M2 ^ S

" C C -

«r <C <<

:§1r3

4«

/. 3

Iftbraru of % UJttseitm

OK

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
c

The gift of
No.

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME XIX.

1887.

SALEM, MASS.

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS,

^1888.

CONTENTS.

On the West Indian Teiida? in the Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology ; by Samuel Gakman. 1

West Indian Batrachia in the Museum of Comparative Zoology;

by Samuel Gakman 13

On West Indian Geckonidae and Anguidse; by Samuel Garman, 17

On West Indian Reptiles. Iguanidse; by Samuel Gakman, . 25

On West Indian Reptiles. Scincidae ; by Samuel Garman, . 51

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 16, 1887 55

officers, 59; retrospect ot'the year, 62; meetings, 73; field meet-
in--. 74; Library, Ts; publications, 90; rose show, 91; museum, 91; art ex-
hibition, 92; financial, 93.

On thf Santhals, a semi-barbarous tribe of Northeastern Ben-
gal; by Samuel Kneeland, 95

Reptiles and Batrachians from Texas and Mexico; by Samuel

Garman 119

(Hi)

°U U, ' Q . 8 fr 7

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX IUSTITUTE.

Vol. 19. Salem: Jan., Feb., March, 1887. Nos. 1-2-3.

ON THE WEST INDIAN TEIIDiE IN THE MU-
SEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

BY SAMUEL GASMAN.

The greater part of the collection on which this notice
is based was gathered for Professor Alexander Agassiz
by the writer. The balance was purchased by the Mu-
seum from Messrs. F. Lagois, C. S. Cazabon, Dr. D. F.
Wemland and others. As far as possible series wore ob-
tained, the better to enable one to fix upon the character-
istics of the varieties of a species inhabiting several of
the islands, or those of closely allied species from the
same or different localities. In the result the number of
Bpecies has been augmented, instead of reduced as was
expected.

TUPINAMBIS NIGROPUNOTATU8 SjHX, 1825.

Specimens from Trinidad apparently have the scales
Bomewhat larger and the femoral pores in greater num-
ber. The pores range from fourteen to seventcon. The
species is called "Matt" by the nativi

BSSES INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIX 1 (1)

2 ON THE WEST INDIAN TEIIDiE

Centroptx Copii, nom. sp. n.

Barbadoes.

"Back with three pale lines; dorsal scales, minute.
Surinam, Mus. Leyd." is the original announcement, of
his species C entropy x intermedins (Schleg.), by Dr. Gray,
1831, Syn. Kept., 31 (in Griff. Cuv. An. King., ix).
In his Catalogue of Lizards B. M., 1845, he says O. in-
termedins is synonymous with C calcaratus.

Professor Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 496, is the first
to give a description which unquestionably applies to the
Centropyx of Barbadoes. Whether Dr. Gray was right in
his later conclusion in regard to what he had called C.
intermedins, it is evident he was not acquainted with the
Barbadan type. Hence it would appear preferable that
the latter should bear the name of the distinguished nat-
uralist who first made it known.

Ameiva atrigularis.
A. surinamensis, var. n.

Nostril between the two nasals ; five occipitals, longer
than broad ; four supraoculars, posterior three commonly
separated from the supraciliaries by a series of granules
of which the anterior is large and rhomboid in shape,
third not separated from the postfrontals and not in con-
tact with the frontal ; six to seven supraciliaries ; loreal
undivided ; six labials. Lower labials five to six ; sub-
mentals one anterior and four pairs or more ; gular gran-
ules much enlarged in a broad band across the throat,
postgulars enlarged in the middle ; mesoptychium With
several rows as large as the largest gulars ; no . Avedge-
shaped backward intrusion between the pectorals on
the chest. Dorsal granules small, smooth. Ventrals in
twelve (twelve to fourteen) rows; transverse series thirty
to thirty-two. Prcanals irrregular, commonly three largo

IN THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 3

shields arranged in a triangle, with a small plate wedged
behind the suture of the posterior two, and the triangle it-
self arched around in front by about eight small plates of
which the posterior are the larger. Three or four rows of
medium-sized brachials, subcontinuous with the three or
four rows of antebrachials ; postbrachials in three or four
rows, smaller than brachials. About ten rows of femoral
plates, and live of tibials. Femoral pores sixteen to sev-
enteen. Digits feebly serrated; fifth toe much shorter
than inner. Caudals keeled.

Back, brownish olive, with closely placed spots or ver-
miculations of brown ; flanks more olive, with or without
dark-edged white spots ; outer ventrals and thighs with
large spots of white, or of black, or of both. Near the
vent the lower surface is yellowish. The throat and chin
are black on all except the young.

Small ones have a dark band along each side of the
body at the upper edge of flank and tail ; on the body
near each edge of this band there is a series of small
round white spots. Below the band the flank is lighter.
On the front edges of the outer ventrals, on the femorals
and on the base of the tail, there are black spots, and the
throat is olive.

Hab. Trinidad.

>

Ameiva aquilina.

A. surinamensis var. n.

Nostril between the two nasals; live occipitals; four
supraoculars, posterior two separated from other head
shields by granules, anterior one in contact with supracil-
iaries ; loreal undivided; labials six to seven. Lower
labials six4o seven ; submentals one anterior and four or
live pairs; gular granules enlarged in a band, of eighl ae-
ries or more, across the throat ; behind the gulars there

4 ON THE WEST INDIAN TEIID.E

is another hand of smaller ones ; mesoptychials nearly as
large as gulars, in six to eight series, reaching across the
lower surface. Dorsal granules small, smooth. Ven-
trals in fourteen rows, outer small, transverse series thirty-
one to thirty-three. Anteriorly on the chest there is no
intrusion of granules between the median series of plates.
Preanals most often in transverse series, two to six of the
median plates enlarged ; sometimes with three larger
shields arranged in a triangle. Brachials moderate, in
three or four rows, second row largest ; antebrachials in
three rows, outer broad; postbrachials small. Ten or
eleven rows of femoral plates, and four or five of tibials.
Femoral pores eighteen to twenty-two. Digits serrated ;
fifth toe shorter than inner. Caudals keeled.

Four of the specimens from Grenada have the frontal
divided transversely, near its posterior extremity ; the
other four from the same locality are normal and agree
with those from St. Vincent, thirty-nine in number, none
of which possess the divided frontal shield.

Adults are brown on the back and more or less mottled
with black. The Hanks are darker in the upper half,
more olive in the lower, marked with four to six longitu-
dinal rows of small, rounded, dark edged spots of white.
Beneath olivaceous, clouded or marked with lighter, and
at the edges of the flanks marked with black. In front
and beneath, the thighs are blotched with black and yel-
low. The white spots also form vertical or transverse
series in many cases.

Young with a series of about seventeen transverse bands
of brown, separated by spaces of equal width and bisected
by a narrow lino of Lighter color along the vertebra- from
the back of the neck. From tin- eve to the base of the
tail a dark band runs along the upper edge of the flank;
posteriorly it is broken into spots ; along the body its

IX THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 5

edges are deeply scalloped and in the concavities of tho
scallops there arc white spots. Below the' dark hand a
lighter one extends from the car to the thigh : and below
this on the Hank there is another dark hand with irregular
which beneath are rendered more so by the lighter
spots.

This lizard resembles A. bifrontata especially in regard
to the division of the frontal in some specimens. It dif-
fers in having fourteen rows of ventrals, in the anal
plates, in brachials, antebrachials, postbrachials, and
tibials, in the femoral pores, and in coloration.

The specimens from St. Vincent appear to have a
greater number ot brighter, more distinct spots both of
white and black and they have undivided frontals ; beyond
these I am unable to fix upon characters to distinguish
them from the others.

Ameiva fuscata sp. n.

Nostril between the two nasals; occipitals irregular,
six or more ; supraoculars three ; on one specimen a fourth
hardly larger thin the granules is present; snpraciliaries
seven to nine; loreal undivided; labials six to seven.
Lower labials six to seven ; submentals one anterior and
six or seven pairs; gular grannies much enlarged in a
band across the throat ; mesoptychium with a band, of six
or seven scales longitudinally and about twenty trans-
versely, in which the largest are larger than the gulars ;
two bands of slightly enlarged granules between the gu-
lar band and the fold. Dorsal granules small, smooth,
larger than those of the flanks. Ventrals in fourteen
row-, outer small: transverse series thirty-three. Pre-
anal plates in a single longitudinal series of four larger,
surrounded by smaller plates of which one at each side of

6 ON THE WEST INDIAN TEIID.E

the posterior of the larger series is largest. Three or four
rows of small brachial plates, second row largest ; ante-
brachials one row of large and three rows of small ones;
postbrachials small. Eight or nine rows of femoral plates
and live of tibials. Twenty-six to twenty-eight femoral
pores. Digits serrated ; fifth toe shorter than the inner.
Caudals keeled.

Dorsal surface of body, head and legs uniform olive
brown ; flanks darker to black with three series of white
spots, the first of which extends along the upper edge to
the base of the tail, the second is the more irregular and
extends on the thigh, and the third runs along the outer
series of ventrals. Lower surface olivaceous, darker
under throat and fold, lighter and yellowish near the vent
and under the legs. Under the fold the throat is white.
Tail sprinkled with brown.

Young ones are lighter colored and have a narrow light
line along the upper edge of each flank and a second half
way down the side including between them a darker band
on which posteriorly there are a few lightish spots.

Hab. Dominica.

Ameiva pluvianotata sp. n.

Nostril in the posterior border of the anterior nasal ;
occipitals irregular, seven or more; four supraoculars ;
seven or eight supraciliaries ; loreal undivided : six labials.
Six lower labials ; submentals one anterior and five pairs.
Enlarged gnlar grannies Conn a band of eight or ten series
across the throat, median larger; mesoptyehiiim with sev-
eral rows of enlarged scales, of which those toward the
sides are larger than the median and larger than the <:n-
lars. Dorsal granules very small, smooth, median slight^
enlarged. Ventrals in fourteen rows, transverse series

IN THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. «

thirty-six. There are two types of preanals : the first has
a median longitudinal series of four or five of which the
posterior one is small and the others from the next in front
of it decrease in size forward, and at each side of the lon-
gitudinal there is a short transverse scries of two scales or
more ; the second type has the small posterior scale of the
median series separated from the next in front by the mid-
dle pair of a continuous transverse row. In the latter the
arrangement is similar to that of A. riisii. Four or more
rows of small humeral plates, not continuous with the an-
tebrachials. Antebrachials in three rows, posterior broad.
Post brachials few, largest two equal in size to numerals.
Seven or eight rows of femoral plates ; four rows of tibials.
Femoral pores twenty-nine to thirty-four. Digits seria-
ted ; inner toe a little longer than outer. Caudals keeled.

Large specimens brownish olive on back and head ; pos-
teriorly and on legs and tail freckled with greyish. Throat,
chest and arms dark olive, lighter and freckled with light
posteriorly ; lower surfaces of legs white.

On smaller specimens the color of the back is lighter,
with faint indications of a series of dark spots on each side
of the middle ; the grey plashes are more numerous and
distinct and on arms and legs they are smaller, closer to-
gether and brighter. The flanks have numerous greyish
spots and at the upper edge and on tin; base of the tail there
is a dark band with indistinct margins. The lower sur-
faces are light olive.

On some the dark color surrounding the grey spots is
more intense; these might be described as reticulated with
brown. Very small specimens are without white lines,
but the color is somewhat lighter at the upper edge of the
dark band on the Hanks.

I lab. Montserrat.

8 ON THE WEST INDIAN TEIIDiE

Ameiva ATRATA.
A. corvinoB var. n.

Nostril in the posterior part of the anterior nasal ; oc-
cipitals short, five to seven ; supraoculars four, posterior
half as large as the anterior ; supraciliaries seven ; loreal
not divided ; labials six. Lower labials five to six ; sub-
mentals one anterior and five to six pairs ; slightly enlarged
gular granules in about twelve series across the throat ;
mesoptychium with a band of about half a dozen series,
in which the largest ones are toward the sides of the neck
and larger than the gulars. Dorsal granules small, smooth.
Ventrals in fourteen rows ; trausverse series thirty-six.
Preanal plates in a transverse scries of four to twelve,
outer very small, median pair large ; there is a small plate
behind the suture of the median pair, and in front of this
suture there is another pair of large plates placed one in
front of the other. Around the hitter pair there is an arch,
of five or more smaller scales, which continues laterally as
transverse series. Four series of very small brachials,
not continuous with the five series of comparatively small
antebrachials more than half of the larger of which are sub-
divided. Post brachials few, small, similar to brachials.
Nine or ten rows of femoral plates ; four to five rows of
tibials, outer large. Femoral pores twenty-nine to thirty.
Digits feebly serrated ; outer toe a little longer than the
inner. Dark brown above; dark olive beneath.

In comparison with type specimens of A. corvina from
Sombrero and from Ilayti, this form shows greater enlarge-
ment of granules on throat and mesoptychium, larger scales
in the group on the chest wedged between the pectoral
plates, on the median line behind the fold, and larger
brachials. The third supraoculars are not separated from
frontal and postfrontals. On all the specimens of A. cor-

IN THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. *

vina at hand the third supraocular is separated from the
angle of the frontal by the elongate anterior granule of the
series.

Ilab. Redonda.

AMEIVA ERYTHROCEPHALA.

Lacerla erythrocephala Daud., 1802, Kept., iii, 122.

Nostril between the two nasals; five occipitals ; four
supraoculars, posterior small, posterior two separated from
other cephalic shields by granules; six or more supracilia-
ries ; loreal undivided ; seven labials, third and fourth
largest. Six lower labials, third largest. Submentals one
anterior and six or seven pairs, second and succeeding sep-
arated from the lower labials by enlarged granules or small
scales ; median gulars somewhat enlarged, as also some
others at each side of these about half way to the ear;
three series of about five enlarged scales each on the meso-
ptychium, and around these one to several series of small
ones which shade into the surrounding granules. Dorsal
granules very small, uniform, smooth. Vcntrals in four-
teen rows, thirty-six transverse series. A pair of moderate
sized median preanals, at each side of which there are two
or three smaller ones and in front of which there is a sin-
gle longitudinal series of two or three. Brachials in four
or five series, as large as the enlarged gulars; antebra-
chials in one series of four to six broad plates and three or
four of small ones ; postbrachials smalj, Femoral shields
in six rows ; tibials in live, outer large. Digits serrated :
outer toe longer than the inner. Femoral pores thirty-
seven to thirty-nine. Granules separate the first three or
four series of plate- on the median line of the chest.

Back olive with narrow transverse lines of black, more
or less crooked and reticulated. Thorax, upper arm and
flanks blackish. The black includes more or less of the

K-SSKX INST. BULLETIN, Vol.. XIX 1*

10 ON THE WEST INDIAN TEIID^E

fold, on the breast and in front of the arms. The head is
red, brownish above and white below after the red has
disappeared in the alcohol. Limbs olive reticulated with
brown or black.

On younger specimens the back is lighter in color, the
transverse lines are more distinctly limited and discon-
nected from similar vertical streaks on the flanks, and the
thorax and Hanks are olive. Some have on the fore part
of the body at the upper edge of the flank a faint line of
light. The darker colors lie at the lower edges of the
flanks, where there is a tendency to black margins on the
scales. The bellies of some are olive, of others yellowish.

On very }roung ones the light line at each edge of the
back extends from the neck to the base of the tail. Half-
way down the flank there is another streak extending from
the arm to the femur.

Thirty-four specimenswere secured on St. Christopher's.
They leave no doubt as to the identity of the species and
make it evident that the A. erythrops from St. Eustatia is
not entitled to more than varietal distinction.

Ameiva analifeka Cope, 1869.

The femoral pores range from twenty-one to twenty-
five. St. Barts.

A variety of this species is found on Anguilla. It dif-
fers slightly in squamatiou, but is easily distinguished by
the color ; lighter brown anteriorly , with large light grey or
olive spots posteriorly, which gives the hind legs the ap-
pearance of being grey reticulated with brown.

Ameiva corvina Cope, 1862.

Between representatives from Sombrero and others from
llayti there is apparently very little difference.

IN THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 11

Ameiva rush Iieinh. Little, 1862.

Porto Rico specimens appear to be a little lighter in
color, more red on the back and head, and have the "whit-
ish frecklings on the hinder part of the body and the base
of the tail, as also the dark spots along the flank, less nu-
merous and distinct than those from St. Thomas. The
latter have the colors a trille darker, more olive, and the
white specks and the black spots less faded.

Amkiva lineolata D. & B., 1839.

The series exhibits a gradation from the keeled to the
smooth caudal scales. A very dark throat marks the lar-
gest specimen.

Hayti and San Domingo.

AMEIVA T2GNIUBA Cqpe, 1862.

This species has a larger number of large preanal
shields, and the enlarged granules of the niesoptychium
are smaller than in A. lineolata.

Jeremie, Hayti.

Amkiva dorsalis Gray, 1838.

A very common species in the neighborhood of Kingston,
Jamaica, where it was the only one captured.

Ameiva auberi Cod.

Not at all rare at Bahia Honda, Cuba.

Amkiva thoracica Cope, 1862.

Femoral pores twenty-four in one specimen, twenty-
eight in others.

New Providence, Bahamas.

12 ON THE WEST INDIAN TEIIDiE.

Scolecosaurus cuvieri Fitz. ; Blgr.

Length of head and body two inches, of tail three and
three-eighths. Longitudinal rows twenty-eight ; transverse
series on the body forty-one, and on the tail eighty-six.

Hab. Grenada.

Gymnophtiialmus pleii D. & Z?., 1839.

Twenty-two specimens were secured at Castries, St.
Lucia, and others from Martinique. The former have
seventeen rows of scales and agree closely with the latter.

Bocourt gives St. Lucia as the locality for G. Liitkeni;
we failed to secure a specimen in all our collecting.

WEST INDIAN BATRACHIA IN THE MUSEUM
OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

BY SAMUEL GARMAX.

PlIYLLOBATES TRINITATIS Sp. H.

Trinidad.

Tongue subcordiform, free behind. Snout shorter than
the diameter of the eye, broad, very blunt-angled at the
end ; nostrils nearer to the tip than to the eye. Loreal
region vertical or slightly concave. Tympanum about
half the diameter of the eye. When the leg is turned
forward the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the orbit.
Skin smooth. Outer metatarsal tubercle small ; disks
about half as large as the tympanum.

Back greyish-brown with cloudings of darker or with
blotches of brown along the median line ; legs with trans-
verse bands and arms blotched or banded with brown.
A black band around the snout through the eyes, over
the shoulders and along the flanks. Upper lips lighter ;
both lips grow dark with age. Fingers and toes ringed
with brown. Ventral surface white ; a dark band across
the thorax. On one specimen of twenty the chin and
throat are dark, and on all the older ones the dark color
is inclined to spread backward on the chest.

Hylodes maetinicbnsis Tschudi.

Martinique; St. Kitts ; Saba: Dominica; Bayamon,
Porto Rico.

(13)

14 WEST INDIAN BATRACHIA

Hylodes lentus Cope.

St. Thomas ; Puerto Plata, San Domingo.

In the specimen from St. Thomas the vomerine teeth
are somewhat separated on the median line ; these teeth
are continuous from side to side in the form from San
Domingo. The latter has the upper surface of the legs
and the hinder half of the body of a bright-red color in life.

Hylodes luteolus Gosse; Gthr.
Kingston and Moneaarue, Jamaica.

Hylodes ricordii Bum. Bibr.
Matanzas, Cuba.

Leptodactylus pentadactylus Laur. ; Ptrs.

St. Kitts ; Dominica.

Leptodactylus longirostris Blgr,

Trinidad.

This frog is placed here with some hesitation. On the
middle of the flank there is a fold, forming a narrow,
white streak, and at the upper edge there is a similar one,
more pronounced backward. The back is irregularly
spotted with light-edged spots of brown.

Leptodactylus albilabris Gthr.; Blgr.
Bayamon and San Juan, Porto Rico.
Very abundant.

Leptodactylus validus sp. n.

Kingston, St. Vincent.

Tongue oval, slightly nicked behind. Vomerine teeth
in two short, slightly arched series behind the choanae.
Snout short, as long as the eye, blunt, canthus depressed,
rounded, nostril nearer to the tip than to the eye. Inter-
orbital space near the width of the supraorbital. Tympa-

IN THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 15

mini nearly three-fourtha as wide as the eye. A glandular
fold above the tympanum ; another behind the angle of
the mouth. Digits slightly swollen at the tips; fingers
moderate, first a little longer than second ; toes slender,
with a narrow fringe ; outer metatarsal tubercle small and
indistinct ; articular tubercles well developed. When
turned forward the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye.
Skin smooth ; no folds on the Hanks. The hinder part
of the body bears numerous very small papillae, in cases
scattered over the whole body. Ventral fold indistinct
or absent. Male with an internal subgular vrocal sac, and.
two strong conical tubercles on the inside of the first digit.

Brown; a whitish band across the supraorbitals on the
forehead ; a dark blotch from the orbits to an ashy spot
on the middle of the back; with dark spots or cloudings
on the hinder portion of the back, on the Hanks and on the
sides of the Limbs. Legs, feet and digits with transverse
bands of brown. Belly whitish ; chin and throat mottled
■with brown, becoming dark in males. A white streak
from the eye to the angle of the mouth, another below
tin' eye, another down the end of the snout, and two
others between the latter and the eye. These streaks
become obsolete on very dark colored specimens ; that
from the eye is often continued to the shoulder where it
meets a white mark around the arm. The minute papilla'
arc usually light-colored and often are surmounted by a
black tip.

A male measures in length of body one and five-eighths
inches and in leg two and three-eighths; a female is one
and three-fourths in body and two and a half inches in
length of leg.

Bufo MARINI8 L. ; Schneid.

Trinidad; Grenada; Barbadoes ; St. Lucia; St. Kitts;
Martinique ; Nevis ; Montserral ; Jamaica.

16 WEST INDIAN BATRACHIA

At Nevis it was said that these toads had recently been
introduced from Barbadoes because it was thought they
were hostile to rats.

BUFO PELTOCEPHALUS (Bill'.) Tscltudl.

Cuba.

BUFO GUTTUROSUS GtllV.

Port au Prince, Hayti ; Cuba ; Bayamon, Porto Rico.

A very young one resembles small specimens of B. len-
tiginosus. It has transverse blotches of brown on legs
and arms. On each side of the middle on the back there
is a series of rounded brown spots, four or live, each con-
taining a red wart. Each lip has several spots, one below
the eye.

Hyla septentrionalis Tschudi; Blgr.

Bahamas ; Cuba.

At Havana on the thirtieth of December the writer
took a large number of young ones : larvae with hind
legs, small specimens with the remnant of the tail, and
others twice the size of the latter to the adult.

Hyla insulsa Cope; Blgr.
Cuba.

Hyla dominicensis (Bibr.) tTschudi; Blgr.
Puerto Plata, San Domingo ; Isle des Vaches.

Hyla ovata Cope; Blgr.
Jeremie, Hayti.

Hyla pulchrilineata Cope.
Puerto Plata, San Domingo.

Hyla pardalis Spix.
Trinidad.

ON WEST INDIAN GECKONID^ AND ANGUIDiE.

BY SAMUKL GAKMAN.

Gonatodes vittatus (Wiegm.) Licht.; Blgr.

The females are grey, with scattered spots or with
cloudings of brown. There are faint indications of a light
vertebral line, but it is very indistinct and has not the
black edges present in the males. The ventral surface is
light-colored, without the steel bine markings of the belly
or the black bars of the throat on the other sex.

Very young specimens are grey, necked with white
spots. These spots form eight or ten transverse series in
which each of the larger spots is margined in front by a
brownish blotch. The spots also form longitudinal rows,
one of them lying at each side of the faintly defined ver-
tebral band.

The eggs are elliptical in longitudinal section, the long
axis being five and the short about four sixteenths of an
inch.

Twenty-three specimens and a number of eggs were
taken at Port of Spain, Trinidad.

TlIECADACTYLUS RAPICAUDA Houtt. ; Gray.

Trinidad, Grenada, St. Lucia, Dominica, Guadalonpe,
Saba, St. Hails and Anguilla are represented in the col-
lection.

Those from Saba and Dominica are darkest in colors ;
those from Grenada are rather light; and those from
Trinidad are reddish in ground color with the brown
bands much more distinct.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. \I\ 2 (17)

18 ON WEST INDIAN

Hemidactylus mabouia Mot.; D. & B.

Specimens are at hand from Trinidad, St. Lucia, Petit
Martinique, Martinique and Porto Rico.

Those from Trinidad are very rough with trihedral tu-
bercles, and the latter are more numerous than on those
from the other islands. The nearest approach is in speci-
mens from Porto Rico, but on the mainland those from
Para and Rio Janeiro are still more closely allied.

Aristelliger pr^signis Hallow. ; Coj>e.
Grand Cayman.

Aristelliger lar Coj>e.

A single individual, the type, in the collection.
Jeremie, Hayti.

SphvErodactylus elegans (McLeay) Reinh. & Liltlc.
Of three specimens from Remedios, Cuba, each has
eleven transverse bands between the eyes and the base of
the tail; another has button. One from Caibarien, Cuba,
has eleven.

SPHiERODACTYLUS NIGROPUNCTATUS Gray, 1844.

A specimen from Samana, San Domingo, is referred to
this species with sonic hesitation. The scales of the back
and of the Hanks are keeled ; the latter and those of the
belly are the larger; those of the head are very small.
It is closely sprinkled with small spots of brown, in lon-
gitudinal rows.

SPHiERODACTYLUS ALOPEX Cope, 1861.

The types are freckled somewhat by scattered small
spots of light color, each occupying one or two scales.
Jeremie, Hayti.

GECKONIDiE AND ANGUIDiE. 19

SPBUBRODACTrLUS tunctatissimus D. & B.; Gray.

A couple of specimens from Caibarien, Cuba, have nar-
row longitudinal streaks of brown, as figured by Cocteau,
Rept. Cuba, pi. 1<S ; a third is nearly uniform grey; and
a fourth is thickly sprinkled with white dots.

Spjblerodactylus picturatus sp. n.

Snout pointed, elongate, about one-half longer than
the distance between the eye and the ear, or one and one-
half times the orbital diameter. Ear-opening oval, oblique,
as large as the digital expansions. Rostral large, with a
median cleft at the upper edge ; nostril between rostral
first labial and three scales ; (bur upper and four lower
labials, anterior lower as long as the first two of the up-
per; mental large, meeting a pair of rounded small scales
between the first pair of lower labials. Upper eyelid
with a small, spine-like scale. Head covered with keeled,
granular scales, larger along the median line and toward
the rostral. Dorsal scales strongly keeled, imbricate,
very large, largest about twice the diameter of the ven-
trals, in eight or nine series at each side of two or more
vertebral scries of granules ; gular granules very small,
larger toward the mental ; ventrals moderate, imbricate,
smooth; caudal scales imbricate, hinder margin rounded,
anterior keeled, inferior a series of transverse plates.

Brownish. The head is marked with white in a narrow
streak on each side from the rostral on the eanthus and
over the supraorbitals to the back of the head, in a me-
dian streak on the forehead, a rounded spot above each
ear, another cm the occiput and an oblique streak behind
each ear upward to the back of the ueck. A broad, black
band crosses the back just in front of the shoulders, and

20 ON WEST INDIAN

in it on each side there are two to three large, white
spots ; a similar band with spots crosses the middle of the
body, and on each side of this band there is another of
like pattern but lighter color. Backward on the tail the
bands are less regular. On the young the four bands on
the body are black. The limbs, lower surface of the
tail, chin and checks are spotted with brown. The veu-
trals are lighter, puncticulate with dark. On some in the
brownish spaces between the dark bands light scales al-
ternate with darker ones.

Possibly this species may prove identical with the
Sphcerodactylus anthracinus of Boulenger, 1885, from
San Domingo ; it appears, however, to be quite distinct
from the 8. anthracinus of Cope, 1861, from Mexico.
It is most closely allied to the S. fantasticus of Dumeril
and Bibron from Martinique and to the S. piclus from St.
Kitts. Our specimens were obtained in western Hayti.

Sph^erodactylus pictus sp. n.

Snout blunt, not as long as the distance from the eye
to the ear opening, less than one and a half times the di-
ameter of the orbit. Rostral large, with a median cleft
above. Nostril surrounded by the rostral, first labial,
nasal and an internasal. Three to four labials ; lower la-
bials three to four, anterior long. Mental large, truncate
posteriorly. A small, spine-like scale on the upper eye-
lid. Head covered with granular keeled scales, larger
toward the snout. Scales of the body moderate, keeled
on back and flanks ; those of the belly larger. A couple
of rows of granules separate the keeled scales above the
vertebrae.

Greyish with three or four rows of brown spots on each
side. On the snout there is a brown band from each eye

GECKONIDiE AND ANGUIIXK. 2L

around the end : a median band meets these on the ros-
tral. Behind the eyes, on the head, there are six longi-
tudinal hands of brown, four of which join to form two
on the occiput, and these meet the laterals on the neck
forming two which are continued above the shoulders. A
light line across the forehead from one orbit to the other.
Two or three light streaks, across the back of the head
and the neck, appear on some. On a very young one
there are rive narrow, transverse, dark-edged streaks of
white between the eyes and the base of the tail. There
are traces of brown blotches on the lower surface.

An c^g with the specimens has a long diameter of one-
third of an inch and a short one of one-fourth.

Hub. St. Christopher's.

SphjErodactylus mackolepis Gthr., 1859.

There is some resemblance in marks between specimens
from St. Thomas and S. joiclus from St. Kitts ; the latter
have the vertebral series of granules, as in S. Cop!i.

An egg which apparently belonged to one of the speci-
mens measures in its longer diameter one-fourth of an
inch and in its shorter one-fifth.

From San Domingo, Porto Rico and St. Thomas.

AXGUIDiE.

DirLOGLOSSUs striatus Gray ; Blgr.

Careful study of the type of 1). stenurus Cope con-
vinces me that Dr. Ijoulenger is right in placing it in D.
atrialus.

The lateral teeth of the specimen are two-CUSped, the
posterior cusp being much the stronger. The tail is slen-

22 ON WEST INDIAN

der, compressed and about one and two-thirds times the
length of the body. The tips of toes and ringers overlap
slightly when the limbs are pressed to the side.
Jeremie, Hayti.

DlPLOGLOSSUS CKUSCULUS Sp. 11.

Lateral teeth compressed, bicuspid, anterior cusp small
or indistinct. Ear-opening as large as the eye-opening,
oblong, vertical. A large azygos prefrontal, broader than
long, in contact with the broadest loreal, little wider than
the frontal, separated by two pairs of shields from the
rostral; occipital smaller than the interparietal ; nasal sep-
arated from the rostral by the first labial; a postnasal
and two or three loreals, second broadest; the suture be-
tween the fifth and sixth or sixth and seventh labials falls
below the middle of the eye. Submentals large, one an-
terior followed by four pairs, anterior three and part of
fourth in contact with the lower labials. Body elongate,
sub-round, depressed. Forty-two rows of scales around
the middle of the body ; dorsals slightly roof-shaped,
finely striate, with twenty-one striae on the middle of the
back. Limbs short and weak; lingers not four times as
long as thick ; arm to the end of lingers reaching the an-
terior border of the ear; adpressed limbs not meeting by
the length of the arm and hand; foot and leg two and
one-third times in the distance from arm-pit to thigh.

Back brownish with closely placed narrow transverse
or reticulated lines of brown; a narrow, light-edged dark
streak along the upper edge of each Hank, edges serrated ;
Hank with scattered spots of white, less than a scale in size :
darker lateral edges of scales under neck and head form-
in-- longitudinal streaks. Labials and other shields of the
head with brown blotches.

Ilah. Kingston, .Jamaica.

GECKOXID.E AND ANGUID.i;. 23

DrrLoGLOSSus co-status.

Panolopus costatus Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 494.

Celestus phoxinus Cope, 1808, Pr. Phil. Ac., 123, 125.

Examination of the specimen that served as the type in
founding the genus Panolopus shows that it had suffered
considerably from mutilation, being deprived of its ringers
and toes and badly wounded in the fore part of the head.
In shape it is elongate fusiform, with a sharpness of an-
gles on head and body that is in great part due to emaci-
ation.

The arms and wrists are normal. The fingers have
been carried away; this is proved by the differences in
the stumps of hands and in the forms and sizes of the
scales and callosities covering the healed surfaces. More
of the hand remains on the right side than on the left ; on
the latter the extremity is more nearly conical ; on the
former it is more broad and flattened.

The legs and ankles also are normal. Excepting a
short stump of each inner toe, the toes have been lost and
with them a portion of each foot. The left stump is the
more pointed. The callosities and scales covering the
wounded portions are very different in shapes, sizes, num-
bers and arrangement on the two feet. Each foot is marked
as if from unsuccessful attempts to cut it oil' nearer the
ankle.

In front of the left eye there is a deep scar ; a much
deeper one is seen behind the second submental shields on
the chin ; and shallower evidence of healed wounds exists
on the snout about and in front of the nostrils. A conse-
quence of these wounds appears in the more or less com-
plete fusion of rostral, nasals, supranasals, postnasals
and the anterior three of the labials. The fusion i- nol
entire; here and there portions of the dividing line- re-

24 ON WEST INDIAN GECKONID^ AND ANGUID^E.

main, and these with lines that appear through the scales,
when out of alcohol for a short time, prove that the orig-
inal disposition of the plates was much as in D. occiduus.

There are forty-four series of scales around the body.
The coloration is as in D. phoxinus, except that the
brown of the flanks is lighter, and that the small brown
spots on the dorsal region are more numerous and a little
more irregularly distributed.

The specimens from which the foregoing notices have
been drawn belong to the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy at Cambridge, Mass.

OX WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

IQUANIBjE.

BY SAMKEL GASMAN.

This notice contains a list of the species of Iguanidse
at present represented in the Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology, at Cambridge, Mass., with localities and notes,
and with descriptions of such as are new or little known.
It includes a tolerable proportion of all the species hith-
erto recognized as belonging to this region, together with
quite a number that do not appear to have been deseribed.
The list was prepared some years ago, but, owing to un-
certainty in regard to some of the species discovered in
the early part of the century, the types being inaccessible
and the descriptions insufficient, it was laid aside until it
might be put into more satisfactory shape. The splendid
catalogues of Doctor Boulenger, recently published, have
made it possible to identify with confidence many species
which previously were, in the absence of typical speci-
mens, only conjectural. The Doctor's classification lias
been followed pretty closely in the main ; the departures
made are principally due to differences of opinion con-
cerning names adopted or the relative rank of certain
forms. In answer to objections that may be urged against
bringing varieties as prominently forward as is usual with
species, it may be said that the nature of the case seems
to demand it; abrupt separation and isolation on the dif-
ferent islands and consequent absence ol gradual shading
of the varieties, one into another, appear to entitle them
to more prominence.

ESSEX INST. BUU.i:n.\, VOL. \i\. 2* (25)

26 ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

Unless otherwise specified the collections were made by
the writer.

Xipiiocercus valenciennii Dum. Bibr., 1837.

A female has transverse bands of light brown on the
limbs, a band across the neck, another immediately be-
hind the shoulders and another in front of the thighs on
the flanks ; the tail is ringed with brownish ; between
the eye and the ear on each side of the head there is a
quadrangular space enclosed by four short narrow lines of
brown ; a streak of light color extends from the loreal re-
gion beneath the eye to the angle of the month ; the gnlar
fold is purple with a creamy border ; the lips are black ;
the upper and the lower surface of the head are whitish ;
there are short, narrow longitudinal streaks of brown ar-
ranged in transverse series on the flanks; and along the
median line of the back there are several small, transverse
blotches of brownish, with others of light color.

On a young one, less than an inch in length of body,
the markings are similar though much lighter; a light
brown band crosses the supraoculars and passes down-
ward through the eye across the lips; vertical linos of
brown cross both lips in front of the eyes ; the gnlar fold
is of a pink tint. In this little one the goitre is compar-
atively large, although the short snout, not longer than
the orbit, convex on the upper surface, the disproportion-
ate size of the eye and the bulged, swollen appearance of
the parietal region indicate that it had been but a short
time out of the egg.

Kingston, Jamaica.

Anolis equestris Menem, 1820.

There are five large specimens in the collection which
are referred to this species. One of the lot is said to

I'UANIDiE. 27

come from Bahia, and, on examination of more individu-
als from the same locality, it may be found necessary to
give a different specific name. It does not entirely agree
with the others in shape in front of the eyes, where the ros-
tral canthus curves outward more, making a broader
snout. It differs to some extent in the squamation of the
top of the head, but the scales are so confused it is diffi-
cult to discover the lines of separation. The number of
lamellae appears about the same as in the others.
Cuba; Bahia. ? Coll.

Anolis ricordii Dum. Bibr., 1837.

On a female from Samana, San Domingo, all of the su-
praoculars are keeled ; the occipital scale is very small,
hardly larger than the surrounding granules, but marked
by the white spot in the centre; the color is a grayish
brown, the light-colored transverse bands being sprinkled
with brown scales and the brown spaces with lighter
ones. Collected by M. A. Frazar.

Anolis cuvieri Merr., 1820.

A large specimen, presented by Dr. Aug. Stahl, of
Porto Rico, is of a uniform bluish color, without the
brown spots on the vertebral line ; it is tinted with yellow
beneath ; the gular fold is yellow ; and the frontal region
and a streak from the loreal region beneath the eyes are
whitish.

Anolis gundlaciiii Ptrs., 1876.

Young specimens have a vertebral band of yellowish
color.

From Dr. Aug. Stahl, Porto Rico.

Anolis cristatellus Dum. Bibr., L837.

Collected by Professor Ackerman, Tort au Prince,
ll.ivti; Dr. D. F. Weinland, Jeremie, Ilayti ; J. A. Al-

28 ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

len, St. Thomas; and S. Garman, Bayamon, Porto Rico,
Morant Island and St. Thomas.

Anolis scriptus sp. n.

Head moderate, about one and three-fourths times as
long as broad, nearly one and a half times the length of
the tibia, with flat crown, very slightly concave on the fore-
head and on the occiput ; frontal ridges low, diverging
anteriorly ; with three large blunt-keeled scales ; upper
head scales with low keels ; scales of the supraorbital semi-
circles large, in contact on the median line, or separated
by a single row of small scales, continued as the frontal
series ; seven to nine enlarged, feebly-keeled supraoculars,
separated from the supraorbitals by a single row of gran-
ules ; occipital as large as the ear opening, separated from
the supraorbitals by three or four series ; rostral canthus
sharp, of four scales ; loreal rows four to six ; six or seven
labials to below the middle of the eye. Gular appendage
moderate, smooth scaled. Body very little compressed,
with a low dorso-nuchal fold. In the female, the goitre
forms a low, longitudinal fold without the fan-like lobe.
All scales obtusely keeled; dorsal and lateral granular,
becoming larger toward a couple of rows of enlarged
scales on the vertebral fold; ventrals larger than the dor-
sals, little smaller than the antefemorals, imbricate, with
rounded posterior margins and feeble keels. Limbs mod-
erate, the adpressed hind limb reaches the eye; digital
expansions medium, twenty-two under phalanges ii and iii
ot the fourth toe. Tail compressed, slender posteriorly,
more than twice the length of the body and head, with a
sharp crest of unequal scales. On the male the neural
spines support a tin-like expansion extending not more
than half the length. Enlarged post-anal scales.

Gray, greenish, bluish, or brownish, bronzed, with or
without spots or vermiculations of brown on nape, thinks,

iguanid.l. 29

chin and limbs; lips with or without brown spots. A
young one lnis ;i large, rounded white-edged spot of brown
above each shoulder; on another these spots are obsolete.

Readily distinguished from A. cristatellus, which it
closely resembles, by the greater size of the two verte-
bral rows.

From Professor L. Agassiz ; Silver and Lena Keys,
Fla.

Anolis striatulus Cope, 1861.

From Professor Aekerman, Port au Prince, Hayti ;
Dr. Aug. Stahl, Porto l\ico ; Hassler Expedition, St.
Thomas.

Anolis gingivinus Cope, 1864.
Dr. W. J. Branch, Anguilla Island.

Anolis bimaculata, Sparrman sp.

These notes are taken from forty-six specimens secured
on St. Kitts. The species is usually confounded with sev-
eral others to which it is somewhat closely allied. It is
distinguished by the size of its granules, the four to five
loreal series, the broad smooth plates in front of the thigh,
the meeting of the opposite supraorbital series on the
forehead, in seven specimens of each eight, and by the
coloration.

The color is blue or green, grayish to brownish ; white
beneath. Posteriorly, on the Hanks and on the tail, usually
there are present a number of small spots <>( black, irregu-
larly scattered bul often forming a rounded bunch in front
of the thigh on the side ot the abdomen. Above the
axilla there is most often a rounded black spot. Rarely
it is continued forward as a band to the angle of the mouth.
From the upper labials there is a light band crossing the
upper half of the ear to end on the flank above the shoulder.

30 OX WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

Above and in front of the shoulder, below the dark spot,
there is another band of light color, and there are faint
indications of a third from each side of the occiput to the
nape. The lips are yellowish ; generally each bears a
series of dark spots, more or less numerous. Commonly
the head, from the hinder edge of the orbits forward above
the labials, is dark brown. The throat and neck are in
cases clouded by darker. The prominent marks are the
black spots above the axilla, the white patch in front of
the shoulder, the dark mark behind the ear, and the small
black specks. None of these specimens have series of
ocellate spots on the flanks. We have specimens of this
lizard from Nevis, also, where it is the "Blue lizard" ; this
raises the question as to the identity of Merrem's species
with Edwards' lizard from Jamaica.

Anolis oculatus, sp. Cope, 1879.

At several points on Dominica a lot of eighty-one spec-
imens was gathered. From them it is evident that the
species should not be united with A. bimaculatus of Sparr-
niiiii, although they discover a considerable amount of va-
riation. In color they range from light grey to nearly
uniform dark brown. On the majority the white marks
form transverse series of six to eight spots each. A spot
near the middle of the Hank in each series is larger and
more distinct than the others ; in this way a longitudinal
row is formed on each side which persists on specimens
from which the transverse series have faded. In cases
there is a short white; line from the shoulder backward ;
occasionally there is also a second, parallel to the first,
separate* I from it by a dark space. Above the shoulder,
and a little backward, there is usually a dark spot includ-
ing one of the white ones, often including a white one in
each side of it, and behind this a short distance another.

IGUAKIDJE. 31

the latter frequently followed by a third or a series. Some
are freckled by white specks <m body and tail. Many
have dark spots on the upper edge of the tail. The bluish
white spot on the occipital scale is always present.

The females are not so much spotted as the males and
such marks as they have appear to be less distinct.

This species is separated from A. bimaculatus by its
smaller scales, by the sharp keel on the largest scales in
front of the thigh, by the greater number of loreal series,
by the separation of the supraorbital series on the fore-
head , and bythe coloration. It has six to eight loreal series
and the supraorbitals are separated by one to three series
of granules in seven of each eight individuals. There are
about twenty-three lamella3 under phalanges ii and iii of
the fourth toe. This may be one of the two species A.
maculatus described by Dr. Gray, but it is not to be de-
termined from his description.

Hub. Dominica.

Anolis asper, sp. n.

Head moderate, one and a half to one and two-thirds
times as long as broad, longer than the tibia, crown flat-
tened, cheeks swollen in the males ; snout rather broad;
forehead to occiput concave ; frontal ridges low ; upper
head scales not keeled ; scales of the supraorbital semi-
circles broad, three pairs in contact on the median line,
usually separated from the occipital scale, which is about
tlir si/.e of the ear-opening, by one to two rows; seven or
eight indistinctly keeled supraoculars, smooth in young,
most often in contact with the supraorbitals ; rostra! canthus
sharp, straight, canthal scales three to four; loreal rows
three to four; bix labials to below the centre of the eye ;
ear opening rather small, vertically elongate. Gular fold
moderate, small on the female ; with smooth scales. Body

62 ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

little compressed, male with a dorso-nuchal fold. Dorsal
scales small, granular, keeled, rough to the touch, larger
on the back than on the flanks ; ventrals larger than dor-
sals, smooth under the abdomen ; antefemorals larger than
ventrals, keeled. The scales have a swollen appearance,
and on the larger specimens might be described as sub-
conical ; this is especially marked near the occiput and
among the larger ones of vertebral rows. The adpressed
hind limb reaches the eye ; digital expansions large ; the
lamellae under phalanges ii and iii of the fourth toe num-
ber about thirty. Male with enlarged post-anal scales.
Tail compressed, not twice as long as head and body, with
a serrated upper edge, which in the male is borne on a
broad fin-like expansion.

Greenish or olivaceous to reddish brown or grayish on
the back and flanks, with or without cloudings of darker ;
forehead often darker; ventral surface lighter to whitish.

A series of more than thirty specimens was purchased
from Mr. W. B. Richardson who secured them on the isl-
and Marie Galante.

Closely allied to A. ferreus, Cope, from Guadaloupe ;
distinguished by small lateral scales, three pairs of supra-
orbitals in contact between the orbits, three to four loreal
rows, etc.

Anolis marmoratus Dum. Bibr., 1837.

As has been remarked by Dr. Boulenger, this species
is closely allied to A. bimaculatus. The principal distinc-
tion lies in the coloration. The average size of our speci-
mens is much less ; and apparently the snout is a trifle
more pointed, with canthus and ridges sharper.

Ilab. Desirade. W. B. Richardson, 52 ex.

Anolis nubilus, sp. n.

Head large, somewhat similar in shape to that of A.

IGUANID2E.

33

cristatellus, but longer and more pointed at the snout ; cheeks
and parietal regions swollen, about one and two-thirds
times as long as broad, much longer than the tibia; fore-
head and occiput slightly concave ; frontal ridges distinct,
but not high ; upper head scales not keeled ; scales of the
supra-orbital semicircles large, more or less in contact on
the median line; eight to twelve enlarged faintly keeled
supraoculars, separated from the supraorbitals by a single
series ; occipital as large as the ear, separated from the
supraorbitals by two or three series of granular scales;
canthus rostralis sharp, prominent, of three scales ; loreal
rows four to five ; six to seven labials to below the cen-
tre of the eye ; ear opening moderate, subelliptical, higher
than long. Gular appendage medium, small in the fe-
male, smooth scaled. Body compressed; dorso-nnciial
fold distinct. Dorsal scales small, keeled, larger in a
couple of rows on the dorsal fold ; smaller on flanks ; scales
of belly larger, smooth, imbricate, posterior margin
rounded : antefemorals still larger, keeled, five or six near
the knee about twice as broad as long, with several keels.
Limbs moderate, the adpressed hind limb reaches the eye ;
digital expansions rather large, lamellae under phalanges
ii and iii of the fourth toe about twenty-eight. Tail com-
pressed, with a low crest of subequal compressed scales,
one of each four being a trifle larger and marking the seg-
ments, less than twice as long as head and body. Male
with enlarged post-anal scales.

Grayish olive to olivaceous or reddish brown, with or
without specks of light color on flanks and legs. With in-
distinct cloudings of darker, forming transverse bands on
the tail and frequently also on the body. Ventral sur-
face whitish ; throat, at sides of the gular fold, darker.

Hub. Redonda. YV\ B. Richardson.

ESSEX INST. UULLKIIN, Vol.. XIX-

34 ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

Anolis cepedii Merrem, 1820.

St. Pierre, Ft. cle France, and Morne Rouge, Martin-
ique. Seventy-four specimens.

Anolis gentilis, var. n.

Head moderate, about one and two-thirds times as long
as broad, longer than the tibia ; forehead with very little
concavity ; frontal ridges low ; upper head scales smooth ;
scales in the supraorbital semicircles enlarged, the ante-
rior one in each as large as three of the other four, the an-
terior four of each se- ;es in contact with the opposite four,
and the hinder pair of each in contact with the enlarged
occipital ; the scales forward from the largest supraorbital
rather small ; internarials narrow, elongate ; nine to four-
teen enlarged feebly keeled supraoculars ; canthus rostralis
angular, canthal scales five or six ; loreal rows four, rarely
five ; six or seven labials to below the centre of the eye.
Ear opening half as large as the occipital scale, vertically
oblong. Gular appendage moderate, covered with smooth
scales. A low dorso-nuchal fold. Dorsal scales keeled,
small, larger in two or more of the vertebral rows, smaller
on the flanks ; ventrals still larger than the dorsals, smooth ;
antefemorals larger than the ventrals, keeled. The ad-
pressed hind limb hardly reaches the orbit; digital expan-
sions larger than the average, twenty-two lamella? under
phalanges Hand iii of fourth toe. Male with a pair of en-
larged post-anal scales. Tail compressed, twice as long
as head and body ; a dorsal series of large compressed sub-
equal scales forms a crest ; ventral series large, and strongly
keeled in the two median rows.

Light grayish brown, with greenish, yellowish, or me-
tallic tints ; whitish beneath ; with live to seven broad trans-
verse badly defined bands of brownish between the head
and the tail ; legs and arms with similar bands ; body

IGUANIDiE. 35

freckled or clouded with faint small blotches of brown and
occasionally a few black spots. Tail ringed with broad
bands and head clouded with brownish. A very young
specimen has a dark edged vertebral band of light color
which is not crossed by the transverse marks.

This variety of A. cepedli is known from twenty-five
specimens taken by the writer on Petit Martinique, one of
the Grenadines.

Anolis cinereus, var. n.

This variety of A. cepedii differs from A. trinitatis in
being more olive or bluish ; the legs show more of the
lilac color, and, on our specimens, the transverse bands
are obsolete. The color is intermediate between that of
light-grayish varieties, from Trinidad and Petit Marti-
nique, and the brownish, from Barbadoes.

JI"b. Grenada. Twenty-four specimens.

Anolis tiuxitatis Reinh. & Liitk., 1862.

This form has a lighter, more grayish color than the
other varieties of A. cejwdii, and in consequence the
transverse bands and the small black or brown spots are
more distinct.

JLd). Trinidad. Twenty-five examples, C. S. Caza-
bon and S. Garman.

Anolis extremus, var. n.

Head moderate, more than one and a half times as long
as wide, much longer than the tibia ; forehead and occi-
put concave, deeply so in old specimens ; frontal ridges
prominent, diverging; snout about one and a half times
the length of the space between eye and ear; upper head
scales more or less rough; scales of the supraorbital
semicircles large, three or four pairs in contact across the
interorbital space, anterior one of each series very large,

60 ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

preceded by small ones in the frontal rows ; ten to twelve
enlarged, keeled supraoculars, separated by two series of
granules from the supraorbitals ; occipital larger than the
ear, elongate, in contact with the supraorbitals ; rostral
canthus distinct, of one long and three smaller scales; lo-
real rows four to five ; five to six labials to below the cen-
tre of the eye ; ear opening moderate, vertical diameter
longest. Gular appendage large, smooth scaled. Body
compressed; a dorso-nuchal fold, surmounted by two
rows of slightly enlarged carinate scales. Dorsal scales
small, keeled, subhexagonal, smaller on the flanks. Ven-
trals little larger than the vertebrals, smooth, imbricate,
posterior borders rounded ; antefemorals larger, faintly
keeled, one or two rows near the knee tricarinate. Ad-
pressed, the hind limb hardly reaches in front of the ear;
digital expansions moderately large ; lamellsG under pha-
langes ii and iii of the fourth toe about twenty-seven.
Tail slightly compressed, with a low crest of broad, keeled,
subequal scales. No enlarged post-anal scales.

Grayish-brown to brown or to olive ; with transverse
bands which pass obliquely backward down the flank,
sometimes separated by lines of small, white spots, and
in cases the posterior margins are whitish. Belly white,
tinged with olive toward flank and thorax ; throat brown
at side of goitre, often clouded under the chin.

Young, rusty brown, with transverse bands on back,
tail and limbs ; frequently a vertebral series of black
spots, each of which is white-edged posteriorly.

Bab. Barbadoes. A variety of A. cepedii. Thirty
specimens, Hassler expedition and 8. Garman.

Anolis griseus, sp. n.

Head large, one and two-thirds to one and three-fourths
times as long as broad, shaped like that of A. cepedii,

IGUANID.K. 37

medium to large specimens with three pairs of ridges on
the top, concave on forehead and occiput, longer than the
tibia; snout depressed ; prefrontal ridges low, forming an
acute angle between the nostrils, not meeting the supra-
orbitals ; upper head scales rough ; scales of the supraor-
bital semicircles enlarged, separated from each other by
two (one to three) series and from the occipital by one
series of small scales ; occipital twice as large as the ear
opening; eight to twelve enlarged, keeled supraoculars,
separated from the supraorbitals by one row of granules ;
rostral canthus sharp, of four scales ; loreal rows four to
live ; five to six labials to below the centre of the eye ;
ear opening small, vertical diameter largest. Gular ap-
pendages large, smaller in the female, scales indistinctly
keeled. A dorso-nuchal fold. Dorsal scales keeled, small,
larger at the sides of the two rows of large, compressed,
elongate, keeled scales forming the crest on the fold,
smaller on the flanks ; ventrals carinate, larger than the
dorsals, excepting the crest ; antefemorals keeled, little
larger than the ventrals, if we except a couple of scales
immediately on the knee. Limbs long, the adpressed
hind leg reaches in front of the eye ; digital expansion
moderate, about twenty-nine lamellae under phalanges ii
and iii of the fourth toe. Tail compressed, with a crest
in which the large scales are nearly equal, close upon two
and a half times as long as both head and body.

Grayish to brownish or olivaceous, clouded, freckled, or
spotted with brown and white. Sometimes with a few-
rounded spots of black about the shoulders ; in such cases
the spots are arranged in series which descend backward
from the crest. Many have an indistinct brownish band
across the shoulders, the middle of the body, the femur
and the tibia; they also have bands across the digits and

38 ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

the tail. Top and sides of head usually dark. Ventral
surface whitish.

Hab. St. Vincent. Twelve specimens.

Anolis trossulus, sp. n.

Head rather large, about one and two-thirds times as
long as wide, as long as the tibia; snout moderately
broad, one and a half times as long as the distance from
eye to ear ; forehead and occiput concave, deeply so in
large specimens ; frontal ridges low, short ; some of the
upper head scales keeled ; scales of the supraorbital semi-
circles large, partly in contact or entirely separated be-
tween the orbits; nine to fifteen enlarged, keeled supra-
oculars, in contact with or separated from the supraorbital
semicircles ; occipital larger than the ear opening, in a cup-
shaped depression, in contact with or separated from the
supraorbitals ; rostral canthus angular, canthal scales two
large and two small; loreal rows tive (four to six) ; five
to six labials to below the centre of the eye ; ear opening
medium, vertical diameter twice the longitudinal. Gran-
ules on the swellings behind the occipital very small.
Gular appendage large, extending backward of the arms,
its scales small, keeled. Body compressed; dorso-nuchal
fold surmounted by two rows of enlarged, strongly-cari-
nate scales. Dorsal granules small, rough to the touch,
with strong keels, larger toward the vertebral rows, small-
er toward the flanks ; ventral scales larger than the dor-
sals, hexagonal, juxtaposed, strongly keeled ; autefemorals
larger, imbricate, keeled, tricarinate in two rows near the
knee. Limbs strong; adpressed, the hind limb reaches
the anterior border of tthe eye ; digital expansions not
large; lamellae under phalanges ii and iii of the fourth toe
about twenty-six. Tail compressed, near two and a half

IGUANIDiE. 39

times as long as head and body, crested above by large
Bubequal Btrongly keeled scales; no fin-like expansion.
Post-anal scales not enlarged. Total length of large spec-
imen fourteen inches.

Reddish-brown to light-grayish or bluish ; tail with
faintly indicated transverse bands of brown ; head darker,
frequently with white spots on the supraorbitals or on the
back of the head; chin and lips white to brownish,
blotched or clouded with dark. Ventral surface whitish,
tinted with blue or olive toward the flanks. Young with
a brownish- vertebral band and limbs freckled with small
spots of lighter or darker.

Hob. Grenada. Sixteen specimens.

Anolis grahamii Gray, 1845.

This lizard was found to be very numerous in the neigh-
borhood of Kingston, Jamaica.

Anolis conspersds Garman, 1887, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc.
The specimens from which this species was described,
eighty-seven in number, were collected on the island
Grand Cayman by Mr. W. B. Richardson.

Anolis sab anus, sp. n.

Head moderate, about one and three-fourths times as
long as broad, longer than the tibia ; snout broad ; cheeks
but little swollen in the male; forehead and occiput con-
cave, former with two distinct ridges. Upper head scales
smooth; scales of the supraorbital semicircles large, an-
terior twice as long as wide, in contact between the or-
bits, rarely separated by a single row of granules, continued
forwards, in the frontal series, decreasing in size, to the
nostrils; eight to eleven enlarged feebly keeled supraoc-
ular scales, separated by a single series of granules from
the supraorbitals ; occipital as large as or larger than the

40 ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

ear-opening, separated from the supraorbital series by one
to three rows of small scales; rostral canthus sharp, of
four or five scales ; loreal rows four to five ; six or seven
labials to below the centre of the eye. Ear opening mod-
erate, vertical diameter elongate. Gular appendage large
in the male, with smooth scales. A low dorso-nuchal fold
bearing a coupleof rows of larger, blunt keeled scales which
increase in size toward the middle of the body. Body
slightly compressed. Dorsal scales small, obtusely keeled,
larger than those on the flanks, much smaller than the
(smooth or faintly keeled) ventrals. The adpressed hind
limb reaches the eye ; digital expansions moderate, twenty-
five lamellae under phalanges ii and iii of the fourth toe.
Tail somewhat compressed, not twice the length of head
and body, with unequal-sized scales, which mark the seg-
ments ; crest low in female, higher in male. All of our
specimens are adult, but none bear the fin-like expansion
of Xiphosurus. Enlarged post-anal scales on the male.

Light grayish or yellowish brown profusely spotted
with large spots of black, separated by spaces of equal
width, often confluent on the back and behind the head ;
the three series, or lines, on each side of the head, the
median from the eye, converge toward the back of the
neck. On the flanks there are three to four rows of spots,
arranged in ten or a dozen transverse series, the upper of
which are frequently confluent, forming transverse bands.
The top and sides of the head are yellowish, and spotted
with large black spots. The ventral surface is whitish.
On a female the ground color is a little darker and the
spots less distinct and more elongate.

Eggs supposed to belong to this species — sent with a
lot made up entirely of males — have a leathery envelope
and measure in length about live-, and in width about
three-tenths of an inch.

IGUANlD.fi. 41

This species has been reported only from the island of
Saba, whence thirteen specimens were sent us by Mr. F.
Lagois and others.

Anolis virgatcs, sp. n.

Head rather large, one and two-thirds times as long as
broad, much longer than the tibia; forehead hardly con-
cave in adults, frontal ridges distinct, occipital scale in a
concavity ; upper head scales faintly keeled ; scales of the
supraorbital semicircles large, continuous forward with the
frontal series, in contact or separate mesially ; five to ten
enlarged feebly keeled supraoculars, partially or entirely
separated from the supraorbitals by a single row of gran-
ules ; rostral canthus angular, of four scales; occipital
scales usually larger than the ear-opening, separated from
the supraorbital semicircles by one to three series of gran-
ular scales ; loreal rows five; six or seven labials to be-
low the centre of the eye. Ear-opening small, vertically
oblong. Gular appendage medium, covered with smooth
scales. No dorso-nuchal fold. Dorsal scales keeled,
granular, little larger than those on the Hanks, slightly
larger at the sides of two enlarged vertebral rows ; scales
around the occipital and on the parietal prominences
larger ; ventrals much larger than the largest dorsals,
smooth, imbricate; three or more rows of broad, smooth,
antefeniorals. The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye;
digital expansions medium; twenty-three lamellae under
phalanges ii and iii of the fourth toe. Tail compressed ;
serrated on the upper edge in a crest in which the large
scales are separated from each other by a pair each of
which is about halt' as large. Males with a pair ot en-
larged post anal scales, in contact or separated by a single
scale.

Gray; white beneath. On back and flanks there are

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIX. 3*

42 ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

numerous longitudinal streaks or elongate spots of dark
brown, in cases forming vermiculations ; a whitish band
extends from the arm above the axilla along the flank to
the hinder part of the thigh or the base of the tail ; tail
with indistinct transverse bands of brownish ; back, in
cases, with faint cross bands.

The types from which this description is taken are fif-
teen specimens collected by Mr. F. Lagois on the island
St. Bart's.

Anolis distichus Cope, 1861.

About forty specimens are in the collection. They were
secured at Jeremie, Hayti, by Dr. Weinland, at Samana
and Puerto Plata by M. A. Frazar, and at Isle des Vaches,
western Hayti, by the writer.

Anolis cybotes Cope, 1862.

From Jeremie, Hayti, Dr. Weinland ; and Samana, San
Domingo, M. A. Frazar.

Anolis haetianus, var. n.

A variety of A. cybotes which is introduced under this
name, from Tiburon, Hayti, has keeled ventral scales and
eight to ten rows of loreals. Thecanthus rostralis is very
prominent laterally and makes a curve considerably rounded
or convex upward.

Anolis citrinellus Cope, 1864.

From Port au Prince, Hayti; Prof. Ackermann.

Anolis speciosus, sp. n.

Head moderate, one and two-thirds to one and three-
fourths times as long as wide, longer than the tibia; fore-
head and occiput slightly concave ; frontal ridges low ;
upper head scales rugose ; scales of the supraorbital semi-

IGUANID-K. 43

circles large, continuous forward as frontal series, most
often separated between the orbits by a single series of
granules, occasionally in contact ; six to twelve enlarged
supraocular scales, smooth or with a faint keel, separated
from the supraorbitals by a single series of granules, some-
times in contact ; occipital about as large as the ear open-
ing, separated from the supraorbitals by two (one to three)
series; canthus rostralis distinct, scales three or four,
lorcal rows four to five ; seven to eight labials to below
the centre of the eye ; parietal granules enlarged, convex ;
ear opening small, vertically widest. Gular appendage
small, scales smooth or faintly keeled. Body slightly com-
pressed, a very low dorso-nuchal fold surmounted by sev-
eral rows of enlarged keeled granules. Dorsal granules
small, a little enlarged at the sides of the dorsal fold. Ven-
tral scales large, imbricate, faintly keeled, posterior margin
rounded. Antefemorals larger, with low keels. Limbs
moderate, the adpressed hind limb reaches the orbit; dig-
ital expansions rather small; about twenty-four lamellae
under phalanges ii and iii of the fourth toe. Tail com-
pressed; with a low crest of large subequal scales, those
marking the segments slightly larger; nearly twice the
length of head and body. Enlarged post-anal scales.

Body uniform greenish to olivaceous blue, legs and head
brownish ; lighter beneath, clouded with brownish on tho
chin, throat and anterior portion of the goitre. No white
spots.

A small species, reaching the size of A. principalis.
Common on Marie Gal ante, whence our specimens were
brought by Mr. W. B. Richardson.

Anolis lividus, sp. n.

lbad moderate, one and two-thirds to one and three-
fourths times as long as wide, much longer than the tibia;
occiput and frontal regions slightly concave ; frontal ridges

44 ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

distinct, low ; upper head scales not keeled ; scales of the
supraorbital semicircles large, continuous forward with the
frontal series, usually one of each in contact across the in-
terorbital space ; eight to twelve enlarged supraoculars,
smooth or with a low tubercle on the centre, separated
from the supraorbitals by one series of granules ; occipital
scale larger than the ear opening, separated from the su-
praorbitals by one series or more ; rostral canthus angular,
of four scales ; loreal rows five ; six labials to below the
centre of the eye; ear opening medium, vertical diameter
longer. Gular appendage moderate, smooth scaled.

Body little compressed, dorso-nuchal fold slight. Dor-
sal scales small, granular, keeled, enlarged near the large
ones of the median rows; ventrals large, carinate, imbri-
cate, posterior border rounded; antefemoral scales larger
than ventrals, keeled. Limbs moderate, adpressed the
hind leg reaches the eye ; digital expansions rather large ;
lamellae under phalanges ii and ill of the fourth toe about
twenty-five. Tail compressed, rough, serrated on the up-
per edge by large scales of which that marking the end of
a segment is somewhat larger, less than one and a half
times as long as head and body. Male with enlarged post-
anal scales.

Blue to olive or brownish; head lighter, yellowish to
yellowish brown, a light streak along the upper lip ; belly
lighter, yellowish posteriorly ; legs whitish beneath. The
back is uniform or sprinkled with indistinct small spots of
whitish on neck and shoulders, rarely on the flanks. Young
ones are light grayish and have a dark-edged vertebral
band of light color, which is sometimes crossed by hour-
glass-shaped transverse bands of brown.

Jliih. Montserrat. Fifty-three specimens.

Anolis luci^e, sp. n.

Head longer than the tibia, one and three-fourths times

IGUANIDiE. 45

as long as broad : snout depressed, twice as long as the dis-
tance from orbit to ear; forehead and occiput deeply con-
cave : frontal ridges distinct, having the appearance of di-
viding into two or three anteriorly ; a few only of the upper
head scales keeled ; scales of the supraorbital semicircles
large, not separated between the orbits; eight to twelve
enlarged, smooth to feebly keeled supraocular scales, in
contact with or separated from the supraorbitals, by a sin-
gle series; occipital about twice as large as the ear open-
ing, in contact with the supraorbitals; rostral canthus not
prominent, of live scales; Loreal rows four to five; six to
seven labials to below the centre of the eye; ear opening
small, twice as high as long. On large specimens the su-
praorbital ridges become very prominent and continued
backward enclose a cup-shaped depression on the occiput ;
the parietal granules are greatly enlarged. A couple of
rows of much enlarged grannies extend back from the
orbit and bend down toward the ear. Gular appendage
moderate, smooth scaled. Body hardly compressed, dorso-
nnchal fold indistinct, marked by a couple of rows of en-
larged keeled scales. Dorsal scales small, very irregular
in sizes, six or eight rows of the vertebrals enlarged and
keeled, those on the flank smaller. Ventrals larger, sub-
hexagonal, juxtaposed, smooth. Limits medium ; ad-
pressed, the hind leg reaches a little in front of the ear;
digital expansions moderate; lamellse under phalanges ii
and ill of the fourth toe about twenty-seven. Tail feebly
compressed, nearly twice as long as head and body, ser-
rated on the upper nl^v with low subequal strongly keeled
scales. No enlarged post-anal scales.

Grayish to brownish olive, with or without faint trans-
verse bands of brown on the anterior portion of the body
and on the tail ; more blue on the ilanks and beneath : head
darker. On back and Ilanks there are indistinct ti

46 ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

vermiculations in light iridescent tints. On young ones
there are five transverse bands on the body ; these indi-
viduals are more gray, or brown, than the large.
Hob. St. Lucia. Thirty-three specimens.

Anolis vincentii, sp. n.

Head of medium size, about one and three-fourths times
as long as wide, longer than the tibia, deeply concave
on the forehead and occiput, slightly depressed on the
snout; frontal ridges distinct, not extending forward,
prominent and rough between the orbits in adults ; up-
per head scales not keeled ; scales of the supraorbital
semicircles large, more or less in contact between the
orbits; nine to fourteen enlarged keeled supraoculars,
separated from the supraorbital series by a series of
granules ; occipital twice as large as the ear-opening,
anterior border rounded, in contact with the supraoc-
ulars ; canthus rostralis not very distinct, of two large
and two or three short scales ; loreal rows five to six ;
seven to eight labials to below the centre of the eye ;
ear opening hardly half as large as the occipital, vertically
oval. Gular appendage large, reaching behind the thorax,
scales smooth. Body little compressed ; a slight dorso-
nuchal fold. Dorsal scales small, keeled, increasing in
size toward the two mesial rows which are largest. Ven-
tral scales smooth, subhexagonal, hardly imbricate, smaller
than a few of the antefemorals ; the latter moderate,
keeled, near the knee tricarinate. Limbs medium, the
ad pressed leg reaches the ear : digital expansions not
large; lamellae under phalanges ii and iiiof the fourth toe
about twenty-six. Tail compressed, serrated on the upper
edge by large, sub-equal, pointed stales, more than twice
(two and one-fourth times) as long as head and body.
Postanals not enlarged.

IGUANID.E. 47

Green to brownish olive; flanks, sacral region, limbs
and tail more or less purple or lilac in life; ventral sur-
faces whitish; gular fold darker, anteriorly, as also in
cases, the lower surface of the neck. Head most often
darker; upper lip frequently whitish. Very young ones
arc bronzed, light reddish brown, with faint transverse
hands and cloudings; white beneath.

Hah. St. Vincent; eighty-seven specimens.

Anolis LiNEATorus Gray, 1840.

On very young specimens there are four vertical bands
of brownish on the think, sometimes more or less subdi-
vided, and from each a sharp angle is presented to one
from the opposite flank, meeting at the vertebral series.

Bab. Kingston, Jamaica. Twenty-five specimens.

Anolis sagrae (Cod.) Dum. Bibr., 1837.

From Cuba, 5 ex., S. H. Scudder; 7 ex. Caibarien,
Cuba, N. H. Bishop; 60 ex., Matanzas, Havana, and
Bahia Honda, Cuba, S. Garman.

Anolis ordinatus Cope, 1804.

We have this variety of A. sagrae from the Bahamas, by
C. J. Maynard ; New Providence, Bahamas, by F. K.
Shaw; the Florida Keys by Count L. F. de Pourtales ;
and from Nassau, Bahamas, by J. C. Comstock.

Anolis porcatus Gray, 1840.

This Anolis is usually confounded with the A. princip-
alis Limit'', from the southern part of the United States.
The species are in reality quite distinct, though bearing
considerable resemblance to each other. Compared with
representatives oi A. principalis from the Carolinas, J.
porcatus has a longer snout, stronger and sharper cephalic
ridges, a longer tail, longer legs, more digital lamellae and

48 ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

larger scales on the loreal region and on the flanks. The
snout is twice the length of the space between the orbit and
the ear ; the frontal ridges are veiy prominent, sharp and
comparatively straight, forward from the interorbital
space; adpressed, the leg reaches to the middle of the
space between the orbit and the ear ; the lamella) under
phalanges ii and iii of the fourth toe number about twen-
ty-eight ; the tail is more than twice as long as both head
and body ; and the loreal rows are commonly three, some-
times four.

On A. principalis the snout is but about one and two-
thirds times the length of the space between the orbit and
the ear ; the frontal ridges are less sharp and prominent,
and spread farther apart or are more crooked in the pre-
frontal region ; the leg reaches the anterior border of the
ear ; there are about twenty-five lamellae under phalanges
ii and iii of the fourth toe ; the tail is about one and
three-fourths times as long as head and body ; and the lo-
real rows are five, rarely six or four.

Forty specimens, from Caibarien, by N. H. Bishop, and
from Matanzas, Havana, and Bahia Honda, by the writer.

Anolis chlorocyanus Dum. Bibr., 1837.

Hub. Samana, San Domingo. Collected by M. A.
Frazar.

Anolis ccelestinus Cope, 1862.

From Ilayti by Doctor Weinland ; from Tiburon,
Ilayti, by S. Garman.

Anolis pulciiellus Dum. Bib>\, 1837.

From Port an Prince, Hayti, by Professor Ackermann ;
from Bayamon, Porto Rico, and from St. Thomas by the
writer. Thirty-three specimens.

IGUANIDJK. 49

Ami i.i- m:\iilineatus Cope, 1864.
From Samana, San Domingo, M. A. Frazar.

NTorops ophiolepis Cope ; Bocourt.
Cuba, Prof. S. II. Scudder.

POLYCHEDS MARMORATUS L.; Merr.

Trinidad. Eleven specimens, C. S. Cazabon and S.
( larinan.
LlOCErilALUS VITTATUS Hallow. ," Jieinh. & Li'tk.

Cuba, and Matanzas, Cuba, C. J. Maynard and S. Gar-
man.

LlOCEPIIALUS MELANOCHLORUS Cope, 1862.

Jeremie, Hayti, Doctor Weinland; Tiburon, Hayti, by

the writer.

Liocephalus personatus Cope, 1862.

Jeremie, Hayti, Doctor Weinland ; Puerto Plata, San
Domingo, M. A. Frazar.

Liocephalus carinatus Gray, 1827.

Cuba and New Providence, Bahamas, C. J. Maynard.

Liocephalus varius Garman, 1887, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc.
Grand Cayman Island, W. B. Richardson.

LJraniscodon plica L.; Kaup.
Trinidad.

CrCLURA CARINATA //"/!., 1-S24.

Turks Island, A. S. Bickmore.

There are combs on both third and fourth toes. Scales
above the snout small and irregular; teeth serrated.

Cyclura nubila Gray, L831.

Cuba ?. Collector ?.

\ INST. BULLETIN, VOL. SIX I

50 ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.

The plates above the snout are broad and flattened ; the
combs appear on both third and fourth toes ; teeth serra-
ted.

Cyclura cornuta, Daudin sp.

Metqpocerus comutus Wagl.

Jeremie, Hayti, Dr. D. F. Weinland ; Navassa, Prof.
S. F. Baird.

In the memoirs of the Mus. Com p. Zool., VIII, 1883
(Rept. and Batr. N. Amer., Introd., p. xiii) the writer
called attention to the peculiar specialized corneous dig-
ging combs on the third and fourth toes of the hind foot
of this lizard. Since that time this apparatus has been
found by Professor Cope to mark the species of Cyclura,
also of burrowing habits, and to afford a most important
character in distinguishing them from the species of Cten-
osaura .

Iguana tuberculata Lain-., 1768.

Trinidad, C. S. Cazabon : Saba, F. Lagois ; St. Thom-
as, S. Garman ; Grenada, P. Gellinau.

The Grenada specimens are intermediate between /.
tuberculata and I. vliinolopha. They have one prominent
series of tubercles on the neck, and several scattered
ones above the hinder extremity ot the series. The tu-
bercles on the snout are not so prominent as in /. rhin-
olopha from Central America, but the arrangement is the
same. The tubercles on the neck are comparatively few
as compared with those on Nicaraguan types.

Iguana delicatlssima Law., 1768.

Nevis and St. Barts, F. Lagois.

The eggs of these specimens are elongate, about one
and seven-eighths inches by one and one-eighth.

ON WEST INDIAN REPTILES.
8CLNCIDJE.

BY SAMUEL GASMAN.

Mabuia sloanii Gray, 1845.
Suprauasala separated behind the rostral ; parietals in

contact behind the interparietal ; two pair.-; of broad mi-
chals; four supraorbitals; four labials in front of the sub-
orbital, sometimes five; scales smooth, in thirty rows
around the body ; fifty-four to fifty-five from chin to vent
in the mesial row.
Jamaica.

Mabuia nitida, sp. n.

Supranasals in contact; parietals in contact : two pairs
of nuchals ; four supraorbitals, sometimes three ; four su-
praciliaries ; five labials in front of the suborbital, some-
times four; scales smooth, in thirty rows, sixty to sixty-
three from chin to vent. Tail one and one-half times the
length of head and body.

Olive, bronzed : a brownish band from nostril to hip is
edged with an indistinct band of lighter above and below;
a few, angular small spots of brown, with white lateral
edges, on back and limbs.

Porto Rico: San Domingo.

Mabuia luci.e, sp. n.

Supranasals in contact ; parietals in contact : one to two
pairs of nuchals ; four supraorbitals ; four labials in front

(51)

52 ON WEST INDIAN EEPTILES.

of the suborbital ; scales striate, in thirty rows, sixty-six
from chin to vent. Tail one and one-half timestbe length
of body and head.

Olive, bronzed ; nearly uniform brownish posteriorly ;
anteriorly with an irregular and broken band of brown
from snout to shoulder ; arm and neck to flank with dark-
edged small spots of white ; dark edges on the scales form
obliquely transverse streaks on the back ; dark lateral
edges of the ventrals form longitudinal lines of brown
from eh in to tail.

St. Lucia.

MABUIA DOMIN1CANA, Sp. 11.

Supranasals separate ; parietals in contact ; nuchals one
pair : four supraorbitals ; four labials in front of the sub-
orbital, sometimes five ; scales rugose, in thirty to thirty-
two rows, sixty-eight to seventy-two from chin to vent.
Tail about one and two-thirds times as long as head and
body.

Brownish-olive, bronzed : a dark band from snout to
hip, edged above by a paler one and below by a white line
that becomes indistinct backward ; white beneath. For-
ward on young specimens the pale bands are white, and
at the inner edge of each, on the back, there is a series of
brown spots.

Dominica.

Mabuia mahouia, sp. I). & B.

Supranasals separate; parietals in contact; nuchals one
pair: three supraorbitals; four labials in front of the sub-
orbital, sometimes five; scales with faint striae, in twen-
ty-eight to thirty rows, sixty-three to sixty-live from chin
to vent.

St. Pierre and Ft. de France, Martinique.

sciNCin.r.. 53

Mabuia aenea Gray, 1845.

Supranasals separate; parietals separate; nuchals one
pair; four supraorbitals; live labials in front of the sub-
orbital, sometimes four; scales feebly striate, in twenty-
eight to thirty rows, fifty-four to fifty-eight from chin to
vent.

St. Vincent: Grenada; Trinidad.

Mabuia agilis lladd. ; Fit::.

Supranasals in contact ; parietals in contact ; nuchals
one pair; four supraorbitals; four labials in front of sub-
orbital : scales in thirty rows, striae faint, fifty-four to fifty-
six scales from chin to vent.

Rio Janeiro, Para and Villa Bella, Brazil.

Mabuia aurata Schn.; Ptrs.

Supranasals usually separated : parietals in contact ;
nuchals one pair ; four supraorbitals : four labials in front
of the suborbital; scales smooth, in twenty-eight to thirty
rows, fifty-eight to sixty-two from chin to vent.

Rio Janeiro and Goyaz, Brazil, to Turbo, Chagres River
and Nicaragua on the Isthmus.

The specimens from which the foregoing notes have
been taken are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
at Cambridge, Mass., V . S. A.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE

Vol. 19. Salem: April, Mat, June, 1887. Nos. 4-5-6.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 16, 1887.

Held this evening at 7.30 o'clock: The President in
the chair. Records of preceding annual meeting read and
approved.

This is (he first annual meeting of the Institute, when
it can be said that a portion of its library and of its col-
lections is deposited in a building of its own and that the
remainder is in process of removal. On this occasion it
may be appropriate to allude to some incidents in its or-
ganization.

In the winter of 1832-3, the bookstore of Mr. John M.
Ives (the same now occupied by Jacob Young, 201 Es-
sex street) was frequented by many of the professional
men, teachers, and others especially who had a penchant
for literary pursuits. Among them were several recent
graduates of our colleges engaged in professional studies
and some in the various business pursuits.

.Mr. Edwin P. Whipple, in his reminiscences of eminent
men, speaking of Rufus Choate says, "At the period when
he was a y<umg man, practising in the courts of Essex
County, lie 'pervaded,' if I may use his own term, the
Salem bookstores in his leisure hours. He was specially

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, Vol.. xix 5 (55)

56 ANNUAL MEETING.

attracted to the store of Mr. John M. Ives, and he never
entered it without falling into conversation with some legal
or illegal brother interested in letters, and he never left it
without leaving in the memory of those who listened some
one of the golden sentences which dropped as naturally
from his mouth as pearls from the lips of the fabled fairy.
There was a circulating library connected with Mr. Ives'
bookstore, and I have a vivid remembrance, when as a
boy I was prowling among the books on the shelves sus-
pending my decision as to taking out a novel of Richard-
son, or Fielding, or Miss Porter or Scott, of listening with
a certain guilty delight at the chaffing going on among
my elders and betters in the front store. I remember per-
fectly how I was impressed and fascinated by the appear-
ance of Mr. Choate. He was not aThaddeus of Warsaw,
nor a hero of the type which Mrs. Radcliffe had stamped in
my imagination, but there was something strange, some-
thing 'oriental' in him, which suggested the Arabian
Nights. In after years, I wondered, as I wondered then,
that such a remarkable creature should have dropped down,
as it were, into Essex County. There seemed to be no
connection between the man and his environment. He
flashed his meaning in pointed phrase while his interlocu-
tors were arranging parts and preparing arguments, and
darted out of the store with a ringing laugh." — E. P.
Whipple's Recollections of Eminent Men, page 2.

Mr. Benjamin H. Ives, a younger brother of the pro-
prietor and associated with him in his business, was a
student of nature especially in botany and entomology.
At his suggestion the subject of organizing a natural history
society was frequently discussed and a paper received some
fifteen or twenty signatures for membership. Mr. Ives
had also called the attention of the public to this move-
ment by occasional articles in the newspapers. These

ANNUAL MEETING}. 57

crude ideas did not crystallize into any permanent form
until tlu- December following, when on Saturday the 14th
of that month a meeting was held and a committee chosen
to prepare by-laws and report at a future meeting. At the
adjourned meeting the by-laws were accepted and the fol-
lowing officers were elected : —

President, Andrew Nichols; 1st Vice President, Wil-
liam Oakes ; 2nd Vice President, Gardner B. Perry ; Sec'y
andTreas., John M. Ives; Librarian and Cabinet Keeper,
John L. Russell ; Curators, William Oakes, John Clarke
Lee, Charles Grafton Page, Thomas Spencer.

In response to a circular, a gathering of the friends
from various parts of the county attended a meeting at
Topsfield on the sixteenth day of April, 1834. The meet-
ing was held at the old Stage House and the organization
completed, as Mr. Samuel P. Fowler stated, over a clump
of Blood Root (Sanguinaria canadensis) in full flower,
which some one had found during the forenoon ramble and
placed upon the table.

Soon after this meeting, rooms were engaged over the
Essex Fire and Marine Insurance company on Essex facing
Central street ;, the same that had been used for the books of
the Salem Athenauim some ten or fifteen years previously.
At the same time, Vice President William Oakes of
Ipswich, an original subscriber to Audubon's "Birds of
America,"' loaned to the society some of them to be placed
on exhibition. These plates, having been distributed to
the subscribers only a short time before, excited a consid-
erable interesl ; a good introduction to the society's work.
At the close of these reminiscences

The Report of the Secretary was read, accepted and or-
dered to be placed on file.

The Report of the Treasurer, approved by tin' auditor,
was read and accepted and ordered to be placed on file.

58 ANNUAL MEETING.

The Keport of the Librarian was read and accepted
and ordered to be placed on file.

The Report of the Auditor was read and accepted and
ordered to be placed on file.

The secretary read the following letter from Mr. Ross
Turner donating an oil painting executed by himself.

To the President and Members of the Essex Institute:—

Some years ago while visiting the Navy Yard at Charlestown, Mass.,
I saw the hulk of the old Niagara, moored out in the stream in the
last stages of dilapidation and ruin. The sight of this noble ship im-
pressed me so much that I began a picture of that subject; although I
do not wish to convey the idea that I intended to make a literal por-
trait of the old Niagara, but to paint an old, worn-out vessel anchored
to her last moorings, lighted by the glowing light of sunset. This
picture I entitled " The Last Haven,'" and with your permission I wish
to offer it as a gift to the Art Department of the Essex Institute, as a
sort of memorial of the ship that assisted in laying the first Atlantic
cable.

With much respect I am yours,
Ross Turner.
March 31, 1887. 126 Bridge Street, Salem, Mass.

The following letter was also read :

Salem, May 16, 1887.

To Capt. G. M. Whipple,
Skc'y Essex Institute.
Dear Sir:

I have been commissioned by a much admired artist, long time res-
ident at New York, but a native of Salem, Miss Fidelia Bridges, to
tender in her name, to the Essex Institute, the charming picture of
"Pastures by the Sea" painted by her and now for the first time
shown to the public; and to beg its acceptance as a token of her con-
tinued regard for her native city and as an earnest of her interest in
the new career upon which the Institute is entering.

The picture measures fifteen by twenty-nine inches. It shows the
correctness of manner and delicacy of touch which characterize the
work of this artist. Its merits speafa for themselves, and entitle it to
a conspicuous place among the works of art which will adorn the fut-
ure home of the Institute.

I am, respectfully yours,

ROBERT S. RANTOUL.

ANNUAL MEETING. 59

The meeting voted unanimously to accept the two pict-
ures and on motion of vice-president Hagar, the President
was requested to appoinl a committee of three persons to
prepare appropriate letters of thanks to Mr. Turner and
Miss Bridges. The President named Messrs. Hagar,
Rantoul and Upham.

The committee on nomination of officers for the ensu-
ing year presented the following list which on a ballot be-
ing taken was duly elected :

OFFICERS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE

MAY 1887 TO MAY 1888.

PBESIDENT :
HENRY WHEATLAND.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

Arner C. Goodell, .Tk. Daniel B. Hagar.

Frederick W. Putnam. Robert S. Rantoul.

SECRETARY : TREASURER :

Georob M. Whipple. George D. Piiippen.

AUDITOR: LIBRARIAN:

Richard C. Manning. William P. Upiiam.

CURATORS:

History— HENRY P. Waters.
Manuscripts— WILLIAM I'. I'PHAM.
Archaology— Frederick W. Pi in am.
NumismeMca— Matthew A. Sticknev.
Geology—

JJotciny—GEORGK D. PHIPPEN.
Zoology— Edward S. Morse.
Horticulture-
fiit lit in;/ (f Sculpture— T. F. II (NT.

Technology— Edwin C Bolles.

Music— Joshua Phippex, Jr.

COMMITTEES:

Finance >

The President, Chairman ex off.

William mack. Geo. B. Emmerton.

David PlNGREE. Henry w. Peabody.

The Treasurer, ex off.

■ i i'ij i

B. B. WlLLSON. HENRI 1\ Kin.;.

William D. NORTH! (CD, THEODORE 11. OSBORNE.

The LIBRARIAN, SB off.

60 ANNUAL MEETING.

Publication »

E. S. Atwood. James A. Emmerton. Edwin C. Bolles.

J. S. Kingsley. T. F. Hunt.

Lecture .•

Robert S. Rantoul. Frederick W. Putnam. A. L. Goodrich.

Fielder Israel. Wm. Neilson.

Field Meeting .•
The Secretary, Chairman ex off.
George Cogswell, Bradford. Francis H. Appleton, Pcabody.

George A. Perkins, Salem. N. A. Horton. Salem.

E. N. Walton, Salem. Frank R. Kimball, Salem.

Clarence Murphy, Salem. W. 8. Kevins, Salem.

Geo. A. Bates, Salem. John H. Sears, Salem.

Mr. Rantoul, in behalf of a committee of the directors,
submitted the following changes in the by-laws for adop-
tion at this meeting, the same having been read and ap-
proved at a regular meeting held on Monday, May 2 :

First. It is recommended that article one of the present
by-laws be stricken out and that the following words be
substituted :

ARTICLE I. MEMBERSHIP.

Section 1. Any person may be elected a member, at
a regular meeting, by a majority vote of the members
present and voting, the name of such person having been
proposed in writing by two members at a previous meet-
ing.

Section 2. Any person not residing in the county of
Essex, who may be interested in the objects of the In-
stitute, or desirous of promoting its work, maybe elected
a corresponding member at a regular meeting, by a ma-
jority vote of the members present and voting, upon the
nomination of the board of directors ; but corresponding
members shall not be eligible to office nor entitled to vote
nor liable to assessment.

Section 3. Persons who have attained an eminent dis-

ANNUAL MEETING. 61

tinction in science, literature or the arts, may be elected
honorary members at the annual meeting by a majority
vote of the members present and voting, upon nomination
by the Board of Directors.

Second. It is recommended that Section 40 in Article
VII be amended by striking out in the sixth line thereof
the word " thirty" and substituting therefor the word "fifty"
and further by striking out the words following the word
"Institute" in the seventh, eighth and ninth lines thereof.

Third. In view of the generous contributions of funds
with which the Treasury ot the Institute has been favored ;
in view of the new and enlarged facilities we are about to
enjoy in a building of our own every way adapted for
library purposes ; in view of the very '"considerable accession
of valuable books which the year has brought us; in view
of the fact that an increased membership, with an additional
income from assessments, would enable the Institute to
open its rooms during more hours in the week and in ev-
ery way render its growing advantages more available
to the public; it is recommended that a committee be
chosen at this meeting which shall thoroughly examine
and revise the by-laws and consider the new conditions of
life upon which the Institute is entering, and report at a
future meeting what changes in the organization and ad-
ministration of the Institute, if any, can be made, which
may be expected to resull in an increase of membership
and a larger return from the new facilities for which we
are indebted to the liberality of the public.

Voted, That the alterations of the by-laws, recom-
mended by the committee, be adopted, and that Messrs.
Rantoul, Hunt, Willson, Upham and Wheatland be made a
committee to further revise the by-laws and propose any
changes which may to them seem desirable and to report
the same at a future meeting.

62 ANNUAL MEETING.

At a meeting, Jan. 21, 1887, a committee had been ap-
pointed consisting of the President and Messrs. R. S.
Eantoul and T. F. Hunt to confer with a like committee
of the Trustees of the Salem Athemeum, and to consider
an arrangement by which the Institute might occupy a
portion of Plummer Hall, after the then existing agree-
ment should terminate, and to report at a future meeting.
The report of the above committee was presented, adopted,
and placed on file.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

compiled from the several reports read at the meeting,
and the remarks of several members in relation thereto,
presents the work of the Institute in its various depart-
ments since the last annual meeting.

Changes occur in the list of our associates, in the addition
of new names and the withdrawal of some by resignation,
removal from the county or vicinity, or by death. We
have received information of the death of the following
members.

Emery King Benson of the firm of Benson Brothers of
Boston, died very suddenly of heart disease, at his sum-
mer residence in Beverly, on Sunday, August 8, 1886.
He was born in Salem, July 13, 1839, son of Capt. Samuel
and Sarah M. (Prentice) Benson. He leaves a widow and
children. He was ;t gentleman of line culture, marked
business ability and high social standing, an alderman of
Salem in 1882, a member of the Water Board 1883-4.
Admitted to membership Dec. 20, 1875.

Nicholas Arthur Clarke died at his residence, on
Linden Street, Salem, Friday, Dec. 10, 1886 ; son of George
and .Martha (Thompson) Clarke; born at Sanbornton

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 63

Bridge, now Tilton, X. II., Sept. 11, 1813, educated at
Phillips Academy, Exeter, and Harvard College, gradu-
ating from the latter in L838. His father removed after-
ward- to Stratham where he lived some years, by occupation
a farmer. After being, for a number of years, a tutor in
various institutions of learning both public and private, in
this section and the south, he was obliged by ill health
mfining profession. He was at different
times connected with the Bowditch, Hamilton and Hol-
yoke Insurance companies of Salem, and was afterwards
actively engaged as an insurance adjuster throughout New
England, ranking as senior in age and experience in the
field. Admitted to membership Feb. 13, 18(37.

George Dodge Glover, a member of the board of
aldermen, died at Salem, on Monday, June 7, 1886. He
was a son of Cook O. and Deborah M. (Foss) Glover and
was born in Salem, April 30, 1823, and was educated in
our public schools, lie was early apprenticed to the shoe
business, and many years ago, in connection with the late
Abraham F. Bosson, who died Feb. 21, 1873, established
the well known linn of Bosson and Glover, which has con-
tinued to this day, Harvey Bosson succeeding the father
in tin' business. Both of the original partners were adepts
in floriculture, and for years took a prominent part in the
horticultural exhibitions of the Essex Institute of which
they were both members, contributing fine specimens of
dahlia- and other choice varieties of flowers. Mr. Glover
has taken great interest in the city affairs, having been for
eight consecutive years a member of the Council; also on
the Board of Aldermen and a member of the Board of
Overseers of the Poor and a Representative in the State
legislature. Admitted to membership, Feb, 25, 1858.

Du. Preston Marshall Chase died at his residence

X INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIX. 6

64 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

in Danvers, January 4, 1887. He was born in Bradford,
Mass., May 12, 1827, attended the public schools of
Bradford and Andover, and taught school for some time
in his early manhood in several towns of New Hampshire.
Subsequently he studied medicine with Dr. Fowler of
Bristol, N. H., and supplemented his study by a course at
the Harvard Medical School from which he graduated in
1857. He came at once to Danvers to begin practice, and
for nearly thirty years he discharged all the duties of his
profession and was active in the public affairs of the town of
his adoption. He was a typical country physician, of fine
face and figure, cheerful, jovial, known to and knowing
everybody, and mixing as much inspiring courage as med-
icine in his sick-room prescriptions. He served a number
of years on the school committee. He was appointed by
Gov. Andrew to be examining surgeon for recruits in
1861. In 1870 he was appointed assistant surgeon of
eighth Reg. M. V. M., and was promoted surgeon in 1875,
which position he held for many years. He was a mem-
ber of Jordan Lodge of Masons in South Danvers (Pea-
body) and was one of the charter members of Unity Lodge
of Danvers and also of the Holten Royal Arch Chapter of
Danvers. He married, Sept. 12, 1858, Laurinda Bailey
of West Newbury ; she and three sons survive him. Ad-
mitted to membership, Aug. 2, 1867.

Prof. George Baker Jewett died at his residence
in Barton Square, Salem, June 9, 1886. He was a son
of Rev. Paul Jewett ( a native of Rowley) and Eleanor M.,
daughter of John Punchard of Salem ; was born in Leba-
non, Me., during his father's pastorate there, Sept. 11,
1818, and passed much of his boyhood under the super-
vision of his grandfather Punchard in Salem; graduated
at Amherst College in 1840, and at the Andover Thco-

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 65

logical Seminary in 1843; a tutor in Amherst 1843-4;
a teacher 1845-9; Professor in Amherst, 1850-5; and
pastor of the First Church in Nashua, N. II., 1*55-6.
Sinee then he has generally resided in Salem, indulging
his scholarly tastes, and preaching and supplying pulpits
when and where his services were required. For the last
two or three years of his life, he devoted his time to veri-
fying with extremest care the classical and biblical refer-
ences in a forthcoming New Testament Lexicon. Among
his other literary labors were a pamphlet controversy on
the revised Xew Testament issued by the American Bible
Union and the editing of the 4th and 5th volumes of
Puuehard's History of Congregationalism (posthumous).
He married .Mary J. daughter of Henry and Harriet
(King) Whipple. She died at Salem, Aug. 30, 1887,
aged 67. Admitted to membership July 6, 1864.

Emery Saunders Johnson horn in Salem, 17 .May,
1817, son ot Kmery and Sara*h (Saunders) Johnson ; died
at his residence on Essex street, Salem, Dec. L3, L886.
Ilr was brought up in David Filigree's counting room, and
from there he went to sea becoming master while yet very
young. In later life he was an extensive traveller visiting
the other continents. He leaves a widow and one son
Walter E. Johnson, a lawyer in Denver, Col. He married
Ann E. daughter of Benjamin and Ann M. (Brace)
Creamer. Admitted to membership March 8, 1854.

Richard Lindsey died at his residence on Everetl
street, Salem, Nov. 22, L886 ; son of Richard and Lois
(Devereaux) Lindsey of Marblehead; he was horn in
that town, Feb. 22, L809 : married, in L837, Sophronia,
daughter of Ezra and Folly (Lakeman) Fiske, horn in
Salem, May 24, 180*. For many years he kepi a trading
store of West India goods and groceries on Lafayette
street, Salem. Admitted to membership duly 22, L857.

66 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAH.

Henry Osborne died at the Salem Hospital, August
14, 1886. He was son of Henry and Mary (Ward) Os-
borne, born in Salem on the second of January, 1809.

In early life he was a hatter and for many years was
associated with his brother, the late Stephen Osborne, and
continued the business for several years after his brother's
death. Their store on the corner of Essex and Central
streets was one of the oldest in the city. He was a man of
quiet habits and of sterling integrity. His wife was L<>ni>a
Shreve born Jan'y 14, 1817, daughter of Isaac and Hannah
(Very) Shreve; one son Rev. Louis S. Osborne, graduate
Harvard, 1873, Rector of Trinity Church, Chicago, 111.,
survives. Admitted to membership March 2i», 18,") 1.

Augustine Staniford Perkins died at Salem, on Mon-
day morning, Dec. 13, 188(5, son of Aaron and Sarah
(Staniford) Perkins, born at Ipswich May 13, 1813. He
was for many years an energetic and active shipmaster in
the Zanzibar trade, and was one of the original ''forty-
niners" in command of the barque Eliza which sailed from
Salem in December, 1848, and was one of the first vessels
that went to California at the time of the gold discovery.
Admitted to membership Feb. 22, 1854.

George C. Peirce, of Peabody, died after a long ill-
ness, on Thursday, Nov. 11, 1886. He was born in Med-
ford, May 2, 1814, son of Jonathan and Lydia (Osborne)
Peirce. In early life he entered the employ of the late
Caleb Peirce as a dyer, afterwards a manufacturer, and
about 1850 introduced a new industry, the making of
Russia caps and lambs' wool cork soles. He was public
spirited and interested in the affairs of the town; chief
engineer of the tire department in 1868 and was one of
the committee on the introduction of water; for several
years captain of the Danvers Light Infantry, lie leaves

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 67

a widow, a son, George 0. Peirce, and a daughter. Ad-
mitted to membership, Aug. 20, 1877.

Elizabeth Appleton Putnam die*! at her residence
in Salem, April 27, L887, daughter of Nathaniel and
Elizabeth (Ward; Appleton; born at Salem, July 10,
L804 ; married Eben Putnam, a graduate of Harvard in
the class of 1815; postmaster of Sakun 1829-40; died
April 3, 1876 (see Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. VIII, p.
45). Her facility for graceful versification was remark-
able. Admitted to membership August 9, 1865.

XENOPHON II. Shaw, the oldest of Salem's business
men, died suddenly at his home on Tuesday, Dec. 7,
1886. He was son of Darius and Johannah (Winship)
Shaw, and was born in Lexington, Jan. 10, 1799. He
married Eliza C, daughter of Elijah and Lucy (Collins)
Haskell. He had for sixty-six years carried on the gilding
and picture frame business at 283 Essex street both before
and since the building of .Mechanic Hall. His character
was one of the sturdiesl and most manly, upright and
honest, and his sterling and kindly qualities endeared him
to every one with whom he came in contact. Admitted to
member-hip July 6, 1864.

Henry Francis Skerry died at his home on Hazel
street, Salem, Nov. 1, 1886, son of Francis and Phebe
W . (Bancroft) Skerry, and was born July 25, 1821 ; a
member of the English High School, after leaving which
he engaged in the business of his father, on Essex street.
In 1842 he united himself with the Central Baptist
Church. In the following autumn removed to Bangor,
Me., where he remained eleven years; coming again to
hi- native city, he identified himself with the same < ihurch
and was secretary or superintendent ol the Sunday School,
or a deacon serving until the Calvary Church was formed,

68 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

when he became one of its constituent members and served
it in the capacity of Deacon until he died. Admitted to
membership Oct. 7, 1857.

Charles Francis Adams died on Sunday morning,
Nov. 22, 188G, at his home on Mt. Vernon street, Boston.
He was the son of John Quincy and Louisa Catherine
(Johnson) Adams and was born in Boston, August 18,
1807. Graduated at Harvard College, 1825. The next
two years were passed in Washington as the confidential
secretary of his father. After preliminary studies with
Daniel Webster, he was admitted to the Suffolk Bar in
1828; in 1829, 3d Sept., married Abigail Brown, young-
est daughter of Hon. Peter C. Brooks. During the pe-
riod before the war he wrote several articles for the North
American Review ; was member of both Houses of Massa-
chusetts legislature, and a member of the 36th Congress.
One of the first appointments of President Lincoln was that
of Mr. Adams as minister to England. Early in 1868
Mr. Adams, after seven years of absence, asked to be re-
leased from longer service. On his return home he be-
came again a resident of Boston and Quincy devoting
himself to those literary pursuits in which he always
found great pleasure. The record of his election to cor-
responding membership, hears date, Wednesday, Aug.
11, 1852. "

Nathaniel Ellis At wood, son of John Atwood of
Provincetowu, Mass., was horn in that town, Sept. 13,
1807. In 1816, the family removed to Long Point, the
very tip of Cape Cod, to enable them the better to pursue
their calling, and here their son Nathaniel, at the age of
nine, began his service in the open fishing boat. In early
manhood he had risen to the command of a vessel engaged
in the fisheries on the banks of Newfoundland. Fishing

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 60

was his favorite employment and he continued in it until

near his sixtieth year. He then engaged in the manufact-
ure tit' cod Liver oil, which he successfully pursued during
the remainder of his Life. In early life he began to ob-
serve the habits and characteristics of fishes, and to read
such books on natural history as he could obtain. Keen
observation and a powerful memory enabled him to accu-
mulate a great quantity of novel information, all of which
was placed at the service of Dr. D. II. Storer during the
preparation of his report on the fishes of Massachusetts
published in 1843. His special knowledge on these and
kindred subjects naturally attracted the attention of Prof.
Louis Agassiz, who, in 1852, visited him at his home on
Long Point ; this was the beginning of a lifelong friend-
ship.

His growing acquaintance with scientific men, who ap-
preciated his peculiar attainments, was an inducement to
redouble his efforts in his favorite studies and pursuits.

Under a resolve of the Legislature approved May 16,
1856, the Governor was authorized with the advice of the
Council to appoint three commissioners, whose duty it
should be to ascertain and report to the next General Court
such facts respecting the artificial propagation of fish as
might -how the practicability and expediency of establish-
ing the artificial propagation of fish and the restocking of
the interior waters of the State.

Capt. Atwood was appointed one of these commission-
ers, ami to him was intrusted the duty of making the ob-
servations and conducting the preliminary experiments.
Temporary arrangements for this purpose were made at
Sandwich, and here he made the first experiments of the
kind in this State, and proved that the artificial fecunda-
tion of the eggs of trout could lie accomplished, although
he did not iii these fust attempts succeed in keeping the

70 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

embryos alive until they had reached their full develop-
ment, owing to the attacks of a fungus, but he showed the
methods to he followed which would lead to success.

The report of the commission was the first document of
the kind published in this country, and the opinion is there
expressed that the artificial propagation of fish is not only
practicable but may he made very profitable, and that our
fresh waters may thus be made to produce a vast amount
of excellent food ; that a small outlay of capital and a
moderate degree of skill will enable the proprietors of
our smaller streams and ponds to stock them with valua-
ble fish; that in respect to the larger rivers and ponds a
combination of individuals may he necessary, with special
legislation adapted to each particular case-. From this re-
port made by Capt. Atwood and his two associates has
resulted the Board of Commissioners on Inland Fisheries,
whose labors tor the past twenty-three years have proved
the conclusions arrived at by this preliminary work, and
ponds, streams and rivers have been stocked with fishes
of several kinds, both native and foreign, by means of ar-
tificial propagation.

Capt. Atwood served in both branches of the Massachu-
setts Legislature: in the House, 1857,1858, and in the
Senate, 1869, 1870, 1871, where his knowledge of the sea-
fisheries and an interest in the restocking of our rivers
with fish were of great importance to the Commonwealth.
During these several sessions he delivered important
speeches on the sea-fisheries, lie lectured on these sub-
jects in many of the lecture courses in eastern Massachu-
setts, and in 1868 he gave a course of twelve lectures on
fishes before the Lowell Institute, which were1 so well re-
ceived that an invitation was extended to him for a second
course on the same subject during the following season.

Indeed, he lived to sec the subject of ocean and inland

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 71

fisheries, about which little was known in his youth, sub-
mitted to scientific investigation by national and state com-
missions, to which he was a valuable contributor.

Capt. Atwood was a member of the Boston Society of
Natural History, of the Society of Arts of the Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology and of the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences. He was elected a corresponding
member of the Essex Institute, Aug. 27, 1856.

He died at his home in Proviucetown on Sunday, No-
vember 7, 1886, after a lingering illness.

Isaac Lea, LL.D., the distinguished naturalist, who
earned a world-wide fame by his extensive researches in
science, died on Wednesday, Dec. 8, 1886, at his residence
iu Philadelphia, in the ninety-fifth year of his age. His
principal works are devoted to conchology and some de-
partments of palaeontology.

His investigations of the American Unios began in 1825
on receiving some specimens from the Ohio river; and
when they terminated in 1874, he had published thirteen
volumes.

He was born in Wilmington, Delaware, March 4, 1792.
He became a member of the American Philosophical So-
ciety in 1828 : was president of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia from 1853-1858, and at the time
of his death he was an honorary member of many of the
scientific, philosophical and historical societies of the
world. He received the degree of LL.D., from Harvard
in 1852. In I860 he presided at the meeting of the Amer-
ican Association for the Advancement of Science, held
at Newport, R. I. A complete detailed list of his publi-
cations with a biographical sketch is contained in number
twenty-three of the Bulletin of the United States National

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIX. 7

72 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Museum. Elected a corresponding member, March 5,
1866.

Rev. Charles Chauncy Sewall was born at Marble-
head, May 10, 1802 ; the youngest son of chief justice
Samuel and Abigail (Devereux) Sewall. In early life he
lived in New York city with an elder brother and entered
his store as a clerk. He then went to Phillips Academy,
Exeter, where he was fitted for Bowdoin College, which he
entered in 1822. On leaving college, he turned his
thoughts to the pulpit; and, in the family of Rev. John
White of West Dedham, he found a quiet but congenial
home for his studies which he pursued with marked dili-
gence and attention. He was installed April 11, 1827, the
first pastor of the Unitarian church of Peabody, and re-
signed in the summer of 1841. He removed to Mcdfield
where he was occupied in farming and in successively sup-
plying the pulpits of East Lexington, Lincoln, Way land
and Sharon. He was a faithful attendant at the local con-
ferences and the gatherings of ministers. His name has
also been associated with the affairs of the town, in many
important trusts ; as selectman, town clerk, town treasurer,
member of the school board, representative to the Massa-
chusetts legislature, etc. He was an early abolitionist,
in sympathy with Whittier and Garrison. In his pastoral
relations he responded readily to all calls for his services.
He was a voluminous correspondent, and wrote poems,
articles for the newspapers, essays, reports, sermons, etc.
He died at his residence in Medfield, Nov. 22, 1886. lie
married Amy, daughter of William Peters, Esq., of Med-
field, Oct. 1, 1823. She died Aug. 15, 1872. He was
:ui original member of the Essex Institute, having been,
at its inception in 1848, an honorary member of the Es-
sex Historical Society.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 73

Meetings. Regular meetings were held on the first
and third Monday evenings of each month. The follow-
ing communications and lectures ma}' be specified:

Rev. S. L. Grace//, "The New England Thanksgiving."

J. W. Fewkes, of Cambridge, "A Naturalist's Visit to
Grand Menau."

F. W. Putnam, of Cambridge, "General burial places
of the .Mound builders, particularly the makers of those
known as the Turner Group of the Little Miami Valley,
Ohio."

William D. Xorthend, "The Settlement of the Massa-
chusetts Bay Colony."

John T. Moulton, of Lynn, "Inscriptions from the old
Burying-ground, Lynn.''1

Andrew McFarland Davis, of Cambridge, "Indian
Games;" "A few additional notes concerning Indian
games."2

George M. Whipple, "A Sketch of the Musical Socie-
ties of Salem."3

William P. Upham, "Account of the Eebecca Nurse
Monument."4

Richard II. Derby, of New York, "Roger Derby."5

Hubert 8. Rantoul, "A Contribution to the History of
the Ancient Family of Woodbury."6

Wellington Pool, of Wenham, "Inscriptions from the
old Burying-ground, Wenham."7

J. II. Sears, "Dermatochelys Coriacea, Trunk Back or
Leathery Turtle ;" "List of native and introduced plants
observed in flower in tin- vicinity of Salem, during the
spring of 1886, on or before May l."8

'See Ili-t. < 'oil. .v.iN. xxii, xxiii. »See Bull.,vot. xvn. p. 89 and vol.xvm.p. 168.

:. I ■•!!., v..i. win, p. 7a. • See m-t. Coll., vol. xxiii. \>. 151.

■:!., \..i. win. p.22». • See Hist. I oil., vol. xxiv, p. l.

I See Hi i < oil.) vol. xxiv, p. 72. -See Bulletin, vol. xvin, pp. B7, 96.

74 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

J. /S. Kingsley, " The Development of Crangon Vulga-
ris,"— second paper.9

F. W. Putnam, "Conventionalism in ancient American
Art."10

Samuel Garman, " On the West Indian Teiidro in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology ;" "West Indian Batra-
chia in the Museum of Comparative Zoology ;" "On West
Indian Geckoimhe and Anguidae;" "On West Indian
Reptiles — Iguanidge, Scincidre."11

Geo. B. Blodgette, "Early Settlers of Rowley, Mass."
(concluded).12

James A. Emmerton, "Salem Baptisms" (concluded).13

Field Meetings. — Two have been held during the
season: First, on Thursday, July 1, 1886. A very
pleasant excursion to the North part of the county,
among the towns in the valley of the Merrimac. A party
left Salem by rail for Newburyport, thence by carriage to
the place of rendezvous, West Newbury, one of the most
attractive of our farming towns, passing on the way
Moulton's Hill and Curson's Mills, and the well-known
Laurel Grounds owned by Mr. E. S. Moseley of Newbury-
port, from whom a kind invitation to visit the same was
extended. Arriving at the place of meeting about noon,
we there met many friends who had joined the party on
the way, or had come in various modes of conveyance from
the adjoining towns, and the members of the West New-
bury Natural History Club, our hosts on this occasion; a
couple of hours were spent in partaking of a most excellent
lunch and in social conversation. The afternoon session

"See Bulletin, vol. .win, p. 99. • Bulletin, vol. xvin, p. 155.

"See Bulletin, vol. xix, pp. 1,13, 17, 26, 51. iaSi -n at. < oil., vol. xxiii, pp.231,
13 See Hist. Coll., vol. XXIII, pp. 81, 101,241. 301; vol. \xiv. p. 43.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 75

was called to order in the Town Hall at 2 r. i\r. by the
President who made a few introductory remarks and then
called upon Mr. Haydn Brown of West Newbury, who
gave a familiar talk on K Our Song Birds," a subject to
which he had devoted much observation and study. He
said that there were three hundred and thirty-two vari-
eties of birds recorded in Massachusetts. About eighty
of these varieties are our summer residents, raising their
young in this neighborhood. The handsomest birds in
plumage are not the best songsters. The Bartram Sand-
piper or Field Plover was fully described as to its habits,
singing, etc. Robins, he said, are fast increasing and
they build near dwellings. Their best singing is in the
morning just before daybreak.

The warblers, field sparrows, orioles, swallows and
other varieties were alluded to, and their peculiar charac-
teristics were noted. A collection of well prepared
specimens of birds was shown as the different varieties
were described. .Mr. M. Walsh Bartlett apologized for
the absence of Mr. T. C. Thurlow, president of the club,
who was kept at home by illness. Mr. Bartlett wel-
comed the Institute to West Newbury, and mentioned
that the geology of the place is interesting, and hoped
that at some future time the Institute would make a
thorough geological examination of this vicinity. Mr.
John II. Sears described the flora of the place, showing
the specimens that he had collected, and giving some
simple and practical hints to students in botany.

It was voted that the very cordial thanks of the Insti-
tute be extended to the members of the Wesi Newbury
Natural History ( Hub, for the refreshing and bountiful lunch
so handsomely served, and to the ladies who had kindly
assisted in making this gathering so successful ; also to

76 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

the town authorities for the use of the hall for the pur-
poses of the meeting. At the close of the meeting the
party were conveyed in horse cars to Haverhill, thence
by steam cars to Salem, by way of Sutton's Mills, Mid-
dleton and Danvers, arriving about 7 p. M.

Second, at Plum Island on Wednesday, Aug. 11, 1886.
A goodly company left the Boston and Maine station, Sa-
lem, about eight in the morning. On arriving at Ipswich,
they repaired to the wharf, where the little steamer Car-
lotta was in readiness to convey them to the Island.

The sail down Ipswich River is very pleasant : the
river is very crooked, its sharp windings giving diversity
to the trip and adding much to its attractiveness. There
are several landings along the river and on the Island,
where there are clusters of houses which are let for sum-
mer camping purposes. One steamboat runs regularly to
Ipswich, and another to Rowley, while excursion boats
from Newburyport are frequent visitors.

The afternoon meeting was held in a barn, which was
extemporized for a lecture room.

The President, in opening the proceedings, referred to
the different kinds of meetings the society has held. Dur-
ing the sail down the river he was reminded of the great
interest that was felt, several years ago, in the shellheaps
at Eagle Island, and other places contiguous, when the lo-
cality was visited by distinguished scientists. He also
alluded to the foundation of the Museum of American
Archaeology and Ethnology at Cambridge by the liberality
of George Peabody, and to the instrumentality of Prof.
Jeffries Wyman (who was appointed the first curator of
the .Museum) in giving an impetus to archaeological re-
search, which has made rapid progress since his time.
Since Prof. Wyman's death, the museum has been under

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAH. 77

the direction of Prof. F. W. Putnam, his immediate suc-
cessor in office, and it has become one of the best known
and most useful institutions of its character in the coun-
try.

Mr. J. S. Kingsley (who is now conducting micro-
scopic examinations and zoological investigations at Salem
Neck) gave a familiar talk upon the eye. He first described
the human eye and explained, with the aid of blackboard
drawings, how the eye receives the object on the retina,
and how the optic nerve connects the retina with the brain.
The ditferent parts of the picture are produced on dif-
ferent sections of the retina, each section taking its own,
and the brain somehow putting these parts together to
form the perfect picture. In the classes of animals other
than the vertebrates, eyes are not always placed in the
head, nor are they always two in number. He explained
this in the case of starfishes, worms, and in certain niol-
lusks, which have a large number of eyes.

Mr. John H. Sears of Salem was called upon to speak
of the seashore plants, many of which he exhibited and
described. He also said that many of the plants found
here were not peculiar to the seashore, for the}' could be
found about us on the mainland. Among the woods which
he considered indigenous to Plum Island were the pitch
pine, white and red oaks, maple, juniper, and some
others ; and also certain shrubs, many of which are to be
found on the mainland. He also spoke of two forms of
grape vine to be found here, and exhibited the plum
bush, with some of the fruit upon it, this being the fruit
from which the Island takes its name.

Prof. A. C Perkins of Brooklyn, N. Y., and formerly
principal of Phillips Academy, Exeter; Messrs. Alfred
Osgood of New bury port, N. A. Horton of Salem, C.
A. Sayward of Ipswich, and others offered remarks.

78 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Voted. That the thanks of the Institute are hereby

tendered to Mr. Wm. C. Cullen, the landlord of the
hotel, and to Mr. N. F. Hopkins of Salem, for kind at-
tentions and civilities. Adjourned.

Library. — The additions to the Library for the year
(May, 1886 to May, 1887) have been as follows :

By Donation.

Folios, 298

Quartos, 485

Octavos, 2,760

Duodecimos, 1,618

XVI nios, 650

xxiv tos, 183

Total of bound volumes, 5,994

Pamphlets and serials, 11,610

Total of donations, 17,604

By Exchange.

Quartos, 13

Octavos, • 173

Duodecimos, 26

xvr nios, 1

XXIV tos, 1

Total of bound volumes, -214

Pamphlets and serials 2,897

Total of exchanges, 3,111

By Purchase.

Octavos, 8

Duodecimos, 10

Total of bound volumes, 18

Pamphlets and serials, 6

Total of purchases, 24

Total of donations, 17,604

Total of exchanges 3,111

Total of purchases 24

Total of additions, 20,730

THE RETROSPECT OF TIIE YEAR. 79

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 2,731
were pamphlets, and 11,782 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been re-
ceived from one hundred and fifty-nine individuals and
seventy-two societies and governmental departments. The
exchanges from eight individuals and from one hundred
and sixty-six societies and incorporate institutions of which
ninety-two are foreign ; also from editors and publishers.

It must be very gratifying to all the friends of the Essex
Institute to reflect that while every year since its organi-
zation has witnessed a constant increase in its prosperity
and usefulness, the past year has added to its material re-
sources more abundantly than ever. The purchase of the
Daland estate gives us a most commodious and convenient
building for the reception of that part of our library which
is most used for reference and circulation, as well as fire-
proof rooms for the most valuable portion of our collec-
tions. In connection with the facilities afforded us by the
lower rooms of Plummer Hall, it is hoped that sufficient
room will be found for the present to arrange properly the
whole library, now consisting of 50,000 bound volumes,
besides our great collection of pamphlets and newspapers.
In 1855 the number of bound volumes was stated to be
10,000.x From that time to 1872 the total of bound vol-
umes added to the library was 1*1,1 18 or an average of 895
per year. From 1873 to 1886 the total was 17,656, aver-
aging 1,261 each year. Adding to these the donations of
the past year gives the present total of bound volumes just
50,000.

With such rapid growth the time will soon come when
still larger accommodations will be required.

Among the donations to the library (which much exceed

1 See fcecoad "Act of Incorporation " Dec, 1S05.

ESSEX INST. UULLEIIX, VOI>. XIX 7*

80 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

those of any previous year) the following may be men-
tioned as especially important.

The library of the late Augustus Story bequeathed by
his sister, Miss Eliza Ann Story, was received in October,
1885, but was not recorded till the present year. It con-
sists of 1,318 bound volumes and 3,028 pamphlets and
serials, and is especially rich in literary and standard works,
including many rare and finely illustrated volumes. This
collection will be kept by itself in accordance with the re-
quest of Miss Story.

The library of the late Francis Peabody, presented by
his widow Mrs. Martha Peabody, contains 3,055 bound
volumes and 1,103 pamphlets and serials. This most gen-
erous donation is especially valuable for the great number
of works relating to science and the mechanical arts, agri-
culture, horticulture, photography, etc.

Mr. T. F. Hunt, our curator of painting and sculpture,
has presented to the library his unique collection of works
relating to China, over 600 volumes. Probably no more
extensive or valuable collection of books on this subject
can be found in this country. We are also indebted to
Mr. Hunt for a large increase of the Art Library founded
and maintained by him.

Donations or exchanges have been received from the

following : —

Vols. Pam.

Adelaide, Royal Society of South Australia, ... 1

Almy, James F., 2

Altenburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft des Osterlandes, 1

American Association for the Advancement of Science, . 2

American Ornithologists' Union, 4

Ames, George L., 1

Ames, John G., Washington, D. C, 1

Amherst College, 2

Amiens, Societ6 Linufienne du Nurd de la France, 1 37

Anagnos, M., South Boston, 1

Andover, N. H., I'roctor Academy, I

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

81

Audover Theological Seminary Library,

Baker, Walter, & Co., Dorchester,

Balch, G. B., Youkers, N. Y.,

Baldwin, William H., Boston,

Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society,

Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University

Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute,

Barton, E. M., Worcester, .

Barton, William G.,

Batavia, K. Naturkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch

Indus

Batchelder, H. M., .... Maps, Charts

Battell, Bobbins, J Norfolk> Ct . .

Battell, Miss Anna, )

Belfast, Naturalists' Field Club, .

Bergen, Bergenske Museum,

Berkeley, University of California,

Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde

Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .

Bolles, Rev. E. C, D.D

Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein,

Bordeaux, Academie Nationaledes Sciences, Belles-Lettres

et Arts,

Bordeaux, Society Linnfienne, ....
Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club, .

Boston Board of Health,

Boston, City of,

Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital, .
Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society, .
Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society,
Boston, Massachusetts State Board of Health, .
Boston, National Association of Wool Manufacturers
Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society,
Boston Public Library,
Boston Scientific Society, .
Boston Society of Natural History,
Briggs, N.A., Shaker Village, N. H.,
Bristol, Eng., Naturalists' Society,
Brooklyn, N. Y., Brooklyn Library,
Brooks, II. M., ....

Pam.
1

1
1
9
1
2
177
1

82

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Vols.
Brookville, Iud., Society of Natural History,

Brown, Henry A.,

Browne, Miss Alice, Newspapers,

Briiun, Naturforschender Verein, 2

Brunswick, Me., Bowdoin College Library, ... 1

Bruxelles, Societe Beige de Microscopie, ....
Bruxelles, Societe Entomologique de Belgique, . . 1

Bruxelles, Society Malacologique de Belgique, ... 1
Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientiflca Argentina,

Buffalo, N. Y., Buffalo Library,

Buffalo, N. Y., Society of Natural Sciences,

Cabot, Mrs. J. S., 9

Caen, AcadSmieNationale des Sciences, Arts etBelles-

Lettres, 1

Calcutta, Geological Survey of India, .... 1

Call, R. Ellsworth, Topeka, Kan.,

Cambridge, Harvard University, 1

Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology, .
Cambridge, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and

Ethnology,

Canada Royal Society, 1

Carpenter, Rev. C. C, Andover,

Cassel, Verein fur Naturkunde, 1

Champaign, 111., State Laboratory of Natural History,
Charleston, S. C, Elliott Society of Science and Art,

Chever, Edward E.,

Chicago, 111., Public Library,

Childs, George W., Philadelphia, Pa., ....

Christiania, Royal University of Norway, . . . . 4

Christiania, Videnskabs Selskabet, 2

Cincinnati, 0., Historical aud Philosophical Society, .

Cincinnati, O., Mechanics' Institute,

Cincinnati, O, Public Library,

Cincinnati, O., Society of Natural History,

Clarke, Robert & Co., Cincinnati, O., 1

Cogswell, William,

Colcord, Mrs. H. M., South Peabody, 1

Cole, Mrs. N. D., Newspapers,

Conrad, B. S., Georgetown, Demerara, .... 1

Copenhague, Socifitfi Botanique,

Copenhague, Societfi Royale des Antiquaires du Nord,

Cordoba, Academia Nacional de Ciencias

Corwin, E. T., Millstone, N. J., 1

Pam.

1
60

4
3
9

13
12
2

1

•10

THE RETROSrECT OF THE YEAR. 83

Vols. Pam.

Currier, James M., Castleton, Vt 1

Curweu, George R 11

Curwen, James B., 30

Cutter, A. E., Charlestown, 1

Dakota Bureau of Statistics, 2

Damon, Robin, 13

Dana, James, Boston, l

Danzig, Natnrforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

Darling, C. W., Utica, N. Y., 1

Darmstadt, Vereln fUr Erdknnde, l

Davenport, Iowa, Academy of Natural Sciences, . . 1

Detroit, Mich., Public Library, 25 1

Dimond, Mrs. A., 20

Dixon, Mrs. Sarah N. (Pope), Estate of, .... 1
Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, . . 2

Dresden, Verein fur Erdknnde, 1

Dublin Royal Society, 9

Dnnlap, Lauren, Huron, D. T., 1

Ellery, Harrison, Boston, .... Newspapers,

Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

Emmerton, James A., 3 123

Erfurt, Akademie gemeiuniitziger "Wissenschaften, . . 1
Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societiit, . . 1

Essex Agricultural Society, 1

Essex, Eng., Essex Field Club, 5

Evans, F. L., 1

Exeter, N. H., Phillips Exeter Academy, .... 1

Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, . 1

Farley, Mrs. M. C, 48

Farmer, Moses G., Eliot, Me., 5

Faxon, Walter, Cambridge, 2 12

Felton, Luther II., >Bost0Q) x

Felton, Frederick L., )

Firenze, R. Biblloteca Nazlonale Centrale, ... 30

Firenze, R. Istituto di Studi Superiori, .... 1 2
Flake, Mrs. Jerome II., Maiden, . . Newspapers,

Frankfurt, a. in. Nattirwissenscliaftlicher Verein, . . 1

Frankfurt, a. m. Senekenbergisclie Naturforschende Ge-

aellschaft, 6

Garrison, Francis J., Boston, 2

Geneve, Institut National Genevois 1

Glessen, Oberhessische Gesellschaft, 1

Gilman, E. II., Hartford, Ct., 3

84

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Newspapers

Map

Glasgow, Natural History Society,

Goodrich, Phineas, Portsmouth, N. H.,

Gorman, A. P., Washington, D. C.,

Gould, John H., Topsfield,

Gould, Miss Susie C, Topsfield, .

Green, Samuel A., Boston, .

Griffin, M. I. J., Philadelphia, Pa.,

Guild, Reuben A., Providence, R. I., .

Giistrow, Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in Meek

lenburg,

Hackett, Frank W., Washington, D. C,

Halifax, N. S. Institute of Natural Science,

Halle, K. Leop. -Carol. D. Akademie der Naturforscher,

Hamburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein

Hamilton, Morris R., Newark, N. J., .

Hamilton, R. I., Narragansett Historical Publishing Co.

Hampden, John, Balham, Eng.,

Harlem, Societfi Hollandaise des Sciences

Harriman, N. H., Georgetown,

Hartford, Connecticut Historical Society.

Hartford, Ct., Trinity College,

Hassam, John T., Boston,

Hazeu, Rev. Henry A., Boston,

Hildreth, J. L., Cambridge,

Hill, Hamilton A., Boston, .

Hill, William M.,

Hoffman, Mrs. Charles,

Holmes, John C, Detroit, Mich., . , . Map

Horton, Miss A. B., Newspapers

Howard, Joseph Jackson, Blackheath, Eng.,

Hubbard, Miss M. B., Lawrence,

Hull, John Henry, New York, N. Y., .

Hunt, Miss S. E.,

Hunt, T. F.,

Huron, D. T., Department of Immigration,
Iowa City, la., State Historical Society,

Ireson, Mrs. C. K.,

Israel, Rev. F Newspapers

Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University, ....
Ives, II. P.,

Jewett, Mrs. George B., . . . . Newspapers
Kimball, James P., Washington, D. C. ...
King, Henry F., Newspapers

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

85

Newspapers

de la

King, Miss II. M., ....

Kingsley, J. S., .Maiden, ....

Kjdbenhavn, K. D. Videnskaberues Selskab,
Eonlgsberg, Physikalisch Oekonomische Gesellschaft
Lamson, Rev. D. F., Manchester,
Lane, Rev. James P., Norton, ....
Langworthy, Rev. I. P., Boston, ....
Lansing, Mich., State Board of Agriculture,
Lansing, Mich., State Library, ....
Lausanne, SociGt6 Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles
Lawrence, Geo. N., New York, N. Y.,

Lawrence Public Library

Leavitt, Mrs. William,

Lee, F. H., Newspapers

Leeds, Eng., Conchological Society,

Leiden, L'UniversitS,

Le Mans, Societ6 d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts

Sarthe,

Liege, Socidtd Royale des Sciences,

Lincoln, Neb., State Historical Society,

Little, Brown & Co., Boston, ....

Little, J. J. & Co., New York, N. Y., .

Liverpool, Eng., Literary and Philosophical Society,

Lockwood, Samuel, Freehold, N. J.,

London Royal Society,

Lowell, Old Residents' Historical Association,

Lund, K. Universitetet,

Luxembourg, L'Institut Royal Grand Ducal,

Lyon, Academie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts,

Lyon, Societfi d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et A

Utiles

Lyon, Soci6t6 Linnfieune,

McDanlel, Rev. B. F., San Diego, Cal.,

McFarland. Miss E. K., .... Newspapers

Madison, Wis., State Plistorical Society,

Madrid, Sociedad Espauola de Historia Natural,

Manchester, Rev. L. C, Lowell, ....

Manning, Robert, Newspapers

Marburg, Gesellschaft zur BefSrderang der gesammten Na

tnrwlssenschaften,

Marsh, Lucius B., Boston,

Marshall, William. New York, N. Y.,
Massachusetts, Secretary of the Commonwealth of,

Pam.
2
167
3
1
1
1
1

19
2
4
1

14

203

5

1

28

4C9

1

3

1

131

86 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Vols. Pam.

Meek, Henry M., 1

Meriden, Ct., Scientific Association, 1

Mexico, Museo Nacional, 1

Michigan Agricultural College, 18

Middletown, Ct., Wesleyan University, .... 1
Montreal Committee of British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, 1

Montreal, Natural History Society 4

Morse, E. S., 40

Miinchen, K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften, . . 10

Minister, Provinzial Verein fiir Wissenschaft u. Kunst, . 1

Napoli, R. Accademia di Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche, . 3 2

Newark, New Jersey Historical Society, .... 1 2

New Bedford Public Library, 1

Newhall, Miss Eliza G., 22 45

New Haven, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1

New Haven, Ct., Yale College, 15

Newport, R. I., Historical Society, 1

Newport. R. I., Redwood Library, 1

New York Central and Hudson River R. R. Co., ... 1

New York, N. Y., Academy of Sciences, .... 3

New York, N. Y., American Geographical Society, . . 10

New York, N. Y., Chamber of Commerce, ... 1

New York, N. Y., Columbia College, 1

New York, N. Y., Genealogical and Biographical Society, 4

New York, N. Y., Historical Society, .... 1

New York, N. Y., Mercantile Library Association, . . 2

New York, N. Y., Microscopical Society, .... 8

Northern!, William D., 12 129

Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, .... 2
Nourse, Miss Dorcas C, Newspapers,

Nourse, Miss Jane, Newspapers,

Nuruberg, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft, .... 1

Osgood, John C, 5 157

Ottawa, Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, 2 1

Ottawa, L'Institut Canadien-Framjais, .... 8

Packard, Rev. P. W., 1

Palermo, R. Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Belle Arti, . 1

Palfray, Charles W., 1 412

Paris, Socifitfi d'Acclimatation, 10

Paris, Societe d'Anthropologie, 4

Paris, Societe des Etudes Historiques, .... 2

Parker, II. J., Boston, 1

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

87

Maps, Charts, Views,
. Newspapers
Maps

Peabody, Henry W.,

Peabody, Mrs. Martha, .

Peabody Reporter Co.,

Peabody, S. Eudicott,

Peet, Rev. S. D., Clinton, Wis., .

Peoria, 111 , Scientific Association,

Perkins. George A., ....

Perry, Rev. William S., Davenport, la.,

Philadelphia, Pa., Academy of Fine Arts

Philadelphia, Pa., Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia, Pa., American Catholic Historical Society,

Philadelphia, Pa., American Philosophical Society,

Philadelphia, Pa., Historical Society,

Philadelphia, Pa., Library Company,

Philadelphia, Pa., Library of the Franklin Institute,

Philadelphia, Pa., Numismatic and Antiquarian Society,

Philadelphia, Pa., Zoological Society,

Philbrick, Miss Eliza,

Plainer, Miss Mary N., .... Newspapers

Pool, Wellington, Wenham,

Portland, Maine Historical Society, ....
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Vassar Brothers' Institute,
Pratt Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y.,
Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society,
Providence, R. I.. Public Library, ....

Pulsifer, David, Boston,

Putnam, Edmund Q., Newspapers

Quebec Literary and Historical Society, ...

Rantoul, R. S.,

Reeve, J. T., Appleton, Wis.,

sbarg, K. Ii. Botanlsche Gesellschaft,
Regensbnrg, Natnrwlssenschaftlicher Verein,

Rhoades, Miss Louisa A.,

Richmond, Virginia Historical Society,

Rider, Sidney S., Providence, R. I.

Riga, Natnrforschender Verein

Robinson, John,

iter, N. V., Warner Observatory,
Roma, Biblloteca Nazionale Centrale Emanuele,

Willis II.. Newspapers

Russell. Mrs. L. A.,

St. Gallon, St. Galllsche Natnrwissenschaftllche Gesellschaft
St. Louis, Mo., Academy of Science,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIX.

Vols. Para.

1
3055 1103

1G3 163
G
1

3 41
1
3
3
4
3
4
2
1
1
1
2
16 329
2

1

1

1

2
1
3

1
13

1

1

2 3

2

14 26

1

21 166

88 THE RETROSPECT OF THE TEAR.

Vols. Pam.

St. Louis, Mo., Public Library, 2

St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society, .... 4

St. P6tersbourg, Acadfimie Imperiale des Sciences, . . 19

St. Petersbourg, Societe Eutomologique, .... 1

St. Petersburg, Imperial Botanic Garden, .... 1

Salem, City of, 1

Salem, East Church Parish Committee, .... 1

Salem Fraternity, 10

Salem, Peabody Academy of Science, .... 23 200

San Diego, Cal., Natural History Society, .... 9

San Francisco, Cal., Academy of Sciences, .... 1

San Francisco, Cal., Mercantile Library Company, . . 1

Sargent, Miss Mary E., Lowell, 2

Savaunah, Georgia Historical Society, .... 1

Scranton, Pa., Lackawanna Institute of History and Science, 2

Sener, S. M., Lancaster, Pa., 1

'SGravenhage, Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeuiging, 7

Shanghai, China Branch of the Royal xVsiatic Society, . 3

Sims, William, Topeka, Kan., 1

Smitli, Charles C, Boston, 1

Smith, George Plumer, Philadelphia, Pa., .... 1 1

So. Hadley, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, ... 1

Springfield, Illinois Department of Agriculture, . . 4

Stettin, Entomologischer Verein, 2

Stimpson, T. M., Newspapers,

Stockholm, Entomologiska Foreningen, .... 3

Stone, B.W., 4 1

Stone, Eben F., Washington, D. C, 3 148

Stone, Robert, Newspapers,

Story, Estate of Miss E. A., 1318 3028

Stratton, Charles E., Boston, 1

Swan, Miss Sarah H., Cambridge, 1

Sydney, New South Wales Department of Mines, . . 1

Sydney, Royal Society of New South Wales, ... 1

Tasmania, Government of, 1

Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural

History Society, 1

Throndhjem, K. N. Videnskabs Selskabs 2

Tierney, P. F-, 13

Tilton, John P., 5

Topeka, Kansas Historical Society, 33 96

Topeka, Kan., Washburn College Laboratory of Natural

History, 3

Toppan, Charles, 5

TIIE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

89

Vols. Pam.

Toronto, Canadian Institute, 3

Trenton, N. J., Natural History Society, .... 1

Turner, J., Ilorsfall, Bradford, Eng., .... 1

Tnskegee, Ala., Normal School, 1

Unknown, 3 10

Upham, William P., Newspapers, 1 12

Upsal, Societas Scientiarum, 1

U. S. Bureau of Education, 2 2

U. S. Chief Signal Officer, .... Charts, 2

U. S. Civil Service Commission, 1

U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1

U. S. Comptroller of the Currency, 1

U. S. Department of the Interior, 104 4

U. S. Department of State, 5 13

U. S. Fish Commission, 2 4

U. S. Geological Survey, 4 10

U. S. Life Saving Service 1

U. S. National Museum, 29

U. S. Naval Observatory, 1

U. S. Navy Department, 4

U. S. Patent Office, 5 53

U. S. Treasury Department, 3

U. S. War Department, 5

Walker, Abbott, Hamilton, 1

Walton, E. N., 1

Warren, Mrs. J. Mason, Boston, 1

Washington, D. C-, National Academy of Sciences, . . 1

Washington, D. C, Smithsonian Institution, ... 1

Watanabe, II., Tokyo, Japan, 1

Waters, D. P., Newspapers, 160 103

Waters, E. Stanley 11

Waters, J. Linton, . . . Circulars, Newspapers, 4 6

Waterville, Me., Colby University, 1

Watson, S. M., Portland, Me., 3

Webb, F. R., Auckland, N. Z Newspapers,

Webb, William G., Newspapers, 1

Weston, Charles H., 1795

Wheatland. Mis* Elizabeth, 1

Whipple, George M 18 7

Whittredge, Charles E., 2

Wlen, K. K. Zoologlsch-Botanische Gescllschaft, . . 3
WIen, Verein zur Verbreltnng Naturwissenschaftliche

Kenntnisse, 2

Wiesbaden, Verein fur Naturkunde, 1

90

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Vols. Pam.

ical

1G0

26

1

172

3

1
11

and

Wilder, Edward B., Dorchester, .

Wildes, Rev. George 1)., Riverdale, N. Y., .

Wilkes Barre, Pa., Wyoming Historical and Geolo

Society,

Williams, J. F., St. Paul, Minn., .

Willson, Rev. E. B.,

Winchell, N. II., Minneapolis, Minn., .

Winsor, Justin, Cambridge, .....

Wiuthrop, Robert C, Boston, ....

Woods, Mrs. Kate T.,

Worcester, American Antiquarian Society,

Worcester, Samuel,

Worcester, Society of Antiquity, ....
Wright, W. H. K., Plymouth, Eng., ....
Wurzburg, Physikalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft,
Young, H. H., St. Paul, Minn., ....

The following have been received from editors or publishers :

American Exchange and Mart. Naturalists' Leisure Hour

American Journal of Science Monthly Bulletin.

and Art. Nature.

Bay State Monthly. New England Magazine.

Cape Ann Advertiser. Our Dumb Animals.

Chicago Journal of Commerce. Peabody Press.

Danvers Mirror. Peabody Reporter.

Fireside Favorite. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's

Gardener's Monthly and Horti- Friend.

culturist. Salem Daily Times.

Ipswich Chronicle. Salem Evening News.

La Bibliophilie. Salem Gazette.

Lawrence American. Salem Observer.

Le Naturaliste Canadien. Salem Register.

Lynn Bee. Salem Telegram.

Manifesto, The. Traveller's Record.

Marblehead Messenger. Turner's Public Spirit.

Musical Herald. Voice, The.

Musical Record. Wade's Fibre and Fabric.

Nation, The. Zoologischer Anzeiger.

Publications. As heretofore, the Historical Collec-
tions and the Bulletin have been issued ; both the histori-
cal and the scientific departments receive valuable acces-
sions in exchange for these from kindred societies in other
countries as well as in our own land.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 91

A Rose Show was hold on Jane 23. Some forty differ-
ent varieties were shown and among them were some very
beauliful specimens. A peculiar flowering shrub,1 bear-
ing a handsome flower and a profusion of blossoms, was
contributed by Mr. Robert Manning, who received honor-
able mention. Mr. John Robinson exhibited a Japanese
rose and several beautiful specimens of the hardy rose,
for which he received honorable mention ; as did Mr. Geo.
R. Emmerton, Mrs. S. G. Wheatland, Mrs. C. II. Miller,
Mrs. D. A. Varney, Mrs. H. A. Cook, Mr. Geo. D. Put-
nam, Mr. James F. Almy and Mrs. William M. Whitney
of Beverly, for their exhibits. There were twenty-three
exhibitors ; premiums of moderate amounts were awarded
to Charles E. Marsh of Lynn, William J. Foster of Salem,
and J. M. Ward of Peabody.

Museum. The specimens in natural history including
those in archaeology, which have been received during the
year, have been placed on deposit with the trustees of the
Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance with previ-
ous arrangements. Those of an historical character, or
which possess an artistic interest, have been placed in the
rooms. There have been one hundred and ninety-eight
contributions; prominent among these is a large and rare
collection of War Envelopes, which was made with much
care and at considerable cost by the late Mr. George Per-
kins of this city, who while living was an active and use-
ful member of the Institute. A valuable historical paint-
ing, "The Last Haven," by Ross Turner, and "Pastures by
the Sea," by Miss Fidelia Bridges, of New York, have been
presented by the artists and will adorn the walls of the
new building.

The donors to the museum are the following : —

1 Actinidia polygama.

92 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Edwin R. Ide, Mrs. Kate T. Woods, John Robinson, Francis II. Log,
J. Linton Waters, Samuel A. Green of Boston, Robert S. Rantoul,
Charles A. Ropes, S. Endicott Peabody, Daniel C. Beckett, Estate of
Aaron Perkins, George A. Perkins, Charles H. Andrews, Abner C.
Goodell, Jr., Frank Cousins, Mrs. Rebecca D. Nesmith of Reading,
Samuel Worcester, Ellsworth Stewart of Michigan, Misses M. E. &
A. O. Williams, Edward S. Morse, Peabody Academy of Science, T.
F. Hunt, Henry M. Brooks, George Upton, Joseph Nichols, John Lar-
com of Beverly Farms, B. F. McDaniel, B. H. Fabens, Harriet M.
White of Wenham, John Battis, 2nd, Mrs. William Leavitt, James B.
Cm wen, R. L. Newcomb, Daniel C. Haskell, Charles R. Waters, Thomas
R. Fallon of No. Carolina.

The ninth art exhibition opened on June 3 ; the pre-
ceding evening a reception was given to the contributors
and their immediate friends ; a lunch was served and the
visitors were entertained with orchestral music under the
direction of F. Clayton Record ; the exhibition closed on
June 19. It was confined to paintings in oil, water colors,
charcoal, etc., by the artists and amateurs of Salem and
its immediate vicinity. A large majority of the artists
were residents of this city, and Salem may take just pride
in the genuine artistic merit here displayed. The collec-
tion embraced two hundred and forty-six exhibits, and was
especially strong in figure pieces and portraits ; including
a very striking portrait of the daughter of Ralph Waldo
Emerson, by J. J. Redmond ; that of Salem's well-known
and oldest clergyman, Rev. E. B. Willson, by F. W. Ben-
son ; one of Clark Oliver, most life-like, by C. C. Red-
mond, and the ideal portraiture of "Kilmeny" by Miss H.
F. Osborne. A portion of the pictures were arranged for
a summer exhibition and remained in the hall through July
and August. The collection was larger and more varied
than usual. Among the more celebrated artists who con-
tributed this year may be mentioned Ross Turner, George
H. Clement, Philip Little, H. A. Hallett, F. W. Benson,
George YV. IIarve}r. The exhibition was considered by
competent judges to be of more than usual merit.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

93

The following is a list of the artists and contributors : —

Bliss A. A. Agge.
Frank W. Benson.
Miss M. M. Brooks.
Miss Anne Chase.
George II. Clement.
F. M. Cone.
Miss L. M. Cone.
Mrs. M. II. Da\ is.
Miss M. E. Dockham.
Albert E. Downs.
George R. Emmerton.
Mrs. w. li. Emmerton.
J. B. Foster.
Miss B. Gardner.
Miss S. A. Glidden.
Miss C. Goldthwaite.
Bendricks A. Hallett.
Arthur F. Harlow.
Mrs. George Harrington.
George W. Harvey.
George B. Haskell.
Mrs. Haskell.
Mrs. A. G. Higginson.
Mrs. E. Hobbs.
Miss Minnie L. Hobbs.
Miss A. B. Holden.
Miss Lucy B. Hood.
Miss S. S. Kimball.
Miss I.. Lander.
Mrs. E. A. Leavitt.
Philip Little.
Miss M. Lyman.
Mrs W. S. Nevins.
George Newcomb.

Financial. — The Treasurer's report of the receipts and
expenditures of the past year (condensed for printing) :

RECEIPTS.

Balance of last year's account $112 33

menta "i members, BM

Income of invested funds, 2,185 16

Sale of publications,. . <)47 45

Income Irom rents

Suleru AtheiKcum, portion of bills paid 172 37

Miss S. E. C. Oliver.
Mrs. A. M. Osborne.
Miss II. F. Osborne.
Miss Peirce.
Miss Kate Peirson.
Miss M. E. Phippen.
Miss A. G. Pingree.
Miss S. E. Pratt.
Miss A. M. Quhuby.
S. F. Quimby.
Mrs. S. F. Quimby.
C. C. Redmond.
J. J. Redmond.
Miss Delia Rich.
Miss Safford.
Arthur L. Sanders.
Mrs. C. P. Sears.
J. A. Sibley.
Mrs. N. G. Simonds.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Miss J. St. Clair.
Miss M. B. Stillman.
Mrs. G. L. Streeter.
Miss A. S. Tukey.
Ross Turner.
Miss Ida F. Upton.
Miss J. S. Warden.
Miss M. L. Webb.
Miss I. Whiddeu.
Miss L. B. Whipple.
Miss E. O. Williams.
Mrs. E. B. Willsou.
Mrs. Frank Winn.

94 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

EXPENDITURES.

Salaries of secretary, ass't librarian, and janitor, . . . 1,920

Publications and printing, 1,330 47

Books, binding and miscellaneous printing, .... 02320

Fuel, gas, stationery, express and incidentals, ... 354 29

Salem Athenaeum, per agreement, 300

Salem Athenasum, service of librarian 50

Annuities (with legacies), 160

4,737 96

Income short of expenses 332 78

Received legacy from estate of Martha G. Wheatland, . . 10,000

" extra Dividend Pepperell Manf. Co. Cr. same account, 800

" legacy from estate of Esther C. Mack, . . . 4,000

14.800

Investment oflegacy of M. G. Wheatland — 10,008 25

Balance on hand at close of account, 4,458 97

$14.800 00

May 10, 1887.

Respectfully submitted,

Geo. D. Phippen, Treasurer.
Examined and approved,

R. C. Manning, Auditor.

The above legacies increase the interest-bearing funds of the Institute to about
$50,000, exclusive of the cost of the Daland House, and its improvements.

The Institute has a right to be congratulated on the suc-
cess of the past year as well as on the bright prospect for a
prosperous future. The new building so long hoped for is
now ready for occupancy and will, it is believed, fully re-
alize the anticipations of the friends of the project. It is
the intention of the Directors to open the building for the
inspection of members that they may see for themselves
the new house which the liberality of their friends has
made it possible for the Institute to purchase. Already
an increase in membership shows that the public is ready
to encourage and sustain the society in its new departure
and a much larger accession of members may be expected
as the increased advantages, which the new building ena-
bles the Institute to oiler, shall be made known.

BULLETIN

ESSEX IITSTITUTE.

Vol. 19. Salem: July to Dec, 1887. Nos. 7-12.

( )X THE SAXTHALS, A SKMI-BARBAROUS TRIBE
OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL.

KY OIL SAMUEL KNEELAN1).

When in Copenhagen in 1885, I hud the opportunity to
see some photographs of the Santhal tribe, and afterward
obtained possession of some ornaments worn by the San-
thals, a tribe of northeast Bengal, before their conversion
t<> Christianity by Messrs. Borresen and Skefsrud of the
Danish mission, established and successfully carried on by
them at Ebenezer station, in the hill districts to the north-
west of Calcutta, from the year L867. Before describing
these specimens a brief account of the character, manners
and customs of this people, as obtained from Danish mis-
sionaries and English officers, and acquaintance with their
race in Ceylon, may be interesting.

The Santhals are probably from the same stock as the
Kharwars, an aboriginal race which, after long wanderings
in the highlands of Asia, came to India many thousand
year- ago. They seem to have been the first dwellers in
India, but were followed by degrees from Central Asia by
many other peoples, of whom the Hindoos were the most
powerful and best known. Colonel Dalton (Ethnology of

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIX. 8* (95)

96 ON THE SANTHALS

Bengal, Calcutta, 1872) divides the aboriginal, non-Aryan
tribes of Bengal into two great sections : (1) the Dravid-
ian, who speak a language allied to the Tamulian, and
(2) the Kolarian, whose language is like that of the San-
thals, Munclas, etc., the latter coming as he believes from a
remote northeastern region, and many of them now Hin-
duized. This would place the Dravidians in the south,
and the Kolarians in the north of India, but many are of
opinion that they were originally the same stock, separated
by invading races, and modified in language, characteris-
tics, and customs by admixture with other tribes and dif-
ferent surroundings; in this view the Santhals may have
belonged to the Kharwar stock, which has become much
Hinduized, and to which they are related even now by
physical characters and customs, and yet be also related,
more remotely in time, to the southern Dravidians.

They dwell in the northeast corner of Bengal, among
the Vindhya mountains, and their country is called San-
thalistan. The river Ganges flows around its eastern por-
tion, and the city of Calcutta is about one hundred and
thirty-five miles to the southeast of their present central
home ; two railroads pass through the country, yet from
their hilly position, they are quite outside the limits of
European civilization.

They occur sometimes in considerable numbers, but usu-
ally in small communities, in a strip of Bengal extending
about 350 miles from the Ganges to the Baitarni, the Hin-
doo Styx, bisected by the meridian of Bhagalpur, or 87°
E. long, and 23° to 2,5° N. lat. In the present Santhalis-
tan, their chief centre, are now over 200,000, and their
total population is at least three millions. The Damuda
river, highly venerated by the Santhals, empties into the
Hoogly, or west branch of the Ganges, not far from Cal-
cutta.

OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL. 97

During an insurrection in 1854 against the Hindoo and
other money-lenders, who were rapidly obtaining posses-
sion of their lands, they found themselves arrayed against
the English ; the insurrection was suppressed after much
bloodshed, and they were colonized in their present lo-
cality, the Santhal Pargana district, under a better admin-
istration, and with a partial restoration of their old form of
self- government. Fond of the forest and the virgin soil
in their wild state, they remove from a cultivated region
to the woods again ; hence their traditions, though point-
ing to remote antiquity, are rather obscure and incoherent.
Modified by intercourse with surrounding tribes, and re-
cently by Christianity, they still have many old practices,
and preserve the language which probably prevailed about
the Ganges in pre- Aryan times.

They came to their present localities about one hundred
and twenty-five years ago, harassed and driven from place
to place by the Hindoos, who, it is said, gave them in deris-
ion the name of Santhals, from the word sandal, afoot sole,
implying that they were fit only to be trodden under foot,
which has truly been their fate for many a da}'. Another
derivation of their name is that, in their wanderings they
settled for a time at Saont, the present Silda, and hence
were called Saonthals, Santhals.

As tribe after tribe invaded India, some from the north-
east and some from the northwest, at last came the Hin-
doos, thoroughly hated by the Santhals, who subjugated
all the others until they themselves had to submit to the
English, now the masters of the country, who entered
India from the sea, enriching themselves enormously with-
out exhausting this wonderfully favored land which, though
almost as large as Europe, forms only a small part of
the vast continent of Asia; its inhabitants number some
200,000,000, for the most part Buddhists, Brahmanists and

98 ON THE SANTHALS

Mohammedans. The Hindoos are about four to one of
the Mahoinmedans, who are the descendants of the old
Moguls or Mouguls, abhorring the religion of the Hin-
doos, and most numerous in the eastern districts ; the Hin-
doos predominate in central India, and the aboriginal stocks
in the hilly districts of the north, the southern portions,
and Ceylon. At the beginning of the Christian era Buddh-
ism prevailed, but was largely supplanted by Brahman-
ism after 500 A. D. About 1590 the country was con-
quered by the Mahommedan emperor Akbar, and became
a part of the Great Mogul empire, with a mixture of the
three religions, though chiefly Buddhist. Since 1757 when
the native ruler was defeated by Lord Clive, it has been
under the rule of the English. Most of the pre-Aryan
tribes, originally pantheists, had been more or less modi-
fied in their religion by their successive conquerors.

The Santhals, like the Israelites, are divided into twelve
tribes, and each tribe into twelve stocks or families ; every
child on the fourth day after birth is made a member of its
family by a pagan baptism, with the sprinkling of water
and the juice of fruit, in the presence of the people.

Their land is a rather sterile mountain region, and there-
fore agriculture and the raising of cattle, which should be
their chief occupations, are not extensively pursued. On
the plains and in the valleys there are three seasons : 1.
The hot from the middle of March to the middle of June,
with a heat of 100° Fahr. in the shade, sometimes rising
to 130°, when hot winds blow over the land. The latitude
is about 25° N. ; 2. The rainy season, after this, until
into September, when the air, especially in the wooded
districts, is sultry and unhealthy, and poisonous vermin
swarm; 3. The cool season, from September to March
in which occur the harvests. The first crop, that of maize,
is gathered at the end of the rainy season, in the middle

OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL. 99

of September ; the only other crop, thiit of rice, about New
Year's time. The crops depend on the rain ; if this conies
not, want attacks this improvident people, and should a
drought follow the next year, there is a famine. Although
the land is poor, it is not without beauty; the forest-cov-
ered mountain slopes, the deep ravines and rushing tor-
rents give each locality much attraction to those who love
grand wild Nature. There is not a little forest richness,
dense thickets, and magnificent semitropical vegetation;
there is a multitude of noisy, many-colored birds, and many
songsters. Wild animals in abundance dwell in the thick-
ets, and the tiger is a terror to both man and beast. The
tree- change their leaves twice a year, after the rainy sea-
son, and before the hot one, or in September and March.

The Santhals once had a far higher culture than at pres-
ent ; this can be traced in their language, which is uncom-
monly well developed, rich both in words and in forms.
Their many old fables and songs indicate manners and
customs and wise sayings, transmitted orally from gener-
ation to generation, pointing both to a language and occu-
pation of the country before the Aryan invasion.

The religion of the Santhals, like that of all rude peoples,
was a species of pantheism, afterward modified by the ten-
ets of Buddhism, Brahmanism, Mohammedanism, and,
during the last century, of Christianity. According to
their most widely-spread tradition, Thakur, the almighty,
omnisoient, all-seeing, and all good God, who dwells in
Heaven, above the stars, is the creator of all good and bad
men, and of devils. At his command the earth came out
from the waters, and became the abode of animals which
he formed from it. At last he made from two clods of
earth the first pair, the man Iladow and the woman Aio,
whom he made living: by blowing into their nostrils. They
lived for a time in happy innocence, and were not ashamed

100 ON THE SANTHALS

of their nakedness ; but this happiness was destroyed by
the evil spirit, Marang Barn. He announced himself as
their grandfather, and promised them still greater happi-
ness from the use of an intoxicating drink, which he taught
them to make. It is singular that, in this ancient tradition,
an intoxicating drink should be considered the root of all
evil to man, for all experience since has shown that it is a
principal one. By degrees they gave themselves and their
progeny up to this drink, and in their impurity the latter
sank to such a brutal condition that marriage was done
away with ; and when Thakur called them to account for
their sins, they so hardened themselves against his voice,
that he resolved to destroy the depraved race. There
came a rain of water or fire (the tradition varies in this re-
spect), and all the race perished, except a single good
man and his wife, who were saved by Thakur's foresight,
with some animals, in a mountain cave (Harata). One
cannot fail to notice the resemblance here, both in name
and events, to the Mosaic Adam and Eve, the temptation
by the devil, the fall, the destruction of the race, and sur-
vival of a pair on Ararat ; but which tradition is the ante-
rior, it is not easy to decide. From these two survivors
sprang the present race of men. On the plain around
Harata, they dwelt and built for a time, but as their num-
bers multiplied they spread to the north and the south,
the east and the west, and could not in their different
zones preserve the same language. The fathers of the San-
thal branch went to the east, and came after many years
to an insurmountable mountain, which prevented further
progress. Suffering from hunger, in their distress, they
called to the mighty spirit, who they thought dwelt in the
mountain, and was the cause of their misfortune. In the
morning the sun shone through a narrow pass, which they
had not discovered, so that they found their way out; but

OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL. 101

from this time they worshipped both the beautiful sun and

the wicked mountain spirit, Marang Barn ; and afterward
many other false beings or " Bongas," with which by de-
grees they invested all existing things, trees, stones, etc.
This account of the religion of the Santhals, I take from
the record- of the Danish mission in Ebenezer, Bengal.

Col. Dalton (Ethnology of Bengal) mentions a tradition
which says that "a wild goose coming from the great ocean,
alighted and laid two eggs, from which came out a man
and a woman, the progenitors of the Santhal race. As
they increased in numbers they changed their locality, and
were called Kharwars ; and they at last came to a place
where they remained for several generations. Fleeing
from a powerful enemy, they reached the 'great moun-
tain', Marang Barn, which interposed its mass in the way
of their pursuers, and thus they became worshippers of
Marang Baru, sacrificing to him goats; after many wan-
derings they came to their present location."

Some think that the "wild goose'' was a white-sailed
vessel which brought them across the bay of Bengal from
the southwest. They know that their sacred Damuda
river flows into this sea; on this explanation, they prob-
ably first landed on the east coast of Bengal, going after-
ward westward and northward; their traditions seem to
indicate that they came from the south.

They have no single great chief around whom they
gather, but live scattered in villages, each of which forms
a little whole in itself. Each village has live officers : a
head man or manjhi, a supervisor of youth, a herald or
crier, a town priest and a country priest. The first two
have each an assistant, making seven in all, but these are
closely watched by certain townsmen chosen for the pur-
pose. These officials, with some of the principal men,
constitute the local court of justice, from which a ease
can be carried to a higher tribunal, presided over by the

102 ON THE SANTHALS

highest magistrate in the district, the so-called pargana.
The last has under its jurisdiction thirty to sixty villages,
and forms a strong, connecting link between them. Many
heads of towns and other chosen men have seats in this
superior court ; but over these is the voice of the public
assembly, which has in its hands the final decision, like a
supreme court. These customs indicate a former culture
far superior to their present, though they have always
preserved a kind of representative or self-government.

Their features are not sharply-marked, and there is a
tendency to fulness of feature aud of body. The face is
almost round, with cheek bones moderately prominent;
eyes full and without obliquity ; nose not prominent, but
broad and depressed ; mouth large, with full and project-
ing lips ; hair straight, coarse and black ; they are ne-
groid in color and appearance, and rarely more than five
and one-half feet high. The females have small hand- and
feet, and peculiarly large and lustrous eyes which the an-
cients would call "ox-eyed," a compliment which they
paid to the goddess Juno.

They have comfortable homes, huts with walls of mud,
aud floors well raised, to avoid dampness and creeping
vermin. The houses are often surronnded by a kind of ve-
randa of bamboo lattice Avork, covered with trailing vines
and flowers ; they are neatly kept and gayly colored with
stripes of red, white and black, by the use of native clays
and charcoal ; they have partitions, securing privacy and
decency. They prefer to have their villages to them-
selves and do not like foreigners, especially Brahmans ;
but as they clear and cultivate the land, the crafty and en-
terprising Hindoo gets admission, and, finally, obtains
the mastery over their honest simplicity, and, sometimes,
by offering higher rents to the government, ejects the
Santhal.

When a child is about ten years old, he is taken into

OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL. 103

the tribe by the branding of throe marks. When grown
he marries of his tree choice, but woe to him if he breaks
any of their marriage customs, for his life is in danger,
unless his father pays a heavy tine for him. In families
the father gives counsel and instruction in the customs of
old times, for they hold in high honor the memory of
their ancestors ; grown-up sons continue to live under the
authority of their parents, and many young families dwell
together under one roof in their father's house, cultivating
the ground in common. The oldest son is always named
after his grandfather, and the others after other relatives ;
they adopt as a rite the tonsure of their children. There
is great freedom between the sexes, and the old people
have the utmost confidence in the virtue of the young ; all
travellers agree that their women are remarkably chaste.
Marriage is generally arranged by the parents, though
many are love matches and happy ones. The average
price of a girl is five to six rupees, about $2.50 to $3.00,
with presents of cloth to her parents. The value of a
young girl may be as high as $4.00 or $5.00; a divorced
woman is worth $1.50, and a widow seventy-five cents to
a dollar, according to age and charms. A boy is mar-
riageable at sixteen, and a girl at thirteen years. The day
for the marriage being fixed, a knotted string indicates
the number of the days the bridegroom must wait; he
unties one knot each day, and when the string is clear, he
and his friends set out with noisy music for the bride's
residence. No priest officiates, the meal eaten socially by
the groom and bride being the chief part of the ceremony
at a Santhal wedding, and, as they have been obliged to
fast all day, the appetite is generally good, and this feature
of the occasion well performed. She thus ceases to be a
member of her father'- t ribe, and becomes one of her hus-
band's family. The wife i- usually kindly treated, and

i 38KX INST. BULLETIN, vol.. XIX. 9

104 ON THE SANTIIALS

should the husband, for any good reason, take a second
wife, the first always remains the head of the domestic
household. To appease the Bongas or evil spirits, a lamb
is sometimes offered as a sacrifice ; this is killed by an axe,
and the propitiatory fire is made to burn by blowing upon
it through ox-horns. Their principal food is rice and
curry ; knives, spoons and forks are unknown, and they
use only their fingers ; it would be a mistake to lead them
to adopt European customs in eating.

They are remarkable performers on the flute. This they
make of bamboo, not less than an inch in diameter and
two feet long; it has six holes, and is played by four fin-
gers of the right, and two of the left hand ; its tones are
deep and rich. They are also good singers and dancers,
skilful makers of intoxicating drinks, and have very jolly
times. There is always an open space for dancing in front
of the house of the head man of a village, where they dance
evenings to the music of their flutes and drums of burnt
clay. In one of their chief dances, the liana, the girls
are decked with flowers and tinkling ornaments, and the
young men with garlands and peacock feathers — tak-
ing hold of hands, and so close together that the breast
of the girl is in contact with the back of the man next to
her. Thus they go round in a great circle, all their legs
moving as if they belonged to one creature, the feet fall-
ing in such perfect cadence as to put to shame the best
drilled soldiers. The musicians are in the centre, fluting,
drumming, and dancing, forming the axis of the move-
ment, the dancers singing in response, just as described
in the Vishnu Purana in the " dance of Krishna." Usually
men and women do not dance together, but always in a
row, forward and back, and around the musicians. They
make no cloth, but obtain it from their neighbors, traders,
and the English. The women wear an ample covering of

OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL. 105

cotton-cloth, six yards long, with bright red border; one-
half of this forms their lower garment secured at the waist,
but not impeding the free action of the limbs; the other
half* is passed over the left shoulder, hanging down in
front, leaving the right shoulder, arm, and part of the
breast uncovered; it is not used as a veil. With young
girls the head is generally uncovered, and the mass of hair
gathered into a large knot at one side of the back of the
head, ornamented with flowers or tufts of colored silk. Of
ornaments they are extremely fond, especially the women,
who wear many kinds of amulets on strings around the
neck, arm-rings, bracelets, ankle, finger, and toe-rings,
which render domestic work very difficult and often
painful. Since their conversion, almost all of these orna-
ments have been discarded, and they naturally wonder at
the jewelry worn in their midst and in church by the Eu-
ropean ladies of the mission and others, and innocently
ask "have they been baptized?"

I was fortunate enough to secure some of these barbaric
ornaments, now unused except in the districts beyond the
influence of the mission. They are very well made, of
artistic designs and decorations, attesting considerable
skill in the working of metals, and no little knowledge of
the tine and mechanic arts of their more civilized neigh-
bors ; this is probably not due to imitation, but is a rem-
nant of their former refinement and culture, perhaps from
pre- Aryan times.

Figure 1. A neck-ring of brass, weight 6 ounces;
diameter inside »';* inches, outside 7 inches; circular;
open behind for 1£ inches, flattened in front, cylindrical
above, and each end terminating in a rounded point sur-
mounted by a knob. It is chased very prettily on nearly
its whole extent, with different patterns on the two sur-
faces. Where it came in contact with the sides of the

106

ON THE SANTHALS

neck, the ornamentation is either absent, or worn off by
friction.

fig. i.

Under surface.

NECK-RllTO. \ SIZE.

Upper surface.

These are worn by both sexes, and arc so rigid thai they
must be put on when the wearer is so young that the ring

OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL.

107

can go over the head ; it cannot be removed from the
adult except by breaking or tiling it. It is astonishingly
like the neck-rings worn by the Celtic, German, and Scan-
dinavian warriors of antiquity, and reminds one of that
around the neck of the "Dying Gladiator," who was prob-
ably a Gallic prisoner of war.
Bracelets. Figure 2. A
weighing If ounces, widest

closed bracelet of brass,
Fig. 2.

Bracelet, i size.

diameter 2J, narrowest 2
inches ; thickness J to £
of an inch. At the point
of closure, on the back of
the wrist, are two sym-
metrical knobs ; it is neat ly
ornamented, and in many
parts worn smooth by use.
It must have been put on
when the hand of the wear-
er was small enough to
pass through its rigid opening.

Figure 3. A brass bracelet, weighing 3 ounces, ex-
treme width outside 2£ inches, circular opening for wrist
FlG 3 If to 1£ inches in diam-

eter. The external rim,
£ of an inch wide, has
three parallel rows of
dots in longitudinal se-
ries, three dots in each
transverse row, so that a
definite pattern is fol-
lowed : from this rim,
the metal is symmetri-
bragelbt. i size. cally bevelled in two se-

ries of chain work ornamentation, precisely the same above
and below, divided by a plain groove ; the external rim

108

ON THE SANTIIALS

is separated from the bevelled portion by a circular se-
ries of sixty-four oval perforations, making it lighter and
more ornamental ; the portion in contact with the skin is £
of an inch wide, and seems to have been lined with leather,
now hardened, which was greased to prevent excoriation.
One-third of the bracelet may be opened by a tongued
joint for introducing the Avrist, fastened by a wooden or
metallic peg, so that it could be put on and off at will.
Its lightness, symmetry, accurate proportions on the two
surfaces, delicacy of the ornamentation, and well fitting

Fig. 4.

Bracelet, f size.

hinge, show a great skill as well as taste in the working
of metals.

Figure 4. A solid brass bracelet, weighing 16£
ounces, 3£ inches in diameter outside; opening for wrist,
circular, If inches, thickness £ , and width § of an inch.
Quite smooth on the inside, and on the outside, where the
ornamentations are almost obliterated by use ; the orna-
mentation consists of concentric rings, three in number,
of oblique interrupted lines, parallel grooves and raised
dots the same on both external surfaces. On account of its
weight it could not be worn constantly with comfort ; to

OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL.

109

enable the wearer to remove it, about £ of it ean be
opened by means of a triangular well-tilting long tongue,
fastened by a peg of metal at each side.

Anklets. The most extraordinary ornaments worn by
the females are the anklets of which 1 have two, one for
an adult and one for a girl.

Figure 5 is an elliptical brass ring turned up at each
end, and weighing 2i lbs. ; longitudinally it measures 6£
inches, and transversely 4 inches ; the aperture which en-
closes the foot is in the same directions 3£ and 2\ inches.

The part which comes in contact with the skin is smooth ;
the upper and outside surfaces are ornamented with raised
rosettes, continuous and dotted lines, and various promi-
nences longitudinal and transverse; the higher anterior
and posterior portions are most highly ornamented, both
above and below, and are nearly alike; they seem to be
casts, finished by hand. This is evidently for an adult,
and is an inch in diameter, or three in circumference, at
its smallest part, and a little thicker in the middle and at
the ends; design artistic.

110 ON TI1E SANTFIALS

Figure 6 shows the anklet for a young girl as worn
upon the foot. This appears more like whitish bronze ;
it is 4fby 3 inches, weighs llf ounces and the opening
for the foot is 2£ by If inches ; it is of the same shape,
and with almost the same ornamentation as the larger one,
and the same characters as to proportions and design. The
patterns for this ornament seem to have been few.

The present specimens, as are all before and afterward
alluded to, are of bell-metal ; no Santhal woman could do
without these weights on her limbs ; if she could not have

Foot of child, showing the position of the two ornamknts.

them of silver, she would have them of brass ; they de-
light to clink them together in their barbaric dances.
These anklets, though usually slipped on without difficulty
over the heels of the young girl, where they remain till
she outgrows them, are sometimes forced on with great
violence by the native makers, who place at first moistened
leather over the heel and instep to prevent excoriation ;
as the weight on each foot, with the article next described,
may be four pounds, it happens not unfrequently that the
hard heavy metal cuts into the skin, causing great pain ;

OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL.

Ill

but it is all homo cheerfully for fashion's sake. With such
an apparatus the Santhal woman was so manacled and band-
cuffed thai she could do little more than carry it about ; one

hand had to support the other, or both were rested on the
hips ; she walked with difficulty, and was liable to accidents
in the thickets from her neck-ring. Once on, they can only
be removed by the file, and in their wild state to be re-
placed by larger and heavier ones. When Christianized
they are glad to have them tiled oil", and then can do twice

Clasp worn above thus anklet

the labor of their heavily adorned heathen sisters. They
have been known to carry thus thirty pounds, but usually
about twelve. The anklets are worn below the malleolar
prominences, and are called banhi.

Clasps or buckles for the leg above the anklet. Of these
I have two. Figure 7 is one for an adult, weighing H
pounds. The one for a child weighs 3J ounces, both of
bill metal. These are the most singular of their orna-
ments, and had we not the drawings of the missionaries,
it would be difficult to make out how they were worn.
Figure 6 shows how these singular ornaments are worn.

ESSKX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIX 9*

112 ON THE SANTHALS

One would at first think it was placed under the heel,
coming up behind, under the ankle-ring; but, on the con-
trary, it is worn above the anklet, 2£ to 3 inches. It is
shaped something like the letter U, and is bent almost at a
right angle ; its two halves are precisely alike, and its up-
per posterior part is flattened from behind forward and
quite smooth, as its surfaces come in contact with the skin
of the posterior parts of the leg, especially when the limb
is swollen, as one would think it must inevitably be. The
anterior part consists of two branches with their usual or-
namentation of dots, rings, and interrupted lines, rough
Flo 8_ on the outside but smooth on the in-

side, where they touch the skin ; it
is kept in place by two prongs, mov-
able or permanent, with conical
points turned inward, which keep
the buckle, if it may be so called, in
place and prevent its slipping back-
ward from the limb; the posterior
ring is complete behind, the anterior
nearly so, but the ornament is par-

TOK-RING. ? SIZE. , . 11 ,. , .,, ,, , ,

tially open in front ; with the movable
points, it maybe usually removed, but it must lie an in-
strument of torture which only the fashion could render
endurable. It will thus be seen that behind and on the
sides of the leg is a double series of brass rings, rough and
heavy, often eating into the flesh, but the shin is free in
front though severely pinched on the sides. The small
specimen, represented upon the foot in Figure 6, shows
that children wore the same ornament. The illustrations
alone can show the peculiarities and the method of wear-
ing these singular leg ornaments.

FlGURK 8 is a toe ring weighing 1 oz., carrying a
double bell. This is used in dancing, of which the people

OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL. 113

are extremely fond ; they delight to hear the tinkling of
these bells, and the clicking of their anklets and buckles
as they strike their legs together in the Santhal craco-
vienne.

They wear rings at the elbows, ear-rings and nose-rings,
even the children; they also use a kind of Castanet, with
which they mark the time in their graceful, exact evolu-
tions. The women even indulge in the practice of dyeing
their eyebrows, and the men often bang their hair. In
fact, there is hardly a fashion of modern male or female
ornamentation, which is not borrowed from and a relic of
barbarism.

Life must be pleasant to the Santhal, cultivating his
land, dancing to the music of his flute, carousing at the
harvest festivals, and going in convivial parties to the hunt ;
in the last they are ardent and skilful, though they gener-
ally avoid the tiger and the bear. Their native weapons
are the bow, the spear, and the battle-axe, the last of which
they throw with great force and accuracy. They make
excellent police for the jungle districts, as they are proof
against malaria.

In the disposal of the dead, they in some respects re-
semble the Hindoos ; the body is burned on a pyre, and
two pieces of bone from it are taken to the Damuda, their
sacred river, to be carried out to the "great ocean," and
there be gathered to those of his fathers ; from these bones
is to be made the new body, in which the deceased dwells,
and continues life in the other world.

Once a year they collect in vast numbers for a hunt of
extermination of wild beasts; they hunt by day, and at
night hold their feasts and councils. Every man, who can
support himself, or, as they say, who can stand on his own
legs, has the right to vote at their meetings.

According to Dr. Caldwell, the Indian populations have

114 ON THE SANTHAL8

been : 1. The Kolarian (orKerwars) the earliest, who en-
tered from the northeast the mountain region of Assam
and Thibet ; 2. The Dravidian, who came from the north-
west, from the direction of Afghanistan, across the Indus,
who went to the extreme south, either voluntarily or driven
by other tribes following the same course ; 3. The Scy-
thian, non Aryan race, from the region of the Black Sea,
who formed with the Sanskrit the mongrel Prakrit dialect
of North India ; 4. The Aryan invaders or Hindoos.
These races probably fought against each other, until the
Aryans conquered, driving the Kolarians to the moun-
tains where they maintained their independence, the Dra-
vidians submitting and retiring southward. Both these
races are doubtless offshoots of the pro-Malay stock, from
which Mongolians, Malays, and many so-called Aryans
are supposed to be descended in remote prehistoric times.
According to their sacred Rigveda, the Aryans are be-
lieved to have come in about 1500 B. C, from Persia, and
alter a long and severe struggle to have vanquished the
Kharwars or Kolarians. In the north, then, were the Ko-
larians or Mundas, to which the Santhals belong, avoiding
extermination by retreating to the hilly regions to the
northeast, on the southern flank of the Himalayas; the
Dravidians were regarded by the Aryans, at least live cen-
turies before Christ, as the aborigines of South India.
To these belong the Tamils or Tamulians, the Klings, and
the Cingalese, all of whom I have seen in Ceylon and Sing-
apore. The Tamils are about 10,000,000, mostly in East
Ceylon, great wanderers and excellent seamen, and from
whom the name Coolie (Kiili, or hire) is derived — mean-
inn; a person who will work for hire. The Telingas or
Klings are about 14,000,000, and are most common in
East India, taller, fairer, and equally energetic; both are
more bearded and with better heads than the Mongolians,

OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL. 115

and come nearer to the Aryan races ; but Chinese admixt-
ure has greatly modified the lower classes of all these
races, so thai it is difficult to find one of pure blood.

It is impossible to determine how much the Dravidiau
element enters into many of the Kolarian tribes; it is cer-
tain that many of the Hinduized aborigines are Dravidiau,
characterized by speaking the Tamil language, and num-
bering over a million in Bengal alone; they also have in
their language Sanskrit elements, especially among the
more civilized.

I will not discuss the point whether the so-called Dra-
vidians have any .Mongolian admixtures or characteristics,
as I think the whole race in question must he dated hack
as very ancient branches of a pro-Malay common stock. It
is probable that, alter the separation of what afterwards
became what is styled the .Mongolian stock, in the moun-
tains to the north, these races mingled together and it is
certain that in modern times they have been mixed with
the Aryan Hindoos.

I recognized a national resemblance hetween the de<;en-
erated Santhals, both physically and mentally, and the
present inhabitants of eastern and southern India, and
Ceylon, and by their wanderings, in Singapore. In the
last named place 1 saw the Telingas or Klings, who, though
dark as negroes, have very tine heads and bearded face-,
non-negroid black hair, Hashing eyes and pleasing features ;
hut the body and limbs are poorly developed, as they
prefer house Bervice to hard out-door work. The men
often wear ear-rings and bracelets, and are savagely hand-
some fellows, hut good-natured and industrious. The
women have a more barbaric look, wearing armlets and
anklets, jewelry in the lobe and top of the ears, ornaments
in each wing of the nose, and often a ring in the middle
cartilage of considerable size; you sec among them many

116 ON THE SANTHALS

handsome faces, and the fore-arms are often elaborately
tattooed. The children are uncommonly pretty and both
sexes go nearly naked until the age of five or six years ;
the men have contracted the sedateness of the continental
Malay, among whom they live, and have not the jollity of
their Ceylon and Madras brethren and the Polynesians.
The Ceylonese men carry their hair straight back from
the forehead, put up behind in a knot like a woman's and
kept in place by a tortoise-shell comb ; it is sometimes al-
lowed to hang down the shoulders. When covered at all,
the head bears a small turban or many colored straw hat.
The dress is loose and flowing, as in the SanthaPs ; the fea-
tures are handsome. They are considered as of less mixed
stock than the Tamils or Tamulians, and are very dark.
The children are singularly pretty, and the sexes hard to
distinguish even by the dress, until the beard begins to
grow. The Tamil boatmen are tall and well-formed, and
carefully shave their scalps and faces. The Coolies dress
simply in a waist cloth, but the better classes wear folds of
white linen or cotton, rolled around the body and carried
over the left shoulder leaving the right arm free. Females
of all ages wear bracelets and anklets of silver or other
metal, but not the nose and car ornaments of the Klings.
They chew betel, which the Santhals do not. These so-
called Dravidians have adopted many of the customs and
ideas of their Mahommedan and Hindoo conquerors, while
the Kolarians, and the Santhals especially, driven to the
mountains, and practically independent, have preserved
their traditional characteristics, and may be cited as the
best specimens of the pre-Aryan, probably aboriginal, in-
habitants of India, and very likely as coming the nearest,
of any tribes now living, with the Juangs, to the pro-
Malay stock.

1 am of opinion that sufficient attention has not been

OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL. 117

given to this pro-Malay type of man, the probable ances-
tor of most it' not all, the nations of Asia, Europe, Africa
and Oceauica, and the derived races in the New World,
Color of skin and character of hair I regard as simply a
matter of climate, acting not during centuries, but many
thousands of years ; I believe that the first man had a dark
skin, and that crisped hair is an evidence of great antiquity
in a tropical heat, and not of a distinct origin. Why did
such an acute observer as Dr. Charles Pickering regard the
Japanese, the old Californians, the native's of Mexico and
the isthmus, and some of the American Indians (Cherokees
and Chippewas) as Malays? I have noticed the same in
Mexico (Acapulco, Manzanillo) and in Central America.
A consideration of these pro-Malay races, and of the
changes in the relations of land and water, which there are
good reasons for believing have occurred during this age of
man, would explain, or at least throw light upon, the early
migrations of man, and show how unsatisfactory are all
classifications of the human races which take into account
only those known to history; the border land between tra-
dition and history is well worth examination. Informing
an opinion on the aboriginal tribes of India, in the neigh-
borhood of one of the cradles of our species, we must go
back in time many thousand years before the Aryan occu-
pation, and before this branch, or Mongolian, or Malay,
existed as such; and I feel inclined to return to the old
idea that all the nations of men have originated from a very
few pairs, if not a single one. Whether created, or evolved
from an anthropoid ape, matters not for this hypothesis,
and both origins require a first appearance in a climate at
least sub-tropical, where clothing for protection would be
unnecessary — where food grew spontaneously — and where
caves, either natural or artificial could be found or made
in a soft and stratified, and not primary, geological for-

118 ON THE SANTIIALS OF NORTHEASTERN BENGAL.

mation. I believe in the existence of man for tens of
thousands of years, and that he first appeared in the
neighborhood of Central Hindustan, on the southern slopes
of the Himalayas, or in some island in the Arabian gulf or
bay of Bengal, the Lemuria of Sclater now sunk beneath
the sea — in other words, in or very near the latitude and
longitude indicated by many old traditions ; that, if he ap-
peared by evolution, the missing links are many, for the gap
is very great, between what we know of the highest apes
and the lowest man of whom we have any evidence. I
suppose that, whether created or evolved, most would ad-
mit that primitive man was comparatively low in his mental
and moral development ; though of course the theological
assumption is that he was created "a little lower than the
angels," which is perhaps the only one admissible on the
creation theory. We know, in fact, that man's condition
has not always been one of growth ; history shows many
remarkable and indisputable cases of degradation ; the
Santhals are a case in point. I will only hint at the belief
that the mysteries of Peru, Central America, .Mexico, and
the mound-builders (perhaps), of the pyramids of Egypt,
the temples of India, and the gigantic structures of Easter
island and the Ladrones, point to immensely distant pe-
riods of time, and migrations rendered possible, and now
apparently impossible or improbable, by great geograph-
ical changes in the earth's surface : and that these archaeo-
logical secrets will never be revealed to him who studies
solely man as he exists actually or in history, or by any
marks he has left behind him, except language.

REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS FROM TEXAS
AND MEXICO.

DY SAMUEL GAUMAN.

The collection from which this notice is taken was made
several years ago by Dr. Edward Palmer for the Museum
of Comparative Zoology. It contained twenty snakes,
nineteen lizards, three turtles, thirteen frogs and toads
and one salamander; in all, fifty-six species, represented
by several hundred specimens. Especial interest attaches
to it, because of the pains taken by the doctor to secure
series of young and old, and the care with which he fixed
the localities and the dates of capture. The scarcity of
new species or varieties is accounted for b}r the fact that
the same regions had been visited by the collectors of the
Mexican Boundary Survey. Yet, although the ground
had been so well traversed before this collection was made,
it contains a number of forms not previously included in
recent faunal lists of their respective localities.

Crotalus atrox Baird & Girard, 1853.

On a specimen from San Pedro, Mex., there are twen-
ty-five rows of dorsals, one hundred and eighty-one von-
trals, twenty-six subcaudals, thirty-seven transverse blotch-
es on the back, and six bands of black around the tail.
Another from Monclova, Mex., has twenty-five rows of
dorsals, one hundred and Beventy-eight ventrals, twenty-
five subcaudals, thirty-two blotches on the back and five
bands of black on the tail. The following notes on the

ESSKX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIX. 10 (119)

120 REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS

rattle and rate of growth are made from this species and
also from others not found in the Palmer collection.

At birth, the rattle is represented by a single button,
the basal piece. As the animal grows, this button is dis-
placed by another which has grown within it and crowded
it back, but which it now, being the first ring of the rattle,
clasps rather loosely. The new button is crowded back
in similar maimer by its successor, and so on, each seg-
ment of the rattle becoming a ring after a period of ser-
vice as a button. The ring which was the first button is
the smallest and is easily recognized by its shape : not hav-
ing been formed inside another, its angles and curves are
much less abrupt. Until a certain stage is passed, each
ring is smaller than that formed immediately after it.
Usually, from the first ring to the seventh, the rattle, as a
whole, is tapering; from the seventh, the rings are more
equal, and the edges of the organ are nearly or quite par-
allel. If the rattle is much tapered, it is evident that the
snake to which it belongs is comparatively young ; on the
other hand, if none but nearly equal rings are present, we
can only say the taper portion has been lost and that the age
of the snake includes sufficient time to form both the ta-
per and the parallel portions, with a possible addition for
lost rings of the latter. During the time of most rapid
growth the rings are most unequal ; those formed after-
ward make up the parallels. Consequently, the separa-
tion of the species, as advocated by some, into two groups,
one of which shall contain those with tapering, and the
other those with parallelogrammic rattles is an impossible
one. Of C. atrox, the young are less than ten inches in
length at the time of extrusion. Specimens on which the
first ring has appeared arc about double the length. Oth-
ers with a larger number of rings [trove that this rapid in-
crease is not kept up, but that year after year the rate

FROM TEXAS AND MEXICO. 121

decreases gradually, until in <>M snakes the addition during
the time of producing a ring is hardly perceptible. In the
time from the completion of the fifth ring to that of the

sixth only a couple of inches were added on our examples.
My means of determining the time required in the pro-
duction of a ring have not been wholly satisfactory. Liv-
ing individuals certainly acquired a ring at the time of
Bloughing in the spring. Of about seventy alcoholic spec-
imens collected between May and September each of three,
secured late in the season, shows a new button well under
way ; proving that at least in cases a ring is added in the
fall. The general opinion is that only one ring is grown
each year. To lake one per year as the ordinary rate gives
C. at vox, from Dr. Palmer's specimens, about seven years
in which to finish the strongly tapered portion of the rattle,
becoming full grown in a total length of not far from three
feet six inches. An individual four feet in length has seven
of the equal rings, having lost all the tapering; this, at a
ring per year, would indicate an age of fourteen years or
more. Other snakes slough both in spring and fall. The
few observations 1 have been able to make at the proper
seasons go to show the rattlesnakes possessed of the same
habit, li' this be so and a ring is gained at each slough-
ing, as seems to be the case, the number of the years of
the snake will be but half as large as that of the rings.
The male in this and the following species is generally the
smaller for the same number of rings.

In connection with the foregoing a number of specimens
of each of several other species have been examined, with
a view of determining how much stress may be placed on
the conclusions suggested above. On account of the great
amount of individual variation from sex, locality, food,
etc., it is necessary throughout to speak in term- of aver-
ages.

122 REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS

Crotalus confluentus Say, 1823.

In complete rattles the taper portion includes no more
than seven rings, and the average size of snakes reaching
this number is less than three feet, showing the species to
l)e smaller than the preceding. A fourteen-inch specimen
has one ring and the button; a twenty-three inch, taken
up in the mountains, has seven rattles, of which three
show comparatively little taper, possibly evidence of short
allowances. Fourteen specimens.

Crotalus horridus Linn., 1758.

The pronounced taper appears to include the eighth ring
in a couple of cases. On very large specimens with long
series of rings it is quite evident there is taper in what
from a small number of the rings would be called paral-
lel ; this is seen plainly on measuring rings at a distance
from each other. Individuals with complete series of seven
rings all tapering measure from two feet eight inches to
three feet three inches. One, two feet ten inches long, hav-
ing lost some rings, still has five of the taper and five of the
parallel. Another, four feet four inches in length, has lost
all but seven of the parallels. The first ring and the button
appear on one of nineteen inches. Eighteen specimens.

Crotalus adamanteus Beauv., 1799.

The largest on which wre find all the rings taper is three
feet seven and a half inches in length. On one of three
feet four inches and another of four feet eleven inches the
rings form parallels. Four specimens, rattles incomplete.

Crotalus durissus Linn., 1758.

A seventeen inch specimen has not yet grown a ring;
a three feet nine inch has nine rings and the button, seven
tapering, the seventh to the button parallel ; a four feet one
inch has seven rings and a button, the taper apparently

FROM TEXAS AND MEXICO. 123

extending to the eighth ring ; and a four feet six inch
has eleven rings and a button, seven rings in the tapering
portion.

Crotalus lucifer B. & G., 1852.

On a two feet eight inch individual there are five rings
in the parallel and three in the taper part of the broken
rattle.
Crotalus exsul Garm., 1883.

A twenty-two inch specimen has eight rings tapering
and from the eighth to the twelfth in the parallel. In this
case the first was nearly as large as the sixth and the ta-
per is comparatively slight.

8istruru8 catenates Raf. ; Garm. Massasauga.

Young, at birth, measure eight and a half inches. Fe-
males reach the seventh ring, or finish the tapering part
of the rattle, and become " full grown," at a trille more
than two feet in length, the males at less. A two feet ten
inch specimen appears to have reached full size with the
sixth ring; the sixth, seventh and eighth showing no taper.
Thirteen specimens.

Sistrurus miliarias Linn. ; Garm. Ground Rattler.

A young one, how long at birth not known, with only
a button, measures six and a half inches. The average
size of full grown is rather less than seventeen inches.
Sexual maturity is sometimes reached before the tapering
series is completed. A gravid female with three equal
rings and a button had a length of only sixteen inches.
Twelve specimens.

Crotalus molossus B. & G., 1853.

From the mountains of Alvarez, near San Luis Potosi,
Mex.

124 REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS

Dorsal rows twenty-five ; ventrals one hundred and
seventy-three ; subcaudals twenty- three. Crown shields
rugose ; two triangular internasals ; two prefrontals ; four
frontals, forming a quadrangle, with a small scale in the
middle. About thirty-two lozenge-shaped blotches on the
back, each with yellow margins a single scale in width.

CROTALUS PALMERI Vai\ U.

Monclova, Mexico.

Dorsal rows twenty-three ; ventrals one hundred and
sixty-four ; subcaudals twenty-four. Snout moderately
broad ; crown flat ; two internasals ; prefrontals in two
transverse series, anterior of five and posterior of four
scales; frontals small, smooth; supraciliaries prominent
laterally ; two anteorbitals, separated from the nasal by
two scales ; postorbitals three ; suborbitals two, posterior
separated from the labial by one scale, anterior in contact
with the fourth or fourth and fifth labials ; labials twelve ;
lower labials ten ; pit surrounded by three scales.

The general appearance of the scales is as if they had
been polished, on head and body; the keels are low, and
are present on all except the outer row of each side. On
the back the color is bluish grey. With the lens the scales
are shown to be thickly puncticulate with darker. There
are no lines, spots or dots on head or neck. Farther back
a series of dark spots, of a couple of scales each, is faintly
visible on the outer two rows of the flank ; the spots grad-
ually become darker until in the posterior half or more of
the length they are black. Toward and on the tail the
spot lies at the extremity of a faintly defined transverse
band. Along the lower part of the side there are evidences
of a reddish tint in life. The belly is yellow, slightly
clouded or mottled with brownish.

The specimen is only two feet six inches in total length ;

FROM TEXAS AND MEXICO. 125

in the rattle there are nine nearly equal rings, some having
been lost. From this it is evident the snake was full grown
and belonged to a small species.

This form is closely allied to C. tigris Kenn., in which it
is placed as a variety.

Sibon septentrionale Kenn., SJ)., 1859.

San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Dorsal rows twenty-five ; ventrals two hundred and
Beven; anal bifid; subcaudals seventy-two pairs; white
transverse hands twenty-six on body, ten on tail; total
length nine and seven-eighths inches ; tail two.

Kegina mesomelana Jan, 1863.

San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

The dorsal rows are nineteen in each case ; ventrals
one hundred and forty-nine, one hundred and fifty-five, one
hundred and fifty-nine ; subcaudals, in the only one entire,
sixty-two pairs. On one the lower anteorbital is fused with
the loreal on both sides of the head. One has the outer
two and a half rows of lighter color; others have a light
line on the second ami third rows and below it a brown
one on the first. The median line of olive brown on the
belly varies greatly in width.

Eut.enia proxima Say; B. & G.

Georgetown, Texas.

Dorsal rows nineteen ; ventrals one hundred and seventy-
one ; subcaudals one hundred and five pairs; total length
nine and seven-eighths inches, body seven.

Kit 1 ma marciana B. & G., 1853.
San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
Dorsal rows twenty-one ; ventrals one hundred and fifty-

126 REPTILES AND BATRACHIAN8

nine, one hundred and fifty-eight, one hundred and seventy-
one ; subcaudals sixty, sixty-nine, seventy-nine pairs.

San Antonio, Texas.

Rows twenty-one ; ventrals one hundred and fifty-two ;
subcaudals seventy-two pairs.

Eut^enia cyrtopsis Kenn., 1860.

San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Dorsals in nineteen rows ; ventrals one hundred and
sixty-one ; subcaudals seventy-seven pairs. On one side
the specimen has four postoculars, on the other three.
Total length ten and seven-eighths inches, body eight and
one-fourth.

SCOTOPHIS LINDHEIMERII B. & G. 1853.

Georgetown, Williamson Co., Texas.

Dorsals twenty-seven rows ; ventrals two hundred and
thirty-two ; tail mutilated. About thirty transverse blotch-
es of brownish on the back, in a reddish ground color ;
smaller alternating blotches on the outer rows ; belly yel-
lowish, clouded with brownish.

Corpus Christi, Mexico.

Rows twenty-seven ; ventrals two hundred and twenty-
eight ; anal bifid ; subcaudals eighty-two pairs ; two scale
pores, thirty transverse blotches on body, fourteen on tail ;
total length seventeen and one-fourth, tail three inches.

San Pedro, Mexico.

Rows twenty-seven ; ventrals two hundred and eighteen ;
anal bifid ; subcaudals eighty-one pairs ; thirty-nine trans-
verse bands on body, seventeen on tail.

Coluber ornatus B. & G.

San Pedro, Mexico.

Dorsals in fifteen rows ; ventrals two hundred and five ;
anal bifid ; subcaudals one hundred and fifty-one pairs ;

FROM TEXAS AND MEXICO. 127

total length thirty and three-fourths inches, tail nine and
three-fourths. The specimen has not the dark color of the
original description ; it has the same squamation and sim-
ilar disposition of lighter tints in place of the purple.

Coluber testaceus Say, 1823.

San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Dorsal rows seventeen ; ventrals one hundred and ninety ;
anal bifid; subcaudals ninety-eight pairs. On the Hanks
there is a considerable amount of reddish color. Anteri-
orly, on the body, each scale has a brown streak along its
centre; posteriorly, they arc yellowish in the middle and
have brown bodies. The general appearance is greyish or
yellowish grey.

DlADOPIIIS DECORATUS Gllll'. / Cope.

Mountains of Alvarez, Mex.

Dorsal rows seventeen; ventrals one hundred and fifty-
seven; anal bifid; subcaudals one hundred and nine ; no
scale pores; total length nine and a half, tail three and
one-fourth inches. The top of the head is dark. From
the nostril through the eye and on the neck there is a white
band narrowly edged with black. The lower of the edg-
ings persists, as a narrow streak, extending to the end of
the tail. On the median row of the back there is another
slnik of black, which becomes more distinct behind the
neck in the lighter brownish of the body ; it also continues
to the extremity. The lips are white, and have a few small
spots of brown. The ventral scales along the entire body
have at each end a small spot of black, making live vit-
toe in all. It is likely that in larger specimens the median
vitta is lost in a darker ground.

Diadopiiis texensis Kenn., 1860.
San Luis Potosi, Mex.

KSSKX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XIX 10*

128 REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS

Dorsals in seventeen rows ; ventrals two hundred and
eleven; anal bifid; subcaudals seventy-one pairs.

Khinochilus tessellatus Garm., 1883.

Coahuila, Mex.

Scales in twenty-three rows ; ventrals one-hundred and
seventy-eight ; subcaudals thirty-seven entire plus fourteen
pairs.

Ophibolus multistratus Kenn., 1860.

San Luis Potosi, Mex.

Dorsal rows twenty-three ; ventrals two-hundred ; sub-
caudals fifty-five pairs ; dark transverse bands sixty-two on
body, seventeen on tail ; total length thirty-one and five-
eighths inches, tail five and one-eighth. Another speci-
men has ventrals one hundred and ninety-five ; subcaudals
fifty-six pairs ; black bands sixty plus sixteen. Kennicott
says of the type "the black rings extend but a short dis-
tance upon the abdominal scuta, leaving the abdomen des-
titute of blotches, though it is faintly and sparsely punc-
tulated." Our specimens have more of the dark color on
the belly.

Tantilla coronata B. & G., 1853.

San Luis Potosi, Mex.

Dorsal rows fifteen ; ventrals one hundred and fifty-four ;
anal bifid ; subcaudals sixty-three pairs. The type speci-
men from Mississippi had ventrals one hundred and forty-
three, and subcaudals thirty-five pairs. The specimens
described by Dumeril and Bocourt, from Mexico, have
one hundred and seventy-two to one hundred and seventy-
seven ventrals. One from Beaufort, North Carolina, has
ventrals one hundred and thirty-three, anal bifid, and fifty-
one pairs of subcaudals.

FROM TEXAS AND MEXICO. 129

Geopiiis latifrontalis Garm., 1883.

Fifty miles south of San Luis Potosi, Mex.

Dorsal rows seventeen ; vontrals one hundred and sev-
enty-nine ; anal entire ; subcaudals thirty-two pairs.

Stexostoma myopicum Garm.j 1883.
Tampico, Mex.

Stenostoma tenuiculum Garm., 1883.
San Luis Potosi, Mex.

Stexostoma rubellum Garm., 1883.
Uvalde, Tex.

Eumeces lynxe Wiegm. ; Boc.
Mountains of Alvarez, Mex.

Lygosoma laterale Say; D. cC B.
Goliad, Goliad Co., Tex.

Cnemidophords gularis B. & G., 1852.

San Antonio, Tex.

Pores seventeen plus sixteen ; thirty-five transverse se-
ries of scales from gular fold to pores.

Laredo.

Pores nineteen plus nineteen ; thirty-one series from
fold to pores.

San Luis Potosi, Mex.

Pores eighteen plus nineteen ; transverse series of scales
from fold to pores thirty-two.

Gerrhonotus imbricatus Wiegm. , 1828.
City of Mexico.
There is a brownish line between the mesial keels of

130 REPTILES AND BATRACIIIANS

the back; the sides of face and neck are sprinkled with
white.

San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

On these the back is sprinkled with spots of white, less
than a scale in size.

Gerriionotus cceruleus Wiegm.y 1828.
San Luis Potosi, Mex.

Phrynosoma cornutum TIarl. ; Gray.

Monclova, Mex. ; San Pedro, Mex. ; San Antonio, Tex.

The largest specimen has a length of six inches, body
four and an eighth ; greatest width two and three-fourths
inches.

Phrynosoma orbiculare Wiegm, 1828.

City of Mexico ; San Luis Potosi, Mex. ; Sutherland
Springs, Tex.

The femoral pores on a dozen specimens range in num-
ber from eleven to eighteen on a side.

Phrynosoma modestum Girard, 1852.

San Pedro, Parras, Saltillo and Monclova, Mex.

On nine specimens the number of femoral pores ranges
from nine to seventeen on a side. The series make a turn
backward as they meet in the middle, instead of an angle
directed forward as in the preceding.

Holbrookia maculata Girard, 1851.

From San Luis Potosi and Concordia, Mex.

Compared with others from Dakota these specimens are
less uniform in color. The black spots on the back are
more distinct as also the while at their hinder borders. The
black marks at the side of the abdomen are more intense
and extend farther under the belly. The northern spec-

FJBOM TEXAS AND MEXICO. 131

[mens have a more bleached or faded appearance. The
lowest Dumber of femoral pores on a side is eleveu, the
highest fourteen.

IIOLBKOOKIA TEXANA Tl'OSck. / B. & G.

From Parr as, Monclova and Saltillo, Mex.

The femoral pores number from sixteen to seventeen on

eaeh side.

HOLBROOKIA PROPINQUA B. & G., 1852.

Guaymas.

On four specimens the number of pores on a side varies
from eleven to fourteen. This species and those of Cal-
lisaurus and Utado not belong to Dr. Palmer's collection.

The longitudinal fold or groove immediately behind the
symphysis under the chin of the Ophidia is apparently
duplicated in the species of Holbrookia, Callisaurus, Uta,
and, probably, of Uma. That this peculiarity is accom-
panied by ability to enlarge the mouth opening by means
of separation of the branches of the lower jaw at their
junction is hardly possible. The rigid alcoholic specimens
at hand are not the best for deciding the question. Yet
it is certain that, in comparison with other lizards, there is
a decided lack of firmness and solidity in the symphysial
attachment which is very suggestive of its elasticity and
flexibility in the earlier stages of the species. The presence
of the fold seems to characterize a group of the Iguanidae
of close affinities in other respects.

Callisaurus draconoides Blainv., 1835.
Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cal. ; Guaymas.
Pores varying from fourteen to sixteen on a side.

Uta stansburiana B. cC G., 1852.
San Diego, ('al.
Pores fifteen plus fourteen.

132 REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS

Utaornata^. & G., 1852.

Guaymas ; San Francisco, Cal.

Pores varying in number from ten to thirteen on each
side.

Crotaphytus collaris Say; Holbr.

Monclova, Mex.

The exterior of the two oblique bands on the neck is
broken into four or five spots. On the body behind the
black collar there are six transverse series of black spots,
the median pair of each being larger and more intense in
color. Lighter spaces separate the spots and form cross-
bands, as in specimens from Arkansas.

Sceloporus torquattjs Wiegm., 1828.
Concordia, near Saltillo, Mexico.

Sceloporus poinsettii B. <& G., 1852.
Monclova and San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Sceloporus spinosus Wiegm., 1828.

San Antonio, Texas; San Pedro, Mexico.

Dr. Boulenger states, 1885, that this species "appears
to be completely linked with S. undulatus" through the
variety S. clarkii B. & G.

Sceloporus scalaris Wiegm., 1828.

Concordia, thirty miles north of Saltillo, Mexico ; City
of Mexico.

Sceloporus grammicus Wiegm., 1828.
San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Sceloporus microlepidotus Wiegm., 1834.
City of Mexico.

FROM TEXAS AND MEXICO. 133

Sceloporus couchii Baird, 1858.

Monclova, Mexico.

Head shields smooth ; a series of broadly dilated trans-
verse supraoculars ; two cantbal scales ; occipital large,
about as broad as long ; parietals small, three on each side ;
two frontoparietals, in contact behind the frontal; anterior
border of the ear with four or five pointed slightly enlarged
scales. Dorsal scales as large as ventrals, keeled, blunt-
angled or rounded on the posterior margin, longitudinal se-
ries gradually converging toward the vertebral ; near eighty
series from occipital to base of tail; about twenty scales
correspond in length to the shielded part of the head ; lat-
eral scales small, very small or granular in the posterior
third of the Hank, in front of the thigh, keeled, directed
obliquely toward the back; ventral scales smooth, blunt
or bicuspid; a series around the middle of the body in-
cludes about eighty scales. The adpressed hind limb, with
the foot, reaches between the ear and the eye ; tibia as
long as the shielded part of the head ; the distance from
the base of the fifth toe to the extremity of the fourth is
longer than from the end of the snout to the ear. Series
of femoral pores thirteen to sixteen each, not meeting.
The caudal scales are larger than the dorsals. Male with
enlarged post-anal scales. Greenish olive above, with a
series of irregular spots of black on each side of the mid-
dle of the back, and a lighter band at the upper edge of
each flank. Below this light band a black one extends
from the eye to the thigh, broken into spots anteriorly, be-
coming more distinct and broader as it nears the leg ; bo-
low the dark band a lighter one runs from arm to leg on
the lower edge of the flank. Chin and throat have trans-
verse bands of dark and light color, bending backward
toward the median line. A black blotch in front of the
shoulder. Dark bands across arm and leg. Male with a
blue dark-edged blotch on each side of the belly.

134 REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS

Originally described from Pesquiera Grande, and New
Leon, Mexico. The lack of details in the note by Professor
Baird furnishes a reason for those given above.

EUBLEPHARIS VARIEGATUS Baird ,' Blgr.

Monclova, Mexico.

ClNOSTERNUM HIRTIPES WagL, 1830.

San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Emys ornata Gray, 1831.

San Pedro, Chihuahua, Mexico.

Three young specimens in the collection differ somewhat
from the typical E. ornata. They h;ive a rounded spot of
yellow at the upper hinder margin of the orbit ; behind
this a short distance there is a broad subelliptical spot of
the same color that is not connected with the yellow spot
in front, or the yellow streak behind it. In this posi-
tion E. ornahihiis a continuous longitudinal band. On the
lower jaw, a little in front of the angle of the mouth, these
specimens have an elongate spot with rounded extremities,
also disconnected. The median band under the chin con-
tinues backward without a break.

A fourth specimen, however, is unlike the preceding in
that the large spot, on one side of the head, is connected
with both the small one behind the eye and the streak on
the neck. On the other side of the head the large spot is
connected with the streak but not with the spot behind the
orbit, though extending a sharp angle toward it. This
specimen agrees, on one side, with E. ornata as figured by
Dr. Giinther in Biol. Cent. Amer. Kept., pi. 1.

ASPIDONECTES EMORYI Agassi;:, 1857.
San Antonio, Texas.

Rana montezumjs Baird, 1855.
City of Mexico.

FROM TEXAS AND MEXICO. 135

The specimens from this locality show a great deal of
individual variation ; it ranges from those in which a light
ground color is marked with numerous spots of brown to
those on which the ground is so dark brown the spots are
invisible.

R\NA BERLANDIERI Baii'd, 1858.

Monclova, San Pedro, and San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

But one of the lot has the foot webbed as figured by
Baird, Mex. Bound., pi. 30, tig. 10. Commonly the mem-
branes do not extend nearly so far toward the end of the
longest toe. Whether the more complete web is a loeal
peculiarity can only be determined by more specimens.

The Monclova representatives of this variety of li. vires-
cens Kalm, 1761 (li. halecina Schreb., 17*2, in synon.),
are of an ashy color, with the central portions of the spots
much faded.

ENGYSTOMA CAROLINEXSE IMbl'., 1836.

Corpus Christi, Mexico; Goliad, Goliad Co., Tex.

These types have the single tarsal tubercle ; the snout
is moderately long ; the color is more uniform than in those
from Carolina ; the longitudinal bands are absent, and there
are a few scattered spots of black on back and top of legs.

Paludicola nitida Pet. ; Blgr.

Sierra de San Miguelito, nine leagues south of San Luis
Potosi.

Bufo yalliceps Wiegm., 1833.

Corpus Christi and Monclova, Mexico; San Antonio,
Texas.

Adults from Monclova are without the dark mottling
beneath. The young have an extensive patch of brownish
along the median line, from the throat to the posterior

J 38EX IXST. BUI.LI.IIN, V<>L. XIX 11

136 REPTILES AND BATRACHTANS

portion of the abdomen ; there is a light band from one
supraciliary to the other, bending back in the middle; a
double series of small spots of brown extends along the
middle of the back from the occiput : crown flat, without
indications of ridges or concavity ; paratoids rounded, a
series of prominent warts is continued back from the lower
margin of the gland. Those from San Antonio are much
darker, above and below.

Bufo cognatus Say, 1823.

San Luis Potosi ; nine leagues south of San Luis Potosi ;
mountains of Alvarez.

The spots are smaller than on those from Kansas. The
frontal ridges approach each other closely between the an-
terior ends of the orbits ; from this point to the end of the
snout the ridges are parallel with a very narrow groove
between them. On B. lentiginoms and B. americanus
this rostral groove widens toward the frontal region.

Bufo speciosus Girard, 1854.

San Pedro, Mexico.

Heretofore this toad has been placed in B. comjpactilis,
a warrant for which we do not find in comparison of adult
examples. While in small- to medium-sized the bony ridges
of the crown are indistinct or low, on large ones they be-
come moderately prominent. On both young and old the
interorbital space is concave, and between the forward ex-
tremities of the upper eyelid there is a pair of prominences,
more or less coalescing to form a transverse ridge. The
supraorbital ridge meets the postorbital at a very open an-
gle, and from the junction a short parietal ridge passes
backward (as figured in pi. 40, tig. 7, Mex. Bound. Surv.).
In the average the spots are larger than those of B. com-

FROM TEXAS AND MEXICO. 137

pactilis, the interspaces more distinct, the general appear-
ance smoother and the ground color lighter. A male has
a single opening to the gular sac, on the left side.

There is not enough in the description of B. diplernus,
from Montana, to separate it from half-grown B. speciosus.

Bufo coMrACTiLis Wiegm., 1833.

Monclova and Corpus Christi, Mex.

Readily distinguished from the preceding by the flat
crown, the lack of the ridges, the rougher, more warty
skin and the darker ground color.

Bufo punctatus B. &. G., 1852.

.Monclova; nine leagues south of San Luis Potosi ; Si-
erra Nola, Tamaulipas, Mex.

On the adult there is a slight supraorbital ridge and a
shallow concavity on the broad crown. The preorbital
and the postorbital ridges are quite prominent ; the labial
border is much expanded at the angle of the mouth ; the
black dots persist on the ventral surfaces.

Bufo debilis Girard, 1854.

San Antonio, Tex.

Young specimens bear some resemblance to those of B.
punctatus. The paratoids are longer. Individuals of
about three-quarters of an inch in length usually have a
single dark spot under each shoulder {B. insidior Girard)
otherwise the lower surface is uniform yellowish.

Acris crepitans Baird, 1854.

Uvalde, Sutherland Springs, and San Antonio, Tex.

Hyla eximia Baird, 1854.

Mountains of Alvarez and City of Mexico.

138 REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS.

Scaphiopus couchii Baird, 1854.

Monclova, Savineto, San Luis Potosi, and nine leagues
south of San Luis Potosi.

Amblystoma mexicanum Shaw ; Cope.

The colors vary from very light with brown spots to
dark brown. This species may be distinguished from A.
mavorlium, in the same stages, by the slenderness of the
band of palatine teeth. Most often, in specimens half
grown or more, these teeth form a single series, rarely
more, a condition only reached by mavortium on losing
the gills. The multitude of small black spots also aids in
characterizing A. mexicanum; the other is more likely to
be nearly or entirely without spots on the belly. The pal-
atine teeth of the larval A. tigrinum are like those of A.
mavortium, but the latter appears to remain longer or be-
come larger in the larval stages, often becoming sexually
mature without transforming.

Ill

III

3 2044 106 258 957

"""■«^- ^-i=>— ^C K*Br.'*«

*EjfcSt.

cc^ 5 5 Off

4t

«g

simi

&&

■■'. ■: !•]

sK

.

_;*■.

"./'~4tSg^ «rr*T<-

£

r ccc ^
<tZZc~~ f<-

-_< ccc;

33£
<soc

C I

c

cCc

£SC

^_ *v< <v. €C3» <

CCS

< «CCL

.^SKaaE