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j OF

COMPARATIVE

ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COllEOE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

The gift otlJw dSS(jX.

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No. ^/f^-

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BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME XIV.

1882.

SALEM, MASS.

FEINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS.

1883.

CONTENTS

Page.

A Paper ou the Early Quarantiue Arrangements of Salem. By
Robert S. Rantoul, 1

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 16, 1882, .... 57

John H. Sears, The Forest Trees of northern New York, 57.
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 6, 1882, .... 58

Winter Field Meeting, Saturday, February 11, 1882, at Che-

bacco Ponds, 58

The Excursion, 58.— Account of the Wenham Lake Ice Compun j\ 58.—
Remarks by the President, 62; Mr. Robert S. Rantoul (J2; Rev.
George H. Hosnier, 63; Mr. John H. Sears, Buds and the ramili-
cation of Branches, 63.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 20, 1882, ... 67

Remarks on the death of Rev. Samuel Johnson : Rev E. B. Willson,
68; Mr. Wm. P. Andrews, 69.— Resolutions on the death of Rev.
Samuel Johnson, 69.— Rev. C.F. Rice, Sketch of Trip to Europe, 70.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 20, 1882, .... 70

E. P. Robinson, Esq., What I know about Whaling, 70.
Regular Meeting, Monday, April 3, 1882, .... 71

Prof. G. F. Wright, The Terminal Moraine in Pennsylvania, 71.—
Discussion by Rev. R. Randall Hoes, John H. Sears. Prof. I. J.
Osbun. 73.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 1, 1882, .... 74

Remarks by the President, on the observance of May-Day, 74.— Mr.
John H. Sears, Early spring flowers, 74.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 15, 1882, .... 77

Officers elected, 78; retrospect of the year : members, 79; field meet-
ings, 80; excursions, 82; lectui-es and concerts, 83; meetings, 84;
publications, 85; library, 85; art exhibition, 96; liortieultural, 99;
museum, 102; financial, 103; extract from Secretary's report, 104.

An Amendment to the Act of Incorporation, .... 104

(iii)

IV CONTENTS.

Carciiiological Notes ; No. 5. By J. S. Kiugsley, ... 105
Popular Errors regarding the Duration of Life. By Adouiram

C. Orne, 133

The Flora of Oak Island. By Herbert A. Young, ... 144
Opening of a newly discovered shellheap at Ipswich. By John

Robinson, 158

Remarks by Mr. F. W. Putnam, 161.
Arrowmaker's Wigwam at Pine Grove. By John Robinson, . 1G3

^'92. yy^^.^'s: '7^2-

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX IlTSTia?TJTEI.

Vol. 14. Salem: Jan., Feb., March, 1882. Nos. 1, 2, 3.

A PAPER ON THE
EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

BY ROBERT S. RA^fTOUL.

.To Ja^ies L. Cabell, LL. D., of Yirginia,

President of the National Board of Health, and,

Stephen Smith, M. D., of New York,

Chairman of Committee of the same, on the Quarantine

Systems of the United States :

Gentlemen :

You ask me for some account of the pre-
cautions taken by the people of Salem, from time to
time, to protect themselves against the importation of
foreign disease. You will naturally expect that such an
account will make rather a long story, but I must preface
it by saying that, from the date of the settlement to a
recent period, there have rarely been any special precau-
tions taken here against imported contagion, aside from
the ordinary preventive measures made necessary by epi-
demics, so that the account which I have to give will nat-
urally include not only what you ask for but a good deal
more. Now and then, as you will see, the cargo of an

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 1 (1)

2 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

infected vessel was discharged under orders from our
selectmen, on one or another of the islands at the mouth
of our harbor; now and then an infected ship's company
has been forbidden to go at large and been lodged in some
isolated house or barn impressed for the service, or, later,
in one or another of the pest-houses or inoculation hospi-
tals provided b}^ the town. But there has been, until
lately, no established quarantine system, — nothing in the
treatment of foreign disease, essentially differing from
that of disorders of indigenous growth. Until 1799, we
had no Board of Health, and no permanent Quarantine
Ordinances of our own, but only temporary regulations.

Nor was this state of things due at all to exemption
from exposure. On the contrary, we have been a com-
mercial people from the start, and wherever there is
water- traffic there is exposure. Indeed, the very epi-
demic which depopulated this coast in 1612-17, and
which, by weakening the native tribes, may be said to
have rendered possible the precarious maintenance of
the settlement of 1624-6, — for before its ravages the Pen-
tucket tribes could muster three thousand braves, and
afterwards some Sagamores had not a dozen men, — this
deadly epidemic is thought to have been the small-pox,
and to have been contracted by the natives from inter-
course with the French fishermen who then frequented
the Bay. And the first large European reinforcement
which reached us, in 1629, came stricken on the voj^age
with this same distemper, which proved fatal at sea to the
child of their chronicler, the Elder Higginson, among
others, and which, introduced by their arrival into the in-
fant colony of some tw^o hundred souls, reduced its num-
bers about one-half in a single winter.

Salem was, from the first, a seafaring town. Pos-
sessed of one of the few good harbors between Portland

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 6

and New York, — settled in 162f) by a party of fishermen
who deserted Cape Ann, and found this an eligible seat
because the promontory on which we live has navigable
water and anchorage on either side, — the colonists lost no
time in establishing their familiar industry and making
themselves masters of the riches of the sea. Europe
was Catholic, and no less than one hundred and fifty-
three fast days had been set apart in the year, on which
it was lawful to eat fish only. As late as 1563 it was
penal for an Englishman to eat flesh on Wednesdays and
Saturdays without a government license. A century
later, in a code for Massachusetts printed in London in
1655, and preserved by Hutchinson, it is provided "Be-
cause fish is the chief Staple commodity of the Country"
that "fishermen, mariners and shipwrights shall be al-
lowed, man for man, some or other of the labourers of the
country to plant and reape for them'' for seven years, such
laborers to be appointed and paid by the treasurer of the
Commonwealth. Another century finds the two-penny
revenue stamp of 1755 inscribed with a codfish and the
legend "Staple of the Massachusetts," and as if in antici-
pation of all this. King James, when asking "what profit
should arise" from these settlements which should justify
the royal favor, Avas answered in the single Avord " Fish-
ing." To which the King replied : " So God have my soul,
'tis an honest trade, — 'twas the apostles' own calling."

Thus, in the beginning, the colonists looked to fishing,
first, for the food on their tables, and, following the practice
of the natives, for a dressing for their gardens and fields,
and, next, for a valuable article of export trade which
brought them rich return cargoes from other colonies,
from the West Indies, and from the ports of Europe.

Perhaps I can suggest in a few words the early magni-
tude and variety of our maritime interests, and thus jus-

4 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

tify, in a degree, the extent to which I must draw on your
space and patience in this account.

No settlement was attempted at this point until 1626.
A dozen families came here then from an abandoned
fishing station at Cape Ann, four or five leagues away,
where they had been established, with others, by the Dor-
chester Company in 1624. They were mostly fishermen
from the west coast of England, and, being dissatisfied
with their Cape Ann location, had abandoned it, some for
Eno:land, some for Virsfinia, and a little remnant for this
" pleasant and fruitful neck of land" now called Salem.
Conant, Woodbury, Balch, Palfray and others, evincing
a determination to maintain themselves here, they were
reinforced, first, by a party under Endicott in 1628, then
by another which came with Higginson in 1629, and finally
by the great Sufiblk Emigration of 1630, under Winthrop.
How promptly after their establishment here the}^ began
to develop commercial relations will readily appear.

In the summer of 1629 seven or more shipwrights
were at work here. Shallops for the fishing business were
already on the stocks. A barque had already been built
and was to ^o to the Banks and brinof back the fishermen
from English fishing vessels, which returned to England
direct from the Banks with their fares of fish. A store-
house was ordered, April 17, for the shipwrights ; another.
May 28, for the fishermen; nine fishermen are sent over
at the company's charges to remain and initiate others in
the craft ; fish is ordered for a return cargo ; lots are as-
signed in the common lands to fishermen in severalty
to build flakes or stages, for curing their fares.

In the year 1636-7, a town order prohibited the ex-
portation of lumber, which " hath not onely bared our
woods verie much of the best tymber trees, of all sorts,
but bereaved also our inhabitants of such boards & clap-

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 5

boards whereof they stand in need ;" two spots " by y^
waters side" are assigned to master-builders for ship buihl-
ing; the Ship "Desire"^ of 120 tons, built here in 1636,
had made a voyage to New Providence & Tortuga ; be-
fore a twelvemonth ended a Fast was observed "on account
of prevailing fevers, small-pox & low state of religion;"
the tirst importation of indigo and sugar seems to have
been made in 1639, though cotton had arrived earlier ; on
" the 22"» of the 3**' m« called May" of that year the Gen-
eral Court voted " for further incuragement of men to set
vpon fishinge, * * that such ships & vessels & other
stock, as shall bee properly imployed & adventured in
takeing, makeing & transporting of fish, according to the
course of fishing voyages & the fish itselfe, shall bee ex-
empt for 7 years from hencefourth from all countrey
charges," * * Fishermen & Ship-carpenters were ex-
empt from " training" and so important to the colony had
the export of dried fish become that " it is forbidden to
all men, after the 20'^* of the next month, to imploy any
codd or basse fish for manuring of ground," upon pain of
losing " the privledg of exemption from publike charges ;"
"timber trees fitt for shippinge" are protected by vote of a
general town meeting in 1640, and "none shall cleave
such trees upp to clapl)o[ards] or pipestaves ;" in 1641,
ship-building is to proceed under the eye of a sworn
surveyor because " the countrey is no we in hand w^^' the
building of Ships, w^^' is a business of great importance
for the comon good " and at the urgency of Rev. Hugh
Peters of the First Church, a 300 ton ship is built here;
the next year, 1642, " tymber within the tow^ne lymitts"
is still further protected, by vote of town meeting, and, in

iFour years later, she made the passage IVom Salem to Gravesencl in twenty-
three days, — famous sailing tor those times.

b EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

October, a vessel of 200 tons, built here during the sum-
mer and laden with pipe-staves and other merchandise,
sailed for Fayal ; in 1643, Salem was trading with the
mother country, Bermuda, Virginia, Barbadoes, Tortuga,
and the Leeward Islands ; in 1645, a commercial agent for
the town at Barbadoes had been proposed in the town
meeting, and in March, 1647-8, appear the first Quaran-
tine Regulations.

Of these. Gov. Winthrop in his jonrnal says: "It
pleased the Lord to open to us a trade with Barbados and
other Islands in the West Indies, which as it proved
gainful, so the commodities we had in exchange there for
our cattle and provisions, as sugar, cotton, tobacco and
indigo, were a good help to discharge our engagements
in England. And this sunmier there was so great a
drouth, as their potatoes and corn, etc., were burnt up;
and divers London ships which rode there were so short
of provisions as if our vessels had not supplied them,
they could not have returned home ; which was an ob-
serval)le providence, that whereas many of the London
seameji were wont to despise New England, as a poor,
barren country, should now be relieved by our plenty.

" After the great dearth of victuals in these islands fol-
lowed presently a great mortality (whether it were the
plague, or pestilent fever, it killed in three days) that
in Barbadoes there died six thousand, and in Chris-
topher's, of English and French near as many, and in
other islands proportionable. The report of this coming
to us by a vessel which came from Fayal, the court pub-
lished an order that all vessels which should come from
the West Indies, should stay at the castle, and not come
on shore nor put any goods on shore, witliout license
of three of the council, on pain of one hundred pounds.
Nor any to go aboard &c except they continued there c^c

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 7

on like penalty. The like order was sent to Salem &
other haven towns."

It should be understood that the " Castle" was in the
Harbor of Boston some leagues distant from Salem, and the
order requiring inward bound vessels to stay there rwdy
have had no bearing on vessels bound to Salem, which
would not necessarily come within hail of the Castle. Be-
sides these precautionary measures a Fast was ordered by
the Court, " being sencible of the great mortality of o"^
country men in the West Indies" and for other causes.

The first colonial legislation, which I find, intended to
regulate Ports of Entry, bears date 1668, and in all the
twenty-seven sections of the act, there is no allusion to
the public health, so far was this matter left in the hands
of the local authorities. Indeed, in Salem, we only
completed our harbor fortification by impressing men in
1669, so that it would not have been easy before that
date to enforce an act like that of 1647. This act I insert
entire. It was i-epealed about two years later, and with
the exception of a similar act suggested by the London
l)lague of 1665, and also of two years' duration, and lim-
ited to ships from England as that had been to ships
from the West Indies, no colonial legislation touching
our subject was attempted until the end of the century,
when a general quarantine law of larger scope, passed in
1699, was disallowed the next year by the Privy Council,
on the ground that it usurped powers of regulating trade
properly belonging to the Royal Governor and Coun-
cil. And it ma\^ have been due to this jealousy that the
towns preferred to make their own quarantine arrange-
ments rather than invite the exercise of the veto-power by
legislative enactments. The act of 1647-8 is as follows :

"Forasmuch as this Co^'te is credibly informed y^ y®
plague, or like greivos [inj fectious disease, hath lately ex-

8 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

ceed^^y raged in y® Barbadoes, Christophers, & oth'' i[sl]-
ands ill y* West Indies, to y® great depopulate of those,
it is therefore ord^'ed, y^ all [our own] or oth'" vessels
come^ from any pts of y® West Indies to Boston har-
bor shall stop [and come to an] anchor before they come
at y^ Castle, und^ y^ poenalty of 100£, & that no pson
comeing in any vessel 1 from the West Indies shall go
a shore in any towne, village, or farme, or come within
foure rods of any oth'' pson, but such as belongs to the
vessels company y^ hee or shee came in, or any wayes
land or convey any goods brought in any such vessels to
any towne, village, or farme aforesaid, or any oth"" place
w"4n this iurisdiction, except it be upon some iland where
no inhabitant resides, w^^^out licence from y^ councell, or
some three of them, uad^ y^ aforesaid poenalty of a hun-
dred pound for ev'"^ offence.

"That no inhabitant, seaman, or other pson whatsoev^,
reciding w"^in this iurisdiction, shall go aboard any such
shipp or vessell comeing from the AVest Indies aforesaid,
or buy or otherwise take into his possession any goods or
marchandize brought in any such vessell, w*^'out licence as
aforesaid, und'^ y® poenalty of 100£, & to be otherwise
confined or restrained, as the said councell, or some three
of them, shall appoint ; c&to y® end y* all psons may have
due information hereof, it is hereby agreed, y' this ord^
shalbe forth w*^^ published, & a coppy thereof sent to y^
captaine of y^ Castle, togeth^ w"' comission to him to
cause ev^'y shipp or other vessell, belonging to y^ country
or any oth'" place, y' shall come from any pt of the West
Indies aforesaid, to stop & come to an anchor before they
shall passe y^ Castle, & theu send unto them a coppy of
this order, & there cause them to remaine till furth'' order
from y^ councell, or some three of them, whose counsell is
to be taken therein : this ord*' to continue till this Co^'te or

EAELY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 9

the councell of y® comonwealth shall see cause to repeale
y^ same.

"It is furth^ord^ed, y*a coppy of this order shall be forth-
w*^ sent to the sev^all cunstables of ev''^ port towne in this
iurisdiction, w*'^ warrant to give notice thereof, w*^ all pos-
sible speed, to any vessell comeing from y^ West Indies
aforesaid, upon y^ first view thereof, & furth"^ to see to y®
execution of this ord^, according to y^ utmost of their abil-
ity, & y* y^ councell, or some three of them, shall have
pow^ to appoint some convenient place, upon some of y®
Hands or oth'" fit places, where such psons & goods shal be
sheltered for a time, & to do any thing of like nature y*
shall be necessary for their preservation, & welfare of y®
country."

The order was repealed, 2 May, 1649.

"The Courte doth thinke meete that the order concerning
the stoping of West India ships at the Castle should hereby
be repealed, seing it hath pleased God to stay the sicknes
there."

The first action of the selectmen of Salem now on
record, touching our subject, bears date 1678, and is in
these words :

" Att a metting of the selectmen 2 Sep*. 1678.

The prouidence of god so orderhig that the distemper
of the small pox still continuing at Boston, severall of
the Selectmen being ferfull of that distemper & others of
them being ancient & not able to travell the Selectmen
aforesaid have requested the worship^ Major W°^. Ha-
thorne to deliver in to the Honored Court of assistance
our answer to the resons of apeale of Nath^ & John Putt-
man and the rest concerned with y™ & to speake to that
case as nede shall require in the behalfe of the towne of
Salem."

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 1*

10 EAELY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

Meeting of Selectmen 17:8: 1678.

"It is ordered that Wm. Stacy who is sick of the small
pox doth not presume to come abroad till three wekes
after this date be expired & that he be very carfull y*
when y* time be exspired he shift his clothes & doe not
frequent any company till he be wholy cler. of that in-
fection."

Meeting of Selectmen 25 : 10 : 1678.

"The selectmen being informed y* Will"^ Lord Jun"" is
visited w*^ the small pox at his father's house, the select-
men doe order y* Wm. Lord Sen^ his wife & children y*
live wt^ him doe kepe within ther house, & y* they doe
not ofer to sayle any of ther ware, viz : bread, cakes, gin-
ger bread & the like & that they sufer non to come to
ther house but what nessesity requires upon the penalty
of twenty shillings in money for each offence.

"And it is ordered y* Tho. Stacy doth forbare grinding
at the mill & y* he be carfull he doth not infect others, on
the penalty of twenty shillings."

In 1680 the Selectmen of Salem seem to have found it
necessary to establish a quarantine of their own by the
following action, which, though temporary in its nature,
will be seen to cover a period of twenty years, in which
no help was had from general legislation.

"At a meeting of the Commissions^ & Selectmen of the
towne, June, 1680.

" In consideration y* it hath pleased God to visit the in-
habitants of Barbados with the small pox which is an in-
fexious distemper and severall vessells are expected from
thence : And it being our duty y^ all due care may be taken
to prevent itts being brought in amoughts us :

"Wee doe therefore order, that not any vessell which
comes from the Isl. of Barbados, shall have liberty e to land
any cotten wooll or other goods from on Board theire vessel,

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 11

nor any one of theire Come or passenger that shall come
with them from thence shall have libertye or bee suffered
to come on shore, before thay are vissetted or examined by
James Poland or John Clifford one or Both of which wee
doe heareby fulley impowre to goe on Board all such ves-
sell or vessells and for that end to impress any boate or
canoe & persons sutable to attend them therein, likewise
to give notice to them y* thay suffer not any person or per-
sons to come on Board, that neither the Companye or pas-
sengers come on shore nor any person or persons what
soever goe on Board of them upon the uttermost perrill,
untill a tru acc^ bee given to the Selectmen of theire
health & conditiou thay are in by the sayd persons im-
powred, that soe an order from the Selectmen may bee given
forth either to licence them to come on shoare, or further
to prohibit & forbid according as the case may justly re-
quh-e."

"At a meeting of William Browne & Bartholomew Ged-
ney Esq'^ togather with the Selectmen who ordered a war-
rant to bee drawne as followeth, June 14th, 1680.

"To Constable Peter Chevers you are in his maj*^ name
heareby required to impress William Marston to caryover
the man hee hath brought into the towne, (which man is
visseted with the distemper of the small pox) in the same
boate hee brought him unto the house of Abraham Read,
on Roy all Syde, which sayd house if the man bee not wil-
ling to reseave him into it & withdraw himselfe into some
other place for a short tyme : you are then heareby to im-
press the house & enter into it & leave the distempered man
there, & William Marston with him to tend him; & to
provide for them all such things as are nessesary upon the
townes acc*^ & to cause Abraham Read to depart, or if hee
bee not at home then to open the house as aforesayd, like-
wise to order William Marston to sink the boat in some

12 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

convenient place for her clensing & all & every part heare-
of you are to attend imtill you shall reseave further order
& heareof you are not to fayle."

At a meeting of the Selectmen January 21th, 1680-1.

"Abraham Reads Rates are abated to Constable Juo
Batchelder upon consideration of his house being im-
proved to put a sick man in, viz ; the man y^ was viseted
with the small pox."

" Att a metting of the Selectmen 19 : 8 : 1683.

" There being certaine information given to the Select-
men, (& by M"". John Tawleys owne acknowligement) y^
M^. Jn*' Tawley who latley arived from Newfound land
has brought in the distemper of the small pox haveing
one man on board sick of the same & considering the
great danger of the spreading of such a distemper amongst
us he haveing brought home many passengers whome he
has landed & they are scatered a broad

"This followino^ Avarrant was o^iven to ve Constables.

"You & every of you are herby required in his majes-
ties [name,] forthwith to send ffrances Eliot on board M"^
Jn^ Tawleys Katch & ther to tend ye sick man & forth
with to send & cary downe to the house y' Sarj* Jn** Cli-
ford lived in all the passengers & seamen y' came in M'^
Jn° Tawleys from Newfound land & can be found in this
towne & there to confine them till further order be taken
and y^ Mr. Jn** Tawley be confined to his house & y* his
boy be either sent on board ye Katch or downe to the
aforesaid house."

" At a meeting of the Select men 8^^ 7. 85.

"The Select men being informed that the small pox doth
greatly rage upon the Island of Burbados, doe therefore
order that all cotten wool that is now or hereafter shall be
imported from said Island into this harbor of Salem shall
be landed at Bakers Island & there to remaine untel the

EAELY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 13

Select men shall give order for the removal I of the
same."

[Baker's Island is four or five miles from Salem.]
"Att a meeting of the Selectmen y^ 16th of Aprell 1686.

"Itt is Ordrd that by reson of the prevailing of the
small pox in the Hand of Barbados y* all cotten wooll
now imported into this harbor or shall bee here after dure-
ing the tyme of that siknes there shall bee landed att
Winter Hand in the warehous y^ was Cap* Jn° Corwins &
not to take it thence till order from the Selectmen."

[Winter Island is just at the mouth of the Harbor,
and was the site of the Fort.]

At a meeting of the Select men 18*^ May 1691.

" Ordered that noe pson whatsoever within the bounds
of this towne that hath lately had the small pox, presume
to come abroad into company or goe to meeting without
pticular liberty & lycence first had & obtained from the
Selectmen for the tyme being on penalty of twenty shil-
lings for every such ofience & that no pson whatsoever
shall air or hang abroad any lining, beding or cloathing
out of any house where the distemper is or hath been
lately, near any dwelling house or nigh the Mayn street
on the penalty aforesaid."

"At a towne meeting held June 16, 1701.

"Voted that a pest house be builded, not exceeding
50^^ in money & s^ 50^^ be raised and pay^ in to y® T.
Treas^ at or before y® last dny of Decemb'" next come
twelve month, & y* y® Selectmen consider of a conven-
ient place, & make report thereof to y"^ next town meet-
ing & also y* y^ Selectmen are impowred & desired to
agree w*^ some sutable persons for to performe y^ same &>
to indevour to procure some person to advance money on
y^ credit of this town vote for y^ performance thereof, as
soon as may be."

14 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

"At a meeting of y« Selectmen Octob'^ 16th, 1702.

" Orel** y* if any dy of y® small pox they shall be buried
about 3 of y® clock in y® afternoon.

" Ord'^ y* Constable Jn° Williams doth attend y® faner-
alls of any y* dy of y® small pox & walk before y® corps
to give notice to any y* may be in danger of y® infec-
tion."

Before the action last recorded a Provincial Act, dated
June 25, 1701, had gone into effect (we will examine this
act presently) ; it differed in scope and character from the
temporary orders formerly issued by the General Court,
and was kept alive, with few additions and modifications,
for a century. But it is a surprising fact that, from the set-
tlement of this colony to the year 1701, the matter of
providing by law against the importation of contagious
distempers should have received so little attention among
a people devoted to navigation, frequently scourged with
unmanageable epidemics and prone to legislate on all sorts
of subjects whether profane or sacred. With the exception
of these three enactments, neither of which remained
in force more than two years, — two of Avhich were
carefully limited in their territorial scope, — the local
authorities got no aid from the General Court before
1700, in protecting their populations against foreign
disease, and even the local authorities themselves were
very sparing of their efforts in this behalf. Possibly
some explanation of this omission may be found in the ob-
vious fact that the leading men of these seaboard towns,
upon w^hom would devolve the making and enforcing of lo-
cal regulations, were at the same time the ship-owners and
ship-masters who could, by a tacit understanding among
themselves, observe such regulations and thus render need-
less all appeal to legal authority. The men who controlled
the commerce of the infant colony were beyond all others

EAKLY QUAEANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 15

the men who had its home interests at heart and they may
have established, by mutual consent, a system for the pro-
tection of the town, without spreading it on the records or
having recourse to penalties. It is proper to say that fre-
quent days of public fasting, humiliation and prayer were
resorted to by the law-making powers, colonial and pro-
vincial, as among the preventive measures of the day. The
very frequent recurrence of these observances, which Avere
intended to "avert the frowns ofProvidence" as discovered
in " Fevers," " Small-pox, " "Plagues " and "Unwonted dis-
ease," as well as in "the low state of religion," "sins,"
"blastings," "grasshoppers," and the "palmer- worm,"
would, if the long list of dates were enumerated, show what
a terrible scourge these diseases were, especially the small-
pox before the introduction of inoculation. ^

'^ Inoculation was introduced into America in 1720 by Dr. Zabdiel Boylston of
Boston who for some years, alone and under great discouragements of hostile leg-
islation as well as personal peril, persisted in the practice. It seems to have pre-
vailed earlier and more generally here than in Europe. See " Diseases of America,"
u letter dated '• New York, December, 1780," from the pen of Dr. Johann David
Schoepft", Surgeon of the Anspuch-Bayreuth Troops in America, Also, for the con-
nection of Dr. Increase Mather with the subject, see Collections Mass. Historical
Society, 1st Series, Vol. IX, pp. 275-80. Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse of Cambridge,
who, with Dr. James Jackson of Boston in 17%, introduced vaccination into
America, wrote as follows in 1787 to his friend Dr. Ilolyoke of Salem.

Cambridge Octob' 23<i 1787.
Sir

I herewith send you a Book entitled " an Inquiry how to prevent the Small-Pox,"
written hy Dr. Haygarth of the City of Chester in England. This leai-ned and be-
nevolent Physician intends to publish a Proposal for exterminating the S. Pox from
Great Britain, and as he thinks the communications I made him (as expressed in
p. 138 ) of no small consequence to his plan, and requests more information, I feel
heartily disposed to give all tlie assistance in my power, which is indeed no moi'e
than collecting the best information our Country affords.— With this view I send
the publication for your perusal. —

I suspect that we in N. England know more of
the S. Pox than they do in G. Britain, and that there are more and better materials
for forming an accurate history of that Disease, with us, than with them ?— Even
their Physicians seem to have forgotten, that an Inhabitant of Boston was the first
who put in practice the obscure hints given by Timonius of Constantinople, and
transferring it to England, thence diffused this salutary practice among every pol-
ished nation in the world.— There appears an heroism in D' Boylston that is worth

recording. —

I remain,

very respected Sir,
Dr. Ed. Aug. Holyoke M. D. your humble servant

Salem, Mass. B. Waterhouse.

16 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

About the year 1700, a general system of regulation be-
gan to develop itself, resulting in a law differing only from
the vetoed act of 1699, in that it enjoined every justice of
the peace to intervene in executing it, and the selectmen to
take care of the sick at the cost of the persons or of towns,
save in the case of paupers without settlement, they to
be provided for at the cost of the Province. This act of
the last year of William III was the basis of our quaran-
tine system. It was passed during a period of disquiet.
The charters were in danger. Massachusetts was asserting
rights and exercising powers denied to her by the advisers of
the Crown ; and in the midst of the confusion incident to the
retirement of Earl Bellomont from the Executive Chair of
the Province and the resumption of that coveted seat by the
once expatriated Dudley, and while it was temporarily filled
a second time, for a few months, by the aged and decrepit
Stoughton, then Lieutenant Governor, this fortunate law
seems to have slipped through the prescribed forms of en-
actment. These are its terms.

AN ACT PROVIDING IN CASE OF SICKNESS.

Be it enacted by the Lieutenant-Governour, Council and
Representatives in General Court assembled, and by the
authority of the same,

[Sect. 1.] That, for the better preventing the spreading
of infection, when it shall happen any person or persons
coming from abroad or belonging to any town or place with-
in this province to be visited, or that late before have been
visited with the plague, small pox, pestilential or malignant
feaver, or other contagious sickness, the infection whereof
may probably be communicated to others, the selectmen of
such town be and hereby are impowred to take care and
make effectual provision, in the best manner they can, for
the preservation of the inhabitants, by removing and place-

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 17

ing such sick or infected person or persons to and in a
separate house or houses, and by providing of nurses, ten-
dance and other assistance and necessaries for them, at the
charge of the party s themselves, their parents or masters
(if able), or otherwise at the charge of the town or place
whereto they belong.

[Sect. 2.] And in case it happen any person or persons
to be visited with sickness in any other town or place than
that whereto they belong, and thereby occasion a charge to
such town, the selectmen shall lay the accompt thereof be-
fore the justices in court of general sessions of the peace,
within the county where the town lyes whereto such person
or persons belong ; and the justices, having adjusted the
accompt of such charge, and allowed so much thereof as
they judge reasonable, shall order payment thereof to be
made by the treasurer of such town, when the persons them-
selves, their parents or masters, are unable to pay the same.
And when it shall happen such indigent persons, not to be
inhabitants, or belonging to any town or place within this
province, and the proper charge thereof in case they need
reliefe, then the charge of their sickness shall be defreyed
out of the publick treasury of the province, by warrant
from the governour, with the advice and consent of the
council.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid,
[Sect. 3.] That, if need so require, any two justices of
the peace may make out a warrant, directed to the sherifFe
of the county or his deput}^, or constables of the town or
place where any such sick person or persons shall be, re-
quiring them, or any of them, in his majesty's name, with
the advice and direction of the selectmen of the same, to
impress and take up convenient housing, lodging, nurses,
tendance and other necessaries, for the accommodation,
safety and relief of the sick.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 2

18 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid,
[Sect. 4.] That if any person or persons, seamen or
passengers, belonging to or transported in any ship or ves-
sel arriving to any port or harbour within this pro-
vince, happen to be visited with the plague, small
pox, pestilential or malignant fever, during the voy-
age, or to come from any place where such sickness pre-
vails and is common, any justice or justices of the peace
within the county, to whom the notice or information
thereof shall be given, shall forthwith take care to
prevent and restrain all persons belonging to or trans-
ported in such ship or other vessel from coming on
shore, and if any be before on shore to send them on board
again, as also to restrain persons from going on board such
ship or vessel ; and to that end may make out a warrant,
directed to the sheriffe of the county or his deputy, or con-
stables of the same town, who are accordingly impowred
and required to execute the same. And such justice or
justices are forthwith to transmit the intelligence thereof
to the governour or commander-in-chief for the time being,
who is hereby impowred, with the advice and consent of
the council, to take such further order therein as they
shall think fit for preventing the spreading of the in-
fection.

\_Passed June 25; published June 28, 1701.']
From this time on, the tendency of provincial legislation
was to throw more and more of the burthen of caring for
the health of the growing populations upon local authorities
by enlarging their powers. I shall not encumber this ac-
count with a recital of the modifications suggested by a cen-
tury of progress before the final supersedure of this fun-
damental act, June 22, 1797. The action of the selectmen
of Salem, which I shall detail, found its warrant in this fun-
damental law of 1701 and its several amendments.

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 19

In April, 1705, the Sloop Sterling brings the Small-Pox
from Barbae! oes and her crew are put ashore on Misery
Island [an island about five miles down the harbor] .

In the summer of 1711, the small pox was again brought
in from Barbadoes in a brig commanded by Capt. Eben.
Hathorne.

In 1716-17 the Province built a Hospital on Spectacle
Island in Boston Harbor and all infected persons and mer-
chandise which could "without great inconveniency and
damage " be sent there, were so ordered. This was the
first quarantine establishment in Massachusetts.

April 22, 1721, it was agreed with Malachie Foot and
Matthew Barton to keep watch and ward at Winter Island
until all vessels due "from Barbadoes and Tortudas are
arrived, to prevent the infection of the Small Pox."
[We then cleared eighty sail per year for foreign ports.]
" An house was appointed for those who should take the
disease." It was raging also in Boston and " threatened
the land," having been brought to that port by the " Saltor-
tugas fleet." Dr. Boylston and Rev. Cotton Mather urged
inoculation.

In 1721-2 a new Provincial act was passed for protection
against the plague then raging in France and the Mediter-
ranean ports, which required vessels from those parts to
perform quarantine for forty days at least at some ap-
pointed phice, on penalty of death to every master or com-
mander who should after notice " presume to unlade any
part of his goods or cargo before he have perform'd such
quarentine." The operation of this act was limited to
three years and it was not extended. It covered also ves-
sels from Newfoundland, Cape Breton and Canso, which
had within six months been in any port of France or other
infected place, or taken on board goods from such ports.
A resolve of the same year, 1722, declared that the orig-

20 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

inal act of 1701, authorized the removal of infected
persons into separate houses, by warrant of the justices
with the consent of the selectmen.

" At a meeting of the Selectmen, present, Cap* Bowditch,
M^ Flint, M^ Orne, Tho. Barton. May 11, 1726.

Ordered, Whereas M'' John Crowniiigshield in a sloop
of this place, arrived on Saturday night last from the
West Indies and it haveing happened in their passage to
have one of his men visited with the small pox & but very
lately recovered thereof, and for the better preventing the
spreading of the infection ; on Sabbath day morning early
a warrant was obtained from two of His Maj*^^^ Justices as
the law directs, & executed, to prevent and restrain all per-
sons belonging to the vessell from comeing on shoar as
also to restrain all persons from going on board till farther
order, and for the more effectuall accomplishing of the af-
fair the Selectmen did order & desire M"" Rich^ Palmer &
Malachie fibot to ward on the Neck, near to the place
where the vessell layd all that & every day till other care
& more effectuall provision could be made. Wherefore
the Selectmen do now agree & have taken up Cap* Gardners
little house on the point below Benj^ Holms's hi the South
field, to remove & place the infected persons in, and the
house being out of repair it is Ordered that it be forthwith
repaired & made convenient for the service."

" At a meeting of the Selectmen present. Cap* Bowditch,
M^ Manning, M"" Flint, M^ Orne, Tho« Barton. May 27,
1726.

Ordered, The Selectmen takeing into consideration the
case of Thomas Marston, the person lately recovered of
the small pox on board M"" Crowningshield in his passage
from the West Indies, he haveing been on shoar about a
fortnight, & with Abraham Cabot his nurse, confined to
Cap* Gardners house in the South field, and all proper

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 21

means used for th,eir cleansing whether or no they may
now be allowed with safety to come home to their families ;
It is agreed that they may not come away yet but that they
keep there one week longer, or 'till after the Selectmens
next meeting on the first Monday of the next month."

" At a meeting of the Selectmen present, Cap* Bowditch,
M"- Manning, M^ Orne, Thos. Barton. June 16, 1727.

Ordered, Whereas M'" William Cash master of a Brig* of
this place, is this day arrived from New Castle, and it
haveing happened in his passage to have two of his men
visited with the small pox, and as yet are not perfectly
recovered & free from the infection. Wherefore for pre-
venting the spreading of the infection, it is agreed that a
warrant be procured from His His Maj"^^ Justices as the
law directs, to prevent c& restrain all persons, seamen,
passengers & others from coming on shoar & going on
board without leave of the Selectmen or furthur order from
the Justices. A warrant is accordingly obtained & by Con-
stable John Chapman executed.

eJune 18. The Brig* being now ordered up toward fforest
River behind the South field the two men that never yet had
the small pox are taken on shoar to Capt. Gardners house
on the point behind Holms's in the South field, to prevent
their taking any furthur infection, there to remain 'till after
the next full or change of the moon, that if possibly they
may escape having the distemper, and the meantime the
other men with the master are confined on board, & not
allowed to come on shoar 'till both they and the vessell
shall be sufficiently cleansed and air'd."

"At a meeting of the Selectmen present. Cap* Bowditch,
M'^ fiiint, M"- Manning, M"^ Orne, M^ Procter, Cap* fflint,
Thos« Barton. July 3, 1727.

Ordered, The selectmen taking into consideration the
case of the two men taken ashoar from M"" Cash to prevent

22 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

the spreading of the infection of the small pox and they
having been well cleansed & air'd, it is advis'd that they
may with safety go to their homes, and that Sam^ Calton
& Jon* Hart who had the small pox in their passage do
come ashoar at the same house in the South field in order
to their being further cleans'd & air'd."

"At a meeting of the Selectmen present, W Orne,
Cap* Plaisted, Cap* Barnard, M^ Ward, Tho« Barton.
OctoV 16th, 1730.

Ordered, Whereas information is given that there are
some careless persons that going to & from Marblehead in
this time of their visitation of the small pox and that some
has been to visit the sick there which put us much to fear
the danger of infection thereby — Wherefore the Selectmen
do take this oportunitie of a town meeting for choosing
of jurymen to give out a warrant, to advise with the Town
what may be proper to be done for their preservation and
that there be instructions given the Selectmen accordingly.

"Ordered, Whereas the Selectmen are informed that
Do*" Geo. Jackson of this town is gone to Marblehead in
order to visit the sick of the small pox there, and we doubt
unknown or without the leave of the Selectmen of that
Town, Wherefore it is agreed that the toAvn clerke write
to the Selectmen of Marblehead and acquaint them there-
of, as also to write to Do'^ Geo. Jackson concerning the
same, and that we look upon ourselves to be in great dan-
ger thereby, and shall take all proper methods to prevent
his passing & repassing thither."

"At a town meeting legally assembled Dec. 21, 1730.
Voted. — Cap* Ichabod Plaisted Moderator.

It being accounted unsafe to the inhabitants of this town
that the South Ferry in Salem at this time be kept up, to
carry & recarry passengers & goods to & from the town of
Marblehead, where the infection of the small pox is so
prevailing — Wherefore

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 23

Voted, That the said Ferry be stopt from y« 23*^ day of
December instant uutill such time as the Selectmen may
judge it safe & necessarie to open the same.

Voted, That no inhabitant of the Town of Marblehead
from & after the 25th instant be admitted to reside in this
Town within the Town Bridge, as an inmate, boarder, or
tenant, untill such time as the Selectmen may judge they
can be allowed with safety, nor in the out parts of the town
without leave of the Selectmen.

Voted, That there be a committee of five persons chosen
to be assisting to the Selectmen in case the small pox
should come into this town.

Voted, To serve on this committee, M** James Lindall,
Cap^ Joseph Hathorne, Cap^ Tim^ Orne, M'' Sam'^ Barton,
& M.' Warwick Palfrey."

In this vote of Deer. 21, 1730, we have the germ from
which was developed our modern Board of Health. The
five citizens selected for this auxiliary function were of
our best. In the year 1730 the small-pox was making
itself a troublesome factor in public afiairs. A Provin-
cial Act was passed empowering the several Courts of
Justice to abandon the shire-towns when threatened, and
hold lawful terms in towns not afiected, and the General
Court itself w\as driven out of Boston by the pest, sitting
in the "College Hall" at Cambridge & in the East Meet-
ing House at Koxbury.

The next year produced the following Provincial legis-
lation :

An Act to prevent persons concealing the small-pox.

AVhereas it has been represented that the small-pox has
been designedly concealed in divers families within this
province, which practice greatly tends to the spreading
of that mortal distemper ; for remedy w^hereof, —

Be it enacted hy His Excellency the Governoui% Coun-

24 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

cil and Represent\_ati']ves in General Court assembled, and
by the authority of the same,

[Sect. 1.] That from and after the publication of this
act, when any person is visited with the small-pox, in any
town of this province, immediately upon knowledge
thereof, the head of that family in which such person is
sick, shall acquaint the selectmen of the town therewith,
and also hang out, on a pole at least six feet in length, a
red cloth not under one yard long and half a yard wide,
from the most publick part of the infected house, the said
sign thus to continue till the house, in the judgement of
the selectmen, is throughly aired and cleansed; upon
penalty of forfeiting and paying the sum of fifty pounds
for each offence, one-half for the informer and the other
half for the use of the poor of the town where such offence
shall be committed, to be sued for and recovered by the
treasurer of the town, or the informer, by action, bill,
plaint or information, in any of his majesty's courts of
record ; and if the party be unable or refuses to pay such
fine, then to be punished by whipping not exceeding thirty
stripes.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid,
[Sect. 2.] That when the small- pox is in any town of
this province, and any person in said town, not having
had the same, shall then be taken sick, and any pustulous
eruptions appear, the head of that family wherein such
person is, shall immediately acquaint one or more of the
selectmen of the town therewith, that so the sd select-
men may give directions therein : upon penalty of for-
feiting the sum of fifty pounds, to be recovered and ap-
plied for the uses aforesaid, the whole charge to be born
by the person thus visited, if able to defrey the same, but
if in the judgement of the selectmen of the town such
person is indigent and unable, then the said charge to be

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 25

boru by the town whereto he or she belongs : pr^ovided,
always, that this act shall not be understood to extend to
persons in any town where more than twenty ftimilies are
known to be visited with the small-pox at one and the
same time.

[Sec. 3.] This act to continue for the space of ten
years from the publication thereof, and no longer.
[Passed February 2; published February 3, 1731-2.']

In 1737, the Province Hospital was removed from
Spectacle to Rainsford Island, in Boston Harbor.

In 1739, a Provincial act which seems to have been an-
ticipated by the order of our selectmen touching the Mar-
blehead Ferry, and which was extended from time to time
for twenty years, provided for the regulation of Ferry-
ways and for the prompt reporting of strangers arriving
from neighboring colonies. It was as follows :

An Act to prevent the spreading of the small-jDox or
other infectious sickness.

Whereas the inhabitants of sundry towns in this prov-
ince are often exposed to the infection of the small-pox
and other malignant, contagious distempers, by persons
coming from the neighbouring governments visited with
such infectious sickness, and by goods transported hither
that carry infection with them, —

Be it therefore enacted by His Excellency the Governour,
Council and Representatives in General Court assembled,
and by the authority of the same,

[Sect. 1.] That any person or persons coming from
any place, in either of the neighbouring colonies or prov-
inces, where the small-pox or other malignant infectious
distemper is prevailing, into any toAvn within this prov-
ince, who shall not, within the space of two hours from
their first coming, or from the time they shall first be in-
formed of their duty by law, in this particular, give no-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 2*

26 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

tice to one or more of the selectmen or town clerk of
such town, of their coming thither, and of the place from
whence they came, shall forfeit and pay the sum of
twent}^ pounds ; and if any person or persons coming into
any town of this province, from any such place visited
with the small-pox or other infectious sickness, shall not,
within the space of two hours, after warning given him
or them for that purpose, by the selectmen of such town,
depart out of this province, in such case it shall and may
be lawful for any justice of the peace of such county, by
warrant directed to a constable or other proper officer, to
cause such person or persons to be removed, wdth any
their goods that may probably give infection, unto the
colony or government from whence they came ; and any
person remov'd by warrant as aforesaid, who, during the
pre valency of such distemper, shall presume to return
into any town of this province, without liberty first ob-
tained from such justice, or from the selectmen of such
town, shall forfeit and pay the sum of one hundred
pounds.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid^
[Sect. 2.] That any inhabitant of this province, who
shall entertain in his house any person warned to depart
as aforesaid, by the space of two hours after notice given
him or her by one or more of the selectmen, of such
warning, shall forfeit and pay the sum of twenty pounds.
And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid^
[Sect. 3.] That it shall and may be lawful for the se-
lectmen of any town or towns near to or bordering on
either of the neighbouring governments, to appoint, by
writing, under their hands, some meet person or persons
to attend at ferry s, or other places, by or over which pas-
sengers and travellers coming from such infected places
may pass or be transported ; which person or persons, so

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 27

appointed, shall have power to examine such passengers
and travellers as they may suspect to bring infection with
them, and, if need be, to hinder and restrain them from
travelling till licensed thereto by a justice of the peace
within such county, or by the selectmen of the town into
which such person or persons shall come ; and any pas-
senger, w^ho, coming from such infected place, shall, with-
out license as aforesaid, presume to travail or abide in
this province after they shall have been cautioned and ad-
monished, by the person or persons appointed as afore-
said, to depart, shall forfeit and pay the sum of twenty
pounds, and be removed thence by w\arrant as aforesaid.

[Sect. 4.] The several forfeitures arising by virtue of
this act, to be one moiety to Jind for the use of the town
where the offence shall be committed ; the other moiety
to him or them who shall inform and sue for the same, in
any of his majesties courts of record w^ithin this prov-
ince.

[Sect. 5.] This act to continue and be in force for
the space of three years, and no longer.

[I^afised June 15; jmblhhed June 16, 1739.~\

In 1746, June, "The major part of the selectmen
together with Thom^ Barton & Sam^ Barnard Esq^. two
of His Majestys Justices of the Peace for this County
met on acc^. of Peter Huxford who was sick of y^ small-
pox on board y"^ sloop "Wheel of Fortune" John Wake-
feild master lately arrived from S^ Eustatia also a boy on
board s"^. sloop named William, who w^as likely to have
that distemper, & sent the said Peter & William, by
John Wel)b to y® care of y® Keeper of y^ pest house on
Rainsfords Island, cfey^s**. Justices ordered the said sloop
up Forrest River under y® care of Cap*. Woodbridge."
Town Meeting — May 11, 1747.

On reading and considering the report of y^ Select

28 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

men which is as follows ; "We in conformity to the vote
of y® town making us a comittee to consider of some
sutable place for erecting a Pest House and making an
estimate of the charge of such a house, have attended
that service and are of opinion that Roach's point on the
Neck is the most sutable place for that purpose, and that
such a house may be erected & sutably finished at about
the cost of seven hundred pounds old Tenor ; which is
humbly submitted, by order of y^ Selectmen

Benjamin Browne.
Salem, 11 May, 1747."

Voted, that y^ same be accepted, and that y*^ sum of
four hundred pounds, old Tenor, be paid out of y*^ Town
Treasury toward erecting said House, provided y^ sum of
two hundred pounds, old Tenor, can be raised by sub-
scription, towards perfecting y^ same.

Voted, that Roach's Point be y^ place for y^ erecting
said House.

Voted, that M^. Stephen Putnam, Cap*. Jon^. Gardner,
Benj*. Brown Esq., M^. John Procter Jun^., &, Deacon
Beckford be a committee to get the said subscription and
to cause the said House to be erected, and to draw^ on the
Treasurer for the said four hundred pounds & lay out y®
same with what shall be obtained by subscription for y®
purpose aforesaid.

[The subscription seems to have failed and on March
30, 1752, the proposal to build at the Town's charge is
negatived in Town Meeting.]

In 1752 an act supplementing the provisions of the act
of 1701 in some essential particulars was passed in
these words :

An act in addition to an act made and pass'd in the
thirteenth year of King William the third, intitled "An
act providing in case of sickness."

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 29

Be it enacted by the Lieutenant- Governoui\ Council and
House of Representatives^

[Sect. 1.] That when and as often as there shall be
brought into any town within this province, whether it
shall be from any other town within the province, or from
parts without the province, any baggage, cloathing or
goods of any kind soever, and it- shall be made to appear
by the selectmen of the town, or major part of them, to
which such baggage, cloathing or other goods shall be
brought, to the satisfaction of any one of his majesty's
justices of the peace, that there is just cause to suspect
such ba^irasfe, cloathino: or other sroods to be infected with
the plague, small-pox, pestilential fever, or other malig-
nant, contagious distemper, it shall and may be lawful
for such justice of the peace, and he is hereby required,
in such case, by warrant, under his hand and seal, di-
rected to the sheriff or his deput3S or any constable of
the town in which such baggage, cloathing or other goods
shall be, requiring him to impress so many men as said
justice shall judge necessary, to secure such baggage,
cloathing or other goods to be secured, and said men to
set and post as a guard and watch over the house or
houses, or other place or places where such baggage,
cloathing or other goods shall be lodged ; which guard
and w^atch are hereby required to take effectual care to
prevent such baggage, cloathing or other goods being re-
moved or intermedled with by any persons whatever,
until due inquiry be made into the circumstances thereof;
and in case it shall appear to the said justice highly pro-
bable that such baggage, cloathing or other goods are in-
fected with the plague, small-pox, pestilential fever, or
other malignant, contagious distemper, said justice is
hereby impowred and directed to issue a warrant, under
his hand and seal, directed to the sherift' or his deputy.

30 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

or the constable of the town where such goods, cloathing
or baggage shall be, requiring said sheriff, deputy or
constable to remove said baggage, cloathing or other
goods, to some convenient house or place from whence
there shall be the least danger of the infection's spread-
ing, or being conveyed, there to remain until such bag-
<rao-e, cloathing or othe» goods shall be sufficiently aired,
and until it shall appear to the satisfaction of the selectmen
of the tow^n where such baggage, cloathing or other goods
shall be, that they be free from all infection ; and
said sheriff, deputy sheriff or constable, in the execution
of said warrant, are impowred and directed, if need be,
to break up any house, warehouse, shop or other place or
places, particularly mentioned in such warrant, where
such baggage, cloathing or other goods shall be ; and in
case of opposition or resistance, to require such aid and
assistance as shall be necessary to effect the removal of
such baggage, cloathing or other goods, and repel the
force and resistance which shall or may be made thereto.
[Sect. 2.] And all persons are hereby required, at
the commandment of either of the said officers having
such warrant, under the penalty of forty shillings, to be
recovered before the justice granting the same, to as-
sist said officer in the removing said baggage, cloathing
or other goods, unless they make an excuse to the sat-
isfaction of such justice ; and the charges of securing
such baggage, cloathing and other goods, transporting
and airing the same, shall be born and paid by the own-
ers thereof, at such rates and prizes as shall be set and
appointed by the selectmen of the town where such bag-
gage, cloathing or other goods shall be ; and in case of
refusal, to be recovered by suit at law by all and every
person and persons concerned and employed in and about
the business of securing, removing and airing said bag-
gage, cloathing or other goods.

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 31

And be it further enacted,

[Sect. 3.] That if need so require, any justice of
the peace may, and is hereby impowred, on application
to him made by the selectmen of the town in which such
infected baggage, cloathing or other goods shall be, to
make out a warrant to the sheriff of the county or his
deputy, or constable of the town where such baggage,
cloathing or other goods shall be, requiring said officer,
with the advice and direction of the selectmen of said
town, to impress and take up convenient housing or stores,
for the receiving, lodging and safe keeping thereof, until
the same shall be sufficiently aired, as aforesaid.

\_Passed January 30 \ 'published January 31, 1752.']

This winter of 1751-2 seems to have been a peculiarly
disastrous one. The Governor was addressed by the Leg-
islature to appoint a fast for " distress of the Provinces,
particularly Small Pox & Fevers ;" houses, nurses, and
other necessaries for the sick were impressed here, and
«fates established at the entrances to the town in accord-
ance with the action of the Selectmen which follows.
During this year attempts were made in Salem, through
anonymous letters, to communicate the small pox to the
family of Judge Lynde, afterwards Chief Justice of the
Province, and a large reward of £ 500 old tenor was
offered, and an Executive proclamation issued for the de-
tection of the offenders.

"At a meeting of y® selectmen of Salem, March 25,
1752, all present.

Agreed that y^ Clerk forthwith Issue Warrants for a
meeting of y® Freeholders & other Inhabitants of said
Town, at y'^ Town House on y^ 30th instant at two of y^
clock afternoon, at y*^ request of Epes Sargent Esq. &,
others. To consider the great hazard, y^ s*^ Inhabitants are
now in of being infected with y*^ small pox which prevails

32 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

ill y^ town of Boston, & in many parts abroad ; and if
they shall see meet, to order a House to be built at y^
charge of y^ town in some suitable place & fit for y^ re-
ception of all such as may be visited with any Infectious
sickness, & to do whatever else y^ town shall judge
necessary or prudent for preserving y^ said Inhabitants
from y^ said Infection, at this juncture."

" At a meeting of y^ Freeholders & other Inhabitants
of y® Town of Salem, lawfully qualified to vote, March
30th, A. D. 1752.

Voted, Col. Ichabod Plaisted, Moderator of this meeting.

It being put to vote, whether it was y^ mind of y^
Town that y® Selectmen should take all proper measures
to prevent y® spreading of y^ small pox in case it should
come amongst them, it past in y^ affirmative.

It being put to vote whether they would order a House
to be built at y® charge of y^ Town, in some suitable
place, & fit for y^ reception of all such as may be visited
with any Infectious sickness, it past in y^ negative.

Voted & Order'd, that the Selectmen forthwith erect a
Fence across y^ highway at y^ Town Bridge, and y^
highway by y^ South Mills & such other places as they
shall think proper ; and that they appoint one or more
proper person or persons, as a watch & Guard at each of
those places, & direct them carefully to examine every
person who shall attempt to pass there, and if He, she, or
they come from Boston or any other place visited with the
small pox, and for that or any other reason the Guard shall
judge it probable y^ inhabitants of this Town would be in
danger by such persons coming into Town, & having that
Infectious Distemper communicated to them. Then to stop
& hinder such person or persons, from passing y^ s^ way,
or coming into Town any other way, till they have y^
advice & permission of y^ Selectmen. And that y^ town

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 33

will indemify y^ Selectmen and also y® Guards to be by
them appointed, from all cost, charge & damage which
shall arise herein.

Voted, that the Selectmen be directed to apply to the
Great and General Assembly as soon as maybe, and pray
that such acts & laws may be made & passed in addition
to those already provided in case of sickness, as shall be
judged necessary to secure the Inhabitants of this town
from all infectious distempers and prevent y® spread of
y^ same in case any person should be visited therewith.
And that the s'd Selectmen may joyn with y® Selectmen
of Marblehead, or such as are appointed by that town, in
petitioning said Great & General Court for y^ purpose
aforesaid."

" At a meeting of y^ inhabitants of y^ town of Salem
and of y^ District of Danvers qualified to vote in y®
choice of Representatives, at y® Court House in Salem,
May 18th, 1752.

The Selectmen of said town of Salem being present,

It being put to vote, whether they would make choice
of any person to represent them in y® Great & General
Court, appointed to be held at Concord on the twenty
seventh instant, pursuant to a precept for this purpose, it
past in y^ negative.

Voted, that the Honourable the House of Representa-
tives next to be assembled, be desired not to lay any fine
on said inhabitants for not sending a Representative for
y® following reasons, viz'. —

First, For that it's not owing to any disrespect or de-
sisn'd affi'ont to that Hon'ble House.

2^'y Because by y^ late division of s^ town of Salem
it's at this juncture especially impracticable to choose Rep-
resentatives consistent with y® peace of y® said inhabitants.

3^^^ In as much as y^ small pox is in sevei'al of y® fam-

ESSEX INST. BUH.ETIN, VOL. XIV. 3

34 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

ilys of said town and it's probable will spread, the said
Hon^ House would be in great danger of having that in-
fectious distemper communicated to them by y® Repre-
sentatives of s"* inhabi*^ if any such were chosen, and

^thy ^g i^'g probable y® s^ distemper will spread in
said town, and thereby very heavy charges occur to y®
inhabitants they think in that case many of said inhabit-
ants will be unable to bear y® charge of sending a
Representative.

Voted, that a copy of these votes accompany y®
precept."

By Chap. Ill of a Session begun May 25, 1757, the
quarantine legislation was further perfected. The act
was as follows :

An act in addition to an act intitled : A^i act for reg-
ulating the hospital on RaiiisforcVs Island, and further pro-
viding in Case of Sickness.

Whereas in and b}^ an Act Intitled, An act for regu-
lating the Hospital on Rainsford's Island, and further pro-
viding in Case of Sickness, it is provided, That ^hvhen and
so often as any Ship or other Vessel, ivherem any Infec-
tion or infectious Sickness hath lately been, shall came to
any Port or Harbour within this Province; or when and
so often as any Person or Persons, belonging to or that
may, either by Sea, or Land, come into any Town or
Place near the public Hospital within this Province, shall
be visited ivith any infectious Sickness ; tivo of the Justices
of the Peace or Select Men of such Place, be and hereby
are impowred immediately to order the said Vessel and
sick Persons to the Province Hospital or House aforesaid,
there to be taken Care of:''

But no Penalty is annexed to the Breach of the afore-
recited Paragraph of said Act: Wherefore, Be it en-
acted by the Governour, Council and House of Represen-

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 35

tatives, That when any Ship or other Vessel, wherein
any infectious Sickness is, or hath lately been, shall come
to any Port or Harbour in this Province, and either two
Justices or the Select-Men of the Place shall order the
said Vessel to the Province Hospital ; and the Master or
INIariners of such Vessel, shall refuse or delay by the
Space of six Hours after said Order, given to said Master
or either of the Owners of said Vessel, or of the Factors
of either of said Owners, to come to sail, if AVind and
Weather permit, in order to proceed to said Hospital, the
Master of said Vessel shall forfeit and pay the Sum of
One Hundred Pounds, and sulfer six Months Imprison-
ment ; one half of said fine to be to the Informer or
Prosecutor, and the other half to the Poor of the Town
or District, to which such Port or Harbour belongs ; the
Offender to be prosecuted in any Court of Justice proper
to try the same.

Again, in 1764, Salem was fenced off from her neigh-
bors by the Selectmen, Jany. 21, and a w^atch ordered, but
these precautions were suspended March 8th, and one
thousand persons had the disease by voluntary inoculation,
out of a population of forty-four hundred.

" At a meeting of the Selectmen of Salem August 24th,
1772, all present.

The selectmen being informed that Cap* John Batton
had arrived at Salem in a vessel from abroad, & that one
of his hands on board was sick of the small pox —

Agreed that an order be sent to said Batton in the form
following, viz*
" To Capt. John Batton,

Sir, We as selectmen of Salem being impowered & di-
rected by the laws of this Province to take care for
preventing the spreading of infectious diseases, more
particularly in the case of vessels coming from abroad ;

36 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALExM.

pursuant to said Laws we hereby direct & require you,
wdth all convenient speed, to proceed with your vessel from
hence to Raiusford Island, where proper houses & accom-
modations are provided for the reception of your men in-
fected, or in danger thereof, & for cleansing them and the
vessel & goods on board ; and you are to take care that
none of your men, nor yourself, come on shore here, as
you & they would avoid the penalties of the Laws in this
case provided. Given under our hands at Salem this
twenty fourth day of August, 1772.

(signed) George Dodge,

George Williams,
John Felt,
John Gardner, 3^,
Tim'^' Pickering, jun^"

[The above order was given the same day to Rich^.
Derby, jun^., Esq^., to be delivered to said Batton ; who
proceeded as therein was required.]

We now approach the period at which the general treat-
ment of small pox by wholesale inoculation prevailed.
Salem had, by the first census, — that of 1765, — a popu-
lation of fort^'-four hundred and twenty-seven souls, five
hundred and nine houses, and nine hundred and twenty-
three families, and, by the next colonial census of 1786,
a population of fifty-three hundred and thirty-seven.
Marblehead was as large. October 19, 1773, was opened
by Elbridge Gerry, afterwards Vice-President of the
United States, and others, on Cat Island, in Salem Harbor,
near Marblehead, the first general hospital for inoculation
known to have existed in New England, and, it has been
also claimed, the first in the country. This establishment
accommodated classes of one hundred or more, who
remained under treatment four or five weeks. After a
few months of success, it was burnt by a mob. Meantime

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 37

another similar establishment, like the first a private
enterprise, was opened in the Great Pasture near Castle
Hill in Salem, Dec. 9, 1773, with a class of 132 patients,
a second class of 137 following Jan. 7, 1774, and in-
oculating hospitals soon became a common and favorite
measure of prevention in this region. So virulent was
the type of the natural disease prevailing here that winter
that sixteen out of twenty-eight persons, suffering w^ith it
at the pest-house, died. March 14, 1774, the inhabitants
of Salem voted to withdraw the license granted the pro-
prietors of this Hospital for inoculation because the Sut-
tonian or English method there practised had lost caste,
to reimburse them for their outlay and to assume the es-
tablishment as public property. I take from the Town
Records some account of the regulations under which it
was conducted. One of the Selectmen was Timothy
Pickering, afterwards Adjutant General of the Revolu-
tionary Army and Secretary of War under AYashington.

Meeting of Inhabitants of Salem at the Court House
there, Sept. 29, 1773, at 4 o'clock in y*^ afternoon.

"Voted, that a committee of nine persons be chosen to
assist the Selectmen, in stopping the spread of the small
pox and removing those who break out with it."

"Voted, John Prince, Benjamin Pickman Esq., John
"Warden, Richard Derby Jun^ Esq. , Cap* Jon^ Mason, Abra-
ham Watson, Capt. Will'm Pickman, David Mason, &
Richard Ward, be the above committee."

"Voted, that the Selectmen be directed to take up and
use as many houses as they think necessary for removing
those persons who may be infected or break out with the
small pox."

[In the autumn of this year an order was cried by
Thomas Heather, the town-crier, requiring that cats & dogs
be killed, as a precaution against the spread of small-
pox.]

38 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

Town Meeting, Novem. 1st., 1773.

The Committee chosen at the town meeting of Octo-
ber 27th, made report in the following words, to wit.
The Committee appointed by the town at their meeting
on the 27th instant to consider of a proper place, and to
draw up Restrictions & Regulations for inoculating, and
to make report thereof to the town, at the adjournment,
Report as follows, to wit, —

1. That a Hospital be erected at the southeast corner of
the Great Pasture near the land set off from it to the
late Co^ Pickman, on such a spot as the committee
shall judge most suitable.

2. That the Hospital be built and furnished by the sub-
scribers and in such manner as they, at a meeting
warned for that purpose, shall direct.

3. That in like manner the subscribers shall appoint a
committee for building the Hospital, and a Physician
or Physicians to attend it.

4. That Overseers be appointed by the town, to manage
and direct all the afiairs of the Hospital.

5. That before the Hospital be opened, the Overseers
shall appoint suitable nurses, cleansers, guards and
tenders.

6. That a fence shall be set up at a proper distance from
the Hospital ; and on some convenient spot, twenty
feet distant from the fence, a bar shall be erected ;
and the ijuards shall suffer no communication between
persons at the Hospital & others, but at that spot and
distance.

7. That the guards shall permit none to leave the Hos-
pital, till the cleanser hath certified that they have
been properly cleansed and shifted.

8. That the cleanser shall not himself go into, nor suf-
fer others to enter, the clean Room during their res-
idence at the Hospital, and when any persons are

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 39

ready to shift, the cleanser shall attend them to the
shifting room, and there receive all the apparel
worn by such persons during their residence at the
Hospital, and after washing and fumigating shall ad-
mit them into the clean room, there to put on clean
apparel & be discharged ; the foul cloaths to be suf-
ficiently washed and cleansed, and then returned to
the owners.
9. That one of the guards shall never enter the Hos-
pital ; and to him the tenders shall deliver the sup-
plies, at the Bar, beyond which they shall never go ;
nor handle anything that is brought from the Hos-
pital.

10. That nothing shall be received from the Hospital
without the cleanser's allowance ; or delivered at the
Hospital but by or under the inspection of the
Guard.

11. That the nurses, tenders, guards & cleansers shall
give bond, to the satisfaction of the Overseers, for
the faithful observance of these Regulations, and
such others as, for the general good, the Overseers
shall from time to time think best to establish.

12. That every ten pounds subscribed shall intitle the
subscriber to the admission of one person of his ap-
pointment in the first class ; and the same Rule shall
be observed with all other subscribers, in the same
or any succeeding classes, in proportion to the sums
they subscribe, such subscription not being less than
ten shillings each. And persons subscribing less
than ten shillings, and all others who pay their own
charges of inoculation, shall be next admitted ; &
all such admissions shall be by lot, if more apply in
any class than the Hospital will accommodate.

40 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

13. That on admission each patient shall pay to the
Treasurer .... for the Doctor's fee ; and
for defraying the other nec-
essary expences of inoculation ; and twelve shillings
towards paying for the house & furniture, and rais-
ing a fund for inoculating the poor. And if these
sums should exceed the real charges of inoculation,
the surplusage shall go to the Poor's fund.

14. That the Overseers of the Hospital, with the
advice of the Overseers of the Poor of the town,
shall determine what persons shall be inoculated
gratis, or for less than is stated in the thirteenth
Article.

15. That no person belonging to other towns shall be
admitted into the Hospital to the exclusion of town
inhabitants.

16. That a Bond of fifty pounds penalty (but without
sureties) shall be given to the Treasurer for each
patient to secure the observance of these Regulations,
and such others as shall be made by the overseers as
before mentioned.

17. That a Treasurer of the Hospital be appointed by
the town, & obliged by Bond, to the satisfaction of
the Overseers, to observe the duties of him required
by these Regulations.

18. That the Treasurer give a receipt to each subscriber
upon his payment of the money subscribed.

19. That the committee for building and furnishing the
Hospital, draw upon the Treasurer for what monies
they need ; but that the Treasurer make no other
payments without order from the overseers ; and
that he account with them from time to time, at
their request, for all monies by him received.

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 41

20. That whenever requested the Treasurer and Over-
seers shall lay all the Hospital Accounts and transac-
tions before the town for examination.
All which is submitted by

Abra™ Watson

RiCH'^ Ward , r^, ^

Elias Hasket Derby ^ ^^^ Committee.

Barth*' Putnam

[Note. Co\ Benj* Pickman the other of the Committee
was out of town when the foregoing report was made.]"

The foregoing Report, having been read, was accepted ;
and the twenty articles thereof were voted, one by one.

Voted, that there be five Overseers to manage and di-
rect all the aflfairs of the Hospital. Then the following
persons were chosen Overseers by five several votes, in
the order they here stand. Jonathan Gardner jun., Ste-
phen Higginson, Timo. Pickering jun., John Prince &
William Pickman.

Voted, Benjamin Pickman Esq. Treasurer of the Hos-
pital."

[March 14, 1774, the town assumed the Hospital as
public property.]

Town meeting, March 17, 1777, at 9 o'clock in
the morning.

"Voted, that the Hospital in the great Pasture be
opened for inoculating for the small pox."

"Voted, that a committee be chosen to draught regula-
tions for the above Hospital."

"Voted, that this Comm. consist of five persons viz:
Bart^ Putnam, Nath^ AVhittaker, Jacob Ashton, John An-
drew & W" Wetmore."

Town Meeting, March 18, 1777.

"Voted, that five persons be chosen as overseers of the

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 3*

42 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

Hospital for innoculating for the small pox & the follow-
ing persons were chosen, viz : Jonathan Peele j'", John
Gardner y^ 3^ Capt. Sam^ Williams, Eich'^ Ward, &Rich^
Manning.

"Voted, that one person be a Comm®. to wait on Doc :
Holy oak to ask his present attendance here & that Nathan
Goodale be this person."

"Voted, that a treasurer be chosen for the Hospital."

" Voted, that Joseph Henfield be this Treas^"

"Voted, that the town make choice of Edw^ A. Hol-
yoak Esq. as a physician to take care of the Hospital for
innoculating for the small pox."

"Voted, that the overseers treat with Doc. Holyoak
respecting the terms in his attending at the hospital."

"Voted, that the twenty one Articles now read to the
town respecting the Hospital be adopted & accepted."
Town Meeting, Mch. 21, 1777.

"Voted, that an addition of one person be added to the
Overseers for the Hospital for innoculation for the small
pox, Sg that John Gardner be this person."

"Voted, that the town impower the overseers of the
Hospital to make application to three Justices, or if 'tis
fomid necessary to the Court of Sessions within this
County for liberty to open s** Hospital."

" Voted, that this meeting be adjourned to the 10"^ of
April next, & that the town then consider those seventeen
setts, or Eooms who applied to go in to the Hospital, but
was excluded by lot, whether they shall have the preference
to any other of the inhabitants of the town."
Town Meeting, April 10, 1777.

"Voted, that those seventeen setts of persons who ap-
plied to go into the Hospital, but was excluded by Lot,
shall not have any preference as to admission any more
than any other inhabitant of this town."

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 43

[March 28, 1777, a class of 149 was admitted ; May 2, a
class of 227 ; and June 5, a third class of 214.]
Meeting of Selectmen, May 30, 1777.
" Order'd that the town clerk forthwith issue out War-
rants to warn the freeholders, & other inhabitants of the
town of Salem, lawfully qualified to vote in town affairs,
to assemble at tlie town house, on Monday, the second day
of June next, at nine o'clock in the forenoon, — to con-
sider & determine upon the petition of Ichabod Nicholls &
others whether the town will consent that a general innoc-
ulation for the small pox shall take place throughout the
town, or any part thereof, or whether they will do any
thing respecting that matter."

Town Meeting, June 2, 1777.

" The question was put whether the town will consent
that a general innoculation for the small pox shall take
place, throughout the town, & it unanimously passed in
the negative."

" Voted, that a certain number of houses in the town
be taken up for the purpose of innoculation."

" Voted, that three persons be a committee for the above
purpose." " For this Committee Geo : Crowningshield,
Benj^ Ward, & Sam^ Williams."

"Voted, that the above Comm. post up notifications
desiring all persons (inhabitants of Salem) who have a
mind to receive the small pox by innoculation to give in
their names to the Comm : chosen for that purpose."

" Voted, that y^ report of the Comm. to take up Judge
Lynde's Castle hill house for innoculation be not com-
plied with."

Our Maritime importance was promptly recognized at
the outbreak of the Revolution as it had been in the pre-
vious French war. Washington took command of the
armies at Cambridge, July 3, 1775, and without awaiting

44 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

the tardy movements of Congress, at once applied him-
self to extemporizing a navy. To this end he sent agents
to Salem, Beverly, Marblehead and other ports to search
out able seamen and fast sailing craft, and commissioned
these to " take and seize all such vessels as are employed
for the purpose of aiding and assisting the ministerial
troops or navy." We fitted out in this war at least one
hundred and fifty-eight private armed vessels from Salem
carrying probably 2000 guns, and of this fleet, which
brought in about four hundred prizes, we lost fifty-four
sail. The tonnage of Salem declined from 9,223 tons
in 1771 to 8,652 tons in 1781, but it increased so rapidly
after the close of the war as to have nearly doubled in
a decade and to have reached in 1800, twenty-five
thousand, and in 1807, forty-three thousand six hundred
tons. Our brilliant commercial period dates from the
close of the Revolutionary War, and doubtless the impe-
tus which our extensive privateering gave to seaman-
ship and ship-building explains its origin. The adoption
of the Federal Constitution seems to have given it another
impulse, and probably the turbulence prevalent in Europe,
during the wars of the French Eevolution, helped our
commerce. Until the war of 1812, it left no check. Be-
fore 1789, Elias Hasket Derby's barque "LightHorse" had
opened American trade with St. Petersburg, leaving port
June 15, 1784; his ship "Grand Turk" with the Isle of
France and China, clearing, Nov. 28, 1785 ; in 1787-8 his
ship "Atlantic" was the first American craft to display our
flag at Surat, Bombay, and Calcutta.^ By the census of

3 One of his vessels is claimed to have been the first to show the stars and stripes
at Siam, and on April 26, 1798, his ship "Recovery," Capt. Joseph Ropes, master,
left Salem for Mocha, arriving there Sept. 9, in advance of all otlier American
vessels. Salem vessels were the first to display the American flag at the Island of
Java, in 1796; and Nov. 3, 1795, the scliooner "Rajah," of 130 tons burthen, carrying
four guns and ten men, built for Jonathan Peele and Gommanded by Capt. Jonathan

EAKLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 45

1790, Salem had a population of seventj^-nine hundred and
twenty-one ; by that of 1800, a population of ninety-
four hundred and fifty-seven. In 1812, we had eight
hundred seamen afloat, and imperilled by the declaration
of war, in a population of less than thirteen thousand.

Notwithstanding these new commercial relations our
Quarantine system modified itself but slowly and little was
done save under the pressure of sudden epidemic. Li-
censed tenements were still resorted to as late as 1792 for
the treatment of the small pox by inoculation, as appears
from votes which follow, and for several years after, there
was great uneasiness, manifested in legislative resolves,
executive proclamations and local regulations, on account
of the threatening approaches of yellow fever. General
inoculations were common, down to the introduction of
vaccination in 1796. These prevailed during the British
occupation of Boston and New York. Gen. Washington
was inoculated at New York June 27, 1776, and may
have submitted to something like the heroic treatment by
Glauber's salts, pill-cochite, emetics, Indian meal gruel
with molasses, and drum and fife exercise, which prevailed
at the general hospitals of that day.

Town Meeting, Oct. 19, 1792.

"Voted, that the Barracks at the New Fort (so called)
be licensed to be open for inoculation for the small pox,
together with the house now improved by M"" Perkins
on the Neck (so called) subject to such Kestrictions &
Regulations as may hereafter be agreed on.

Carnes, cleared from Salem under secret orders, leading the way to the Island of
Sumatra, threading unknown seas without chart or pilot, the pioneer of a great
flotilla, and getting off with the lirst cargo of pepper in bulk ever brought to this
country. Joseph Peabody's ship "Franklin" from Boston, commanded by Capt.
James Devereux of Salem, was the first American vessel to open trade with Japan,
and the second to enter was the ship "Margaret" of Salem, Capt. Samuel Derby,
master, whicli left Salem harbor, Nov. 25,1800, and July 19, 1801, fired her salutes in
the port of Nagasaki.

46 EAELY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

Voted, that the house of Joseph Metcalf be licensed to
be open for inoculation for the small pox to be under
such restrictions & regulations as may hereafter be agreed
on.

Voted, that the two houses at Castle Hill be licensed
to be open for inoculation for the small pox, to be under
such restrictions & regulations as may hereafter be agreed
on.

Voted, that the farm house in South Fields owned by
CoP Pickman & improved by M'" Boynton be licensed to
be open for inoculation for the small pox to be under such
regulations as may hereafter be agreed on.

That the Selectmen be impowered to open such houses
for the purpose of inoculation for the small pox, as they
may hereafter have occasion for & think necessary.

Voted, that a Committee be appointed to superintend
the inoculation at the Neck, for the Barracks, Perkins's c&c,
such houses, & the patients, to be subject to such restric-
tions and regulations in every respect as they may pre-
scribe, with the advice & consent of the Selectmen. For
this Committee, Cap* Edw^ Allen, Cap* Benj. Ward &
Cap* Jon* Mason.

That a Committee be appointed to superintend the in-
oculation at Castle Hill, M"" Metcalfs house, & Col« Pick-
mans farm house, together with such other houses as
may hereafter be licensed by the Selectmen for inocula-
tion for the small pox. The patients and such houses, to
be under such restrictions & regulations in every respect
as they may prescribe with the advice and consent of the
Selectmen.

For this Committee M"" Jn^ Norris, Jn° Tread well Esq.,
M"^ Nat Ropes, Deacon Holman and Deacon Sanderson."

At last, in 1797, probably under the stress of this yellow
fever panic, quarantine regulations were placed on a new

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 47

footing by an act, passed June 22, repealing much of
the earlier legislation, codifying the rest of it, and estab-
lishing a system which, with some modifications, has en-
dured. I omit this act, which may readily be referred to
[Chap. XVI, of 1797,] because many of its provisions,
bearing upon the health of Salem, were embodied, two years
later, in a special act for this town, which I insert. The
latter was drawn by the Hon. William Prescott, and be-
came a law simultaneously with a similar act for the town
of Boston, June 21, 1799. Since the passage of this act
and the modification of it which follows, passed June 16,
1800, little change has been made in the State quarantine
legislation touching Salem, and such modifications of de-
tail or method as have occurred seem to be without in-
terest for the historical student.

[Acts of 1799, Chap, xiii.]

An act to empower the Inhabitants of the Town of Sa-
lem to choose a Board of Healtli, and for removing and
preventing Nuisances in said Town.

[Sect. 1.] Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of
Representatives, in General Court assembled, and by the
authority of the same, That the freeholders and other in-
habitants of the Town of Salem, qualified to vote for
Town Officers, may on the first Monday of April annually,
or at any other meeting legally called for the purpose,
choose a Board of Health, consisting of nine persons, not
less than two of whom shall be chosen out of each Ward
in said town ; the members of which Board of Health
shall elect a President, and a Clerk whose duty it shall
be to record the votes and doings thereof; and in case of
the death or resignation of any one of the members of said
Board, the said freeholders or other inhabitants may, at

48 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

any meeting legally called for the purpose, elect a mem-
ber out of the same Ward, to supply his place.

[Sect. 2.] Be it further enacted^ That it shall be the
duty of the Board of Health, and each member thereof,
to examine into all nuisances and other causes injurious to
the health of the inhabitants ; whether the same shall be
caused by stagnant waters, drains, common sewers, slaugh-
ter-houses, tan-yards, fish, fish-houses, docks, necessaries,
hog-sties, putrid animal or vegetable substances, or any
other cause of whatever kind, which in his or their opinion
may be injurious to the health of the inhabitants as afore-
said. And upon complaint on oath being made to any
Justice of the Peace by any member of said Board of
Health, or other person, that he suspects any of the nuis-
ances or causes aforesaid to exist in any dwelling-house,
cellar, store, other building, ship or vessel, it shall be the
duty of such Justice to issue his Warrant, directed to the
Sheriff of the County of Essex or his Deputies, or to any
Constable of the town of Salem ^ commanding him or them
forcibly to enter, and, together with a member of said Board
of Health, to search the same in the day time, and upon
the discovery of such nuisance, or other cause, injurious
to the health of the inhabitants, to remove the same.

Provided hoivever, That no Sheriff, or Deputy Sheriff,
or Constable, shall execute any civil process, either by ar-
resting the body or attaching the goods and chattels of
any person or persons, under color of any entry made for
the purposes aforesaid, unless such service could by law
have been made without such entry ; and all services so
made under color of such entry, shall be utterly void, and
the officer making such service shall be considered as a
trespasser to all intents cd) initio. And any person or
persons who shall resist such search, shall forfeit and pay
the sum of tiventy dollars^ to be recovered in manner here-
inafter provided. And it shall be the duty of the Board
of Health, upon the discovery of any such nuisance or

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 49

other cause injurious to the health of the inhabitants of
said town, forthwith to remove the same ; and upon com-
plaint to any Justice of the Peace within the said town or
in said County, made upon oath by one or more of the said
Board of Health, briefly therein stating the facts, together
with the costs of such removal, such Justice shall grant a
Warrant, therein expressing the substance of the said com-
plaint, directed to the Sheriff of the County of Essex, or
his Deputy, or any Constable of the town of Salem, com-
manding him to notify and require the person or persons in
whose possession, or upon whose estate such nuisance or
other cause aforesaid existed; or in case of his absence, his
agent or attorney, to appear forthwith before such Jus-
tice ; and if such person or persons shall neglect then and
there to appear, or appearing shall not shew good cause, to
the satisfaction of said Justice, why judgment should not
pass against him or them ; the said Justice shall then and
there adjudge that such person or persons shall pay a fine
o^ thirteen dollars, and the costs of such removal, and double
costs of prosecution ; and shall thereupon issue his AYar-
rant, directed to the Sheriff" of the county o^ Essex, or his
Deputy, or any Constable of the town of Salem, thereby
commanding him to levy the expence of said removal, to-
gether with said fine and double costs, on the goods and es-
tate, and for want thereof, on the body of the said occupier
or proprietor of the house, land, cellar, docks, store or
vessel in which said nuisances existed ; and said fine shall
be paid over to the Town Treasurer for the use of the said
town. Provided always, That any person or persons ag-
grieved at any judgment of a Justice, passed against him
or them, as aforesaid, shall have a right to appeal there-
from, to the Court of General Sessions of the Peace, then
next to be holden within and for the County of EsseXy
who shall hear and determine on such complaint, with or
without the intervention of a Jury, as the case may re-
quire, and thereupon render such judgment as the Justice
is herein before authorized to do in an original complaint

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 4

50 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

to him, with additional costs ; and the judgment of said
Court thereon shall be final. Provided nevertheless, That
no such appeal shall be granted, unless the respondent
shall claim the same on the day on which the Justice's
judgment shall be rendered, and shall enter into recogni-
zance with two sufficient sureties to prosecute said appeal
with effect. And said Board shall have authority to ap-
point Scavengers, and such other Officers to assist them
in the execution of their office, as they shall judge neces-
sary ; for payment of whom, and all necessary expences
which may arise in the exercise of their office, the said
Board shall be authorized to draw upon the Treasurer
of said town.

[Sect. 6. J Be it further enacted, That whenever it
shall appear to the said Board of Health, that the safety
of the inhabitants of the town of Salem requires that any
vessel or vessels, which shall arrive within the harbor of
Salem from any port or place, should perform quarantine,
the said Board are hereby required and empowered to cause
such vessel or vessels to perform quarantine at such place
as they shall appoint, and under such restrictions, regula-
tions and qualilications as they may judge expedient; and
any owner, master, or supercargo, officer, seaman or con-
signee of any vessel, or any other person, who shall neglect
or refuse to obey the orders, directions, rules, regulations,
restrictions, or qualifications of the said Board of Health
respecting said quarantine, and shall be thereof convicted
upon indictment, or information, before the Supreme Ju-
dicial Court, or Court of General Sessions of the Peace,
held in said County of Essex, shall be fined a sum not
exceeding five hundred dollars, or be imprisoned for a
term of time not exceeding six months, or both, at the
discretion of the Court, having cognizance of such offence.

[Sect. 8.] Be it further enacted. That no master of a
vessel, or other person, shall remove from any vessel in the

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 51

harbor, or lying at any of the wharves in Salem^ any sick
or diseased person, before the name of such sick or dis-
eased person has been reported to the Board of Health, and
a written permit obtained from at least two of them, author-
izing such removal, and expressing the manner thereof, the
time when, and the place to which such person shall be re-
moved. And any master of a vessel, or other person,
who shall remove such sick or diseased pei'son, without
first o])taining such permit therefor, or contrary to the
tenor and directions thereof, shall, on conviction before the
Court of General Sessions of the Peace, in said County,
be fined a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars, or suffer
imprisonment not exceeding two months, or both at the
discretion of said Court.

[Sect. 10.] Be it farther enacted, That every diseased
mariner or other person, who shall be removed or sent to
any hospital or other place by the said Board of Health,
shall be there kept and maintained at his or their own
cost and expence, or his or their parent's or master's, (if
able), otherwise at the charge of the town or place to
which they belong, and in case such person or persons
have no legal settlement in an}^ town or place within this
State, then at the charge of this Commonwealth; and ev-
ery person sent to any Hospital or Place for the purpose
of purification as aforesaid, shall be subject to the same
restrictions as are provided by the seventh section of an
Act of this Commonwealth, passed the twenty-second day
of June, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven,
entitled, ^'An act to prevent the spreading of contagious
sickness."

[Sect. 11.] Be it further enacted, That no person, ex-
cepting those employed by or under the Board of Health,
shall go on board any vessel, during the time she is per-
forming quarantine, nor shall any person go within a line
designated upon the land, at the place appointed for
cleansing and purifying vessels ; and every person who

52 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

shall transofress in either of these cases, shall be consid-
ered as contaminated with infection, and held to undergo
purilication, in the same manner, and under the same reg-
ulations and restrictions, as those performing quarantine
at such place, and shall there remain until discharged by
the visiting Physician ; and the said Physician, or the person
employed by the Board of Health, to superintend such
place, may forcibly detain such person.

[Sect. 12.] Be it further enacted. That if any vessel
subject to quarantine, shall come into the harbor of Salem,
it shall be the duty of the Board of Health, or any two
of them, to order the master or person, having the com-
mand of said vessel, immediately to proceed with her
crew, passengers and cargo, to the place by them ap-
pointed for cleansing and purifying vessels ; and in case
the said master or person, having the command of said
vessel, shall refnse or neglect so to do for the space of
one hour after said order, he shall, on conviction before
the Supreme Judicial Court, or Court of General Sessions
of the Peace, forfeit and pay a fine not exceeding one
thousand dollars, or suffer imprisonment not exceeding
six months, or both, at the discretion of the Court;
and the said Board of Health, or any two members
thereof, on any neglect or refusal as aforesaid, shall
have full power and authority forcibly to enter on board
such vessel, and to require the assistance of as many
persons as they shall judge necessary, and proceed with
said vessel, her crew, passengers and cargo to the place
appointed for cleansing and purifying vessels ; the ex-
pence of which removal shall be paid by the owner of
such vessel, and shall and may be recovered by an ac-
tion of the case in any Court competent to try the same ;
and any person who shall refuse to give his assistance
when required, shall forfeit thirteen dollai^s, to be recov-
ered by an action of debt.

[Sect. 13.] Be it further enacted, That all the pow-
ers and duties which are given to and required of the Se-

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 53

lectmen of the town of Salem, by a certain law of this
Commonwealth, passed the twenty-second day of June,
one thousand seven hundred and ninety -seven, entitled
"An Act to prevent the spreading of contagious sickness,''
shall be, and they hereby are transferred to and made
the duty of the said Board of Health, anything in said
law to the contrary notwithstanding.

[Sect. 14. J Be it further enacted, That the said Board
of Health, be, and hereby are empowered from time to
time, to choose a suitable and discreet person to act as a
visiting Physician to said Board ; whose duty it shall be
to visit all vessels coming from any place or places in
which the said Board shall think any contagious sickness
prevails ; and such Physician shall be under direction of
said Board, and may be removed by them, whenever they
shall see cause.

And whereas by the eleventh section of the Act of
this Commonwealth, entitled, "An Act to prevent the
spreading of contagious sickness," it is enacted, that each
town and district in this Commonwealth, may at their
meeting held in MarcJi or April annually, or at any other
meeting legally warned for that purpose, when they shall
judge it to be necessary, choose and appoint a Health
Committee, in the manner and for the purposes in said
eleventh section mentioned.

[Sect. 15.] Be it enacted, That so much of said law
as respects the future appointment of a Health Commit-
tee for the town of Salem, be, and the same is hereby
repealed, and that the Board of Health to be appointed
by virtue of this Act, be, and they hereby are made and
shall be the Health Conmiittee for the town of Salem,
and be invested with all the powers and duties, which are
granted to or imposed upon said Health Committee in and
by said Act.

[Sect. 16.] Be it further enacted, That all penalties
and forfeitures arising from this Act, except in those cases
in which it is herein otherwise provided, shall accrue to the

54 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

use of the town of 8alem, and shall be prosecuted and
recovered by action of debt in the name of the President
of the said Board of Health, or by information in any
Court competent to try the same. And it shall be the
duty of the Board of Health and of each member thereof,
to pursue and enforce the due execution of the foregoing
law, and prosecute all offenders for all penalties and for-
feitures which may accrue under the same.
\_This Act passed June 21, 1799.']

[Acts of 1800, Chap, xx.]

An Act in addition to an act, entitled, "An Act to em-
power the inhabitants of the Town of Salem to choose a
Board of Health, and for removing and preventing nui-
sances in said Town," and for repealing part of said Act.

[Sect. 2.] Be it further enacted, That any master or
commander of any vessel, who shall enter the harbour
of jSale7n with his said vessel, after notice given to him
by any person or persons whomsoever, that quarantine
has been directed by said Board of Health for all vessels
coming from the port or place from which such master
or commander shall have arrived, or who shall falsely or
fraudulently attempt to elude the directions of the said
Board of Health, by false and unfounded declarations of
the port or place from whence he came, or as to the
sickness or deaths which may have happened on board
said vessel, during her then last voyage, or who shall land,
or suffer to be landed from his vessel, any person or ap-
parel, bedding, goods, or merchandize whatsoever, with-
out the permission of the said Board of Health, every such
master or commander, shall, upon conviction thereof in
manner and form pointed out in the sixth section of the
act to which this is an addition, forfeit and pay a sum not
exceeding^ve hundred dollars, or suffer imprisonment for

EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM. 55

a term not exceeding six months, or both, at the discre-
tion of the court havins: cosrnizance of the offence.

[Sect. 3.] Be it further enacted^ That whenever the
visiting Physician of the Board of Health, shall think it
necessary that any vessel should be purified and cleansed
and perform quarantme, he, or any other person author-
ized thereto by the Board of Health, may direct the mas-
ter or commander of such vessel to proceed to, and anchor
at such place as the said Board of Health shall have ap-
pointed for cleansing, and purifying vessels : And it shall
be the duty of said Physician to apply to the Board of
Health to direct the time and manner in which such puri-
fication shall take place, and the expenses shall be defrayed
by the master, commander, owner or consignee, to be
recovered by an action of the case in the name of the
President of the Board of Health ; and each and every
master, commander, owner or consignee of every such
vessel, who shall neglect or refuse to comply with such
directions, shall, on conviction thereof, before the Court
of General Sessions of the Peace, be fined, not exceeding
one thousand dollars^ or suffer imprisonment for a term,
not exceeding six months, or both, at the discretion of the
Court.

[Sect. 4.] Be it further enacted, That all pecuniary
penalties and forfeitures, arising from this act, shall ac-
crue to the use of the town of Salem, and shall be pros-
ecuted for, and recovered by action of debt in the name
of the President of the said Board of Health in any Court
competent to try the same, excepting in those cases in
which it is herein otherways provided : And that the fourth,
seventh, and ninth sections of the act to which this is an
addition, be, and the same are hereby repealed, excepting
so far as respects the recovery of any fines, or forfeitures
already incurred thereby.

\^This Act passed June 16, 1800.']

I hesitate to extend this statement further because I
find nothing in the modern record which is distinctive or

56 EARLY QUARANTINE ARRANGEMENTS OF SALEM.

characteristic of the place. Of course, in common with
the country at large, in 1831-2, we had our cholera scare,
but the distemper gained no foothold. Salem accepted a
City Cliarter in 1836, and, in 1839, passed a Health
Ordinance which has been in operation with little amend-
ment since. Under the act of 1799, a Board of Health
was at once established, July 1, and, July 5, a new Health
House at Watch House Point had been contracted for, a
Port Physician engaged, a boat bought, quarantine estab-
lished at the Junipers, and two boarding officers secured.
The board met every Monday morning at eight o'clock
at the Court House, and showed commendable zeal and
vigor in combating the approach of "Disorders from
abroad." They describe this as the "primary object" of
the act and resolve by vote that " they will see the act in
full effect," especially as regards quarantine, "that part of
their duty which is disagreeable and expensive." Now it
is arrivals from "Philadelphia or any port within the
Deleware," now from " Gibralter and the Mediterranean,"
now "from Havana and St. Thomas," and again "from the
Chisapeak," w^hich give occasion for their vigilance. But
the modifications of the system which have from time to
time occurred, and the measures taken by our Board of
Health from that day to the present have been so sub-
stantially in accord with those adopted all over the country,
and especially in seaport towns of about our own size,
that I do not feel at liberty to extend this already pro-
tracted account by a recital of them.

I am, Gentlemen, very respectfully
and truly yours,

Robert S. Rantoul.
Salem, March, 1882.

^/ ^;^ . .yVw^ . /S, /f y -<^

BULLETIN

ESSEX insrSTITTJTE.

Vol. 14. Salem: April, May, June, 1882. Nos. 4, 5, 6.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, January 16, 1882.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.

Mr. John H. Sears read a communication on "The
Forest Trees of northern New York ;" a continuation of
his remarks at a previous meeting (Monda}^ Dec. 19,
1881). The subject was discussed hy Messrs. F. Israel,
D. B. Hagar, R. C. Manning, John H. Sears, and the
chair.

The chair alluded to a recent communication from the
Secretary of the Virginia Historical Society, announcing
the gratifying intelligence of its good fortune in obtain-
ing ample accommodations for the arrangement of its
library and collections ; also its intention of renewing
its publications, in printing some of the valuable manu-
scripts in its possession relating to the early history of
the Old Dominion, and of many of its illustrious sons who
took a conspicuous part in the formative period of this
republic of states.

After a consideration of the subject of a Winter Field
Meeting, adjourned.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 4* (57)

58 meeting, monday, feb. 6.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Feb. 6, 1882.

At the meeting this evening, Messrs. Lawrence E.
Millea of Salem, and George Piumer Smith of Philadel-
phia, were elected members.

Winter Field Meeting.

On Satnrday, Feb. 11, at a little after ten o'clock
a. M., a party of some fifty persons left Plummer Hall in
two open sleighs for Wenham Lake. The day was bril-
liantly fair, the going fine, and, but for the tw^o postpone-
ments necessitated by the great snowstorms of the pre-
ceding week, the attendance, as indicated by applications
for places, would have been much larger. Arrived at the
Lake at about eleven o'clock, an hour was passed in ob-
serving the various processes of cutting, gathering and
storing ice. Large and hurried operations were in prog-
ress, since the ice-crop was a little late this season, and
the Lake, its crystal surface sparkling in the noonday
sun, presented a unique and busy scene. Every possible
facility Avas extended in the most hospitable spirit by Mr.
Durgin, the local agent, and by the employes, who con-
ducted the business of harvesting the crop for Messrs.
Addison Gage & Co. Other firms own ice-houses at the
southern end of the Lake where large gangs of men were
at work, but these were not visited.

The number of men and horses employed during the
winter at Wenham Lake depends upon the quantity of
snow which may fall. The winter of 1881-2 was excep-
tional as to its snow-fall, the two storms of January 31
and February 4 aggregating thirty inches on a level.

WINTER FIELD MEETING. 59

During the scraping, which continued almost uninter-
ruptedly from the day the ice was thick enough to bear a
horse until the last block was housed, about seventy
horses and one hundred men were employed by the Messrs.
Gage & Co. in that department, the cutting and housing
requiring about two hundred more men.

The hoisting capacity of one chain is 6,000 tons per day.
The elevator is designed for two chains which will be used
when permanent houses are erected, the engine being of
sufficient power to carry two. This will be at the rate of
twenty-five tons per minute, tlirough the working hours.
No packing material is used in the Ixxly of the ice, but it
is covered to the depth of eighteen inches with clean
meadow hay. The men and teams employed are from the
neighboring farms. This winter husbandry distributes
large sums of mone}^ among the young farmers who have
little for their hands or their teams to do at this season,
even slioemaking — their old-time resource — having de-
serted the country, roadside shoe-shop for the crowded
factory in town.

The Ice property now owned by Addison Gage & Co.
at Wenham Lake was created in 1845 ))y Charles B.
Lander of Salem who, with his brother, Genl. Frederick
William Lander, and their associates, carried on the Ice
business under the style of "The Wenham Lake Ice Co."

In 1846 the company made several shipments to Lon-
don, Genl. Lander acting as its agent, and making quite
a reputation for the Wenham Lake Ice.

The enterprise proved a ftiilure, the property remain-
ing idle from 1847 till December 1850 when it w^as pur-
chased by Addison Gage, and his partners, Jacob Hittin-
ger and Timothy T. Sawyer, who then formed the firm of
Gage, Hittinger & Co.

From the date of its purchase until 1859 it was held

60 WINTER FIELD MEETING.

more as a reserve than as a source of regular supply, owing
to the lack of proper terminal facilities for the loading of
vessels.

In 1859 the Eastern Rail Road Company furnished good
wharf accommodations at East Boston and up to 1867 the
property was "worked" every year, excepting when the
crop failed.

In 1866 some of the original houses were taken down
and modern ones erected : at the same time, steam hoist-
ing power was adopted in lieu of the old fashioned method
of filling by horse power ; the intention being not only to
increase the storage capacity, but to make the crop more
certain by housing the Ice by steam, three times as fast
as it was possible to do by horse power. These improve-
ments were hardly completed when the Eastern Rail Road
Company raised the freight charge to such a point that
the ice could not be shipped at a profit, with an ordinary
market.

On the night of November 9, 1873, the first anniver-
sary of the Boston fire, the houses, containing 35,000
tons of superior ice, housed the previous Avinter, together
with the hoisting machinery, were totally destroyed by
fire ; without doubt incendiary.

The freight charge still being as established in 1866,
no attempt was made to rebuild with any view to perma-
nency. Late in 1876, however, the management of the
Eastern Railroad, recognizing the importance of the Ice
business, made such a proposition, as to induce the com-
pany again to utilize the property. A permanent eleva-
tor and temporary houses were at once erected and were
ready for the crop of 1877 which proved to be a full one,
as did those of 1879 and 1881. The crop of 1878 was
less than one-half the average yield while that of 1880
was a total failure, a circumstance which seems to have

WINTER FIELD MEETING. 61

happened but once before in the history of the establish-
ment.

The whole amount of Ice shipped from AVenham Lake,
by the firms of Gage, Hittinger & Co. and Addison Gage
& Co. from 1856 — the records from 1851 to 1855 inclu-
sive are missing, — to Jan'y 1882 is 353,450 tons, actual
car weight, packed on board vessels at East Boston, to
ship which it is necessary to cut and house at least 475,000
tons, the difference being the waste in, meltage and
breakage in handling ; of amount the shipped, not over 70
per cent, on the average is landed at the ports of destina-
tion, principally the southern ports of the United States
and the West India Islands, while not over 33 per cent, of
the whole amount shipped is sold.

It is to be observed, therefore, that of the to?i cut and
housed, but a very small portion reaches the consumer.

The AVenham Lake Ice still maintains the high reputa-
tion which it immediately acquired on its introduction
into the market, and to-day is advertised as sold in all the
large cities of the United Kingdom, although not a ton of
it has reached there excepting, perhaps, in the refrigerator
of a Cunarder, for over thirty years.

In nearly all those cities there is a Wenham Lake Ice
Company, but the ice wdiich they sell is from Wenham
Lake, Norway, not from the one we know so well and
have enjoyed so much.

The ice at this time was 14 inches thick and several
acres of surface w^ere ready for storing, being cleared of
the recent snow fall by a horse-power scraper, — grooved
and ploughed by other machines similarly propelled and
lifted into the store-houses by steam power on the eleva-
tor, a mechanism not unlike the endless apron. Manual
labor is on\y applied at two points of the process. A lit-
tle hand sawing is required in separating the cakes of ice,

62 WINTER FIELD MEETING.

and ill their progress through the caniils to the elevator.
Ill their distribution in the packing houses, some guidance
is required from men who stand ])y with stout boat-hooks
in hniid.

At noon the sleighs w^ere refilled and the party driven
to the Chebacco Ponds, leaving the opal ice-masses glit-
tering in the snow behind them.

Arrived at Whipple's Hotel at Chebacco Ponds the
company were soon seated at a comfortable dinner, after
rising from which they met in the adjoining hall and were
called to order by the President of the Institute, Dr.
Wheatland, who opened the afternoon session at about
3 o'clock with some historical account of the locality, al-
luding to the old, unpainted, provincial farm-house, with
lean-to roof and little window-glass, which the hotel had
replaced, and to the Knowlton and Burchstead families,
which had owned it. In his early scientific rambles he
had often been led there by botanical research, and re-
called the hospitality and kindliness with which, a half
century ago, an old matron of the place cooked the pick-
erel he and his young associates used to catch in the pond
and furnished from her dairy and cupboard the needful
accessories of a midday meal.

He then introduced Mr. Robert S. Rantoul who said
that, twenty years ago, he had occasion to inform himself
very accurately and exactly a])out the nature of AYenham
Pond water, for he was taking a position in advocacy of
its introduction into Salem, wdiich position was thought
unbecoming by many excellent persons and severely criti-
cised by some of his best friends ; and it w^as necessary
for him to be very sure indeed that he w^as making no
mistake about its quality and abundance. He therefore
collected and collated all the printed and scientific evi-
dence he could find and then, by repeated visits and

WINTER FIELD MEETING. 63

inspections of the pond itself, gathered all he could learn
by word of mouth, from life-long residents near it, and
from the living evidence of his own senses.

Mr. Rantoul proceeded to read extracts from a mass of
notes thus accumulated, most of which are to be found in
print in Histor. Coll. Essex Institute, Vol. VI, pp. 82-3
and 141-52 and Vol. VIII, pp. 118-23, and commented
on these extracts in the light of his recent European expe-
rience. He felt that if the people of Salem were more ac-
customed to leave home, they would appreciate more fully
the blessings of Wenham Water, and he cited the evidence
of its superior excellence and fame which he had collected
from such authorities as Fai-aday, Dr. Charles T. Jackson,
Sir Charles Lyell, Sir Francis Bond Head, Professor Chase
of Brown University, the historians Alonzo Lewis of
Lynn, and Dr. Allen of Wenham, and "Wilmer and
Smith's European Times."

Rev. Geo. H. HoSxMer, of the East Church, Salem,
spoke of the interest with which these remarks had been
listened to, and added that when a boy, living in another
part of the country, he had taken part in an amateur per-
formance of an English play called "The Serious Family"
in which a feast was described, and among the delicacies
enumerated was "Wenham Ice." This he had supposed to
mean some English variety of ice cream unknown in this
part of the world. He was amused on moving east, to find
himself a neighbor of Wenhnm Lake and a consumer of
its ice and water.

Mr. John H. Sears, of the Peabody Academy of Sci-
ence, at Salem, then addressed the gathering, illustrating
what he said about "Buds and the ramitication of Branches"
with a collection of twists he had made from the neighbor-
ing forest trees. He said the time of the year was favorable
for this investigation.

64 WINTER FIELD MEETING.

Branches are secondary stems developed from a pri-
mary one. When the leaves are opposite, as in the Maple,
the branches will be opposite, and when they are alternate,
as in the Beach, the branches will be alternate. In the
axil of each leaf there are normally from one to three buds
which are branches in a rudimentary form. In the Maple
there are three, one directly in the axil of the leaf which
is called the axillary bud, and one on each side called ac-
cessory buds. These do not all develop into branches :
indeed if all the buds grew into branches there would be
as many branches as leaves. In the normal condition the
axillary and terminal buds are more fully developed, so
that they are ready to commence growth as soon as the
season permits, but if the terminal or axillary bud is de-
stroyed, then the accessory buds take their place, so that
this mode of development holds sufficiently to determine
and exemplify the plan of ramification.

This plan of growth, which is carried out in the Maple,
does not hold good in all other trees, as in the Lilac, for
example, the terminal always fails and the lateral or acces-
sory buds take its place, producing the forked form of
branching.

A similar growth takes place in the Sassafras. Buds
and branches can be observed in the winter season with
more accuracy than at any other time, as the leaves are all
off, giving an uninterrupted view of the whole tree. Every
different species of tree has a form or symmetry peculiarly
its own, and the nurseryman or botanist is as sure of a
tree in the winter as in the summer, provided it is grow-
ing naturally or has been pruned by one who understands
the natural symmetry of the tree. Certain causes, such
as a prolonged season of warm weather, or an unusually
severe frost in the early fiill, work a marked change in the
ramification of branches. In either case the frost kills

WINTER FIELD MEETING. 65

back the pi imary stem which has not become thoroughly
ripened, thereby destroying the terminal bud : the result
is that a two-forked gi'owth takes place as the accessory
buds take the place of the terminal. This is seen in the
Red ]\Iaple in exposed situations on roadsides and on the
borders of fields, but in the groves, where the difierent
trees protect each other, this seldom happens. The prin-
cipal reason why one cannot stud\^ the ramification of
branches from shade trees in cities and towns is because,
first, in transplanting, it is thought to be necessary to
prune the stem and branches to make them correspond
with the roots which have been mutilated by the spade in
the process of removing. This pruning is often performed
by persons who do not understand the natural laws which
govern the ramification of the branches ; the result is, a
branch is removed here and there, without any regard to
the natural symmetry of the tree.

Thus, as is the case with many of the shade trees grow-
ing in Salem and vicinity, the natural plan of the branches
is destro3'ed. Shade trees need pruning but it should be
performed by, or under the immediate direction of, some
one who knows the natural laws which govern the sym-
metry of the tree to be pruned. For instance, a tree
whose leaves are opposite should not be made to grow
branches alternately on the primary stem ; nor should we
try to grow opposite branches on the stem of a tree whose
leaves are alternate, for as soon as this is done the natural
symmetry of the tree is lost. With the growers of fruit
trees, pruning is often a science, indeed so much so that
the nurseryman is always with his assistants to point out
each limb that is to be removed, until the men become
proficients in the business. But as a natural form of sym-
metry is not required in fruit trees ; a man may be ever
so expert in this business and not know how properly to

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 5

QQ WINTER FIELD MEETING.

jDrune a forest tree so as to keep the original plan of the
species. To any one who has given this subject a thought,
to see the way in which shade trees in Salem are pruned,
it would seem as if all that was required was to saw down
as many branches as possible in the shortest possible time.
The consequence of this is that, not only has the tree lost
many of its fine branches, but its entire beauty, in so far
as its natural symmetry is concerned, is lost. In order to
understand the ramification of branches it is also nec-
essary to know the plan of the growth of buds and the dif-
ferent species of trees. Buds are the germs of stems ;
leaf-buds are those devoted to vegetation. Mixed buds
contain both foliage and flowers. Commonly, in plants
that live from year to year, growth is divided into seasons
or stages with intervals of repose. In such cases, espec-
ially in trees and shrubs, instead of a succession of foliage,
the period of interruption is apt to be marked by the pro-
duction of scales or rudimentary leaves which serve to
protect the tender rudiments or growing points within, du-
rins: the season of rest. This beino^ the winter season in
cold climates, Linnaeus gave to such bud-coverings the
name of Hihernacula and from the usual scale-like charac-
ter of this covering they take the name of scaly buds.
Large and strong ones of this kind, such as those of the
Horse-chestnut, Magnolia and Hickory, may be taken as
the type of this form of buds. In regard to the nature of
bud-scales, that they answer to leaves is manifest from a
consideration of their situation and arrangement, which are
the same as that of the proper leaves of the species, and
from the gradual transition from scales to leaves. In
the unfolding buds of the Horse-chestnut every gradation
may be traced between bud-scales and foliage.

Of the various kinds of buds it is needful to mention
some, as there are shrubs and trees even in the coldest

MEETING, MONDAY, FEBRUARY 20. 67

climates Tvhose buds are naked, that is to say, they are un-
protected by special scales. Such are the Vihurnum nudum
or Whiterod, and the Hobblebush ; the latest pair of
leaves and also the flower cymes remain in a nascent state
over winter without covering and expand into the first fo-
liage in early spring. In other hardy shrubs and trees the
buds are equally destitute of protecting scales, but they
are usually minute and hidden in the bark or otherwise
inconspicuous. Such examples may be seen in the Ro-
hinia (Locust) or the Ilhiis (Sumach). In the Plane tree
or Buttonwood the buds are called subpetiolar, as they
are formed under the base of the protecting leaf-stock,
which forms a sheath or inverted cup fitted to and con-
cealing the conical bud until autumn, when by the fall of
the leaves the bud is exposed.

Again there are buds of an abnormal and irregular char-
acter, being produced without order and from any part of
the stem and even from the roots. The latter, like the
internodes of a stem, although normally destitute of buds,
do produce them under certain conditions, as in the Wil-
low and Popple, when wounded or pollarded. Even
leaves may develop buds and then be used for propagation
as in the Bryojjhyllum. Such buds are freely produced on
the margins of the blade or its leaflets and are called ad-
ventitious buds.

At the close of the afternoon session the company re-
turned to Salem.

Salem, February 20, 1882.
A REGULAR meeting of the Society was held this eve-
ning ; the President in the chair.

Mr. Austin D.Kilham of Beverly and Mr. C. C. Whit-
temore of Salem were duly elected members.

68 MEETING, MONDAY, FEBRUAKY 20.

The President remarked that before proceeding to the
regular communication of the evening it seemed highly
appropriate that a tribute of respect be paid to the mem-
ory of a son of Salem, Rev. Samuel Johnson, who has
long been known for his literary and philosoj)hical writ-
ings, and whose brilliant career in the fields of study and
research closed in death last evening at his residence in
And over.

The President called on Pev. E. B. Willson, who spoke
of the life and services of Mr. Johnson, his eloquence in
the pulpit, and the purity of his character and motives,
relating incidents of his early life and ministry, and the
impression his serious earnestness made upon those with
whom he came in contact. He referred to the value of
his work on Oriental Peligions, and the very faithful
labor expended upon its preparation, the volumes appear-
ing at wide intervals of time, and only after the most con-
scientious and exhaustive preparation. Mr. Willson ex-
pressed regret that the work was left unfinished, and
concluded by relating the following incident of Mr. John-
son's ministry, illustrative of the high appreciation of his
character by the Rev. Dr. Flint. Dr. Flint, it seems, from
time to time, asked Mr. Johnson to preach in his pulpit.
The preaching never tailed to call forth remonstrances
from some of the doctor's parishioners against his inviting
one of such unconventional sentiments to speak in his place.
In each instance Dr. Flint would answer the complainant
with some kind and appreciative words for the offending
young man, and express full confidence that he would
outgrow his erroneous views. The parishioner, thinking
that his counsel had taken elfect and that his pastor had
been sufiiciently warned against a repetition of his indis-
cretion, would be surprised to find afterwards by another
appearance of Mr. Johnson in the East Church pulpit,

MEETING, MONDAY, FEBRUARY 20. 69

how great was the good doctor's regard for him, aud his
confidence that he would "come out all right."

Mr. William P. Andrews then spoke of Mr. Johnson's
great moral earnestness, and his devotion to the loftiest
ideals. He had been called an iconoclast, and while it
was true that he was an image breaker, and did not al-
ways allow for the reverential feeling of his hearers for
the cherished forms and creeds, he never attacked them
wilfully, nor from other than the noblest motives. When
he did so, it was in the lofty spirit of the Puritan : he
strove to destroy the idol, that the God behind and above
all outward forms might stand revealed. Mr. Johnson
was, Mr. Andrews said, a Puritan in the best sense of the
word, pure, high-minded, and devoted to every noble
cause. He alluded to the very high estimate placed on
the value of his volumes on Oriental Religions by persons
most conversant with the subject in England and the East,
and to the published recognition of his services in this di-
rection. He then spoke of the warm sympathy and kindly
aid and encouragement extended by Mr. Johnson to
younger men, and in conclusion ofiered the following
Resolutions which were seconded by Rev. Mr. Willson, and
being submitted to the meeting by the President, were
unanimously adopted : —

Resolved, That in the death of Rev. Samuel Johnson
of North Andover, the community has lost an accom-
plished scholar, a singularly conscientious clergyman and
noble friend.

Resolved, That this Society acknowledges with just
pride Mr. Johnson's contributions to literature, and to the

70 MEETING, MONDAY, MARCH 20.

science of comparative theology ; and desires to express
its profound regret that his faithful hihors have been so
sadly interrupted.

I^esolved, That recognizing his eloquence as a
preacher and writer, this Society further desires to record
its appreciation of Mr. Johnson's exalted character, and
the exceptional purity of motive which marked him in
every relation of life :

Resolved, That these Resolutions be spread upon
the records of the Essex Institute, and that the Secretary
be instructed to transmit a copy of the same to the mem-
bers of ]Mr. Johnson's family.

Eev. C. F. Rice, of Salem, then presented, in an
informal manner, an interesting sketch of his trip to
England and the Continent, during the past summer.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 20, 1882.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read. Correspondence and donations announced.

E. P. Robinson, esq., of Saugus, occupied the hour
of the meeting with a graphic and stirring paper on
" What I know about Whaling." The results of his ex-
perience and observations, wdien a young man, during a

MEETING, MONDAY, APRIL 3. 71

whaling voyage from New Bedford, of some two years
duration, were vigorously presented.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, April 3, 1882.

Meeting this evening. President in the chair. Rec-
ords read.

Prof. G. F. Wright, ofOberlin, Ohio, gave an account
of the discoveries made in Pennsylvania last summer by
him and Prof. H. C. Lewis concerning the southern limits
of ice-action (otherwise called the terminal moraine)
during the glacial age. These investigations were made
under the direction of Prof. Lesley, who has charge of
the elaborate geological survey now in progress in that
state.

Previously to last summer, Clarence King had first,
in 1876, through a paper of Mr. Wright's before the Bos-
ton Society of Natural History (see Proceedings, Vol.
XIX, pp. 60-63), called attention to the terminal mo-
raine at Wood's Hole. Subsequently, Warren Upham,
taking up the clew, had followed it through Cape Cod
and Long Island, where the line joined on to that dis-
covered by Prof. Cook of New Jersey, reaching the sea
at Perth Amboy just below New York, and crossing the
Delaware river at Belvidere, a little above Easton, Penn-
sylvania. From this point the line of the terminal mo-
raine was seen laid down upon a map fifteen by ten feet,
displayed for the first time to a scientific society, crossing
Northampton county by a general northwestern course to
the centre of Monroe county ; thence westward crossing
the Lehigh fifteen miles above Mauch Chunk, and the
Susquehanna twenty miles below Wilkesbarre ; thence by

72 MEETING, MONDAY, APRIL 3.

a northwesterly course through Columbia county, rising
to the summit of the Alleghanies in Lycoming county,
and crossing them diagonally through Tioga and Potter
counties, where the general elevation of the country is
ujDwards of 2,000 feet. From Potter county the mo-
raine enters Cattaraugus county, N. Y., and continues to
trend northward as far as Little Valley, six miles north
of Salamanca, where it makes a sharp turn to the south-
west, running nearly parallel with the Alleghany river to
Columbiana county, Ohio. The whole length of the line
explored this last summer is about four hundred miles.
The signs of glacial action abruptly cease along this line,
and it is marked by a special accumulation of unstratified
material composed of clay, scratched stones, and granite
boulders. North of that line the signs of glaciation are
everywhere apparent. South of it there are no scratched
stones, no transported boulders, and no " till," or boulder
clay. Where streams cut through the line, however,
boulders of granite and quartzite have been transported
by water and deposited in terraces and deltas. The gravel
of Trenton, N. J., in wdiich Dr. C. C. Abbott has found
palaeolithic implements is in a delta terrace thus formed
when the river was fifty feet higher than now. Every
stream to the westward, w^hich rises in the glaciated region
and flows through the unglaciated region, has formed
corresponding terraces and deltas, and is full of interest.
Thorough search for palaeolithic implements should be
made in all such formations.

The majestic proportions of the great ice movement
are seen in the fact that it advanced as far south upon the
mountains as in the valleys. For example, the valley
between the Kittatinny and Pocono mountains, though
twenty miles wide and one thousand feet deep, caused

MEETING, MONDAY, APRIL 3. 73

but a slight deflection of the ice-front to the south. The
same is true where the moraine crosses the valley of the
east branch of the Susquehanna. The grand deflection of
the line to the northward is evidently due to variations in
the forces which were pushing from behind.

Now that an accurate knowledge of the southern limits
of the continental glacier is being obtained, it will be
possible to get a variety of approximate estimates of the
quantity of erosion which has taken place since the great
ice age, and so a more correct idea of its antiquity.
A full account of this subject will appear in the Re-
port of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Arrange-
ments are in progress for Mr. Wright to continue the
exploration through Ohio during the coming summer of
1882.

The remarks of Professor Wright, illustrated by refer-
ence to the great, original map above alluded to, were heard
by an appreciative gathering, who also examined with in-
terest, a dozen or more specimens of the "scratched stones,"
showing glacial action, as well as some of the palaso-
lithic implements exhibited by the speaker. At the close
of his address a discussion arose between the Rev. R.
Randall Hoes, of Lambertville, near Trenton, N. J. (who
happened to be in town, engaged in some genealogical
research, and knew the locality well, having a large col-
lection illustrating the mineralogy and ethnology of the
region on his own shelves), tlohn H. Sears of the Peabody
Academy of Science, Prof. I. J. Osbun of the State
Normal School, and Professor Wright, in which some
difierence of opinion was developed as to the power of
running streams to cut their way down through obstruc-
tions of stone or gravel, and as to the rate of cutting.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 5*

74 meeting, monday, may 1.

Kegular Meeting, Monday, May 1, 1882.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. The records of the last meetino^ read. Do-
nations and correspondence announced.

o

The letters from Mr. George E. Davenport, Corr. Sec'y
of the Middlesex Institute, tendering an invitation to
unite in a joint Field Meeting to be held at the Middlesex
Fells, and suggesting June 17 as the day of Meeting,
and from the Boxford Natural History Society, accept-
ins: an invitation from the Institute to visit Salem, were
referred to the Field Meetinoj committee.

'&

The President referred to the previous meeting held by
the Institute in commemoration of this day, tracing back
the origin of its observance to remote antiquity and allu-
ding briefly to the views of the early settlers respecting
the festivities of its occurrence, to whom they were ex-
tremely distasteful ; soon after the landing of the Pil-
grims at Plymouth, events occurred in their neighborhood
which called forth an official denunciation by the colonial
authorities ; the celebration at Ma-re-mount, now Mount
Wollaston, Quincy, under the direction of Thomas Mor-
ton of Cliflford's Inn in 1626 was cited as a familiar illus-
tration. Times have changed, and May day morning is
frequently observed to welcome the sun's return, the
burstinof of the buds and the birth of the flowers.

o

Mr, John H. Sears read an interesting paper giv-
ing the date of the appearance of several of our spring
flowers ; also a list of those that have been noticed in bloom
the present season. The following is an abstract : —

MEETING, MONDAY, MAY 1. 75

Diirino: a series of years, now nearly twenty, in which
I have taken notes on the time of blossoming of the early
spring flowers, I have come to the conclusion that April
is the earliest season in which we can say that the spring
flowers are in blossom. This, of course, is the time when
any one, who is conversant with their habit and has a
knowledge of localities, may find them. Any earlier
time of flowering is due to a series of peculiar circum-
stances. Sometimes early seedlings blossom in October
and November ; I have found the Hepatica and the Tha-
lictrum every month in the year except September. In
1869 the Hepatica was in blossom in December, in January
1870, and though we had a snowstorm the 2nd of Feb-
ruary, I collected some on the 4th from under the snow.
March 4th to 10th I have got some Hepaticas in flower
every year since, and not in the same place more than two
seasons in succession. If an early snow remains on the
ground through November, December and January, in
a locality called Oakes' Ledge in Dan vers, the frost will
have come out sufficiently for them to blossom on the
last of February or first of March, or shortly after the
Line Gale which usually occurs at about this time, as
the sno^v is usually carried away by it. Again, at Mile
Brook, another locality in Danvers, unless we have a
snowstorm from the southeast in the latter part of Febru-
ary, we are almost sure to find Hepaticas in early March.
This spot is a rocky ravine facing the southeast. Some-
thins: similar mio:ht be said of several other localities
in this vicinity. Again the Symplocarpus fcetidus (Skunk
Cabbage) may be found on the bordersof Leach's Swamp,
in a series of large spring holes, at any time after Jan-
uary. I have collected it for analysis for the last ten
years each succeeding February or early March. Save

76 MEETING, MONDAY, MAY 1.

in this locality April is early for it. The Draba verna
(Whitlow Grass) I have found in the last of February
and first of March, in Peabody, for twelve years or more,
but in a locality in Danvers facing the southeast, a very
early spot, it is not in flower till the last of April or first
of May, so that in my estimation it is not so much due to
the direct influence of the season as it is to some peculiar
circumstances by which the plant is surrounded.

The whole number of plants that have been and are in
blossom in the fields up to this date is thirty-nine. They
are the Hejpatica triloba, Draba verna and Draba Caro-
liniana, Houstonia coerulea, Thalictrum anemonoides.
Anemone nemorosa, Saxifraga Virginiensis^ Aquilegia
Canadensis, Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Erytlironium Am-
ericanum (Adder's tongue), Viola odorata (European,
introduced), Viola lanceolata, Viola sagittata, Sanguin-
aria Canadensis (Blood-root), Caltha palustris (Marsh
Marigold), Rannncidus abortivus (Small flowered Crow-
foot) , Acer dasT/carpum (White Maple) , Acer 7nibrum (Red
Maple), Ulmus Americana (Elm), Corylus Americana
and Corylus rostrata (Hazel), Alnus incana (Alder),
Lindera Benzoin (Benjamin-bush), Salix discolor, 8alix
cordata, Salix sericea, Salix puiyurea, Salix humilis,
JPopulus tremuloides, Comptonia asjplenifoUa (Sweet-
Fern) , Myrica Gale, Amelanchier Canadensis (Shadbush) ,
Stellaria media (Chickweed), Capsella Bursa-pastoris
(Shepherd's Purse), Juniperus Virginiana (Red Cedar),
Taxus baccata (Yew), Carex Pennsylvanica (a Sedge),
Equisetum arvense, Potentilla Canadensis, EpigcBa repens,
Cassandra, calycidata.

To these may be added twelve hardy Cultivated plants
which have blossomed in the open air, making fifty-one

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15. 77

kinds and Dirca palustris, CalUtriche verna, Fopulus hdl-
samifera candicans, or fifty-four kinds in all.

A discussion on the topics alluded to in the above paper
followed, participated in by the President, Messrs. Richard
C. Mannhig, John H. Sears and others.

Adjourned.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 15, 1882.

The annual meetin2: this evenino^ at 7.30 o'clock. The
President in the chair. Records of the last annual
meetino: read.

•o

The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, Li-
brarian, and the Curators and Committees were read and
duly accepted, and ordered to be placed upon file.

Mr. T. F. Hunt, chairman of the committee on nomi-
nations, reported the following list of officers, who were
dul}^ elected ; Messrs. Hunt and Israel having been re-
quested to collect, assort, and count the votes.

78

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15.

PKESIDENT:

HENRY WHEATLAND.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

Abner C. Goodell, Jk.
Frederick W. Putnam.

SECRETAIIY:
George M. Whipple.

Daniel B. Hagar.
Robert S. Rantoul.

TREASURER:
George D. Phippen.

AUDITOR:
Richard C. Manning.

LIBRARIAN:
William P. Upham.

CURATORS ;

History— Ke^ky F. Waters.
Manuscripts— W1LJ.IAM P. Upham.
jrchceology—FnEDBTiiCK W. Putnam.
Numis7natics—MATTTlK-w A. Stickney.
Geology^ISAAC J. OSBUN.

Botany— George D. Phippen.
.Zb67o^7/— Edward S. Morse.
Horticulture— SOU'S E. Peabody.
ilfifsfc— Joshua Phippen, Jr.
Painting cj- Sculpture— T. F. Hunt.

Technology— 'Edsvit^ C. Bolles.

COMMITTEES :

Finance .-

The President, Chairman ex off.

Jas. O. Safford. Henry M. Brooks. Geo. R. Emmerton.

The Treasurer, ex off.

Library :

Charles W. Palfray. George F. Flint. Henry F. King.

William Neilson. William D. Northend.

The Librarian, ex off.

Publication .'
Edward S. Atwood. Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Edwin C. Bolles.

H. F. Waters. T. F. Hunt.

James A. Ejlmerton.

Lecture .•

Robert S. Rantoul. Frederick W. Putnam. Amos H. Johnson.

Fielder Israel. Arthur L. Huntington.

Field Meeting .•
The Secretary, Chairman ex off.
George A. Perkins, Salem George D. Phippen, Salem.

George Cogswell, Bradford. Frank R. Kimball, Salem.

Francis H. Appleton, Peabody. Eben N. Walton, Salem.

Nathaniel A. Horton, Salem. Winfield S. Nevins, Salem.

Edward S. Morse, Salem. John H. Sears, Salem.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 79

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

compiled from the several reports read at the meeting,
and the remarks of several members in relation thereto,
presents the work of the Institute in the various depart-
ments since the last annual meeting.

Members. — Clianges occur in the list of our associates
by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or
by death.

We have received information of the decease of twelve
resident members, during the year.

John V. Stevens, born in Peabody, Nov. 22, 1807,
tanner and currier; died at Peabody, June 19, 1881.
Elected a member May 6, 1867.

Nathaniel Silsbee, son of Nathaniel and Mary
(Crowninshield) Silsbee, born in Salem, Dec. 28, 1804;
graduated at Harvard College, 1824, merchant ; mayor of
Salem 1849, 1850, 1858 and 1859 ; died at Milton, July 9,
1881. An original member.

Elijah W. Upton, son of Elijah and Phebe (Wood)
Upton, born in Danvers, now Peabody, Feb. 24, 1811, a
glue manufacturer; died in Peabody, Oct. 5, 1881.
Elected a member June 26, 1850.

Benjamin Fabens, son of Benjamin and Hannah
(Stone) Fabens, born in Salem, May 28, 1809, merchant ;
died at Salem, Dec. 8, 1881. Elected a member March
30, 1859.

Francis Choate, son of John and Susanna (Choate)
Choate, born in Essex, Dec. 30, 1798, a trader; died at
Salem, Jan'y 20, 1882. Elected a member July 6, 1864.

80 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15.

John Pickering, son of John and Sarah (White)
Pickenng, bom in Salem, Nov. 8, 1808 ; graduated at
Harvard College, 1830, a broker in Boston ; died at
Salem, Jan'y 20, 1882. Elected a member May 3, 1848.

Thomas H. Frothingham, son of Daniel and Hannah
(Frothingham) Hoppin, born in Salem, Oct. 20, 1823, a
stove dealer ; died at Salem, March 5, 1882. He assumed
the maiden name of his mother. Elected a member
April 24, 1857.

John Bertram, son of John and Mary (Perchard)
Bertram, born in the Isle of Jersey, Feb. 11, 1796, mer-
chant; died at Salem, March 22, 1882.

Milton P. Braman, son of Isaac and Hannah (Palmer)
Braman, born in Kowley, now Georgetown, Aug. 6, 1799 ;
graduated at Harvard College 1819 ; minister of the First
Church in Danvers from April 12, 1826 to Sept. 2, 1863 ;
died at Auburndale, April 10, 1882. An original member.

William Sutton, son of William and Nancy (Osborne)
Sutton, born in Salem, July 26, 1800, manufacturer;
died at Peabody, April 18, 1882. Elected a member
March 29, 1848.

Daniel C. Manning, son of Richard and Abby (Lane)
Manning, born in Ipswich Dec. 27, 1805, stabler in
Salem; died at Winchendon, N. H., April 30, 1882.
Elected a member April 5, 1875.

David Nichols, son of Stephen and Abigail (Moulton)
Nichols, born at Salem, Aug. 22, 1809, tanner; died at
Salem, May 1, 1882. Elected a member Nov. 21, 1876.

Field Meetings. — These have been perhaps of more
than usual interest, several papers of marked quality having
been presented and read. During the year six were
held as follows : First, at Rowley (an old and interesting

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 81

town incorporated in 1(339) on Tuesday, July 7, 1881.
The forenoon was devoted to a ramble in the woods under
the guidance of John H. Sears. At the afternoon session
in the Town Hall, Mr. Sears exhibited the plants collected
during the day, wdth appropriate and instructive remarks.
Miss Mary N. Plumer of the State Normal School, Salem,
read a very interesting and able paper on " The Dissemi-
nation of Seeds." Eev. John Pike, of Rowley, Rev. G.
M. Harmon, of Peabody, Rev. Charles C. Bruce, of
Rowley, and Hon. N. A. Horton, of Salem, followed,
pleasantly alluding to several topics suggested by the
place and the occasion.

Second meeting. — At Marblehead Neck, Wednesday,
August 3, 1881. Mr. John H. Sears, of Salem, Hon. J.
J. H. Gregory, of Marblehead, Prof. E. S. Morse, and
Hon. W. D. Northend, both of Salem, took part in the
exercises of the afternoon session.

Third meeting, — At Saugus, Wednesday, August 30,
1881. Mr. John H. Sears exhibited and described several
specimens of plants collected during the forenoon ramble.
Prof. H. B. Adams read a paper on "The Commons and
Commoners of Salem." Dr. J. W. Goodell, of Lynn,
and Mr. E. P. Robinson, of Saugus, presented communi-
cations of historic interest.

Fourth meeting. — At Boxford, Saturday, Oct. 8, 1881.
At the afternoon session. Rev. William P. Alcott, of
Boxford, presented a collection of introduced plants found
in the vicinity of a wool-scouring establishment, and has
since prepared a valuable communication on the same,
which is printed in the Bulletin. Mr. John Robinson
and others took part in the exercises.

Fifth meeting. — At Chelsea, Friday, October 14, 1881.
The party after visiting the " Art Tile Works " of the

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 6

82 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15.

Messrs. Low, and the works of the "McGee Furnace
Company," assembled in the rooms of the Chelsea Re-
view Club, where brief remarks were offered by Mr. J.
G. Low, who gave an account of the tile factory, how it
was commenced, and its progress to the present time ; by
Prof. E. S. Morse, who spoke of the pottery of the Japan-
ese ; and by Vice Pres. F. W. Putnam, on the pottery of
the several Indian tribes of America.

Sixth meeting. — At Whipple's, near the shores of the
Chebacco pond, on Saturday, Feb. 11, 1882, stopping
at Wenham pond to see the process of cutting and storing
ice. At the afternoon session Mr. R. S. Rantoul gave
an historical sketch of Wenham Pond, alluding to the
introduction and extent of the ice-cutting operations con-
ducted by the Messrs. Gage & Hittenger. Remarks
were also made by the chair, Mr. John H. Sears, the
Rev. George H. Hosmer and others.

Excursions. — First, to Cambridge, on Wednesday,
May 25, 1881, by the polite invitation of President Eliot,
Mr. F. W. Putnam and other officers, having in charge the
various libraries, museums, etc. The Peabody Museum
of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Gymnasium, Memorial Hall, Sever
Hall, Library in Gore Hall, Chemical Laboratories,
the mineralogical collection in Boylston Hall, the Botanic
Garden and Herbarium, and the Observatory were visited.

Second. — To New York city, Manhattan Beach, W^est
Point, and the Catskill Mountains ; leaving Salem on
Wednesday, July 13, 1881, and returning on Thursday,
July 21.

The third. — To Mt. Desert, leaving Salem on Tues-
day, Sept. 13, returning on Friday, Sept, 16, 1881.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 83

Lectures. — A course of seven lectures, under the
direction of the lecture committee, have been delivered
as follows : First, J. E. Russell, "An Inter-oceanic Ca-
nal," Monday, Oct. 18, 1881. Second,VvoL T. C. Men-
denhall, "Earthquakes," Friday, Nov. 25, 1881. Tliird,
Rev. James Freeman Clarke, "English Literature," Mon-
day, Dec. 5, 1881. Fourth, Rev. E. G. Porter, "Arms
and Armor," Monday, Jan'y 9, 1882. Fifth, E. H. El-
well, "Conversation," Monday, Jan'y 30, 1882. Sixth,
Dr. B. Joy j'effries, " Color Blindness," Monday, Feb'y
27, 1882. Seventh, Prof. E. S. Morse, "Japan," Mon-
day, March 27, 1882.

In addition to the above a course of four free lectures was
given by George M. Towle, of Boston, upon famous men
of our day: I. Wednesday, Nov. 9, 1881, "Bismarck."
II. Wednesday, Nov. 16, " Gladstone." III. Wednesday,
Nov. 23, "Beaconsfield." IV. Wednesday, Nov. 30, "Gam-
betta." These lectures were delivered in the afternoon at
four o'clock.

Subsequently, three lectures were given by the same
gentleman, the subjects being "Victor Hugo," " Victoria,"
and "The Nihilist," on the afternoons of Wednesdays
Feb'y 1, 8, and 15, 1882.

Three lectures on art were delivered by S. R. Koehler,
Esq., of Boston, during the afternoons of Wednesdays,
March 1, 8, and 15, 1882. The first was on "The future
of Art in America ;" the remaining two on "Color Print-

CoNCERTS. — Under the personal direction of the curator
of Music, four concerts in the regular, and three in a
supplementary course have been given with great accep-
tance. This was the thirteenth concert season of the
Institute : First, on Monday evening, Dec. 12, 1881, by

84 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15.

Miss H. A. Brooks, Mrs. George Henschel, and Mr. J.
Phippen, jr. Second, Monday evening, Dec. 26, 1881, by
Miss Sarah C. Fisher, Messrs. A. W. Foote, Charles N.
Allen, and Wulf Fries. Third, Monday evening, Jan'y
23, 1882, by Mrs. M. E. Gibson, soprano; Mrs. W. H.
Wadleigh, alto; Mr. C. J. Parker, tenor; Mr. W. H.
Wadleigh, tenor ; Dr. E. C. Bullard, bass, and Mr. H. M.
Aik'en, bass. Fourth, Monday evening, Feb. 6, 1882, by
Miss Sara Barton, soprano : Miss Sophie Eohe, pianoforte ;
Mr. Bernhard Listemann, first violin ; Mr. Fritz Liste-
mann, second violin ; Mr. Carl Meisel, viola ; Mr. Alex-
exander Heindl , violoncello. Sujpplementary , first. — Fri-
day evening, April 21, 1882, by Harvard Glee Club.
Second, Tuesday afternoon, April 25, 1882, by Mr. J.
Phippen, jr., with the assistance of Miss Annabelle Clark,
of Boston, soprano, and Mr. W. J. Leftivour, violinist.
2Vi^Vc^._Tuesday afternoon. May 2, 1882, by Miss Clara
L. Emilio, assisted by Mrs. Anna S. Brown, Mr. Wm.
S. Fenollosa, and Mr. Jean M. Missud.

Meetings. Regular meetings occur on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. At these the fol-
lowing communications were received and lectures deliv-
ered : From John H. Sears, "Notes on the Forest Trees
of Northern New York;" Rev. C. F. Rice, "A familiar
talk on his recent trip to Europe ;" Rev. George F.
Wright, "On the Terminal Moraines of Pennsylvania ;"
John J. Latting, of New York, "List of Marriages by
Rev. Daniel Hopkins, of Salem, 1778 to 1814;" F.
M. Ray, of Portland, "The journal of Dr. Caleb Rea
written during the expedition against Ticonderoga in
1758 ;" Fben Parsons, " Sketch of the First Church in
Lynnfield ;" Wellington Poole, of Wenham, " Abstracts
of Wenham Records ;" E. P. Robinson, of Saugus,

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 85

"What I know about Whaling ;" Henry F, Waters, "An
account of the Newhall Family," etc., etc.

A Social Meeting of the members and their families
was held on the evening of Jan'y 6 ; Prof. E. S. Morse
gave an ilhistrated talk on Japan ; and at a later hour
refreshments were served.

Publications have been issued as heretofore, — the
Bulletin, vol. xiii, and the Historical Collections, vol.
xviii. The exchange list, with few exceptions, continues
the same as last year.

Library. — The additions to the Library for the year
(May, 1881 to May, 1882) have been as follows.
By Donation.

Folios, 25

Quartos • . 117

Octavos 663

Duodecimos, 474

Sexdecimos, 133

Octodecimos, 6

Total of bound volumes, 1418

Pamphlets and serials, 7560

Total of donations, 8978

By Exchange.

Quartos, 5

Octavos 68

Duodecimos, 5

Total of bound volumes, 78

Pamphlets and serials, 1678

Total of exchanges 1756

Total of donations, 8978

Total of exchanges, 1756

Total of additions 10,734

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 3,361
were pamphlets, and 5,877 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and eighty-two individuals

8Q ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15.

and fifty departments of the General and State govern-
ments and societies, eleven of which are foreign. The
exchanges from one hundred and fifty-five societies and
incorporate institutions of which one hundred and one
are foreign ; also from editors and publishers.

The annual examination of the Library has been made.
Of the twelve volumes that were missing last 3^ear, ten

have been returned ; seven others are now missing from
their places.

Donations or exchanofes have been received from the
following : —

Vols. Para.

Adams, Herbert B., Baltimore, Md., 1

Adelaide, R. Society of So. Australia, .... 1

Almy, James F., 2

Alnwick, Eng., Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, . . 1

American Association for the Advancement of Science, . 2

Amiens, Societe Linneenne du Nord de la France, . . 20
Amsterdam, K. Z. Genootschap " Natura Artis Magistra," 1

Anagnos, M., So. Boston, 1

Andrews, Mrs. James H., 1

Andrews, William P., 50

Anthony, Mrs. John G., Cambridgeport, . . . . 25 32

Appleton, William S., 2

Archaeological Institute of America, .... 1
Archer, Miss Rebecca, .... Newspapers,

Augsburg, Naturhistorischer Verein, .... 1

Baltimore, Md., Maryland Historical Society, ... 1

Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University, ... 1

Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute, 1

Bancroft, C. F. P., Andover, 1

Barstow, Benjamin, 1 1

Bartlett, J. W., Marblehead, 1

Batavia, K. Naturkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch

Indie, 1

Baton Rouge, La., State University, .... 1

Bemis, Luke, West Chester, Pa., 2

Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, . . 1

Berlin, Verein zur Beforderuug des Gartenbaues, . . 12
Berlin, Zeitschrift fiir die Gesammten Wissenschaften, . 1
Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, . , . . 1

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 87

Vols. Pam.

Bolles, Eev. E. C, 52 200

Bologna, Accademia delle Scienze, 1

Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein der Preussischen Rhein-

lande u. Westfaleus, 1 3

Bordeaux, Acaderaie Xationale des Sciences, Belles-Let-

tres et Arts, 1

Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, . . 1 1

Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club, .... 1

Boston, Athenseum Library, 1

Boston, Board of Health, 2

Boston, City of, 6

Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society, ... 2

Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society, ... 4

Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, . . 1

Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society, .... 1 1
Boston, Massachusetts State Board of Health, Lunacy and

Charity, 2

Boston, INIassachusetts State Library, .... 1

Boston, National Association of Wool Manufacturers, . 1 3

Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society, . 5

Boston, Public Library, 5

Boston, Scientific Society, 4

Boston, Society of Natural History, 16

Boston, Zoological Society, 1

Bradlee, Rev. C. D., Boston, 1

Braunschweig, Archiv fiir Anthropologic, ... 2

Braunschweig, Verein fiir Naturwissenschaft, . . 1

Bremen, Natui»wissenschaftlicher Verein, ... 3

Briggs, Miss M. E., 2

Brinley, Francis, Newport, R. I., 1

Brock, R. A., Richmond, Va., . . Newspapers,

Brooklyn, N. Y., Church of the Saviour, .... 1

Brooklyn, N. Y., Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, . 2

Brooklyn, N. Y., Long Island Historical Society, . . 1

Brooks, Rev. Charles T., 1

Brooks, Henry M., 3 13

Brooks, Mrs. Henry M., . . . Newspapers, . 23

Brown, Henry A., 1 1

Brown, John Coffin Jones, Boston, 1

Brown, S. J., Salisbury, 1

Browne, Miss Frances, 60

Briinn, Naturforschender Verein, 1

Bruxelles, L'Academie R. de Belgique, .... 6 6

88 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15.

Vols. Pam.
Bruxelles, Societe Beige de Microscopie, .... 8

Bruxelles, Societe Entomologique de Belgique, . . 5

Bruxelles, Societe R. Malacologique de Belgique, ..29

Bryant, James S., Hartford, Conn., 5

Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientiflca Argentina, ... 8

Buffalo, N. Y., Society of Natural Sciences, ... 2

Burnham, John H., Bloomington, 111., .... 1

Biitzow, Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in Mek-

leuburg, 1

Caen, Academic Nationale des Sciences, Arts et Belles-

Lettres, 2

Calcutta, Geological Survey of India, .... 3 25

Caller, James M., 1

Calley, Samuel, 1 1

Cambridge, Library of Harvard University, ... 6

Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology, ..22

Cambridge, Nuttall Ornithological Club, .... 4

Cambridge, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology

and Ethnology, 2

Carpenter, Rev. C. C, Mount Vernon, N. H.,

Case, Theodore S., Kansas City, Mo., ....

Cassel, Verein fiir Naturkunde,

Chamberlain, James A., 4 234

Chandler, Gardner L., 5

Chemnitz, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft,
Clierbourg, Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles,

Chicago, 111., Historical Society, 1

Chicago, 111., Public Library,

Choate, George F., 10

Choate, Joseph H., New York, N. Y., ....

Cincinnati, O., Board of Education, 1

Cincinnati, O., Public Library, 1

Cincinnati, O., Society of Natural History, . . . 1 2G
Cleveland, O., Western Reserve and Northern Ohio His-
torical Society, 3

Cleveland, Mrs. William S., 41

Cole, Miss C. J., 2

Cole, Mrs. N. D., Newspapers, 128

Columbia, Missouri State University, .... 1

Conant, W. P., 18 106

Cooke, Caleb, Estate of the late, 148

Copenhague, Societe de Botanique, 2

Cox, Hon. William R., Washington, D. C, ... 1

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 89

Vols. Para.

Crosby, Mrs. M. K., Matfield, 19

Curwen, George R., 10

Curwen, James B., 28

Cutter, AbramE., Charlestown, 1

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

Darmstadt, Verein fiir Erdkunde, 1

Dean, John W., Boston, 12

De Borre, Alf Preudhomme, Bruxelles, .... l

Dexter, George, Boston, 1

Doolittle, Miss E., Troy, N. Y., 1

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, " Isis," . 1

Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, 8

Dublin, Royal Society, 7

Eastman, S. C, Concord, N. H., 1

Eddy, Miss Harriet, 1

Edinburgh, Royal Society, 1

Eilery, Harrison, Boston, Chart of the Ellery Family,

Elwell, E. H., Portland, Me., 2

Emerson, Mrs. Jasper, 1

Emmerton, James A., 1 19

Epping Forest and County of Essex Naturalists' Field

Club, 2

Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societat, . . 2

Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, . 2

Felton, Cyrus, Marlborough, 1

Fewkes, J. Walter, Cambridge, 1

Firenze, R. Instituti di Studi Superiori, .... 5

Flanders, Rev. G. T., Lowell, 24 110

Folger, William C, Nantucket, . . Newspapers, 8

Foote & Horton, Newspapers,

Foote, Rev. Henry W., Boston, 1

Ford, Patrick, New York, N. Y., 1

Frankfurt, a. m., Neue Zoologische Gesellschaft, . . 12
Frankfurt, a. m., Senckenbergische Naturforschende Ge

sellschaft, • . .

Frankfurt, a. m., Verwaltung des Medicinal wesens,

Geneve, L'Institut National Genevois, ...

Geneve, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle, . I

Gerould, Sam'l L., Goffstown, N. H., .... 1

Giessen, Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur u. Heil

kunde, 1

Gillis, James A., 15 135

Glasgow, Natural History Society, 1

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 6*

90

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15.

Goodell, A. C, Jr., Newspapers,

Goodwin, J. M., Sharpsville, Pa.,

Gorlitz, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ....
Gottingen, K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,

Gould, Jno. H., Topsfield,

Green, Jesse S., West Chester, Pa., . . Newspapers,

Green, Sam'l A., Boston,

Guye, M., Amsterdam,

Hagar, D. B., » . .

Hale, Rev. E. E., Roxbury,

Halifax, Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science,
Halle, K. Leopoldinisch — Carolinische Deutsche Akademie

der Naturforscher,

Hamburg-Altoua, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein,
Hannover, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft,

Harlan, Caleb, Wilmington, Del.,

Harlem, Societe Hollandaise des Sciences,

Hart, Charles Henry, Philadelphia, Pa., ....

Hartford, Conn., Trinity College,

Hassam, John T., Boston,

Hazen, William B., Washington, D. C, ....

Hervey, Rev. A. B., Taunton,

Hingham, First Parish,

Hobart Town, Tasmania Royal Society,

Hodges, Mrs. John, Charts, 130

Hodges, Osgood, Estate of the late, . . . Maps, 5
Hoffman, W. J., Washington, D. C,

Holder, Alfred, Wien,

Holmes, John C, Detroit, Mich., . . Newspapers,
Horton, N. A., ......... 5

Hunt, T. F., 54

Hlinois Department of Agriculture,

Ireson, Mrs. Samuel J., 1

Israel, Rev. Fielder, .... Newspapers, 1

Ives, Stephen B., 1

Jackson, Miss Nellie, • . 2

James, U. P., Cincinnati, O.,

Jaques, Alonzo P., West Newbury, 10

Jenison, O. A., Lansing, Mich.,

Jenks, Rev. Henry F., Lawrence,

Jewett, Rev. George B., 25

Johnson, Henry, Brunswick, Me.,

Kiernan, T. J., Cambridge,

Vols. Pam.
I

3

617

33

699

1

1

1
33
92

6

136

402
1
23
3
1
9
2
4

THE RETROSPECT OF THE TEAR.

91

Kimball, Mrs. James,

Kjobeuhavn, K. D. Videuskabernes Selskab,

Lauder, Miss Elizabeth,

Langworthy, Rev. I. P., Boston,

Lansing, Michigan Agricultural College Librar}^

Lansing, Michigan State Library,

Lathrop, J. C, Bridgeport, Conn.,

Lausanne, Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles,

Lawrence, Public Library,

Leavitt, William,

Lee, r. H., Newspapers

Leeds, Eng., Philosophical and Literary Society,

Le Mans, Societe d' Agriculture, Sciences, et Arts de la

Sartlie,

Li^ge, Societe R, d'Horticulture,

Li6ge, Society R. des Sciences,

Lincoln, Marvin, Maiden,

Lincoln, Solomon, Jr.,

Liverpool, Eng., Literary and Philosophical Society,

London, Eng., Royal Society,

Loring, George B.,

Lowell, Old Residents' Historical Association,
Luxembourg, Institut R. Grand Ducal, ....

Lynn, Public Library,

Lyon, Academic des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts,
Lyon, Societe d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle, et Arts

Utiles,

Lyon, Societe Liuneenne,

Mack, Miss Esther C,

Mack, William, Newspapers,

Madison, Wisconsin State Historical Society, .
Manchester, Eng., Literary and Philosophical Society,
Manchester, Eng., Scientific Students' Association, .

Manchester, Rev. L. C, Lowell,

Manning, Jacob W., Reading,

Manning, Robert, Newspapers,

Manson, A. S., Boston,

Marshall, John W., Rockport,

Massachusetts, Commonwealth of,

McDanolds, James S., Trenton, N. J.,

Meek, H. M., .

Merrill & Mackintire,

Merrill, N. F.,

Vols. Pam.
3
1

17

1

1

140

1

35
2
1

49

1

2

204
5

1
1

456
1

4
1

1

96^

73

1

4

1

76

300

104

92

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15.

Vols, Pam.

Mexico, Mnseo Nacional, 3

Micldletown, Conn., Wesley an University, ... 1

Milwaukee, Wiscousin Natural History Society, . . 1

Montreal, Geological Survey of Canada, . Maps, 1 1

Morison, George S., New York, N. Y., .... 1

Morrissey, D. H., Boston, 1

Morse, E. S., 1 2

Moulton, Joshua W., 1

Muiichen, K. B. Akademieder Wissenschaften, . . 25

Miinster, Westfalische Provinzial Verein, ... 1

Neuchatel, Soci6t6 des Sciences Naturelles, ... 1 1

Nevins, W. S., Newspapers, 15

Newark, New Jersey Historical Society, ... 2 1

New Haven, Conn., Yale College Library, ... 3

New York, Academy of Sciences, 4

New York, American Geographical Society, ... 2 6

New York, Astor Library, 1 5

New York, Chamber of Commerce, 3

New York, Genealogical and Biographical Society, . . 4

New York, Historical Society, 1

New Y^ork, Mercantile Library Association, ... 1

Nichols, Andrew, Jr., 7

Northend, William D., 6

Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, Editorial Com-
mittee of, 3

Nurnberg, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft, ... 1

Offenbach, a. m., Offenbacher Verein fiir Naturkunde, . 1

Osborn, Stephen H., 40

Paine, Albert W., Bangor, Me., 1

Palfray, Charles W., 36

Paris, Journal de Conchyliologie, . . , . . 3

Paris, Societe d'Acclimatation, 12

Paris, Societe d'Anthropologie, 4

Paris, Societe des Etudes Historiques, .... 3

Paris, Societe Zoologique de France, .... 1

Peabody Education Fund, Trustees of, ... . 1
Peabody, Mrs. Ephraim, Boston, . . Newspapers,

Peabody, John P., 5

Peabody, Mass., Peabody Institute, 4

Peele, Miss Eliza, 1

Peet, Rev. S. D., Clinton, Wis., 4

Peirce, B. O., Beverly, 12 18

Peirce, Henry B., r Q

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 93

Vols. Pam.

Perkins, A. C, Exeter, N. H., . , . . . . 2

Perkins, George A., 73

Perley, Jona., 2 7

Perley, Sidney, Boxford, 2

Perry, AVilliain Stevens, Davenport, la., ... . 1

Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, . . 2

Philadelphia, Library Company, 2

Philadelphia, Mercantile Library, 1

Philadelphia, Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, . 1
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Historical Society, . . 4
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Museum and School of Indus-
trial Art, 1

Phillips, Henry, Jr., Philadelphia, 5

Phippen, George D., 4

Pickering, Miss Mary C, 334

Plumer, Miss Mary N., 6

Poole, Wellington, Wenham, 3 10

Pope, Miss Lydia, .... Newspapers,

Porter, Rev. E. G., Lexington, 1

Portland, Maine Historical Society, 1

Priest, Henry, Barre, Vt., 13

Providence, Athenaeum, 1

Providence, Public Library, 1

Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society, ... 3 4

Pulsifer, David, Boston, 1

Putnam, Rev. A. P., Brooklyn, 1 5

Putnam, Mrs. Eben, 91

Putnam, F. W., Cambridge, 25

Quebec, Literary and Historical Society, .... 1

Eamsay, Alexander, London, 6

Rantoul, R. S., 1

Reading, Pa., Society of Natural Sciences, ... 1

Regensburg, K. B. Botanische Gesellschaft, ... 1

Regensburg, Zoologisch-raineralogischer Verein, . . 1

Richardson, F. P., 234

Richmond, Virginia Historical Society, .... 1

Riga, Naturforschender Verein, 2

Robinson, E. P., Saugus, .... Newspapers, 1

Robinson, John, Newspapers, 87

Ropes, Joseph, 1

Ropes, Rev. William L., Andover, 1

Ryder, J. Orne, 1

94

ANNUAL MEETING, MAT 15.

Vols. Pam.

Salem, Peabody Academy of Science, .... 17

San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, . . 1

San Francisco, Mercantile Library Association, . . 1

Santa Fe, New Mexico Historical Society, ... 1
S'Gravenliage, Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeni-

ging, 4

Smith, George Plumer, Philadelphia, .... 1

Soule & Bugbee, Boston, • 3 39

Springfield, Mo., Drury College Library, .... 8

Stettin, Entomologischer Verein, 1

St. Gallen, St. Gallische Naturwissenschaftliche Gesell-

schaft, 1 1

Stickney, George A. D., 9

Stickney, Miss Lucy W., 4

Stilson, Rev. Arthur C, Ottumwa, la., .... 1

St. John, New Brunswick Natural History Society, . 4

St. Louis, Academy of Science, 1

St. Louis, Missouri Historical Society, .... 1

St. Louis, Public School Library, 3

Stockholm, Veteuskaps Akademien, 2

Stone, Alfred, Providence, 1

Stone, Benjamin W., 2 1

Stone, Ebeu F., Washington, 2 60

Stone, Robert, Newspapers,

St. Petersbourg, Academic Imp6riale des Sciences, . . 26

St. P6tersbourg, Entomological Society, .... 1

St. Petersbourg, Jardin Imperial de Botanique, . . 1

Sturgis, Mrs. Elizabeth O., Boston, 1 1

Sydney, Royal Society of New South Wales, ... 1

Tasmania, Government of, 1

Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural

History Society, 1

Taunton, Public Library, 1

Thayer, C. P., Boston, 1

Throndhjem, K. Norske Videnskabers Selskab, . . 2

Tokio, University, 1

Topeka, Kansas Academy of Science, .... 1

Topeka, Kansas Historical Society, . Newspapers, 1

Toronto, Canadian Institute, 1

Trenton, New Jersey State Library, .... 1

Tyler, Arthur AV., Indianapolis, I

Unknown, 2 13

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

95

Vols.

U. S. Bureau of Education, 1

U. S. Chief of Engineers, 7

U. S. Department of the Interior, 48

U. S. Department of State, ...... 6

U. S. Life Saving Service, 1

U. S. National Board of Health,

U. S. National Museum, 1

U. S. Naval Observatory, 3

U. S. Patent Office, 2

Van Voorhis, Elias W., New York, 1

Walton, Eben N., 8

Warren, George Wasliingtou, Boston, ....

Warren, J. Collins, Boston,

Washington, Smithsonian Institution, .... 2

Waters, H. F.,

Waters, J. Linton, 1

Waters, Stanley, 1

Waterville, Me., Library of Colby University, .

Webster, John, 6

Weston, Edward S., 41

Wheatland, Henry,

Wheatland, Miss Martha G.,

Wheildon, William W., Concord, 2

Whipple, George M., 2

Whitcher, Mary, Shaker Village, N. H., .

White, Rev. William O., Brookline, 6

Whitney, Mrs. Mary W., Lawrence, . Newspapers,

Wien, K. K. Zoologisch Botanische Gesellschaft, . . i
Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung Naturwissenschaftliche

Kenntnisse, 1

Wilder, Marshall P., Boston,

Willson, Rev. E. B., I

Winchell, N. H., Minneapolis, Minn., . . . . i

Winsor, Justin, Cambridge,

Winthrop, Robert C, Boston,

Wisconsin State Board of Health,

Woods, Mrs. K. T.,

Worcester, American Antiquarian Society,

Worcester, Society of Antiquity,

Wright, Frank V., 2

Wiirzburg, Physikalisch — medicinische Gesellschaft,
Zurich, Naturforscheude Gesellschaft, ....

Pam.
10

38
15

53

1
1

1

4

70

1

173

13

341

5

130

28

2

72
6
50
3
1
23
2
5

1

7

96

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15.

The following have beeu received from editors or publishers : —

American.

American Journal of Science.
American Naturalist.
Antiquarian Papers.
Appleton's Literary Bulletin.
Beverly (N. J.) Banner.
Canadian Naturalist.
Cape Ann Bulletin.
Danvers Mirror.
Essex Co. Statesman.
European Mail.
Fireside Favorite.
Francis' Catalogue.
Gardener's Monthly and Horti-
culturist.
Hammatt Papers.
Ipswich Chronicle.
Lawrence American.
Lynn Bee.
Marblehead Messenger.

Medical Register.

Musical Herald.

Nation.

Naturalists' Leisure Hour and

Monthly Bulletin.
Nature.

Newton Transcript.
Our Dumb Animals.
Peabody Press.
Publishers' Weekly.
Quaritch's Catalogue.
Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's

Friend.
Salem Gazette.
Salem Observer.
Salem Post.
Salem Register.
Turner's Public Spirit.
Ward's Natural Science Bulletin.
Zoologischer Anzeiger.

An Art Exhibition, of the work of artists in Salem
and vicinity, was held in May last ; opening on Wednesday
evening, May 18, 1881, and closing on Saturday evening,
May 28, 1881. It included oil paintings, water colors,
sketches in charcoal, pen and ink, and etching, also deco-
rated china and pottery, embroideries and needle-work.
The whole number of articles was 402. The following
is a list of contributors : —

Subjects.

Two oil paintings and plaque,

Five oil paintings,

Seven paintings,

Three water colors,

Two sketches— exhib.,

Decorated umbrella stand.

Pencil drawing, etc.,

Five decorated articles,

Six butter plates and plaque.

Artists and Exhibitors.

Minna P. Needham.

Albert I. Whipple.

Miss L. L. A. Very.

Mrs. H. M. Chase.

G. L. Chandler.

Miss A. S. Wardwell.

Mrs. S. K. Hart.

Miss E. G. Peirce.

Miss L. C G. Peirce.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

97

Oil nasturtiums,

Pottery, etc..

Five oil and charcoal drawings from

Two tiles and pitcher,

Eleven oil paintings.

Nine oil paintings,

Two paintings.

Seven paintings.

Two birthday cards.

Five sketches,

Six cups and saucers,

Lamp screen, etc..

Bag and tidy,

Three paintings,

Eight paintings,

Study and panels,

Study and panels,

Panel, etc..

Painting,

Umbrella stand,

Two water colors,

Panel,

Painting, exhib..

Four studies,

Four ornaments,

Table cloth,

Eight sketches.

Two sketches,

Copy,

Panel,

Two charcoals.

Cup and saucer.

Nine decorated articles,

Screen,

Four paintings,

Embroidery,

Pair of storks.

Pair of storks,

Tidy, panels, etc.,

Sofa pillow, etc.,

Five paintings.

Embroidered India dress,

Embroidery,

Miniature,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV.

Miss E. A. Nichols.

Miss Louisa Lander.

life. Miss M. P. Kilham, Beverly.

Miss H. M. King.

Miss Alice Hanson, Danvers.

Mr. Jos. Ropes.

Miss L. W. Whipple.

Miss L. Lander.

Mrs. W. H. A. Putnam.

Miss H. E. Carlton.

Miss S. S. Kimball.

Miss K. Cloutman.

Miss A. E. Cloutman.

pupils of Miss Oliver.

Miss S. E. C. Oliver.

Miss C. Goldthwaite.

Miss Helen Brown.

Miss A. M. Quimby.

Thos. A. L. McGowen.

Miss Amy S. Wardwell.

Mrs. K. T. Woods.

Miss L. L. Read.

Mrs. George Upton.

Miss M. L. Webb.

Mrs. E. S. Johnson.

Mrs. Chas. S. Osgood.

Miss S. E. Smith.

pupils of Miss S. E. Smith.

Miss S. W. Pickering.

Mrs. N. G. Symonds.

R. C. Manning, Jr.

Mrs. J. T. Mooney.

Miss L. B. How.

Miss Sophie Harris.

Mr. Geo. W. Harvey.

Leonnette Luscomb.

Mrs. Joseph Symonds.

Miss S. Kelly.

Mrs. Jas. Roberts.

Miss E. R. Edmunds.

Miss M. E. Phippen.

Mrs. J, C. Osgood.

Mrs. G. B. Jewett.

Miss Osgood.

7

98

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15.

Poppies,

Plates, etc.,

Miuiature, exliib.,

Panel, etc.,

Four decorated articles,

Twelve butter plates,

Six specimens inlaid work,

Embroidery,

Cups and saucers,

Embroidery,

Two studies,

Eight oil and water colors,

Two plaques.

Two plaques,

Decorated bottle,

Six sketches.

Marine view.

Three decorated articles,

Six paintings,

Three paintings.

Two water colors.

Panels, etc.,

Two paintings, exhib.,

Nine paintings,

Six water colors,

Decorated articles,

Three articles,

Pour decorated articles.

Decorated articles.

Six water colors.

Miss C. Chase.

Miss M. L. King.

Mrs. S. J. Ireson.

Mrs. J. R. Emery.

Miss A. F. Perkins.

Miss A. G. Endicott.

Mr. E. C. Larrabee.

Miss C. G. Grant.

Miss A. B. Holden.

Mrs. Geo. Harrington.

Miss A. S. Symonds.

Mr. J. J. Redmond.

Miss G. M. Benson.

MissE. U. Beuson.

Mrs. G. W. Benson.

Frank W. Benson.

John P. Benson.

Miss E. W. Chadwick.

Miss M. M. Brooks.

Mr. C. C. Redmond.

Miss F. G. Babson.

Miss E. B. Gardner.

J. J. Muhlig.

H. F. Osborne.

A. H, Hay ward.

L. E. Merrill.

Miss S. F. Upton.

Mrs. N. A. Frye.

Miss A. B. Willson.

C. K. Bolles.

The following are exhibitors of single articles :— Miss K. Phillips,
Miss E. Ropes, Miss I. Jackson, Miss C. Harrington, Miss A. E. Smith,
Mrs. Nathan Frye, Mrs. J. Kimball, Mrs. L. T. Savory, Miss F. Os-
borne, Miss Mary L. Webb, Miss Louisa Pierson, Miss A. Batchelder,
S. S. Peele, Mrs. Emilio, N. C. Harris, Miss A. L. Short, Miss A. B.
Holden, Miss C. L. Read, Miss L. S. Gifford, Miss A. Machado, Miss
M. J. Ashby, Miss M. Whipple, Miss Edith Dalton, Mrs. C. Osgood,
Miss E. W. Fiske, L. F. Endicott, Miss J. F. Pinkham, Miss A. Pin-
gree. Miss S. E. Smith, Miss C. H. Sweetzer, Miss J. Purbeck, Miss
H. E. Carlton, Mrs. J. C. Abbott, Miss N. J. Brown of Peabody,
Mrs. E. H. Trumbull, Miss L. P. Robinson, Miss A. S. Tukey, Miss
H. L. Kimball, John C. Chadwick, Dr. A. M. Dudley, Miss Mary
Stevens.

Frequent and valuable additions to the art library are

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 99

made by the curator of art, and the number of persons
interested in this subject who consult this library is in-
creasing. Many of the volumes contain useful and valu-
able information which the student could not easily ob-
tain elsewhere.

Horticultural Exhibition. — The annual exhibition
of flowers and fruit opened at the rooms of the Essex In-
stitute on Wednesday, Sept. 7. Although the display
was not so large as that of some previous seasons, the
collection was on the whole quite as interesting as any of
the society's exhibitions. The general arrangement of
the hall luider the care of the curator of horticulture, Mr.
J. Endicott Peabody, was very tasteful, and the plants and
flowers were displayed to their best advantage. Among
the most noteworthy exhibits were the collection of green-
house ferns and other pot plants of S. E. Peabody, the
fine collection of Coleus of H. AY. Putnam, the beauti-
fully arranged bank of cut flowers of Mrs. L. P. Weston
of Dan vers, the Ferns and Begonias of John Robinson,
the seedling Gladioli of C. A. Putnam, and the cut
flowers of Miss Mary Ropes. Fruit was exhibited by F.
Lamson, J. P. Cook, Wm. Mack and Wm. A. Ireland. Cut
flowers by Mary K. Robinson, George D. Phippen, and
others. A finely arranged basket of flowers was shown by
George W. Peabody, and a specimen of the cotton plant
by John Webster.

Among the curiosities were the smallest fern grown in
America, the "Trichomanes petersii," from Alabama, con-
tributed b}' Mr. John Robinson ; an exceedingly curious
water plant, contributed by Dr. H. C. Merriam ; and a
cotton stock raised on the Red River in Louisiana, near
the Texas line, planted April 1, and taken up the latter
part of August, and presented to Mr. John Webster.
Mr. S. E. Peabody and Mr. John Robinson contributed

100 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15.

a fine exhibit of ferns, pot plants and begonias. Mr. H.
W. Putnam liacl a splendid show of coleus, and C. A.
Putnam exhibited a beautiful display of gladioli, as did
also Mr. James J. H. Gregory of Marblehead. The ex-
hibit of fruit and vegetables was as before stated necessarily
meagre, owing to the season. Mr. Charles A. Ropes was
the leading exhibitor of pears and apples. Mr. G. F.
Brown came next, and Miss E. P. Richardson and Mr.
James P. Cook had a creditable display of pears. Mr.
S. Endicott Peabody showed some magnificent grapes,
and Mr. Fred Lamson some luscious peaches and exceed-
ingly roseate apples. The vegetables formed a very credit-
able display and were from Kern wood.

The following awards were made ; Greenhouse and
stove plants, best twelve varieties, premium $10, to
S. E. Peabody ; foliage plants, best six varieties, pre-
mium $5, to S. E. Peabody ; cut flowers, best display,
premium $5, to Mrs. L. P. Weston of Danvers ; same,
second premium, $3, to Miss M. T. Ropes, Salem ;
gladioli, first premium $5, to C. A. Putnam; gladioli,
second premium, James J. H. Gregory; coleus, best
display, gratuity $5, to H. W. Putnam; ferns, best six
named, premium $5, to S. E. Peabody. Pears, best
twelve Bartletts, premium to G. H. Frye ; pears, best
six of any kind, premium to George F. Brown ; same,
second premium, W. A. Ireland ; apples, Gravensteins,
gratuity $3, to Charles A. Ropes; same, Rhode Island
Greening, gratuity $2, to Charles A. Ropes ; grapes,
best bunches white foreign, premium to S. E. Peabody ;
grapes, best "Black Hamburgs," premium to Jacob C.
Rogers, Oak Hill, Peabody ; peaches, first premium and
second premium to Fred Lamson, Salem, " Early Craw-
ford" and " Haley's Early."

The folio wins: were the entries :

Apj^les, — C. A. Ropes, Fred Lamson.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 101

Pears. — C. A. Ropes, George F. Brown, Miss E. P.
Richiirdson, William A. Ireland, J. P. Cook.

Apricots. — Mrs. Wilkinson of Beverly.

Peaches. — Fred. Lam son, E. Goss, W. A. Ireland.

Grapes. — S. E. Peabody, Jacob C. Rogers, C. A.
Ropes, E. Goss.

Barilett Pears. — George F. Brown, James B. Dugan,
S. E. Peabody, C. A. Ropes, G. H. Frye, J. P. Cook,
Miss E. P. Richardson.

Vegetables and Melons. — S. E. Peabody.

Pot Plants and, Ferns. — S. E. Peabody, John Robin-
son, Dr. H. C. Merriam, G. Bailey, Annie 8. Brooks,
Helen Philbrick.

Gladioli. — J. J. H. Gregory, C. A. Putnam.

Coleus. — H. W. Putnam, S. E. Peabody.

Cut Floicers. — G. F. Brown, Miss M. K. Robinson,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, Miss M. T. Ropes, William A. Ire-
land, J. J. H. Gregory, G. W. Peabody, F. Lamson,
John Robinson, George D. Phippen.

It is interesting to note the great change that has taken
place in the character of the exhibitions of to-day, as
compared with those of forty years ago. We now miss
from the stands the large collections of dahlias of every
shade of coloring, from the gardens of the Putnams,
Ropes, Driver, Upton, Oliver, Thayer, the Phippens and
others ; also the great variety of annuals, roses, lilies,
etc., sent by various contributors. From the tables, the
great collection of pears numbering some hundreds of
varieties, the plums of fifty or more kinds, also apples,
peaches, etc., from the well known pomological garden
of Robert Manning, whose name is prominent in the an-
nals of pomology ; grapes in variety (cultivated under
glass) from the houses of Allen, Lee, Silsbee, West,
Dean, Hoffman, Pickman, Bowker, Gardner and others.
The large collections of fruits, principally pears, from

102 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 15.

Lee, Cabot, Putuam, Upton, Emmerton, Mansfield, Ives,
etc.

Scarcely a pot plant or any of the well known vege-
tables were on exhibition. The cnt flowers and the fruit
occupied every available space in the rooms. The dahlia,
once so prominent, has almost disappeared ; the few that
are seen may be considered as representatives of a pre-
vious age. The annuals, once so highly prized, have
given place to the collections of foliage plants, ferns, be-
gonias, caladiums, etc. The vegetables, in great variety,
now receive merited attention in all horticultural displays.

The change in the specimens exhibited is no greater
than in the exhibitors. That generation has nearly all
passed away ; and their children, and those who have since
that time become residents of our city, remain to carry
forward the work so auspiciousl}' commenced.

Museum. — The specimens in natural history, including
those in arch^eoloo^y, which have been c^iven durinof the
year, are on deposit with the Trustees of the Pcabody
Academy of Science, in accordance with previous arrange-
ments. Those of an historical character or that possess an
artistic interest have been arranged in the rooms. The
following may be specified as contributors : Mrs. Samuel
G. Ireson, F. A. Fielden, C. T. Brooks of Newport, R.
I., Mrs. N. D. Cole, Miss Nellie Jackson, Gardner L.
Chandler, Charles O. Welch, James Shatswell, Henry
M. Brooks, James L. Putnam, S. Griudall of Augusta,
Me., James S. Bryant, of Hartford, Conn., Stephen
Henry Osborn, E. N. Walton, Benjamin Knights, S. A.
Green, of Boston, Wm. P. Andrews, E. C. Bolles, John
Robinson, R. S. Rantoul, S. A. Jones, George D. Phip-
pen, Mrs. Sarah H. Swan, of Cambridge, Esther C.
Mack, Miss C. P. Chad wick (estate of), James A. Em-
mertou.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 103

Financial. — The Treasurer's Report of the receipts
aiul expenditures of the past year (condensed for print-
i.ig).

RECEIPTS.

General Account.

Balance on hand at commencement of year .... $(i9 76

Dividends of stocks, $25 00

Return state tax, 11 05

Assessments of members, 934 00

Publications, 550 65

Lectures, Concerts, Excursions, Hall, etc., .... 829 11

Salem Athenaeum, 210 34

$25G0 15

Hist. Soc. Fund.

Dividends of stocks, 25 00

Xat. Tlist. Soc. Fund.

Dividends of stocks, 36 00

Davis Fund,

Interest of bonds, 407 30

Ditmore Fund.

Interest of bonds and stocks, ISO 40

Manuscript Fund.

Interest of Savings Bank, 22 10

Ladies* Fair Fund.

Interest of bond, 60 00

Derby Fund.

Sale of land and rent, 417 50

Howes Fund.
Interest of bonds, 1,490 00

$5,268 21

EXPENDITURES.

General Account.

Salem Athenaeum, $350 00

Salaries, 1,752 81

Publications 1,881 62

Fuel, 152 50

Repairs, Express, Postage, etc., 294 06

$4,430 99
Historical.

Books and binding, 210 98

Natural History and Horticulture,

Book-binding, etc., 90 00

Ditmore Fund.

INIr. Perkins' annuity, 110 00

Manuscript Fund.

Savings Bank, interest added to fund, 22 10

Davis Fund.

Savings Bank, interest added to fund, 27 30

Balance cash on hand, 376 84

$5,268 21

The invested funds of the Institute are, .... $37,665 43

104 annual meeting, may 15.

An Amendment to the Act of Incorporation
granted by the Legislature of 1882, on the petition of
the Institute.

An Act to authorize the Essex Institute to hold addi-
tional personal estate.

Be it enacted, etc., as follows:

Sect. 1. The Essex Institute, incorporated by chapter
five of the acts of the year eighteen hundred and forty-
eight, is hereby authorized to hold personal estate, exclu-
sive of the books, papers and articles in the cabinets of
said corporation, to an amount not exceeding one hundred
thousand dollars.

Sect. 2. This act shall take effect upon its passage.
[^Approved February 24, 1882.^

The Secretary closes his annual report in the following
words :

" Thousands of pamphlets and newspapers have found
their way to our rooms during the year. Many hundred
volumes of books of more or less value have also been
given to the society, and each year comes the question
where shall such material be deposited? The shelving
capacity of the building is exhausted. Many valuable
historical pictures and prints are lying unseen in various
places about the rooms for want of proper hanging space.
It is known that portraits of great value and of much
historical interest would come to the Institute, if secure
and fire-proof accommodations were offered. Could the
means be supplied to meet the imperative need, there can
be no doubt that large additions would be made to the
various departments of the Institute, thereby largely in-
creasing its usefulness in our own county, and its impor-
tance among the historical societies of the country."

BULLETIN

ESSEX IlSrSTITTJTE

Vol. 14. Salem : July to Dec, 1882. Nos. 7-12.

CARCINOLOGICAL NOTES ; NUMBER V. ^

BY J. S. KINGSLEY.

In the present number of these notes I have gathered
a number of new species and remarks on little known
forms of macrurous Crustacea, the results of my studies of
the collections at Salem, Boston and Philadelphia, together
with outline ilkistrations of some hitherto unfigured forms.

Genus PENJSUS Fabr.

Mr. E. J. Miers has recently given a revision of the species of this
genus (Proc, Zool. Soc'y, Loudon, 1878, pp. 298-310) and I would here
give the localities of the specimens which I have examined.

Penseus aflB.nis.

Specimens in the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science,
Salem, Mass., from Hawaian Islands (A. Garrett), Hong Kong (Capt.
W. H. A. Putnam), Zanzibar (Capt. Webb).

1 The previous articles of this series may be found in the Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1880. (No. I, pp. 3i-37; No. II,
pp. 135-155, pi. X; No. Ill, pp. 179-186; No. IV, pp. 187-224.)

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 7* (105)

106 CARCINOLOGICAL NOTES ;

Penseus amazonicus.

Specimens in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History
from the upper Amazon (James Orton).

Penseus avirostris Dana.
Boston Society: Japan (E. S. Morse).

Penseus braziliensis Latr.
P. brevirostris Kingsley.

Boston Society: Trinidad (W. O. Crosby), Bahamas (Dr. Henry
Bryant). Union College : Sarasota Bay, Marcou Pass and Charlotte
Harbor, Fla., Beaufort, N. C. (H.E.Webster). Peabody Academy :
Rio Grande, Brazil (Capt. Harrington) ; Bahia, Brazil (Prof. C. F.
Hartt) ; Magdalena River, New Granada (A. P. Smith) ; Realigo, West
coast of Nicaragua (J. A. McNiel).

Penseus brevieornis M.-Edw.
Peabody Academy: China (Capt. W. H. A. Putnam).

Penaeus canaliculatus Oliv.
Boston Society: Japan (Prof. E. S. Morse).

Penseus constrictus Stimp.

Union College: Marcou Pass, Fla. (H. E. Webster). Peabody
Academy: Ft. Jefferson, Fla. (Lieut. Jacques).

Penseus kroyeri Heller.
Xiphopenens hartii Smith.
Peabody Academy: Abrolhos, Brazil (Prof. C. F. Hartt).

Penseus monocerus Fabr.
Peabody Academy : Whampoa, China (Capt. W. H. A. Putnam).

Penseus monodon Fabr.
Peabody Academy : Hong Kong (Capt. W. H. A. Putnam).

Penseus sculptilis Heller.
Peabody Academy : Pulo Penaug (Capt W. H. A. Putnam).

Penseus semisulcatus Dr. Haan.
Peabody Academy: Singapore (Capt. W. H. A. Putnam).

BY J. S. KINGSLEY. 107

Penseus setiferus Linn.

Boston Society: Guatemala (C. H. Van Patten), Port Orange, Fla.
(S. N. Cliamberlain). Peabody Academy: Charleston, S. C. (A. S.
Packard, jr.).

Genus PAL^MON Fabr.
Palsemon africanus n. s.

Carapax microscopically granulate, hepatic spine "present. Rostrum
shorter than the antennal scales, with nine or ten teeth above and five
or six below, the tip three toothed. First pair of feet slender; the
middle of the carpus extending as far forward as the tip of the anten-
nal scale ; hand about one-third the length of the carpus, fingers with
pencils of hairs. Second pair of feet equal, greatly elongate and
armed with longitudinally arranged spiniform tubercles ; the meros is
shorter than the carpus and about equal to the palm. Carpus slightly
shorter than the hand, fingers occupying from one-third to two-fifths
of the manus, completely closing, the occludent margins smooth,
toothless and covered with hairs. Its nearest allies are P. idee, Heller,
from which it difiers in the shorter carpus and longer meros ; P. acan-
thiirus, which has a longer and reflexed rostrum, and P. japonicus de
Haan, in which the first pair of feet are much longer. It may prove to
be P. macrohracliion Hecklots (Addit. Faun. Africam Occid.) but the
description of that species is too imperfect to decide the question.

AVest coast of Africa; P. du Chaillu (Philadelphia Academy).
West coast of Africa ; Dr. Perkins (Boston Society of Natural His-
tory, type).

Palsemon grandimanus Randall.

The types (two in number) of this species are still preserved in the
Philadelphia Academy.

Palsemon jamaicensis (Herbst) Oliv.

P. carcinus Leach, Zool. Misc., ii, p. 92, pi. 92, 1815.

P. punctatus Randall, Jour. Phil. Acad., viii, p. 145, 1839.

An examination of Randall's type of P. punctahis, which is pre-
served in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences,
shows it to belong to the well-known P. jamaicensis. In the same
collection are specimens from St. Martin's (Dr. Rigjersma), San Do-
mingo (W. M.Gabb), Guatemala (W. S. Vaux), Cuba (Guerin), Brazil
(Dr. T. B. Wilson). In the Peabody Academy of Science there are
specimens brought by J. A. McNiel from Polvon, on the west coast of
Nicaragua.

108 CARCmOLOGICAL NOTES ;

Palsemon longimanus Fabricius.

P. longimanus Fabr., Suppl. Ent. Syst., p. 402, 1798.
P. lar Fabr., 1. c, p. 402, 1798.

P. ornatus Oliv.,^ncjc.vm, p. 660. Edw. Hist. Nat Crust., ii, 396, 1837.
These three descriptions were doubtless drawn from individuals of
the same species, and of the two Fabrician names I have chosen
longimanus to stand for the species, as it is to a certain extent
descriptive.

Palsemon ohionis Smith.

This species was described by Professor Smith from specimens
taken in the Ohio river at Cannelton, Indiana. Prof. S. A. Forbes
(Bulletin 111. Mus. Nat. Hist., i, p. 5, 1876) reports it from several
places in Illinois and, on the authority of boatmen, from St. Louis to
New Orleans, growing larger towards the south. I have seen speci-
mens in the museum of the Boston Society of Natural History from
Millikeu's Bend, Miss. (C. A. Shurtleff), and in the Museum of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, from Vicksburg, Miss.
(L. C. Rice) and Mississippi (Guerin-Meneville, types of P. sallei
Guer. MS.).

Palsemon sinensis Heller.

Specimens of this species, which was originally described from
Shanghai, were brought from Japan by Prof. E- S. Morse and are now
in the museum of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Palsemon acanthurus Wiegmann.
P. forceps Milne-Edwards.

Three specimens of this species in the Museum of the Peabody
Academy brought by J. A. McNiel from the west coast of Nicaragua.
It has hitherto been known only from the eastern shores of this
continent.

Genus LEANDER Desmarest.
Leander hammondii n. s. PI. I, fig. 2.

Carapax smooth; rostrum elongate, a fifth longer than carapax and
considerably recurved, its dorsal margin armed with nine or ten nearly
equidistant teeth, the two posterior being on the carapax; inferior
margin six-toothed, the apex bifid. Last two joints of antennular
peduncle subequal, and together about equalling the preceding joint.
The two basal joints armed externally with a slender spine, each of
which extends beyond the middle of the succeeding joint. Three

BY J. S. KINGSLEY. 109

antennular flagella, the two outer (and stouter) branches being united
for about a lifth of their length. Antennal scale narrow and very long,
nearly equalling the rostrum in length. Antennal flagellum slightly
longer than the whole body. External maxilliped hirsute, small, slender
and not reaching beyond the tip of the antennular peduncle. First
pair of feet slender, extending half way between tip of antennular
peduncle and the apex of the rostrum. Second pair also slender;
ischium, meros, and carpus sub-equal. Palm inflated, fingers about
equal to palm, depressed, slender and gaping, and extending their whole
length beyond the rostrum. Remaining feet slender, propodal joints
spinulose beneath. Telson slender, triangular, with four dorsal aciculi
and its apex armed with four small spines, the two outer ones the
shorter. Length of body 29 mm., carapax 13 mm., second pair 15 mm.
The specimens on which this species is founded are in the museum
of the Peabody Academy of Science at Salem, Mass. (no. 171), and
Avere brought from Baker's Island, North Pacific, by Capt. Joseph
Hammond, who for many years has been in charge of the Exhibition
Rooms of the Academy and for whom I have named the species. Its
closest relative seems to be L. modestus Heller (Verh. k. k. zool. bot.
Gesellschaft in Wien xii, pi. 527, 1862) from Shanghai, from which it
appears to difi'er in the shape of the rostrum, hands, etc.

Genus Anchistia Dana.

Anchistia Americana, Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia,
1878, p. 96.
A few details of this species are given on plate II, fig. 10.

Genus ALPHEUS Fabeu.
(Including Betceus, Dana.)

Notwithstanding the remarks of my friend Mr. Lockington (Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. V, 1, p. 466, 1878), I am still of the opinion that these
two genera should be united and the examination of many hundred
specimens of the two forms in the largest museums of America, only
renders me more certain of my position. Mr. Miers says (Proc. Zool.
Soc, 1879, p. 52) : "There is probably scarcely any genus of Crus-
tacea in which the species are more numerous, and which more greatly
needs revision than the present," with which I fully agree. I com-
menced a revision some three years ago, but for several reasons I have
been unable to finish it. Moreover, some sheets of my manuscript
having been mislaid I cannot give this list of species that complete-
ness which I could wish and which it once possessed. Still it is to be

110 CAKCINOLOGICAL NOTES ;

hoped that the followinj; notes which embrace almost every species,
uominal or otherwise, will aid some future reviser in the work.

To aid in the identification of forms I have thrown the species into
groups characterized by more or less prominent features; but there
remain a number of nominal forms which (either from inadequacy of
description or from the works in which they are published being in-
accessible to me) are not so arranged.

A. Rostrum present; orbital hoods prolonged into spines.

a. Dactj'lus of 1st pair normal, i. e., working in a vertical plane and

above the pollex.
* Larger hand constricted above and below.
§ A spine on basal joint of antenna.

Alpheus megacheles Norman.

Hippolijte rubra Westwood. Mag. Nat. Hist., viii, p. 272 (1835) ; non

Alphens ruber Edw. ex Rafinesque.
Hippolyte megacheles Hailstone. Mag. Nat. Hist., viii, p. 395 (1835).
Dienecia rubra Westwood, I. c, p. 552 (1835).
Alphens edwardsii Edwards. Hist. Nat. Crust., ii, p. 352 (1837) ; Dana

U. S. Exp. Exp. Crust., p. 543, pi. xxxiv, fig. 2 (1852); non

Audouin.
Alpheus afflnis Guise. Ann. & Mag. N. H., II, xiv, p. 275 (1854).
Alpheus platyrhynchus Heller. Sitzungsber. K. Akad., Wien, xliv, i,

p. 400, pi. 1, f. 21-24 (1862).
Alpheus milnei Guerin,in De Sagra'sHist. Cuba, Crust., p. xlix (1857).
Alpheus megacheles Norman. Ann. & Mag., N. H., IV, ii, p. 175

(1868).
England to the Mediterranean (Auct.).

Alpheus thetis White. PI. II, fig. 7.

Alpheus thetis AVhite. List Crust. Brit. Mus., p. 75 (1847) sine descr.
Miers Zool. Voyage Erebus & Terror, Crustacea, p. 5, pi. iv, f.
7 (1875).

The following description giving some details additional to those of
Mr. Miers, is drawn from two specimens in the museum of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, presented by Dr. T. B. Wil-
son and labelled in Adam White's handwriting. They agree well with
the figure quoted above and may be regarded as typical.

Front three spined, rostrum slightly longer than the ocular spines
and separated from them by deep sulci. Second joint of antennular
peduncle much the longest, the peduncle equalling the antennal scale
in length. External maxillipeds much exceeding the antennal scales.

BY J. S. KINGSLEY. Ill

Larger hand longer than the carapax and shaped much as in A. stren-
uus Dana, but more elongate. Both margins are constricted and a
well marked longitudinal sulcus runs backward on the lower margin.
The inner and outer surfaces of the hand are sulcate. The fingers are
nearly as long as the palm, the dactylus being slightly longer than the
pollex. The carpus of the second pair is five jointed; first joint as
long as the next two, second as long as the third and fourth, which
are equal and together are as long as the fifth. The hand is about as
long as the fourth and fifth carpal joints together.
New Zealand! (Dr. Wilson, :^hil. Acad.); New Holland (White).

Alpheus bellimauus Lockington.

AlpJieus helUmanus Lockington. Proc. Cal. Acad., vii, p. 34 (1876) ;
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., V, i, p. 470 (1878).
San Diego, Cal. (Lockington).

Alpheus sulcatus KingsUy.

Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., iv, p. 193 (1877).
Panama! and Zorritas, Peru! (F. H. Bradley, Yale College).

Alpheus dentipes Guerin.

Alpheus dentipes Guerin. Exp. Sci. Moree, Zool., p. 39, pi. xxvii, f.
3 (1832).
Mediterranean (Guerin, Lucas and Heller).

Alpheus equidactylus Lockington.

Alpheus equidactylus Lockington. Proc. Cal. Acad., vii, p. 35(1876).
Alpheiis cequidaclylus Lockington. Ann. & Mag., N. H., V, 1, p. 472
1878.
Monterey, Cal. (Lockington).

§§ No spine on basal joint of antenna.

Alpheus Wehsteri Eingsley. PI. II, fig. 5.

Alpheus Wehsteri Kingsley. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, p.
416 (1879).
In this species the constriction on the lower margin of the palm is
very slight and possibly it should be placed near ^. lottinii (infra),
but it appears, however, to be more closely allied to Alpheus sulcatus
than to any other form. The types are in the collection of Union Col-
lege and were brought from Key West, Fla., by Prof. H. E. Webster,
to whom the species is dedicated.

112 CARCINOLOGIC4L NOTES;

Alpheus euchirus Dana.

Possibly this species should be arranged here. I have, however,
placed it in the section with contorted hands. The dactylus works
slightly out of the vertical plane.

** Larger hand notched above, entire below.
§ A spine on basal joint of antenna.

Alpheus gracilipes Stimpson.

Alpheus gracilipes Stimpson. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1860, p. 31.
Tahiti (Stimpson).

Alpheus malleator Dana.

Alpheus malleator Dana. U. S. Exp. Exp. Crust., p. 557, pi. 35, f. 9
(1852).
Rio Janeiro?! (Wilkes Exp., Phil. Acad.).

Alpheus gracilis, Heller.

Alpheus gracilis Heller. Sitzungsber. k. Akad., Wien, xliv, i, p. 271,
pi. Ill, figs. 19-20 (1862).
Red Sea (Heller).

§§ No spine on basal antennal joint.

Alpheus trispinosus Kingsley.

Betceus trispinosus Stimpsou. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 32 (1860).
Alpheus trispinosus Kingsley. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv.,IV, 190 (1878).

What reason Dr. Stimpson had for calling this a Betceus I cannot
imagine ; for, according to his description, it has a long rostrum and the
larger hand is not inverted, the only characters given for the genus
Betceus by Dana.

Port Jackson, Australia (Stimpson).

*** Larger hand with both margins entire.

§ First joint of carpus of second pair of feet shorter than, or at the
most equal to, the second and third joints. A spine on the basal joint
of the second antenna.

Alpheus socialis Heller.

Alpheus socialis Heller. Reise der Novara, Crustaceen, p. 106, pi. 10,
f. 1 (1865) ; Miers Catalogue New Zealand Crustacea, p. 82
(1876).
Auckland, Sydney (Heller); New Zealand (Miers).

BY J. S. KINGSLEY. 113

Alpheus panamensis Kingsley.

Alpheus panamensisKiugslej. Bulletin, etc., p. 192 (1877).

Acajutla, Central America! and Panama! (F. H. Bradley, Yale Col-
lege Museum).

Alpheus lottinii Guerin.

Alpheus lottinii Guerin. Voyage Coquille, Crustaces, p. 38, pi. Ill, f.

3 (1830).
Alpheus ventrosus Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust., ii, p. 352 (1837).
Alpheus loevis Randall. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., viii, p. 141

(1839); DanaU. S. Exp. Exp. Crust., p. 556, pi. XXXV, f. 8

(1852).
A comparison of the types of Guerin and of Randall shows the spe-
cific identity of the two so-called species. Guerin's figure is poor,
that of Dana is far better. The bottle containing Guerin's type bears
the label (in his handwriting) "303 Alpheus lottini. Guer. Voy. Coq.
Edw. 2. 353, He de France ;" while the manuscript catalogue of his
collection (which was purchased by Dr. Thomas B. Wilson, and by
him presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia)
has " 303 A. lottinii Guer. Voy. Coq. Edw. 2. 353 (type) Nouvelle Ir-
land, 1 Alk." In the published description Nouvelle Irland is given as
the locality. Under these circumstances I am inclined to believe that
the locality " He de France " was a slip of the pen.

New Ireland ! (Guerin, Phil. Acad, type) ; Sandwich Islands ! (T. Nut-
tall, Phil. Acad., Randall's type); Zanzibar! (C. Cooke, Peabody
Acad.) ; Red Sea, Nicobar and Sydney (Heller) ; Fiji (Dana) ; Mau-
ritius (Edw.) ; Society and Friendly Islands.

Alpheus rouxii Guerin.

Alpheus rouxii Guerin, in De Sagra Hist. Cuba, Animaux Articules, p.
1 (1857).

Bombay (Guerin).

This in all probability is the same as the preceding. Guerin's de-
scription runs: " Tres voisin de I'A. ventrosus, Edw., p. 352. II en
difi"ere par ses pattes machoires externes qui ne sont pas larges et
obtuses au bout, mais qui sont, au contraire, larges a la base du
dernier article, avec son extremite effilee et aigiie ; par I'article basi-
laire des antennes externes qui porte uue forte epine atteignant
presque la moitie de la piece lamelleuse du pedoncule."

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 8

114 CARCESrOLOGICAL NOTES ;

Alpheus ventricosus Kingsley.

Cryptophthalmus ventricosus Costa, Fauna Napoli, Crostacei, pi. vii,
f. 3.2
I place this species in this section with some doubt, as I know
nothing of the presence or absence of an antenual scale. Dr. Heller
(Crustaceen des siidlichen Europas, p. 272, 1863) regards this identical
with his Alpheus Icevimanus, but Costa's figure represents a widely dif-
ferent species. Dr. Heller also quotes as a synonym '^Cryptophthalmus
costce, Prestandrea Nuovi annali d. sc. nat. 1838, p. 298," a paper which
I have not seen. Dr. Heller's synonymy is, however, never to be
relied upon,

§§ First joint of carpus of second pair of feet larger than the sec-
ond and third together.

Alpheus minus Say.

Alpheus minus Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., i, p. 245 (1818);

Edw. Hist. Nat. d. Crust., ii, p. 536 (1837); Kingsley Bulletin,

1. c, p. 190 (1877).
Alpheus formosu^ Gibbes. Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., iii, p. 196

(1851).
Alpheus tridentulatus Dana. Proc. Phil. Acad., vi, p. 22 (1852) ; U. S.

Exp. Exp. Crust., p. 552, pi. xxxv, f. 4 (1852).
Alpheus saulcyi Guerin, in De Sagra's Hist. Cuba, p. xlviii, pi. II, f. 8

(1857).
Alpheus minor Lockington. Ann. & Mag. N. H., V, i, p. 472 (1878).
Beaufort, N. C. ! (H. C. Yarrow, Yale College) ; Florida ! A. S.
Packard, jr., Peabody Academy); Martinique! (Guerin's type of ^.
saulcyi in Philadelphia Academy) ; Bermudas ! (G. B. Goode, Yale
College); Panama! (F. H. Bradley, Yale College); Bahamas! (H.
Bryant, Boston Society) ; Trinidad! (W. O. Crosby, Boston Society).

Alpheus neptunus Dana.

Alpheus neptunus Dana. Proc. Phil. Acad., vi, p. 22 (1852); U. S.

Exp. Exped. Crust., p. 553, pi. XXXV, f. 5 (1852).
? Alpheus biungulatus Stimpson. Proc. Phil. Acad., 1860, p. 31.

2 This work is one of the wonders of book-making. It has neither consecutive
pagination nor systematic numbering of plates, there being half a dozen " PI. I,"
and others in similar proportion. The parts themselves are not numbered, nor are
the signatures dated or numbered. In the two copies which I have seen, the covers,
in which the parts were issued, were wanting and so I can not give the dates.
Some parts were apparently issued before the publication of the first volume of
Milne Edwards' Classic (1834), while others were not written until 1851.

BY J. S. KINGSLEY. 115

fAlpheus Iceviusculus Lockington. Ann. & Mag., V, i, p. 474 (1878) ;

(nee Dana).
fAlpheus charon Heller. Verhandlung der zool.-bot. Gesellschaft in
Wien, Bd. xl, p. 27 (1861).
The Alpheus Iceviusculus of Lockington is certainly the same as the
A. hiungulus of Stimpson.
Eastern seas. ? W. coast America.

Alpheus spiniger Stm.

Alpheus spiniger Stm. Proc. Phil. Acad., 1860, p. 31.
Near Loo Choo (Stm).

Alpheus tricuspidatus.

Alpheus tricuspidatus Heller. Verhandl. zool-bot. Gesellschaft In
Wien, xi, p. 26 (1861).
Red Sea (Heller).

Alpheus Isevimanus Heller.

Alpheus loevimanus Heller. Sitzungsber. k. k. Akad., Wien, Bd. xlv,
p. 403, pi. I, f. 25-27 (1862) ; Crust, s. Europa, p. 272 (1863) ;
non syn.
Mediterranean (Heller).

Alpheus tenuimanus Lockington.

Alpheus tenuimanus Lockington. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., V, i, p.
473 (1878).
Gulf of California (Lockington).

The following species which belong in section *** I am not able to
assign more nearly to their proper position, on account of insuffi-
cient detail in the descriptions and figures.

Alpheus doto White, Miers.

Alpheus doto White. List Crust, in Brit. Mus., p. 75 (1847) sine
descrip. ; Miers Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, Crustacea, p. 5,
pi. iv, f. 5 (1874).
Sir Charles Hardy's Island, Australia (Miers).

116 CARCmOLOGICAL NOTES ;

Alpheus poejd Guerin.

Alpheus poeyi Guerin, in De Sagra's Cuba, Crust., p. 1, pi. II, f. 10
(1857).

The type of this species is preserved, though in an imperfect condi-
tion, in tlie museum of the Philadelphia Academy.

Cuba! (Guerin).

Alpheus bidens Edw.

Falcemonbidens Olivier, Encjclopedie Methodique, viii, p. 663 (1790).
Alpheus bidens M. Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust., ii, p. 353, pi. XXIV, f. 11-12
(1837).

In Milne Edwards figure (I. c.) this species is represented as having
a four jointed carpus, probably an error on the part of the artist.

Asiatic seas (M. Edw.), New Holland (Olivier).

Alpheus villosus Edw.

Palcemon villosus Olivier, 1. c, p. QQ^ (1790).

Alpheus villosus Edw. Hist, ii, p. 364 (1837).

Asiatic seas (Edw.), New Holland (Oliv.).

Alpheus spinifrons Edw.

Alpheus spinifrons Edw. Hist, etc., ii, p. 355 (1837).

Alpheus panamensis Kingsley, may prove to be this species but
only a study of Milne Edwards type can determine ; his description is
utterly inadequate and would apply to several other species as well.

Chili (Edw.).

Alpheus savignyi Guerin.

Athanas nitescens Audouin (nee Leach) Expl. PI. Savigny, p. 274, pi.

9, f. 4 (teste Guerin).
Alpheus savignyi Guerin, inDe Sagra's Hist. Cuba, Animaux Articules,
p. xlix (1837).
Egypt (Savigny).

Alpheus comatularum Haswell.

Alpheus comatularum Haswell, Catalogue of Australian Crustacea, p.
189 (1882).
Queensland (Haswell).

b. Hand contorted, the dactylus working either in a horizontal plane
or in a vertical one below the pollex.
* No spine on the basal joint of the antenna.

BY J. S. KmGSLEY. 117

Alpheus streptochirus Stm.
Alpheus streptochirus Stm., Proc. Phil. p. 30 (1860).
Cape Verdes Is. (Stm.).

Alpheus brevipes Stm.
Alpheus brevipes Stm. Proceedings Phil. Acad., p. 30 (1860).
Hawaiian Is. (Stm.)

Alpheus barbara Lockington.
Alpheus harhara Lckn.
Alpheus clamator Kingsley, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, iv, p.

Alpheus euchirus Dana.
Alpheus euchirus Dana.

** A spine on the basal joint of the antennae.

•Alpheus clamator Lockington.
Alpheus clamator Lock., Proc. Cal. Acad, vii, p. 43 (1876) Ann. and
Mag. N. H.
Sta. Barbara Is. (Lock.),

Alpheus coUumianus Stm.
Alpheus coUumianus Stm., Proc. Phila. Acad., p. 30 (1860).
Bonin Is. (Stm.)

The following species belong in the section with the three-spined
front (A) but no details are given of the hands and so their affinities
cannot be recognized from the descriptions given.

Alpheus acutofemoratus Dana.
Alpheus acutofemoratus Dana, Proc. Phil. Acad., vi, p. 22 (1852) U. S.
Ex. Crust, p. 550, pi. XXXV, f. 2 (1852).
Balabac Straits (Dana).

Alpheus monoceros Heller.
Alpheus monoceros Heller ^ Sitzungsberichte, K. Acad. Wiss. Wien,
xliv, p. 274 (1862).
Red Sea (Heller).

B. Rostrum spiniform, ocular hoods rounded, not spiniform.

a. Basal joint of antennal with an external spine.

* Larger hand constricted above and below.

§ First joint of carpus of second pair longer than the second joint.

118 CARCmOLOGICAL NOTES ;

Alpheus parvirostris Dana.
Alpheus parvirostris Dana, Proc. Phila. Acad, vi, p. 22 (1852) U. S.
Ex. Ex. Crust, p. 551, pi. XXXV, f. 3 (1852).
Balabac Straits (Dana), Red Sea (Heller).

Alpheus diadema Dana.
Alpheus diadema Dana, Proc. Phila. Acad, v, p. 23 (1852) U. S. Exp.
Exped. Crust, p. 555, pi. XXXV, f. 7 (1852).
In this species the constriction of the larger hand is very slight and
possibly the affinities are with A. fasciatus, infra, and the name is for
that reason repeated there.
Hawaiian Islands (Dana).

Alpheus parvimanus Kingsley.
Alpheus parvinianus Kmg&lQy , Bulletin, etc., p. 195 (1877).
Panama! (F. H. Bradley, Yale College Museum).

Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley.
Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley, Bulletin, etc., p. 193 (1877).
Panama! Zorritas, Peru! (F. H. Bradley, Yale Museum).
This species has affinities with this section and hence is repeated.

§§ First and second joints of carpus of second pair of feet equal.

Alpheus normannii Kingsley.

Alpheus affinis Kingsley, Bulletin, etc., p. 195, 1871 (nee Guise).
Alpheus normannii Kingsley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1878, p. 93.
Panama! (F. H. Bradley, Yale Museum).

Alpheus paekardii Kingsley, PI. II, fig. 2.
Alpheus packardiiKmgslej , Proc. Phila. Acad. 1879, p. 417 (1880).
Key West, Fla. ! (H. E. Webster, Union College Museum).

§§ First joint of carpus shorter than the second.

Alpheus spinicaudus Lockington.

Alpheus spinicaudus Lockington, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. V, i, p.
476 (1878).
Gulf of California (Lockington).

** Larger hand notched above, entire below.
§ First carpal joint shorter than second.

BY J. S. KINGSLEY. 119

Alpheus pugnaxDana.

JUpheiis pugnaxDsinsi, Proc. Phila. Acad, vi, p. 23 (1852) Ex. Ex. Crust.
p. 554, pi. XXXV, f. 6 (1852).
Hawaiian Islands (Dana).

§§ First and second carpal joints equal.

Alpheus insignis Heller.

Alpheus insignis Heller, Verb. z. b. Ges. Wien xi, p. 26, 1861 ; Sitz-
ungsber. k. k. Akad. Wien, xliv; p. 269, pi. Ill, f. 17-18 (1862).
Red Sea (Heller).

*** Both margins of larger cheliped entire.
§ First carpal joint larger than second.

Alpheus fasciatus Lockington.

Alphe^is fasciatus 'Loc]^mgton, Ann. and Mag. N. H., v, p. 478 (1878).
Gulf of California (Lockington).

Alpheus diadema Dana. Vide supra.
§§ First and second carpal joint nearly equal.

Alpheus novozelandise Miers.

Alpheus novozelandice Miers, Ann. and Mag. N. H. p. 82, pi. II, f. 2

(1876).

New Zealand (Miers).

§§§ First carpal joint shorter than the second.

Alpheus ruber Milne Edwards.

Cryptophthalmus ruber Costa op cit.

Alpheus ruber M. Edw. Hist. Nat. de Crust, ii, p. 351 (1837) ; Regne
Animal de Cuvier, IIP edition Crustace, pi. 53, fig. 1.
Mediterranean! (Phila. Acad.)

No details of carpal joints.

120 CARCmOLOGICAL NOTES ;

Alpheus crassimanus Heller.
Alpheus crassimanus Heller, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, p. 526 (1860).
Nicobars (Heller).

b. Basal joint of antennae without an external spine.
*Dactylus working in a horizontal plane, at right angles to the
usual one.

Alpheus cylindricus Kingsley.
Alpheus cylindricus Kingsley, Bulletin, etc., iv, p. 196 (1877).
Panama! (F. H. Bradley, Yale Museum).

** Dactylus normal.

§ Both margins of larger cheliped constricted.

Alpheus bisincisus De Haan.

Alpheus bisincisus De Haan, Fauna Japonica, Crustacea, pi. XLV, f. 3

(1849).
Alpheus avaris De Haan, I. c. p. 179 (1849).

Alpheus strenuus Dana, Proc. Phila. Acad. p. 21 (1852) U. S. Ex. Exped.
Crust, p. 543, pi. XXXIV, f. 4 (1852).
Japan (De Haan), Tongatabu (Dana), Eastern Seas (Auct.).

Alpheus lobidens De Haan.

Alpheus lobidens De Haan, F. Jap. Crust, p. 179 (1849).
Japan (De Haan).

Alpheus Edwardsii Audouin.

Alpheus Edwardsii Audouin, Explication Planches de Savigny, Egypt,
pi. X, fig. I (teste Auct.) Heller, Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wien,
xliv, i, p. 267 (1862).
Alpheus neptunus White, Zool. Ereb. and Terror, pi. iv, f. 3 (1874).

Ked Sea (Heller), Mozambique (Bianconi), Port Essington, Austra-
lia (Miers).

Alpheus heterochelis Say.

Alpheus heterocheles Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, p. 243 (1818) ;

Kingsley, Bulletin, etc., iv, p. 194 (1877).
Alpheus armillatus Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust, ii, p. 354 (1837).
Halopsyche lutaria Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zoologie, 1857, p. 100.

BY J. S. KINGSLEY. 121

Alpheus bispinosus Streets, Proc. Phila. Acacl. 1872, p. 242.
Alpheus lutarhis Sa^nssm-e, Mem., Soc. Pliys. et Hist. Nat. cle Geneve,
t. xiv, p. 461, pi. III, f. 24 (1858) [ext. p. 45].
From North Carolina ! to Brazil, Eio Janeiro ! West Indies ! Panama !
Realijo, Nicaragua! This form belongs to both coasts of tropical and
sub-tropical America. Mr. Lockington (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. V,
1, p. 475, 1878) reports it from Lower California.

Alpheus pacificus Dana.

Alpheus pacificus Dana, Proc. Phila. Acad, vi, p. 21 (1852) U. S. Expl.
Exped. Crust, p. 544, pi. XXXIV, f. 6 (1852).
Hawaiian Is. (Dana).

Alpheus japonicus Miers.
Alpheus japonicus Miers, Proc. Zool. Socy., London 1874, p. 53.
Japan (Miers).

Alpheus spinicaudus Lockington.

Alpheus spinicaudus Lockington, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. V, i, p.
476 (1878).
Lower California (Lockington).

Alpheus jourdainii Guerin.

Alpheus jourdainii Guerin in De Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. li (1837). [=? A.
sculptimanus.^
No locality given.

Alpheus sculptimanus Guerin.

Alpheus sculptimanus Guerin, 1. c. p. li, 1837.
Janaon (Guerin).

Alpheus laevigatus Guerin. PI. II, fig. 8.
Alp>heus laevigatus Guerin, Voy. Coquille Crust., p. 38.

Alpheus strenuus.

Alpheus strenuus Dana, U. S. Ex. Ex. Crust. 543, xxxiv, f. 4 (1852).
Alpheus doris White, List Crust. Brit. Mus. 75, 1847, Crust. Erebus
and Terror, pi. 4, f. 2 (1874).

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 8*

122 CARCINOLOGICAL NOTES ;

Alpheus rhode White, 1. c.

? A. Avarus Heller, Voy. Novara, Crust, p. 108 (1863).
Torres Straits, Sydney, Tongatabou, Philippines.

§§ Upper margin of larger chela notched, the lower entire.

Alpheus brevirostris Edw.

Alpheus brevirostris (Edw.) {ex Olivier) Hist. Nat. d. Crust, ii, p. 350
(1837). New Holland.

Alpheus kingsleyi Miers.
Alpheus kingsleyi Miers, P. Z. S. London, 1879, p. 54.
Japan (Miers).

Alpheus rapax Eabr.

Alpheus rapax Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 405, 1798, De Haan, op.
cit. p. 177, pi. XLV, f. 2 (1849).
Japan (De Haan).

Alpheus malabaricus Fabr.

Alpheus malabaricus Fabr., Suppl. f. 405 (1798) De Haan, op. cit. p.

177, PI. XLV, f. 1 (1849).
Alpheus brevicristatus De Haan, 1. c.
Japan (De Haan).

§§§ Both margins of the larger chela entire.

Alpheus chiragrlcus Edw.
Alpheus chiragricus Ed\7., Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, p. "354" (1837).
Asiatic Seas (Edw.)

Alpheus crinitus Dana.

Alpheus crinitus Dana, Proc. Phila. Acad, vi, p. 21 (1852) U. S. Ex.
Exped. Crust, p. 548, pi. XXXIV, f. 8 (1852).
Balabac Straits (Dana).

Alpheus obesomanus Dana.

Alpheus obesomanus Dana, Proc. Phila. Acad, vi, p. 21 (1852) U. S.
Ex. Ex. Crust, p. 547, pi. XXXIV, f. 7 (1852).
Samoan Is. ! (Phila. Acad.) Fiji Archipelago (Dana).

BY J. S. KINGSLEY. 123

Alpheus floridanus Kingsley, PI. II, fig. 8.

Alpheusfloridanus Kingsley, Bulletin, U. S. Geol. Geog. Survey, iv, p.
193 (1877).
Fort Jefferson, Fla. ! (Lieut. Jacques, Peabody Academy).

Alpheus mitis Dana.

Alpheus mitis Dana, Proc. Phila. Acad, vi, p. 22 (1852) Ex. Ex. Crust,
p. 549, pi. XXXV, f. 1 (1852).
Balabac Straits (Dana).

Alpheus paracrinitus Miers.

Alpheus paracrinitus Miers, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov., 1881, p.
365.
Goree, Senegambia (Miers).

C. Front of carapax truncate, rostrum absent, orbital hoods with-
out spiniform prolongation. '
a. Hands normal.

Alpheus frontalis Edw.

Alpheus frontalis Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust, ii, p. 356 (1837). K. An. Cuv.
pi. 53, fig 2.
New Holland (Edw.), Tahiti (Heller) .

Alpheus emarginatus Edw.
Alpheus emarginatus Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust, ii, 357 (1837).
Locality unknown (Edw.).

Alpheus pachychirus Stm.
Alpheus pacWychirus Stm. Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 30 (1860).
Loo Choo (Stm.).

Alpheus simus Guerin.

Alpheus simus Guerin, in De Sagra's Hist. Cuba, p. Ii, pi. 2, f. 11
(1857).
Cuba (Guerin).

Alpheus aflanis Guerin.
Alpheus affinis Guerin, in De Sagra's Hist. Cuba, p. Ii (1857).
Bombay (Guerin).

124 CAECINOLOGICAL NOTES;

Alpheus sinuosus Guerin. PL II, fig. 6.
Alpheus sinuosus Guerin, in De Sagra, p. li (1857).
Callao, Chili! (Guerin, type in Philadelphia Academy).

b. Hands inverted.

Alpheus longidactylus.

Betceus longidactylus Lockn. Proc. Cal. Acad., vii, p. 35 (1876).
Alpheus longidactylus Kingsley. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., iv, p. 198
(1877).

Alpheus harfordi Kingsley. PI. II, fig. 4.

Alpheus Icevigatus Nicollet in C. Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool., iii, p. 215

(1849) ; non Guerin.
Betceus equimanus Lckn. Proc. Cal. Acad., vii, p. 43 (1876) ; non

Dana.
Alpheus harfordi Kingsley. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., iv, p. 198 (1877).
Alpheus equalis Kingsley, 1. c, p. 199 (1877).
Betceus cequalis Lckn. Ann. and Mag. N. H., V, i, p. 478 (1878).

Alpheus australis Kingsley.

Betceus australis Stm. Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 31 (1860).
Alpheus australis Kingsley. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., iv, p. 190, 1877.
Port Jackson, Australia (Stm).

Alpheus sequimanus Kingsley.

Betceus cequimanus Dana. U. S. Exp. Exped., Crust., p. 560, pi. XXV,

f. 11, 1852.
Alpheus equimanus Kingsley. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., iv, p. 190 (1877).

Alpheus eandei Guer.

Alpheus eandei Guer., in De Sagra's Hist. Cuba Zool., vii, p. pi.

fig. (1857).
Alpheus transversodactylus Kingsley. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., iv, p.
196 (1877).
Santa Barbara! (W. G. "W. Harford, Yale, Peab. Acad.) ; San Diego,
Cal. ! (Yale, Dr. E. Palmer) ; Bermudas ! (J. M. Jones, Yale) ; Key
West, Fla. ! (H. E. Webster, Union College) ; Cuba ! (Guerin, Phil.
Acad.).

BY J. S. KINGSLEY. 125

Alpheus truncatus Kingsley.

Betceiis truncatus Dana. U. S. Ex. Ex. Crust., p. 559, pi. xxxv, f. 5

(1852).
Alpheus truncatus Kingsley. Bulletin Geol. Surv., iv, p. 190 (1877).
Terra delFuegia (Dana).

Alpheus scabrodigitus Kingsley.

Betceus scahrodigitus Dana, 1. c, p. 560, pi. xxv, f. 12 (1852).
Valparaiso (Dana).

The following species are either too imperfectly characterized to ad-
mit of recognition, or do not belong to the genus Alpheus as at
present restricted.

Alpheus aculeatus Sabine = Hippolyte gronlandica.

Alpheus amethysteus Bisso = Anchistia amethystea,

Alpheus amphitrite Jlliite MS.

Alpheus avarus Fabr.

Alpheus caramote Bisso = Feneus caramote.

Alpheus cougneti Bisso = ?Hipx>olyte sp.

Alpheus elegans Bisso = Gnathophyllum elegans.

Alpheus elongatus Bisso = Hippolyte sp.

Alpheus ensiferus Bisso = Hippolyte sp.

Alpheus marmoratus Fabr. = Hippolyte marmoratus.

Alpheus monopodium Bosc. = Alpheus edwardsii.

Alpheus olivieri Bisso = Hippolyte sp.

Alpheus polaris Sabine = Hippolyte polaris.

Alpheus punctulatus Bisso = ?.

Alpheus pelagicus Bisso = ?.

Alpheus scriptus Bisso = Anchistia scripta.

Alpheus sivado Bisso = Fasiphce sivado.

Alpheus spinus Leach = Hippolyte spinus.

Alpheus tamulus Fabr.

Alpheus tyrrhenus Bisso = Pontonia tyrrhena.

Alpheus viridis Otto = Hippolyte sp.

126 CARCINOLOGICAL NOTES ;

Of the following species I can say nothing, as the descriptions are
in works at present inaccessible to me.

Alpheus galathea.

Alpheus galathea White. List B. M. Crust., p. 75 (1847), sine descr. ;
Miers Zool. Erebus and Terror, p. 5, pi. iv, f. 4 (1875).
Port Essington, Australia.

Alpheus alope White.

Alpheus alope White. List B. M. Crustacea, p. 75, 1847 (s. d.) ; Miers
Zool. Erebus and Terror, p. 5, pi. iv, f. 6 (1875).
Port Stephens, Australia.

Alpheus costse.

Cryptophthalmus costce, Prestandrea. Nuovi annali d. sc. nat., 1838, p.
298 {teste Heller).

Mediterranean.

This is given by Heller (Crust, slid. Europa, p. 272, 1863) as a syn-
onym of A. IcKvimanus ; but whether it be that species or A. ventri-
cosus or rather a distinct species I have not the means at hand to de-
termine.

Alpheus digitalis De Haan.

Alpheus digitalis De Haan. Fauna Japonica, p. 178, pi. xlv, f. 4.
Japan (De Haan).

Alpheus forceps White MS.

Alpheus latifrons A. Milne Edwards.

Alpheus latifrons A. Milne Edwards. Jour. Mus. Godeffroy, iv, p. 87,
1873.
Samoan Islands (A. M.-E.).

Alpheus minor De Haan.

Alpheus minor De Haan, op. cit., p. 180, pi. xlv, f. 6.
Japan (De Haan).

Alpheus triton White MS.

BY J. S. KINGSLEY. 127

Alpheus lineifer Miers.

Alpheus lineifer Miers. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, xvi, p. 343,
1875.

Samoan Islands (Miers).

This species belongs either in the section with Alpheus hisincisus or
in that which contains A. parvirostris and A. spinicaudus; but as no
details are given regarding antennal spine and carpal joints, its affini-
ties cannot be more closely indicated.

Genus HIPPOLYTE Leach.
Hippolyte prionota Stimpson. PI. II, fig. 9.

Hippolyte prionota Stimpson, Proc. Phil. 1864, p. 153.

I figure this beautiful species from a specimen from Puget Sound, in
the collection of the Philadelphia Academy.

Genus CARIDINA Edw.

Caridina africana nov. sp. PI. I, fig. 3.

Carapax smooth, compressed ; suborbital spine alone present ; ros-
trum nearly as long as the carapax; its apex slightly refiexed and
armed above and below with minute teeth. Peduncle of antennulse
about as long as the rostrum, its penult and last joints subequal.
Antennal scale slightly longer than antennular peduncle, its apex reg-
ularly ovate, its sides parallel, no spine on the basal joint. Ambula-
tory feet very slender, short, the carpus of the first pair about as long
as the palm, of the second as long as the handfingers of both termi-
nated by pencils of short hairs. Dactyli of three posterior pairs of
feet slightly curved, simple and about one-fifth the length of the
propodal joints. Telson narrow, the sides straight and but slightly
converging to the truncate tip which falls a little short of the narrow
caudal lamellse of the sixth segment.

Zulu Mission, South Africa (S. A. Grout).

Genus XIPHOCARIS Martens.
In my revision of the genera of Palsemonidae (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1879, p. 426), I referred the single species of this genus
to Caulurus of Stimpson ; but having since seen specimens, I have

128 CARCINOLOGICAL NOTES ;

found that its affinities are not with the Palaemonidse, but ratlier with
Atija and Caradina, as it possesses the mandibles characteristic of that
group.

Genus HIPPOLYSMATA Stempson.

Hippolysmata wurdmanni Stimpson. PL I, fig. 8.

Hippolysmata intermedia Kingsley. PI. I, fig. 4.

I give figures of some details of these two species to aid in their
identification.

Genus NECTOCRANGON Brandt.

N. alaskensis nov.

Carapax but little depressed, with four prominent equally spaced
teeth in the median line, the anterior one forming the rostrum, and
with a fifth smaller tooth between the first and second. A strong
spine on each hepatic region. Front strongly elevated, the orbits
elongate, tubular, and each with two spiniform teeth above. Ptery-
gostomian spine very prominent. Peduncle of antennulge barely
reaching to middle of the antennal scale, and the flagella not reaching
its tip, otherwise both pairs of antennse are much as in N. lar. The
external maxilipeds and thoracic feet present no important rjifierences
from N. lar. The sterna of the three last thoracic segments bear
large prominent spines. The abdomen has a median dorsal carina,
which on the sixth segment and telson is double as in the previously
described species. Length about one and one-half inches.

Marmot Island, Kodiac Archipelago, Alaska (Dr. W. H. Jones,
Philadelphia Academy).

Genus CRANGON Fabricius.

Crangon tenuifrons nov. PI. I, fig. 10.

Carapax depressed, its surface uneven, with two spines in the me-
dian line above, of which the posterior is just behind the middle and
the smaller, anterior one at the base of the rostrum. Rostrum
elevated, arcuate, somewhat elongated, and reminding one of that of
Sabinea septemcarinata. Subocular, pterygostomian, and hepatic
spines prominent. Antennulse with a broad basal scale, the peduncle
extending nearly to the middle of the antennal scale. Two flagella
present, the outer thicker one reaching the tip of the antennal scale,

BY J. S. KINGSLEY. 129

the inner extending a little farther. Antennal scale narrow, elongate,
flagellum two-thirds as long as the body. External raaxillipeds with
the distal joints hairy, and exceeding by half their length the an-
tennal scales. First pair of feet much as in C. vulgaris, the carpus
with a spine on each side below. The occludent margin of the hand
very oblique. Second and third pairs of feet slender, the second
chelate and a little shorter than the third ; fourth and fifth pairs elon-
gate cylindrical, the dactyli styliform. First five joints of the abdo-
men with a median carina, the sixth and telson with two carinal tel-
son elongate, sides straight, tip acute.

Length two inches.

Marmot Island, Kodiac Archipelago, Alaska (Dr. W. H. Jones, Phila.
Acad.).

I insert for comparison figures of C. vulgaris (pi. I, fig. 5), C. boreas
(pi. I, fig. 6), and C. franciscorum (pi. I, fig. 7).

Crangon vulgaris Fabr. Pi. I, fig. 5.

I have examined numerous specimens of this species from the east
and west coasts of America and from Europe, and fully agree with
Professor Smith in uniting with it the form formerly known as C.
nigricaiida. Specimens in the Peabody Academy from Beverly, Mass.
(No. 138) have the sixth and seventh abdominal segments sulcate above
as in the majority of the west coast forms. Kinahan's figures (Proc.
Roy. Irish Acad., viii, pi. iv, 1864) are verj' incorrect. The second pair
of feet are greatly larger than in any specimens I have seen, and
the joints of the external maxillipeds are wholly unlike those found in
nature.

Crangon salebrosus Owen,

This is probably to be found in North American waters ; there are
specimens in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy without local-
ity, but which came with other American forms {Paracrangon echi-
natus, Hipjmlyte prionota, etc.). Its origiflal locality, Karatschatka,
would seem to favor this idea.

Crangon batei.

Crangon intermedins Bate. Proc. Zool. Soc'y, London, 1863, p. 603,
pi. XLI, f. 6. Haswell Cat. Australian Crust., 181 (1882), desc.
compiled.
This Australian species must be renamed, the term intermedius hav-
ing been used in 1860 by Stimpson for a species from Behrings Straits.
Mr. Bate is rather unfortunate with the species described in this paper,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 9

130 CARCINOLOGICAL NOTES;

for with the exception of this and one other species, every form is
assigned to a wrong genus. The genus Angasia is, as I have previously-
shown, synonymous with the earlier Tozeuma of Stimpson.

Evaxius tricarinatus n. g. et n. s. PI. I, fig. 1.

A single imperfect specimen, lacking both chelipeds, forms the ba-
sis of this description. I should hesitate to describe it were its other
characters so well marked as to render it a very distinct and interest-
ing form.

Cephalothorax small, compressed ; abdomen large and somewhat
depressed. Body everywhere with a sparse pubescence, among which
are interspersed larger hairs. Carapax with a median dorsal carina
extending from the "cervical suture "^ as far as the eyes and termi-
nating anteriorly by a sharp tooth ; just behind this tooth occurs a
broad and shallow emargination. On either side of this median
carina is found a less conspicuous one extending from above the eyes
halfway back to the "cervical suture;" its anterior extremity like-
wise terminating in a tooth similar to that of the median carina. In
front of these carinae the carapax is strongly deflexed and terminates
anteriorly in a small triangular rostrum extending about half its
length, beyond the eyes. The anterior and inferior margins of the
carapax are smooth and unarmed. The basal joints of the antennulae
are hairy, the two distal ones being subequal. Flagella two, of equal
length, but the inner of smaller diameter; no spines or scales on the
basal joints. Antenna without a basal scale, the penult joint com-
pressed and over twice the length of the last joint; flagellum a little
longer than the carapax. External maxillipeds pediform, flattened
and extending to the extremity of the antennal peduncle. In the
specimen the first pair of pereiopoda had been broken off during life,
but were in process of restoration ; the chelaj were didactyle, the fin-
gers being equal. Second pair of walking feet compressed ; carpus
and propodus subequal; the chelae well formed. Third and fourth
pairs also compressed, monodactyle, the propodus pectinate and
bristled beneath. Fifth pair smaller, subchelate. Pleopoda small
and inconspicuous. Lower margins of abdominal segments rounded.
Caudal lamellae broad with rounded extremities, each with a median

3This suture does not indicate the line of division between the head and thorax
as is usually stated. Those who may be interested will find a masterly exposition
of the meaning and significance of this line in the portions on the morphology of
the Crustacea with which Professor Dana begins his splendid work on the Crus-
tacea of the U. S. Exploring Expedition.

BY J. S. KINGSLEY. 131

carina on the dorsal surface. Telson broad and rounded, ecarinate,
pubescent above, extremity rounded. Length one and one-half
inches.

The single specimen which is in the Museum of the Boston Society
of Natural History was brought from Zanzibar by Dr. Charles Pick-
ering.

This form clearly belongs to the Gebidse as limited by Dana, but it is
clearly separated from all known genera by well marked characters :
from Gehia and its allies by the absence of the antennal scale and the
chelate second pair of pereiopoda; from Axius in the absence of the
antennal scale and from Gebiopsis A. Milne-Edwards, by the characters
of the second pair of walking feet. Its position seems to be inter-
mediate between Axins and Gebiopsis.

Nephrops occidentalis Bandall. PI. II, fig. 1.

Nephrops occidentalis Bandall. Jour. Phila. Acad., viii, p.
1839 [1840].

When at work at the collections of the Philadelphia Academy, I
was unsuccessful in my search for the type of this species, which was
supposed to have been brought from the west coast of America. ]n
the collection which formed the basis of Dr. Randall's paper, there
were specimens from California and from the Sandwich Islands, and
it is possible that some transfer of labels took place here as well as in
the case of one of the grapsidce. This supposition is rendered the
more probable from the fact that this species has never been reported
from our shores, except by Randall, and so far as I am aware, it has
never been seen by carcinologists since his day. In going over the
collections of the Boston Society, I found, however, three imperfect
specimens from ]\Iauai, Hawaiian Islands, presented by Dr. Winslow,
which agree well with Dr. Randall's description, and one of which
fnrnished the illustration accompanying the present article. It is a
valid member of the genus, and can readily be identified by the figure
and description.

132 CARCmOLOGICAL NOTES; BY J. S. KINGSLEY.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Fig.

1 Evaxius tricarinatus.

2 Leander hammondi; a, antennula; b, carapax; c, second tho-

racic foot.

3 Caradina africana ; a, second thoracic foot.

4 Hippolysmata intermedia.

6 Crangon vulgans; a, mandible; 6, chela; c, antennal scale.

6 Crangon boreas; with chela, mandible and antennal scale.

7 Crangon franciscorum and chela.

8 Hippolysmata wurdemanni and mandible.

9 Antennal scale of Crangon vulgaris (the form described as

nigricauda).

10 Crangon tenuifrons.

PLAT^ II.

Fig.

1 Nephrops occidentalis.

2 Alpheus packardii.

3 Alpheus Icevigatus; a, second thoracic foot.

4 Chela of Alpheus harfordi; a, anterior portion of carapax, etc.
6 Alpheus websteri.

6 Alpheus sinuosus.

7 Alpheus thetis.

8 Alpheus fioridanus,

9 Hippolyte prionota.

10 Rostrum and a, antennula of Anchistia americana.

BuAUtv-w ti^&x Xyxst Vol HV.

TLl.

:Bu.llet;n es.aexT-tvst.\Jol-XIF

t\.:h..

POPULAR ERRORS REGARDING THE
DURATION OF LIFE.

Apajper read before the Essex Institute^ Oct, 9, 1882.

BY ADONIRAM C. ORNE.

There is probably no subject on which so much has
been written, so much labor bestowed, which is so little
understood as the duration of life. The popular idea is
that a generation passes away in about thirty-three years.

I shall endeavor to show that this is a very great mis-
take and arises from a misapprehension of the facts in the
case. I propose to show that we live much longer, and to
point out where statisticians make their mistakes.

It is universally admitted that not exceeding two per
cent of the entire population die annually. This fact
being admitted, it follows logically that, if two per cent
die in one year, it will require fifty years for the whole
population to die ; and if it requires fiifty years for a
generation to pass away, this establishes the fact that the
average life of a generation is fifty years instead of thirty-
three as is generally supposed.

The mistake arises from the fiict that in making up
their calculations statisticians do not take into considera-
tion the difierence between the average age at death and the
average duration of life. For example, suppose you
want to get the duration of life of one thousand children,
you must first ascertain the age at death of the entire
thousand which cannot be done until all have passed
away.

The mistake arises with our statisticians from the fact
that they attempt to give it before half have died. They
base their calculations upon the number of deaths without
taking into consideration the increase of population aris-

(133)

134 ERRORS REGARDING THE DURATION OF LIFE.

ing from the excess of births over deaths, and from immi-
gration. In our registration report of 1875 it is said
"In these thirty-five years, a period within which an en-
tire generation of mankind has passed through its stages
of infancy, maturity, and decay, the registration officers
of Massachusetts have recorded the facts concerning
761,428 deaths within the borders of the State."

After reading the report T called on the author and put
this question to him : "How did you succeed in getting rid
of a generation in thirty-five years, when but two per cent
a year of deaths have taken phice for the last thirty-five
years?" His reply was : "According to latest authorities
the length of a generation was thirty-four years ; and as the
population of 1840 was 737,700 and as 761,428 deaths
occurred in the thirty-five years which was 23,728 more
than the population of 1840, this would favour the idea of
a generation passing away in thirty-four years." Now, if
the population of the state had remained stationary for
the thirty-five years this calculation would have been cor-
rect, but unfortunately for his calculation that was not the
case. The population of the state in 1840 was 737,700;
in 1875 it was 1,651,912, making a gain in thirty-five
years of 890,484 which was 152,784 more than the popu-
lation of 1840, with all the deaths taken out. He should
have found what the average population for the thirty-five
years was, which was 1,210,277, and this would give
fifty-five years for a generation to pass away. The first
attempt to prove by statistics that a generation passes
away in thirty-five years was a complete failure. The in-
crease of population is greater than the deaths for eleven,
thirty-five or one hundred years, taking the population of
1875, and is a larger number than the deaths for the pre-
vious hundred years. Massachusetts Registration Re-
ports demonstrate that the deaths under five years for
eleven, thirty-five or one hundred years, do not amount

ERRORS REGARDING THE DURATION OF LIFE. 135

to more than eighteen per cent if we take into the account
the number living from which the deaths under five years
have been taken. In Massachusetts, of all the population,
there are twice as many that live to be seventy as die
under five. In the City of Salem there were living in the
year 1875 a number of persons between seventy and
eighty years of age equal to thirty-two per cent of all
births that occurred from seventy to eighty years pre-
vious. In the State of Massachusetts there were, between
seventy and eighty years of age, thirty-eight per cent of
the number that were born seventy and eighty years pre-
vious to the year 1875. From this fact we learn, as well
as from all the census reports, both state and national, that
thirty-eight per cent of all the population of the state
live to be seventy years and upwards. There is not a
single life-table that gives anywhere near the correct
number who die under five, and who live to l)e seventy
and upwards. The true duration of life of the different
countries of the world is as follows :

England and Wales,

Russia,

Austria,

France,

Hungary,

Switzerland,

Italy,

Spain,

German Empire,

The Netherlands,

Massachusetts,

Denmark,

Sweden,

It will be seen by the above that the English life-tables
fall short of the actual duration of life, according to the

yrs.
45

mos
5

37

8

32

6

42

3

25

1

41

8

33

5

33

8

37

0

40

5

50

4

50

4

51

0

136 ERRORS REGARDING THE DURATION OF LIFE.

Carlisle table, seven years ; according to the English
life-table, five years ; while what we call the American
life-table falls short twenty-two years. I am satisfied
that the Wigglesworth table is founded on the same prin-
ciple as the English tables, but the increase of population
is so much greater in Massachusetts than in England that
in Massachusetts, if we go back to the year 1800, we
have to multiply by four to get the population of 1880 ;
while in England if we go back to 1800, to get the pop-
ulation of 1880, we have to multiply by two only. In get-
ting the number who live to seventy and upwards we go
back from seventy to one hundred years. The popula-
tion of the state at that time was very small. Massachu-
setts was in her infancy. Massachusetts should have a
life-table based on the vital statistics of Massachusetts.
We spend money enough every year to have one. It is
a disgrace to the state to have such a table as Wiggles-
worth's which has the sanction of the Supreme Court of
Massachusetts, and is used by them and by other courts
of the country in ascertaining the value of life estates,
widows' dowers, annuities, etc. Of the 700,167 added
to the state from 1865 to 1875, eleven years, there were
315,286 deaths ; there were 113,424 under five years of
age, which was thirty-six per cent; 43,413 that lived to
be seventy and upwards. These deaths under five were
taken from a birth rate of thirty-nine thousand per year.
The number that lived to be seventy and upwards were
taken from a birth rate of ten thousand per year. To the
700,167 added to the state we stop adding any more
births; we take the years 1876, '77, '78, '79. After we
find the number of deaths under five years for the four
years, we add them to the 113,424, which makes 123,260 ;
this number is all the deaths under five of the 700,167,
which makes seventeen and two-thirds per cent. A num-

ERRORS REGARDING THE DURATION OF LIFE. 137

ber equal to thirty-eight per cent will be alive in seventy
years from their birth ; so, to find the average duration
of life in Massachusetts, we find that seventeen and two-
thirds per cent die under five years of age, thirty-eight
per cent live to be seventy and upwards.

Under 5 years 70 yrs. & upwards 5 to 70 years

per cent.

per cent.

per cent

Carlisle table . . .

32

24:

44

Wiggles worth . . .

39

14

47

English life-table . .

25

25

50

Mass. average-at- . .

death table . . .

36

14

50

Mass. average-dura-

tion-of-life table

18

38

44

In the town of Munroe, in Franklin county, in the year
1875, there was one death, a child two years old ; and the
report for that year makes the average age at death two
years. As the population of Munroe was one hundred
and ninety, and the death rate one per year, it would
take one hundred and ninety years for a generation to pass
away. Now, suppose the oldest person in that town had
died, Avho was eighty years of age, the report would have
been that the average age at death was eighty years, and
as only one death occurred the length of a generation
would be one hundred and ninety years. Massachusetts
has expended a very large amount of money to ascertain
the average age at death of all persons whose death takes
place within the state, and we have tables showing the
average age at death in every town and city of the state,
and this average age at death is mistaken for the average
duration of life. There is a difierence of twenty years
between them. It is these tables that have given the im-
pression that the length of a generation is thirty years in
Massachusetts. They are very deceptive and of little use.
When such a man as Carrol D. Wright is deceived by
such statistics, they can be of little use to the common

15SSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. v 9*

138 EKRORS REGARDING THE DURATION OF LIFE.

reader. In his report on the census of Massachusetts,
he says " while from the Massachusetts Registration Re-
ports it is learned that the average age to which all live is
about thirty," he comes within twenty years of the right
figure. The most important fact and the easiest obtained
is to get the number of the population and the number of
deaths. For the City of Salem the deaths for the eleven
years, from 1865 to 1875, were 54.07, the population
25,958 or 1.89: to 100 living; if we take the average
of the population for the eleven years it is a trifle over two
per cent, which would take forty-nine years as the length
of a generation in this city.

Holyoke is considered the most unhealthy city in Mas-
sachusetts : the deaths under five years are fifty-two per
cent of all the deaths in the city. This is calculated
on the births which for the eleven years were 4,065.
There were added to the city by immigration during the
eleven years, 10,612, of which number sixteen and one-
half per cent were under five years of age, which makes
1,750 added to the city by immigration, making with the
births, which were 4,065, 5,815 to draw the deaths under
five from. Now, if 5,815 gives fifty-two per cent deaths
under five years, what will 4,065 give? answer, thirty-six
per cent, just the average of the whole state. There
were added to the state by immigration in the eleven
years, 273,044, of this number 255,992 were added in
cities. Of this 255,992, there were added to the cities
42,238 under five years of age in the eleven years; that
is what makes the deaths under five greater in the cities,
42,238 being distributed in the different cities according
to the increase of population ; this number is in addition
to the births of the cities. Our registration officers have
left out entirely the number under five that have been
added to the state by immigration, and many blunders

ERRORS REGARDING THE DURATION OF LIFE. 139

have taken place iu consequence. Should the city of
Salem have gained in population as large a percentage as
Holyoke did, the city would have had as large a death
rate under five as Holyoke had, and would have been
called the most unhealthy city in the state, and the State
Board of Health would have had a special report on your
city, with a map showing the causes of the great death
rate under five years, as they did of Holyoke. They had
three maps of Holyoke, and after a thorough investigation
they report : " As far as situation and surroundings are
concerned, Holyoke should be a healtiiy place," and Hol-
yoke is a healthy place, and the death rate is no greater
than the average of Massachusetts. The mistake is in
our registration officers and State Board of Health.
They leave out of the calculation the increase of popu-
lation. Holyoke, in 1865, a town of 5,648, becomes a
city in 1875, of 16,260, having added to her population
10,612 in the eleven years. The children under five years
of this 10,612 are left out of the count, the number being
1,750. With this 1,750 left out, the deaths under five
are 52 per cent ; with the number added, thirty-six per
cent, which makes Holyoke as healthy as the state aver-
ages. So of the other cities of the state : they are con-
sidered unhealthy just in proportion to the percentage of
the increase of population. The greater the increase of
population the greater the death rate under five will be.
Holyoke is very much annoyed by these reports. People
coming there to settle, the first question they ask is, "Is
Holyoke a healthy city ? " and it is a healthy city, and the
citizens say it is healthy. They are met with the remark
that' it is the most unhealthy place in the state, and the
report of our registration officers and State Board of
health are given as authority. These reports based on
ignorance are doing a great amount of mischief. Suppose

140 ERRORS REGARDING THE DURATION OF LIFE.

Salem had as great an increase of population as Holyoke,
you would have had as large a death rate under five as
Holyoke. The State Board of Health would have had a map
of your city and with the Mill Pond nuisance and the
North River, and you could not have made people believe
that your death rate under five was due to any other cause
than the two causes named. A great deal of mischief
results from not understanding the causes of the great
death rate in certain localities. A great amount of labor
has been expended to show that our cities have a much
larger death rate under five than the country towns. I
fail to see it. I see where our state officials make their
mistake. They have left out of their calculation the
number under five added to the state by immigration,
nearly all of which goes to the cities, and the cities that
draw the largest percentage are considered the most un-
healthy. Had this immigration gone to the country towns
instead of the cities, what would our registration officers
and Board of Health have said was the cause of the
deaths under five years being greater in the country
towns than in the cities, as they surely would have been
had immigration gone to the country towns instead of the
cities ? I imagine they would have said the cities have pure
water, their sanitary conditions are better regulated, they
are under better police regulations, and the cities draw
the most able physicians in the state. There is no reason
why the cities of the state should not be as healthy as the
rest of the state and they are.

Reho tyjx- Fnnttrig Co.Bostcn .

CATALOGUE OF THE FLORA OF "OAK ISLAND,"
REVERE, MASSACHUSETTS : WITH NOTES.

By Herbekt a. Young.

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY.

By John Robinson.

"Oak Island," or " Chelsea Beach Island," as it was
called before North Chelsea was rechristened Revere, is
a slight elevation of land, covered with trees, hardly
reaching more than three or four feet above the surround-
ing saltniarsh, within the limits of the town of Revere,
Massachusetts, and just a few rods beyond the inlet which
separates that town from the town of Saugus in Essex
County.

The island begins at about 800 feet back from what is
now called Revere beach, with a strip of land running
north and south 1,000 feet, having a breadth of 100 feet
which is connected with the larger portion of the island
which runs east and west some 1,400 feet, and has a
breadth of 800 feet. This latter portion is divided into
two unequal parts by the Eastern Railway which runs
through it north and south. The Salem and Boston turn-
pike road runs by the island to the west at a distance of
about a quarter of a mile. Formerly this station was only
accessil^le to pedestrians and to the salt hay teams by a
rough road from the beach.

Kecently, however, with the opening of Revere beach
as a pleasure resort, a picnic ground with its accompany-

(141)

142 FLORA. OF OAK ISLAND.

ing dance stands and " flying horses" has been established
on the easterly portion of the larger section of the island,
and not only is the pleasant seclusion^ of the place inter-
fered with, but at no distant day this interesting and his-
toric botanical station will become for botanists a memory
of the past. Mr. Young observes that the smaller de-
tached portion of the island is more elevated and dryer
than the larger portion, and that it possesses a somewhat
different flora.

The wood upon the island has been cut from time to
time, the last general cutting having been made perhaps
not long after the Eastern Railway was built in 1837.
The growth of timl)er now on the island is of deciduous-
leaved trees, and consists chiefly of oaks, basswood,
hickory and sassafras, the only coniferous tree being the
red cedar (Junipems Virginiana) which is represented
by a few scattered specimens.

The soil is a vegetable humus on sand and gravel, up-
on which the plants thrive in moist seasons with great
luxuriance.

The island is also a favorable locality for the collection
of land snails and has been well known to botanists and
conchologists for many years.

The whole number of plants noted in Mr. Young's list
which includes the phanerogams, ferns and mosses, is
three hundred and sixty-two, divided among the different
families as follows :

Note. — Mr. C. E. Faxon and Geo. E. Davenport have kindly looked
over Mr. Young's list and the collection of specimens which he has
preserved, and add the following as the only species which they have
noticed on or near the island not included. Ranunculus Cymbalaria,
Pursh ; Ranunculus sceleratus, L. ; Sagina procumbens, L. Along the
railroad track between Revere station and Oak Island near the last
bridge k^G. E. D.). Cynoglossum Morisonl, DC. On the island(C. E. F.).

FLORA OF OAK ISLAND.

143

Gen

.Sp.

[nt.

Gen.

Sp.

Int.

Ranunculaceae.

10

2

Ill

182

26

Berberidacese.

1

1

Labiatae.

8

8

Cruciferse.

9

3

Convolvulaceae.

1

1

Violacese.

3

Solanaceae.

1

1

1

Cistaceae.

2

Gentianaceae.

1

1

Hypericaceae.

3

1

Apocynaceae.

1

1

Caryophyllaceae.

11

5

Asclepiadaceae.

1

2

Portulacaceae.

1

1

Chenopodiaceae.

5

7

2

Tiliaceae.

1

Amarantaceae.

1

2

2

Geraniaceae.

3

Polygonaceae.

2

10

4

AnacarcUaceae.

3

Lauraceae.

1

1

Vitaceae.

2

Euphorbiaceae.

2

3

Celastraceae.

1

Urticaceae.

2

2

Leguminosae.

U

5

Cupuliferas.

3

10

Rosaceae.

10

18

Myricaceae.

1

1

Saxifragaceae.

2

Betulaceae.

1

1

Hamamelaceae.

1

Salicaceae.

2

4

Onagraceae.

5

Coniferae.

1

1

Lythraceae.

1

Araceae.

1

1

Umbelliferae.

5

1

Naiadaceae.

1

1

Araliaceae.

1

Alismaceae.

1

1

Cornaceae.

1

Orchidaceae.

1

1

Caprifoliaceae.

4

Iridaceae.

2

2

Rubiaceae.

4

Smilaceae.

1

2

Compositae.

23

48

4

Liliaceae.

8

10

1

Campaimlaceae.

1

Juncaceae.

2

6

Ericaceae.

6

Cyperaceae .

5

24

Aquifoliacese.

1

Gramineae.

22

44

9

Plantagiuaceae.

3

1

Equisetaceae.

1

1

Plumbaginaceae.

1

Filices.

4

4

Primulaceae.

2

Ophioglossaceae.

1

1

Orolanchaceae.

2

2

Musci.

16

25

Scrophulariaceae.

6

10

2

Hepaticae.

3

3

Verbenaceae.

2

2

—

111

182

26

Ord. Gen. Sp.

213
Int.

364

45

Exogens.

50 144 237

35

Gyninosperras.

1 1 1

Eudogeus.

10 44 92

10

Vascular Cryptogams.

3 6 6

Muscineas.

2 19 28

66

214

364

45

144 FLORA OF OAK ISLAND.

THE FLORA OF OAK ISLAND.

BY HERBERT A. YOUNG.

The species enumerated in the following list were mostly
observed during the year 1882, although the writer has
been familiar with the station for many seasons previous.
Representatives of nearly all the species have been pre-
served. As the list is therefore based upon the work of a
season rather unflivorable for botanical collecting, on ac-
count of the drought of July and August, it is probable
that other species might be added especially to the list of
mosses ^vhich owing to their small size are easily over-
looked.

The region was evidently familiar to Dr. Bigelow, for
in the "Florula Bostoniensis" he mentions the following
species as found on " Chelsea Beach Island :"

Ranunculus recurvatus, Poir.
Arabis falcata, Michx.
Cryptotaenia Canadensis, D (7.
Osmorrhiza longistylis, D C.
Circaea lutitiana, L,
Desmodium cuspidatum, Torrey,
Monarda allophylla, Michx.
Phryma leptostachia, L.
Scrophularia Marilandica, L.
Lysimachia ciliata, L,
Allium Canadense, L.
Leersia Virgin ica, Willd.
Botrychium Virginicum, Willd.

With the exception of Phryma all have been collected
during the past season. The portion of the island to the

FLORA OF OAK ISLAND. 145

east of the tracks of the Eastern Railway has for several
years been used for the purposes of a picnic ground, so
that the herbs and undershrubs are fast disappearing, and
can only now be collected in the spots along the out-
skirts, and in a few years the farther portion of the island
to the west of the Eastern Railway will undoubtedly
share the same fate, thus entirely destroying one of the
most interesting botanical stations in this part of the conn-
try.

Ranunculace 86 .

Anemone Virginiana, L. A few specimens found.

Anemone neraorosa, L. Abundant.

Thalictrum dioicura, L. Abundant.

Thalictrura purpurascens, L. Abundant. Matures a short time

after T. dioicum and before T. Coruuti. Kecognized first by

the peculiar odor of the leaves.
Thalictrum Cornuti, L. Abundant.
Ranunculus recurvatus, Poir. Not very abundant.
Ranunculus abortivus, L. Abundant.
Ranunculus bulbosus, L. One specimen only obtained.
Ranunculus acris, L. Only a few specimens noticed.
Actuae spicata, L. var. rubra, Michx. Abundant.

Berberidacese.

Berberis vulgaris, L. One bush in the western part.

Cruciferse.

Cardamine hirsuta, L., var. sylvatica. Scarce.
Arabis Canadensis, L. Abundant in the western part.
Arabis perfoliata, Lam. A few specimens noticed in 1878.
Sisymbrium officinale, Scop. Abundant near the barn.
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Near house and barn.
Lepidium Virginicum, L. Mostly on the road from the beach to

the island.
Lepidium ruderale, L. Mostly on the road from the beach to

the island.
Cakile Americana, Nutt. Around the edges.
Raphanus Raphanistrum, L. One specimen only.

Violacese.

Viola cucullata, Ait. Specimens abundant and very large.
Viola sagittata, Ait. A few small specimens only found,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XJV. 10

146 FLORA OF OAK ISLAND.

Viola pubesceus, Ait. Quite abundant in the western part:
growing scarcer.

Cistacese.

Helianthemum Canadense, Michx. Found in extreme eastern

part.
Lechea major, Michx. Found in the extreme eastern part.

Hypericacese.

Hypericum perforatum, L. Quite abundant.

Hypericum corymbosum, Muhl. Found in the western part.

Hypericum mutilum, L. Scarce. Found near railroad track.

Caryophyllacese.

Dianthus Armeria, L. A few specimens obtained.

Silene inflata, Smith. Abundant near railroad track.

Silene antirrhina, L. Abundant near railroad track.

Arenaria lateriflora, L. Abundant.

Stellaria media, Smith. Abundant.

Cerastium viscosum, L. Abundant.

Lepigonum rubrum, Fries.., var. campestre. Only one specimen
found.

Lepigonum medium, Fries. Common in the western part along
the edge bordering on the salt marsh.

Lepigonum salinum, Fries. Abundant. Growing with L. me-
dium.

Scleranthus annuus, L. Scarce. On the railroad track.

Mollugo verticillata, L. On the railroad embankment.

Portulacacese.

Portulaca oleracea, L. On the railroad embankment. -

Tiliacese.

Tilia Americana, L. The most abundant tree.

Geraniacese.

Geranium maculatum, L. Abundant.

Impatiens fulva, Nutt. The form producing without flowering

most abundant.
Oxalis stricta, L. Abundant.

Anacardiacese.

Rhus typhina, L. Not very abundant.
Rhus glabra, L. Not very abundant.
Rhus Toxicodendron, L. Very abundant.

Vitacese.

Vitis Labrusca, L. A few plants noticed.
Ampelopsis quiuquefolia, Michx. Quite abundant.

FLOKA OF OAK ISLAND. 147

CelastraceaB.

Celastrus scandens, L. A few vines noticed.
Leguminocese.

Trifolium arvense, L. Abundant on the railroad track.

Trifolium pratense, L. Quite abundant. Scattered.

Trifolium hybridura. One plant noticed.

Trifolium repens, L. Quite abundant.

Trifolium agrarium, L. One plant noticed.

Medicago lupulina, L. Only a few plants on the island.

Desmodium acuminatum, Z> C. Abundant in the west part.

Desmodium canescens, B C. Found a few years ago by Mr.
C. E. Faxon. Not found since.

Desmodium Canadense, D C. Quite abundant.

Lespedeza capitata, Michx. A few plants in the extreme east-
ern part.

Lathyrus maritimus, Bigelow. A few specimens noticed a
short distance from the island on the railroad track.

Lathyrus palustris, L. In extreme eastern part.

Apios tuberosa, 3Ioench. Not very abundant.

Amphicarpaea monoica, Mut. Abundant in western part.
Bosacese.

Prunus Virginiana, L. Not very abundant.

Prunus serotiua, Ehrhart. A few small trees in western part.

Spiraea salicifolia, L. A few bushes.

Agrimonia Eupatoria, L. Scattered.

Geum album, Gmelin. Mostly near the hotel.

Potentilla Norvegica, L. Around the edges, north side.

Potentilla Canadensis, i., var. simplex, T. & G. Abundant.
Potentilla argentea, L. A few specimens only.
Potentilla Anserina, L. Around the edges mostly on north
side.

Fragaria Virginiana, Ehrhart. In extreme eastern part.
Rubus strigosus, Michx. A few specimens on north side.
Rubus occidentalis, L. Quite abundant.
Rubus villosus, Ait. Quite abundant.
Rubus Canadensis, L. Quite abundant.
Rubus hispidus, L. Mostly on the north side.
Rosa lucida, Ehrhart. Abundant.

Pirus arbutifolia, L., var. erythrocarpa. Scattered, not abun-
dant.

Amelanchier Canadensis, T. & G., var. oblongifolia. A few
trees in western part.

148 FLORA OF OAK ISLAND.

Saxifragacese.

Ribes oxycaiithoides, L. A few plants.
Ribes floridum, L. Three plants noticed.

Hamamelaceae.

Hamamelis Virgiuica, L. A few plants ; scattered.

Onagracese.

Circsea Liitetiana, L. Abundant in the western part.
Epilobium angustifolium, L. Three or four plants noticed.
Epilobium coloratura , 3Iuhl. Scattered.
OEnothera biennis, L. A few plants only.
(Enothera pumila, L. Not abundant.

Lythracese.

Lythrum Hyssopifolia, L. Abundant.

Umbelliferse.

Cicuta maculata, L. One or two specimens.

Osmorrhiza longistylis, D C. Abundant.

Cryptotaenia Canadensis, D C. Abundant.

Sanicula Marilaudica, L. Abundant.

Carum Carui, L. One specimen only in extreme eastern part.

Araliacese.

Aralia nudicaulis, L. Abundant in western part.

Cornacese.

Cornus paniculata, UHer. Abundant in southwestern part.

Caprifoliacese.

Diervilla trifida, M(Ench. In southwestern part.
Triosteum perfoliatura, L. Scattered. Not abundant.
Sambucus Canadensis, L. In extreme eastern part. A few

bushes.
Viburnum dentatum, L. A few bushes around the edge.

Rubiacese.

Galium Aparine, L. Abundant.
Galium triflorum, Michx. Abundant.
Galium circsezans, Michx. Not abundant.
Houstonia cserulea, L. A few specimens only.

Composit89.

Eupatorium purpureum, L. Abundant in western part.

Aster corymbosus, Ait. In western part. Scarce.

Aster Isevis, L. Scarce.

Aster uudulatus, L. Abundant.

Aster cordifolius, L. Abundant.

FLORA OF OAK ISLAND. 149

Aster multiflorus, Ait. Abimdant.

Aster miser, L. Abundant.

Aster carneus, Nees. In western part in one spot only.

Aster longifolius, Lam. ' Abundant.

Aster Novae -Anglise, L. Mostly in one spot in eastern part.

Aster linifolius, L. Around the edge. Abundant.

Erigeron Canadense, L. Mostly on approach to the island
from the beach.

Erigeron annuum, Pers. Scattered.

Erigeron strigosum, Muhl. In extreme eastern part.

Solidago csesia, L. Two small patches in the western part.

Solidago bicolor, L. Not abundant.

Solidago sempervirens, L. Very abundant around the edges.

Solidago arguta, Ait. Abundant.

Solidago altissima, L. Not abundant.

Solidago odora, Ait. A few plants in the extreme eastern part.

Solidago nemoralis, Ait. Not abundant.

Solidago Canadensis, L. Two forms occur.

Solidago lanceolata, L. Scarce.

Solidago sp. ? Perhaps a cross between S. sempervirens and
S. altissima.

Iva frutescens, L. A few plants on the eastern edge of the
island near the road.

Ambrosia artemisisefolia, L. Abundant.

Xanthium strumarium, L. Abundant near the barn.

Rudbeckia hirta, L. A few plants in the eastern part.

Heliauthus strumosus, L. Abundant.

Helianthus divaricatus, L. Abundant.

Bidens frondosa, L. Around the northern edge ; not abundant.

Maruta Cotula, D C. Not abundant.

Achillea Millefolium, L. Scarce.

Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam. Two specimens only.

Artemisia caudata, Michx. Mostly on the road from the beach
to the island.

Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michx. A few specimens in the ex-
treme eastern part.

Gnaphalium uliginosum, L. A few specimens; scattered.

Antennaria margaritacea, B. Br. A few specigaens in the ex-
treme southeastern part,

Antennaria plantagiuifolia. Hook. A few specimens in the ex-
treme eastern part.

Erechthites hieracifolia, Baf. Abundant on northern border.

Circium discolor, Spreng. Three specimens.

Circium horridulum, 3Iichx. In the extreme western part.

150 FLORA OF OAK ISLAND.

Circium arvense, Scop. Scarce.

Lappa officinalis, Allioni. Scarce.

Nabalus albus, Hook. Abundant in the western part.

Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desf. About four plants seen.

Lactuca Canadensis, L. Not abundant. Scattered.

Mulgedium leucophaeum, D C. Not abundant. Scattered.

C amp anula c e 8e .

Specularia perfoliata, A. D C. Abundant in the eastern part
in the early part of the season. The form found was very
small, and perfected the fruit without producing any corolla.
It was identified for rae by Mr. C. E. Faxon.

Ericaceae.

Gaj'lussacia resinosa, T. & G. Only found in the extreme

southeastern part.
Vaccinum Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Only found in the extreme

southeastern part.
Vaccinum vaciHans, Solander. Only found in the extreme

southeastern part.
Vaccinum corymbosum, L., var. atrococcum. A few plants.
Andromeda ligustrina, Muhl. One bush in the extreme eastern

part.
Pyrola elliptica, Nutt. A few plants in the western part.

Aquifoliacese.

Ilex verticillata, Graij. Not abundant. Mostly around the
western border.

Plantaginacese.

Plantago major, L. Abundant.
Plantago Rugellii, Decaisne. Abundant.

Plantago decipiens, Barneoud. Abundant around the western
border.

Plumbaginacese.

Statice Limonium, var. Caroliniana. Abundant on the neigh-
boring marsh.

Primulacese.

Lysimachia quadrifolia, L. Abundant.

Lysimachia ciliata, L. Abundant in the western part.

Orobanchacese.

Epiphegus Virginiana, Bart. Found by Mr. F. S. Collins a few

years ago.
Aphyllon uniflorum, T. & G. Three plants in the eastern part

near railroad.

FLORA OF OAK ISLAND. 151

Scrophulariacese.

Verbascum Thapsus, L. Not abundant.

Linaria Canadensis, Spreng. Near the railroad mostly.

Linaria vulgaris, 3Iill. Near the railroad mostly.

Scrophularia nodosa, L. A few plants in the middle of the
western part.

Veronica arvensis, L. A few plants in the extreme eastern
part.

Veronica peregrina, L. Scattered.

Gerardia purpurea, L. About a dozen specimens on the south-
western edge of the island.

Gerardia maritima, Baf. Very abundant on the neighboring
marshes.

Gerardia quercifolia, Pursh. Abundant in the western part
near the railroad.

Pedicularis Canadensis, L. In the extreme western part. Not
abundant.

Verbenacese.

Verbena hastata, L. Scattered. Not abundant.
Phryma Leptostachya, L. Bigelow, Florula Bostoniensis. Not
found since.

Labiatse,

Teucrium Cauadense, L. Abundant around the borders.

Trichostema dichotomum, L. One plant on the Eastern Rail-
road track.

Lycopus siuuatus. Ell. Abundant.

Hedeoma pulegioides, Pers. Abundant in the eastern part.

Collinsonia Canadensis, L. Quite abundant in the western
part near the railroad.

Monarda fistulosa, L. A few plants in the western part.

Lopanthus scrophulariaefolius, Benth. A few plants in the
middle of the western part.

Brunella vulgaris, L. Abundant.

C onvol vula c e se .

Convolvulus sepium, L. Abundant on the western border.

Solanacese.

Solanum nigrum, L. Near the house.

Gentianacese.

Gentiana Andrewsii, Griseb. Two plants only found.

152 FLORA OF OAK ISLAND.

Apoeynacese.

Apocynura audrossemifolium, L. In northern part near rail-
road.

Asclepiadacese.

Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne. Along the railroad bank.
Asclepias phytolaccoides, Pursh. In the centre of the western
part.

Chenopodiacese.

Chenopodium album, L. Abundant.

Chenopodium hybridum, L. In the eastern part.

Atriplex patula, L., var. hastata. Abundant around the border

of the island.
Atriplex patula, L. , var. littoralis. Abundant around the border

of the island.
Salicornia herbacea, L. Abundant on the marsh adjacent.
SuEeda maritima, L. Abundant around the borders.
Salsola Kali, L. Mostly on the approach to the island from the

beach.

Amarantacese.

Amarantus retroflexus, L. Abundant near the house.
Amarantus albus, L. A few plants only.

Polygonacese.

Polygonum Persicaria, L. Abundant.
Polygonum Hydropiper, L. Abundant.
Polygonum aviculare, L. Abundant.
Polygonum erectum, L. Scarce and somewhat doubtful.
Polygonum maritimum, L. Abundant on the borders.
Polygonum sagittatum, L. One plant only found.
Polygonum Convolvulus, L. Not very abundant.
Polygonum dumetorum, i., var. scandens. Abundant in west-
ern part.
Ruraex crispus, L. Abundant.
Rumex Acetosella, L. Abundant.

Lauracese.

Sassafras officinale, Nees. Abundant in the western part.

Euphorbiacese.

Euphorbia polygonifolia, L. Scarce. Abuudant on the beach

opposite.
Euphorbia maculata, L. Abundant on the railroad bank.
Acalypha Virginica, L. Abundant.

FLORA OF OAK ISLAND. 153

Urticacese.

Ulmus Americana, L. A few trees. Scattered.
Pilea pumila, Gray. Abundant in the western part. It all dried
up and disappeared before flowering.

CupulifergB,

Carya alba, Nutt. Abundant.

Carya tomentosa, Nutt. Scarce. Two or three trees only.

Carya porcina, Nutt. Abundant.

Carya amara, Nutt. The most abundant hickory.

Quercus alba, L. Quite abundant. One of the largest trees ;
about fifteen inches in diameter, is a white oak.

Quercus bicolor, Willd. Most abundant in the extreme eastern
part.

Quercus coccinea, Wang. There is one tree which seems to be
intermediate between Q. coccinea and Q. rubra. It has the
acorn of coccinea and the leaf of rubra. The leaf is rather
small.

Quercus tinctoria, Bart. One tree in the extreme southeastern
part. Identified by the fringed acorn and the bright orange
inner bark.

Quercus rubra, L. Abundant. This species with bicolor con-
stitutes the greater part of the oaks.

Corylus Americana, Walt. In the middle of the western part.

Myricacese.

Myrica cerifera, L. Not abundant.

Betulacese.

Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach. A few small trees.
Salicacese.

Salix discolor, Muhl. A few bushes.

Salix humilis, Marshall. A few bushes.

Populus grandidentata, Michx. This species and the next occur
together as small shrubs in the extreme southeastern part.

Populus tremuloides, Michx,

Coniferse.

Juuiperus Virginiana, L. The only conifer. A few trees only.
AracesB.

Arisaema triphyllum, Torr. Abundant.
Naiadacese.

Ruppia maritima, L. In a pool of water near the island.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 10*

J.54 FLORA OF OAK ISLAND.

Alismacese.

Triglochin maritimum, L. Abundant on the saltmarsh adjoin-
ing.

Orchidacese.

Orchis spectabilis, L. Bigelow found this plant. It is now
found in the western part. Some years it is abundant, while
in others it is very scarce. It was abundant this year (1882).

Iridaceae.

Iris Virginica, L. A few specimens on the southern edge.
Sisyrinchiura Bermudiana, L. Not abundant.

Smilacese.

Smilax rotundifolia, L. In the northwestern part.
Smilax herbacea, L. Scattered.

Liliaceae.

Uvularia perfoliata, L. Abundant.

Oakesia sessilifolia, Watson. Abundant.

Smilacina racemosa, Desf. Abundant.

Smilacina bifolia, Ker. Abundant in the extreme western part.

Polygonatum biflorum, Ell. Abundant in the western part.

Asparagus officinalis, L. One specimen only found.

Lilium Philadelphicum, L. In the extreme eastern part.

Lilium Canadense, L. Scattered.

Erythrouium Americanura, Smith. Very abundant.

Allium Canadense, Kalm. Abundant.

Junoaceae.

Luzula campestris, D C. Not abundant.

Juucus Balticus, Dethard. On the adjacent marshes.

Juncus bufonius, L. Abundant around the borders.

Juncus Gerardi, Loisel. On the adjacent marshes.

Juncus tenuis, Willd. Abundant.

Juncus acuminatus, Ilichx. Not abundant.

Cyperacese.

Cyperus Nuttallii, Torr. Not abundant.
Cyperus strigosus, L. Not abundant.
Cyperus flliculmis, Vahl. Not abundant.
Eleocharis obtusa, Schultes. One specimen found.
Eleocharis palustris, B.Br. A variety on the adjacent salt-
marsh.
Eleocharis tenuis, Schultes. Quite abundant.
Scirpus pungens, Vahl. Near the railroad on the north side.
Scirpus planifolius, Muhl. One bunch in the western part.

FLORA OF OAK ISLAND. 155

Scirpus maritiraus, L. Abundant around the borders.

Fimbristylis capillaris, Gray. On the railroad.

Carex stipata, Muhl. Not very abundant.

Carex sparganioides, Muhl. A few plants in the eastern part.

Carex cephalophora, Muhl. Abundant.

Carex rosea, Schk. Abundant.

Carex scoparia, Schk. Abundant.

Carex silicea, Olney. On the road from the beach to the island.

Carex cristata, Schic, var. mirabilis, Boot. Abundant.

Carex straminea, Schk. Several varieties are found.

Carex virescens, 3Iuhl. Scarce.

Carex laxiflora, Lam. Two varieties occur.

Carex Eraraonsii, Dew. Abundant in the western part.

Carex Pennsylvanica, Lam. Abundant.

Carex lanuginosa, 3Iichx. Not abundant.

Carex vestita, Willd. Not abundant.

Gramineae.

Leersia Virginica, Willd. In the western part near the rail-
road. Scarce.

Alopecurus pratensis, L. Abundant.

Phleum prateuse, L. Not abundant.

Agrostis perennans, Tuckerman. Two specimens only.

Agrostis scabra, Willd. Quite abundant.

Agrostis vulgaris, With. Abundant.

Agrostis alba, L. Abundant between the extreme eastern and
the main eastern parts.

Muhlenbergia Willdenovii, Trin. A few specimens only in the
middle of the western part.

Calamagrostis arenaria, Hoth. On the road from the beach to
the island.

Calamagrostis Canadensis, Beauv. Abundant.

Oryzopsis asperifolia, 3Iichx. Found three specimens in 1879.

Spartiua cynosuroides, Willd. Abundant around the edges.

Spartina juncea, Willd. Mostly on the adjacent saltmarsh.

Spartina stricta, Both. Mostly on the borders of the creeks
and pools adjacent.

Glyceria maritiraa, Wahl. On the adjacent saltmarsh.

Glyceria distans, Wahl. This species is a little doubtful.

Brizopyrum spicatum. Hook. Abundant on the adjacent marsh.

Poa anuua, L. In front of the house in the eastern parj;.

Poa compressa, L. The most common grass.

Poa serotina, Ehrhart. Abundant.

Poa pratensis, L. Abundant.

156 FLOEA OF OAK ISLAND.

Poa trivialis, L. A little doubtful.

Festuca ovina, L., var. duriuscula. Scarce.

Festuca elatior, L. Abundant.

Festuca nutans, Willd. Abundant in the western part.

Phragmites communis, Trin. Three specimens in the north-
western part.

Triticum repens, L. Abundant.

Elymus Virginicus, L. On the approach to the island mostly.
Scarce.

Elymus striatus, Willd. Quite abundant in the western part.

Gymnostichum Hystrix, Schreb. Abundant in the western part.

Danthonia compressa, Austin. Abundant.

Hierochloa borealis, B. & S. Quite abundant.

Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. A few specimens only.

Pauicum virgatum, L. Abundant around the borders.

Panicum latifolium, L. Abundant.

Panicum pauciflorum, Ell. Abundant.

Panicum dichotomum, L. This species is a little doubtful.

Panicum sanguinale, L. Mostly on the railroad.

Panicum capillare, Bosc. Mostly on the railroad bank.

Panicum Crus-Galli, L. A few specimens found.

Setaria glauca, Beauv. Mostly on the railroad bank.

Setaria viridis, Beauv. Mostly on the railroad bank.

Setaria Italica, Kunth. Two or three specimens only found.

Andropogon furcatus, Muhl. A few specimens found in 1880.

Equisetacese.

Equisetum arvense, L. Abundant.

Filices.

Pteris aquilina, L. The most abundant fern.
Aspidium Thelypteris, Swartz. Abundant.
Asplenium Filix-foemina, Bernh. Scarce.
Onoclea sensibilis, L. Not abundant.

Ophioglossacese.

Botrychium Virginianum, Swartz. Very fine specimens ob-
tained. Not abundant.

FLORA OF OAK ISLAND. 157

The following is a list of mosses collected this season
(1882). The list is undoubtedly incomplete, as many
must have escaped my notice.

MUSCI.

Fissidens osmundioides, Hedw. Eare. One specimen only ob-
tained.

Ceratodon purpureas, Brid. Not common.

Trichostomum pallidum, Hedw. Very common in the western
part.

Orthotrichum strangulatum, Beauv. Abundant on trees.

Orthotrichum Hutchiusia3, Smith. On rocks. Not abundant.

Hedwigia ciliata, Bhrh. Not very common.

Atrichum angustatum, Beauv. Common.

Polytrichum commune, L. Common in the eastern part.

Polytrichum juniperinum, Hedw. Common in the eastern part.

Mnium affiue, Bland. Very common.

Mnium hornum, Hedw. In one spot in the northwestern part.

Bryum caespiticium. Frequent.

Funaria hygrometrica, Hedw. Not common.

Physcomitrium pyriforme, Br. & Sch. Not common.

Anomodon attenuatus, Hub. On one rock in the western part.
The species is somewhat doubtful.

Thelia hirtella, Sulliv. On trees. Not common.

Cylindrothecium seductrix, Bryol. Europ. Not common. One
specimen only obtained.

Hypnum cupressiforme, L. Not common.

Hypnum nitens, Schreb. Not common. Determination very
doubtful.

Hypnum salebrosura, Hoffm. Common.

Hypnum rutabulum, L. One specimen only obtained.

Hypnum populeum, Hedio. The most abundant moss.

Hypnum hispidulum, Brid. Eare.

Hypnum serpens, Hedw. Quite abundant on rocks with H.
populeum.

Hypnum adnatum, Hedw. Rare.

HEPATIC-ai.

Lophocolea heterophylla, JVees. Not common.
Madotheca platyphylla, Dumortier. Common on the rocks.
Frullania Grayana, Montague. Common on trees.

OPENING OF A NEWLY DISCOVERED SHELL-
HEAP AT IPSWICH.

Communicated by John Robinson.

The shellheaps in the vicinity of Ipswich have long
been a subject of study and investigation for the archae-
ologists of this region. Messrs. Wyman, Putnam, Morse,
Cooke, Lebarron and others have, from time to time,
worked upon these shellheaps and collected many inter-
esting specimens from them besides adding to the scientific
knowledge of the subject. In no single instance, how-
ever, has any particular shellheap been carefully turned
over from end to end, nor have the contents of a heap
been collected and preserved as a special collection. This
is to be regretted, as there is now hardly any shellheap to
be found in this vicinity at which some one has not worked
to a greater or less extent.

Early in September (1882), Mr. I. J. Potter of the
Ipswich Chronicle, an earnest student of the Indian re-
mains in the neighborhood of Ipswich, called the attention
of the officers of the Peabody Academy of Science to a
shellheap which he had observed on the shore of Ipswich
river. An examination showed that this heap had never
been disturbed and it was at once determined to investiofate
it carefully and to retain as one exhibit everything of
scientific value that might be obtained. Permission was
kindly given to the Academy by Mr. Perkins, the owner
of the land upon which the heap was found, to do the work,
and on September 17, the first examination was made.

The shellheap is situated on the northeastern end of
Perkins island in Ipswich river, now incorrectly known as

(158)

NEWLY DISCOVERED SHELLHEAP. 159

Tread well's island, it having been in possession of the
Perkins family for several generations during the early
days of Ipswich, when it was always recorded on deeds by
that name. The heap was oval in form and bordered up-
on the salt marsh for about one hundred feet, and extended
back towards the southwest some sixty feet, where it be-
came of little depth and was lost in a ploughed field.
The depth of shells varied from a few inches on the outside
to rather more than three feet in hollows. The southern
end of the heap was composed almost enjtirely of oyster
shells, reaching in places to a depth of over two feet and
extending over a space ten feet square, and another smaller
space towards the northern end was also entirely com-
posed of these shells to about the same depth. The
larger portion of the heap was, however, of clam shells
intermixed with those of the hen clam and quahaug,
black earth, charcoal, burnt stones and bones, with here
and there, the shells of the mussel, cockle and limpet.
Where the oyster shells were thickest but few other ob-
jects were found. One perfect valve of the smooth species
of Pecten was collected ; the species so common in the
shellheaps at Marblehead being entirely absent. Three
sinkers were found near the centre of the heap, at a depth
of one foot and but a few feet apart. A few arrowpoints,
kuives, rude stone implements and chips were collected in
various places, and, at diflferent depths, a broken gouge
and portions of other implements including a socket or
handle apparently made from the antlers of a deer. At
the bottom, everywhere, were the shells of the Helix al-
holahris, the common land snail, and in similar situations
but less frequent, were those of another snail. In the
lower stratum, covering a space of about two square feet,
was quite an amount of some friable substance which has
not yet been identified, but which may prove to be the

160 NEWLY DISCOVERED SHELLHEAP.

remains of some large fish. Several interesting bone im-
plements were collected, and the bones of various mam-
mals, birds and fishes were found in considerable quantity.
In one spot, at the depth of two feet in the clam shells and
debris, nearly two quarts of human bones were found
broken into short pieces. Very little pottery was dis-
covered and that was of a coarse quality and but slightly
ornamented. One or two of the shells found were pierced
with small holes as if used as ornaments.

The uninjured valves of the clam shells preserved show
a great variety in form : some are rough, thick and narrow,
while others are thin, large and very wide. Among the
bones found were three pieces which appeared as if thor-
oughly calcined, and when struck gave out a metallic ring.
It was noticed that only one specimen of Natica dii])licata
was collected, while in other heaps it is abundant. The
oyster shells were all very much broken, and it was with
difficulty that a sujQScient number of whole valves were
preserved for comparison and study. It should be borne
in mind that the oyster is not now found in these waters.

The bones of a rodent were found nearly a foot below
the heap, doubtless those of some animal that died in his
burrow which extended through the heap, as such burrows
were here and there noticed, and some of the other bones
found in the heap had been gnawed by a rodent.

It is not intended here to enlarge or theorize upon the
results of this exploration, but only to give the facts in the
simplest manner, upon which, the specialist may build a
story of the people whose homes and firesides were on or
about this refuse pile.

It has been impossible to identify accurately all the bones
found, and therefore only a rough outline can be given
here of the contents of the shellheap, which may be sum-
marized as follows :

NEWLY DISCOVERED SHELLHEAP. 161

Stone chips, 50; burnt broken stones, 20 preserved;
round stones, 11 preserved ; long stone, 1 ; arrowpoints,
6; arrowpoints (broken), 5; sinkers, 3; potsherds (two
pots), 26 pieces ; bone implements, 5 ; human bones and
teeth (1 adult, and 1 child), 2 qts. ; bones of various ani-
mals including those of the deer, moose (?), bear, wolf,
and two other carnivorous species ; several species of birds,
including the turkey ; a few bones of the turtle and of the
porpoise, and numerous fish bones, 3 qts. ; pierced shells
(Mya), several; charcoal and unidentilied substance.

The Mollusks preserved w-ere : —

Venus mercenaria^ Ostrea eduUs, Mya arenaria, Mactra
solidissima, Mytilus edulis, Crepidula Jornicata, Pecten
temiicoslaius, Purpura kqnllus, Natica heros, JSfatica dujp-
licata, N^eptunea islandica, Hyanassa obsoleta, Helix albo-
lahris, Anguispira alternata.

Mr. F. W. Putnam remarked that the collection be-
fore us is one of great interest and importance. The
bringing together of relics from the shellheaps is a matter
of interest at any time, but to carefully collect and pre-
serve, as a complete exhibit, the entire contents of one
such heap is of vastly more value. It gives us import-
ant facts in the histor^^ of a family in one epoch. This
collection is in many ways a remarkable one. In the first
place it contains more stone implements than have been
found in all the other shellheaps of this vicinity investi-
gated by Wyman, Morse, Cooke and myself put together.
Of course the 03'ster was abundant in the neighborhood
when this heap was formed, although it is well known that
it is impossible to collect them in any numbers in this
vicinity now, and the Pecten, too, is now^ rare about our
bays. Among the shells preserved I notice several
pierced as if used for ornaments. Of the bone implements,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIV. 11

162 NEWLY DISCOVERED SHELLHEAP.

one is a perforator made from deer bone, and others are
fish spearheads almost precisely like those from Alaska and
the Western Eskimo. The specimens of land snail {Helix
alholahris) are very numerons, the animal having undoubt-
edly gone under the shells to hibernate, as they were found
at the bottom of the heap. It is curious to note the small
amount of pottery collected, portions of two pots only
having been found.

But the most interesting part of the collection before us
is the box of human l)ones, all collected in one spot and
broken up as if for the stew pot in precisely the same man-
ner as those of the moose, deer, bird and other bones col-
lected in this same heap and now in this case. That
cannibalism was practised by the early inhabitants of
this region there is no doubt. Wynian has found con-
vincing evidence of this in Florida, and history records its
occurrence in some parts of this continent in compara-
tively recent times. It might not have been cannibalism
purely for the love of human llesh, but [)ractised as a sort
of religious or superstitious rite. Many tribes believed
that to eat the tlesh of a captured brave of the enemy in-
corporated his valor with their own, and more than that,
it would prevent him from being an enemy in the world
be3^ond, for if devoured, was he not then a part of them-
selves? This may be the explanation in this instance, and
these broken pieces of bones may be the relics of such a
feast.

Regarding the age of these heaps no definite conclu-
sions can be drawn. That some extend fiir back into pre-
historic times there is no doubt, while others were formed
in part after European contact with the Indians, as shown
by objects of European make found near the surface on
some heaps. It is, how^ever, only by such investigations
as these which Mr. Robinson has conducted, that a com-

arrowmaker's wigwam. 163

partitive chronology can be obtained or a true history of
the people who made them be established.

ARROWMAKER'S AVIGWAM AT PINE GROVE.

Communicated by Johx Robixson.

During the latter part of September, 1882, Mr. J. H.
Sears and myself visited the Pine Grove reoion in Mar])le-
head for the purpose of examining some of the shell-
heaps, but finding nothing of interest in them we were
about to return home, when our attention was attracted by
numerous pieces of upturned turf", Avhere some of the
young relic hunters from South Salem had made random
diggings in search of "Indian relics." In one of the little
excavations we noticed numerous porphyry chips, and for
want of other occnpation began to dig in the vicinity, sav-
ing all the chi[)pings found. As we proceeded, we no-
ticed that the chippings were all within a few inches of
the surface, just beneath the turf, on an undisturbed yel-
low loam, and that they were all found in a band of about
eighteen inches in width, which was also observed to take
a curving shape. Continuing the work, we at last found
ourselves at the point at which we started, having col-
lected some four quarts of sharp chips of porphyry, of the
sort found in the neighborhood of Marblehead, besides a
few broken implements resembling large spearpoints. The
circle represented by the band of chippings was eight and
one-half feet in diameter, and was probably formed by
the old arrowmaker who occupied a wigwam of that
breadth, and who swept to the edges of his house the chips
he had made dm-ing his work, leaving for us a perfect

164 arrowmaker's wigwam.

ground plan of his dwelling, and the evidence of his in-
dustry.

Besides the chips and broken implements we collected,
there have been added to them others obtained by Arthur
Toppan, who, it was found, had commenced the excavation
a few days before, and who then noticed and collected
some of the chippings.

Near by was a very shallow shellheap extending some
distance at one point being within four or five feet of the
circle of chips. The site of the wigwam was at the edge
of a pretty hill overlooking Forest river to the southwest.
The specimens collected are now all in the museum of the
Academy.

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