Classe 1871, Heft 3, 1872. Inhaltsverzeichnis.-^. zu 1800-1870. Svo pamph.

Minnesota Historical Society. Collections. Vol. i. 18.50-56. 1 vol. Svo.

Naturforschenue Gesellschaft in Danzig. Shriften, Neue Folge. Band
iii, Heft 1, 1872. Svo pamph.

New Jersev Historical Society. Proceedings. Vol. iii. 2d Series. 1873. No. ii.

.sencicenbergische Naturfokschende Gesellschaft, zu Frankfort a M.
Bericht, 1871-72. Svo pamph.

Societe d' Acclimatation zu Paris. Bulletin Mensuel, Tome ix, 2 me Serie,
No. 11, 1872. Svo pamph.

Societe d' Agriculture d' Histoire Naturelle et des Arts Utiles in
Lyons. Annale.<. 4th Series. II Tome, 1809. Svo i)amph.

SocifeTf: D' xVgricultuke. Sciences et Arts de la Sartiie zu Le Mans.
Bulletin, Tome xiii. 1871-72. 2 pamphlets. Svo.

SocitTE D' ANTURoroLOGiE IN PARIS. Bulletins, Tome vi, Nov., Dec, 1871.
Tome xvii. Jan.-Apr., 1872. 4 pamplilets. Svo.

SociETK DE Physique et d' Histoire Naturelle in Geneve. Mcmoires,
Tome xxii, 2d pt., 1872. 4to pamph.

Soci^Ti: LiNNEENE DE LYON. Annalcs, Anmics, 1870-71. (Nouvelle Series.)
Tome xviii. Svo pamph.

Verein fur Natuukunde in Wiesraden. Jahrbiicher, Jalirg, xxv, xxvi,
1871-72. Svo pamph.

Publishers. American Journal of Science. American Naturalist. Francis's
Catalogue. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science
Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipsvrich Chrouicle. Lawrence American. Lynn
Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Salem Observer.

28

The foUovviug paper was received from Mr. Harold
Herrick of New York : —

A PARTIAL CATALOGUE OF THE IJIRDS OF GRAND MEXAN, X. B.

Grand Menan, the point at whieli tliese notes were
made, being situated at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy,
about ten miles from the coasts of Maine and New Bruns-
wick and twice that distance from Nova Scotia, possesses
one of the most interesting faunae of the Atlantic coast,
forming, as it were, a neutral ground upon which strag-
glers from our southern districts miuo^ie with those of
more Arctic biith, and unite to form a local fauna of con-
siderable extent and great interest.

The island is about twenty miles long by live wide.
On its western side, for about twelve miles, the surface
slopes gently to the shore and is well settled, but all the
rest of the coast from tlie "Southern Head" to the "Swal-
low-tail Light," is one continuous line of precipitous cliffs,
rising perpendicularly to the height of from two to six
hundred feet, and broken only by an occasional swale
through which pours some miniature torrent. The inte-
rior is composed of dense forests of spruce and pine,
alternating with alder swamps and heaths of Labrador
Tea, the latter the chosen abiding place of thousands ot
Le]}us Americanus.

Lying off from Grand Meuaii arc numerous small islands,
where the sea-birds breed and have bred, to some consid-
erable extent, since the memor}' of man. Among the
chief of these islands are: — Green, White-horse, Ross,
Two, Three and Whitehead islands, lint these beloved
nesting-places are being gradually' broken up, and the
persecuted birds arc either retiring farther north, or arc
betaking themselves to the inaccessible cliffs where they
cannot be molested'.

29

Audubon was the first student of nature who ever ex-
plored the wild and rocky shores of ]\Ienan, and he, it
seems, not very thoroughly. I believe no catalogue of
its local birds has ever been pnblislied. ]Mr. G. A. Board-
man's list of "Birds of Calais and Islands in the Mouth
of the Bay of Fundy," gives many species that are to be
found at Calais, though a number of them never occur on
Menan .

The following catalogue and annotations are the result
of two visits to the island, one in May, 1871, the other
during June, July and August, 1872. I must in this
connection acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. S. F.
Cheue}^ of Grand Menan, for his universal kindness and
for the great aid he tendered me, in procuring many
valuable specimens; also for much useful information. I
cannot but recommend him to all who may contemplate a
visit to the island, either for recreation or study, as one
who will give all the assistance in his power, and make
their stay as enjoyable as possible.

1. Turdiis miyratorius. Robin. Very common and breeds abun-
dantly, nesting about June o.

2. Turdus Pallasii. Hermit Thrush or Cathedral Bird. It is com-
mon and breeds. The song of this species, as well as that of the suc-
ceeding, is here very full and strong.

3. Turdus Swainsonii. Olive-backed Thrush. Quite common ;
breeds. I was fortunate enough to secure a fine nest and comple-
ment of three eggs, June 21. 2\ fuscescens very possibly occurs, but
was not uoted.

SAXICOLID^.

4. Sialiasialis. Bluebird. Hare. I took none, but saw the remains
of a specimen that had been shot July 20. This must be its eastern
limit, as it is as rare on the main shore as here.

PARID2E3.

5. Panis atricapillus. Chickadee. "Very common. Breeds abun-
dantl}'.

30

G. Parus Hudsonius. Hudsonian Titmouse. Not very coinnioii -.
only two were uoted. It probably breeds in the dense forests. The
only specimen captured was among a large flock of P. atricajnlhts,
and was first noticed from its exceedingly loud note, which is much
harsher, shriller and more quickly given than /'. otricapilhis.

SITTID^.

7, Sitta Canadensis. Red-bellied Nuthatch. Common ; breeds.
8.* Sitta Caroline/isis. White-bellied Nuthatch. Rare.

CERTHIID,^.

9. CcrtJna fainiliaris. Brown Creeper. Not common : breeds.

TROGLODYTID^.

10. Troglodytes hyemaUs. Winter Wren. Common ; breeds. Its
superb song is here heard to the utmost advantage, in the solitudes
of its native forests and in the tangled and almost impenetrable
swamps. Troglodytes cedon may occur.

MOTACILLID^.

11. Anthns Luduviciamis. Titlark. Occurs in spring and fall, but
does not breed.

SYIiVUD^.

12. lieguliis calendulus. Ruby-crowned Wren. Common in spring
and fall, but passes to the north to breed.

13. liegulus satrapa. Golden-crowned Wren. Common; breeds.
I w'as unable to discover any nests, although I could see, by the
actions of the parents, that they had young near by.

BYIiVICOLID^.

14. Midotilta varia. Black and White Creeper. Rather uncommon ;
breeds.

15. Panda Americana. Blue Yellow-back. Rare. I took a single
specimen in May.

IG. Geothhjpsis trichas. Maryland Yeliow-tiiroat. Exceedingly
common. Breeds in abundance in all the heatiis of Labrador Tea. A
nest taken June 20 was composed largely of feathers of Larus argcn-
tatns.

17. Ilclmintliophaga nifcapilla. Nashville Warbler. Common;
breeds.

18. Ilelminthophaga' pcregrina. Tennessee Warbler. Not rare;
breeds.

81

19. Bendrccca rircns. Black- lliroatcd Grcon Warbler. Common;
breeds, frequenting the thick spruces.

20. Dendrcccn Canadensis. Black-throated Blue Warbler. Kare;
maj' breed.

21. Dendrccca PennsyJvanica. Chestnut-sided Warbler Rare.

22. Dendroeca coronata. Yellow rump Warbler. Ver}' common;
breeds.

23. Dendroeca Blaclhurnice. Blackburuian Warbler. Rare; may
breed.

24. Dendroeca striata. Black Poll. The most common -vvarbler;
breeds everywhere, but I was not fortunate enough to take a nest.

25. Dendroeca castanca. Bay-breasted Warbler. Rare; may breed.

26. Dendroeca cestiva. Yellow Warbler. Rare. I took but three
birds and one nest.

27. Dendroeca macidosa. Magnolia Warbler. Common. On June
27th I took a nest containing four fresh eggs, with advanced embryos.
It was in a small spruce, not more than two feet from the ground, on
the edge of a heath, and was very slightly built.

28. Dendroeca pabnarum. Yellow Red-poll. Not common, and does
not breed.

29. Dendrccca tigrina. Cape May Warbler. Rare; may breed.

30. Seiurus aurocapiUus. Golden- crowned Thrush. Quite rare;
probably breeds. I took but one. ;S'. Nuvchuracensis maj'^ occur.

31. Myiodioctes pusillns. Green Black-capped Flycatcher. Rare.
1 do not think it breeds.

32. Myiodioctes Canadensis. Canada Flycatcher. Rare ; may breed.

33. Setophaga ruticiUa. Redstart. Very common; l)reeds.

HIBUNDINID^.

34. Hirundo horreorum. Barn Swallow. Common; breeds.

35. Hirundo lunifrons. Eave Swallow. Common ; breeds.

36. Hirundo bicolor. White-bellied Swallow. Common; breeds.

37. Cotyle riparia. Bank Swallow. Common; breeds.

38. Prognesubis. Purple Martin. Rare on Menan but very common
on the Maine coast.

VIREONID2E.

39. Vireo olivaceits. Red-eyed Vireo. Rare; may breed.

AMPELID^.

40. Ampdis cedrorum. Cedar Bird. Very common summer resi-
dent.

32

41. C'oUurio borealis. Great Nortliern Shrike. Common in winter,
but does not breed.

FRDSTGILLID^.

42. Pinlcoln Canndtnsis. Pine Grosbeak. Not rare in winter.

43. Carpodacus purpureits. Purple Fincli. Common.

44. Chrysomitris tristis. Goldfinch. Common during Jul}' and
August, but does not breed. The flocks appeared to be passing to
and fro between Maine and Nova Scotia.

45. Chrysomitris pinus. Pine Finch. Kather uncommon; ma}'
breed.

46. Curvirostra Americana. Red Crossbill. Not rare ; probably
breeds in the thick woods. I took it in August.

47. Curvirostra Icucoptera. White-winged Crossbill. Not rare in
■winter.

48. uEgiothns linarius. Redpoll. Common in winter.

49. Plectrophanes nivalis. Snow Bunting. Common in winter.

50. Plectrophanes Lappo7iicus. Lapland Longspur. Occurs in
winter.

61. Passerculus savanna. Savannah Sparrow. Breeds everywhere.
I took numerous nests.

52. Zonotrichia alhicullis. White-throated Sparrow. Common;
breeds plentifully.

53. Zonotrichia leucophrys. White-crowned Sparrow. Occurs dur-
ing migrations.

54. Junco hyemalis. Black Snowljird. Very common ; breeds every-
where.

65. Spizclla monticola. Tree Sparrow. Occurs in autumn.

56. Melospiza melodia. Song Sparrow. Rather uncommon. I took
but one nest and three or four birds.

57. Melospiza paUtstr is. Swamp Sparrow. Not rare; breeds.

55. Passerella iliaca. Fox Sparrow. Occurs dnring migrations,
l)ut does not breed.

5t). Guiraca Ludoviciuna. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Very rare. I
took a fine $ May 10, but saw no more. Mr. Cheney never noticed it
before.

GO. Guiraca cr.erulea. Blue Grosbeak. In the spring of ISGl, Mr.
Cheney shot a fine J specimen and sent it to G. A. Boardman, Esq.,
in wliose cabinet it now is.

' ALAUDIDJE.

Gl. Errriidphila alpestris. Sliore Lark. Occurs plentifully in winter.

BULLETIN

ESSE12C UtTSTITTTTE.

Vol. 5. Salem, Mass., March, 1873. No. 3.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 17, 1873.
a partial catalogue of tpie birds of grand mexan, n. b.

r Continued.}

ICTEKLD^.

62. Agelcens phoeniceus. Red-winged Blackbird. Has been noticed
by Mr. Clieney, but does not breed.

63. Qniscalus versicolor. Crow Blackbird. Occurs, but is rare.
Others of this family may occur, as they are found on the mainland,
but they cannot be common here, else they would have been noted.

CORVID.^.

64. Carvtis caruivorus. Raven. Very common ; breeds in abun-
dance, placing its nest indiscriminately on the trees or on the cliffs.
The same nest is frequented for many years. The eggs are deposited
about the 10th of March. These birds are universally hated; and
in truth it is no vulgar prejudice, for they are very destructive, espec-
ially to young lambs ; and no chance is lost of shooting them, so that
with all their pi-overbial vigilance, they annually decrease. The 12th
of June I found an enormous nest on the outej Wood Island. It was
placed on the clitf so as to be perfectly inaccessible, and contained
four fully fledged young, two of which were dislodged by the plentiful
use of stones. The nest in itself is a curiosity worth seeing and
would make no mean load for a horse to draw. It had evidently becu

34

the home of many broods of young plunderers, and probably will
continue to be for some time to come, and a wild enouirh home it is,
witli no sound but tlie roar of the surf below and the harsh scream of
the gull above.

65. Corrns Americnnus. Crow. Here as elsewhere common;
breeds abundantly. I think the eggs collected hereaieof a darker
color and more intensely spotted than those collected further south.
In tifty specimens obtained, there was scarcely a light example, while
in the same number from Long Island or New Jersey there would be
a very large percentage of light and sparsely spotted specimens.

66. Cyanurus cristatus. Blue Jay. Common; breeds.

67. Perisoreus Canadensis. Canada Jay. Not rare in winter; it
may breed in the thick woods and swamps, but was not noted.

TYRANNIDJE.

68. Tyranmis Carolinensis. Kingbird. Common dni-ing early June,
but by the 20th all had passed over to the mainland. This seems
rather strange as there is no obvious reason why Grand Menan should
not atford as good facilities for the breeding of this species as New
Brunswick or Nova Scotia.

61). Contopus virens. Wood Pevvee. Not rare ; breeds.

70. Empidonax Trnillii. Traill's Flycatcher. Rather common sum-
mer resident, but extremely difficult to procure, because of its retir-
ing habits. Its note is frequently heard in the ahlcr swamps, but it is
a rare occurrence to see one.

71. Empidonnx flnviventris. Yellow bellied Flycntclujr. Rare; pro-
bably breeds. I took but a single specimen.

ALCEDIWID.^.

72. Ceryle alciion. Kingfisher. Not common. I did not meet with
it breeding.

C APRIMULGID.<E .

73. ChordHlPS pnpptve. Night Ilawk. Common; breeds. A. I'ocif-
erus may occur, as it is given by Boardman as a summer resident at
Calais.

CYPSELIDJE.

74. Chct'hirn pcJasgia. Chimney Swallow. Not common: breeils.

TROCHIIilD^.

75. Trorhiluscolnbris. lluby-throated Hummingbird. This hardy
little wanderer is not uncommon in this cold and bleak region, where
birds of stronger flight and hardier growth do not vi'nlurc.

35

CUCULID-^.

70. Covo/c/Hft pnjthrophthalmux. Black-billed Cuckoo. Common;
breeds. I took a nest, containing three fresh eggs, July 10. C. Ameri-
canus may occur, as it is given as common at Calais (Boardman).

PICID^.

77. Picus pubescens. Downy Woodpecker. Common ; breeds.
7S. Picus villosus. Hairy Woodpecker. Not rare ; breeds.

79. Picoides arcticus. Three-toed Woodpecker. Not rare in winter;
may breed on the back of the island in the heavy timber, where few
persoius ever go. P. hirsutun probably occurs in winter.

80. Splnjrapiciis vnrins. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. Not common ;
may breed.

81. Colaptes auratns. Golden-winged Woodpecker, called here the
Wood Pigeon. Very common ; breeds.

STRIGID^.

82. Bubo Virginianus. Great Horned OavI. Occurs in the forests,
but is not often seen.

83. Scops asio. Mottled Owl. Common ; breeds.

84. Otus Wilsoninnus. Long-eared Owl. Rather common during
summer. I got a set of fresh eggs from Whitehead Island, May 24,
1871.

85. Brachiiotus Cassinii. Short-eared Owl. Not rare. I secured a
set of egss from the same locality as the preceding.

80. Siirninm cinereum. Great Gray Owl. Occurs in winter.

87. Nyctea nued. Snowy Owl. Very common in winter ; remains
till late in spring.

88. Surnia uliila. Hawk Owl. Rather rare ; probably breeds, as
its eggs have been taken at Calais (Boardman). S. nebulosnm and X.
acadica probably occur.

FALCONID.^.
80. Falrn anntnm. Duck Hawk. Common; breeds on the cliffs,
but in such inaccessible situations that its nest is rarely taken. There
is a place between " Fish Head " and the " Old Bishop" known as the
"Seven Days' Work," where the cliff is divided into seven strata as
sharply defined as lines of masonry. On an indentation in the face of
this cliff, about one hundred feet from the top, and one hundred and
fifty feet from the bottom, a pair of these falcons have had their eyry
for I succession of years; secure alike from the assaults of the most
zealous naturalist and the small boy of bird's-egging proclivities.

90. Hi/potriurrhis columharius. Pigeon Hawk. Not rare.

91. Fairo sacer. Jerfalcon. Mr. Chenej- has observed this superb
falcon during winter.

36

'••2. Tinnuncidus sparverius. Sparrow Hawk. Observed on Nan-
tucket Island, near Men an.

93. Astnr atncapilliis. Goshawk. Not rare; probably breeds.

94. Accijnter fuscus. Sharp-shinned Hawk. Common; breeds. I
secured a nest of four eggs fi'om Whitehead Island.

95. Buteo horealis. Red-tailed Hawk. Not rare.

96. Buteo lineatus. Red-shouldered Hawk. Not rare.

97. Archihuteo lagopus. Rough-legged Hawk. Common; maj' breed.

98. Circus Hudsonius. Marsh Hawk. Very common ; breeds abun-
dantly in the heath, and subsists largely upon the young of Lepus
Americanus. I took several nests.

99. Pandion Carolinensis. Fish Hawk. Not very common ; pei*-
haps breeds.

100. Aquila Canadensis. Golden Eagle. Given as rare (Boardman).

101. Halicctus leucocephalus. Bald Eagle. Very common resident.
On Feb. 20 Mr. Cheney found a nest in a tall pine, upon the main
island ; he ascended with some difficulty, and after digging a hole
througli the nest, secured the only eg^ it contained. The embryo was
well advanced, but frozen. The parents did not attempt to molest
him, but confined their demonstrations to sailing overhead at a
respectful distance. The egg, now in my cal)inet, is of a dirty white
color, and measui-es three inches by two and thirty hundredths.

COLTJMBID.^.

102. Ectnpistes miriratorius. Wild Pigeon. Not rare ; said to breed
in the interior of the island.

TETKAONIDJE.

103. Bonasa wnbellus. Ruffed Grouse. Rare. At North Head, June
29, I flushed a fine $, but was unable to shoot him; I was sorry for
this, as the inhabitants insist that the grouse is never found on Menan.

CHARADRnD.^.

104. Charadrms Virginicus. Golden Plover. Rare.

105. JEcjialitis melodus. Piping Plover. Given by Boardman as
breeding on the islands. in June. I did not meet with it, although I
searched carefully.

106. yE. semipalmaUis. Ringneck Plover. Common; some breed.

SCOLOPACIDJE.

107. PMloheJn minor. Woodcock. Rather rare; breeds in the
thick alder swamps.

108. Gallinac/i) Wilsonii. Wilson's snipe. Rare.

109. Macrorhamphus griseus. Red-breasted Snipe. Common in
July.

a?

110. Peltdna Americana. Ked-backed Sandpiper. Not common.

111. Eveunetes pnsillns. Semipalmated Sandpiper. Very common
during August. One day while in pursuit of plover, I killed, at a
single discharge, twenty-six from a passing flock.

112. Trinfjn canntns. Robin Snipe. Kathor rare during summer.

113. Arquutt'Unmnritima. Purple Sandpiper. Ver}' common in win-
ter, immense flocks frequenting the stony beaches. In summer, I'are.
I took a single specimen, Aug. 13, among a large flock of E. pnsillns.

114. Actodromas mimUilla. Least Sandpiper. Very common in
August.

115. Symphemia semipalmata. Willet. Rather common in August.
The old meu tell about a bird they call a " Tinkasheer" that used to
breed in abundance on Menan fifty years ago, and from their descrip-
tion it seems to be identical with the species in question.

116. Gambetta mdanoleuca. Winter Yellow Legs. Common.

117. Gamhfitta Jlavipps. Summer Yellow Legs. Common.

118. Ehyacophilus solitarius. Solitary Sandpiper. Common.

119. Trinfjoides macnlarins. Spotted Sandi)iper. Common; breeds
everywhere.

120. Philomachns pngnax. Eufl'. Given by Boardmau.

121. Limosa Iludsonica. Hudson Godwit. Mr. Cheney sent me a pair
that he shot in November, 1871. They were the only ones heever saw.

122. J^^umenius borealis. Esquimaux Curlew. Rare.

123. N. longirostris. Long-billed Curlew. Not rare in autumn.

124. JV. Uudsonicus. Short-billed Curlew. Rare during migrations.

H-^MATOPODID.^.

125. Strepsilas interprcs. Turnstone. Not rare in August.

PHALAKOPODID-^.

126. Phalaropxis hyperhoreus. Northern Phalarape, " Sea Goose."
Very common. Thousands may be seen all summer on the "Rip-
plings" about eight miles from Menan, where they congregate to
feed on the shrimp and animalcula) that are drifting in the eddies
made by the advancing and receding tide. They never come on
shore unless driven by storms, and are so tame, especially in foggy
weather, that 1 have almost run them down with a sail boat. P. Wil-
sonii and fulicurius probably occur.

AK.DEIDJE.

127. Ardea herodias. Great Blue Heron. Common; but I did not
find it breeding.

128. Botnunis lentiuinosiis. Bittern. Rather rare.

129. Btitoridrs vircscons. Green Heron. Not rare ; it may breed,
but I do not think it does.

38

130. Aiiser hrjperboretis. Snow Goose. Rare in winter.

131. Bernicla Canadensis. Canada Goose. Common in spring and
fall; bred abundantly in years past.

132. Bcruida hranta. Brant. Common during migrations.

133. Anas hoschas. Mallard. Very rare.

134. Anas obsci(i-a. Black Duck. Common; breeds.

135. Daflla acuta. Pintail. Rare.

136. Ncttion Carolinensis. Green-winged Teal. Common.

137. Qnerquednla discors. Blue-winged Teal. Rare.

138. 3Iare.ca Americana. Widgeon. Rare.

139. Spatvla clijpeata. Shoveller. Rare.

140. ChaiileJasmns streporus. Gadwall. Rare.

141. Aix sponsa. Summer Duck. Rather I'are.

142. Fulix marila. Greater Black-head. Uncommon.

143. FttUx affiiiis. Lesser Black-head. Common.

144. Aythya Americana. Red-head. Not uncommon.

145. Aiithya vallisneria. Canvas-back. Rare.

146. Bucephala Americana. Golden-eye. Common in winter.

147. Bucephala albeola. Buffle-head. Very common in winter.

148. Bucephala islandica. Barrow's Golden Eye. Rare.

149. HiMrionicus torquatns Harlequin Duck. Common in winter.
It is noted, among gunners, for its diving propensities, it being
almost impossible to shoot one sitting on the water, as they go under
at the flash. I do not think it breeds now, although it may have done
so in years past.

150. Ilnrehla glacial is Old Squaw. Very connnon in winter; may
breed, as I saw a pair in full breeding plumage, that had been shot
June 18. They would scarcely have been about at that late day with-
out having a nest on one of the islands.

151. Camptohemits Lahradorius. Labrador Duck. Very rare. I
received a $ froin Mr. Cheney, that had been shot in April, 1871.

152. Melanctta velvctina. Velvet Duck. Common in winter. A
few remain all summer.

153. Pelionetta persjiicillata. Surf Duck. Common in winter. One
day in June a specimen alighted in the yard of a iiouse on Whitehead
Island, and was captured alive.

154. (Eidemia Americana. Scoter. Common in winter.

155. Somateria mollissima. Eider Duck. This is liie most common
of all the ducks, breeding in abundance on all the small islands about
Menan, but it is fast decreasing, as not one bird in three raises any
progcu}', because of the continued depredations of the islanders, who
rigiitly esteem their eggs as a great tlelicacy, and i-ollect them as fast
as laid. Their eggs lire easily found, because of the careless manner

39

in wliicli the nest is placed, an old gull's nest, with the addition of a
little down, often being made to answer in place of a more elaborate
structure. I saw the j-oung, in companies of fifteen or twenty, fol-
lowing their parents, in the beginning of August.
15G. Somaterin spf-rtahilis. King Eider. Kare.

157. Erismaturn ruhida. Ruddy Duck. Uncommon.

158. Mcrnus Amcricanus. Slieldraivc. Connnon.

159. ?I(r(/iis serrntur. Hed-breasted Merganser. It used to breed
but has almost entirely left the island during the season of incubation,
those remaining being only immature or unproductive birds.

1()0. Lophodi/tis CKCuUa'.nx. Hooded Merganser. Not common and

does not breed.

PEIiECAIflD^.

IGl. Pelecaiuiseri/throrJiynrhus. American Pelican. A specimen was

taken some years since.

SUTiID-aS.

1G2. Siiln bafisana. Gannet. It was once common and used to

breed on the "Gannet Rock," but since the liglithouse has been built.

the Gannets have left. The only instance in which I found it was near

Dark Harbor, on back of Menan, where one solitary individual was

sitting like a sentinel on a piece of tlie wreck of the steamer New

England, that had gone lo pieces on the Wolf Inlands, souie days

befjre.

PHALACROCORACID^.

1(53. Graadvti carho. Common Cormorant. Occurs in spring and f.ill.
164. Grdciihis dilophns. Double-crested Cormorant. Occurs, but
does not breed now ; probably it did once.

PROCELLARUD^.

1C5. Procellaria leucorrhoa. Leach's Petrel. Very common and
breeds by thousands on the Green and Whitchorse Islands, where the
soil is so impregnated with its peculiar odor, tliat it is quite perceptible
some distance to leewai'd on a windy day. They deposit their single
egg about the 8th of June, incuuate from four weeks to a month and
if robbed will lay three times. Mr. Cheney has assured me that once,
while duck shooting on Green Island on Novemi)er 10, his dog dug
out a young petrel still in the down, when all the other summer visi-
tors had departed for more southern regions. Though so elegant and
graceful a bird on the water, this petrel seems to lose all understand-
ing and power on land, and when dug from its hole prefers to skulk
away in the grass to taking tliyiu : and may even be thrown like a
ball from one person to auolinr. It breeds in such astonishingly
large communities that it is nothing of a feat to dig four or five hun-
dred eggs in a single day; but the most energetic oologist would
scarcely undertake a second day's work, as the first would have worn

40

off his finger-nails, and demoralized his hands and arms to such an
extent that he would gladly staj' at home and blow his eggs.

16G. Oceanites oceanica. Wilson's Petrel. Occurs ou the fishing
grounds, but does not breed.

107. Procellaria glacialis. Fulmer. Occurs on the fishing grounds
iu autumn.

168. Nectris fuliginosus. Sooty Shearwater. This species and the
two succeeding are given by Boardman, but were not noted by myself.

169. Puffinus major. Greater Shearwater. Haglin.

170. Fiiffinus anglorum. Mank's Shearwater. Black Haglin.

171. Stercorarius pomatorhinus. Pomariue Jaeger. Common in
autumn on the fishing grounds.

172. Sttrcorarius parasiticus. Arctic Jaeger. Common fall visit-
ant; comes about the fishing boats to pick up bits of bait, and is so
tame that it is often killed with a gafl'.

173. Stercorarius ccpplius. Buflbn's Jaeger. " Marlin-spike Bird."
"Common in the Bay of Fundy in August" (Boardman).

174. Larus glaucus. Burgomaster. Winter resident.

175. Larus Ilutchinsii. Hutchins' Gull. I have a fine specimen of
this rare gull, killed by Mr. Cheney's son iu January, 1872. It corres-
ponds exactly with a specimen, in the cabinet of G. N. Lawrence,
Esq., that was shot on Long Island.

176. Larus leucopterus. White-winged Gull. Noted by Dr. Brewer.

177. Larus marinus. Great Black-backed Gull. Common winter
resident; used to breed with the Herring Gulls, but being of a wilder
nature it was the first to move iu the direction of new and more
secure breeding grounds.

178. Larus argentatus. Herring Gull. Very abundant and breeds
on almost all the islands, in every situation, from the open heath to
the ragged and precipitous clifl". On the Southern Head is a very
extensive nursery, and from the edge of the clifls the eggs can be
counted by the hundred, all the way down, until they grow indistin-
guishable in the distance. But little ettbrt is made to secure these
eggs, as of late years it has been rightly deemed too dangerous an
undertaking to descend the clifts, even wilh the aid of a rope. I know
of at least one adventurous climber who met with a fearful death in
consequence of his temerity. The present inhabitants of the ishuul
can remember when it was an easy thing to go out and collect four or
five hundred eggs in an afternoon; but, alas! those times are no more
and unless something is done, and that soon, to prevent the promis-
cuous destruction of these usi'ful birds, gulls' egging at Grand Meiian

41

will be among the things of the past; for though to a stranger the
eggs seem so abundant, the inhabitants represent them as few com-
pared with tlie myriads of former years.

179. L. Delnicarcnsis. King-billed Gull. Common during migrations.

180. Chru;coce])hahis atricella. Laughing Gull. Given as breeding
by Boardmau.

181. Chi'cecocephalus Philadelphia. Bonaparte's Gull. Common ia
autumn.

182. liissa tridactyla. Kittiwake. Common in winter but does not
breed, which is curious, as the cliffs aft'ord most excellent nesting-
places.

183. Pagophila ebirrnea. Ivory Gull. Winter visitant.

184. Sterna Wilsoni. Wilson's Tern. Breeds on the Seal islands.

185. Sterna macroura. Arctic Tern. Rather rare. Others of this
family pi'obably occur, but are not recorded.

COLYMBID^.

186. Colymbus torquntus. Loon. Common about the islands, but
does not breed.

187. C. arcticxis. Black-throated Diver. Occurs iu winter.

188. C. septentrionalis. lled-throated Diver. Winter resident.

189. Podiceps griseiyena. Red-necked Grebe. Rather common. P.
cristatus iiu<.\ jjodicepts may occur, as thej^ have been noted at Calais.

190. Alca lorda. Razor-billed Auk. This bird is still common
about the Muire rocks and Seal islands, where it breeds without much
molestation. A curious circumstance connected with the breeding of
this species here is that it never associates with Uria grylle, but is
sole occupant of these two places, which seem to aflbrd as advanta-
geous nooks and crannies to the Guillemot as to the Auk. The only
explanation is that the Razor-bills drive them away.

191. Alca impennis. Great Auk. Formerly occurred, as bones have
been dug from the shell-heaps of Nantucket island, close to Menau.

192. Uria grylle. Black Guillemot. Common yet, but is doomed
to extinction; as are all the sea-birds that still haunt these old breed-
ing places, each spring seeing fewer birds come back to breed than
went away in the fall.

193. I'ria lotiivia. Foolish Guillemot. Common iu winter, but never
breeds.

194. Mvryulns alle. Sea-dove. Common winter resident, but none
stop to breed.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. v 4

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSAEY,

WEDJfESDAT, MARCH 5, 1873.

During the winter of 1872-3, at several meetings of
the Essex Institute, the matter of the proper celebration
of the tvventy-tifth anniversary of the Society was dis-
cussed, and as the outcome of these deliberations, the
matter was put into the hands of a committee, with full
powers. The committee consisted of H. Wheatland, A.
C. Goodell, Jr., Wm. Sutton, F. W. Putnam, D. B.
Hagar, A. H. Johnson, John llobinson, James O. Satford,
E. S. Atwood, E. C. Bolles, G. D. Phippen, Joshua
Coit, George M. Whipple, Caleb Cooke, Wm. Neilson.

The various sub-committees were chosen as folloAvs : —

On Invitations, A. C. Goodell, Jr., E. S. Atwood, D.
B. Hagar, H. Wheatland, E. C. Bolles.

On Finance, AVilliam Neilson, J. O. Safford, A. C.
Goodell, Jr., H. Wheatland.

On Decorations, John Robinson, C. Cooke.

On Banquet, A. C. Goodell, Jr., E. S. Atwood, A. H.
Johnson, D. B. Hagar, G. M. Whipple.

On Printing, F. W. Putnam, J. O. Safford, Henry
Wheatland.

Weekly meetings of the committee, for the comparison
of views and the perfecting of plans, were held at the
houses of various members, and arrangements were tinally
made for a literary festival and banquet at Plummer Hall
on the evening of March 5, 1873. Invitations were sent
to various gentlemen of high literary and scientific repute,
and tickets were issued to members and their friends at
five dollars each.

About seven o'clock the members and invited guests

(42) ,

43

assembled in the upper hall of the Institute building.
The beauty and talent of the city were well represented.
Among the distinguished invited guests, most of whom
were present, were his Excellency the Governor; Presi-
dent Loring of the Senate ; Speaker Sanford of the House ;
his Honor Mayor Cogswell ; Hon. R. C. Winthrop, Presi-
dent of Massachusetts Historical Society; Hon. Stephen
vSalisbur}^ President of American Antiquarian Society ;
Prof. Asa Gray, President of American Academy of Arts
and Sciences; Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, President of
the New England Historic-Genealogical Society ; T. T.
Bouvc, President of the Boston Natural History Society ;
J. D. Runkle, President of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology; "William Wood, M. D,, President of the
Portland Society of Natural History ; O. C. Marsh, Pro-
fessor of Paheontolugy in Yale College; Nathaniel Paine,
President of the Worcester Natural History Society ;
President Eliot and Professors Agassiz, Pierce and Lov-
cring of Harvard University ; John G. Whittier ; E. H.
Chapin, D. D., of New York, and others.

After the guests had assembled and a short time had
been spent in social intercourse, the company proceeded
to the lower hall, which had been titted up as a banquet-
ing? room. Three tables extended throuo;h the entire
length of the hall, at the heads of which were seated
Vice Presidents Wm. Sutton, A. C. Goodell, Jr., and
F. W. Putnam, and at right angles to these, on the
platform, a table was spread for the invited guests. In
the alcoves, to the right antl left of the guest table, were
spread tables for the reporters. The hall had been taste-
fully decorated under the direction of Messrs. John Rob-
inson and Caleb Cooke. On the gallery front, over the
guest table, was a white tablet, bordered with green,
with the inscription in box and brilliant autumn leaves,

44

1848— E. I. — 1873. Running round the gallery front,
over each alcove, were similar tablets, bearing the names
of the Presidents of the Institute, and of the Essex His-
torical and Essex County Natural History Societies, by
whose union the Institute was foi*med. The names as
read round were as follows : — Nichols, Tucker, AVhite,
Huntington, Wheatland, Peabody, Pickman, Hol-
YOKE, Russell. To the right and left of the stage were
tablets inscribed : E. H. S. — 1821. E. C. N. H. S.—
1833. In front of each alcove in the library was sus-
pended a hanging basket filled with growing plants. The
columns were wreathed with evergreen, and topped with
masses of hemlock. To the right and left of each column
were carved brackets, with vases of choice flowers. The
fronts of the library cases were covered with material of
a pearl gray color, to form a background for pictures.
Portraits of Goethe, Humboldt, Hyrtl, Miiller, Cuvier,
Agassiz, Hawthorne and other eminent men adorned
these improvised walls. Ferns and growing plants of
every variety were massed wherever there was room to
display them. The whole arrangement evinced fine taste
and a nice appreciation of the proprieties of the occasion..
The banquet was prepared under the supervision of
Mr. Edward Cassell. The tables glittered with elegant
china and silver ornaments, relieved by bouquets of
exquisite flowers furnished b}' Francis Putnam and ar-
ranged with great taste by W. H. Gardner. The sui)per,
which was of several courses, was served up in the fol-
lowing order :

FIRST COURSE.

Raw Oysters ; Escallopecl Oysters ; Curried Oysters ;
Lobster Salad ; Chicken Salad.

SECOND COURSE.

Filet de Boeuf; Sweetbreads; rat6 of Chicken ; Tongue.

45

rillKD COURSE.

Boned Turkey ; Grouse; Quail; Partridge; Fowls.

FOURTH COURSE.

Frozen Pudding; Charlotte Ru.sse ; Tom Thumb;
Bon Glace; Wine Jelly.

riFTII COURSE.

Ices : Chocolate, Vanilla, Lemon, Pine Apple, Straw-
berry, Harlequin Fruit.

SIXTH COURSE.

Apples ; Oranges ; Bananas ; Figs ; Crystallized Fruits and Nuts.

Cake : Currant, Citron, Pound, Sponge, Cocoauut,

Macaroons, Meringues.

Coffee; Tea.

The number Avho sat down to the feast must have been
not far from one hundred and seveutj'^, and included both
ladies and gentlemen.

The company was seated at the table at half past eight,
and was called to order by the President, Henry Wheat-
land, who requested the Rev. E. S. Atwood to offer
prayer. After an hour pleasantly spent in discussing the
supper in all its bearings, the company being regaled
with the choice selections performed by Upton's Quadrille
Band, the literary portion of the entertainment was in-
troduced with the following address by the President : —

Ladies and Gentlemen: — We are assembled this
evening to commemorate the formation of the Essex In-
stitute in 1848, by the union of the Essex Historical and
the Essex County Natural History Societies. It is, per-
haps, needless to trace in detail the growth of these in-
stitutions ; the principal facts in their history having
appeared in the printed publications of the Institute.

The occasion, however, suggests many associations that

46

cannot l)e passed over in silence ; this })lace and its snr-
roundinii's are crowded with them-^the l)uildin2: — the
varied relics — the books — are not without their history,
and are continually reminding us of the debt of gratitude
we owe to those through whose instrumentality they were
obtained.

Some remind us of the Social Club, composed of the
leading spirits of the town, that was wont to hold its
weekly meetings, during the middle of the last century,
at the old Pratt's Tavern, to discuss the topics of the
day, especially those of a literary and scientific character.
Thence originated the Social Library in 1761.

Others bear the signature of "R. Kirwan," a celebrated
Irish chemist, and call to remembrance some of the scenes
in the Kevolutionary period, — the privateer Pilgrim, its
bold and intrepid commander, Hugh Hill, his daring ex-
ploits, the capture, in the English Channel, of a schooner
having on board a portion of the library of this distin-
ofuished chemist, the briuijiuir of these books into the
neighboring port of Beverl}^ the purchase of the same by
some seven scientific men of Salem and Beverly, — and
hence the origin of the Philosophical Lilirar}', in 1781.

The collection of log books and sea journals calls to
mind that brilliant commercial career which innnediately
followed the closing drama of the Kevolution, when the
sails of our merchantmen whitened every sea, and the
products of the most distant climes, " divitis Indite usque
ad ultiinum sinum," were landed at our wharves. In the
midst of this prosperity the navigators in those remote
seas organized a society to assist the widows and chil-
dren of deceased members; to collect such facts and
observations as tend to the improvement and security of
navigation and to form a museum illustrative of the civil
and natural history of the countries visited during their

47

long and protmcted voyages. The nucleus then formed in
1799, by gradual accretions became the world-renowned
museum of the East India Marine Society. This museum,
and the scientific collections of the Institute, have recently
been rearranged in the East India Marine Hall, under the
direction of the trustees of the Peabody Academy of
Science, and opened to the public, free, six da3's in the
week.

The portraits on these walls, the old relics in the cabi-
nets, the frame of the first building erected for the first
church in Salem, cared for and placed in good condition
for preservation by the kindness and liberality of our late
President, Francis Peabody, are alike suggestive of topics
for consideration ; but time will not permit me to dwell
longer.

In 1638, Emmanuel Downing, of the Inner Temple,
London, came to Salem, where he lived several years in
great esteem, often representing the town in the General
Court. His dwelling was on or near this spot, in the
middle of an estate comprising some four acres. His
wife was a sister of Gov. Winthrop. His son George, a
lad of about fourteen summers, was preparing, under the
tuition of Rev. John Fisk, to enter the college, where he
graduated in the first class in 1642. This son then went
to England, entered into Cromwell's service and became
highly distinguished. Was his (Cromwell's) minister to
the Hague, and afterwards held the same situation under
Charles II, from whom he received a baronetcy ; united
with "the blood of all the Howards," by marrying Fran-
ces, sister of the first Earl of Carlisle. A grandson. Sir
George Downing, dying in 1747, left a large bequest
(£150,000) for the founding of Downing College, in
Cambrids^e, England.

Ann, the youngest daughter of Emmanuel, came into

48

possession of this estate, and the mansion in which she
resided was a few rods w^est of this spot. She first married
Capt. Joseph Gardner, who was killed, Dec. 19, 1675, at
the great Narraganset Swamp fight, in King Philip's war.
Secondly, she married Simon Bradstreet, and there the old
Nestor governor of Massachusetts lived and died. The
house was then knoAvn as the Bradstreet mansion, and was
taken down about 1750. Gov. Bradstreet had previously
married Ann, daughter of Gov. Thomas Dudley. She is
the most distinguished of the early matrons by her liter-
ary powers ; a volume of her poems is now extant.

Nearly opposite the last named house, on the w^estern
corner of Liberty street, was the residence of Major Wil-
liam Hathorne, who came to Salem in 16^6, and from
that date his name appears in our records as holding im-
portant positions, — Commissioner, Speaker of the House
of Representatives, counsel in cases before the courts,
judge on the bench, soldier commanding important and
difiicult expeditions, etc.

Johnson, in his " Wonder- Working Providence," thus
says of him : "Yet, through the Lord's mercy, we still re-
taine among our democracy the godly Captaine William
Hathorne, whom the Lord hath imbued with a quick ap-
prehension, strong memory and rhetorick, volubility of
speech which hath caused the people to make use of him
often in public service especially when they have had to
do with any foreign government."

He died in IGSl. His son John seemed to have in-
heritetl many of his traits of character, and to have suc-
ceeded in all his public honors, and held a like prominent
position in public affairs till his decease, which occurred in.
1717. In an easterly direction, on Union street, in a
small two-story gaml)rel-r()()red house, a descendant in
the sixth generation was born, in 1804, whose name has

49

been equally if not more conspicuous in the field of letters
than either of his ancestors had been in the civil history
of the colony.

A few rods in a northei'ly direction "\ve find the birth-
place of Bowditch, whose "Navigator" is in the hands of
every seaman, and who, as translator of La Place'^
"Mccanique Celeste," is ranked among the leading mathe-
maticians of his age.

The house that was taken down to erect on its site the
building in which we are assembled was the place where
Prescott, the historian, first saw the light of day; and
afterwards, for nearly half a century, it was the residence
of one of our most successful and opulent merchants,
Joseph Peabody.

In this connection, it is meet that we should pay a
tribute of respect to the memory of Miss Caroline Plum-
mer, a lady of great literaiy culture and refinement, who
died in May, 1854, and bequeathed to the proprietors of
the Salem Athenaeum, the sum of thirty thousand dollars
for the erection of a building, to deposit therein the
books of the Athenaeum, with liberty to have the rooms
used for the meetings of literary and scientific societies
and for the deposit of works of art and natural produc-
tions. If you desire to know in what manner this money
has been expended, and ask for her monument, "Circum-
spice !"

This locality, around which cluster so many associa-
tions of exceeding interest to the student in history, the
scholar, the scientist, and the general public, seems to be
especially adapted for the estal)li!5hment of an institution
for the promotion of literature, science, and the arts. A
good beginning has thus far been made, — additional land
and more buildings will be requisite to furnish suitable
accommodations for its proper management.

50

Let us resolve, henceforth, that we will not pause in
our efforts until this so desirable an object shall have
been successfully accomplished. Thus, supplementing
the scientific collections in the hall now owned by the
trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem will
be well provided Avith materials for the promotion of gen-
eral culture and education among her citizens.

A brief allusion to the tablets on the rail ins;, contain ins:
the names of the several ex-presidents, may not be inap-
propriate at this time.

The first in chronological order, Edward Augustus
HoLYOKE, M. D., LL. D., President of Essex Historical
Society, 1821-1829, graduate of Harvard in the class
of 1740, came to Salem in 1749. The first medical
charge in his books bears date July 6, 1749 ; the last
Feb. 17, 1829 ; covering a period of nearly eighty years
in the profession at Salem ; an active member of the
Social Library in 1761; of the Philosophical Library in
1781 ; and at the time of his death, March 31, 1829, he
was President of the Salem Athenreum, and of the Essex
Historical Society ; thus interested in the literary and sci-
entific societies in Salem for sixty-eight yeai's. He was an
original member of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, and also of the Massachusetts Medical Society ;
of both of these societies he had been elected President,
of the latter institution the first.

Benjamin Pickman, President of Essex Historical
Society 1829-35, a graduate of Harvard, class of 1784;
member of the two houses of our State Legislature, and
one term a member of Congress ; a merchant, and a lib-
eral friend to our public institutions. He died in 1843. .

IciiABOD Tucker, President of Essex Historical Soci-
ety, 1835 to 1837; born in Leicester; graduate of Har-
vard in 1791 ; commenced the practice of the law in

51

riaveiliill ; removed to Salem !il)out 1807 ; Clerk of the
Courts for Essex for upwards tliirty years ; died iu 1846.

Daniel ArrLETON White, President of Essex Histor-
ical Society, 1837-48, and President of Essex Institute,
1848-61; born in that part of Methuen now Lawrence ;
graduate of Harvard in the class of 1797 ; commenced
the practice of the law in Newburyport ; removed to
Salem in 1815 ; Judge of the Probate Court of Essex
for more tlian forty years ; died in 1861 ; a fine classical
scholar.

Andrew Nichols, President of Essex County Natural
History Society, 1833 to 1845, a valued physician ; born
in the rural part of Danvers he early imbibed a taste for
the stud}' of nature, which continued through life. Pie
was very conversant with the local natural history of this
vicinity, and took a great pleasure in guiding his young
friends to the rural retreats, in quest of some rare floral
gems. He lived in South Danvers, now Peabody, and
died March 31, 1853.

Joiix Lewis Russell, President of Essex County Nat-
ural History Society, 1845-48, Vice President Essex
Institute 1848-61, a graduate of Harvard in the class of
1828, and of the Theological School in Cambridge in 1831,
distinguished as a botanist, and especially conversant with
our cryptogamic flora. He was also an able and instruc-
tive lecturer on the various departn)ents of Natural His-
tory, especially in his favorite one. Botany.

AsAHEL Huntington, President of Essex Institute
1861-65, born in Topsfield ; a graduate of Yale in 1819 ;
commenced the practice of the law in Salem ; District
Attorney, and for many years preceding his death, which
occurred Sept. 5, 1871, was the genial and efficient Clerk
of the Courts for Essex.

FiiANCis Peabody, President of Essex Institute 1865-7 ;

52

born on the spot where we arc now assembled, and with
the exception of a few years had resided in tliis inniiediate
vicinity, always interested in scientific investiirations and
mechanical industries. He died October 31, 1867.

Before taking my seat, permit me to allude briefl}^ to
the status of the two societies at the time of the union.
It required considerable billing and cooing to bring about
the desired result, the organization of the two being on
an entirely different*basis.

The Historical Society always had a small membership.
Members were elected ; an entrance fee was required ; no
regular assessment, though occasionally one was levied ;
rooms never opened to the public at stated times, though
persons could obtain access by calling upon the librarian
or some ofiicer who was always courteous and ready to
grant any f^ivor.

The Natural History Society was on an entirely ditferent
basis. Any inhabitant of the county could become a mem-
ber by signing the constitution and paying the small an-
nual assessment. The rooms were always central and
accessible ; opened frequently for horticultural and other
exhibitions ; its aim to make the rooms attractive, thereby
to awaken a public interest in furtherance of its objects.
The collections increased in value and importance ; the
membership was enlarged ; consequently more available
means to extend its operations. The Horticultural Exhi-
bitions, though not an original object, became in course
of a few years one of the most important features of the
society, and at the time of the union were included as one
of the departments. For several years exhibitions were
held weekly dtu'ing the sunnner months, with the annual
in September, and increased in interest with each succes-
sive season.

Several nurseries were established, the demand for fruit

53

trees, and ornamental trees and shrubs increased, and
Saleni hecame, as it were, a centre for horticultural oper-
ations, and the exhibitions at the metropolis Avere largely
indebted to the Salem gardens for the recjuisite i)ro[)ortion
of fruits and flowers.

This city and vicinity had a goodly array of enthusiastic
and successful cultivators of tlie choicest })roductions of
Flora and Pomona ; among them the name of Robert Man-
ning stands prominent, as a pioneer in the cultivation of
fruit, especially that of the pear. The garden of Mr. J.
F. Alien exhil)ited for several seasons a line display of that
gorgeous lily "Victoria Regia," and his excellent treatise
on that Hower, with illustrations, finds a place in every
pul)lic lil)rary. It was also noted for the great variety of
grapes and other fruits grown under glass. The gardens
and grounds of the Messrs. Putnam, Lee, Cabot, Emmer-
ton, Upton, Ives, Bertram, Holi'man, Phippeus, Ropes,
Bosson, and others, may be mentioned in this connection.

The guiding principles that actuated the Natural His-
tor}^ Society were engrafted upon the new organization,
and to these what little success it has had may be justly
attributed.

For an institution to succeed it is necessary to interest
the people in its success, by horticultural and other exhi-
bitions, permanent display of works of art and natural
productions, instructive and at the same time attractive
lectures, licld and other meetings that will coml)ine amuse-
ment with instruction, so far as not to compromise its dig-
nity and standing, — having always in view, however, the
promotion of the primary and leading objects of its organ-
ization. I thank you for your attention to this brief
recital of a few thoughts suggested by the occasion.

At the conclusion of his address, the President re-

54

quested Vice President D. B. Hagar to officiate as mas-
ter of ceremonies for the occasion, which he did in his
usual graceful manner, and not only were his few opening
remarks characterized by wit and pleasantry, but he intro-
duced the various speakers with a very nice savoring of
clever things that did much to make the stream of oratory
run smoothly.

The Health of Gov. Washburn was proposed who re-
sponded as follows : —

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: — I am
happy to meet ^ou on this interesting occasion. Having
been in your city but once during S(jme twenty years, and
then for only a few hours, I am to most of you an entire
stranger. But your reception has made me feel that I am
among friends, and I thank you for this opportunity of an
acquaintance with those Avhom I have learned to honor,
not only for their personal qualities, but for the good work
in which they are engaged. Not to be somewhat conver-
sant with the early history of Salem is to l)e ignorant of
the history of the Commonwealth. Here was one of the
first settlements of the colony of jNIassachusetts Bay.
Hither came Endicott and AVinthrop, names foremost
among those of our colonial times. Here the former lived
and died, and here are still found his direct descend-
ants. Here Roger Williams lived and preached till the
people, believing his doctrines injurious to the best inter-
ests of the community, compelled him to seek a locality
more favorable to his peculiar tenets. This was the home
of Story and others who have adorned our ju<Iieiary, and
some of the most influential members of Congress and
the national cabinet have resided here, while time would
fail me to mention the names connected with this locality
which are favorably known in literature. Neither can I

55

forget, for I have liad it thrown in my face often dnring
the last few years, that this is particulai-ly tlie i)la(;e where
witches were hnng. I know that unmeasured abuse has
been heaped upon your ancestors for this fact. They
w'ere stern men in their judgments of evil and evil ten-
dencies, and they had stern and swift methods of dealing
with those whom they believed dangerous to society and
religion. Unquestionably they erred in their treatment
of the witchcraft delusions, but I confess to somethiiig of
admiration for the spirit and moral courage which they
displayed. I am aware, also, that for a long period yours
was the chief commercial city of the State. While it
has lost its position in this regard it is rapidly assuming
the characteristics of a manufacturing community, and I
trust it may see a thriving and prosperous future. The
new and eles^ant structures which meet our o-lauces on
every hand, are tangible evidences of thrift pleasant to
observe, and I am glad to notice that some edifices yet
remain as monuments of the taste and skill of former
generations. Mere outward, physical developments are
not, however, what should most be valued in your city ;
it is of far more consequence that rare facilities have been
and still are aflbrded for moral and intellectual growth
and culture. This indeed is one of the marked peculi-
arities of our Commonwealth. We are not without inter-
nal improvements of which we may be justly proud ;
there are al)undant witnesses of the energy and enterprise
of our people — wharves and warehouses and nianufac-
turing establishments of one kind and another. But
these are not the things that have given Massachusetts its
chief renown and standing before the world. Partially
at least we owe our good name to the qualities which
characterized our ancestors, and we shall find that this
good name has departed from us when we have fallen

56

from public and private virtue. The true greatness of a
community is in its moral worth. The desire to give our
children a better education and better advantages in every
respect than we ourselves were permitted to enjoy, to test
and make the most of the intellectual and moral powers of
every human being — this is an omen of the most encour-
aging promise. Jealous of. each other, jealous of our
neighbors, we may be ; but what parent is there who is
not anxious to secure for his children the privileges that
will best fit them for life's duties? Intelligence, earnest-
ness in the search for truth, desire for something purer and
better — these are among the real signs of prosperity.
That you have not been unmindful of this nobler good I
find testified by what 1 see around me. The twenty-fifth
anniversary, which we have assembled to-night to com-
memorate, is an indication that the improvement of the
citizens of Essex has not been neglected. The happy
and valuable influence of this society has been felt in
every town of the county, and we may reasonably indulge
the hope that it will continue to be felt for many long
years to come. When I look upon its President, growing
gray in his honorable wt)rk, and reflect that his power for
good is not to be computed by figures, 1 cannot but wish
that some way Avere devised for retaining the benefit of
that power after the machinery which now propels it is
worn out. You do wisely in preserving the records of
his labor. He will pass away to the great company of
those who have given your town its worthy name in our
history, but the fruit of his endeavors will live and be
perpetuated from generation to generation, not only in
these beautiful records, ])ut in the lives and labors of the
tlunisands of young men and young women of Essex who
are even now reaping the results of his work. They con-
stitute the new machinery which will preserve and keep

57

in active use the powers we all honor so much to-clay, and
thus the years that are to come after we have gone to our
reward will find him still a beneficent force in the com-
munity.

In response to a toast to the city of Salem, the Mayor,
Gen. Wm. Cogswell, spoke as follows : —

I yield to no one in my sympathy with the aims and
objects of this Institute, which to-night celebrates and com-
pletes its twenty-fifth year of existence. Though a passive
rather than an active member of it, I have never failed to
watch with interest its doinsrs, and I can bear witness to
its success ; and to you, Mr. President, chiefly and above
all others, is due the fact that we of a younger generation
have seen the coming in, and do now see the going out, of
the year which goes to make the first quarter of a century
of its existence ; and as some of these gentlemen about
me will say that a man who has weathered the storms of
twenty-five years of his life is more likely to live another
equal term of years than one who has not reached that
age, so I believe that this is but one of another and still
another, and many more quarter centuries, of an institu-
tion dedicated to a hiiifher education and better knowledge
of the good old County of Essex.

I cannot refrain from saying again, that whatever meas-
ure of success, whatever of advancement, whatever of
good, has so far been obtained, is, as it seems to me solely
because of the devotion, indnstry and skill of one whose
modesty on this, and on other occasions, is the best indi-
cation of the true worth of its possessor. Seldom, sir, is
it given to man to see so much of the success of his own
good works, as is given to you on this occasion, while it
is never given to us to appreciate at their full value such
works, until the hand, the heart, the brain which wrought
Essex Ixst. Bulletin. v 5

58

them out, has passed from among us — a clay, in this case,
which I pray for your own sake and fur our sakes, may
be long delayed. But the hour is late ; others you await.
So far as the City of Salem is concerned, I would thank
you for the courtesy you have extended to her on this
occasion. She has always watched witli pride and satis-
faction the onward, upward course of the Essex Institute,
an institution which she regards as one of her own, and as
among her children ; and I feel that I can pledge you not-
withstanding the small margin which allows me to speak
for her at all, I feel that I can pledge you, certainl}'^, with
the consent of the gentleman opposite, the earnest coop-
eration and best wishes in the cause of science as ad-
vanced by the Essex Institute.

Hon. Marshall P. AVildek was introduced as the Pres-
ident of the New England Historic-Genealogical Society,
and as the President of the American Pomological Soci-
ety, "i^y their fruits ye shall hnoiu them."

Mr. President : — You have called on me to respond
for two institutions, and thus to do double duty while I
am scarcely able to perform the service for one satisfac-
toril}'. But, sir, I am most happy to be here and to en-
joy the privileges and pleasures of this most interesting
occasion. Three years ago the New England Historic-
Genealogical Society celebrated its twenty-tifth anniver-
sary, when we were honored with \our presence ; and I
am here now to reciprocate that favor, to join heart and
hand in this festival, and to assure you of our desire to
cooperate with you in ctlbrts to promote the welfare of
your association. Most heartily do 1 congratulate you on
the prosperity of your institution and upon the great good
it has already accomplished for the workl. It is not often
that the founders of institutions live to reap the harvest

59

of their own sowing, but you, sir, have stood by the
cradle of its infancy and have watched its 2:rowth and are
now permitted to rejoice with us in its full manhood and
extensive usefulness.

Your association, like our New Eni^land Society, is
giving special attention to the preservation and transmis-
sion of New England's history to future generations, and
it is indeed a grateful and noble service. "History," says
a renowned author "is but the development of God's grand
plan, to preserve the treasures of human thougiit, and to
increase for countless generations the absolute wisdom of
mankind." And what more benevolent and glorious work
can we have than the preservation of the history of our
own beloved Itiew England ! Time will not permit me to
refer to the early history of the colonies, with which Salem
was so intimately connected, or to those principles of
piety, patriotism and pliilanthropv, which laid the foun-
dations of our free institutions, which have made our nation
what it is, and which we believe are yet to revolutionize
and christianize the nations of this earth ; suffice it to
say, that in all that pertains to civil and religious liberty,
in whatever relates to the great and benevolent enterprises
of the age, Massachusetts has ever stood forth prominently
as the champion of progress and principle. It would
be pleasant, had we time,- to revert to some of the great
events and great men whi(;h characterize her history from
the time when Endicott and Wintlirop landed on your
shores. I cannot refrain, however, from alluding to a few
of her sons who have moved on the stage of life Avithin
the last hundred years, and whose names and deeds will
gild the page of American history with an efi'ulgence
which will shine brighter and brighter unto the perfect day ;
to Hancock whose bold sign-manual was atfixed tirst to the
ever memorable Declaration of Independence ; to Erank-

60

lin who drew the electric spark from the clouds and held
it ill his hand ; to Morse who trained it in the way it should
go, and taught it to speak all the languages of the globe ;
to Field who laid that mystic wire in the fathomless
depths of old ocean from continent to continent ; to your
own Peabody, whose munificent bequests are the praise of
all people, whose remaius were sent home under royal
convoy, here to rest in the bosom of your own soil ; and
to Ames, all honor to his name, to whose indomitable
energy and perseverance, we are indebted more than to
any other man, for opening up a £:rand highway for
nations across this continent in all coming time.

You have alluded to me, sir, in connection with the
great industrial pursuits of our country, lithank you for
your recognition of the American Pomological Society,
which is also to celebrate its twenty-tifth anniversary in
Boston next September, when 1 hope we may be honored
with a large delegation from your institution, and where
you will be cordially received by its first president, al-
though I hope he may not be its last. Nor would I forget
how much we are indebted to Essex County, especially to
Salem for the promotion of the agriculture and horticulture
of our land. Here was planted by Gov. Endicott one of
the lirst, if not the first nursery, and the first pear tree in
New England of which we have any account, and I am
happy to know that the old nionuineiital tree still survives.
Here were planted just fifty years ago the Pomological
Gardens of Salem, in which still live many noble trees as
grand memorials of the planter, Robert Manning, to whom
Mr. President, you alluded in your opening remarks. To
him and to his son of the same name, who resides on the
old homestead, the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
and the country are indcl)ted largely for the services they
have rendered to the cause of American Pomology. These

61

gardens at one time contained about two thousand' vari-
eties of fruits, and "where Mr. Manning, the father, had
actually pi'oved under his own inspection, eighty varieties
of American apples and sixty varieties of American pears,
witii many other fruits. But Governor Endicott, or Robert
Manning, could not have anticipated the intiuence of their
example in fruit culture, which has now spread throughout
the land, nor the immense quantities of fruit sent from the
western and Pacific states to our eastern shores ; nor the
amount exported annually to Great Britain, there having
been shipped in one vessel from Boston to Liverpool the
last week more than two thousand barrels of ap[)les.
And now, sir, I desire to place on record the influence of
the Essex Agricultural Society ; a society which for more
than half a century has stood at the head of the agricul-
tural societies of this state, maintaining its high position
to the present time. There may it stand forever. Its
first president was Timothy Pickering, Avho had also been
secretary of the first agricultural societ}^ ever established
on this continent, the Philadelphia Society for the Pro-
motion of Agriculture. It has been my privilege to be
acquainted, and to labor, with many of the presidents of
the Essex society, down to the present incumbent, whose
hand and heart are open to every good word and work,
and I stand here to-day to acknowledge the great good
which the cultivators of your county have conferred on
the world. But Mr. President, I must bring these remarks
to a close. I thank you for remembering me in connec-
tion with the cultivation of fruits and flowers. From my
childhood I have loved the cultivation of the soil and the
enjoyments which spring from rural life ; I am very fond
of communing with nature, whether in her sublime or
merry mood ; I love to hear the thunder roll its awful dia-
pason through the skies ; I love to see the lightning flash

62

its fiery gleam from pole to pole, I love the blooming
spring odorous with the fragrance of the garden and
orchard, the summer landscape rich with the verdure of
the forest and the field, the mellow autimin when nature
pours from her overflowing lap the ripened treasures of the
year. And I love to be remembered as one who has
endeavored to do somethino: for the improvement and
embellishment of mother earth ; something which shall
contribute to the comfort and happiness of my fellow
men; and may I not also add, in this presence, some-
thing which shall redound to the honor and benefit of our
own New England ; something which shall live when I am
dead.

Prof. O. C. Marsh, of Yale College, l)eing called upon,
paid the high compliment to the Institute that through
its influence the botany and zoology of Essex county
were better understood than that of any other county in
the United States. He spoke of the noble work the In-
stitute had done in diflusins: scientific knowledi>e over all
parts of the country, and encouraging other societies de-
signed to promote the same objects. It was at the hands
of the Essex Institute that he himself acquired his taste
for scientific investigations. He hoped that this was only
the beginning of the usefulness of this society, and that
we might all be present at its golden wedding, twenty-
five years hence.

President J. D. Runkle, of the Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology, said his institution was merely fol-
lowing in the tracks of the Essex Institute — "we are
making use of scientific knowledge by adapting it to the
practical afiairs of life."

Hon. Geouge B. Loring, being called upon as Presi-
dent of the Massachusetts Senate, spoke as follows : —

63

Mr. PuESiDEyT : — I accepted your invitation to be
present on this occasion so t'nll of interest to the lovers
of science and good learning, and to you especially, the
founder and curator of this institution, with a firm con-
viction that in all this assembly I should be allowed to
enjoy an "evening at home," and to listen to the remarks
of the distinguished gentlemen from abroad who have
come here to honor us by their presence and to encourage
and edify us b}' their words. It was not until 1 was ap-
proached by the now existing president and toast-master
of this occasion, with the question : — "What shall I set
you off with this evening" (as if I were ready to be set off
at any time and on any notice), that I realized that I
should have any part to perform here. I am reluctant
even now to resi)()nd ; but I suppose a double presidency
must be obeyed, especially in an, in.'^^titution where the
voice of a single leader and presiding officer has always
been considered supreme. And so 1 follow the example
set me and endeavor to ol^ey also.

As a citizen of Salem, I feel under great obligations to
you and your associates for furnishing us with this oppor-
tunity to learn how worthy of all admiration our commu-
nity is. The achievements of Salem in time past have
not been forgotten ijy the gentlemen who have preceded
me. They have not forgotten the efforts made by our
ancestors to contribute their share to the independence,
prosperity, intelligence and elevation of the nation of
which we form a part. It is pheasant to be reminded of
this, and to realize from the testimony of those who have
no personal interest in, and attachment to, this spot, how
worthy of all admiration is that record of past service,
which the Essex Institute is gathering together and pre-
serving with so much industry and care. I am gratified
to know that Salem is considerable of a place after all.

64

To us who are suiTounclcd by all the blessings which
our ancestors bestowed upon us, this fact has long been
familiar. This institution, whose twenty-fifth anniversary
we now celel)rate, busy as it always is in keeping the
history of this city and of Essex County fresh in the'
minds of the people, forms a part of a system of educa-
tion, study and investigation, which attracted the earliest
attention of our people. The establishment of institu-
tions of learning occupied much of the thought of our
ancestors ; and we point with pride to the fact that not
only to the common school but to the higher seminaries
of learning, to the Lyceum, and to the Library, and the
Historical Societ;y , and the Scientific Association, did this
city turn its attention in the very commencement of its
prosperity, and when she was obliged to set an example
to others, instead of finding an example ready at her
hands to follow.

That this tendency to intellectual enterprise grew out
of the more commonplace virtue of industry in material
afiairs, who can doubt? Our fathers were a busj^ race.
They believed in labor, and a constant exercise of their
faculties in every good work. They were true to that
fine principle of society laid down in those admirable
volumes, Sandford and Merton, which we prized so
highly and read so constantly when books were few, and
newspapers were weekly, where the call of Mr. Barlow
upon his associates to join him in founding a colony is
recorded. Even our first governor had an impulse in the
direction of toil ; and John Endicott exerted himself to
plant the single pear tree which now bears his name, be-
fore he abandoned the fields of agriculture, and entered
upon the harder service of statesmanship. I rejoice in
the industry and vigor of those men who gave us a com-
mmiity, and whose precepts have not yet been forgotten

65

by the enterprising, and successful, and intelligent laborers
in this vineyard which we have inherited. For the part
which this institution has performed in the encouragement
of scientific research, as one element of our busy civiliza-
tion, this country ought always to l)e grateful. I value
all the accomplishments of our people, their ingenuity
and skill, their vigorous literature, their advancement in
the business of common school education, their devotion
to the cause of freedom, their material success, their intel-
lectual accomplishment, their moral elevation which calls
for honesty, and frowns on dishonesty, in public affairs.
But I think I am more gralitied with the l)ond they have
created between themselves and other nationalities, by
their progress in practical science, than by any other of
their achievements. I am reminded here, that it was not
the skill of the diplomatist which opened to the inquiring
young American the great triumph of European engi-
neering, but the reputation secured by a son of this
town, a friend of this institution, Benjamin Peirce, the
great explorer in the profoundest fields of mathematics.
For this recognition, I am profotmdly grateful; and I
congratulate the young men who are giving their energies
to the scientific association of the Essex Institute, on the
position secured for them in these modern days, by the
great leaders whom they follow through the field upon
which they have entered.

I congratulate this city on the existence of the Institute,
and I congratulate the founder of the Institute that his
eyes behold this cheering and joyful anniversary.

Nathaniel Paixe, Esq., President of the Worcester
Natural History Society, returned thanks to the Essex
Institute for its example, which had been a great benefit
to the Worcester society, and tendered his. warm con-
gratulations on the attainment of this anniversary.

66

Rev. E. S. Atwood then read the following poem : —

"Poeta nascitur, non fit," they say,

That is, you canuot make him, any way.

His song bursts forth in sweet spontaneous swell,

You cannot draw it from a stoned up well;

No rude compulsion wakes the sleeping lyre

To thrill with music through each golden wire.

The sweet south wind with soft Jiolian blows.

Too light to crush the petals of the rose.

Calls from the strings the rich, low breathed refrain,

That flings the summer's music back again ;

But blustering Boreas, with his rude emprise,

All to no purpose with his roughness tries.

In vain his swaggering, and his furious calls,

The frightened harp strings answer back in "squalls."

When •' must " and " shall " stand at the poet's back,

And drive him on with many a lusty whack,

"What chance for any melody divine

To voice itself in smoothly flowing line?

The strident organ, to Italians dear,

Is what the listeners are doomed to hear.

'Tis not the best, nor what we like, 'tis true,

But when the best is lacking, worse must do.

We looked for Holmes, and Amesbury's bard to come.

But Whittier's not, and Holmes reuuiins at home.

Were they but with us, how the gods we'd thank!

Alas, they're not — Alphonso, turn the crank.

You've seen the country maid, new come to town.
With (juiet mien and sin)ple homespun gown;
No beauty's artifice she needs nor knows
By which the parchment skin is turned to rose;
The pearl of nature shines along her face,
And real blushes add their wondrous grace.
A modest blossom — every charm its own —
All that delights the eye, not bought but grown.
But soon the city's cunning tricks are learned,
And honest nature out of doors is turned;
And art comes in, to try with skilful hand
To mend what fashion says is badly planned.
What wondrous transfornuvtions then occur!
Aral)ian Nights grow connnonplace to her.
The niodiste's scissors and the fashion plate,
In sweet conjunction work her "up to date."

67

Paris undoes the woi-k of Pariidise,

And views its mani^lini;: witli admirini; eyes;

Beflounced, bepannicred, and be — wlio dare tell?

Tlie country maid blooms out a city belle.

Now home returned, how all the rustics stare,

What comments pass upon her gait and air,

What adjectives set forth her altered state !

All eyes are curious, and some flash with hate.

Can this be she, our little modest maid.

This gorgeous dame, so flauntingly arrayed?

This strange shaped mass of flounces and of fuss,

Whose wondrous outlines shock and startle us?

The mad creation of some crazy dream,

Such as inspires the art of Vinnie Keam.

"And still they gaze, and still their wonder grows,"

That one small dress can carry all those bows.

And some such change, perhaps, the world may deem

Has come across the spirit of our dream,

When the grave, staid and solemn Institute

Comes out in worldly style, in party suit.

Forsakes its search in Indian heaps of shell,

To test instead the mollusks of Cassell;

Studies Crustacea in their salad state;

Puts Darwin's jelly in a china plate;

Leaves ornithology's hard terms untried,

Enamoi'ed with the partridge at its side ;

Adopts a glacial theory in a trice,

Choosing 'twixt lemon and vanilla ice ;

Plies knife and fork with scarce a moment's stay,

And on to grave conclusions eats its way.

"Is this?" "Is this?" cry people, horritled,

"Is this the Institute, the city's pride?

Are these the men that meet in yonder room.

And sit with faces wrapped in funeral gloom,

Scowling at bugs, and ferns and pickled flsh,

That form the common Monday evening's dish?

Are these the calls of science, this the quest

Which men push on with such a wondrous zest?

Is this the way they buru the midnight oil.

And talk to-morrow of their heavy toil?

The seci'et's out; this jovial throng, to-night,

With merry laugh and boundless appetite.

Careless of isms and of theories deep.

Toying with viands that will murder sleep,

68

In reckless mood have let the truth slip out,
And told us what the Institute's about.
Its genealogies and dusty lore,
Its curious specimens of the days of yore,
Its dredging, delving, ihese are all a blind;
Tliere's sometliing very different behind.
Perhaps for gravity it used to strive.
It studies jollity at twenty-five."

So think the thoughtless, but the wiser sight
Sees other meaning in our mirth to night.
The hour of pleasure is the hour of rest.
That sends us back to work with keener zest.
So, when the factory bell, at evening time.
Rings out upon the air its welcome chime.
And, quick responsive to its clanging boat.
There comes the answer of a hundred feet.
The merry jest goes round, and cheerful word,
With happy laughter all the crowd is stirred.
Forgotten'for a while the thunderous din
That roared and rattled in the workshop grim,
Tense nerves relax, gaunt want forgets its pain,
And childhood's dreams come drifting back again;
The breath of country holds, the garden's sweets,
Seem to sift through the smoke of city streets;
For one brief hour the present fades away,
"While old time splendors glorify the day.
And then toil takes again its heavy load,
To travel on along the dusty road.
Renewed and gladdened by the restful change
That gave to hope and thought a wider range.
So here we stand to-night with bows unbent;
To-morrow sees us all on work intent.
And, as the mirthful moments fade away
Before the coming of the toilsome day.
The earnest future, glowing in their light,
Brightens before our cheered and quickened sight.

We look to-night a quarter century back,
And mark the lustre of the shining track
Left by the footsteps of illustrious sires.
Who kindled long ago these altar llres.
Amid the changes of a changing age
Decay's not written on our history's page.

69

Empires have risen, tumbled to their fall,

The throne of power been shrouded with the pall.

Fortune's swift turniuij wheel brou,s;ht various fate.

To mighty interests in church and state;

But, midst them all, secure against their shock,

The Institute, safe founded on a rock,

Withstands the tempest and the billows' rage,

And gives no sign of weakness or of age.

E'en here at home, what changing scenes and powers

Have marked the passage of those flying hours !

Tl'.e cherished city of our love and pride,

Sitting so softly by the restless tide,

Keeps only memories of that earlier time

That brought the treasures of the Orient clime,

Its silks, and fragrant gums, and spices sweet,

To lay in willing tribute at her feet,

And, o'er the common labor of the day,

Throw the weird splendors of the far Cathay ;

No more her ships come from the golden quest,

Fanned by rich gales from Araby the Blest,

And other works employ the busy hands,

That gather gold no more from India's Sands.

But naught of this disturbs our prosperous state.

Nor checks our progress, ever growing great;

Still ! star-eyed Science, running to and fro.

Eager to find whatever man may know.

Hunting in upper and in nether world.

Mining in shell-heaps or through star-rack whirled,

Contented here pulls ofl* her seven leagued boot.

And makes her home the Esskx Institute.

See, at our hearthstone, how she sits, and sends

Her pupils forth to serve her various ends, —

Some to dig Indians, some the sea to dredge.

Some to filch treasures from the rocky ledge,

Some to hunt bugs and spear them with a pin,

As though bug-murder could not be a sin ;

And when, i"eturning home with various hap.

Their spoils they empty in her ample lap,

She looks them o'er, and sorting out, she sends

The second best to "corresponding" friends;

The first and rarest for our use she "mounts,"

To be of knowledge the perennial founts.

Nor this alone — for, lo ! on happy nights,

'Midst breathless hush and half-extinguished lights,

70

Her magic screens with weird encliantments glow,

And things of beauty from above, below,

Snatched from the garden, gathered from the lea.

Brought from the hill-side, borrowed from the sea.

Lifted from nothingness to ample size.

Pass in review before our wondering eyes.

All lands come trooping with their tribute — meet

To lay in offering at their Mistress' feet ;

From the far realms where endless winter reigns,

From tropic forests and from summer plains,

There comes some gift of leaf, or life, or flower,

To swell the wonders of th' enchanted hour;

Each form of marvel on this teeming earth,

The shaping crystal and the insect's birth,

The golden argosies that sail the air

And freights of life to waiting blossoms bear; —

Each comes, obedient to the Mistress' call,

And paints itself upon the canvas wall;

And over all, the magic work to crown.

The nimble ether of the siiies comes down.

And subtile light waves, tortured for their name,

Write out their autographs in rainbow flame.

These are our claims, good friends, to love and praise,

For this to-night, each heart its homage pays.

For this the tables groan, and flowers' perfume

Beats out in waves of fragrance through the room.

Your presence cheers us; may its kindly power

Be felt for good in many a coming hour!

You've proved onr feasts, now give ouv fasts a try.

They'll be nutriiious, if a little dry,

And the old mother, gathering to her heart

More lusty children, take another start.

So will the century, rounding to the sphere.

See gain and growth with each couipleted year.

And to the glorious hundredth festival,

We bid with hearty welcome one and all.

Stephen M. Allen of Boston being called upon re-
sponded as follows : —

Mr. President: — I ]<no\v of no ])osirion more embar-
rassing to a lay member of a t^cientitie soeiet^', who may

71

be expected to say something on an occasion like this,
than to find himself suiToundcd by both natural and pro-
fessional scientists, whose experience and wits have been
sharpened to the highest point by the study and acquisition
of all kinds of scientific knowledge. I think, sir, that
we have a slim chance, in such an audience, of ex})ressing
ourselves so as to appear either easy or interesting. A
professional man has the advantage, for if he ever finds
himself embarrassed in speaking, either in public or pri-
vate, he can at once retire under the umbrella of his
specialty and escape from the effects of any passing
shower of general criticism. Should he be a geologist,
he has but to commence on ichthyolites, oolites, sienites
and granites, and his listener will never attempt to storm
his fortress. If he be a physician, he can do the same
thing, only substituting the tibia, fibula, scapula and
aorta. The chemist fares equally well in his defence,
when diving into the great sea of oxjgen, nitrogen, and
sometimes hydrogen, with a profusion of alternatives of
nitrates, sulphates and bi-sulphates ever ready ; while the
mathematician or the astronomer can at once successfully
and defiantly flee to the realms of space, talking of re-
volving worlds, of spheres and hemispheres, of constella-
tions and occultations ; and if sometimes it reaches aberra-
tions, his listener, through a want of technical knowledge,
may not be the wiser. But it is not so with the layman.
To be at all happy in his position, he must have seen and
known much of many things; in fact, often it seems as
though he was expected to have been everywhere and
possessed himself of all knowledge, without which he is
reckoned uncultivated and behind the times. He is ex-
pected perhaps to consider himself fortunate, if perchance
sometimes he is needed as a fiux or is honored as the
slag of science. But, sir, your Institute is progressing

72

in the right direction. It is searching and reaching prac-
tical knowledge at every step, gathering with both gentle
and strong hands the truths which belong especially to
the present moment, as well as what was in the past and
which must be in the great future. Your cooperators
chosen from the gentler sex will prove beyond question,
a tower of streno-th in aidino; and sustainin<>; the o^euius and
integrity of your present success, as well as in perpetu-
ating your future usefulness and glory. With the most
hearty thanks for your invitation to be present to-night
and the best wishes for your future prosperity, 1 will close
with the following sentiment : —

The Scientist and Mechanic : May the former ever be as ready to
loan the Umbrella of his Specialty to his lay-friends in a storm, as the
latter is to make and present new ones, when the old siiall have beeu
worn out.

Able speeches were also made l)y the Hon. John E.
Sanford, speaker of the Massachusetts House of Repre-
sentatives, and by Rev. E. C. Bolles of 8alem, of which
unfortunately no reports could be obtained.

SELECTIONS FROM LETTERS RECEIVED.

WouCESTER, Feb. 26, 1S73.
My Dear Sir :

In behalf of the American Antiquarian Society and personally, I
have the honor to thank the officers of the Essex Institute for the in-
vitation to unite with them in celebrating the 25th anniversary of the
oryaiiizatiou of the Institute on the 5th of March next. But I rej^ret
to say that I cannot have the pleasure of attending. Yet I offer the
cordial congratuhitions of the American Antiquarian Society that the
Essex Institute, always respected as a leader in scientiMc inquiry, is
now more rapidly growing in strength and usefulness.
Very respectfully yours,

STEPHEN SALISBUUV.
President of American Antiquarian Society
Du. IIenuy Wheatland, for the committee of the Essex Institute.

73

Amesbury, 2uc1 3rd Mo., 1873,
Dear Friend :

I fear it will not be in my power to be present at the celebration
of the 25tli anniversary of the Essex Institute at Salem on the evening
of the 5th inst. As an Essex County man I always look upon the In-
stitute as an honor to the county. Apart from its interest in a scien-
tific point of view its festivals and excursions have exerted a very
genial and social influence. Thanking the oflicers of the Institute for
the invitation, 1 am very truly thy friend,

JOHN G. WHITTIER.
Rev. E. S. Atwood.

Boston, March 1, 1873.
My Dear Sir :

I very deeply regret that an engagement, from which I cannot get
clear, will prevent me from accepting your kind and cordial invitation
to meet the members of the Essex Institute on the 5th of March. I
regret it ail the moi'e because I think your Institute is doing impor-
tant work in the advancement of knowledge. As an old Salem boy,
I glory in everything which indicates the interest in science by ma-
tured Salem men. I cannot too warmly express my interest in your
achievements and your plans. Salem, forever, is the feeling with which
I sign myself. Very sincerely yours,

E. P. WHIPPLE.

U. S. Coast Survey Office,
Washington, March 4, 1873.
Dear Sir :

But for the public duties which have claimed my attention here
your invitation would have been gladly accepted.

Regretting that I cannot be with you at Pluramer Hall to-morrow
night, to join in the social reunion of the Essex Institute,
I remain, very truly yours,

BENJAMIN PEIRCE.
H. Wheatland, Salem, Mass.

RivERDALE Avenue, >
New York, March 1, 1873. j
My Dear Doctor Wheatland:

I most heartily thank you for your kind invitation to attend the In-
stitute anniversary next week. How much I regret that unavoidable
duties here stand in the way of its acceptance, I need not say. You
remember my deep interest in the objects and meetings of the Insti-
EssEX Inst. Bulletin. v 6

74

tute ; and you can well understand that the occasion to which you in-
vite me would prove most attractive. The presence and sight of
your fellow laborer [Prof. Packard] in connection with the Institute,
the other night, at the dinner at Delmonico's in honor of Tyndall,
brought back to me delightful memories of the evenings when we
used to gather at the rooms in the Plummer building, and Putnam,
Morse, Cooke, Goodell, Emerton, Johnson, ei alios, alas! Peabody,
Huntington, Davis, possibly others gone hence, were choice spirits
in our discussions. These are memories deeply cherished still ; and
I count it not the least among .the privileges of my residence in old
Salem, to have been associated with such as these, much more to my
own advantage as was the connection, than it could have proved to
my fellow members of the Institute.

I again thank you, my old friend, for your courtesy, and beg to ex-
press the wish that your celebration, in all its features of instruction
and good fellowship, may prove all that you desire.

Believe me always, faithfully your friend,

GEORGE D. WILDES.

New Haven, Conn., Feb. 17, 1873.

Dear Sir :

I have to thank you, and through you, the Committee of Arrange-
ments, for the kind invitation I have just received to a banquet on the
evening of March 5th.

I should take the greatest pleasure in being present, if I could so
arrange as to leave home at that time, but as I fear that will be im-
possible, I am obliged to forego the pleasure, and so gratefully decline
the honor.

The continued prosperity of the Essex Institute is a matter of satis-
faction to all the naturalists of the country, and it is to be hoped, and
indeed expected, that its brilliant example will be followed in many
parts of the land.

Anything that will show to our money-loving nation that there is a
truer and higher expression of value than the sign of the dollar, $, is
a thing which will in the end advance the whole people in their ideas
of essential and permanent usefulness.

Even the professional advocates of a purer and more unselfish prac-
tice of religion will always find a great gain to themselves and their
cause from the careful study of Natural History, for only in this Way
can they learn how it is that all natural phenomena, "creeping things
and flying fowl, — fruitful trees and all cedars" fulfil the design of the
great Creator, and give back a clear and unmistakable response to the

75

Psalmist's invitation : " Bless the Lord, all his works, in all places of
his dominion."
I am, with deep regret that I can not be with you,
Yours very truly,

DANIEL C. EATON.
D. B. Hagar, Esq., Member of Committee of Arrangements for the
25th Anniversary of Essex Institute.

Brookline, Feb. 20, 1873.
My Dear Sir :

Yours of the 18th Inst., has this moment reached me. It is full of
temptation. It would give me real pleasure to be with the Essex In-
stitute at their celebration, and to bear witness to their great success
in the cause to which their labors are devoted.

But I am compelled to deny myself, and can only offer them my
grateful acknowledgments of their kind invitation, with my cordial
wishes for their continued success and prosperity.

Believe me, dear sir, with great regard, very faithfully yours,

ROBT. C. WINTHROP.
Abner C. Goodell, Jr., Esq., Vice Pres't.

Boston, Feb. 28, 1873.
My Dear Sir :

Illness will deprive me of the pleasure of accepting your kind in-
vitation to the 25th anniversary of the organization of the Essex Insti-
tute. I rejoice that Dr. Wheatland will witness it.

Glorious old Essex is rich in great names some of which yet wait,
and can afford to wait, for historical justice. In the day when His-
tory shall supplement mere Annals, the portrait of Cutler, the minister
of Hamilton, which now adorns the walls of the Institute as a man
of local distinction, will, with that of Dane, the Beverly lawyer, be
elevated to a chief place among our national portraits, and the names
of Manasseh Cutler and Nathan Dane be as household words through-
out the land for all time. Their joint work, the Ordinance of 1787,
July 13 — some mouths prior to the adoption of our present Consti-
tution, is hardly second in importance to the Declaration of Indepen-
dence. Except the Constitution it is perhaps the most important
instrument among the fundamental acts of the country, for it es-
tablished the principles of civil and religious liberty as the organic
basis of all governments and laws in the northwest. It was " the
cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night," warding off slavery and
barbarism, and securing the primeval waste of forest and prairie of
the northwest for the children of the north Atlantic states, who, like

76

their fathers, should demonstrate the capacity of man for self-govern-
ment. It was this civilization tliat, when slavery, with the warm
breath of old world despotism, was against us, gave us Lincoln's
Proclamation of Emancipation; it blotted out slavery; it vindicated
the Declaration of Independence ; and saved the nation. Let the
nations love and reverence the names of Cutler and Dane. They

" heard the tread of pioneers

Of nations yet to be;
The first low wash of waves where soon
Should roll a human sea."

Yours, sincerely,

J. WINGATE THORNTON.
Abner C. Goodell, Esq., V. P., Chairman of the Com. of Arrange-
ments.

The celebration as a whole must be considered as an
eminent success. The evening was propitious, the ar-
rangements well carried out in all their details, the
speeches thoughtful and interesting, and no untoward
incident marred the enjoyment of the festival from its
beffinninof to the close. The occasion will long be remem-
bered by those who were so fortunate as to be present, as
a fitting celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of
the Essex Institute.

BULLETIN

Vol. 5. Salem, Mass., April and May, 1873. No. 4.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday,, April 14, 1873.

jMeetiiii? this eveuinof. The President in the chair.
Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Stephen M. Allen, Boston, March 37. 28; C. Alice Bnker, Cambridge, April
6; Henry Barnard. Hartford, March 17; Oliver X. Bryan, Marshall Hall P.O., Ind.,
March 17; A. Crosby, Salem, April 10; S. C. Gould. Manchester, New Hampshire,
March 24,31; S. A. Green, Boston, March 29; George Haskell, Ipswich. April 8;
D. Webster King, Boston, April 8, 10; G. B. Loring, Salem, April 3; A. A. Scott,
Sangus Centre, April 8; .lames Usiier. New York. March 17; Marshall P. Wilder,
Boston, April 8; Charles V. Woerd, Waltham, April 10, 12; American College of
Heraldry, Xew York, April 3; Bern, Die Nalurforschende Gesellschaft; New York
Genealogical and Biographical Society, New York, March 24,29, April 5; Ohio His-
torical and Philosophical Society, Cincinnati, March 15.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Allen', Stephex M., of Boston. Proceedings of the Laying of the Corner
Stone of the Standish Monument on Captain's Hill, Duxbury, Oct. 7, 1872.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. v 7

78

Butler, B. F., of U. S. House of Representatives. Bingham's Speecti in the
U. S. H. R., Feb. 20. 1873. Butler's Speech in U. S. H. R., Feb. 27. 1873.

Cleaveland, N., of Topsflekl, Mass. Politi(-al Pamphlets. 2 vols., 8vo. Miscel-
laneous Sermons, 2 vols., 8vo. Religious Paniplilets, 2 vols.. Svo. INliscellany. 2
vols., Svo. Tlie Psalms of David, by I. Watts, 1 vol., 12nio, 1786. Massachusetts
Register, 1809. 1 vol., 16mo. Psalms, 1 vol. r2mo.

Gree.v. S. a., of Boston. Mass. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 11.

Massaciiu.setts Horticultural Society. Transactions of, for 1872.

08(5OOD, Alfred, of Newburyport, Mass. Annual Report of the School Com-
mittee of Xewbuiyport for 1872. Report of the Directors of the Public Library
of Newburyport. 1872.

Paleray, C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 35.

Potter. Rev. E. N., of Schenectady. Xew York. Proceedings at the Inaugura-
tion of the President of Union College, 1871-72.

Tuurston, C. Myrick. Genealogy of the Thurstons and Pitmaus of Rhode
Island. 1 vol.. 8vo. New York, 1805.

U. S. Patent Office of Washington, D. C. Official Gazette. March -1, 11, 18. 1873.

t

By Exchawje.

Archiv fOr Anthropologie, Band v, Heft iv. 1872.

BiBLiOTHEQUE Universelle et Revue SUISSE. Archives des Sciences Phys-
iques et Naturelles, Dec. 1872, Jan.. 1873.

Geological Survey of C.ynad.a.. Report of Progress for 1871-72.

Natural History Society of Montreal. Tlie Canadian Naturalist, Vol.
Til, No. 1.

Philadelphia Academy op Natural Sciences, Proceedings of the. Oct.,
Nov., Dec, 1872.

State Historical Society of Iowa. The Annals of Iowa for January, 1873.

Publishers. American Naturalist. Esse.x County Mercury. Gloucester Tel-
egraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn
Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Frieud.
Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. Western Lancet.

Among the donations announced may be specified a
Pocket Bible more than two hundred }ears old, from Miss
Mary C. Anderson, and bearing- the imprint of 1G58.
Not only is the title page illustrated with a nicely executed
steel engraving quite creditable to the period, but the
covers and gilt edges are ornamented with an elaborate-
ness rarely equalled at the present day. The inscriptions
show the transmission from one person and generation to
another. From Mrs. Dolearne to Eliza Whetstone ; from
Eliza Whetstone to Peter Clarke ; fi-om the widow of
Peter Clarke, in 1805, to John Jones Gascoigne Clarke ;
from the hitter's administrator to Deborah Fairfax An-

79

dorson, Aug. 9, 1838, and from the Litter at her death,
March 23, 1841, to her daughter, Mary Clarke Anderson.

From Xehiomiaii Cleavelaxd, Esq., of Topsfield, an
ancient stand for a christening basin. It is made of iron,
of a rather rude style of construction, and was found
under the pulpit when the third Topsfield meeting-house
was taken down. It was no doubt used in the second
meetiuir-house built in 1703, and may have belonged to
the first house.

From Mr. Oliver N. Bryan, of Marshall Hall P. O.,
Maryland, some relics of the tomb of Mrs. Deborah
Fairfax, situated upon the banks of the Potomac, in a
most lovely spot, a beautiful grove composed chiefly of
white oaks, elevated above the river about fifty feet, com-
manding a beautiful view down seven and up five miles,
overlooking a large portion of Prince George and Charles
Counties, Maryland. Mrs. Deborah Fairftix was the
daughter of Francis and Deborah (Gcdnoy) Clarke of
Salem, and was living in the house on the corner of Essex
and North streets, on the site of which uow stands the
Shepard Block, when William Fairfax came to Salem as
collector of the port, with his family, and lived in the
house on the corner of Cambridge and Essex streets,
taken down the past season to erect on its site a more
eligil)le mansion.* The wife of Mr. Fairfax died in
1731 ; he afterwards married Miss Clarke and in 1734
removed to Virginia by invitation of his cousin Thomas,
the sixth Lord Fairfax, to be the superintendent of the
estates that hud lately come into his possession through
his mother, who was Catherine, daughter of Lord Cul-
pepper.

From Miss Eunice Richardson, specimens of old con-
tinental currency.

*See iiuUetiu of lustitute, Vol. iv, p. Hi.

80

Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., exhibited a large series of pho-
tographs of scenery in C()h)ra(l() and ^Montana Territories
taken by Mr. A. H. Jackson, nnder the auspices of the
United States Geological Survey of the Territories, Dr.
F. V. Hayden geologist. They were in two sets, and
comprised some of the finest views in the National Yel-
lowstone Park and Colorado Territory. From them one
could obtain a very clear idea of the Geyser region which
has been studied and niiqiped out l)y the Survey ; of the
springs in course of eruption, and of the falls and basin
of the Yellowstone. He gave an account of the supposed
origin of these extensive hot sjn-ings of which several
thousand arc supposed to exist. He also alluded to the
value and interest of the discoveries made by Dr. Hayden
in the west for a period of nearly fifteen }ears.

STONE KNIVES.

Mr. F. W. PuTXAM occupied the greater portion of the
evening with an account of the various forms of cutting
instruments made of stone, and classed by archreologists
under the general head of knives. A larije number of
specimens were exhibited, showing the different forms so
far as they were represented by specimens in the Museum
of the Peabody Academy of Science.

Knives or cutting instruments of various shapes and
degrees of perfection have been found in more or less
abundance in all parts of the world where stone imple-
ments have been C(41ected and studied. Many of these
cutting im[)UMnents are simple fiakes of flint or other stone ;
in fact any stone with a shari)encd edge attained either by
chipping (U- grinding, and of such a fcn'm as to show that
it was not intended for use as a skin scraper, dagger,
spearhead, arrowhead, small axe, or other similar imple-
ment, is classed under the iiead of knives; but while

81

various stones, in many cases showing hardly any work
upon them with the exception of providing a cutting
edge, arc thus brought into the group, it must not bo
taken for granted that all the stone knives of the pre-
historic races were of this rude character.

Many beautiful cutting implements have been found in
various countries, especially in North America. School-
craft, in his extended work on the Indian tribes, figures
several fine specimens, notal)ly the one represented on
plate 45, figures 1 to 3 (vol. ii), found at Hartford, Wash-
inston County, N. Y., which he states to be carved from a
piece of green serpentine. This knife is somewhat sickle
shaped, five and three-quarters inches long, with a curved
trianjjular blade descendinsj from a well formed rounded
handle. Schoolcraft also figures (vol. ii, pi. 49, fig. 4)
a cutting implement with a blade five aiid three-quarters
inches long by an inch in width. The figure shows a
thickened portion answering for a back or handle. This
specimen was found in Genesee Co., N. Y. The drawing
is, however, very poorly executed and the description is so
brief as to leave us in doubt as to the exact character of
the implement. The specimen figured on his plate 50,
figures 5 and 6 (vol. ii), under the title of "fVagn)ent of
a blade of a battle-axe," and described as made of sili-
cious slate, is far too thin and fragile an implement for
a battle-axe, and is more likely another form of slate
knife, perhaps having two S3'mnietrical blades, through
the centre of which (the figure shows a broken groove,
which may represent a hole drilled through the centre of
the blades) a wooden handle was inserted.

Squier and Davis in their work on the "Ancient Monu-
ments of the Mississippi Valley," comprising the first of
the splendid series of monuments in honor to James
Smithson, under the title of the "Smithsonian Contribu-

82

Fig. 1.

tions to Knowlcdirc," p. 21G, give a small woodcut of a
semilunar shaped knife, which they state is a form "occa-
sionally found in the East-
ern states. They arc some-
times composed of slate,
and arc of various sizes,
often mcasurinir live or six
inches in length. They are
well adapted for flaying
animals, and other analo-
gous purposes." Their fig-
ure represents a knife of
the same shape as the one
here engraved (Fig. 1).

Of these semilunar
■^h;i[)ed knives I have seen
piite a number of speci-
nens in various collec-
iions, but thus far all, as
I stated by Squier and
Davis, have been from the
Kastcrn states. In the
Pcal)ody Museum of Ar-
chaeology, at Cambridge,
there are several of this
form, one of which is
ibout eight inches long
lud is labelled "Paring
Knife. Anioskeag Falls,
171)")." Two other knives

Knife from S.ilcin, m.'ulo of jir.iv Klat I' Willi ,. *i • ^^ ,, .... > ;.. +li..
dark an. I red veins mulniottliiigs. Full- ize. ot tUlS ^na|)l' aiC 111 lUC

Abbott Collection of the Peabody Academy of Science.
These were found ne.ar Trenton, New Jersey, and by the
kindness of Dr. Al)b;.tt I am able to use the woodcut

83

roprespntinc: one of them (fiij. 2) in advance of its appear-
ance in his work on the "Stone Age in New Jersey," for
the pnrpose of showing its great resemblance to the speci-
mens from Essex Connty, of whicli there are two in the
Academy Museum, The one represented here as figure
1 is the more beautifully finished and perfect of the two.
It was found in Salem and placed in tlie Museum of the
East India Marine Society. It is not quite five inches
in length and is a little less than two inches in greatest
depth of blade and back. The back is about half an
inch in depth and a little over a quarter of an inch in
width at the centre ; narrowing at the ends ; perfectly
Hat al)ove. The blade is one-fifth of an inch thick along:
the under side of the thick l)ack ; it is gradually thinned
out to the cutting edge all round, which is only one-
tenth of an inch thick about one-fifth of an inch from
its outer margin, which is evenly and nicely brought to a
sharp cutting edge. The engraving shows the shape of
the knife better than words will describe it. It will be
noticed that the blade is slightly more pointed at one ex-
treme than at the other. The material is a gray slate
having several fine veins of a harder substance (quartz?)
as shown in the engraving ; it is quite ornamented with
several dark wavy lines, light streaks and bands, and a
number of irregular wavy lines of a red mineral running
in all directions over the surface, but not indicated in
the engraving.

Another specimen, also received by the Academy from
the East India Marine Society ^luseum, was found on the
farm in Danvers formerly owned by Governor Endicott,
This specimen consists of about one-half of the knife,
and was evidently, when perfect, about six inches long
and two and a quarter deep. It was made of a slate very
much like the Salem specimen, but without the dark and
red veins and mottlino-s.

84

85

Among the many interesting specimens seenred for the
Museum of the Academy, by Mr. pj^ ,

John H. Sears, is a knife of dark
talcose slate which is unlike any
other that I have seen. The
specimen is represented as figure
3. It was found near the church
in Putnaraville (Danvers) and is
thus of marked interest to us as
a relic from Essex County. It
is slightly over five inches in
length, and about one and one-
half inches in depth at its centre.
It is worked to a rounded point
at each end, as shown by the en-
graving, and the smooth cutting
edge is from point to point. The
greatest thickness of the blade is
one-fifth of an inch. The back
of the knife is ground off to quite
a thin edge, but evidently was
never sharpened to form a cut-
ting edge, though the back is so
thin as to render its being held
in the hand an uncomfortable
matter while using the knife in
this way, and the three holes that
have been rudely cut, apparently
by scraping backwards and for-
wards with a pointed stone, on
both sides, until a hole was
made, are evidence that the
knife Avas mounted on a handle ftoniP'itnamviiie. .musize.

by passing bands through the holes and around the handle,
Essex Inst. Bulletin. v 8

Knife made of dark talcose slate,

86

which was probably grooved along its under side to fit
over the sharp back of the knife. In common with the
other slate knives, this specimen was finished with care
and is perfectly smooth and well sharpened along its cut-
ting edge.

Evans, in his instructive work on the "Ancient Stone
Implements of Great Britian," mentions (p. 311) that in
some Esquimaux knives the blade is tied to a wooden back
by a cord which passes through a hole in the blade.

It would thus seem that our New England Indians, for
to them I think we must look as the makers and owners
of the knives I have specially described, were not satis-
fied with using simple flakes of stone and broken arrow
and spear heads for knives, but that with them as with us
to-day there were many, and often elaborate, styles of this
most useful implement, and who can say that to possess a
ffood knife was not as much the ambition of the men of
the departed race as it is with those who have succeeded
them?

Messrs. Charles D. Styles, John H. Derby, George F.
Breed, Samuel Edson Cassino and Matthew Robson, all
of Salem, and John G. Barker of Lynn, were duly elected
resident members.

A committee, consisting of Messrs. John Robinson,
James Kimball, E. S. Atwood and Caleb Cooke, was
appointed to nominate officers to l)c balloted for at the
annual meeting. The president and secretary were after-
wards added to the committee.

Adjourned.

87

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 5, 1873.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. In the absence of the Secretary, Dr.
William Neilson was requested to act. Records. of
preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Stephen M. Allen. Boston, April 22; Jacob Batchelder, Lynn. April 29; T.
T. Bouv(5. Boston, March 21 ; S. P. Boynton. Lynn. April 29, May 1 ; George Derby,
Boston, April 29; Samuel A. Drake, Boston, April 19; James H. Emertou, Boston,
March 14; J. C. Holmes. Detroit, Mich., April 12; E. Kupert, Boston, April 26,
William H. Rush, Chelsea. April 23; Henry .Saltonstall. Boston. April 14; N. Vick-
ary. Lynn. April 30; Charles V. Woerd, Waltliam. April 18; William H. Yeomans,
Columbia. Conn., May 3; American Anticpiarian Society, April 26; American Geo-
graphical Society. April 30; Basel. Naturforschende Gesellschaft, August 12. 1872;
Boston Public Library. April 23; Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, April 17;
Chicago Public Library, April 23; New Jersey Historical Society, April 21 ; New
York Lyceum of Natural History, April 22; University of Wisconsin, Madison,
April 30.

Mr. John Robinson gave an account of the floral prog-
ress of the year, noticing the period of the opening of
the flowers of several of the native plants and comparing
the same with that of previous seasons.

He mentioned the finding, by Mr. C. E. Faxon of Cam-
bridge, of a fern (Aspidium munitum) , hitherto unknown
in the United States, but known in the West India islands
and other parts of the tropics ; also that Asplenium eben-
otdes, only found in Philadelphia some years since, had
been noticed in Alabama, growing with Asplenium eben-
eiim and Camptosorus as at the Philadelphia locality,
thereby adding to the weight of the theory that it was
a hybrid between the latter two.

He also said that, without doubt, if thorough search be
made at the south, many plants not known in our flora
would be found, many difficulties having prevented the

tourist and scientist from visiting that region at the
proper season of the year to collect the best specimens.

Rev. E. C. BoLLES mentioned the occurrence at Swarap-
scott, on the Stetson farm, very near the railroad, of one
of the most beautiful of the microscopic Algo3, the Batra-
cliospermwn moniliforme. This plant requires very pure
running water; and it closely invests the stones in little
streams, moving its clusters of soft green threads very
gracefully with the flowing of the brook. Under a lens
each filament is seen to consist of a central thread, around
which, at regular intervals, are whorls of other threads at
right angles to the first, so that the whole appears like
minute circular brushes, simihir to those used for cleaning
the flues of a chimney and strung like beads some distance
apart. The threads are necklaces of globular cells, and
the spores are to be found in a cluster near the centre of
each whorl. These plants are with difliculty preserved,
as they change color and cease to exhibit this peculiar
arrangement when pressed on paper. They are usually
put up for the microscope in glycerine jelly.

Mr. F. W. Putnam mentioned having noticed the ap-
pearance on April 3rd, of the common or white-bellied
swallow, TacJiycincta hicolor.

Charles A. Carlton of Salem was elected a resident
member.

Adjourned.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX: IlsrSTITTJTE.

Vol. 5. Salem, Mass., May, 1873. No. 5.

One Dollar a Year ia Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 14, 1873.

According to the notification, the meeting was held at
3 p. M. The President in the chair. Eecords read.

The annual reports of the oiEcers and of the curators
were read and accepted, and from them the accompanying

RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR,

exhibiting a satisfactory condition of affairs and the prog-
gress made, during the interval, in the promotion of the
objects of the institution, has been compiled.

•

Members. — Changes occur in the list of associates by
the addition of new names, and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county, or by death.
In this connection, notices of nine of the resident mem-
bers, who have deceased within the year, are inserted.

B. 11. Allen. Scarcely had two or three weeks elapsed,

Essex Inst. Bulletin. v 9

90

after our last annual gathering, ere the First Congrega-
tional Church in Marbleheacl was called to part with a
beloved minister, Rev. B. R. Alien. He w^as born in
Newport, Rhode Island, June 2, 1805, ordained in ]Marble-
head in 1854 and since that time has resided in that town
highly esteemed and revered. He joined the Institute
several years since, has attended some of its meetings and
was interested in its objects. He died June 2, 1872.

Henry Ourwen^ son of Samuel R. and Mary L. (Hol-
man) Curwen, died July 13, 1872, aged 25 ; he early
associated himself with the Institute. His duties as a
clerk in one of our large business houses precluded him
from being a yery active member.

Broion Emerson. On Thursday evening, July 25,
1872, the South church in this city lost by death the aged
and venerable senior Pastor, Rev. Brown Emerson, D. D.,
who had been connected with them in this holy bond of
brotherhood for more than two-thirds of a century. He
was the son of John and Catherine (Eaton) Emerson and
was born at Ashby in this state January 8, 1778 ; gradu-
ated at Dartmouth College in 1802, and was ordained
April 24, 1805, as colleague with the Rev. Daniel Hop-
kins, D.D., whose daughter Mary he married Oct. 29,
1806, a lady of uncommonly excellent traits of character,
who survived until April 4, 18GG, sustaining the happiest
married relations for a period of nearly sixty years. Dr.
Emerson was a person of nol)le presence, tall, erect, and
of fine proportions, courteous and genial in. his manners.
His patriarchal appearance in his later years will long be
remembered.

William 8. Cook, son of John and Eliza A. (Leigh-
ton) Cook, died December 7, 1872, aged 28.

Willinm Silver, son of James and Susan (Howard)
Silver, died at Salem, January 16, 1873, aged 64. In

91

early life a master mnriiicr; afterwards a merchant. By
his death, Salem loses another link in tlie chain which
connects it with that period in its history when the sails
of its merchantmen whitened every sea, and its merchants
were known thronghont the commercial world. He re-
tired from all his trusts successful and with a prond
record, and as a citizen was widely known and respected.

Henry G. Perkins. On Saturday, February 2, 1873,
our neighboring city of Xewburyport was pained by the
announcement of the sudden decease of one of her most
eminent phj'sicians, Henry C. Perkins, M. D. ; he was
the son of the late Thomas Perkins and was born in that
place, Nov. 13, 1804; graduated at Harvard college in
1824, and after the usual medical tuition located in the
place of his birth and resided there until his decease, de-
voting the leisure he was enabled to obtain from an exten-
sive and successful practice to scientific investigations, in
which he took much pleasure and was an ardent and
zealous worker. Rev. Dr. Spalding of Xewburvport has
kindly consented to prepare a memorial to be read at
some future meeting with a view to its publication in the
"Historical Collections."

Abraham F. Bosson, of Salem, died February 21,
1873, aged 61 ; a son of Thaddeus and Abigail (Fowler)
Bosson. His interest in the Institute centred in the hor-
ticultural department ; he was a very zealous and devoted
cultivator of the choicest flowers and fruit and liberally
contributed to the horticultural exhibitions given under
the auspices of the Institute.

John Chapman, the senior editor of the Salem Resfister,
died on Saturday, April 19, 1873, having been able to
perform his usual duties in the office until within a few
weeks of his decease, when he was stricken by a disease
which soon proved fatal. He was son of John and Ruth

92

(Heiifieltl) Chapmiii and was b')rii in this city, Sept.
4, 1793, and was consequently on the verge of fourscore.
He entered the office of the Register in 1807, having been
engaged in the duties of a printer, nearly as many years
as his venerated pastor, who died a few months previous,
had occupied the pulpit of the South church in this city.
Having held many offices of trust and being much in
public life, few citizens were so generally known or will
be so much missed.

Timothy Ropes died April 25, 1873, aged 75 ; son of
Timothy and Sarah (Holmes) Ropes. In early life he
made several voyages to India; afterwards became 'a
dealer in crockery and hardware. He was very fond of
horticultural pursuits and was a constant contributor of
flowers and fruit to the horticultural exhibitions, especially
to those held some twenty or thirty years since.

Meetings. — Three field meetings have been held dur-
ing the season ; first, at Middleton, June 12, 1872, by in-
vitation of Mr. Simon F. Esty, who tendered the use of
his grounds on the border of "Forest Lake," formerly
known as the Great Pond, as the place of rendezvous for
the day. At the meeting in the church, remarks were
made and resolutions passed to the memory of Dr. "Wm.
Stimpson ; Mr. David Stiles presented some historical
notices of Middleton ; D. J. Taplcy of Danvers exhibited
a curious Indian relic found by Mr. Seneca ,Ladd of INIer-
edith village, New Hampshire; Mr. James H. Emerton
spoke on spiders ; Rev. E. C. Bolles on Microscopic Fungi
— also Mr. F. W. Putnam, Dr. A. II. Johnson, A. C.
Goodell, Jr., Esq., Rev. Mr. Frary and others, made ap-
propriate remarks suggested by the occasion.

The second meeting at Groveland, July 16, 1872, by
invitation of Dr. Jeremiah Spoflbrd. An object of

93

special interest was the new iron bridge connecting the
town with Haverhill. The new academy building, which
was the rendezvous of the day, is also deserving of hon-
orable mention. It was recently built, (mainly through
the efforts of Dr. Spoiford), on the site of the former
building destro3'ed by tire a few years since. At the
meeting Dr. Spofford gave a very interesting sketch of
the history of the academy ; Prof. E. S. Morse spoke on
the "Frog Spittle" Plijelus lineatus, and described the
habits of this curious insect ; James H. Emerton men-
tioned several cases of protective colors and habits in
spiders which he had seen during the morning walk;
Messrs. Abner J. Phipps, agent of the State Board of
Education, D. B. Ilagar of the State Normal School,
Salem, S. C. Beane, E. C. Bolles, LeRoy F. Griffin and
others, made interesting remarks.

The third, at Anuisquam, on Thursday, Aug. 8, 1872.
The pleasant summer's day so congenial and appropriate
for a visit to the seashore induced many to accompany
the Institute on this excursion to the rock-bound coast of
Cape Ann. In the afternoon F. AY. Putnam spoke of the
shell heaps which he had visited ; also gave an account of
the development of the skate's Q^^J[., the cases which con-
tained the embryo being frequently found cast upon the
beaches ; Rev. W. E. Coffin of Orange, formerly a pas-
tor of this church, and J. J. Babsou, irave interesting
historical sketches of this parish ; remarks were made by
Messrs. A. W. Dodge, L. J. Livermore, James Davis,
C. E. Barnes, Addison Davis, and others.

Evening meetings have been held at the rooms, usu-
ally on the first and third Monday evenings of each month
except on those in June, July, August and September. At
these meetings many valuable communications have been

94

preseuted, and abstracts have been printed in the Bulletin
or reserved for the "Historical Collections ;" John Robin-
sou, on onr early native plants, with a floral calendar kept
by one of our young and enthusiastic collectors, noting the
blooming of some of the spring flowers for several years
past ; also a paper on ferneries, how to make them and
what to put in them ; George H. Devereux, on the origin
of surnames ; a catalogue of the nuunmals of Florida by
C. J. Maynard, with notes on their habits, distribution,
etc. ; A. S. Packard, an account of recent explorations of
St. George's Bank in the U. S. C. S. Steamer Buche ;
on the glacial phenomena of northeastern America com-
pared with those of Europe ; F. W. Putnam, on ancient
Indian carving; E. S. Atwood gave an account and read
extracts from a journal, of a journey to Phihidelphia
by the late Rev. B. Emerson, some fifty years since ;
James H. Emerton, on worms of the genus Nais ; Stephen
M. Allen, on the ancient and modern theories of light,
heat and color; Harold Herrick of New York, a partial
catalogue of the l)irds of Grand Mcnan.

In tliis connection it uiay be deemed ap[)r()priate to
allude brielly to the meeting, March 5, 1873, commemo-
rative of the tvvent3'-tifth anniversary of the organization
of the Institute. On this occasion were present His Ex-
cellency the Governor, the President of the Senate, the
Speaker of the House, and many other distinguished
persons.

LixrruRES. — On Wednesday evening, Oct. 10, 1872,
Rev. E. C. Bolles commenced a series of eight lectures
in Mechanic Hall, Salem, entitled "Eight evenings with
the Microscope," and continued on successive Wednesday
evenings, except the seventh on Tuesday, Dec. 2, and the
eighth on Tuesday, Dec. D. Mr. Bolles also delivered a

95

lectui-e before the Pe:i1)ocly Iii.stitute in Danvers, one be-
fore the Newl)in-yi)()rt Lyceum, a course of six lectures in
March and April in Odd Fellows Hall, Lynn, and a sup-
plementary on Monday, May 12. A course of five lec-
tures is in course of delivery in Danvers, having begun
on Thursday, April 17. The subjects of the above lec-
tures were selected from those delivered in Salem during
the past autumn. A course of familiar lectures ou micro-
scopical studies commenced in the rooms of the Institute
on ^Monday, April 21, the second on AVednesday, April
30, and the others on successive Wednesday evenings.
The above lectures,* which were under the direction of
the Institute, were popular and instructive descriptions
of the history and construction of the Microscope ; and
included exhibitions of specimens in the various fields of
nature, illustrating b}- aid of the calcium light the discov-
eries which the microscope has made. Mr. E. Bicknell
assisted Mr. Bolles in the illustrations and managed the
lantern.

Concerts. — Five concerts have been given by members
and friends of the Institute on Thursday evenings com-
mtMicing with Thursday, March 27, 1873. They were
very successful and gave much pleasure and gratification
not only to those interested in this pursuit, but to others.
To Mr. Charles H. Higl)ee, for his untiring and assid-
uous exertions in the attainment of a favorable result, the
Institute is greatly indebted.

Museum. — Many valuable specimens have been given
during the 3'car ; those relating to Natural History, in ac-
cordance with previous arrangements, have been deposited
with the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science ;
and of the collection in the custody of the trustees it is

*See Bulletin, Vol. iv, p. 46.

96

only necessary to say that the same care is bestowed upon
our specimens as is upon their own. Those of an histor-
ical character are in the immediate care of the Institute,
consisting chiefly of curiosities, relics and early Essex
County household chattels. It is desirable that a more
systematic arrangement be made, and the curators of that
department are requested to consider the propriety of
having the same done, at an early date, in an interesting
and attractive manner. The visitors to inspect the old
frame of the first building for the First Church increase
every year.

Library. — The additions during the year have been
as follows : —

Donations.

Folios, 15 Pamphlets and Serials, . . . 5,8:U

Quartos, 30 Almanacs, 57

Octavos, il^

Duodecimos, 59 Total 5.8i)l

Sexdecimos, 36 Total of bound volumes, . . 552

Total, 552 Total of Donations 6,443

Exchanges.

Quartos, 16 Pamphlets and Serials, . . . 1071

Octavos, 61 Total of bound volumes, ... 80

Duodecimos, 3

— Total of Exchanges, .... 1151

Total, SO Total of Donations, 6443

Total 'rm

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials 2,515
were pamphlets, and 4,390 serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and twelve individuals and
fifteen societies and public bodies.

The exchanges have been received from ninety-one
societies and incorporated bodies, of which sixty-eight
are foreign.

97

From the editors of the "American Naturalist" one
hundred luid thirty-seven serial publications.

Financial. — The Treasurer's Report shows an increase
in the annual income, yet additional means are requisite
to enable the Institute to perform in a titting manner the
various duties which the communit}' may reasonably ex-
pect.

DEBITS.

Atliena'uni for rent and Librarian, $350.00

Salaries, $S7C.88; Coal, $140.00, lOlfi.88

Pcstage and Express, $45.47; Sundries, $1!).20, 94.67

Lectures (Bolle.s), $1-251. (!(!; Collecting. $.5.75 1257.41

Gus, $3-2.40; GoMtbwaite and Day, $118.y4, . 151.24

Insurance. $40.00; Publications, $-2200.00, 2240.00

To balance, 202.42

Historical.

G. Southward, $10.00; J. Perley, $81!; Books, $7.00 103.00

Natural History and Horticulture.
J. Perley, $-25.00; C. A. Walker, $3.50, 28.50

$5,444.12
CREDITS.

Dividends Webster Bank, 40.00; Lectures, 1214..57, $l-2.54..57

Note.s and interest, 1.5SG.51

Sundries, 87.38

AthenKum, proportion of coal, janitor, etc., 145.00

Assessments, $l.-200; Publications, $017.18 1817.18

Balance of last year, 2.48

Hi.itorical.

Dividends Xaumkeag Bank. $21.00; Michigan Central R. R., $47, . . . 71.00

Natural History and Horticulture.

Dividends Lowell Bleachery, $80.00; P. S. & P. R. R., $20, 100.00

Davis Fund.

Coupons Dixon, Peoria and Hannib:»l R. R. Bonds 240.00

Coupons Burlington and Missouri River R. R. Bonds 140.00

$5,444.12

Publications. — The Bulletin has been continued in
monthly numbers, giving full reports of the doings of
the Institute and abstracts of papers read at the meetings ;

98

this makes an annual volume of some one hundred and
sixty pages. Vol. xi, Nos. 2, 3 and 4, of the "Historical
Collections," have been printed completing vol. xi.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, May 12; Buffalo Historical Society,
May 10; New York Lyceum of Natural History, May 12.

Also the following letter from Dr. A. H. Johnson was
read : —

Salem, Maj' 14, 1873.

The undersigned regrets that while holding the position of Secre-
tary of the Institute during the past year, lie has been able to give
but little attention to the duties of the office, which have conse-
quently devolved almost entirely upon its President.

The irregularities connected with the medical profession are incom-
patible with that regular performance of clerical labor, and punctual
attendance upon meetings, which the office properly demands. There-
fore, unwilling longer to hold an office whose duties must be left to
others to perform; grateful for the kind consideration shown to him
during his exceedingly imperfect, although never wilfully neglectful,
service ; with no abatement of interest in the Institute and its objects,
but with the hope to serve it better in some other way, he hereby
resigns the office of Home and Recording Secretary of the Essex
Institute. Respectfully submitted,

A. II. JOHNSON.

OFnCERS ELECTED ,

for the year ensuing and until others shall be chosen in
their stead : —

rresidoit.

II E N R Y WHEATLAND.

Vica Presidents.

Of History — A. C. Goodkll, Jk. Of Horticulture — Wh.i.lvm Surrtix^

0/the Arts — D. B. Hagau. Of Xalaral Historij— F. W. Tltnam.

liccurdinrj (tnd Home Secretary.

John Rouinson.

99

Foreign Secretary.

A. S. Packard, Jr.

Treasurer.

Henry Wheatland.

IJhrarian.
William P. Upiiam.

Superintendent of the Museum.
Caleb Cooke.

Cnraloj-s of Historical Department.
W. P. Upliam, M. A. Sticknej^, John Robinson.

Curators of Natural History Department.
H. F. King, G. A. Perkins, Williiun Neilson.

Curators of Horticultural Department.
Caleb Cooke, John Robinson, H. W. Putnam.

Curators of Department of the Arts.

C. H. Higbee, Jas. A. Gillis, Geo. M. Wliipple.

Lecture Committee.

Jas. Kimball, Geo. Perkins, Wra. Northej', E. C. Bolles, Joshua

Coit, A. H. Johnson.

Finance Committee.

John C. Lee, Richard S. Rogers, Jas. Upton, Geo. D. Phippeu.

Field Meeting Committee.

A. W. Dodge, E. N. Walton, Caleb Cooke, N. A. Horton,

• Alfred Osgood.

Lihrary Committee.

J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, E. B. Willson.

Publication Committee.

A. C. Goodell, Jr., F. W. Putnam, R. S. Rantoul, Henry M. Brooks,

E. S. Atwood.

The President spoke of the movement for a "Free
Library" in Salem, and a desire of many citizens for the
cooperation of the Salem Athenseura and Essex Institute
with the city government and others interested in the

100

attainment of this object ; and suggested the appointment
of a committee to confer with a committee of the city gov-
ernment and other institutions, and, when a phin has been
matured, to report the same for the action of the Insti-
tute, at a meeting legally called for the purpose.

The President, Vice Presidents, Recording Secretary
and Librarian were chosen on said committee.

The Secretary spoke of some flowers which were
upon the table, and alluded briefly to the prospect of the
horticultural exhibitions the coming season.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 19, 1873.

Meetino; this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read.

Horace B. Sargent of Salem was elected a resident
member.

Adjourned to Thursday evening. May 22.

BULLETIN

ESSE12C IITSTITTJTE.

Vol. 5. Salem, Mass., Juxe, 1873. No. 6.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Adjourned ^NIeetixg, Thursday, May 22, 1873.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

The Secretary announced the correspondence : —

From Stephen M. Allen, Boston, May 16; Jacob Batchelder, Lynn, May 21 ; Car-
oline H. Dall, Boston. May 15; B. H. Hall, Troy, New York, May 12, 10; J. C.
Holmes, Detroit. Michigan, 3Iay 1.5.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Anderson, M. C. The Holy Bible. 1 vol. T2mo. London. l(i.58.

Butler, B. F., of U. S. H. R. Congiessional Globe, 2d Session. 42d Congress.
1871-72. 5vols.4to. Index, 1871-72. 1 vol. Ito. Appendix, 1871-72. 1 vol. -Ito.
Ninth Census of the U. S., 1870. 1 vol. 4t(>. Mess.ijje and Documents, 1872-7:5. 4
vols. 8vo. Department ol Agriculture, 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Commer(Mal Relations,'
1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Geological Survey of Montana and the Adjacent Territories,
1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Land Otlije Reiiorts. 1870, 1871. 3 vols. 8vo. Geolf)gical Survey
of Wyoming and Contiguous Territory, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Patent Oflice Reports.
Vols, ii, iii, 18 59. 2 vols. 8vo. Finance Report. 1872. 1 vol. 8vo.

Crosuy, Ali'HEUS. Boston Daily Adverti-scr, 186!), 1870, 1871, 1872. The Com-
monwealth, ISi;.), 18j6. 18J7, 1S(J8. 18()i», 1870, 1871, 1872. Boston Daily Journal, 1867,
186 <, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872. Salem Gazette, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1807, 1868, 1869, 1870,

EssKx Inst. Bulletin. v 10

102

1871. Salem Observer, IS.IS, 1864, 18:i5, 18(56, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872. Salem
Regiiiter, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871. Boston Daily Ti-anscript,
186,5. 1866, 1867.

Natioxal Association of Wool Maxufacturers. Bulletin, Tan.-Mch., 1873.

U. S. Patent Office. OlHeial Gazette, Mch. 2.5.

Ward, Julia E. C;italogne of the Mt. llolyoke Female Seminary in South
Haclley, Mass., for 1872-3. 8vo pamph.

By Exchange.

BOTANISK TiDSSKRiFT, K.JoBENHAVN. Tidsskrilt, Andcn Raekke. Forste
Bind. Tredje and Fjaerdo Haelte. 2 pamphlet.s, 8vo.

Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab K.JOHENHAVN, Over.<igt, 1871.
No. iii. 1872. Mo. i. 2 pamphlets, 8vo.

Konigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Giittingen Xachricliten,
au8 deni Jahre, 1872.

Minnesota Historical Society. Report for 1872. 8vo pamph.

Natuuforschende Gesellschaft in Bern. Mittheilungen.Nos. 74.5-701. 1871.

New En'gland Historic-Genealogical Society'. Register and .Journal of,
April, 1873.

Bhysikaliscii medicinisciie Gesellschaft in Wurzburg. Verliandlungcn,
Neue Folge, iii Bd., iii Heft, Wurzbuig. 1«72.

Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbanes, Berlin. Wochenschrift. Xos.
1-52, 1872.

Yale College. Catalogue of the Linonian Brothers' Library. 1 vol. 8vo.

Publishers. Bouton's Catalogue. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Sci-
ence Goss^ip. Haverhill Gazette. Ip.swich Chronicle. Lawrence American.
Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch's
Catalogue. The Foxboro Times. Salem Observer.

The President noticed the recent clonal ion, from
Henry K. Oliver of Salem, of a portfolio containing plans
of several of the old houses of Salem, and other architec-
tural designs, made by Samuel Mclntire, the noted archi-
tect of Salem, during the latter part of the last and the
first of the present century ; also a manuscript book of
records, entitled, "The First Book of Records of the
Proprietors of Common Lands of Salem Village," pre-
sented by Miss lluth Marsh of Peabody.

Christopher Metzger of Danvers was elected a resident
meml)er.

Ei)w.\ui) Brown, of Brooklyn, New York, occu[)iod
the hour with an interesting lecture upon "Christianity in

103

its Relation to Moral Philosophy and Literature." Mr.
Brown was educated a "Friend," and is now a member of
that society, and it was from this standpoint that the sub-
ject was viewed.

Special Meeting, Monday, June 9, 1873.

Meeting at 8 p.m. The President in the chair.

The President stated that this meeting was called to
pay a tril)ute of respect to the memory of Rev. John
Lewis Russell, of this city, an original member of the
Essex County Natural History Society, and its president
from 1845 to 1848, when the nnion with the Essex
Historical Society was effected, and a new organization
adopted under the name of Essex Institute. Mr. Russell
was a vice president of the Institute from its organization
until 1861.

Rev. E. B. WiLLSON presented the following resolu-
tions, which, after appropriate remarks from Rev. Messrs.
"Willson and Batchelor, Mr. George D. Phippen and Rev.
Messrs. E. C. Bolles and E. S. Atwood, were adopted : —

Resolved, That in the death of John Lewis Russell,
the Essex Institute has lost one of its founders, one of
its earliest, most learned and most enthusiastic leaders in
scientitic study: — one who for many years tilled impor-
tant otiices in its management, and devoted himself to
its interest with an inspiring zeal and energy.

That in his death science loses a loyal and ardent dis-
ciple ; and in his own chosen department of Natural His-
tory a tlistinguished proticient.

That public education owes much to him as a lecturer
and teacher in her normal and other schools of higher
instruction, where his rare power of clothinir science in

104

beauty kindled in many a desire for closer acquaintance
with nature, and discovered to them a new and pure joy
in the pursuit of that knowledge, through her boundless
reabns of order and ever unfolding life.

Ilesolved, That the foregoing resolutions be entered
upon the records of the Institute ; and that a coi)y of
them be sent to the family of Mr. Russell, with an ex-
pression of the sincere sympathy felt by the members of
the Institute for them in their bereavement.

A committee consisting of G. D. Phippen, S. P. Fowler
and F. Putnam was requested to take such further notice
of the deceased as may be deemed appropriate.

Field Meeting at Amesbury, Thursday,
June 19, 1873.

The leafy month of June, with the tields and landsca})e
clothed in their richest verdure, and dotted with the
varied hues of many flowers, invites the Institute to
commence the series of held meetings, the succession of
which during the season exhibits the ditlerent phases
which nature assumes, from the opening of the bud to the
ripening of the golden fruits of autumn. This county,
located in the northeastern corner of the Old Bay State,
and having one side washed by the waters of the ocean,
oflers to the student of nature an opportunity to investi-
gate the marine fauna and flora, in addition to those usu-
ally found in our excursions to the inland towns, where
an entirely dift'erent class of objects, peculiar to such
localities, grow in their wild luxuriousness.

The attendance at this held meeting was larger than
usual for the ()[)cning meeting, and, although the weather
was uncomfortal)Iy warm, the occasion was one of gi'cat

105

enjoyment. The party "svent by the train leaving Boston
at 7.30, and on arrival at Newburyport were met by
iVIessrs. Brown and Crane, a committee of the Amesbnry
and Salisbury Historical Society, wlio had come thus far
to welcome them and to escort them to their destination.
On arrival at the Salisbury station, guides w^ere found in
readiness to accompany those who desired to visit the
Indian shell heaps, which were more accessible from that
point than from the one at Amesbury. On arrival at the
end of the route, many of the leading citizens had assem-
bled and extended a cordial reception. The party then
se[)arated into grou[)S, and sallied forth in charge of
trustworthy guides to visit various objects of interest
abounding in the vicinity. Many who had been long
familiar with the writings of the distinguished poet, John
G. AVhittier, now for the first time saw his cheerful
face ; and his home, and the unpretending meeting-house
w^here he worships, were among the objects sought with a
feeling akin to veneration by those who have admired his
touching word pictures in simple verse. The extensive
woollen mills and the tlourishing carriage manufactories
attracted much attention, and the general appearance of
thrift and industry was a subject of commendation. Sev-
eral of the churches and school-houses were also objects
of interest. The Avoods, swamps and ponds were pecu-
liarly attractive, and were visited by many. A large
company ascended Powow Hill, said to be the highest
land in the county, and were well repaid for their toil by
the extensive views in all directions. With the unaided
eye four states can be clearly seen, and with a powerful
glass the mountain peaks of the Green and White ranges
can be readily discerned.

SIu)rt]y after one o'clock the party repaired to Merri-
mac Hall, where the ladies of Amesbury had prepared

106

the tables with a bountiful unci elegant repast embracing
everything seasonable and delectable — meats, pastry,
cake, ices, coffee, fruits, flowers, etc.

The meeting for reports and addresses was held at the
Universal ist Church at 2.30 p.m.

As the audience assembled a voluntary was performed
upon the fine organ.

President Wheatland in the chair.

Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Stephen M. Allen, Boston, June 6; E. C. Bolle.s, May 10; S. P. IJoynton,
Lynn, June 17; C. H.I):ill, Boston. June 1. 3; G. F. Flint. June 2 ; J. A. Gillis, M;iy
20; L. F. Gritlin, Audovcr, June 18; Harold Herrick, New York, June ",](); A.
Lackey, Groveland, May 29; W. P. Lunt, Boston, June 18; A. Osgood. Newbury-
liort. May 9, 17, June 4,13; G. W. Pease, June H; M. A. Stickncy. May .30; M.
Vickary, Lynn. May 31; C. A.Walker, Chelsea, May '20. June 13; E. B. Willson,
May 17; G. B. Wood, Elizabethtown, N. Y., JuneO; W.C. Wood, Wenham, May
23; Ashbel Woodward, Franklin, Conn., June 6; Berlin, die Gesellschatt Naturfor-
schender, March 22; Buflalo Society of Natural Sciences, June 0.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

B>j Donation.

Atavood, E. S. Memoir of Nathaniel Bowditch, 1 vol. 4to. Introductory Dis-
course and the Lectures of tlie American Institute of lustrnction, 1831, 1833. 2
vols. 8vo. Miscellaneous volumes. 0.

Butler. B. F., M. C. Compendium of the Ninth Cen.sus of the U. S., 1870. 1
vol. llaport on tl»e Commerce and Navigation of U. S., 1872. 1 vol.

City of Boston. Boston City Documents, 1872. 3 vols.

CuMiSTOX. Wm., of Springfield. Mass. Zanesville Directory. 1872-73. 1 vol. Lock-
port City Directory, 1871-72. 1vol. IManchester Directory, 1871. 1vol. Auburn
Directory, 1809. 1vol. New Bedford Directory, IS'iS. 1vol. Burlington Direc-
tory. 1871-72. 1 vol. Lawrence Directory. 1857. 1 vol. Manchester Directory and
Almanac, 185G. 1 vol. Nortli.-imiiton Directory and Cicueral Advertiser, 18(>0-()1.
1vol. Chelsea Directory, 18li0-(il. 2 vols.

DiuvKU, SrsAX S. History of the late Polisli Itevolutioii. 1vol. Agriculture
of Mass., 18.-)1, 18,J7. 2 vols.

FoKGEU, W. C, of llingliam. Miscellaneous Town Ucpoits, 5.

GitANT, J. C. Scientific American, 1853-72.

Gkeen', S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pami>lilets, 9.

JoHXSON, Mis. Sami'EL. Miscellaneous pamphlet.s. 2(!. Almanacs. (>.

Lee. John C. Commercial Bulletin, March 15. 22. 29, April 5, 12. 187.i.

MARSI1AI.1-, W.M., of New York. Keports of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners,
18(51-1873. 1 vol.

Osgood, C. S. IMaiuial for the CDmmon Council of Salem, 1873. 1 vol.

107

Palfray. C. W. Steam-Boiler Explosions, by J. R. Robinson. 1 vol. Protec-
tion to Niitive IiuUistiy. 1 vol. Miscull.ineous pamphlets, 20.

POOLK, F., of Peabody, Mass. Peabody Pre.-^s and Danvers Monitor. 1872.

Salkji Marine Society. Laws and List of Members from 17(i(!-lH72. 1 vol.

SiLSHKE. jNIrs. B. II. The Science of Government, by C. B. Goodrich. 1 vol.
Report on the Trees and Shrubs in Mass. 1 vol. History of the Water Works of
Boston. 1808. 1vol. Abstract of the Mass. School Returns, 1845-40. 1vol. Eighth
Census of the U. S., ISOO. 1 vol. Patent OlUce Report. 18.54. 2 vols. Salem
Municii)al Register, 18C7. 1vol. Water Power of Maine. 1vol. 22 pamphlets.

SncAitss, R. E. C, of San Francisco, Cal. Directories of San Francisco for
ISfLWU, 1870. 2 vols.

Texney. Harriet A. Catalogue of the Michigan State Library, 1873-74. 1 vol.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, May 6, 13, 27, 1873.

Walker, F. A., of Washington, 1). C. Compendium of the Ninth Censns of the
U. S., 1S70. 1 vol. 8vo.

The President, in his opening rcmaiks, alhided to the
pleasiint associations connected with a visit to this town
of Amesbiiry, well known, with its neighbor, Salisbury,
to the mercantile community, for its varied mechanical
industries, and especially in the field of letters, as the
home of New England's best known and honored poet,
Whittier, Avho from this quiet retreat lias sent forth many
of those graphic lines that have contributed so much to
the cause of liberty and human progress. He said that
ten years had elapsed since the Institute held its first
meeting in this town. It was on Thursday, June 25,
1863, one of the loveliest of June days. The people
were very kind and hospitable, and pointed out the
various objects of historic and scientific interest. Our
vice president, Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., was present on
that occasion, and gave an account of his rambles among
the historic memorials and relics, noticiiiii: amon2' others
the graves of two of the first ministers, liev. William
Worcester and Rev. John Wheelwright, the latter distin-
guished for his persistent advocacy of the cause of Anne
Hutchinson and for the persecutions he endured therefor;
the old Bartlett house, where Josiah Bartlett, one of the
first signers of the Declaration of Independence, was
born, and the room in the buildiui^: where the commis-

108

sioners mot to defiiie the boundary between New Hamp-
shire and Massachusetts.

The President alluded to a singular coincidence that
had occurred during the past week : the remains of three
persons who had been in years past interested in the
objects of the Institute, have been consigned to the silent
tomb, and he oSered the following tribute to their mem-
ories.

1st. Rev. John Lewis Russell, one of the founders
of the Natural History Society and, after 1848, the vice
president of the Natural History department of the Essex
Institute ; one of the earliest, most learned and most en-
thusiastic leaders in scientific study ; for many years filling
important offices in these institutions ; cabinet keeper,
curator, vice president and president. At all our early
field meetings he was a constant attendant and frequently
the presiding ofiicer, devoting himself with an inspiring
zeal and energy to contribute to the interest and impor-
tance of these £ratherino;s. He was the son of Col. John
and Eunice (Hunt) Russell, and was born at Salem, Dec.
2, 1808, and received the first rudiments of instruction
at her schools. When John was about the age of eleven
his father removed with his family to Amcsbury and re-
sided several years in that place, having the charge of the
Amcsbury Iron factory, and then returned to Salem ; dur-
ing this period flohn attended the Newl)uryport jVcademy,
under Masters Bailey and Pike, except the year immedi-
ately preceding his admission to Harvard College in 1824,
which was spent in the town where we are now assembled,
studying under the direction of Rev. Mr. Barnaby, the
Baptist clergyman — probably well known to some now
present. After graduation he entered u[)on the study of
the ministry, and in duo course of time was licensed to
preach. He was settled over churches in Chelmsford,

109

Ilingham, Braltleboro and several other places. He, how-
ever, always considered Salem his homo, and for the last
twenty j'ears has permanently resided there, withdrawing
from ministerial labors and devoting almost exclusive
attention to scientific investigation. He was cminentl}^
known as a botanist, })articularly in the cr3'ptogamic flora
of this county. He died on Saturday afternoon, June 7,
1873.

2n(l. William Oliver Thayee, son of Oliver and
Rachel (Bancroft) Thayer, of Salem. In his early boy-
hood William brought to the horticultural exhibitions con-
tributions of fruits and flowers from his father's garden.
Since that time he has alwa3's been an interested mem-
ber, although his business avocations prevented him from
t.-rking an active part in the meetings of the Institute.
He died on Monday, June 9, 1873, aged thirty-nine years
and nine months.

3rd. Hon. Richard Saltonstall Rogers, well known
to those of a past generation as an active merchant in the
lirm of N. L. Rogers & Bros., who were the pioneers
and founders, in the United States, of the Zanzibar and
New- Holland trades ; for many years, down to 1842, were
actively engaged in foreign commerce mainly with the
East Indies, and w^ere among the most distinguished mer-
chants of Salem. He was son of Nathaniel a;id Abigail
(Dodge) Rogers, who were both eminent teachers in
Salem. He was earnestly interested in munici[)al aflairs,
a good citizen and an energetic, enterprising and efficient
man of business, and much respected for his many excel-
lent qualities ; always a liberal patron of the Institute and
contributed largely to its success. He died at his resi-
dence in Salem, June 11, 1873, aged eighty-three years.

Expressing great pleasure at meeting so many of those

110

who were present at the meeting of 1863, and the oppor-
tunity now afforded of extending our acquaintances in
tliis goodly place, the President called upon

Hon. Allen W. Dodge, of Hamilton, who responded
and said that wdiile he did not profess to be much of a
scientific man, he did claim to be second to none in his
love for nature and his desire to see the objects of the
Essex Institute accomplished. The President had spoken
of the death of some who had been identified with us,
and we are reminded that men die, but events live. If
the man who makes a blade of grass grow where it did
not is a benefactor, so is he who introduces a new fruit or
a new flower, or who opens up some new view of nature.
The last quarter of a century had been one of great
progress, and we cannot foresee what the next twenty-
five years will bring in the department of scientitic inves-
tigation. The question may be asked. What good will it
do? It will make somebody better ; it will make some-
body happier. He spoke of the pleasant morning hours
he had spent in his garden, and advised any one who did
not know by experience what it was to take a little exer-
cise before breakfast, to get up some morning at lour
o'clock, and try the experiment.

Mr. Dodge then referred to some ancient wills and
inventories he had examined, tind s{){)ke of the curious
insight afforded by probate documents into domestic and
social life of the olden times. Our forefathers did not
have friction matches, but tinder boxes, or, earlier still,
tinder horns. Our maternal ancestors manufactured their
own cloth, and made it into garments and bedding, and
in those days it required these things in abimdance to
provide for the large funilies of children, then called
blessings. At that period they raised children, and

Ill

cattle, and all kinds of stock, in great abundance. Well,
there was more room to grow then than now, and our
ancestors were equal to the occasion. Mr. Dodge con-
cluded with some valuable practical suggestions, ex-
pressed in humorous and attractive phi-ase, and thanked
the people of Aniesburj and Salisbury for the active in-
terest manifested on this occasion.

]Mr. F. W. Putnam exhiljited a number of stone imple-
ments which he had been allowed to select for the purpose
from the very interestiuij collection belomjino: to the
Amesbury Natural History Club. He stated that he had
selected the forms on the table as they illustrated the
various types of stone implements found throilghout New
England and consisted of the several forms of arrow-
heads, spearheads, skin-dressers and scrapers, chisel and
gouge-shaped implements, axes, hammer-stones, sinkers,
pestles, etc. Many of the forms on the table were com-
mon the world over, and showed conclusively that the
same ends were accomplished by the same means ; other
forms, though belonging to the same general groups,
were, however, slightly different in the details of their
execution and were peculiar to New England so far as he
knew. The long-bladed axe, with tlie rounded upper
portion, and some of the gouged-shaped implements came
into this group. The large, roughly made "plumb bob"
shaped '"sinkers" are one of the forms, as yet to his
knowledge, found only in New England. These large
pear-shaped implements are quite common on the sea-
coast and are so well adapted for use as sinkers to nets
that they are general 1\^ classed as such, though it cannot
be questioned but that many of them run into the f(jrms
of pestles, and would serve well for use as such, provided
grit was no objection as a component of "Indian cake;"

112

though the grit would be avoided if such pestles were
used in wooden mortars similar to those in use b}' the
eai'ly white settlers in this country. The extreme softness
of the stone of which these large pear-shaped implements
were made, combined with the fact that they seldom ex-
hibit signs of use at their rounded end, was the only
argument against their use as pestles. But as an argu-
ment that they were sometimes used as pestles it was
stated by one of the gentlemen of the Amesbury Club
that the specimen on the table was found in a stone
mortar ; there was also a specimen in the Salem col-
lection that was said to have been found in the same
connection. Some of the arrowheads among the speci-
mens were very line, and exhibited the several forms,
from the leaf-shaped to the barbed and stemmed, several
specimens being of the form, having one of the wings
longer than the other. While some of the symmetrical
arrowheads were very long and slender, others were of
the short and broad shape. There were also in the col-
lection a number of specimens of stone-drills which are
often placed by collectors with the arrowpoints, ])ut
which on examination show that a ditferent use was in-
tended, and implements of this character are now believed
to have been made and used simply for the pui'pose of
drilling holes in other implements. One of the largest
and most perfect of these drills which ^Ir. Putnam had
ever seen was exhibited.

Besides these various implements there was a very in-
teresting carved stone belonging to the collection, which
Mr. Putnam had obtained permission to figure. It rudely
represented a porpoise or still better a white whale or
Beluga, as it had no protuberance representing the dor-
sal fin of the porpoise, and the Beluga is without the fin.
The nippers or pectoral fins were re[)resented by the pro-

113

114

tuberances on the sides, and the mouth was cut in and
well indicated. The broad horizontal tail was decidedly
cetacean in character, and the whole carving, though
rudely done by picking the sienitic rock from which it
was made with stone implements, was yet so character-
istic as to indicate at once that a porpoise or Beluga was
intended. A hole through the portion representing the
tail shows that the object was suspended, but the stone is
so large and heavy that it can hardly be classed as a per-
sonal ornament, though it is probal)ly to be regarded as a
totem. It measures ten inches in length by about two in
depth at the pectoral fins, and is about two and a quarter
inches wide across the pectorals as measured on the
under side. This interesting specimen was found at Sea-
brook, N. II., and it is said that two other similarly
worked stones have l)een found at the same place.

[The figures here given from drawings made by Capt.
J. A. Greeley of Amesl)ury, and Mr. J. II. Emerton of
Salem, represent the "totem" in [)r()file and from the
under side.]

Mr. James II. Emerton gave a curious account of
several species of spiders, particularly one that never
builds its own house, but dislodges some other tenant,
thus living by acquisition rather than construction.

Mr. Emertox having placed a few batrachians, col-
lected by some of the party, on the tal)le, Mr. Putnam
was called upon to give an account of them, which he
did by reviewing the batrachian fauna of the state, and
noticing the various habits and peculiar notes of the sev-
eral species of toads and frogs found in the vicinity, and
comparing them with the salamanders, which are another
order of the same class. He also gave an account of
the development of the l)atrachians antl siiowcd the dif-

115

forcncos between the sulumnntler and frog in certain de-
tails, and that in the general hiw of development from
the egg they agreed with each other and a})[)roachod
more nearly to the tishes than to the trne reptiles, with
whieh they were so commonl}' bnt erroneonsly classed by
persons generally. He conclnded his remarks by showing
the close agreement between the trne reptiles, comprising
the snakes, lizards, turtles, etc., and the birds.

Rev. W. II. Eaton, of Amesbnry, by request, gave a
short sketch of Rev, Mr. Barnabj-, formerly settled over
tlie Baptist church in Amesbury, and now, at the age of
eighty-tive years, engaged in his fourth pastorate over the
church in East Hardwick, where he was originally or-
dained, and into which organization he had received more
than twelve hundred meml)ers on profession of faith.

Mr. Homer B. Cuane, of Amesbury, spoke briefly of
the geological peculiarities of Amesbury, especially of
Powow Hill.

Dr. II. G. Leslie, President of the Amesbury and
Salisbury Historical Society, alluded to the benefits to be
derived from scientific research, and spoke of the vein of
lead discovered near the summit of Powow Hill and
also ofiered a few remarks on some of the stone imple-
ments that he had collected.

Mr. William Asiiby, of Newburyport, now in his
eighty-sixth year, spoke of his long interest in the Essex
Institute, and bade it God speed in its work.

Rev. C. M. DixsMORE, of the Methodist church in
Amesbury, spoke eloquently of the imi)ortance of teach-

no

ing from nature rather than dcpeiicling exclusively upon
text-books, and hoped that the minds of the people would
turn more to the study of nature. In England, he said,
the laboring people crowd out to scientific lectures, but
in America, comparatively speaking, science has no in-
terest.

William C. Bixxey, Esq., of Amcsbury, said he
wished to express his gratitude to the Institute for this
visit; he had been interested and had gained much infor-
mation. He hoped ten years would not intervene before
the next field day in Amesbury.

Rev. V. S. Boyd, of the Congregational church, in
Amesbury, Mr. George Williamson, of Amesbury, and
Dr. W. H. NoYES, of Newl)uryport, oifered a few re-
marks.

William H. Dennet of Beverly and \V. H. II. Marsh
of Salem were elected resident members.

Alfred Osgood, Esq., of NewburNport, introduced
the following resolutions : —

Resolved, That the grateful thanks of the Essex Insti-
tute be tendered to Mrs. Jacob K. Huntington, Mrs. J.
Hume, Mrs. S. S. Spear, Mrs. P. S. lioyd. Misses A. M.
Boardman, Lizzie Hume and May Huntington, Dr. A.
T. Bn)wn, Messrs. E. A. Brown, H. B. Crane, J. Hume,
J. T. Greeley, Wm. D. Pecker and J. G. Whittier; also
to the Amesbury and Salisbury Historical Society, the
pro[)rietors of Merriniac Hall and of the Unive-rsalist
church, and all who have contribulcil to make this nuetiug
so successful.

The resolution was unanimously ado[)ted and the meet-
ing adjourned.

BULLETIN

ESSEX: Il^STITTJTE.

Vol. 5. Salem, Mass., July, 1873. No. 7.

One Dollar a Tear in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Field Meeting at Lynntield, Wednesday,
July 30, 1873.

The party arrived about 10.30 a.m., and after assem-
bling in the church, which was the head-quarters for the
day, and where the preliminaiy arrangements were made,
separated into groups for the various excursions ; some
went to "Robin's Rock," some visited the woods ; others
collected about the borders of the lake. Owing to the
purity of the water the dredging party were not very suc-
cessful in collecting specimens though several curious and
interestinsf forms were detected.

Lynntield is a place which has many natural attractions.
It was formerly a part of Lynn, at which time it was
known as Lynn End. It is almost exclusively a farming
town, and its public aflairs are always conducted frugally
and with good judgment, so that its taxation is low, and
the town is never in debt. It has about a thousand iu-

EssEx Inst. Bulletin. v 11

118

habitants, and two villages which are three miles apart,
neither bcinj? larije settlements, but the lar^fest of the
two being at the Centre, which has two meeting houses
and the town hall. The latter institution is, in fact, con-
tained in the old church, which, in Parson Motey's day,
began to harbor a larger share of the "liberal" theology
than has been common in country towns ; Mr. Motey
himself, in his closing years, being a Unitarian. The
result was the building of a new church devoted to the
more exclusive propagation of the "Orthodox" creed.
The second story of the old church is still retained as a
place of worship, and Mr. Eben Parsons, a lay minister,
of the Unitarian denomination, regularly officiates there.
The other church is at the present time without a pastor.
In South Lynnfield, near the hotel, there is a small meet-
ing house, where regular preaching is supplied l)y Mr. J.
F. Wilson, a student from Andover. For a number of
years, the ministerial duties were performed bj' Mr. Jacob
Hood, who formerly resided in Salem, but is now a resi-
dent of Lynnfield Centre.

The Lynnfield hotel, which is an institution that dates
with the building of the Newburyport turnpike, is not
now used for public purposes, but in its day it has served
as a landmark which will be long remembered as the
resort of sleighing parties from Salem.

Humphrey's Pond, near the hotel, is a beautiful sheet
of very pure water. During the war times, the pond,
with the level land adjoining, attbrded sufficient advan-
tages for the location of an encampment, and the twenty-
second and twenty-third regiments were stationed there.
The pond has for many ^ears afforded a desirable loca-
tion for summer residents, and the estate of Mr. Henry
Saltonstall (on the Pcabody side of the line) has long
been noted for the attractiveness of its situation. Mr.

119

D. P. Ives has also recently built a summer residence on
the margin of the pond.

IIinn[)hrey's Pond was so named from John Humphre}',
who, in the early settlement of the country, received from
the king a grant of five hundred acres of land, which
included this sheet of water. Humphrey married a
daughter of the Earl of Lincoln, and sister of the Lady
Aral)ella Johnson. Suntaug Lake is a later designation
for this pond, and one which is growing into common
use. The region about the pond is high land. The
pond itself has a small water-shed, and, as no stream
Hows into it, it is believed to be supplied from springs.
The streams which flow from it, on either side, are
tributary to the Saugus and Ipswich rivers. Its high
position and the great purity of the water have combined
to cause the pond to be frequently spoken of as desirable
in suppl3"ing other and larger phices with water for domes-
tic purposes, though as yet no steps have ever been taken
in this direction. There is an island in the pond, and
it is recorded that, in the early days of the settlement,
munitions were stored there "for the time of need."

Robin's Rock, aI)out half a mile from the hotel, is a
big rock with a hollow in the top, which is said always to
contain water. The ledge is granite, of very excellent
quality, and Prof. Hitchcock says it cannot be distin-
guished from that of Quincy. In August, 184U, a com-
pany was formed here for the purpose of working this
quarry ; but the transportation facilities not being all that
was desirable, the work was finally relinquished. Of late
another part of the quarrj' is being worked by parties
from Peabody, and there is no reason to doubt that event-
ually it will be w^orked quite extensively.

Gen. Josiah Newhall, who is now in the neighborhood
of eighty, is a man of much activity, and retains the full
enjoyment of all his faculties. He moves about with the

120

briskness of a nican of fifty, and feels a warm interest in
the history and welfare of his native town, as well as in
all objects that come under the special cognizance of the
Essex Institute. He was born on the spot where he now
lives, in a house built by his grandfather a hundred and
twenty-five years ago ; his present house having been built
by himself in 1823. Nearly or quite ail the trees growing
about and near his premises were planted by himself, and
the interest in his grounds was enhanced, to many of the
party, by the fact that he has as many as fifty bearing fig
trees, which are annually removed to his cellar before the
cold weather begins, and again set out in spring. He
has also one pomegranate tree or bush. During the day
his house was thrown open to the party, and he kindly
provided tea and lemonade for their refreshment.

The afternoon meeting was called to order at a quarter
before three — the President in the chair. Records of
preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From George Arnold, Boston, July 11; J. W. Chadwick, Brooklyn, New York,
June li); W. H. Dennet, Boston, June 21 ; Samuel A. Drake, Boston, July 2S; Sam-
uel G. Drake, Boston, July 24; W. II. Eaton, Amesbury, June 2o; Charles Ilallock,
New York, July 22, 26; W. F. Lunt, Boston, July 18; W. H. H. Marsh, Salom, June
21; Alfred Osgood, Newbury port, July 10; James Perkins, Boston. July 7; S.J.
Spalding, Newburyport, June 20; II. L. Williams. Salem, July 19; American
Pomological Society, Circular, 11th Session; Brazil, Legaciio do, Washington, June
10; I5i'lgi(iue, Society Entomologi()ue dc, fev. 3; Krlangcn, Die iihysikalisoh-Medi-
cinislie Societal in,3, 2, 73; Frankfurt aM., Naturforschendeu Gesellschart, Jan. 10;
Freiburg, Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Marz 1(!; Liverpool Literary and Phil-
osoi)hlcal Society, April i); Lisbonne, L' Academie Koyale des Sciences, March 2(!;
Riga, der Naturforscher Vcrcin zu, Nov. 1; llobart Town, Koyal Society of Tas-
mania, Nov. 28; Washington, Smithsonian Institution, July 22, 28.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Al.t.KN, John Fi.ske. Boston Cultivator for 1871, 1872. Christian Kegister for
1871, 1872.

BUTLKK, B. F., M. C. Memoriftl Address on lion, (iarrelt Davis, Dec., 1872.
Compilation of the Internal Ueveuue Laws of the U. S., Jan. (i, 1872.

121

Emerson, Geo., B. Massachusetts Teadier, 9 numbers.

FooTE. (;. Files of geveral Countj- Papers for April. May and June, 1873.

FooTE, 11. W., of Boston. James Freeman and King's Chapel, 1782-87. A
Chapter in tlie early History of the Unitarian ^lovenient in New England. Sixth
Annual Report of the Directors of the Mass. Infant Asylum, April 1, 1873.

Greex, S. a., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, l(i.

Hitchcock, Geo. B.. of San Francisco. San Francisco Directory, ISoO. 1vol.
18mo. Iland-Bonk Almanac for the Pacific States, 18G3. 1 vol. 12nio.

HuMrmsEVS. Brig. Gen. A. A., of Washington. Report on the Potomac Aque*
duct of the Alexandria Canal, 1835-40. 1 vol. 4to.

Lee. Johx C. Commercial Bulletin for June 7, 14, 21. 28, July 5, 12. 19, 1873.

LORI.VG, George B. Thirty-sixth Annual Report of the Board of Education,
Jan., 1873. 1 vol. 8vo. Tiiirtieth Registration Report of Mass., 1871. 1 vol. 8vo.
Ninth Annual Report of the Board of State Charities, 1871-72. 1 vol. 8vo. Agri-
culture of Mas.s., by C. L. Flint. 2d Series, 1872-73. 1 vol. 8vo. State Board of
Health of Mass., Jan., 1873. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 3.

National Association of Wool Manufacturers. Bulletin for April-June,
1873.

North Chorcii and Society. First Centenary of the North Church, Salem,
1772-1872. 1 vol. 8vo.

Perkins, James, of Boston. Half Century Membership in R. W. Charles W.
Moore in Lodge of St. Andrew, Boston. 1 vol. 8vo.

Phillips, Stephen H., of San Francisco. Sau Francisco Directories for 1867-68,
1868-()9. 2 vols. 8vo.

Saville, J. H., of Washington, D. C. Report of the Board of Civil Service
Examiners for the Treasury Department. Jan., 1873.

Sticknev. M. a. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

Stone, Mrs. J. H. Boston Almanacs, 1839-1862. 29 vols. 16mo. Salem Direc-
tories, 1837, 1842, 1846, 1850, 1853, IS.jo, 1857, 1859, 1S61. 9 vols. 12mo. American
School Hymn Book. 1 vol. Kinio. Oliver Optics, 39 numbers. The Churchman,
50 numbers. Farmer's Moutldy Visitor, 30 numbers. Boys' and Girls' Weekly, 27
numbers. Miscellaneous pamijhlets, 77.

Upuam, W. P. Centennial of the Boston Pier, or Long Wharf Corporation,
1873.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for June 3, 10, 17, 24. July 1. 8.

Valentine, Mrs. Geologi<-.al Survey of Park County, by B. C. Hobbs, LL.D.

Williams, Henry L. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 67.

Winthrop, Rob't C, of Brookliue. Dedication of the Brookline Town Hall
Feb. 22, 1873.

By Exchange.

ACADEJHA Real das Sciencias in Lisboa, Portugal. Lendas da India por
Gaspar Correa, Torao i, parts 1, 2. Tomo ii, parts 1.2. Tomo iii, parts 1, 2. Tomo
iv, parts 1,2,18.59-1866. Journal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Tomo i, ii, iii, 1868-
1871. 3 vols. 8vo.

ACADEMIE ROY'ALE DES SCIENCES, ARTS ET BELLES-LETTRES I.N CAEN. Me-

moires, 1873. 1 vol.

AMERICAN Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston. Proceedings of,
pp. 409-501. 1872-:5. 8vo pamph. Memoirs of, New Series. Vol. ix, part 2.

American Philosophical Society. Proceedings of the, JIay-June, 1873.

Bibliothkque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences Phy
eiques et Naturclles. Nos. 182, ia3, 184. Feb., March, April. 1873.

Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Bulletin of. Vol. i. No. 1. April, 1873.

Canadian Institute. Journal of Science, Literature and History. May, 1873.

122

CixciN^ATi Public Libkary. Annual Report of the Common Schools of Cin-
cinnati. 1872-3. 1 vol.

Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3e Serie, Tome xii, No. 4,
Tome xii. No. 1. 1872-73.

Der Physicalisch-medicinischen, Societat in Erlaxgen. Sitzungsberichte,
iv Heft. Nov., 1871-Aug., 1872.

Georgia Historical Society. Proceedings, Resolutions and Communica-
tions of the Hon. E. J. Harden.

Gesellschaft Naturforschendek Freunde in Berlin. Sitzungsberichte.
Jahrg. 1872. 1 vol.

Imperial Government of Bresil. Climats, Geologic, Faune et Geographic
botuniqiie du Bresil. 1 vol. 8vo.

INSTITUT Historique IN PARIS. L' Invcstigateur, Nov., 1872-Jan., 1873. 38e
Annee.

Iowa State Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa, April, 1873.

K. K. ZooLOGiscH botanische Gesellschaft IN Wien. Verhandlungen, Bd.
xxii, 1872. 1 vol.

KONIGLICHE BAYERISCHE BOTANISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IN KEGENSBURG. Flora,

1872. 1 vol.

L' AthAnee Oriental in Paris. Bulletin, 10 Annde, No. 13. Juin, 18G9.

Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings, Vol. xxvi,
1871-72.

Massachusetts Historical Society. Proceedings of, 1871-73. 1 vol.

Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Emden. Jahresbericht, 1871.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Freiburg. Berichte, Bd. vi. Heft 1, 1873,

Naturforschende Verein in Brunn. Verhandlungen. Bd. x, 1871. 1 vol.

Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine zu Bremen. Abhandlungen, iii Bd.,
3 Heft, 1873. Beilage, No. II, zu den Abliandlungen des.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Genealogical and Antiqua-
rian Journal, July, 1873.

New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Genealogical and
Biographical Record, July, 1873.

Peabody Institute of Baltimore, Md. Sixth Annual Report of the Pro-
vost to tlie Trustees, June 5, 1873.

Philadelphia ACADE.MY of Natural Sciences. Proceedings of, Pt. i. Jan.-
Fcb.,1872.

Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft in Wurzburg. Verhandlungen,
Neue Folge. Bd. iii, Heft iv, 1872. 8vo pamph.

Rhode Island Historical Society. Proceedings of the Society for 1872.

KoYAL Society of Tasmania. Monthly Notices for 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Meteor-
ological observations at Hobart Town, Result of live years. Tasmania, 1872.

Senckenbeigische Naturforschende Gesell.schaft. Bd. viii, Hert 3, 4.

Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol.
xviii.

SocifeTfc D' Acclimation in Paris. Bulletin Mensuel, 2me Sferie, Tome ix, No.
12, Dec, 1872.

Sociktk Rovale des Antiquaires, du Nord a Copenhague. M^moires,
Nouv. Serie. 1872. Tillaeg til Aab ger for Nordisk Old Kyudighed og Historiei
Aargang, 1H72.

Vereiss fOr Erdkusde in Darmstadt. Notizblatt, Heft xi, No. 121-132, 1872.

Zeitschrift fOr die gesam.mten Naturwissen.schakten in Berlin. Bd.
V, vi. Neue Folge, 1872. 2 vols.

ZooLOGiscHE GESELLSCHiU^'T. Zoolosische Garten, xiii Jahrg. Nos. 7-12,
1872.

123

ZooLOGisciiMiNERALOGiscHER Verein IK Regexsbcrg. Correspondenz-
Blatt, xvii Jalirg. 187-2. 1 vol.

Prni.i.siiKitS. American Naturalist. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telc-
gTai>li. llardwicke'.s Science Gosi-ip. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine.
Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabudy Press. Sailors' Maga-
zine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. Western Lancet.

The President in his opening remarks alhicled to the
pleasure that he had always derived, even in childhood
from rambling over these hills, tishing in the pond near by
and collecting flowers from the meadows and fields. Since
the organization of the Institute, four meetings have been
held in this place and vicinity. The second lield meeting
took place in this town, Juh' 24, 1841) (the first having
been held in Danvers in the same year). Among the
noticeable productions were the locust trees (liobinia
jpseudacacia) , large and vigorous, and free from the
borer. The serpentine ledges were also duly investigated
and discussed at the afternoon session, in the house of
the late Asa T. Newhall, Esq. On October 15, 1856,
another meeting was held at the 'house of Rev. A. P.
Chute, who had a tine collection of shells and minerals,
a meeting having been attempted one day in the August
previous, that failed on account of a drenching rain. On
June 2G, 1861, another meeting took place, at which
Rev. E. B. Willson presided; and this was the last that
had occurred in the town previous to the one this day,
except the meeting at Lynntield Centre, in August, 1858.

The President alluded to the recent death of a corres-
pf)nding member. Col. John Wells Foster, who died
at his residence in Hyde Park, Chicago, on Sunday, June
29, 1873, aged flfty-eight, one of the most eminent per-
sons of the city of his adoption. He was born at Brim-
field, Mass., in 1815 ; his profession was civil engineering
and at an early period of his career he began to follow the
bent of his genius. He was prominent in Massachusetts

124

politics from 1854 to 1857. About 1858 he removed to
Ciiicago. His rtink as a savant was at the very front and
his reputation world-wide.

Mr. F. W. Putnam being called upon spoke of Col.
Foster's eminence as a geologist and archjeologist. He
was also one of the early government surveyors, and with
Prof. Whitney, surveyed the mineral regions of Lake
Superior, their joint report being printed by the United
States government. Col. Foster had made several discov-
eries in geology and especially in connection with the for-
mation of the Laurentian hills. Of late years he paid
especial attention to the study of the mound-building
race, and only a few days before he died, his volume on
the prehistoric race of America was published.

Mr. Putnam then proceeded to speak of toads and
fishes. The young toads now abound on the margin
of the pond, having just passed from the tadpole state,
the tail being nearly absorbed. Mr. Putnam described
the hatching and growth of the tad[)oles. They are first
provided with external branchiai which are soon lost, and
the internal gills are developed ; these are in turn ab-
sorbed and, tiie lungs developing, the young toads are
gradually forced to seek air above the surface of the
water. They then rapidly assume their perfect form,
leave their aquatic life and becoiuc terrestrial animals.
To-day we have seen myriads of young toads undergoing
this important change, and these young will probably
remain along the damp margin of the pond until a warm
rain comes, which will induce them to wander off, and, as
in the course of their march they will possibly be seen by
persons, perhaps in the act of crossing a street or garden,
it is very likely that we shall hear of another instance of
"toads raining down."

125

]\Ir. Putnam, in liis rcmnrks upon the fishes, confined
himself to the structui-e of the skeleton, pointing out
the homologies of the various bones with those of higher
animals, and the adaptation of the fish structure to the
special purposes for which it was designed.

Mr. Putnam stated that since the Amesbury Field
^Meeting he had received from Capt. J. A. Greely, of
Amesbury, a drawing of an Indian knife which difiered
in details somewhat from any that he had mentioned in a
former commnnication to the Institnte (see p. 111).
This knife was said by Capt. Greely to be made of "red
slate." It is nearly perfect, one end only being broken
ofl*, as shown in the figure. Allowing for this missing

Knife made of "red slate" from Kingston, New Ilanipsliire. One-half
natural size. Side view and section.

fragment the knife was about seven inches long ; the
back is three-quarters of an inch deep and the blade
al)out one and one-half inches. The thickness of the
blade in the centre is about three-tenths of an inch. The
peculiar workmanship of the l)ack, as shown in the sec-
tion, in the form of a series of uneven knobs, was prob-
ably intended to give firmness to the hold when grasped
by the hand. This specimen was found in a sand deposit
near Kingston Falls, Kingston, New Hampshire. The
figure, which is from the drawing of Capt. Greely, repre-
sents the knife of half its size.

126

The President read the following communication from
N. Cleaveland, Esq., in connection with the presentation
of the herbarinm thei'cin referred to, and several speci-
mens in mineralogy collected near Erzroom in Asia
Minor : —

"The collections and insertions in this herbarium were
begun by Oliver Alden Taylor in 1824, he being at
that time a student in Union College, Schenectady. It
was by the advice of Dr. Yates and for the benetit of his
health that he engaged in botanical study and [)in-suits.
The taste and habits then formed continued through life,
as the entries in this hortus siccus abundantly show. In
Andover, where for many years he lived a laborious
student-life, in Manchester, ^lass., where his last years
were spent in faithful pastoral work, and in every journey
that he made, he seems to have kejjt up the practice of
observing, collecting and examining plants.

The book is presented to the Essex Institute, not as
containing anything of special interest for scientitic men,
but as a curious record of painstaking study and care on
the part of one who was always earnestly devoted to
other researches, and eminently successful in them. To
any who may chance, hereafter, to glance at these dry
leaves and stems and flowers, and who may never
before have heard ot him who gathered and placed them
here, let me say that the Rev. Mr. Ta3dor was not only
an amiable and good man, but distinguished, also, for
varied learning and great philosophical attainments. In
evidence of this it will be sulficient to state that he at one
time acted as assistant prot'esscn- of Biblical Literature in
the Andover Divinity School, and that the celebrated
Edward Robinson, when contemi)lating a long aljsence
from his post, for European and Asiatic travel, earnestly
requested Mr. Taylor to till his i)lace in the department
of l}il)lical and Oriental learnini:: at the Union Theoloijical
Seminary of New York. Mr. Taylor died (1851) at
Manchester, Mass." — N. C.

These mineralogical specimens were sent in 1845 from

127

Erzroom in Asia Minor b}^ Rev. Jonah Peabody to Rev.
O. A. Taylor. Mr. Peabody, a native of Topstield,
Essex County, Mass., was then living at Erzroom, as a
missionary of the American Boai-d.

In Mr. Taylor's Journal (See Memoir of Rev. O. A.
Taylor, p. 402) he mentions the receipt of the present,
thus : — "To my wife was sent a bottle of water from the
Euphrates ; to me lava one thousand years old from near
Khoy ; marble from the Chifteh minaret; lava from Has-
san Kulaah, or, as is supposed, the ancient Theodosi-
opolis ; lava from near the base of Mt. Ararat."

Rev. E. C. BoLLES, of Salem, said that in dredging in
Humphrey's Pond he had found only four species of
shells. This pond is very free from animals, and it con-
tains less parasitic life than usual. The dredge brought
up only one form of vegetable life in profusion — that
being one of the green globular algtB, each specimen of
the size of a buckshot. He then alluded to certain forms
of sponges found in the pond, and of the different vari-
eties, the horny, flinty and limy sponges. Sponges are
animals, and he explained how they lived, the system of
circulation by which they are sustained, and the progress
of their growth. The examples from this pond were all
of the common Sxiongilla Jhiviatilis, and exhibited not
only the green porous structure of the sponge, but the
embedded gemmules, which in time would float out upon
the water, and each one would attach itself to some object
and develop into the characteristic green mat of the
spongilla. The fresh-water sponges have been made a
special subject of study by Mr. Carter, an Englishman
living in India. Great masses of spongilla; of various
species are to be found in the fresh-water tanks in Bom-
bay and other East Indian cities.

128

Mr. John Robinson, of Salem, the Eecording Secre-
tary, exhibited and explained some specimens of the
wild flowers and ferns that had been gathered, and also
made commendatory reference to the fig and pomegranate
trees grown by Gen. Josiah Newhall. In explanation of
the growth of figs, he said that it was an error to sup-
pose that they had no blossoms, for great numbers exist,
though of small size.

Rev. S. H. Taft, president of Humboldt College,
Humboldt County, Iowa, on being called upon, expressed
his pleasure at being here, and also at seeing so large a
representation of the Essex Institute at his college in
Iowa, on the occasion of the meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science at Dubuque
last year.

Gen. Josiah Newhall, of Lynnfield, being called
upon, spoke of the general situation of the town, with
particular reference to its water facilities.

Mr. N. A. HoRTON, of Salem, after making some re-
marks upon the day and the unusual heat, gave a brief
resume of the ramljles of his party, and offered the fol-
lowing resolution, which was unanimously adopted : —

Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be
tendered to Gen. Josiah Newhall, Messrs. J. B. C. Fuller
and Joseph Brown for their courtesies and attention dur-
ing the day ; to Mr. G. Saltonstall for the use of his
boats ; and to the Congregational Society for the use of
their church.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX: insrSTITTJTE.

Vol. o. Salem, Mass., August, 1873. No. 8.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Field Meeting at Chebacco Poxd, Tuesday,
August 12, 1873.

By the kind invitation of Messrs. J. Whipple & Sons,
who have for more than ten years successfully kept the
Chebacco House at this place, the Institute held a field
meetinir, this day, in this rural retreat which has j^rown
in public favor and has become quite celebrated for its
great beauty and general attractiveness. The partic-
ular charm of the place, however, to many people who
have a taste for natural scenery and productions, is in
spending a quiet day here in small parties. The winding
road through the woods, which leads to the place, is very
attractive. The ponds, five in numl)er, abound in fish and
pond lilies. All the ponds are quite deep and afford good
boating places, but the boats are generally concentrated
on Chebacco Pond, which lies partly in Essex and partly
in Hamilton . This is a large sheet of water, and its many
Essex Inst. Bulletin. v 12

130

indentations render it very attractive to sailing parties and
amateur explorers. The place is also one of great inter-
est to the students of our local botany.

In point of numbers the attendance at the meeting was
unusually large, and a number of persons proficient in
scientific pursuits Avere present and consequently a great
amount of scientific work was performed in the gathering
of zoological and botanical specimens and a greater and
better variety has seldom been collected.

The meeting was called to order by the President, on
the platform in the grove, at a quarter before two o'clock,
and the Secretary read the proceedings of the meeting
at Lynnfield.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From H. W. S. Cleveland, Chicago, 111., Aug. 6; Charles F. Crocker. Lawrence,
Aug. 11; Charles B. Rice, Danvers Centre, Aug. 13; John J. Somes, Gloucester,
July 29; American Geographical Society, July 21; Christiana, Det. Kgl. Xorske
Universitet, Jauvr; La Socitile Royale des Sciences et des Lettres de Throndhjem.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Crocker, Charles F. of Lawrence. History of Lawrence. 1 vol. Svo. Law-
rence, 18iJ8. Catalogue of the Lawrence Public Library. 1 vol. Svo. Lawrence,
1873. Anniversary Services of the Grace Cliuich. Lawrence, Oct., 8, 10, 11, 1871.

Mills, R. C. Nation for ISS'J, 1870, 1S71, 1872. Tlie Week for 1808.

Saunders, Miss. Ncuvo Testamento. Ivol.l2nio. Conquest of Mexico. 2 vols.
Svo. Dictionary of the Spanisli and English Languages. 2 vols. Svo. Ai Vola Xi
Veryahiyalati Vov ni Auda Twaga kei Na Xodai Vakabula Ko Jisu Kraisita. 1 vol.
12mo.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, July 15, 1873.

WlLLSOX, E. B. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14.

B]f Exchange.

Buffalo Societv of Natural Historv. Bulletin of. Vol. i, Xo.2.

Iowa state Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa for July, 1873.

Ko.NGELiGE NoRSKE Viden'skaiucrs-Selskaiis IX TiiRO.NDUJEM. Skvilter 1 det
I'Jde Aarhundrede 7de Binds Iste Heltc. Svo paniph.

PiivsiKALiScii-MEUU iNisciiE Gesellsciiaft IN WUrzuurg. Verhaudluiigcu
Noue Folge, iv Bd., i licit. Svo pampli.

131

SocrfeTfe Vacdoise pes Sciences Xaturelles ix Lausan-xe. Bulletin, Yol.
xi. No. 68. 8vo paniph.

Uxiversitk Rovale de Christiama. Forlifindliiiger i Vi(lonskal)s-Sel>knbet
Aar, 1871. 8vo pamph. Animal Life, by Geo. O. Sars. 4to pamph. Forekonistcr
af Kise i Norge, by A. Ilellanil. 8vo panipli. Andon Beretningvon Lailcgaanli^ens
Hovedgaanl, Foise Ilefte. 4to pamph. On the Rise of Land in Scandinavia, by S.
A. Sexe. 8vo pamph.

Publishers. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette.
Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Mag-
azine and Seamen's Friend. Silliman's Journal.

The President in his opening remarks alhided briefly
to two ranges of territory located in the southern part of
Essex County, favorable for the pursuit of the naturalist,
and more especially of the botanist. One is a tract extend-
ing inland from the shores of Swampscott and Marblehead,
and lying within the limits of Marblehead, Swampscott,
Lynn, Salem, Peabody and Lynnfield, very diversified
with rough and craggy hills, bowlders, beautiful ponds,
woods and meadows, the habitat of many rare floral gems ;
with this tract is associated the name of Dr. Andrew
Nichols, who was one of our most noted local botanists.
He delivered a course of lectures on botany as early as
1816, and was the first President of the Natural History
Society. He died in the spring of 1853, as the little
Draha verna, a plant he took delight in finding, was ex-
panding its tiny petals to another vernal season. The
other is the range of woods in which we are now assem-
bled, extending from Beverly to Gloucester and lying
within the limits of these and the intermediate toAvns.
Here are found many rare plants, as the Magnolia, Kalmia,
Linnea, Cornels, etc. These woods may be considered, to
an Essex County botanist, hallowed ground : here Dr.
Cutler, some ninety years since botanized, and prepared
in 1784 "An account of some of the vegetable produc-
tions naturally growing in this part of America, botani-
cally arranged," which was printed in the first volume of

132

the "Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences." He also formed an arboretum of considerable
extent adjoining his residence, and may be considered as
one of the pioneers in botanical science in this country.
He died July 28, 1823, having enjoyed in an eminent
degree the confidence and honor of his fellow men. Dr.
George Osgood of Danvers, as a pupil and friend of Dr.
Cutler, may be mentioned in this connection. He was
present at a meeting in this place some thirteen years
since, and alluded to his residence in Hamilton about the
beginning of this century, to his rambles through these
woods with the venerable Cutler, from whose lips he
learned his first lessons in botany and the study of nature,
and durins: a lonsj life had continued his interest in these
pursuits, having derived from them much pleasure, hap-
piness and instruction. He died May 16, 1863, at the
age of fourscore. Dr. Osgood always spoke with much
pride of the late William Oakes as once his pupil, who
was wont to accompany him in his rambles and from
him imbibed a taste for, and soon eclipsed his old in-
structor in botanical attainments. Mr. Oakes was a
resident of the old town of Ipswich, and made exten-
sive collections of plants gathered in these woods, and
the name of Manchester had become famous as a botani-
cal region, from being attached to the specimens which he
preserved and so widely distributed.

The President then alluded briefly to some of the
pleasing associations that cluster around this place. He
spoke of an informal gathering of several members of
the Natural History Society in July, 1836, when Benja-
min Hale Ives, a very enthusiastic student of nature, was
present and took a very active part in all the proceedings.
By him more perhaps than by any other was the foun-
dation laid upon which the present superstructure of our

133

organization has been erected. He died on the twenty-
sixth of the January foHowing, at the age of thirty. At
a meeting in 1850, a few members, consisting of Drs.
A. Nichols and George Osgood, and Messrs. S. P.
Fowler, Thomas Cole, George D. Phippen and others
made explorations to collect specimens and then met in
the parlor of the old farm-house,* that stood on the site of
the present Chebacco House, to talk over such scientific
topics as the occasion might have suggested. He also
spoke of the meetings in 1860 and 1862. On these two
occasions our friend Hon. Allen W. Dodge, who is with
us this day, presided, and cordially welcomed the mem-
bers and their friends to the town of his adoption. The
numbers in attendance were large, and the meetings were
very successful.

The President then introduced Mr. George D. Phip-
pen, one of the early members of the Natural History
Society, who was present at the early meetings of the
society in this place, and has always taken a great in-
terest in its proceedings.

Mr. Phippen then came forward and made further ref-
erence to the early explorations referred to, and alluded to
the progress made in science not only from the early times
of ^V'inthrop, but through the inHuence of meetings such
as these. He considered Dr. Cutler the first botanist
who was indigenous to the soil, but he referred not only to
him but also to the late Dr. George Osgood of Danvers,

♦The house was a good specimen of the farm-houses of the last century, one
story, gambrcl roof in front and lean-to in the rear, running down near to the
ground. In the open lawn in front was the well with a long well sweep; around
and near it stood four ash trees, planted there, saith tradition, to keep the snakes
from the well. It was known as '■ Knowlton's." being owned and occupied by an
elderly lady of that name. Small parties frequented tlie place, bringing with them
their own supplies. 'Mis. Kuowlton would prepare the repast, and a small fee and
the remnants of the feast were considered an ample compensation.

134

and others with whom he had himself rambled and pur-
sued botanical investigations.

The President then called upon Hon. Allen ^Y. Dodge
of Hamilton, to tell the company what he knew about the
Rev. Manasseh Cutler.

Mr. Dodge said that Mr. Cutler was the second minis-
ter of the Hamlet Parish, as it was called at the time of
his settlement, in 1771, it being a part of old Ipswich,
from which it was set of in 1793, and given its present
name, in honor of Alexander Hamilton, of whom the
doctor was an ardent admirer, — his parishioners sharing
in his feelings. Oj:" the doctor, personally, Mr. Dodge
said his reminiscences were rather dim, but he well recol-
lected hearing him preach in his own pulpit, after he was
compelled to sit through the sermon, as he did for years,
owinf- to the asthma. He also remembered him at a larire
social gathering of the Col. Robert Dodge family, to
w^iich he (Mr. Dodge) belonged, when the doctor was
the life of the party. It w^as at the same ancestral ftirm
that witnessed these festivities that, at an earlier period,
on the occasion of a barn-raising, the doctor led ofl:" a
dance on the green with one of his church members,
grandmother to the speaker, against which neither tradi-
tion nor the church record bears traces of any remon-
strance. Pie was, in truth, always ready to contribute to
the innocent recreation of his people, ready to minister
to their wants, physical as Avell as spiritual, and ready to
make the conunou schools of the town preeminently thor-
ough in their instruction. To interest the people in the
schools, he early instituted the custom of each committee-
man giving either a dinner or a sui)per at every examina-
tion day ; and on these occasions the doctor made even the
roast turkeys and plum puddings to help on the good cause.

135

To show how free and familiar with him were his own
people, one of them having written a work on the culti-
vation of the potato, and taken it to him for revision, said
as he was leaving the house, "Now, doctor, if you think it
w^orth printing, just stick in a little religion, now and then,
and it will sell all the better!" Grotesque as this may
seem to us, it was strictly in accordance with the times.
That rare little book, by Dr. Jared Elliott, of Killingly,
Conn., entitled "Field Husbandry in Xew England, as it is,
or may be ordered," is interlarded with Scripture texts.
As a specimen, after giving various receipts relating to
the protection of crops and animals, he says he shall close
the chapter with one receipt more, which is infallible and
invaluable: "Seek first the kingdom of God and His
righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto
you."

Doctor Cutler was born in Killingly, Conn., May
3, 1742 (where Elliott, the author of this quaint old
work, lived, preached and wrote) ; graduated at Yale
College in 17 05. He studied law and was admitted
to the bar in 17G7. Soon after quitting this profession
he prepared for the ministry, and here entered on its
duties, his first and only charge extending over a period
of more than fifty years. Of course he lived in the war'
of the Revolution — the time that tried men's souls — and
he served in it as a chaplain. On his return he studied
medicine and practised as a physician among his parish-
ioners for years after. As a preacher he was sound and
instructive, not given to flights of oratory, but more in-
tent on the edification of his hearers. He was a prompt
man in the discharge of ecclesiastical as well as secular
duties. Once, at a meeting of the Bible Society of Salem
and its Vicinity, a question arose at the preliminary meet-
ing, whether or not it should be opened with prayer.

13G

The discussion began to wax warm, when the doctor, who
was presiding, rapped on the desk and said, " Gentlemen,
while the propriety of the duty is being discussed, the
duty itself might have been performed. Let us pray !"

He received as boarders in his family, young men from
out of town to fit for college, mercantile pursuits and
luivio^ation. He was well versed in astronomy, and for
years kept a minute diary of the weather, the tempera-
ture, the winds, the diseases and the seasons, a couple of
these manuscripts from 1780 to 1790, being among the
archives of the Institute, witnesses of his painstaking
accuracy in this department. But he was best known to
his contemporaries by his knowledge of botany, both
practical and scientific. He contributed to the Memoirs
of the American Academy, papers on this and other sci-
entific subjects. He was well known abroad, and his
society and conversation were sought by many an intel-
ligent foreigner. Among others was Count Castiglione,
a distinguished Italian, who travelled in this country
in 1785-7, and in his book speaks of his visit to Dr.
Cutler. Doubtless he roamed with him through these
woods, guided by him to rare and beautiful plants.
The doctor's garden was full of flowering plants and
trees. Among the rest was a grand old tulip tree, that
lived to show, spring after spring, by its gorgeous blos-
soms, the worth of such a man, not to distant places only,
but to his neighborhood as well, long after he had gone
to his rest.

The efibrts of Dr. Cutler in securing the passage by
Congress of the ordinance of 1787, by which freedom
was decreed to the whole northwestern territory, are
perhaps not so fully known as in justice to him they
should be. Mr. Webster was accustomed on all fit occa-
sions to speak of them in terms of highest commcnda-

137

tioii. More recently, Mr. Poole, of the Cincinnati public
library, has given a graceful antl thorough account of
them. Soon after, he organized, in Ipswich and the neigh-
boring towns, the first band of pioneers for the settle-
ment of Ohio. They took their departure from his door
in a large wagon, bearing the inscription "Ohio, for
Marietta on the Muskingum," firing a salute to the doctor
with the muskets with Avhich they went armed. Tliey
were followed the year after by Dr. Cutler himself, who
rode all the way in a sulky, accompanied by a few friends.
In 1800, in acknowledgment of his signal services to
the country and his vast acquaintance with men and
affairs, he was chosen a representative to Congress. He
served two terms in this capacity, his people at home wilN
ingly acquiescing in an arrangement that was so honor-
able to the man whom they loved and reverenced. It
was on his visit to Philadelphia in 1787, while the Con-
stitutional Convention was in session and while he was
negotiating for the purchase of the Ohio lands, that he
stopped at the house of Dr. Franklin, with whom he had
corresponded, and found him at tea with his family on the
lawn in the rear of the house. Of this interview he
wrote out a full account. It is said to contain the best
description of the great philosopher, and statesman, both
of his personal appearance, manners and dress, that has
come down to us. It is copied by Sparks, in his life of
Franklin, and is well worth the reading by every one Avho
"would get a most striking picture of him. But, said Mr.
Dodge, the whole subject is too fascinating to be disposed
of in a few brief remarks. He hoped that a full account
would be given by one who had for j^ears been gathering
the materials for it, and was abundantl}' able to do justice
to it — he alluded to the Rev. Edwin M. Stone, of Provi-
dence, R. I., formerly of Beverly in this county.

138

Prof. Asa Gray, of Harvard College, in speaking of
the flowers about us and those found during the morning,
alluded to plants having peculiar properties or apti-
tudes, and particularly treated of the so-called pitcher-
plant {Sarracenia jiuiyurea) . One will ask what these
pitchers are for, and looking into them we shall find
a little dirty water and few or many flies or other insects
drowned in it; now if we notice this "sun-dew" (Dro-
sera), we shall see that flies, when they alight on the
leaf, are caught and held fast by the clear drops which
tip every one of the bristles that beset its upper surface.
And, as if to make sure of this, within a few hours the
surrounding bristles, which the fly had not touched, bend
in one by one, and bring their sticky glands into contact
with the fly, thus multiplying the bands that held him.
Soon the leaf itself is seen to close round the insect, just
as a man might close his hand, say upon a mouse. Now,
before we make up our mind that this ca[)ture is acci-
dental and meaningless, it is as well to consider why flies
are more expeditiously caught by a near relative of the
sundew, viz., the Venus-fly trap (Dioncea), of North
Carolina. Here, when the fly alights on the leaf the two
sides come together with a sudden motion ; and the
bristles, which are all on the margin, and destitute of
sticky glands, by their intercrossing prevent escape, until
the sides of the trap have closed down firndy upon the
imprisoned insect.

Returning now to our pitcher-plant, it is naturally
asked. What attracts the flies that are so copiously drowned
in the water at the bottom? In this our northern species
we know of no attraction beyond the water itself. But
in at least one of the southern species (Sarracenia Jfava)
a correspondent informs us that he has noticed a sweetish
secretion just over the top of the tube, which is eagerly

139

sought by flics, and which intoxicates them, so that they
fall into the pit below. Once there, the stiff hairs of its
lining, which, as in the species before us, all point down-
wards, prevent all return. Dr. Gray had this summer
veritie<l this statement as to the existence of the attrac-
tive secretion. Now in the case of the Diona?a the fly,
after being caught, is soon covered ivilh a secretion from
the inside of the leaf, and finally absorbed, except the
tough and fibrous parts : then the leaf opens and may catch
another fly. Reasoning from this to the sundew, it may
be inferred that this also catches flies with intemtion, and
it may be suspected that either the juices of the fly are
absorbed through the sticky glands, or that the ammonia
etc., wiiich is given off in decomposition is absorbed, —
in either case attbrding food to the plant. And finally, if
pitcher-plants are contrivances for catching insects, as
they seem to be, Dr. Gray thought it most likely that the
water they contain, charged as it is with the products of
animal decomposition, is actually absorbed by the plant
as a liquid manure, to its benefit.

S. B. BuTTRiCK, of Salem, presented the following list
of plants collected during the forenoon's excursion : —

Nomopanthes Canadensis, . . . Mountain Holly.

Verbena hastata, Vervain.

Myrica Gale, Dutch Myrtle.

Aspidium margiuale and others, Shield Fern.

Rhexia Virginica, Deer Grass, or Meadow Beauty.

Eriocaulon septangnlarc, .... Fipewort.

Lycopodiuin lucidulum,

Aralia hispida, Bristly Sarsaparilla.

Gerardia niaritinia, Seaside Gerardia.

Cornus Canadensis, Dwarf Cornel.

Lycopodiuni dendroideuni, . . . Ground Pine.

Spiraea tomentosa, Ilardhack ; Steeple Bush.

Spiroeasalicifolia, Meadow Sweet.

Monotropa uniflora, Indian pipe.

140

Decodon verticillatum, Swamp Loosestrife.

Poutederia cordata, Pickerel Weed.

Brasenia peltata, Watershleld.

Nyraphfea odorata, Water Lily.

Cletlira alnifolia, Sweet pepper Bush.

Cassandra calyculata, ...... Leatherleaf.

Cephalanthus occidentalis, . . . Buttonbush.

Vacciuium occycoccus, Cranberry.

Sarracenia purpurea, Sidesaddle Flower.

Drosera longifolia Long-leaved Sundew.

" rotundifolia, Round-leaved "

Prof. George L. Goodale, of Harvard College, after
a few brief remarks on several of the plants which he
had noticed during the forenoon's ramble through these
woods, so rich with floral treasures and possessing so
many attractions not only to the student in botany but
the lover of the picturesque in natural scenery, gave an
interesting account of the cross fertilization of plants by
the agency of insects.

Mr. J. J. H. Gregory, of Marblehead, expressed a
desire to bring to the notice of the Institute the impor-
tance of teaching children the distinctive characteristics
of the several poisonous plants and animals that are
occasionally met with in their rambles ; after some gen-
eral remarks on this subject, he introduced the following
resolution, which was adopted : —

Resolved, That so much instruction relative to insects,
other animals and plants found in Massachusetts, should
be given in her common schools, as shall enable the com-
munity to protect itself from bodily harm and banish all
unnecessary fear.

BULLETIN

OF THE

Vol. 5. Salem, Mass., Sept., 1873. No. 9.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Field INIeeting at Chebacco Pond, Tuesday,
August 12, 1873.

[Continued .]

Mr. F. W. Putnam spoke on the fishes of the pond
and gave an account of the general structure of fishes, and
of the characteristic habits of several species, especially
noting the mode of spawning of the horned pout and
the bream, and the care Avhich the pouts take of their
young for some time after they leave the spawning nest.

The fishes taken with the seine by himself and Mr.
Cooke during the morning consisted of the following
species : —

Fimelodus catus, Horned Pout, not full}' grown; Esox rctkulatus,
Pickerel, not fully grown ; Lcuciscus Americanus, Shiner, adults and
young specimens about one inch in length; Lenciscns 2ndrheUus, Chub,
young specimens; Fercajlacescens, Perch, adults and half-grown spec-
imens ; Labrax rufus. White Perch, adults ; Pomotis vulgaris, Bream,
adults, and young of from one-half to one inch in length; Hololepis
fusiformis, Little Darter, adults.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. v 13

142

A few other species, as theredfin, the sucker, the barred
bream, the short-nosed pickerel, the banded minnow and
the eel, are found in the pond, but none were taken to-
day. The black bass has also been introduced and is said
to be increasing in numbers.

Of the reptiles and batrachians the following were col-
lected in the pond and on its shores : —

Chrysemys picta, Yellow-bellied Turtle; Ozotheca odorata, Musk
Turtle; Bana fontinalis, Green Frog; Rana sylvatica,'SV 006. Frog;
Biifo Americana, Common Toad, young specimens near the water.

Other species are also found here, as the snapping-
turtle, the spotted turtle, several snakes, salamanders,
three or four other frosts and the tree toad.

Three hauls of the dredge were made across the pond,
but the bottom proved very muddy and only a few fresh-
water clams were obtained.

Quite a number of aquatic insects were collected, of
species common to our ponds.

A large green caterpillar Avas passed to the table, and
Mr. Putnam gave an account of its habits and the trans-
formations it would undergo in developing from its pres-
ent state, when it is known as the tomato worm, or larva
of Sphinx quinquemaculaia, to that of its winged condi-
tion, when it would become a large moth.

After passing a vote of thanks to Messrs. John Whipple
& Sons for the use of their grounds, and for courtesies
and civilities extended on this occasion, the meeting
adjourned.

143

Field Mp:kting at Danvers Centre, Friday,
Sept. 5, 1873.

The fourth field meeting, the present season, was held
at Danvers Centre, this day, postponed from the day pi-e-
ccding on account of unfavorable weather. The 9.25
train from Salem took the party to the Plains, where
carriages were soon in readiness for conveyance to the
meeting house, which was the place of gathering for the
day. A somewhat informal meeting was then held, and
the various points of interest designated, and then the
party separated into groups and went in various direc-
tions, as inclination dictated ; the botanists repaired to
the woods ; the larger portion, however, under the lead
of very instructive guidance, visited several of the old
houses that are invested with an historic interest ; or the
sites of others that had long since crumbled into dust,
marked by a depression of the earth, with a few loose
stones lying around.

The meeting house in which the party assembled is the
one which accommodates the church and society that
began in the year 1G71, having been set off* from the
First Church in Salem at that time, and known in our
early records as the Salem Village Church. The first
house was built in 1G71, and was connected with the
witchcraft delusion and witnessed many of its trials. The
second one was erected in 1700 upon the site of the pres-
ent house, and stood until 1785, when it was voted to
build another upon the same spot. This third house was
destroyed by fire, Sept. 24, 1805. The society decided
to have a new meeting house, which was built upon the
same spot that the last house stood upon. This fourth
house was of brick and was known as the "Brick Meeting

144

House." It was finished in 1806, and taken down in 1839,
and in that year the fifth and present house was huilt.
Rev. Charles B. Rice, the present pastor, was installed
Sept. 2, 1863. His predecessors were James Bailey,
1671 to 1680; George Burroughs, 1680 to 1683 ; Samuel
Parris, 1689 to 1696 ; eToseph Green, 1698 to 1715 ; Peter
Clarke, 1717 to 1768; Benjamin Wadsworth, 1772 to
1826 ; Milton P. Braman, 1826 to 1861 — a list of revered
and honored names of men who, in their times, Avere dis-
tinguished for their learning and piety.

The general aspect of the town is rather level, though
it is diversified with numerous elevations. The land
appears to be well adapted to agricultural purposes, and
is dotted with workshops of the manufacturing industries
that add so much to the thrift of many of our New Eng-
land towns.

The common at Danvers Centre is a place of some in-
terest, from the fact that it was given to the village "for
a training place forever," by the will of Nathaniel Inger-
soll, the leading man of the village. It has doubtless
been used as a parade ground from the earliest times ;
and the rudiments of military practice have probably
here been imparted to those who have taken up arms
against the Indians, the French and the British.

Danvers has, from the earliest times, been closely iden-
tified with the prominent events in our history. With
the exception of the town most directly concerned by
locality, it gave up more victims than an}' other in the
Lexington fight. It was the al:K)de of the first and also
of the last liritish governor of Massachusetts. The
Collins House, now owned by Mr. Francis Poabody,
has been greatly improved by him without disturbing the
old fashioned aristocratic appearance of the place, and is
always an interesting object of contemplation, partly

145

from the beauty of its siiiTouiulii\2:s and partly from the
fact that it is the pUice where Gov. Gage formerly had
his headquarters. Gen. Gage, before he took command
of the British forces in the colonics, was governor of
^Montreal. He did not succeed well as governor of
Massachnsetts, and went back to England before inde-
pendence was declared, though he had enough to do with
the inauguration of our revolution to set on fool tlie ex-
pedition which resulted in the battle of Lexington. He
lived long enough to see our independence acknowledged,
and died in 1787, the year when our present constitu-
tional form of government was adopted. Gov. Endicott
came over, the tirst governor, in liJ'2S, and, on April 30,
1029, he was elected governor for one year; but, mean-
time, the charter and Company were transferred to New
England, and John Winthrop, who had joined the Com-
pany, was elected governor six months afterwards. Gov.
Endicott resided at what is now Danversport, and Gov.
Gage, at the Collins house, as above stated, though it
was but a temporary residence.

But the section of the town where the meeting was
held is especially interesting fr(jm the fact that it was
the region where most of the "Salem Witchcraft Delu-
sion" took its rise. The first meeting house of Salem
Village stood not many rods from the present struc-
ture, on Hobart street, near the house of Mr. Hiram
Hook. The first minister of the Salem Village church
was James Bailey, and he lived in a house occupy-
ing the site where now stands the house of INIr. Ben-
jamin Hutchinson near the old road leading from the
old meeting house to the Plains, and not far from the
Tapleyville village. On this same road, not far from
the Plains, and near the gravel pit, may still l)e seen the
remains of the old cellar of the house of Nathaniel Put-

146

nam, who figured during the witchcraft period. It was
one or more of his horses that George Jacobs, Jr., was
charged with drowning, though with no very conclusive
evidence, as the horses were trespassing, and were prob-
ably drowned while being driven away. With reference
to Mr. Bailey, the first minister, it may here be said that
great opposition arose to him during his ministr}-, and a
series of serious troubles, jealousies and hard feelings
followed.

The Samuel Parris house stood upon a piece of land
now owned by Messrs. E. and A. Mudge, and was for-
merly a part of the parsonage. The place is marked
by a signboard which bears this inscription : "Site of the
first parsonage house occupied by Rev. Samuel Parris in
1692." It is believed that some of the material of which
this house was built was put into a shed or outbuilding
connected with the old Wads worth house, which is on the
main road, and not far distant. It has been supposed
that the small building standing opposite and near to the
Collins house was a part of the old Parris house; but
tliis has been well ascertained not to be the case in the
sense in which the identity has heretofore been under-
stood. While the small building referred to was a part
of the Parris house, it was an addition to that structure
which was not put on until full forty years after the witch-
craft delusion. The building is old, and is now used by
its owner, Mr. Solomon Morrison, as a residence for one
cow and several pigs.

Near to the house of Samuel Parris is a ridge of land
of curious geological formation, known as "Watch House
Hill." This is so called, because, in the early days of the
settlement, a house was erected hero from which a watch
was kept in anticii)ation of Indian raids.

The Rebecca Noursc house is one of the oldest in town.

147

It is situated, some distance in the field, on the Salem
road leading out from Tapleyville, and is quite near
the carpet factory. It is now owned by Mr. Orrin
Putnam, and remains in a good state of preservation.
There is an orchard in front of it, an inclosed burial lot
twenty or thirty rods to the west, and the surroundings
indicate quite a thrifty farm.

At Samuel Parris's house, for a year preceding the
breaking out of the delusion in full force, a circle of girls
met and practised the arts of fortune-telling. Among
these were Mary AValcott, Mary Warren and Ann Putnam.
Mary Walcott, who was a daughter of Jonathan Wal-
cott, lived at the time in a house on the field northeast of
the common, now owned by Mr. Moses Prince.

One of the pleasant drives during the day was that
which a small party took in company with Mr. Mudge
and Mr. Wm. R. Putnam. It extended through the fine
estate of Mr. George Peabody, Avhich is one of the most
attractive in this part of the town, over the Newburyport
turnpike to the farm of Mr. Francis Dodge on Hathorne's
Hill, and thence down upon the other side to Mr. Wm.
R. Putnam's house, which is historically distinguished by
something more creditable than witchcraft, namely, as
being the birthplace of Gen. Israel Putnam, of French
war and revolutionary fame.

Hathorne's Hill is put down on some of the county
maps as Prospect Hill, though Dodge's Hill is perhaps as
familiar a designation as any in the neighborhood. We
do not know how many hills there are in Essex County^
each claiming to be the highest, but this certainly is
spoken of as the highest in the southeast part of the
county. It conunantls a very wide and extensive prospect
of the surrounding country, including all the neighboring
towns and villages, Wachusett, and a number of the

148

prominent mountains in the southern part of New Hamp-
shire. The vessels and islands of the harbor can be seen,
and the venerable Mr. Samuel Preston informed us that
he has counted over fifty church steeples from this
summit. The farm which includes this hill was part of
the old Hathorne grant, that originally came down to
the brook which runs through the Peabody farm. It has
been successively owned by Mr. Eay, Eben Porter,
James Prince, Nathaniel IngersoU (son of Capt. Jona.),
Capt. John AndrcAv (who built and owned Mr. James O.
Safford's present mansion near the common, in Salem),
Capt. Stephen Wilkins, John Dexter (who came from
Essex), and Francis Dodge, the present owner and occu-
pant. Mr. Dodge married a daughter of Samuel Preston,
and sister of Miss Harriet Preston, the authoress. Mr.
Preston, who is now eighty-one years of age, was here at
the form at the time of our call, and showed us around with
great apparent pleasure, cheerfulness and activity. His
room in the farmhouse was very interesting, a fine old
English ivy, W'hich extended nearly all the way around the
room, claiming special attention. Capt. Andrew, during
his ownership, planted a grove of English oaks on this
hill, which are now vigorous and thrifty. This farm has
recently been offered, with some forty-two acres belonging
to Mr. W. K. Putnam, making two hundred acres in all,
as a site for the new State hospital for the insane. It is
certainly a fine situation.

The Israel Putnam house, at the foot of the hill, is a
mansion bearing every mark of comfort, inside and out.
The larger portion of the house is not conspicuously old,
there being not much left of the original part beyond the
portion containing the two rooms which formerly consti-
tuted the one in which Gen. Israel was born. The farm
descended from Thomas Putnam, to whom it was origi-

149

nally granted. From Thomas it came to his sou Joseph,
then to Lieut. David (who was a brother to Gen. Israel),
then to his son Israel, then to Daniel, and finally to
William R., the present occupant. Mr, Putnam and his
sister "were very kind in showing the old relics, and
the visit was really one of much pleasure. Gen. Israel
Putnam is of course remembered as a man who, even in
his boyhood and youth, was characterized by a spirit of
daring and intrepidity. He was born Jan. 7, 1718, and
at the age of twenty-one married Hannah Pope, of
Salem, and removed to Pomfret, Conn. He commanded
a company during the French war, was Major General at
Bunker Hill, and died May 19, 1790, aged 72.

At the roadside, close by the church, stands the old
tavern, now a dwelling house, in Avhich the geuial widow
Smith ministered to the wants of w^eary travellers, and
higher up is the parsonage, w'hich was once used for the
same purpose. Every house has its historj^ and every
history tinds some willing tongue to publish its wild and
thrilling narratives. At the house of the Rev. Mr. Rice,
the pastor, are to be found the records of the parish during
those troublous times when Bailey and Parris presided
over the church, aud many quaint specimens of penman-
ship and rhetorical beauty w^ere noticed on their pages.

At the close of the ram])les and examination of the old
records, the company gathered in the basement of the
church and partook of refreshments. Here tea and coffee
Avcre furnished, and the citizens showed a degree of hos-
pitality that was quite commensurate with their courtesies
and attentions during the day.

The afternoon session was held in the church at 3 p. m.
The President in the chair. Records of preceding meet-
iufr read.

150
The Secretary announced the correspondence : —

From Charles F. Crocker, Lawrence, Aug. 15; Pardee & Chamberlin. Fulton,
N. Y., Aug. 31; W. F. Poole, Cincinnati, Oliio, Aug. 23; Charles B. Rice, Dauverg
Centre, Aug. 21; S. J. Spalding, Newburyport, Aug. 30; E. R. Sullivan. Zanesville,
Ohio, Aug. 23; E. N. Walton, Salem, Aug. 26; A. Williams & Co., Boston, Aug.
15; M:ir.shall P. Wilder, Boston, Aug. 15; U. S. Bureau of Education, WaBliington,
Sept. 1; Buffalo Historical Society, Aug. 22.

The Librarian announced the following additions : —

By Donation.

Appleton, Fuancis II., of Peabody. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

Lee, Joiih C, Commercial Bulletin. July 26, Aug. 2. 9, 16. 1873.

Morse, E. S. On the Systematic Position of the Brachiopoda, by donor. 8vo
pamph. Boston, 1873.

Mdnsell, Joel, of New York, N. Y. Albany Penitentiary Laws for 1872. 1
vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 16.

Peabodt, Alfred. San Francisco Directories for 1852-3, 1859. 2 toIs. 8vo.
Manual of the Corporation of San Francisco, 1853. 1 vol. 8vo.

Perkins, A. T., of Boston. Copley's Life and Paintings, by A. T. Perkins. 1
vol. small 4to. Boston, 1873.

Rice, Ciias. B., of Danvers. Centennial Celebration at Conway, June 19, 1S67.
8vo pamph.

U. S. Patext Office. Official Gazette, July 22, 29, Aug. 5, 11, 187J. General
Index of " The Official Gazette.'' 1872.

By Exchange.

BiBLiOTHfeQUE Ui^ivERSELLE ET Revue SUISSE. Archives des Sciences phys-
iques et naturelles, Mai, Juin. Nos. 185, 180. 1873.

Georgia Historical Society. Collections of. Vol. iii. 1 vol. 8to. Savan-
nah. 1873.

Publishers. American Katuralist. Forest and Stream. (Jloucestcr Tele-
graph. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Historical ISIagazine.
Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. I.,ynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Western
Lancet.

The President in his opening remarks mentioned that
this is the first time that the Institute has held a meeting
in this spot, so full of historic incidents, some of which
are of national importance, although it has convened in
three other places in the town.

It possesses some attractions to the naturalist. Within
a short distance in one direction is the locality where
William Oakes, the noted botanist of Essex County, and

151

his friend, Dr. George Osgood, of Danvcrs, discovered
the Vacchiium vitis-ida'a (a species of cranberry), a very
rare plant in this section of the state. It is said that after
a fatiguing ramble at the close of a summer's day, in the
year 1820, in search of botanical specimens, upon the
finding of this plant Oakes raised his hands above his head
and with all the enthusiasm of an ardent lover of nature
exclaimed, "we have found a rare plant that will repay us
for our toil." In another direction, near the intersection
of the Andover and Newburyport turnpikes, is the place
where is found occasionally the rare toad Scaphiopus soli-
tarius. We well remember the enthusiasm which our
late esteemed friend, Dr. Andrew Nichols, manifested,
when conducting us to that place in June, 1843, where a
small pond, usually dry in the summer months, was filled
with these toads and the tadpoles in the various stages of
growth. This toad never appears except under a pecu-
liar combination of circumstances, that only occurs at
intervals of several years. Other incidents might be cited
of equal interest to the student of nature, but time will
not permit a further digression in this direction.

The President then gave a brief review of the work of
the society and its objects, which he said was to collect
materials for the natural and civil history of the county,
and to cultivate a taste for the study of the sciences and
the arts, and to promote the general culture of the com-
munity.

Mr. F. "W. Putnam, of Salem, was then introduced,
and gave an account of the doings of the recent meeting
at Portland of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, and also of the work of Prof. S. F.
Baird, as U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, located at
Peak's Island in Portland Harbor the present season, in

152

carrying out the objects of bis mission. He exhibited a
sketch of the feather of the riickly duck, its structure
being very peculiar, consisting of two feathers, in fact ;
the first an odd or deciduous feather, which was pushed
up from the flesh l^y the true feather, in a simihir manner
to the first teeth of the child, which are pushed out by the
second. He said that this was a contribution to science
by Dr. Elliot Coues, U. S. A., and that it would be pub-
lished with a cut in the American JVcituralist.

Mr. Putnam presented the following paper by Dr.
Carpenter : —

OK THE GENERIC AFFINITIES OF THE NEW ENGLAND CHITONS.
By Philip P. Cahpenter, of Montreal.

It has been common with conchologists, even of the "advanced"
school, to call every mollusk with eight valves a Chiton, except the
vermiform species, which Lamarck separated as Chitonellus. The con-
sequence has been that very little is known of most Chitonidas, except
the external characters ; the diflerentiation shown in the soft parts,
and even in the shelly valves, having been overlooked.

We have been fortunate, during the explorations of the United
States Fish Commission, in observing four species alive; another was
taken alive at Eastport last year; a sixth has been captured on the
southern coast. These are all as yet known to inhabit the American
Atlantic seas, from Labrador to Florida. A seventh, called Chiton
cinereiis, is said to have been taken alive by Dr. Pickering, and to be
in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences;
but it may prove to belong to one of the other species, or to be a
ballast* specimen.

The six authentic species present well-marked characters, ranging
under Ave genera.

It may be premised that the Lamarckian genus Chiton was first
divided by the Hev. L. Guilding, according to the external characters
of the West Indian species. About the same time, the Rev. T. Lowe
published the peculiarities in the insertion plates of the British spe-
cies. Both papers appeared in the " Zoological Journal." Dr. Gray,
however, was the first to present, in the Proc. Zool. Soc, a full de-
scription of the forms of Chitonidaj, accurately arranged under
genera and sections, partly according to the external, but prin-

153

cipnlly according to the internal characters. Jlr. Henry Adams, in
compiling the "Genera" from 11. Cuming's collection, was not
allowed to examine the insertion plates. He thought he saw, how-
ever, a correlation between the internal and external marks ; and ac-
cordingly redescribed Gray's genera, with lists of species, according
to the surface diagnosis. Gray in his " Guide" unfortunately copied
from H. Adams' list without examination. Lastly Chenu, as usual,
reproduced the mistakes of H. Adams, with fresh ones of his own.

Having had unusual opportunities of dissecting-out the valves of
Chitons, I have felt compelled to rectify the previously published lists,
and also to propose various new genera. These I communicated to
Mr. Binney, while his edition of Dr. Gould's '• Invertebrata" was
passing through the press; but he did not think well to alter the
position of every one of our species, as I feel compelled to do.

1. The Chiton apicidatus does not appear in H. Adams or Gray.
It is a true Chcetopleura ; distinguished by the thin hairy girdle, regu-
lar valves with sharp teeth, and long series of gills. I have not seen
it alive. It ranges from southern Massachusetts to Florida. The
genus is for the most part tropical.

2. The Chiton ruber is LeptochiPni ruber of H. Adams; and is prob-
ably Callochiton puniceus Couth, of the same author. It is the Tonicia
rubra of Gray's "Guide," to which he adds as syuonymes in P. Z. S.,
marmorea and fulmiiiata ; and it also appears in Gray's "Guide "as
Corephium? rnbrum. It has not the characters of either of these four
genera, in which our two best authors have placed it. It belongs to
Gray's genus Ischnochiton ( = Lepidopleurus H. Ad., not Risso) section
t, "mantle-scales minute, granular;" but as the gill-rows are short,
instead of surrounding the foot as in the typical species, it is neces-
sary to establish a fresh genus, Trachydermon. The insertion-plates
arc, as in Ischnochiton and Chcetopleura, regularly slit and sharp all
round. Mr. Emerton first observed a great peculiarity in the animal;
that there is a cancellated space between the posterior gill and the
caudal extremity. Prof. Verrill observed that in different specimens
there were either one, two or three rows of holes on each side. The
caudal lobe is generally figured as an anal tube, but in truth it is an
imperforate muscle, working the posterior part of the girdle. The
faeces were distinctly seen to escape, sometimes on one side, some-
times on the other; as it appeared to me, from a slit on each side.

3. The Chiton albus is Leptochiton albus of H. Adams, = sar/rinatus
Couth. I twice captured a live specimen, but each time it eluded the
after-search. I do not doubt that this is also a Trachydermon, but
cannot vouch for the peculiar characters above quoted. The genus
belongs, in the main, to cold and temperate seas.

4. The British C. marginatus is also a Trachydermon and not a Lep-

154

tochiton. It is the C. ciiiereus of Loven, Forbes and Hanley; but not
of many other writers. Of the unique American shell, so called, I
can say nothing.

5. The C. marmorens, common at Eastport and northwards to
Greenland, is Tonicia of H. Adams and Gray, simply because the
girdle is smooth. The true southern Tunicitc, however, have pecti-
nated insertion-plates and ambient gills, like the typical Chitons ; while
the northern species, so called, have sharp plates and short gills.
They dilfer in fact from Trachydermon simply in the girdle being des-
titute of the minute scales. I distinguish the group as Tonicdla.

6. The C. mendicarius does not appear in the lists, and is probably
unknown in Europe. Fortunately a very few specimens were dredged
by the "Bluelight," one of them smashed, but very large. It is known
outside by the minute bristles on the girdle; but within it presents
the very abnormal characters which had before been observed only in
the minute British G. Hanle.yi. This appeared as Leptochiton ILinleyi
in Gray's first paper, but as Acanthopleicra Hanleyi in his " Guide," p.
183. But in the same book, p. 186, the same species reappears as
Hanleya dehilis ; the genus (constituted for that species alone) being
said to have lateral tufts of spines; insertion plates entire, of ter-
minal valves alike. H. Adams, following this diagnosis externally,
described other species which really had these spine-tufts, though not
the internal characters. However, on examining every specimen of
the species in the market, I could not discern a single spine-tuft,
though announced by the accurate Loven. I found, however, excel-
lent internal characters. All the valves were destitute of insertion
plates, except the anterior one, which really was entire, having one
continuous plate, not slit. I did not know whether to believe my
own eyes, or the testimony of Loven and Gray, till Prof. Verrill
allowed me to open the large smashed specimen of C. mendicarivs.
It proved to be a true Ilanleia, according to my diagnosis, but not
according to Loven and Gray. I presume that the contraction of the
skin, in so minute a shell, led to the appearance of tufts, and that
Dr. Gray supposed that the posterior valve had an entire plate like
the anterior. I should be glad of the opiuion of others, whether
the genus Ilanleia should follow the type against the diagnosis, as
here given; or an unreal diagnosis against the type, as followed (in
part only) by H. Adams. The animal of this species resembles
Lpptochiton in having short posterior gills, and a central anal tube
from which the faeces were seen to exude.

7. A similar confusion attends the last and most rcmarkal)le sjiecies,
C. Emtrsonii. Several live .'^peciniens were dredged by the Bluelight.
one of extraordinary size ; and still more have been dredgiil by PI.
Duvvson at Murray Bay. For the original species, C. wstitiis, from

155

Alaska, a genus Amicula was constituted by Grny, charactcM-izcd by
covered valves and repular pore-tufts. Tlie elder Sowerby fl<rurcd tlie
Emersonii as vestitns in his Conch. Illustr. Hence Dr. Gould natu-
rally looked for the pore-tufts, and found thom. Having received a
fresh specimen from Dr. Stimpson, I could not find them. I wrote
to Dr. Gould, who sent me his type specimens with sketch of regular
pore-tufts, as he saw them ; but still I could not. He died without
clearing the difficulty; and I presumed there might be two species,
one with and one without pores. But after examining both northern
and southern suites of specimens, I feel confidence in stating that
there are no true pores; but simply a profusion of hair bunches,
generally very irregular, but sometimes, in early stages, more con-
spicuous at the sutures. I propose, therefore, to keep the name
Amicula for the Alaskan pore-bearing species ; and to name this (with
the Alaskan Pallasii), Slimpsoniella, in honor of one of the best natu-
ralists born in New England. In this genus, as in Trachudermon, the
faeces are expelled through slits close to the caudal lobe, one on each
side. When at rest, the creature makes a posterior fold in the girdle,
corresponding to the wave in the posterior valve.

I should be extremely indebted to any gentlemen who would lend
me unusual Chitons for examination, previously to the publication of
my " Contributions towards a Monograph of the Chitonidai" by the
Smithsonian Institution. There is also a great field open for investi-
gation to all those who can examine living chitons, or even dissect
alcoliolic specimens. It is known that the external characters are
not coordinate with the internal ones; it remains to be found out
whether either of them correlate with the anatomical characters of
dentition, gills, vent, etc., which ought to furnish the best divisions
in arranging this diflicult group.

The Secretary, Mr, John Robixsox, gave an interest-
ing account of the botanical work in the morning. His
remarks were chiefly continecl to a description of the
ferns found during tlie excursion, as follows : —

Among the rarer ferns in this region is Phegopteris
pohjpodioides, a fine specimen of which was collected by
Miss Page this morning. This and its associate, P.
dri/opteris, are only to be found in a few localities in this
county, while north and south they are very abinidaut,
particularly n^ar mountain streams. Of the other New
England ferns that are rare, or not as .yet found here,
may be enumerated StruUdopteris Germanka, Op/iio-

156

glossum culgatum, Adiantum pedatum (maiden hair),
Asplenium tJielypteroides, Phegopteris Jiexagonoptera, As-
pidium aculeatum, A. Goldlanum, Oyf^topteris bulhifera,
Lygodium pahnalum (climbing fern), and some species
of Botvijcldum. To tliese may be added as impossible to
find, the mountain species, Asjndium fragrans, Woodski
glabella and the limestone ferns. I know only one local-
ity in this county for the Ophioglossum, or the climbing
fern ; the maiden hair is abundant in one town and can
be found sparingly throughout the county. It is very
doubtful if Asplenium tJielypteroides, Cystopteris bidbif-
era or As2}idmm aculeatum, can naturally grow here, but
it is to be hoped that Asp)idium Goldianum, Phegop)feris
Iiexagonoptera and the StrutJiiopteris, as well as some of
the rarer species of Botvycldum, may yet be found in some
of the beautiful nooks of which our county has so many.
For three seasons past I liave searched faithfully in this
vicinity for the native ferns, and have been rewarded each
season by the finding of species not known, or at least not
noted by any collector, as indigenous to this county.
Nearly all our ferns can be cultivated with success in the
garden if a shady portion can be devoted to this purpose.
They throw out their beautiful fronds and often hide some
unsightly fence, or fill the crevices between stones, with
their delicate green foliage.

Rev. E. C. BoLLES, of Salem, in giving his account of
the findings during the forenoon, spoke particularly of
the minute fungi, which feed upon plants as certain in-
sects feed upon other insects. He illustrated his remarks
upon the blackboard, and in closing allnded to the impor-
tance of the study of these minute forms, especially to
agriculturists, as many of the crops are aflected more o^"
less by these parasitic plants.

BULLETIN

Vol. 5. Salem, Mass., Oct., 1873. No. 10.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Field Meeting at Dan vers Centre, Friday,
Sept. 5, 1873.

[Continued.l

The President iDresented the following paper, found
among the archives of the Institute : —

"Our Breath'n & Neibours at y^ ffarmes Eequest."
To the respective Towne of Salem.
Wee whose names are vnder writen desire to inforrae
you of our condition by reason or Ilabytations are dis-
tant from our publike fleeting house at least four miles
vpon the rode the neerist, the farthist about 8 or 9 ; if
one or two of a great family goeth to meeting, the rest
l)eing Children and Servants tariy at home And wee feare
spend the day vnprotittably if not pfainl}', and in con-
sideration herof wee all judge the aillicted state of y^
body ought to bee relieved how much more the condition
of Soules. Wee feare if not releeved that our Children
will bee as the Hetheu whome God drone out before vs.
Therefore or humble request is that you will be pleased
Essex Inst. Bulletin. v li

158

to take into yor Christian consideration our condition
eitJier to pvide for vs a Minister and so maintaine him
in Common that so we may injoy the word of God
amongst vs, or be pleased to dismisse to vs such anumber
of fiamilies as liueth remote from y® Towne so as that wee
may bee able to maintaine a Minister amongst our Selves,
& if the Towne be pleased to leave vs distinct to or-
selves then our desire is to begin at y® Horse bridge to
Serg' Leaches, Jacob Barney, Sarg' Porter, Mr. Endecot
to the wooden bridge swamp & the inhabitance beyond
y*^ River & so we desire to waite vpon God for helpe &
his assistance and vpon you for yor loveing answer.

The 4 : 12, |f Rob't Prince, Rich. Hutchison,

Jonat, Knight, Thomas Putnam,

James Hadlock, Bray "VVilkins,

Joseph Houlton. Joseph Herick, Nath'l Putnam,

Tho. Small, Jno. Putnam,

Juo. Burton, Thomas Fuller,

Jno. Gingel, Josh. Rea,

Tho. Wilklns, Joseph Hutchison,

Philip Knight, Nath'l Ingerson,

Jno. Simson, Jno. Wilkins,
Henry Keny.

Rev. Charles B. Rice, the pastor of the church,
spoke words of welcome and expressed his gratitication
that the meeting was held in his church, and alluded to
some of the old historical houses, of which not a vestige
now remains.

Mr. David Stiles, of Middletou, being called upon,
spoke of the old Townsend Bishop house, and exhibited
pieces of the wood of the house Avhich he had recently
taken from the ridgepole and narrated some interesting
reminiscences. He alluded in the highest terms of com-
mendation to the services rendered to this comnnniity by
Mr. William P. Upham, in making us better acquainted

159

with the many interesting incidents connected with our
Gcarly history, whilst collecting materials for his father's
admirable work on the Salem Witchcraft.

Dr. Jere:\iiah Spofford, of Groveland, spoke of the
geological evidence that the Merrimac Kiver once emptied
into the ocean by another channel south of its present oue.

Dr. Spofibrd then alluded to the remarks of Mr. Put-
nam on the restocking of rivers, especially the Merrimac,
with tish, and questioned the success of the plan.

A discussion followed, participated in by Messrs. J.
Spofford, F. W. Putnam, C. P. Preston, and others;
duriuir which Mr. Putnam made a stittement as to the
results already attained by the several Fish Commis-
sioners, and urged that they be aided in their work, as
the principles, upon which the experiments were being
made, were sound, and if the people would have patience
and assist the Commissioners in their efforts, he believed
the day would not be far distant when salmon and shad
would again be plenty in our rivers.

Mr. Augustus Mudge, of Dan vers Centre, spoke of
the important work done by the Institute at their meet-
inijs, and was orratified to have ameetins^ in his town. He
alluded in highly complimentary terms to Mr. Upham's
valuable history of the Salem witchcraft, which he said
was of inestimable worth to students of history ; but the
great mass of the people could not devote their time to
its study. He said that there was a little book called
"Witch Hill," which was admirably adapted to popular
reading. He spoke of the local history of the place, and
said that the first and last English governors of Massa-
chusetts resided in Danvers — Gov. Endicott and Gov.
Gage, the one at his farm near Danversport, the other at

160

the Collins House, noAv owned and occupied by Francis
Peabody, Esq. The house where Gen. Israel Putnam
was born still stands about one mile away, and a number
of the ancient witch houses arc still in existence in vari-
ous parts of the town.

Mr. William P. Upiiam, of Salem, related some facts
about the original Parris house, the birthplace of witch-
craft. Some distance from the site of the house stands
another house, a part of Avhich was supposed to be a part
of the original Parris house ; but which proves to be an
addition built in the eighteenth century and which was
moved away. He exhibited, however, a well authenti-
cated fragment of the old house which came from a shed
built of the })ieces of the house when it was torn down.
He also exhibited some pears gathered from a tree planted
by the llev. Mr. Bailey, the first minister of the parish.

Mr. George Tapley, of Danvers, spoke of the Hon.
Samuel Holton,* a very noted, prominent and intlucntial
citizen in the annals of the town, and i)aid a fitting tribute
to his memory. The mansion in which he resided for
many years is still extant and is near to this i)lace of
meeting. Mr. Holton was a man of great integrity and

*S."uniicl Holton, the only son of Samuel .'in<l Il.anniih ((iardnor) Holton, was
born at Salem Villaj^e. now Danvers, June !), 17;i8. In early life a successful prac-
titioner of medicine. His puljlic career commenced in 17()8, when lie was elected a
reiiresentative to the general court from Danvers. lie was eight years a ivpre-
sentative, live years a senator, and twelve councillor, in Massachusetts legislature,
Ave in congress under tlu^ confed(uacy and two uinler the Federal constitidion. a
member of tin; constitutional convention of 1780; a delegate to tlie State conven-
tion for ratifying and adoi>ting tlie Federal constitution, twice served as presiden-
tial elector. For thirty-two years a justice of the ci>urt of common i)leas for
Essex, being for half of that tim(! the presiding justice, a judge of probate of
Essex from July 2, 17'.W!, to May 2!t, 181.'). He also discharged the duties of several
town ofllces and other jinblic and private tiusts. Ho died Jan. 2, 181(1, and tributes
were p.ald to his memory by numerous grateful hearts and a sermon was preached
at his funeral by the Itev. Dr. Henj. Wadswortli, which was published and widely
circulateil.

161

ability ; courteous and unaffected, enthusiastic in pro-
moting the cause of liberty, yet dignilied, tirm and pru-
dent in all his actions. Ilis lono; and faithful services in
various important stations, legislative as well as judicial,
have caused his name to be cherished with gratitude and
respect.

Mr. S. B. BuTTKiCK, of Salem, presented the follow-
ing list of plants observed by him during the excursion
in the forenoon : —

Gerardiii purpurea, Purple gerardia.

" teuuiiblia, Slender gerardia.

Eupatorium purpurcum, . . . Trumpet weed.
" perfoliatuin, . • . Thoroughwort.

Spiraea saliciColia, Meadow sweet.

" tomentosa, Hardhack.

Arum triphyllum, Indian turnip (iu fruit).

Nabalus albus, AVliite flowering lettuce.

Mulgedium leucophajum, . . . Blue lettuce.

Ouoclea sensibilis, Sensitive fern.

Cuscuta Gronovii, Dodder.

Kudbeckia laciniata, Tall cone flower.

Apoc}'num androssDmifoliura, Dogsbane.

Typha latifolia, Reed mace (in fruit).

Trichostema dichotomum, . . Blue curls; pennyroyal.

Lespedcza capitata, Headed bush clover.

Oxalis stricta, Yellow wood soitcI.

Cichorium intybus, Succory.

Lobelia inflata, Indian tobacco.

" cardinalis, Cardinal flower.

Brunella vulgaris, Common seinical.

Eriopliorum polystachyon,

var. angustifolium, .... Cotton grass.

var. latifolium, an

Goodyera repens, Kattlesuake plantain.

Mr. F. W. Putnam, after some appropriate remarks,
introduced the following resolution, which was unani-
mously adopted : —

162

Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be
presented to the proprietors of the First Congregational
Church and to the citizens of Danvers generally for their
generous and kind attentions, which have contributed so
much to the pleasure and interest of the day.

Messrs. J. Fletcher, of Lawrence, and J. Henry Badger
and Edgar Vivian, of Salem, were elected resident mem-
bers.

Adjourned.

Special Meeting, Thursday, Sept. 11, 1873,

Was held this evening, commencing at 7.15 o'clock, in
the Whitctield church, Newburyport, for the reading of
a memorial address by Rev. Samuel J. Spalding, D.D.,
upon the late Henry Coit Perkins, M.D., of Newbury-
port, an interested and esteemed member of the Insti-
tute.

The foUowins: exercises were observed on this occasion :

1. Hymn. — "The spacious firmament on high."

2. Reading of Scripture and Prayer, by Rev. R. Campbell.

3. Singing. — '' Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord."

4. Address by Rev. S. J. Spalding, D.D.

5. Singing. — "God who madest earth and heaven."
G. Benediction.

The singing was by a quartette under the direction of Mr.
Wm. P. Uodge.

The thanks of the Institute are due to Ecv. Dr. Spald-
ing for his faithful and correct delineation of the character
and services of our late associate. The request for a copy
of the address for publication has been freely granted,
and the same will accordingly be printed in the twelfth
volume of the "Historical Collections."

163

Regular Meeting, Monday, Oct. 6, 1873.

Meeting this day at 4 p.m. The President in the
chair.

Johu G. Barker, of Lyun, was elected a resident mem-
ber.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Oct. 20, 1873.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From E. C. P.ollep, Sept. 12, 15 ; E. P. Boow, New York, Oct. 6; Henry I. Bowditch,
Boston, Sept., Oct. 10. 18; E. C. Cowles, Ipswich, Sept. 29; J. E. Deaue, Xew York,
Oct. 17; William J. Fletcher, Lawrence. Sept. 8; John C. Holmes, Detroit, Midi.,
Oct. G; F. R. Hough, Lowville, N. Y., Sept. 1.3; S. G. Howe. Boston, Sept. 27; T.
Morong, Ipswich, Sept. 20, Oct. 4, 8; J. R. Nichols, Haverhill, Sept. 28; A. Osgood,
Newburyport. Sept. 8; G. D. Phippen, Sept. 12; S. C. Rodgers, Troy, X. Y., Sept.
30; J. L. Robinson, Weuham, Oct. 7; Edward E.Rice, Boston, Sept. 30; Rogers
Stuart, Providence, R. I., Oct. 14; George Russell, Bo.'iton. Sept. 27; John J.
Somes, Gloucester, Sept. 9, 12, Oct. 6, 14; S. J. Spalding, Newburyport, Sept. 13,
20, Oct. 10; J. M. Thompson, Sept. .5, 9; Henry E. Waite. West Xewton, Sept. 20;
Charles A. AValker, Chelsea, Sept. 2G, Oct. 8; W.C.Wood, Wenhani. Oct. 18; W.
H. Yeomans, Culnnibia. Conn., Sept. 22; American Geographical Society, Oct. 11;
Berlin, Akklimatisations Verein, June 2G; Buffalo Historical Society, Oct. 7; Essex
Horticultural and Agricultural Society, Oct. 1 ; Liege, Sociiite Royale des Sciences,
July ; Liverpool, Royal Institution, Aug. 21 ; New York Historical Societj-, Oct. 10;
New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, Oct. 2 ; New York Lyceum of
Natural History. Oct. 6; New York State Library, Oct. 2; Paris, Societe Authropol-
ogique, Juin 12; Vermont State Library, Oct. 1.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Baklow, John. Acts and Resolves of Mass. Leg., for 1869. 1 vol. 8vo. Annual
Report of the Adjutant General of Mass. for 1862. 1 vol. 8vo. Seventh Annual
Report of the Board of State Charities of Mass. for 1869-70. 1 vol. 8vo.

Bemis, Luke, of West Chester, Penn. History of Delaware County, Penn., by
Geo. Smith, M. D. 1 vol. 8vo. Phila., 1862. History and Directory of Norristown
and Bridgeport, 1860-61. 1 vol. 12mo.

GUEEX, Sam'l a., of Boston, Mass. Miscellaneous pamphlets, IC.

1G4

IIAYDEX, F. v., of Washington, D. C. Acrididaj of North America, by Cyrus
Thomas, Ph. D. 4to pamph.

Lee, Joiix C. Commercial Bulletin for Sept. 13, 20, 1873.

Meuuitt, L. F. Shanghai Budget and Weekly Courier for .July 12, 19, 20, Aug.
2, 9, 1873.

Natioval Association? of Woof. Manufacturers. Bulletin July-Sept., 1S73.

Norton, M. E. B., of Rockford, 111. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of
Kockford Seminary for 1SG4, IStiS-0, 1867-8, 1868-9, 1809-70, 1872-3. 6 pamphlet:^.

Packard, A. S., of Brunswick, Maine. Miscellaneous college pamphlets, 4.

Palfray, C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20.

Staples, C. E., of Worcester, Mass. Programme of the Sixteenth Annual Fes-
tival of the Worcester County Musical Association, Oct. C, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1873.

Stephens, W. H., of Lowville, N. Y. Autobiography of L. Norton. 1 vol. 12mo.

Stone, E. M., of Providence, R. I. Annual Report of the School Committee of
the City of Providence, July, 1873. 8vo pamph.

Sumner, Charles, U. S. Senate. Medical and Surgical History of the War of
the Reljellion. 2 vols. -tto.

Upham Roger F. Annual Report of the Young Men's Christian Association of
Woi-cester, 1873.

U. S. Bureau of Education. Report of the Commissioners of Education,

1872. 1 vol. 8vo. Circulars of Information of tlie Bureau. Nos. 1,2. 3, 1873.

U. S. Department of the Interior. Meteorological Observations during the
year 1872 in Utah, Idaho and Montana, by H. GJijunett.
U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for Aug. 19, 26, Sept. 2, 9, 16, 23, 1873.

By Exchange.

Akklijiatisations Verein in- Berlin. Zeitschrift, Vol. ix, Nos. 7-12, 1871.
Vol. X, Nos. 1-12, 1872.

American antiquarian Society. Proceedings of the, at the Semi-Annual
Meeting,, held in Boston, Apr. 30, 1873.

Berwicksiiir'e Naturalist Club. Proceedings of, 1872.

Boston Public Library. Twenty-First Annual Report, 1873.

Crosse ET Fischer. Jonrn. Concliyliologie, Tome xiii. 3eScrie. Nos. 2, 3, 1873.

Geinitz, Hanns Bruno. Kcinigliohe Mineralogische Museum zu Dresden. 1873.

INSTITUT HiSTORiQUE IN PARIS. L' Invcstigateur, Jan., Feb., March, April,

1873. 2 pamphlets. 8vo.

KONGELIGE DANSKE VlDENSKABERNES SELSKAB IN KJOBENHAVN. Oversigt,

1872. No. ii.

L' ACADtMiE Imp<^;riale des Sciences, in St. Petersburg. Memoires, Tome
xviii, Nos. 8, 9, 10, 1872. Tome xix, Nos. 1. 2. 1872. 5 pamphlets. Bulletin. Tome
xvii, Nos. 4, 5, 1872. Tome xviii, Nos. 1-2, 1872. 3 pamphlets.

Naturihstorische GESELLSCH.VFT ZU HANNOVER. Zwciundzwanzigsler
Jahresbericht, 1871, 1872.

NATURWISSENSCILUa-LICHEN GESELLSCHAFT ''ISIS" IN DRESDEN. SitZUngS-

Berichte. Oc«-.., Nov., Dec, 1872. Jan., Feb., Miirz, 1873.

Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in IlAMiuJR(t. Uebersicht der Acniter-
Vertlieilung und Wissensclialllichcu Thiitigkcit, 1871. Abhandlungeu aus dem _
Gebiele der Naturwissencliaften. V Bd. 3 Abth. niit 8 Tafelu, l.s72.

Rufus B. Giffoi-tl, of Salcni, Mrs. :M!ny Safroid Rlakc,
of Boston, Clmrlos A. Tonvy, of Swain])sc'olt, and Frank
O. Poor of Poabotly, were duly elected resident inenihers.

BULLETIN

Essex: uststittjte.

Vol. 0. Salem, Mass., Nov., 1873. No. 11.

One Dollar a Year in Advaijce. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Xov. 3, 1873.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Frances A. A. Applcton, Reading, Sept. 2G. 1873; S.L. Boardman, Angusta,
Me., Oct. '22; E P. Boow, Xew York, Xov. 1; C. J. Maynard, Ipswich, Oct. 20;
Thomas Morong, Ipswich, Oct. 27; William Xorthoy, Oct. 29; J. H. Putnam,
Danvers, Oct. 27; William S. Vaux, Philadelphia, Oct. 31 ; John A. Vinton, Win-
chester, Oct. 23, 30; Charles A. Walker, Chelsea, Nov. 1; William C. Wood, Wen-
ham, Oct. 18; H. T. Williams, Xew York, Oct. 23; Vermont State Library, Oct. 30;
U. S.Xaval Observ.itory, Washington. Oct. 2G; Bruxelles, Academie Royale, Mai
10; Calcutta, Geological SurTOy of India, Sept. 3, 1872; Lyon, Society d' Agricul-
ture, Histoire Xaturelle et Art.- Utiles, Juillet; Historical and Philosophical Soci-
ety of Ohio, Oct. 33.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Akdrews, Miss Eliza. North British Review, 18.50. 14 nos.

BOLLKS, E. C. Boston, As it was and is. 1 vol. 8vo. 1872.

Bo^VDITCH, Henry I., of Boston. Xation, 1805. 1866, 1807, 1868. 7 vols 4to, and
220 numbers of subsequent years. Army and Navy Journal for 1803-4, 18G4-5,
1805-6. 3 vols. 4to. 9

Essex Inst. Bulletin. v 15

166

Crosby, A. Triennial Catalogue of Dartmouth College, 1873. 8vo pamph.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Sept. 27, Oct. 4, 11, 18, 1873.

LiKCOLX, Solomon, Hingham. The Old Meeting House in Hingham, 1681-1873.
8vo pamph.

Nichols. John H., of New York, N. Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 50.

Putnam, Geo. G. Salem Directory for 1804. 1 vol. 16mo. The Rural Ceme-
teries of America, pts. 3, 4. 2 pamphlets, 4to. 184(i.

U.vY.MOND, John H., of Poughkeeiisie, N. Y. Catalogues of Vassar College for
1805-G, 1866-7, 1807-8, 1809-70, 1871-2, 1872-3. Communications to the Board of Trus-
tees of Vassar College, by its Founder. 8vo pamph. Biographical Sketch of
Matthew Vassar, by J. H. Raymond. 8vo pamph. A Sketch of Vassar College, by
J. H. Raymond. May, 1873. 8vo pamph.

Saundeks, Mary. History of the town of Warwick, Mass., by Hon. Jona.
Blake. 1 vol. 8vo. 1873.

Wehb, S. P. Wood's Institute. 1 vol. 4to. London, 1703. Elementary Trea-
tise on Mechanics. 1 vol. Cambridge, 182.5. Wealth of Nations. 2 vols. 8vo.
Hartford, 1811. Patent Office Rei>ort for 1818. 1 vol. 8vo. Stewart on the Mind.
1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1821. The Federalist. 1 vol. 8vo. Washington, 1818. Laws
of Mass. Vol ii, iii. 2 vols. Boston, 1823. Holy Bible. 3 vols. 8vo. Phila., 1804.
Sermons by Rev. J. S. Buckmiuster. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1814. Memoir of Nath'l
A. Haven. 1 vol. 8vo. 1827. Element of Physics. 1 vol. 8vo. Phila., 1829. Ad-
verse Enjoyment. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1827. Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles
Lettrss. 1 vol. 8vo. N. Y., 1820. Memoirs of Gen. Lafayette. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston,
1824. The Power of Solitude. 1 vol. Svo. Bards of the Bible. 1 vol. 8vo. New
York, 18.51. Discourses by F. Wayland. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 18:53. Poems by G.
Mellen. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1833. Philosophy of Religion. 1 vol. 8vo. Phila.,
1849. Sullivan's Lectures. 2 vols. 6vo. Portland, 1805. The Scriptures on the
Guilt of Slavery^ 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1800. Elements of Technology. 1 vol. Svo.
Boston, 1829, Essays on Phrenology. 1 vol. 8vo. Phila., 1822. Universal History,
Vols, i, ii, iv. 3 vols. 12mo. Collections of the Mass. Historical Society for 1799.
1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1800. The Throne of David. 1 vol. 8vo. Phila., 1810. Me-
moirs of the Revolution. 1 vol. 8vo. Phila., 1839. • Spurzheim on Education. 1
vol. 8vo.* Boston, 1832. Jefl'erson's Manual. 1 vol. 12mo. History of Nova
Scotia, etc. 1 vol. 12mo. 1837. Washington's Letters. 2 vols. New York, 1790.
Unitarian Tracts. 3 vols. 12mo. Legend of St. George. 16mo. 18.30. The Works
of Alexander Pope. 1 vol. lOnio. London, 17.30. Sotes on the State of Virginia.
1 vol. lOnio. Boston, 1802. Hymns and Psalms. 1 vol. lOmo. Boston, 1828. The
Life and Death of the Rev. A. Fuller. 1 vol. 12mo. 1818. Channing on Slavery.
1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous Works of Oliver Goldsmith. 1 vol. ICmo. Phila., 1827.

By Exchange.

ACADft.MIE LMI'ICKIALE DES SCIENCES, BELLES-LETTKES ET ARTS IN LYON.

M<5moires, toine xix. 1871-72.

Acadi':.mie Royale des Sciences, oes Lettres et ces Beaux-Arts de
Belgiquein Bruxeli^es. Annuaire, 1872, 1873. Bulletins, 2nic surie,40me annt^e,
tomes x.xxii, xxxiii, xxxiv, 1871-2. Centit-me Anniversaire de Fondatiou (1773-
1872). Tome i, ii. 2 vols. 8vo. Observationes des Plionomtnes Periodiques pen-
dant 1' an nee, 1870. 4to pamph.

GE(iLO(iicAL Survey of India. Memoirs of t!ie (Joological Survcj'. Vol. viii,
pts. i, ii. 2 i>am|>ldets. Vol. ix, pts. i, ii. 2 i)amphlets, IH72. Records of the
Geological Survey. Vol. v, pts. i, ii, iii, Iv. 4 pampldets. Memoirs of the Geo-
logical Survey. Vol. iv, pts. i,li. 1872. 2 x)amphlots.

167

L' ACADftMIE iMPftRIALE DES SCIENCES DE ST. PETERSBURG. MeniOiieS, tOllie

xix, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 1873. 5 pamphlets.

Natural History Societv of Montreal. Canadian Naturalist. Vol. yii,
Nos. 2, 3.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Historical and Genealogi-
cal Kegister and Antiquarian Journal for Oct., 1873.

New York genealogical asu Biographical Society. Genealogical and
Biographical Uecord for Oct., 1873.

New York Lyceum of Natural History. Proceedings of the, 2d Series.
Jan. 3d, March 3d, 1S73. 8vo paniph. Annals of, March-June, 1873.

New York State Library. Twenty-fourth Annual Keport of the New Y'ork
State Museum of Natural History, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. lleports of the Regents of the
University of N. Y. for 1870, 1871, 1872. 3 vols. Svo. Reports of the Trustees of
the N. Y'. State Library for 1872-1873.

OUERHESSISCIIEX GESELLSCHAFT FCR NATUR U.N1> HEILKCXDE IX GlESSEX.

Vierzehnter Bericlit. tome xiv, 1873.

Peabody Academy of Sciexce. Fifth Annual Report of the Trustees of the.
for 1872.

Reale Accademia delle Sciexze IX Bologxa. Rendiconto, Anno Acca-
demico, 1871-72.

Societe d' Acclimatiox IX Paris. Bulletin Mensuel, tome x, Nos. 1-5. 1873,
5 pami)hlets. 8vo.

Societe d' Agriculture d' Histoire Naturelle et des Arts Utiles, Lyon,
Annales, tome iii, 1870.

Societe d' Axtiiropologie ix Paris. Bulletins, tome vii. No. i; tome viii,
No. 1. 1872-3. 2 pamphlets, Svo.

Societe Lixxeexxe ix Lyox. Annales, tome xix, 1872.

Societe Royale des Sciences de LiiiGE. Memoires 2e Serie, Tome iii, 1873.

Vermoxt Historical Society. Vermont House Journal, 1872. l vol. 8vo.
Senate Journal. 1872. 1 vol. Svo. Vermont Legislative Documents, 1872. 3 vols.
Svo. The Capture of Ticonderoga. 1 vol. Svo. Report of the Transactions of the
Vermont Dairymen's Association for 1872. Svo pamph. Report of the Vermont
Insane Hospital for 1873. Svo pamph.

Publishers. American Naturalist. Forest and Stream. Gardener's Montlily.
Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Histor-
ical Magazine. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn
Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press.
Quaritch's Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem City Post.
The Penn Monthly.

The following donations were announced to the Mu-
seum : —

George G. Creamer. A sea-letter with the signatures of Geo. Washington and
Edw. Randolph.

George D. Piiipi>ex. A Memorial Pitcher.

Mrs. P. P. Pixel. A Miniature of Capt. Eben Shillaber.

Mrs. Edward Appletox of Reading. A piece of the first Patch or India
Copperplate, as it was called, that was imported into Boston by Hon. Thaddeus
Mason, of Cambridge (b. Jan. 7, 1707, and d. May 1, 1S02), probably more than
120 years old.

168

Mr. C. J. Maynard, of Ipswich, o;ave an interesting
sketch of the mechanism of the flight of birds, which he
illustrated by a series of preparations of the breast bones,
and by drawings ou the blackboard. He also alluded to
the means by which animals belonging to other classes
are enabled to fly with a greater or less degree of perfec-
tion; such as the bats, flying fishes, flying reptiles, etc.

A discussion on some points of structure followed, par-
ticipated in by Messrs. F. W. Putnam, A. S. Packard,
Jr., and others.

Mr. F. W. Putnam read the followinsf communication :

O

NOTES ON THE BIUD-FAUNA OF THE SALT LAKE VALLEY AND
THE ADJACENT PORTIONS OF THE WAHSATCH MOUNTAINS.

By Robert Ridgwat.

The recently publislied paper of Mr. .J. A. Allen* upon the birds
collected and observed by liiin in the vicinity of Ogdeu, iu the Salt
Lake Valley, has called the attention of ornithologists to that field ;
and has, moreover, particularly attracted those interested in the sub-
ject of the geographical distribution of North American birds.

While Mr. Allen's observations were made during the season of the
autumnal migration, I had the good fortune to explore nearly the
same ground during the breeding season, f or when the summer fauna
was stationary. Combining, therefore, the results of the two explo-
rations, and taking into additional consideration that we collected iu
localities a few miles apart — Mr. Allen at Ogdeu and I at and about
Salt Lake City — the character of the avi-fauna of the western water-
shed of the Wahsatch may be pretty well shown.

*See Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., Vol.
iii, No. 6, July, 187'2. Part viii, List of the Birds c<jIIocted in the vicinity of Ogdeu,
Utah Territory, from Sept. 1 to Oct. 8, 1871; with Aunotatious. pp. lUl-173.
(Species 137.)

fit is fitting to i^tate liere that my invc.'stigatious were made under tlie auspices
of tlie government, I being attachoil to tlie U. S. Geoh)gical Survey of the Wth
parallel, as zoologist. Mr. Clarence ICing, U. S. Geologi.-^t in charge of the Survey,
throughout tlie continuance of the work, offered me every possible facility. The
general report upon tlie birds collected and observed by .Mr. King's Survey is uow
in press ;uid nearly couiploted, and will ere long be before the public.

169

The season of mj' investigations extended from the 20th of May
until the middle of August, 18f»9. Tlie area which the}' covered com-
prised the immediate vicinity of Salt Lake City, where most of the
month of May was passed, and where a few birds were collected by
me the previous October. In the early part of June a trip was
taken to the large islands, Antelope, Stansbury and Carrington, in
the Great Salt Luke. On the 23d of the latter month our camp was
removed to Parley's Park, an elevated meadow in the Wahsatch moun-
tains, about twenty-five miles east of Salt Lake City. In Parley's
Park a rich bird-fauna was found, and I had the good fortune to be
there in the height of the breeding season. About the beginning of
July, an excursion was made to the western spur of the Uintah Moun-
tains, crossing Kamas Prairie on the way. Returning along the Provo
River, passing by Utah Lake, and thence northward along the western
base of the Wahsatch, to Salt Lake City, the field of my observations
was still farther extended.

Throughout this considerable area of country no marked local vari-
ations in the bird-fauna were noticed, beyond occasionally the occur-
rence at a certain point of a species not noticed elsewhere. Thus,
on Antelope Island, the true Empidonax TraiUii was obtained. In
Kamas Prairie, Actitiinis Bartramius was noticed, while along the
Provo River, Tardus fuscescens was very abundant. In Parley's Park,
a single individual of Calamospiza bicolor was seen and obtained,
and at Salt Lake City the Melanerpes erythrocpphalus was seen. Of
course the necessary diversity of woodland, desert and aquatic fauna?
was everywhere observed in their respective haunts, but the same
kind of locality was inhabited by the same characteristic set of birds,
wherever we went.

The western water-shed of the Wahsatch Mountains is a region
remarkable as forming a natural, and nearly abrupt, limit to the
westward range of the bulk of the species characterizing the eastern
region of North America, though the western fauna overlaps for a
distance of nearly one thousand miles to the eastward. In the Ornfs
of the Salt Lake Valley there is thus a combination of these two
opposite fauna}, which gives to it an interesting variety and peculiar
richness, compared with other western localities. This mixture of
eastern and western birds at first i-ather surprises the collector in this -
section, for it is so far witiiin the area of the western region that the
former are supposed to be all left beliind. Taking the vicinity of
Salt Lake City, the collector will find, in the lower portions of the
canons of the Wahsatch, the Cat-bird (Galeoscoptes CaroUnnisis'),
skulking through the same thickets with the Woodhouse's Jay (Cyan-
ocitta Floridana, var. Woodhoiisei), while the Olive-backed Thrush
(Turdits Stcainsonii)jo\nfi in song with the Solitaire (Myiad> stes Tovni-

170

xendii). In the willow copses along the streams of the valley por-
tions, the Tawny Thrush ( Turdus fusccscens) sings in company with
the Western Tanager (Pt/ranga Ludoviciana) and Black-headed Gros-
beak {Hedymeles melanocephalus) ; the Redstart (Setophaga ruticiUa')
and Fairy Titmouse {Psaltripanis plumbeus) may often be seen flitting
through the same thickets ; in the meadows, Bobolinks (Dolichonyx
orijziGorus) and Yellow-headed Blackbirds {Xantliocophaliis irteroceph-
nlus) mingle together; in the same cottonwood trees may be found
nests of the Eastern and Western Kingbirds {Tyrannus Carolinensis
and 7\ verticaJis), while around them sport together the eastern Red-
headed Woodpecker {Melanerpes erythrocephalus) and its ring-necked
cousin {M. torquatus). Besides those above mentioned, are many
other eastern species whose ranges find their western limit in this
neighborhood. Mr. Allen gives the following as found at Ogden : —
Dendroica BlacJdnirnice (Sept.) : Vireosylvia olivacea (Sept.). Other
eastern species, given in Mr. Allen's list, I have obtained at various
points in Nevada, as follows : — Helminthophaga rnjicapiUa (East Hum-
boldt Mts., Sept. ; also California, Xantus and Gruber) ; Lanivireo soli-
taria (West and East Humboldt Mts., Sept. and Oct.) ; Ampelis cedro-
rum (Humboldt Valley, Sept.) : Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Ruby Valley,
August) ; Tyrannus Carolinensis (Truckee River, July and August) ;
also Spizella monticola (western Nevada; winter resident) and Ecto-
pistesmigmtoria (West Humboldt Mts., Sept.), not given in Mr. Allen's
list. Besides the foregoing species, Mr. C. Drexler obtained at Fort
Bridger, near the northeastern corner of Utah, and still within the
Wahsatch region, the following additional species : — Seiurus Novebo-
racensis, Empidonnx minimus, and Qniscahis ptnrpureiis var. aeneus.
These will undoubtedly yet be found in the Salt Lake Valley.

In addition to these species, Mr. H. W. Henshaw, of Lieut. Wheeler's
expedition, procured the Melospiza palustris in southern Utah, and
obtained good evidence of the breeding of Cistothorus stellaris in Utah
Lake.

Another very remarkable peculiarity of the Wahsatch region, which
I wish particularly to mention in this connection, is the fact that, in
the case of representative species or races, the eastern or Rocky
Mountain forms breed there, while the more western forms replace
them in the fall and winter. Thus "Aonotrichia Icucnphrys and Jiinco
hyhialis var. caniri'ps are the only species of these two genera which
breed on the Wahsatch, and they nest there very numerously; but in
the fall their place is taken by the western Z. leucophrys var. Gamhelii
and J. hycmalis var. Oregonns, which are unknown in summer. Lani-
vireo soUlaria var. pUimbea breeds tlun'c, while var. solitaria, coming
from the northwestward, replaces it in autumn. The same is the case
with Turdus rallasii var. Auduhoni (sunnncr resident) and var. nanus

171

(autumniil migrant) ; and apparently the case also, with Ilflmintho-
phacja Virginke (sumiuer) and //. ruficapilla (autumn).

I shall notice first the results of Mr. Allen's investigations, as em-
bodied in the list above cited ; and as I desire to add some notes on
species whose range, etc., Mr. Allen had no chance to determine, I
shall go through the catalogue in regular order. (The numbers pre-
fixed to the species correspond to those in Mr. Allen's catalogue.)

P. 1C5. No. i.= T. Pnllnaiivar. Auduhoni.

P. leo. No. 10. Cisiothorus stellaris is a misprint for C. (= Telmatodytet) ptiluUris
var. (palu'Hcola).
No. 5. {Siali't (ircticd.) I found this species breeding in Salt Lake City,
on Antelope Island, ia the lake, and on the Wahsatch Moun-
tains, in .Tune.
No. ".' (lieffulus calendula.) Found in tlie pine woods of Parley's Park
(altitude 8.000 feet) in June, July and August, and no doubt
breeds there.
No. 16. (Tlelminihophaga celntn.) Found by me breeding in the aspen

woods at an altitude of 7,000-9.000 feet, in the Wahsatch.
No. 17. (Dendroica Audtibnni.) Breeding in the pine woods of the Wah-
satch, at an altitude of 7,000-9,000 feet.
No. 19. {" D.mgresccnst.") This was very probably that species, as I
found it breeding in tolerable abundance on the East Humboldt
Mts. Mr. Aiken has also found it on the mountains of Colorado.
P. 107. No. 22. {Setophar/a rtiticilla.) I found this species to be common in the
Salt Lake region, both in tlie valley portions and in the lower
portions of the ciinons. Obtahied in June on Antelope Island,
No. 31.= C Ludovicianus var. excuhitoroides.
No. 34. Should be C. Cassimi.
No. 38. Should be var. alaudinut.
No. 39. Should be var. confinis.

No. 41. AVe found the true leucopkrys breeding abundantly in P.nrlcy's
Park, and high up in City Creek Canon, and, from May till the
latter part of August, never saw a single specimen of Z. 0am-
belii.
P. 168. No. 4.5. Should be S. pallida var. Dreioeri.
No. 46. Should be \&r.fallijx.
No. .51. Should be var. megalonyx.

No. 63. According to the strict )-ules of binomial nomenclature, the name
"■Aphdocojnn'' (Cabanis) cannot be used for this genus, the proper
name of which is Cyanocitta (Strickland) of prior date, and
strictly congeneric type (C Califormca).
Should be var. fTenryi.
No doubt var. Gairdneri, which species I found in July and August

in Parley's Park.
Should l)e var. calurus.
Should be var. umhelloidei.

Eggs obtained in Uintah Mts. in July. Very common in Wah-
satch during summer.
No. 104. Not seen by us in June on Antelope or Stansbury Islands, but
observed in the ponds on the southeast shore of the lake.

No. 72.

No. 74.

P.

170. No. 82.

p.

171. No. 92.

No. 103,

172

p. 172. No. 108. This is the /. guarauna, a south and middle American species
common in the middle provinces of the United States (where I.
^'OrdW does not occur). It is specifically distinct from ••Ordii"
which is absolutely identical with the I.f<dciaellus of Europe.
No. 109. Ihis alba. This locality is entirely new for this bird, it having not
been previously obtained witliin the middle province of the
United St .tes.
No. 114. Should be R. elegans.
P. 173. No. 135. Another species new to the fauna of the Great B.^sin.

The following species, not given in Mr. Allen's list of autumnal
birds in the vicinity of Ogden, Avere found by me breeding in Salt
Lake City and the neighborhood :

No.

Species.

Wliere found.

Alt.

Numbers.

1.

TURDUS FUSCESCENS.

Willows of river valleys.

4.000-
(i.OOO

.\bundaut.

2.

TURDUS SAVAINSOXI.

Mountain streams.

G.OOO-

9,000

4,000-

3.

Catherpes Mexicanus,

City Creek Canon near

Rare.

var. coNSPERSUS.

Salt Lake City.

5.000

4.

Certhia ajiericana.

Pine region of Wahsatch

8,000-
10.000 •

Not com-
mon.

5.

SiTTA Canadensis.

" " " "

8.000-
10.000

8.000-
lO.OllO

4.000-

Rare.

6.

Parus montanus.

"

Common.

7.

Helminthophaga

Scrub oaks of foot-'.iills,

u

VIRG1N1.E.

and mahogany woods.

G,000

8.

DENDROICA .aSSTIVA.

Everywhere.

4.000-
10.000

Abundant.

9.

COTYLE RIPARIA.

Valley portions.

4,000

''

10.

Progne SUBIS.

Aspen woods.

7.000-

n.ooo

7.000-

"

11.

Lamvikeo solitaria,

"Mahogany" and cedar

Rare.

var. plUxMBEA.

W00(lS.

10.000

12.

Carpodacus Cassinii.

Cottonwoods in parks.

(;,ono-

8,000

Abundant.

13.

Carpouacus .frontalis.

Valleys.

4.000-
(i.OOO

14.

ClIRTSOMITRIS PINUS.

Pine region and aspens.

8.000-
10.0^0

E.xtremely
abundant.

1.^.

Ciiondestes grammaca.

Valleys-.irtemisia.

4,000-
5.000

Vervaliuu-
d.int.

16.

ZONOTRICIIIA LEUCOPHKVS.

Parks.

c.ooo-

8.000

Abundant.

17.

JUNCO nVEMALIS,

var. CANICKPS.

Pine region.

8.000-
10,000

Common.

18.

POOSPIZA BIUNEATA.

Artemisia plains.

4,000-

5.000

4,0(10-

.Vbimdaut.

19.

SPIZKLLA PALLIDA,

••

rar. BuKWERI.

5,000

20.

CALAM().SP1ZA BICOLOR.

Parley's Park.

7,000

1 spec.

21.

PlPILO EUYTUUOPHTIIALMUS.

Scrub oaks of foot-liills.

4.000-

Very abun-

vur. mi;galony.\.

(i.ooo

dant.

22.

Myiarchus cuinitus,

var. CINEKASCENS.

Parley's Park.

7,000

Rare.

23.

Sayorms SAVUS.

Valleys.

4,0011-
5.000

Rath. com.

21.

EMPIDOXAX TllAILLII.

Antelope Island.

4,000?

1 spec.

173

A^o.

Species.

Where found.

Alt.

Numbers.

25.

E. Tkaillii,

Willows along stie.ims.

4,000-

Veryabun-

W»-. PLSILLUS.

7,000

diint.

26.

MOLOTHKUS I'EC'ORIS.

Valleys.

4,000

Not com-

27.

PiCUS. PUBESCEKS,

vur. Gaikuxeri.

Parks.

8,000

Very rare.

28.

PiCUS VILLOSUS,

far. Harhisii.

All wooded portions.

4.000-
10.000

Common.

29.

Sl'UVROriCL'S VARIUS,

Aspen woods.

7,000-

Verv abun-

vnr. NUCHAI.IS.

9.000

dant.

30.

SravRoncus tuvroiuels.

Pine region.

8,000-
10.000

Rare.

31.

SPIIVROPICUS WlLLIAMSONII.

" ''

8.000-
10,000

i(

32.

Melanerpes

ERYTIIKOCEPHALUS.

Salt Lake Cit}-.

4,000

1 spec.

33.

Melanerpes torquatus.

Cottonwoods of river
valleys.

4,000 ?

Not com-
mon.

34.

Trociiilcs Alexaxdki.

Flowery places every-
where.

4,000-
8.000

Common.

35.

Paxvptila melaxoleuca.

City Creek Canon.

5,000 ?

Bare.

36.

BUTEO SWAIXSOMI.

Everywhere.

4,000-
9,000

Very com-
mon.

37.

FaLCO LANAKirs,
vur. POLYAGULS.

Cliffs of caiions ; valleys.

4.000-
9,000

Rare.

38.

SVilPHElIIA SEMIPALMATA.

Marshes.

4.000-
7.000

Very com-
mon.

39.

NUMEXIUS LOXGIROSTRIS.

Marshes of lake shoi-es.

4,000

Abundant.

40.

^GIALITIS CAXTIAXUS,

Shore of Warm Spring

4,000

Very abun-

r.(;-. XIVosus.

Lake.

dant.

41.

POUZAXA .JAMAICEXSIS ?

Parley's Park, meadows.

7,000

Not rare I

42.

LARUS ARGEXTATtJS ,

var. Califorxicl'S.

Salt Lake.

4,C00

Ve*y abun-
dant.

43.

Sterna regia.

" ''

4,000

"

44.

Sterxa Forstep.i.

.. "

4,000

"

Mr. Allen obtained the following species in October, -which I 9id
not find among the summer birds. Those marked * are probably resi-
dent and breeding; the others are autumnal migrants from the north-
ern and northwestern regions : —

1. Anthus Ludovicianus. 11.

2. Heliniuthopliaga ruflcapilla. 13.

3. Dendrjica Blackburniae. 13.
*4. " nigrescens. 14.
*j. Vireosylvia olivacea. *15.

6. " solitaria. IG.

*7. Ampelis cedrorum. 17.

8. Zonotrichia leiicoi)hrys,frtr. Gambelii. 18.

9. Junco hyeuialis, var. Oregouus. 19.
*10. Corvus Americanus. 20.

Macrorhani])hus griseus.
Pelidna alpina, var. Americana.
Gambetta melanoleuca.

'' flavipes.
Ibis alba.

Rallus elegans (•' crepitans").
Anser hyperboreus.
Chroicocephalns Philadelphia.
Xema Sabinii.
Podiceps cornutus.

Mr. F. W
cation : —

Putnam also read the followius: commuui-

174

THE BIRDS OF COLORADO.— By Robert Ridgwat.

The present paper is based upon the observations of Mr. Cliarles
E. Aiken, made in El Paso county, Colorado, chiefly in the vicinity of
Fountain.* The results of this gentleman's explorations in that field
were communicated, from time to time, to Pi'ofessor Baird, Dr.
Brewer and myself, for use in our forthcoming work on North Amer-
ican Birds; but they are of such gi'eat interest that we cannot
refrain from giving the public the benefit of them sooner than their
appearance in our woi'k.

In a paper on the birds collected by Mr. C. H. Ilolden, Jr., in the
southern part of Wyoming,t Dr. Brewer has incorporated some notes
furnished by Mr. Aiken upon the birds observed by him in the con-
tiguous portions of northern Colorado; but Mr. Aiken having since
sent to me a list of all the birds obtained and observed by him within
the limits of the latter Territory, I have availed myself of his list as
a nucleus for preparing a catalogue of all the species known to have
been found within its limits. A few additions to Mr. Aiken's list have
been made from Mr. Allen's "Ornithological KeconnoissanceJ" of por-
tions of Colorado, and from the collections made by the Government
exploring parties under the direction of Dr. F. V. Hayden, U. S.
Geologist, each species so included having the fact properly noted.

Mr. Aiken's researches were attended by many very important re-
sults. A new snowbird (Junco hyemalis, var. Aikeni Kidgway, Am.
Nat., vol.vii, No. 10, Oct., 1873, p. 615), with two white bands on the
wing, and of much larger size than the common form, was found
among the high peaks and valleys of El Paso county ; and two
specimens of Centronyx Bairdii were taken in the same locality, being
the second and third examples that were then known. These speci-

•See American Naturalist, vii, No. 1, p. 13. "A Glimpse at Colorado and its
Birds. By C. E. Aiken."

t Notes on the Birds of Wyoming and Colorado Territories. By C. II. Iloldcn,
Jr; with additional memoranda by C. E. Aiken. (Edited by T. M. Brewer, M.D.)
Proceedings of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist, vol. xv, pp. 192-210 : Dec., 1S72. (U2
species.)

J Notes of an Ornithological Reconnoissancc of portions of Kansas, Colorado,
Wyoming and Utah. By J. A. Allen. Bulletin of the INIuseum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., vol. iii, No. G. Pai't iii. hist of Birds observed at the
eastern base of the Rocky iNIountains in Colorado Ti rritory, between Colorado City
and Denver, in July and Augu.-t, 1S71; witli annotations, i)]). U7-l.'>3. (81 species.)
Part vi. List of Hirds ol)served in .South Park, Park County, Colorado Territory,
in July, 1S71; with annotations, pp. 153-151). (.'^4 .species.) Part vii. List of
Birds observed in tlie \'icinity of INIt. Lincoln, Park County, Colorado, ft'om July
19 to July 2G, 1871 ; with annotations, pp. 15'J-101. (.'W species )

175

mens, one procured in the fall and the other in the spring, are in
dift'erent plumages from the type, which is a midsuninier bird, thereby
attesting the entire distinctness and perfect dissimilarity of this
species from any other yet known. But important and creditable as
these two discoveries are, the new facts in regard to the geographical
distribution of certain species, brought to light by Mr. Aiken's inves-
tigations, are of even greater value.

These facts are, first, the ranch greater northeastward range of forms
heretofore supposed to be confined to the Colorado Province, in Ari-
zona ; second, the occurrence in the mountains of Colorado of many
species found upon tlie Sierra Nevada, which seem to be entirely want-
ing in the intermediate widely spread area of the Great Basin; and,
third, the occurrence in the mountains of Colorado of many strictly
eastern species, not previously traced beyond the eastern border of
the Plains. The latter result of Mr. Aiken's collecting in Colorado,
joined to that of Mr. Allen in the same Territory and that of the
writer, and subsequently Mr. Allen and other ornithologists in Utah,
establishes the Rocky INIountain Range as the dividing line, or, more
properly, the meeting ground, of the avi-fauna? of the Eastern and
Western Regions, this system being, throughout its whole extent,
almost as nearly related to the one as to the other,— though, as would
be expected from the physical conditions of the country, the western
element preponderates. Besides these discoveries in the geographical
distribution of the species, new facts in relation to the range, habits
or other peculiarities, of certain species are among other of the very
satisfactory results of Mr. Aiken's ornithological explorations in Col-
orado. As a particular example, I may mention the discovery of tlie
fact that Corvus criiptolencKS, formerly supposed to be confined to the
Llano Estacado of Texas, is a very common bird along the eastern
base of the Rocky Mountains, as far north as Cheyenne!

Upon examining a map of Colorado, it will be seen that the topog-
raphy of this Tei'ritory is peculiarl}' favorable to an extremely varied
fauna. The water-shed of the Continent runs across it almost in the
middle, the streams on the eastern slope flowing into the Gulf of
Mexico through the western tributaries of the Mississippi River, and
those of the western slope emptying into the gulf of California,
througli the northeastern tributaries of the Rio Colorado. The direct
result of its central position between several drainage systems is
that the general eastern and western fauna; meet, or overlap; the
birds characteristic of the Rio Grande district also enter its limits by
following the head waters of that stream northward into San Louis
Park and the adjacent country, while those of the Arizona district
follow the northeastern tributaries of the Colorado River, and diflVise
themselves over the western portion. In the northwestern corner

176

there is also a slight impress of the desert fauna of the Middle Prov-
ince in consequence of tlie arid nature of the Green Eiver district,
■while along the eastern base of the mountains the peculiar fauna of
the Plains is the prevailing one upon the grassy foot-hills and prairies.
The following tables will show more clearly the distinct geograph-
ical elements in the Colorado avi-fauna. The species with an aste-
risk (*) prefixed were first found in Colorado by Mr. Aiken.

I. EASTERN SPECIES FOUND IN COLORADO.

1. Tardus fuscescens.

2. Turdus Swainsoni.

3. Galeoscoptes Carolinensis.

i. Harporhynchus rufus.

*5. Sialia sialis.

*6. Helminthophaga peregrina.

*7. Parula Americana.

8. Dendroica coronata.

9. Setophaga ruticilla.

♦10. Passerculus savanna.

11. Zonotrichia leueophrys.

12. Junco hy emails.

13. Spizella monticola.

14. Euspiza Americana.
*15. Cyanospiza cyanea.

IG. Dolichonyx oryzivorus.

*I7. Icterus Baltimore.

18. Icterus spurius.

19. Quiscalus seneus.

Supposed Western Limit.

Salt Lake Valley ; breeding ;
common. Eidgway.

E. Humboldt Mts., Nevada;
Sept. EiDGWAy.

Islands of Salt Lake ; breed-
ing. Eidgway.

Eastern base of Eocky Moun-
tains. Gov't Survey.

El Paso Co., Col. Aiken.

El Paso Co., Col. Aiken.

El Paso Co., Col., May 11.
Aiken.

Denver, Col. Wernigk. El
Paso Co. AiKKX.

Islands of Salt Lake ; breed-
ing. Eidgway.

El Paso Co., Col. Aiken.

Wahsatch Mts. ; W. slope ;
breeding. Eidgway.

Arizona. Coues. Utah. Hkn-
siiAW. Colorado. Aiken.

Col. E. Kkxnerly. W. Na. ;
com. win. res. Eidgway.

Denver. Ai.len.

El Paso Co., Col. Aiken.

Euby Valley, Nevada, Aug.
and Sept. Kidgwav.

EI Paso Co., Col. Aiken.

Denver, Colorado. Ai.i.kn

Fort IJridgcr, Wyoming.
DuE.Ni.KiJ. Col. Aiken.

177

20. Tyrannus Carolinensis.

21. Empidonax Traillii.

22. Empidonax minimus.

"23. Sphyropicus varius.

"24. Centurus Carolinus.

25. Melanerpes erythroceplialus.

26. Nisus Cooperi.
"27. Grus Americanus.

28. Actiturus Bartramius.

"29. Anas obscura.

30. Querquedula discors.

Supposed ir(.sfe7-n Limit.

W. Na ; breeding ; S. L. Val. ;
breeding. Ridgwat.

Antelope Island, Salt Lake;
June, 18G9. Kidgway.

Fort Bridger, Wyoming.
DiiEXLER. Col. Aiken.

Colorado. Aikex.

Colomdo. AiKKN.

Salt Lake ("ity; June.

RiDGWAY.

Doubtful.

Colorado. Aikkn.

Kamas Prairie, Utah ; July ;
breeding. Ridgway.

Colorado. Aiken.

W.Nevada; rare; breeding?
Ridgway.

II. OTHER EASTERN SPECIES FOUND AT MORE WESTERN POINTS, NOT
YET DETECTED IN COLORADO.

1. Cistothorus stellaris.

2. Helminthophaga rufieapilla.

3. Dendroica Blackburnise.

4. Seiurus Noveboracensis.

6. Lanivireo solitaria.
6. Vireosylvia olivacea.

7? Plectrcphanes Lapponicus.

8. Melospiza palustris.

9. Passerella iliaca.

10. Corvus A.mericanus.

Utah Lake; breeding. Hex-

SHAW.

California. Xantus and Gru-
BER. Ogden, Utah, Sept.
Allen. E. Humboldt Mts.,
Na. ; Sept. Ridgway.

Ogden, Utah; Sept. Allen.

Fort Bridger, Wyoming,
Drexler.

W. and E. Humboldt Mts.,
Nevada; Sept. Ridgway.
S. L. Val. ; Sept. Allen.

Fort Bridger, Wyoming.
Drexler. Salt Lake Val. ;
Sept. Allen.

W.Nevada; winter. Ridgwa:y.
Southern Utah; Oct. Hen-

SHAW.

Saticoy, Cal.; Nov. Dr.
Cooper.

W. Nevada; Oct. aud Nov.
Ridgway.

178

II. Coccygus Americanus. Sac, Cal., Juno; Ridgway.

W. Nevada, July and Aug.
Ridgway. Tucson, Ariz. ;
breeding. Bexdire. Fort
Burgwyn, New Mex. Dn.
Anderson.

12? Coecygus erythrophthalmus. N. Cal. Dr. Newberry.

13. Hylotomus pileatus. Columbia Kiver. Townsend.

14. Colaptes auratus. California. Cooper.

15. Ectopistes migratoria. W. Humboldt Mts., Nevada;

Sept. Ridgway.

III. SPECIES OP THE SOUTHERN BORDER OF THE U. S., WHICH HAVE

BEEN FOUND IN COLORADO, BUT WHICH PROBABLY DO NOT
OCCUR IN THE GREAT BASIN AT CORRESPONDING LATITUDES.

a. Found from Florida to California.
*1. Mimus polyglottus. (Colorado bird is var. caudalus Baird.)
*2. Polioptila cserulea.
*3. Guiraca cserulea.
*i. Cardinalis Virgiaianus. (var. igneus Baird.)

h. From Florida to the Bocky Moiintains.
*i>. Meleagris gallop avo. (var. il/ea:ic«n« Gould.)
G. Demiegretta sp. ?

c. From the Bio Grande to California.
7. Tyrannus vociferans.
*8. Geococcyx Califoi'nianus.
*9. Pipilofusca. (var. ?jiesoZej<ca Baird.)

d. Eastern base of Bocky Mountains, only.
*10. Corvus cryptoleucus.

IV. WESTERX SPECIES FOUND IN COLORADO, WHICH APPARENTLY

DO NOT OCCUR IN CORRESPONDING LATITUDES IN THE GREAT
BASIN.

*1. Sialia Mexicana. (Found in western Iowa by Mr. Atkinson !)
*2. Lophophanes inornatus.

a. Sitta aculeata.

4. Sitta pygmaja.
*o. Glaucidium Californicum.

179

CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS KXOWN TO OCCUR IN COLORADO; DIS-
TINGUISHING (WITH AN ASTERISK) THOSE WHICH HAVE BEEN
ASCERTAINED TO BREED WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE TER-
RITORY, AND APPROXIMATELY INDICATING THEIR R-ANGE
DURING THE BREEDING SEASON.

No birds are included in the following list which are not positively
known to occur within the limits of Colorado, nor are any of those
marked as breeding in the Territory so distinguished without as good
reason. Many species not found by Messrs. Aiken and Allen have
been obtained bj' one or more of the several Government expeditions,
chiefl}' those in charge of Dr. F. V. Haydeu, which have from time to
time made portions of Colorado their field of exploration.

No, Species. Centre of

*1. Turdus fuscescens Stephens.

*2. Turdus Swainsoni Cabanis.

*3. Turdus Pallasii Cauan.,
car. AUDiiiONi Baird.

*4. Turdus migratorius L.

*5. Galeoseoptes Carolinensis (L.).

*6. Oreoscoptes montanus (Towns.).

*7. Harporhynchus rufus (L.),
var. I.ONGICAUDA Baird.

*8. Mimus polyglottus,

car. CAUDArrs Baird.

*0. Cinclus Mexicanus Swains.

10. Sialia sialis (L.).

*11. Sialia Mexicana Swains.

♦12. Sialia arctica Swains.

♦13. Regulus calendula (L.).

U. Regulus satrap a Light.

15. Polioptila cserulea (L.).
*16. Lophophanes inornatus (Game.).
♦17. Parus montanus Gamb.

♦18. Parus atrieapillus L.,

var. SKPTENTKiuNALis Harrls.

abundance during breeditic/ season.

Along the lower streams.

" " mountain "
Pine region.

All wooded portions.
Along streams!
Artemisia plains.
Foot-hills.

Mt. streams and torrents.

Foot-hills.

Bare portions of moun-
tains, near tree-limit;
occasionally breeds
lower down.

Pine region.

Foot-hills?

Pine region.

Strc-jms of lower por-
tions.

180

iVo.
*19.

*20.

*21.

*22.

*23.

*A.

*25.

26.

*27.

*28.
*29.

FSpecies. Centre of abundance during breeding season.

Psaltriparus minimus (Towns.), Cafiou streams.
var. PLUMBEUS Baird.

Sitta Carolinensis Lath.,

var. ACULEATA Cass.

Sitta pusilla Lath.,
var. PYGM.EA Vig.

Certhia familiaris L.,

var. A.MEuicANA Bonap.

Salpinctes obsoletus (Say).

Catherpes Mexicanus,

var. coNSPERsus Jiidgvv.

Troglodytes sedon Vieili..,
var. PAKKMANNi Aud,

Troglodytes parvulus Koch.,

var. iiYEMALis Vieill.

Telmatodytes palustris (VYii.s.).

Antlius Ludovicianus (Gm.).
Helminthophaga Virginiae Baird.

Pine region,

"30. Helminthophaga celata (Say).

Stony localities — every-
wliere.

Rocky gorges or precipi-
tous canons.

All wooded portions,
chiefly on mountains.

Rushes of lakes, ponds,
etc., chiefly in valley
portions.

Alpine summits.

Foot-hills, scrub oaks and
"mahogany" woods.

Aspen woods, near the
pine region.

31.

32.

*33.

34.
*35.

Helminthophaga peregrina (WiLs.)
Parula Americana (L.).
Dendroiea sestiva (Gm.).

Woods every where, chief-
ly lower portions.

Dendroiea coronata (L.).

Dendroiea coronata (L),
var. AUDUiiONi Towns.

36. Dendroiea nigreseens (Towns.)
*37.

*38.
*39.

Pine region.

Cedar, mahogany
pinon groves.

and

Geothlypis Philadelphia (WiLS), Canons and ravines of

mountains.

var. MAtGlLI.lVKAVI Aud

Geothlypis trichas (L.).

40.

Icteria virens (L.),
var. i.(>n<jICaui)a Lawr.

Myiodioctes pusillus (Wils.).

Setophaga ruticilla (L.).

Along the lower streams,
or marshy meadows.

Along streams below
pine region.

S t r e a m s
reifion.

below pine

181

iVo. Species.

*i2. Progne subis (L.).

"43. Petrdchelidon Itinifrons (Say)

Centre of abundance during breeding season.

Pineregion and adjoining
aspen woods ; occa-
sionally lower.

Cliffs, everywhere below
the Alpine region.

Caves everywhere.

With P. subis.

*U. Hirundo horreorum Bautr.

*45. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.)-

*4:G. Tachyeirieta thalassina (SwAixs.)- 1" cliffs with PamjpHla

mdanoleuca ? occasion-
ally in holes with T.
bicolor and P. stibis?

"47. Cotyle riparia (L ).

Earth banks, valley por-
tions.

^48.
"49.

■oO.

Sfcelgidopteryxserripennis(AuD.). With C. riparia.

Vireosylvia gilva,

var. SWAINSONI Baird.

Lanivireo solitaria (Wils.),
va,. I'LUMiJEA Coues.

51. Ampelis garrulis L.

52. Ampelis cedrorum Vieill.

*J3. Myiadestes Townsendii (Aud.).

54. CoUurio borealis (Vieill.).

*55. ColUirio Ludovieianus (L.),
var. E.YCunrroiiOiDES Swains.

*5G. Pyranga Ludoviciana (Wils.).

57. Hospsriphona vespertina,

var. MONTANA Kidgw.

58. Pinicola eaucleator (L.),

var. "c vnadi:nsis liriss."

*50. Cai'podacus Cassinii Baird.

*G0. Carpodacus frontalis (Say).

*6l. Chrysomitris pinus (Wils.).

*G2. Chrysomitris tristis (L.).

*63. Chrysomitris psaltria (Say).

6t. Loxia ciirvirostra L.,

var. MEXICAN A Slrickl.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. v

All deciduous woods.

Foot-hills with Ilelmia-
thophaga Virginia;.

Cedars of foot-hills and
rocky gorges.

Open places at nearly all
altitudes.

All wooded places, but
chierty lower part of
pine region.

Cottonwoods at lower
edge of pine region.

Valley portions and foot-
hills.

Pine region and adjoin-
ing aspen woods.

Valley portions.

Foot-hills?

16

182

.Vo.

G5.

*66.

G7.

*GS.

*G9.

70.

*71.

72.
*73.

i'<pecifs. Centre of abundance during breeding season.

Leucosticte tephrocotis Swains.

Leucosticte tephrocotis, Alpine summits.

var. AUSTKALis Allen.

Plectrophanes nivalis (L.).

Plectrophanes ornatus (Towns,).

Plectrophanes Maccowni Lawii.

Centronyx Bairdii (Aud.). Aiken.

Coturniculus passerinus,
var. PEKPALLious Kidgw.

Passerculus savanna (Wils.).

Passerculus savanna (Wils.),
var. ALAUDiNUs Bouap.

Poocaetes gramineus,

var. coNFiNis Baird.

Chondestes grammaca (Say).

Plains — eastern base of
Kooky Mountains.

With P. ornatus.

Foot-hills.

Meadows, val. portions.

With C. passerinus.

Mountain parks, chiefly.

Artemisia plains ; occa-
sionally mt. parks.

'•7G.
77.

78.
79.

Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). Mountain parks.

Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.).
var. INTERMEDIA Kidgway.

Junco hyemalis (L.).

Juneo hyemalis,

var. AiKENi Kidgway.

Junco hyemalis (L.),
var. CANiCEPS VVoodh.

Junco hyemalis (L.),
var. ANNECTENs Baird.

Junco hyemalis (L.),
var. oREiJONUS Towns.

*80.

81.

82.
*83. Poospiza bilineata (Cass.).

*84. Poospiza Bellii,

v<tr. nevadensis Kidgw.

85. Spizella monticola (Gm.).

Spizella socialis,

var. AKizoNTE Cones.

Pine region.

*8G.
*87.

*88.

Spizella pallida (Sw.).

Spizella pallida (Sw.),
var. BRKWKUi Cass.

Artemisia plains. (Col-
orado drainage only?)

With P. bilineata.

Woods, chiefly foot-hills.

Only east of the foot of
the mountains; plains
and foot-hills.

Artemisia plains.

183

^o. Species. Centre of

*89. Melospiza melodia (WiLs.),
vd.r. I'Ai.i.AX 15;iird.

*90. Melospiza Lincolni (Aud.)-

*9i. Passerella iliaca (Mehk.),
(•(()•. soiiisT.vcKA Baird.

♦92. Calamospiza bicolor (Towxs.)-
*93. Euspiza Americana (Gm.)-

*'3i. Hedymeles

melanocephalus (Swains.)-

95. Guiraca cserulea (L.).

96. Cyanospiza cyanea (L.).
*97. Cyanospiza anaoena (Say).

98. Cardinalis Virginianus (Bkiss.),
rar. igxeus Baird i*

*99. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (L.),
vur. AUCTicus Swains.

*100. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (L.),
V(tr. MEGALOXYx Baiixl.

*101. Pipilo chlorura (Towns.).

102. Pipilo fusea Sw.,

var. MEsoLEUCA Baird.

103. Eremophila alpestris (L.),

var. ••COKNUTA Wils."

104. Eremophila alpestris (L.),

var. occioentalis McCall.

*105. Eremophila alpestris (L.),

var. ciiKYSOL.i'MA Wagl.

106. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (L.),
car. ALBixuciiA Kidgw.

*107. Molothrus peeoris (Gm.).

*108. Xanthoeephalus

icterocephalus (Bonap.).

*109. Agelaius phoeniceus (L.).

*110. Sturnella magna (L.),

var. XEULECTA Aud.

111. Icterus Baltimore (L.).
*112. Icterus Bullockii Swains.

abundance during breeding season.

Vicinity of streams up to
the pine region.

Mountaiu parlvS.

Streams of the mountain
parks.

Plains, chiefly eastward
of the mountains.

Plains east of the moun-
tains. Denver(AELEN).

Margin of streams below
pine region.

Streams and scrub below
pine region.

Eastern foot-hills and val.
streams east of the mts.

Western foot-hills and
mountain streams.

Mountain parks.

Arid plains.

Chiefly the val. portions.
Marshes of the valleys.

With X icterocephalus.

Meadows below the pine
region.

All wooded portion be-
low the pine region.

184

No.

113.
*-lU.

115.

*11G.

*117.
*118.
*119.

Impedes.

Icterus spurius (L.).

Centre of abundance during breeding seaso7i.

Streams of lower por-
tions. Denver (Allen).

Foot-hills, cedar woods.

Everj'wliere.

Scolecophagus

cyanoceplialiis (WACii..),

Quiscalus purpureus,

far. .ENEUS Kidgw.

Corvus corax L.,

rar. cakxivorus Bartr.

Corvus cryptoleucus Coucii.

Picicorvus columbianus (Wils.). Pine region.

Gymnokitta Pinon woods of foot-liills.

cyanoeephala (Pii. Max.).

Pica caudata L.,

var. iiUDSoxiCA J. Sabine.

*120.
*121.
*122.
*123.
*]24. Tyrannus Carolinensis (L.)

Cyanura Stelleri (Gm.),
var. MACiioLOi'iiA Baird.

Cyanocitta Floridana (Bautr.),
var. wooDiiousEi Baird.

Perisoreus Canadensis,

var. CAPiTALis Baird.

Streams below the pine
region.

Pine resrion.

*125. Tyrannus verticalis Say.

*12G. Tyrannus vociferans Swains.

*127. Contopus borealis Swaixs.

*128. Contopus Richardsonii Swains.

*129. Myiarehus crinitus (L.),
var. ciNEitAscENS Lawr.

*130. Sayornis Sayus BoN.xi'.

131. Empidonax Traillii (Aud ).
*132. Empidonax pusillus (Swains ).

*133. Empidonax flaviventris Baird,

var. Dii Eicii.is Baird.

134. Empidonax minimus Baird.

135. Empidonax Hammondii Xantus.

*13G. Empidonax obscurus (Swains.). Aspen woods below the

pine region.

ChU'lly valley portions
anil parks.

Foot-hills and lower
mountain streams.

Pine region.

Lower portions and
mountain parks.

With 2'. Carolinensis.

Pine region.

A 11 woods below pine reg.

Streams up to the moun-
tain parks.

Rocky arid portions,
plains aud canons.

AVillows along streams
ui) to the parks.

Pine region.

*137. Ceryle alcyon (L.).

185

No.
*13S.

*i3a.

♦HO.
*U1.

*U2.

143.
*\U.

U5.

l-t6.

117.
*U8.

*149,
150.
151.

*152.

*153.
*154.

155.
*15G.

157.
*158.

159.

Species.

Centre of abundance during breeding season.

Chordeiles popetue (Vikill.),
var. HKNUVi Cass.

Antrostomus Nuttalli .Vud.
Panyptila melanoleuca Baikd.

Tx'ocliilus

Alexandri Boukc. and Muls.

Selasphorus

platycercus (Swains.).

Geococeyx Californianus (Less.).

Picus villosus (L.),
var. iiAitKisii Aud.

Picus pubescens (L.),
var. c.Air.DXKi:! And.

Picoides tridactylus (L.),
var. DORSALis Baird.

Sphyrapieus varius (L.).

Sphyrapicus varius,
var. NLCiiALis Baii'd.

Valleys, foot-hills and
parks.

Cliiefly valleys aud foot-
hills; open places.

Rocky clifls, chiefly iu' the
mountains. Limestone
precipices preferred.

Green Kiver district, or
western slope only ? up
to the parks.

Chiefly the parks.

All wooded places.

Lower edge of pine
region.

Pine region near the
upper edge.

Aspens just below the
pine region.

Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cass.) Pine region.
Centurus Carolinus (L.).
Melanerpes erythrocephalus (L.).

Melanerpes torquatus (^YILS.)•

Colaptes auratus (L.),
var. MEXICAXUS Swains.

Speotyto cunieularia (Mol.),
var. HYPOG.KA Bonn p.

Glaucidiiim passerinum (L.),
var. calif()i;nicu>i Scl. ?

Bubo Virginianus (Gm.),
var. Aucncus Swains.

Scops asio (L.),

[trtc. MACCALLi Cass. ?].

Otus vulgaris (Flem),
var. WILSONIANUS Less.

Faleo communis Gmel.,
var. AXATLM Bonap.

Foot-hills and valley
streams.

All wooded places.

Artemisia plains and
foot-hills.

All wooded portions.

Willow thickets along
streams.

Eockj'. places in vicinity
of water.

186

No.
*160.

161.

162.
*163.
*164.

*165.
?166.

*167.

168.
*169.

*170.

*171.
172.

♦173.

174.

175.
*176.
*177.

♦178.
♦179.
♦180.

♦181.

♦182.

♦183.

Faleo lanarius L.,

var. POLYAGRUS Cass.

Falco columbarius Linn.

Faleo Richardsonii Ridgw.

Falco sparverius L.

Circus cyaneus (L.),
var. HUDSONius L.

Nisus fuscus (Gm.).

Nisus Cooperi (Bonap.).

Nisus Cooperi (Bonap.),
var. MExiCANUS Swains.

Astur palumbarius (L.),

var. ATRICAPILLUS Wils.

Buteo Swainsoni Bonap.

Buteo borealis (Gm.),
var. CALURus Cass.

Archibuteo ferruginous (Light.).

Archibuteo lagopus (Brijnn.),

var. SANCTI-JOHANNIS Gm.

Aquila chrysaetus L.,

var. GANADENSIS L.

Centre of abundance durinfj breeding season.

Rocky canons and open
plains.

All timbered places.

Marshes, chiefly in the
valleys.

Lower wooded districts.

With iV. fnscus.

Everywhere: breeds
chiefly among scattered
aspens in parlvs and
scrub oalvs on foot-hills.

Everywhere.

Rocky portions of the
mountains.

Haliaetus

Vicinity of
leucocephalus (Bkiss.). lakes.

rivers and

Pandion haliaetus (L.),

var. GAROLINENSIS Gm.

Cathartes aura (L.).
Zensedura Carolinensis (L).

Meleagris gallopavo L.

Canace obscura (Say).

Bonasa umbellus (L.),
vitr. UMiiELLoiDES Douglas.

Centrocercus

urophasianus (Bonap.).

Pediocaetes phasianoUus (L.),
var. coi.GMRiANUS Ord.

Lagopus leucurus Swains.

With H. leucocephalus.

Everywhere below the
pine region.

Everywhere below the
pine region.

Pine region and parks.
Pine region.

Artemisia plains.

Rye grass meadows.

Alpine summits.

187

A^o. Species.

184. Grus Americanus (L.)-
*185. Grus Canadensis (L.).

*18G. Ardea herodias L.

187. Demiegretta sp. ?

*188. Botaurus lentiginosus Steph.
*189. Ibis guarauna (Gm.)-
*190. ^gialitis vociferus (L.)-

*191. ^gialitis montanus (Towns.)-

192. Charadrius pluvialis (L.),

v':(r. viKCixicus Borck.

193. Gallinago gallinaria (Gm.),

car. wiLsoxii Temra.

194. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gm.).

195. Pelidna alpina,

rcr. AMEHiCAXA Cass.

196. Aetodromus maculatus (Vieill.).

197. Aetodromus Bairdii Coues.

198. Aetodromus m.inutilla (Vieill.).

199. Ereunetes pusillus (L.).

*200. Symphemia semipalmata (Gm.).

201. Gambetta melanoleueu (Gm.).

202. Gambetta flavipes (Gm.).

*203. RhyacopMlus oehropus (L.),
V(ir. soi.iTAHiu.s (Wils.).

*20t. Tringrides hypoleucus (L.),
var. MAcrLAiuus (L.).

205. Aetiturus Bartramius (Wils.).

*20G. Numenius longirostris Wils.
*207. Recurvirostra Americana Gm.

Centre of abundance during breeding season.

Marshy meadows, chiefly
in valleys.

Lower portions.

Lower portions.

Marshes of valleys.

Streams below the pine
region.

Streams or marshes of
valleys and parks.

*208. Himantopus nigricollis Vieill.
*209. Phalaropus Wilsonii Sab.
210. Rallus Virginianus L.
*2ll. Porzana Carolina Vieill.

♦212. Fulica Americana Gm.

Valleys and parks.

With li. solitarius.

Prairies and meadows,
chiefly east of the mts.

Meadows of valleys.

Mar.shes. chiefly in the
vicinity of alkaline
ponds.

With a. Americana.

Ponds of val. portions.

Marshes of parks and
valleys.

Ponds, chiefly in valleys.

188

jVo. Species. Centre of abundance durimj breedinij season

213. Cygnus Ainerieanus SiiAiu'LKss.

*214 Branta Canadensis (L.). Secliuled lakes.

215. Branta Canadensis (L.),
var. HUTCiiiNsii Kich.

"216. Anas taoschas L. Ponds aud marshy mead.

cliiofly in the valleys.
217. Anas obsctira Gm.

*2I8. Daflla acuta (L.). WiUi A. hoschas.*

*219. Nettion Carolinensis (Gm.).

*220. Querquedula discors (L.).

*22i. Querquedula

cyanoptera (Vieill.),

*222. Spatula clypeata (L.).

*223. Chaulelasmvis streperus (L ).

*224:. Mareca Americana (Gm.).

225. Aix sponsa (L.).

226. Pulix marila (L.).

227. Pulix marila (L.).

var. AFFiNis Forst.

228. Fulix coUaris (Doxov.).

220. Aythya Americana (Eyto.n)-

230. Aythya vallisneria (Wils.).

231. Bvicephala Americana (Box.).

232. Bueephala alb3ola (L.).
*233. Erismatura rubida (VVii.s.).

231. Mergus merganser L.,

car. .\:\iKiacANi;s Cass.

235. Lophodytes cucullatus (L.).

*23G. Pelecanus erythrorhynehus Gm.

237. Larus sp?

238. Larus Delawarensis Oud.
*239. Sterna Forsteri NuTT.

240. Hydrochelidon fissipes (L.).

2-11. Colymbus glacialis L.,

/■'(/•. ToiK^UATrs liiihin.

212. Podiceps auritus (L.),

r(tr. CAi.iFouNious Ilorrm.

243. Podylimbus podiceps (L.).

*Tlic ditcks and other Kututores nearly all breed in the same localities.

189

NOTES ON THE SPECIES IN THE PRECEDING CATALOGUE.

11. SIALIA MEXICAXA. I have not seen specimens of this
species from the lloclv}' Mountains, and do not linow whether they
present au}' features of a geographical race different from that found
ou the Pacific coast. On tlie eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, I
obtained specimens without a trace of brown on the back, and with
that of the breast divided into two isolated patches — one ou each
side — by a blue "isthmus," connecting the blue of the throat and
that of the abdomen.

16. LOPHOPHAXES IXORXATUS. In this species the difference
between Paciflc coast and Rocky Mountain specimens is very marked,
the former being much browner than the latter; but there being no
difference in proportions, or other respects, the differentiation scarcely
amounts to that of a race.

24. CATHERPi:SMEXICANUS,var. COXSPERSUS Ridgway. See
Am. Nat., vol. vii, Xo. 10, Oct., 1873, p. G03.

57. HESPERIPHONA VESPERTIXA, var. MONTANA Eidgway.
See '-Birds of California," I, p. 175. Two specimens from Mr. Charles
Donglas, of Waukegan, Illinois, collected at the latter place in the
winter of 1873 (January or February), are perfectly typical examples
of this southern i-ace, the characteristic features of which are the
absence of the white spots on tail feathei's, tail-coverts and primaries,
and much narrower yellow frontlet' than in the northern form. In
this case we see, as in that of C/injsomitris psaltria, an instance of
Increased melanism to the southward.

64. LOXIA CURVIROSTRA, var. MEXICAXA. Though this is
the resident form on the high mountains of Colorado, the var. Ameri-
cana no doubt occurs in winter. I obtained the latter in the East
Humboldt Mountains in September, and it was then common there. L.
leucoptera was also common at the same time, and a beautiful male was
seen about the middle of August on that range, leading to the suspi-
cion that the species may breed on the higher portions of the Rocky
Mountains and justifying the belief that it will at least be found in
winter on the mountains of Colorado.

GG. LEUCOSTICTE TEPHROCOTIS, var. AUSTRALIS Allen.
This form was first noticed by Mr. Allen in the " American Xaturalist,"
and subsequently in the "Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy," as cited below. Its synonymy and characters are as follows : —

Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. Australis Allen.

/-

100

Lencosticte tephroeotis Allen, Am. Nat., vi, No. 5, May, 1872. lb.,
Bull. Mus. Corap. Zool., vol. iii, No. G, p. 177.

Ch. Similar to var. tephroeotis, but without anj^ gray on the head,
the red of the abdomen and wing-coverts bright carmine, instead of
dilute rose color, and the bill deep black, instead of mostly yellow.
Prevailing color umber brown (more earthy than in tephroeotis) be-
coming darker on the head, and approaching to black on the forehead.
Nasal tufts white. Wings and tail dusky, the secondaries and prima-
ries skirted with paler; lesser and middle wing-coverts, and upper and
lower tail-coverts, broadly tipped with rosy carmine, producing nearly
uniform patches. Abdominal region with the feathers bi-oadly tipped
with bright carmine or intense crimson, this covering, nearly uni-
formly, the whole sui'face. Bill and feet deep black.

Male (original No. 963, Mt. Lincoln, Colorado Territory, July 25,
1871; J. A. Allen). Wing, 4-20; tail, 3-10; culmeu, -45; tarsus, -70;
middle toe, -60.

Female (No. 960, same locality, etc.). Wing, 4-00 ; tail, 3-00. Colors
paler and duller, with the red almost obsolete.

Hah. Mt. Lincoln, Colorado. Breeding above the timber line
(Allen).

70. CENTRONYX BAIRDII (Aud.) = C. OCHROCEPHALUS
Aiken. Mr. Aiken has collected a second specimen of this bird at the
same locality where the first one was procured, in El Paso Co. This
one, collected May 6, 1873, being in spring plumage is so decidedly
intermediate between Audubon's original type of C. Bairdii (in worn,
faded midsummer dress) and the autumnal specimen which Mr. Aiken
characterized as C. ochrocephahis (Am. Nat., vol. vii. No. 4, p. 236) that
there is every probability of all three specimens being the same spe-
cies in different seasonal stages. Mr. Aiken is not to blame for de-
scribing his first specimen as a new species, for he, not having an
opportunity to compare it with the original C. Bairdii, trusted the
identification of the specimen to me, and at my suggestion described
it as new, the great difference between the two specimens warranting,
in my opinion at the time, a specific separation.

The last specimen collected by Mr. Aiken is in my collection (No.
2,141), Its measurements are as follows :— wing, 2-80; tail, 2-10; cul-
men, -45; tarsus, -80; middle toe, -60. "Length, 5-62; extent, 9-04.
Legs and lower mandible, flesh color; upper mandible, horn color, the
tip lighter; toes and claws dusky." No. 1,266, Aiken's Coll., El Paso
Co., Colorado, May 6, 1873.

Dr. Elliott Coues, the naturalist of the Northern Boundary Survey,
in charge of Commissioner A. Campbell, has taken tluring the past
summer, but since Mr. Aiken's captures, about seventy specimens of

191

this species along tlie uorllieni border of Daliota, iu tlie iieigliborliood
of the head waters of the Souris River. For a very interesting article
in this connection the reader is referred to the "American Naturalist,"
vol. vii, Nov., 1873, p. 695.

I am also informed by letter from Mr. II. W. Henshaw, the natural-
ist of the government exploring expedition in New Mexico and Ari-
zona, in charge of Lieutenant George M. Wheeler, U. S. Engineer
Corps, that he has collected about thirtj' specimens during the course
of their sunnner's explorations, in southeastern Arizona and western
New Mexico. This species cannot, therefore, be longer considered
one of the rare birds of North America.

71. COTURNICULUS PASSEKINUS, var. PERPALLIDUS Kidg-
way. See Coues' Key, p. 137.

79. JUNCO HYEMALIS, var. AIKENI Ridgway, See Am. Nat.,
vol. vii. No. 10, p. 615; Oct., 1873.

84. rOOSPIZA BELLII, var. NEVADENSIS Ridgway.

Cir. Like P. Bellii, but much larger and all the colors paler; purer
asliy above, with very distinct streaks on the back. Wing, 3-20 (in-
stead of 2-50) ; tail, 3-20 (instead of 2-50) ; culmen, -35; tarsus, -76.

Hah. Entire area of the Middle Province of the U. S. ; east to
Green River, Wyoming ; northward resident to beyond the parallel of
40°.

87. SPIZELLA PALLIDA. The possibility of S. pallida Swaiu.
and ^S". Breweri Cass, being regional modifications of the same species
is rendered very doubtful by two facts, viz. : (I), that they have been
taken together at the same locality, and (2) that intermediate speci-
mens have not been seen. Mr. Allen collected numerous typical ex-
amples of both forms at Cheyenne, yet his collections did not contain
a single specimen which could not be referred immediately to one or
the other. *S'. pallida replaces S. Bretceri in Lower California, thus
having a somewhat remarkable range, exactly paralleled, however, by
that of Zonolrichia leitcophrys, which is abundant at the cape to the
exclusion of var. gambelii.

91. PASSERELLA ILIACA(L.),var. SCHISTACEABaird. Though
no specimens intermediate between iliaca and schistacea have j'et been '
found. Dr. Cooper has recently (Nov., 1872) collected, at Saticoy,
California, a specimen which combines about equally the characters
of iliaca and Toicnsendii. The latter grades into schistacea through
Fort Tejon specimens.

98. For a synopsis of the genus Cardinalis, see Am. Nat., vol. vii.
No. 10, p. 618; Oct., 1873.

192

102. PIPILO FUSCA (Swaius.), var. MESOLEUCA Buird. That
the P. fusca of Svvaiiisou and the P. mesoleuca of Baird are not exactly
the same bird is proven by a comparison of Mexican examples with
specimens from the Colorado Province of the U. S. (See Coues' Key,
p. 152.)

100. PIPILO ERYTIIROPHTIIALMUS (S\v.), var. MEGALONYX
Baird. On p. 117 of his "Ornithological Rcconnoissance," Mr. Allen
remarks in relation to the black Pipllos that "in Mexico, P. merja-
lonyx is well known to grade through P. macronyx into P. maculatus."
This is a great mistake, for though mrgalonyx certainly does run into
macidatus, the latter is the southern extreme of difl'ei-entiation in the
species, P. macronyx being a widely distinct species, about as nearly
related to P. chlorura as to the forms of erytlirophthalmus.

103, 104 and 105. EREMOPIIILA ALPESTEIS (L.), vars. "COR-
NUTA" Wils., OCCIDENTALIS McCall, and CHRYSOL^xMA Wagl.
These are three geographical races of one species, which become min-
gled in the course of their migrations. Var. cornuia, most like true
alpestris of Europe, and indeed hardly distinguishable, breeds in the
northern portions of the eastern region from Hudson's Bay to Illinois ;
var. occidentalis is a pallid, white-throated form which breeds on the
northern plains; var. chrysolcema is a resident southern or subtropical
form, of smaller size, longer bill and much deeper colors. All three
become mixed in winter.

lOG. DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORUS, var. ALBINUCIIA Ridgway.

Cii. Similar to eastern specimens, var. oryzivorus, but the black
more intense and uniform, the nuchal patch immaculate creamy-white,
or very pale ochraceous; scapulars and lower rump pure white, not
tinged with ashy, and upper part of the rump scarcely tinged with
ash. Wing, 3-90-4-10; tail, 3-10; culmen, •55--G0; depth of bill, -30-
•35; tarsus, 1-10; middle toe, -SS-'OO.

Eab. Missouri Plains and Rocky Mountains, west to Ruby Valley,
Nevada; Salt Lake Valley.

115. QUISCALUS PURPUREUS, var. iENEUS Ridgway. In his
"Key to North American Birds," Dr. Coues is at fault in several
respects in his statements regarding the purple gracklesof the United
States. Of the present form, Dr. Coues remarks (p. IGl).—

" Obs. The Qniscahis ceneus, lately described as a new species by-
Mr. Ridgway, appears to be based upon a special plumage of Q. pur-
pureus ; and since it docs not prove to be confined, as its describer
believed, to any particular region, I should judge it not entitled to
rank as a geographical variety." Both of these remarks need correc-
tion. In the Urst place, my Quiscalus cincus was based upon a form

193

which was distributed, as its habitat was then known, over the entire
region between the Alleghany and RocI\.y Mountains, and also the in-
terior of British America, besides the eastern portion of the latter
country, and soutiiward to Maine. Not a single specimen had then,
nor has since, been seen from any part of this vast extent of terri-
tory, which approached in characters the form peculiar to the soutli-
ern Atlantic states — Q. imrpureus. The latter was at that time sup-
posed to extend northward to Nova Scotia; this mistake being
brought about by the entire want of specimens from the New England
states. Al)undant material since received from all points along the
Atlantic coast, however, shows that only Q. ceneus is found from New
York City and Long Island northeastward, and that it is onl}' as far
north as northern New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania that purpu-
reus extends, except as a straggler. Even at Washington, I). C, aniens
is by no means rare, but, strange to saj-, when mixed with purpnreAis,
still retains its own characteristic."^. In the parks of that city I have
seen pairs of both species walking tamely about ou the grass, hut
mver saw the two forms paired together, and could even distinguish the
two by their different appearance and actions before I was near
enough to distinguish by coloration. The pi'oportionate numbers of
the two at Washington are about one pair of cenoAis to fifty or seventv-
five pairs of purpuretis. Nearer the coast, and especially farther south-
ward, east of the Alleghanies, the former disappears altogether. My
present view is, that cciieus, purj^ureiis and aglceus, arc three climatic,
or geographical races, of one species; at least they are descended
from one primitive stock ; purpiireiis is intermediate between the two
opposite extremes or most widely difl'orentiated forms, ceneus and
aglmus, but more so in habitat than in characters, for while purpurens
passes by a gradual transition into aglceus through specimens from
northern Florida, oineus is almost abruptly separated, and, even when
associated geographically, preserves its own distinctive characters
with such unusual uniformity that it is a question whether it is not
already ditlVrcntiated i)eyond the "varietal stage."

123. PERISOREUS CANADENSIS, var. CAPITALIS Baird.

Cn. (61,084. Henrj^'s Fork, Wyoming Ter. ; F. V. Hayden.) Above
flue light bluish plumbeous, becoming much lighter on the anterior
portion of the back; tertials, secondaries, wing-coverts, primaries
and tail feathers passing into whitish terminally, forming on the hitter
quite broad and distinct tips. A nuchal jiatch of a tint slightly darker
than the back, and separated from the latter by the hoary whitish of
the anterior dorsal region. Whole of the head, except the nuchal
patch, with the anterior lower parts, as far as the breast, pure white-
rest of the lower parts ashy-white, becoming gradually more ashy

194

posteriorl3^ "Wing, 5-80; tail, 6-00; culmen, 100. Young (18,440, Ft.
Benton, April 23, J A. Mullen). Generallj' ashy plumbeous, with a
decided bluish cast to the wings and tail ; orbital region, lores, fore-
head and nasal tufts blackish; crown, abroad space below the eye,
from the bill across the auricular, with tlie middle of the abdomen,
pale hoary ash. Wings and tail as in the adult.
Hab. Ilocky Mountains north of New Mexico.

The three very well marked climatic races of this species may be
defined as follows :

A. Dusky nuchal hood reaching forward to, or to in front of, the

eyes ; sooty plumbeous black.

1. White frontal patch narrower than the length of the bill,

blending gradually with the blackish of the crown.
Upper parts umber brownish. Young. Entirely plura-
•beous-browu, the feathers of the crown bordered with
paler. Beneath paler. Wing, 550; tail, 5-40; culmen,
•90; depth of bill, -30. Hab. Northwest coast, from the
Columbia to Alaska. Var. obscnrus.*

2. White frontal patch much broader than the length of the

bill; abruptly defined, with a convex outline, against
the dusky of the occiput. Upper parts dull plumbeous.
Young. Entirely uniform dark plumbeous. Wing, 5-25;
tail, 5 80; culmen, -95; depth of bill, 'SS. Hab. British
America, from the Yukon district of Alaska to Maine and
Labrador. Var. Canadensis.

B. Dusky nuchal hood conflucd to the nape, and bluish plumbeous,

3. White frontal patch covering the whole pileum, and melt-

ing gradually into the plumbeous of the nape; upper
parts hoary plumbeous, inclining to bluish-ash. Young.
Bluish plumbeous, inclining to ashy-white on the crown
and cheeks. Wing, GOO; tail, GOO; culmen, TOO; depth
of bill, -31. Hab. IlockyMountainsof the United States.

Var. capitalis.-f

141. The STELLULA CALLIOPE Gould is also likely to occur on
the western slope of Colorado. I found it as far east as the East
Humboldt Mountains in eastern Nevada.

14G. PICOIDES TRIDACTYLUS (L.), var DOIISALIS Baird.
The American three-toed woodpeckers are clearly referrible to the

* I'erisoreus Canadensis, var. obscnrus Ilidgway. MSS.
i Perisoreus Canadensis, var. copitatis Baird, MSS.

195

European species (P. tridactylns L.). The latter lias two well-marked
climatic races — a large, very liijlit colored northern one (var. crisso-
leucns Brandt) and a smaller, darker southern one (var. trklactyhis L.).
The former has the back white longitudinally, somewhat like our var.
dorsalis, l)ut differs very decidedly in other respects. One is hardly
justified in saying that " all the species of this genus are unquestion-
ably modified derivatives of one circumpolar stock" (see Coues, Key,
p. 19i) ; and the statement that " the American seem to have become
completely ditterentiated from the Asiatic and European" is equally
objectionable. A comparison of dorsalis and Aincricanus with the
Old World forms, shows plainly that the amount of differentiation
scarcely comes up to the qualifications of a difference of race. A
comparison of arctkus with the rest also shows that bird to possess
evei'y requirement of an independent, and truly distinct species.

149. SPHYRAPICUSTHYROIDEUS (Cass.). Though this species
is not given in Mr. Allen's list, he nevertheless collected it iji Colo-
rado, but the specimen being in immature plumage was identified as
S. nuchalis.

155. GLAUCIDIUM (PASSERINUM, var. CALIFORNICUM?).
Not having seen the specimens of the pygmy owl collected by Mr.
Aiken iu Colorado, I cannot say positively that they belong to this
species. They are quite as likely to be G. ferrugineum, which was
collected in Arizona by Lieut. Charles liendire, U. S. A. (See Am.
Nat. vi, 370, and Coues' Key, p. 206.)

178. MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO. Mr. Aiken has not informed
me whether tlie Colorado bird is var. gallopavo, extending northward
along the mountains, or the eastern form (var. sylvestris) reachin"
westward to the mountains by following the wooded valleys of the
rivers across the plains. It is most likely, however, to be the former.

187. DKMIEGRETTA sp? This is v^obtihly the D. Ludoviciana.
See Allex, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. iii, No. G, p. 153.

237. LARUS sp. ? This gull is probably the L. argentatus, var. Cal-
ifornicus, which I found breeding very abundantly at Pyramid Lake
Nevada, and less numerously at Great Salt Lake, on Carriugton
Island.

It is difficult to see Dr. Coues' reasons for referring this form to
Delaicarcnsis, since it has no points at all iu common with the latter
species, from which it is perfectly distinct, though clearly referrible
to argentatus.

196

Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 17, 1873.

Meeting this evening !it 7.80 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of precedinir meeting read.

The Secretary announced the toUowing correspon-
dence : —

From Mary J. Safford Bhike, Boston, Nov. 6; Samuel A. Drake, Boston, Nov. 12 ;
A. P. Ilauiblet, Oct. 22; C. H. Higbee, Boston, Nov. 11; T. Morong, Ipswich-
Nov.; Edwaicl Palmer, Cambridge, Oct. 3; W. S. Perry, Geneva, Nov. 3, 11; 0. P.
Preston. Danvers, Nov. 10; John L. Robinson, VVenham, Nov. 15; A. Stevens,
North Andover, Oct. 28; John A. Vinton, Wwichester, Nov. 5, 1.5; Ashbel Wood-
ward, Franklin, Conn., Nov. 3; William H. Yeomans. Columbia, Conn., Sept. 22;
Cincinnati Public Library, O^t. 31; New York Genealogical and Biographical
Society, Nov. 15; Wisconsin State Historical Society, Nov. 11; U. S. Dep't Agricul-
ture, Washington, Nov. 12; U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington, Nov. 3.

The Librarian reported the following additions :-^
By Donation.

Bai.l.vui), Joseph, of Boston. Account of the Poor Fund and other Cliarities
held in trust by the Old South Society of Boston. 1 vol. 8vo.

Bemis, Luke, of Weft Chester, Pa. Historical Sketclies of Plymouth, Luzerne
Co., Pa., by H. B. Wright. 1 vol. 8vo.

DnvE, Mrs. John, Heirs of the Late, Newton's Works. 5 vols. 8vo. Mil-
ler's Retrospect. 2 vols. Svo. Evangelical Magazine. 1 vol. 8vo. Sermons by S.
Worcester, D.D. 1 vol. Svo. Sentiments on Resignation. 1 vol. 12mo. Life of
Miss Anthony.. 1 vol. Svo. Lettei'S ou Early Rising. 1 vol. r2mo. South-Side
View of Slavery. 1 vol. 12mo. Sermons by E. Tliayer. 1 vol. 12mo. Review
of the Mexican War. 1 vol. 12mo. Letters and Papers of the late Rev.
Thomas Scott, D. D. 1 vol. 12mo. Family Prayers. 1 vol. 12mo. Force of
Truth. 1 vol. 18mo. Sciipture Promises, by S. Clark. 1 vol. 12mo. The
Familv Instructor. 1 vol. 12mo. Moral Sketches by H. More. 1 vol ICmo.
Chalmers' Works. 3 vols. 12mo. Salem Directories for 1837. 1842, 184(5, ]8.")1,
18.i5. 5 vols. IGmo. Monthly Anthology. 1 vol. 8vo. Beauties of the Spec-
tator. 1 vol. 12mo. Bo.'^ton Almanac, 18H. 1 vol. ir.mo. Questions of Scriplure
Biography. 3 vols. IGmo. Land of Canaan. 1 vol. 12mn. Almanacs, 3!). The
Christian World, Dl nos. The Panopli.<t, 2!) nos. Tlie American and Foreign
Christian World, 58 nos. Missionary Herald, 75 nos. I'ho Home .Missionary. (7
DOS. African Repositoj-y, CA nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, .")0.

Unknown. Memoirs of tlie Marstons of Salem. Svo iiamph.

U. S. Nav.vl OnSERVATOUY, of Washington, D. C. Washington -Vstronomical
Ob.servations, 1851-18.52. 1 vol. 4to. Astronomical and Meteorological 01)serva-
tions 1870. 1 vol 4to. Catalogue of Stars, 1S4.5-1871. 1 vol. 4to. Washington
Observations for 1870, Appendi.x. 1 vol.4to. Wa>hliiglon Zones, 184(J-184i). 3 vols.
4to.

J, P. Franks, of Salem, was elected a resident nuMiiher.

BULLETIN

ESSEX insrSTITTJTE.

Vol. 5. Salem, Mass., Dec, 1873. No. 12.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 17, 1873.

[Continued.]

Mr. F. W. Putnam presented the following communi-
cation : —

ox SOME NEW FORMS OF AMERICAN BIRDS.*
By Spexcer F. Baikd and Robert Ridgway.

The following diagnoses conclude a series commenced
in the October number of the "American Naturalist," and
are believed to be all the undescribed North American
land birds known to the authors at the present time. A
more detailed account of them is given in our "History of
North American Birds," soon to be issued by Little &
Brown, Boston.

Leucostide (ephrocotis, var. australis Allen.

Leucosticte tephrocotis Allen. Amer. Xat., vi, May, 1872. Ib. Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., iii, No. 6, pp. 121. 162 and 177.
Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. australis Allen. (Ms. name on labels.)

•Continued from the October number of the "American Naturalist," Vol. vii, 1873,
Essex Inst. Bulletin, v 17

198

Cii. Differing from var. tephrocotis in having no gray on the head,
the bill deep black, and the red an intense carmine ; the latter, in high
plumaged males, reaches forward, in a strong tinge, to the chin and
cheeks. Ilab. Mt. Lincoln, Colorado. Breeding above the timber
line, at altitude of about 12,000 feet. (Types, J, No. i)G3, J. A. A.;
$, No. 900, J. A. A., Mt. Lincoln, Colorado, July 25, 1871.)

Ammodromus marilimus, var. nigrescens Ridgway.

Ch. Brownish black above, the outer edges of the dorsal feathers
narrowly whitish. Beneath pure white, thickly streaked everywhere
with black. iSupra-loral spot and bend of wing bright yellow. Wing,
2-4:0 • tail, 2-45; culmen, --15; tarsus, -90; middle toe, -CO. Hab.
Southern Florida (Indian River). (Type, No. 1855, $ ad., Indian
lliver, Fla,, Apr. 4, 1872. Mus. R. R.)

Remarks. — We owe this new, and very remarkable,
race to the indefatigable researches of Mr. C. J. Maj-
nard, who procured a number of specimens. The form
is a very striking and extreme example of the melanistic
tendency to the southward.

Zonotrichia leucojphri/s, var. intermedia Ridgway.

Ch. Resembling var. Gambeli of the Pacific coast, but colors purer
and "-rayer, the dorsal streaks chestnut-brown instead of sooty-black,
and the ash of the breast purer. Hab. Middle Province of the U. S.,
north to Alaska in the interior.

Poospiza Bella, var. JSfevadensis Ridgway.

Cii. Like var. Bcllii, but much larger, and the colors lighter and
grayer, the back with very distinct streaks. JIab. Great Basin of
the U. S., throughout its whole extent. (Type, No. 63, 51G, ^ ad.,
West Humboldt Mts., Nevada.)

Dolichonyx otyzivorus, var. albinucha Ridgw^ay.

Cii. Nuchal patch pure white, or immaculate creamy white. Scap-
ulars and lower back scarcely tinged with ashy. ]Jlack of the plumage
more intense and uniform than in eastern ori/ziiwrus. Hab. Plains of
the U. S., from Missouri tributaries to eastern border of Great Basiu.
(Type, No. 1739, Mus R. R., S ad., Ogdeu, Utah.)

190

Perisoreus Canadensis, var. capitalis Baird.

Cii. Similar to Canadensis, but much liglitcr colored, and -with the
bill slenderer. The head wholly white, except the nape, •which is
plumbeous; plumbeous of the body of a flue ashy tint. Young more
uniformly colored, but altogether paler than the corresponding age
of Canadeiisis. Ilab. Rocky Mountains of the U. S. (Types, No.
61,084, Mus. S. I., adult, Henry's Fork, Wyoming Ter. and No. 18,440,
yountj. Fort Benton.

Perisoreus Canadensis, var. ohscurus Ridgway.

Ch. Much darker than Canadensis, the head blackish to the fore-
head, which is only narrowly whitish. Young much darker than that
of Canadensis. Ilab. Northwestern coast, from Oregon to Alaska.
(Types, No. 8,454, adult, Shoalwater Bay, Washington Ter., and No.
5,904, young, same locality.

Cyanocitta idtramarin'a, var. ArizoncB Ridgway.

Cii. Similar to variety sordida, of eastern Mexico, but blue much
paler and more greenish, the whole dorsal region decidedly ashy.
Hah. Southern Rocky Mountain region of U. S. (Types, No. 18,279,
ad.. Fort Buchanan, Arizona; and No. 8,469, jwy.. Copper Mines, Ari-
zona.)

Cyanocitta Floridana, var. Sumichrasti Ridgway.

Cii. Jlost nearly resembling var, Californica, but the superciliary
white streak nearly obsolete, and the wings and tail much longer.
Ilab. Table lands of Mexico, on the eastern side. (Type, No. 42,149,
Orizaba, Mexico.)

Canace obscura, var.fulir/inosa Ridgavay.

Cn. Most nearly resembling var. obscura (as distinguished from
var. liichardsoni), but the colors much darker in shade, and the
dark areas more prevalent. In specimens from the Sitka district the
upper parts much washed with castaneous-rusty. Ilab. Northwest
coast, from Oregon to Sitka. (Types, No. 11,505, $ ad., Cascade
Mts. ; No. 11,826, ? ad., and No. 11,827, juv., Chiloweyuck Depot,
Washington Ter.)

Cupidonia cupido, var. pallidicincta Ridgavay.

Cn. Much smaller, and lighter colored than var.- cupido. Upper
parts about equally barred with pale grayish ochraceous and brownish-

200

dusky ; beneath white, with faint, but sharply defined narrow bars of
pale grayish brown. Male (No. 10,007, Prairies of Texas) ; Wing,
8-30; tail, 4-20; tarsus, 1-70; middle toe, 1-50. Female (No. 10,005,
same locality); wing, 8-20. Hab. Southwestern prairies — Staked
Plains?

Strix flammea^ var. Guatemaloe, Ridgway.

Ch. In color resembling var. flammea of Europe, more than var.
pratincola of North America, but more uniform above, and more
coarsely speckled below. Wing, 11-30-13-00; tail, 5-30-5-90; tarsus,
2-55-2-95 (extremes of a series of thirteen specimens). Ilab. Central
America, from Panama to Guatemala.

Syrnium nebulosum, var. Sartorii Ridgway.

Ch. Larger than the average of var. nebulosum, and the colors
much darker and less tawny, being merely blackish sepia and clear
white ; face without the darker concentric rings of the North Amer-
ican form. Wing, 14-80; tail, 9-00. Ilab. Eastern Mexico (Mirador).
(Type, No. 43,131, ? ad., Mirador; "pine region." Dr. C. Sartorius.)

Remakks. — This form is very difFerent from var. fid-
vescens (Scl. aud Salv. P. Z. S., 1868, 58) from Guate-
mala. I have seen a specimen of the latter collected by
Van Patten, and now in the Museum of the Boston Soci-
ety. The var. nebulosum stands between the two, being
intermediate in nearly all its characters.

Scops asio, var. Floridanus Ridgway.

Cu. Much smaller than var. asio and more richly colored in the
rufous plumage, the red prevailing on the lower parts, where it is
much broken into transverse bars. Wing, 5-50-GOO; tail, 2-75-3-10.
Ilah. Florida. (Type, No. 5,857, Indian Eivcr, Florida.)

8cops asio, var. enano Lawrence. Ms.

Cn. Small, like var. Floridana, but the colors diflereut. Gray
plumage like that of var. asio, but the mottling above much coarser,
and tlie nape with a strongly indicated collar of rounded white spots,
in pairs on opposite webs. The red plumage not seen. Hab. Eastern
Mexico, south to Guatemala.

201

Eemarks. — This well-marked race is founded upon a
specimen from Mexico in ^Ir. Lawrence's cabinet, and ouc
from Guatemala in the INIuscum of the Boston Society.
The two are alike in colors, l)ut, as might be expected,
the southern one is smaller. This form resembles very
closely the S. atriccqjiUa (Natt.)— Temra. PI. Col. 145—
but may be immediately distinguished by the strongly
haired toes, they being perfectly naked in S. atricapilla.

Falco communis, var. Pealei Ridgway.

? ? ? Falco niger Gmel. S. N., 1789, 270.

Falco polya^grus CASS. B. Cal. and Tex., pi. xvi (dark figure !).

Ch. Entirely brownish-black, uniform above, faintly streaked with
■white below. No transverse bars on inner webs of tail feathers or
primaries. Wings, 1-4-96-15-GG; tail, 8-50; culmen, -OS-l-lO; tarsus,
2-00; midclle toe, 2-15-2-20. Hah. Northwest coast of North America,
from Oregon to Sitka. (Types, No. 12,622, ? ad., Oregon. Type of
Cassin's figure above quoted ! No. 45,814, $ ad. Sitka, Alaska.)

Falco columbarius, var. Sucldeyi Ridgway.

Ch. a miniature of F. communis, var. Pealei. Above, plain brown-
ish-black, the tail tipped with white, but otherwise unmarked. Be-
neath pale ochraceous, broadly striped with sooty black. Wing, 7*35-
8-56; tail, 5-25-5 -75; culmen, •5G--55 ; tarsus, 1-36-1 -02; middle toe,
1-25-1-35. Ilab. Northwest coast of N. Am., from Oregon to Sitka.
(Types, No. 4,477. Male, Shoalwater Bay, W. T., and 5,832, female
Fort Steilacoom. Based on series of six specimens.)

Remarks. — This form represents the northwest coast
region of heavy rains and dense forests, along with the
black Peregrine {F. communis, var. Pealei) the Bubo
Virginianus, var. Pacificus, Scops asio, var. Kennicot-
tii, Bonasa uiuhelJus, var. Sabinei, Canace ohscura, var*-
fuliginosa, etc. The light-colored form of the interior is
probably the Falco Pichardsonii Ridgway (P. A. N. S.,
1870, p. 145), which I am now disposed to refer to the
same stock as F. cesalon and F. Columharius. The latter
two are certainly but geographical races of one species.

202

Regular Meeting, Monday, Dec. 1, 1873.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The Pkesident
in the chair. Eecorcls read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Samuel L. Boardman, Augusta, Me., Nov. IS, 24. 28; E. W. Buswell, Bos-
ton, Nov. 19; C. H. Dall, Boston, Nov. 23; A. W. Dodge, Nov. 18; J. P. Franks,
Nov. 20; George L. Gleason, Manchester, Nov. 5; Colman Harris, Nov. U: C. H.
Iligbee, Boston, Nov.24; Thomas Morong, Ipswich, Nov. 26; John Murdock, Cam-
bridge, Nov. 24; A. V. Osborn, AVaterville, N. Y., Nov. 25; C. A. Torrey, Boston,
Nov. 15; U. S. Dep't of Agriculture, Washington, Nov. 17, 2G. Vermont State
Library, Nov. 18.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

BuswEix, E. W., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets. IIG.

Depautment of Agricultuue of Ilt,ixoi.s. Transactions of, for 1872.

Merrill, Cha.s. E., of New York. The Analytical Speller, by Edwards and
Warren. 1 vol. lUnio. Miscellaneous Guide Books, 15.

Mouse, E. S. Embryology of Tercbratulina, by donor. 4to pamph. 1873.

O.SGOOD, C. S. Rules and Regulations of the Scliool Committee of Salem, 1873.
1 vol. 8vo.

Peytox, John Lewis, of Jersey, Channel Island, England. Memoir of Wni.
Madison Peyton, of Roanoke, by donor. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1873.

Putnam, F. W. The Politician's Register, by Benjamin Matthias. 1 vol. 12mo.

Quint, A. H., of New Bedford, Mass. Minutes of the General Association of
Mass. for 1873.

U. S. Bureau of Education. Circulars of Informations. No. 4, 1873.

U. S. Patent Office. Olllcial Gazette, Oct. 21, 28, Nov. 4, 11. 1873.

Waters, E. S. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20.

Wheatland, S. G. Cornhill Magazine, 25 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 41.

WiLLSON, E. P.. Tlie Cliristian Freeman and Record of Unitarian Worthies,
0.;t., Nov., 1873.

WOHTIIEN, A. II., of Springfield, 111. Geological Survey of Illinois. Vol. v.
Geology and Paleontology, 1 vol. 4to. 1873.

By Exchange.

Arciiiv der Antiirofologie in Braunschweig. Band vi, Heft 1, 1873.
BowDOiN CoLi.EtJE. Catalogue of the Ofllcer.9 and Students of Bowdoin Col-
lege and the Medical School of Maine for 1873-4.
Buffalo Societv of Natural Sciences. Bulletin of the, Vol. i, No. 3, 1873.

203

KOMGLICHE PIIVSIKALISCn-OKONOMI8CHE GESEI.LSCHAFT IN KoSIGSDERG.

Shrifteii, Jalirg. xiii, 1872.

Natuiu'ousciienden Gesellsciiaft in Basel. Yerhamllimgcn,FiinfteiTheiI.
Vieites Heft, 187.3.

Natuiifouschexde Gesellschaft in Bern. Mittheilungen, Noa. 7!)2-8n, 1872.

Piiii.ADici.i'iiiA Academy of Natukal Sciences. Proceedings of. Part ii'
Mcli.-Sciit. 187o. Svopaniiih.

Royal SociETV OF London. Proceedings of, Nos. 138-145. 8 pamphlets. 8vo.

SociKTii DE Physique et d' Histoire Natukelle in Geneve. Mdmoires .
tome xxii, 1873.

St. Gallische Gesellschaft of St. Gallen. Bericht, Vereinsjaliree, 1871-2.

SociETfc Vaudoise des SCIENCES N-VfURELLES IN Lausanxe. Bulletin. 2e
S^rle, vol. xii, no. 69, 1873.

Vermont Historical Society. Records of tlic Council of Safety and Governor
and Council of the State of Vermont aud Records of tlie General Conventions from
July, 177.")-Dec., 1777. Vol. i. 1 vol. 8vo. Montpelier, 1873. Fourth Annual Report
of tlie Transactions of tlie Vermont Dairymen's Association, 1S72-1S73.

Yale College. Catalo{?ue of tlie Officers and Students of, for 187.3-7-t.

ZooLOGisciiE Gesellsciiaft of Frankfurt. Zoologische Garten, Jan.-Jun.,
1873. 6 pamphlets. 8vo.

Publishers. Forest and Stream. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph.
Ilaverhill Gazette. Ipswicli Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter.
Lynn' Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Peabody Press.
Salem City Post. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal.

The President mentioned the recent decease of an
old and highly esteemed member of the Institute, Hon.
Benjamin F. Browne, of Salem, and suggested the ap-
pointment of a committee to take such notice of this
event as may be deemed most appropriate ; the prepara-
tion of a memoir for insertion in the publications, or
otherwise, which was adopted.

The President, Messrs. -A. C. Goodell, Jr., R. S. Ran-
toul, James Kimball and "W. P. Upham w.cre appointed
on said committee.

Adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Dec. 15, 18G3.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

204

President Wheatland stated that the sad information
which we had so recently received rendered it appro-
priate for the Institute to take some action in regard to
the loss which it had sustained in the death of one of its
most esteemed corresponding members, Professor Louis
Agassiz, and after making a few interesting remarks,
alluding to his own acquaintance with Prof. Agassiz, and
the influence he exerted in the promotion of scientific
research in this country, called on Dr. A. S. Packard,
Jr., who submitted the following resolutions : —

Whereas, our corresponding member, Professor Louis
Agassiz, has been suddenly taken from us, while in the
ripeness of his years.

Resolved, That in his death our society has lost a valued
and most distinguished member, who, from an early period
in its history, took a deep interest in its progress.

Resolved, That American science has met with an irre-
parable loss in the death of one who, by his genius for
original research, his organizing ability, his eloquence,
conspicuous enthusiasm and untiring industry, has done
more than any one else to elevate, dignify and advance
science in our country, and kindle a zeal for the study of
nature in the western world which will be felt for genera-
tions to come.

Resolved, That in bringing to this country, the land of
his adoption, new modes of research, he has hero inaugu-
rated an original method of teaching science, which will
have the happiest influence in raising up original investi-
jrators and clcvatinG: the standard of education in our col-
leijes and common schools.

Resolved, That in his death Science, from his large
and comprehensive way of looking at Nature, has lost
one of its most gifted followers ; Letters, a most grace-
ful and persuasive writer, and Humanity, in his lifelong
devotion to all that tends to elevate the race, one of its
best types.

205

In these resolutions, Mr. President, continued Dr.
Packard, I cannot express the sense of personal bereave-
ment that I feel in the loss of a beloved teacher and most
estimable man. In the death of one who was so out-
spoken in behalf of the claims of science, the younger
naturalists of America have lost a stanch and fearless
friend. More than any one else, Professor Agassiz, in
season and out of season, urged the teaching of science
in schools of all grades. He placed the methods of
teaching natural history on a more natural basis, and to
him we owe very largely the introduction of science-
teaching into our schools and colleges. The example he
has left us of untiring industry, of devotion to truth, and
of loyalty to sound learning, is one we would perpetuate.
His sympathy in the objects of our society was often
expressed. His death is a loss to our commonwealth and
our country, and in science to whom shall we look to fill
the peculiar place he held ?

Vice President F. W. Putnam seconded the resolutions,
speaking substantially as follows : —

In me, i\Ir. President, these resolutions call up the
deepest feelings. Well do I remember the first meeting
I had with Prof. Agassiz, when in 1856 he visited the
old rooms of the Institute for the purpose of examining
the collection of turtles, as he was then engaged on his
work on the Testudiuata of North America. I shall never
forget the pleasure which I experienced when showing
our collection to the great naturalist, especially as that
meeting was the occasion of my being so intimately asso-
ciated with him for years afterwards. I should be recreant
to my duty on this occasion did I not here publicly
acknowledge my great indebtedness to my old master for
the uniform kindness received from him and the valu-

206

able training which has enabled me to pursue my studies
with the proper feeling of responsibility wdiich every true
naturalist must experience.

The teachings of Agassiz were thorough. His object
was to prepare students for reliable work in the future,
and his constant restraint upon them, preventing their
publishing crude ideas, has been the cause of much mis-
understanding regarding his method of teaching ; but
those who have passed through the drill never regret its
enforcement.

The death of Agassiz is indeed a loss to American
science ; for to whom can we look as his successor in the
minds of the people ? It may be that his official positions
can be readily filled ; but who is there that wull occupy,
or is capable of occupying, the position which Agassiz has
held in his relations to the science of the wdiole country?

It was his peculiar sphere to make science not only
popular but respected as well, and it is to his great labors
and peculiar ac]a])tability for the w^ork that we owe, more
than to all other causes combined, the immense advances
made in Natural Sciences in America during the last
quarter of a century. But few men have done so much,
or have had such power in iniluencing others in the cause
of science as Agassiz. His name has been a household
word, his fame and his kindness to all who loved science
have brought students to him from all parts of the
country, and his disinterestedness in his great work, com-
bined with the enthusiasm with which he pursued it, has
opened the purses of the rich and the treasury of the
State to an extent unequalled in the annals of science.
To wish, with him, has of late years been almost synon-
ymous with to have ; and well did he earn the right for
it to be so. Working for the future of science in this
country more than for bis own immediate aud personal

207

ends, he has been met by generous men who, appreci-
atiug his objects, have given him tlicir support, and it is
only by those who have not understood, or could not
understand his great aims that he has been assailed. Yes,
Mr. President, in moving the acceptance of the resolu-
tions, proposed by one who also feels the obligation which
all students of Agassiz must feel for the thoroughness of
their training, I must express again that our loss is more
than would ordinarily be the case, as our society had
mau}^ ties uniting us Avith Agassiz. We can count six of
our present or past active officers who have been brought
up under his guidance, and his principles have thus be-
come engrafted in our Institution, while the active interest
he has always taken in our labors and the cordial aid that
he has been ever ready to give our society, make his
loss to us great and heartfelt. Personally I feel that a
blank exists which words of mine cannot describe. Let
us hope that the spirit with which our great master was
imbued will inspire us with like enthusiasm for the ful-
filment of our labors.

As a fitting tribute to the memory of Agassiz, and an
acknowledgment of the indebtedness of the Institute for
the aid and example he has given it, I propose that in
addition to placing the resolutions which have been oflcred
on our records, the Institute also place over the alcove
containing our most important works in Natural History,
the name of Agassiz.

Mr. Putnam was followed by Prof. E. S. Morse, who
was also once a pupil of Agassiz, Eev. E. S. Atwood,
Kev. J. CoiT, A. C. GooDELL, Jr., Esq., Hon. James
Kimball, and others, all of whom expressed their appre-
ciation of the distinguished naturalist, and their sadness
at his removal from the scenes of earth. ■

208

The resolutions were then unanimously adopted, or-
dered to be entered upon the records of the Institute, and
the Secretary was instructed to forward a copy of them
to the family of the deceased.

Special Meeting, Tuesday, Dec. 16, 1873.

A SPECIAL meeting was held this evening to celebrate
the centennial anniversary of the destruction of the tea in
Boston harbor, Dec. 16, 1773.

Before proceeding to the special object of the meeting,
the following persons, nominated at a previous meeting,
were duly elected resident members : —

John M. Bradbury of Ipswich, and Augustus D. Small,
Joseph P. Fesseuden, Oliver Carlton, George D. Putnam,
Mrs. Francis Cox, George M. White, Caroline C. West,
Ella Worcester, Sarah E. Smith, Alice Browne, J. Warren
Thyng, Walter A. Hanson, Annie A. Agge, M. H. Rich-
ardson, Thomas B. Thayer, T. Lyman Pei-kiiis, Lizzie
H. Hanson, John G. White, Henry W. Perkins, Mrs.
George D. Putnam, of Salem.

President Wheatland opened the exercises by read-
ing from the "Essex Gazette," of the ante-revolutionary
period, a contemporary account of the destruction of the
tea, and also from an original document of 1770, with
the autographs of citizens of Rowley, protesting against
the tax and binding themselves not to use tea nor have any
dealings with the importers thereof until the obnoxious
act was re[)ealed.

Hon. James Kimball followed with an admirable paper,
carefully prepared, and presenting much historical infor-

209

mation of a very interesting character, derived largely
from original sources. lie gave a brief but comprehen-
sive review of the causes which led to the transaction
commemorated, with graphic details of the proceedino^s
and iicrsonal sketches of some of the actors. Amono"
these was Mr. Kimball's grandfather, William Ilussell,
the fjither of our well remembered citizen, Col. John
Russell, and the grandfather of Prof. John Lewis Russell,
recently deceased. AYilliam was very active among the
Sous of Liberty and participated in the destruction of
the tea. He was intimate with Edes & Gill, the printers
of the Boston Gazette, and with the leading patriots, and
wrote patriotic articles for the paper. He was a teacher
on the site of the Mayhew school, which is probably the
legitimate successor of that taught by Russell. He was
a participaut in the revolutionary struggle, and was an
inmate of the notorious Mill Prison and the Jersey Prison
Ship, where he suflered many privations and contracted
the disease which occasioned his death not long after the
declaration of peace. While a prisoner he wrote the fol-
lowing lines, which were read as illustrative of the feel-
ings engendered by the events of the times : —

[crew !
Great Mars, with me, come now and view, this more than Hellish
Great Vulcan, send your thunder forth, and all their fields bestrew;
Rain on their heads perpetual fire, in one eternal flame ;
Let black destruction be their doom, dishonored be their name;
Send mighty bolts to strike the traitors North and Mansfield dead,
And liquid fire to scald tiie Crown from Royal George's head;
Strike all their young posterity with one Eternal curse.
Nor pity them, no more than they have ever pitied us.
Mill Prison (Plymouth), Englaud, Nov. 29th, 3 P. M., 1781.

William Russell.

When this was written Mr. Russell had been confined
in prison nearly two years, on a charge of piracy, treason,

210

and rebellion, being taken prisoner on board the Ameri-
can Privateer Jason of Boston, John Manly, Esq., Com-
mander.

The details presented by jMr. Kimball were listened to
with close attention and profound interest. He exhibited
a small portrait of the patriot in the costume of the
period, and a tin tea caddy belonging to him, on which
he had painted, after the disuse of tea, the inscriptions
"Coffee," — "No Tea," which are still visible. Mr.
Kimball also exhibited several books and manuscripts of
historic interest, among which were a writing book with
the patriotic mottoes of Mr. Russell's day, and the or-
derly book of the Artillery company in service in or near
Boston during the revolution. These relics were exam-
ined with much curiosity.

Vice President A. C. Goodell, Jr., next made some
remarks, and urged the Institute not to forget to observe,
next year, the anniversary of the most important event
of the ante-revolutionary period — which was really the
initial act of the actual severance of our connection with
the British crown — viz. : the proceedings which took
place in our Court House here in Salem, in Oct., 1774,
when the Great and General Court resolved itself into a
Provincial Congress.

Mr. Goodell exhibited a specimen of the veritable tea
which caused the outbreak celebrated, and an antique
teapot formerly in use m the Warner family of I[)swich
(from which came our Salem Warners, esteemed citizens
in past years) , dating back to 1720. The tea was received
from Mrs. Jonathan Perlcy, in whose family it was an
heirloom, having come directly from Ezckiel Cheever of
Saugus, one of the "Mohawks," who wore high-top boots
at the time, and whose wife, on his return home, collected

211

and preserved the tea which had lodged in the tops of his
boots.

J. WixGATE Thornton, Esq., of Boston, followed Mr.
Goodcll, and c^ave forcible reasons why Salem should take
a particular interest in this celebration and the principles
it illustrated and enforced.

He referred pertinently to Hugh Peters and Sir Gcoro-e
Downing, former residents of Salem, and their inHuence
on Cromwell and the Commonwealth of England, and
reminded the audience that Downing, a graduate of the
first class of Harvard College, lived on the site of
Plummcr Hall, and he had probably fitted for colleo-e,
and his youthful voice often resounded, Avithin hearing of
the place where they were assembled.

The meeting then adjourned, and the company were in-
vited to one of the ante-rooms, where refreshing draughts
of tea were dispensed, two or three kinds of the fra<>rant
herb having been generously furnished for the occasion
by the Oriental Tea Company. Copies of a paper entitled
the "Tea-cup," containing a graphic account of the de-
struction of the tea and its attendant circumstances, by
the learned antiquarian, Dr. N. B. Shurtleff, of Boston,
were also distributed.

The celebration was a success and gave great pleasure
to those who participated in it.

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